,,!ological ,,essays ,,& ,,o!r ,,pap]s4 
,,by ,,?omas ,,de ,,qu9cey  ,,au?or ,,( 
',,confessions ,,( ,,an ,,engli%        
,,opium-,,eat]1' ,,etc4 ,,etc4   ,,9    
,,two ,,volumes4  ,,vol4 ,i4            
,,cont5ts ,,( ,,volume ,i4   ,,on       
,,*ri/ianity ,,z ,,an ,,organ ,,(       
,,political ,,movem5t  ,,prote/antism   
,,on ,,! ,,suppos$ ,,scriptural         
,,expression ,,= ,,et]nity  ,,judas     
,,isc>iot  ,,on ,,hume',s ,,argum5t     
,,aga9/ ,,miracles  ,,casui/ry  ,,greece
 ,,"u ,,! ,,romans    ,,on ,,*ri/ianity1
 ,,z ,,an ,,organ ,,( ,,political       
,,movem5t4  #ahdf4  ,,=ces1 :i* are     
illimitable 9 _! compass ( effect1 are  
(t51 = ! same reason1 obscure &         
untraceable 9 ! /eps ( _! movem5t4      
,gr[?1 = in/ance1 animal or vegetable1  
:at eye c arre/ its et]nal increm5ts8 ,!
 h\r-h& ( a wat*1 :o c detect ! sep>ate 
fluxions ( its advance8 ,judg+ by ! pa/1
 & ! *ange :i* is regi/]$ betwe5 t & !  
pres5t1 we "k t x mu/ be awake2 judg+ by
 ! imm$iate appe>ances1 we %\ld say t x 

0 always asleep4 ,gravitation1 aga91 t  
works )\t holiday = ev]1 & se>*es e     
corn] ( ! univ]se1 :at intellect c foll[
 x to its f\nta9s8 ,& yet1 %y] ?an      
gravitation1 less to be c\nt$ ?an !     
fluxions ( sun-dials1 /eal?i] ?an ! gr[?
 ( a =e/1 are ! foot/eps ( ,*ri/ianity  
among/ ! political work+s ( man4 ,no?+1 
t ! he>t ( man values1 is s secret2 no?+
 is s pot5t4  ,x is because ,*ri/ianity 
works s secretly1 t x works s pot5tly2 x
 is because ,*ri/ianity burr[s & hides  
itself1 t x t[]s above ! cl\ds2 & h5ce  
p>tly x is t its work+ comes to be      
misappreh5d$1 or ev5 lo/ out ( sight4 ,x
 is d>k to eyes t\*$ ) ! films ( human  
frailty3 b x is 'd>k ) excessive        
bright4',footnote3  ',d>k ) excessive   
bright4' ,p>adise ,lo/4 ,book ,,iii4    
,h5ce x has happ5$ sometimes t m9ds ( ! 
highe/ ord] h ent]$ into enmity ) !     
,*ri/ian fai?1 h arraign$ x z a curse to
 man1 & h f\ght aga9/ x ev5 ^u ,*ri/ian 
impulses1 7impulses ( b5ignity t c\ld n 
h _h a bir? except 9 ,*ri/ianity47 ,all 

comes f ! labyr9?9e intricacy 9 :i* !   
social action ( ,*ri/ianity involves    
itself to ! eye ( a contempor>y4        
,simplicity ! mo/ absolute is           
reconcilable ) intricacy ! mo/          
elaborate4 ,! wea!r--h[ simple w\ld     
appe> ! laws ( its oscillations1 if we  
/ood at _! c5tre6 & yet1 because we d n1
 to ?is h\r ! wea!r is a my/]y4  ,human 
heal?--h[ transp>5t is its economy "u   
ord9>y circum/ances6 ab/95ce &          
cleanl9ess1 labor & re/1 ^! simple laws1
 obs]v$ 9 j proportions1 laws t may be  
engross$ ^u a f+] nail1 are suffici5t1  
on ! :ole1 to ma9ta9 ! equilibrium (    
pleasurable exi/5ce4 ,yet1 if once t    
equilibrium is di/urb$1 :]e is ! sci5ce 
(t5times deep en\gh to rectify !        
unfa?omable wat*-"w8 ,ev5 ! simplicities
 ( planet>y motions d n escape          
di/ortion3 nor is x easy to be conv9c$ t
 ! di/ortion is 9 ! eye :i* beholds1 n 9
 ! object beheld4 ,let a planet be :eel+
 ) heav5ly sci5ce1 ^u ar*es ( div9e     
geometry3 sudd5ly1 to u1 x %all appe>   

unacc\ntably retrograde2 fly+ :5 none   
pursues2 & unweav+ its own "w4 ,let ?is 
planet 9 its utmo/ elongations travel   
out ( sight1 & = u its c\rse w become   
incoh]5t3 because our sight is feeble1 !
 beautiful curve ( ! planet %all be     
dislocat$ into segm5ts1 by a p>5!sis (  
d>kness2 because our e>? is 9 no true   
c5tre1 ! disord] ( p>allax %all tr\ble !
 laws ( light2 &1 because we ourselves  
are w&]+1 ! heav5s %all seem fickle4    
,exactly 9 ! pr$icam5t ( su* a planet is
 ,*ri/ianity3 its motions are int]m+l$ )
 o!r motions2 cross$ & ?w>t$1 eclips$ & 
disguis$1 by c\nt]-motions 9 man        
himself1 & by di/urbances t man _c      
ov]rule4 ,^u l9es t are direct1 ^u      
curves t are circuit\s1 ,*ri/ianity is  
advanc+ = ev]2 b f our imp]fect vision1 
or f our imp]fect opportunities = apply+
 ev5 su* a vision1 we _c trace x        
cont9u\sly4 ,we lose x1 we rega9 x2 we  
see x d\btfully1 we see x int]rupt$ly2  
we see x 9 collision1 we see x 9        
comb9ation2 9 collision ) d>kness t     

conf\nds1 9 comb9ation ) cross lights t 
p]plex4 ,& ?is 9 "p is irrem$iable2 s t 
no f9ite intellect w ev] retrace ! total
 curve ^u :i* ,*ri/ianity has mov$1 any 
m ?an eyes t are inc>nate w ev] see     
,god4  ,b "p ( ?is difficulty 9 unweav+ 
! maze1 has its s\rce 9 a misconception 
( ! orig9al ma*9]y by :i* ,*ri/ianity   
mov$1 & ( ! initial pr9ciple :i*        
con/itut$ its diff]5tial p[]4  ,9 books1
 at lea/1 ,i h obs]v$ "o capital blund] 
^u ! relations :i* ,*ri/ianity be>s to  
,paganism3 & out ( t "o mi/ake1 gr[s a  
liability to o!rs1 ^u ! possible        
relations ( ,*ri/ianity to ! total drama
 ( ?is _w4 ,i w endeavor to expla9 my   
views4 ,& ! read]1 :o takes any int]e/ 9
 ! subject1 w n ne$ to fe> t !          
explanation %\ld prove t$i\s2 = ! m]e   
want ( space1 w put me "u a co]cion to  
move rapidly ov] ! gr\nd2 ,i _c be      
diffuse2 &1 z reg>ds quality1 he w f9d 9
 ?is pap] little ( :at is scatt]$ ov] ! 
surface ( books4  ,i beg9 ) ?is         
"q3--,:at d p mean 9 a ,*ri/ian l& by ! 

^w 'religion8' ,my purpose is n to      
prop\nd any metaphysical problem2 ,i wi%
 only1 9 ! pla9e/ possible s5se1 to ask1
 & to h an answ]1 ^u ?is "o po9t--h[ mu*
 is und]/ood by t obscure t]m199        
'religion1' :5 us$ by a ,*ri/ian8 ,only 
,i am punctili\s ^u "o dem&1 viz41 t !  
answ] %all be compreh5sive4 ,we are apt 
9 su* cases to answ] elliptically1      
omitt+1 because sil5tly presum+ z       
und]/ood betwe5 u1 :atev] seems obvi\s4 
,to prev5t t1 we w suppose ! "q to be   
propos$ by an emiss>y f "s remote       
planet1--:o1 kn[+ z yet absolutely no?+ 
( u & our intellectual diff]5ces1 mu/   
insi/ 7z ,i insi/7 ^u absolute          
precision1 s t no?+ ess5tial %all be    
want+1 & no?+ %all be r$undant4         
99,footnote3 ',t obscure t]m2'--i4 e4 n 
obscure z reg>ds ! use ( ! t]m1 or its  
pres5t value1 b z reg>ds its orig9al    
g5esis1 or :at 9 civil law is call$ !   
d$uctio4 ,"u :at angle1 "u :at aspect1  
or relation1 to ! field :i* x conc]ns   
did ! t]m religion orig9ally come =w>d8 

,! g5]al field1 ov]look$ by religion1 is
 ! gr\nd :i* lies betwe5 ! _s ( man & ! 
sup]natural _w4 ,at pres5t1 "u ! humble/
 conception ( religion1 ! human _s is   
suppos$ to be int]e/$ 9 su* a field by !
 consci5ce & ! nobl] affections1 ,b ,i  
suspect t orig9ally ^! great faculties 7
 absolutely exclud$ f ! po9t ( view4    
,probably ! relation betwe5 spiritual   
t]rors & man's p[] ( propitiation1 0 !  
problem to :i* ! ^w religion =m$ !      
answ]4 ,religion meant app>5tly1 9 !    
infancies ( ! v>i\s idolatries1 t       
latreia1 or s]vice ( sycophantic fe>1 by
 :i*1 z ! mo/ approv$ me?od ( approa*1  
man 0 able to conciliate ! favor1 or to 
buy (f ! malice ( sup]natural p[]s4 ,9  
all ,pagan nations1 x is probable t     
religion w\ld1 an ! :ole1 be a degrad+  
influ5ce2 al?\gh ,i see1 ev5 = su*      
nations1 two cases1 at ! lea/1 :]e !    
uses ( a religion w\ld be indisp5sable2 
viz4 = ! sanction ( oa?s1 & z a *annel =
 gratitude n po9t+ to a human object4   
,if s1 ! answ] is easy3 religion 0      

degrad+3 b heavi] degradations w\ld h   
aris5 f irreligion4 ,! noble/ ( all     
idolatr\s peoples1 viz4 ! ,romans1 h    
left deeply scor$ 9 _! v use ( _! ^w    
religlo1 _! te/imony to ! degradation   
wr\ght by any religion t ,paganism c\ld 
yield4 ,r>ely inde$ is ?is ^w employ$1  
by a ,lat9 au?or1 9 speak+ ( an         
individual1 )\t m or less ( sne]4 ,read+
 t ^w1 9 a ,lat9 book1 we all try x & r+
 x1 z a petty %opkeep] r+s a half-cr[n1 
be=e we v5ture to receive x z (f]$ 9    
good fai? & loyalty4 ,ev5 ! ,greeks are 
ne>ly 9 ! same 1 :5 !y wi% to speak (   
religiosity 9 a _s ( s]i\s praise4 ,"s  
circuit\s =m1 comm5d+ ! correctness ( a 
man1   1 9 respect ( div9e ?+s1 becomes 
requisite2 = all ! direct t]ms1 express+
 ! religi\s temp]1 are preoccupi$ by a  
ta9t ( scorn4 ,! ^w 1 means pi\s1--n z  
reg>ds ! gods1 b z reg>ds ! dead2 & ev5 
1 ?\gh n us$ sne]+ly1 is a _w %ort ( our
 ^w 'religi\s4' ,?is condition (        
language we ne$ n wond] at3 ! language (
 life mu/ naturally receive1 z 9 a      

mirror1 ! realities ( life4 ,difficult x
 is to ma9ta9 a j equipoise 9 any moral 
habits1 b 9 none s mu* z 9 habits (     
religi\s demeanor "u a ,pagan t is1 a   
degrad+ religion4 ,to be a c[>d1 is     
base3 to be a sycophant1 is base3 b to  
be a sycophant 9 ! s]vice ( c[>dice1 is 
! p]fection ( bas5ess3 & yet ?is 0 !    
brief analysis ( a devotee among/ !     
anci5t ,romans4 ,n[1 consid]+ t ! ^w    
religion is orig9ally ,roman1 probably f
 ! ,etruscan1 x seems probable t x      
pres5t$ ! idea ( religion "u "s "o ( its
 bad aspects4 ,col]idge mu/ q h =gott5  
?is ,paganism ( ! ^w1 :5 he sugge/$ z a 
plausible idea1 t orig9ally x _h pres5t$
 religion "u ! aspect ( a co]cion or    
re/ra9t4 ,morality hav+ be5 view$ z !   
prime re/ra9t or obligation re/+ ^u man1
 !n ,col]idge ?\ght t religion might h  
be5 view$ z a religatio1 a reit]at$     
re/ra9t1 or second>y obligation4 ,?is is
 +5i\s1 b x w n d4 ,x is crack$ 9 ! r+4 
,p]haps z _m z ?ree objections might be 
mu/]$ to su* a d]ivation3 b ! la/ ( !   

?ree is conclusive4 ,! anci5ts nev] did 
view morality z a mode ( obligation3 ,i 
affirm ?is p]emptorily2 & ) ! m         
emphasis1 because !re are great         
consequ5ces susp5d$ ^u t "q4  ,:at1 !n1 
is religion8 ,decompos$ into its        
elem5ts1 z !y are f\nd 9 ,*ri/ianity1 h[
 _m p[]s = act+ on ! he>t ( man1 does1  
by possibility1 ?is great ag5cy include8
 ,accord+ to my own view1 f\r4,footnote3
 !re are six1 9 "o s5se1 ( religion3    
viz4 #e?ly1 correspond+ moral           
affections2 #f?ly1 a suitable life4 ,b  
?is applies to religion z subjectively  
possess$ by a man1 n to religion z      
objectively contemplat$4  ,i w /ate !m1 
& numb] !m4  #a/4 ,a =m ( wor%ip1 a     
cultus4  #b;dly4 ,an idea ( ,god2 &     
7po9t+ ! analysis to ,*ri/ianity 9      
p>ticul>7 an idea n purifi$ m]ely f     
anci5t pollutions1 b reca/ & absolutely 
born aga94  #c;dly4 ,an idea ( !        
relation :i* man occupies to ,god3 & (  
?is idea also1 :5 ,*ri/ianity is !      
religion conc]n$1 x mu/ be said1 t x is 

s entirely remodell$1 z 9 no respect to 
resemble any elem5t 9 any o!r religion4 
,?us f> we are rem9d$ ( ! poet's        
expression1 ',pure religion brea?+      
h\sehold laws2' t is1 n tea*+ su* laws1 
n =mally prescrib+ a new economy ( life1
 s mu* z inspir+ x indirectly ?r\gh a   
new atmosph]e surr\nd+ all objects ) new
 attributes4 ,b !re is also 9           
,*ri/ianity1  #d?ly4 ,a doctr9al "p1 a  
"p directly & explicitly occupi$ )      
tea*+2 & ?is divides into two great     
sections1 1 ,a sy/em ( e?ics s          
absolutely new z to be                  
untranslatable,footnote3 ,?is is n      
g5]ally p]ceiv$4 ,on ! contr>y1 p are   
ready to say1 ',:y1 s f> f x1 ! v e>lie/
 language 9 :i* ! ,gospels appe>$1      
except+ only ,/4 ,mat!w's1 0 ! ,greek4' 
,yes1 read]2 b :at ,greek8 ,_h n !      
,greeks be51 = a long "t1 coloniz+      
,syria "u pr9ces ( ,grecian blood1--_h n
 ! ,greek language 7z a l+ua            
,hell5i/ica7 become /eep$ 9 ,hebrew     
ideas1--no door ( communication c\ld h  

be5 op5$ betwe5 ! new _w ( ,*ri/ian     
feel+1 & ! old _w s deaf to its music4  
,"h1 !re=e1 we may obs]ve two           
prep>ations made secretly by ,provid5ce 
= receiv+ ,*ri/ianity & cle>+ ! road    
be=e x2 fir/1 ! diffusion ( ! ,greek    
language ?r\gh ! :ole civiliz$ _w 7 7 "s
 "t be=e ,*ri/1 by :i* means !          
,evangeli/s f\nd w+s1 z x 71 = fly+     
abroad ?r\gh ! k+doms ( ! e>?2 secondly1
 ! ,hebraiz+ ( ?is language1 by :i*     
means ! ,evangeli/s f\nd a new mat]ial  
made pla/ic & ob$i5t to ^! new ideas1   
:i* !y _h to build )1 & :i* !y _h to    
build ^u4 into ei!r ( ! classical       
languages2 &1 1 ,a sy/em ( my/]ies2 z1 =
 in/ance1 ! my/]y ( ! ,tr9ity1 ( !      
,div9e ,inc>nation1 ( ! ,atonem5t1 ( !  
,resurrection1 & o!rs4  ,"h are great   
elem5ts2 & n[ let me ask1 h[ _m ( ^! are
 f\nd 9 ! ,hea!n religion ( ,greece &   
,rome8 ,?is is an important "q2 x be+ my
 object to %[ t no religion b !         
,*ri/ian1 & precisely ?r\gh "s "o or two
 ( its diff]5tial elem5ts1 c\ld h be5 an

 organ ( political movem5t4  ,mo/ div9es
 :o any:]e glance at ?is "q1 are "h f\nd
 91 :at seems to me1 ! deepe/ ( errors4 
,great !ologians are !y1 & em95t        
philosoph]s1 :o h presum$ t 7z a matt] (
 c\rse7 all religions1 h[ev] false1 are 
introductory to "s s*eme ( morality1    
h[ev] imp]fect4 ,!y grant y t ! morality
 is (t5times uns\nd2 b /ill1 !y ?9k t "s
 morality !re mu/ h be51 or else = :at  
purpose 0 ! religion8 ,?is ,i pron\nce  
error4  ,all ! moral !ories ( antiquity 
7 utt]ly disjo9$ f religion4 ,b ?is     
fallacy ( a dogmatic or doctr9al "p 9   
,paganism is born out ( ,ana*ronism4  ,x
 is ! ana*ronism ( unconsci\sly reflect+
 back ^u ! anci5t religions ( d>kness1 &
 z if ess5tial to all religions1        
features t nev] 7 suspect$ z possible1  
until !y _h be5 reveal$ 9               
,*ri/ianity4,footnote3 ,once = all1 to  
save ! tr\ble ( cont9ual repetitions1   
und]/& ,judaism to be commemorat$ jo9tly
 ) ,*ri/ianity2 ! d>k root toge!r ) !   
gold5 fruitage2 :5ev] ! nature ( ! case 

does n presume a contradi/9ction ( ! "o 
to ! o!r4 ,religion1 9 ! eye ( a ,pagan1
 _h no m relation to morals1 ?an x _h to
 %ip-build+ or trigonometry4 ,b1 !n1 :y 
0 religion honor$ among/ ,pagans8 ,h[   
did x ev] arise8 ,:at 0 its object8     
,object6 x _h no object2 if by ?is y    
mean ult]ior object4 ,pagan religion    
arose 9 no motive1 b 9 an impulse4      
,pagan religion aim$ at no di/ant prize 
ahead3 x fl$ f a dang] imm$iately beh9d4
 ,! gods ( ! ,pagans 7 wick$ natures2 b 
!y 7 natures to be fe>$1 & to be        
propitiat$2 = !y 7 fi]ce1 & !y 7 moody1 
& 7z reg>d$ man :o _h no w+s7 !y 7      
p[]ful4 ,once accr$it$ z facts1 ! ,pagan
 gods c\ld n be reg>d$ z o!r ?an t]rific
 facts2 & ?us x 01 t 9 t]ror1 bl9d      
t]ror1 z aga9/ p[] 9 ! h&s ( div9e      
wick$ness1 arose ! anci5t religions (   
,paganism4 ,because ! gods 7 wick$1 man 
0 religi\s2 because ,olympus 0 cruel1   
e>? trembl$2 because ! div9e be+s 7 !   
mo/ lawless ( ,?ugs1 ! human be+ became 
! mo/ abject ( sycophants4  ,_h !       

religions ( ,paganism aris5             
teleologically2 t is1 ) a view to c]ta9 
purposes1 to c]ta9 f9al causes ahead2 _h
 !y gr[n out ( =w>d-look+ views1        
contemplat+1 = in/ance1 ! fur!r+ (      
civilization1 or contemplat+ "s int]e/s 
9 a _w beyond ! pres5t1 !re w\ld        
probably h aris51 concurr5tly1 a section
 9 all su* religions1 d$icat$ to        
positive in/ruction4 ,!re w\ld h be5 a  
doctr9al "p4 ,!re might h be5 int]wov5 )
 ! ritual or wor%ip1 a sy/em (          
economics1 or a code ( civil prud5ce1 or
 a code ( heal?1 or a !ory ( morals1 or 
ev5 a secret revelation ( my/]i\s       
relations betwe5 man & ! ,deity3 all :i*
 exi/$ 9 ,judaism4 ,b1 z ! case /ood1   
?is 0 impossible4 ,! gods 7 m]e odi\s   
facts1 l scorpions or rattlesnakes1 hav+
 no moral aspects :atev]2 public        
nuisances2 & be>+ no relation to man b t
 ( caprici\s tyrants4 ,fir/ aris+ ^u a  
basis ( t]ror1 ^! gods nev] subsequ5tly 
enl>g$ t basis2 nor s\ght to enl>ge x4  
,all antiquity conta9s no h9t ( a       

possibility t love c\ld arise1 z by any 
ray m+l+ ) ! s5tim5ts 9 a human creature
 t[>ds a ,div9e "o2 n ev5 sycophants ev]
 pret5d$ to love ! gods4  ,"u ?is       
orig9al peculi>ity ( ,paganism1 !re     
arose two consequ5ces1 :i* ,i w m>k by !
 ,greek lett]s  & 4 ,! latt] ,i w notice
 9 its ord]1 fir/ call+ ! read]'s       
att5tion to ! consequ5ce m>k$ 1 :i* is  
?is3--,9 ! full & pr(\nde/ s5se ( ! ^w  
believe1 ! pagans c\ld n be said to     
believe 9 any gods3 b1 9 ! ord9>y s5se1 
!y did1 & d1 & mu/ believe1 9 all gods4 
,z ?is proposition w />tle "s read]s1 & 
is yet closely involv$ 9 ! ma9 tru? :i* 
,i am n[ press+1 viz4 ! mean+ & effect (
 a simple cultus1 z di/+ui%$ f a high   
doctr9al religion1 let u seek an        
illu/ration f our ,indian empire4 ,!    
,*ri/ian mission>ies f home1 :5 fir/    
op5+ _! views to ,h9doos1 describe      
!mselves z labor+ to prove t ,*ri/ianity
 is a true religion1 & z ei!r ass]t+1 or
 leav+ x to be inf]r$1 t1 on t          
assumption1 ! ,h9doo religion is a false

 "o4 ,b ! poor ,h9doo nev] dream$ (     
d\bt+ t ! ,*ri/ian 0 a true religion2   
nor w he at all inf]1 f y\r religion be+
 true1 t 8 own mu/ be false4 ,bo? are   
true1 he ?9ks3 all religions are true2  
all gods are true gods2 & all are       
equally true4 ,nei!r c he und]/& :at y  
mean by a false religion1 or h[ a       
religion c\ld be false2 & he is p]fectly
 "r4 ,:]ev] religions consi/ only ( a   
wor%ip1 z ! ,h9doo religion does1 !re c 
be no competition among/ !m z to tru?4  
,t w\ld be an absurdity1 n less nor o!r 
?an x w\ld be = a ,prussian to d5\nce ! 
,au/rian emp]or1 or an ,au/rian to      
d5\nce ! ,prussian k+1 z a false        
sov]eign4 ,false6 ,h[ false8 ,9 :at s5se
 false8 ,surely n z non-exi/+4 ,b at    
lea/1 7! read] w reply17 if ! religions 
contradict ea* o!r1 "o ( !m mu/ be      
false4 ,yes2 b t is impossible4 ,two    
religions _c contradict ea* o!r1 :]e bo?
 conta9 only a cultus3 !y c\ld come into
 collision only by means ( a doctr9al1  
or directly affirmative "p1 l ^? (      

,*ri/ianity & ,mahometanism4 ,b ?is "p  
is :at no idolatr\s religion ev] _h1 or 
w h4 ,! read] mu/ n und]/& me to mean t1
 m]ely z a compromise ( c\rtesy1 two    
pr(essors ( diff]5t idolatries w\ld     
agree to recognise ea* o!r4 ,n at all4  
,! tru? ( "o does n imply ! falsehood ( 
! o!r4  ,bo? are true z facts3 nei!r c  
be false1 9 any high] s5se1 because     
nei!r makes any pret5ce to tru?         
doctr9al4  ,?is di/9ction betwe5 a      
religion hav+ m]ely a wor%ip1 & a       
religion hav+ also a body ( doctr9al    
tru?1 is famili> to ! ,mahometans2 & !y 
convey ! di/9ction by a v appropriate   
expression4 ,^? maje/ic religions1 7z !y
 e/eem !m17 :i* rise above ! m]e pomps &
 tympanies ( c]emonial wor%ip1 !y       
d5om9ate 'religions ( ! book4' ,!re are1
 ( su* religions1 ?ree1 viz41 ,judaism1 
,*ri/ianity1 & ,islamism4 ,! fir/ builds
 ^u ! ,law & ! ,prophets2 or1 p]haps1   
suffici5tly ^u ! ,p5tateu*2 ! second ^u 
! ,gospel2 ! la/ ^u ! ,koran4 ,no o!r   
religion c be said to re/ ^u a book2 or 

to ne$ a book2 or ev5 to admit ( a book4
 ,= we mu/ n be dup$ by ! case :]e a    
lawgiv] attempts to connect 8 own human 
in/itutes ) ! v5]able sanctions ( a     
national religion1 or ! case :]e a le>n$
 antiqu>y unfolds hi/orically ! record (
 a va/ my?ology4 ,heaps ( su* cases1    
7bo? law & my?ological records17 survive
 9 ! ,sanscrit1 & 9 o!r pagan languages4
 ,b ^! are books :i* build ^u !         
religion1 n books ^u :i* ! religion is  
built4 ,if a religion consi/s only ( a  
c]emonial wor%ip1 9 t case !re c be no  
op5+ = a book2 because ! =ms & details  
publi% !mselves daily1 9 ! celebration (
 ! wor%ip1 & are traditionally pres]v$1 
f age to age1 )\t dep5d5ce on a book4   
,b1 if a religion has a doctr9e1 ?is    
implies a revelation or message f       
,heav51 :i* _c1 9 any o!r way1 secure ! 
transmission ( ?is message to future    
g5]ations1 ?an by caus+ x to be regi/]$ 
9 a book4 ,a book1 !re=e1 w be          
conv]tible ) a doctr9al religion3--no   
book1 no doctr9e2 &1 aga91 no doctr9e1  

no book4  ,^u ^! pr9ciples1 we may      
und]/& t second consequ5ce 7m>k$ 7 :i*  
has p]plex$ _m m51 viz41 :y x is t !    
,h9doos1 9 our own times2 b1 equally1 :y
 x is t ! ,greek & ,roman idolat]s (    
antiquity1 nev] proselytiz$2 no1 nor    
c\ld h view$ su* an attempt z rational4 
,naturally1 if a religion is doctr9al1  
any tru? :i* x possesses1 z a secret    
deposit consign$ to its keep+ by a      
revelation1 mu/ be equally valid = "o   
man z = ano!r1 )\t reg>d to race or     
nation4 ,= a doctr9al religion1 !re=e1  
to proselytize1 is no m ?an a duty (    
consi/5t humanity4 ,y1 ! pr(essors ( t  
religion1 possess ! m$ic9al f\nta9s4 ,y 
w n dim9i% y\r own %>e by imp>t+ to     
o!rs4 ,:at *urli%ness1 if y %\ld grudge 
to o!rs a heal? :i* does n int]f]e ) y\r
 own6 ,*ri/ians1 !re=e1 ,mahometans1 &  
,jews orig9ally1 9 proportion z !y 7    
s9c]e & consci5ti\s1 h always invit$1 or
 ev5 =c$1 ! unbeliev+ to _! own fai?3   
no?+ b accid5ts ( situation1 local or   
political1 h di/urb$'?is ef=t4 ,b1 on ! 

o!r h&1 = a m]e 'cultus' to attempt     
conv]sions1 is nons5se4 ,an anci5t      
,roman c\ld h _h no motive = br++ y ov] 
to ! wor%ip ( ,jupit] ,capitol9us2 nor y
 any motive = go+4 ',surely1 poor man1' 
he w\ld h said1 'y h1 "s god ( y\r own1 
:o w be q z good = y\r c\ntrym5 z       
,jupit] = m9e4 ,b1 if y h n1 really ,i  
am sorry = y\r case2 & a v odd case x   
is3 b ,i don't see h[ x c\ld be improv$ 
by talk+ nons5se4 ,y _c b5eficially1 y  
_c rationally1 wor%ip a tutel>y ,roman  
deity1 unless 9 ! "* ( a ,roman2 & a    
,roman y may become1 legally &          
politically4 ,be+ su*1 y w p>ticipate 9 
all advantages1 if any !re are1 or our  
national religion2 &1 )\t ne$+ a process
 ( conv]sion1 ei!r 9 sub/ance or 9 =m4  
,ipso facto1 & )\t any sep>ate *oice (  
y\r own1 on becom+ a ,roman citiz51 y   
become a p>ty to ! ,roman wor%ip4' ,= an
 idolatr\s religion to proselytize1     
w\ld1 !re=e1 be n only useless b        
un9telligible4  ,n[1 hav+ expla9$ t     
po9t1 :i* is a great /ep t[>ds ! f9al   

object ( my pap]1 viz41 ! inve/igation (
 ! reason :y ,*ri/ianity is1 :i* no     
pagan religion ev] has be51 an organ (  
political movem5t1 ,i w g on to review  
rapidly ^? f\r con/itu5ts ( a religion1 
z !y are realiz$ 9 ,*ri/ianity1 = !     
purpose ( contra/+ !m ) ! false %ad[s1  
or ev5 blank negations1 ( ^! con/itu5ts 
9 pagan idolatries4  ,fir/1 !n1 z to !  
,,cultus1 or =m ( ! national wor%ip3--,9
 our ,*ri/ian ritual ,i recognise ^!    
sep>ate acts2 viz4 ,a1 an act ( ,praise2
 ,b1 an act ( ,?anksgiv+2 ,c1 an act (  
,confession2 ,d1 an act ( ,pray]4 ,9 ,a1
 we commemorate ) adoration ! g5]al     
p]fections ( ! ,deity4 ,!re1 all ( u h  
an equal int]e/4 ,9 ,b1 we commemorate )
 ?ankfulness ^? special qualities ( !   
,deity1 or ^? special manife/ations (   
!m1 by :i* we1 ! individual wor%ipp]s1 h
 rec5tly b5efit$4 ,9 ,c1 by upright     
confession1 we deprecate4 ,9 ,d1 we     
pray1 or ask = ! ?+s :i* we ne$4 ,n[1 9 
! cultus ( ! anci5t pagans1 ,b & ,c 7!  
second act & ! ?ird7 7 want+ altoge!r4  

,no ?anksgiv+ ev] asc5d$1 on 8 own      
acc\nt1 f ! lips ( an individual2 & !   
/ate ?anksgiv+ = a triumph ( ! national 
armies1 0 b a mode ( o/5tati\sly publi%+
 ! news4 ,z to ,c1 x is sc>cely necess>y
 to say t ?is 0 want+1 :5 ,i m5tion t   
p5it5tial feel+s 7 unkn[n among/ !      
anci5ts1 & _h no "n2 =                  
pnit5tia,footnote3 ,9 ,greek1 !re is a  
^w = rep5tance1 b n until x _h be5      
rebaptiz$ into a ,*ri/ian use4          
,metanoia1 h[ev]1 is n t ^w3 x is       
grossly to defeat ! pr(\nd mean+ ( !    
,new ,te/am5t1 if ,john ! ,bapti/ is    
translat$ z ?\gh summon+ ! _w to        
rep5tance2 x 0 n t to :i* he summon$ !m4
 means regret1 n p5it5ce2 & me pnitet   
hujus facti1 means1 ',i rue ?is act 9   
its consequ5ces1' n ',i rep5t ( ?is act 
= its moral nature4' ,a & ,d1 ! fir/ act
 & ! la/1 appe> to be pres5t2 b are s   
mo/ imp]fectly4 ,:5 ',god is prais$     
aright1' prais$ by means ( su* de$s or  
su* attributes z express a div9e nature1
 we recognise "o great function ( a     

national wor%ip1--n o!rwise4  ,?is1     
h[ev]1 we mu/ ov]look & p>don1 z be+ a  
fault ess5tial to ! religion3 ! poor    
creatures did ! be/ !y c\ld to praise _!
 god1 ly+ "u ! curse ( gods s ?or\ghly  
deprav$4 ,b 9 ,d1 ! case is diff]5t4    
,/rictly speak+1 ! anci5ts nev] pray$2 &
 x may be d\bt$ :e!r ,d approa*es s ne> 
to :at we mean by pray]1 z ev5 by a     
mock]y4 ,y read ( preces1 ( 1 c4 & y are
 desir\s to believe t pagan             
supplications 7 n always corrupt4 ,x is 
too %ock+ to suppose1 9 ?9k+ ( nations  
idolatr\s yet noble1 t nev] any pure act
 ( approa* to ! heav5s took place on !  
"p ( man2 t always ! int]c\rse 0        
corrupt2 always d\bly corrupt2 t        
et]nally ! god 0 b\ght1 & ! vot>y 0     
sold4 ,oh1 we>9ess ( man's _s be=e t    
unre/+ m]c5>9ess 9 high places1 :i*     
nei!r1 :5 8 race clamor$ = ju/ice1 nor  
:5 x langui%$ = pity1 w\ld li/5 )\t     
hire6 ,h[ gladly w\ld man turn away f 8 
false rapaci\s div9ities to ! godlike   
human he>t1 t s (t5 w\ld yield p>don    

be=e x 0 ask$1 & = ! ?\s&? "t t w\ld    
give )\t a bribe6 ,9 /rict propriety1 z 
my read] kn[s1 ! classical ,lat9 ^w = a 
pray] is votum2 x 0 a case ( contract2 (
 m]cantile contract2 ( t contract :i* ! 
,roman law express$ by ! =mula--,d ut   
des4 ,va9ly y came be=e ! alt>s ) empty 
h&s4 ,b my h&s are pure4 ,pure1 inde$6  
w\ld reply ! sc(f+ god1 let me see :at  
!y conta94 ,x 0 exactly :at y daily read
 9 morn+ pap]s1 viz43--t1 9 ord] to     
appe> effectually be=e t ,olympus 9     
,london1 :i* ra9s r>ities ^u u poor     
abject creatures 9 ! prov9ces1 y mu/    
enclose 'an ord] on ! ,po/-,(fice or a  
ref]5ce4' ,x is true t a man did n      
always regi/] 8 votum1 7! p>ticul> (f]+ 
:i* he v[$ on ! condition ( receiv+ :at 
he ask$17 at ! mom5t ( ask+4 ,ajax1 =   
in/ance1 prays = light 9 ! ',iliad1' &  
he does n !n & !re give ei!r an ord] or 
a ref]5ce4 ,b y are mu* mi/ak51 if y    
fancy t ev5 light 0 to be _h gratis4 ,x 
w\ld be 'c>ri$ to acc\nt4' ,ajax w\ld be
 'debit$' ) t 'advance4'  ,yet1 :5 x    

occurs to a man t1 9 ?is ,d ut des1 !   
g5]al ,d 0 ei!r a temple or a sacrifice1
 naturally x occurs to ask :at 0 a      
sacrifice8 ,i am afraid t ! d>k murd]\s 
nature ( ! pagan gods is "h made app>5t4
 ,mod]n read]s1 :o h _h no p>ticul>     
reason = reflect+ on ! nature &         
managem5t ( a sacrifice1 totally        
misconceive x4 ,!y h a vague notion t ! 
slaught]$ animal 0 roa/$1 s]v$ up on !  
alt>s z a banquet to ! gods2 t ^! gods  
by "s repres5tative c]emony 'made       
believe' to eat x2 & t f9ally1 7z di%es 
t _h n[ become hall[$ to div9e use17 !  
sev]al jo9ts 7 dispos$ ( 9 "s my/]i\s   
mann]3 burn$1 suppose1 or buri$ "u !    
alt>s1 or committ$ to ! secret keep+ (  
riv]s4  ,no?+ ( ! sort3 :5 a man made a 
sacrifice1 ! mean+ 01 t he gave a d9n]4 
,& n only 0 e sacrifice a d9n] p>ty1 b e
 d9n] p>ty 0 a sacrifice4 ,?is 0 /rictly
 s 9 ! good old f]oci\s times (         
paganism1 z may be se5 9 ! ,iliad3 x 0 n
 said1 ',agamemnon has a d9n] p>ty      
to-day1' b ',agamemnon sacrifices to    

,apollo4' ,ev5 9 ,rome1 to ! la/ days ( 
paganism1 x is probable t "s slight     
memorial cont9u$ to connect ! d9n] p>ty 
cna ) a div9e sacrifice2 & !nce p>tly   
arose ! sanctity ( ! hospitable bo>d2 b 
to ! ea/ ( ! ,m$it]ranean ! full ritual 
( a sacrifice mu/ h be5 pres]v$ 9 all   
banquets1 long aft] x _h fad$ to a =m 9 
! less sup]/iti\s ,we/4 ,?is we may le>n
 f t po9t ( casui/ry treat$ by ,/4      
,paul1--:e!r a ,*ri/ian might lawfully  
eat ( ?+s (f]$ to idols4  ,! "q 0 mo/   
urg5t2 because a ,*ri/ian c\ld n accept 
an invitation to d9e ) a ,grecian       
fell[-citiz5 :o /ill adh]$ to paganism1 
)\t eat+ ?+s (f]$ to idols2--! :ole     
banquet 0 d$icat$ to an idol4 ,if he    
w\ld n take t1 he mu/ cont9ue impransus4
 ,consequ5tly1 ! "q virtually am\nt$ to 
?is3 ,7 ! ,*ri/ians to sep>ate !mselves 
altoge!r f ^? ^: int]e/s 7 9 s _m ways  
entangl$ ) _! own1 on ! s+le            
consid]ation t ^! p]sons 7 hea!ns8 ,to  
refuse _! hospitalities1 0 to sep>ate1 &
 ) a ho/ile expression ( feel+4  ,t w\ld

 be to ?r[ h9drances 9 ! way (          
,*ri/ianity3 ! religion c\ld n spread   
rapidly "u su* repulsive prejudices2 &  
dang]s1 t x became un-,*ri/ian to       
provoke1 w\ld ?us multiply aga9/ !      
infant fai?4 ,?is be+ s1 & z ! gods 7   
really ! only p>ties invit$ :o got no?+ 
at all ( ! banquet1 x becomes a "q ( "s 
int]e/1--:at did !y get8 ,!y 7 m]ely    
mock$1 if !y _h no comp5satory int]e/ 9 
! d9n]6 ,= surely x 0 an inconceivable  
mode ( honor+ ,jupit]1 t y & ,i %\ld eat
 a piece ( roa/ beef1 leav+ to ! god's  
%>e only ! mock]y ( a ,b>mecide         
invitation1 assign+ him a *air :i* e    
body knew t he w\ld nev] fill1 & a plate
 :i* might z well h be5 fill$ ) w>m     
wat]8 ,jupit] got some?+1 be assur$2 &  
:at 0 x8 ,?is x 01--! luxury ( inhal+ ! 
groans1 ! fleet+ brea?1 ! palpitations1 
! agonies1 ( ! dy+ victim4 ,?is 0 ! d>k 
int]e/ :i* ! wret*es ( ,olympus _h 9    
human invitations to d9n]3 & x is too   
c]ta91 ^u comp>+ facts & dates1 t1 :5   
left to _! own *oice1 ! gods _h a       

pref]5ce = man z ! victim4 ,all ?+s     
concur to %[1 t precisely z y asc5d     
above civilization1 :i* cont9ually      
increas$ ! limitations ^u ! gods (      
,olympus1 precisely z y g back to t     
gloomy /ate 9 :i* _! true prop5sities _h
 p[] to reveal !mselves1 0 man ! g5u9e  
victim = !m1 & ! dy+ angui% ( man ! be/ 
'nidor' t asc5d$ f e>?ly banquets to _! 
no/rils4 ,_! /]n eyes smil$ d>kly ^u !  
?robb+s ( tortur$ fle%1 z 9 ,molo*'s e>s
 dwelt l music ! s\nd ( infants' wail+s4
 ,secondly1 z to ! bir? ( a new idea    
respect+ ! nature ( ,god3--,x may n h   
occurr$ to e read]1 b none w p]haps     
object to x1 :5 once sugge/$ to 8       
consid]ation1 t--z is ! god ( any       
nation1 su* w be t nation4 ,god1 h[ev]  
falsely conceiv$ ( by man1 ev5 ?\gh     
spl9t]$ into fragm5ts by ,poly!ism1 or  
disfigur$ by ! d>ke/ my?ologies1 is /ill
 ! greate/ ( all objects (f]$ to human  
contemplation4 ,man1 :5 ?r[n ^u 8 own   
delusions1 may h rais$ himself1 or may h
 adopt$ f o!rs1 ! v false/ ( ideals1 z !

 true image & reflection ( :at he calls 
god4 ,9 8 l[e/ condition ( d>kness1     
t]ror may be ! m\ld+ pr9ciple =         
spiritual conceptions2 p[]1 ! engross+  
attribute :i* he ascribes to 8 deity2 & 
?is p[] may be hide\sly caprici\s1 or   
associat$ ) v9dictive cruelty4 ,x may   
ev5 happ51 t 8 /&>d ( :at is highe/ 9 ! 
div9ity %\ld be capable ( fall+ greatly 
bel[ :at an enlight5$ m9d w\ld figure to
 itself z l[e/ 9 man4 ,a m %ock+        
monum5t1 inde$1 !re _c be ?an ?is1 ( !  
inf9ity by :i* man may desc5d bel[ 8 own
 capacities ( gr&eur3 ! gods1 9 "s      
sy/ems ( religion1 h be5 su* & s mon/r\s
 by excesses ( wick$ness1 z to insure1  
if annually "o h\r ( p]iodical eclipse  
%\ld h left !m at ! m]cy ( man1 a g5]al 
ru% f _! own wor%ipp]s = /rangl+ !m z   
mad dogs4 ,hypocrisy1 ! cr++ (          
sycophants1 & ! cr$ulities ( fe>1 unit$ 
to conceal ?is miso!ism2 b we may be    
sure t x 0 widely diffus$ ?r\gh !       
s9c]ities ( ! human he>t4  ,an int5se   
desire = kick+ ,jupit]1 or = hang+ him1 

if f\nd conv5i5t1 mu/ h lurk$ 9 !       
honorable ,koman he>t1 be=e ! s9c]ity ( 
human nature c\ld h extort$ ^u ! ,roman 
/age a public decl>ation1--t _! supreme 
gods 7 capable ( enormities :i* a poor1 
unpret5d+ human creature homuncio w\ld h
 disda9$4  ,_m times ! ideal ( ! div9e  
nature1 z adopt$ by pagan races1 fell "u
 ! contempt1 n only ( m5 sup]ior to !   
national sup]/ition1 b ( m5 p>tak+ 9 t  
sup]/ition4 ,yet1 ) all ^? drawbacks1 an
 ideal 0 an ideal4 ,! be+ set up =      
adoration z god1 0 su* ^u ! :ole to !   
wor%ipp]2 s9ce1 if !re _h be5 any high] 
mode ( excell5ce conceivable = him1 t   
high] mode w\ld h virtually become 8    
deity4 ,x _c be d\bt$1 !re=e1 t ! nature
 ( ! national div9ities indicat$ !      
qualities :i* rank$ highe/ 9 ! national 
e/imation2 & t be+ contemplat$          
cont9ually 9 ! _s ( v5]ation1 ^!        
qualities mu/ h work$ an ext5sive       
con=mity to _! own /&>d4 ,! my?ology    
sanction$ by ! ritual ( public wor%ip1 !
 features ( moral nature 9 ! gods       

di/ribut$ ?r\gh t my?ology1 & sometimes 
commemorat$ by gleams 9 t ritual1       
dom9e]$ ov] ! popul> he>t1 ev5 9 ^?     
cases :]e ! religion _h be5 a d]ivative 
religion1 & n orig9ally m\ld$ by        
impulses brea?+ f ! native disposition4 
,s t1 ^u ! :ole1 su* z 7 ! gods ( a     
nation1 su* 0 ! nation3 giv5 ! p>ticul> 
idolatry1 x became possible to deciph] !
 "* ( ! idolat]s4 ,:]e ,molo* 0         
wor%ipp$1 ! p w\ld naturally be f\nd    
cruel2 :]e ! ,paphian ,v5us1 x c\ld n be
 expect$ t !y %\ld escape ! ta9t ( a    
voluptu\s effem9acy4  ,aga9/ ?is        
pr9ciple1 !re c\ld h be5 no room =      
demur1 7 x n ?r\gh t invet]ate prejudice
 besieg+ ! mod]n m9d1--z ?\gh all       
religion1 h[ev] false1 impli$ "s s*eme (
 morals connect$ ) x4 ,h[ev] imp]fectly 
dis*>g$1 "o function ev5 ( ! pagan prie/
 7x is suppos$7 mu/ h be5--to guide1 to 
c\nsel1 to exhort1 z a tea*] ( morals4  
,&1 _h t be5 s1 ! practical precepts1 & 
! moral comm5t>y com+ aft] ev5 ! grosse/
 =ms ( wor%ip1 or ! mo/ revolt+         

my?ological leg5ds1 might h op]at$ to   
neutralize _! horrors1 or ev5 to        
allegorize !m into bett] mean+s4 ,"l    
,bacon1 z a trial ( skill1 has attempt$ 
some?+ ( t sort 9 8 ',wisdom ( !        
,anci5ts4' ,b all ?is is mod]n ref9em5t1
 ei!r 9 ! _s ( playful +5uity or (      
ignorance4 ,i h said suffici5tly t !re 0
 no doctr9al "p 9 ! religion ( ! pagans4
 ,!re 0 a cultus1 or c]emonial wor%ip3 t
 con/itut$ ! sum total ( religion1 9 !  
idea ( a pagan4 ,!re 0 a necessity1 = ! 
sake ( gu>d+ its traditional usages1 &  
uphold+ & support+ its pomp1 t (ficial  
p]sons %\ld preside 9 ?is cultus3 t     
con/itut$ ! duty ( ! prie/4 ,beyond ?is 
ritual ( public wor%ip1 !re 0 no?+ at   
all2 no?+ to believe1 no?+ to und]/&4 ,a
 set ( leg5d>y tales und\bt$ly !re 01   
connect$ ) ! my?ologic hi/ory ( ea*     
sep>ate deity4 ,b 9 :at s5se y und]/ood 
^!1 or :e!r y 7 at all acqua9t$ ) !m1 0 
a matt] ( indiff]5ce to ! prie/s2 s9ce  
_m ( ^! leg5ds 7 v>i\sly relat$1 & "s _h
 app>5tly be5 propagat$ 9 ridicule ( !  

gods1 r ?an 9 _! honor4  ,) ,*ri/ianity 
a new sc5e 0 op5$4 ,9 ?is religion !    
cultus1 or =m ( wor%ip1 0 n ev5 ! prim>y
 bus9ess1 f> less 0 x ! exclusive       
bus9ess4 ,! wor%ip fl[$ z a direct      
consequ5ce f ! new idea expos$ ( ! div9e
 nature1 & f ! new idea ( man's         
relations to ?is nature4  ,"h 7 sudd5ly 
unmask$ great doctr9es1 tru?s positive &
 directly av[$3 :]eas1 9 ,pagan =ms (   
religion1 any notices :i* !n 71 or seem$
 to be1 ( circum/ances surr\nd+ ! gods1 
relat$ only to matt]s ( fact or accid5t1
 su* z t a p>ticul> god 0 ! son or !    
nephew ( "s o!r god2 a tru?1 if x 7 a   
tru?1 :olly imp]t95t to any int]e/ (    
man4  ,z !re are "s important tru?s1    
dimly p]ceiv$ or n at all1 lurk+ 9 !    
idea ( ,god1--an idea too va/ to be     
navigable z yet by ! human und]/&+1 yet 
"h & !re to be coa/$1--,i wi% at ?is    
po9t to direct ! read]'s att5tion ^u a  
passage :i* he may happ5 to rememb] 9   
,sir ,isaac ,newton3 ! passage occurs at
 ! end ( ! ',optics2' & ! exact         

expressions ,i d n rememb]2 b ! s5se is 
:at ,i am go+ to /ate3 ,sir ,isaac is   
speak+ ( ,god2 & he takes occasion to   
say1 t ,god is n good1 b goodness2 is n 
holy1 b hol9ess2 is n inf9ite1 b        
inf9ity4 ,?is1 ,i appreh5d1 w h /ruck _m
 read]s z m]ely a rhetorical bravura2   
sublime1 p]haps1 & fitt$ to exalt !     
feel+ ( awe connect$ ) s unapproa*able a
 my/]y1 b o!rwise n ?r[+ any new light  
^u ! d>kness ( ! idea z a problem be=e !
 intellect4 ,yet indirectly p]haps x    
does1 :5 br\ght out into its lat5t s5se 
by plac+ x 9 juxtaposition ) paganism4  
,if a philosophic !i/1 :o is also a     
,*ri/ian1 or :o 7n be+ a ,*ri/ian17 has 
yet by 8 bir? & bre$+ become saturat$ ) 
,*ri/ian ideas & feel+s1,footnote3 ?is  
case is f> f uncommon2 & und\bt$ly1 f   
hav+ too mu* escap$ obs]vation1 x has   
be5 ! cause ( mu* error4 ,poets ,i c\ld 
m5tion1 if x 7 n invidi\s to d s1 :o1   
:il/ compos+ 9 a _s ( burn+ enmity to ! 
,*ri/ian fai?1 yet re/$ = ! v /+ ( _!   
pa?os ^u ideas t b = ,*ri/ianity c\ld   

nev] h exi/$4 ,translators !re h be51   
,engli%1 ,fr5*1 ,g]man1 ( ,mahometan    
books1 :o h s color$ ! :ole ve9 ( ?9k+ )
 s5tim5ts peculi> to ,*ri/ianity1 z to  
draw f a reflect+ read] ! exclamation1  
',if ?is c be inde$ ! product (         
,islamism1 :]e=e %\ld ,*ri/ianity exi/8'
 ,if ?\ghts s div9e c1 inde$1 belong to 
a false religion1 :at m c\ld we ga9 f a 
true "o8 attempts to realize ! idea (   
supreme ,deity1 he becomes aw>e ( a     
d\ble & contradictory movem5t 9 8 own   
m9d :il/ /riv+ t[>ds t result4 ,he      
dem&s1 9 ! fir/ place1 some?+ 9 ! highe/
 degree g5]ic2 & yet aga9 9 ! opposite  
direction1 some?+ 9 ! highe/ degree     
individual2 he dem&s on ! "o pa?1 a va/ 
ideality1 & yet on ! o!r1 9 union ) a   
det]m9ate p]sonality4 ,he mu/ n surr5d] 
himself to ! fir/ impulse1 else he is   
betray$ into a m]e anima mundi2 he mu/ n
 surr5d] himself to ! second1 else he is
 betray$ into some?+ m]ely human4 ,?is  
difficult antagonism1 ( :at is mo/ & :at
 is lea/ g5]ic1 mu/ be ma9ta9$1 o!rwise 

! idea1 ! possible idea1 ( t augu/      
unveil+ :i* takes place 9 !             
,judaico-,*ri/ian ,god1 is absolutely 9 
cl\ds4 ,n[1 ?is antagonism utt]ly       
collapses 9 paganism4 ,& to a           
philosophic appreh5sion1 ?is peculi>ity 
( ! hea!n gods is m %ock+ & fe>ful ?an  
:at at fir/ sight _h seem$ mo/ s4 ,:5 a 
man pauses = ! purpose ( att5tively     
review+ ! ,pan!on ( ,greece & ,rome1 :at
 /rikes him at ! fir/ ) mo/ dep? (      
impression & ) mo/ horror is1 !         
wick$ness ( ?is ,pan!on4 ,& he obs]ves )
 surprise1 t ?is wick$ness1 :i* is at a 
furnace-heat 9 ! sup]ior gods1 becomes  
fa9t] & pal] z y desc5d4 ,among/ !      
semi-deities1 su* z ! ,oreads or        
,dryads1 ! ,n]eids or ,naiads1 he feels 
n at all (f5d$4 ,! odor ( corruption1 ! 
saeva mephitis1 has by ?is "t exhal$4 ,!
 upro> ( et]nal outrage has ceas$4 ,& ^!
 g5tle div9ities1 if too human & too    
beset ) infirmities1 are n impure1 & n  
vex$ ) ugly appetites1 nor in/9ct (     
qu>rel3 !y are tranquil z are ! hills & 

! =e/s2 passionless z are ! seas & !    
f\nta9s :i* !y t5ant4 ,b1 :5 he asc5ds  
to ! dii majorum g5tium1 to ^? twelve   
gods ( ! supreme h\se1 :o may be call$ 9
 respect ( rank1 ! ,palad9s ( !         
classical ,pan!on1 secret horror comes  
ov] him at ! ?\ght t demons1 reflect+ ! 
wor/ aspects ( brutal races1 ev] c\ld h 
levi$ wor%ip f 8 own4 ,x is true !y d s 
no long] z reg>ds our planet4 ,b :at has
 be5 app>5tly may be4 ,god made !       
,greeks & ,romans ( "o blood ) himself2 
he _c d5y t intellectually ! ,greeks--he
 _c d5y t morally ! ,romans--7 among/ ! 
=emo/ ( human races2 & he trembles 9    
?9k+ t abom9ations1 ^: smoke asc5d$     
?r\gh s _m ages to ! supreme heav5s1    
may1 or might1 s f> z human resi/ance is
 conc]n$1 aga9 become ! law = ! noble/ (
 8 species4 ,a deep feel+1 x is true1   
exi/s lat5tly 9 human be+s ( some?+     
p]i%able 9 evil4 ,:atsoev] is f\nd$ 9   
wick$ness1 accord+ to a deep misgiv+    
disp]s$ among/ m51 mu/ be ta9t$ )       
corruption4 ,!re might seem consolation2

 b a man :o reflects is n q s sure ( t4 
,z a commonplace res\nd+ 9 s*ools1 x may
 be ju/ly curr5t among/ u1 t :at is evil
 by nature or by orig9 mu/ be transi5t4 
,b t may be because evil 9 all human ?+s
 is p>tial1 is het]og5e\s2 evil mix$ )  
good2 & ! two natures1 by _! mutual     
enmity1 mu/ ent] into a collision1 :i*  
may possibly gu>antee ! f9al de/ruction 
( ! :ole comp\nd4 ,su* a result may n   
?reat5 a nature t is purely & totally   
evil1 t is homog5e\sly evil4 ,d>k       
natures !re may be1 ^: ess5ce is evil1 t
 may h an abid+ root 9 ! sy/em ( !      
univ]se n less awfully exempt f *ange   
?an ! my/]i\s f\ndations ( ,god4  ,?is  
is dreadful4 ,wick$ness t is            
immeasurable1 9 connection ) p[] t is   
sup]human1 appals ! imag9ation4 ,yet ?is
 is a comb9ation t might easily h be5   
conceiv$2 & a wick$ god /ill comm&s a   
mode ( rev]5ce4 ,b t feature ( ! pagan  
pan!on1 :i* ,i am contra/+ ) ?is1 viz41 
t no pagan deity is an ab/raction b a   
vile concrete1 impresses myself ) a     

subtl] s5se ( horror2 because x bl5ds ! 
hateful ) a mode ( ! ludicr\s4 ,= ! sake
 ( expla9+ myself to ! non-philosophic  
read]1 ,i beg him to consid] :at is !   
sort ( feel+ ) :i* he reg>ds an anci5t  
riv]-god1 or ! presid+ nymph ( a f\nta94
 ,! impression :i* he receives is pretty
 mu* l t f ! monum5tal figure ( "s      
allegoric be+1 su* z ,fai? or ,hope1    
,fame or ,tru?4 ,he h>dly believes t !  
mo/ sup]/iti\s ,grecian s]i\sly believ$ 
9 su* a be+ z a di/9ct p]sonality4 ,he  
feels conv9c$ t ! sort ( p]sonal exi/5ce
 ascrib$ to su* an ab/raction1 z well z 
! human %ape1 are m]ely modes (         
repres5t+ & draw+ into unity a v>iety ( 
ph5om5a & ag5cies t seem "o1 by means ( 
_! un9t]mitt+ cont9uity1 & because !y   
t5d to "o common purpose4 ,n[1 f su* a  
symbolic god z ?is1 let him pass to     
,jupit] or ,m]cury1 & in/antly he       
becomes aw>e ( a revolt+ individuality4 
,he sees be=e him ! opposite pole (     
deity4 ,! riv]-god _h too little ( a    
concrete "*4 ,jupit] has no?+ else4 ,9  

,jupit] y read no inc>nation ( any      
ab/ract quality :atev]3 he repres5ts    
no?+ :atev] 9 ! metaphysics ( ! univ]se4
 ,except = ! accid5t ( 8 p[]1 he is     
m]ely a man4 ,he has a "*1 t is1 a      
t5d5cy or det]m9ation to ?is quality or 
t1 9 excess2 :]eas a nature truly div9e 
mu/ be 9 equilibrio z to all qualities1 
& compreh5d !m all1 9 ! way t a g5us    
compreh5ds ! subord9ate species4 ,he has
 ev5 a p]sonal hi/ory3 he has pass$     
?r\gh c]ta9 adv5tures1 fac$ c]ta9       
dang]s1 & surviv$ ho/ilities t1 at "o   
"t1 7 d\btful 9 _! issue4 ,no trace1 9  
%ort1 appe>s1 9 any ,grecian god1 ( !   
g5]ic4 ,:]eas we1 9 our ,*ri/ian ideas (
 ,god1 unconsci\sly1 & )\t ?9k+ ( ,sir  
,isaac ,newton1 realize ,sir ,isaac's   
conceptions4 ,we ?9k ( him z hav+ a sort
 ( allegoric g5]ality1 lib]at$ f ! bonds
 ( ! individual2 & yet1 also1 z ! mo/   
awful among natures1 hav+ a consci\s    
p]sonality4 ,he is diffus$ ?r\gh all    
?+s1 pres5t ev]y:]e1 & yet n ! less     
pres5t locally4 ,he is at a di/ance     

unapproa*able by f9ite creatures2 & yet1
 )\t any contradiction1 7z ! pr(\nd ,/4 
,paul obs]ves17 'n v f>' f e "o ( u4 ,& 
,i w v5ture to say1 t _m a poor old     
woman has1 by virtue ( h] ,*ri/ian      
inoculation1 ,sir ,isaac's great idea   
lurk+ 9 h] m9d2 z = in/ance1 9 relation 
to any ( ,god's attributes2 suppose     
hol9ess or happ9ess1 %e feels1 7?\gh    
analytically %e c\ld n expla917 t ,god  
is n holy or is n happy by way (        
p>ticipation1 aft] ! mann] ( o!r be+s3 t
 is1 he does n draw happ9ess f a f\nta9 
sep>ate & ext]nal to himself1 & common  
to o!r creatures1 he draw+ m & !y draw+ 
less2 b t he1 himself is ! f\nta92 t no 
o!r be+ c h ! lea/ proportion ( ei!r "o 
or ! o!r b by draw+ f t f\nta92 t z to  
all o!r good gifts1 t z to life itself1 
!y are1 9 man1 n on any sep>ate t5ure1 n
 prim>ily1 b d]ivatively1 & only 9 s f> 
z ,god ent]s into ! nature ( man2 t 'we 
live & move' only s f> & s long z !     
incompreh5sible union takes place betwe5
 ! human _s & ! fontal abyss ( ! div9e4 

,9 %ort1 "h1 & "h only1 is f\nd !       
out]mo/ expansion1 ! c5trifugal1 ( !    
,,to ca?olic1 unit$ ) ! inn]mo/         
c5tripetal ( ! p]sonal consci\sness4    
,_h1 !re=e1 ! pagan gods be5 less       
dete/able1 nei!r impure nor malignant1  
!y c\ld n h won a salut>y v5]ation--be+ 
s m]ely concrete individuals4  ,next1 x 
mu/ h degrad$ ! gods1 7& h made !m      
in/rum5ts ( degradation = man17 t !y 71 
"o & all1 inc>nations2 n1 z ev5 !       
,*ri/ian ,god is1 = a transitory mom5t &
 = an et]nal purpose2 b ess5tially & by 
ov]rul+ necessity4  ,! ,greeks c\ld n   
conceive ( spirituality4  ,nei!r c we1  
metaphysically1 assign ! conditions ( ! 
spiritual2 b1 practically1 we all feel &
 repres5t to our own m9ds ! ag5cies (   
,god1 z lib]at$ f bonds ( space & "t1 ( 
fle% & ( resi/ance4  ,?is ! ,greeks c\ld
 n feel1 c\ld n repres5t4  ,& ! only    
advantage :i* ! gods enjoy$ ov] ! worm &
 ! grub 01 t !y1 7or at lea/ ! ,palad9s 
among/ !m--! twelve supreme gods17 c\ld 
pass1 flu5tly1 f "o inc>nation to ano!r4

  ,?irdly4 ,out ( t ess5tial bondage to 
fle% arose a dreadful suspicion ( some?+
 worse3 9 :at relation did ! pagan gods 
/& to ! abom9able ph5om5on ( dea?8 ,x is
 n by utt]+ pomp\s flatt]ies ( ev]-liv+ 
& ambrotos aei1 c41 t a poet c\ld       
int]cept ! se>*+ jeal\sies ( human      
p5etration4 ,^! are m]ely ori5tal =ms ( 
complim5t4  ,& "h1 by ! way1 z else:]e1 
we f9d ,plato vehem5tly confut$3 = x 0 !
 undue exaltation ( ! gods1 & n _!      
degradation1 :i* mu/ be ascrib$ to !    
frauds ( poets4 ,tradition1 & no poetic 
tradition1 absolutely po9t$ to ! grave (
 m gods ?an "o4 ,b waiv+ all t z liable 
to dispute1 "o ?+ we "k1 f ! anci5ts    
!mselves1 z op5 to no "q1 t all ! gods 7
 born2 7 born infants2 pass$ ?r\gh !    
/ages ( helplessness & gr[?2 f all :i* !
 inf]5ce 0 b too fatally obvi\s4        
,besides1 !re 7 gr&fa!rs1 & ev5         
great-gr&fa!rs 9 ! ,pan!on3 "s ( ^! 7   
confess$ly sup]annuat$2 nay1 "s _h      
disappe>$4 ,ev5 m51 :o knew b little (  
,olympian records1 knew ?is1 at lea/1 = 

c]ta91 t m ?an "o dyna/y ( gods _h pass$
 ov] ! gold5 /age ( ,olympus1 _h made _!
 exit1 & 7 hurry+ onw>d to oblivion4 ,x 
0 matt] ( notoriety1 also1 t all ^! gods
 7 & _h be5 liable to ! ta9t ( sorr[ = !
 dea? ( _! e>?ly *ildr51 7z ! ,hom]ic   
,jupit] = ,s>p$on1 ,!tis = ,a*illes1    
,calliope1 9 ,euripides1 = h] bloom+    
,rhesus27 all 7 liable to fe>2 all to   
physical pa92 all to anxiety2 all to !  
indef9ite m5aces ( a dang] n            
measurable4,footnote3 x mu/ n be =gott5 
t all ! sup]ior gods pass$ ?r\gh an     
infancy 7z ,jove1 c47 or ev5 an         
adolesc5ce1 7z ,bac*us17 or ev5 a       
maturity1 7z ! majority ( ,olympus dur+ 
! insurrection ( ! ,titans17 surr\nd$ by
 p]ils t requir$ n /r5g? only1 b        
artifice1 & ev5 abject self-concealm5t  
to evade4 ,look+ backw>ds or look+      
=w>ds1 ! gods beheld enemies t attack$  
_! exi/5ce1 or modes ( decay1 7kn[n &   
unkn[n17 :i* gnaw$ at _! roots4 ,all ?is
 ,i take ! tr\ble to insi/ ^u3 n z ?\gh 
x c\ld be wor? any man's tr\ble1 at ?is 

day1 to expose 7on its own acc\nt7 !    
frailty ( ! ,pan!on1 b ) a view to !    
clos] e/imate ( ! ,div9e idea among/ m52
 & by way ( contra/ to ! p[] ( t idea "u
 ,*ri/ianity3 s9ce ,i cont5d t1 su* z is
 ! ,god ( e p1 su*1 9 ! correspond+     
features ( "*1 w be t p4 ,if ! god 7l   
,molo*7 is fi]ce1 ! p w be cruel2 if 7l 
,typhon7 a de/roy+ en]gy1 ! p w be      
gloomy2 if 7l ! ,paphian ,v5us7         
libid9\s1 ! p w be voluptu\sly          
effem9ate4 ,:5 ! gods are p]i%able1 man 
_c h ! gr&eurs ( 8 nature develop$3 :5 !
 %ad[ ( dea? sits ^u ! highe/ ( :at man 
repres5ts to himself z cele/ial1        
ess5tial blight w sit = ev] ^u human    
aspirations4 ,"o ?+ only rema9s to be   
add$ on ?is subject3 ,:y 7 n ! anci5ts m
 pr(\ndly afflict$ by ! trea*]\s gleams 
( mortality 9 _! gods8 ,h[ 0 x t !y c\ld
 =get1 = a mom5t1 a revelation s full ( 
mis]y8 ,s9ce n only ! "* ( man p>tly    
dep5d$ ^u ! quality ( 8 god1 b also & a 
=tiori1 8 de/9y ^u ! de/9y ( 8 god4 ,b !
 reason ( 8 indiff]5ce to ! div9e       

mortality 0--because1 at any rate1 !    
pagan man's connection ) ! gods t]m9at$ 
at 8 own dea?4 ,ev5 selfi% m5 w\ld      
reconcile !mselves to an e>?quake1 :i*  
%\ld swall[ up all ! _w2 & ! mo/        
unreasonable man has pr(ess$ 8 read9ess1
 at all times1 to die ) a dy+           
univ]se--mundo secum p]eunte1 mori4  ,b1
 ?irdly1 ! gods be+ su*1 9 :at relation 
to !m did man /&8 ,x is a fact hidd5 f !
 mass ( ! anci5ts !mselves1 b           
suffici5tly atte/$1 t !re 0 an anci5t & 
secret enmity betwe5 ! :ole family ( !  
gods & ! human race4 ,?is is confess$ by
 ,h]odotus z a p]suasion spread ?r\gh "s
 ( ! nations among/ :i* he travell$3 !re
 0 a sort ( truce1 inde$1 betwe5 !      
p>ties2 temples1 ) _! religi\s s]vices1 
& _! votive (f]+s1 record$ ?is truce4 ,b
 bel[ all ^! appe>ances lay deadly      
enmity1 to be expla9$ only by "o :o %\ld
 "k ! my/]i\s hi/ory ( bo? p>ties f !   
elde/ times4 ,x is extraord9>y1 h[ev]1 t
 ,h]odotus %\ld rely1 = ?is acc\nt1 ^u !
 belief ( di/ant nations1 :5 ! same     

belief 0 s deeply record$ among/ 8 own  
c\ntrym5 9 ! sublime /ory ( ,prome!us4  
,mu*,footnote3 n all3 = "p 0 due to !   
ob/9ate concealm5t f ,jupit]1 by        
,prome!us1 ( ! dang] :i* ?reat5$ 8 ?rone
 9 a com+ g5]ation4 ( ! suff]+s endur$  
by ,prome!us 0 on acc\nt ( man1 :om he  
_h befri5d$2 &1 by befri5d+1 _h defeat$ 
! malignity ( ,jove4  ,accord+ to "s1   
man 0 ev5 creat$ by ,prome!us3 b no     
acc\nts1 until ly+ ,platonic philoph]s  
arose1 9 f> lat] times1 repres5t$ man z 
creat$ by ,jupit]4  ,n[ let u turn to   
,*ri/ianity2 pursu+ x ?r\gh ! functions 
:i* x ex]cises 9 common ) ,paganism1 &  
also ?r\gh ^? :i* x ex]cises sep>ately &
 incommunicably4  ,i4 ,z to ! ,idea (   
,god1--h[ great 0 ! *asm divid+ !       
,hebrew ,god f all gods ( idolatr\s     
bir?1 & ) :at />ry gr&eur ?is revelation
 ( ,supreme deity mu/ h :eel$ upw>ds    
into ! field ( human contemplation1 :5  
fir/ surm\nt+ ! /eams ( e>?-born        
hea!nism1 ,i ne$ n impress ^u any       
,*ri/ian audi5ce4 ,to _! k little c\ld  

be add$4 ,yet to "k is n always to feel3
 & )\t a correspond5t dep? ( feel+1 !re 
is 9 moral cases no effectual k4 ,n !   
und]/&+ is suffici5t ^u su* gr\nd1 b t  
:i* ! ,scriptures 9 _! pr(\nd philosophy
 entitle ! 'und]/&+ he>t4' ,& p]haps few
 read]s w h adequately appreciat$ !     
prodigi\s *ange effect$ 9 ! !atre ( !   
human _s1 by ! transition1 sudd5 z !    
explosion ( light1 9 ! ,hebrew          
cosmogony1 :51 f ! caprice ( a fle%ly   
god1 9 "o h\r man m\nt$ to a ju/ice t   
knew no %ad[ ( *ange2 f cruelty1 m\nt$  
to a love :i* 0 inexhau/ible2 f gleams (
 ess5tial evil1 to a hol9ess t c\ld n be
 fa?om$2 f a p[] & a k1 "u limitations s
 m]ely & obvi\sly human1,footnote3 ,x is
 a natural ?\ght1 to any p]son :o has n 
explor$ ^! recesses ( human degradation1
 t surely ! ,pagans mu/ h _h x 9 _! p[] 
to inve/ _! gods ) all conceivable      
p]fections1 q z mu* z we t are n        
,pagans4 ,! ?+ want+ to ! ,pagans1 he w 
?9k1 0 ! "r3 o!rwise z reg>d$ ! p[]4 to 
! same ag5cies ly+ und]nea? creation1 z 

a root bel[ a plant4 ,n less awful 9 p[]
 0 ! transition f ! limitations ( space 
& "t to ubiquity & et]nity1 f ! famili> 
to ! my/]i\s1 f ! inc>nate to !         
spiritual4  ,^! enorm\s transitions 7   
fitt$ to "w *anges ( answ]+ magnitude 9 
! human _s4 ,! read] c h>dly make any   
mi/ake z to ?is4 ,he mu/ conc$e !       
*anges4 ,:at he w be likely to          
misconceive1 unless he has reflect$1    
is--! imm5sity ( ^! *anges4 ,& ano!r    
mi/ake1 :i* he is ev5 m likely to make1 
is ?is3 he w imag9e t a new idea1 ev5   
?\gh ! idea ( an object s va/ z ,god1 _c
 become ! gr\nd ( any revolution m ?an  
intellectual--_c revolutionize ! moral &
 active pr9ciples 9 man1 consequ5tly _c 
lay ! gr\nd ( any political movem5t4 ,we
 %all see4 ,b next1 t is1--  ,,ii4      
,secondly1 z to ! idea ( man's relation 
to ,god1 ?is1 7 x capable ( disjunction1
 w\ld be ev5 m ( a revolution>y idea ?an
 ! idea ( ,god4 ,b ! "o idea is enl9k$ )
 ! o!r4 ,9 ,paganism1 z ,i h said1 !    
high] y asc5d t[>ds ! orig9al f\nta9s ( 

! religion1 ! m y leave beh9d ! frauds1 
=g]ies1 & trea*]ies ( philosophy2 s mu* 
! m cle>ly y descry ! odi\s tru?--t man 
/ood 9 ! relation ( a sup]ior to 8 gods1
 z respect$ all moral qualities ( any   
value1 b 9 ! relation ( an inf]ior z    
respect$ physical p[]4  ,?is 0 a        
position ( ! two p>ties fatal1 by       
itself1 to all gr&eur ( moral           
aspirations4 ,:atev] 0 good or          
corrigibly bad1 man saw associat$ )     
weakness2 & p[] 0 seal$ & gu>ante$ to   
absolute wick$ness4  ,! evil disposition
 9 man to wor%ip success1 0 /r5g!n$ by  
?is mode ( sup]iority 9 ! gods4 ,m]it 0 
disjo9$ f prosp]ity4 ,ev5 m]it ( a l[]  
class1 m]it 9 ?+s morally indiff]5t1 0 n
 s decid$ly on ! side ( ! gods z to     
reconcile man to ! reasonabl5ess ( _!   
yoke4  ,!y 7 compell$ to acquiesce 9 a  
gov]nm5t :i* !y did n reg>d z j4 ,! gods
 7 /rong]1 b n mu*2 !y _h ! unfair      
advantage ( /&+ ov] ! heads ( m51 & (   
w+s = flight or = manoeuvr+4 ,yet ev5 s1
 x 0 cle>ly ! op9ion ( ,hom]'s age1 t1 9

 a fair fight1 ! gods might h be5 f\nd  
liable to defeat4 ,! gods aga9 7 g5]ally
 beautiful3 b n m s ?an ! elite (       
mank9d2 else :y did ^! gods1 bo? male & 
female1 cont9ually p]secute our race )  
_! odi\s love8 :i* love1 be x obs]v$1   
uni=mly br\ght ru9 ^u its objects4      
,intellectually ! gods 7 und\bt$ly bel[ 
m54 ,!y pret5d$ to no great works 9     
philosophy1 9 legislation1 or 9 ! f9e   
arts1 except only t1 z to "o ( ^! arts1 
viz4 poetry1 a s+le god vaunt$ himself  
greatly 9 simple ages4 ,b he attempt$   
nei!r a trag$y nor an epic poem4 ,ev5 9 
:at he did attempt1 x is wor? :ile to   
foll[ 8 c>e]4 ,8 lit]>y fate 0 :at might
 h be5 expect$4 ,aft] ! ,p]sian w>1 !   
reputation ( 8 v]ses rapidly decay$4    
,wits arose 9 ,a!ns1 :o laugh$ s        
furi\sly at 8 /yle & 8 metre1 9 !       
,delphic oracles1 t at l5g? "s e*oes (  
_! sc(f+ began to rea* ,delphi2 ^u :i* !
 god & 8 inspir$ m9i/]s became sulky1 & 
f9ally took refuge 9 prose1 z ! only    
%elt] !y c\ld ?9k ( f ! cau/ic v5om (   

,a!nian malice4  ,^! 7 ! mis]able       
relations ( man to ! ,pagan gods4 ,e ?+1
 :i* x is wor? do+ at all1 man c\ld d   
bett]4 ,n[ x is "s feature ( alleviation
 9 a s]vile condition1 if ! "l appe>s by
 natural end[m5ts sup]ior to 8 slave2 or
 at lea/ x embitt]s ! degradation (     
slav]y1 if he does n4 ,greatly1 !re=e1  
mu/ human int]e/s h suff]$1 _h ?is      
jeal\s approximation ( ! two p>ties be5 
! sole feature noticeable 9 ! relations 
betwe5 !m4 ,b !re 0 a worse4 ,!re 0 an  
orig9al enmity betwe5 man & ! ,pan!on2 n
 ! sort ( enmity :i* we ,*ri/ians       
ascribe to our ,god2 t is b a figure (  
spee*3 & ev5 !re is a d]ivative enmity2 
an enmity f\nd$ on some?+ 9 man         
subsequ5t to 8 creation1 & hav+ a ransom
 annex$ to x4 ,b ! enmity ( ! hea!n gods
 0 orig9al--t is1 to ! v nature ( man1 &
 z ?\gh man _h 9 "s /age ( 8 c>e] be5 _!
 rival2 :i* inde$ he 01 if we adopt     
,milton's hypo!sis ( ! gods z ru9$      
angels1 & ( man z creat$ to supply !    
vacancy ?us aris+ 9 heav54  ,n[1 f ?is  

dreadful s*eme ( relations1 betwe5 !    
human & div9e1 "u ,paganism1 turn to !  
relations "u ,*ri/ianity4 ,x is         
rem>kable t ev5 "h1 accord+ to a doctr9e
 curr5t among/ _m ( ! eld] div9es1 man 0
 naturally sup]ior to ! race ( be+s     
imm$iately rank+ above him4 ,j]emy      
,taylor notices ! obscure tradition1 t !
 angelic ord] 01 by orig9al con/itution1
 inf]ior to man2 b ?is orig9al prec$5cy 
_h be5 rev]s$ = ! pres5t1 by ! fact t   
man1 9 8 high] nature1 0 morally ru9$1  
:]eas ! angelic race _h n =feit$ !      
p]fection ( _! nature1 ?\gh o!rwise an  
inf]ior nature4 ,waiv+ a "q s           
inscrutable z ?is1 we "k1 at lea/1 t no 
allegiance or homage is requir$ f man   
t[>ds ?is d\btfully sup]ior race4 ,& :5 
man fir/ f9ds himself call$ ^u to pay   
tributes ( ?is nature z to a be+        
inimitably 8 sup]ior1 he is at ! same   
mom5t taught by a revelation t ?is awful
 sup]ior is ! same :o creat$ him1 & t 9 
a s5se m ?an figurative1 he himself is !
 *ild ( ,god4 ,!re /& ! two relations1 z

 decl>$ 9 ,paganism & 9                 
,*ri/ianity1--bo? probably true4 ,9 !   
=m]1 man is ! ess5tial enemy ( ! gods1  
?\gh %elt]$ by "s conv5tional           
arrangem5t2 9 ! latt]1 he is ! son (    
,god4  ,9 8 own image ,god made him2 & !
 v c5tral pr9ciple ( 8 religion is1 t   
,god = a great purpose assum$ 8 own     
human nature2 a mode ( inc>nation :i*   
c\ld n be conceivable1 unless ?r\gh "s  
div9e pr9ciple common to ! two natures1 
& =m+ ! nexus betwe5 !m4  ,) ^! mat]ials
 x is1 & o!rs resembl+ ^!1 t ,*ri/ianity
 has c>ri$ =w>d ! "w ( human            
progression4 ,! e?ics ( ,*ri/ianity x   
01--new e?ics & un9telligible1 9 a      
degree z yet b little und]/ood1 to ! old
 pagan nations1--:i* furni%$ ! rudd]1 or
 guidance1 = a human revolution2 b !    
my/]ies ( ,*ri/ianity x 01--new         
,eleus9ian %[s1 pres5t+ ,god "u a new =m
 & aspect1 pres5t+ man "u a new relation
 to ,god1--:i* furni%$ ! o>s & sails1 ! 
mov+ =ces1 = ! advance ( ?is revolution4
  ,x 0 my int5tion to h %[n h[ ?is great

 idea ( man's relation to ,god1 connect$
 ) ! previ\s idea ( ,god1 _h fir/ caus$ 
! /ate ( slav]y to be reg>d$ z an evil4 
,next1 ,i propos$ to %[ h[ *>itable     
in/itutions1 n "o ( :i* exi/$ 9 pagan   
ages1 hospitals1 & asylums ( all        
classes1 _h aris5 "u ! same idea brood+ 
ov] man f age to age4 ,?irdly1 ,i %\ld h
 attempt$ to %[1 t f ! same mighty      
influ5ce _h gr[n up a social influ5ce ( 
woman1 :i* did n exi/ 9 pagan ages1 & w 
h]eaft] be appli$ to great] purposes4   
,b1 = want ( room1 ,i conf9e myself to  
say+ a few words on w>1 & ! mode 9 :i* x
 w be ext+ui%$ by ,*ri/ianity4          
,,w>4--,?is is among/ ! =emo/ ( que/ions
 t conc]n human progress1 & x is "o :i*1
 ( all great que/ions1 7! "q ( slav]y n 
except$1 nor ev5 ! "q ( ! slave-trade17 
has travell$ =w>d ! mo/ rapidly into    
public favor4  ,?irty ye>s ago1 !re 0   
h>dly a brea? /irr+ aga9/ w>1 z ! sole  
natural res\rce ( national ang] or      
national competition4 ,h>dly did a wi%  
rise1 at int]vals1 9 t direction1 or ev5

 a prote/+ sigh1 ov] ! calamities ( w>4 
,& if "h & !re a contemplative au?or    
utt]$ su* a sigh1 x 0 9 ! _s ( m]e      
hopeless sorr[1 t m\rn$ ov] an evil     
app>5tly z inali5able f man z hung]1 z  
dea?1 z ! frailty ( human expectations4 
,c[p]1 ab\t sixty ye>s ago1 _h said1    
',w> is a game :i*1 7 _! subjects wise1 
,k+s w\ld n play at4'   ,b ,c[p] w\ld n 
h said ?is1 _h he n be5 ne>ly relat$ to 
! ,:ig h\se ( ,pan%ang]4  ,e ,:ig ?\ght 
x a duty occasionally to look fi]cely at
 k+s1 say+--',d--1 :o's afraid8' pretty 
mu* z a regul> ,john ,bull1 9 ! l[]     
classes1 expresses 8 indep5d5ce by defy+
 ! pe]age1--',a "l6 d y say8 :at c>e ,i 
= a "l8 ,i value a "l no m ?an a button 
top2' :il/1 9 fact1 he secretly rev]es a
 "l z be+ usually among/ ! mo/ anci5t ( 
l&$ proprietors1 &1 secondly1 among/ !  
ri*e/4 ,! sc\rge ( k+%ip 0 :at ,c[p]    
glanc$ at1 r ?an ! sc\rge ( w>2 & 9 any 
case ! condition :i* he annex$ to 8     
sugge/ion ( relief1 is too remote to    
furni% mu* consolation = cynics l       

myself1 or ! read]4 ,if w> is to cease  
only :5 subjects become wise1 we ne$ n  
contract ! scale ( our cannon-f\nd]ies  
until ! mill5nium4 ,sixty ye>s ago1     
!re=e1 ! abolition ( w> look$ z         
unprosp]\s a speculation z ,dr4 ,d>w9's 
s*eme = improv+ our ,briti% climate by  
haul+ out all ! iceb]gs f ! pol> bas9 9 
seasons :5 ! w9d sate fair = ! tropics2 
by :i* means ^! wret*$ annoy]s ( our    
peace w\ld soon f9d !mselves 9 qu>t]s   
too hot to hold !m1 & w\ld disappe> z   
rapidly z sug>-c&y 9 *ildr5's m\?s4     
,o!rs1 h[ev]1 incl9$ r to ! ,anci5t     
,m>9]'s s*eme1 by %oot+ an albatross3-- 
',twas "r1 said !y1 su* birds to %oot1  
,t br+ ! fro/ & sn[4'   ,sc>cely m      
hopeless ?an ^! crusades aga9/ fro/1 7  
any ( ! s]i\s plans :i* _h !n be5       
propos$ = ! extirpation ( w>4 ,/4 ,pi]re
 contribut$ 'son petite possible' to ?is
 desirable end1 9 ! %ape ( an essay     
t[>ds ! idea ( a p]petual peace2 ,kant1 
! great pr(essor ( ,ko5igsb]g1 subscrib$
 to ! same b5evol5t s*eme 8 little essay

 "u ! same title2 & o!rs 9 ,engl&       
subscrib$ a gu9ea ea* to ! fund = !     
suppression ( w>4  ,^! ef=ts1 "o & all1 
sp5t _! fire z va9ly z ,d>w9 sp5t 8 wra?
 aga9/ ! iceb]gs3 ! iceb]gs are z big & 
z cold z ev]2 & w> is /ill1 l a bask+   
snake1 ready to re> 8 horrid cre/ on !  
lea/ ru/l+ 9 ! =e/s4  ,b 9 qu>t]s m     
p[]ful ?an ei!r purses ( gold or        
s*ola/ic rev]ies1 !re has1 s9ce ! days (
 ,kant & ,c[p]1 begun to ga!r a m5ac+   
?und]cl\d aga9/ w>4 ,! nations1 or at   
lea/ ! great lead+ nations1 are beg9n+  
to set _! faces aga9/ x4 ,w>1 x is felt1
 comes "u ! d5unciation ( ,*ri/ianity1  
by ! havoc :i* x causes among/ ^? :o be>
 ,god's image2 ( political economy1 by  
its de/ruction ( prop]ty & human labor2 
( rational logic1 by ! frequ5t absurdity
 ( its pretexts4 ,! wrong1 :i* is put =?
 z ! o/5sible gr\nd ( ! p>ticul> w>1 is 
(t5times n ( a nature to be r$ress$ by  
w>1 or is ev5 =gott5 9 ! c\rse ( ! w>2  
&1 secondly1 ! w> prev5ts ano!r c\rse   
:i* might h r$ress$ ! wrong3 viz41      

temp]ate negotiation1 or neutral        
arbitration4 ,^! ?+s 7 always true1 &1  
inde$1 h]et(ore m flagrantly true3 b !  
diff]5ce1 9 favor ( our own times1 is1 t
 !y are n[ felt to be true4 ,=m]ly1 !   
tru?s 7 se51 b n felt3 !y 7 inop]ative  
tru?s1 lifeless1 & unvalu$4 ,n[1 on !   
o!r h&1 9 ,engl&1 ,am]ica1 ,france1     
societies are ris+ = mak+ w> ^u w>2 & x 
is a /rik+ pro( ( ! progress made by su*
 societies1 t1 "s two ye>s ago1 a       
deputation f "o ( !m be+ pres5t$ to ,k+ 
,l\is ,philippe1 receiv$ f him--n ! sort
 ( vague answ] :i* might h be5 expect$1 
b a s9c]e "o1 express$ 9 v enc\rag+     
words4,footnote3 & r presumptu\s words1 
if ! newspap]s report$ !m correctly3 =  
!y w5t ! l5g? ( promis+1 t he sep>ately1
 z ,k+ ( ! ,fr5*1 w\ld co]ce ,europe    
into peace4 ,b1 f ! kn[n good s5se ( !  
k+1 x is m probable t he promis$ 8      
negative aid1--! aid ( n p]sonally      
concurr+ to any w> :i* might o!rwise be 
attractive to ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t4  ,om9\s 
to himself ?is might h be5 ?\ght by !   

sup]/iti\s1 :o %\ld happ5 to recollect !
 sequel to a ,fr5* k+1 ( ! v e>lie/     
movem5t 9 ?is direction3 ! great 7b to  
?is h\r my/]i\s7 design ( ,h5ry ,,iv4 9 
#afaj1 0 suppos$ by _m to be a plan (   
?is v nature1 = en=c+ a g5]al & p]man5t 
peace on ,*ri/5dom1 by means ( an arm$  
int]v5tion2 & no soon] _h x p>tially    
transpir$ ?r\gh traitor\s evid5ce1 or   
?r\gh angry suspicion1 ?an 8 own        
assass9ation foll[$4  ,%all ,i (f5d !   
read] by d\bt+1 aft] all1 :e!r w> is n  
an evil /ill de/9$ to survive ?r\gh     
sev]al c5turies8 ,great progress has    
already be5 made4 ,9 ! two lead+ nations
 ( ! e>?1 w> c no long] be made ) !     
levity :i* provok$ ,c[p]'s words two    
g5]ations back4 ,france is too ready to 
fight = m]e bubbles ( :at %e calls      
glory4 ,b nei!r 9 ,france nor ,engl&    
c\ld a w> n[ be und]tak5 )\t a w>rant f 
! popul> voice4 ,?is is a great /ep 9   
advance2 b ! f9al /ep = its ext9ction w 
be tak5 by a new & ,*ri/ian code (      
int]national law4 ,?is _c be consummat$ 

until ,*ri/ian philosophy %all h trav]s$
 ! e>?1 & reorganiz$ ! /ructure (       
society4  ,b1 f9ally1 & 7z reg>ds ext5t1
 ?\gh n z reg>ds int5sity ( effect7 f>  
beyond all o!r political p[]s (         
,*ri/ianity1 is ! p[]1 ! demiurgic p[] (
 ?is religion ov] ! k+doms ( human      
op9ion4 ,did x ev] /rike ! read]1 t !   
,greeks & ,romans1 al?\gh s frantically 
republican1 &1 9 "s ( _! in/itutions1 s 
democratic1 yet1 on ! o!r h&1 nev]      
develop$ ! idea ( repres5tative         
gov]nm5t1 ei!r z appli$ to legislation  
or to adm9i/ration8  ,! elective        
pr9ciple 0 widely us$ among/ !m4 ,nay1 !
 nic] casui/ries ( ?is pr9ciple _h be5  
latt]ly discuss$4 ,! sep>ate advantages 
( op5 or ( secret vot+1 _h be5 ! subject
 ( ke5 dispute 9 ! political circles (  
,rome2 & ! art 0 well und]/ood ( di/urb+
 ! natural c\rse ( ! public suffrage1 by
 v>y+ ! modes ( comb9+ ! vot]s "u !     
diff]5t =ms ( ! ,comitia4 ,public       
au?ority & jurisdiction 7 creat$ &      
modifi$ by ! elective pr9ciple2 b nev] 0

 ?is pr9ciple appli$ to ! creation or   
direction ( public op9ion4 ,! s5ate (   
,rome1 = in/ance1 l our own sov]eign1   
repres5t$ ! national maje/y1 &1 to a    
c]ta9 degree1 cont9u$ to d s = c5turies 
aft] ?is maje/y _h receiv$ a m imm$iate 
repres5tative 9 ! p]son ( ! reign+      
,caes>4 ,! s5ate1 l our own sov]eign1   
repres5t$ ! gr&eur ( ! nation1 !        
hospitality ( ! nation to illu/ri\s     
/rang]s1 & ! gratitude ( ! nation 9 !   
di/ribution ( honors4 ,= ! s5ate cont9u$
 to be ! f\nta9 ( honors1 ev5 to ,caes> 
himself3 ! titles ( ,g]manicus1         
,britannicus1 ,dalmaticus1 c4 7:i* may  
be view$ z pe]ages17 ! privilege (      
prec$5cy1 ! privilege ( we>+ a laurel   
diadem1 c4 7:i* may be view$ z ! ,g>t]1 
,ba?1 ,?i/le17 all 7 honors conf]r$ by !
 s5ate4 ,b ! s5ate1 no m ?an our own    
sov]eign ev] repres5t$1 by any "o act or
 function1 ! public op9ion4 ,h[ 0 ?is8  
,/range1 inde$1 t s mighty a secret z t 
( delegat+ public op9ions to ! cu/ody ( 
elect repres5tatives1 a secret :i* has  

*ang$ ! face ( ! _w1 %\ld h be5 miss$ by
 nations apply+ s va/ an en]gy to ! :ole
 !ory ( public adm9i/ration4 ,b ! tru?1 
h[ev] p>adoxical1 is1 t 9 ,greece &     
,rome no body ( public op9ions exi/$ t  
c\ld h furni%$ a /&+ gr\nd = adv]se     
p>ties1 or t consequ5tly c\ld h requir$ 
to be repres5t$4  ,9 all ! diss5sions ( 
,rome1 f ! secessions ( ! ,plebs to !   
factions ( ! ,grac*i1 ( ,m>ius & ,sylla1
 ( ,caes> & ,pompey2 9 all !  ( !       
,grecian republics1--! conte/ c\ld no m 
be describ$ z a conte/ ( op9ion1 ?an    
c\ld ! feuds ( our buccane]s 9 !        
sev5te5? c5tury1 :5 p>t+ company1 or    
fight+ = opposite pr9ciples ( divid+ !  
g5]al booty4 ,"o faction has1 ano!r     
s\ght to h1 a prepond]ant %>e ( p[]3 b  
^! /ruggles nev] took ! %ape1 ev5 9     
pret5ce1 ( diff]5ces t mov$ ?r\gh !     
conflict ( pr9ciples4  ,! case 0 always 
! simple "o ( p[] mat*$ aga9/ p[]1      
faction aga9/ faction1 usage aga9/      
innovation4 ,x 0 n t ! patricians delud$
 !mselves by any speculative views into 

! refusal ( int]m>riages ) ! plebeians3 
x 0 n z ^u any op9ion t !y ma9ta9$ !    
conte/1 7su* z at ?is day divides       
ourselves f ! ,fr5* ^u ! "q ( op9ion )  
reg>d to ! social rank ( lit]>y m57 b   
simply z ^u a fact3 !y appeal$ to       
evid5ces n to speculations2 to usage1 n 
to argum5t4 ,!y 7 9 possession1 & f\ght 
aga9/ *ange1 n z inconsi/5t ) a !ory1 b 
z ho/ility to an int]e/4 ,9 ! conte/ (  
,caes> ) ! olig>*ic knav]y ( ,cic]o1    
,cato1 & ,pompey1 no possible ex]cise ( 
repres5tative functions 7_h ! p possess$
 !m7 c\ld h be5 appli$ b5eficially to ! 
settlem5t ( ! "q at issue4 ,law1 & !    
abuses ( law1 good /atutes & evil       
cu/oms1 _h equally ?r[n ! public p[]    
into a settlem5t fatal to ! public      
welf>e4 ,n any decay ( public virtue1 b 
increase ( pov]ty among/ ! inf]ior      
citiz5s1 _h ?r[n ! suffrages1 &         
consequ5tly ! honors & p[]s ( ! /ate1   
into ! h&s ( "s =ty or fifty h\ses1 ri* 
en\gh to bribe1 & brib+ sy/ematically4  
,caes>1 und]tak+ to correct a /ate (    

disease :i* w\ld else h convuls$ !      
republic e ?ird ye> by civil w>1 knew t 
no argum5ts c\ld be available aga9/ a   
competition ( m]e int]e/s4 ,! rem$y lay1
 n ?r\gh opposition spee*es 9 ! s5ate1  
or f ! ro/ra1--n ?r\gh pamphlets or     
j\rnals1--b ?r\gh a c\rse ( int5se      
cudgell+4 ,?is he happily accompli%$2 & 
by t means re/or$ ,rome = c5turies1--n  
to ! aspir+ condition :i* %e once held1 
b to an immunity f annual c>nage1 & 9   
o!r respects to a condition ( prosp]ity 
:i*1 if less ?an dur+ h] popul> /ate1 0 
great] ?an any else atta9able aft] t    
popul> /ate _h become impossible1 f     
*anges 9 ! composition ( society4  ,"h1 
& 9 all o!r critical p]iods ( anci5t    
republics1 we %all f9d t op9ions did n  
exi/ z ! gr\nds ( feud1 nor c\ld by any 
dext]ity h be5 appli$ to ! settlem5t (  
feuds4 ,:]eas1 on ! o!r h&1 ) ourselves 
= c5turies1 & latt]ly ) ! ,fr5*1 no     
public conte/ has aris51 or does n[     
exi/1 )\t fight+ its way ?r\gh e /age ( 
advance by appeals to public op9ion4    

,if1 = in/ance1 an improv$ tone ( public
 feel+ calls = a gradual mitigation (   
army puni%m5ts1 ! qu>rel becomes        
in/antly an intellectual "o3 & mu*      
in=mation is br\ght =w>d1 :i* ?r[s light
 ^u human nature g5]ally4 ,b 9 ,rome1   
su* a discussion w\ld h be5 /opp$       
summ>ily1 z int]f]+ ) ! discretional p[]
 ( ! ,praetorium4 ,to take ! vitis1 or  
cane1 f ! h&s ( ! c5turion1 0 a p]il\s  
*ange2 b1 p]il\s or n1 mu/ be committ$  
to ! judgm5t ( ! p>ticul> imp]ator1 or (
 8 legatus4 ,! executive bus9ess ( !    
,roman ex*equ]1 aga91 c\ld n h be5 made 
! subject ( public discussion2 n only   
because no suffici5t mat]ial = judgm5t  
c\ld1 "u ! want ( a public press1 h be5 
ga!r$1 except f ! p>ties int]e/$ 9 all  
its abuses1 b also because ^! p>ties 7a 
faction among/ ! eque/rian ord]7 c\ld h 
effectually ov]?r[n any c\nt]-faction   
=m$ among/ p>ties n p]sonally affect$ by
 ! "q4  ,! ,roman in/itution (          
cli5tela--:i* _h outliv$ its e>ly       
uses--does any body imag9e t ?is 0 op5  

to inve/igation8 ,! influ5ce ( murd]\s  
riots w\ld easily h be5 br\ght to be> ^u
 x1 b n ! light ( public op9ion4 ,ev5 if
 public op9ion c\ld h be5 evok$ 9 ^?    
days1 or tra9$ to comb9$ action1        
insup]able difficulties w\ld h aris5 9  
adju/+ its =ce to ! necessities ( !     
,roman prov9ces & allies4 ,any          
arrangem5t t 0 practicable1 w\ld h      
obta9$ an influ5ce = ^! p>ties1 ei!r    
dang]\s to ! supreme section ( ! empire1
 or else nugatory = ea* ( !mselves4 ,x  
is a sep>ate consid]ation1 t ?r\gh total
 defect ( *eap in/rum5ts =              
communication1 :e!r p]sonally or 9 ! way
 ( ?\ght1 public op9ion mu/ always h    
mov$ 9 ! d>k3 :at ,i *iefly ass]t is1 t 
! feuds be>+ at all ^u public int]e/s1  
nev] did turn1 or c\ld h turn$1 ^u any  
collution ( op9ions4 ,& two ?+s mu/     
/r5g!n ! read]'s conviction ^u ?is po9t1
 viz4 fir/1 t no public meet+s 7su* z ) 
u c>ry on ! weight ( public bus9ess     
?r\gh\t ! empire7 7 ev] call$ 9 ,rome2  
secondly1 t 9 ! regul> & '(ficial'      

meet+s ( ! p1 no social int]e/ 0 ev]    
discuss$1 b only "s political int]e/4   
,n[1 on ! o!r h&1 among/ ourselves1 e   
"q1 t is l>ge en\gh to engage public    
int]e/1 ?\gh x %\ld beg9 z a m]e        
comp>ison ( /r5g? ) /r5g?1 almo/        
imm$iately travels =w>d into a comp>ison
 ( "r ) rights1 or ( duty ) duty4  ,a   
m]e fiscal "q ( re/ra9t ^u importation f
 ?is or t p>ticul> qu>t]1 passes into a 
"q ( colonial rights4 ,arrangem5ts (    
conv5i5ce = ! managem5t ( ! paup]1 or ! 
debtor1 or ! crim9al1 or ! w>-captive1  
become ! occasions ( pr(\nd             
inve/igations into ! rights ( p]sons    
occupy+ ^? relations4 ,sanatory         
ord9ances = ! protection ( public heal?2
 su* z qu>ant9e1 fev] hospitals1 dra9+1 
vacc9ation1 c41 connect !mselves1 9 !   
e>lie/ /ages ( _! discussion1 ) ! g5]al 
consid]ation ( ! duties :i* ! /ate owes 
to its subjects4 ,if education is to be 
promot$ by public c\nsels1 e /ep ( !    
inquiry applies itself to ! consid]ation
 ( ! k to be communicat$1 & ( ! limits  

)9 :i* any section ( religi\s p>tisan%ip
 c be safely au?oriz$ to int]f]e4 ,if   
co]cion1 beyond ! w>rant ( ! ord9>y law1
 is to be appli$ z a rem$y = local      
outrages1 a tumult ( op9ions arises     
in/antly1 z to ! orig9al causes ( !     
evil1 z to ! suffici5cy ( ! subsi/+ laws
 to meet its pressure1 & z to ! modes ( 
connect+ enl>g$ p[]s 9 ! magi/rate ) !  
m9imum ( (f5ce to ! g5]al rights ( !    
subject4  ,ev]y:]e1 9 %ort1 "s "q ( duty
 & responsibility arises to face u 9 any
 ! smalle/ public int]e/ t c become !   
subject ( public op9ion4  ,que/ions1 9  
fact1 t fall %ort ( ?is dignity2        
que/ions t conc]n public conv5i5ce only1
 & d n we> any moral aspect1 su* z !    
bullion "q1 nev] d become subjects (    
public op9ion4 ,x _c be said 9 :i*      
direction lies ! bias ( public op9ion4  
,9 ! v possibility ( int]e/+ ! public   
judgm5t1 is involv$ ! c]ta9ty ( we>+ "s 
relation to moral pr9ciples4 ,h5ce !    
ardor ( our public disputes2 = no man   
views1 )\t conc]n1 a great moral        

pr9ciple d>k5$ by p>ty motives1 or plac$
 9 risk by accid5t3 h5ce ! dignity &    
b5efit ( our public disputes2 h5ce1     
also1 _! ultimate relation to ! ,*ri/ian
 fai?4 ,we d n1 inde$1 9 ^! days1 z did 
our homely ance/ors 9 ! sixte5? &       
sev5te5? c5turies1 cite texts (         
,scripture z !mes = s5atorial comm5t>y  
or exegesis2 b ! virtual ref]5ce to     
scriptural pr9ciples is n[ a ?\s& times 
m frequ5t4 ,! great pr9ciples ( ,*ri/ian
 morality are n[ s int]wov5 ) our habits
 ( ?9k+1 t we appeal to !m no long] z   
scriptural au?orities1 b z ! natural    
sugge/ions ( a s\nd judgm5t4 ,= in/ance1
 9 ! case ( any wrong (f]$ to ! ,h9doo  
races1 n[ s entirely dep5d5t ^u our     
wisdom & ju/ice1 we ,briti% ,footnote3  
,x may be ?\ght t1 9 ! prosecution (    
,v]res1 ! p ( ,rome ackn[l$g$ some?+ ( !
 same high responsibility4 ,n at all4 ,!
 case came be=e ,rome1 n z a case (     
injury to a colonial *ild1 :om ! g5]al  
"m 0 b\nd to protect & av5ge2 b z an    
appeal1 by way ( special petition1 f    

,sicilian cli5ts4 ,x 0 no gr& political 
movem5t1 b simply judicial4 ,v]res 0 an 
ill-us$ man & ! victim ( private        
intrigues4 ,or1 :atev] he might be1     
,rome c]ta9ly sate ^u ! cause1 n 9 any  
"* ( mat]nal protectress1 tak+ up       
volunt>ily ! support ( ! weak1 b z a    
%]iff assess+ damages 9 a case =c$ ^u 8 
c\rt by ! pla9tiff4 imm$iately1 by our  
solemnity ( inve/igation1 te/ify our    
s5se ( ! deep responsibility to ,india )
 :i* our ,indian supremacy has inve/$ u4
 ,we make no m5tion ( ! ,*ri/ian        
oracles4 ,yet :]e1 !n1 h we le>n$ ?is   
doctr9e ( f>-/ret*+ responsibility8  ,9 
all pagan sy/ems ( morality1 !re is !   
vague/ & slighte/ appreciation ( su*    
relations z connect u ) our colonies4   
,b1 f ! pr(\nd philosophy ( ,scripture1 
we h le>n$ t no relations :atev]1 n ev5 
^? ( prop]ty1 c connect u ) ev5 a brute 
animal1 b t we contract concurr5t       
obligations ( ju/ice & m]cy4  ,9 ?is    
age1 !n1 public int]e/s move & prosp]   
?r\gh conflicts ( op9ion4 ,secondly1 z  

,i h endeavor$ to %[1 public op9ion _c  
settle1 p[]fully1 ^u any "q t is n      
ess5tially a moral "q4 ,&1 ?irdly1 9 all
 moral que/ions1 we1 ( ,*ri/ian nations1
 are compell$1 by habit & tra9+1 z well 
z o!r causes1 to d]ive our fir/         
pr9ciples1 consci\sly or n1 f !         
,scriptures4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ?r\gh !      
doctr9ality ( our religion t we d]ive   
arms = all moral que/ions2 & x is z     
moral que/ions t any political disputes 
mu* affect u1 ,! daily conduct1 !re=e1 (
 all great political int]e/s1 ?r[s u    
unconsci\sly ^u ! fir/ pr9ciples :i* we 
all d]ive f ,*ri/ianity4 ,&1 9 ?is      
respect1 we are m advantage\sly plac$1  
by a v noticeable di/9ction1 ?an !      
pr(essors ( ! two o!r doctr9al          
religions4 ,! ,koran hav+ pirat$ _m     
s5tim5ts f ! ,jewi% & ! ,*ri/ian sy/ems1
 c\ld n b (f] "s rudim5ts ( moral       
judgm5t2 yet1 because s mu* ( ^!        
rudim5ts is /ol51 ! :ole is incoh]5t1 & 
does n =m a sy/em ( e?ics4 ,9 ,judaism1 
aga91 ! special & insulat$ situation ( !

 ,jews has unavoidably impress$ an      
exclusive bias ^u its pr9ciples4 ,9 bo? 
codes ! rules are (t5 ( re/rict$ & n>r[ 
application4 ,b1 9 ! ,*ri/ian           
,scriptures1 ! rules are s compreh5sive 
& l>ge z uni=mly to furni% ! major      
proposition ( a syllogism2 :il/ !       
p>ticul> act "u discussion1 we>+1       
p]haps1 "s mod]n "n1 naturally is n     
directly m5tion$3 & to br+ ?is1 9 ! m9or
 proposition1 "u ! pr9ciple conta9$ 9 ! 
major1 is a task left to ! judgm5t ( !  
inquir] 9 ea* p>ticul> case4 ,some?+ is 
"h intru/$ to individual und]/&+2 :]eas 
9 ! ,koran1 f ! circum/antiality ( !    
rule1 y are oblig$ me*anically to re/ 9 
! lett] ( ! precept4 ,! ,*ri/ian        
,scriptures1 !re=e1 n only tea*1 b tra9 
! m9d to habits ( self-tea*+ 9 all moral
 que/ions1 by en=c+ m or less ( activity
 9 apply+ ! rule2 t is1 9 subsum+ ! giv5
 case propos$ "u ! scriptural pr9ciple4 
,h5ce x is c]ta91 & has be5 repeat$ly   
illu/rat$1 t :il/ ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 9    
collision ) o!rs1 w\ld inevitably r\se  

to ! mo/ active f]m5tation ( m9ds1 !    
,mahometan 7z also doctr9al b           
unsy/ematical7 w\ld h ! same effect1 9  
k9d1 b f> feebl] 9 degree2 & an         
idolatr\s religion w\ld h no su* effect 
at all4 ,agreeably to ?is scale1 "s ye>s
 ago1 a sect ( re=m+ or fanatical       
,mahometans1 9 ,b5gal1,footnote3 ,at    
,b>aset1 if ,i rememb] rightly4 comm5c$ 
a p]secution ( ! surr\nd+ ,h9doos4 ,at  
l5g?1 a reaction took place on ! "p ( ! 
idolat]s1 b 9 :at temp]8 ,bitt] en\gh1 &
 s f> al>m+ z to call d[n a gov]nm5t    
int]f]5ce ) troops & artill]y1 b yet )  
no signs ( religi\s retaliation4 ,t 0 a 
pr9ciple ( movem5t :i* ! ,h9doos c\ld n 
und]/&3 _! retaliation 0 simply to !    
p]sonal viol5ce !y _h suff]$4  ,su* is !
 in]tia ( a m]e cultus4 ,&1 9 ! o!r     
extreme1 if we ,*ri/ians1 9 our         
int]c\rse ) bo? ,h9doos & ,mahometans1 7
 n /]nly re9$ up by ! vigilance ( !     
local gov]nm5ts1 no long "t w\ld pass   
be=e all ,india w\ld be incurably       
convuls$ by disorganiz+ feuds4          

,,prote/antism4 ,footnote3 ,a           
,v9dication ( ,prote/ant ,pr9ciples4 ,by
 ,phileleu!ros ,anglicanus4 ,london3    
,p>k]4 #ahdg4  #ahdg4   ,! "w ^:        
sub/ance & !me are ?us briefly ab/ract$ 
is1 at ?is mom5t1 mak+ a noise 9 ! _w4  
,x is ascrib$ by report to two bi%ops--n
 jo9tly1 b alt]natively--9 ! s5se t1 if 
"o did n write ! book1 ! o!r did4 ,!    
,bi%ops ( ,ox=d & ,/4 ,david's1         
,wilb]=ce & ,?irlwall1 are ! two po9t$  
at by ! popul> f+]2 &1 9 "s qu>t]s1 a   
?ird is sugge/$1 viz41 ,/anley1 ,bi%op (
 ,norwi*4 ,! bett+1 h[ev]1 is altoge!r 9
 favor ( ,ox=d4 ,s runs ! curr5t (      
public gossip4 ,b ! public is a bad     
guess]1 '/iff 9 op9ion' x is1 & almo/   
'always 9 ! wrong4' ,n[ let me guess4   
,:5 ,i _h read = t5 m9utes1 ,i (f]$ a   
bet ( sev5 to "o 7no tak]s7 t ! au?or's 
"n began ) ,h4 ,n out ( any love = t    
amphibi\s lett]2 on ! contr>y1 be+      
myself :at ,pr(essor ,wilson calls a    
h$oni/1 or philosophical voluptu>y1 &   
murmur+1 ) good reason1 if a rose leaf  

lies d\bl$ bel[ me1 naturally ,i murmur 
at a lett] t puts "o to ! exp5se ( an   
aspiration1 =c+ into ! lungs an extra   
*>ge ( raw air on fro/y morn+s4  ,b tru?
 is tru?1 9 spite ( fro/y air4 ,& yet1  
^u fur!r read+1 d\bts ga!r$ ^u my m9d4  
,! ,h4 t ,i mean is an ,engli%man2 n[ x 
happ5s t "h & !re a ^w1 or "s peculi>ity
 9 us+ a ^w1 indicates1 9 ?is au?or1 a  
,scot*man2 = in/ance1 ! expletive 'j1'  
:i* s mu* infe/s ,scot* phraseology1    
writt5 or spok51 at page #a2 else:]e !  
^w '%ort-com+s1' :i*1 be+ horridly      
tab]nacul>1 & su* t no g5tleman c\ld    
all[ himself to t\* x )\t gloves1 x is  
to be wi%$ t our ,scotti% bre?r5 w\ld   
resign1 toge!r ) 'backslid+s1' to ! use 
( field prea*]s4  ,b worse1 by a great  
deal1 & n ev5 intelligible 9 ,engl&1 is 
! ^w !reaft]1 us$ z an adv]b ( "t1 i4e41
 z ! correlative ( h]eaft]4 ,!reaft]1 9 
pure v]nacul> ,engli%1 be>s a totally   
diff]5t s5se4 ,9 ',p>adise ,lo/1' =     
in/ance1 hav+ he>d ! "* ( a p>ticul>    
angel1 y are told t he spoke !reaft]1   

i4e41 spoke agreeably to t "*4 ',h[ a   
score ( %eep1 ,ma/] ,%all[8' ,! answ]   
is1 ',!reaft] z !y be4' ,aga91 ',!reaft]
 z a man s[s %all he reap4' ,!          
objections are ov]:elm+ to ! ,scotti%   
use ( ! ^w2 fir/1 because already 9     
,scotl& x is a b>b>ism transplant$ f !  
fil?y vocabul>y ( attorneys1 locally    
call$ writ]s2 secondly1 because 9 ,engl&
 x is n ev5 intelligible1 &1 :at is     
worse /ill1 sure to be mis-intelligible4
 ,& yet1 aft] all1 ^! exotic =ms may be 
a m]e bl9d4 ,! writ] is1 p]haps1        
purposely lead+ u a/ray ) 8 '!reaft]s1' 
& 8 horrid '%ort-com+s4' ,or1 because   
,london newspap]s1 & ,acts ( ,p>liam5t1 
are beg9n+ to be m & m pollut$ ) ^!     
b>b>isms1 he may ev5 h caught !m        
unconsci\sly4  ,&1 on look+ aga9 at "o  
case ( '!reaft]1' viz4  at page #gi1 x  
seems impossible to det]m9e :e!r he uses
 x 9 ! classical ,engli% s5se1 or 9 !   
s5se ( leguleian b>b>ism4 ,?is "q (     
au?or%ip1 meantime1 may seem to ! read] 
( little mom5t4 ,f> f x6 ,! weighti] "p 

( ! int]e/ dep5ds ^u t v po9t4 ,if !    
au?or really is a bi%op1 or suppos+ !   
public rumor s f> correct z t he is a   
man ( di/9ction 9 ! ,engli% *ur*1 !n1 & 
by t simple fact1 ?is book1 or ?is      
pamphlet1 int]e/+ at any rate = itself1 
becomes sep>ately int]e/+ ?r\gh its     
au?or%ip1 s z to be ! mo/ rem>kable     
ph5om5on ( ! day2 & :y8 ,because ! mo/  
rem>kable expression ( a movem5t1       
accompli%$ & proce$+ 9 a qu>t] t1 if any
 on ?is e>?1 might be ?\ght sacr$ f     
*ange4 ,oh1 fe>ful are ! motions ( "t1  
:5 sudd5ly light$ up to a retrospect (  
?irty ye>s6 ,pa!tic are ! ru9s ( "t 9   
its sl[e/ advance6 ,solemn are !        
prospects1 s new & s incr$ible1 :i* "t  
unfolds at e turn ( its :eel+ flight6   
,is x come to ?is8 ,c\ld any man1 "o    
g5]ation back1 h anticipat$ t an ,engli%
 dignit>y1 & speak+ on a v delicate     
religi\s "q1 %\ld delib]ately appeal to 
a writ] confess$ly infidel1 & pr\d ( be+
 an infidel1 z a 'triumphant' settl] (  
,*ri/ian scruples8  ,b if ! infidel is  

"r1 a po9t :i* ,i d n "h discuss--b if !
 infidel is a man ( g5ius1 a po9t :i* ,i
 d n d5y--0 x n op5 to cite him1 ev5    
?\gh ! cit] 7 a bi%op8 ,:y1             
yes--uneasily "o answ]s1 yes2 b /ill !  
case records a /range alt]ation1 & /ill 
"o c\ld h wi%$ to he> su* a doctr9e1 :i*
 ascribes human infirmity 7nay1 human   
crim9ality7 to e book ( ! ,bible1 utt]$ 
by anybody r ?an by a fa!r ( ! ,*ur*1 & 
gu>ante$ by anybody r ?an by an infidel1
 9 triumph4 ,a boy may fire 8 pi/ol     
unnotic$2 b a s5t9el1 m\nt+ gu>d 9 !    
d>k1 mu/ rememb] ! trepidation t w foll[
 any %ot f him1 & ! c]ta9ty t x w cause 
all ! /ations )9 he>+ to get "u arms    
imm$iately4 ,yet :y1 if ?is bold op9ion 
does come f a prelate1 he be+ b "o man1 
%\ld x c>ry s al>m+ a s\nd8 ,is ! :ole  
b5* ( bi%ops b\nd & compromis$ by !     
audacity ( any "o among/ its memb]s8    
,c]ta9ly n4 ,b yet su* an act1 ?\gh x   
%\ld be t ( a ra% precursor1 m>ks !     
univ]sal *ange ( position2 !re is ev] "s
 sympa?y betwe5 ! van & ! re> ( ! same  

body at ! same "t2 & ! bolde/ c\ld n h  
d>$ to g ahead s ra%ly1 if ! re>mo/ 0 n 
kn[n to be press+ =w>d to 8 support1 f> 
m closely ?an ?irty ye>s ago he c\ld h  
done4 ,!re h be51 x is true1 het]odox   
pr(essors ( div9ity & free-?9k+ bi%ops  
be=e n[4 ,engl& c %[ a consid]able li/ (
 su* p--ev5 ,rome has a small] li/4     
,rome1 t we$s all libr>ies1 & is        
cont9ually burn+ books1 9 effigy1 by    
means ( h] va/ ,index                   
,expurgatorius1,footnote3 ,a "q ( "s    
int]e/ arises ^u ! casui/ical           
con/ruction ( ?is ,index4 ,we1 t are n  
by "n includ$1 may we consid] ourselves 
indirectly lic5s$8 ,sil5ce1 ,i %\ld ?9k1
 gives cons5t4 ,& if x wasn't t ! pres5t
 ,pope1 be+ a horrid ,radical1 w\ld be  
sure to blackball me z an hone/ ,tory1  
,i w\ld s5d him a copy ( my ,op]a       
,omnia1 reque/+ 8 ,hol9ess to say1 by   
return ( po/1 :e!r ,i rank$ among/ !    
*aff w9n[$ by ,/4  ,pet]'s flail1 or _h 
8 graci\s p]mission to hold myself      
among/ ! pure :eat ga!r$ into ! ,vatican

 g>n]4 :i* index1 cont9ually1 %e is     
enl>g+ by successive supplem5ts1 ne$s   
also an ,index ,expurgatorius = !       
catalogue ( h] prelates4  ,we$s !re are 
9 ! v fl[]-g>d5 & cons]vatory ( ! *ur*4 
,fa!rs ( ! *ur* are no m to be reli$ on1
 z safe au?orities1 ?an we rascally lay 
au?ors1 t notori\sly w say any?+4 ,& x  
is a /rik+ pro( ( ?is among/ our ,engli%
 bi%ops1 t ! v man :o1 9 ! la/ g5]ation1
 mo/ ( all won ! public e/eem z !       
*ampion ( ! ,bible aga9/ ,tom ,pa9e1 0  
privately kn[n among/ u connoisseurs 9  
h]esy 7t are always pry+ into ugly      
secrets7 to be ! lea/ or?odox ?9k]1 "o  
or o!r1 among/ ! :ole brigade ( fifte5  
?\s& contempor>y cl]ks :o _h subscrib$ !
 ,?irty-n9e ,articles4 ,sav+ y\r        
pres5ce1 read]1 8 lord%ip 0 no bett] ?an
 a bigot$ ,soc9ian1 :i*1 9 a petty      
diocese t he nev] visit$1 & among/ ,s\? 
,wel%m51 t are all incorrigible         
,me?odi/s1 matt]$ little1 b w\ld h be5  
awkw>d _h he come to be ,ar*bi%op (     
,york2 & t he did n1 turn$ ^u ! accid5t 

( a few weeks too soon1 by :i* ! ,fates 
cut %ort ! ?read ( ! ,:ig m9i/ry 9      
#ahjg4 ,c]ta9ly1 = a ,romi% or an       
,engli% bi%op to be a ,soc9ian is un peu
 =t4  ,b ,i cont5d t x is q possible to 
be f> less h]etical1 & yet dang]\sly    
bold2 yes1 ^u ! free & spaci\s          
latitudes1 purposely left op5 by !      
,engli% ,?irty-n9e ,articles 7ay1 or by 
any ,prote/ant ,confession71 to plant   
novelties n less />tl+ to religi\s e>s  
?an ,soc9ianism itself4 ,besides 7:i*   
adds to ! %ock71 ! dignit>y n[ be=e u1  
:e!r bi%op or no bi%op1 does n write 9 !
 tone ( a consci\s h]etic2 or1 l        
,ar*deacon ,blackburne,footnote3 ,he 0 !
 au?or ( ,! ,confessional1 :i* at "o "t 
made a memorable f]m5t among/ all ^? :o 
lov$ z sons1 or :o hat$ z noncon=mi/s1 !
 ,engli% ,e/abli%m5t4 ,?is 0 8 mo/      
popul> "w1 b he wrote _m o!rs 9 ! same  
temp]1 t fill six or sev5 octavos4 (    
old1 9 a _s ( ho/ility to 8 own         
fell[-*ur*m52 b1 on ! contr>y1 9 ! tone 
( "o rely+ ^u support f 8 cl]ical       

bre?r51 he /&s =w>d z expositor &       
*ampion ( views n[ prevail+ among/ !    
elite ( ! ,engli% ,*ur*4  ,s con/ru$1 ! 
book is1 inde$1 a mo/ extraord9>y "o1 & 
exposes a hi/ory t almo/ %ocks "o ( !   
/rides made 9 religi\s speculation4     
,op9ions *ange sl[ly & /eal?ily4 ,! /eps
 ( ! *anges are g5]ally cont9u\s2 b     
sometimes x happ5s t ! notice ( su*     
/eps1 ! publication ( su* *anges1 is n  
cont9u\s1 t x comes ^u u p] saltum1 &1  
consequ5tly1 ) ! /unn+ effect ( an      
app>5t trea*]y4 ,e ?\ghtful man raises 8
 h&s ) an involunt>y ge/ure ( awe at !  
revolutions ( s revolution>y an age1 :5 
?us summon$ to ! spectacle ( an ,engli% 
prelate s]v+ a piece ( artill]y aga9/   
:at once 7 fanci$ to be ma9 outworks (  
religion1 & at a /ation sometimes       
consid]ably 9 advance ( any occupi$ by  
,voltaire4,footnote3 ,let n ! read]     
misund]/& me2 ,i d n mean t ! cl]ical   
writ] n[ be=e u 7bi%op or n bi%op7 is m 
ho/ile to religion ?an ,voltaire1 or is 
ho/ile at all4 ,on ! contr>y1 he is1    

p]haps1 pr(\ndly religi\s1 & he writes )
 nei!r levity nor ins9c]ity4 ,b ?is     
consci5ti\s _s1 & ?is piety1 d b ! m    
call into relief ! audacity ( 8         
free-?9k+--d b ! m =cibly illu/rate !   
prodigi\s *anges wr\ght by "t1 & by !   
contagion f secul> revolutions1 9 ! _s (
 religi\s philosophy4  ,x is ?is        
audacity ( speculation1 ,i appreh5d1 ?is
 etalage ( bold results1 r ?an any      
success 9 _! developm5t1 :i* has fix$ ! 
public att5tion4  ,developm5t1 inde$1   
appli$ to philosophic problems1 or      
rese>* appli$ to que/ions ( erudition1 0
 h>dly possible )9 s small a compass z  
"o hundr$ & sev5te5 pages1 = t is !     
ext5t ( ! "w1 except z reg>ds ! notes1  
:i* am\nt to sev5ty-f\r pages m4 ,su*   
brevity1 on su* a subject1 is           
unseasonable1 & almo/ culpable4 ,on su* 
a subject z ! ,philosophy (             
,prote/antism--'satius erat sil]e1 quam 
p>cius1 dic]e4' ,bett] 7 absolute       
sil5ce1 m respectful z reg>ds ! !me1    
less tantaliz+ z reg>ds ! read]1 ?an a  

/yle ( discussion s fragm5t>y & s rapid4
  ,b1 be=e we g f>!r1 :at are we to call
 ?is bold man8 ,"o mu/ h "s "n = a man t
 "o is review+2 &1 z he comes abroad    
incognito1 x is difficult to see :at "n 
c\ld h any propriety4 ,let me consid]3  
!re are ?ree bi%ops 9 ! field1 ,mr4 ,h41
 & ! ,scot*man--t makes five4 ,b e "o ( 
^!1 y say1 is repres5t$ equally by ! "n 
9 ! title--,phileleu!ros ,anglicanus4   
,true1 b t's z long z a team ( horses4  
,if x _h b ,esquire at ! end1 x w\ld    
measure aga9/ a ,lat9 ,h5decasyllable   
v]se4 ,i'm afraid t we mu/ come at la/  
to ,phil4 ,i've be5 seek+ to avoid x1 = 
x's pa9ful to say ',jack' or ',dick'    
ei!r to or ( an ecclesia/ical great gun4
 ,b if su* big wigs w come abroad 9     
disguise1 & ) names z long z ,field+'s  
,honon*ronon?onon?ologus1 !y mu/ submit 
to be hu/l$ by pickpockets & critics1 & 
to h _! names dock$ z well z pr(ane     
au?ors4  ,phil1 !n1 be x--t's settl$4   
,n[1 let u inquire :at x is t ,phil4 has
 be5 say+1 to cause su* a s5sation      

among/ ! ,gno/ics4 ,&1 to beg9 at !     
beg9n+1 :at is ,phil4's capital object8 
,phil4 %all /ate x himself--^! are 8    
op5+ words3--   ',9 ! foll[+ pages we   
propose to v9dicate ! fundam5tal &      
inh]5t pr9ciples ( ,prote/antism4'      
,good2 b :at are ! fundam5tal pr9ciples 
( ,prote/antism8 ',!y are1' says ,phil41
 '! sole suffici5cy (                   
,scripture1',footnote3 ,?is is mu* too  
elliptical a way ( express+ ! ,prote/ant
 mean+4 ,suffici5cy = :at8 ',suffici5cy 
= salvation' is ! phrase ( _m1 & ,i ?9k 
else:]e ( ,phil4 ,b t is objectionable  
on m gr\nds ?an "o2 x is r$undant1 & x  
is ab]rant f ! true po9t contemplat$4   
,suffici5cy = itself1 )\t ali5 helps1 is
 ! ?+ contemplat$4 ,! ,greek aut>keia1  
self-suffici5cy1 or1 because t phrase1 9
 ,engli%1 has receiv$ a deflexion t[>ds 
a bad mean+1 ! ^w self- uffic+ness might
 answ]2 suffici5cy = ! exposition ( its 
own mo/ secret mean+1 out ( f\nta9s )9  
itself2 ne$+1 !re=e1 nei!r ! supplem5t>y
 aids ( tradition1 on ! "o h&1 nor !    

complem5t>y aids on ! o!r1 79 ! ev5t (  
unprovid$ cases1 or ( dilemmas aris+17 f
 ! infallibility ( a liv+ exp\nd]4 ! "r 
( private judgm5t 9 its int]pretation1 &
 ! au?ority ( individual consci5ce 9    
matt]s ( religion4' ,errors ( logic %[  
!mselves m (t5 9 a man's t]m9ology1 & 8 
anti!sis1 & 8 subdivisions1 ?an any:]e  
else4  ,phil4 goes on to make ?is       
di/9ction1 :i* br+s out 8 imp]fect      
conception4 ',we1' says he 7&1 by ! way1
 if ,phil4 is we1 !n x mu/ he my duty to
 call him !y71 'we d n propose to def5d 
! v>ieties ( doctr9e held by ! diff]5t  
communities ( ,prote/ants4' ,:y1 no2 t  
w\ld be a sad task = ! mo/ skilful (    
funambuli/s or !ological tumbl]s1 see+ t
 _m ( ^! v>ieties /& relat$ to ea* o!r z
 categorical affirmative & categorical  
negative3 x's heavy "w to make yes & no 
pull toge!r 9 ! same proposition4 ,b    
?is1 =tunately = himself1 ,phil4        
decl9es4 ,y are to und]/& t he w n      
und]take ! def5ce ( ,prote/antism 9 its 
doctr9es1 b only 9 its pr9ciples4 ,t    

won't d2 t anti!sis is z holl[ z a drum2
 &1 if ! objection 7 v]bal only1 ,i w\ld
 n make x4 ,b ! contradi/9ction fails to
 convey ! real mean+4  ,x is n t he has 
falsely express$ 8 mean+1 b t he has    
falsely develop$ t mean+ to 8 own       
consci\sness4 ,n ! ^w only is wrong2 b !
 wrong ^w is put =w>d = ! sake ( hid+ ! 
imp]fect idea4 ,:at he calls pr9ciples  
might almo/ z well be call$ doctr9es2 & 
:at he calls doctr9es z well be call$   
pr9ciples4 ,out ( ^! t]ms1 ap>t f !     
rectifications sugge/$ by ! context1 no 
man c\ld collect 8 drift1 :i* is simply 
?is4 ,prote/antism1 we mu/ recollect1 is
 n an absolute & self-dep5d5t idea2 x   
/&s 9 relation to some?+ antec$5t1 aga9/
 :i* x prote/s1 viz41 ,papal ,rome4 ,&  
"u :at phasis does x prote/ aga9/ ,rome8
 ,n aga9/ ! ,*ri/ianity ( ,rome1 because
 e ,prote/ant ,*ur*1 ?\gh disapprov+ a  
great deal ( t1 disaproves also a great 
deal 9 its own si/] *ur*es ( ! prote/+  
h\sehold2 & because e ,prote/ant ,*ur*  
holds a great deal ( ,*ri/ian tru?1 9   

common ) ,rome4 ,b :at furni%es ! matt] 
( prote/ is--! d$uction ( ! title ^u :i*
 ,rome plants ! "r to be *ur* at all4   
,?is d$uction is s manag$ by ,rome z to 
make h]self1 n m]ely a true *ur* 7:i* _m
 ,prote/ants grant71 b ! exclusive *ur*4
 ,n[1 :at ,phil4 9 effect und]takes to  
def5d is n pr9ciples by pref]5ce to     
doctr9es 7= !y are pretty ne>ly ! same  
?+71 b ! "q ( title to tea* at all1 9   
pref]5ce to ! "q ( :at is ! ?+ taught4  
,!re is ! di/9ction1 z ,i appreh5d x4   
,all ^! t]ms--'pr9ciple1' 'doctr9e1'    
'sy/em1' '!ory1' 'hypo!sis'--are us$    
ne>ly always mo/ lic5ti\sly1 & z        
arbitr>ily z a ,newm>ket jockey selects 
! colors = 8 rid+-dress4  ,x is true t  
"o %ad[ ( ju/ification (f]s itself =    
,phil4's di/9ction4 ,all pr9ciples are  
doctr9es1 b all doctr9es are n          
pr9ciples2 :i*1 !n1 9 p>ticul>8 ,:y1 ^? 
prop]ly are pr9ciples :i* conta9 !      
pr9cipia1 ! beg9n+s1 or />t+-po9ts (    
evolution1 out ( :i* any sy/em ( tru? is
 evolv$4 ,n[1 x may seem t ! v />t+-po9t

 ( our ,prote/ant pret5sions is1 fir/ ( 
all1 to argue our title or "r to be a   
*ur* sui juris2 app>5tly we mu/ beg9 by 
mak+ good our locus /&i1 be=e we c be   
he>d ^u our doctr9es4  ,& ^u ?is mode ( 
approa*1 ! plead+s ab\t ! title1 or "r  
to tea* at all1 tak+ prec$5cy ( !       
plead+s ab\t ! p>ticul> ?+s taught1 w\ld
 be ! pr9cipia1 or beg9n+ ( ! :ole      
process1 & s f> w\ld be entitl$ by      
pref]5ce to ! "n ( pr9ciples4 ,b su* a  
mode ( approa* is m]ely an accid5t1 &   
cont+5t ^u our be+ engag$ 9 a polemical 
discussion ( ,prote/antism 9 relation to
 ,pop]y4 ,t1 h[ev]1 is a pure matt] (   
*oice2 ,prote/antism may be discuss$1 'z
 ?\gh ,rome 7 n1 9 relation to its own  
absolute m]its2 & ?is treatm5t is !     
logical treatm5t1 apply+ itself to :at  
is p]man5t 9 ! nature ( ! object2 :]eas 
! o!r treatm5t applies itself to :at is 
casual & vani%+ 9 ! hi/ory 7or ! orig97 
( ,prote/antism4 ,=1 aft] all1 x w\ld be
 no great triumph to ,prote/antism t %e 
%\ld prove h] bir?right to revolve z a  

prim>y planet 9 ! sol> sy/em2 t %e _h ! 
same orig9al "r z ,rome to :eel ab\t !  
great c5tral orb1 undegrad$ to ! rank ( 
satellite or second>y projection--if1 9 
! meantime1 telescopes %\ld reveal !    
fact t %e 0 pretty ne>ly a s&y des]t4   
,:at a *ur* tea*es is true or n true1   
)\t ref]5ce to h] indep5d5t "r ( tea*+2 
& ev5tually1 :5 ! irritations ( e>?ly   
feuds & political s*isms %all be soo!d  
by "t1 ! philosophy ( ?is :ole "q w take
 an inv]se ord]4 ,! cr$5tials ( a *ur* w
 n be put 9 fir/1 & ! quality ( h]      
doctr9e discuss$ z a second>y "q4 ,on ! 
contr>y1 h] cr$5tials w be s\ght 9 h]   
doctr9e4 ,! ,prote/+ ,*ur* w say1 ,i h !
 "r to /& sep>ate1 because ,i /&2 & f my
 holy tea*+ ,i d$uce my title to tea*4  
,jus e/ ibi summum doc5di1 ubi e/ fons  
purissimus doctr9ae4 ,t inv]sion ( !    
,prote/ant plea ) ,rome is ev5 n[ valid 
) _m2 &1 :5 x becomes univ]sally curr5t1
 !n ! pr9ciples1 or great beg9n+s ( !   
controv]sy1 w be transplant$ f ! locus1 
or c5tre1 :]e ,phil4 places !m1 to ! v  

locus :i* he neglects4  ,!re is ano!r   
expression ( ,phil4's 7,i am afraid     
,phil4 is gett+ angry by ?is "t7 to :i* 
,i object4  ,he describes ! doctr9es    
held by all ! sep>ate ,prote/ant *ur*es 
z doctr9es ( ,prote/antism4 ,i w\ld n   
delay ei!r ,phil4 or myself = ! sake ( a
 trifle2 b an impossibility is n a      
trifle4 ,if f or?odox ,turkey y pass to 
h]etic ,p]sia1 if f ! rigor ( ! ,sonnees
 to ! laxity ( ! ,%eeahs1 y c\ld n1 9   
expla9+ ^? s*isms1 g on to say1 ',& ^!  
are ! doctr9es ( ,islamism2' = !y de/roy
 ea* o!r4 ,bo? are support$ by e>?ly    
p[]s2 b "o only c\ld be support$ by     
c5tral ,islamism4 ,s ( ,calv9ism &      
,arm9ianism2 y _c call !m doctr9es (    
,prote/antism1 z if gr[+ out ( "s       
reconcil+ ,prote/ant pr9ciples2 "o ( !  
two1 ?\gh n manife/$ to human eyes 9 its
 falsehood1 mu/ secretly be false2 & a  
falsehood _c be a doctr9e (             
,prote/antism4 ,x is m accurate to say t
 ! sep>ate cre$s ( ,turkey & ,p]sia are 
)9 ,mahomm$anism2 su*1 viz41 z t nei!r  

excludes a man f ! "n ( ,mussulman2 &1  
aga91 t ,calv9ism & ,arm9ianism are     
doctr9es )9 ! ,prote/ant ,*ur*--z a *ur*
 ( g5]al tol]ation = all religi\s       
doctr9es n de-mon/rably ho/ile to any   
c>d9al tru? ( ,*ri/ianity4  ,phil41 !n1 
we all und]/&1 is n go+ to trav]se ! va/
 field ( ,prote/ant op9ions z !y are    
di/ribut$ ?r\gh our _m sects2 t w\ld be 
endless2 & he illu/rates ! mazy "* ( !  
wild]ness ov] :i* ^! sects are w&]+1    
--'ubi passim   ,palantes error recto de
 tramite pellit1'   by ! f\r cases      
(--#a1 ! ,calv9i/2 #b1 ! ,newmanite2 #c1
 ! ,romani/2,footnote3 ,:at1 among/     
,prote/ant sects8 ,ay1 ev5 s4 ,x's      
,phil4's mi/ake1 n m9e4 ,he w endeavor  
to doctor ! case1 by plead+ t he 0      
speak+ univ]sally ( ,*ri/ian error2 b ! 
position ( ! clause =bids ?is plea4  ,n 
only 9 relation to :at imm$iately       
prec$es1 ! passage mu/ be suppos$ to    
contemplate ,prote/ant error2 b !       
imm$iate inf]5ce f x1 viz41 t '! _w may 
well be excus$ = d\bt+ :e!r !re is1 aft]

 all1 s mu* to be ga9$ by t lib]ty (    
private judgm5t1 :i* is ! ess5tial      
*>act]i/ic ( ,prote/antism2 :e!r x be n1
 aft] all1 m]ely a lib]ty to fall into  
error1' nails ,phil4 to t               
con/ruction--argues too /rongly t x is  
an ov]sight ( indol5ce4 ,phil4 0 sleep+ 
= ! mom5t1 :i* is excusable en\gh t[>ds 
! end ( a book1 b h>dly 9 section ,i4   
,p4,s4--,i h s9ce obs]v$ 7:i* n to h    
obs]v$ is excus$1 p]haps1 by ! too      
complex ma*9]y ( hooks & eyes betwe5 !  
text & ! notes involv+ a d\ble          
ref]5ce--fir/1 to ! section2 second1 to 
! p>ticul> clause ( ! section7 t ,phil4 
has n "h committ$ an inadv]t5cy2 or1 if 
he has1 is det]m9$ to fight himself     
?r\gh 8 inadv]t5cy1 r ?an break up 8    
quat]nion ( cases4 ',9 speak+ (         
,romanism z aris+ f a misapplication (  
,prote/ant pr9ciples2 we ref]1 n to ^?  
:o 7 born1 b to ^? :o h become memb]s ( 
! ,*ur* ( ,rome4' ,:at is ! "n ( ^? p8  
,& :]e d !y live8 ,i h he>d ( _m :o ?9k 
7& !re are cases 9 :i* mo/ ( u1 t m$dle 

) philosophy1 are apt to ?9k7 occasional
 pr9ciples ( ,prote/antism available = !
 def5ce ( c]ta9 ,roman ,ca?olic my/]ies 
too indiscrim9ately assault$ by !       
,prote/ant zealot2 b1 ) ?is exception1  
,i am n aw>e ( any p>ties pr(ess+ to    
d]ive _! ,popi% le>n+s f ,prote/antism2 
x is 9 spite ( ,prote/antism1 z seem+ to
 !m n /rong en\gh1 or ?r\gh pr9ciples   
omitt$ by ,prote/antism1 :i* !re=e seems
 to !m n c>eful en\gh or n imp>tial     
en\gh1 t ,prote/ants h laps$ to ,pop]y4 
,prote/ants h c]ta9ly be5 kn[n to become
 ,papi/s1 n ?r\gh ,popi% argum5ts1 b    
simply ?r\gh _! own ,prote/ant books2   
yet nev]1 t ,i he>d (1 ?r\gh an         
affirmative process1 z ?\gh any         
,prote/ant argum5t involv$ ! rudim5ts ( 
,pop]y1 b by a negative process1 z      
fancy+ ! ,prote/ant reasons1 ?\gh ly+ 9 
! "r direction1 n go+ f> en\gh2 or1     
aga91 ?\gh "r p>tially1 yet defective z 
a :ole4 ,phil4 !re=e1 seems to me       
absolutely caught 9 a sort ( ,furcae    
,caud9ae1 unless he has a dodge 9 res]ve

 to puzzle u all4 ,9 a diff]5t po9t1 ,i1
 t hold myself a doctor s]aphicus1 &    
also inexpugnabilis ^u quillets ( logic1
 ju/ify ,phil41 :il/ also ,i blame him4 
,he def5ds himself rightly = di/+ui%+   
betwe5 ! ,romani/ & ,newmanite on ! "o  
h&1 betwe5 ! ,calv9i/ & ! ,evangelican  
man on ! o!r1 ?\gh p]haps a "y g5tleman1
 comm5c+ 8 /udies on ! ,organon1 w fancy
 t "h he has ,phil4 9 a trap1 = ^!      
di/9ctions1 he w say1 d n entirely      
exclude to ea* o!r z !y ought to d4 ,!  
class call+ itself ,evangelical1 =      
in/ance1 may also be ,calv9i/ic2 !      
,newmanite is n1 !re=e1 anti-,romani%4  
,true1 says ,phil42 ,i am q aw>e ( x4 ,b
 to be aw>e ( an objection is n to answ]
 x4 ,! fact seems to be1 t ! actual     
comb9ations ( life1 n con=m+ to ! tru? (
 ab/ractions1 compel u to seem+ brea*es 
( logic4 ,x w\ld be "r practically to   
di/+ui% ! ,radical f ! ,:ig2 & yet x    
might %ock ,duns or ,lomb>dus1 ! magi/] 
s5t5ti>um1 :5 he came to und]/& t       
p>tially ! pr9ciples ( ,radicals & ,:igs

 co9cide4 ,b1 = all t1 ! logic :i*      
di/+ui%es !m is "r2 & ! app>5t error mu/
 be s\ght 9 ! fact1 t all cases         
7political or religi\s7 be+ cases (     
life1 are concretes1 :i* nev] con=m to !
 exquisite tru? ( ab/ractions4          
,practically1 ! ,radical is oppos$ to ! 
,:ig1 ?\gh casually ! two are 9         
conjunction cont9ually2 =1 z act+       
p>tisans1 !y "w f diff]5t c5tres1 &     
f9ally1 = diff]5t results4 #d1 !        
,evangelical en?usia/--z hold+ sy/ems ( 
doctr9e1 'no "o ( :i* is capable (      
recomm5d+ itself to ! favorable op9ion (
 an imp>tial judge4' ,imp>tial6 b :at   
,*ri/ian c be imp>tial8 ,to be free f   
all bias1 & to beg9 8 review ( sects 9 t
 temp]1 he mu/ beg9 by be+ an infidel4  
,va9ly a man endeavors to res]ve 9 a    
/ate ( neutrality any preconceptions t  
he may h =m$ = himself1 or              
prepossessions t he may h inh]it$ f     
'mamma2' he _c d x any m ?an he c       
dismiss 8 own %ad[4 ,& x is /range to   
contemplate ! weakness ( /rong m9ds 9   

fancy+ t !y c4  ,calv91 :il/ amiably    
engag$ 9 hunt+ ,s]vetus to dea?1 & writ+
 daily lett]s to 8 fri5ds1 9 :i* he     
expresses 8 hope t ! executive p[] w\ld 
n ?9k ( burn+ ! poor man1 s9ce really   
ju/ice w\ld be q satisfi$ by cutt+ 8    
head (f1 meets ) "s correspond5ts :o    
conceive 7idiots t !y 767 ev5 t little  
amputation n indisp5sable4  ,b ,calv9   
soon settles _! scruples4 ,y don't      
p]ceive1 he tells !m1 :at ?is man has   
be5 ab\t4 ,:5 a writ] attacks ,pop]y1   
x's v wrong 9 ! ,papi/s to cut 8 head   
(f2 & :y8 ,because he has only be5      
attack+ error4 ,b "h lies ! diff]5ce 9  
?is case2 ,s]vetus _h be5 attack+ !     
,,tru?4 ,d y see ! di/9ction1 my fri5ds8
 ,consid] x1 & ,i am sure y w be s5sible
 t ?is q alt]s ! case4 ,x is %ock+1 x is
 p]fectly ridicul\s1 t ! ,bi%op ( ,rome 
%\ld t\* a hair ( any man's head =      
contradict+ him2 & :y8 ,because1 d y    
see8 he is wrong4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is    
evid5tly agreeable to philosophy1 t ,i1 
,john ,calv91 %\ld %ave (f ! hair1 &1   

inde$1 ! head itself 7z ,i he>tily      
hope,footnote3 ,! read] may imag9e t1 9 
?us ab/ract+ ,calv9's epi/ol>y s5tim5ts1
 ,i am a little improv+ !m4 ,c]ta9ly !y 
w\ld be> improvem5t1 b t is n my        
bus9ess4  ,:at ! read] sees "h is b !   
result ( br++ scatt]$ passages into     
clos] juxtaposition2 :il/1 z to !       
/ronge/ 7viz41 ! mo/ sangu9>y7 s5tim5ts 
"h ascrib$ to him1 x w be a suffici5t   
evid5ce ( my fidelity to ! lit]al tru?1 
if ,i cite ?ree sep>ate s5t5ces4 ,writ+ 
to ,f>rel1 he says1 ',sp]o capitale     
salt]n =e judicium4' ,s5t5ce ( ! c\rt1  
he hopes1 w1 at any rate1 rea* ! life ( 
,s]vetus4 ,die he mu/1 & die he %all4 ,b
 :y %\ld he die a cruel dea?8 ,pa5oe v]o
 atrocitatem remitti cupio4 ,to ! same  
purpose1 :5 writ+ to ,sultz]1 he        
expresses 8 satisfaction 9 be+ able to  
assure him t a pr9cipal civic (fic] (   
,g5eva 01 9 ?is case1 entirely upright1 
& animat$ by ! mo/ virtu\s s5tim5ts4    
,inde$6 :at an int]e/+ "*6 & 9 :at way  
n[ might ?is good man %[ ?ia beautiful  

t5d]ness ( consci5ce8 ,:y2 by a fix$    
resolve t ,s]vetus %\ld n 9 any case    
escape ! cata/rophe :i* ,i1 ,john       
,calv91 am long+ =1 7'ut saltem exitum1 
quem optamus1 noa fugiat4'7 ,f9ally1    
writ+ to ! same ,sultz]1 he rem>ks t--:5
 we see ! ,papi/s su* av5g+ *ampions (  
_! own sup]/iti\s fables z n to falt] 9 
%$d+ innoc5t blood1 'pudeat ,*ri/ianos  
magi/ratus z if ! ,roman ,ca?olic       
magi/rates 7 n ,*ri/ians 9 tu5da c]ta   
v]itate nihil prorsus hab]e             
animi'--',*ri/ian magi/rates ought to be
 a%am$ ( !mselves = manife/+ no en]gy at
 all 9 ! v9dication ( tru? und5iable2'  
yet really s9ce ^! magi/rates _h at t "t
 ! full design1 :i* design n _m days    
aft] !y execut$1 ( ma9ta9+ tru? by fire 
& faggot1 "o does n see ! call ^u !m =  
blu%es s v deep z ,calv9 requires4 ,h&s 
s crimson ) blood might comp5sate !     
abs5ce ( crimson *eeks4 w be done 9 ?is 
pres5t case7 ( any man presumptu\s en\gh
 to contradict me2 b !n1 :y8 ,= a reason
 t makes all ! diff]5ce 9 ! _w1 & :i*1  

"o w\ld ?9k1 idiocy itself c\ld n       
ov]look1 viz41 t ,i1 ,john ,calv91 am   
"r--"r1 ?r\gh ?ree degrees (            
comp>ison--"r1 right]1 or m "r1 righte/1
 or mo/ "r4 ,calv9 fanci$ t he c\ld     
demon/rate 8 own imp>tiality4  ,!       
self-suffic+ness ( ! ,bible1 & ! "r (   
private judgm5t--"h1 !n1 are ! two great
 *>t]s 9 :i* ,prote/antism comm5ces2 ^! 
are ! bulw>ks beh9d :i* x intr5*es      
itself aga9/ ,rome4 ,& x is rem>kable t 
^! two great prelim9>y laws1 :i* soon   
div]ge into fields s diff]5t1 at ! fir/ 
are virtually "o & ! same law4 ,!       
refusal ( an oracle ali5 to ! ,bible1   
extr9sic to ! ,bible1 & claim+ ! sole   
int]pretation ( ! ,bible2 ! refusal ( an
 oracle t r$uc$ ! ,bible to a holl[     
masque1 und]nea? :i* fraudul5tly        
introduc+ itself any e>?ly voice c\ld   
mimic a heav5ly voice1 0 9 effect to    
refuse ! co]cion ( ?is false oracle ov] 
ea* man's consci5ti\s judgm5t2 to make !
 ,bible indep5d5t ( ! ,pope1 0 to make  
man indep5d5t ( all religi\s controll]s4

 ,! self-suffic+ness ( ,scripture1 its  
indep5d5cy ( any ext]nal int]pret]1     
pass$ 9 "o mom5t into ! o!r great       
,prote/ant doctr9e ( ,tol]ation4 ,x 0 b 
! same triumphal monum5t "u a new angle 
( sight1 ! gold5 & silv] faces ( ! same 
h]aldic %ield4 ,! v same act :i* d5ies !
 "r ( int]pretation to a my/]i\s ,papal 
pho5ix1 r5ew$ f g5]ation to g5]ation1   
hav+ ! antiquity & ! incompreh5sible    
omnisci5ce ( ! ,simorg 9 ,s\!y1         
transf]r$ ?is "r ( m]e necessity to !   
individuals ( ! :ole human race4 ,= :]e 
else c\ld x h be5 lodg$8 ,any attempt 9 
any o!r direction 0 b to re/ore ! ,papal
 p[] 9 a new imp]sonation4  ,e man1     
!re=e1 sudd5ly obta9$ ! "r ( int]pret+ !
 ,bible = himself4 ,b ! ^w '"r' obta9$ a
 new s5se4 ,e man has ! "r1 "u ! ,que5's
 ,b5*1 ( publi%+ an unlimit$ numb] (    
metaphysical sy/ems2 &1 "u favor ( !    
same indulg5t ,b5*1 we all enjoy !      
unlimit$ "r ( laugh+ at him4 ,b n ! :ole
 race ( man has a "r to co]ce1 9 !      
ex]cise ( 8 intellectual rights1 !      

humble/ ( individuals4 ,! rights ( m5   
are ?us unspeakably elevat$2 =1 be+ n[  
fre$ f all anxiety1 be+ sacr$ z m]ely   
legal rights1 !y sudd5ly rise into a new
 mode ( responsibility z intellectual   
rights4 ,z a ,prote/ant1 e mature man   
has ! same dignifi$ "r ov] 8 own op9ions
 & pr(ession ( fai? t he has ov] 8 own  
he>?4  ,b 8 he>? c r>ely be abus$2 :]eas
 8 religi\s sy/em1 be+ a va/ k+dom1 op5+
 by immeasurable gates ^u worlds ( light
 & worlds ( d>kness1 n[ br+s him )9 a   
new am5ability--call$ ^u to answ] new   
impea*m5ts1 & to seek = new assi/ances4 
,=m]ly ano!r 0 answ]able = 8 belief2 if 
t 7 wrong1 x 0 no fault ( 84 ,n[ he has 
new rights1 b ^! h bur!n$ him ) new     
obligations4 ,n[ he is cr[n$ ) ! glory &
 ! palms ( an intellectual creature1 b  
he is al>m$ by ! c]ta9ty ( correspond+  
/ruggles4 ,prote/antism x is t has      
creat$ him into ?is *ild & heir (       
lib]ty2 ,prote/antism x is t has inve/$ 
him ) ^! unb\nd$ privileges ( private   
judgm5t1 giv+ him 9 "o mom5t ! sublime  

p[]s ( a ,pope )9 8 own consci5ce2 b    
,prote/antism x is t has introduc$ him  
to ! mo/ dreadful ( responsibilities4   
,i repeat t ! tw9 maxims1 ! columns (   
,h]cules ?r\gh :i* ,prote/antism ent]$ !
 great sea ( human activities1 7        
orig9ally b two aspects ( "o law3 to d5y
 ! ,papal control ov] m5's consci5ce be+
 to affirm man's self-control1 01 !re=e1
 to affirm man's univ]sal "r to         
tol]ation1 :i* aga9 impli$ a correspond+
 duty ( tol]ation4 ,"u ?is bi-front$    
law1 g5]at$ by ,prote/antism1 b 9 its   
turn regulat+ ,prote/antism1 ,phil4     
und]takes to develope all ! pr9ciples t 
belong to a ,prote/ant *ur*4 ,!         
seasonabl5ess ( su* an inve/igation--its
 critical application to an evil n[     
spread+ l a fev] ?r\gh ,europe--he      
p]ceives fully1 & 9 ! foll[+ t]ms he    
expresses ?is p]ception3--   ',t we /&  
on ! br9k ( a great !ological crisis1 t 
! problem mu/ soon be solv$1 h[ f>      
or?odox ,*ri/ianity is possible = ^? :o 
are n beh9d _! age 9 s*ol>%ip & sci5ce2 

?is is a solemn fact1 :i* may be ignor$ 
by ! p>tisans ( %ort-sight$ bigotry1 b  
:i* is felt by all1 & confess$ by mo/ ( 
^? :o are capable ( appreciat+ its      
reality & importance4 ,! deep ,sibyll9e 
vatic9ations ( ,col]idge's philosophical
 m9d1 ! practical work+ ( ,arnold's     
religi\s s5tim5talism1 & ! op5          
ackn[l$gm5t ( _m div9es :o are liv+     
examples ( ! _s ( ! age1 h all1 9       
diff]5t ways1 =etold ! adv5t ( a ,*ur* (
 ! ,future4'   ,?is is f ! preface1 p4  
ix41 :]e ! phrase1 ,*ur* ( ! ,future1   
po9ts to ! ,prussian m9i/]'s 7,buns5's7 
,kir*e d] ,zukunft2 b 9 ! body ( ! "w1 &
 n f> f its close1 7p4 #aad17 he recurs 
to ?is crisis1 & m circum/antially4     
,phil4 emb>rasses himself & 8 read]s 9  
?is developm5t ( ,prote/ant pr9ciples4  
,8 own view ( ! task be=e him requires t
 he %\ld sep>ate himself f !            
consid]ation ( any p>ticul> *ur*1 & lay 
aside all p>tisan%ip--plausible or n    
plausible4  ,x is 8 own ov]ture t       
w>rants u 9 expect+ ?is4 ,& yet1 be=e we

 h travell$ ?ree measur$ in*es1 he is   
f\nd entangl+ himself ) ,*ur* (         
,engl&ism4 ,let me n be misund]/ood1 z  
?\gh1 borr[+ a ,b5?am ^w1 ,i 7 !re=e a  
,j]ry ,b5?amite3 ,i1 t may describe     
myself g5]ally z ,philo-,phil41 am n    
less a son ( ! ',re=m$ ,anglican ,*ur*' 
?an ,phil4 ,consequ5tly1 x is n likely  
t1 9 any v9dication ( t *ur*1 simply z  
su*1 & sep>ately = itself1 ,i %\ld be ! 
man to f9d gr\nds ( exception4 ,lov+ mo/
 ( :at ,phil4 loves1 lov+ ,phil4        
himself1 & hat+ 7,i grieve to say71 ) a 
!ological hatr$1 :atev] ,phil4 hates1 :y
 %\ld ,i demur at ?is p>ticul> po9t to a
 c\rse ( argum5t t travels 9 ! l9e ( my 
own p>tialities8 ,& yet ,i d demur4     
,hav+ be5 promis$ a philosophic def5ce (
 ! pr9ciples conc]n$ 9 ! great ,european
 s*ism ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 sudd5ly we   
f9d ourselves collaps+ f t altitude (   
speculation into a def5ce ( "o          
individual *ur*4 ,nobody w\ld compla9 ( 
,phil4 if1 aft] hav+ d$uc$              
philosophically ! pr9ciples ^u :i* all  

,prote/ant sep>ation f ,rome %\ld       
revolve1 he _h gone =w>d to %[1 t 9 "s  
"o ( ! ,prote/ant *ur*es1 m ?an 9 o!rs1 
^! pr9ciples _h be5 ass]t$ ) peculi>    
/r5g?1 or c>ri$ ?r\gh ) special         
consi/5cy1 or associat$ pre-em95tly ) ! 
o!r graces ( a ,*ri/ian *ur*1 su* z a   
ritual m impressive to ! he>t ( man1 or 
a polity m symmetrical ) ! /ructure (   
,engli% society4 ,once hav+ unfold$ f   
philosophic gr\nds ! prim>y conditions (
 a pure scriptural *ur*1 ,phil4 might   
!n1 )\t blame1 h turn$ %>p r\nd ^u u1   
say+1 su* be+ ! conditions "u :i* !     
great idea ( a true ,*ri/ian *ur* mu/ be
 con/ruct$1 ,i n[ g on to %[ t ! ,*ur* (
 ,engl& has con=m$ to ^? conditions m   
fai?fully ?an any o!r4 ,b to entangle ! 
pure outl9es ( ! idealiz+ m9d ) !       
practical =ms ( any militant *ur*1      
emb>rass$ 7z we "k all *ur*es to h be57 
by preoccupations ( judgm5t1 d]iv$ f    
feuds too local & int]e/s too political1
 mov+ too 7z we "k all *ur*es to h mov$7
 9 a _s ( compromise1 occasionally f m]e

 necessities ( position2 ?is is 9 !     
result to injure ! object ( ! writ]     
d\bly3 fir/1 z leav+ an impression (    
p>tisan%ip ! read] is mi/ru/ful f !     
fir/1 z aga9/ a judge t1 9 reality1 is  
an advocate2 second1 )\t ref]5ce to !   
effect ^u ! read]1 directly to ,phil4 x 
is injuri\s1 by fett]+ ! fre$om ( 8     
speculations1 or1 if leav+ _! fre$om    
undi/urb$1 by n>r[+ _! compass4  ,&1 if 
,phil41 z to ! g5]al movem5t ( 8        
,prote/ant plead+s1 modulates too little
 9 ! transc5d5tal key1 sometimes he does
 s too mu*4 ,= in/ance1 at p4 #fi1 sec4 
#ce1 we f9d him half call+ ^u           
,prote/antism to acc\nt = h] belief 9   
,god2 h[ !n8 ,is ?is belief special to  
,prote/ants8 ,are ,roman ,ca?olics1 are 
^? ( ! ,greek1 ! ,arm5ian1 & o!r        
,*ri/ian *ur*es1 a!i/ically giv58  ,we  
us$ to be told t !re is no royal road to
 geometry4  ,i don't "k :e!r !re is or  
n2 b ,i am sure !re is no ,prote/ant    
by-road1 no ,re=mation %ort-cut1 to !   
demon/ration ( ,deity4 ,x is true t     

,phil4 exon]ates 8 philosophic s*ol>1 :5
 ?r[+ himself 9 ,prote/ant fre$om ^u    
pure intellectual aids1 f ! va9 labor ( 
su* an ef=t4 ,he consigns him1 h[ev]    
philosophic1 to ! evid5ce ( 'inevitable 
assumptions1 ^u axiomatic po/ulates1 :i*
 ! reflect+ m9d is compell$ to accept1 &
 :i* no m admit ( d\bt & cavil ?an (    
e/abli%m5t by =mal pro(4' ,i am n sure  
:e!r ,i und]/& ,phil4 9 ?is section4    
,app>5tly he is glanc+ at ,kant4 ,kant 0
 ! fir/ p]son1 & p]haps ! la/1 t ev]    
und]took =mally to demon/rate !         
indemon/rability ( ,god4 ,he %[$ t !    
?ree great argum5ts = ! exi/5ce ( !     
,deity 7 virtually "o1 inasmu* z ! two  
weak] borr[$ _! value & vis apodeictica 
f ! m rigor\s metaphysical argum5t4 ,!  
physico-!ological argum5t he =c$ to     
back1 z x 71 into ! cosmological1 & t   
into ! ontological4 ,aft] ?is reluctant 
regressus ( ! ?ree into "o1 %utt+ up l a
 spy+-glass1 :i* 7) ! iron h& ( ,h]cules
 =c+ ,c]b]us up to daylight7 ! /]n man (
 ,ko5igsb]g resolutely dragg$ to ! front

 ( ! ar5a1 no?+ rema9$1 n[ t he _h ?is  
pet s*ola/ic argum5t driv5 up into a    
corn]1 ?an to break its neck--:i* he    
did4 ,kant took ! conceit out ( all !   
?ree argum5ts2 b1 if ?is is :at ,phil4  
alludes to1 he %\ld h add$1 t ^! ?ree1  
aft] all1 7 only ! argum5ts ( speculat+ 
or !oretic reason4 ,to ?is faculty ,kant
 p]emptorily d5i$ ! p[] ( demon/rat+ !  
,deity2 b !n t same apodeixis1 :i* he _h
 ?us inexorably torn f reason "u "o     
manife/ation1 ,kant himself re/or$ to ! 
reason 9 ano!r 7! praktis*e v]nunft47   
,god he ass]ts to be a po/ulate ( !     
human reason1 z speak+ ?r\gh ! consci5ce
 & w1 n prov$ o/5sively1 b indirectly   
prov$ z be+ want$ indisp5sably1 &       
presuppos$ 9 o!r necessities ( our human
 nature4 ,?is1 probably1 is :at ,phil4  
means by 8 %ort-h& expression (         
'axiomatic po/ulates4' ,b !n x %\ld n h 
be5 said t ! case does n 'admit ( =mal  
pro(1' s9ce ! pro( is z '=mal' & rigor\s
 by ?is new me?od ( ,kant z by ! old    
obsolete me?ods ( ,sam4 ,cl>ke & !      

s*oolm54,footnote3 ,! me?od ( ,des      
,c>tes 0 altoge!r sep>ate & peculi> to  
himself2 x is a m]e conjuror's juggle2 &
 yet1 :at is /range1 l "s o!r audaci\s  
sophisms1 x is capable ( be+ s /at$ z   
mo/ ( all to baffle ! subtle            
dialectician2 & ,kant himself1 ?\gh n   
*eat$1 0 nev] s mu* p]plex$ 9 8 life z 9
 ! ef=t to make its holl[ness app>5t4   
,b x is n ! too high or ! too l[--! two 
mu* or ! too little--( :at "o might call
 by analogy ! transc5d5tal c\rse1 :i* ,i
 *>ge ^u ,phil4 ,x is1 t he is too      
desultory--too eclectic4  ,& ! secret   
purpose1 :i* seems to me pr$om9ant      
?r\gh\t 8 "w1 is1 n s mu* ! def5ce (    
,prote/antism1 or ev5 ( ! ,anglican     
,*ur*1 z a report ( ! late/ novelties t 
h f\nd a roo/+-place 9 ! ,engli% ,*ur*1 
among/ ! mo/ temp]ate ( ^? *ur*m5 :o    
keep pace ) mod]n philosophy2 9 %ort1 x 
is a selection f ! classical doctr9es ( 
religion1 exhibit$ "u _! newe/ revision2
 or1 g5]ally1 x is an attempt to %[1 f  
:at is go+ on among/ ! mo/ mov+ ord]s 9 

! ,engli% ,*ur*1 h[ f> x is possible t  
/rict or?odoxy %\ld b5d1 on ! "o side1  
to new impulses1 d]iv$ f an advanc+     
philosophy1 & yet1 on ! o!r side1 %\ld  
reconcile itself1 bo? v]bally & 9 _s1 ) 
anci5t /&>ds4 ,b if ,phil4 is eclectic1 
!n ,i w be eclectic2 if ,phil4 has a "r 
to be desultory1 !n ,i h a "r4 ,phil4 is
 my lead]4 ,i c't1 9 reason1 be expect$ 
to be bett] ?an he is4 ,if ,i'm wrong1  
,phil4 ought to set me a bett] example4 
,& "h1 be=e ?is honorable audi5ce ( !   
public1 ,i *>ge all my errors 7:atev] !y
 may be1 pa/ or com+7 ^u ,phil4's       
misconduct4  ,hav+ ?us e/abli%$ my pat5t
 ( vagrancy1 & my lic5se = pick+ &      
*oos+1 ,i *oose out ^! ?ree articles to 
toy )3--fir/1 ,bibliolatry2 second1     
,developm5t appli$ to ! ,bible &        
,*ri/ianity2 ?ird1 ,philology1 z !      
p>ticul> res\rce aga9/ false philosophy1
 reli$ on by ,phil4  ,bibliolatry4--,we 
,prote/ants *>ge ^u ! ,ponteficii1 z ! m
 le>n$ ( our fa!rs always call$ ! ,roman
 ,ca?olics1 ,m>iolatry2 !y pay undue    

honors1 say we1 to ! ,virg94 ,!y 9      
return *>ge ^u u1 ,bibliolatry1 or a    
sup]/iti\s allegiance--an idolatr\s     
homage--to ! words1 syllables1 &        
punctuation ( ! ,bible4 ,!y1 accord+ to 
u1 deify a woman2 & we1 accord+ to !m1  
deify an arrangem5t ( pr9t]'s types4 ,z 
to _! error1 we ne$ n m9d t3 let u att5d
 to our own4 ,& to ?is ext5t x is evid5t
 at a glance t ,bibliolatri/s mu/ be    
wrong1 viz41 because1 z a pun vani%es on
 be+ translat$ into ano!r language1 ev5 
s w\ld1 & mu/ melt away1 l ice 9 a      
hot-h\se1 a l>ge majority ( ^? conceits 
:i* e ,*ri/ian nation is apt to gr\nd ^u
 ! v]bal text ( ! ,scriptures 9 its own 
sep>ate v]nacul> v]sion4 ,b once aw>e t 
mu* ( _! ,bibliolatry dep5ds ^u         
ignorance ( ,hebrew & ,greek1 & (t5 ^u  
peculi>ity ( idiom or /ructures 9 _! "m 
dialect1 cauti\s p beg9 to suspect !    
:ole4 ,"h arises a v int]e/+1 />tl+1 &  
p]plex+ situation = all :o v5]ate !     
,bible2 "o :i* mu/ always h exi/$ =     
pry+1 inquisitive p1 b :i* has be5      

incalculably %>p5$ = ! appreh5sion ( ^! 
days by ! extraord9>y advances made &   
mak+ 9 ,ori5tal & ,greek philology4 ,x  
is a situation ( public sc&al ev5 to !  
deep rev]5c]s ( ! ,bible2 b a situation 
( mu* m ?an sc&al1 ( real grief1 to !   
pr(\nd & s9c]e among/ religi\s p4 ,on ! 
"o h&1 view+ ! ,bible z ! ^w ( ,god1 & n
 m]ely s 9 ! s5se ( its conta9+ mo/     
salut>y c\nsels1 b1 9 ! highe/ s5se1 (  
its conta9+ a revelation ( ! mo/ awful  
secrets1 !y _c = a mom5t li/5 to !      
pret5ce t ! ,bible has b5efit$ by ,god's
 inspiration only z o!r good books may  
be said to h done4 ,!y are confid5t t1 9
 a mu* high] s5se1 & 9 a s5se           
incommunicable to o!r books1 x is       
inspir$4 ,yet1 on ! o!r h&1 z !y w n    
tell lies1 or c\nt5ance lies1 ev5 9 :at 
seems ! s]vice ( religion1 !y _c hide f 
!mselves t ! mat]ials ( ?is imp]i%able  
book are p]i%able1 frail1 liable to     
crumble1 & actually h crumbl$ to "s     
ext5t1 9 v>i\s in/ances4 ,!re is1 !re=e1
 ly+ broadly be=e u1 some?+ l :at ,kant 

call$ an ant9omy--a case :]e two laws   
equally b9d+ on ! m9d are1 or seem to   
be1 9 collision4 ,su* cases occur 9     
morals--cases :i* are c>ri$ out ( !     
g5]al rule1 & ! jurisdiction ( t rule1  
by peculi> deflexions2 & f ! ^w case we 
d]ive ! ^w casui/ry1 z a g5]al sci5ce   
deal+ ) su* anomal\s cases4 ,!re is a   
casui/ry1 also1 = ! speculative und]/&+1
 z well z = ! moral 7:i* is ! practical7
 und]/&+4 ,& ?is "q1 z to ! inspiration 
( ! ,bible1 ) its app>5t conflict (     
=ces1 repell+ x & yet affirm+ x1 is "o (
 its mo/ p]plex+ & mo/ mom5t\s problems4
  ,my own solution ( ! problem w\ld     
reconcile all t is urg$ aga9/ an        
inspiration ) all t ! int]nal necessity 
( ! case w\ld plead 9 behalf ( an       
inspiration4 ,s w\ld ,phil4's4 ,8       
di/9ction1 l m9e1 w\ld sub/antially come
 d[n to ?is--t ! gr&eur & ext5t (       
religi\s tru? is n ( a nature to be     
affect$ by v]bal *anges su* z c be made 
by "t1 or accid5t1 or )\t trea*]\s      
design4 ,x is l lightn+1 :i* c\ld n be  

mutilat$1 or truncat$1 or pollut$4 ,b x 
may be well to rehe>se a little m 9     
detail1 bo? ,phil4's view & my own4     
,let my pr9cipal g fir/2 make way1 ,i   
desire1 = my lead]3 let ,phil4 h        
prec$5cy1 z1 9 all reason1 x is my duty 
to see t he has4  ,:il/ reject+ altoge!r
 any inspiration z atta*+ to ! sep>ate  
words & phrases ( ! ,scriptures1 ,phil4 
insi/s 7sect4 #be1 p4 #di7 ^u su* an    
inspiration z atta*+ to ! spiritual     
tru?s & doctr9es deliv]$ 9 ^!           
,scriptures4 ,& he places ?is !ory 9 a  
/rik+ light1 equally = :at x affirms & =
 :at x d5ies1 by ^! two argum5ts--fir/  
79 affirmation ( ! real spiritual       
inspiration71 t a s]ies ( m ?an ?irty   
writ]s1 speak+ 9 succession along a va/ 
l9e ( "t1 & absolutely )\t means (      
conc]t1 yet all comb9e unconsci\sly to  
"o end--lock l p>ts ( a great ma*9e into
 "o sy/em--conspire to ! unity ( a v    
elaborate s*eme1 )\t be+ at all aw>e (  
:at 0 to come aft]4 ,"h1 = in/ance1 is  
"o1 liv+ ne>ly "o ?\s& six hundr$ ye>s  

be=e ! la/ 9 ! s]ies1 :o lays a         
f\ndation 79 ref]5ce to man's ru91 to   
,god's promises & plan = human          
re/oration71 :i* is built ^u & c>ri$    
=w>d by all1 )\t exception1 t foll[4    
,"h come a multitude t prep>e ea* = 8   
successor--t unconsci\sly integrate ea* 
o!r--t1 f9ally1 :5 review$1 make up a   
total drama1 ( :i* ea* writ]'s sep>ate  
%>e w\ld h be5 utt]ly imp]fect )\t      
correspond+ p>ts t he c\ld n h =ese54   
,at l5g? all is f9i%$4 ,a pr(\nd piece (
 music1 a va/ oratorio1 p]fect & (      
elaborate unity1 has result$ f a long   
succession ( /ra9s1 ea* = itself        
fragm5t>y4 ,on su* a f9al creation      
result+ f su* a di/raction ( p>ts1 x is 
indisp5sable to suppose an ov]rul+      
inspiration1 9 ord] at all to acc\nt = !
 f9al result ( a mo/ elaborate h>mony4  
,besides1 :i* w\ld argue "s             
inconceivable magic1 if we did n assume 
a provid5tial inspiration wat*+ ov] !   
coh]5cies1 t5d5cies1 & int]tessellations
 7to use a le>n$ ^w7 ( ! :ole1--x happ5s

 t1 9 _m in/ances1 typical ?+s are      
record$--?+s c]emonial1 t c\ld h no     
mean+ to ! p]son record+--prospective   
words1 t 7 report$ & transmitt$ 9 a _s (
 confid+ fai?1 b t c\ld h little mean+  
to ! report+ p>ties = _m hundr$s ( ye>s4
 ,briefly1 a great my/]i\s ^w is spelt z
 x 7 by ! :ole sum ( ! scriptural       
books--e sep>ate book =m+ a lett] or    
syllable 9 t secret & t unf9i%$ ^w1 z x 
0 = s _m ages4 ,?is coop]ation ( ages1 n
 able to communicate or conc]t          
arrangem5ts ) ea* o!r1 is nei!r m nor   
less an argum5t ( an ov]rul+            
inspiration1 ?an if ! sep>ation ( !     
contribut+ p>ties 7 by space1 & n by "t4
 ,z if1 = example1 e isl& at ! same     
mom5t 7 to s5d its contribution1 )\t    
previ\s conc]t1 to a s5t5ce or *apt] ( a
 book2 9 :i* case ! result1 if full (   
mean+1 mu* m if full ( awful & pr(\nd   
mean+1 c\ld n be expla9$ rationally )\t 
! assumption ( a sup]natural ov]rul+ (  
^! unconsci\s co-op]ators to a common   
result4 ,s f> on behalf ( inspiration4  

,yet1 on ! o!r h&1 z an argum5t 9 d5ial 
( any bl9d me*anic inspiration cleav+ to
 words & syllables1 ,phil4 notices ?is  
consequ5ce z result+ f su* an           
assumption1 viz41 t if y adopt any "o   
gospel1 ,/4 ,john's suppose1 or any "o  
n>rative ( a p>ticul> transaction1 z    
inspir$ 9 ?is m9ute & p$antic s5se1 !n =
 e o!r report1 :i*1 adh]+ to ! spiritual
 value ( ! circum/ances1 & virtually !  
same1 %\ld diff] 9 ! lea/ ( ! details1  
!re w\ld in/antly arise a solemn        
degradation4 ,all p>ts ( ,scripture1 9  
fact1 w\ld ?us be made active & op]ative
 9 degrad+ ea* o!r4  ,su* is ,phil4's   
way ( expla9+ ,footnote3 ,i mu/ po9t out
 to ,phil4 an ov]sight ( 8 z to ?is ^w  
at p4 #de2 he !re describes ! doctr9e ( 
!opneu/ia z be+ t ( 'pl5>y & v]bal      
inspiration1' ,b ?is he _c mean1 =      
obvi\sly ?is ^w !opneu/ia compreh5ds    
equally ! v]bal inspiration :i* he is   
d5\nc+1 & ! inspiration ( p[] or        
spiritual virtue :i* he is sub/itut+4   
,nei!r ,phil41 nor any "o ( 8 s*ool1 is 

to be und]/ood z reject+ !opneu/ia1 b z 
reject+ t p>ticul> mode ( !opneu/ia :i* 
appeals to ! eye by m\ld]+ symbols1 9   
favor ( t o!r mode :i* appeals to ! he>t
 by incorruptible radiations ( inn]     
tru?4 7!opneu/ia71 or div9e prompt+1 s z
 to reconcile ! doctr9e affirm+ a       
virtual inspiration1 an inspiration z to
 ! tru?s reveal$1 ) a p]emptory d5ial ( 
any inspiration at all1 z to ! m]e v]bal
 vehicle ( ^? revelations4 ,he is       
evid5tly z s9c]e 9 reg>d to !           
inspiration :i* he upholds z 9 reg>d to 
t :i* he d5ies4 ,phil4 is hone/1 &      
,phil4 is able4 ,n[ comes my turn4 ,i   
rise to support my lead]1 & %all attempt
 to wr5* ?is notion ( a v]bal           
inspiration f ! h&s ( its *ampions by a 
r$uctio ad absurdum1 viz41 by %[+ !     
mon/r\s consequ5ces to :i* x leads--:i* 
=m ( logic ,phil4 also has employ$      
briefly 9 ! la/ p>agraph ( la/ mon?'s   
pap]2 b m9e is diff]5t & m elaborate4   
,yet1 fir/ ( all1 let me frankly confess
 to ! read]1 t "s p allege a po9t-blank 

ass]tion by ,scripture itself ( its own 
v]bal inspiration2 :i* ass]tion1 if x   
really _h any exi/5ce1 w\ld summ>ily put
 d[n all cavils ( human dialectics4 ,t  
makes x necess>y to review ?is ass]tion4
 ,?is fam\s passage ( ,scripture1 ?is   
locus classicus1 or pr]ogative text1    
plead$ = ! v]batim et lit]atim          
inspiration ( ! ,bible1 is ! foll[+2 &  
,i w s exhibit its v words z t ! read]1 
ev5 if no ,grecian1 may und]/& ! po9t 9 
litigation4 ,! passage is ?is3     1 c41
 tak5 f ,/4 ,paul1 7#b ,tim4 iii4 #af47 
,let u con/rue x lit]ally1 express+ !   
,greek by ,lat9 *>act]s3 ,pasa graphe1  
all writt5 lore 7or e writ+7--!opneu/os1
 ,god-brea!d1 or1 ,god-prompt$--kai1 &  
7or1 also7--ophelimos1 s]viceable--pros1
 t[>ds1 didaskalian1 doctr9al tru?4 ,n[ 
?is s5t5ce1 :5 ?us r5d]$ into ,engli%   
accord+ to ! rigor ( ! ,grecian lett]1  
wants some?+ to complete its s5se--x    
wants an is4 ,!re is a subject1 z !     
logicians say1 & !re is a pr$icate 7or1 
some?+ affirm$ ( t subject71 b !re is no

 copula to connect !m--we miss ! is4    
,?is omission is common 9 ,greek1 b _c  
be all[$ 9 ,engli%4 ,! is mu/ be        
suppli$2 b :]e mu/ x be suppli$8 ,t's ! 
v "q1 = !re is a *oice betwe5 two       
places2 &1 accord+ to ! *oice1 w ! ^w   
!opneu/os become "p ( ! subject1 or "p (
 ! pr$icate2 :i* w make a _w ( diff]5ce4
 ,let u try x bo? ways3--  #a4 ,all     
writ+ inspir$ by ,god 7i4e4 be+ inspir$ 
by ,god1 suppos+ x inspir$1 :i* makes   
!opneu/os "p ( ! subject7 is also       
pr(itable = tea*+1 c4  #b4 ,all writ+ is
 inspir$ by ,god1 & pr(itable1 c4 7:i*  
makes !opneu/os "p ( ! pr$icate47  ,n[1 
9 ?is la/ way ( con/ru+ ! text1 :i* is !
 way adopt$ by our au?oriz$ v]sion1 "o  
objection /rikes ev]ybody at a glance1  
viz41 t ,/4 ,paul c\ld n possibly mean  
to say ( all writ+1 indiscrim9ately1 t x
 0 div9ely inspir$1 ?is be+ s revolt+ly 
oppos$ to ! tru?4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t1  
on ?is way ( int]polat+ ! is1 we mu/    
und]/& ! ,apo/le to use ! ^w graphe1    
writ+1 9 a re/rict$ s5se1 n = writ+     

g5]ally1 b = sacr$ writ+1 or 7z our     
,engli% phrase runs7 ',holy ,writ2' ^u  
:i* w arise ?ree sep>ate demurs--fir/1  
"o already /at$ by ,phil41 viz41 t1 :5  
graphe is us$ 9 ?is s5se1 x is          
accompani$ by ! article2 ! phrase is    
ei!r 1 '! writ+1' or else 7z 9 ,/4      
,luke7  1 '! writ+s1' j z 9 ,engli% x is
 said1 '! ,scripture1' or '!            
,scriptures4' ,secondly1 t1 accord+ to !
 ,greek usage1 ?is w\ld n be ! natural  
place = introduc+ ! is4  ,?irdly--:i*   
dis>ms ! :ole objection f ?is text1     
h[soev] con/ru$--t1 aft] all1 x leaves !
 dispute ) ! bibliolat]s :olly unt\*$4  
,we also1 ! anti-bibliolat]s1 say t all 
,scripture is inspir$1 ?\gh we may n    
!re=e suppose ! ,apo/le to be "h insi/+ 
on t doctr9e4 ,b no matt] :e!r he is or 
n1 9 relation to ?is dispute4 ,bo?      
p>ties are cont5d+ = ! inspiration--s f>
 !y are agre$2 ! "q betwe5 !m arises ^u 
q ano!r po9t1 viz41 z to ! mode ( t     
inspiration1 :e!r inc>nat+ its gold5    
light 9 ! corruptibilities ( p]i%+      

syllables1 or 9 ! sanctities (          
indefeasible1 ^w-transc5d+ ideas4 ,n[1  
^u t "q1 ! apo/olic words1 torture !m h[
 y please1 say no?+ at all4  ,!re is1   
!n1 no su* dogma 7or1 to speak          
,g]manice1 no su* ma*t-spru*7 9 behalf (
 v]bal inspiration z has be5 ascrib$ to 
,/4 ,paul1 & ,i pass to my own argum5t  
aga9/ x4 ,?is argum5t turns ^u !        
self-conf\nd+ t5d5cy ( ! common =m      
ascrib$ to 1 or div9e inspiration4  ,:5 
translat$ f its true & l(ty s5se ( an   
inspiration--brood+1 ) out/ret*$ w+s1   
ov] ! mighty abyss ( secret tru?--to !  
vulg> s5se ( an inspiration1 burr[+1 l a
 rabbit or a worm1 9 grammatical        
quillets & syllables1 m>k h[ x comes d[n
 to no?+ at all2 m>k h[ a /ream1 pret5d+
 to d]ive itself f a heav5ly f\nta91 is 
f9ally lo/ & conf\nd$ 9 a morass ( human
 p]plexities4  ,fir/ ( all1 at />t+1 we 
h ! inspiration 7,no4  #a7 to ! orig9al 
compos]s ( ! sacr$ books4 ,t ,i grant1  
?\gh di/+ui%+ z to its nature4  ,next1  
we want ano!r inspiration 7,no4 #b7 = ! 

c\ntless translators ( ! ,bible4 ,( :at 
use is x to a ,g]man1 to a ,swiss1 or to
 a ,scotsman1 t1 ?ree ?\s& ye>s be=e !  
,re=mation1 ! au?or ( ! ,p5tateu* 0 kept
 f err+ by a div9e re/ra9t ov] 8 words1 
if ! au?ors ( ?is ,re=mation--,lu!r1    
suppose1 ,zw+le1 ,john ,knox--ei!r mak+ 
translations !mselves1 or rely+ ^u      
translations made by o!rs "u no su*     
v]bal re/ra9t1 h be5 left free to bias 8
 m9d1 pretty ne>ly z mu* z if ! orig9al 
,hebrew writ] _h be5 resign$ to 8 own   
human discretion8  ,?irdly1 ev5 if we   
adopt ! inspiration ,no4 #b1 t w n avail
 u2 because _m diff]5t translators exi/4
 ,does ! v e>lie/ translation ( ! ,law &
 ! ,prophets1 viz41 ! ,greek translation
 ( ! ,septuag9t1 always agree v]bally ) 
! ,hebrew8  ,or ! ,sam>itan ,p5tateu*   
always ) ! ,hebrew8 ,or d ! e>lie/ ,lat9
 v]sions ( ! entire ,bible agree v]bally
 ) mod]n ,lat9 v]sions8 ,j]ome's ,lat9  
v]sion1 = in/ance1 memorable z be+ t    
adopt$ by ! ,romi% ,*ur*1 & kn[n "u ! "n
 ( ! ,vulgate1 does x agree v]bally ) ! 

,lat9 v]sions ( ! ,bible or p>ts ( !    
,bible made s9ce ! ,re=mation8 ,9 !     
,engli%1 aga91 if we beg9 ) !           
translation /ill sleep+ 9 ,,ms41 made   
five c5turies ago1 & pass+ f t to ! fir/
 pr9t$ translation 7:i* 01 ,i ?9k1      
,cov]dale's1 9 #aece71 if we !nce travel
 d[n to our own day1 s z to include all 
t h conf9$ !mselves to sep>ate v]sions (
 "s "o book1 or ev5 ( "s "o c>d9al text1
 ! v]sions t diff]--& to ! idolat] (    
words all diff]5ces are important--may  
be describ$ z c\ntless4 ,"h1 !n1 on t   
doctr9e ( inspiration :i* ascribes s mu*
 to ! p[] ( v]bal accuracy1 we %all want
 a f\r? inspiration1 ,no4 #d1 = !       
guidance ( ea* sep>ate ,*ri/ian apply+  
himself to ! ,scriptures 9 8 "m tongue2 
he w h to select n "o 7:]e is ! "o t has
 be5 uni=mly correct87 b a multitude2   
else ! same error w aga9 ru% 9 by       
torr5ts ?r\gh ! lic5se ( int]pretation  
assum$ by ^! _m adv]se translators4     
,f\r?ly1 z ^! diff]5ces ( v]sion arise  
(t5 t9d] ! same read+ ( ! orig9al text2 

b z1 9 ! meantime1 !re are _m diff]5t   
read+s1 "h a fif? s\rce ( possible error
 calls = a fif? inspiration ov]rul+ u to
 ! prop] *oice among/ v>i\s read+s4 ,:at
 may be call$ a 'textual' inspiration = 
select+ ! "r read+ is requisite = ! v   
same reason1 nei!r m nor less1 :i*      
supposes any v]bal inspiration orig9ally
 requisite = con/itut+ a "r read+4 ,x   
matt]s n 9 :i* /age ( ! ,bible's        
progress ! error comm5ces2 fir/ /age &  
la/ /age are all alike 9 ! sight ( ,god4
 ,!re 01 read]1 z p]haps y "k1 ab\t six 
score ye>s ago1 ano!r ,phil41 n ! same z
 ?is ,phil4 n[ be=e u 7:o w\ld be q vex$
 if y fanci$ him z old z all t comes    
to--oh de>1 no6 he's n ne> z old7--well1
 t e>li] ,phil4 0 ,b5tley1 :o wrote 7"u 
! "n ( ,phileleu!ros ,lipsiansis7 a     
pamphlet connect$ ) ?is v subject1 p>tly
 aga9/ an ,engli% infidel ( t day4 ,9 t 
pamphlet1 ,phil4 ! fir/ pauses to       
consid] & value ?is v objection f       
textual v>iation to ! validity (        
,scripture3 = ! infidel 7z is usual )   

infidels7 be+ no great s*ol>1 _h argu$ z
 ?\gh x 7 impossible to urge any?+      
:atev] = ! ^w ( ,god1 s9ce s va/ a      
v>iety 9 ! read+s r5d]$ x impossible to 
"k :at 0 ! ^w ( ,god4 ,b5tley1 ?\gh r   
r\gh1 f hav+ too (t5 to deal ) %all[    
coxcombs1 0 really & unaffect$ly a pi\s 
man4 ,he 0 %ock$ at ?is argum5t1 & set  
himself s]i\sly to consid] x4 ,n[1 z all
 ! v>i\s read+s 7 ,greek1 & z ,b5tley   
happ5$ to be ! fir/ ( ,grecians1 8      
delib]ate review ( ?is argum5t is       
entitl$ to great att5tion4 ,!re 71 at t 
mom5t :5 ,b5tley spoke1 some?+ m 7z ,i  
recollect7 ?an t5 ?\s& v>ieties ( read+ 
9 ! text ( ! ,new ,te/am5t2 s _m _h be5 
collect$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ,que5 ,anne's    
reign by ,wet/e91 ! ,dut*man1 :o 0 !n at
 ! head ( ! collators4 ,mill1 !         
,engli%man1 0 at t v "t mak+ fur!r      
collations4 ,h[ _m he add$1 ,i _c tell  
)\t consult+ books--a ?+ :i* ,i v seldom
 d4 ,b s9ce t day1 & long aft] ,b5tley &
 ,mill 7 9 _! graves1 ,griesba*1 !      
,g]man1 has ris5 to ! top ( ! tree1 by  

t[]+ above !m all 9 ! accuracy ( 8      
collations4 ,yet1 z ! h>ve/ comes be=e !
 glean+s1 we may be sure t ,wet/e9's b>n
 h\s$ ! v weal? ( all ?is v>iety4  ,(   
?is x 01 !n1 t ,b5tley spoke4 ,& :at 0 x
 t he spoke8 ,:y1 he1 ! great s*ol>1    
pron\nc$1 z ) ! au?ority ( a ,*anc]y    
decree1 t ! va/ majority ( v>i\s read+s 
made no diff]5ce at all 9 ! s5se4 ,9 !  
s5se1 obs]ve2 b _m ?+s might make a     
diff]5ce 9 ! s5se :i* w\ld /ill leave ! 
doctr9e undi/urb$4 ,= in/ance1 9 !      
passage ab\t a camel go+ ?r\gh ! eye ( a
 ne$le1 x w make a diff]5ce 9 ! s5se1   
:e!r y read 9 ! ,greek ^w = camel !     
ori5tal animal ( t "n1 or a %ip's cable2
 b no diff]5ce at all arises 9 !        
spiritual doctr9e4 ,or1 illu/rat+ ! case
 out ( ,%akspe>e1 x makes no diff]5ce z 
to ! result1 :e!r y read 9 ,hamlet 'to  
take arms aga9/ a sea ( tr\bles1' or 7z 
has be5 sugge/$71 'aga9/ a siege (      
tr\bles2' b x makes a diff]5ce z to !   
integrity ( ! image4,footnote3          
',integrity ( ! metaphor4'--,"o ( ! be/ 

notes ev] writt5 by ,w>burton 0 9       
ju/ification ( ! old read+1 sea4 ,x 0   
true1 t aga9/ a sea x w\ld be idle to   
take arms4 ,we1 t h liv$ s9ce           
,w>burton's day1 h le>n$ by ! solemn    
example ( ,mrs4 ,p>t+ton1 7:i*1 x is to 
be hop$1 none ( u w ev] =get17 h[       
useless1 h[ va9 x is to take up a mop   
aga9/ ! ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,great is !   
mop1 great is ,mrs4 ,p>t+ton1 b great]  
is ! ,atlantic4 ,yet1 ?\gh all arms mu/ 
be idle aga9/ ! sea consid]$ lit]ally1 &
    "u t image1 ,w>burton cont5d$ ju/ly 
t all images1 mu* employ$1 evanesce into
 ! ideas :i* !y repres5t4 ,a sea (      
tr\bles comes to mean only a multitude (
 tr\bles4 ,no image ( ! sea is sugge/$2 
& arms1 incongru\s 9 relation to !      
lit]al sea1 is n s 9 relation to a      
multitude2 besides1 t ! image arms      
itself1 evanesces = ! same reason into  
resi/ance4 ,= ?is "o note1 :i* ,i cite f
 boyi% remembrance1 ,i h always admir$ !
 subtlety ( ,w>burton4 ,:at has a sea to
 d ) arms8 ,:at has a camel1,footnote3  

,meantime1 ?\gh us+ ?is case z an       
illu/ration1 ,i believe t camel is1 aft]
 all1 ! true translation2 fir/1 on      
acc\nt ( ! und\bt$ prov]b 9 ! ,ea/ ab\t 
! elephant go+ ?r\gh ! ne$le's eye2 !   
relation is t ( contra/ z to magnitude2 
& ! same relation holds z to ! camel & !
 ne$le's eye2 secondly1 because ! prop] 
^w = a cable1 x has be5 alleg$1 is n    
'camelus1' b 'camilus4' ! quadrup$1 to d
 ) a ne$le8 ,a prodigi\s m9ority1 !re=e1
 !re is ( su* v>i\s read+s z slightly   
affect ! s5se2 b ?is m9ority becomes    
next to no?+1 :5 we inquire = su* z     
affect any doctr9e4 ,?is 0 ,b5tley's    
op9ion ^u ! possible di/urbance (f]$ to 
! ,*ri/ian by v>i\s read+s 9 ! ,new     
,te/am5t4 ,y ?\ght t ! c>elessness1 or1 
at times1 ev5 ! trea*]y ( m51 ?r\gh s _m
 c5turies1 mu/ h end$ 9 corrupt+ !      
orig9al tru?2 yet1 aft] all1 y see !    
light burns z brightly & /eadily z ev]4 
,we1 n[1 t are n bibliolatri/s1 no m    
believe t1 f ! di/urbance ( a few words 
"h or !re1 any evangelical tru? c h     

suff]$ a w\nd or mutilation1 ?an we     
believe t ! burn+ ( a wood1 or ev5 ( a  
=e/1 :i* happ5s 9 our va/ ,am]ican      
possessions1 sometimes f natural causes 
7lightn+1 or spontane\s combu/ion71     
sometimes f an ,indian's c>elessness1 c 
s]i\sly h injur$ botany4 ,b = him1 :o   
conceives an inviolable sanctity to h   
settl$ ^u ea* ^w & p>ticle ( ! orig9al  
record1 !re %\ld h be5 /rictly requir$  
an inspiration 7,no4 #e7 to prev5t !    
possibility ( v>i\s read+s aris+4 ,x is 
too late1 h[ev]1 to pray = t2 ! v>i\s   
read+s h aris52 "h !y are2 & :at's to be
 done n[8 ,! only res\rce = !           
bibliolatri/ is--to invoke a new        
inspiration 7,no4#d7 = help+ him out ( 8
 difficulty1 by guid+ 8 *oice4 ,we1     
anti-bibliolat]s1 are n s fooli% z to   
believe t ,god hav+ once s5t a deep     
message ( tru? to man1 w\ld suff] x to  
lie at ! m]cy ( a c>eless or a wick$    
copyi/4 ,treasures s va/ w\ld n be left 
at ! m]cy ( accid5ts s vile4 ,v little m
 ?an two hundr$ ye>s ago1 a ,london     

compositor1 n wick$ at all1 b simply    
drunk1 9 pr9t+ ,deut]onomy1 left out !  
mo/ critical ( words2 ! sev5? comm&m5t  
he exhibit$ ?us-',?\ %alt commit        
adult]y2' 9 :i* =m ! %eet 0 /ruck (f4 ,&
 ?\gh 9 ^? days no practical mis*ief    
c\ld arise f ?is s+ul> erratum1 :i*     
,engli% ,griesba*s w h>dly ent] ^u !    
roll ( v>i\s read+s1 yet1 h>mless z x 01
 x met ) puni%m5t4  ',sc&al\s6' said    
,laud1 '%ock+6 to tell m5 9 ! sev5te5?  
c5tury1 z a biblical rule1 t !y         
positively mu/ commit adult]y6' ,! bro!r
 compositors ( ?is drunk5 biblical      
revis]1 be+ too honorable to betray !   
individual del9qu5t1 ! ,/> ,*amb] f9$ ! 
:ole '*apel4' ,n[1 ! copyi/s ( ,,mss4 7 
z c]ta9 to be sometimes drunk z ?is     
compositor--fam\s by 8 act--utt]ly      
=gott5 9 8 p]son--^: crime is           
rememb]$--! record ( ^: "n has p]i%$4   
,we !re=e hold1 t x nev] 0 9 ! p[]1 or  
plac$ )9 ! discretion1 ( any copyi/1    
:e!r writ] or pr9t]1 to injure ! sacr$  
oracles4 ,b ! bibliolatri/ _c say t2    

because1 if he does1 !n he is =mally    
unsay+ ! v pr9ciple :i* is meant by     
bibliolatry4 ,he !re=e mu/ require ano!r
 supplem5t>y inspiration1 viz41 ,no4 #d1
 to direct him 9 8 *oice ( ! true read+ 
among/ s _m z cont9ually (f]            
!mselves4,footnote3 ,footnote3 ,i       
recollect no v>iation 9 ! te/ (         
,scripture :i* makes any />tl+ *ange1   
ev5 to ! am\nt ( an eddy 9 its own      
circumjac5t wat]s1 except t fam\s       
passage ab\t ! ?ree witnesses--',!re are
 ?ree t b>e record 9 heav51' c4  ,?is   
has be5 d5\nc$ ) p]fect fury z an       
int]polation2 & x is impossible to sum  
up ! qu>t bottles ( ink1 black & blue1 t
 h be5 %$ 9 ! dreadful skirmi%4 ,p]son  
ev51 ! all-accompli%$ ,grecian1 9 8     
lett]s to ,ar*deacon ,travis1 took a    
conspicu\s "p 9 ! controv]sy2 8 wi% 01 t
 m5 %\ld ?9k ( him z a second ,b5tley   
tilt+ aga9/ ,phal>is2 & he /ung l a     
hornet4 ,to be a ,cambridge man 9 ^?    
days 0 to be a hat] ( all ,e/abli%m5ts 9
 ,engl&2 ?+s & p]sons 7 hat$ alike4 ,i  

hope ! same ?+ may n be true at pres5t4 
,x may *ance t on ?is subject ,ma/]     
,porson w get /ung ?r\gh 8 c(f91 be=e he
 is _m ye>s dead]4 ,h[ev]1 if ?is       
p>ticul> v>iation tr\bles ! wat]s j     
ar\nd itself 7= x w\ld desolate a ,popi%
 village to )draw its local sa9t71 yet  
c>ry+ "o's eye f ?is ,epi/le to ! :ole  
doma9s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t--yet1 look+    
away f t defraud$ village to univ]sal   
,*ri/5dom1 we mu/ exclaim--,:at does "o 
miss8 ,surely ,*ri/5dom is n di/urb$    
because a village suff]s wrong2 ! sea is
 n r\s$ because an eddy 9 a corn] is    
boil+2 ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity is n 9     
dang] because ,mr4 ,porson is 9 a       
passion4  ,fif?ly1 z all words cov]     
ideas1 & _m a ^w cov]s a *oice ( ideas1 
& v _m ideas split into a v>iety (      
modifications1 we %all1 ev5 aft] a f\r? 
inspiration has qualifi$ u = select+ !  
true read+1 /ill be at a loss h[1 ^u ?is
 "r read+1 to fix ! "r acceptation4 ,s  
!re1 at t fif? /age1 9 ru%es ! total    
deluge ( human !ological controv]sies4  

,"o *ur*1 or "o sect1 insi/s ^u "o s5se2
 ano!r1 & ano!r1 'to ! end ( "t1' insi/s
 ^u a diff]5t s5se4 ,babel is ^u u2 &1  
to get rid ( ,babel1 we %all ne$ a fif? 
inspiration4  ,no4 #e is clamor\sly     
call$ =4,footnote3 ,"o does n wi% to be 
t$i\s2 or1 if "o has a gift 9 t way1    
naturally "o does n wi% to be/[ x all ^u
 a p]fect /rang]1 z '! read]' usually   
is1 b to res]ve a "p = ! fireside1 & !  
use ( "o's mo/ belov$ fri5ds2 else ,i   
c\ld torm5t ! read] by a long]          
succession ( numb]s1 & p]haps drive him 
to despair4 ,b "o m ( ! s]ies1 viz41    
,no4 #f1 z a p>t+ gage d' amitie1 he mu/
 positively p]mit me to drop into 8     
pocket4 ,suppos+1 !n1 t ,no4 #e 7       
surm\nt$1 & t1 sup]naturally1 y knew !  
value to a hair's bread?1 ( e sep>ate ^w
 7or1 p]haps1 composite phrase made up f
 a con/ellation ( words7--ah1 poor      
travell] 9 trackless =e/s1 /ill y are   
lo/ aga9--=1 (t5times1 & especially 9   
,/4 ,paul1 ! words may be kn[n1 _! s5se 
may be kn[n1 b _! logical relation is   

/ill d\btful4 ,! ^w ,x & ! ^w ,y are    
sep>ately cle>2 b has ,y ! dep5d5cy ( a 
consequ5ce ^u ,x1 or no dep5d5cy at all8
 ,is ! clause :i* /&s elev5? 9 ! s]ies a
 direct prolongation ( t :i* /&s t5?8 or
 is ! t5? :olly indep5d5t & insulat$8 or
 does x occupy ! place ( a p>5!sis1 s z 
to modify ! n9? clause8 ,p t h pracis$  
composition z mu*1 & ) z vigilant an eye
 z myself1 "k also1 by ?\s&s ( cases1 h[
 inf9ite is ! di/urbance caus$ 9 ! logic
 ( a ?\ght by ! m]e position ( a ^w z   
despicable z ! ^w ev54 ,a mote1 t is    
itself invisible1 %all d>k5 ! augu/     
faculty ( sight 9 a human eye--! heav5s 
%all be hidd5 by a wret*$ atom t d>es n 
%[ itself--& ! /ation ( a syllable %all 
cl\d ! judgm5t ( a c\ncil4 ,nay1 ev5 an 
ambigu\s emphasis fall+ to ! "r-h& ^w1  
or ! left-h& ^w1 %all conf\nd a sy/em4  
,b we all "k1 ea* kn[s by 8 own         
exp]i5ce1 t ,no4 #e is n =?com+2 &1 9 ! 
abs5ce ( t1 :at avail = u ! o!rs8 ',man 
ov]bo>d6' is ! cry ^u deck2 b :at avails
 x = ! poor dr[n+ creature t a rope be+ 

?r[n to him is ?or\ghly secur$ at "o end
 to ! %ip1 if ! o!r end floats wide ( 8 
grasp8 ,we are 9 prison3 we desc5d f our
 prison-ro(1 t seems high z ! cl\ds1 by 
knott+ toge!r all ! prison b$-clo!s1 &  
all ! aids f fri5ds outside4 ,b all is  
too %ort3 aft] sw>m+ d[n ! l9e1 9 middle
 air1 we f9d ourselves hang+3 sixty feet
 ( l9e are /ill want+4 ,to reasc5d--t is
 impossible3 to drop boldly--alas6 t is 
to die4  ,meantime1 :at ne$ ( ?is et]nal
 ma*9]y1 t et]nally is break+ l ropes ( 
s&8 ,or ( ?is e>? re/+ on an elephant1 t
 re/s on a tortoise1 t1 :5 all is done1 
mu/ /ill cons5t to re/ on ! common      
atmosph]e ( ,god8 ,^! *a9s ( inspiration
 are ne$less4 ,! great ideas ( ! ,bible 
protect !mselves4 ,! heav5ly tru?s1 by  
_! own imp]i%abl5ess1 defeat ! mortality
 ( languages ) :i* = a mom5t !y are     
associat$4 ,is ! lightn+ enfeebl$ or    
dimm$1 because = ?\s&s ( ye>s x has     
bl5d$ ) ! t>ni% ( e>? & ! /eams ( e>?ly 
graves8 ,or light1 :i* s long has       
travell$ 9 ! *amb]s ( our sickly air1 & 

se>*$ ! haunts ( impurity--is t less    
pure ?an x 0 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis8  
,or t m holy light ( tru?--! tru?1      
suppose1 writt5 f 8 creation ^u !       
tablets ( man's he>t--:i* tru? nev] 0   
imprison$ 9 any ,hebrew or ,greek1 b has
 rang$ = ev] ?r\gh c\rts & camps1 des]ts
 & cities1 ! orig9al lesson ( ju/ice to 
man & piety to ,god--has t become ta9t$ 
by int]c\rse ) fle%8  or has x become   
h>d to deciph]1 because ! v he>t1 t     
human he>t :]e x is inscrib$1 is s (t5  
blott$ ) falsehoods8 ,y are aw>e1       
p]haps1 read]1 t 9 ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea1 
(f ! coa/ ( ,asia ,m9or 7&1 inde$1      
else:]e71 ?r\gh ! v middle ( ! salt-sea 
bill[s1 rise up1 9 %9+ columns1 f\nta9s 
( fre% wat]4,footnote3 ,see ,mr4        
,yates's ',annotations ^u ,fell[es's    
,rese>*es 9 ,anatolia1' z "o au?ority = 
?is s+ul> ph5om5on4 ,9 ! des]t ( ! sea  
are f\nd ,arabian f\nta9s ( ,i%mael &   
,isaac6  ,are ^! f\nta9s poison$ = !    
poor victim ( fev]1 because !y h to     
travel ?r\gh a contagion ( wat]s n      

potable8 ,oh1 no6 ,!y b\nd upw>ds l     
arr[s1 cleav+ ! seas above ) z mu*      
projectile =ce z ! glitt]+ wat]-works ( 
,v]sailles cleave ! air1 & ris+ z sweet 
to ! lip z ev] m\nta9 torr5t t com=t$ ! 
hunt$ de]4  ,x is impossible to suppose 
t any tru?1 laun*$ by ,god ^u !         
agitations ( ?+s s unsettl$ z languages1
 c p]i%4 ,! v frailty ( languages is !  
/ronge/ pro( ( ?is2 because x is        
impossible to suppose t any?+ s great c 
h be5 committ$ to ! fidelity ( any?+ s  
trea*]\s4 ,!re is laught] 9 heav5 :5 x  
is told ( man1 t he fancies 8 e>?ly     
j>gons1 :i*1 to heav5ly e>s1 mu/ s\nd l 
! *uckl+s ( p\ltry1 equal to ! task (   
hid+ or di/ort+ any light ( revelation4 
,_h words possess$ any au?ority or      
re/ra9t ov] scriptural tru?1 a mu* worse
 dang] w\ld h ?reat5$ x ?an any malice 9
 ! human w1 suborn+ false copyi/s1 or   
surreptiti\sly favor+ deprav$ copies4   
,ev5 a g5]al conspiracy ( ! human race =
 su* a purpose w\ld avail aga9/ ! ,bible
 only z a g5]al conspiracy to commit    

suicide might avail aga9/ ! drama (     
,god's provid5ce4  ,ei!r conspiracy w\ld
 fir/ become dang]\s :5 fir/ ei!r became
 possible4 ,b a real dang] seems to lie 
9 ! ins5sible corruption go+ on = ev] )9
 all languages1 by means ( :i* !y are   
et]nally dy+ away f _! own vital p[]s2 &
 t is a dang] :i* is travell+ fa/ aft]  
all ! wisdom & ! wit1 ! eloqu5ce & !    
poetry ( ?is e>?1 l a m\nta9\s wave1 & w
 f9ally ov]take !m--_! v vehicles be+   
lo/ & conf\nd$ to human s5sibilities4 ,b
 su* a wave w break h>mlessly aga9/     
scriptural tru?2 & n m]ely because t    
tru? w = ev] evade su* a %ock by its    
et]nal transf] f language to language--f
 languages dy+ out to languages 9 v]nal 
bloom--b also because1 if x c\ld n evade
 ! %ock1 supreme tru? w\ld surm\nt x = a
 pr(\nd] reason4 ,a dang] analog\s to   
?is once exi/$ 9 a diff]5t =m4 ,!       
languages into :i* ! ,new ,te/am5t 0    
fir/ translat$ (f]$ an app>5t ob/acle to
 ! translation t seem$ insurm\ntable4 ,!
 ,lat91 = in/ance1 did n pres5t !       

spiritual words :i* su* a translation   
dem&$2 & h[ %\ld x1 :5 ! correspond+    
ideas _h no exi/5ce among/ ! ,romans8   
,yet1 if n spiritual1 ! language ( ,rome
 0 intellectual2 x 0 ! language ( a     
cultivat$ & noble race4 ,b :at %all be  
done if ! ,new ,te/am5t wi%es to drive a
 tunnel ?r\gh a rude =e/ race1 hav+ an  
undevelop$ language1 & und]/&+ no?+ b   
w>8 ,f\r c5turies aft] ,*ri/1 ! ,go?ic  
,bi%op ,ulphilas set ab\t translat+ !   
,gospels = 8 c\ntrym54 ,he _h no words =
 express+ spiritual relations or        
spiritual op]ations4 ,! new nom5clature 
( moral graces1 humility1 resignation1 !
 _s ( =giv5ess1 c41 hi!rto unrecognis$ =
 su* among/ m51 hav+ fir/ ( all be5 %[n 
9 blossom1 & di/+ui%$ f we$s1 by        
,*ri/ian g>d5+1 _h to be reproduc$ 9 !  
,go?ic language1 ) app>5tly no means    
:atev] ( effect+ x4 ,9 ?is e>lie/ ( :at 
we may call ance/ral translations1 7= ! 
,go?s 7 ( our own blood17 &1 !re=e1 by  
_m degrees1 ?is mo/ int]e/+ (           
translations1 may be se5 to ?is day1    

aft] f\rte5 c5turies & upw>ds h pass$1  
h[ ! good bi%op succe$$1 to :at ext5t he
 succe$$1 & by :at means4 ,i %all take a
 sep>ate opportunity = inve/igat+ t     
problem2 b at pres5t ,i w cont5t myself 
) notic+ a rem>kable pr9ciple :i*       
applies to ! case1 & illu/rat+ x by a   
rem>kable anecdote4 ,! pr9ciple is      
?is--t 9 ! gr&] p>ts ( k1 :i* d n deal  
mu* ) petty details1 ne>ly all ! build+ 
or con/ructive ideas 7^? ideas :i* build
 up ! sy/em ( t p>ticul> k7 lie involv$ 
)9 ea* o!r2 s t any "o ( ! s]ies1 be+   
awak5$ 9 ! m9d1 is suffici5t 7giv5 a    
multitude ( m9ds7 to lead backw>ds or   
=w>ds1 analytically or syn!tically1 into
 _m ( ! re/4 ,t is ! pr9ciple2,footnote3
 ,i am afraid1 on review+ ?is passage1 t
 ! read] may /ill say1 ',:at is !       
pr9ciple8' ,i w add1 !re=e1 ! %orte/    
explanation ( my mean+4  ,if into any   
,pagan language y _h occasion to        
translate ! ^w love1 or purity1 or      
p5it5ce1 c41 y c\ld n d x4  ,! ,greek   
language itself1 p]haps ! f9e/ 7all ?+s 

weigh$ & valu$7 t man has employ$1 c\ld 
n d x4 ,! scale 0 n s pit*$ z to make ! 
transf] possible4 ,x 0 to execute organ 
music on a guit>4 ,&1 h]eaft]1 ,i w     
endeavor to %[ h[ sc&al\s an error has  
be5 committ$ on ?is subject1 n by s*ol>s
 only1 b by religi\s philosoph]s4 ,!    
relation ( ,*ri/ian e?ics 7:i* ^w e?ics1
 h[ev]1 is itself mo/ insuffici5t7 to   
natural or univ]sal e?ics is a field yet
 uncultur$ by a rational ?\ght4 ,! fir/ 
^w ( s5se has yet to be spok54 ,!re lies
 ! difficulty2 & ! pr9ciple :i* meets x 
is ?is1 t :at any "o idea c\ld nev]     
effect = itself 7insulat$1 x mu/ rema9  
an unkn[n quality = ev]71 ! total sy/em 
( ! ideas develop$ f its c5tre w\ld     
effect = ea* sep>ately4 ,to "k ! "p1 y  
mu/ fir/ "k ! :ole1 or "k x1 at lea/1 by
 "s outl9e4 ,! idea ( purity1 = in/ance1
 9 its ,*ri/ian altitude1 w\ld be utt]ly
 incompreh5sible1 &1 besides1 c\ld n    
su/a9 itself = a mom5t if by any glimpse
 x 7 approa*$4 ,b :5 a ru9 0 unfold$ t  
_h affect$ ! human race1 & _m ?+s       

h]et(ore unobs]v$1 because uncomb9$1 7  
ga!r$ into a unity ( evid5ce to t ru91  
spread ?r\gh innum]able *annels1 ! great
 altitude w\ld beg9 dimly to reveal     
itself by means ( ! mighty dep? 9       
correspond5ce4 ,"o deep calle? to ano!r4
 ,"o aft] "o ! p[]s lodg$ 9 ! awful     
succession ( uncov]+s w\ld react ^u ea* 
o!r2 & ?us ! feeble/ language w\ld be z 
capable ( receiv+ & reflect+ ! sy/em (  
tru?s 7because ! sy/em is an ar* t      
supports itself7 z ! ri*e/ & noble/2 & =
 ! same reason t makes geometry c>eless 
( language4 ,! vile/ j>gon t ev] 0 us$  
by a %iv]+ savage ( ,t]ra del ,fuego is 
z capable ( deal+ ) ! sublime & et]nal  
affections ( space & quantity1 ) up &   
d[n1 ) m & less1 ) circle & radius1     
angle & tang5t1 z is ! gold5 language ( 
,a!ns4 & ! /ory :i* illu/rates x is     
?is3--,a great "w ( ,apollonius1 !      
sublime geomet]1 0 suppos$ 9 "p to h    
p]i%$3 sev5 ( ! eight books rema9$ 9 !  
orig9al ,greek2 b ! eigh? 0 miss+4 ,!   
,greek1 aft] mu* se>*1 0 n recov]$2 b at

 l5g? !re 0 f\nd 79 ! ,bodleian1 ,i     
?9k17 an ,arabic translation ( x4 ,an   
,engli% ma!matician1 ,halley1 kn[+ n "o 
^w ( ,arabic1 det]m9$ 7)\t wait+ = t    
,arabic key7 to pick ! lock ( ?is ,,ms4 
,& he did s4 ,?r\gh /r5g? (             
preconception1 d]iv$ equally f 8 k ( !  
g5]al subject1 & f 8 k ( ?is p>ticul> "w
 9 its e>li] sections1 us+ also to "s   
ext5t ! subtle art ( ! deciph]]1        
,footnote3 ,an art :i*1 9 ! prec$+      
c5tury1 _h be5 greatly improv$ by       
,wallis1 ,savilian pr(essor ( geometry  
at ,ox=d1 ! improv] ( analytic          
ma!matics1 & ! great hi/orian ( algebra4
 ,algebra x 0 t sugge/$ to him 8        
exquisite deciph]+ skill1 & ! p>liam5t>y
 w> x 0 t furni%$ him ) a suffici5t     
field ( practice4 ,! ,k+'s private      
cab9et ( pap]s1 all writt5 9 ciph]1 &   
captur$ 9 ! royal coa* on ! decisive day
 ( ,naseby 7,june1 #afde71 0 7,i        
believe7 deciph]$ by ,wallis1 proprio   
m>te4 n[ become s p[]ful an in/rum5t (  
analysis1 he translat$ ! :ole ,arabic   

,,ms4 ,he pr9t$ x--he publi%$ x4 ,he    
tore--he extort$ ! tru? f ! d>kness ( an
 unkn[n language--he w\ld n suff] !     
,arabic to b5efit by its own obscurity  
to ! injury ( ma!matics4 ,& ! book      
rema9s a monum5t to ?is day1 t a sy/em (
 ideas1 hav+ int]nal coh]5cy &          
int]dep5d5cy1 is va9ly hidd5 "u an      
unkn[n tongue2 t x may be illum9at$ &   
re/or$ *iefly ?r\gh _! own reciprocal   
involutions4 ,! same pr9ciple applies1 &
 a =tiori applies1 to religi\s tru?1 z  
"o :i* lies f> deep] ?an geometry 9 ! _s
 ( man1 "o to :i* ! inn] atte/ation is  
pr(\nd]1 & to :i* ! key-notes (         
,scripture 7once awak5$ on ! great organ
 ( ! he>t7 are sure to call up          
correspond+ e*oes4 ,x is n 9 ! p[] (    
language to arre/ or to defeat ?is mode 
( tru?2 because1 :5 once ! fundam5tal   
base is furni%$ by revelation1 ! human  
he>t itself is able to co-op]ate 9      
develop+ ! great h>monies ( ! sy/em1 )\t
 aid f language1 & 9 defiance (         
language--)\t aid f human le>n+1 & 9    

defiance ( human le>n+4  ,f9ally1 !re is
 ano!r security aga9/ ! suppression or  
di/ortion ( any great biblical tru? by  
false read+s1 :i* ,i w /ate 9 ! briefe/ 
t]ms4 ,! read] is aw>e ( ! boyi% sport  
sometimes call$ 'drake-/one2' a flatti% 
/one is ?r[n by a little dext]ity s z to
 graze ! surface ( a riv]1 b s1 also1 z 
9 graz+ x to dip bel[ ! surface1 to rise
 aga9 f ?is dip1 aga9 to dip1 aga9 to   
asc5d1 & s on alt]nately1 a plusieurs   
reprises4 ,9 ! same way1 ) ! same effect
 ( alt]nate resurrections1 all          
scriptural tru?s rev]b]ate & diffuse    
!mselves along ! pages ( ! ,bible2 none 
is conf9$ to "o text1 or to "o mode (   
enunciation2 all p>ts ( ! s*eme are     
et]nally *as+ ea* o!r1 l ! p>ts ( a     
fugue2 !y hide !mselves 9 "o *apt]1 only
 to re/ore !mselves 9 ano!r2 !y div]ge1 
only to recomb9e2 & "u su* a va/ v>iety 
( expressions1 t ev5 9 t way1 suppos+   
language to h p[]s ov] religi\s         
tru?--:i* x nev] _h1 or c h--any abuse (
 su* a p[] w\ld be ?or\ghly neutraliz$4 

,! case resembles ! diffusion (         
vegetable se$s ?r\gh ! air & ?r\gh !    
wat]s2 draw a cordon sanitaire aga9/    
d&elion or ?i/l$[n1 & see if ! armies ( 
e>? w\ld suffice to int]rupt ?is process
 ( radiation1 :i* yet is b ! di/ribution
 ( we$s4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 ! text    
ab\t ! ?ree heav5ly witnesses to h be5  
elim9at$ f9ally z an int]polation4 ,!   
fir/ ?\ght is--!re goes to wreck a great
 doctr9e6 ,n at all4  ,t text occupi$ b 
a corn] ( ! g>d54 ,! tru?1 & ! secret   
implications ( ! tru?1 h escap$ at a    
?\s& po9ts 9 va/ ar*es above our heads1 
ris+ high above ! g>d5 wall1 & h s[n !  
e>? ) memorials ( ! my/]y :i* !y        
envelope4  ,! f9al inf]5ce is ?is--t    
scriptural tru? is end[$ ) a            
self-cons]vative & a self-re/orative    
virtue2 x ne$s no long successions (    
v]bal protection by inspiration2 x is   
self-protect$2 fir/1 int]nally1 by !    
complex p[] :i* belongs to ! ,*ri/ian   
sy/em ( involv+ its own integrations1 9 
! same way z a musical *ord involves its

 own successions ( s\nd1 & its own      
resolutions2 secondly1 9 an ext]nal &   
obvi\s way1 x is protect$ by its        
prodigi\s it]ation1 & secret presuppos$ 
9 all v>ieties ( =m4  ,consequ5tly1 z ! 
p]il connect$ ) language is ?us         
effectually b>r$1 ! call = any v]bal    
inspiration 7:i*1 on sep>ate gr\nds1 is 
%[n to be self-conf\nd+7 %[s itself n[1 
9 a second =m1 to be a gratuit\s        
delusion1 s9ce1 9 effect1 x is a call = 
protection aga9/ a dang] :i* _c h any   
exi/5ce4  ,!re is ano!r v>iety (        
bibliolatry aris+ 9 a diff]5t way--n ^u 
errors ( language incid5t to human      
infirmity1 b ^u delib]ate errors        
indisp5sable to div9e purposes4 ,! case 
is "o :i* has be5 consid]$ ) f> too     
little att5tion1 else x c\ld nev] h be5 
?\ght /range t ,*ri/ %\ld comply 9 ?+s  
indiff]5t ) popul> errors4  ,a few      
,words w put ! read] 9 possession ( my  
view4 ,speak+ ( ! ,bible1 ,phil4 says1  
',we admit t its sep>ate p>ts are ! "w (
 frail & fallible human be+s4 ,we d n   

seek to build ^u x sy/ems ( cosmogony1  
*ronology1 a/ronomy1 & natural hi/ory4  
,we "k no reason ( int]nal or ext]nal   
probability :i* %\ld induce u to believe
 t su* matt]s c\ld ev] h be5 ! subjects 
( direct revelation4' ,is t all8 ,!re is
 no reason1 c]ta9ly1 = expectations s   
fooli%2 b is !re no adamant9e reason    
aga9/ !m8 ,x is no bus9ess ( ! ,bible1  
we are told1 to tea* sci5ce4 ,c]ta9ly n2
 b t is f> too little4 ,x is an         
obligation re/+ ^u ! ,bible1 if x is to 
be consi/5t ) itself1 t x %\ld refuse to
 tea* sci5ce2 &1 if ! ,bible ev] _h     
taught any "o art1 sci5ce1 or process ( 
life1 capital d\bts w\ld h cl\d$ our    
confid5ce 9 ! au?ority ( ! book4 ,by :at
 caprice1 x w\ld h be5 ask$1 is a div9e 
mission ab&on$ sudd5ly = a human        
mission8  ,by :at caprice is ?is "o     
sci5ce taught1 & o!rs n8 ,or ^! two1    
suppose1 & n all8 ,b an objection1 ev5  
deadli]1 w\ld h foll[$4 ,x is cle> z is 
! purpose ( daylight1 t ! :ole body ( ! 
arts & sci5ces composes "o va/ ma*9]y = 

! irritation & developm5t ( ! human     
intellect4 ,= ?is end !y exi/4 ,to see  
,god1 !re=e1 desc5d+ into ! ar5a (      
sci5ce1 & cont5d+1 z x 71 = 8 own       
prizes1 by tea*+ sci5ce 9 ! ,bible1 w\ld
 be to see him int]cept+ f _!           
self-evid5t de/9ation1 7viz41 man's     
intellectual b5efit17 8 own problems by 
solv+ !m himself4  ,no spectacle c\ld m 
di%onor ! div9e idea4 ,! ,bible mu/ n   
tea* any?+ t man c tea* himself4 ,does !
 doctr9e require a revelation8--!n      
nobody b ,god c tea* x4 ,does x require 
none8--!n 9 :atev] case ,god has        
qualifi$ man to d a ?+ = himself1 he has
 9 t v qualification sil5tly laid an    
injunction ^u man to d x1 by giv+ ! p[]4
 ,b x is fanci$ t a div9e tea*]1 )\t    
desc5d+ to ! unwor?y (fice ( tea*+      
sci5ce1 might yet h kept 8 own language 
free f all collusion ) human error4     
,h5ce1 = in/ance1 x 0 argu$ at "o "t1 t 
any language 9 ! ,bible imply+ ! e>? to 
be /ation>y1 & c5tral to our sy/em1 c\ld
 n n h be5 a compliance ) ! popul>      

errors ( ! "t1 b mu/ be tak5 to express 
! absolute tru?4 ,& s grew !            
anti-,galilean fanatics4 ,out ( simil>  
notions h ris5 ! absurdities ( a polemic
 ,bible *ronology1 c4 ,footnote3 ,!     
,bible cosmology /&s ^u ano!r foot+4 ,t 
is n ga!r$ f a casual expression1 %ap$  
to meet popul> compreh5sion1 b is       
deliv]$ directly1 =mally1 & elaborately1
 z a natural preface to ! hi/ory ( man &
 8 habitation4 ,"h1 accord+ly1 !re is no
 in/ance ( accommodation to vulg>       
ignorance2 & ! p]suasion ga9s gr\nd     
cont9ually t ! ord] ( succession 9 !    
ph5om5a ( creation w be ev5tually       
confirm$ by sci5tific geology1 s f> z   
?is sci5ce may ev] succe$ 9 unl9k+ !    
/eps ( ! process4 ,no?+1 9 fact1 di/urbs
 ! gr&eur & solemnity ( ! ,mosaical     
cosmogony1 except 7z usual7 ! rugg$ness 
( ! bibliolat]4 ,he1 f9d+ ! ,engli% ^w  
day employ$ 9 ! measurem5t ( ! int]vals1
 takes x = grant$ t ?is mu/ mean a      
ny*!m]on ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 imports1     
!re=e1 into ! biblical text ?is conceit2

 fights = 8 own op9ion1 z = a revelation
 f heav52 & ?us disfigures ! great      
inaugural *apt] ( human hi/ory ) ?is    
s+le feature ( a fairy-tale1 :]e ev]y?+ 
else is told ) ! mo/ maje/ic simplicity4
 ,b ?is ^w1 :i* s ignorantly he presumes
 to be an ord9>y human day1 be>s t mean+
 only 9 common hi/orical transactions   
betwe5 man & man2 b nev] once 9 ! great 
prophetic writ+s1 :]e ,god comes =w>d z 
himself ! pr9cipal ag5t4 ,x !n means    
always a va/ & my/]i\s                  
duration--undet]m9$1 ev5 to ?is h\r1 9  
,daniel4 ,! heptam]on is n a week1 b a  
%ad[y adumbration ( a week4 ,meantime1  
if a man sets himself /eadily to        
contemplate ! consequ5ces :i* mu/       
inevitably h foll[$ any deviation f !   
usual errone\s phraseology1 he w see !  
utt] impossibility t a tea*] 7plead+ a  
heav5ly mission7 c\ld all[ himself to   
deviate by "o hair's bread? 7& :y %\ld  
he wi% to deviate87 f ! ord9>y language 
( ! times4  ,to h utt]$ "o syllable =   
in/ance1 t impli$ motion 9 ! e>?1 w\ld h

 issu$ into ! foll[+ ru9s3--,fir/1 x    
w\ld h ta9t$ ! tea*] ) ! suspicion (    
lunacy2 &1 secondly1 w\ld h plac$ him 9 
?is inextricable dilemma4 ,on ! "o h&1  
to answ] ! que/ions prompt$ by 8 own    
p]plex+ language1 w\ld h op5$ ^u him1 z 
a necessity1 "o /age aft] ano!r (       
sci5tific cross-exam9ation1 until 8     
spiritual mission w\ld h be5 =cibly     
swall[$ up 9 ! mission ( natural        
philosoph]2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 to pause    
resolutely at any "o /age ( ?is public  
exam9ation1 & to refuse all fur!r       
advance1 w\ld be1 9 ! popul> op9ion1 to 
retreat z a baffl$ disputant f insane   
p>adoxes :i* he _h n be5 able to        
support4 ,"o /ep tak5 9 t direction 0   
fatal1 :e!r ! great envoy retreat$ f 8  
own words to leave beh9d ! impression t 
he 0 defeat$ z a ra% speculator1 or /ood
 to ^! words1 & ?us fatally entangl$    
himself 9 ! inexhau/ible succession (   
explanations & ju/ifications4 ,9 ei!r   
ev5t ! spiritual mission 0 at an end3 x 
w\ld h p]i%$ 9 %\ts ( d]ision1 f :i* !re

 c\ld h be5 no retreat1 & no retrieval (
 "*4 ,! greate/ ( a/ronom]s1 r ?an seem 
o/5tati\s or unseasonably le>n$1 w /oop 
to ! popul> phrase ( ! sun's ris+1 or ! 
sun's motion 9 ! ecliptic4 ,b ,god1 = a 
purpose comm5surate ) man's et]nal      
welf>e1 is by ^! critics suppos$        
incapable ( ! same petty ab/95ce4  ,!   
same l9e ( argum5t applies to all !     
compliances ( ,*ri/ ) ! ,jewi%          
prejudices 7p>tly import$ f !           
,euphrates7 z to demonology1 wit*craft1 
c4 ,by ! way1 9 ?is la/ ^w1 'wit*craft1'
 & ! too memorable hi/ories connect$ )  
x1 lies a p]fect m9e ( bibliolatr\s     
madness4 ,z x illu/rates ! folly & !    
wick$ness ( ! biliolat]s1 let u pause ^u
 x4  ,! ^w wit*1 ^! bibliolat]s take x =
 grant$1 mu/ mean exactly :at ! orig9al 
,hebrew means1 or ! ,greek ^w *os5 by ! 
,,lxx42 s mu*1 & nei!r m nor less4 ,t   
is1 f total ignorance ( ! ma*9]y by :i* 
language moves1 !y fancy t e idea & ^w  
:i* exi/s1 or has exi/$1 = any nation1  
anci5t or mod]n1 mu/ h a direct         

int]*angeable equival5t 9 all o!r       
languages2 & t1 if ! diction>ies d n %[ 
x1 t mu/ be because ! diction>ies are   
bad4 ,w ^! wor?y p h ! goodness1 !n1 to 
translate coquette into ,hebrew1 &      
po/-(fice into ,greek8 ,! fact is1 t all
 languages1 & 9 ! ratio ( _! developm5t1
 (f] ideas absolutely sep>ate &         
exclusive to !mselves4 ,9 ! highly      
cultur$ languages ( ,engl&1 ,france1 &  
,g]many1 are words1 by ?\s&s1 :i* are   
/rictly untranslatable4 ,!y may be      
approa*$1 b _c be reflect$ z f a mirror4
  ,to take an image f ! language (      
eclipses1 ! correspond5ce betwe5 ! disk 
( ! orig9al ^w & its translat$          
repres5tative is1 9 ?\s&s ( in/ances1 n 
annul>2 ! c5tres d n co9cide2 ! words   
ov]lap2 & ?is arises f ! v>y+ modes 9   
:i* diff]5t nations comb9e ideas4 ,!    
,fr5* ^w %all comb9e ! elem5ts1 l1 m1 n1
 o--! ne>e/ ,engli% ^w1 p]haps1 m1 n1 o1
 p4 ,= in/ance1 9 all words appli$ to ! 
nuances ( mann]s1 & g5]ally to social   
diff]5ces1 h[ prodigi\s is ! weal? ( !  

,fr5* language6 ,h[ m]ely untranslatable
 = all ,europe6 ,i suppose1 my          
bibliolat]1 y h n yet f9i%$ y\r ,hebrew 
or ,sam>itan translation ( coquette4    
,well1 y %all be excus$ f t1 if y w only
 translate x into ,engli%4 ,y _c3 y are 
oblig$ to keep ! ,fr5* ^w2 & yet y take 
= grant$1 )\t inquiry1 t 9 ! ^w         
'wit*craft1' & 9 ! ^w 'wit*1' appli$ to 
! sorc]ess ( ,endor1 our au?oriz$       
,engli% ,bible ( ,k+ ,james's day mu/ be
 correct4  ,& y\r wick$ bibliolatr\s    
ance/ors proce$$ on t idea ?r\gh\t      
,*ri/5dom to murd] h>mless1 fri5dless1 &
 (t5times crazy old wom54  ,meantime !  
wit* ( ,endor 9 no respect resembl$ our 
mod]n dome/ic wit*4,footnote3 ',!       
dome/ic wit*4'--,x is ! common notion t 
! sup]/ition ( ! evil eye1 s widely     
diffus$ 9 ! ,s\!rn l&s1 & 9 "s1 n a     
slumb]+1 b a fi]cely op]ative           
sup]/ition1 is unkn[n 9 ,engl& & o!r    
,nor!rn latitudes4 ,on ! contr>y1 to my 
?9k+1 ! regul> old vulg> wit* ( ,engl& &
 ,scotl& 0 b an imp]sonatrix ( ! v same 

sup]/ition4 ,virgil expresses ?is mode (
 sorc]y to ! lett]1 :5 8 %eph]d says--  
',nescio quis t5]os oculus mihi fasc9at 
agnos8'   ,precisely 9 t way x 0 t !    
,briti% wit* op]at$4 ,%e1 by h] eye1    
blight$ ! natural p[]s ( gr[? &         
f]tility4 ,by ! way1 ,i ought to m5tion1
 z a case p>allel to t ( ! ,bible's     
recognis+ wit*craft1 & ( enlight5$      
nations cont9u+ to puni% x1 t ,/4 ,paul 
himself1 9 an equal degree1 recognises !
 evil eye2 t is1 he uses ! idea1 7?\gh  
c]ta9ly n mean+ to accr$it su* an idea17
 z "o t briefly & en]getically convey$ 8
 mean+ to ^? :om he 0 address+4 ',oh1   
fooli% ,galatians1 :o ha? bewit*$ y8' ,t
 is1 lit]ally1 :o has fasc9at$ y\r s5ses
 by ! evil eye8 ,= ! ,greek is1 tis umas
 ebaskan58 ,n[ ! ^w ebaskan5 is a pa/   
t5se ( ! v]b baska9o1 :i* 0 ! te*nical  
t]m = ! action ( ! evil eye4 ,)\t hav+  
writt5 a treatise on ! olic digamma1    
probably ! read] is aw>e t ,f is ,v1 &  
t1 9 _m languages1 ,b & ,v are          
int]*angeable lett]s ?r\gh ?\s&s (      

words1 z ! ,italian tavola1 f ! ,lat9   
tabula4 ,"u t little process x 0 t !    
,greek baska9o transmigrat$ into ! ,lat9
 fasc9o2 s t ,/4 ,paul's ^w1 9 speak+ to
 ! ,galatians1 is ! v game ^w z         
,virgil's1 9 speak+ ( ! %eph]d's flock z
 *>m$ by ! evil eye4 ,!re 0 z mu*       
diff]5ce z betwe5 a ,roman ,proconsul1  
surr\nd$ ) eagle-be>]s1 & a comm]cial   
,consul's cl]k ) a p5 beh9d 8 e>4       
,app>5tly %e 0 n s mu* a ,m$ea z an     
,eri*?o4 7,see ! ,ph>salia47 ,%e 0 an   
,evocatrix1 or female necromanc]1 evok+ 
phantoms t /ood 9 "s unkn[n relation to 
dead m52 & !n by "s artifice 7x has be5 
suppos$7 ( v5triloquism1,footnote3 ,i am
 n ref]r+ to ,g]man infidels4 ,v pi\s   
comm5tators h connect$ h] ) !           
enga/rimu?oi 77 or v5triloqui/s4 caus+  
^! phantoms to deliv] oracul> answ]s ^u 
great political que/ions4 ,oh1 t "o _h  
liv$ 9 ! times ( ^? ,new-,engl& wret*es 
t desolat$ :ole di/ricts & t]rifi$ va/  
prov9ces by _! judicial murd]s ( wit*es1
 "u plea ( a bibliolatr\s w>rant2 until 

at la/ ! fi]y furnace1 :i* !y _h heat$ =
 wom5 & *ildr51 %ot =? flames t1 l ^? ( 
,nebu*adnezz>'s furnace1 seiz+ ^u 8 v   
ag5ts1 began to rea* "s ( ! murd]\s     
judges & d5\nc]s6  ,yet1 aft] all1 are  
!re n express directions 9 ,scripture to
 ext]m9ate wit*es f ! l&8 ,c]ta9ly2 b t 
does n argue any scriptural recognition 
( wit*craft z a possible (f5ce4 ,an     
imag9>y crime may imply a crim9al       
int5tion t is n imag9>y2 b also1 :i* mu*
 m directly conc]ns ! int]e/s ( a /ate1 
a crim9al purpose1 t re/s ^u a pure     
delusion1 may "w by means t are feloni\s
 = ends t are fatal4 ,at ?is mom5t1 we  
,engli% & ! ,spani>ds h laws1 & sev]e   
ones1 aga9/ wit*craft1 viz41 9 ! ,we/   
,indies1 & indisp5sable x is t we %\ld4 
,! ,obeah man f ,africa c d no mis*ief  
to "o ( u4 ,! pr\d & enlight5$ :ite man 
despises 8 arts2 & = him1 !re=e1 ^! arts
 h no exi/5ce1 = !y "w only ?r\gh /rong 
preconceptions ( _! reality1 & ?r\gh    
trembl+ fai? 9 _! efficacy4  ,b by t v  
ag5cy !y are all-suffici5t = ! ru9 ( !  

poor cr$ul\s negro2 he is ma/]$ by      
orig9al fai?1 & has p]i%$ ?\s&s ( times 
"u ! k t ,obi _h be5 set = him4  ,ju/ly1
 !re=e1 d our colonial c\rts puni% !    
,obeah sorc]]1 :o 7?\gh an impo/or7 is n
 ! less a murd]]4 ,n[ ! ,hebrew         
wit*craft 0 probably ev5 worse2 equally 
re/+ on delusions1 nev]!less1 equally x 
work$ = unlawful ends1 & 7:i* *iefly    
made x an object ( div9e wra?7 x work$  
?r\gh idolatr\s ag5cies4 ,x mu/1 !re=e1 
h kept up t connection ) idolatry :i* x 
0 ! unceas+ ef=t ( ! ,hebrew polity to  
ext]m9ate f ! l&4 ,consequ5tly1 !       
,hebrew commonweal? might1 z consi/5tly 
z our own1 d5\nce & puni% wit*craft )\t 
liability to ! inf]5ce t x !re=e        
recognis$ ! pret5sions ( wit*es z real1 
9 ! s5se ( work+ _! bad ends by ! means 
:i* !y alleg$4 ,_! magic 0 causatively (
 no virtue at all1 b1 be+ believ$ 91    
?r\gh ?is belief x became ! occasional  
means ( excit+ ! imag9ation ( its       
victims2 aft] :i* ! consequ5ces 7 ! same
 z if ! magic _h act$ physically accord+

 to its pret5ces4 ,footnote3 ,does t    
argum5t n cov] '! ,new ,engl& wret*es' s
 unres]v$ly d5\nc$ 9 a prec$+           
p>agraph8--,,ed4  ,,ii4 ,developm5t1 z  
applicable to ,*ri/ianity1 is a doctr9e 
( ! v days t are pass+ ov] our heads1 & 
due to ,mr4 ,newman1 orig9ally ! able/  
son ( ,puseyism1 b n[ a p[]ful ar*itect 
( religi\s philosophy on 8 own acc\nt4  
,i %\ld h describ$ him m briefly z a    
'ma/]-build]1' _h my e> be5 able to     
endure a s5t5ce end+ ) two consecutive  
tro*ees1 & ea* ( ^? tro*ees end+ ) !    
same syllable er4 ,ah1 read]6 ,i w\ld ! 
gods _h made !e rhy?mical1 t ?\ mighte/ 
compreh5d ! ?\s&? "p ( my labors 9 !    
evasion ( cacophon4 ,phil4 has a g5]al  
dislike to ! ,puseyites1 ?\gh he is too 
le>n$ to be ignorant1 7z are (t5 !      
,l[-,*ur*1 or ,evangelical1 p>ty 9      
,engl&17 t1 9 _m ( _! suppos$           
innovations1 ! ,puseyites 7 really only 
re/or+ :at ! torpor ( ! eighte5? c5tury 
_h suff]$ to g into disuse4 ,!y 7 re=m+ 
! ,*ur* 9 ! s5se sometimes belong+ to ! 

p>ticle re1 viz41 retr(orm+ x1 m\ld+ x  
back into compliance ) its orig9al =m & 
model4 ,x is true t ?is ef=t = quick5+ !
 ,*ur*1 & = adorn+ h] ext]ior s]vice1   
mov$ "u ! impulse ( too undisguis$ a    
sympa?y ) ,papal ,rome4 ,b !re is no    
great reason to m9d t 9 our age & our   
c\ntry4 ,prote/ant zealotry may be      
safely reli$ on 9 ?is isl& z a mat* =   
,popi% bigotry4 ,!re w be no love lo/   
betwe5 !m--be assur$ ( t--& ju/ice w be 
done to bo?1 ?\gh nei!r %\ld d x to h]  
rival2 = philosophy1 :i* has s long     
s\ght only amusem5t 9 ei!r1 is 9 ^!     
latt] days ( gr[+ pr(undity apply+      
h]self /eadily to ! pr(\nd tru?s :i*    
dimly are descri$ lurk+ 9 bo?4 ,x is ^! 
:i* ,mr4 ,newman is likely to illum9ate1
 & n ! fad$ =ms ( an obsolete c]emonial 
t _c n[ be re/or$ effectually1 7 x ev5  
important t !y %\ld4 ,/range x is1      
h[ev]1 t he %\ld op5 8 c>e] by (f]+ to  
,rome1 z a mode ( homage1 ?is doctr9e ( 
developm5t1 :i* is ! direct inv]sion (  
h] own4 ,rome f\nds h]self ^u ! idea1 t 

to h]1 by tradition & exclusive         
privilege1 0 communicat$1 once = all1 ! 
:ole tru? f ! beg9n+4 ,mr4 ,newman lays 
8 corn]-/one 9 ! v opposite idea ( a    
gradual developm5t giv5 to ,*ri/ianity  
by ! motion ( "t1 by exp]i5ce1 by exp&+ 
occasions1 & by ! progress (            
civilization4  ,is ,newmanism likely to 
prosp]8 ,let me tell a little anecdote4 
,tw5ty ye>s ago1 roam+ "o day 7z ,i _h s
 (t5 ! honor to d7 ) our immortal       
,wordswor?1 #a took ! lib]ty ( tell+    
him1 at a po9t ( our walk1 :]e nobody   
c\ld possibly ov]he> me1 unless x 7 old 
,fa!r ,helvellyn1 t ,i fe>$ 8 !ological 
pr9ciples 7 n q s s\nd z 8 fri5ds w\ld  
wi%4 ,!y want$ repair+ a little4 ,b1 :at
 0 worse1 ,i did n see h[ !y c\ld be    
repair$ 9 ! p>ticul> case :i* prompt$ my
 rem>k1 = 9 t place1 to repair1 or 9 any
 respect to alt]1 0 to de/roy4 ,x 0 a   
passage 9 ! ',excursion1' :]e ! ,solit>y
 _h describ$ ! baptismal rite z wa%+    
away ! ta9t ( orig9al s91 &1 9 fact1    
work+ ! effect :i* is call$ te*nically  

reg5]ation4 ,9 ! ',excursion' ?is view 0
 advanc$1 n z ! poet's sep>ate op9ion1 b
 z ! av[$ doctr9e ( ! ,engli% ,*ur*1 to 
:i* ,*ur* ,wordswor? & myself yield$    
gladly a filial rev]5ce4 ,b 0 ?is !     
doctr9e ( ! ,engli% ,*ur*8 ,t ,i        
d\bt$--n t ,i pret5d$ to any suffici5t  
means ( valu+ ! prepond]ant op9ion      
betwe5 two op9ions 9 ! ,*ur*2 a process 
f> m difficult ?an is imag9$ by         
hi/orians1 always s ready to tell u     
flu5tly :at '! nation' or '! p' ?\ght ^u
 a p>ticul> "q1 7:il/1 9 fact1 a :ole   
life might be (t5 sp5t va9ly 9 collect+ 
! popul> op9ion72 b1 judg+ by my own    
casual exp]i5ce1 ,i fanci$ t a          
consid]able majority 9 ! ,*ur* gave an  
int]pretation to ?is ,sacram5t diff]+ by
 mu* f t 9 ! ',excursion4' ,wordswor? 0 
/>tl$ & di/urb$ at he>+ x :isp]$ ev5    
be=e ,helvellyn1 :o is old en\gh to keep
 a secret1 t 8 div9ity might possibly   
limp a little4  ,i1 on my "p1 0 n sure t
 x did1 b ,i fe>$ s2 &1 z !re 0 no *ance
 t ,i %\ld be murd]$ = speak+ freely1   

7?\gh ! place 0 lonely1 & ! ev5+ gett+  
dusky17 ,i /ood to my disagreeable      
communication ) ! c\rage ( a m>tyr4 ,!  
"q betwe5 u be+ "o ( m]e fact1 7n :at   
ought to be ! doctr9e1 b :at 0 ! doctr9e
 ( our ,*ur* at t "t17 !re 0 no op5+ =  
any discussion2 &1 on ,wordswor?'s      
sugge/ion1 x 0 agre$ to ref] ! po9t to 8
 le>n$ bro!r1 ,dr4  ,*ri/oph]           
,wordswor?1 j !n m$itat+ a visit to 8   
native lakes4 ,t visit 9 a %ort "t 'came
 (f1' & !n1 )\t delay1 our dispute 'came
 on' = judgm5t4 ,i _h no bets ^u !      
issue--"o c't bet ) ,wordswor?--& ,i    
don't "k t ,i %\ld h v5tur$ to back     
myself 9 a case ( t nature4  ,h[ev]1 ,i 
felt a slight anxiety on ! subject1 :i* 
0 v soon & k9dly remov$ by ,dr4         
,wordswor?'s decid+1 'sans phrase1' t   
,i1 ! orig9al mov] ( ! /rife1 0 wrong1  
wrong z wrong c\ld be4 ,to ?is decision 
,i b[$ at once1 on a pr9ciple ( c\rtesy4
 ,"o ought always to presume a man "r )9
 8 own pr(ession ev5 if privately "o    
%\ld ?9k him wrong4 ,b ,i c\ld n ?9k t (

 ,dr4 ,wordswor?4 ,he 0 a ,d4,d42 he 0  
head ( ,tr9ity ,college1 :i* has my     
entire p]mission to hold its head up    
among/ tw5ty & m colleges1 z ! lead+ "o 
9 ,cambridge1 7provid$ x c obta9 ,/4    
,john's p]mission71 '& :i*1' says       
,phil41 'has done m ?an any o!r         
f\ndation 9 ,europe = ! enlight5m5t ( ! 
_w1 & = ! ov]?r[ ( lit]>y1              
philosophical1 & religi\s sup]/itions1' 
,i qu>rel n ) ?is bold ass]tion1        
rememb]+ rev]5tially t ,isaac ,b>r[1 t  
,isaac ,newton1 t ,ri*>d ,b5tley belong$
 to ,tr9ity1 b ,i wi% to und]/& x4 ,!   
total pret5sions ( ! ,college c be kn[n 
only to its memb]s2 & !re=e1 ,phil4 %\ld
 h expla9$ himself m fully4  ,he c d s1 
= ,phil4 is c]ta9ly a ,tr9ity man4 ,if !
 police are 9 se>* ( him1 !y'll c]ta9ly 
he> ( him at ,tr9ity4 ,sudd5ly x /rikes 
me z a dream1 t ,"l ,bacon belong$ to   
?is ,college4 ,don't laugh at me1       
,phil41 if ,i'm wrong1 & /ill less      
7because !n y'll laugh ev5 m f]oci\sly7 
if ,i happ5 to be "r4 ,c "o rememb]     

ev]y?+8 ,ah6 ! worlds ( di/ract$ facts t
 "o ought to rememb]4  ,w\ld to heav5 t 
,i rememb]$ no?+ at all1 & _h no?+ to   
rememb]6 ,?is ?+1 h[ev]1 ,i c]ta9ly d   
rememb]1 t ,milton 0 n ( ,tr9ity1 nor   
,j]emy ,taylor2 s don't ?9k to hoax me  
!re1 my p>5t6 ,dr4 ,wordswor? 01 or _h  
be51 an exam9+ *apla9 to ! ,ar*bi%op (  
,cant]bury4  ,if ,lambe? c\ld be at     
fault on su* a "q1 !n x's ( no use go+  
to ,newca/le = coals4 ,delphi1 we all   
"k1 & ,jupit] ,ammon _h vani%$4 ,:at o!r
 c\rt ( appeal 0 kn[n to man8 ,s ,i     
submitt$ z *e]fully z if ! le>n$        
,doctor1 in/ead ( kick+ me out ( c\rt1  
_h be5 h&+ me 94  ,yet1 = all t1 z ,i   
return$ mus+ pa/ ,rydal ,wat]1 ,i c\ld n
 help mutt]+ to myself--,ay1 n[1 :at    
rebelli\s ?\ght 0 x t ,i mutt]$8 ,y     
fancy1 read]1 t p]haps ,i said1 ',b yet1
 ,doctor1 9 spite ( y\r wig1 ,i am 9 !  
"r4' ,no2 y're q wrong2 ,i said no?+ ( !
 sort4 ,:at ,i did mutt] 0 ?is--',!     
prevail+ doctr9e ( ! ,*ur* mu/ be :at   
,dr4 ,wordswor? says1 viz41 t baptism is

 reg5]ation--he _c be mi/ak5 z to t--&  
,i h be5 misl$ by ! unfair proportion ( 
,evangelical p1 bi%ops1 & o!rs1 :om     
accid5t has ?r[n 9 my way at ,b>ley     
,wood 7,hannah ,m's74 ,^!1 d\btless1 =m 
a m9ority 9 ! ,*ur*2 & yet1 f ! /r5g? ( 
_! op9ions1 f _! be+ a mov+ p>ty1 z also
 f _! be+ a gr[+ p>ty1 ,i prophesy ?is  
issue1 t _m ye>s w n pass be=e ?is v "q1
 n[ slumb]+1 w r\se a feud )9 ! ,engli% 
,*ur*4  ,!re is a qu>rel brew+4 ,su*    
feuds1 long aft] !y are ripe =          
explosion1 sometimes slumb] on1 until   
accid5t k9dles !m into flame4' ,t       
accid5t 0 furni%$ by ! tracts ( !       
,puseyites1 & s9ce !n1 accord+ to ! ^w  
:i* ,i spoke on ,rydal ,wat]1 !re has   
be5 op5 w> rag+ ^u ?is v po9t4  ,at     
pres5t1 ) ev5 m c]ta9ty1 ,i prophesy t  
m]e necessity1 a necessity aris+ out (  
cont9ual collisions ) sceptical         
philosophy1 w1 9 a few ye>s1 c>ry all   
*ur*es enjoy+ a le>n$ prie/hood into !  
disputes connect$ ) ?is doctr9e (       
developm5t4  ,phil41 meantime1 is no    

fri5d to t ,newmanian doctr9e2 & 9      
sect4#ca1 p4#ff1 he ?us describes       
x3--',accord+ to ^! writ]s' 7viz41 !    
writ]s ':o advocate ! !ory (            
developm5t'71 '! progressive & gradual  
developm5t ( religi\s tru?1 :i* appe>s  
to u' 7u1 mean+1 ,i suppose1 !          
,old-mannians17 'to h be5 t]m9at$ by !  
f9al revelation ( ! ,gospel1 has be5 go+
 on ev] s9ce ! f\ndation ( ! ,*ur*1 is  
go+ on /ill1 & mu/ cont9ue to advance4  
,?is !ory presumes t ! ,bible does n    
conta9 a full & f9al exposition ( a     
complete sy/em ( religion2 t ! ,*ur* has
 develop$ f ! ,scriptures true doctr9es 
n explicitly conta9$ !re91' c4 c4  ,b1  
)\t mean+ to und]take a def5ce ( ,mr4   
,newman 7^: book ,i am z yet too sl5d]ly
 acqua9t$ )71 may ,i be all[$1 at ?is   
po9t1 to int]cept a fallaci\s view ( t  
doctr9e1 z ?\gh ess5tially x proclaim$  
"s imp]fection 9 ,*ri/ianity4 ,!        
imp]fection is 9 u1 ! ,*ri/ians1 n 9    
,*ri/ianity4 ,! impression giv5 by      
,phil4 to ! ha/y read] is1 t1 accord+ to

 ,newmanism1 ! ,scriptures make a good  
beg9n+ to :i* we ourselves are          
cont9ually add+--a solid f\ndation1 on  
:i* we ourselves build ! sup]/ructure4  
,n s4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a day or a ye>1 ! sun
 passes ?r\gh a va/ v>iety ( positions1 
aspects1 & correspond+ p[]s1 9 relation 
to ourselves4 ,daily & annually he is   
develop$ to u--he runs a cycle (        
developm5t4  ,yet1 aft] all1 ?is        
practical result does n argue any *ange 
or imp]fection1 gr[? or decay1 9 ! sun4 
,?is great orb is /ation>y z reg>ds 8   
place1 & un*ang+ z reg>ds 8 p[]4 ,x is !
 subjective *ange 9 ourselves t projects
 itself into ?is endless succession (   
phantom *anges 9 ! object4 ,n o!rwise on
 ! s*eme ( developm5t2 ! ,*ri/ian !ory &
 sy/em are p]fect f ! beg9n+4  ,9       
itself1 ,*ri/ianity *anges n1 nei!r wax+
 nor wan+2 b ! motions ( "t & !         
evolutions ( exp]i5ce cont9ually uncov] 
new p>ts ( its /ation>y disk4 ,! orb    
gr[s1 s f> z practically we are speak+ (
 our own b5efit2 b absolutely1 z reg>ds 

itself1 ! orb1 et]nally ! same1 has     
simply m or few] ( its digits expos$4   
,*ri/ianity1 p]fect f ! beg9n+1 _h a    
curta9 ov] mu* ( its disk1 :i* ,"t &    
,social ,progress are cont9ually )draw+4
  ,?is ,i say n z any delib]ate judgm5t 
on developm5t1 b m]ely z a susp5d+1 or  
ad int]im idea1 by way ( b>r+ too summ>y
 an int]dict aga9/ ! doctr9e at ?is     
premature /age4 ,phil41 h[ev]1 h>d5s 8  
face aga9/ ,newman & all 8 works4  ,him 
& !m he defies2 & w\ld consign1 p]haps  
secretly1 to ! c>e ( a well-kn[n 7n new1
 b7 old g5tleman1 if only he _h any fai?
 9 t old g5tleman's exi/5ce4 ,on t po9t1
 he is a fix$ infidel1 & quotes )       
applause ! answ] ( ,rob9son1 ! once     
celebrat$ ,bapti/ cl]gyman1 :o be+ ask$ 
if he believ$ 9 ! devil1 repli$1 ',oh1  
no2 ,i1 = my "p1 believe 9 ,god--don't  
y8'  ,phil41 !re=e1 z we h se51 9       
effect1 condemns developm5t4 ,b1 at p4  
#cc1 :5 z yet he is n ?9k+ ( ,mr4       
,newman1 he says1' ,if k is progressive1
 ! developm5t ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e mu/ be 

progressive likewise4' ,i d n see ! mu/2
 b ,i see ! ,newmanian clov5 foot4 ,z to
 ! mu/1 k is c]ta9ly progressive2 b !   
developm5t ( ! multiplication table is n
 !re=e progressive1 nor ( any?+ else t  
is f9i%$ f ! beg9n+4 ,my reason1 h[ev]1 
= quot+ ! s5t5ce is1 because "h we      
sudd5ly detect ,phil4 9 lay+ d[n !      
doctr9e :i* 9 ,mr4 ,newman he _h reg>d$ 
z het]odox4 ,phil4 is tak5 r$-h&1 z !   
,engli% law expresses x1 crimson )1 !   
blood ( 8 (f5ce2 assum+1 9 fact1 an     
orig9al imp]fection quoad ! scire1 ?\gh 
n quoad ! esse2 z to ! 'exposition ( !  
sy/em1' ?\gh n z to ! 'sy/em' (         
,*ri/ianity4 ,mr4 ,newman1 aft] all1    
ass]ts 7,i believe7 only "o mode (      
developm5t z applicable to ,*ri/ianity4 
,phil4 hav+ broke ! ice1 may n[ be will+
 to all[ ( two developm5ts2 :il/ ,i1 t  
am always = go+ to extremes1 %\ld be    
dispos$ to ass]t ?ree1 viz3--  ,fir/4 ,!
 ,philological developm5t4 ,& ?is is a  
po9t on :i* ,i1 ,philo-,phil4 7or1 z =  
brevity y may call me1 ,phil-,phil47    

%all1 )\t wi%+ to d s1 vex ,phil4 ,x's  
%ock+ t "o %\ld vex ! au?or ( "o's      
exi/5ce1 :i* ,phil4 c]ta9ly is 9        
relation to me1 :5 consid]$ z           
,phil-,phil4 ,/ill x is pa/ all d5ial1  
t1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ! ,scriptures mu/  
b5efit1 l any o!r book1 by an increas+  
accuracy & compass ( le>n+ 9 ! exegesis 
appli$ to !m4 ,b if all ! _w d5i$ ?is1  
,phil41 my p>5t1 is ! man t _c2 s9ce he 
x is t relies ^u philological k z ! "o  
res\rce ( ,*ri/ian philosophy 9 all     
circum/ances ( difficulty = any ( its   
int]e/s1 positive or negative4          
,philology1 accord+ to ,phil1 is !      
%eet-an*or ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,already x is 
! au?or ( a ,*ri/ianity m 9 h>mony )    
philosophy2 &1 z reg>ds ! future1       
,phil41 x is t *>ges ,philology ) ! :ole
 s]vice ( div9ity4 ,:]ev] any?+1 be+ "r1
 ne$s to be def5d$--:]ev] any?+1 be+    
amiss1 ne$s to be improv$--oh6 :at a    
life he w lead ?is poor ,philology6     
,philology1 ) ,phil41 is ! great        
b5efactress = ! pa/1 & ! sole tru/ee = !

 future4 ,"h1 !re=e1 ,phil41 is caught 9
 a fix1 habemus confit5tem4 ,he d5\nces 
developm5t :5 deal+ ) ! ,newmanites2 he 
relies on x :5 vaunt+ ! functions (     
,philology2 & ! only evasion = him w\ld 
be to di/+ui% ab\t ! modes ( developm5t1
 7 x n t1 by ins9uation1 he has app>5tly
 d5i$ all modes4  ,secondly4 ,!re is !  
,philosophic developm5t1 f ! reaction ^u
 ! ,bible ( advanc+ k4  ,?is is a mode (
 developm5t cont9ually go+ on1 & rev]s+ 
! /eps ( pa/ human follies4  ,9 e age1  
man has import$ 8 own crazes into !     
,bible1 fanci$ t he saw !m !re1 & !n    
drawn sanctions to 8 wick$ness or       
absurdity f :at 7 no?+ else ?an fictions
 ( 8 own4 ,?us did ! ,papi/s draw a     
pl5>y ju/ification ( intol]ance1 or ev5 
( atroci\s p]secution1 f ! evangelical  
',compel !m to come 96' ,! "r ( unlimit$
 co]cion 0 read 9 ^? words4 ,p1 aga91 t 
7 democratically giv51 or _h a fancy =  
treason1 he>d a trumpet ( insurrection 9
 ! words ',to y\r t5ts1 oh ,israel6' ,b 
f> beyond ^! 9 multitude 7 ^? t drew f !

 ,bible ! mo/ extravagant claims = k+s &
 rul]s4  ',rebellion 0 z ! s9 (         
wit*craft4' ,?is 0 a jewel ( a text2 x  
kill$ two birds ) "o /one4  ,broom/icks 
7 prov$ out ( x mo/ cle>ly1 & also !    
atrocity ( repres5tative gov]nm5t4 ,:at 
a little text to conta9 s mu*6 ,look    
into ,alg]non ,sidney1 or into ,locke's 
controv]sy ) ,sir ,eob]t ,film]'s       
',patri>*a1',footnote3 ,i m5tion ! book 
z ! antagoni/1 & n ! man1 because       
7accord+ to my impression7 ,sir ,rob]t 0
 dead :5 ,locke 0 answ]+ him4 or into   
any books ( ^? days on political        
pr9ciples1 & x w be f\nd t ,scripture 0 
s us$ z to =m an absolute b> aga9/ human
 progress4 ,all public b5efits 71 9 !   
/ricte/ s5se ( ! ^w1 prec>i\s1 z dep5d+ 
^u pray]s & entreaties to ^? :o _h an   
int]e/ 9 refus+ !m4 ,all improvem5ts 7  
elcemosyn>y2 = ! initial /ep 9 all cases
 belong$ to ! ,cr[n4 ',! "r div9e ( k+s 
to gov]n wrong' 0 9 ^? days :at _m a man
 w\ld h di$ =--:at _m a man did die =2 &
 all 9 pure simplicity ( he>t--fai?ful  

to ! ,bible1 b to ! ,bible (            
mis9t]pretation4 ,!y obey$ 7(t5 to _!   
own ru97 an ord] :i* !y _h misread4  ,_!
 s9c]ity1 ! dis9t]e/$ness ( _! folly1 is
 evid5t2 & 9 t degree is evid5t ! op5+ =
 ,scripture developm5t4 ,nobody c\ld    
bett] obey ,scripture z !y _h und]/ood  
x4 ,*ange 9 ! ob$i5ce1 !re c\ld be none 
= ! bett]2 x dem&$ only t !re %\ld be a 
*ange 9 ! int]pretation1 & t *ange w\ld 
be :at is meant by a developm5t (       
,scripture4 ,two c5turies ( enorm\s     
progress 9 ! relations betwe5 subjects &
 rul]s h alt]$ ! :ole read+4 ',h[ reade/
 ?\8' 0 ! "q ( ,*ri/ himself2 t is1 9   
:at mean+ do/ ?\ read ! p>ticul>        
,scripture t applies to ?is case8 ,all !
 texts & all ! cases rema9 at ?is h\r j 
z !y 7 = our ance/ors2 & our rev]5ce =  
^! texts is z absolute z !irs2 b we1    
apply+ lights ( exp]i5ce :i* !y _h n1   
con/rue ^! texts by a diff]5t logic4    
,!re n[ is developm5t appli$ to ! ,bible
 9 "o ( its _m /rata--t /ratum :i*      
connects itself mo/ ) civil polity4     

,aga91 :at a developm5t h we made (     
,*ri/ian tru?2 h[ diff]5tly d we n[ read
 our ,bibles 9 relation to ! poor t5ants
 ( dungeons t once 7 ?\ght1 ev5 by      
,*ri/ian nations1 to h no rights at     
all6--9 relation to 'all prison]s &     
captives2' & 9 relation to slaves6 ,!   
,new ,te/am5t _h said no?+ directly ^u !
 "q ( slav]y2 nay1 by ! misread] x 0 r  
suppos$ indirectly to c\nt5ance t       
in/itution4  ,b m>k--x is ,mohamm$anism1
 hav+ little fai? 9 its own laws1 t d>es
 n confide 9 its *ildr5 = develop+      
any?+1 b mu/ tie !m up = e cont+5cy by !
 lett] ( a rule4 ,*ri/ianity--h[        
diff]5tly does %e proce$6 ,%e ?r[s      
h]self broadly ^u ! p]vad+ _s :i* burns 
)9 h] morals4 ',let !m alone1' %e says (
 nations2 'leave !m to !mselves4 ,i h   
put a new law into _! he>ts2 & if x is  
really !re1 & really *]i%$1 t law w tell
 !m--w develop = !m--:at x is t !y ought
 to d 9 e case z x arises1 :5 once its  
consequ5ces are compreh5d$4' ,no ne$1   
!re=e1 = ! ,new ,te/am5t explicitly to  

=bid slav]y2 sil5tly & implicitly x is  
=bidd5 9 _m passages ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 
& x is at w> ) ! _s ( all4 ,besides1 !  
religion :i* tru/s to =mal & lit]al     
rules breaks d[n ! v mom5t t a new case 
arises n describ$ 9 ! rules4 ,su* a case
 is virtually unprovid$ =1 if x does n  
answ] to a circum/antial textual        
description2 :]eas e case is provid$ =1 
z soon z its t5d5cies & its moral       
relations are made kn[n1 by a religion t
 speaks ?r\gh a spiritual organ to a    
spiritual appreh5sion 9 man4 ,accord+ly1
 we f9d t1 :5ev] a new mode (           
intoxication is introduc$1 n dep5d+ ^u  
grapes1 ! mo/ dev\t ,mussulmans hold    
!mselves absolv$ f ! re/ra9ts ( !       
,koran4 ,& s x w\ld h be5 ) ,*ri/ians1  
if ! ,new ,te/am5t _h laid d[n lit]al   
prohibitions ( slav]y1 or ( ! slave     
traffic4  ,?\s&s ( v>iations w\ld h be5 
develop$ by "t :i* no lett] ( ,scripture
 c\ld h be5 compreh5sive en\gh to rea*4 
,7 ! dome/ic s]vants ( ,greece1 !       
7!tes71 )9 ! description8 ,7 ! s]fs & ! 

ascripti glebae ( feudal ,europe to be  
acc\nt$ slaves8 ,or ^? among/ our own   
bro!rs & si/]s1 t )9 s %ort a p]iod 7   
born subt]rane\sly1,footnote3 ,see1 = "s
 v int]e/+ sket*es ( ?is ,p>iah         
population1 ! "w 7title ,i =get7 ( ,mr4 
,bald1 a ,scotti% eng9e]1 well kn[n &   
e/eem$ 9 ,ed9burgh & ,glasg[4 ,he may be
 reli$ on4 ,:at he tells aga9/ ,scotl&  
is viol5tly aga9/ 8 own w1 = he is      
int5sely national1 ( :i* ,i w give !    
read] "o in/ance t may make him smile4  
,mu* ( ! ri*1 unctu\s coal1 f           
,nor?umb]l& & ,durham1 gives a deep     
ruddy light1 v]g+ to a blood-r$1 &      
c]ta9ly is r sull51 on a w9t] ev5+1 to !
 eye4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,scotti% coal or  
mo/ ( x1 be+ f> poor] z to heat1 ?r[s   
out a v beautiful & animat$ sc>let      
blaze2 ^u :i* h9t1 ,mr4  ,bald1 :5      
patriotically di/ress$ at n be+ able to 
d5y ! d\ble p[] ( ! ea/]n ,engli% coal1 
sudd5ly revivifies 8 ,scotti% he>t t _h 
be5 *ill$1 p]haps1 by ! ,scotti% coals 9
 8 fire-grate1 ^u recurr+ to ?is        

picturesque diff]5ce 9 ! two            
blazes--',ah6' he says gratefully1 't   
,newca/le blaze is well en\gh = a gloomy
 ,engli%man1 b x w\ldn't d at all =     
*e]ful ,scotl&4' 9 ,scotti% m9es1 or 9 !
 ,engli% colli]ies ( ,cumb]l&1 & 7      
suppos$ to be ascripti metallo1 sold by 
nature to ! m9e1 & indors$ ^u its ma*9]y
 = ! :ole t]m ( _! lives2 9 :om1 !re=e1 
x 0 a treason to see ! light ( upp]     
day--w\ld !y1 w\ld ^! poor ,scot* &     
,engli% ,p>iahs1 h /ood )9 any          
scriptural privilege if ! ,new ,te/am5t 
_h legislat$ by "n & lett] = ?is class (
 d\loi 7slaves78  ,no attorney w\ld h   
f\nd !m entitl$ to plead ! b5efit ( !   
,bible /atute4 ,endless are ! v>iations 
( ! conditions t new comb9ations (      
society w\ld br+ =w>d2 endless w\ld be !
 virtual re/orations ( slav]y t w\ld    
take place "u a ,mahometan lit]ality2   
endless w\ld be ! defeats t su*         
re/orations mu/ su/a9 "u a ,*ri/ianity  
rely+ on no lett]1 b on ! _s ( ,god's   
comm&m5ts1 & t w und]/& no equivocations

 ) ! secret admonitions ( ! he>t4       
,meantime1 ?is sort ( developm5t1 x may 
be object$1 is n a light t ,scripture   
?r[s out ^u human life s mu* z a light t
 human life & its developm5t ?r[ back ^u
 ,scripture4 ,true2 b !n h[ 0 x possible
 t life & ! human intellect %\ld be     
c>ri$ =w>d to su* developm5ts8 ,solely  
?r\gh ! tra9+ :i* bo? _h receiv$ "u !   
discipl9e ( ,*ri/ian tru?4 ,*ri/ianity  
utt]s "s tru? widely applicable to      
society4 ,?is tru? is caught up by "s   
influ5tial organ ( social life--is exp&$
 prodigi\sly by human exp]i5ce1 &1 :5   
travell+ back z an illu/rat$ or improv$ 
text to ! ,bible1 is f\nd to be made up1
 9 all its details1 ( _m human          
developm5ts4  ,does t argue any?+       
disp>ag+ to ,*ri/ianity1 z ?\gh %e      
contribut$ little & man contribut$ mu*8 
,on ! contr>y1 man w\ld h contribut$    
no?+ at all b = t nucleus by :i*        
,*ri/ianity />t$ & m\ld$ ! pr9ciple4 ,to
 give "o in/ance--,public *>ity1 :5 did 
x comm5ce8--:o fir/ ?\ght ( x8 ,:o fir/ 

notic$ hung] & cold z awful realities   
afflict+ poor wom5 & innoc5t *ildr58 ,:o
 fir/ made a public provision to meet ^!
 evils8--,con/ant9e x 01 ! fir/ ,*ri/ian
 t sat ^u a ?rone4 ,_h1 !n1 ri* ,pagans 
be=e 8 "t no *>ity--no pity8--no money  
available = hopeless pov]ty8 ,n mu*--v  
little1 ,i conceive2 ab\t s mu* z       
,%akspe>e ins9uates t !re is ( milk 9 a 
male tig]4 ,?9k1 = in/ance1 ( t         
black-he>t$ reprobate1 ,cic]o1 !        
morali/4 ,?is moral knave1 :o wrote su* 
beautiful ,e?ics1 & 0 s wick$--:o spoke 
s *>m+ly & act$ s horribly--m5tions1 ) a
 petrify+ coolness1 t he knew ( desolate
 old wom5 9 ,rome :o pass$ ?ree days 9  
succession )\t ta/+ food4 ,did n !      
wret*1 :5 ?9k+ ( ?is1 leap up1 & tumble 
d[n /airs 9 8 anxiety to ru% abroad &   
call a public meet+ = consid]+ s        
dreadful a case8 ,n he2 ! man cont9u$ to
 /rut ab\t 8 libr>y1 9 a huge toga z big
 z ! ,times newspap]1 s++ out1 ',oh6    
=tunatam natam me ,consule ,romam6' & he
 m5tion$ ! fact at all only = ! sake (  

,natural ,philosoph]s or ( ! curi\s 9   
old wom54 ,*>ity1 ev5 9 t s5se1 _h      
little exi/5ce--nay1 z a duty1 x _h no  
place or rubric 9 human conceptions be=e
 ,*ri/ianity1 ,!nce came ! fir/ rudim5ts
 ( all public relief to />v+ m5 & wom52 
b ! idea1 ! pr9ciple1 0 all t ! ,bible  
furni%$1 ne$$ to furni%1 or c\ld furni%4
 ,! practical arrangem5ts1 ! endless    
details = c>ry+ out ?is ,*ri/ian        
idea--^! 7 furni%$ by man2 & :y n8 ,?is 
case illu/rates only "o among/          
innum]able modes ( developm5t applicable
 to ! ,bible2 & ?is p[] ( developm5t1 9 
g5]al1 proves also "o o!r ?+ ( ! la/    
importance to prove1 viz4 ! p[] (       
,*ri/ianity to "w 9 co-op]ation ) "t &  
social progress2 to "w v>iably accord+  
to ! endless v>iations ( "t & place2 & t
 is ! exact %ibbole? ( a true &         
spiritual religion--=1 on review+ !     
hi/ory ( false religions1 & inquir+ :at 
x 0 t ru9$ !m1 r>ely is x f\nd t any (  
!m p]i%$ by ext]nal viol5ce4 ,ev5 !     
dreadful fury ( ! e>ly ,mahometan       

,sultans 9 ,india1 be=e ! h\se ( ,tim\r1
 fail$ to cru% ! mon/r\s idolatries ( ! 
,h9doos4 ,all false religions h p]i%$ by
 _! own holl[ness1 "u t se>*+ trial     
appli$ by social life & its *anges1 :i* 
awaits e mode ( religion4 ,"o aft] ano!r
 !y h sunk away1 z by palsy1 f new      
aspects ( society & new necessities (   
man :i* !y 7 n able to face4 ,comm5c+ 9 
"o condition ( society1 9 "o set (      
feel+s1 & 9 "o sy/em ( ideas1 !y sank   
uni=mly "u any great *ange 9 ^! elem5ts1
 to :i* !y _h no natural p[] (          
accommodation4 ,a false religion furni%$
 a key to "o subord9ate lock2 b a       
religion t is true w prove a ma/]-key = 
all locks alike4 ,?is transc5d5tal      
pr9ciple1 by :i* ,*ri/ianity transf]s   
h]self s readily f climate to           
climate1,footnote3 ,sagaci\s ,mahometans
 h be5 (t5 sc&aliz$ & tr\bl$ by ! secret
 misgiv+ t1 aft] all1 _! ,prophet mu/ h 
be5 an ignorant fell[4 ,x is cle> t !   
case ( a cold climate _h nev] occurr$ to
 him2 & ev5 a hot "o _h be5 conceiv$ mo/

 n>r[ly4 ,_m ( ! ,b$\9 ,arabs compla9 ( 
ablutions n adapt$ to _! wat]less       
condition4 ,^! evid5ces ( ov]sight w\ld 
h be5 fatal to ,islamism1 _h ,islamism  
produc$ a high civilization4 f c5tury to
 c5tury1 f ! simplicity ( %eph]ds to !  
utmo/ ref9em5t ( philosoph]s1 c>ries ) x
 a necessity1 correspond+ to su* inf9ite
 flexibility ( endless developm5t4      
,,on ,,! ,,suppos$ ,,scriptural         
,,expression ,,= ,,et]nity4  #aheb4     
,=ty ye>s ago 7or1 9 all probability1 a 
good deal m1 = we h already complet$    
?irty-sev5 ye>s f ,wat]loo1 & my        
remembrances ^u ?is subject g back to a 
p]iod ly+ mu* beh9d t great era71 ,i us$
 to be annoy$ & irritat$ by ! false     
int]pretation giv5 to ! ,greek ^w aion1 
& giv5 necess>ily1 !re=e1 to ! adjective
 aionios z its imm$iate d]ivative4 ,x 0 
n s mu* ! falsehood ( ?is int]pretation1
 z ! n>r[ness ( t falsehood1 :i* di/urb$
 me4 ,!re 0 a glimm] ( tru? 9 x2 &      
precisely t glimm] x 0 :i* l$ ! way to a
 g5]al & ob/9ate misconception ( !      

mean+4 ,! ^w is rem>kably situat$4 ,x is
 a scriptural ^w1 & x is also a ,greek  
^w2 f :i* ! inevitable inf]5ce is1 t we 
mu/ look = x only 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4    
,^u any "q aris+ ( deep1 aborig9al1     
doctr9al tru?1 we h no?+ to d )         
translations4  ,^? are b second>y       
que/ions1 ar*aeological & critical1 ^u  
:i* we h a "r to consult ! ,greek       
translation ( ! ,hebrew ,scriptures kn[n
 by ! "n ( ! ,septuag9t4  ,suff] me to  
pause at ?is po9t = ! sake ( premis+ an 
explanation ne$ful to ! unle>n$ read]4  
,z ! read+ public & ! ?9k+ public is e  
ye> outgr[+ m & m notori\sly ! m]e le>n$
 public1 x becomes e ye> m & m ! "r ( ! 
=m] public to give ! law pref]ably to ! 
latt] public1 ^u all po9ts :i* conc]n   
its own sep>ate int]e/s4 ,9 pa/         
g5]ations1 no pa9s 7 tak5 to make       
explanations t 7 n call$ = by ! le>n$   
public4 ,all o!r read]s 7 ignor$4 ,!y   
=m$ a mob1 = :om no provision 0 made4 ,&
 t _m difficulties %\ld be left entirely
 unexpla9$ = !m1 0 sup]cili\sly assum$  

to be no fault at all4 ,& yet any       
s5sible man1 let him be z sup]cili\s z  
he may1 mu/ on consid]ation all[ t      
among/ ! cr[d ( unle>n$ or half-le>n$   
read]s1 :o h _h nei!r "t nor            
opportunities = :at is call$ 'erudition'
 or le>n$ /udies1 !re mu/ always lurk a 
proportion ( m5 t1 by con/itution ( m9d1
 & by ! b\nty ( nature1 are mu* bett]   
fitt$ = ?9k+1 orig9ally m philosophic1 &
 are m capaci\sly end[$1 ?an ^? :o are1 
by accid5t ( position1 m le>n$4 ,su* a  
natural sup]iority c]ta9ly takes        
prec$5cy ( a m]ely artificial           
sup]iority2 &1 !re=e1 x entitles ^? :o  
possess x to a special consid]ation4    
,let !re be an audi5ce ga!r$ ab\t any   
book ( t5 ?\s& "o hundr$ read]s3 x might
 be fair 9 ^! days to assume t t5 ?\s&  
w\ld be 9 a p>tial s5se illit]ate1 & !  
rema9+ "o hundr$ :at w\ld be rigor\sly  
class$ z 'le>n$4' ,n[1 on su* a         
di/ribution ( ! read]s1 x w\ld be a     
matt] ( c]ta9ty t ! mo/ p[]ful          
intellects w\ld lie among/ ! illit]ate  

t5 ?\s&1 c\nt+1 probably1 to fifte5 to  
"o z aga9/ ^? 9 ! le>n$ m9ority4 ,!     
inf]5ce1 !re=e1 w\ld be1 t1 9 all       
equity1 ! int]e/ ( ! unle>n$ section    
claim$ a priority ( att5tion1 n m]ely z 
! m num]\s section1 b also z1 by a high 
probability1 ! m philosophic4 ,& 9      
proportion z ?is unle>n$ section wid5s &
 exp&s1 :i* e ye> x does1 9 t proportion
 ! obligation & cog5cy ( ?is equity     
/r5g!ns4 ,an att5tion to ! unle>n$ "p ( 
an audi5ce1 :i* fifte5 ye>s ago might h 
re/$ ^u pure c\rtesy1 n[ re/s ^u a basis
 ( absolute ju/ice4 ,i make ?is         
prelim9>y explanation1 9 ord] to take   
away ! appe>ance ( caprice f su*        
occasional pauses z ,i may make = !     
purpose ( cle>+ up obscurities or       
difficulties4 ,=m]ly1 9 a case ( t      
nature1 ! le>n$ read] w\ld h told me t  
,i 0 n entitl$ to delay him by          
elucidations t 9 8 case mu/ be suppos$  
to be sup]flu\s3 & 9 su* a remon/rance  
!re w\ld once h be5 "s equity4 ,!       
illit]ate section ( ! read]s might !n be

 fairly assum$ z pres5t only by accid5t2
 z no abid+ "p ( ! audi5ce2 b1 l ! g5]al
 public 9 ! gall]y ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons1
 z pres5t only by suff]ance2 & (ficially
 9 any records ( ! h\se :atev]1 utt]ly  
ignor$ z exi/5ces4 ,at pres5t1 half way 
on our pilgrimage ?r\gh ! n9ete5?       
c5tury1 ,i reply to su* a le>n$         
remon/rant--t x gives me pa9 to annoy   
him by sup]flu\s explanations1 b t1     
unhappily1 ?is infliction ( t$ium ^u him
 is insep>able f :at has n[ become a    
duty to o!rs4 ,?is be+ said1 ,i n[ g on 
to in=m ! illit]ate read]1 t ! e>lie/   
translation ( ! ,hebrew ,scriptures ev] 
made 0 into ,greek4 ,x 0 und]tak5 on !  
enc\ragem5t ( a le>n$ pr9ce1 ,ptolemy   
,philadelphus1 by an association (      
,jewi% emigrants 9 ,alex&ria4 ,x 01 z ! 
ev5t has %[n 9 v _m in/ances1 an        
advantage ( a rank ris+ to provid5tial1 
t su* a cosmopolitan v]sion ( ! ,hebrew 
sacr$ writ+s %\ld h be5 made at a mom5t 
:5 a r>e concurr5ce ( circum/ances      
happ5$ to make x possible2 su* z1 =     

example1 a k+ bo? le>n$ 9 8 ta/es &     
lib]al 9 8 pr9ciples ( religi\s         
tol]ation2 a language1 viz41 ! ,greek1  
:i* _h already become1 :at = _m c5turies
 x cont9u$ to be1 a common language (   
communication = ! le>n$ ( ! :ole  7i4e41
 9 effect ( ! civiliz$ _w1 viz41        
,greece1 ! %ores ( ! ,eux9e1 ! :ole (   
,asia ,m9or1 ,syria1 ,egypt1 ,c>?age1 & 
all ! dep5d5cies ( ,c>?age1 f9ally1 &   
above all1 ,rome1 !n beg9n+ to loom ^u !
 we/]n horizon71 toge!r ) all !         
dep5d5cies ( ,rome1 &1 briefly1 e /ate &
 city t adorn$ ! imp]ial isl&s ( !      
,m$it]ranean1 or t glitt]$ l gems 9 t   
va/ belt ( l&1 r\ndly speak+1 "o ?\s&   
miles 9 av]age bread?1 & 9 circuit runn+
 up to five ?\s& miles4 ,"o ?\s&        
multipli$ into five times "o ?\s&1 or1  
o!rwise express$1 a ?\s& ?\s& five times
 repeat$1 or o!rwise a million five     
times repeat$1 briefly a t]ritory       
measur+ five millions ( squ>e miles1 or 
=ty-five times ! surface ( our two      
,briti% isl&s--su* 0 ! b\ndless doma9   

:i* ?is extraord9>y act ( ,ptolemy      
sudd5ly ?rew op5 to ! lit]ature &       
spiritual revelation ( a little obscure 
race1 ne/l+ 9 a little angle ( ,asia1   
sc>cely visible z a fraction ( ,syria1  
buri$ 9 ! broad %ad[s ?r[n out on "o    
side by ! great & anci5t settlem5ts on !
 ,nile1 & on ! o!r by ! va/ empire t =  
?\s&s ( ye>s occupi$ ! ,tigris & !      
,euphrates4 ,9 ! tw9kl+ ( an eye1 at a  
sudd5 summons1 z x 7 f ! s\nd+ ( a      
trumpet1 or ! ori5tal call by a clapp+ (
 h&s1 gates are ?r[n op51 :i* h an      
effect correspond+ 9 gr&eur to ! effect 
t w\ld arise f ! op5+ ( a %ip canal     
across ! ,i/hmus ( ,d>i51 viz41 !       
introduction to ea* o!r--face to face--(
 two sep>ate inf9ities4  ,su* a canal   
w\ld sudd5ly lay op5 to ea* o!r ! two   
great oceans ( our planet1 ! ,atlantic &
 ! ,pacific2 :il/ ! act ( translat+ into
 ,greek & f ,hebrew1 t is1 transf]r+ out
 ( a my/]i\s ciph] z little accessible z
 ,sanscrit1 & :i* nev] w\ld be m        
accessible ?r\gh any worldly attractions

 ( alliance ) p[] & civic gr&eur or     
comm]ce1 out ( ?is d>kness into ! gold5 
light ( a language ! mo/ beautiful1 !   
mo/ honor$ among/ m51 & ! mo/ widely    
diffus$ ?r\gh a ?\s& ye>s to come1 _h ! 
immeasurable effect ( ?r[+ into ! great 
crucible ( human speculation1 ev5 !n    
beg9n+ to f]m5t1 to boil1 to ov]?r[--t  
mightie/ ( all elem5ts = exalt+ !       
*emi/ry ( philosophy--gr& &1 = ! fir/   
"t1 adequate conceptions ( ! ,deity4    
,=1 al?\gh x is true t1 until ,elias    
%\ld come--t is1 until ,*ri/ianity %\ld 
h appli$ its f9al revelation to !       
completion ( ?is great idea-we c\ld n   
possess x 9 its total effulg5ce1 x is1  
h[ev]1 c]ta9 t an imm5se advance 0 made1
 a prodigi\s usurpation across ! realms 
( *aos1 by ! gr& illum9ations ( !       
,hebrew discov]ies4  ,too t]rifically   
au/]e we mu/ presume ! ,hebrew idea to h
 be53 too und5iably x _h n )drawn ! veil
 entirely :i* /ill re/$ ^u ! ,div9e     
c\nt5ance2 s mu* is involv$ 9 !         
subsequ5t revelations ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,b 

/ill ! advance made 9 read+ aright !    
div9e l9eam5ts _h be5 enorm\s4  ,god 0  
n[ a holy _s t c\ld n tol]ate impurity4 
,he 0 ! f\nta9 ( ju/ice1 & no long]     
disfigur$ by any mode ( sympa?y ) human 
caprice or infirmity4 ,&1 if a fr[n too 
awful /ill re/$ ^u 8 face1 mak+ !       
approa* to him too fe>ful = h>moniz+ ) t
 p]fect fre$om & t *ildlike love :i*    
,god seeks 9 8 wor%ipp]s1 x 0 yet made  
evid5t t no /ep = conciliat+ 8 favor did
 or c\ld lie ?r\gh any b moral graces4  
,?ree c5turies aft] ?is great epo* ( !  
publication 7= su* x 07 secur$ s        
provid5tially to ! ,hebrew !ology1 two  
le>n$ ,jews--viz41 ,josephus & ,philo   
,judaeus--_h occasion to seek a         
cosmopolitan utt]ance = t burd5 ( tru?  
7or :at !y reg>d$ z tru?7 :i* oppress$ !
 _s )9 !m4 ,once aga9 !y f\nd a         
deliv]ance f ! v same freez+ imprisonm5t
 9 an unkn[n language1 ?r\gh ! v same   
magical key1 viz41 ! all-p]vad+ language
 ( ,greece1 :i* c>ri$ _! communications 
to ! f\r w9ds ( heav51 & c>ri$ !m       

precisely among/ ! class ( m51 viz4--!  
enlight5$ & educat$ class--:i*          
pre-em95tly1 if n exclusively1 _! wi% 0 
to rea*4 ,ab\t "o g5]ation aft] ,*ri/ x 
01 :5 ! utt] pro/ration1 &1 politically 
speak+1 ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem & !    
,jewi% nation1 ?rew ^! two le>n$ ,jews  
^u ?is rec\rse to ! ,greek language z _!
 f9al res\rce1 9 a condition o!rwise (  
absolute hopelessness4 ,pretty ne>ly    
?ree c5turies be=e ,*ri/ x 0 7two hundr$
 & eighty-f\r ye>s1 accord+ to ! common 
reckon+71 :5 ! fir/ act ( communication 
took place betwe5 ! seal$-up lit]ature (
 ,pale/9e & ! ,greek ca?olic            
int]pretation4 ,altoge!r1 we may say t  
?ree hundr$ & tw5ty ye>s1 or some:]e    
ab\t t5 g5]ations ( m51 divid$ ^! two   
memorable acts ( int]communication4 ,su*
 a space ( "t all[s a l>ge range (      
influ5ce & ( sil5t1 unconsci\s op]ation 
to ! va/ & pot5t ideas t brood$ ov] ?is 
awful ,hebrew lit]ature4  ,too little   
weight has be5 all[$ to ! probable      
contagi\sness1 & to ! pret]natural %ock1

 ( su* a new & /range philosophy1 act+  
^u ! jad$ & exhau/$ intellect ( !       
,grecian race4 ,we mu/ rememb]1 t       
precisely ?is p>ticul> range ( "t 0 t 9 
:i* ! ,greek sy/ems ( philosophy1 hav+  
?or\ghly complet$ _! evolution1 _h      
suff]$ some?+ ( a collapse2 &1 hav+     
exhau/$ _! creative en]gies1 began to   
gratify ! crav+s = novelty by re        
modell+s ( old =ms4 ,x is rem>kable1    
inde$1 t ?is v city ( ,alex&ria f\nd$ & 
matur$ ?is new pr9ciple ( remodell+     
appli$ to poetry n less ?an to          
philosophy & criticism4  ,&1 consid]+ ! 
activity ( ?is great comm]cial city &   
port1 :i* 0 meant to act1 & did act1 z a
 c5tre ( communication betwe5 ! ,ea/ & !
 ,we/1 x is probable t a f> great]      
effect 0 produc$ by ! ,greek translation
 ( ! ,jewi% ,scriptures1 9 ! way (      
prep>+ ! m9d ( nations = ! appreh5sion (
 ,*ri/ianity1 ?an has ev] be5 di/9ctly  
recognis$4 ,! sil5t de/ruction ( books 9
 ^? c5turies has robb$ u ( all means =  
trac+ innum]able revolutions1 t         

nev]!less1 by ! evid5ce ( results1 mu/ h
 exi/$4 ,tak51 h[ev]1 ) or )\t ?is      
additional result1 ! translation ( !    
,hebrew ,scriptures 9 _! mo/ important  
portions mu/ be rank$ among/ :at are    
call$ provid5tial' ev5ts4 ,su* a k+--a  
k+ ^: fa!r _h be5 a p]sonal fri5d (     
,alex&]1 ! mighty civiliz+ conqu]or1 &  
_h %>$ 9 ! lib]alization connect$ ) 8   
va/ revolution>y projects = ext5d+ a    
high] civilization ov] ! globe1 su* a   
k+1 conv]s+ ) su* a language1 hav+      
advantages s absolutely unrivall$1 &    
aga9 ?is k+ & ?is language concurr+ ) a 
treasure s sup]natural ( spiritual      
wisdom z ! subject ( _! m9i/rations1 &  
all ?ree concurr+ ) political ev5ts s   
auspici\s--! f\nd+ ( a new & mighty     
metropolis 9 ,egypt1 & ! sil5t advance  
to supreme p[] among/ m5 ( a new empire1
 m>tial beyond all prec$5t z reg>d$     
means1 b n z reg>d$ ends--work+ 9 all   
?+s t[>ds ! unity ( civilization & !    
unity ( law1 s t any new impulse1 z1 =  
in/ance1 impulse ( a new religion1 0    

de/9$ to f9d new facilities = its own   
propagation1 resembl+ electric          
conductors1 "u ! unity ( gov]nm5t & (   
law--concurr5ces l ^!1 s _m & s /range1 
ju/ly impress ^u ?is translation1 ! mo/ 
memorable1 because ! mo/ influ5tial (   
all t h ev] be5 accompli%$1 a "* (      
gr&eur t place x on ! same level (      
int]e/ z ! build+ ( ! fir/ or second    
temple at ,j]usalem4  ,!re is a ,greek  
leg5d :i* op5ly ascribes to ?is         
translation all ! *>act]s ( a miracle4  
,b1 z usually happ5s1 ?is vulg>iz+ =m ( 
! miracul\s is f> less impressive ?an ! 
pla9 hi/ory itself1 unfold+ its /ages ) 
! mo/ unpret5d+ hi/orical fidelity4 ,ev5
 ! ,greek language1 on :i*1 z ! natural 
language ( ! new ,greek dyna/y 9 ,egypt1
 ! duty ( ! translation devolv$1 enjoy$ 
a d\ble advantage3 #a/1 z be+ ! only    
language !n spok5 ^u e>? t c\ld diffuse 
a book ov] e "p ( ! civiliz$ e>?2       
#b;dly1 z be+ a language ( unp>allel$   
p[] & compass = express+ & reproduc+    
effectually all ideas1 h[ev] ali5 &     

novel4 ,ev5 ! city1 aga91 9 :i* ?is     
translation 0 accompli%$1 _h a d\ble    
d[]y ( advantages t[>ds su* a labor1 n  
only z enjoy+ a l>ge lit]>y society1 &1 
9 p>ticul>1 a l>ge ,jewi% society1      
toge!r ) unusual provision 9 ! %ape (   
libr>ies1 on a scale probably at t "t   
unprec$5t$1 b also z hav+ ! mo/ ext5sive
 ma*9]y !n kn[n to human exp]i5ce =     
publi%+1 t is1 = transmitt+ to =eign    
capitals all books 9 ! readie/ & !      
*eape/ fa%ion1 by means ( its prodigi\s 
%ipp+4  ,hav+ ?us indicat$ to ! unle>n$ 
read] ! p>ticul> nature ( t int]e/ :i*  
inve/s ?is e>lie/ translation ( !       
,hebrew ,scriptures1 viz41 t 9 fact ?is 
translation 0 ! e>lie/ publication to ! 
human race ( a revelation :i* _h        
previ\sly be5 lock$ up 9 a language     
de/9$1 z surely z ! ,wel% language or ! 
,gaelic1 to et]nal obscurity among/ m51 
,i g on to m5tion t ! le>n$ ,jews       
select$ = ?is weighty labor happ5$ to be
 9 numb] sev5ty-two2 b1 z ! ,jews       
sy/ematically reject fractions 9 su*    

cases 7:5ce x is t always1 9 ord] to    
express ! p]iod ( six weeks1 !y say =ty 
days1 & n1 z /rictly !y %\ld1 =ty-two   
days71 popul>ly1 ! translators 7 call$  
'! sev5ty1' = :i* ! ,lat9 ^w is         
septuag9ta4  ,& ?us 9 aft] ages !       
translators 7 usually indicat$ z ',!    
,,lxx1' or1 if ! "w & n ! workm5 %\ld be
 notic$1 x 0 cit$ z ,! ,septuag9t4  ,9  
fact1 ?is e>lie/ ( ,scriptural v]sions1 
viz41 into ,greek1 is by mu* ! mo/      
fam\s2 or1 if any o!r approa*es x 9     
notoriety1 x is ! ,lat9 translation by  
,/4 ,j]ome1 :i*1 9 ?is "o po9t1 enjoys  
ev5 a sup]ior importance1 t 9 ! ,*ur* ( 
,rome x is ! au?oriz$ translation4      
,evid5tly1 9 e *ur*1 x mu/ be a matt] ( 
prim>y importance to assign ! p>ticul>  
v]sion to :i* t *ur* appeals1 & by :i*1 
9 any controv]sy aris+1 t *ur* cons5ts  
to be gov]n$4 ,n[1 ! ,j]ome v]sion      
fulfils ?is function = ! ,romi% ,*ur*2 &
 accord+ly1 9 ! s5se ( be+ publi%$      
7vulgata71 or publicly au?oriz$ by t    
*ur*1 x is commonly call$ ,! ,vulgate4  

,b1 9 a l>ge polemic "q1 unless1 l !    
,romi% *ur*1 we uphold a second>y       
inspiration z hav+ secur$ a special     
privileg$ translation f ! possibility ( 
error1 we _c refuse an appeal to !      
,hebrew text = ! ,old ,te/am5t1 or to ! 
,greek text = ! ,new4 ,! ^w aeonios 771 
z purely ,grecian1 c\ld n connect itself
 ) ! ,old ,te/am5t1 unless x 7 ?r\gh !  
,septuag9t translation into ,greek4 ,n[1
 ) t v]sion1 9 any case ( controv]sy1   
none ( u1 ,prote/ants alike or ,roman   
,ca?olics1 h any?+ :atev] to d4         
,controv]sially1 we c be conc]n$ only ) 
! orig9al language ( ! ,scriptures1 )   
its actual v]bal expressions textually  
produc$4 ,to be liable1 !re=e1 to su* a 
textual citation1 any ,greek ^w mu/     
belong to ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,because1    
?\gh ! ^w might happ5 to occur 9 !      
,septuag9t1 yet1 s9ce t is m]ely a      
translation1 = any ( u :o occupy a      
controv]sial place1 t is1 :o are b\nd by
 ! responsibilities1 or :o claim ! /rict
 privileges ( controv]sy1 ! ,septuag9t  

has no virtual exi/5ce4 ,we %\ld n be at
 lib]ty to allege ! ,septuag9t z any    
au?ority1 if x happ5$ to c\nt5ance our  
own views2 &1 consequ5tly1 we c\ld n be 
call$ on to recognise ! ,septuag9t 9 any
 case :]e x %\ld happ5 to be aga9/ u4 ,i
 make ?is prelim9>y caveat1 z n c>+ :e!r
 ! ^w aeonios does or does n occur 9 !  
,septuag9t4  ,ei!r way1 ! read] und]/&s 
t ,i dis[n ! au?ority ( t v]sion z 9 any
 degree affect+ myself4 ,! ^w :i*1 =ty  
ye>s ago1 mov$ my disgu/ by its s]vile  
mis9t]pretation1 0 a ^w prop] to ! ,new 
,te/am5t2 & any s5se :i* x may h receiv$
 f an ,alex&rian ,jew 9 ! ?ird c5tury   
be=e ,*ri/1 is no m relevant to any     
criticism t ,i am n[ go+ to sugge/1 ?an 
is ! classical use ( ! ^w aeon 77       
famili> to ! le>n$ 9 ,sophocles or      
,euripides4  ,! reason :i* gives to ?is 
^w aeonian :at ,i d n scruple to call a 
dreadful importance1 is ! same reason1 &
 no o!r1 :i* prompt$ ! di%one/y conc]n$ 
9 ! ord9>y int]pretation ( ?is ^w4 ,! ^w
 happ5$ to connect itself--b t 0 no     

practical conc]n ( m9e2 me x _h n biass$
 9 ! "o direction1 nor %\ld x h biass$  
any j critic 9 ! c\nt]1                 
direction--happ5$1 ,i say1 to connect   
itself ) ! anci5t dispute ^u ! duration 
( future puni%m5ts4 ,:at 0 meant by !   
aeonian puni%m5ts 9 ! next _w8 ,0 !     
prop] s5se ( ! ^w et]nal1 or 0 x n8 ,i1 
= my "p1 m$dl$ n1 nor ^u any            
consid]ation c\ld h be5 tempt$ to m$dle1
 ) a speculation repell5t alike by !    
horror & by ! hopeless my/]y :i* inve/  
x4 ,secrets ( ! prison-h\se1 s afflict+ 
to contemplate /eadily1 & s hopeless (  
solution1 !re c\ld be no prop] motive = 
inve/igat+1 unless ! inve/igation       
promis$ a great deal m ?an x c\ld ev]   
accompli%2 & my own feel+ z to all su*  
problems is1 t !y vulg>ize :at1 left to 
itself1 w\ld take its natural /ation    
among/ ! freez+ horrors t ,%akspe>e     
dismisses ) s pot5t an expression ( awe1
 9 a well-kn[n sc5e ( ',measure =       
,measure4' ,i reit]ate my prote/ aga9/  
be+ 9 any way decoy$ into ! controv]sy4 

,p]haps ,i may h a /rong op9ion ^u !    
subject4 ,b1 anticipat+ ! co>se         
discussions into :i* ! slighte/         
ent]ta9m5t ( su* a "q w\ld be e mom5t   
approa*+1 once = all1 out ( rev]5tial   
reg>d = ! dignity ( human nature1 ,i beg
 p]mission to decl9e ! controv]sy       
altoge!r4  ,b does ?is decl9ature       
involve any c\nt5ance to a c]ta9 argum5t
 :i* ,i began by reject+ z abom9able8   
,mo/ c]ta9ly n4 ,t argum5t runs ?us--t !
 ord9>y con/ruction ( ! t]m aeonian1 z  
equival5t to ev]la/+1 c\ld n possibly be
 giv5 up :5 associat$ ) p5al mis]y1     
because 9 t case1 & by ! v same act1 !  
idea ( et]nity mu/ be ab&on$ z          
applicable to ! c\nt]-bliss ( ,p>adise4 
,torm5t & bless$ness1 x 0 argu$1        
puni%m5t & beatification1 /ood ^u ! same
 level2 ! same ^w x 01 ! ^w aeonian1 :i*
 qualifi$ ! duration ( ei!r2 &1 if      
et]nity 9 ! mo/ rigor\s acceptation fell
 away f ! "o idea1 x mu/ equally fall   
away f ! o!r4 ,well2 be x s4 ,b t w\ld n
 settle ! "q4 ,x might be v pa9ful to   

r5\nce a long-*]i%$ anticipation2 b !   
necessity ( do+ s c\ld n be receiv$ z a 
suffici5t reason = adh]+ to ! old       
unconditional use ( ! ^w aeonian4 ,!    
argum5t is--t we mu/ reta9 ! old s5se ( 
et]nal1 because else we lose ^u "o scale
 :at we _h ga9$ ^u ! o!r4 ,b :at !n8    
w\ld be ! reasonable man's retort4 ,we  
are n to accept or to reject a new      
con/ruction 7if o!rwise ! m colorable7 (
 ! ^w aeonian1 simply because !         
consequ5ces might seem su* z ^u ! :ole  
to displease u4 ,we may ga9 no?+2 = by !
 new int]pretation our loss may balance 
our ga92 & we may pref] ! old           
arrangem5t4 ,b h[ mon/r\s is all ?is6   
,we are n summon$ z to a *oice ( two    
diff]5t arrangem5ts t may suit diff]5t  
ta/es1 b to a grave "q z to :at is !    
s5se & op]ation ( ! ^w aeonian4 ,let !  
limitation ( ! ^w di/urb our previ\s    
e/imate ( ,p>adise1 grant t x s di/urbs 
t e/imate1 n ! less all su* consequ5ces 
leave ! dispute exactly :]e x 02 & if a 
balance ( reason c be f\nd = limit+ !   

ext5t ( ! ^w aeonian1 x w n be ! less   
true because x may happ5 to di/urb a    
crot*et ( our own4  ,meantime1 all ?is  
speculation1 fir/ & la/1 is pure        
nons5se4 ,aeonian does n mean et]nal2   
nei!r does x mean ( limit$ duration2 nor
 w\ld ! unsettl+ ( aeonian 9 its old    
use1 z appli$ to puni%m5t1 to torm5t1 to
 mis]y1 c41 c>ry ) x any necess>y       
unsettl+ ( ! idea 9 its application to !
 beatitudes ( ,p>adise4 ,pause1 read]2 &
 ?\1 my favor$ & privileg$ read]1 t     
boa/e/ ?yself to be unle>n$1 pause d\bly
 :il/ ,i communicate my views z to ?is  
rem>kable ^w4  ,:at is an aeon8 ,9 ! use
 & acceptation ( ! ,apocalypse1 x is    
evid5tly ?is1 viz41 ! duration or cycle 
( exi/5ce :i* belongs to any object1 n  
individually = itself1 b univ]sally 9 "r
 ( its g5us4 ,kant1 = in/ance1 9 a      
little pap] :i* ,i once translat$1      
propos$ & debat$ ! "q z to ! age ( our  
planet ! ,e>?4 ,:at did he mean8 ,0 he  
to be und]/ood z ask+ :e!r ! ,e>? 7 half
 a million1 two millions1 or ?ree       

millions ( ye>s old8 ,n at all4 ,!      
probabilities c]ta9ly lean1 "o & all1 to
 ! assignm5t ( an antiquity great] by _m
 ?\s&s ( times ?an t :i* we h mo/ idly  
suppos$ ourselves to extract f          
,scripture1 :i* assur$ly nev] meant to  
approa* a "q s pr(\ndly irrelevant to ! 
great purposes ( ,scripture z any       
geological speculation :atsoev]4 ,b ?is 
0 n )9 ! field ( ,kant's inquiry4 ,:at  
he wi%$ to "k 0 simply ! exact /age 9 ! 
:ole c\rse ( h] developm5t :i* ! ,e>? at
 pres5t occupies4 ,is %e /ill 9 h]      
infancy1 = example1 or 9 a /age         
correspond+ to middle age1 or 9 a /age  
approa*+ to sup]annuation8  ,! idea (   
,kant presuppos$ a c]ta9 av]age duration
 z belong+ to a planet ( our p>ticul>   
sy/em2 & suppos+ ?is kn[n1 or           
discov]able1 & t a c]ta9 assignable     
developm5t belong$ to a planet s        
circum/anc$ z ours1 !n 9 :at p>ticul>   
/age ( t developm5t may we1 ! t5ants (  
?is respectable little planet ,tellus1  
reasonably be conceiv$ to /&8  ,man1    

aga91 has a c]ta9 aeonian life2 possibly
 rang+ some:]e ab\t ! p]iod ( sev5ty    
ye>s assign$ 9 ! ,psalms4 ,t is1 9 a    
/ate z highly improv$ z human infirmity 
& ! errors ( ! e>? h]self1 toge!r ) !   
diseases incid5t to our atmosph]e1 c41  
c\ld be suppos$ to all[1 possibly !     
human race might av]age sev5ty ye>s =   
ea* individual4 ,?is p]iod w\ld 9 t case
 repres5t ! 'aeon' ( ! individual       
,tellurian2 b ! 'aeon' ( ! ,tellurian   
,,race w\ld probably am\nt to _m        
millions ( our e>?ly ye>s2 & x w\ld     
rema9 an unfa?omable my/]y1 d]iv+ no    
light at all f ! septuag5>ian 'aeon' ( !
 individual2 ?\gh betwe5 ! two aeons ,i 
h no d\bt t "s secret l9k ( connection  
does & mu/ subsi/1 h[ev] undiscov]able  
by human sagacity4  ,! cr[1 ! de]1 !    
eagle1 c41 are all suppos$ to be        
long-liv$4 ,"s p h fanci$ t 9 _! normal 
/ate !y t5d$ to a p]iod ( two,footnote3 
,i h he>d ! same normal duration ascrib$
 to ! tortoise1 & "o case became        
imp]fectly kn[n to myself p]sonally4    

,some:]e ,i may h m5tion$ ! case 9 pr9t4
  ,^!1 at any rate1 are ! facts ( !     
case3 ,a lady 7by bir? a ,c[p]1 ( ! :ig 
family1 & c\s9 to ! poet ,c[p]2 &1      
equally ) him1 relat$ to ,dr4 ,madan1   
bi%op ( ,pet]bor\gh71 9 ! e>ly "p ( ?is 
c5tury1 m5tion$ to me t1 9 ! palace at  
,pet]bor\gh1 %e _h = ye>s kn[n z a pet (
 ! h\sehold a v5]able tortoise1 :o bore 
"s inscription on 8 %ell indicat+ t1 f  
#afch to #afdc1 he _h belong$ to        
,ar*bi%op ,laud1 :o 7if ,i am n mi/ak57 
held ! bi%opric ( ,pet]bor\gh be=e he 0 
translat$ to ,london1 & f9ally to       
,cant]bury4 c5turies4 ,i myself "k no?+ 
c]ta9 = or aga9/ ?is belief2 b1 suppos+ 
! case to be z x is repres5t$1 !n ?is   
w\ld be ! aeonian p]iod ( ^! animals1   
consid]$ z individuals4 ,among trees1 9 
l mann]1 ! oak1 ! c$>1 ! yew1 are       
notori\sly ( v sl[ gr[?1 & _! aeonian   
p]iod is unusually long z reg>ds !      
individual4  ,:at may be ! aeon ( ! :ole
 species is utt]ly unkn[n4 ,among/      
birds1 "o species at lea/ has become    

ext9ct 9 our own g5]ation3 its aeon 0   
accompli%$4 ,s ( all ! fossil species 9 
zoology1 :i* ,palaeontology has reveal$4
 ,no?+1 9 %ort1 ?r\gh\t univ]sal nature1
 c = a mom5t be conceiv$ to h be5       
resign$ to accid5t = its normal aeon4   
,all p]iods & dates ( ?is ord] belong to
 ! c]ta9ties ( nature1 b also1 at ! same
 "t1 to ! my/]ies ( ,provid5ce4 ,?r\gh\t
 ! ,prophets1 we are uni=mly taught t   
no?+ is m bel[ ! gr&eur ( ,heav5 ?an to 
assign e>?ly dates 9 fix+ ei!r !        
revolutions or ! duration ( great ev5ts 
su* z prophecy w\ld condesc5d to notice4
 ,a day has a prophetic mean+1 b :at    
sort ( day8 ,a my/]i\s expression = a "t
 :i* has no resemblance to a natural    
day--sometimes compreh5d+ long          
successions ( c5turies1 & alt]+ its     
mean+ accord+ to ! object conc]n$4 ',a  
"t1' & 'times1' or 'half a "t'--'aeon1' 
or 'aeons ( aeons'--& o!r v>iations (   
?is prophetic language 7s full (        
dreadful mean+1 b also ( d\bt &         
p]plexity71 are all significant4 ,!     

peculi> gr&eur ( su* expressions lies   
p>tly 9 ! dimness ( ! approximation to  
any attempt at settl+ _! limits1 & /ill 
m 9 ?is1 t ! conv5tional "*1 & consequ5t
 meanness ( ord9>y human dates1 are     
ab&on$ 9 ! cele/ial *ronologies4  ,h\rs 
& days1 or lunations & mon?s1 h no true 
or philosophic relation to ! orig91 or  
duration1 or p]iods ( return belong+ to 
great ev5ts1 or revolution>y ag5cies1 or
 va/ national crimes2 b ! normal p]iod &
 duration ( all acts :atev]1 ! "t ( _!  
em]g5ce1 ( _! ag5cy1 or _! reag5cy1 fall
 into h>mony ) ! secret proportions ( a 
heav5ly scale1 :5 !y belong by m]e      
necessity ( _! own int]nal con/itution  
to ! vital ?\gh hidd5 motions t are at  
"w 9 _! own life & manife/ation4 ,"u !  
old & ord9>y view ( ! apocalyptic aeon1 
:i* suppos$ x always to mean ! same     
p]iod ( "t--my/]i\s1 inde$1 & unc]ta91 z
 reg>ds our k1 b fix$ & rigor\sly c]ta9 
9 ! secret c\nsels ( ,god--x 0 presum$ t
 ?is p]iod1 if x lo/ its "* ( inf9ity :5
 appli$ to evil1 to crim9ality1 or to   

puni%m5t1 mu/ lose x by a correspond+   
necessity equally :5 appli$ to happ9ess 
& ! gold5 aspects ( hope4 ,b1 on !      
contr>y1 e object :atsoev]1 e mode (    
exi/5ce1 has its own sep>ate & indep5d5t
 aeon4 ,! mo/ ?\ghtless p]son mu/ be    
satisfi$1 on reflection1 ev5 ap>t f !   
express comm5t>y ^u ?is idea furni%$ by 
! ,apocalypse1 t e life & mode ( be+ mu/
 h hidd5 )9 itself ! secret :y ( its    
duration4 ,x is impossible to believe ( 
any duration :atev] t x is det]m9$      
caprici\sly4 ,always x re/s ^u "s gr\nd1
 anci5t z light & d>kness1 ?\gh         
undiscov]able by man4 ,?is only is      
discov]able1 z a g5]al t5d5cy1 t ! aeon1
 or g5]ic p]iod ( evil1 is con/antly    
t[>ds a fugitive duration4 ,! aeon1 x is
 alleg$1 mu/ always express ! same idea1
 :atev] t may be2 if x is less ?an      
et]nity = ! evil cases1 !n x mu/ be less
 = ! good ones4 ,d\btless ! idea ( an   
aeon is 9 "o s5se always uni=m1 always !
 same1 viz41 z a t5? or a twelf? is     
always ! same4 ,ari?metic c\ld n exi/ if

 any caprice or v>iation affect$ ^!     
ideas--a t5? is always hiore ?an an     
elev5?1 always less ?an a n9?4 ,b ?is   
uni=mity ( ratio & proportion does n    
h9d] b t a t5? may n[ repres5t a gu9ea1 
& next mom5t repres5t a ?\s& gu9eas4 ,! 
exact am\nt ( ! duration express$ by an 
aeon dep5ds altoge!r ^u ! p>ticul>      
subject :i* yields ! aeon4 ,x is1 z ,i h
 said1 a radix2 &1 l an algebraic       
squ>e-root or cube-root1 ?\gh gov]n$ by 
! mo/ rigor\s laws ( limitation1 x mu/  
v>y 9 ob$i5ce to ! nature ( ! p>ticul>  
subject ^: radix x =ms4  ,read]1 ,i take
 my leave4 ,i h be5 too loit]+4  ,i "k  
x1 & w make su* ef=ts 9 future to       
cultivate ! /]ne/ brevity z n]v\s       
di/ress w all[4  ,meantime1 z ! up%ot ( 
my speculation1 accept ^! ?ree          
propositions3--  ,a4 ,t man 7:i* is 9   
effect e man hi!rto17 :o all[s himself  
to inf] ! et]nity ( evil f ! c\nt]      
et]nity ( good1 builds ^u ! mi/ake (    
assign+ a /ation>y & me*anic value to ! 
idea ( an aeon2 :]eas ! v purpose (     

,scripture 9 us+ ?is ^w 0 to evade su* a
 value4 ,! ^w is always v>y+1 = ! v     
purpose ( keep+ x fai?ful to a spiritual
 id5tity4 ,! p]iod or duration ( e      
object w\ld be an ess5tially v>iable    
quantity1 7 x n my/]i\sly comm5surate to
 ! inn] nature ( t object z laid op5 to 
! eyes ( ,god4 ,& ?us x happ5s1 t ev]y?+
 9 ?is _w1 possibly )\t a solit>y       
exception has its own sep>ate aeon3 h[  
_m entities1 s _m aeons4  ,b4 ,b if x be
 an excess ( bl9dness :i* c ov]look !   
aeonian diff]5ces among/ ev5 neutral    
entities1 mu* deep] is t bl9dness :i*   
ov]looks ! sep>ate t5d5cies ( ?+s evil &
 ?+s good4  ,naturally1 all evil is     
fugitive & alli$ to dea?4  ,c4 ,i       
sep>ately1 speak+ = myself only1        
pr(\ndly believe t ! ,scriptures ascribe
 absolute & metaphysical et]nity to "o  
sole ,be+1 viz41 to ,god2 & d]ivatively 
to all o!rs accord+ to ! int]e/ :i* !y c
 plead 9 ,god's favor4 ,hav+ an*orage 9 
,god1 innum]able entities may possibly  
be admitt$ to a p>ticipation 9 div9e    

aeon4 ,b :at int]e/ 9 ! favor ( ,god c  
belong to falsehood1 to malignity1 to   
impurity8 ,to inve/ !m ) aeonian        
privileges1 is 9 effect1 & by its       
results1 to di/ru/ & to insult ! ,deity4
 ,evil w\ld n be evil1 if x _h t p[] (  
self-subsi/5ce :i* is imput$ to x 9     
suppos+ its aeonian life to be co-et]nal
 ) t :i* cr[ns & glorifies ! good4      
,,judas ,,isc>iot4  #aheb4   ,ev]y?+    
connect$ ) our ord9>y conceptions ( ?is 
man1 ( 8 real purposes1 & ( 8 ultimate  
fate1 app>5tly is errone\s4 ,t nei!r any
 motive ( 81 nor any rul+ impulse1 0    
ta9t$ ) ! vulg> trea*]y imput$ to him1  
appe>s probable f ! /r5g? ( 8 remorse4  
,& ?is view ( 8 case comes recomm5d$ by 
s mu* ( int]nal plausibility1 t 9       
,g]many x has long s9ce %ap$ itself into
 ! foll[+ well-kn[n hypo!sis3--,judas   
,isc>iot1 x is alleg$1 p>ticipat$ 9 !   
common delusion ( ! apo/les z to t e>?ly
 k+dom :i*1 "u ! sanction & auspices (  
,*ri/1 !y suppos$ to be wait+ & rip5+ = 
! ,jewi% p4  ,s f> !re 0 no?+ 9 ,judas  

to w>rant any special wond] or any      
special blame4 ,if he err$1 s did ! o!r 
apo/les4 ,b 9 "o po9t ,judas w5t fur!r  
?an 8 bre?r51 viz41 9 speculat+ ^u !    
reasons ( ,*ri/ = delay+ ! inauguration 
( ?is k+dom4  ,all ?+s 7 app>5tly ripe =
 x2 all ?+s po9t$ to x2 ! expectation & 
langui%+ desires ( _m ,hebrew sa9ts2 !  
w>n+ f signs2 ! prophetic al>ms & k9dl+ 
signals rais$ al(t by h]alds l !        
,bapti/2 ! f]m5tation ( revolution>y    
doctr9es all ov] ,judea2 ! passionate   
impati5ce ( ! ,roman yoke2 ! cont9ual   
op5+s ( new convulsions & new           
opportunities at ! great c5tre ( ,rome2 
! insurrection>y temp] ( ,jewi% society1
 z indicat$ by ! cont9ual rise ( robb]  
lead]s1 t drew (f multitudes into !     
neighbor+ des]ts2 &1 univ]sally1 !      
unsettl$ m9d ( ! ,jewi% nation4 ,^!     
explosive mat]ials _h long be5          
accumulat$2 !y ne$$ only a k9dl+ sp>k4  
,heav5ly citations to w> _h long be5    
felt 9 ! insults & aggressions (        
paganism2 !re want$ only a lead]4 ,& su*

 a lead]1 if he w\ld b cons5t to assume 
t (fice1 /ood ready 9 ! f\nd] (         
,*ri/ianity4 ,! supreme qualifications =
 lead]%ip1 z reveal$ 9 ! p]son ( ,jesus 
,*ri/1 7 evid5t to all p>ties 9 ! ,jewi%
 community1 & n m]ely to ! religi\s body
 ( 8 own imm$iate foll[]s4 ,^!          
qualifications 7 publi%$ & exp\nd$ to ! 
_w 9 ! facility ) :i* ev]y:]e he drew   
cr[ds ab\t himself1,footnote3 ,z        
connect$ ) ^! cr[ds1 ,i h else:]e       
notic$1 _m ye>s ago1 ! secret reason :i*
 probably gov]n$ our ,savi\r 9 cultivat+
 ! "* & functions ( a hakim1 or         
physician4 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole _w (         
civilization at t era  1 :atev] might be
 o!rwise ! v>ieties ( ! gov]nm5t1 !re 0 
among/ ! rul+ au?orities a great jeal\sy
 ( mobs & popul> ga!r+s4 ,to a gr&      
revolution>y tea*]1 no ob/acle s fatal z
 ?is initial prejudice c\ld h (f]$      
itself4  ,already1 9 ! fir/ place1 a new
 & my/]i\s body ( tru?1 hav+ va/ &      
illimitable relations to human duties & 
prospects1 pres5t$ a field ( indef9ite  

al>m4 ,t ?is tru? %\ld 9 ! second place 
publi% itself1 n ?r\gh books & writt5   
disc\rses1 b orally1 by ^w ( m\?1 & by  
p]sonal communication betwe5 va/ mobs & 
! div9e tea*]--already t1 z furni%+ a   
h&le ( influ5ce to a mob-lead]1 ju/ifi$ 
a prelim9>y al>m4 ,b !n1 ?irdly1 z      
furni%+ a plea = br++ cr[ds toge!r1 su* 
a mode ( tea*+ mu/ h cr[n$ ! suspici\s  
presumptions aga9/ itself4 ,"o p]il !re 
0 at any rate to beg9 )--! p]il ( a mob3
 t 0 c]ta94 ,&1 secondly1 !re 0 !       
doctr9e taught3 :i* doctr9e 0 my/]i\s & 
unc]ta92 & 9 t unc]ta9ty lay ano!r p]il4
 ,s t1 equally ?r\gh :at 0 fix$ & :at 0 
d\btful1 !re arose t 'fe> ( *ange' :i*  
by au!ntic w>rant 'p]plexes mon>*s4' 9 !
 extraord9>y dep? ( impression :i*      
att5d$ 8 tea*+1 & 9 ! fe> z well z hatr$
 :i* possess$ ! ,jewi% rul]s aga9/ him4 
,inde$1 _h x n be5 = ! pr$om9ance ( !   
,roman elem5t 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ,judea1 x  
is pretty c]ta9 t ,*ri/ w\ld h be5 cru%$
 9 an e>li] /age 9 8 c>e]4  ,believ+1   
!re=e1 z ,judas did1 t ,*ri/ contemplat$

 ! e/abli%m5t ( a temporal k+dom--!     
re/oration1 9 fact1 ( ,david's ?rone2   
believ+1 also1 t all ! conditions t[>ds 
! realization ( su* a s*eme met & c5tr$ 
9 ! p]son ( ,*ri/1 :5 view$ 9 relation  
to ! circum/ances ( ! times2 :at 0 x t1 
^u any solution intelligible to ,judas1 
neutraliz$ s gr& a sc5e ( promise8      
,simply & obvi\sly1 to a man ) ! views (
 ,judas1 x 0 ! "* ( ,*ri/ himself1      
sublimely ov]-gift$ = purposes (        
speculation1 b1 l ,%akspe>e's great     
creation ( ,pr9ce ,hamlet1 n            
comm5surately end[$ = ! bus9ess ( action
 & ! sudd5 em]g5cies ( life4 ,indecision
 & d\bt 7su* 0 ! int]pretation ( ,judas7
 crept ov] ! faculties ( ! ,div9e ,man z
 (t5 z he 0 summon$ away f 8 own natural
 ,sabba? ( heav5ly contemplation to !   
gross necessities ( action4 ,x became   
important1 !re=e1 accord+ to ! views    
adopt$ by ,judas1 t 8 ma/] %\ld be      
precipitat$ into action by a =ce f )\t1 
& ?r[n into ! c5tre ( "s popul> movem5t1
 su* z1 once beg9n+ to revolve1 c\ld n  

aft]w>ds be susp5d$ or *eck$4  ,x is by 
no means improbable t ?is may h be5 !   
!ory ( ,judas4 ,nor is x at all necess>y
 to seek = ! ju/ification ( su* a !ory1 
consid]$ z a matt] ( prud5tial policy1 9
 ,jewi% fanaticism4 ,! ,jews ( ?ai day 7
 di/ract$ by int]nal s*isms4 ,else1 & ) 
any b5efit f national unity1 ! headlong 
rapture ( ,jewi% zeal1 :5 comb9$ 9      
v9dication ( _! insult$ temple &        
temple-wor%ip1 w\ld h be5 equal to !    
ef=t ( dislodg+ ! ,roman legion>y =ce = 
! mom5t f ! milit>y possession (        
,pale/9e4 ,aft] :i*1 al?\gh ! re/oration
 ( ! ,roman supremacy c\ld n ultimately 
h be5 evad$1 x is n at all c]ta9 t a    
compromise might n h be5 welcome at     
,rome1 su* z _h1 9 fact1 exi/$ "u ,h]od 
! ,great & 8 fa!r4,footnote3 ,x 0 a     
tradition :i* circulat$ at ,rome d[n to 
! days ( ! ,flavian family1 t !         
indulg5ce conc$$ to ,judea by ! imp]ial 
policy f ,augu/us d[nw>ds1 arose out ( !
 foll[+ little diplomatic secret3--,on !
 rise ( ! ,p>?ian p[]1 ambassadors _h   

be5 s5t to ,antipat]1 ! fa!r ( ,h]od1   
(f]+ ! ,p>?ian alliance & support4 ,at !
 same mom5t !re happ5$ to be at         
,j]usalem a ,roman ag5t1 hav+ a mission 
f ! ,roman ,gov]nm5t ) exactly ! same   
objects4 ,! "q 0 mo/ solemnly debat$1 = 
x 0 obvi\s1 t ultimately ?is "q t\*$ !  
salvation ( ! k9dgom1 s9ce to accept an 
alliance ) ei!r empire1 w\ld be to      
insure ! bitt] ho/ility ( ! o!r4  ,) t k
 fully be=e 8 m9d1 ,antipat] made 8     
def9itive election = ,rome4 ,! case     
transpir$ at ,rome--! debate1 & ! issue 
( ! debate--& ev5tually prov$ wor? a    
?rone to ! ,h]odian family2 = ! honor ( 
,rome seem$ to be conc]n$ 9 support+ !  
man :o1 9 ?is sort ( judgm5t ( ,p>is1 _h
 solemnly aw>d$ ! prize ( sup]iority to 
! remot] pot5tate4 ,! radical p[]1 9    
fact1 w\ld h be5 lodg$ 9 ,rome2 b ) su* 
ext]nal concessions to ,jewi%           
nationality z might h consult$ ! real   
int]e/s ( bo? p>ties4 ,adm9i/]$ "u      
,jewi% names1 ! l& might h yield$ a l>g]
 rev5ue ?an1 z a refractory ne/ (       

insurg5ts1 x ev] did yield to ! ,roman  
ex*equ]2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 a f]oci\s      
bigotry1 :i* 0 really sublime 9 its     
indomitable ob/9acy1 might h be5 humor$ 
)\t prejudice to ! gr&eur ( ! imp]ial   
claims4 ,ev5 little ,palmyra 9 lat]     
times 0 indulg$ to a great] ext5t )\t   
s]i\s injury 9 any qu>t]1 _h x n be5 = !
 fem99e arrogance t mis9t]pret$ & abus$ 
t indulg5ce4  ,! miscalculation1 9 fact1
 ( ,judas ,isc>iot--suppos+ him really  
to h ent]ta9$ ! views ascrib$ to        
him--did n h+e at all ^u political      
ov]sights1 b ^u a total spiritual       
bl9dness2 9 :i* bl9dness1 h[ev]1 he w5t 
no f>!r ?an at ! "t did probably mo/ ( 8
 bre?r54 ,^u !m1 q z little z ^u him1 _h
 z yet dawn$ ! true gr&eur ( ! ,*ri/ian 
s*eme4 ,9 ?is only he outran 8          
bre?r5--t1 %>+ 9 _! bl9dness1 he greatly
 exce$$ !m 9 presumption4 ,all alike _h 
imput$ to _! ,ma/] views utt]ly         
irreconcilable ) ! gr&eur ( 8 new &     
heav5ly religion4 ,x 0 no religion at   
all :i* !y z yet suppos$ to be ! object 

( ,*ri/'s tea*+1 b a simple prep>ation =
 a pitiably vulg> s*eme ( e>?ly         
aggr&izem5t4  ,b1 :il/ ! o!r apo/les _h 
simply fail$ to compreh5d _! ma/]1      
,judas _h presumptu\sly assum$ t he     
compreh5d$ ! purposes ( ,*ri/ m fully   
?an ,*ri/ himself4 ,8 object 0 audaci\s 
9 a high degree1 b 7accord+ to ! !ory   
:i* ,i am expla9+7 = t v reason n       
trea*]\s at all4 ,! m t he 0 liable to !
 reproa* ( audacity1 ! less c he be     
suspect$ ( p]fidy4 ,he suppos$ himself  
execut+ ! v inn]mo/ purposes ( ,*ri/1 b 
) an en]gy :i* x 0 ! *>act]i/ic         
infirmity ( ,*ri/ to want4  ,8 hope 01  
t1 :5 at l5g? actually arre/$ by !      
,jewi% au?orities1 ,*ri/ w\ld no long]  
vacillate2 he w\ld be =c$ into giv+ !   
signal to ! populace ( ,j]usalem1 :o    
w\ld !n h ris5 unanim\sly1 = ! d\ble    
purpose ( plac+ ,*ri/ at ! head ( an    
insurrection>y movem5t1 & ( ?r[+ (f !   
,roman yoke4 ,z reg>ds ! worldly        
prospects ( ?is s*eme1 x is by no means 
improbable t ,isc>iot 0 "r4 ,x seems1   

inde$1 altoge!r impossible t he1 :o 7z !
 treasur] ( ! apo/olic frat]nity7 _h 9  
all likelihood ! mo/ ( worldly wisdom1 &
 0 be/ acqua9t$ ) ! temp] ( ! times1    
c\ld h made any gross blund] z to !     
wi%es & secret designs ( ! populace 9   
,j]usalem4,footnote3 ,judas1 n less ?an 
! o!r apo/les1 _h d\btless be5 orig9ally
 *os51 ^u ! app>5t gr\nd ( sup]ior      
simplicity & unworldl9ess1 or else (    
sup]ior zeal 9 te/ify+ 8 ob$i5ce to !   
wi%es ( 8 ,ma/]4  ,b ! o!r elev5 7      
probably expos$ to no special           
temptation3  ,judas1 z ! purse-be>]1 04 
,8 (ficial duty mu/ h br\ght him e day  
into m9ute & circum/antial communication
 ) an important ord] ( m51 viz41 petty  
%op-keep]s4 ,9 all c\ntries alike1 ^! m5
 fulfil a great political function4     
,beyond all o!rs1 !y are br\ght into !  
mo/ ext5sive connection ) ! l>ge/ /ratum
 by f> 9 ! composition ( society4  ,!y  
receive1 & ) dreadful fidelity !y give  
back1 all jacob9ical impulses4  ,!y "k  
?or\ghly 9 :at *annels1 "u any call     

aris+ = action1 ^! impulses are at any  
"t mov+4  ,!y are always kept up au     
c\rant ( ! int]ior c\ncils & ultimate   
objects ( ! mo/ national1 &1 9 "o s5se1 
! mo/ p[]ful body 9 ! :ole community4   
,consci\sness1 :i* su* m5 always h1 (   
deep incorruptible fidelity to _! "m-l&1
 & to h] int]e/s1 h[ev] ill und]/ood1   
ennobles _! politics1 ev5 :5 o!rwise    
base4 ,!y are corrupt]s 9 a s]vice t    
nev] c be utt]ly corrupt4 ,!y h !re=e a 
p[] to w9 att5tion f virtu\s m52 &1 be+ 
kn[n to speak a repres5tative language1 
!y w\ld easily1 9 a l& s agitat$ &      
unreconcil$1 s wild1 /ormy1 & ignorant z
 ,judea1 k9dle 9 /irr+ m9ds ! mo/       
worldly contagions z to pr9ciple &      
purpose3 on ! "o h&1 kept ?r\gh ^! m5 9 
vital sympa?y ) ! re/less politics ( !  
insurrectioni/ populace--on ! o!r1 he>+ 
a sublime philosophy t re/$ = its       
key-note ^u ! adv5t ( va/ revolutions   
among m5--:at wond] t ,judas %\ld       
connect 8 daily exp]i5ce by an imag9>y  
syn!sis8 ,?is populace1 h[ev]1 n be+    

back$ by any /rong section ( !          
ari/ocracy1 hav+ no confid5ce aga9 9 any
 ( ! le>n$ bodies connect$ ) ! great    
s]vice ( _! national temple1 & hav+ no  
lead]s1 7 app>5tly deject$1 & )\t unity4
 ,! probability1 meantime1 is1 t "s     
popul> demon/ration w\ld h be5 made on  
behalf ( ,*ri/1 _h he himself (f]$ x any
 enc\ragem5t4  ,b we1 :o "k !           
incompatibility ( any su* enc\ragem5t ) 
! prim>y purpose ( ,*ri/'s mission ^u   
e>?1 "k ( necessity t ,judas1 & !       
populace on :i* he reli$1 mu/ equally & 
simultane\sly h f\nd !mselves undeceiv$ 
= ev]4 ,9 an in/ant ( "t "o gr& decisive
 ^w & ge/ure ( ,*ri/ mu/ h put an end   
p]emptorily to all hopes ( t k9d4 ,9 t  
brief in/ant1 en\gh 0 made kn[n to      
,judas = f9al despair4  ,:e!r he _h ev] 
drunk pr(\ndly en\gh f ! cup ( spiritual
 religion to und]/& ! full mean+ (      
,*ri/'s refusal2 :e!r he /ill adh]$ to 8
 worldly int]pretation ( ,*ri/'s        
mission1 & simply translat$ ! refusal   
into a confession t all 0 lo/1 :il/ 9 v 

fact all 0 on ! br9k ( absolute &       
triumphant consummation1 x is impossible
 = u1 )\t docum5ts or h9ts1 to          
conjecture4 ,en\gh is app>5t to %[ t1 9 
ref]5ce to any hopes t c\ld be          
consolatory = him1 all 0 inde$ lo/4 ,!  
k+dom ( ?is _w _h melt$ away 9 a mom5t l
 a cl\d2 & x matt]$ little to him t a   
spiritual k+dom surviv$1 & t            
intellectually he might sudd5ly become  
aw>e ( x1 if 9 8 he>t !re 7 no spiritual
 organ by :i* he c\ld appropriate ! new 
& /unn+ revelation4 ,equally he might be
 swall[$ up by despair 9 ! case ( reta9+
 8 old worldly delusions1 & f9d+ ! gr\nd
 ( 8 old anticipations sudd5ly giv+ way 
bel[ 8 feet1 or aga9 9 ! opposite case (
 sudd5ly correct+ 8 own false           
con/ructions ( ,*ri/'s mission1 &       
appreh5d+ a f> high] purpose2 b :i*     
purpose1 9 ! v mom5t ( becom+           
intelligible1 rose into a region f>     
beyond 8 own frail fle%ly sympa?ies4    
,he might read m truly--f> m truly2 b   
:at ( t1 if ! new tru? 7 no?+ to him8 ,!

 despond5cy ( ,judas might be ( two     
diff]5t qualities1 m or less selfi%2    
inde$1 ,i w\ld g s f> z to say1 selfi%  
or altoge!r unselfi%4 ,& x is ) a view  
to ?is "q1 & "u a p]suasion ( a wrong   
done to ,judas by gross mi/ranslation   
di/urb+ ! ,greek text1 t ,i ent]$ at all
 ^u ?is little memor&um4 ,else :at ,i h 
hi!rto be5 attempt+ to expla9 7except+  
only ! "p relat+ to ! hakim1 :i* is     
entirely my own sugge/ion7 belongs to   
,g]man writ]s4 ,! :ole con/ruction (    
,isc>iot's conduct1 z aris+1 n out (    
p]fidy1 b out ( 8 s9c]e belief t "s     
quick5+ impulse 0 call$ = by a morbid   
feature 9 ,*ri/'s temp]am5t--all ?is ,i 
believe 0 orig9ally due to ! ,g]mans2 & 
x is an important correction1 = x mu/   
always be important to recall )9 ! fold 
( ,*ri/ian =giv5ess any "o :o has long  
be5 seque/]$ f human *>ity1 & has t5ant$
 a ,p>iah grave4 ,9 ! greate/ & mo/     
memorable ( e>?ly trag$ies1 ,judas is a 
prom95t figure4 ,s long z ! e>?         
revolves1 he _c be =gott54 ,if1 !re=e1  

!re is a d\bt affect+ 8 case1 he is     
entitl$ to ! b5efit ( t d\bt2 & if he   
has suff]$ to any ext5t--if simply to ! 
ext5t ( los+ a palliation1 or ! %ad[ ( a
 palliation--by means ( a false         
translation f ! ,greek1 we ought n to   
revise or mitigate 8 s5t5ce m]ely1 b to 
dismiss him f ! b>4 ,! ,g]mans make x a 
"q--9 :at _s ,isc>iot liv$8 ,my "q      
is--h[ he di$8 ,if he 7 a traitor at    
la/1 9 t case he 0 virtually a traitor  
always4 ,if he p]petrat$ treason 9 ! la/
 h\rs ( 8 connection1 ) ,*ri/1 & ev5 a  
m]c5>y treason1 !n he mu/ h be5 dally+ )
 ! purpose ( treason dur+ all ! h\rs ( 8
 apo/le%ip4 ,if1 9 reality1 :5 sell+ 8  
ma/] = money1 he meant to betray him1 & 
reg>d$ ! money z ! comm5surate motive = 
betray+ him1 !n 8 case w assume a v     
diff]5t aspect f t impress$ ^u x by !   
,g]man con/ruction ( ! circum/ances4  ,!
 life ( ,judas1 & ! dea? ( ,judas1 tak5 
ap>t1 or tak5 jo9tly1 ea* sep>ately ^u  
indep5d5t gr\nds1 or bo? toge!r ^u      
common gr\nds1 are op5 to d\bts &       

p]plexities4 ,& possibly ! d\ble        
p]plexities1 if fully be=e u1 might turn
 out to be self-neutraliz$4 ,tak+ !m    
jo9tly1 we might ask--,7 !y1 ?is life & 
?is dea?1 to be reg>d$ z a common       
movem5t on behalf ( a deep & he>t-frett+
 ,hebrew patriotism1 :i* 0 n ! less     
s9c]e1 because x ran headlong into !    
unamiable =m ( rancor\s rationality &   
inhuman bigotry8 ,7 !y a wild deg5]ation
 f a pr9ciple orig9ally noble8 ,or1 on !
 contr>y1 ?is life & ?is dea?1 7 !y     
alike ! expression ( a base m]c5>y      
selfi%ness1 caught & baffl$ 9 ! me%es ( 
its own *ican]y8 ,! life1 if x c\ld be  
appreciat$ 9 its secret pr9ciples1 might
 g f> to illu/rate ! probable "* ( !    
dea?4 ,! dea?1 if its circum/ances 7    
recov]able1 & c\ld be lib]at$ f !       
self-contradictory details 9 ! receiv$  
report1 might d some?+ to indicate      
retrospectively ! "* & t5or ( t life4 ,!
 life ( ,judas1 "u a ,g]man con/ruction 
( x1 z a spasmodic ef=t ( v9dictive     
patriotism & ( rebelli\s ambition1 noble

 by possibility1 ?\gh err+ &            
worldly-m9d$1 :5 measur$ by a /&>d s    
exalt$ z t ( ,*ri/ianity1 w\ld inf] 7z  
its natural sequel7 a dea? ( fi]ce      
despair4 ,read "u ! ord9>y con/ruction z
 a life expos$ to temptations t 7 petty1
 & frauds t 7 always m]c5>y1 x c\ld n   
reasonably be suppos$ to furni% any     
occasion = passions ^u s great a scale z
 ^? :i* seem to h be5 conc]n$ 9 !       
tragical end ( ,judas1 :e!r ! passions 7
 ^? ( remorse & p5it5tial angui%1 or (  
p]sonal disappo9tm5t4 ,leav+1 h[ev]1 to 
! ,g]mans1 ! task ( conjecturally re/]+ 
its fad$ l9eam5ts to ?is my/]i\s record 
( a crime t nev] came be=e any human    
tribunal1 my own purpose is n>r[]4 ,i   
seek to recall & to recomb9e ! elem5ts1 
n ( ! ,isc>iot's life1 nor ( 8 p>ticul> 
(f5ce1 b simply ( 8 dea?4  ,! read] is  
probably aw>e1 t !re has always be5 an  
obscurity1 or ev5 a p]plexity1 connect$ 
) ! dea? ( ,isc>iot4 ,two only out ( !  
entire five docum5ts1 :i* record ! rise 
& e>ly hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity1 h          

circum/antially notic$ ?is ev5t4  ,m>k1 
,luke1 & ,john1 leave x undescrib$4 ,/4 
,mat!w & ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les h bequea!d
 to u a picturesque acc\nt ( x1 :i*1 to 
my own belief1 has be5 ?or\ghly         
misund]/ood2 &1 once be+ misund]/ood1   
naturally en\gh has be5 int]pret$ z     
some?+ fe>fully pret]natural4 ,! crime1 
?\gh great1 ( ,isc>iot has probably be5 
mu* exagg]at$4 ,x 0 ! crime ( signal &  
e>?ly presumption1 seek+ n to ?w>t !    
purposes ( ,*ri/1 or to betray !m1 b to 
promote !m by means utt]ly at w> ) _!   
c5tral _s4 ,z f> z c be judg$1 x 0 an   
attempt to =w>d ! c\nsels ( ,god by     
weapons borr[$ f ! armory ( d>kness4 ,! 
crime be+ once misappreh5d$ z a crime1  
)\t a "n or a prec$5t1 x 0 inevitable t 
! puni%m5t1 s f> z x 0 exp\nd$ by ! dea?
 ( ! crim9al1 %\ld1 9 ob$i5ce to ?is    
fir/ errone\s preconception1 be         
translat$ into some?+ pret]natural4 ,to 
a mode ( guilt :i* seem$ to h no        
p>allel1 x 0 reasonable en\gh t !re %\ld
 be apportion$ a dea? :i* all[$ ( no    

m$ical explanation4,footnote3 ,9 neutral
 po9ts1 hav+ no relation to morals or   
religi\s philosophy1 x is n conceal$ by 
! scriptural records !mselves1 t ev5    
inspir$ p]sons made grave mi/akes4 ,all 
! apo/les1 x is probable1 or ) ! s+le   
exception ( ,/4 ,john1 %>$ 9 ! mi/ake   
ab\t ! second com+ ( ,*ri/1 z an ev5t   
imm$iately to be look$ =4 ,) respect to 
diseases1 aga91 x is evid5t t ! apo/les1
 9 common ) all ,jews1 7 habitually     
dispos$ to read 9 !m di/9ct             
manife/ations ( heav5ly wra?4 ,9        
bl9dness1 = in/ance1 or1 aga91 9 dea? f 
! fall ( a t[]1 !y read1 z a matt] (    
c\rse1 a pla9 expression ( ! div9e      
displeasure po9t$ at an individual4 ,t  
!y %\ld ev5 pause s f> z to make a d\bt 
:e!r ! individual or 8 p>5ts 7 ! object 
( ?is displeasure1 arose only f !       
absolute co]cion to s mu* res]ve z ?is  
:i* 0 cont9ually obtrud+ itself 9 !     
cases :]e innoc5t infants 7 ! suff]]s4  
,?is1 9 fact1 0 a prejudice inali5able f
 _! ,jewi% tra9+2 & z x w\ld unavoidably

 lead (t5times to judgm5ts n only false 
b also un*>itable1 x receiv$1 on m      
occasions ?an "o1 a /]n rebuke f ,*ri/  
himself4 ,9 ! same _s1 x is probable t !
 symptoms att5d+ dea? 7 sometimes       
errone\sly report$ z pret]natural1 :51 9
 fact1 su* z e hospital c\ld mat*4  ,!  
dea? ( ! fir/ ,h]od 0 reg>d$ by ! e>ly  
,*ri/ians univ]sally z a judicial       
expression ( ,god's wra? to ! au?or ( ! 
massacre at ,be?lehem1 ?\gh 9 reality ! 
symptoms 7 su* z (t5 occur 9 ob/9ate    
d]angem5ts ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,inde$1 z to
 _m features1 ! malady ( ! ,fr5* k+1    
,*>les ,,ix41 ^: n]v\s sy/em _h be5     
%att]$ by ! horrors ( ! ,/4 ,b>?olomew  
massacre1 v ne>ly resembl$ x2 ) su*     
diff]5ces z might be look$ = betwe5 an  
old1 ru9$ con/itution1 su* z ,h]od's1 & 
"o s y\?ful z t ( ,*>les4 ,9 ! ,acts ( !
 ,apo/les1 aga91 ! gr&son ( ,h]od 7,h]od
 ,agrippa7 is evid5tly suppos$ to h di$ 
by a judicial & pret]natural dea?1 :]eas
 app>5tly "o "p ( 8 malady 0 ! morbus   
p$icul>is--cases ( :i* ,i h myself      

circum/antially kn[n 9 p]sons ( all     
ranks2 "o1 = in/ance1 be+ t ( a c\ntess 
enorm\sly ri*1 & ! late/ a female       
s]vant4  ,?is demur1 moreov]1 (         
obscurity 0 n ! only "o rais$ aga9/ !   
dea? ( ,judas3 !re 0 a sep>ate          
objection--t x 0 inconsi/5t ) itself4   
,he 0 repres5t$1 9 ! ord9>y mod]n       
v]sions1 z dy+ by a d\ble dea?--viz41   
#a/1 by a suicidal dea?3 'he w5t & hang$
 himself'--?is is ! brief acc\nt ( 8    
dea? giv5 by ,/4 ,mat!w2 b1 #b;d1 by a  
dea? n suicidal3 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1
 we h a v diff]5t acc\nt ( 8 dea?1 n    
sugge/+ suicide at all1 & o!rwise       
describ+ x z my/]i\sly complex2 t is1   
pres5t+ u ) v>i\s circum/ances ( ! case1
 none ( :i*1 9 ! common v]nacul> v]sions
 7,engli% & ,cont95tal71 is at all      
intelligible4 ,! elem5ts 9 ! case are   
?ree3 t he 'fell d[n headlong2' t he    
'bur/ asund] 9 ! middle2' & t '8 b[els  
gu%$ out'--! fir/ ( ^! elem5ts be+      
un9telligible 9 ! ,engli% expression (  
x1 & ! two o!rs be+ purely & blankly    

impossible4  ,^! objections to !        
p>ticul> mode ( t cata/rophe :i* clos$ !
 c>e] ( ,judas1 _h be5 felt pretty      
g5]ally 9 ! ,*ri/ian *ur*1 & probably f 
! e>lie/ times2 & ! m s on acc\nt ( t   
deep obscurity :i* re/$ ^u ! nature ( 8 
(f5ce4 ,t a man1 :o _h be5 solemnly     
elect$ into ! small b& ( ! apo/les1 %\ld
 s f> w&] f 8 duty z to incur =feiture (
 8 great (fice--?is 0 9 itself          
suffici5tly dreadful1 & a %ock+ revival 
to ! human imag9ation ( t elde/ among/  
all traditions--a tradition desc5d+ to u
 f :at date we "k n1 nor ?r\gh :at      
*annel ( orig9al communication--!       
possibility t ev5 into ! heav5 ( heav5s1
 & among/ ! angelic ho/s1 rebellion     
aga9/ ,god1 long be=e man & human       
frailty exi/$1 %\ld h crept by "s way   
metaphysically inconceivable4 ,:at se>* 
c\ld be suffici5t1 :]e ev5 ! eye ( ,*ri/
 _h fail$ to detect any g]m ( evil8     
,/ill1 ?\gh ! crime ( ,judas _h d\btless
 be5 pr(\nd1,footnote3 ,9 measur+ :i*1  
h[ev]1 ! read] mu/ n all[ himself to be 

too mu* biass$ by ! ,engli% phrase1 'son
 ( p]dition4' ,?is1 & ! phrase :i* we   
translate 'damnation1' h be5 alike      
color$ unavoidably by ! p>ticul>        
int5sity ( ! feel+ associat$ ) our      
,engli% use ( ! words4 ,n[1 "o great    
difficulty 9 translat+ is to f9d words t
 ev5 z to m]e logical elem5ts correspond
 to ! orig9al text4 ,ev5 t is (t5 a try+
 problem4 ,b to f9d also su* words z    
%all graduate & adju/ _! dep? ( feel+ to
 ! scale ( ano!r language1 & t language 
a dead language1 is _m times bey9d all  
rea* ( human skill4 & evid5tly to me x  
_h be5 ! int5tion ( ! e>ly *ur* to ?r[ a
 deep pall ( my/]y ov] its ext5t--*>ity1
 t unique *>ity :i* belongs to          
,*ri/ianity1 z be+ ! sole *>ity ev]     
prea*$ to m51 :i* 'hope? all ?+s1'      
incl9$ ?r\gh e age ! he>ts ( mus+ read]s
 to susp5d _! v]dict :]e ! ,scriptures  
_h !mselves practis$ "s res]ve1 & 77 x  
only by ! extreme p]plexity ( its f9al &
 revis$ expressions7 _h left an op5+1 if
 n almo/ an invitation1 to d\bt4 ,! d\bt

 0 left by ! primitive *ur* :]e         
,scripture _h left x4 ,!re 0 n any      
absolute necessity t ?is %\ld ev] be    
cle>$ up to man4 ,b x 0 felt f ! v fir/ 
t "s call 0 made ^u ! *ur* to expla9 &  
to h>monize ! app>5tly contradictory    
expressions us$ 9 :at may be view$ z !  
(ficial report ( ! "o memorable dome/ic 
trag$y 9 ! infant /age ( ! ,*ri/ian     
hi/ory4 ,(ficial ,i call x1 z be+ 9 a   
mann] c\nt]sign$ by ! :ole conf$]ate    
*ur*1 :5 proce$+ to _! fir/ common act 9
 fill+ up ! vacancy consequ5t ^u !      
transgression ( ,judas1 :]eas ! acc\nt (
 ,/4  ,mat!w plead$ no au?ority b 8 own4
 ,& dome/ic ,i call ! trag$y1 9         
prosecution ( t beautiful image "u :i* a
 fa!r ( our ,engli% *ur* has call$ !    
twelve apo/les1 :5 celebrat+ ! pas*al   
fea/1 '! family ( ,*ri/4',footnote3 = ! 
read] mu/ n =get t ! orig9al mean+ ( !  
,lat9 ^w familia 0 ! sum total ( !      
famuli4 ,h5ce1 :5ev] x is said 9 an     
anci5t classic t su* or su* a man _h a  
l>ge family1 or t he 0 k9d to 8 family1 

or 0 lov$ by 8 family1 always we are to 
und]/& n at all 8 wife & *ildr51 b !    
tra9 & ret9ue ( 8 dome/ic slaves4 ,n[1 !
 relation ( ! ,apo/les to _! ,ma/]1 & ! 
awfulness ( _! dep5d5cy ^u him1 :i*     
repres5t$ a gold5 *a9 susp5d+ ! :ole    
race ( man to ! heav5s above1 ju/ifi$1 9
 ! fir/ place1 t =m ( expression :i*    
%\ld indicate ! humility & loyalty t is 
own$ by s]vants to a "l2 :il/1 on ! o!r 
h&1 ! t5d]ness involv$ 9 ! relations    
express$ by ! ,engli% ^w family1 r$ress$
 :at w\ld else h be5 too au/]e 9 ! idea1
 & recompos$ ! equilibrium betwe5 ! two 
=ces ( rev]5tial awe & ( *ildlike love  
:i* are equally indisp5sable to !       
orbicul> p]fection ( ,*ri/ian duty4     
,?is e>ly essay ( ! *ur* to h>monize !  
difficult expressions employ$ 9 ! ,acts 
( ! ,apo/les--an essay :i*1 !re=e1      
recognises at once ! fact t ^!          
expressions really 7 likely to p]plex ! 
simple-he>t$1 & n m]ely su* read]s z    
sy/ematically rais$ cavils--0 br\ght    
=w>d 9 ! e>lie/ era ( ! *ur*1 & "u !    

sanction ( ! v highe/ au?ority1 viz41 by
 "o :o sat at ! feet ( ! belov$ apo/le2 
by "o1 !re=e1 :o1 if he _h n se5 ,*ri/1 
_h se5 famili>ly him 9 :om ,*ri/ mo/    
confid$4  ,b ,i w report ! case 9 !     
words ( t gold5-m\!d rhetorician1 t     
,*ryso/om ( ! ,engli% ,*ur*1 f ^: lips  
all tru? came m5d$1 & :o1 9 spite (     
,%akespe>e himself1 f\nd x possible     
',to gild ref9$ gold1 to pa9t ! lily4   
,& add ano!r p]fume to ! violet4'   ,!  
foll[+ is ! acc\nt giv5 by ,j]emy       
,taylor ( ! :ole hi/ory1 9 s f> z x     
affects ! ,scripture report ( :at ,judas
 did1 & :at f9ally he suff]$3--',two    
days be=e ! passov]1 ! ,scribes &       
,ph>isees call$ a c\ncil to contrive    
crafty ways ,footnote3 ,o!rwise1 x mu/  
naturally occur to e read]--,:at p[]s   
c\ld ,judas furni% t[>ds ! arre/ (      
,jesus beyond :at ! au?orities 9        
,j]usalem already possess$8  ,b ! bi%op 
sugge/s t ! dilemma 0 ?is3--,by day x 0 
unsafe to seize him1 su* 0 ! v5]ation ( 
! populace = 8 p]son4 ,if done at all1 x

 mu/ be done dur+ ! d>kness4 ,b1        
precisely dur+ ^? h\rs1 ,*ri/ )drew into
 solitudes kn[n only to 8 disciples4 ,s 
t to corrupt "o ( ^! 0 ! prelim9>y /ep  
to ! discov]y ( t secret4 ( de/roy+     
,jesus1 !y n d>+ to d x by op5 viol5ce4 
,( :i* meet+1 :5 ,judas ,isc>iot _h     
notice 7= ^? assemblies 7 public &      
notori\s7 he ran f ,be?any1 & (f]$      
himself to betray 8 ,ma/] to !m1 if !y  
w\ld give him a consid]able rew>d4 ,!y  
agre$ = ?irty pieces ( silv]4' ,9 a case
 s memorable z ?is1 no?+ is or c be     
trivial2 & ev5 t curiosity is n unhall[$
 :i* has desc5d$ to inquire :at sum1 at 
t era ( ,jewi% hi/ory1 ?is expression   
might indicate4 ,! bi%op replies        
?us3--',( :at value ea* piece 01 is     
unc]ta92 b _! own nation ha? giv5 a     
rule1 t1 :5 a piece ( silv] is nam$ 9 ! 
,p5tateu*1 x signifies a sicle2 if x be 
nam$ 9 ! ,prophets1 x signifies a p\nd2 
if 9 ! o!r writ+s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 x  
signifies a tal5t4' ,= ?is1 besides o!r 
less famili> au?ority1 !re is cit$ !    

well-kn[n ,arius ,montanus1 9 !         
,syro-,*aldaic diction>y4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 
self-evid5t t any s]vice op5 to ,judas  
w\ld h be5 prepo/]\sly ov]paid by ?irty 
tal5ts1 a sum :i* exce$$ five ?\s& p\nds
 /]l+4 ,& s9ce ?is p>ticul> sum _h      
orig9ally re/$ on ! au?ority ( a        
prophet1 cit$ by "o ( !                 
evangeli/s1,footnote3 ,viz41 ,/4 ,mat!w4
 ,^u :i* ! bi%op notices ! error :i* _h 
crept into ! prevail+ text ( ,j]emias   
in/ead ( ,ze*>ias4 ,b 9 ! f\r? c5tury1  
"s copies _h already correct$ ?is read+2
 :i*1 besides1 _h a traditional excuse 9
 ! prov]bial say+ t ! _s ( ,j]emiah _h  
settl$ & f\nd a re/+-place 9 ,ze*>ias4  
'x is probable1' proce$s ! bi%op1 't !  
price at :i* ,judas sold 8 "l 0 ?irty   
p\nds weight ( silv] t is1 ab\t n9ety   
gu9eas /]l+ 9 ,engli% money--a goodly   
price = ! ,savi\r ( ! _w to be priz$ at 
by 8 undisc]n+ & unwor?y c\ntrym54'     
,:]e1 h[ev]1 ! le>n$ writ] makes a      
slight ov]sight 9 logic1 s9ce x 0 n     
precisely ,*ri/ t 0 s valu$--?is prison]

 z aga9/ ! c]ta9 loss ( ?is prison]--b  
simply ?is p>ticul> mode ( cont5d+ ) !  
difficulty atta*$ to 8 appreh5sion1 s t1
 9 ! wor/ case1 ?is opportunity lo/     
might be replac$ by o!r opportunities2 &
 ! price1 !re=e1 0 n calculat$ z x w\ld 
h be5 "u "o solit>y *ance4  ,! bi%op !n 
proce$s ) ! rehe>sal ( all !            
circum/ances connect$ ) ! pret5d$ trial 
( ,*ri/2 & com+ 9 ! process ( 8 n>rative
 to ! conduct ( ,judas on le>n+ !       
dreadful turn :i* ?+s 7 tak+ 7conduct   
:i* surely argues t he _h anticipat$ a  
mo/ opposite cata/rophe71 he w9ds up !  
case ( ! ,isc>iot 9 ! foll[+            
passage--',:5 ,judas he>d t !y _h pass$ 
! f9al & decretory s5t5ce ( dea? ^u 8   
,"l1 he1 :o ?\ght n x w\ld h gone s f>1 
rep5t$ him to h be5 an in/rum5t ( s     
damnable a ma*9ation1 & came & br\ght ! 
silv] :i* !y gave him = hire1 ?rew x 9  
among/ !m1 & said1 ',i h s9n$ 9 betray+ 
! innoc5t blood4' ,b !y1 incuri\s ( ^?  
hell-torm5ts ,judas felt )9 him1 because
 _! own fires burn$ n yet1 dismiss$     

him4' ,i pause = a mom5t to obs]ve t1 9 
! expression1 'rep5t$ him to h be5 an   
in/rum5t1' ! context %[s ! bi%op int5d+ 
to repres5t ,judas z recoil+ f ! issue (
 8 own acts1 & f s damnable a ma*9ation1
 n because 8 bett] feel+s 7 evok$1 z !  
prospect ( ru9 to 8 ,ma/] drew ne>1 & t 
he %rank f t same ?+ :5 tak+ a def9ite  
%ape ( fulfilm5t1 :i* he _h fac$        
*e]fully :5 at a di/ance--n at all3 !   
bi%op's mean+ is--t ,judas recoil$ f 8  
own acts at ! v in/ant :5 he began to   
und]/& _! real consequ5ces n[ solemnly  
op5+ ^u 8 horror-/rick5 und]/&+4 ,he _h 
hop$1 probably1 mu* f ! ,roman          
int]f]5ce2 & ! hi/ory itself %[s t 9 ?is
 he _h n be5 at all too sangu9e4        
,ju/ice has nev] yet be5 done to !      
conduct ( ,pilate4 ,t man has little    
compreh5d$ ! /yle & mann] ( ! ,new      
,te/am5t :o does n p]ceive ! demoniac   
e>ne/ness ( ,pilate to effect !         
lib]ation ( ,*ri/1 or :o fails to read !
 anxiety ( ! sev]al evangeli/s to put on
 record 8 pr(\nd sympa?y ) ! prison]4 ,!

 false/ ^w t ev] yet 0 utt]$ ^u any "p (
 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 is t sne] ( ,"l       
,bacon's at 'je/+ ,pilate4' ,pilate 0 9 
deadly e>ne/ f fir/ to la/1 & retir$ f 8
 frantic ef=t on behalf ( ,*ri/1 only :5
 8 own safety began to be s]i\sly       
compromis$4  ,d ! ?\ghtless accus]s (   
,pilate fancy t he 0 a ,*ri/ian8 ,if n1 
:y1 or on :at pr9ciple1 0 he to ru9     
himself at ,rome1 9 ord] to favor "o he 
c\ld n save at ,j]usalem8 ,h[ reasonably
 ,judas _h reli$ ^u ! ,roman int]f]5ce1 
is evid5t f :at actually took place4    
,judas reli$1 secondly1 ^u ! populace1 &
 t ?is reliance also 0 well w>rant$1    
appe>s f repeat$ in/ances ( ! fe> ) :i* 
! ,jewi% rul]s contemplat$ ,*ri/4 ,:y   
did !y fe> him at all8 ,simply1 z he 0  
back$ by ! p3 _h x n be5 = _! support1  
,*ri/ 0 no m an object ( t]ror to !m ?an
 8 h]ald1 ! ,bapti/4  ,b :at ,i "h insi/
 on is 7:i* else f "s expressions !     
read] might fail to und]/&71 t ,j]emy   
,taylor n[h]e makes ! mi/ake ( suppos+  
,judas to h orig9ally design$ ! ru9 ( 8 

,ma/]1 & n[h]e und]/&s by 8 'rep5tance' 
t he felt remorse on com+ ne> to        
consequ5ces :i* f a di/ance he _h       
welcom$4 ,he admits cle>ly t ,judas 0 a 
traitor only 9 ! s5se ( seek+ 8 ,ma/]'s 
aggr&izem5t by me?ods :i* plac$ him 9   
revolt aga9/ t ,ma/]1 me?ods :i* n only 
involv$ express & =mal disob$i5ce to t  
,ma/]1 b :i* ran into headlong ho/ility 
aga9/ ! _s ( all t he came on e>? to    
effect4 ,x 0 ! revolt1 n ( p]fidi\s     
malignity1 b ( arrogant & c>nal         
bl9dness4 ,9 respect to ! gloomy        
t]m9ation ( ! ,isc>iot's c>e]1 & to !   
p]plex+ acc\nt ( x giv5 9 ! ,acts ( !   
,apo/les1 ! bi%op closes 8 acc\nt       
?us3--',& ,judas w5t & hang$ himself2 & 
! judgm5t 0 made m notori\s & em95t by  
an unusual accid5t at su* dea?s2 = he s 
swell$1 t he bur/1 & 8 b[els gu%$ out4  
,b ! ,greek s*olia/ & "s o!rs report out
 ( ,papias1 ,/4 ,john's s*ol>1 t ,judas 
fell f ! fig-tree1 on :i* he hang$1 be=e
 he 0 q dead1 & surviv$ 8 attempt       
some:ile2 be+ s sad a spectacle (       

de=mity & pa91 & a prodigi\s tumor1 t 8 
plague 0 deplorable & highly mis]able2  
till at la/ he bur/ 9 ! v sub/ance ( 8  
trunk1 z be+ ext5d$ beyond !            
possibilities ,footnote3 ,qua]e1 :e!r ! 
true read+ is n m probably              
'passibilities1' i4e41 liabilities to   
suff]+4 & capacities ( nature4'  ,9 ?is 
correct$ v]sion ( ,papias1 we c]ta9ly   
ga9 an intelligible acc\nt ( :at o!rwise
 is f> f intelligible1 viz41 ! fall+    
headlong4 ,b all ! re/ is a dismal heap 
( irrationalities2 & ! s+le ray ( light 
:i* is obta9$1 viz41 ! sugge/ion ( !    
fig-tree z an elevation1 :i* expla9s !  
possibility ( a headlong fall1 is (     
itself an argum5t t "s great di/urbance 
mu/ h happ5$ to ! text at ?is po9t1 else
 h[ c\ld s mat]ial a circum/ance h      
sil5tly dropp$ out ( ! n>rative8 ,!re   
are passages 9 e sep>ate book ( ! canon1
 into :i* accid5t1 or ! somnol5ce (     
copyi/s1 has introduc$ errors s]i\sly   
di/urb+ ! s5se & ! coh]5ce4 ,_m ( ^! h  
be5 rectifi$ 9 ! happie/ mann] by +5i\s 

sugge/ions2 & a consid]able proportion (
 ^! sugge/ions has be5 s9ce v]ifi$ &    
approv$ by ! discov]y ( new manuscripts1
 or ! m accurate collation ( old ones4  
,9 ! pres5t case1 a mu* slight] *ange   
?an might be suppos$ w suffice to elicit
 a new & p]fect s5se f ! g5]al outl9e ( 
t text :i* /ill survives4  ,fir/1 z to !
 phrase 'fell headlong1' ,i d n und]/& x
 ( any fall f a fig-tree1 or f any tree 
:atev]4 ,?is fig-tree ,i reg>d z a      
purely fanciful res\rce2 & evid5tly an  
innovation to ?is ext5t ranks among/ ^? 
conjectural audacities :i* %ock !       
discreet read]1 z mo/ unsatisfactory &  
lic5ti\s1 because purely gratuit\s1 :5  
!y re/ ^u no traces t c be indicat$ z   
/ill lurk+ 9 ! pres5t text4 ,fell       
headlong may /& z at pres5t3 x ne$s no  
*ange1 = x discloses a v good &         
suffici5t s5se1 if we und]/& x          
figuratively z mean+ t he came to utt] &
 unmitigat$ ru91 t 8 wreck 0 total1 = t1
 in/ead ( d$icat+ himself to a life (   
p5it5tial sorr[1 su* z w\ld assur$ly h  

conciliat$ ! div9e =giv5ess1 ! unhappy  
crim9al _h ru%$ out ( life by suicide4  
,s f>1 at lea/1 all is s\nd & coh]5t1 & 
"u no fur!r obligations to *ange small  
or great1 beyond ! read+ t1 9 a         
metaphorical s5se1 :i*1 if read 7z      
hi!rto7 9 a lit]al s5se1 w\ld require ! 
v s]i\s int]polation ( an imag9>y       
fig-tree4  ,:at rema9s is equally       
simple3 ! *ange requir$ involves z      
little viol5ce1 & ! result f ?is *ange w
 appe> equally natural4 ,b a brief      
prelim9>y explanation is requisite1 9   
ord] to place ,x advantage\sly be=e !   
read]4 ,! anci5ts use ! t]m b[els ) a   
latitude unkn[n g5]ally to mod]n        
lit]ature1 b especially to ,engli%      
lit]ature4  ,9 ! mid/ ( ! f> pr(\nd]    
passion :i* di/+ui%es ! ,engli% f all   
lit]atures on ! mod]n ,european cont95t1
 x is s+ul> t a fa/idi\s decorum nev]   
sleeps = a mom5t4 ,x might be imag9$ t  
?is fa/idi\sness w\ld be 9 ! inv]se     
ratio ( ! passion3 b x is n s4 ,9       
p>ticul> ! ,fr5*1 c]ta9ly ! lit]ature   

:i* ranges at ! l[e/ elevation ^u !     
scale ( passion1 nev]!less is (t5       
homely1 & ev5 gross1 9 its recurr5ces to
 frank elem5t>y nature4 ,= a lady to    
describe h]self z laugh+ a gorge        
deployee1 a grossness :i* ) u1 equally  
on ! /age or 9 real life1 w\ld be reg>d$
 ) horror1 among/ ! ,fr5* attracts no   
p>ticul> att5tion4 ,aga91 amid/ !       
suppos$ ref9em5ts ( ,fr5* trag$y1 & n   
obs]ve ! co>s] trag$y ( ,corneille1 b   
amid/ ! m fem99e & poli%$ trag$y (      
,rac9e1 !re is no recoil at all f say+ (
 su* or su* a s5tim5t1 ',il me p]ce les 
entrailles'--x p5etrates my b[els4 ,!   
,greeks & ,romans /ill m ext5sively use 
! sev]al v>ieties ( expression = !      
inte/9es1 z a symbolic phraseology = !  
dome/ic & social affections4 ,we ,engli%
 ev51 fa/idi\s z we are1 employ ! t]m   
b[els z a natural symbolization = !     
affections ( pity1 m]cy1 or p>5tal &    
bro!rly affection4 ,at lea/ we d s 9    
recurr+ to ! simplicities ( ! scriptural
 /yle4 ,b1 among/ ! ,romans1 ! ^w visc]a

 is s naturally repres5tative ( !       
h\sehold affections1 t at l5g? x becomes
 necess>y to recall an ,engli% read] to 
! true mean+ ( ?is ^w4  ,?r\gh "s       
physiological prejudice1 x is true t !  
b[els h always be5 reg>d$ z ! seat ( ! m
 t5d] & sorr[+ sympa?ies4 ,b ! visc]a   
compreh5d$ all ! inte/9es1 or 7z ! ,fr5*
 t]m !m7 les entrailles4 ,! he>t ev5 is 
a viscus2 p]haps 9 a v l>ge acceptation 
! bra9 might be reg>d$ z a co-viscus ) !
 he>t4 ,!re is v slight gr\nd = hold+ ! 
bra9 to be ! organ ( ?9k+1 or ! he>t (  
moral s5sibilities1 m ?an ! /oma*1 or ! 
b[els1 or ! inte/9es g5]ally4 ,b waive  
all ?is3 ! ,romans designat$ ! seat ( ! 
l>g] & nobl] 7i4e41 ! moral7            
s5sibilities indiff]5tly by ^! ?ree     
t]ms3 ! pectus1 ! prcordia1 & ! visc]a2 
z to ! cor1 x seems to me t x d5ot$ !   
he>t 9 its gross] & m animal capacities3
 ',molle meum levibus cor e/ violabile  
relis2' x 0 ! seat ( sexual passion2 b  
nobl] & m reflective s5sibilities       
inhabit$ ! pectus or prcordia2 &        

naturally out ( ^! physiologic          
preconceptions arose correspond+        
expressions = w\nd$ or ru9$             
s5sibilities4 ,we ,engli%1 = in/ance1   
insi/ on ! disease ( brok5 he>t1 :i*    
,/]ne1 9 a well-kn[n passage1 po/ulates 
z a malady n at all less def9ite ?an    
ph?isis1 or podagra1 ?\gh 7z he says7 n 
=mally recognis$ 9 ! bills ( mortality4 
,b x is evid5t t a !ory :i* %\ld        
repres5t ! visc]a z occupi$ by ^?       
functions ( ! moral s5sibilities :i* we 
place 9 ! c5tral viscus ( ! he>t1 mu/1 9
 foll[+ out t hypo!sis1 figure ! case ( 
^! s5sibilities :5 utt]ly ru9$ "u       
correspond+ images4 ,our 'brok5 he>t' w 
!re=e to !m become ruptur$ visc]a1 or   
prcordia t h bur/4 ,to bur/ 9 ! middle1 
is simply to be %att]$ & ru9$ 9 ! c5tral
 organ ( our s5sibilities1 :i* is !     
he>t2 & 9 say+ t ! visc]a ( ,isc>iot1 or
 8 middle1 _h bur/ & gu%$ out1 ! orig9al
 report] meant simply t 8 he>t _h broke4
 ,t 0 precisely 8 case4 ,out ( pure     
angui% t ! s*eme :i* he meant = ! sudd5 

glorification ( 8 ,ma/]1 _h recoil$     
7accord+ to all worldly int]pretation7 9
 8 utt] ru92 t ! sudd5 revolution1 ?r\gh
 a democratic movem5t1 :i* 0 to raise   
himself & 8 bro!r apo/les into ,hebrew  
pr9ces1 _h scatt]$ !m l %eep )\t a      
%eph]d2 & t sup]add$ to ?is common burd5
 ( ru9 he p]sonally _h to be> a sep>ate 
load ( consci\s disob$i5ce to ,god &    
insupportable responsibility2 naturally 
en\gh out ( all ?is he fell into fi]ce  
despair2 8 he>t broke2 & "u t /orm (    
affliction he hang$ himself4 ,"h1 aga91 
all cle>s itself up by ! simple         
sub/itution ( a figurative int]pretation
 = "o grossly physical4 ,all            
contradiction disappe>s2 n ?ree dea?s   
assault him1 viz41 suicide1 & also a    
rupture ( ! inte/9es1 & also an         
un9telligible effusion ( ! visc]a2 b    
simply suicide1 & suicide z ! result ( t
 despond5cy :i* 0 figur$ "u ! natural   
idea ( a brok5 he>t4 ,! incoh]5ces are  
gone2 ! contradictions h vani%$2 & !    
gross physical absurdities1 :i* "u      

mi/ranslation _h p]plex$ ! rev]5tial    
/ud5t1 no long] disfigure ! ,scriptures4
  ,look+ back to ! foot-note on !       
ori5tal idea ( ! hakim1 z a mask        
politically assum$ by ,*ri/ & !         
evangeli/s1 "u ! conviction ( its       
indisp5sabl5ess to ! free propagation ( 
,*ri/ian philosophy1 ,i am induc$1 = !  
sake ( deta9+ ! read]'s eye a little    
long] ^u a matt] s important 9 ! hi/ory 
( ,*ri/ianity1 if only x may be reg>d$ z
 true1 to subjo9 an extract f a little  
pap] writt5 by myself h]et(ore1 b n     
publi%$4 ,i may add ^! two rem>ks1 viz41
 fir/1 t ! attribution to ,/4 ,luke (   
?is m$ical "*1 probably _h its orig9 9 !
 simple fact1 t an assumption made by   
all ! evangeli/s1 & p]haps by all !     
apo/les1 _h happ5$ to attract m att5tion
 9 him f m]ely local causes4 ,"o or two 
( ! o!r apo/les hav+ pursu$ _! labors ( 
,propag&ism "u ! av[$ "* ( hakims1 _m   
o!rs 9 ! same region w\ld escape special
 notice 9 t "*1 simply because1 z m5    
notori\sly ready to plead x1 !y _h n be5

 *all5g$ to d s by ! au?orities2 :il/   
o!rs1 9 regions :]e ! gov]nm5t _h n     
become famili> ) ! read9ess to plead su*
 a privilege z "p ( ! apo/olic policy1  
w\ld be driv5 into ! necessity (        
actually advanc+ ! plea1 & w\ld ?us 7l  
,/4 ,luke7 obta9 a tradition>y claim to 
! m$ical title :i* 9 a lat5t s5se _h    
belong$ to all1 ?\gh all _h n be5 r$uc$ 
to ! necessity ( plead+ x4 ,secondly1 ,i
 w\ld v5ture to sugge/1 t ! ,!rapeutae1 
or heal]s1 te*nically s call$1 :o came  
=w>d 9 ,egypt dur+ ! g5]ation imm$iately
 succe$+ to t ( ,*ri/1 7 nei!r m nor    
less ?an disguis$ apo/les to            
,*ri/ianity1 prea*+ ! same doctr9es     
ess5tially z ,*ri/1 & "u ! v same       
protect+ "* ( hakims1 b putt+ =w>d ?is  
"* p]haps m prom95tly1 or ev5 retreat+  
into x altoge!r1 accord+ to ! increas+  
dang] :i* ev]y:]e await$ !m f ! ho/ile  
bigotry ( expatriat$ ,jews1 z !y        
gradually came to und]/& ! true &       
anti-national views ( ^? :o call$       
!mselves ,*ri/ians1 or ,naz>5es1 or     

,galileans4  ,9 %ort1 ab/ract+ altoge!r 
f ! hatr$ to ,*ri/1 f\nd$ on et]nal     
pr9ciples ( ! enmity betwe5 ! worldly & 
! spiritual1 & look+ only to ! political
 uneas9ess among/ magi/rates :i*        
accompani$ ! e>ly foot/eps (            
,*ri/ianity1 "o may illu/rate x by !    
p>allel feel+s :i* 9 our own g5]ation1  
among/ ! ,portuguese1 = in/ance1 h dogg$
 ! movem5ts ( free-masonry4 ,we 9 ,engl&
 view ?is panic z irrational3 & among/  
ourselves x w\ld be s2 = ,briti%        
free-masonry conceals no?+ worse ?an x  
pr(esses4 ,b1 on ! ,cont95t1 x became a 
mask = %r\d+ any or e sy/em (           
anti-social doctr9e1 or1 aga91 = play+  
into ! h&s ( treason & conspiracy4 ,!re 
0 always 9 ! fir/ place a reasonable fe>
 ( secret & p]il\s doctr9es--,communism1
 = in/ance1 "u "s modification1 or      
rancor\s ,jacob9ism4 ,& secondly1       
suppose t = ! pres5t1 or 9 ! exi/+ /age 
( ! secret society1 !re really 7 no     
esot]ic & mis*iev\s doctr9e propagat$1  
!re 0 at any rate ! cu/om e/abli%$ (    

meet+ toge!r 9 secret1 ( correspond+ by 
an alphabet ( conv5tional signals1 & (  
act+ by an imp5etrable organization1    
always applicable to evil purposes1 ev5 
:]e x might n orig9ally h be5 s appli$4 
,! ma*9]y :i* b9ds toge!r any secret    
society1 z be+ always available = evil  
ends1 mu/ inevitably ju/ify "s uneas9ess
 9 all political au?orities4 ,&1 "u ^?  
circum/ances1 ! public jeal\sy mu/ h    
op]at$ aga9/ ! free movem5t ( e>ly      
,*ri/ianity3 no?+ c\ld h dis>m$ x1      
except "s c\nt]-pr9ciple s manag$1 z to 
insure t fre$om ( public meet+s :i* op5$
 ! s9e qua non *annel = ! free          
propagation ( religi\s tru?4  ,su* a    
c\nt]-=ce 0 br\ght into play by ,*ri/ on
 t day :5 fir/ he (f]$ himself to ,judea
 z a hakim1 or popul> physician4 ,"u !  
%elt] ( t b5ign "*1 at "o bl[ he ov]?rew
 an ob/acle t w\ld else infallibly h    
froz5 ! v elem5t 9 :i* only any sy/em ( 
novel tea*+ c\ld attempt to move4 ,mo/  
diseases 7 by ! ,jews inve/$ ) m or less
 ( a sup]natural "*2 & 9 no dep>tm5t ( k

 0 ! imm$iate illum9ation f above m     
signally presum$ ?an 9 ! treatm5t (     
diseases4 ,a physician :o 0 ?us div9ely 
guid$ 9 ! practice ( 8 art 0 a debtor to
 ,god & to 8 fell[-m5 = ! adequate      
application ( s heav5ly a gift4 ,&1 if  
he c\ld n honorably )draw f ! mission ) 
:i* ,god _h *>g$ him1 f> less c\ld      
politicians & magi/rates "u any         
allegation ( public inconv5i5ces presume
 to ob/ruct or to make ( none effect !  
sublime my/]ies ( art & sagacity ) :i* !
 provid5ce ( ,god _h end[$ an individual
 = ! relief ( suff]+ humanity2 ! hakim 0
 a debtor to ! :ole body ( 8 afflict$   
c\ntrym53 b = t v reason he 0 also a    
cr$itor2 a cr$itor entitl$ to draw ^u ! 
ample/ funds ( indulg5ce2 & privileg$ to
 congregate 8 c\ntrym5 :]ev] he mov$4   
,"h op5$ sudd5ly a broad av5ue to social
 int]c\rse1 )\t :i* all communication = 
purposes ( religi\s tea*+ w\ld h be5    
seal$ aga9/ ,*ri/4 ,z a hakim1 ,*ri/    
obta9$ t unlimit$ fre$om ( int]c\rse ) !
 populace1 :i*1 z a religi\s            

proselytiz]1 he nev] c\ld h obta9$4 ,"h1
 !re=e1 & p]haps by ! v e>lie/          
exemplification ( ! s]p5t's wisdom &    
=esight engraft+ itself ^u ! holy       
purposes ( dovelike b5ignity1 ,*ri/ kept
 op5 = himself 7& = 8 disciples 9 times 
to come7 ! fre$om ( public              
communication1 & ! lic5se ( public      
meet+s4  ,once ann\nc+ himself1 & atte/+
 8 own mission z a hakim1 he c\ld n be  
reject$ or ?w>t$ z a public oracle (    
tru? & practical c\nsel to human        
weakness4 ,?is expla9s1 :at else w\ld h 
be5 v obscure1 ! undue emphasis :i*     
,*ri/ all[$ m5 to place ^u 8 sanatory   
miracles4 ,8 v "n 9 ,greek1 viz41 1     
pres5t$ him to m5 "u ! idea ( ! heal]2 b
 !n1 to all :o compreh5d$ 8 secret &    
ultimate functions1 z a heal] (         
unutt]able & spiritual w\nds4 ,t        
usurpation1 by :i* a v trivial function 
( ,*ri/'s public m9i/rations 0 all[$ to 
di/urb & sometimes to eclipse f> gr&]   
pret5sions1 c>ri$ ) x s f> an errone\s  
impression4 ,b !n1 on ! o!r h&1         

sev5ty-fold x r$eem$ t error1 by secur+ 
7:i* no?+ else c\ld h secur$7 ! b5efit (
 a p]petual passport to ! religi\s      
mission>y3 s9ce1 once admitt$ z a m$ical
 c\nsellor1 ! mission>y1 ! hakim1 obta9$
 an unlimit$ "r ( int]c\rse4  ,if m$ical
 advice1 :y n religi\s advice8 ,&       
subsequ5tly1 by ! cont9uance ( ! same   
m$ical gifts to ! apo/les & _!          
successors1 all ex]cis$ ! same p[]s1 &  
b5efit$ by ! same privileges z hakims4  
,,on ,,hume',s ,,argum5t ,,aga9/        
,,miracles4  #ahci4    ,hume's argum5t  
aga9/ miracles is simply ?is3--,e       
possible ev5t1 h[ev] v>i\s 9 its degree 
( cr$ibility1 mu/1 ( necessity1 be m    
cr$ible :5 x re/s ^u a suffici5t cause  
ly+ )9 ! field ( :at is call$ nature1   
?an :5 x does n3 m cr$ible :5 x obeys "s
 me*anical cause1 ?an :5 x transc5ds su*
 a cause1 & is miracul\s4  ,!re=e1      
assume ! resi/ance to cr$ibility1 9 any 
pret]natural occurr5ce1 z equal to x1 & 
! v ideal or possible value ( human     
te/imony z no m ?an x1 9 t case1 "u !   

mo/ favorable circum/ances conceivable1 
! argum5t = & aga9/ a miracle w be      
equal2 or1 express+ ! human te/imony by 
x1 affect$ ) ! affirmative sign x2 &    
express+ ! resi/ance to cr$ibility on ! 
o!r side ( ! equation1 by x1 affect$ ) !
 negative sign -x1 ! two values w1 9    
algebraical language1 de/roy ea* o!r1 & 
! result w be  #j4  ,b1 inasmu* z ?is   
expresses ! value ( human te/imony 9 its
 highe/ or ideal =m1 a =m :i* is nev]   
realiz$ 9 exp]i5ce1 ! true result w be  
diff]5t1--!re w always be a negative    
result -y2 mu* or little accord+ to !   
circum/ances1 b always en\gh to turn !  
balance aga9/ believ+ a miracle4  ',or 9
 o!r words1' said ,hume1 popul>iz+ 8    
argum5t1 'x w always be m cr$ible t !   
report] ( a miracle %\ld tell a         
falsehood1 or %\ld himself h be5 ! dupe 
( appe>ances1 ?an t a miracle %\ld h    
actually occurr$--t is1 an infraction ( 
^? natural laws 7any or all7 :i* compose
 :at we call exp]i5ce4 ,=1 assume !     
utmo/ dis9t]e/$ness1 v]acity1 & s\nd    

judgm5t 9 ! witness1 ) ! utmo/ advantage
 9 ! circum/ances = giv+ full play to ^?
 qualities2 ev5 9 su* a case ! value (  
affirmative te/imony c\ld1 at ! v utmo/1
 be equal to ! negative value on ! o!r  
side ! equation3 & ! result w\ld be1 to 
keep my fai? susp5d$ 9 equilibrio4 ,b 9 
any real case1 ev] likely to come be=e  
u1 ! result w be worse2 = ! affirmative 
te/imony w be sure to fall 9 _m ways    
bel[ its ideal maximum2 leav+1 !re=e1 = 
! f9al result a consid]able excess to ! 
negative side ( ! equation4    ,,section
 ,,ii4  ,,( ,,! ,,argum5t ,,z ,,affect$ 
,,by ,,! ,,cov]t ,,limitations ,,"u     
,,:i* ,,x ,,is ,,pres5t$4   ,su* is !   
,argum5t3 &1 z ! fir/ /ep t[>ds         
inve/igat+ its sanity & its degree--its 
k9d ( =ce1 & its quantity ( =ce1 we mu/ 
direct our att5tion to ! foll[+ fact1   
viz41 t among/ ?ree sep>ate conditions  
"u :i* a miracle 7or any ev5t :atev]7   
might become kn[n to u1 ,hume's argum5t 
is appli$ only to "o4 ,assum+ a miracle 
to happ5 7= ! possibility ( a miracle is

 ( c\rse left op5 ?r\gh\t ! discussion1 
s9ce any argum5t aga9/ t w\ld at once   
=eclose e "q ab\t its                   
communicability71--!n x might happ5 "u  
?ree sev]al sets ( circum/ances1 9      
relation to our consci\sness4 #a/1 ,x   
might happ5 9 ! pres5ce ( a s+le        
witness--t witness n be+ ourselves4 ,?is
 case let u call ,alpha4 #b;dly1 ,x     
might happ5 9 ! pres5ce ( _m            
witnesses1--witnesses to a va/ am\nt1 b 
/ill 7z be=e7 ourselves n be+ among/ t  
multitude4 ,?is case let u call ,beta4  
,& #c;dly1 ,x might happ5 9 our own     
pres5ce1 & fall )9 ! direct light ( our 
own consci\sness4 ,?is case let u call  
,gamma4  ,n[ ^! di/9ctions are important
 to ! :ole ext5t ( ! "q4 ,= ! #b;d case1
 :i* is ! actual case ( _m miracles     
record$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 at once cuts 
away a l>ge body ( s\rces 9 :i* ei!r    
error or deceit c\ld lurk4 ,hume's      
argum5t supposes ! report] ( ! miracle  
to be a dupe1 or ! mak] ( dupes--himself
 delud$1 or wi%+ to delude o!rs4 ,b1 9 !

 case ( ! ?\s&s f$ f a few loaves &     
small fi%es1 ! *ances ( error1 wilful or
 n wilful1 are dim9i%$ 9 proportion to !
 numb] ( obs]v]s2 ,footnote3 ',9        
proportion to ! numb] (                 
obs]v]s4'--,p]haps1 h[ev]1 on ! "p (    
,hume1 "s critical apologi/ w           
say--',d\btless he 0 aw>e ( t2 b /ill ! 
report]s ( ! miracle 7 few4 ,no matt] h[
 _m 7 pres5t1 ! witnesses = u are b !   
,evangeli/s4' ,yes1 c]ta9ly1 !          
,evangeli/s2 & let u add1 all ^?        
contempor>ies to :om ! ,evangeli/s      
sil5tly appeal$4 ,^! make up !          
'multitude' contemplat$ 9 ! second case4
  & ,hume's inf]5ce z to ! decl5sion ( !
 affirmative x1 9 relation to ! negative
 x1 no long] applies1 or1 if at all1 )  
va/ly dim9i%$ =ce4 ,) respect to ! #c;d 
case1 x cuts away ! :ole argum5t at once
 9 its v radix4 ,= ,hume's argum5t      
applies to ! communication ( a miracle1 
& !re=e to a case ( te/imony4 ,b1 :]ev] 
! miracle falls )9 direct p]sonal       
cognizance1 !re x foll[s t no "q c arise

 ab\t ! value ( human te/imony4  ,!     
affirmative x1 express+ ! value (       
te/imony1 disappe>s altoge!r2 & t side (
 ! equation is possess$ by a new        
quantity 7viz41 ourselves--our own      
consci\sness7 n at all conc]n$ 9 ,hume's
 argum5t4  ,h5ce x results1 t ( ?ree    
possible conditions "u :i* a miracle may
 be suppos$ to (f] itself to our k1 two 
are exclud$ f ! view ( ,hume's argum5t4 
,,section ,,iii4  ,,:e!r ,,! ,,second   
,,( ,,^! ,,conditions ,,is ,,n          
,,expressly ,,notic$ ,,by ,,hume4   ,x  
may seem s4 ,b 9 fact x is n4 ,& 7:at is
 m to ! purpose7 we are n at lib]ty to  
consid] x any accid5t t x is n4 ,hume _h
 8 reasons4 ,let u take all 9 prop]     
ord]3 #a/1 t x seems s2 #b;dly1 t 9 fact
 x is n s2 & #c;dly1 t is no accid5t1 b 
int5tional4  #a/4 ,hume seems to        
contemplate su* a case1 ! case ( a      
miracle witness$ & atte/$ by a multitude
 ( p]sons1 9 ! foll[+ imag9>y miracle   
:i* he proposes z a basis = reason+4    
,que5 ,elizabe?1 z e body w rememb] :o  

has happ5$ to read ,"l ,monm\?'s        
,memoirs1 di$ on ! night betwe5 ! la/   
day ( #afjb & ! fir/ day ( #afjc3 ?is   
c\ld n be =gott5 by ! read]1 because1 9 
fact1 ,"l ,m41 :o 0 "o ( ,h] ,maje/y's  
ne>e/ relatives 7be+ a y\ng] son ( h]   
fir/ c\s9 ,"l ,hunsdon71 obta9$ 8 title 
& subsequ5t pref]m5t z a rew>d = !      
furi\s ride he p]=m$ to ,ed9burgh 7at t 
"t at lea/ #ddj miles di/ant f ,london71
 )\t tak+ (f 8 boots1 9 ord] to lay !   
e>lie/ tid+s ( ! great ev5t at ! feet ( 
h] successor4 ,9 reality1 nev] did any  
dea? cause s mu* po/+ day & night ov] ! 
high roads ( ,europe4 ,& ! same causes  
:i* made x s int]e/+ has caus$ x to be !
 be/ dat$ ev5t 9 mod]n hi/ory2 t "o :i* 
c\ld lea/ be %ak5 by any discordant     
evid5ce yet discov]able4 ,n[1 says      
,hume1 imag9e ! case1 t1 9 spite ( all  
?is *ronological precision--?is         
precision1 & ?is notoriety (            
precision--,h] ,maje/y's c\rt physicians
 %\ld h *os5 to propagate a /ory ( h]   
resurrection4  ,imag9e t ^! le>n$       

g5tlem5 %\ld h issu$ a bullet91 decl>+ t
 ,que5 ,elizabe? _h be5 met 9 ,gre5wi*  
,p>k1 or at ,nonsu*1 on ,may-day (      
#afjc1 or 9 ,we/m9/]1 two ye>s aft]1 by 
! ,"l ,*amb]la9 :5 detect+ ,guy         
,faux--let !m ev5 swe> x be=e tw5ty     
ju/ices ( ! peace2 ,i = "o1 says ,hume1 
am free to confess t ,i w\ld n believe  
!m4 ,no1 nor1 to say ! tru?1 w\ld we2   
nor w\ld we advise our read]s to believe
 !m4  #b;dly4 ,"h1 !re=e1 x w\ld seem z 
if ,hume 7 boldly press+ 8 pr9ciples to 
! v utt]mo/--t is1 7 *all5g+ a miracle z
 unt5able1 ?\gh atte/$ by a multitude4  
,b1 9 fact1 he is n4 ,he only seems to d
 s2 =1 if no numb] ( witnesses c\ld     
avail any?+ 9 pro( ( a miracle1 :y does 
he timidly conf9e himself to ! hypo!sis 
( ! que5's physicians only com+ =w>d8   
,:y n call 9 ! :ole ,privy ,c\ncil8--or 
! ,"l ,mayor & ,common ,c\ncil (        
,london--! ,%]iffs ( ,middlesex--& !    
,twelve ,judges8 ,z to ! c\rt           
physicians1 ?\gh ?ree or f\r nom9ally1  
virtually !y are b "o man4 ,!y h a      

common int]e/1 & 9 two sep>ate ways !y  
are liable to a suspicion ( collusion3  
fir/1 because ! same motives :i* act ^u 
"o probably act ^u ! re/4 ,9 ?is        
respect1 !y are "u a common influ5ce2   
secondly1 because1 if n ! motives1 at   
any rate ! physicians !mselves1 act ^u  
ea* o!r4 ,9 ?is respect1 !y are "u a    
reciprocal influ5ce4 ,!y are to be      
reason$ ab\t z "o individual4  #c;dly4  
,z ,hume c\ld n possibly fail to see all
 ?is1 we may be sure t 8 *oice (        
witnesses 0 n accid5tal4 ,9 fact1 8     
app>5t c>elessness is v discreet        
managem5t4 ,8 object 01 "u ! fiction (  
an indep5d5t multitude1 to smuggle 9 a  
virtual unity2 = 8 c\rt physicians are  
no plural body 9 effect & virtue1 b a   
m]e pleonasm & a tautology4  ,& 9 good  
e>ne/1 ,hume _h reason en\gh = 8        
caution4 ,h[ mu* or h[ little te/imony  
w\ld avail to e/abli% a resurrection 9  
any neutral ,footnote3 ,by a neutral    
case is meant1 #a/1 "o 9 :i* !re is no  
previ\s reason f a great doctr9e requir+

 su* an ev5t = its support1 to expect a 
resurrection2 #b;dly1 a case belong+ to 
a p]iod ( "t 9 :i* x is fully believ$ t 
miracul\s ag5cy has ceas$4 case few p   
w\ld be will+ to pron\nce (f-h&1 &1     
above all1 on a fictiti\s case4 ,prud5t 
m51 9 su* circum/ances1 w\ld act z !    
judges 9 our ,engli% c\rts1 :o are      
always displeas$ if x is attempt$ to    
elicit _! op9ions ^u a po9t ( law by a  
propos$ fiction4 ,& v reasonably2 = 9 ^!
 fictiti\s cases all ! little           
circum/ances ( reality are want+1 & !   
oblique relations to su* circum/ances1  
out ( :i* x is t any s\nd op9ion c be   
=m$4 ,we all "k v well :at ,hume is aft]
 9 ?is problem ( a resurrection4 ,& 8   
case ( ,que5 ,elizabe?'s resurrection   
be+ a p]fectly fictiti\s case1 we are at
 lib]ty to d any "o ( ?ree diff]5t      
?+s3--ei!r simply to refuse an answ]2   
or1 #b;dly1 to give su* an answ] z he   
looks =1 viz41 to agree ) him 9 8       
disbelief "u ! suppos$ cont+5cy2 )\t1   
!re=e1 (f]+ ! slighte/ prejudice to any 

scriptural case ( resurrection3 i4 e41  
we might g along ) him 9 8 premises1 &  
yet balk him ( 8 purpose2 or1 #c;dly1 we
 might ev5 jo9 issue ) him1 &           
p]emptorily *all5ge 8 v]dict ^u 8 own   
fiction4 ,= x is s+ul> en\gh1 t a mod]n 
ma!matician ( em95ce 7,mr4 ,babbage7 has
 expressly consid]$ ?is v imag9>y "q ( a
 resurrection1 & he pron\nces ! te/imony
 ( sev5 witnesses1 compet5t & v]aci\s1 &
 presum$ to h no bias1 z suffici5t to   
e/abli% su* a miracle4  ,/rip ,hume's   
case ( ! ambiguities already po9t$      
out--suppose ! physicians really sep>ate
 & indep5d5t witnesses--n a corporation 
speak+ by "o organ--x w !n become a m]e 
"q ( degree betwe5 ! philosoph] & !     
ma!matician--sev5 witnesses8 or fifty8  
or a hundr$8 ,= ?\gh none ( u 7n ,mr4   
,babbage1 we may be sure7 s]i\sly       
believes 9 ! possibility ( a            
resurrection occurr+ 9 ^! days1 z little
 c any ( u believe 9 ! possibility t    
sev5 witnesses1 ( honor & sagacity 7b   
say sev5 hundr$7 c\ld be f\nd to atte/  

su* an ev5t :5 n occurr+4  ,b ! useful  
result f all ?is is1 t ,mr4 ,hume is    
evid5tly aw>e ( ! case ,beta1 7( la/    
,sect47 z a di/9ct case f ,alpha or f   
,gamma1 ?\gh he affects bl9dness3 he is 
aw>e t a multitude ( compet5t witnesses1
 no matt] :e!r sev5 or sev5 hundr$1 is  
able to e/abli% t :i* a s+le witness    
c\ld n2 9 fact1 t increas+ ! numb] (    
witnesses is able to comp5sate increas+ 
incr$ibility 9 ! subject ( d\bt2 t ev5  
suppos+ ?is subject a resurrection f !  
dead1 !re may be assign$ a quantity (   
evid5ce 7x7 great] ?an ! resi/ance to ! 
cr$ibility4 ,& he betrays ! fact1 t he  
has "o eye op5 to 8 own ,jesuitism by   
palm+ ^u u an app>5t multitude = a real 
"o1 ?us draw+ all ! cr$it he c f ! "n ( 
a multitude1 & yet evad+ ! =ce :i* he   
/rictly knew to be lodg$ 9 ! ?+2 seek+ !
 reputation ( ! case ,beta1 b %r9k+ f   
its ho/ile =ce4    ,,section ,,iv4  ,,( 
,,! ,,argum5t ,,z ,,affect$ ,,by ,a     
,,classification ,,( ,,miracles4   ,let 
u n[ inquire :e!r ,hume's argum5t w\ld  

be affect$ by ! diff]5ces 9 miracles ^u 
! mo/ g5]al di/ribution ( _! k9ds4      
,miracles may be class$ g5]ally z inn]  
or out]4  ,i4 ,! inn]1 or ^? :i* may be 
call$ miracles = ! individual1 are su* z
 g on1 or may g on1 )9 ! sep>ate p]sonal
 consci\sness ( ea* sep>ate man4 ,& x   
%[s h[ =getful p are ( ! v doctr9es :i* 
!y !mselves pr(ess z ,*ri/ians1 :5 we   
consid]1 on ! "o h&1 t miracles1 9 ?is  
s5se1 are ess5tial to ,*ri/ianity1 &    
yet1 on ! o!r h&1 consid] h[ (t5 x is   
said t ! age ( miracles is pa/4         
,d\btless1 9 ! s5se ( ext]nal miracles1 
all su* ag5cies are pa/4  ,b 9 ! o!r    
s5se1 !re are di/9ct classes ( !        
sup]natural ag5cy1 :i* we are n[        
consid]+2 & ^! ?ree are held by _m      
,*ri/ians2 two by mo/ ,*ri/ians2 & !    
?ird by all4 ,!y are  a4--,special      
,provid5ces3 :i* class x is t _m        
philosophic ,*ri/ians d\bt or d5y4      
b4--,grace3 bo? pr$ispos+ by old        
!ologians call$ prev5i5t & effectual4   
c4--,pray] consid]$ z efficaci\s4  ,( ^!

 ?ree we repeat1 t ! two la/ are held by
 mo/ ,*ri/ians3 & yet x is evid5t t bo? 
presume a sup]natural ag5cy4 ,b ?is     
ag5cy exi/s only :]e x is s\ght4 ,& ev5 
:]e x does exi/1 f its v nature 7z an   
int]ior exp]i5ce = ea* sep>ate          
consci\sness7 x is incommunicable4 ,b t 
does n defeat its purpose4 ,x is ( its  
ess5ce to be incommunicable4 ,&1 !re=e1 
) relation to ,hume's great argum5t1 :i*
 0 design$ to po9t out a va/ hiatus or  
inconsi/5cy 9 ! div9e economy--',"h is a
 miracul\s ag5cy1 p]haps1 b x is        
incommunicable3 x may exi/1 b x _c      
manife/ itself2 :i* defect neutralizes  
x1 & defeats ! v purpose ( its          
exi/5ce'--! answ] is1 t z respects ^!   
int]ior miracles1 !re is no su*         
inconsi/5cy4 ,!y are meant = ! private  
=um ( ea* man's consci\sness3 nor w\ld x
 h met any human necessity to h made !m 
communicable4 ,! language ( ,scripture  
is1 t he :o wi%es exp]im5tally to "k !  
*anges t may be accompli%$ by pray]1 mu/
 pray4 ,9 t way only1 & n by            

communication ( k f ano!r1 c\ld he      
und]/& x z a practical effect4 ,& to    
und]/& x n practically1 b only 9 a      
speculative way1 c\ld n meet any        
religi\s wi%1 b m]ely an irreligi\s     
curiosity4  ,z respects "o great        
division ( miracul\s ag5cy1 x is cle>1  
!re=e1 t ,hume's argum5t does n apply4  
,! arr[ glances pa/3 n s mu* miss+ its  
aim z tak+ a false "o4 ,! hiatus :i* x  
supposes1 ! insulation &                
incommunicability :i* x *>ges ^u !      
miracul\s z a capital ov]sight1 0 "p ( !
 design3 su* my/]i\s ag5cies 7 meant to 
be incommunicable1 & = ! same reason :i*
 %uts up ea* man's consci\sness into a  
sil5t _w ( its own--sep>ate &           
inaccessible to all o!r consci\snesses4 
,if a communication is ?r[n op5 by su*  
ag5cies betwe5 ! sep>ate _s ( ea* man & 
! supreme ,_s ( ! univ]se1 !n ! end is  
accompli%$3 & x is "p ( t end to close  
?is communication aga9/ all o!r         
cognizance4  ,s f> ,hume is baffl$4 ,!  
sup]natural ag5cy is incommunicable3 x  

ought to be s4 ,t is its p]fection4     
,,ii4 ,b n[1 z respects ! o!r great ord]
 ( miracles--viz41 ! ext]nal1 fir/ (    
all1 we may rem>k a v important         
subdivision3 miracles1 9 ?is s5se1      
subdivide into two mo/ diff]5t          
ord]s--#a/1 ,evid5tial miracles1 :i*    
simply prove ,*ri/ianity4  #b;d1        
,con/itu5t miracles1 :i*1 9 a p>tial    
s5se1 are ,*ri/ianity4 ,&1 p]haps1 x may
 turn out t ,hume's objection1 if       
applicable at all1 is "h applicable 9 a 
sep>ate way & ) a v>y+ =ce4  ,! fir/    
class1 ! evid5tial miracles1 are all ^? 
:i* 7 p]=m$ m]ely z evid5ces 7:e!r      
simply z indications1 or z absolute     
demon/rations7 ( ! div9e p[] :i* upheld 
,*ri/ianity4 ,! second class1 !         
con/itu5t miracles1 are ^? :i* con/itute
 a "p ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,two ( ^! are      
absolutely indisp5sable to ,*ri/ianity1 
& _c be sep>at$ f x ev5 9 ?\ght1 viz41 !
 miracul\s bir? ( our ,savi\r1 & 8      
miracul\s resurrection4  ,! fir/ is     
ess5tial ^u ?is gr\nd--t unless ,*ri/ _h

 unit$ ! two natures 7div9e & human7 he 
c\ld n h made ! satisfaction requir$3 n 
be+ human1 !n1 inde$1 he might h _h p[] 
to g ?r\gh ! my/]i\s suff]+s ( !        
satisfaction3 b h[ w\ld t h appli$ to   
man8 ,x w\ld h be5 p]fect1 b h[ w\ld x h
 be5 relevant8 ,n be+ div9e1 !n inde$   
any satisfaction he c\ld make w\ld be   
relevant3 b h[ w\ld x h be5 p]fect8 ,!  
my/]i\s & sup]natural bir?1 !re=e1 0    
ess5tial1 z a capacitation = ! "w to be 
p]=m$2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ! my/]i\s dea? & 
consequ5ces 7 ess5tial1 z ! v "w itself4
  ,n[1 !re=e1 hav+ made ?is di/9ction1  
we may obs]ve1 t ! fir/ class ( miracles
 0 occasional & polemic3 x 0 meant to   
meet a special ho/ility incid5t to !    
bir?-/ruggles ( a new religion1 & a     
religion :i*1 = ! v reason t x 0 true1  
/ood oppos$ to ! _s ( ! _w2 ( a religion
 :i*1 9 its fir/ /age1 _h to fight aga9/
 a civil p[] 9 absolute possession ( !  
civiliz$ e>?1 & back$ by sev5ty legions4
 ,?is be+ settl$1 x foll[s1 t if ,hume's
 argum5t 7 applicable 9 its :ole /r5g?  

to ! evid5tial miracles1 no result ( any
 importance c\ld foll[4 ,x is cle> t a  
,*ri/ianiz$ e>? nev] c want polemic     
miracles aga92 polemic miracles 7 want$ 
= a transitional /ate1 b su* a /ate _c  
return4 ,polemic miracles 7 want$ = a   
/ate ( conflict ) a dom9ant idolatry1 ,x
 0 ,*ri/ianity militant1 & militant )   
*ildlike arms1 aga9/ ,paganism          
triumphant4 ,b ,*ri/ianity1 9 league )  
civilization1 & re/+ on ! p[]s ( ?is e>?
 alli$ ) h] own1 nev] aga9 c speak to   
idolatr\s man except f a /ation (       
inf9ite sup]iority4 ,if1 !re=e1 ^!      
evid5tial miracles are incommunicable z 
respects _! pro(s to aft] g5]ations1    
nei!r are !y want$4  ,/ill x w be       
urg$--,7 n ! miracles meant = purposes  
ult]ior to ! transitional /ate8 ,7 !y n 
meant equally = ! polemic purpose (     
confut+ ho/ility at ! mom5t1 & ( propp+ 
! fai? ( ,*ri/ians 9 all aft] ages8 ,!  
gr[+ op9ion among/ reflect+ ,*ri/ians   
is1 t !y 7 n3 t ! evid5tial miracles    
accompli%$ _! :ole purpose 9 _! own age4

 ,some?+ ( sup]natural ag5cy1 visibly   
display$1 0 want$ = ! fir/ e/abli%m5t ( 
a new fai?4 ,b1 once e/abli%$1 x 0 a    
false fai? only t c\ld ne$ ?is ext]nal  
support4 ,*ri/ianity c\ld n unroot      
itself n[1 ?\gh e trace ( evid5tial     
miracle %\ld h vani%$4 ,be+ a true      
religion1 once root$ 9 man's k & man's  
he>t1 x is self-su/a9$2 x nev] c\ld be  
eradicat$4  ,b1 waiv+ t argum5t1 x is   
evid5t1 t :atev] becomes ( ! evid5tial  
miracles1 ,*ri/ianity nev] c disp5se )  
^? transc5d5t miracles :i* we h call$   
con/itu5t1--^? :i* d n s mu* demon/rate 
,*ri/ianity z are ,*ri/ianity 9 a l>ge  
integral section4 ,n[ z to ! way 9 :i*  
,hume's argum5t c\ld apply to ^!1 we    
%all res]ve :at we h to say until a     
subsequ5t section4  ,meantime1 ) respect
 to ! o!r class1 ! simply evid5tial     
miracles1 x is pla91 t if ev] !y %\ld be
 call$ = aga91 !n1 z to !m1 ,hume's     
argum5t w be evad$1 or n1 accord+ to _! 
purpose4 ,if _! function reg>ds an      
individual1 x w be no j objection to !m 

t !y are incommunicable4 ,if x reg>ds a 
multitude or a nation1 !n ! same p[] :i*
 utt]s ! miracle c avail = its          
manife/ation be=e a multitude1 z happ5$ 
9 ! days ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & !n is     
realiz$ ! case ,beta ( ,sect4 ,,ii1 ,&  
if x is /ill object$1 t ev5 9 t case !re
 c\ld be no suffici5t way ( propagat+ ! 
miracle1 ) its evid5ce1 to o!r times or 
places1 ! answ] mu/ be1--  #a/4 ,t      
suppos+ ! purpose m]ely polemic1 t      
purpose is answ]$ )\t su* a propagation4
  #b;dly4 ,t1 suppos+ ! purpose1 by     
possibility1 an ult]ior purpose1 /ret*+ 
into di/ant ages1 ev5 !n our mod]n arts 
( civilization1 pr9t+1 c41 give u       
advantages :i* place a remote age on a  
level ) ! pres5t z to ! =ce ( evid5ce2 &
 t ev5 ! defect ( autopsy may be        
comp5sat$ by suffici5t te/imony ( a     
multitude1 x is evid5t t ,hume himself  
felt1 by 8 evasion 9 ! case ( ! imag9>y 
,elizabe?an miracle propos$ by himself4 
,,recapitulation4  ,n[ let u            
recapitulate ! /eps we h made be=e go+  

on to ! re/4   ,we h drawn into notice  
,sect4 ,,ii4 ! case ,beta1--ov]look$ by 
,hume 9 8 argum5t1 b app>5tly n ov]look$
 9 8 consci\sness1--! case :]e a        
multitude ( witnesses ov]rules !        
incommunicability atta*+ to a s+le      
witness4  #b;dly4 ,we h drawn into      
notice ! class ( int]nal                
miracles1--miracles go+ on 9 ! inn]     
economy ( e ,*ri/ian's he>t2 = x is     
ess5tial to a ,*ri/ian to all[ ( pray]4 
,he _c be a ,*ri/ian if he %\ld condemn 
pray]2 & pray] _c hope to produce its   
object )\t a miracle4 ,& to su* miracles
 ,hume's argum5t1 ! argum5t (           
incommunicability1 is inapplicable4 ,!y 
d n seek to transplant !mselves2 e man's
 p]sonal exp]i5ce 9 ?is respect is meant
 = himself alone4  #c;dly4 ,ev5 among/  
miracles n int]nal1 we h %[n--t if "o   
class 7! m]ely evid5tial & polemic7 are 
incommunicable1 i4e4 n capable (        
propagation to a remote age or place1 !y
 h suffici5tly fulfill$ _! imm$iate     
purpose by _! imm$iate effect4 ,b su*   

miracles are ali5 & accid5tal to        
,*ri/ianity4 ,*ri/ himself reprov$      
sev]ely ^? :o s\ght su* signs1 z a      
wick$1 unbeliev+ g5]ation2 & aft]w>ds he
 reprov$1 ) a mo/ pa!tic reproa*1 t "o (
 8 own disciples :o dem&$ su* a sign4 ,b
 besides ^! evid5tial miracles1 we      
notic$ also1  #d?ly4 ,! con/itu5t       
miracles ( ,*ri/ianity2 ^u :i*1 z reg>d$
 ,hume's argum5t1 we res]v$ ourselves to
 ! latt] section3 & to ^! we n[ address 
ourselves4  ,b fir/ we premise ?is      
,lemma3--,t an  priori 7or1 z we %all   
%[1 an a po/]iori7 reason = believ+ a   
miracle1 or = expect+ a miracle1 w      
greatly di/urb ! valuation ( x 7t is1 ! 
ab/ract resi/ance to cr$ibility71 z     
assum$ 9 ,hume's argum5t4 ,?is is !     
c5tre 9 :i* we are satisfi$1 lurks t    
:i* ,hume himself suspect$3 & we add1 t 
z a va/ numb] ( witnesses 7accord+ to a 
rem>k made 9 ,sect4 ,,ii47 w virtually  
op]ate z a r$uction ( ! value all[$ to  
x1 until x may be made to vani%         
altoge!r1--s 9 ! rev]se ord]1 any       

mat]ial r$uction ( value 9 x w virtually
 op]ate exactly z ! multiplication (    
witnesses2 & ! case ,alpha w be rais$ to
 ! case ,beta4  ,?is ,lemma be+ /at$ z a
 po9t ( appeal 9 :at foll[s1 we proce$  
to    ,,section ,v4  ,,on ,,hume',s     
,,argum5t1 ,,z ,,affect$ ,,by ,,!       
,,purpose4   ,?is topic is s impressive1
 & inde$ awful1 9 its relation to       
,*ri/ianity1 t we %all n violate its    
maje/y by do+ m ?an simply /at+ ! case4 
,all ! kn[n or imag9$ miracles t ev] 7  
record$ z fl[+ f any ,pagan orig91 7    
miracles--#a1 ( o/5tation2 #b1 (        
ambition & rival%ip2 #c1 expressions (  
p[]2 or1 #d1 7 bl9d accid5ts4 ,n ev5 9  
pret5ce 7 any ( !m m ?an t4  ,fir/ & la/
 came ! ,*ri/ian miracles1 on behalf ( a
 moral purpose4 ,! purpose 0 to *ange   
man's idea ( 8 own nature2 & to *ange 8 
idea ( ,god's nature4 ,_m o!r purposes  
might be /at$2 b all 7 moral4 ,n[ to any
 o!r wield] ( sup]natural p[]1 real or  
imag9>y1 x nev] _h occurr$ by way (     
pret5ce ev51 t 9 work+ miracles he _h a 

moral object4 ,& "h1 inde$1 comes 9 !   
argum5t ( ,*ri/ ) trem5d\s effect--t1   
:il/ all o!r miracles might be liable to
 ! suspicion ( hav+ be5 effect$ by      
alliance ) d>k] ag5cies1 8 only 7z      
sublime moral ag5cies = work+ ! only    
revolution t ev] 0 work$ 9 man's nature7
 c\ld n be liable to su* a suspicion2   
s9ce1 if an evil _s w\ld l5d himself to 
! propagation ( good 9 its mo/          
transc5d5t =m1 9 t case ! k+dom (       
d>kness w\ld be 'divid$ aga9/ itself4'  
,"h1 !n1 is an a po/]iori reason1 d]iv$ 
f ! :ole subsequ5t life & dea? ( !      
miracle-work]1 = dim9i%+ ! value ( x    
accord+ to ! ,lemma4    ,,section ,,vi4 
,,on ,,! ,,argum5t ,,( ,,hume ,,z       
,,affect$ ,,by ,,matt]s ,,( ,,fact4  ,x 
is a v important axiom ( ! s*oolm5 9 ?is
 case--t1 a posse ad esse non valet     
consequ5tia1 y c draw no inf]5ce f !    
possibility ( a ?+ to its reality1 b t1 
9 ! rev]se ord]1 ab esse ad posse1 !    
inf]5ce is inevitable3 if x is1 or if x 
ev] has be5--!n ( necessity x c be4     

,hume himself w\ld h admitt$1 t ! pro( (
 any "o miracle1 beyond all possibility 
( d\bt1 at once l[]$ !--x ( 8 argum5t   
7i4e4 ! value ( ! resi/ance to our fai?7
 s z to affect ! :ole =ce ( t argum5t1 z
 apply+ to all o!r miracles :atev] hav+ 
a rational & an adequate purpose4 ,n[ x 
happ5s t we h two cases ( miracles :i* c
 be urg$ 9 ?is view3 "o a po/]iori1     
d]iv$ f our hi/orical exp]i5ce1 & ! o!r 
a priori4 ,we w take !m sep>ately4  #a4 
,! a priori miracle we call su*--n 7z ! 
unphilosophic may suppose7 because x    
occurr$ previ\sly to our own p]iod1 or f
 any consid]ation ( "t :atev]1 b 9 !    
logical mean+1 z hav+ be5 d]iv$ f our   
reason 9 opposition to our exp]i5ce4    
,?is ord] ( miracle x is manife/ t ,hume
 ov]look$ altoge!r1 because he says     
expressly t we h no?+ to appeal to 9 ?is
 dispute except our human exp]i5ce4 ,b x
 happ5s t we h2 & precisely :]e !       
possibilities ( exp]i5ce des]t u4 ,we "k
 no?+ ?r\gh exp]i5ce 7:e!r physical or  
hi/orical7 ( :at prec$$ or accompani$ ! 

fir/ introduction ( man ^u ?is e>?4 ,b 9
 ! abs5ce ( all exp]i5ce1 our reason    
in=ms u--t he mu/ h be5 introduc$ by a  
sup]natural ag5cy4 ,?us f> we are sure4 
,= ! sole alt]native is "o :i* w\ld be  
equally my/]i\s1 & besides1             
contradictory to ! m>ks ( *ange--(      
transition--& ( p]i%abl5ess 9 our planet
 itself1--viz4 ! hypo!sis ( an et]nal   
unorig9at$ race3 & t is m conf\nd+ to ! 
human intellect ?an any miracle :atev]3 
s t1 ev5 tri$ m]ely z "o probability    
aga9/ ano!r1 ! miracle w\ld h !         
advantage4 ,! miracle supposes a        
sup]s5sual & transc5d5t cause4 ,!       
opposite hypo!sis supposes effects )\t  
any cause4 ,9 %ort1 ^u any hypo!sis1 we 
are driv5 to suppose--& compell$ to     
suppose--a miracul\s /ate z introductory
 to ! e>lie/ /ate ( nature4 ,! planet1  
inde$1 might =m itself by me*anical laws
 ( motion1 repulsion1 attraction1 &     
c5tral =ces4  ,b man c\ld n4 ,life c\ld 
n4 ,organization1 ev5 animal            
organization1 might p]haps be expla9$   

out ( me*anical causes4 ,b life c\ld n4 
,life is itself a great miracle4        
,suppose ! no/rils =m$ by me*anic ag5cy2
 /ill ! brea? ( life c\ld n ent] !m )\t 
a sup]natural =ce4 ,& a =tiori1 man1 ) 8
 intellectual & moral capacities1 c\ld n
 arise ^u ?is planet )\t a high] ag5cy  
?an any lodg$ 9 t nature :i* is ! object
 ( our pres5t exp]i5ce4 ,?is k9d (      
miracle1 z d$uc$ by our reason1 & n     
witness$ exp]im5tally1 or drawn f any   
pa/ records1 we call an a priori        
miracle4  #b4 ,b !re is ano!r k9d (     
miracle1 :i* ,hume ought n to h         
ov]look$1 b :i* he has1 h[ev]1 ov]look$3
 he himself obs]ves1 v ju/ly1 t         
,,prophecy is a di/9ct species ( !      
miracul\s2 &1 no d\bt1 he neglect$ !    
,scriptural ,prophecies1 z suppos+ !m   
all ( d\btful int]pretation1 or believ+ 
) ,porphyry1 t su* z are n d\btful1 mu/ 
h be5 po/]ior to ! ev5t :i* !y po9t to4 
,x happ5s1 h[ev]1 t !re are "s          
prophecies :i* _c be evad$ or 'refus$1' 
"s to :i* nei!r objection w apply4  ,"o1

 we w "h cite1 by way ( example3--,!    
prophecy ( ,isaiah1 describ+ !          
desolation ( ,babylon1 0 deliv]$ ab\t   
sev5 c5turies be=e ,*ri/4 ,a c5tury or s
 aft] ,*ri/1 comes ,porphyry1 &         
ins9uates1 t all ! prophecies alike     
might be comp>atively rec5t =g]ies6     
,well1 = a mom5t suppose x3 b1 at lea/1 
!y exi/$ 9 ! days ( ,porphyry4  ,n[1 x  
happ5s1 t m ?an two c5turies aft]       
,porphyry1 we h good evid5ce1 z to      
,babylon1 t x _h n yet rea*$ ! /age (   
utt] desolation pr$ict$ by ,isaiah4 ,f\r
 c5turies aft] ,*ri/1 we le>n f a ,fa!r 
( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 :o _h good p]sonal  
in=mation z to its condition1 t x 0 !n  
become a solitude1 b a solitude 9 good  
pres]vation z a royal p>k4 ,! va/ city  
_h disppe>$1 & ! murmur ( myriads3 b z  
yet !re 7 no signs :atev] ( ru9 or      
desolation4 ,n until our own n9ete5?    
c5tury 0 ! picture ( ,isaiah se5 9 full 
realization--!n lay ! lion bask+ at     
noonday--!n crawl$ ! s]p5ts f _! holes2 
& at night ! :ole region e*o$ ) ! wild  

cries peculi> to arid wild]nesses4 ,!   
trans=mations1 !re=e1 ( ,babylon1 h be5 
go+ on sl[ly ?r\gh a va/ numb] (        
c5turies until ! p]fect accompli%m5t (  
,isaiah's picture4 ,p]haps !y h travell$
 ?r\gh a c\rse ( mu* m ?an two ?\s&     
ye>s3 & f ! glimpses we ga9 ( ,babylon  
at int]vals1 we "k = c]ta9 t ,isaiah _h 
be5 dead = _m c5turies be=e 8 vision    
c\ld h ev5 begun to realize itself4 ,b  
!n1 says an objector1 ! f9al ru9s (     
great empires & cities may be safely    
assum$ on g5]al gr\nds ( obs]vation4    
,h>dly1 h[ev]1 if !y happ5 to be seat$ 9
 a region s f]tile z ,mesopotamia1 & on 
a great riv] l ! ,euphrates4 ,b all[ ?is
 possibility--all[ ! natural            
disappe>ance ( ,babylon 9 a long c\rse (
 c5turies4 ,9 o!r cases ! disappe>ance  
is gradual1 & at l5g? p]fect4 ,no traces
 c n[ be f\nd ( ,c>?age2 none (         
,memphis2 or1 if y suppose some?+       
peculi> to ,mesopotamia1 no traces c be 
f\nd ( ,n9eveh1 or on ! o!r side ( t    
region3 none ( o!r great cities--,roman1

 ,p>?ian1 ,p]sian1 ,m$ian1 9 t same     
region or adjac5t regions4 ,babylon only
 is circum/antially describ$ by ,jewi%  
prophecy z long surviv+ itself 9 a /ate 
( visible & audible desolation3 & to    
,babylon only su* a description applies4
 ,o!r prophecies might be cit$ ) ! same 
result4 ,b ?is is en\gh4 ,& "h is an a  
po/]iori miracle4  ,n[1 obs]ve3 ^! two  
ord]s ( miracle1 by _! v nature1        
absolutely evade ! argum5t ( ,hume4  ,! 
incommunicability disappe>s altoge!r4 ,!
 value (--x absolutely vani%es & becomes
  #j4  ,! human reason be+ immutable1   
sugge/s to e age1 r5ews & reg5]ates =   
ev]1 ! necess>y inf]5ce ( a miracul\s   
/ate antec$5t to ! natural /ate4 ,&1 = !
 miracles ( prophecy1 ^! require no     
evid5ce & dep5d ^u none3 !y c>ry _! own 
evid5ce along ) !m2 !y utt] _! own      
te/imonies1 & !y are cont9ually re9=c+  
!m2 =1 probably1 e successive p]iod ( "t
 reproduces fre% cases ( prophecy       
complet$4  ,b ev5 "o1 l t ( ,babylon1   
realizes ! case ( ,beta 7,sect4 ,,ii47 9

 its mo/ p]fect =m4 ,hi/ory1 :i* atte/s 
x1 is ! voice ( e g5]ation1 *eck$ &     
c\nt]sign$ 9 effect by all ! m5 :o      
compose x4    ,,section ,,vii4  ,,( ,,! 
,,argum5t ,,z ,,affect$ ,,by ,,!        
,,p>ticul> ,,work] ,,( ,,! ,,miracles4  
,?is is ! la/ 'mom5t1' to use ! language
 ( ,me*anics1 :i* we %all notice 9 ?is  
discussion4  ,& "h !re is a rem>kable   
petitio pr9cipii 9 ,hume's managem5t ( 8
 argum5t4 ,he says1 r\ndly1 t x makes no
 diff]5ce at all if ,god 7 connect$ ) ! 
"q z ! au?or ( ! suppos$ miracles4 ,&   
:y8 ,because1 says he1 we "k ,god only  
by exp]i5ce--mean+ z involv$ 9          
nature--&1 !re=e1 t 9 s f> z miracles   
transc5d our exp]i5ce ( nature1 !y      
transc5d by implication our exp]i5ce (  
,god4 ,b ! v "q "u discussion is--:e!r  
,god did1 or did n1 manife/ himself to  
human exp]i5ce 9 ! miracles ( ! ,new    
,te/am5t4 ,b at all ev5ts1 ! idea ( ,god
 9 itself already includes ! notion ( a 
p[] to "w miracles1 :e!r t p[] 7 ov]    
ex]cis$ or n2 & z ,sir ,isaac ,newton   

?\ght t space might be ! s5sorium (     
,god1 s may we 7& ) mu* m philosophical 
propriety7 affirm t ! miracul\s & !     
transc5d5t is ! v nature ( ,god4 ,god   
be+ assum$1 x is z easy to believe 9 a  
miracle issu+ f him z 9 any op]ation    
accord+ to ! laws ( nature 7:i*1 aft]   
all1 is possibly 9 _m po9ts only !      
nature ( our planet73 x is z easy1      
because ei!r mode ( action is indiff]5t 
to him4 ,d\btless ?is argum5t1 :5       
address$ to an ,a!i/1 loses its =ce2    
because he refuses to assume a ,god4 ,b 
!n1 on ! o!r h&1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t    
,hume's argum5t itself does n /& on !   
foot+ ( ,a!ism4 ,he supposes x b9d+ on a
 ,!i/4 ,n[ a ,!i/1 9 />t+ f ! idea (    
,god1 grants1 ( necessity1 ! pl5>y p[] (
 miracles z great] & m awful ?an man    
c\ld ev5 compreh5d4 ,all he wants is a  
suffici5t motive = su* transc5d5t       
ag5cies2 b ?is is suppli$ 9 excess 7z   
reg>ds :at we h call$ ! con/itu5t       
miracles ( ,*ri/ianity7 by ! case ( a   
religion t 0 to revolutionize ! moral   

nature ( man4 ,! moral nature--! k+dom (
 ! w--is es5tially oppos$ to ! k+dom (  
nature ev5 by ! confession ( irreligi\s 
philosoph]s2 &1 !re=e1 be+ itself a     
sup]s5sual field1 x seems m reasonably  
adapt$ to ag5cies sup]natural ?an su* z 
are natural4  ,,g5]al ,,recapitulation4 
,9 ,hume's argum5t1--x1 :i* expresses ! 
resi/ance to cr$ibility 9 a miracle1 is 
valu$ z ( necessity equal to ! veiy     
maximum or ideal ( human te/imony2 :i*1 
"u ! v be/ circum/ances1 might be equal 
to x1 9 no case m1 & 9 all kn[n cases   
less4 ,we1 on ! o!r h&1 h endeavor$ to  
%[--  #a4 ,t1 because ,hume contemplates
 only ! case ( a s+le witness1 x w happ5
 t ! case ,beta ( ,sect4 ,,ii4 :]e a    
multitude ( witnesses exi/1 may greatly 
exce$ x2 & ) a suffici5t multitude mu/  
exce$ x4  #b4 ,t 9 ! case ( int]nal     
miracles--op]ations ( div9e ag5cy )9 !  
m9d & consci5ce ( ! individual--,hume's 
argum5t is necess>ily set aside3 !      
evid5ce1 ! x1 is p]fect = ! individual1 
& ! miracul\s ag5cy is meant = him only4

  #c4 ,t1 9 ! case ( "o prim>y miracle1 
viz4  ! fir/ organization ( man on ?is  
planet1 ! evid5ce greatly transc5ds x3  
because "h x is an evid5ce n d]iv$ f    
exp]i5ce at all1 b f ! reflect+ reason3 
& ! miracle has ! same advantage ov]    
facts ( exp]i5ce1 t a ma!matical tru?   
has ov] ! tru?s :i* re/ on induction4   
,x is ! diff]5ce betwe5 mu/ be &        
is--betwe5 ! inevitable & ! m]ely       
actual4  #d4 ,t1 9 ! case ( ano!r ord] (
 miracles1 viz4 prophecies1 ,hume's     
argum5t is aga9 ov]rul$2 because ! x 9  
?is case1 ! affirmative evid5ce1 is n   
d]iv$ froms human te/imony4 ,"s         
prophecies are obscure2 !y may be       
fulfill$ possibly )\t m5's be+ aw>e ( ! 
fulfilm5t4 ,b o!rs1 z t ab\t ! fate (   
,babylon--ab\t ! fate ( ! ,arabs 7!     
*ildr5 ( ,i%mael7--ab\t ! fate ( !      
,jews--are n ( a nature to be           
misund]/ood2 & ! evid5ce :i* att5ds !m  
is n ali51 b is intr9sic1 & develop$ by 
!mselves 9 successive /ages f age to    
age4  #e4 ,t1 because ! prim>y miracle 9

 ,no4 #c1 argues at lea/ a p[] compet5t 
to ! work+ ( a miracle1 = any aft]      
miracle we h only to seek a suffici5t   
motive4 ,n[1 ! objects ( ! ,*ri/ian     
revelation 7 equal at ! lea/ to ^? ( !  
orig9al creation4 ,9 fact1 ,*ri/ianity  
may be consid]$ z a second creation2 & !
 ju/ify+ cause = ! con/itu5t miracles ( 
,*ri/ianity is ev5 to u z app>5t z any  
:i* c\ld h op]at$ at ! prim>y creation4 
,! epig5esis 01 at lea/1 z gr& an       
occasion z ! g5esis4 ,inde$1 x is       
evid5t1 = example1 t ,*ri/ianity itself 
c\ld n h exi/$ )\t ! con/itu5t miracle (
 ! ,resurrection2 because )\t t !re w\ld
 h be5 no conque/ ov] dea?4 ,& "h1 z 9  
,no4 #c1 x is d]iv$--n f any exp]i5ce1 &
 !re=e _c be controll$ by t sort (      
ho/ile exp]i5ce :i* ,hume's argum5t     
relies on2 b is d]iv$ f ! reason :i*    
transc5ds all exp]i5ce4     ,,casui/ry4 
#ahci4    ,,"p ,i4   ,x is rem>kable1 9 
! s5se ( be+ noticeable & int]e/+1 b n 9
 ! s5se ( be+ surpris+1 t ,casui/ry has 
fall5 into disrepute ?r\gh\t all        

,prote/ant l&s4 ,?is disrepute is a     
result p>tly due to ! upright morality  
:i* usually foll[s 9 ! tra9 ( !         
,prote/ant fai?4 ,s f> x is honorable1 &
 an evid5ce ( sup]ior illum9ation4 ,b1 9
 ! excess to :i* x has be5 pu%$1 we may 
trace also a bl9d & some:at bigot$      
reaction ( ! horror inspir$ by ! abuses 
( ! ,popi% ,confessional4  ,un=tunately 
= ! int]e/s ( sci5tific e?ics1 ! fir/   
cultivators ( casui/ry _h be5 ^? :o kept
 9 view ! pr(essional s]vice ( auricul> 
confession4  ,_! purpose 0--to assi/ !  
rev]5d confessor 9 apprais+ ! quality ( 
d\btful actions1 9 ord] t he might      
prop]ly adju/ 8 scale ( c\nsel1 ( w>n+1 
( repro(1 & ( p5ance4  ,"s1 !re=e1 9    
pure simplicity & consci5ti\s dis*>ge ( 
! duty !y _h assum$1 b o!rs1 f lubricity
 ( morals or ! irritations ( curiosity1 
pu%$ _! inve/igations into unhall[$ pa?s
 ( speculation4 ,!y held al(t a tor* =  
explor+ guilty recesses-( human life1   
:i* x is f> bett] = u all to leave 9 _! 
orig9al d>kness4 ,crimes t 7 (t5 all b  

imag9>y1 extravagances ( err+ passion t 
w\ld nev] h be5 kn[n z possibilities to 
! "y & ! innoc5t1 7 ?us publi%$ 9 _! mo/
 odi\s details4 ,at fir/1 x is true1 !  
dec5t drap]ies ( a dead language 7      
susp5d$ be=e ^! abom9ations3 b soon] or 
lat] "s knave 0 f\nd1 on m]c5>y motives1
 to te> away ?is p>tial veil2 & ?us !   
v]nacul> lit]ature ( mo/ nations 9      
,s\!rn ,europe1 0 gradually pollut$ )   
revelations t _h be5 orig9ally made 9 ! 
av[$ s]vice ( religion4 ,inde$1 !re 0 "o
 aspect ( su* books :i* prov$ ev5 m     
ext5sively disgu/+4 ,speculations po9t$ 
to mon/r\s (f5ces1 bore ^u _! v face &  
frontispiece ! intimation t !y relat$ to
 cases r>e & anomal\s4 ,b sometimes     
casui/ry press$ into ! mo/ hall[$       
recesses ( common dome/ic life4 ,!      
delicacy ( y\?ful wives1 = example1 0   
(t5 n less griev\sly %ock$ ?an !        
manl9ess ( husb&s1 by ref9em5ts ( monki%
 subtlety appli$ to cases nev] meant =  
religi\s cognisance--b f> bett] left to 
! decision ( good feel+1 ( nature1 & (  

pure h\sehold morality4 ,ev5 ?is revolt+
 use ( casui/ry1 h[ev]1 did less to     
injure its "n & pret5sions ?an a        
p]suasion1 pretty g5]ally diffus$1 t !  
ma9 purpose & drift ( ?is sci5ce 0 a    
sort ( hair-splitt+ process1 by :i*     
d\bts might be appli$ to ! pla9e/ duties
 ( life1 or que/ions rais$ on ! ext5t ( 
_! obligations1 = ! s+le b5efit ( ^? :o 
s\ght to evade !m4 ,a casui/ 0 view$1 9 
%ort1 z a k9d ( lawy] or special plead] 
9 morals1 su* z ^? :o1 9 ,london1 are   
kn[n z ,old ,bailey practition]s1 call$ 
9 to manage desp]ate cases--to sugge/   
all available advantages--to raise d\bts
 or di/9ctions :]e simple morality saw  
no room = ei!r--& g5]ally to tea* ! art1
 9 nautical phrase1 ( sail+ z ne> ! w9d 
z possible1 )\t fe> ( absolutely f\nd]+4
  ,meantime x is c]ta9 t casui/ry1 :5   
sob]ly appli$1 is n only a b5eficial z  
well z a v int]e/+ /udy2 b t1 by :atev] 
title1 x is absolutely indisp5sable to !
 practical treatm5t ( morals4  ,we may  
reject ! "n2 ! ?+ we _c reject4  ,&     

accord+ly ! cu/om has be51 9 all ,engli%
 treatises on e?ics1 to introduce a good
 deal ( casui/ry "u ! idea ( special    
illu/ration1 b )\t any ref]5ce to       
casui/ry z a =mal bran* ( rese>*4       
,inde$1 z society gr[s complex1 ! uses (
 casui/ry become m urg5t4 ,ev5 ,cic]o   
c\ld n pursue 8 !me ?r\gh su* b>r5      
g5]alizations z entirely to evade all   
notice ( special cases3 & ,paley has    
giv5 ! *ief int]e/ to 8 v loose         
inve/igations ( morality1 by scatt]+ a  
selection ( su* cases ov] ! :ole field (
 8 discussion4  ,! necessity ( casui/ry 
might1 9 fact1 be d$uc$ f ! v orig91 &  
g5esis ( ! ^w4  ,fir/ came ! g5]al law  
or rule ( action4 ,?is 0 l ! major      
proposition ( a syllogism4 ,b next came 
a special in/ance or case1 s /at$ z to  
indicate :e!r x did or did n fall "u !  
g5]al rule4 ,?is1 aga91 0 exactly ! m9or
 proposition 9 a syllogism4 ,= example1 
9 logic we say1 z ! major proposition 9 
a syllogism1 ,man is mortal4 ,?is is !  
rule4 ,& !n 'subsum+' 7su* is ! te*nical

 phrase--subsum+7 ,socrates "u ! rule by
 a m9or proposition--viz4 ,socrates is a
 man--we are able m$iately to connect   
him ) ! pr$icate ( t rule1 viz1 ergo1   
,socrates is mortal4,footnote3 ,!       
ludicr\s blund] ( ,reid 7z fir/ publi%$ 
by ,"l ,kames 9 8 ,sket*es71 & (        
c\ntless o!rs1 ?r\gh ! la/ sev5ty or    
eighty ye>s1 9 _! critiques on ! logic (
 ,ari/otle1 has be5 to imag9e t su*     
illu/rations ( syllogism z ^! 7 meant = 
specim5s ( :at syllogism c\ld p]=m4 ,:at
 an elaborate ma*9]y1 x 0 said1 = br++  
out ! m]e/ self-evid5t truisms6 ,b j z  
reasonably x might h be5 object$1 :5 a  
ma!matician illu/rat$ ! process (       
addition by say+ #cdg1 ,behold :at      
pomp\s no?+s6 ,^! ,ari/otelian          
illu/rations 7 purposely drawn f cases n
 op5 to dispute1 & simply z             
exemplifications ( ! mean+3 !y 7        
int5tionally self-evid5t4 ,precisely ^u 
?is model arose casui/ry4 ,a g5]al rule1
 or major proposition1 0 laid           
d[n--suppose t he :o kill$ any human    

be+1 except "u ! palliations ,x1 ,y1 ,z1
 0 a murd]]4 ,!n 9 a m9or proposition1 !
 special case ( ! suicide 0 consid]$4   
,x 0 affirm$1 or x 0 d5i$1 t 8 case fell
 "u "s "o ( ! palliations assign$4 ,&   
!n1 f9ally1 accord+ly to ! negative or  
affirmative %ape ( ?is m9or proposition1
 x 0 argu$1 9 ! conclusion1 t ! suicide 
0 or 0 n1 a murd]]4  ,out ( ^! cases1   
i4e4 oblique deflexions f ! univ]sal    
rule 7:i* is also ! gramm>ian's s5se ( !
 ^w case7 arose casui/ry4  ,aft]        
morality has done its v utmo/ 9 cle>+ up
 ! gr\nds ^u :i* x re/s its             
decisions--aft] x has multipli$ its     
rules to any possible po9t (            
circum/antiality--!re w always cont9ue  
to arise cases )\t end1 9 ! %ift+       
comb9ations ( human action1 ab\t :i* a  
"q w rema9 :e!r !y d or d n fall "u any 
( ^! rules4 ,& ! be/ way = see+ ?is tru?
 illu/rat$ on a broad scale1 ! %orte/   
way & ! mo/ decisive is--to po9t our    
att5tion to "o /rik+ fact1 viz4 t all   
law1 z x exi/s 9 e civiliz$ l&1 is no?+ 

b casui/ry4 ,simply because new cases   
are = ev] aris+ to raise new d\bts :e!r 
!y d or d n fall "u ! rule ( law1 !re=e 
x is t law is s inexhau/ible4 ,! law    
t]m9ates a dispute = ! pres5t by a      
decision ( a c\rt1 7:i* con/itutes our  
'common law1'7 or by an express act ( ! 
legislature1 7:i* con/itutes our '/atute
 law4'7 ,= a mon? or two matt]s fl[ on  
smoo?ly4 ,b !n comes a new case1 n      
contemplat$ or n v]bally provid$ = 9 !  
previ\s rule4 ,x is v>i$ by "s feature (
 diff]5ce4 ,! feature1 x is suspect$1   
makes no ess5tial diff]5ce3 sub/antially
 x may be ! old case4 ,ay--b t is ! v   
po9t to be decid$4 ,& s arises a fre%   
suit at law1 & a fre% decision4 ,=      
example1 aft] _m a decision & _m a      
/atute1 7all aris+ out ( cases sup]v5+  
^u cases17 suppose t great subdivision (
 jurisprud5ce call$ ! ,bankrupt ,laws to
 h be5 gradually matur$4 ,x has be5     
settl$1 suppose1 t he :o ex]cises a     
trade1 & no o!r :atsoev]1 %all be       
entitl$ to ! b5efit ( ! bankrupt laws4  

,s f> is fix$3 & p va9ly imag9e t at    
l5g? a /ation ( re/ is rea*$1 & t 9 ?is 
direction at lea/1 ! onw>d m>* ( law is 
b>r$4 ,n at all4 ,sudd5ly a s*oolma/]   
becomes insolv5t1 & attempts to avail   
himself ( privileges z a te*nical       
bankrupt4 ,b !n arises a resi/ance on ! 
"p ( ^? :o are int]e/$ 9 resi/+3 & ! "q 
is rais$--,:e!r ! call+ ( a s*oolma/] c 
be legally consid]$ a trade8 ,?is also  
is settl$3 x is solemnly det]m9$ t a    
s*oolma/] is a tradesman4  ,b next      
arises a case1 9 :i*1 f peculi> v>iation
 ( ! circum/ances1 x is d\btful :e!r !  
tea*] c te*nically be consid]$ a        
s*oolma/]4 ,suppose t case settl$3 a    
s*oolma/]1 sub-di/+ui%$ z an ,x ,y      
s*oolma/]1 is adjudg$ to come )9 ! mean+
 ( ! law4 ,b sc>cely is ?is sub-v>iety  
dispos$ (1 ?an up rises "s decomplex    
case1 :i* is a sub-v>iety ( ?is         
sub-v>iety3 & s on = ev]4  ,h5ce1 !re=e1
 we may see ! %ortsight$ness ( ,paley 9 
quot+ ) approbation1 & z if x impli$ a  
reproa*1 t ! ,mussulman religi\s code   

conta9s 'n less ?an sev5ty-five ?\s&    
traditional precepts4' ,true3 b if ?is  
/atem5t %[s an excess ( circum/antiality
 9 ! moral sy/ems ( ,mussulmans1 t      
result expresses a fact :i* ,paley      
ov]looks--viz4 t _! moral code is 9     
reality _! legal code4 ,x is by         
aggregation ( cases1 by ! ev]la/+       
depullulation ( fre% spr\ts & %oots f   
old b\ghs1 t ?is enorm\s accumulation   
takes place2 &1 !re=e1 ! app>5t anomaly 
is exactly p>allel$ 9 our unmanageable  
sup]/ructure ( law1 & 9 ! ,fr5*         
supplem5ts to _! code1 :i* h already f> 
ov]built ! code itself4 ,if names 7     
disreg>d$1 we & ! ,mahometans are 9 ! v 
same circum/ances4  ,casui/ry1 !re=e1 is
 ! sci5ce ( cases1 or ( ^? special      
v>ieties :i* are =ev] *ang+ ! face (    
actions z contemplat$ 9 g5]al rules4 ,! 
t5d5cy ( su* v>iations is1 9 all /ates (
 complex civilization1 to absolute      
inf9ity4,footnote3 ,we h notic$ our own 
va/ pile ( law1 & t ( ! ,fr5*4 ,b nei!r 
( u has yet rea*$ ! al>m+ am\nt ( !     

,roman law1 "u :i* ! v p[]s ( social    
movem5t ?reat5$ to break d[n4 ,c\rts    
c\ld n decide1 advocates c\ld n c\nsel1 
s int]m9able 0 becom+ ! task (          
inve/igation4 ,?is l$ to ! great dige/ (
 ,ju/9ian4 ,b1 _h ,roman society advanc$
 9 weal?1 ext5t1 & social developm5t1   
in/ead ( retrograd+1 ! same result w\ld 
h return$ 9 a worse %ape4 ,! same result
 n[ m5aces ,engl&1 & w soon m5ace h] mu*
 m4 ,x is our pres5t purpose to /ate a  
few ( su* cases1 9 ord] to fix att5tion 
^u ! int]e/ & ! importance :i* surr\nd  
!m4 ,no mod]n book ( e?ics c be wor?    
notice1 unless 9 s f> z x selects &     
argues ! m prom95t ( su* cases1 z !y (f]
 !mselves 9 ! economy ( daily life4 ,=  
we repeat--t ! "n1 ! ^w casui/ry1 may be
 evad$1 b ! ?+ _c2 nor is x evad$ 9 our 
daily conv]sations4  ,i4 ,! ,case ( !   
,jaffa ,massacre1--,no case 9 ! :ole    
compass ( casui/ry has be5 s mu* argu$  
to & fro--none has be5 argu$ ) s little 
pr(it2 =1 9 fact1 ! ma9 elem5ts ( !     
moral decision h be5 left out ( view4   

,let u /ate ! circum/ances3--,on ! #aa? 
( ,febru>y1 #agii1 ,napoleon1 !n & =    
sev5 mon?s be=e 9 milit>y possession (  
,egypt1 began 8 m>* t[>ds ,syria4 ,8    
object 0 to break ! =ce ( any ,turki%   
invasion1 by tak+ x 9 fractions4 ,x _h  
become notori\s to e p]son 9 ,egypt1 t !
 ,porte reject$ ! ,fr5* pret5ce ( hav+  
come = ! purpose ( quell+ ,mameluke     
rebellion--! absurdity ( :i*1 ap>t f its
 ludicr\s ,quixotism1 0 evid5t 9 ! mo/  
practical way1 viz4 by ! fact1 t ! :ole 
rev5ues ( ,egypt 7 m ?an swall[$ up by !
 pay & ma9t5ance ( ! ,fr5* army4 ,:at   
c\ld ! ,mamelukes h done worse8  ,h5ce x
 _h become c]ta9 t ! ,turks w\ld s5d an 
exp$ition to ,egypt2 & ,napoleon view+ !
 g>risons 9 ,syria z ! advanc$ gu>d (   
su* an exp$ition1 saw ! be/ *ance =     
g5]al victory 9 meet+ ^! troops be=eh&1 
& de/roy+ !m 9 detail4 ,ab\t n9ete5 days
 br\ght him )9 view ( ! ,syrian fields4 
,on ! la/ day ( ,febru>y he slept at !  
,arima!a ( ! ,gospel4 ,9 a day or two   
aft] 8 army 0 be=e ,jaffa1 7! ,joppa ( !

 ,crusad]s17--a weak place1 b ( "s      
milit>y int]e/1,footnote3 ,x is s+ul> t 
"s peculi> int]e/ has always settl$ ^u  
,jaffa1 no matt] :o 0 ! milit>y lead] ( 
! "t1 or :at ! object ( ! /ruggle4  ,f  
,julius ,caes>1 ,joppa enjoy$ "s special
 privileges & immunities--ab\t a c5tury 
aft]1 9 ! latt] ye>s ( ,n]o1 a mo/      
tragical cata/rophe happ5$ at ,joppa to 
! ,syrian pirates1 by :i* ! v same numb]
 p]i%$ z 9 ! ,napoleon massacre1 viz4   
some?+ ab\t #djjj4 ,9 ! #bjj ye>s ( !   
,crusades1 ,joppa reviv$ aga9 into      
milit>y v]dure4 ,! fact is1 t ! %ore (  
,syria is pre-em95tly defici5t 9 natural
 h>bors1 or facilities = h>bors--^? :i* 
exi/ h be5 =m$ by art & sev]e conte/ ) !
 opposition ( nature4 ,h5ce _! extreme  
paucity1 & h5ce _! disproportionate     
importance 9 e possible w>4 f ! accid5t 
( be+ ! v fir/ =tifi$ t[n to ^? ent]+   
,pale/9e f ! side ( ,egypt4 ,on ! #d? ( 
,m>* ?is place 0 inve/$2 on ! #f?1 b>ely
 =ty-eight h\rs aft]1 x 0 tak5 by /orm4 
,?is fact is 9 itself important2 because

 x puts an end to ! pret5ce s (t5 br\ght
 =w>d1 t ! ,fr5* army _h be5 irritat$ by
 a long resi/ance4 ,yet1 suppos+ ! fact 
to h be5 s1 h[ (t5 9 ! hi/ory ( w> mu/ e
 read] h met ) cases :]e honorable t]ms 
7 grant$ to an enemy m]ely on acc\nt ( 8
 ob/9ate resi/ance8 ,b !n "h1 x is said1
 ! resi/ance 0 wilfully pu%$ to !       
arbitration ( a /orm4  ,ev5 t might be  
o!rwise /at$2 b1 suppose x true1 a /orm 
9 milit>y law conf]s "s rights ^u !     
assailants :i* else !y w\ld n h         
_h--rights1 h[ev]1 :i* cease ) ! day (  
/orm+4 ,nobody d5ies t ! ,fr5* army     
might h massacr$ all :om !y me't 9 arms 
at ! "t & dur+ ! agony ( /orm+4 ,b ! "q 
is1 ,:e!r a resi/ance ( =ty-eight h\rs  
c\ld create ! "r1 or 9 ! lea/ degree    
palliate ! atrocity1 ( putt+ prison]s to
 dea? 9 cold blood8 ,f\r days aft] !    
/orm+1 :5 all ?+s _h settl$ back into ! 
quiet r\t9e ( ord9>y life1 m5 go+ ab\t  
_! affairs z usual1 confid5ce re/or$1 &1
 above all ?+s1 aft] ! fai? ( a ,*ri/ian
 army _h be5 pl$g$ to ^! prison]s t n a 

hair ( _! heads %\ld be t\*$1 !         
imag9ation is appall$ by ?is :olesale   
but*]y--ev5 ! apologi/s ( ,napoleon are 
%ock$ by ! am\nt ( murd]1 ?\gh ju/ify+  
its pr9ciple4 ,!y admit t !re 7 two     
divisions ( ! prison]s--"o ( fifte5     
hundr$1 ! o!r ( two ?\s& five hundr$4   
,_! comb9$ am\nt is equal to a little   
army2 9 fact1 j ab\t t army ) :i* we    
f\ght & won ! battle ( ,maida 9         
,calabria4 ,!y compos$ a =ce equal to   
ab\t six ,engli% regim5ts ( infantry on 
! common e/abli%m5t4 ,e man ( ^! f\r    
?\s& soldi]s1 *iefly brave ,albanians--e
 man ( ?is little army 0 basely1        
brutally1 9 ! v _s ( abject poltroon]y1 
murd]$--murd]$ z f\lly z ! infants (    
,be?lehem2 resi/ance be+ q hopeless1 n  
only because !y _h surr5d]$ _! arms1 b  
also because1 9 reliance on ,*ri/ian    
honor1 !y _h quietly submitt$ to h _!   
h&s conf9$ ) ropes beh9d _! backs4 ,if  
?is blood did n lie heavy on ,napoleon's
 he>t 9 8 dy+ h\rs1 x mu/ h be5 because 
a consci5ce orig9ally call\s _h be5 se>$

 by ! v numb] ( 8 atrocities4  ,n[1 hav+
 /at$ ! case1 let u review ! casui/ical 
apologies put =w>d4 ,:at 0 to be done ) 
^! prison]s8 ,!re lay ! difficulty4     
,c\ld !y be reta9$ accord+ to ! common  
usage ) reg>d to prison]s8 ,no2 = !re 0 
a sc>city ( provisions1 b>ely suffici5t 
= ! ,fr5* army itself4  ,c\ld !y be     
transport$ to ,egypt by sea8 ,no2 = two 
,engli% l9e-(-battle %ips1 ! ,!seus & ! 
,tig]1 7 cruis+ 9 ! (f+1 & wat*+ !      
int]jac5t seas ( ,egypt & ,syria4 ,c\ld 
!y be transport$ to ,egypt by l&8 ,no2 =
 x 0 n possible to sp>e a suffici5t     
escort2 besides1 ?is plan w\ld h includ$
 ! sep>ate difficulty z to food4        
,f9ally1 !n1 z ! sole res\rce left1 c\ld
 !y be turn$ adrift8 ,no2 = ?is 0 b     
ano!r mode ( say+1 ',let u fight ! matt]
 ov] aga92 re9/ate y\rselves z our      
enemies2 let u leave ,jaffa re infect1 &
 let all beg9 aga9 de novo'--s9ce1      
assur$ly1 say ! ,fr5* apologi/s1 9 a    
=tnight f t date1 ! prison]s w\ld h be5 
f\nd swell+ ! ranks ( ^? ,turki% =ces   

:om ,napoleon _h reason to expect 9     
front4  ,be=e we take "o /ep 9 reply+ to
 ^! argum5ts1 let u cite two p>allel    
cases f hi/ory3 !y are int]e/+ =        
!mselves1 & !y %[ h[ o!r armies1 n      
,*ri/ian1 h treat$ ! self-same          
difficulty 9 practice4 ,! fir/ %all be a
 leaf tak5 f ! great book ( ,pagan      
exp]i5ce2 ! second f ,mahometan3 & bo? 7
 cases 9 :i* ! p>ties call$ on to cut ! 
knot _h be5 irritat$ to madness by !    
p>ties ly+ at _! disposal4  #a4 ,!      
,pagan ,decision4--,9 t ,jewi% w> ( m   
?an ?ree ye>s' duration1 :i* t]m9at$ 9 !
 de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 two cities on !
 lake ( ,g5nes>et 7 besieg$ by          
,vespasian4 ,"o ( ^! 0 ,tib]ias3 ! o!r  
,t>i*4 ,bo? _h be5 def5d$ ) desp]ation2 
& f _! peculi> situation ^u wat]1 &     
among/ pr(\nd precipices1 ! ,roman      
batt]+ app>atus _h n be5 f\nd applicable
 to _! walls4 ,consequ5tly ! resi/ance &
 ! loss to ! ,romans _h be5 unexampl$4  
,at ! latt] siege ,vespasian 0 pres5t 9 
p]son4 ,six ?\s& five hundr$ _h p]i%$ ( 

! enemy4 ,a numb] ( prison]s rema9$1    
am\nt+ to ab\t =ty ?\s&4 ,:at 0 to be   
done ) !m8 ,a great c\ncil 0 held1 at   
:i* ! comm&]-9-*ief presid$1 assi/$ 7z  
,napoleon7 by 8 :ole /aff4 ,_m ( !      
(fic]s 7 /rongly = hav+ ! :ole put to   
dea?3 !y us$ ! v argum5ts ( ! ,fr5*--'t1
 be+ p n[ de/itute ( habitations1 !y    
w\ld infallibly urge any cities :i*     
receiv$ !m into a w>3' fight+1 9 fact1  
h5ce=w>d ^u a d\ble impulse--viz4 !     
orig9al "o ( insurrection1 & a new "o ( 
rev5ge4  ,vespasian 0 s5sible ( all ?is2
 & he himself rem>k$1 t1 if !y _h any   
indulg5ce ( flight conc$$1 !y w\ld      
assur$ly use x aga9/ ! au?ors ( t       
indulg5ce4 ,b /ill1 z an answ] to all   
objections1 he insi/$ on ! solit>y fact1
 t he _h pl$g$ ! ,roman fai? = !        
security ( _! lives2 '& to (f] viol5ce1 
aft] he _h giv5 !m 8 "r h&1 0 :at he    
c\ld n be> to ?9k (4' ,su* are ! simple 
words ( ,josephus4 ,9 ! end1 ov]p[]$ by 
8 c\ncil1 ,vespasian made a sort (      
compromise4 ,twelve hundr$1 z p]sons :o 

c\ld n h fac$ ! h>d%ips ( captivity &   
travel1 he gave up to ! sword4 ,six ?\s&
 select "y m5 7 transport$ z labor]s    
into ,greece1 ) a view to ,n]o's s*eme1 
!n 9 agitation1 = cutt+ ?r\gh ! i/hmus (
 ,cor9?2 ! ma9 body1 am\nt+ to ?irty    
?\s&1 7 sold = slaves2 & all ! re/1 :o  
happ5$ to be subjects ( ,agrippa1 z a   
m>k ( c\rtesy to t pr9ce1 7 plac$ at 8  
disposal4  ,n[1 9 ?is case1 x w be      
alleg$ t p]haps ! ma9 feature (         
,napoleon's case 0 n realiz$1 viz4 !    
want ( provisions4 ,e ,roman soldi]     
c>ri$ on 8 %\ld]s a load ( sev5te5 days'
 provisions1 expressly 9 prep>ation =   
su* dilemmas2 & ,pale/9e 0 !n rank )    
population ga!r$ into t[ns4 ,?is        
objection w be notic$ imm$iately3 b1    
meantime1 let x be rememb]$ t ! prison]s
 p]sonally appe>$ be=e _! conqu]ors 9 f>
 worse circum/ances ?an ! g>rison (     
,jaffa1 except z to ! "o circum/ance 79 
:i* bo? p>ties /ood on equal gr\nd7 (   
hav+ _h _! lives gu>ante$4  ,= !        
prison]s ( ,g5nes>et 7 *iefly ali5s &   

fugitives f ju/ice1 :o _h no national or
 local int]e/ 9 ! cities :i* !y _h      
tempt$ or =c$ into insurrection2 !y 7   
clo!d ) no milit>y "* :atev]2 9 %ort1 !y
 7 pure vagrant inc5di>ies4 ,& ! popul\s
 condition ( ,pale/9e avail$ little     
t[>ds ! execution ( ,vespasian's s5t5ce3
 nobody 9 t l& w\ld h b\ght su*         
prison]s2 nor1 if !y w\ld1 7 !re any    
means available1 9 ! agitat$ /ate ( !   
,jewi% p1 = ma9ta9+ _! pur*ase4 ,x w\ld1
 !re=e1 be necess>y to escort !m to     
,caes>ea1 z ! ne>e/ ,roman port = %ipp+ 
!m3 !nce p]haps to ,alex&ria1 9 ord] to 
b5efit by ! corn vessels3 & f ,alex&ria 
! voyage to remot] places w\ld be pursu$
 at great co/ & labor--all s _m         
objections exactly correspond+ to ^? (  
,napoleon1 & yet all ov]rul$ by ! s+le  
consid]ation ( a ,roman 7viz4 a ,pagan7 
"r h& pl$g$ to ! fulfilm5t ( a promise4 
,z to ! twelve hundr$ old & helpless p  
massacr$ 9 cold blood1 z reg>d$ !mselves
 x 0 a m]ciful doom1 & "o :i* _m ( !    
,j]usalem captives aft]w>ds eag]ly      

c\rt$4 ,b /ill x 0 a %ock+ case4 ,x 0   
felt to be s by _m ,romans !mselves3    
,vespasian 0 ov]rul$ 9 t in/ance3 & !   
horror :i* settl$ ^u ! m9d ( ,titus1 8  
elde/ son1 f t v case among/ o!rs1 made 
him t5d] ( human life1 & anxi\sly       
m]ciful1 ?r\gh ! great trag$ies :i* 7 n[
 beg9n+ to unrol !mselves4  #b4 ,!      
,mahometan ,decision4--,! ,emp]or ,*>les
 ,v41 at diff]5t p]iods1 twice invad$ ! 
piratical /ates 9 ! nor? ( ,africa4 ,!  
la/ ( ^! invasions1 direct$ aga9/       
,algi]s1 fail$ mis]ably1 cov]+ ! ,emp]or
 ) %ame1 & /rew+ bo? l& & sea ) ! wrecks
 ( 8 great armam5t4  ,b six ye>s be=e1  
he _h conduct$ a mo/ spl5did &          
successful exp$ition aga9/ ,tunis1 !n   
occupi$ by ,heyrad9 ,b>b>ossa1 a valiant
 corsair & a prosp]\s usurp]4 ,b>b>ossa 
_h an irregul> =ce ( fifty ?\s& m52 !   
,emp]or _h a vet]an army1 b n           
acclimatiz$1 & n mu* above "o half z    
num]\s4 ,?+s t5d$1 !re=e1 /rongly to an 
equilibrium4 ,su* 7 ! circum/ances--su* 
0 ! position on ea* side3 ,b>b>ossa1 ) 8

 usual adv5tur\s c\rage1 0 draw+ out (  
,tunis 9 ord] to fight ! invad]3        
precisely at t mom5t occurr$ ! "q ( :at 
%\ld be done ) ! ,*ri/ian slaves4 ,a    
/rong] case _c be imag9$3 !y 7 t5 ?\s&  
fight+ m52 & ! m horrible x seem$ to    
murd] s _m def5celess p1 ! m dreadfully 
did ! dang] /rike ^u ! imag9ation4 ,x 0 
_! numb] :i* appall$ ! consci5ce ( ^? :o
 speculat$ on _! murd]2 b precisely t x 
01 :5 press$ ^u ! recollection1 :i*     
appall$ ! prud5ce ( _! ,moori% ma/]s4   
,b>b>ossa himself1 famili> ) bloody     
actions1 nev] hesitat$ ab\t ! prop]     
c\rse3 'massacre )\t m]cy' 0 8 proposal4
 ,b 8 (fic]s ?\ght o!rwise3 !y 7 brave  
m52 '&1' says ,rob]tson1 '!y all approv$
 w>mly ( 8 int5tion to fight4 ,b1 inur$ 
z !y 7 to sc5es ( blood%$1 ! b>b>ity ( 8
 proposal fill$ !m ) horror2 &          
,b>b>ossa1 f ! dread ( irritat+ !m1     
cons5t$ to sp>e ! lives ( ! slaves4'    
,n[1 9 ?is case1 ! p5alty atta*$ to     
m]cy1 9 case x %\ld turn out unhappily =
 ^? :o s nobly det]m9$ to /& ! risk1 _c 

be m tragically express$1 ?an by say+ t 
x did turn out unhappily4 ,we ne$ n d\bt
 t ! m]ciful (fic]s 7 o!rwise rew>d$2 b 
= ?is _w & ! successes ( ?is _w ! ru9 0 
total4  ,b>b>ossa 0 defeat$ 9 ! battle  
:i* ensu$2 fly+ pell-mell to ,tunis ) ! 
wrecks ( 8 army1 he f\nd ^! v t5 ?\s&   
,*ri/ians 9 possession ( ! =t & t[n3 !y 
turn$ 8 own artill]y ^u himself3 & 8    
ov]?r[ 0 seal$ by t "o act ( m]cy--s    
unwelcome f ! v fir/ to 8 own           
,napoleoni% temp]4  ,?us we see h[ ?is v
 case ( ,jaffa _h be5 ,settl$ by ,pagan 
& ,mahometan casui/s1 :]e c\rage &      
g5]osity happ5$ to be habitually        
preval5t4  ,n[1 turn+ back ta !         
pseudo-,*ri/ian army1 let u v briefly   
review ! argum5ts = !m4 ,fir/1 !re 7 no 
provisions4 ,b h[ happ5$ t8 or h[ is x  
prov$8 ,fe$+ ! prison]s f ! #f? to !    
#aj? inclusively ( ,m>*1 proves t !re 0 
no in/ant want4 ,& h[ 0 x1 !n1 t        
,napoleon _h run 8 calculations s       
n>r[ly6  ,! prison]s 7 j #cc p] c5t1 on 
! total ,fr5* army1 z orig9ally deta*$ f

 ,cairo4 ,"s _h already p]i%$ ( t army3 
& 9 a few weeks m1 "o half ( t army _h  
p]i%$1 or six ?\s& m51 ^: rations 7     
h\rly becom+ disposable = ! prison]s4   
,secondly1 a mo/ important po9t1        
res\rces mu/ h be5 f\nd 9 ,jaffa4  ,b   
?irdly1 if n1 if ,jaffa 7 s             
ill-provision$1 h[ _h x ev] dream$ ( /&+
 a siege8 ,& kn[+ its condition1 z      
,napoleon mu/ h done f des]t]s &        
o!rwise1 h[ came he to adopt s ne$less a
 measure z t ( /orm+ ! place8  ,?ree    
days mu/ h compell$ x to surr5d] ^u any 
t]ms1 if x c\ld be really true t1 aft]  
los+ va/ numb]s ( its population 9 !    
assault 7= x 0 ! blood%$ ( ! assault :i*
 orig9ally sugge/$ ! int]f]5ce ( !      
aides-de-camp17 ,jaffa 0 n able to all[ 
half-rations ev5 to a "p ( its g>rison =
 a few weeks4 ,:at 0 x meant t ! :ole   
%\ld h done1 _h ,napoleon simply        
blockad$ x8  ,?r\gh all ^!              
contradictions we see ! tru? loom+ z f  
beh9d a mi/3 x 0 n because provisions   
fail$ t ,napoleon but*]$ f\r ?\s& "y m5 

9 cold blood2 x 0 because he wi%$ to    
signalize 8 entrance into ,pale/9e by a 
sangu9>y act1 su* z might /rike t]ror f>
 & wide1 res\nd ?r\gh ,syria z well z   
,egypt1 & p>alyze ! n]ves ( 8 enemies4  
,f\r?ly1 x is urg$ t1 if he _h turn$ !  
prison]s loose1 !y w\ld h fac$ him aga9 
9 8 next battle4 ,h[ s8 ,prison]s )\t   
arms8 ,b !n1 p]haps1 !y c\ld h retreat$ 
^u ,acre1 :]e x is kn[n t ,djezz>1 !    
,turki% pa*a1 _h a great magaz9e ( arms4
  ,t might h be5 dang]\s1 if any su*    
retreat _h be5 op54 ,b surely ! ,fr5*   
army1 itself "u ord]s = ,acre1 c\ld at  
lea/ h int]cept$ ! ,acre r\te f !       
prison]s4 ,no o!r rema9$ b t ?r\gh !    
defiles ( ,napl\s4 ,9 ?is direction1    
h[ev]1 !re 0 no want ( m54 ,beyond !    
m\nta9s cavalry only 7 9 use3 & !       
prison]s _h no horses1 nor habits ( act+
 z cavalry4  ,9 ! defiles x 0 riflem5 :o
 7 want$1 & ! prison]s _h no rifles2    
besides t1 ! l9e ( ! ,fr5* op]ations    
nev] came ne> to t r\te4 ,!n1 aga91 if  
provisions 7 s sc>ce1 h[ 7 ! un>m$      

prison]s to obta9 !m on ! simple        
allegation t !y _h f\ght unsuccessfully 
aga9/ ! ,fr5*6  ,b1 f9ally1 "o          
conclusive argum5t !re is aga9/ ?is     
damnable atrocity ( ,napoleon's1 :i*1 9 
all future ,lives ( ,napoleon1 "o may   
expect to see-notic$1 viz41 t if !      
circum/ances ( ,pale/9e 7 su* z to =bid 
! ord9>y usages ( w>1 if 7:i* we are f> 
f believ+7 want ( provisions made x     
indisp5sable to murd] prison]s 9 cold   
blood--9 t case a ,syrian w> became     
impossible to a man ( honor2 & ! guilt  
comm5ces f a high] po9t ?an ,jaffa4     
,already at ,cairo1 & 9 ! eld] /ages ( !
 exp$ition1 plann$ 9 face ( su* afflict+
 necessities1 we read ! c\nsels ( a     
murd]]2 ( "o rightly c>ry+ su* a /yle ( 
w>f>e t[>ds ! anci5t c\ntry ( !         
assass9s2 ( "o n an apo/ate m]ely f     
,*ri/ian humanity1 b f ! l[e/ /&>d (    
soldi]ly honor4 ,he & 8 fri5ds abuse    
,sir ,hudson ,l[e z a jail]4 ,b f> bett]
 to be a jail]1 & fai?ful to "o's tru/1 
?an to be ! cut-?roat ( un>m$ m54  ,"o  

consid]ation rema9s1 :i* we res]ve to ! 
end2 because x has be5 univ]sally       
ov]look$1 & because x is conclusive     
aga9/ ,napoleon1 ev5 on 8 own hypo!sis (
 an absolute necessity4 ,9 ,vespasian's 
case x does n appe> t he _h ga9$ any?+ =
 himself1 or = 8 army1 by 8 promise (   
safety to ! enemy3 he _h simply gratifi$
 8 own feel+s by hold+ out prospects (  
f9al escape4 ,b ,napoleon _h absolutely 
s$uc$ ! f\r ?\s& m5 f a situation ( p[]1
 f vantage-gr\nd1 by 8 trea*]\s promise4
 ,& :5 ! ,fr5* apologi/s plead--',if we 
_h dismiss$ ! prison]s we %\ld soon h _h
 to fight ! battle ov] aga9'--!y totally
 =get ! /ate ( ! facts3 !y _h n f\ght ! 
battle at all3 !y _h evad$ ! battle z to
 ^! prison]s3 z _m enemies z c\ld h fac$
 !m de novo1 s _m _h !y b\ght (f f      
fight+4  ,=ty c5turies ( arm$ m51 brave 
& despair+1 & fir+ f w9d[s1 mu/ h made  
prodigi\s havoc3 & ?is havoc ! ,fr5*    
evad$ by a trick1 by a p]fidy1 p]haps   
unexampl$ 9 ! annals ( milit>y m54      
,,ii4 ,piracy4-,x is int]e/+ to trace ! 

revolutions ( moral feel+4 ,9 ! e>ly    
/ages ( hi/ory we f9d piracy 9 high     
e/eem4 ,?ucydides tells u t 1 or robb]y1
 :5 conduct$ at sea1 7i4 e4 robb]y on   
non-,grecian p17 0 held 9 ! greate/     
honor by 8 c\ntrym5 9 eld] ages4 ,& ?is1
 9 fact1 is ! true /ation1 ?is po9t (   
feel+ = primitive man1 f :i* we ought to
 view ! robb]ies & l>c5ies ( savages4   
,capta9 ,cook1 ?\gh a good & (t5 a wise 
man1 err$ 9 ?is po9t4 ,he took a pla9   
,old ,bailey view ( ! case2 & v s9c]ely 
believ$1 7z all sea-capta9s ev] h done17
 t a savage mu/ be a bad man1 :o w\ld   
purlo9 any?+ t 0 n 84 ,yet x is evid5t t
 ! poor *ild ( uncultur$ nature1 :o saw 
/rang]s desc5d+1 z x 7 f ! moon1 ^u 8   
aborig9al =e/s & lawns1 mu/ h view$ !m  
"u ! same angle z ! ,greeks ( old4 ,!y 7
 no "p ( any sy/em to :i* he belong$2 & 
:y %\ld he n plund] !m8 ,by =ce if he   
c\ld3 b1 :]e t 0 out ( ! "q1 :y %\ld he 
n take ! same cr$it = an undetect$ !ft t
 ! ,sp>tan glori$ 9 tak+8 ,to be detect$
 0 bo? %ame & loss2 b he 0 c]ta9ly      

entitl$ to any glory :i* might seem to  
settle ^u success1 n at all less ?an ! m
 pret5d+ citiz5 ( ,sp>ta4 ,besides all  
:i*1 among/ u civiliz$ m5 ! rule obta9s 
univ]sally--t ! /ate & duties ( peace   
are to be presum$ until w> is proclaim$4
 ,:]eas1 among/ rude nations1 w> is     
und]/ood to be ! rule--w>1 op5 or cov]t1
 until susp5d$ by express contract4     
,bellum int] omnes is ! natural /ate (  
?+s = all1 except ^? :o view !mselves z 
bro!rs by natural aff9ity1 by local     
neighborhood1 by common desc5t1 or :o   
make !mselves bro!rs by artificial      
contracts4 ,capta9 ,cook1 :o ov]look$   
all ?is1 %\ld h begun by arrang+ a      
solemn treaty ) ! savages among/ :om he 
meant to reside = any l5g? ( "t4 ,?is   
w\ld h prev5t$ _m an angry broil !n1 &  
s9ce !n3 x w\ld also h prev5t$ 8 own    
tragical fate4 ,meantime ! savage is    
calumniat$ & misrepres5t$1 = want ( be+ 
und]/ood4  ,!re is1 h[ev]1 among/       
civiliz$ nations a mode ( piracy /ill   
tol]at$1 or :i* 0 tol]at$ 9 ! la/ w>1 b 

is n[ ripe = ext9ction4 ,x is t w> (    
private m5 ^u private m51 :i* goes on "u
 ! "n ( private]+4 ,great *anges h tak5 
place 9 our modes ( ?9k+ )9 ! la/       
tw5ty-five ye>s2 & ! greate/ *ange ( all
 lies 9 ! ?\ghtful _s :i* we n[ br+ to !
 inve/igation ( all public que/ions4 ,we
 h no d\bt at all t1 :5 next a w> arises
 at sea1 ! :ole sy/em ( private]+ w be  
condemn$ by ! public voice4 ,& ! next   
/ep aft] t w be1 to explode all w>      
:atsoev]1 public or private1 ^u comm]ce4
 ,w> w be conduct$ by bellig]5ts & ^u   
bellig]5ts exclusively4 ,to imag9e !    
ext9ction ( w> itself1 9 ! pres5t /age (
 human advance1 is1 we fe>1 idle4 ,high]
 modes ( civilization--an e>? m         
univ]sally coloniz$--! homo sapi5s (    
,l9naeus m humaniz$1 & o!r improvem5ts  
mu/ pave ! way = t3 b among/ ! e>lie/ ( 
^? improvem5ts1 w be ! abolition ( w>   
c>ri$ into qu>t]s :]e ! _s ( w> nev]    
ought to p5etrate4  ,private]+ w be     
aboli%$4 ,w>1 on a national scale1 is   
(t5 ennobl+1 & "o great in/rum5t (      

pione]+ = civilization2 b w> ( private  
citiz5 ^u 8 fell[1 9 ano!r l&1 is always
 demoraliz+4  ,,iii4 ,usury4--,?is      
anci5t subject ( casui/ry we place next 
to piracy1 = a significant reason3 ! two
 practices h bo? *ang$ _! public        
reputation z civilization has advanc$1 b
 inv]sely--!y h int]*ang$ *>act]s4      
,piracy1 beg9n+ 9 honor1 has end$ 9     
infamy3 & at ?is mom5t x happ5s to be ! 
sole (f5ce aga9/ society 9 :i* all !    
accomplices1 )\t pity or int]cession1   
let !m be ev] s num]\s1 are puni%$      
capitally4 ,else:]e1 we decimate1 or ev5
 c5tesimate3 "h1 we are all *ildr5 (    
,rhadaman?us4 ,usury1 on ! o!r h&1      
beg9n+ 9 utt] infamy1 has travell$      
upw>ds into consid]able e/eem2 & ,mr4   
'#aj p] %5t' /&s a v fair *ance ( be+   
prick$ = %]iff next ye>2 &1 9 "o        
g5]ation m1 ( pass+ = a great patriot4  
,*>les ,lamb compla9$ t1 by gradual     
*anges1 n on 8 "p1 b 9 ! _s ( ref9em5t1 
he f\nd himself gr[+ ins5sibly into 'an 
indec5t "*4' ,! same *anges :i* c>ry "s 

d[nw>ds1 c>ry o!rs up2 & ,%ylock himself
 w soon be view$ z an em95t m>tyr or    
confessor = ! tru? z x is 9 ! ,alley4   
,s]i\sly1 h[ev]1 !re is no?+ m rem>kable
 9 ! hi/ory ( casui/ical e?ics1 ?an !   
utt] revolution 9 human e/imates (      
usury4 ,9 ?is "o po9t ! ,hebrew         
legislator agre$ ) ! ,roman--,deut]onomy
 ) ! ,twelve ,tables4 ,cic]o m5tions t !
 eld] ,cato be+ que/ion$ on v>i\s       
actions1 & h[ he rank$ !m 9 8 e/eem1 0  
at l5g? ask$1 ,quid fn]>i8--h[ did he   
rank usury8 ,8 indignant answ] 01 by a  
retort$ "q--,quid hom9em occid]e8--:at d
 ,i ?9k ( murd]8 ,9 ?is p>ticul> case1 z
 9 "s o!rs1 we mu/ all[ t our wor?y     
ance/ors & =]unn]s ^u ?is t]raque\s     
planet 7 enorm\s blockheads4 ,& _!      
'exquisite reason' = ?is op9ion on      
usury1 0 q wor?y ( ,sir ,&rew           
,ague*eek3--'money1' !y argu$1 'c\ld n  
bre$ money3 "o gu9ea 0 nei!r fa!r nor "m
 to ano!r gu9ea3 & :]e c\ld be ! ju/ice 
( mak+ a man pay = ! use ( a ?+ :i* t ?+
 c\ld nev] produce8' ,b1 v5]able        

blockheads1 t argum5t applies to ! case 
( him :o locks up 8 borr[$ gu9ea4       
,suppose him n to lock x up1 b to buy a 
h51 & ! h5 to lay a doz5 eggs2 "o ( ^?  
eggs w be s mu* p] c5t42 & ! ?+ borr[$  
has !n produc$ its own fo5us4 ,a /ill   
great] inconsi/5cy 0 ?is3 ,our ance/ors 
w\ld h rejo9$--t _m p did n borr[ 9 ord]
 to produce1 i4 e4 to use ! money z     
capital1 b 9 ord] to sp5d1 i4 e4 to use 
x z income4 ,9 t case1 at lea/1 !       
borr[]s mu/ d]ive ! fo5us f "s o!r fund 
?an ! ?+ borr[$3 =1 by ! supposition1 ! 
?+ borr[$ has be5 sp5t4 ,true2 b on !   
same pr9ciple ^! ance/ors ought to h    
=bidd5 e man to sell any article        
:atsoev] to him :o paid = x out ( o!r   
funds ?an ^? produc$ by ! article sold4 
,m]e logical consi/5cy requir$ ?is3 x   
happ5s1 inde$1 to be impossible3 b t    
only argues _! entire non-compreh5sion (
 _! own doctr9es4  ,! :ole hi/ory (     
usury teems ) in/ruction3 #a/1 comes !  
mon/r\s absurdity 9 :i* ! proscription (
 usury an*or$2 #b;d1 ! absolute         

compulsion & pressure ( realities 9 =c+ 
m5 into a timid ab&onm5t ( _! own       
doctr9es2 #c;d1 ! unconqu]able p[] (    
sympa?y1 :i* humbl$ all m9ds to "o      
level1 & =c$ ! /ronge/ no less ?an !    
feeble/ intellects into ! same          
infatuation ( /upidity4 ,! casui/ry (   
anci5t morali/s on ?is "q1 especially ( 
! s*ola/ic morali/s1 su* z ,su>rez1     
c4--! oscillations by :i* !y ultimately 
relax$ & ti$ up ! law1 j z _! err+      
consci5ce1 or ! necessities ( social    
life prevail$1 w\ld compose "o ( !      
int]e/+ *apt]s 9 ?is sci5ce4 ,b ! ,jewi%
 relaxation is ! mo/ amus+3 x co9cides  
altoge!r ) ! !ory ( savages z to        
prop]ty1 :i* we h already notic$ "u !   
head ( ,piracy4 ,all m5 on e>?1 except  
,jews1 7 held to be fair subjects =     
usury2 n z ?\gh usury 7 a j or humane   
?+3 no--x 0 a bellig]5t act3 b !n all   
=eign]s 9 ! ,jewi% eye 7 enemies = !    
same reason t ! eld] ,romans _h a common
 t]m = an enemy & a /rang]4 ,& x is     
probable t _m ,jews at ?is day1 9       

ex]cis+ usury1 conceive !mselves to be  
s]i\sly mak+ w>1 9 a private]+ fa%ion1  
^u ,*ri/5dom1 & practis+ reprisals on ! 
,g5tiles = ru9$ ,j]usalem4  ,,iv4 ,bi%op
 ,gibson's ,*ronicon ,preciosum4--,_m p 
are aw>e t ?is book is a record (       
prices1 z f> z !y 7 recov]able1 pursu$  
?r\gh six c5turies ( ,engli% ,hi/ory4 ,b
 !y are n aw>e t ?is :ole inquiry is    
simply ! ma*9]y = det]m9+ a casui/ical  
"q4 ,! "q 0 ?is3--,an ,engli% ,college1 
b we _c say 9 :i* ( our univ]sities1 _h 
be5 f\nd$ 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,vi41 &    
betwe5 #addj & #adfj--probably x might  
be ,k+'s ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,n[1 !   
/atutes ( ?is college make x imp]ative  
^u e c&idate = a fell[%ip to swe> t he  
does n possess an e/ate 9 l& (          
inh]itance1 nor a p]petual p5sion am\nt+
 to five p\nds p] annum1 ,x is c]ta91   
h[ev]1 t ! f\nd] did n mean sup]/iti\sly
 s mu* gold or silv] z made nom9ally !  
sum ( five p\nds1 b s mu* z virtually   
repres5t$ ! five p\nds ( ,h5ry ,,vi4's  
"t--s mu* z w\ld buy ! same quantity (  

ord9>y com=t4  ,^u ?is1 !re=e1 arose two
 que/ions = ! casui/3 7#a47 ,:at sum did
 sub/antially repres5t1 9 #agjf1 7! ye> 
( publi%+ ! ,*ron4 ,preciosum17 t nom9al
 #e ( #addj8 7#b47 ,suppos+ ?is         
asc]ta9$1 might a man ) safe consci5ce  
reta9 8 fell[%ip by swe>+ t he _h n #e  
a-ye>1 :5 p]haps he _h #bj1 provid$ t   
#bj 7 prov$ to be less 9 efficacy ?an ! 
#e ( ! eld] p]iod8 ,v]bally ?is 0       
p]jury3 0 x su* 9 reality & to !        
consci5ce8  ,! ,*ronicle is n1 z by its 
title ! read] might suppose1 a l>ge     
folio3 on ! contr>y1 x is a small octavo
 ( less ?an #bjj pages4 ,b x is exce$+ly
 int]e/+1 v ably reason$1 & z           
circum/antial 9 its illu/rations z !    
good bi%op's opportunities all[$ him to 
make x4 ,9 "o ?+ he 0 m lib]al ?an ,sir 
,william ,petty1 ,dr4 ,dav5ant1 c41 or  
any eld] economi/s ( ! prec$+ c5tury2 he
 w\ld h /ati/ics treat$ z a classical or
 s*ol>-l /udy2 & he %[s a mo/ laudable  
curiosity 9 all ! que/ions aris+ out ( 8
 ma9 "o4 ,8 answ] to t is z foll[s3 #a/1

 t #e 9 ,h5ry ,,vi4's "t conta9$ =ty    
ounces ( silv]1 :]eas 9 ,que5 ,anne's x 
conta9$ only n9ete5 ounces & "o-?ird2 s 
t1 9 reality1 ! #e ( #addj1 01 ev5 z to 
weight ( silv]1 r m ?an #aj ( #agjf4    
#b;d1 z to ! efficacy ( #aj 9 ,h5ry     
,,vi4's reign3 ^u review+ ! ma9 items ( 
common h\sehold 7& !re=e ( common       
academic7 exp5diture1 & pursu+ ?is      
review ?r\gh bad ye>s & good ye>s1 !    
bi%op decides t x is ab\t equal to #be  
or #cj ( ,que5 ,anne's reign4 ,sir      
,george ,%uckburgh has s9ce treat$ ?is  
casui/ical problem m elaborately3 b     
,bi%op ,gibson x 01 :o1 9 8 ,*ronicon   
,preciosum1 fir/ broke ! ice4  ,aft]    
?is1 he adds an +5i\s "q ^u ! app>5tly  
p>allel case ( a freehold] swe>+ himself
 wor? #djs4 p] annum z a qualification =
 an electoral vote3 ought n he to hold  
himself p]jur$ 9 vot+ ^u an e/ate (t5 s 
mu* bel[ ! orig9al #djs4 contemplat$ by 
,p>liam5t1 = ! v same reason t a        
collegian is n p]jur$ 9 hold+ a         
fell[%ip1 :il/1 9 fact1 he may h f\r or 

five times ! nom9al sum privileg$ by !  
f\nd]8  ,! bi%op says no2 & he di/+ui%es
 ! case ?us3 ! college #e mu/ always    
mean a virtual #e--;a #e 9 efficacy1 & n
 m]ely 9 "n4 ,b ! freehold]'s #djs4 is n
 s re/rict$2 & = ! foll[+ reason--t ?is 
sum is con/antly com+ "u ! review (     
,p>liam5t4  ,x is cle>1 !re=e1 f ! fact 
( n hav+ alt]$ x1 t ,p>liam5t is        
satisfi$ ) a m]ely nom9al #djs41 & sees 
no reason to alt] x4 ,true1 x 0 a rule  
enact$ by ! ,p>liam5t ( #adcj2 at :i* "t
 #djs4 0 ev5 9 weight ( silv] equal to  
#hjs4 ( #agjf2 & 9 virtue or p[] (      
pur*as+ equal to #ab at ! lea/4  ,!     
qualification ( a freehold] is1 !re=e1  
mu* l[] 9 ,que5 ,anne's days ?an 9 ^? ( 
,h5ry ,,vi4 ,b :at ( t8 ,p>liam5t1 x mu/
 be presum$1 sees good reason :y x %\ld 
be l[]4 ,& at all ev5ts1 till ! law     
op]ates amiss1 !re c be no reason to    
alt] x4  ,a case ( ! same k9d ) ^? argu$
 by ,bi%op ,gibson arose (t5 9 trials = 
l>c5y--we mean z to t enactm5t :i* fix$ 
! m9imum = a capital (f5ce4 ,?is case is

 notic$ by ! bi%op1 & juries ( late ye>s
 (t5 took ! casui/ry into _! own h&s4   
,!y 7 g5]ally ?\ght to act ) no m ?an a 
prop] humanity to ! prison]2 b /ill p   
?\ght su* juries incorrect4 ,:]eas1 if  
,bi%op ,gibson is "r1 :o all[s a man to 
swe> positively t he has n #e a-ye>1 :5 
nom9ally he has mu* m1 su* juries 7 ev5 
te*nically "r4 ,h[ev]1 ?is po9t is n[   
alt]$ by ,sir ,rob]t ,peel's re=ms4 ,b  
!re are o!r cases1 & especially ^? :i*  
arise n betwe5 diff]5t times b betwe5   
diff]5t places1 :i* w (t5 require ! same
 k9d ( casui/ry z t :i* is s ably appli$
 by ! good & le>n$ bi%op4  ,v4          
,suicide4--,x seems pass+ /range t ! ma9
 argum5t ^u :i* ,pagan morali/s reli$ 9 
_! unconditional condemnation ( suicide1
 viz4 ! suppos$ analogy ( our situation 
9 life to t ( a s5t9el m\nt+ gu>d1 :o   
_c1 )\t a capital (f5ce1 quit 8 /ation  
until call$ (f by 8 comm&+ (fic]1 is    
dismiss$ ) contempt by a ,*ri/ian       
morali/1 viz4 ,paley4 ,b a /rang] ?+    
/ill is--t ! only man :o ev] wrote a    

book 9 palliation ( suicide1 %\ld h be5 
n only a ,*ri/ian--n only an (ficial    
m9i/] & dignit>y ( a metropolitan       
,*ri/ian *ur*--b also a scrupul\sly pi\s
 man4 ,we allude1 z ! read] w suppose1  
to ,dr4 ,donne1 ,dean ( ,/4 ,paul's4 ,8 
op9ion is wor?y ( consid]ation4 ,n t we 
w\ld will+ly dim9i%1 by "o hair's       
weight1 ! reasons aga9/ suicide2 b x is 
nev] well to rely ^u ignorance or       
inconsid]ation = ! def5ce ( any pr9ciple
 :atev]4 ,donne's notion 01 7a notion1  
h[ev]1 adopt$ 9 8 e>li] ye>s17 t z we d 
n in/antly pron\nce a man a murd]] ^u   
he>+ t he has kill$ a fell[-creature1 b1
 accord+ to ! circum/ances ( ! case1    
pron\nce 8 act ei!r murd]1 or           
manslaught]1 or ju/ifiable homicide2 s  
by p>ity ( reason1 suicide is op5 to    
di/9ctions ( ! same or correspond+ k9ds2
 t !re may be su* a ?+ z self-homicide n
 less ?an self-murd]--culpable          
self-homicide --ju/ifiable              
self-homicide4 ,donne call$ 8 ,essay by 
! ,greek "n ,bia?anatos1,footnote3 ,?is 

^w1 h[ev]1 :i* occurs n[h]e t we        
rememb]1 except 9 ,lampridius1 "o ( !   
,augu/an hi/orians1 is "h appli$ to     
,heliogabalus2 & means1 n ! act (       
suicide1 b a suicidal p]son4 ,& possibly
 ,donne1 :o 0 a good s*ol>1 may s mean x
 to be und]/ood 9 8 title-page4         
,heliogabalus1 says ,lampridius1 _h be5 
told by ! ,syrian prie/s t he %\ld be   
,bia?anatos1 i4 e4 %\ld commit suicide4 
,he provid$1 !re=e1 ropes ( purple & (  
gold int]twi/$1 t he might hang himself 
imp]atorially4 ,he provid$ gold5 swords1
 t he might run himself ?r\gh z became  
,caes>4 ,he _h poisons inclos$ 9 jewels1
 t he might dr9k 8 f>ewell heeltaps1 if 
dr9k he mu/1 9 a pr9cely /yle4 ,o!r     
modes ( augu/ dea? he _h prep>$4        
,un=tunately all 7 unavail+1 = he 0     
murd]$ & dragg$ ?r\gh ! common sew]s by 
ropes1 )\t ei!r purple or gold 9 _! base
 composition4 ,! poor fell[ has be5     
sadly abus$ 9 hi/ory2 b1 aft] all1 he 0 
a m]e boy1 & z mad z a ,m>* h>e4 mean+  
viol5t dea?4 ,b a ?+ equally /range & a 

blasphemy almo/ unacc\ntable1 is ! fancy
 ( a ,prussian or ,saxon b>on1 :o wrote 
a book to prove t ,*ri/ committ$        
suicide1 = :i* he _h no o!r argum5t ?an 
t1 9 fact1 he _h surr5d]$ himself       
unresi/+ly into ! h&s ( 8 enemies1 & _h 
9 a mann] caus$ 8 own dea?4 ,?is1 h[ev]1
 describes ! case ( e m>tyr t ev] 0 or c
 be4 ,x is ! v m]it & gr&eur ( ! m>tyr1 
t he proclaims ! tru? ) 8 eyes op5 to ! 
consequ5ces ( proclaim+ x4 ,^?          
consequ5ces are connect$ ) ! tru?1 b n  
by a natural l9k3 ! connection is by    
means ( false views1 :i* x is ! v       
bus9ess ( ! m>tyr to de/roy4 ,&1 if a   
man f\nds my dea? ^u an act :i* my      
consci5ce enjoys1 ev5 ?\gh ,i am aw>e & 
fully w>n$ t he w f\nd my dea? ^u x1 ,i 
am n1 !re=e1 guilty ( suicide4 ,=1 by ! 
supposition1 ,i 0 oblig$ to ! act 9 "q  
by ! highe/ ( all obligations1 viz4     
moral obligation1 :i* f> transc5ds all  
physical obligation2 s t1 :atev] excuse 
atta*es to a physical necessity1        
atta*es1 a =tiori1 to ! moral necessity4

 ,! case is1 !re=e1 precisely ! same z  
if he _h said1--',i w put y to dea? if !
 fro/ b5umbs y\r feet4' ,! answ] is--',i
 _c help ?is effect ( fro/4' ,f> less c 
,i help reveal+ a cele/ial tru?4 ,i h no
 p[]1 no lib]ty1 to =be>4 ,&1 9 kill+   
me1 he puni%es me = a m]e necessity ( my
 situation & my k4  ,x is urg$ t brutes 
nev] commit suicide--except1 inde$1 !   
salam&]1 :o has be5 suspect$ ( loose    
pr9ciples 9 ?is po9t2 & we ourselves "k 
a man :o con/antly affirm$ t a horse ( 8
 _h committ$ suicide1 by viol5tly ?r[+  
himself f ! summit ( a precipice4 ',b   
:y1'--z we /ill ask$ him--':y %\ld !    
horse h committ$ felony on himself8 ,7  
oats ris+ 9 ! m>ket8--or 0 he 9         
love8--or vex$ by politics8--or c\ld a  
horse1 & a "y "o ris+ f\r1 be suppos$ to
 suff] f ta$ium vitae8' ,meantime1 z    
respects ! g5]al "q ( brute suicides1   
two po9ts mu/ be reg>d$1--#a/1 ,t brutes
 are cut (f f ! va/ _w ( moral &        
imag9ative suff]+s entail$ ^u man2      
#b;dly1 ,t ?is v immunity presupposes   

ano!r immunity--   ',a cool susp5se f   
pleasure & f pa91'   9 ! f> co>s] & less
 irritable animal organization :i* mu/  
be ! basis ( an insulat$ physical       
s5sibility4  ,brutes c nei!r suff] f    
intellectual passions1 nor1 probably1 f 
v complex d]angem5ts ( ! animal sy/em2 s
 t 9 !m ! motives to suicide1 !         
temptations to suicide1 are prodigi\sly 
dim9i%$4 ,nor are !y ev] alive to '!    
sublime attractions ( ! grave4' ,x is1  
h[ev]1 a humiliat+ reflection1 t1 if any
 brutes c feel su* aspirations1 x mu/ be
 ^? :i* are "u ! c>e ( man4 ,d\btless ! 
happ9ess ( brutes is sometimes ext5d$ by
 man2 b also1 too palpably1 _! mis]y4   
,:y suicide is n notic$ 9 ! ,new        
,te/am5t is a problem yet op5 to !      
pr(\nd inve/igator4  ,,vi4 ,duell+4--,no
 "o case1 9 ! va/ volume ( casui/ry1 is 
s difficult to treat ) ju/ice &         
reasonable adaptation to ! _s ( mod]n   
times1 z ?is ( duell+4 ,=1 z to ^? :o   
reason all ^u "o side1 & nev] he>k5 9   
good fai? to objections or difficulties1

 su* p conv9ce nobody b ^? :o 7 already 
conv9c$ be=e !y began4 ,at pres5t1      
7#ahci17 society has = "s ye>s be5 tak+ 
a lur* to "o side aga9/ duell+3 b       
inevitably a reaction w succe$2 =1 aft] 
all1 be x z mu* oppos$ z x may to       
,*ri/ianity1 duell+ p]=ms su* important 
functions 9 society z n[ con/itut$--we  
mean by ! s5se ( in/ant p]sonal         
acc\ntability :i* x diffuses univ]sally 
among/ g5tlem51 & all :o h mu*          
s5sibility to ! po9t ( honor--t1 = "o   
life :i* x takes away z an occasional   
sacrifice1 x saves myriads f outrage &  
affronts--millions f ! anxiety atta*$ to
 inf]ior bodily /r5g?4 ,h[ev]1 x is no  
"p ( our pres5t purpose to plead ! cause
 ( duell+1 ?\gh plead$ x mu/ be1 m      
fairly ?an x ev] has be51 be=e any      
progress w be made 9 suppress+ x4  ,b ! 
po9t :i* we wi% to notice at pres5t1 is 
! univ]sal blund] ab\t ! ,romans &      
,greeks4  ,!y1 x is alleg$1 f\ght no    
duels2 & occasion is !nce tak5 to make v
 disadvantage\s reflections ^u u1 ! m5 (

 ?is ,*ri/ian era1 :o1 9 defiance ( our 
great] light1 d fight duels4 ,"l ,bacon 
himself is dup$ by ?is enorm\s blund]1 &
 f\nds ^u x a long spee* 9 ! ,/>-,*amb]4
  ,n[1 9 ! fir/ place1 :o does n see t1 
if ! ,pagans really 7 enabl$ by _!      
religion to ma/] _! movem5ts ( p]sonal  
ang] & hatr$1 ! inevitable inf]5ce w be 
to ! disadvantage ( ,*ri/ianity4  ,x    
w\ld be a cle> case4 ,*ri/ianity &      
,paganism h be5 sep>ately tri$ z means (
 self-control2 ,*ri/ianity has          
flagrantly fail$2 ,paganism succe$$     
univ]sally2 n hav+ be5 f\nd unequal to !
 task 9 any "o kn[n in/ance4  ,b ?is is 
n s4 ,a pr(\nd] error nev] exi/$4 ,no   
religi\s influ5ce :atev] re/ra9$ !      
,greek or ! ,roman f fight+ a duel4 ,x 0
 purely a civic influ5ce1 & x 0 su/a9$  
by ?is rem>kable usage--9 itself a /&+  
opprobrium to bo? ,greek & ,roman--viz4 
! unlimit$ lic5se ( tongue all[$ to ang]
 9 ! anci5t assemblies & s5ates4 ,?is   
lib]ty ( f\l language op]at$ 9 two ways3
 #a/1 ,be+ univ]sal1 x took away all    

gr\nd = feel+ ! words ( an antagoni/ z  
any p]sonal insult2 s he _h r>ely a     
motive = a duel4 #b;dly1 ! ang] 0 ?us   
less acute2 yet1 if x 7 acute1 !n ?is   
,bill+sgate res\rce furni%$ an          
in/antane\s vehicle = expectorat+ !     
wra?4 ,look1 = example1 at ,cic]o's     
orations aga9/ ,m>k ,antony1 or         
,catil9e1 or aga9/ ,piso4 ,?is la/ p]son
 0 a s5ator ( ! v highe/ rank1 family1  
connections2 yet1 9 ! c\rse ( a few     
pages1 does ,cic]o1 a man ( lett]s1     
poli%$ to ! extreme /&>d ( ,rome1       
address him by ! elegant appellations ( 
'fil?1' 'mud1' 'c>rion1' 7projectum     
cadav]47 ,h[ c\ld ,piso h compla9$8 ,x  
w\ld h be5 said-',oh1 !re's an end (    
republican simplicity1 if pla9 speak+ is
 to be put d[n4' ,& !n x w\ld h be5 add$
 invidi\sly--',bett] m5 ?an ev] /ood 9  
y\r %oes h borne worse language4 ,w y   
compla9 ( :at 0 tol]at$ by ,africanus1  
by ,paulus ,aemilius1 by ,m>ius1 by     
,sylla8' ,:o c\ld reply to t8  ,& :y    
%\ld ,piso h ev5 wi%$ to call out 8     

f\l-m\!d antagoni/8 ,on ! contr>y1 a f> 
m g5ial rev5ge await$ him ?an any sword 
c\ld h furni%$4 ,pass b an h\r1 & y w   
he> ,piso speak+--x w !n be 8 turn--e   
dog has 8 day2 &1 ?\gh n q s eloqu5t z 8
 brilliant enemy1 he is yet eloqu5t     
en\gh = ! purposes ( rev5ge--he is      
eloqu5t en\gh to call ,cic]o 'fil?1'    
'mud1' c>rion4'  ,no3 ! reason ( our    
mod]n duell+ lies deep] ?an is suppos$3 
x lies 9 ! pr9ciple ( honor--a direct   
product ( *ivalry--z t 0 9 "p a product 
( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! s5se ( honor did n    
exi/ 9 ,pagan times4 ,natural equity1 & 
! equity ( civil laws--^? 7 ! two moral 
=ces "u :i* m5 act$4 ,honor applies to  
cases :]e bo? ^? =ces are sil5t4 ,&     
precisely because !y _h no su* s5se1 &  
because _! rev5ge empti$ itself by !    
base/ ( all *annels1 viz4 f\l speak+ &  
lic5se ( tongue1 0 x t ! ,greeks &      
,romans _h no duell+4 ,x 0 no glory to  
!m t !y _h n1 b ! f\le/ blot on _! moral
 gr&eur4  ,h[ x 0 t ,*ri/ianity 0 able1 
m$iately1 to g5]ate ! pr9ciple ( honor1 

is a sep>ate problem4  ,b ?is is ! true 
solution ( t common casui/ical "q ab\t  
duell+4    ,,"p ,,ii4  --',celebr>e     
dome/lca facta4'--,,hor4   ,9 a =m]     
notice ( ,casui/ry1 we t\*$ on su* cases
 only z 7 ( public be>+s1 or su* z 7if  
private7 7 ( r>e occurr5ce & ( a        
tragical /&>d4 ,b ord9>y life1 9 its mo/
 dome/ic pa?s1 teems ) cases ( difficult
 decision2 or if n always difficult 9 ! 
decision ( ! ab/ract "q at issue1       
difficult 9 ! accommodation ( t decision
 to imm$iate practice4 ,a few ( ^! m    
homely cases1 int]mix$ ) m public ones1 
we %all "h select & review2 =1 accord+  
to a rem>k 9 our fir/ pap]1 z social    
economy gr[s m elaborate1 ! dem& gr[s m 
int5se = su* circum/antial morality4 ,z 
man advances1 casui/ry advances4        
,pr9ciples are ! same3 b ! ab/raction ( 
pr9ciples f accid5ts & circum/ances     
becomes a "w ( m ef=t4 ,ari/otle1 9 8   
,nicoma*ean ,e?ics1 has n "o case2      
,cic]o1 ?ree hundr$ ye>s aft]1 has a    
few2 ,paley1 eighte5 hundr$ ye>s aft]   

,cic]o1 has _m4  ,!re is also some?+ 9  
place z well z 9 "t--9 ! p z well z !   
c5tury--:i* det]m9es ! am\nt ( int]e/ 9 
casui/ry4 ,we once he>d an em95t p]son  
deliv]+ x z an op9ion1 d]iv$ f a good   
deal ( p]sonal exp]i5ce--t ( all        
,european nations1 ! ,briti% 0 t :i*    
suff]$ mo/ f remorse2 & t1 if int]nal   
/ruggles dur+ temptation1 or suff]+s (  
m9d aft] yield+ to temptation1 7 ( a    
nature to be measur$ ^u a scale1 or c\ld
 express !mselves s5sibly to human k1 ! 
annual report f ,great ,brita91 its     
annual balance-%eet1 by comp>ison ) ^? f
 cont95tal ,europe1 w\ld %[ a l>ge      
excess4 ,at ! "t ( he>+ ?is rem>kable   
op9ion1 we1 ! he>]s1 7 "y2 & we _h      
little o!r gr\nd = ass5t or diss5t1 ?an 
su* g5]al impressions ( national        
diff]5ces z we might happ5 to h ga!r$ f 
! sev]al lit]atures ( ,*ri/ian nations4 
,^! 7 ( a nature to confirm ! /rang]'s  
v]dict2 & x w n be d5i$ t mu* ( national
 "* comes =w>d 9 lit]ature3 b ^! 7 n    
suffici5t4 ,s9ce !n1 we h _h occasion to

 ?9k closely on t "q4 ,we h _h occasion 
to review ! public records ( ,*ri/5dom2 
& beyond all d\bt ! public consci5ce1 ! 
int]national consci5ce1 ( a p1 is !     
rev]b]ation ( its private consci5ce4    
,hi/ory is b ! conv]g+ into a focus (   
:at is mov+ 9 ! dome/ic life bel[2 a set
 ( great circles express+ & summ+ up1 on
 ! dial-plate1 ! motions ( _m little    
circles 9 ! ma*9]y )94 ,n[ ,hi/ory1 :at 
may be call$ ! ,comp>ative ,hi/ory (    
,mod]n ,europe1 c\nt]signs ! travell]'s 
op9ion4  ',s1 !n1' says a =eign]1 or an 
,engli%man ) =eign sympa?ies1 '! up%ot &
 am\nt ( ?is doctr9e is1 t ,engl& is m  
moral ?an o!r nations4' ',well1' we     
answ]1 '& :at ( t8' ,obs]ve1 h[ev]1 t ! 
doctr9e w5t no f>!r ?an z to            
consci5ti\sness2 ! pr9ciple out ( :i*   
comes sorr[ = all violation ( duty2 out 
( :i* comes a high /&>d ( duty4         
,meantime bo? ! 'sorr[' & ! 'high /&>d' 
are v compatible ) a lax p]=mance4 ,b   
suppose we _h gone z f> z ! objector    
supposes1 & _h ascrib$ a moral          

sup]iority e way to ,engl&1 :at is !re 9
 t to %ock probability8 ,:e!r ! g5]al   
probability f analogy1 or ! special     
probability f ! circum/ances ( ?is      
p>ticul> case8 ,we all "k t !re is no   
g5]al improbability 9 suppos+ "o nation1
 or "o race1 to outrun ano!r4 ,! mod]n  
,italians h excell$ all nations 9       
musical s5sibility1 & 9 g5ius = pa9t+4  
,!y h produc$ f> bett] music ?an all !  
re/ ( ! _w put toge!r4 ,& f\r ( _! great
 pa9t]s h n be5 approa*$ hi!rto by !    
pa9t]s ( any nation4 ,t facial /ructure1
 aga91 :i* is call$ ! ,caucasian1 & :i*1
 ?r\gh ! anci5t ,greeks1 has travell$   
we/w>d to ! nations ( ,*ri/5dom1 & f !m 
7*iefly ourselves7 has become !         
,transatlantic face1 is1 pa/ all        
disput+1 ! f9e/ type ( ! human c\nt5ance
 div9e on ?is planet4 ,& mo/ o!r        
nations1 ,asiatic or ,african1 h hi!rto 
put up ) ?is insult2 except1 inde$1 !   
,kalmuck ,t>t>s1 :o are highly indignant
 at our ,european vanity 9 ?is matt]2 & 
"s ( !m1 says ,b]gmann1 ! ,g]man        

travell]1 absolutely h[l ) rage1 :il/   
o!rs only laugh hy/]ically1 at any man's
 hav+ ! insanity to pref] ! ,grecian    
features to ! ,kalmuck4  ,aga91 among/ !
 old pagan nations1 ! ,romans seem to h 
_h '! call' = go+ ahead2 & !y fulfill$  
_! de/9y 9 spite ( all t ! re/ ( ! _w   
c\ld d to prev5t !m4 ,s t1 f> f x be+ an
 improbable or unreasonable assumption1 
sup]iority 7( "o k9d or o!r7 has be5 !  
indefeasible inh]itance ( ?is & t       
nation1 at all p]iods ( hi/ory4  ,/ill  
less is ! notion t5able ( any special   
improbability apply+ to ?is p>ticul>    
pret5sion4 ,= c5turies has ,engl&       
enjoy$--#a/1 civil lib]ty2 #b;d1 !      
,prote/ant fai?4 ,n[ 9 ^? two advantages
 are laid ! gr\nds1 ! v necessities1 a  
priori1 ( a sup]ior morality4 ,b wat* ! 
inconsi/5cy ( m53 ask "o ( ^! m5 :o     
dispute ?is ,engli% pret5sion mordicus2 
ask him1 or bid an ,au/rian s]f ask him1
 :at are ! b5efits ( ,prote/antism1 &   
:at ! b5efits ( lib]ty1 t he %\ld risk  
any?+ to obta9 ei!r4 ,he> h[ eloqu5tly  

he insi/s ^u _! b5eficial results1      
sev]ally & jo9tly2 & notice t he places 
=emo/ among ^? results a pure morality4 
,is he wrong8 ,no3 ! man speaks b>e     
tru?4 ,b :at brute oblivion he manife/s 
( 8 own doctr9e1 9 tax+ ) arrogance any 
p = claim+ "o ( ^? results 9 esse1 :i*  
he himself c\ld see s cle>ly 9 posse6   
,talk no m ( fre$om1 or ( a pure        
religion1 z f\nta9s ( a moral           
pre-em95ce1 if ^? :o h possess$ !m 9    
comb9ation = ! longe/ space ( "t may n1 
)\t arrogance1 claim ! vanw>d place     
among/ ! nations ( ,europe4  ,s f> z to 
! presumptions1 g5]al or special2 s f> z
 to ! probabilities1 analog\s or direct1
 9 c\nt5ance ( ?is ,briti% claim4       
,f9ally1 :5 we come to ! pro(s1 f fact &
 hi/orical exp]i5ce1 we might appeal to 
a s+ul> case 9 ! records ( our ,ex*equ]2
 viz41 t = mu* m ?an a c5tury back1 our 
,gazette & o!r public adv]tis]s1 h      
ackn[l$g$ a s]ies ( anonym\s remittances
 f ^? :o1 at "s "t or o!r1 _h           
appropriat$ public money4 ,we und]/& t  

no correspond+ fact c be cit$ f =eign   
records4 ,n[1 ?is is a direct in/ance ( 
t compunction :i* our travell$ fri5d    
insi/$ on4 ,b we *oose r to ?r[         
ourselves ^u ! g5]al hi/ory ( ,great    
,brita91 ^u ! _s ( h] policy1 dome/ic or
 =eign1 & ^u ! univ]sal pr9ciples ( h]  
public morality4 ,take ! case ( public  
debts1 & ! fulfilm5t ( contracts to ^?  
:o c\ld n h compell$ ! fulfilm5t2 we    
fir/ set ?is prec$5t4  ,all nations h n[
 le>n$ t hone/y 9 su* cases is ev5tually
 ! be/ policy2 b ?is !y le>n$ f our     
exp]i5ce1 & n till ne>ly all ( !m _h    
tri$ ! o!r policy4 ,we x 01 :o1 "u ! mo/
 try+ circum/ances ( w>1 ma9ta9$ !      
sanctity f taxation ( all =eign         
inve/m5ts 9 our funds4 ,our conduct )   
reg>d to slaves1 :e!r 9 ! case ( slav]y 
or ( ! slave-trade--h[ prud5t x may     
always h be51 we ne$ n inquire2 z to its
 moral pr9ciples1 !y w5t s f> ahead (   
,european /&>ds1 t we 7 nei!r compreh5d$
 nor believ$4 ,! p]fection ( romance 0  
ascrib$ to u by all :o did n reproa* u )

 ! p]fection ( ,jesuitical knav]y2 by _m
 our motto 0 suppos$ to be no long] !   
old "o ( 'divide et imp]a1' b 'annihila 
et appropria4' ,f9ally1 look+ back to   
our dreadful conflicts ) ! ?ree conqu]+ 
despots ( mod]n hi/ory1 ,philip ,,ii4 ( 
,spa91 ,l\is ,,xiv41 & ,napoleon1 we may
 inconte/ably boa/ ( hav+ be5 s+le 9    
ma9ta9+ ! g5]al equities ( ,europe by w>
 ^u a colossal scale1 & by our c\ncils 9
 ! g5]al congresses ( ,*ri/5dom4  ,su* a
 review w\ld amply ju/ify ! travell]'s  
rem>kable dictum ^u ! pr9ciple (        
remorse1 & !re=e ( consci5ti\sness1 z   
exi/+ 9 great] /r5g? among/ ! p ( ,great
 ,brita94 ,9 ! same proportion we may   
assume1 9 su* a p1 a ke5] s5sibility to 
moral di/9ctions2 m att5tion to %ades ( 
diff]5ce 9 ! modes ( action2 m anxiety z
 to ! gr\nds ( action4 ,9 ! same        
proportion we may assume a gr[+ & m     
direct reg>d to casui/ry2 :i* is        
precisely ! "p ( e?ics t w be cont9ually
 exp&+1 & cont9ually ?r[+ up fre% d\bts4
 ,n z ?\gh a moral pr9ciple c\ld ev] be 

d\btful4 ,b t ! gr[+ complexity ( !     
circum/ances w make x m & m difficult 9 
judgm5t to deta* ! pr9ciple f ! case2   
or1 9 practice1 to det]m9e ! application
 ( ! pr9ciple to ! facts4 ,x w happ51   
!re=e1 z ,mr4 ,col]idge us$ to say      
happ5$ 9 all cases ( importance1 t      
extremes meet3 = casui/ical e?ics w be  
mo/ consult$ by two classes ! mo/       
opposite to ea* o!r--by ^? :o seek      
excuses = evad+ _! duties1 & by ^? :o   
seek a special fulness ( light =        
fulfill+ !m4    ,,case ,i4  ,,heal?4    
,/range x is1 t moral treatises1 :5     
pr(ess+ to lay op5 ! great edifice (    
human duties1 & to expose its v         
f\ndations1 %\ld n h begun )1 nay1 %\ld 
n h notic$ at all1 ^? duties :i* a man  
owes to himself1 &1 =emo/ among/ !m1 !  
duty ( cultivat+ 8 own heal?4 ,= x is   
evid5t1 t1 f m]e neglect ( t "o p]sonal 
duty1 ) ! v be/ int5tions possible1 all 
o!r duties :atev] may become impossible2
 = good int5tions exi/ 9 all /ages (    
effici5cy1 f ! fugitive impulse to !    

realiz+ self-det]m9ation4  ,9 ?is life1 
! elem5t>y bless+ is heal?4 ,:at6  d we 
presume to place x be=e peace ( m9d8    
,f> f x2 b we speak ( ! g5esis2 ( !     
succession 9 :i* all bless+s desc5d2 n z
 to "t1 b ! ord] ( dep5d5cy4 ,all       
morality implies free ag5cy3 x presumes 
beyond all o!r conditions an ag5t :o is 
9 p]fect possession ( 8 own volitions4  
,n[1 x is c]ta9 t a man )\t heal? is n  
uni=mly ma/] ( 8 own purposes4 ,(t5 he  
_c be said ei!r to be 9 ! pa? ( duty or 
out ( x2 s incoh]5t are ! actions ( a   
man =c$ back cont9ually f ! objects ( 8 
intellect & *oice ^u "s ali5 objects    
dictat$ by int]nal wret*$ness4 ,x is    
true t1 by possibility1 "s d]angem5ts ( 
! human sy/em are n incompatible )      
happ9ess3 & a celebrat$ ,g]man au?or ( !
 la/ c5tury1 ,von ,h>d5b]g--bett] kn[n  
by 8 assum$ "n ( ,novalis--ma9ta9$1 t   
c]ta9 modes ( ill heal?1 or             
valetud9>ianism1 7 pre-requisites t[>ds 
c]ta9 modes ( intellectual developm5t4  
,b ! ill heal? to :i* he po9t$ c\ld n h 

gone beyond a luxuri\s indisposition2   
nor ! correspond+ intellectual purposes 
h be5 o!r ?an n>r[1 fleet+1 & anomal\s4 
,inflammatory action1 9 its e>li] /ages1
 is sometimes connect$ ) voluptu\s      
s5sations3 s is ! pret]natural          
/imulation ( ! liv]4 ,b ^! /ates1 z     
pleasurable /ates1 are transitory4 ,all 
fix$ d]angem5ts ( ! heal? are d\bly     
ho/ile to ! moral en]gies3 fir/1 ?r\gh !
 intellect1 :i* !y debilitate           
unconsci\sly 9 _m ways2 & next1 bo?     
consci\sly & semi-consci\sly1 ?r\gh ! w4
 ,! judgm5t is1 p]haps1 too cl\d$ to fix
 ^u a "r purpose3 ! w too enfeebl$ to   
pursue x4  ,two g5]al rem>ks may be     
appli$ to all1 int]f]5ces ( ! physical )
 ! moral sanity2 #a/1 ,t x is n s mu* by
 absolute d$uctions ( "t t ill heal?    
op]ates ^u ! s]viceabl5ess ( a man1 z by
 its l+]+ effects ^u 8 temp] & 8 animal 
spirits4 ,_m a man has n lo/ "o h\r ( 8 
life f illness1 ^: faculties (          
usefulness h be5 mo/ s]i\sly impair$    
?r\gh gloom1 or untun$ feel+s2 #c;d1 ,t 

x is n ! direct & kn[n risks to our     
heal? :i* act ) ! mo/ fatal effects1 b !
 semi-consci\s condition1 ! atmosph]e ( 
circum/ances1 ) :i* artificial life     
surr\nds u4 ,! great cities ( ,europe1  
p]haps ,london beyond all o!rs1 "u !    
mod]n modes ( life & bus9ess1 create a  
vortex ( pret]natural tumult1 a ru% &   
fr5zy ( excitem5t1 :i* is fatal to f> m 
?an are he>d ( z express victims to t   
sy/em4  ,! late ,"l ,londond]ry's n]v\s 
seizure 0 no solit>y or r>e case4 ,s mu*
 we happ5 to "k4  ,we are well assur$ by
 m$ical m5 ( great ,london practice1 t !
 case is "o ( gr[+ frequ5cy4 ,9 ,"l     
,londond]ry x attract$ notice = reasons 
( obvi\s p]sonal int]e/1 z well z its   
tragical cata/rophe4 ,b ! compla9t1 ?\gh
 "o ( mod]n gr[?1 is well kn[n1 & comes 
=w>d "u a mo/ det]m9ate type z to       
symptoms1 among ! m]cantile class4 ,!   
orig9al pr$isposition to x1 lies        
p]man5tly 9 ! condition ( ,london life1 
especially z x exi/s = public m54 ,b !  
imm$iate exi/+ cause1 :i* fires ! tra9  

always ready = explosion1 is inv>iably  
"s comb9ation ( p]plexities1 su* z are  
cont9ually ga!r+ into d>k cl\ds ov] !   
heads ( great m]*ants2 sometimes only   
teas+ & mole/+1 sometimes m5ac+ & al>m+4
 ,^! p]plexities are g5]ally mov+ 9     
c\nt]act+ pa?s3 "s progressive1 "s      
retrograde4 ,!re lies a man's safety4 ,b
 at times x w happ5 t all comes at once2
 & !n comes a %ock su* z no bra9 already
 pr$ispos$ by a ,london life1 is /rong  
en\gh 7b m truly let u say--co>se en\gh7
 to support4  ,"l ,londond]ry's case 0  
precisely ( t ord]3 he _h be5 worri$ by 
a long session ( ,p>liam5t1 :i* adds !  
cr[n+ irritation 9 ! int]ruption (      
sleep4 ,! n]v\s sy/em1 pl\gh$ up by     
int5se we> & te>1 is d5i$ ! la/ res\rce 
( natural relief4 ,9 ?is crisis1 already
 p]il\s1 a new tempe/ 0 call$ 9--( all !
 mo/ t]rific--! tempe/ ( anxiety3 & f   
:at s\rce8 ,anxiety f fe>1 is bad3 f    
hope delay$1 is bad3 b wor/ ( all is    
anxiety f responsibility1 9 cases :]e   
disease or weakness makes a man feel t  

he is unequal to ! burd54 ,! diplomatic 
int]e/s ( ! c\ntry _h be5 repeat$ly     
confid$ to ,"l ,londond]ry3 he _h       
ju/ifi$ t confid5ce3 he _h receiv$      
affect+ te/imonies ( ! honor :i* belong$
 to su* a situation4 ,b a %ort "t be=e 8
 fatal seizure1 9 pass+ ?r\gh ,birm+ham 
at a mom5t :5 all ! g5tlem5 ( ! place 7 
assembl$1 he _h witness$ ! :ole         
assembly--no mob1 b ! collective good   
s5se ( ! place--by "o impulse /&+       
b>ehead$ 9 8 pres5ce1--a tribute (      
dis9t]e/$ homage :i* affect$ him        
p[]fully1 & :i* 0 well und]/ood z (f]$  
to 8 =eign diplomacy4 ,"u ^!            
circum/ances c\ld he be> to transf] or  
delegate ! bus9ess ( future negotiation8
 ,c\ld he suff] to lapse into o!r h&s1 z
 a d]elict1 ! consummation ( t task :i* 
?us f> he _h s prosp]\sly conduct$8  ,0 
x 9 human nature to d s8 ,he felt ! same
 hectic ( human passion :i* ,"l ,nelson 
felt 9 ! v gates ( dea?1 :5 "s act (    
comm& 0 ?\ghtlessly sugge/$ z belong+ to
 8 successor--',n :il/ ,i live1 ,h>dy2 n

 :il/ ,i live4' ,yet1 9 ,"l             
,londond]ry's case1 x 0 necess>y1 if he 
w\ld n transf] ! tru/1 t he %\ld rally 8
 enegies in/antly3 = a new ,congress 0  
ev5 !n assembl+4  ,!re 0 no delay op5 to
 him by ! nature ( ! case3 ! call 0     
--n[1 n[1 j z y are1 my "l1 ) ^? %att]$ 
n]ves & t agitat$ bra91 take *>ge (     
int]e/s ! mo/ complex 9 ,*ri/5dom3 to   
say ! tru?1 ( int]e/s :i* are ^? (      
,*ri/5dom4  ,?is /ruggle1 betwe5 a n]v\s
 sy/m too griev\sly %ak51 & ! in/ant    
dem& = en]gy sev5 times int5sifi$1 0 too
 mu* = any g5]\s nature4 ,a c]emonial   
embassy might h be5 fulfill$ by %att]$  
n]ves2 b n ?is embassy4 ,anxiety sup]v5+
 ^u n]v\s d]angem5t 0 bad2 anxiety ?r\gh
 responsibility 0 worse2 b ?r\gh a      
responsibility creat$ by grateful       
confid5ce1 x 0 an appeal ?r\gh ! v pangs
 ( m>tyrdom4 ,no bra9 c\ld /& su* a     
siege4 ,"l ,londond]ry's gave way2 & he 
fell ) ! te>s ( ! g5]\s1 ev5 :]e !y     
might happ5 to diff] f him 9 politics4  
,meantime1 ?is case1 belong+ to a class 

g5]at$ by a ,london life1 0 9 "s qu>t]s 
well und]/ood ev5 !n2 n[1 x is well kn[n
 t1 _h diff]5t rem$ies be5 appli$1 or _h
 ! suff]] be5 able to /& up "u 8 torture
 until ! cycle ( ! symptoms _h begun to 
come r\nd1 he might h be5 sav$4 ,!      
treatm5t is n[ well und]/ood2 b ev5 !n x
 0 und]/ood by "s physicians2 among/    
o!rs by t ,dr4 ,willis :o _h att5d$     
,george ,,iii4 ,9 sev]al simil> cases   
ov]p[]+ doses _h be5 giv5 ( opium1 or ( 
br&y2 & usually a day or two _h c>ri$ (f
 ! oppression ( ! bra9 by a trem5d\s    
reaction4  ,9 ,birm+ham & o!r t[ns1 :]e 
! body ( p call$ ,quak]s are accumulat$1
 diff]5t =ms ( n]v\s d]angem5t are      
develop$2 ! secret pr9ciple ( :i* turns 
n1 z 9 ^! ,london cases1 ^u feel+s too  
mu* call$ out by pret]natural           
/imulation1 b ^u feel+s too mu* repell$ 
& driv5 94 ,morbid suppression ( deep   
s5sibilities mu/ lead to /ates ( disease
 equally t]rific & p]haps ev5 less      
tractable2 n s sudd5 & critical p]haps1 
b m settl$ & gloomy4 ,we speak n ( any  

physical s5sibilities1 b ( ^? :i* are   
purely moral--s5sibilities to poetic    
emotions1 to ambition1 to social gaiety4
 ,accord+ly x is among/ ! "y m5 & wom5 (
 ?is body t ! mo/ afflict+ cases "u ?is 
type occur4 ,ev5 = *ildr51 h[ev]1 !     
sy/ematic repression ( all ebulli5t     
feel+1 "u ! ,quak] discipl9e1 mu/ be    
sometimes p]il\s2 & w\ld be m s1 7 x n =
 t m>vell\s flexibility ) :i* nature    
adapts h]self to all *anges--:e!r impos$
 by climate or by situation--by         
inflictions ( ,provid5ce or by human _s 
( sy/em4  ,^! cases we po9t to z        
=midable mem5tos1 monum5ta sacra1 ( ^?  
sudd5 cata/rophes :i* ei!r ignorance (  
:at conc]ns ! heal?1 or neglect 9 mid/ (
 k1 may produce4 ,any mode ( life 9     
,london1 or n 9 ,london1 :i* tra9s !    
n]ves to a /ate ( p]man5t irritation1   
prep>es a nidus = disease2 & unhappily n
 = *ronic disease only1 b = disease ( t 
k9d :i* f9i%es ! /ruggle almo/ be=e x is
 begun4 ,9 su* a /ate ( habitual tra9+ =
 morbid action1 x may happ5--& (t5 has  

happ5$--t "o & ! same week sees ! victim
 app>5tly well & 9 8 grave4  ,^!1 inde$1
 are extreme cases3 ?\gh /ill su* z     
?reat5 _m m ?an !y actually /rike2 =1   
?\gh uncommon1 !y gr[ out ( v common    
habits4 ,b ev5 ! ord9>y cases ( unheal?y
 action 9 ! sy/em1 are suffici5t to     
acc\nt = p]haps ?ree-f\r?s ( all !      
disquiet & bad temp] :i* disfigure daily
 life4 ,n "o man 9 e t5 is p]fectly cle>
 ( "s disord]1 m or less1 9 ! dige/ive  
sy/em--n "o man 9 fifty enjoys !        
absolutely normal /ate ( t organ2 & ^u t
 dep5ds ! daily *e]fulness1 9 ! fir/    
place1 & ?r\gh t 7z well z by m direct  
actions7 ! sanity ( ! judgm5t4 ,to speak
 /rictly1 n "o man 9 a hundr$ is        
p]fectly sane ev5 z to 8 m9d4 ,=1 ?\gh !
 great] di/urbances ( ! m9d d n take    
place 9 m ?an "o man ( ea*              
?\s&1,footnote3 9 sev]al nations t has  
be5 f\nd to be ! av]age proportion ( !  
insane4 ,b ?is calculation has nev] be5 
made to include all ! slight] cases4  ,x
 is n impossible t at "s p]iods ! :ole  

human race may h be5 p>tially insane4 ! 
slight] %ades t settle on ! judgm5t1 :i*
 daily br+ up ?\ghts su* z a man w\ld   
gladly bani%1 :i* =ce him into moods (  
feel+ irritat+ at ! mom5t1 & we>+ to !  
animal spirits1--^! d]angem5ts are      
univ]sal4  ,f ! great] alike & ! less]1 
no man c free himself b 9 ! proportion (
 8 available k appli$ to 8 own animal   
sy/em1 & ( ! surr\nd+ circum/ances1 z   
con/antly act+ on t sy/em4 ,w\ld we1 !n1
 desire t e man %\ld int]rupt 8 prop]   
/udies or pursuits = ! sake ( /udy+     
m$ic9e8 ,n at all3 nor is t requisite4  
,! laws ( heal? are z simple z ! elem5ts
 ( ari?metic or geometry4 ,x is requir$ 
only t a man %\ld op5 8 eyes to p]ceive 
! ?ree great =ces :i* support heal?4    
,!y are ^!3 #a4 ,! blood requires       
ex]cise3 #b4 ,! great c5tral organ ( !  
/oma* requires adaptation ( diet3 #c4 ,!
 n]v\s sy/em requires regul>ity ( sleep4
 ,9 ^? ?ree functions ( sleep1 diet1    
ex]cise1 is conta9$ ! :ole economy (    
heal?4 ,all ?ree ( c\rse act & react ^u 

ea* o!r3 & all ?ree are w(ully d]ang$ by
 a ,london life--above all1 by a        
p>liam5t>y life4 ,z to ! fir/ po9t1 x is
 probable t any torpor1 or ev5 l5tor 9 !
 blood1 su* z sc>cely expresses itself  
s5sibly ?r\gh ! pulse1 r5d]s t fluid    
less able to resi/ ! fir/ actions (     
disease4 ,z to ! second1 a m complex    
subject1 luckily we b5efit n by our own 
brief exp]i5ce exclusively2 e man       
b5efits practically by ! traditional    
exp]i5ce ( ages1 :i* con/itutes ! cul9>y
 exp]i5ce 9 e l& & e h\sehold4 ,!       
inh]itance ( k1 :i* e g5]ation receives1
 z to ! salubrity ( ?is or t article (  
diet1 op]ates cont9ually 9 prev5t+ di%es
 f be+ br\ght to table4 ,ea* man's      
sep>ate exp]i5ce does some?+ to arm him 
aga9/ ! temptation :5 x is (f]$2 & aga91
 ! traditional exp]i5ce f> (t5]         
int]cepts ! temptation4 ,z to ! ?ird    
head1 sleep1 ?is ( all is ! mo/         
imm$iately fitt$ by nature to ! relief (
 ! bra9 & its exquisite ma*9]y (        
n]ves3--x is ! function ( heal? mo/     

att5d$ to 9 our navy2 & ( all x is ! "o 
mo/ pa9fully ravag$ by a ,london life4  
,?us x w\ld appe>1 t ! ?ree great laws (
 heal?1 viz41 motion1 re/1 & temp]ance1 
7by a m adequate expression1 adaptation 
to ! organ17 are1 9 a c]ta9 gross way1  
taught to e man by 8 p]sonal exp]i5ce4  
,! difficulty is--z 9 s _m o!r cases--n 
= ! und]/&+1 b = ! w--n to "k1 b to     
execute4  ,n[ "h /eps 9 ,casui/ry ) two 
trem5d\s sugge/ions1 suffici5t to al>m  
any ?\ghtful man1 & r\se him m          
effectually to ! p]=mance ( 8 duty4     
,fir/1 t "u ! same law 7:atev] t law may
 be7 :i* makes suicide a crime1 mu/ !   
neglect ( heal? be a crime8 ,= ?us /& ! 
two acc\nts3--,by suicide y h cut (f a  
portion unkn[n f y\r life3 ye>s x may   
be1 b possibly only days4 ,by neglect ( 
heal? y h cut (f a portion unkn[n f y\r 
life3 days x may be1 b also by          
possibility ye>s4 ,s ! practical result 
may be ! same 9 ei!r case2 or1 possibly1
 ! lea/ is suicide4 ',yes1' y reply1 '! 
practical results--b n ! purpose--n !   

int5tion--ergo1 n ! crime4' ,c]ta9ly n3 
9 ! "o case ! result arises f absolute  
pr$et]m9ation1 ) ! :ole en]gies ( ! w2 9
 ! o!r x arises 9 spite ( y\r w1 7mean+ 
y\r *oice7--x arises out ( human        
infirmity4 ,b /ill ! diff]5ce is z      
betwe5 *oos+ a crime = its own sake1 &  
fall+ into x f /rong temptation4        
,secondly1 t 9 e case ( duty unfulfill$1
 or duty imp]fectly fulfill$1 9         
consequ5ce ( illness1 languor1 decay+   
spirits1 c41 !re is a high probability  
7"u ! age ( sixty-five almo/ a c]ta9ty7 
t a "p ( ! ob/acle is due to            
self-neglect4 ,no man t lives b loses "s
 ( 8 "t f ill heal?1 or at lea/ f !     
incipi5t =ms ( ill heal?--bad spirits1  
or indisposition to ex]tion4 ,n[1 tak+  
m5 ev5 z !y are1 /ati/ical societies h  
asc]ta9$ t1 f ! ages ( tw5ty to         
sixty-five1 ill heal?1 su* z to int]rupt
 daily labor1 av]ages f sev5 days to    
ab\t f\rte5 p] annum4 ,9 ! be/          
circum/ances ( climate1 occupation1 c41 
"o fifty-second "p ( ! "t p]i%es to !   

species--9 ! lea/ favorable1 two su*    
p>ts4 ,consequ5tly1 9 ! =ty-five ye>s f 
tw5ty to sixty-five1 n v f> f a ye>     
p]i%es on an av]age to e man--to "s z   
mu* m4 ,a consid]able "p ev5 ( ?is loss 
is due to neglect or mismanagem5t (     
heal?4  ,b ?is e/imate records only !   
loss ( "t 9 a pecuni>y s5se2 :i* loss1  
be+ p[]fully re/ra9$ by self-int]e/1 w  
be ! lea/ possible "u ! circum/ances4   
,! loss ( en]gy1 z appli$ to duties n   
connect$ ) any self-int]e/1 w be f> m4  
,9 s f> z t loss emanates f defect (    
spirits1 or o!r modes ( vital torpor1   
su* z neglect ( heal? has ei!r caus$ or 
promot$1 & c>e might h prev5t$1 9 s f> !
 omission is *>g$ to our own            
responsibility4 ,_m m5 fancy t ! slight 
injuries done by ea* s+le act (         
intemp]ance1 are l ! glom]ation (       
moonbeams ^u moonbeams--myriads w n     
am\nt to a positive value4 ,p]haps !y   
are wrong2 possibly e act--nay1 e       
sep>ate pulse or ?rob ( intemp]ate      
s5sation--is numb]$ 9 our own aft]      

actions2 reproduces itself 9 "s future  
p]plexity2 comes back 9 "s rev]sion>y   
%ape t injures ! fre$om ( action = all  
m51 & makes good m5 afflict$4 ,at all   
ev5ts1 x is an und5iable fact1 t _m a   
case ( difficulty1 :i* 9 apology =      
ourselves we v truly plead to be        
insurm\ntable by our exi/+ en]gies1 has 
borr[$ its /+ f previ\s acts or         
omissions ( our own2 x might n h be5    
insurm\ntable1 _h we bett] *]i%$ our    
physical res\rces4 ,= in/ance1 ( su* a  
man x is said--he did n assi/ 9 repell+ 
an injury f 8 fri5d or 8 native l&4     
',true1' says 8 apologi/1 'b y w\ld n   
require him to d s :5 he labors "u      
p>alysis8' ',no1 c]ta9ly2 b1 p]haps1 he 
might n h labor$ "u p>alysis _h he      
uni=mly tak5 c>e ( 8 heal?4',footnote3  
,) respect to ! managem5t ( heal?1      
al?\gh x is und\bt$ly true t l ! 'primal
 *>ities1' 9 ! language ( ,wordswor?1 9 
proportion to its importance x %9es     
alike = all1 & is diffus$               
univ]sally--yet n ! less1 9 e age1 "s v 

ob/9ate prejudices h prevail$ to d>k5 ! 
tru?4 ,?us ,dryd5 au?orizes ! conceit1 t
 m$ic9e c nev] be useful or requisite1  
because--     ',god nev] made 8 "w = man
 to m5d4'   ,to m5d6 ,no1 glori\s ,john1
 nei!r physician nor pati5t has any su* 
presumptu\s fancy2 we take m$ic9e to m5d
 ! injuries produc$ by our own folly4   
,:at ! m$ic9e m5ds is n ,god's "w1 b our
 own4 ,! m$ic9e is a plus c]ta9ly2 b x  
is a plus appli$ to a m9us ( our own    
introduc+4 ,ev5 9 ^! days ( practical k1
 errors prevail on ! subject ( heal? :i*
 are nei!r trivial nor ( n>r[ op]ation4 
,univ]sally1 ! true !ory ( dige/ion1 z  
p>tially unfold$ 9 ,dr4 ,wilson         
,philip's exp]im5ts on rabbits1 is s f> 
mi/ak51 & ev5 inv]t$--t ,"l ,byron1 :5  
seek+ a diet ( easy dige/ion1 in/ead (  
resort+ to animal food broil$ &         
und]done1 :i* all m$ical m5 "k to be !  
mo/ dige/ible food1 took to a vegetable 
diet1 :i* requires a /oma* ( extra p[]4 
,! same error is se5 9 ! common notion  
ab\t ! breakfa/ ( ladies 9 ,elizabe?'s  

days1 z if fit only = pl\ghm52 :]eas x  
is our breakfa/s ( slops :i* require !  
p[]ful organs ( dige/ion4 ,! same error1
 aga91 is curr5t 9 ! notion t a weak    
wat]y diet is fit = a weak p]son4 ,su* a
 p]son peculi>ly requires solid food4   
,x is also a common mi/ake to suppose t1
 because no absolute illness is caus$ by
 daily errors ( diet1 ^! errors are     
practically cancell$4 ,c[p] ! poet      
deliv]s ! v j op9ion--t all disord]s ( a
 function 7z1 suppose1 ! secretion (    
bile17 soon] or lat]1 if n correct$1    
cease to be functional disord]s1 &      
become organic4  ,let n ! read] suspect 
u ( ! ,popi% doctr9e1 t m5 are to ent]  
h]eaft] into a sep>ate reckon+ = ea*    
sep>ate act1 or to /& at all ^u _! own  
m]its4 ,t reckon+1 we ,prote/ants       
believe1 no man c\ld /&2 & t "s o!r     
res\rce mu/ be _h ?an any p]sonal m]its 
( ! individual4  ,b /ill we %\ld        
recollect t ?is doctr9e1 ?\gh provid+ a 
refuge = pa/ (f5ces1 provides none = su*
 (f5ces z are committ$ delib]ately1 ) a 

prospective view to ! b5efits ( su* a   
refuge4  ,(f5d we may1 & we mu/3 b !n   
our (f5ces mu/ come out ( m]e           
infirmity--n because we calculate ^u a  
l>ge all[ance be+ made to u1 & say to   
ourselves1 ',let u take out our         
all[ance4'  ,casui/ry1 !re=e1 ju/ly1 &  
)\t infr++ any tru? ( ,*ri/ianity1 urges
 ! c>e ( heal? z ! basis ( all moral    
action1 because1 9 fact1 ( all p]fectly 
volunt>y action4 ,e impulse ( bad heal? 
j>s or untunes "s /r+ 9 ! f9e h>p (     
human volition2 & because a man _c be a 
moral be+ b 9 ! proportion ( 8 free     
action1 !re=e x is cle> t no man c be 9 
a high s5se moral1 except 9 s f> z ?r\gh
 heal? he comm&s 8 bodily p[]s1 & is n  
comm&$ by !m4    ,,case ,,ii4  ,,laws   
,,( ,,hospitality ,,9 ,,collision ,,)   
,,civic ,,duties4   ,suppose ! case1 t  
tak+ %elt] f a %[] ( ra9 9 a /rang]'s   
h\se1 y discov] pro(s ( a connection )  
smuggl]s4 ,take ?is = "o pole ( su*     
case1 ! trivial extreme2 !n = ! o!r     
pole1 ! great] extreme1 suppose ! case1 

t1 be+ hospitably ent]ta9$1 & happ5+ to 
pass ! night 9 a /rang]'s h\se1 y are s 
un=tunate z to detect unque/ionable     
pro(s ( "s dreadful crime1 say murd]1   
p]petrat$ 9 pa/ times by "o ( ! family4 
,! pr9ciple at issue is ! same 9 bo?    
cases3 viz41 ! comm& re/+ ^u ! consci5ce
 to =get private consid]ation & p]sonal 
feel+s 9 ! pres5ce ( any solemn duty2   
yet m]ely ! diff]5ce ( degree1 & n any  
at all 9 ! k9d ( duty1 w\ld lead pretty 
g5]ally to a sep>ate practical decision 
= ! sev]al cases4 ,9 ! la/ ( ! two1     
:atev] might be ! pa9 to a p]son's      
feel+s1 he w\ld feel himself to h no    
discretion or *oice left4 ,reveal he    
mu/2 n only1 if o!rwise reveal$1 he mu/ 
come =w>d z a witness1 b1 if n reveal$1 
he mu/ d5\nce--he mu/ lodge an          
in=mation1 & t in/antly1 else ev5 9 law1
 )\t "q ( morality1 he makes himself a  
p>ty to ! crime--an accomplice aft] !   
act4 ,t s+le consid]ation w\ld ) mo/ m5 
at once cut %ort all delib]ation4 ,& yet
 ev5 9 su* a situation1 !re is a        

possible v>iety ( ! case t might alt]   
its complexion4 ,if ! crime _h be5      
committ$ _m ye>s be=e1 & "u circum/ances
 :i* preclud$ all fe> t ! same          
temptation or ! same provocation %\ld   
arise aga91 mo/ reflect+ p w\ld ?9k x ! 
bett] c\rse to leave ! crim9al to 8     
consci5ce4 ,(t5 9 su* d5unciations x is 
c]ta9 t human imp]t95ce1 & ! _s :i*     
su/a9s ! habit ( gossip1 & m]e          
incont95ce ( secrets1 & vulg> crav+ =   
be+ ! au?or ( a s5sation1 h f> m (t5 l$ 
to ! publication ( ! (f5ce1 ?an any     
conc]n = ! int]e/s ( morality4  ,on !   
o!r h&1 ) respect to ! slight]          
extreme--viz4 9 a case :]e ! (f5ce is   
entirely creat$ by ! law1 ) no natural  
turpitude ab\t x & besides 7:i* is a    
/rong argum5t 9 ! case7 enjoy+ no       
special facilities ( escap+ ju/ice--no  
man 9 ! circum/ances suppos$ w\ld h a   
reason = hesitat+4 ,! laws ( hospitality
 are ( ev]la/+ obligation2 !y are       
equally b9d+ on ! ho/ & on ! gue/4 ,com+
 "u a man's ro( = "o mom5t1 9 ! cle> "* 

( gue/1 creates an absolute sanctity 9 !
 consequ5t relations :i* connect !      
p>ties4 ,t is ! popul> feel+4  ,! k+ 9 !
 old ballads is always repres5t$ z feel+
 t x w\ld be damnable to make a legal   
(f5ce out ( 8 own v5ison :i* he _h eat5 
z a gue/4 ,!re is a cleav+ pollution1 l 
t ( ! ,syrian leprosy1 9 ! act ( abus+  
y\r privileges z a gue/1 or 9 any way   
pr(it+ by y\r opportunities z a gue/ to 
! injury ( y\r confid+ ho/4 ,h5ry ,,vii4
 ?\gh a pr9ce1 0 no g5tleman2 & 9 !     
fam\s case ( 8 d9+ ) ,"l ,ox=d1 & say+  
at 8 dep>ture1 ) ref]5ce to an          
infraction ( 8 rec5t /atute1 ',my ,"l1  
,i ?ank y = my good *e]1 b my attorney  
mu/ speak ) y2' ,"l ,ox=d might h ju/ly 
retort$1 ',if he does1 !n po/]ity w     
speak pretty pla9ly ) y\r ,maje/y2' = x 
0 9 ! "* ( ,"l ,ox=d's gue/ t he _h     
le>n$ ! infraction ( 8 law4  ,meantime1 
! g5]al rule1 & ! rationale ( ! rule1 9 
su* cases1 appe>s to be ?is3 ,:5ev] !re 
is1 or c be imag9$1 a sanctity 9 !      
obligations on "o side1 & only a b5efit 

( exp$i5cy 9 ! obligations ^u ! o!r1 !  
latt] mu/ give way4 ,= ! detection (    
smuggl+1 7! p>ticul> (f5ce suppos$ 9 !  
case /at$17 society has an express &    
sep>ate ma*9]y ma9ta9$4 ,if _! activity 
droops1 t is ! bus9ess ( gov]nm5t4 ,9   
su* a case1 gov]nm5t is entitl$ to no   
aid f private citiz5s2 on ! express     
und]/&+ t no aid mu/ be expect$1 has s  
exp5sive an e/abli%m5t be5 submitt$ to4 
,ea* individual refuses to p>ticipate 9 
exposure ( su* (f5ces1 = ! same reason t
 he refuses to keep ! /reet clean ev5   
be=e 8 own door--he has already paid =  
hav+ su* "w dis*>g$ by proxy4    ,,case 
,,iii4  ,,giv+ ,,*>act]s ,,to ,,s]vants 
,,:o ,,h ,,misconduct$ ,,!mselves4   ,no
 case s con/antly arises to p]plex !    
consci5ce 9 private life z ?is--:i*1 9  
pr9ciple1 is almo/ beyond solution4     
,sometimes1 inde$1 ! co>se realities (  
law /ep 9 to cut t ,gordian knot :i* no 
man c untie2 = x is an actionable (f5ce 
to give a "* wilfully false4 ,t little  
fact at once exorcises all a]ial        

phantoms ( ! consci5ce4  ,true3 b ?is   
co>se ma*9]y applies only to ^? cases 9 
:i* ! s]vant has be5 guilty 9 a way     
am5able to law4 ,9 any case %ort ( t1 no
 pla9tiff w\ld *oose to face ! risks (  
an action2 nor c\ld he su/a9 x2 !       
def5dant w\ld always h a suffici5t      
res\rce 9 ! vagu5ess & l>ge latitude    
all[$ to op9ion :5 e/imat+ ! qualities (
 a s]vant4 ,almo/ univ]sally1 !re=e1 !  
case comes back to ! =um ( consci5ce4   
,n[ 9 t =um h[ /&s ! plead+8 ,too       
c]ta9ly1 we w suppose1 t ! s]vant has n 
satisfi$ y\r reasonable expectations4   
,?is tru? y w\ld h no difficulty 9      
decl>+2 "h1 z mu* z any:]e else1 y w\ld 
feel x unwor?y ( y\r own integrity to   
equivocate--y op5 y\r writ+-desk1 & sit 
d[n to tell ! m]e tru? 9 z few words z  
possible4  ,b !n /eps 9 ! consid]ation1 
t to d ?is )\t disguise or mitigation1  
is (t5times to sign a w>rant = ! ru9 ( a
 fell[-creature--& t fell[-creature     
possibly p5it5t1 9 any case ?r[n ^u y\r 
m]cy4 ,:o c /& ?is8 ,9 l[] walks ( life1

 x is true t mi/resses (t5 take s]vants 
)\t any c]tificate ( "*2 b 9 high]      
grades ?is is notori\sly uncommon1 & 9  
great cities dang]\s4 ,besides1 !       
c&idate may happ5 to be a delicate girl1
 incapable ( ! h>d labor incid5t to su* 
a l[] e/abli%m5t4 ,"h1 !n1 is a case :]e
 consci5ce says into y\r left e>--,fiat 
ju/itia1 ruat caelum--',d y\r duty )\t  
look+ to consequ5ces4' ,meantime1 into !
 "r e> consci5ce says1 ',b m>k1 9 t case
 possibly y consign ?is poor girl to    
pro/itution4' ,"l ,nelson1 z is well    
kn[n1 0 once plac$ 9 a dilemma equally  
try+2,footnote3 ,on ! fir/ exp$ition    
aga9/ ,cop5hag51 79 #ahja47 ,he 0       
un=tunately second 9 comm&2 8 pr9cipal1 
a brave man 9 p]son1 want$ moral        
c\rage--he c\ld n face responsibility 9 
a try+ %ape4 ,& _h he n be5 bless$ ) a  
disob$i5t second 9 comm&1 he mu/ h      
return$ home re infecta4 on "o side1 an 
iron tongue sang out f !                
comm&]-9-*ief--retreat2 on ! o!r1 8 own 
oracul> he>t sang to him--advance4 ,h[  

he decid$ is well kn[n2 & ! words 9 :i* 
he proclaim$ 8 decision ought to be     
emblazon$ = ev] z ! noble/ ( all record$
 rep>tees4  ,waiv+ 8 h& t[>ds !         
,admiral's %ip1 he said to 8 own (fic]s1
 :o report$ ! signal ( recall--',y may  
see x2 ,i _c2 y "k ,i am bl9d on t      
side4' ,oh1 v5]able bl9dness6 immortal  
bl9dness6 ,none s deaf z ^? :o w n he>2 
none s glori\sly bl9d z ^? :o w n see   
any dang] or difficulty--:o h a d>k eye 
on t side1 :il/ !y res]ve ano!r blaz+ l 
a meteor = honor & _! c\ntry's int]e/4  
,mo/ ( u1 we presume1 9 ! case /at$ ab\t
 ! s]vant1 he> b ! :isp]+ voice (       
consci5ce z reg>ds ! tru?1 & h] ?und]+  
voice z reg>ds ! poor girl's int]e/4 ,9 
do+ ?is1 h[ev]1 we 7& d\btless o!rs7    
usually attempt to compromise ! opposite
 sugge/ions ( consci5ce by "s su*       
jesuitical device z ?is4 ,we dwell      
po9t$ly ^u ^? good qualities :i* !      
s]vant really possesses1 & evade speak+ 
( any o!rs4 ,b h[1 if m9ute1 se>*+ &    
circum/antial inquiries are made by way 

( lett]8 ,9 t case1 we affect to h      
notic$ only su* z we c answ] ) success1 
pass+ ! dang]\s ones z s _m rocks1 sub  
sil5tio4 ,all ?is is n q "r1 y ?9k1     
read]4 ,:y1 no2 s ?9k we2 b :at         
alt]native is all[$8 ',say1 ye sev]e/1  
:at w\ld ye h done8' ,9 v tru?1 ?is is a
 dilemma = :i* ,casui/ry is n a mat*2   
unless1 inde$1 ,casui/ry z arm$ &       
equipp$ 9 ! s*ool ( ,ignatius ,loyola4  
,b t is ) u reput$ a piratical          
,casui/ry4 ,! :ole e/ate ( a s]vant lies
 9 8 capacity ( s]v+2 & (t5 if y tell ! 
tru?1 by "o ^w y ru9 ?is e/ate = ev]4   
,meantime1 a case v mu* ( ! same        
quality1 & ( ev5 great] difficulty1 is  
,,case ,,iv4  ,,crim9al ,,prosecution   
,,( ,,fraudul5t ,,s]vants4   ,any read]1
 :o is n deeply read 9 ! economy (      
,engli% life1 w h a mo/ inadequate      
notion ( ! va/ ext5t to :i* ?is case    
occurs4 ,we are well assur$1 7= our     
in=mation comes f qu>t]s judicially     
conv]sant ) ! "q17 t 9 no o!r *annel (  
human life does !re fl[ "o-hundr$? "p ( 

! =be>ance & ! l5ity :i* are call$ into 
action by ! relation betwe5 injur$ ma/]s
 & _! s]vants4 ,we are in=m$ t1 7 e ?ird
 *>ge pursu$ effectually1 half ! c\rts 9
 ,europe w\ld n suffice = ! cases (     
crim9ality :i* em]ge 9 ,london alone "u 
?is head4 ,all ,engl& w\ld1 9 ! c\rse ( 
five revolv+ ye>s1 h pass$ "u ! torture 
( subpo5a1 z witnesses = ! prosecution  
or ! def5ce4 ,?is multiplication ( cases
 arises f ! co9cid5ce ( h\rly           
opportunity ) h\rly temptation1 bo?     
c>ri$ to ! extreme v]ge ( possibility1 &
 g5]ally fall+ 9 ) y\? 9 ! (f5d]s4  ,^! 
aggravations ( ! dang] are ?ree sev]al  
palliations ( ! crime1 & !y h weight    
all[$ to !m by ! indulg5t feel+s ( ma/]s
 9 a correspond+ degree2 n "o case out (
 six score t are discov]$ 7:ile1 p]haps1
 ano!r six score g undiscov]$7 be+ ev]  
prosecut$ ) rigor & effect4  ,9 ?is     
univ]sal laxity ( temp] lies an injury  
too s]i\s to public morals2 & ! crime   
reproduces itself abundantly "u an      
indulg5ce s ,*ri/ian 9 its motive1 b    

un=tunately op]at+ ) ! full effect (    
g5ial culture4 ,ma/]s1 :o h made        
!mselves notori\s by indiscrim9ate      
=giv5ess1 might be repres5t$            
symbolically z g>d5]s wat]+ & t5d+      
luxuriant crops ( crime 9 hot-b$s or    
=c+-h\ses4 ,9 ,london1 _m are !         
tradesm51 :o1 be+ reflective z well z   
b5evol5t1 p]ceive t some?+ is amiss 9 ! 
:ole sy/em4  ,9 "p ! law has be5 to     
blame1 /imulat+ false m]cy by puni%m5t  
disproportion$ to ! (f5ce4  ,b _m a     
judici\s ma/] has se5 cause to suspect 8
 own l5ity z m mis*iev\sly op]ative ev5 
?an ! law's h>dness1 & z an effem9ate   
surr5d] to luxuri\s s5sibilities4 ,^? h 
n be5 ! sev]e/ ma/]s ^: names are atta*$
 to fatal prosecutions3 on ! contr>y1   
?ree out ( f\r h be5 p]sons :o look$    
=w>d to g5]al consequ5ces--hav+1 !re=e1 
be5 m ?an usually ?\ghtful1 71 = t      
reason1 likely to be m ?an usually      
humane4 ,!y did n suff] ! less acutely1 
because _! feel+s ran c\nt] to ! c\rse (
 :at !y believ$ to be _! duty4          

,prosecutors (t5 sleep ) less           
tranquillity dur+ ! progress ( a        
judicial proce$+ ?an ! objects ( !      
prosecution4 ,an ,engli% judge ( ! la/  
c5tury1 celebrat$ = 8 uprightness1 us$  
to balance aga9/ t pity s mu* vaunt$ = !
 crim9al1 ! duty ( 'a pity to ! c\ntry4'
 ,b private prosecutors ( _! own        
s]vants1 (t5 feel bo? modes ( pity at ! 
same mom5t4  ,= ?is difficulty a book ( 
,casui/ry might sugge/ a v>iety (       
res\rces1 n s mu* adapt$ to a case ( t  
nature already exi/+1 z to ! prev5tion (
 future cases4 ,e mode ( tru/ or        
delegat$ duty w\ld sugge/ its own       
sep>ate improvem5ts2 b all improvem5ts  
mu/ fall "u two g5u9e heads--fir/1 !    
dim9ution ( temptation1 ei!r by abridg+ 
! am\nt ( tru/ repos$2 or1 :]e t is     
difficult1 by %ort5+ its duration1 &    
multiply+ ! c\nt]*ecks3 secondly1 by !  
mod]ation ( ! puni%m5t 9 ! ev5t (       
detection1 z ! sole means ( reconcil+ ! 
public consci5ce to ! law1 & dim9i%+ !  
*ances ( impunity4 ,!re is a memorable  

pro( ( ! ra% ext5t to :i* ! ,london     
tradesm51 at "o "t1 c>ri$ _! confid5ce 9
 s]vants4 ,s _m cl]ks1 or appr5tices1 7 
all[$ to hold l>ge balances ( money 9 _!
 h&s ?r\gh ! int]vals ( _! p]iodical    
settl+s1 t dur+ ! ,p>liam5t>y w>        
multitudes 7 tempt$1 by t s+le cause1   
into abscond+4  ,!y _h always a refuge 9
 ! camps4 ,& ! loss su/a9$ 9 ?is way 0 s
 heavy1 :5 all paym5ts 7 made 9 gold1 t 
to ?is "o evil sudd5ly assum+ a %ape (  
excess1 is ascrib$1 by "s writ]s1 ! fir/
 e/abli%m5t ( goldsmi?s z               
bank]s4,footnote3 ,goldsmi?s c]ta9ly    
act$ 9 t capacity f an e>li] p]iod4 ,b f
 ?is era1 until ! =mation ( ! ,bank (   
,engl& 9 #afif1 !y ent]$ m fully ^u !   
functions ( bank]s1 issu+ notes :i*     
pass$ curr5t 9 ,london4  ,two o!r       
weighty consid]ations atta* to ?is      
head--#a4 ,! kn[n fact t l>ge brea*es ( 
tru/1 & embezzlem5ts1 are greatly on !  
increase1 & h be5 s9ce ! memorable case 
( ,mr4 ,fauntl]oy4 ,am]ica is1 & w be = 
ages1 a city ( refuge = ?is =m ( guilt4 

#b4 ,t ! great tra9+ ( ! consci5ce 9 all
 :i* reg>ds pecuni>y ju/ice & fidelity  
to engagem5ts1 lies ?r\gh ! discipl9e & 
tyroc9ium ( ! humbl] m9i/]ial (fices--^?
 ( cl]ks1 book-keep]s1 appr5tices4 ,!   
law acts ?r\gh ^! (fices1 = ! unconfirm$
 consci5ce1 z lead+-/r+s to an infant 9 
its e>lie/ ef=ts at walk+4 ,x =ces to g 
"r1 until ! *oice may be suppos$ tra9$ &
 fully develop$4  ,t is ! great function
 ( ! law2 a function :i* x w p]=m ) m or
 less success1 z x is m or less fitt$ to
 w9 ! cordial support ( ma/]s4    ,,case
 ,v4  ,,v]acity4   ,"h is a special     
'title1' 7to speak ) ! civil lawy]s17 "u
 t g5]al claim put 9 = ,engl& ) respect 
to a moral pre-em95ce among/ ! nations4 
,_m are !y :o1 9 regions widely ap>t1 h 
notic$ ) honor ! ,engli% sup]iority 9 ! 
article ( v5]ation = tru?4 ,n _m ye>s   
ago1 two ,engli%m51 on _! road ov]l& to 
,india1 fell 9 ) a royal cortege1 & soon
 aft] ) ! prime m9i/] & ! cr[n pr9ce (  
,p]sia4 ,! pr9ce honor$ !m ) an         
int]view2 bo? p>ties be+ on horseback1 &

 ! conv]sation !re=e r$uc$ to ! po9ts ( 
ne>e/ int]e/4 ,among/ ^! 0 ! ,engli% "*4
 ,^u ?is ! pr9ce's rem>k 0--t :at _h mo/
 impress$ him ) respect = ,engl& & h]   
in/itutions 01 ! rem>kable _s (         
tru?-speak+ :i* di/+ui%$ h] sons2 z     
suppos+ h] in/itutions to gr[ out ( h]  
sons1 & h] sons out ( h] in/itutions4 ,&
 inde$ well he might h ?is feel+ by     
comp>ison ) 8 own c\ntrym53 ,p]sians h  
no pr9ciples app>5tly on ?is po9t--all  
is impulse & accid5t ( feel+4  ,?us !   
j\rnal ( ! two ,p]sian pr9ces 9 ,london1
 z lately report$ 9 ! newspap]s1 is "o  
tissue ( falsehoods3 n1 mo/ und\bt$ly1 f
 any purpose ( deceiv+1 b f ! ov]ma/]+  
habit 7*]i%$ by _! :ole tra9+ &         
exp]i5ce7 ( repeat+ ev]y?+ 9 a _s (     
amplification1 ) a view to ! wond] only 
( ! he>]4 ,! ,p]sians are notori\sly !  
,fr5*m5 ( ! ,ea/2 ! same gaiety1 ! same 
levity1 ! same want ( dep? bo? z to     
feel+ & pr9ciple4 ,! ,turks are mu* ne>]
 to ! ,engli%3 ! same gravity (         
temp]am5t1 ! same m$itativ5ess1 ! same  

/]nness ( pr9ciple4 ,( all ,european    
nations1 ! ,fr5* is t :i* lea/ reg>ds   
tru?4 ,! :ole _s ( _! private memoirs & 
_! anecdotes illu/rates ?is4 ,to po9t an
 anecdote or a rep>tee1 !re is no       
extravagance ( falsehood t ! ,fr5* w n  
endure4 ,:at nation b ! ,fr5* w\ld h    
tol]at$ t mon/r\s fiction ab\t ,la      
,fonta9e1 by way ( illu/rat+ 8 suppos$  
abs5ce ( m9d--viz4 t1 on meet+ 8 own son
 9 a fri5d's h\se1 he express$ 8        
admiration ( ! "y man1 & begg$ to "k 8  
"n4 ,! fact probably may h be5 t ,la    
,fonta9e 0 n liable to any abs5ce at    
all3 app>5tly ?is 'di/raction' 0 assum$ 
z a means ( mak+ a poor sort ( sport = 8
 fri5ds4 ,l _m ano!r man 9 su*          
circum/ances1 he saw & ent]$ into ! fun 
:i* 8 own imag9>y =getfulness produc$4  
,b 7 x o!rwise1 :o c believe s outrage\s
 a self-=getfulness z t :i* w\ld d>k5 8 
eyes to ! v pictures ( 8 own he>?8 ,7   
su* a ?+ possible1 7 x ev5 real1 x w\ld 
/ill be liable to ! j objection ( !     
critics--t1 be+ m>vel\s 9 appe>ance1 ev5

 z a fact x ought n to be br\ght =w>d = 
any purpose ( wit1 b only z a tru? (    
physiology1 or z a fact 9 ! records ( a 
surgeon4  ,! 'incr$ulus odi' is too     
/rong 9 su* cases1 & x adh]es to ?ree   
out ( e f\r ,fr5* anecdotes4  ,! ,fr5*  
ta/e is1 inde$1 any?+ b good 9 all t    
dep>tm5t ( wit & humor4 ,& ! gr\nd lies 
9 _! national want ( v]acity4 ,to return
 to ,engl&--& hav+ cit$ an ,ori5tal     
witness to ! ,engli% "* on ?is po9t1 let
 u n[ cite a mo/ obs]v+ "o 9 ! ,we/4    
,kant1 9 ,konigsb]g1 0 surr\nd$ by      
,engli%m5 & by =eign]s ( all            
nations--=eign & ,engli% /ud5ts1 =eign &
 ,engli% m]*ants2 & he pron\nc$ ! ma9   
*>act]i/ic feature ( ! ,engli% z a      
nation to lie 9 _! sev]e rev]5ce = tru?4
 ,?is f him 0 no slight praise2 = su* 0 
! /ress he laid ^u v]acity1 t ^u ?is "o 
quality he plant$ ! :ole edifice ( moral
 excell5ce4 ,g5]al integrity c\ld n     
exi/1 he held1 )\t v]acity z its basis2 
nor t basis exi/ )\t sup]9duc+ g5]al    
integrity4  ,?is op9ion1 p]haps1 _m     

beside ,kant w see cause to approve4 ,= 
ourselves we c truly say--nev] did we "k
 a human be+1 boy or girl1 :o began life
 z an habitual und]valu] ( tru?1 t did n
 aft]w>ds exhibit a "* con=mable to t   
beg9n+--su* a "* z1 h[ev] sup]ficially  
correct "u ! /eady+ h& ( self-int]e/1 0 
n 9 a l[] key ( moral feel+ z well z (  
pr9ciple4  ,b out ( ?is honorable reg>d 
to v]acity 9 ,immanuel ,kant1 bran*$ out
 a pr9ciple 9 ,casui/ry :i* mo/ p w     
pron\nce mon/r\s4 ,x has occasion$ mu*  
disput+ backw>ds & =w>ds4  ,b z a       
practical pr9ciple ( conduct1 7= :i*    
,kant meant x17 inevitably x mu/ be     
reject$--if = no o!r reason because x is
 at op5 w> ) ! laws & jurisprud5ce ( all
 ,*ri/ian ,europe4 ,kant's doctr9e 0    
?is2 & ! illu/rative case 9 :i* x is    
involv$1 let x be rememb]$1 is 8        
own3--,s sacr$ a ?+1 said he1 is tru?--t
 if a murd]]1 pursu+ ano!r ) an av[$    
purpose ( kill+ him1 7 to ask ( a ?ird  
p]son by :at road ! flee+ p>ty _h fl$1 t
 p]son is b\nd to give him true         

in=mation4 ,& y are at lib]ty to suppose
 ?is ?ird p]son a wife1 a daught]1 or "u
 any conceivable obligations ( love &   
duty to ! fugitive4  ,n[ ?is is mon/r\s3
 & ,kant himself1 ) all 8 p>5tal        
fondness = ! doctr9e1 w\ld c]ta9ly h be5
 recall$ to s\nd] ?\ghts by ^! two      
consid]ations--  #a/4 ,t by all ! codes 
( law receiv$ ?r\gh\t ,europe1 he :o    
act$ ^u ,kant's pr9ciple w\ld be held a 
p>ticeps crim9is--an accomplice be=e !  
fact4  #b;d4 ,t1 9 reality1 a j pr9ciple
 is lurk+ "u ,kant's error2 b a pr9ciple
 translat$ f its prop] gr\nd4 ,n tru?1  
individual or p]sonal--n tru? ( m]e     
facts1 b tru? doctr9al--! tru? :i*      
tea*es1 ! tru? :i* *anges m5 &          
nations--?is is ! tru? conc]n$ 9 ,kant's
 mean+1 _h he expla9$ 8 own mean+ to    
himself m di/9ctly4 ,) respect to t     
tru?1 :]esoev] x lies1 ,kant's doctr9e  
applies--t all m5 h a "r to x2 t p]haps 
y h no "r to suppose ( any race or      
nation t x is n prep>$ to receive x2 &1 
at any rate1 t no circum/ances (        

exp$i5ce c ju/ify y 9 keep+ x back4     
,,case ,,vi4  ,,! ,,case ,,( ,,*>les ,i4
   ,_m cases arise f ! life & political 
difficulties ( ,*>les ,i4 ,b !re is "o s
 peculi>ly p]t95t to an essay :i*       
ent]ta9s ! g5]al "q ( ,casui/ry--its    
legitimacy1 its value--t ) ?is1 al?\gh n
 prop]ly a dome/ic case1 or only su* 9 a
 mix$ s5se1 we %all conclude4  ,no p]son
 has be5 s mu* attack$ = 8 scruples (   
consci5ce z ?is pr9ce2 & :at seems odd  
en\gh1 no p]son has be5 s mu* attack$ = 
resort+ to books ( ,casui/ry1 & =       
enc\rag+ lit]>y m5 to write books (     
,casui/ry4 ,"u 8 sugge/ion & sanction1  
,saund]son wrote 8 book on ! obligation 
( an oa?1 7= :i* !re 0 surely reason    
en\gh 9 days :5 ! democratic tribunals 7
 =c+ m5 to swe> to an et caet]a27 &1 by 
an impulse orig9ally d]iv$ f him1 ,j]emy
 ,taylor wrote aft]w>ds 8 ,ductor       
,dubitantium1 ,bi%op ,b>l[ wrote 8      
,cases ( ,consci5ce1 c4 c4  ,= ?is      
d$ication ( 8 /udies1 ,*>les has be5    
pl5tifully blam$ 9 aft] times4 ,he 0    

seek+ evasions = pla9 duties1 say 8     
enemies4 ,he 0 arm+ himself = intrigue 9
 ! s*ool ( ,ma*iavel4 ,b n[ turn to 8   
hi/ory1 & ask 9 :at way any man c\ld h  
extricat$ himself f t labyr9? :i* inve/$
 8 pa? b by ,casui/ry4 ,cases ! mo/     
difficult are (f]$ = 8 decision3 peace =
 a di/ract$ nation 9 #afdg1 on t]ms :i* 
seem$ fatal to ! mon>*y2 peace = ! same 
nation "u ! prospect ( w> ris+ up aga9  
dur+ ! ,isle ( ,wight treaty 9 #afdh1 b 
also "u ! c]ta9ty ( de/roy+ ! ,*ur* (   
,engl&4 ,on ! "o side1 by refus+1 he    
seem$ to dis[n 8 duties z ! fa!r ( 8 p4 
,on ! o!r side1 by yield+1 he seem$ to  
=get 8 coronation oa?1 & ! ultimate     
int]e/s ( 8 p--to m]ge ! future & !     
rev]sion>y 9 ! pres5t & ! fugitive4 ,x 0
 n )9 ! possibilities t he c\ld s act z 
n to (f5d "o half ( ! nation4  ,8 dire  
calamity x 01 t he mu/ be hat$1 act h[  
he w\ld1 & mu/ be condemn$ by po/]ity4  
,did 8 enemies all[ = ! mis]y ( ?is     
int]nal conflict8 ,milton1 :o nev]      
appe>s to m disadvantage ?an :5 he comes

 =w>d aga9/ 8 sov]eign1 is indignant t  
,*>les %\ld h a consci5ce1 or plead a   
consci5ce1 9 a public matt]4  ,h5d]son1 
! celebrat$ ,scot* !ologian1 came po/ f 
,ed9burgh to ,london 7:5ce he w5t to    
,newca/le7 expressly to combat ! k+'s   
scruples4  ,& he also 79 8 private      
lett]s7 seems equally enrag$ z ,milton1 
t ,*>les %\ld pret5d to any private     
consci5ce 9 a /ate "q4  ,n[ let u       
ask--:at 0 x t orig9ally drove ,*>les to
 books ( ,casui/ry8 ,x 0 ! deep %ock :i*
 he receiv$1 bo? 9 8 affections & 8     
consci5ce1 f ! dea? ( ,"l ,/raf=d4 ,e   
body _h !n told him1 ev5 ^? :o felt h[  
mu* ! law mu/ be outrag$ to obta9 a     
conviction ( ,"l ,/raf=d1 h[ _m         
pr9ciples ( ju/ice mu/ be %ak51 & h[    
sadly ! royal ^w mu/ suff] 9 its        
sanctity1--yet all _h told him t x 0    
exp$i5t to sacrifice t nobleman4 ,"o man
 ought n to /& betwe5 ! k+ & 8 ali5at$  
p4 ,x 0 good = ! common welf>e t ,"l    
,/raf=d %\ld die4  ,*>les 0 unconv9c$4  
,he 0 sure ( ! inju/ice2 & p]haps he    

d\bt$ ev5 ( ! exp$i5ce4  ,b 8 v virtues 
7 arm$ aga9/ 8 peace4 ,9 all p>ts ( 8   
life self-di/ru/ & diffid5ce _h m>k$ 8  
"*4 ,:at 0 he1 a s+le p]son1 to resi/ s 
_m wise c\nsellors1 & :at 9 a           
repres5tative s5se 0 ! nation rang$ on !
 o!r side8 ,he yield$3 & x is n too mu* 
to say t he nev] _h a happy day         
aft]w>ds4 ,! /irr+ p]iod ( 8 life       
succe$$--! p]iod ( w>1 camps1 treaties4 
,mu* "t 0 n all[$ him = m$itation4 ,b   
!re is abundant pro( t su* "t z he _h1  
always po9t$ 8 ?\ghts backw>ds to !     
afflict+ case ( ,"l ,/rat=d4 ,?is he (t5
 spoke ( z ! great blot--! ineffaceable 
transgression ( 8 life4 ,= ?is he m\rn$ 
9 p5it5tial words yet on record4 ,to ?is
 he trac$ back ! calamity ( 8 latt]     
life4 ,"l ,/rat=d's memorable           
words--',put n y\r tru/ 9 pr9ces1 nor 9 
! sons ( pr9ces1'--rang = ev] 9 8 e>4   
,"l ,/af=d's blood lay l a curse ^u 8   
?rone4  ,n[1 by :at a po9t$ answ]1 drawn
 f ?is "o case1 might ,*>les h repli$ to
 ! enemies we h notic$--to ^?1 l s _m   

hi/orians s9ce 8 day1 :o tax$ him )     
/udy+ ,casui/ry = ! purposes (          
intrigue--to ^?1 l ,milton & ,h5d]son1  
:o tax$ him ) ex]cis+ 8 private         
consci5ce on public que/ions4  ',i _h   
/udi$ no books ( ,casui/ry1' he might h 
repli$1 ':5 ,i made ! sole capital      
blund] 9 a case ( consci5ce1 :i* !      
review ( my life c %[4  ',i did n insi/ 
on my private consci5ce2 woe is me t ,i 
did n3 ,i yield$ to :at 0 call$ ! public
 consci5ce 9 t "o case :i* has prov$ !  
affliction ( my life1 & :i*1 p]haps1 x 0
 t wreck$ ! national peace4'  ,a m pl5>y
 answ] !re _c be to ^? :o suppose t     
,casui/ry is evad$ by evad+ books (     
,casui/ry4 ,t dread =um ( consci5ce w = 
ev] exi/ z a tribunal ( difficulty4 ,!  
discussion mu/ proce$ on "s pr9ciple or 
o!r1 good or bad2 & ! only way = obta9+ 
light is by cle>+ up ! gr\nds ( action1 
& apply+ ! pr9ciples ( moral judgm5t to 
su* facts or circum/ances z mo/         
frequ5tly arise to p]plex ! und]/&+1 or 
! affections1 or ! consci5ce4           

,,greece ,,"u ,,! ,,romans4,footnote3   
,by ,george ,f9lae  #ahdd4    ,:at is   
call$ ,philosophical ,hi/ory we believe 
to be yet 9 its infancy4 ,x is ! pr(\nd 
rem>k ( ,mr4 ,f9lay--pr(\nd z we        
ourselves und]/& x1 i4 e41 9 relation to
 ?is philosophical treatm5t1 ',t hi/ory 
w ev] rema9 inexhau/ible4' ,h[          
inexhau/ible8  ,are ! facts ( hi/ory    
inexhau/ible8 ,9 reg>d to ! anci5t      
division ( hi/ory ) :i* he is !re deal+1
 ?is w\ld be 9 no s5se true2 & 9 any    
case x w\ld be a lifeless tru?4 ,s      
entirely h ! m]e facts ( ,pagan hi/ory  
be5 dis9t]r$1 ransack$1 sift$1 t except 
by means ( "s *ance m$al t may be une>!d
 9 ! illit]ate ,ea/ 7z ( late t[>ds     
,bokh>a71 or by means ( "s my/]i\s      
inscription1 su* z ^? :i* /ill mock !   
le>n$ travell] 9 ,p]sia1 nor?w>ds ne>   
,hamadan 7,ecbatana71 & s\?w>ds at      
,p]sepolis1 or ^? :i* di/ract him among/
 ! %ad[y ru9s ( ,yucatan 7,uxmal1       
suppose1 & ,pal5que71--once = all1 b>r+ 
^! pure gods5ds1 x is h>dly '9 ! dice' t

 any d[nright novelty ( fact %\ld rema9 
9 rev]sion = ?is n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! m]e/
 possibility exi/s1 t 9 ,arm5ia1 or 9 a 
,graeco-,russian mona/]y on ,m\nt ,a?os1
 or 9 ,pompeii1 c41 "s au?ors hi!rto    
may yet be conceal$2 & by a *annel 9 t  
degree improbable1 x is possible t c]ta9
 new facts ( hi/ory may /ill rea* u4 ,b 
else1 & fail+ ^! cryptical or           
subt]rane\s curr5ts ( communication1 = u
 ! record is clos$4 ,hi/ory 9 t s5se has
 come to an end1 & seal$ up z by ! angel
 9 ! ,apocalypse4 ,:at !n8 ,! facts s   
und]/ood are b ! dry bones ( ! mighty   
pa/4 ,& ! "q arises "h also1 n less ?an 
9 t sublime/ ( prophetic visions1 ',c ^!
 dry bones live8'4  ,n only c !y live1 b
 by an inf9ite v>iety ( life4 ,! same   
hi/oric facts1 view$ 9 diff]5t lights1  
or br\ght into connection ) o!r facts1  
accord+ to endless div]sities (         
p]mutation & comb9ation1 furni% gr\nds =
 su* et]nal successions ( new           
speculations z make ! facts !mselves    
virtually new4 ,! same ,hebrew words are

 read by diff]5t sets ( v[el po9ts1 & ! 
same hi]oglyphics are deciph]$ by keys  
ev]la/+ly v>i$4  ,to u we repeat t      
(t5times x seems z ?\gh ! sci5ce (      
hi/ory 7 yet sc>cely f\nd$4  ,!re w be  
su* a sci5ce1 if at pres5t !re is n2 & 9
 "o feature ( its capacities x w        
resemble *emi/ry4 ,:at is s famili> to !
 p]ceptions ( man z ! common *emical    
ag5ts ( wat]1 air1 & ! soil on :i* we   
tread8 ,yet ea* "o ( ^! elem5ts is a    
my/]y to ?is day2 h&l$1 us$1 tri$1 se>*$
 exp]im5tally1 9 t5 ?\s& ways--x is /ill
 unkn[n2 fa?om$ by rec5t sci5ce d[n to a
 c]ta9 dep?1 x is /ill probably by its  
de/9y unfa?omable4 ,ev5 to ! end ( days1
 x is pretty c]ta9 t ! m9ute/ p>ticle ( 
e>?--t a dew-drop sc>cely di/+ui%able z 
a sep>ate object--t ! sl5d]e/ filam5t ( 
a plant w include )9 itself secrets     
inaccessible to man4 ,& yet1 comp>$ ) ! 
my/]y ( man himself1 ^! physical worlds 
( my/]y are b z a radix ( inf9ity4      
,*emi/ry is 9 ?is view my/]i\s &        
sp9osi/ically sublime--t x is ! sci5ce (

 ! lat5t 9 all ?+s1 ( all ?+s z lurk+ 9 
all4 ,)9 ! lifeless fl9t1 )9 ! sil5t    
pyrites1 slumb]s an agony ( pot5tial    
combu/ion4 ,iron is imprison$ 9 blood4  
,) cold wat] 7z e *ild is n[-a-days     
aw>e7 y may la% a fluid into angry      
ebullitions ( heat2 ) hot wat]1 z ) !   
rod ( ,amram's son1 y may freeze a fluid
 d[n to ! temp]ature ( ! ,s>s> w9d1     
provid$ only t y regulate ! pressure ( !
 air4 ,! sultry & dissolv+ fluid %all   
bake into a solid1 ! petrific fluid %all
 melt into a liquid4 ,heat %all freeze1 
fro/ %all ?aw2 & :]e=e8 ,simply because 
old ?+s are br\ght toge!r 9 new modes ( 
comb9ation4 ,& 9 endless in/ances beside
 we see ! same ,panlike lat5cy ( =ms &  
p[]s1 :i* gives to ! ext]nal _w a       
capacity ( self-trans=mation1 & (       
polymorphosis absolutely inexhau/ible4  
,b ! same capacity belongs to ! facts ( 
hi/ory4  ,& we d n mean m]ely t1 f      
subjective diff]5ces 9 ! m9ds review+   
!m1 su* facts assume endless v>ieties ( 
int]pretation & e/imate1 b t            

objectively1 f lights /ill increas+ 9 ! 
sci5ce ( gov]nm5t & ( social philosophy1
 all ! prim>y facts ( hi/ory become     
liable cont9ually to new !ories1 to new 
comb9ations1 & to new valuations ( _!   
moral relations4 ,we h se5 "s k9ds (    
m>ble1 :]e ! ve9+s happ5$ to be         
unusually multipli$1 9 :i* human faces1 
figures1 processions1 or fragm5ts (     
natural sc5]y seem$ absolutely          
illimitable1 "u ! endless v>iations or  
inv]sions ( ! ord]1 accord+ to :i* !y   
might be comb9$ & gr\p$4 ,some?+        
analog\s takes effect 9 review+ ! remote
 p>ts ( hi/ory4 ,rome1 = in/ance1 has   
be5 ! object ( hi/oric p5s = tw5ty      
c5turies 7dat+ f ,polybius72 & yet h>dly
 s mu* z tw5ty ye>s h elaps$ s9ce       
,niebuhr op5$ ^u u almo/ a new          
revelation1 by re-comb9+ ! same et]nal  
facts1 accord+ to a diff]5t set (       
pr9ciples4 ,! same ?+ may be said1 ?\gh 
n ) ! same degree ( emphasis1 ^u !      
,grecian rese>*es ( ! late ,ottfri$     
,muell]4 ,egyptian hi/ory aga91 ev5 at  

?is mom5t1 is se5 /eal+ ^u u ?r\gh !    
dusky twilight 9 its fir/ di/9ct        
l9eam5ts4 ,be=e ,"y1 ,*ampollion1 & !   
o!rs :o h foll[$ on _! traces 9 ?is     
field ( hi/ory1 all 0 out] d>kness2 &   
:atsoev] we d "k or %all "k ( ,egyptian 
,!bes w n[ be recov]$ z if f ! unswa?+ (
 a mummy4 ,n until a flight ( ?ree ?\s& 
ye>s has left ,!bes ! ,hekatompylos a   
dusky speck 9 ! f> di/ance1 h we ev5    
begun to read h] annals1 or to und]/& h]
 revolutions4  ,ano!r in/ance we h n[   
be=e u ( ?is new hi/oric faculty =      
resuscitat+ ! buri$1 & = call+ back !   
brea? to ! froz5 features ( dea?1 9 ,mr4
 ,f9lay's "w ^u ! ,greeks z relat$ to ! 
,roman empire4 ,he pres5ts u ) old      
facts1 b "u ! purpose ( clo?+ !m ) a new
 life4 ,he rehe>ses anci5t /ories1 n ) !
 humble ambition ( bett] adorn+ !m1 ( m 
p]spicu\sly n>rat+1 or ev5 ( m =cibly   
po9t+ _! moral1 b ( extract+ f !m "s new
 mean+1 & ?us =c+ !m to arrange         
!mselves1 "u "s lat5t connection1 ) o!r 
ph5om5a n[ fir/ detect$1 z illu/rations 

( "s great pr9ciple or ag5cy n[ fir/    
reveal+ its importance4 ,mr4 ,f9lay's   
/yle ( intellect is appropriate to su* a
 task2 = x is subtle & ,ma*iavellian4 ,b
 !re is ?is difficulty 9 do+ ju/ice to !
 novelty1 & at times we may say ) tru?  
to ! pr(undity ( 8 views1 t !y are by   
necessity ?r[n out 9 cont9u$ successions
 ( details1 are insulat$1 &1 9 "o ^w1   
sporadic4 ,?is foll[s f ! v nature ( 8  
"w2 = x is a p]petual comm5t>y on !     
incid5ts ( ,grecian hi/ory1 f ! era ( ! 
,roman conque/ to ! comm5cem5t ( :at    
,mr4  ,f9lay1 9 a peculi> s5se1 calls ! 
,byzant9e empire4 ,^! incid5ts h n[h]e  
be5 sy/ematically or cont9u\sly record$2
 !y come =w>d by casual fla%es 9 !      
annals1 p]haps1 ( "s *ur* hi/orian1 z !y
 happ5 to connect !mselves ) 8 mom5t>y  
!me2 or !y betray !mselves 9 !          
emb>rassm5ts ( ! c5tral gov]nm5t1 :e!r  
at ,rome or at ,con/ant9ople1 :5 argu+  
at "o "t a pe/il5ce1 at ano!r an        
insurrection1 or an inroad ( b>b>ians4  
,x is n ! fault ( ,mr4 ,f9lay1 b 8 great

 disadvantage1 t ! affairs ( ,greece h  
be5 ?us discont9u\sly exhibit$1 & t its 
int]nal *anges ( condition h be5 nev]   
treat$ except obliquely1 & by m5 aliud  
ag5tibus4 ,! ,grecian race _h a prim>y  
importance on our planet2 b ! ,grecian  
"n1 repres5t$ by ,greece consid]$ z a   
t]ritory1 or z ! orig9al seat ( !       
,hell5ic p1 ceas$ to h mu* importance1 9
 ! eyes ( hi/orians1 f ! "t :5 x became 
a conqu]$ prov9ce2 & x decl9$ into      
absolute insignificance aft] ! conque/ (
 s _m o!r prov9ces _h degrad$ ,hellas   
into an ari?metical unit1 /&+ among/ a  
total am\nt ( figures1 s va/ & s mu* m  
dazzl+ to ! ord9>y m9d4  ,h5ce x 0 t 9  
anci5t times no complete hi/ory (       
,greece1 ?r\gh all h] phases & /ages1 0 
ev] attempt$4 ,! greatness ( h] lat]    
revolutions1 simply z *anges1 w\ld h    
attract$ ! hi/orian2 b1 z *anges        
associat$ ) calamity & loss ( p[]1 !y   
repell$ 8 curiosity1 & ali5at$ 8 int]e/4
 ,x is ! v necessity1 !re=e1 ( ,mr4     
,f9lay's position1 :5 com+ into su* an  

inh]itance1 t he mu/ spl9t] 8 philosophy
 into sep>ate individual notices2 = !   
records ( hi/ory furni% no gr\nds = m4  
,sp>tam1 quam nactus e/1 ornavit4 ,b ?is
 does n rem$y ! difficulty = ourselves1 
9 attempt+ to give a repres5tative view 
( 8 philosophy4 ,g5]al ab/ractions he _h
 no opportunity = pres5t+2 consequ5tly  
we h no opportunity = valu+2 &1 on ! o!r
 h&1 s+le cases select$ f a succession (
 hundr$s w\ld n ju/ify any repres5tative
 criticism1 m ?an ! s+le brick1 9 !     
anecdote ( ,hi]ocles1 w\ld s]ve         
repres5tatively to describe or to       
appraise ! h\se4  ,"u ?is difficulty z  
to ! possible = ourselves1 & ! j = ,mr4 
,f9lay1 we %all adopt ! foll[+ c\rse4 ,s
 f> z ! ,greek p collect$ !mselves 9 any
 spl5did mann] ) ! ,roman empire1 !y did
 s ) ! ea/]n horn ( t empire1 & 9 po9t (
 "t f ! f\ndation ( ,con/ant9ople z an  
ea/]n ,rome1 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 to a p]iod
 n fully agre$ on2 b = ! mom5t we w say 
) ,mr4 ,f9lay1 up to ! e>ly "p ( ! eigh?
 c5tury4 ,a reason giv5 by ,mr4  ,f9lay 

= ?is latt] date is--t ab\t t "t !      
,grecian blood1 s widely diffus$ 9      
,asia1 & ev5 9 ,africa1 became f9ally   
deta*$ by ! progress ( ,mahometanism &  
,mahometan sy/ems ( p[] f all fur!r     
concurr5ce or coalition ) ! views ( !   
,byzant9e ,caes>4 ,con/ant9ople 0 f t   
date ?r[n back m ^u its own peculi>     
h]itage & jurisdiction1 ( :i* ! ma9     
res\rces = w> & peace lay 9 ,europe &   
7speak+ by ! n>r[e/ t]ms7 9 ,?race4     
,h5ce=?1 !re=e1 = ! city & ?rone (      
,con/ant9e1 resum+ its old ,grecian "n (
 ,byzantium1 !re succe$$ a !atre less   
diffusive1 a population m conc5trat$1 a 
"* ( action m det]m9ate & jeal\s1 a /yle
 ( c\rtly c]emonial m elaborate z well z
 m haughtily repulsive1 & univ]sally a  
sy/em ( int]e/s1 z mu* m def9ite &      
selfi%1 z might naturally be look$ = 9 a
 nation n[ ev]y:]e surr\nd$ by new      
?rones gloomy ) malice1 & swell+ ) !    
consci\sness ( y\?ful p[]4  ,?is new &  
f9al /ate ( ! ea/]n ,rome ,mr4  ,f9lay  
d5om9ates ! ,byzant9e empire4 ,possibly 

?is use ( ! t]m may be capable (        
ju/ification3 b m que/ions w\ld arise 9 
! discussion ?an ,mr4 ,f9lay has ?\ght x
 ( importance to notice4  ,& = ! pres5t 
we %all take ! ^w ,byzant9e 9 its mo/   
ord9>y acceptation1 z d5ot+ ! local     
empire f\nd$ by ,con/ant9e 9 ,byzantium 
e>ly 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 "u ! idea ( a     
translation f ! old we/]n ,rome1 &      
ov]?r[n by ! ,ottoman ,turks 9 ! ye>    
#adec4 ,9 ! =tunes & ma9 /ages ( ?is    
empire1 :at are ! *ief arre/+ ph5om5a1  
aspects1 or relations1 to ! greate/ (   
mod]n int]e/s8 ,we select by pref]5ce   
^!3  ,i4 ,fir/1 ?is 0 ! e>lie/ among !  
k+doms ( our planet :i* connect$ itself 
) ,*ri/ianity4  ,9 ,arm5ia1 !re _h be5 a
 previ\s /ate recognition ( ,*ri/ianity4
 ,b t 0 nei!r spl5did nor di/9ct4 ,:]eas
 ! ,byzant9e ,rome built av[$ly ^u      
,*ri/ianity z its own basis1 &          
consecrat$ its own nativity by ! sublime
 act ( f\nd+ ! fir/ provision ev]       
attempt$ = ! poor1 consid]$ simply z    
poor 7i4e4 z objects ( pity1 n z        

in/rum5ts ( ambition74  ,,ii4 ,secondly1
 z ! great aegis ( we/]n ,*ri/5dom1 nay1
 ! b>ri] :i* made x possible t any      
,*ri/5dom %\ld ev] exi/1 ?is ,byzant9e  
empire is entitl$ to a v diff]5t /ation 
9 ! enlight5$ gratitude ( u ,we/]n      
,europeans f any :i* x has yet held4 ,we
 d n scruple to say--t1 by comp>ison ) !
 s]vices ( ! ,byzant9e p to ,europe1 no 
nation on record has ev] /ood 9 ! same  
relation to any o!r s+le nation1 mu*    
less to a :ole family ( nations1 :e!r z 
reg>ds ! opportunity & means ( conf]r+  
b5efits1 or z reg>ds ! a/oni%+          
p]sev]ance 9 support+ ! succession ( ^! 
b5efits1 or z reg>ds ! ultimate ev5t (  
^! b5efits4 ,a great wrong has be5 done 
= ages2 = we h all be5 accu/om$ to speak
 ( ! ,byzant9e empire ) scorn1          
,footnote3 ',) scorn4'--,?is has aris5 f
 two causes3 "o is ! habit ( reg>d+ !   
:ole ,roman empire z 9 its 'decl9e' f s 
e>ly a p]iod z t ( ,commodus2 agreeably 
to :i* conceit1 x w\ld naturally foll[  
t1 dur+ its latt] /ages1 ! ,ea/]n empire

 mu/ h be5 absolutely 9 its dotage4 ,if 
already decl9+ 9 ! second c5tury1 !n1 f 
! t5? to ! fifte5?1 x mu/ h be5 p>alytic
 & b$-ridd5  ,! o!r cause may be f\nd 9 
! accid5tal b reasonable ho/ility ( !   
,byzant9e c\rt to ! fir/ ,crusad]s1 z   
also 9 ! disadvantage\s comp>ison )     
respect to manly virtues betwe5 !       
simplicity ( ^! we/]n *ildr51 & ! ref9$ 
dissimulation ( ! ,byzant9es4 z *iefly  
kn[n by its effem9acy2 & ! great] is !  
call = a f]v5t pal9ode4  ,,iii4 ,?irdly4
 ,9 a reflex way1 z ! "o great dang] :i*
 ov]%ad[$ ,europe = g5]ations1 & aga9/  
:i* ! ,byzant9e empire prov$ ! capital  
bulw>k1 ,mahometanism may rank z "o ( ! 
,byzant9e aspects or c\nt]=ces4 ,& if   
!re is any popul> error apply+ to !     
hi/ory ( t great convulsion1 z a        
political ef=t = revolutioniz+ ! _w1 "s 
notice ( x w f9d a natural place 9      
connection ) ^! pres5t tra9s (          
speculation4  ,let u1 !re=e1 h p]mission
 to ?r[ toge!r a few rem>ks on ^! ?ree  
subjects--#a/1 on ! rem>kable di/9ction 

by :i* ! elde/ ( ,*ri/ian rul]s         
proclaim$ & inaugurat$ ! ,*ri/ian basis 
( 8 empire2 #b;dly1 on ! true b =gott5  
relation ( ?is great empire to our mod]n
 ,*ri/5dom1 "u :i* idea we compreh5d    
,europe & ! :ole cont95t ( ,am]ica2     
#c;dly1 on ! false pret5sions (         
,mahometanism1 :e!r advanc$ by itself or
 by inconsid]ate ,*ri/ian speculators on
 its behalf4 ,we %all ?us obta9 ?is     
advantage1 t "s sort ( unity w be giv5  
to our own glances at ,mr4 ,f9lay's !me2
 &1 at ! same "t1 by ga!r+ "u ^! g5]al  
heads any disp]s$ comm5ts ( ,mr4        
,f9lay1 :e!r = confirmation ( our own   
views1 or = any purpose ( objection to  
81 we %all give to ^? comm5ts also t k9d
 ( unity1 by means ( a ref]5ce to a     
common purpose1 :i* we c\ld n h giv5 !m 
by cit+ ea* indep5d5tly = itself4  ,i4  
,fir/1 !n1 z to t memorable act by :i*  
,con/ant9ople 7i4 e4 ! ,ea/]n empire7   
connect$ h]self = ev] ) ,*ri/ianity2    
viz4 ! recognition ( paup]ism z an      
elem5t 9 ! /ate entitl$ to ! mat]nal    

gu>dian%ip ( ! /ate4 ,9 ?is new         
pr9ciple1 introduc$ by ,*ri/ianity1 we  
behold a f>-see+ or proleptic wisdom1   
mak+ provision = evils be=e !y _h aris52
 = x is c]ta9 t great expansions (      
paup]ism did n exi/ 9 ! anci5t _w4 ,a   
paup] population is a disease peculi> to
 ! mod]n or ,*ri/ian _w4 ,v>i\s causes  
lat5t 9 ! social sy/ems ( ! anci5ts     
prev5t$ su* developm5ts ( surplus p4 ,b 
does n ?is argue a sup]iority 9 ! social
 arrangem5ts ( ^! anci5ts8 ,n at all2 !y
 7 atroci\sly worse4  ,!y evad$ ?is "o  
morbid affection by means ( o!rs f> m   
injuri\s to ! moral advance ( man4  ,!  
case 0 !n ev]y:]e z at ?is day x is 9   
,p]sia4 ,a ,p]sian ambassador to ,london
 or ,p>is might boa/ t1 9 8 native      
,iran1 no su* spectacles exi/$ (        
hung]-bitt5 myriads z may be se5 ev]y:]e
 dur+ seasons ( di/ress 9 ! cr[d$ cities
 ( ,*ri/ian ,europe4 ',no1' w\ld be !   
answ]1 'mo/ c]ta9ly n2 b :y8 ,! reason  
is1 t y\r accurs$ =m ( society &        
gov]nm5t int]cepts su* surplus p1 does n

 suff] !m to be born4  ,:at is ! result8
 ,y ought1 9 ,p]sia1 to h ?ree hundr$   
millions ( p2 y\r va/ t]ritory is easily
 capaci\s ( t numb]4 ,y h--h[ _m h y8   
,some?+ less ?an eight millions4' ,?9k (
 ?is1 />tl$ read]4 ,b1 if t be a good   
/ate ( ?+s1 !n any b>b>\s soldi] :o     
makes a wild]ness1 is entitl$ to call   
himself a great philosoph] & public     
b5efactor4 ,?is is to cure ! heada*e by 
amputat+ ! head4 ,n[1 ! same pr9ciple ( 
limitation to population a p>te ante1   
?\gh n 9 ! same savage excess z 9       
,mahometan ,p]sia1 op]at$ ^u ,greece &  
,rome4 ,! :ole ,pagan _w escap$ ! evils 
( r$undant population by vici\s         
repressions ( x be=eh&4 ,b "u           
,*ri/ianity a new /ate ( ?+s 0 de/9$ to 
take effect4 ,_m protections &          
excitem5ts to population 7 laid 9 !     
framework ( ?is new religion1 :i*1 by   
its new code ( rules & impulses1 9 s _m 
ways ext5d$ ! free-ag5cy ( human be+s4  
,manufactur+ indu/ry 0 de/9$ fir/ to    
arise on any great scale "u ,*ri/ianity4

 ,except 9 ,tyre & ,alex&ria 7see !     
,emp]or ,hadrian's acc\nt ( ?is la/71   
!re 0 no t[n or di/rict 9 ! anci5t _w   
:]e ! populace c\ld be said prop]ly to  
"w4 ,! rural labor]s work$ a little--n  
mu*2--& sailors work$ a little2--nobody 
else work$ at all4 ,ev5 slaves _h little
 m "w di/ribut$ among/ ea* t5 ?an n[    
settles ^u "o4  ,& 9 _m o!r ways1 by    
protect+ ! pr9ciple ( life1 z a my/]i\s 
sanctity1 ,*ri/ianity has favor$ !      
developm5t ( an excessive population4   
,!re x is t ,*ri/ianity1 be+ answ]able =
 ! mis*ief1 is answ]able = its r$ress4  
,!re=e x is t1 bre$+ ! disease1         
,*ri/ianity bre$s ! cure4 ,ext5d+ ! va/ 
l9es ( pov]ty1 ,*ri/ianity x 0 t fir/   
laid d[n ! pr9ciple ( a relief = pov]ty4
 ,con/ant9e1 ! fir/ ,*ri/ian pot5tate1  
laid ! fir/ /one ( ! mighty ov]%ad[+    
in/itution s9ce re>$ 9 ,*ri/ian l&s to  
pov]ty1 disease1 orphanage1 &           
mutilation4 ,*ri/ian in/9cts1 mov+ &    
speak+ ?r\gh t ,caes>1 fir/ c>ri$ out t 
great idea ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,six ye>s 0   

,*ri/ianity 9 build+ ,con/ant9ople1 & 9 
! sev5? %e re/$ f h] labors1 say+1      
',h5ce=w>d let ! poor man h a hav5 ( re/
 = ev]2 a re/ f 8 "w = "o day 9 sev52 a 
re/ f 8 anxieties by a legal & fix$     
relief4' ,be+ legal1 x c\ld n be op5 to 
di/urbances ( caprice 9 ! giv]2 be+     
fix$1 x 0 n op5 to di/urbances (        
miscalculation 9 ! receiv]4 ,n[1 fir/1  
:5 fir/ ,*ri/ianity 0 in/all$ z a public
 organ ( gov]nm5t 7& fir/ own$ a di/9ct 
political responsibility71 did x become 
! duty ( a religion :i* assum$1 z x 71 !
 (ficial tutelage ( pov]ty1 to proclaim 
& consecrate t function by "s great     
memorial prec$5t4 ,&1 accord+ly1 9      
te/imony ( t obligation1 ! fir/ ,*ri/ian
 ,caes>1 on behalf ( ,*ri/ianity1 f\nd$ 
! fir/ sy/em ( relief = paup]ism4  ,x is
 true1 t l>gesses f ! public treasury1  
gratuit\s co91 or corn sold at dim9i%$  
rates1 n to m5tion ! sportulae or /at$  
doles ( private ,roman nobles1 _h be5   
di/ribut$ among/ ! indig5t citiz5s (    
,we/]n ,rome = c5turies be=e ,con/ant9e2

 b all ^! _h be5 ! selfi% b\nties (     
facti\s ambition or intrigue4  ,to      
,*ri/ianity 0 res]v$ ! inaugural act (  
public *>ity 9 ! _s ( *>ity4 ,we mu/    
rememb] t no *>itable or b5efic5t       
in/itutions ( any k9d1 gr\nd$ on        
dis9t]e/$ k9dness1 exi/$ among/ ! ,pagan
 ,romans1 & /ill less among/ ! ,pagan   
,greeks4 ,mr4 ,col]idge1 9 "o ( 8 lay   
s]mons1 advanc$ ! novel doctr9e--t 9 !  
,scripture is conta9$ all g5u9e & pr(\nd
 /atesman%ip4  ,( c\rse he mu/ be       
und]/ood to mean--9 its capital         
pr9ciples2 =1 z to subord9ate &         
executive rules = apply+ su* pr9ciples1 
^!1 d\btless1 are 9 "p sugge/$ by !     
local circum/ances 9 ea* sep>ate case4  
,n[1 among/ ! political !ories ( !      
,bible is ?is--t paup]ism is n an       
accid5t 9 ! con/itution ( /ates1 b an   
indefeasible necessity2 or1 9 !         
scriptural words1 t '! poor %all nev]   
cease out ( ! l&4' ,?is !ory or great   
canon ( social philosophy1 dur+ _m      
c5turies1 drew no especial att5tion f   

philosoph]s4 ,x pass$ = a truism1 be>+  
no p>ticul> emphasis or mean+ beyond "s 
g5]al purpose ( sanction to ! impulses (
 *>ity4 ,b !re is good reason to        
believe1 t x slumb]$1 & 0 meant to      
slumb]1 until ,*ri/ianity aris+ & mov+  
=w>ds %\ld call x into a new life1 z a  
pr9ciple suit$ to a new ord] ( ?+s4     
,accord+ly1 we h se5 ( late t ?is       
scriptural dictum--',! poor %all nev]   
cease out ( ! l&'--has t]m9at$ its c>e] 
z a truism 7t is1 z a tru?1 ei!r obvi\s 
on "o h&1 or in]t on ! o!r71 & has wak5$
 into a polemic or controv]sial life4 ,p
 arose :o took ^u !m utt]ly to d5y ?is  
scriptural doctr9e4  ,p]emptorily !y    
*all5g$ ! ass]tion t pov]ty mu/ always  
exi/4 ,! ,bible said t x 0 an affection 
( human society :i* c\ld n be ext]m9at$2
 ! economi/ ( #ahjj said t x 0 a f\l    
disease1 :i* mu/ & %\ld be ext]m9at$4   
,! scriptural philosophy said1 t        
paup]ism 0 inali5able f man's social    
condition 9 ! same way t decay 0        
inali5able f 8 fle%4 ',i %all soon see  

t1' said ! economi/ ( #ahjj1 '= z sure z
 my "n is ,m----1 ,i w h ?is pov]ty put 
d[n by law )9 "o g5]ation1 if !re's a   
law to be _h 9 ! c\rts ( ,we/m9/]4' ,!  
,scriptures h left ^w--t1 if any man    
%\ld come to ! national banquet decl>+  
himself unable to pay 8 contribution1 t 
man %\ld be acc\nt$ ! gue/ (            
,*ri/ianity1 & %\ld be privileg$ to sit 
at ! table 9 ?ankful remembrance ( :at  
,*ri/ianity _h done = man4 ,b ,mr4      
,m---- left ^w ) all ! s]vants1 t1 if   
any man %\ld pres5t himself "u ^?       
circum/ances1 he 0 to be told1 '! table 
is full'--78 words1 n ours72 'g away1   
good man4' ,g away6 ,mr1 ,m----8 ,:]e 0 
he to g to8 ,:i!r8 ,9 :at               
direction8--',:y1 if y come to t1' said 
! man ( #ahjj1 'to any dit* t he pref]s3
 surely !re's good *oice ( dit*es = !   
mo/ fa/idi\s ta/e4' ,dur+ tw5ty ye>s1   
viz4 f #ahjj to #ahbj1 ?is new          
philosophy1 :i* sub/itut$ a dit* = a    
d9n]1 & a pav+-/one = a loaf1 prevail$ &
 prosp]$4 ,at "o "t x seem$ likely en\gh

 to prove a sn>e to our own             
ari/ocracy--! noble/ ( all ages4 ,b t   
p]il 0 av]t$1 & ! fur!r hi/ory ( ! case 
0 ?is3 ,by ! ye> #ahbj1 mu* discussion  
hav+ pass$ to & fro1 s]i\s d\bts _h     
aris5 9 _m qu>t]s2 scepticism _h begun  
to arm itself aga9/ ! sceptic2 !        
economi/ ( #ahjj 0 no long] q sure ( 8  
gr\nd4 ,he 0 n[ suspect$ ( be+ fallible2
 & :at seem$ ( worse augury1 he 0 beg9n+
 himself to suspect z mu*4 ,to "o       
capital blund] he 0 oblig$ publicly to  
plead guilty4  ,:at x 01 we %all h      
occasion to m5tion imm$iately4          
,meantime x 0 ju/ly ?\ght t1 9 a dispute
 load$ ) su* prodigi\s practical        
consequ5ces1 good s5se & prud5ce dem&$ a
 m ext5d$ inquiry ?an _h yet be5        
in/itut$4 ,:e!r pov]ty w\ld ev] cease f 
! l&1 might be d\bt$ by ^? :o balanc$ _!
 fai? 9 ,scripture aga9/ _! fai? 9 ! man
 ( #ahjj4 ,b ?is at lea/ c\ld n be      
d\bt$--t z yet pov]ty _h n ceas$1 nor   
inde$ _h made any s5sible prep>ations = 
ceas+ f any l& 9 ,europe4 ,x 0 a cle>   

case1 !re=e1 t1 h[soev] ,europe might   
please to dream ^u ! matt] :5 paup]ism  
%\ld h rea*$ t glori\s eu?anasy pr$ict$ 
by ! al*emi/ ( old & ! economi/ ( #ahjj1
 = ! pres5t %e mu/ deal actively ) h]   
own paup]ism on "s av[$ plan & pr9ciple1
 good or evil--g5tle or h>%4 ,accord+ly1
 9 ! tra9 ( ye>s betwe5 #ahbj & #ahcj1  
inquiries 7 made ( e sep>ate /ate 9     
,europe1 :at 7 ^? plans & pr9ciples4 ,= 
x 0 ju/ly said--',z "o /ep t[>ds judg+  
rightly ( our own sy/em1 n[ t x has be5 
s clamor\sly *all5g$ = a bad sy/em1 let 
u le>n :at x is t o!r nations ?9k ^u !  
subject1 b above all :at x is t !y d4'  
,! answ]s to our _m inquiries v>i$      
consid]ably2 & "s among/ ! mo/ enlight5$
 nations appe> to h adopt$ ! good old   
plan ( laissez faire1 giv+ no?+ f any   
public fund to ! paup]1 b au?oriz+ him  
to levy contributions on t graci\s      
allegoric lady1 ,private ,*>ity1 :]ev]  
he c\ld meet h] tak+ ! air ) h] babes4  
,?is ref]5ce appe>$ to be ! ma9 "o 9    
reply to any application ( ! paup]2 & = 

all ! re/ !y ref]r$ him g5]ally to !    
'dit*1' or to 8 own unlimit$ *oice (    
dit*es1 accord+ to ! approv$ me?od (    
public b5evol5ce publi%$ 9 #dto & 9 #hvo
 by ! man ( #ahjj4 ,b !re 7 o!r & humbl]
 /ates 9 ,europe1 ^: v pett9ess has     
br\ght m fully )9 _! vision ! :ole      
ma*9]y & wat*work ( paup]ism1 z x act$ &
 react$ on ! indu/ri\s pov]ty ( ! l&1 & 
on o!r int]e/s1 by means ( ! sy/em      
adopt$ 9 reliev+ x4 ,f ^! /ates came _m 
int]e/+ reports1 all t5d+ to "s good    
purpose4 ,b at la/1 & be=e ! ye> #ahcj1 
among/ o!r results ( m or less value1   
?ree capital po9ts 7 e/abli%$1 n m      
decisive = ! ju/ification ( ! ,engli%   
sy/em ( adm9i/]+ national relief to     
paup]s1 & ( all sy/ems t rev]5c$ !      
au?ority ( ,scripture1 ?an !y 7 = !     
ov]?r[ ( ,mr4 ,m----1 ! man ( #ahjj4 ,^!
 ?ree po9ts are wor?y ( be+ us$ z buoys 
9 mapp+ out ! true *annels1 or indicat+ 
! break]s on ?is difficult l9e (        
navigation2 & we n[ rehe>se !m4 ,!y may 
seem pla9 almo/ to obvi\sness2 b x is   

en\gh t !y involve all ! disput$        
que/ions ( ! case4  ,fir/4 ,t1 9 spite (
 ! assurances f economi/s1 no progress  
:atev] _h be5 made by ,engl& or by any  
/ate :i* l5t any sanction to ! hope (   
ev] eradicat+ pov]ty f society4         
,secondly4 ,t1 9 absolute contradiction 
( ! :ole hypo!sis reli$ on by ,m--- & 8 
bre?r51 9 its mo/ fundam5tal doctr9e1 a 
legal provision = pov]ty did n act z a  
b\nty on m>riage4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ,engl&1 
:]e ! trial _h be5 made on ! l>ge/      
scale1 0 decisive on ?is po9t2 & !      
opposite exp]i5ce ( ,irel&1 "u !        
opposite circum/ances1 0 equally        
decisive4 ,& ?is result _h made itself s
 cle> by #ahbj1 t ev5 ,m--- 7z we h     
already notic$ by anticipation7 0       
compell$ to publi% a recantation z to   
?is p>ticul> error1 :i* 9 effect 0 a    
recantation ( 8 entire !ory4  ,?irdly4  
,t1 accord+ to ! concurr+ exp]i5ce ( all
 ! mo/ enlight5$ /ates ( ,*ri/5dom1 !   
public suff]$ lea/ 7n m]ely 9 mole/ation
 b 9 money71 paup]ism b5efit$ mo/1 & !  

gr[? ( paup]ism 0 ret>d$ mo/1 precisely 
z ! provision = ! poor _h be5 legaliz$ z
 to its obligation1 & fix$ z to its     
am\nt4 ,left to individual discretion1 !
 burd5 0 f\nd to press mo/ unequally2 &1
 on ! o!r h&1 ! evil itself ( paup]ism1 
:il/ mu* less effectually reliev$1      
nev]!less ?r\gh ! irregul> action ( ?is 
relief 0 mu* m p[]fully /imulat$4  ,su* 
is ! ab/ract ( our late/ public w>f>e on
 ?is great "q ?r\gh a p]iod ( ne>ly     
fifty ye>s4 ,& ! issue is ?is--/>t+ f ! 
contemptu\s defiance ( ! scriptural     
doctr9e ^u ! necessity ( mak+ provision 
= pov]ty z an indisp5sable elem5t 9     
civil communities1 ! economy ( ! age has
 l[]$ its tone by graduat$ desc5ts1 9   
ea* "o successively ( ! f\r la/ dec5nia4
 ,! philosophy ( ! day z to ?is po9t at 
lea/ is at l5g? 9 co9cid5ce )           
,scripture4 ,& ?us ! v ext5sive rese>*es
 ( ?is n9ete5? c5tury1 z to paup]ism1 h 
re-act$ ) ! effect ( a full ju/ification
 ^u ,con/ant9e's attempt to connect !   
f\ndation ( 8 empire ) t new !ory (     

,*ri/ianity ^u ! imp]i%abl5ess ( pov]ty1
 & ^u ! duties correspond+ to x4        
,meantime1 ,mr4 ,f9lay d5ies t          
,*ri/ianity _h be5 rais$ by ,con/ant9e  
into ! religion ( ! /ate2 & o!rs h d5i$ 
t1 9 ! ext5sive money privileges conc$$ 
to ,con/ant9ople1 he contemplat$ any b  
political pr9ciples4 ,z to ! fir/ po9t1 
we appreh5d t ,con/ant9e w be f\nd n s  
mu* to h %runk back f fe> ( in/all+     
,*ri/ianity 9 ! seat ( supremacy1 z to h
 div]g$ 9 policy f our mod]n me?ods (   
su* an in/allation4 ,our belief is1 t   
accord+ to 8 notion ( a /ate religion1  
he suppos$ himself to h conf]r$ t       
di/9ction ^u ,*ri/ianity4 ,) respect to 
! end[m5ts & privileges ( ,con/ant9ople1
 !y 7 v>i\s2 "s lay 9 positive          
donations1 o!rs 9 immunities &          
exemptions2 "s aga9 7 design$ to attract
 /rang]s1 o!rs to attract nobles f old  
,rome4 ,b1 ) full] opportunities =      
pursu+ t discussion1 we ?9k x w\ld be   
easy to %[1 t 9 m ?an "o ( 8 in/itutions
 & 8 decrees he _h contemplat$ ! special

 advantage ( ! poor z su*2 & t1 next    
aft] ! augu/ di/9ction ( hav+ f\nd$ !   
fir/ ,*ri/ian ?rone1 he _h meant to     
*all5ge & fix ! gaze ( future ages ^u   
?is glori\s pret5sion--t he fir/ _h     
execut$ ! scriptural injunction to make 
a provision = ! poor1 z an ord] (       
society t by laws immutable %\ld 'nev]  
cease out ( ! l&4'  ,,ii4 ,let u adv]t  
to ! value & functions ( ,con/ant9ople z
 ! tutel>y g5ius ( we/]n or dawn+       
,*ri/ianity4  ,! hi/ory ( ,con/ant9ople1
 or m g5]ally ( ! ,ea/]n ,roman empire1 
we>s a peculi> int]e/ to ! *ildr5 (     
,*ri/5dom2 & = two sep>ate              
reasons--fir/1 z be+ ! n>r[ i/hmus or   
bridge :i* connects ! two cont95ts (    
anci5t & mod]n hi/ory1 & t is a         
philosophic int]e/2 b secondly1 :i* 9 ! 
v highe/ degree is a practical int]e/1 z
 ! record ( our e>?ly salvation f       
,mahometanism4 ,on two horns 0 ,europe  
assault$ by ! ,moslems2 fir/1 la/1 &    
?r\gh ! l>ge/ tract ( "t1 on ! horn (   
,con/ant9ople2 !re ! conte/ rag$ = m ?an

 eight hundr$ ye>s1 & by ! "t t ! mighty
 bulw>k fell 7#adec71 ,vi5na & o!r      
cities ^u or ne> ! ,danube _h f\nd      
leisure = gr[+ up2 s t1 if "o range (   
,alps _h sl[ly be5 surm\nt$1 ano!r _h n[
 sl[ly re>$ & embattl$ itself aga9/ !   
we/w>d progress ( ! ,cresc5t4 ,on !     
we/]n horn1 9 ,france1 b by ,g]mans1    
once = all ,*>les ,m>tel _h arre/$ !    
progress ( ! fanatical ,moslem almo/ 9 a
 s+le battle2 c]ta9ly a s+le g5]ation   
saw ! :ole dang] disp]s$1 inasmu* z )9 t
 space ! ,s>ac5s 7 effectually =c$ back 
into _! orig9al ,spani% lair4 ,?is      
demon/rates pretty =cibly ! diff]5ce ( !
 ,mahometan res\rces z appli$ to ! we/]n
 & ! ea/]n /ruggle4 ,to ?r[ ! :ole      
weight ( t diff]5ce1 a diff]5ce 9 !     
result z betwe5 eight c5turies & ?irty  
ye>s1 ^u ! m]e diff]5ce ( en]gy 9 ,g]man
 & ,byzant9e =ces1 z ?\gh ! fir/ did1 by
 a raptur\s f]vor1 9 a few revolutions (
 summ] :at ! o!r _h protract$ ?r\gh     
ne>ly a mill5nium1 is a repres5tation   
:i* defeats itself by its own           

extravagance4 ,to prove too mu* is m    
dang]\s ?an to prove too little4 ,! fact
 is1 t va/ armies & mighty nations 7    
cont9ually disposable = ! w> ^u ! city (
 ,con/ant9e2 nations _h "t to arise 9   
juv5ile vigor1 to gr[ old & sup]annuat$1
 to melt away1 & totally to disappe>1 9 
t long /ruggle on ! ,hellespont &       
,propontis4  ,x 0 a /ruggle :i* might   
(t5 int]mit & slumb]2 armi/ices !re     
might be1 truces1 or unproclaim$        
susp5sions ( w> out ( mutual exhau/ion1 
b peace !re c\ld n be1 because any re/+ 
f ! duty ( hatr$ t[>ds ^? :o            
reciprocally seem$ to lay ! f\ndations (
 _! cre$ 9 a di%onor+ ( ,god1 0         
impossible to aspir+ human nature4      
,malice & mutual hatr$1 we repeat1      
became a duty 9 ^? circum/ances4 ,:y _h 
!y begun to fight8  ,p]sonal feuds !re  
_h be5 none betwe5 ! p>ties4  ,= ! e>ly 
caliphs did n conqu] ,syria & o!r va/   
prov9ces ( ! ,roman empire1 because !y  
_h a qu>rel ) ! ,caes>s :o repres5t$    
,*ri/5dom2 b1 on ! contr>y1 !y _h a     

qu>rel ) ! ,caes>s because !y _h conqu]$
 ,syria1 or1 at ! mo/1 ! conque/ & !    
feud 7if n always ly+ 9 t exact         
succession z cause & effect7 7 jo9t     
effects f a common cause1 :i* cause 0   
imp]i%able z dea?1 or ! ocean1 & z deep 
z are ! f\nta9s ( animal life4 ,c\ld !  
ocean be alt]$ by a sea-fight8 ,or !    
atmosph]e be ta9t$ = ev] by an e>?quake8
 ,z little c\ld any s+le reign or its   
ev5ts affect ! feud ( ! ,moslem & !     
,*ri/ian2 a feud :i* c\ld n cease unless
 ,god c\ld *ange1 or unless man 7becom+ 
c>eless ( spiritual ?+s7 %\ld s9k to !  
level ( a brute4  ,^! are consid]ations 
( great importance 9 weigh+ ! value ( ! 
,ea/]n ,empire4 ,if ! cause & int]e/ (  
,islamism1 z aga9/ ,*ri/ianity1 7       
undy+--!n we may be assur$ t ! ,moori%  
infidels ( ,spa9 did n reit]ate _!      
trans-,pyr5ean exp$itions aft] "o       
g5]ation--simply because !y c\ld n4 ,b  
we "k t on ! s\?-ea/]n horn ( ,europe !y
 c\ld1 ^u ! pla9 argum5t t = _m c5turies
 !y did4 ,ov] & above ?is1 we are (     

op9ion t ! ,s>ac5s 7 unequal to ! sort (
 h>d%ips br$ by cold climates2 & !re lay
 ano!r repulsion = ,s>ac5s f ,france1   
c41 & n m]ely ! ,c>lov+ian sword4 ,we   
*ildr5 ( ,*ri/5dom %[ our innate        
sup]iority to ! *ildr5 ( ! ,ori5t ^u ?is
 scale or t>iff ( acclimatiz+ p[]s4 ,we 
travel z :eat travels ?r\gh all         
reasonable ranges ( temp]ature2 !y1 l   
rice1 c migrate only to w>m latitudes4  
,!y _c support our cold1 b we c support 
! c\nt]vail+ h>d%ips ( _! heat4 ,?is    
cause alone w\ld h wea!rb\nd !          
,mussulmans = ev] )9 ! ,pyr5ean cloi/]s4
  ,mussulmans 9 cold latitudes look z   
blue & z absurd z sailors on horseback4 
,ap>t f :i* cause1 we see t ! f9e old   
,visigo?ic races 9 ,spa9 f\nd !m full   
employm5t up to ! reign ( ,f]d9& &      
,isabella1 :i* reign fir/ creat$ a k+dom
 ( ,spa92 9 t reign ! :ole fabric ( _!  
p[] ?aw$ away1 & 0 conf\nd$ ) =gott5    
?+s4 ,columbus1 accord+ to a local      
tradition1 0 p]sonally pres5t at "s ( ! 
latt] campaigns 9 ,gr5ada3 he saw ! la/ 

( !m4 ,s t ! discov]y ( ,am]ica may be  
us$ z a conv]tible date ) t ( ext9ction 
= ! ,s>ac5 p[] 9 we/]n ,europe4 ,true t 
! ov]?r[ ( ,con/ant9ople _h =]un ?is    
ev5t by ne>ly half a c5tury4  ,b !n we  
insi/ ^u ! diff]5t proportions ( !      
/ruggle4 ,:il/ 9 ,spa9 a prov9ce _h     
f\ght aga9/ a prov9ce1 all ,asia        
militant _h f\ght aga9/ ! ea/]n ,roman  
empire4 ,among/ ! _m races :om dimly we 
decry 9 ^? %ad[y ho/s1 tilt+ = ages 9 ! 
va/ pla9s ( ,angora1 are se5 latt]ly    
press+ on to ! van1 two mighty p[]s1 !  
*ildr5 ( ,p]sia & ! ,ottoman family ( ! 
,turks4  ,^u ^! nations1 bo? n[ rapidly 
decay+1 ! fai? ( ,mahomet has ev] lean$ 
z ^u h] elde/ sons2 & ^! p[]s !         
,byzant9e ,cs>s _h to face 9 e phasis ( 
_! en]gy1 z x revolv$ f p]fect b>b>ism1 
?r\gh semi-b>b>ism1 to t crude =m (     
civilization :i* ,mahometans c support4 
,& ?r\gh all ^! transmigrations ( _! p[]
 we mu/ rememb] t !y 7 "u a m>tial tra9+
 & discipl9e1 nev] suff]$ to become     
effem9ate4 ,"o set ( w>riors aft] ano!r 

did1 x is true1 become effem9ate 9      
,p]sia3 b ^u t advantage op5+1 always   
ano!r set /epp$ 9 f ,torki/an or f !    
,imaus4 ,! nation1 ! individuals melt$  
away2 ! ,moslem armies 7 immortal4  ,"h1
 !re=e1 x is1 & /&+ at ?is po9t ( our   
review1 t we compla9 ( ,mr4 ,f9lay's too
 facile compliance ) hi/orians f> b5ea? 
himself4 ,he has a f9e und]/&+3 (t5times
 8 comm5t>ies on ! pa/ are ebulli5t )   
subtlety2 & 8 fault /rikes u z ly+ ev5 9
 ! excess ( 8 sagacity apply+ itself too
 (t5 to a basis ( facts1 q insuffici5t =
 support+ ! sup]9cumb5t weight ( 8      
speculations4 ,b 9 ?is in/ance he       
surr5d]s himself too readily to ! ord9>y
 curr5t ( hi/ory4 ,h[ w\ld he l x1 if he
 happ5$ to be a ,turk himself1 f9d+ 8   
nation ?us implicitly und]valu$8 ,=     
cle>ly1 9 und]valu+ ! ,byzant9e         
resi/ance1 he does und]value !          
,mahometan assault4 ,advantages ( local 
situation _c et]nally make good !       
defici5cies ( man4 ,if ! ,byzant9es 7be+
 z weak z hi/orians w\ld repres5t !m7   

yet = ages resi/$ ! :ole impetus (      
,mahometan ,asia1 !n x foll[s1 ei!r t ! 
,cresc5t 0 correspond+ly weak1 or t1 n  
be+ weak1 %e mu/ h f\nd ! ,cross pretty 
/rong4 ,! facit ( hi/ory does n "h      
correspond ) ! num]ical items4  ,no?+   
has ev] surpris$ u m1 we w frankly own1 
?an ?is co9cid5ce ( au?ors 9 treat+ !   
,byzant9e empire z feeble & crazy4 ,on !
 contr>y1 to u x is cle> t "s secret &  
pret]natural /r5g? x mu/ h _h1 lurk+ :]e
 ! eye ( man did n 9 ^? days p5etrate1  
or by :at miracle did x und]take our    
univ]sal ,*ri/ian cause1 fight = u all1 
keep ! wat]s op5 f freez+ u up1 & ?r\gh 
n9e c5turies prev5t ! ice (             
,mahometanism f clos+ ov] our heads =   
ev]8 ,yet does ,mr4 ,f9lay 7p4 #dbd7    
describe ?is empire z labor+1 9 ,a4 ,d4 
#fbc1 equally ) ,p]sia1 "u 'int]nal     
weakness1' & z 'equally incapable ( (f]+
 any popul> or national resi/ance to an 
active or ent]pris+ enemy4' ,9 ?is ,mr4 
,f9lay does b agree ) o!r able writ]s2 b
 he & !y %\ld h recollect$1 t h>dly _h t

 v ye> #fbc dep>t$1 ev5 yet ! knell (   
its la/ h\r 0 s\nd+ ^u ! w9ds1 :5 ?is   
effem9ate empire _h occasion to %[ t %e 
c\ld clo! h]self ) consum+ t]rors1 z a  
bellig]5t bo? def5sive & aggressive4 ,9 
! abs5ce ( h] great emp]or1 & ( ! ma9   
imp]ial =ces1 ! gold5 capital h]self1 by
 h] own res\rces1 r\t$ & p]secut$ into  
wrecks a ,p]sian army t _h come d[n ^u  
h] by /eal? & a fraudul5t circuit4 ,ev5 
at t same p]iod1 %e advanc$ into ,p]sia 
m ?an a ?\s& miles f h] own metropolis 9
 ,europe1 "u ! blaz+ ensigns ( ! cross1 
kick$ ! cr[n ( ,p]sia to & fro l a      
t5nis-ball1 upset ! ?rone ( ,artax]xes1 
c\nt]sign$ haughtily ! elevation ( a new
 ,basileus m fri5dly to h]self1 & !n    
recross$ ! ,tigris homew>ds1 aft] hav+  
torn =cibly out ( ! he>t & palpitat+    
entrails ( ,p]sia1 :atev] trophies t    
idolatr\s empire _h =m]ly wre/$ f       
h]self4 ,^! 7 n ! acts ( an effem9ate   
k+dom4 ,9 ! language ( ,wordswor? we may
 say--     ',all p[] 0 giv'n h] 9 !     
dreadful trance2   ,infidel k+s %e )]'d 

l a flame4'   ,inde$1 no image t we     
rememb] c d ju/ice to ! fir/ ( ^! acts1 
except t ,spani% leg5d ( ! ,cid1 :i*    
assures u t1 long aft] ! dea? ( ! mighty
 cavali]1 :5 ! *ildr5 ( ^? ,moors :o _h 
fl$ f 8 face :il/ liv+1 7 insult+ !     
m>ble /atue above 8 grave1 sudd5ly !    
/atue rais$ its "r arm1 /ret*$ out its  
m>ble lance1 & drift$ ! hea!n dogs l    
sn[4 ,! m]e sanctity ( ! ,*ri/ian       
*ampion's sepul*re 0 its own protection2
 & s we mu/ suppose1 t1 :5 ! ,p]sian    
ho/s came by surprise ^u                
,con/ant9ople--h] natural protector be+ 
abs5t by ?ree mon?s' m>*--simply ! gold5
 /atues ( ! mighty ,caes>s1 half ris+ on
 _! ?rones1 mu/ h caus$ t sudd5 panic   
:i* dissipat$ ! dang]4 ,h>dly fifty ye>s
 lat]1 ,mr4 ,f9lay well kn[s t          
,con/ant9ople aga9 /ood an assault--n f 
a ,p]sian h\rrah1 or tempe/u\s surprise1
 b f a va/ exp$ition1 armam5ts by l& &  
sea1 fitt$ out elaborately 9 ! e>ly     
noontide ( ,mahometan vigor--& t        
assault1 also1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! caliph & 

! cresc5t1 0 glori\sly discomfit$4 ,n[  
if1 9 ! mom5t ( triumph1 "s voice 9 !   
innum]able cr[d _h cri$ out1 ',h[ long  
%all ?is great ,*ri/ian breakwat]1 aga9/
 :i* are %att]$ into surge & foam all ! 
m\nta9\s bill[s ( idolators &           
misbeliev]s1 /& up on behalf ( infant   
,*ri/5dom8' & if f ! cl\ds "s trumpet ( 
prophecy _h repli$1 ',ev5 yet = eight   
hundr$ ye>s6' c\ld any man h p]suad$    
himself t su* a =tress aga9/ su*        
antogoni/s--su* a monum5t aga9/ a       
mill5nium ( fury--0 to be class$ among/ 
! weak ?+s ( ?is e>?8 ,?is ori5tal      
,rome1 x is true1 equally ) ,p]sia1 0   
liable to sudd5 inroads & incursions4 ,b
 ! diff]5ce 0 ?is--,p]sia 0 /rongly     
protect$ 9 all ages by ! wild]ness on h]
 ma9 we/]n fronti]2 if ?is 7 pass$1 & a 
h&-to-h& conflict succe$$1 :]e light    
cavalry or fugitive ar*]s c\ld be (     
little value1 ! ess5tial weakness ( !   
,p]sian empire !n betray$ itself4 ,h]   
sov]eign 0 assass9at$1 & peace 0 obta9$ 
f ! condesc5sion ( ! invad]4 ,b !       

enemies ( ,con/ant9ople1 ,go?s1 ,av>s1  
,bulg>ians1 or ev5 ,p]sians1 7 /rong    
only by _! weakness4 ,be+ contemptible1 
!y 7 neglect$2 be+ *as$1 !y made no /&2 
& ?us only !y escap$4 ,!y ent]$ l ?ieves
 by means ( d>kness1 & escap$ l %eep by 
means ( disp]sion4 ,b1 if caught1 !y 7  
annihilat$4 ,no2 we resume our !sis2 we 
close ?is head by reit]at+ our          
correction ( hi/ory2 we re-affirm our   
position--t 9 ,ea/]n ,rome lay !        
salvation ( ,we/]n & ,c5tral ,europe2 9 
,con/ant9ople & ! ,propontis lay ! s9e  
qua non condition ( any future          
,*ri/5dom4 ,emp]or & p mu/ h done _!    
duty2 ! result1 ! va/ ext5t ( g5]ations 
surm\nt$1 furni% ! triumphant argum5t4  
,f9ally1 inde$1 !y fell1 k+ & p1 %eph]d 
& flock2 b by t "t _! mission 0         
fulfill$4 ,& d\btless1 z ! noble        
,palaeologus lay on heaps ( c>nage1 ) 8 
noble p1 z life 0 ebb+ away1 a voice f  
heav5 s\nd$ 9 8 e>s ! great words ( !   
,hebrew prophet1 ',behold6 ,,y\r ,,"w   
,,is ,,done2 y\r w>f>e is accompli%$4'  

,,iii4 ,su*1 !n1 be+ ! unm]it$          
disp>agem5t ( ! ,byzant9e gov]nm5t1 & s 
great ! +ratitude ( lat] ,*ri/5dom to t 
%elt]+ p[] "u :i* !mselves enjoy$ !     
leisure ( a ?\s& ye>s = knitt+ & exp&+  
into /rong nations2 on ! o!r h&1 :at is 
to be ?\ght ( ! ,s>ac5 revolutioni/s8   
,ev]y:]e x has pass$ = a lawful         
po/ulate1 t ! ,s>ac5 conque/s prevail$1 
half by ! feebl5ess ( ! ,roman gov]nm5t 
at ,con/ant9ople1 & half by !           
pret]natural en]gy infus$ into ! ,arabs 
by _! false prophet & legislator4 ,9    
ei!r ( its faces1 ?is !ory is falsifi$  
by a /eady review ( facts4 ,) reg>d to !
 ,s>ac5s1 ,mr4 ,f9lay ?9ks z we d1 &    
argues t !y prevail$ ?r\gh ! local1 or  
sometimes ! casual1 weakness ( _!       
imm$iate enemies1 & r>ely ?r\gh any     
/r5g? ( _! own4 ,we mu/ rememb] "o fatal
 weakness ( ! ,imp]ial adm9i/ration 9 ^?
 days1 n due to m5 or to pr9ciples1 b   
entirely to nature & ! sl[ gr[? (       
sci5tific improvem5ts--viz43 !          
difficulties ( locomotion4 ,z respect$  

,syria1 ,egypt1 ,cyr5aica1 & s on to !  
mo/ we/]n prov9ces ( ,africa1 ! ,s>ac5s 
_h advantages = mov+ rapidly :i* !      
,caes> _h n4 ,b is n a wat] movem5t     
spe$i] ?an a l& movem5t1 :i* = an army  
nev] has mu* exce$$ f\rte5 miles a-day8 
,c]ta9ly x is2 b 9 ?is case !re 7 two   
desp]ate defects 9 ! imp]ial control ov]
 t wat] s]vice4 ,to use a fleet1 y mu/ h
 a fleet2 b _! :ole naval int]e/ _h be5 
/>v$ by ! intol]able co/s ( ! ,p]sian   
w>4 ,imm5se _h be5 ! exp5ses (          
,h]aclius1 & annually decay+ _h be5 8   
,asiatic rev5ues4 ,secondly1 ! orig9al  
position ( ! ,arabs _h be5 bett] ?an t (
 ! emp]or1 9 e /age ( ! w>f>e :i* s     
sudd5ly arose4 ,9 ,arabia !y /ood ne>e/ 
to ,syria1 9 ,syria ne>e/ to ,egypt1 9  
,egypt ne>e/ to ,cyr5aica4 ,:at reason  
_h !re be5 = expect+ a m>tial legislator
 at t mom5t 9 ,arabia1 :o %\ld fuse &   
/]nly comb9e h] di/ract$ tribes8 ,:at   
blame1 !re=e1 to ,h]aclius1 t ,syria--! 
fir/ object ( assault1 be+ also by mu* !
 weake/ "p ( ! empire1 & imm$iately aft]

 ! close ( a desolat+ w>--%\ld 9 f\r    
campaigns be f\nd indef5sible8  ,we mu/ 
rememb] ! unexampl$ abruptness ( !      
,arabian revolution4 ,! ye> sixte5      
hundr$ & tw5ty-two1 by its v "n (       
,hegira1 does n record a triumph b a    
humiliation4 ,9 t ye>1 !re=e1 & at ! v  
mom5t :5 ,h]aclius 0 ent]+ ^u 8 long    
,p]sian /ruggle1 ,mahomet 0 yet         
pro/rate1 & 8 de/9y 0 d\btful4  ,elev5  
ye>s aft]1 viz4 9 six hundr$ &          
?irty-?ree1 ! prophet 0 dead & gone2 b 8
 fir/ successor 0 already 9 ,syria z a  
conqu]or4 ,su* _h be5 ! velocity (      
ev5ts4 ,! ,p]sian w> _h !n be5 f9i%$ by 
?ree ye>s1 b ! exhau/ion ( ! empire _h  
p]haps1 at t mom5t1 rea*$ its maximum4  
,we are satisfi$1 t t5 ye>s' repose f   
?is extreme /ate ( collapse w\ld h %[n u
 ano!r result4 ,ev5 z x 01 & caught at  
?is enorm\s disadvantage1 ,h]aclius     
taught ! robb]s to tremble1 & w\ld h    
ext]m9at$ !m1 if n baffl$ by two        
irrem$iable calamities1 nei!r ( !m due  
to any act or neglect ( 8 own4 ,! fir/  

lay 9 ! treason ( 8 lieut5ants4 ,!      
gov]nors ( ,damascus1 ( ,aleppo1 (      
,emesa1 ( ,bo/ra1 ( ,k9nisr91 all prov$ 
traitors4 ,! root ( ?is evil lay1       
probably1 9 ! disord]s foll[+ ! ,p]sian 
invasion1 :i* _h made x ! p]il\s int]e/ 
( ! emp]or to appo9t great (fic]s f     
among/ ^? :o _h a local influ5ce4 ,su*  
p]sons x might h be5 ru9\s too sudd5ly  
to set aside1 z1 9 ! ev5t1 x prov$ ru9\s
 to employ !m4 ,a dilemma ( ?is k9d1    
(f]+ b a *oice ( evils1 belong$ to !    
nature ( any ,p]sian w>2 & t p>ticul> w>
 0 bequea!d to ,h]aclius by ! managem5t 
( 8 pr$ecesors4 ,b ! second calamity 0  
ev5 m fatal2 x lay 9 ! composition ( !  
,syrian population1 & its orig9al want (
 vital cohesion4 ,= no purpose c\ld ?is 
population be unit$3 !y =m$ a rope ( s&4
 ,!re 0 ! di/raction ( religion         
7,jacobites1 ,ne/orians1 c472 !re 0 !   
di/raction ( races--slaves & ma/]s1     
conqu]$ & conqu]ors1 mod]n intrud]s     
mix$1 b n bl5d$ )1 aborig9al m\nta9e]s4 
,prop]ty became ! "o pr9ciple ( *oice   

betwe5 ! two gov]nm5ts4 ,:]e 0          
protection to be _h = t8  ,b>b>\s z 7 ! 
,arabs1 !y saw _! pres5t advantage4 ,(t5
 x w\ld happ5 f ! position ( ! armies1 t
 !y c\ld1 :il/ ! emp]or c\ld n1 gu>antee
 ! in/ant security ( l& or ( p]sonal    
treasures2 ! ,arabs c\ld also promise1  
sometimes1 a total immunity f taxes1 v  
(t5 a dim9i%$ scale ( taxation1 always a
 remission ( arre>s2 none ( :i* dem&s   
c\ld be li/5$ to by ! emp]or1 p>tly on  
acc\nt ( ! public necessities1 p>tly f  
jeal\sy ( e/abli%+ op]ative prec$5ts4   
,= religion1 aga91 protection 0 m easily
 obta9$ 9 t day f ! ,arab1 :o made w> on
 ,*ri/ianity1 ?an f ! ,byzant9e emp]or1 
:o 0 its *ampion4 ,:at 7 ! diff]5t sects
 & subdivisions ( ,*ri/ianity to !      
b>b>ian8 ,monophysite1 ,mono!lite1      
,euty*ian1 or ,jacobite1 all 7 to him z 
! s*ola/ic disputes ( noble &           
intellectual ,europe to ! camps (       
gypsies4 ,! ,arab felt himself to be !  
depository ( "o sublime tru?1 ! unity ( 
,god4 ,8 mission1 !re=e1 0 pr9cipally   

aga9/ idolat]s4 ,yet ev5 to !m 8 policy 
0 to sell tol]ation = tribute4 ,cle>ly1 
z ,mr4 ,f9lay h9ts1 ?is 0 m]ely a       
provisional mod]ation1 meant to be laid 
aside :5 suffici5t p[] 0 obta9$2 & x 0  
laid aside1 9 aft] ages1 by _m a wret* l
 ,timor or ,nadir ,%ah4 ,religion1      
!re=e1 & prop]ty once secur$1 :at m _h !
 ,syrians to seek8  ,& if to ^!         
advantages = ! ,s>ac5s we add ! fact1 t 
a consid]able ,arab population 0 disp]s$
 ?r\gh ,syria1 :o became s _m emiss>ies1
 spies1 & decoys = _! c\ntrym51 x does  
great honor to ! emp]or1 t ?r\gh s _m   
campaigns he %\ld at all h ma9ta9$ 8    
gr\nd1 :i* at la/ he resign$ only "u !  
despond5cy caus$ by almo/ univ]sal      
trea*]y4  ,! ,s>ac5s1 !re=e1 _h no great
 m]it ev5 9 _! e>lie/ exploits2 & !     
impetus ( _! movem5t =w>ds1 t pr9ciple (
 proselytism :i* c>ri$ !m s /rongly     
'ahead' ?r\gh a few g5]ations1 0 v soon 
br\ght to a /op4 ,mr4 ,f9lay1 9 our m9d1
 does "r to class ^! b>b>ians z         
'socially & politically little bett] ?an

 ! ,go?ic1 ,hunni%1 & ,av> mon>*ies4'   
,b1 on consid]ation1 ! ,go?ic mon>*y    
embosom$ ! g]ms ( a noble civilization2 
:]eas ! ,s>ac5s h nev] propagat$ great  
pr9ciples ( any k9d1 nor atta9$ ev5 a   
mom5t>y gr&eur 9 _! in/itutions1 except 
:]e coalesc+ ) a high] or m anci5t      
civilization4  ,meantime1 asc5d+ f !    
e>lie/ ,mahometans to _! prophet1 :at   
are we to ?9k ( him8 ,0 ,mahomet a great
 man8 ,we ?9k n4 ,! case 0 ?us3 !       
,arabian tribes _h long /ood ready1 l   
dogs held 9 a lea%1 = a />t aft] di/ant 
game4 ,x 0 n ,mahomet :o gave !m t      
impulse4  ,b next1 :at 0 x t _h h9d]$ ! 
,arab tribes f obey+ ! impulse8 ,simply 
?is1 t !y 7 always 9 feud ) ea* o!r2 s t
 _! exp$itions1 beg9n+ 94 h>mony1 7 sure
 to break up 9 ang] on ! road4 ,:at !y  
ne$$ 01 "s "o gr& compress+ & unify+    
pr9ciple1 su* z ! ,roman f\nd 9 !       
de/9ies ( 8 city4  ,true2 b ?is1 y say1 
!y f\nd 9 ! sublime pr9ciple t ,god 0   
"o1 & _h appo9t$ !m to be ! sc\rges (   
all :o d5i$ x4 ,_! mission 0 to cleanse 

! e>? f ,poly!ism2 &1 z ambassadors f   
,god1 to tell ! nations--',ye %all h no 
o!r ,gods b me4' ,t 0 gr&2 & t surely !y
 _h f ,mahomet8 ,p]haps s2 b :]e did he 
get x8 ,he /ole x f ! ,jewi%            
,scriptures1 & f ! ,scriptures no less  
?an f ! traditions ( ! ,*ri/ians4       
,assur$ly1 !n1 ! fir/ project+ impetus 0
 n impress$ ^u ,islamism by ,mahomet4   
,?is lay 9 a reveal$ tru?2 & by ,mahomet
 x 0 furtively translat$ to 8 own use f 
^? oracles :i* held x 9 keep+4 ,b       
possibly1 if n ! pr9ciple ( motion1 yet 
at lea/ ! /eady cons]vation ( ?is motion
 0 secur$ to ,islamism by ,mahomet4     
,grant+ 7y w say7 t ! laun* ( ?is       
religion might be due to an ali5        
inspiration1 yet /ill ! /eady movem5t   
onw>ds ( ?is religion ?r\gh "s c5turies1
 might be due exclusively to ! code (   
laws bequea!d by ,mahomet 9 ! ,koran4 ,&
 ?is has be5 ! op9ion ( _m ,european    
s*ol>s4 ,!y fancy t ,mahomet1 h[ev]     
worldly & s5sual z ! f\nd] ( a pret5d$  
revelation1 0 wise 9 ! wisdom ( ?is _w2 

& t1 if ridicul\s z a prophet1 he 0     
wor?y ( v5]ation z a /atesman4 ,he      
legislat$ well & presci5tly1 !y imag9e1 
= ! int]e/s ( a remote po/]ity4 ,n[1 ^u 
t "q let u he> ,mr4 ,f9lay4 ,he1 :5     
comm5t+ ^u ! /eady resi/ance (f]$ to !  
,s>ac5s by ! ,african ,*ri/ians ( !     
sev5? & eigh? c5turies--a resi/ance :i* 
t]m9at$ disa/r\sly = bo? sides--! poor  
,*ri/ians be+ ext]m9at$1 & ! ,moslem    
invad]s be+ robb$ ( an indig5\s work+   
population1 naturally inquires :at x 0 t
 l$ to s tragical a result4 ,! ,*ri/ian 
natives ( ^! prov9ces 71 9 a political  
condition1 little favorable to bellig]5t
 ef=ts2 & !re _c be mu* d\bt1 t1 ) any  
wisdom or any =be>ance on ! "p ( !      
intrud]s1 bo? p>ties might soon h settl$
 d[n into a pacific compromise ( _!     
feuds4 ,in/ead ( ?is1 ! cimet] 0 invok$ 
& wor%ipp$ z ! sole possible arbitrator2
 & truce !re 0 none until ! sil5ce (    
desolation brood$ ov] ^? once f]tile    
fields4 ,h[ savage 0 ! fanaticism1 & h[ 
bl9d ! worldly wisdom1 :i* c\ld h       

co-op]at$ to su* a result6 ,! cause mu/ 
h la9 9 ! unaccommodat+ nature ( !      
,mahometan in/itutions1 9 ! bigotry ( ! 
,mahometan lead]s1 & 9 ! defect (       
expansive views on ! "p ( _! legislator4
 ,he _h n provid$ ev5 = o!r elimates ?an
 t ( 8 own swelt]+ /y 9 ! ,h$jas1 or =  
mann]s m poli%$1 or = in/itutions m     
philosophic1 ?an ^? ( 8 own sunbak$     
,i%maelites4 ',! con/ruction ( !        
political gov]nm5t ( ! ,s>ac5           
empire'--says ,mr4 ,f9lay 7p4           
#dfb-c7--'0 imp]fect1 & %[s t ,mahomet  
_h nei!r contemplat$ ext5sive =eign     
conque/s1 nor devot$ ! en]gies ( 8      
p[]ful m9d to ! consid]ation ( !        
que/ions ( adm9i/ration :i* w\ld arise  
out ( ! difficult task ( rul+ a num]\s &
 weal?y population1 possess$ ( prop]ty1 
b depriv$ ( equal rights4' ,he !n %[s h[
 ! :ole p[] ( ! /ate settl$ into ! h&s (
 a *ief prie/--sy/ematically            
irresponsible4  ,:51 !re=e1 t mom5t>y   
/ate ( responsibility _h pass$ away1 :i*
 0 creat$ 7l ! /ate ( m>tial law7 'by   

national feel+s1 milit>y companion%ip1 &
 exalt$ en?usiasm1' ! adm9i/ration ( !  
caliphs became 'f> m oppressive ?an t ( 
! ,roman empire4' ,x is 9 fact an insult
 to ! maje/ic ,romans1 if we %\ld place 
!m s]i\sly 9 ! balance ) savages l !    
,s>ac5s4 ,! ,romans 7 ess5tially !      
lead]s ( civilization1 accord+ to !     
possibilities !n exi/+2 = _! e>lie/     
usages & social =ms involv$ a high      
civilization1 :il/ promis+ a high]3     
:]eas all ,moslem nations h describ$ a  
petty ar* ( national civility--soon     
rea*+ its apex1 & rapidly b>b>iz+       
backw>ds4 ,?is fatal gravitation t[>ds  
decay & decomposition 9 ,mahometan      
in/itutions1 :i*1 at ?is day1 exhibits  
to ! gaze ( mank9d "o uni=m spectacle ( 
,mahometan ru9s1 all ! great ,moslem    
nations be+ already 9 a ,/rulbrug /ate1 
& held erect only by ! colossal support 
( ,*ri/ian p[]s1 c\ld n1 z a rev]sion>y 
evil1 h be5 heal$ by ! ,arabian prophet4
 ,8 own religi\s pr9ciples w\ld h       
prev5t$ t1 = !y (f] a p]man5t b\nty on  

s5suality2 s t e man :o s]ves a         
,mahometan /ate fai?fully & brilliantly 
at tw5ty-five1 is incapacitat$ at       
?irty-five = any fur!r s]vice1 by ! v   
nature ( ! rew>ds :i* he receives f !   
/ate4 ,)9 a v few ye>s1 e public s]vant 
is usually emasculat$ by t unlimit$     
voluptu\sness :i* equally ! ,moslem     
pr9ces & ! common ,prophet ( all        
,moslems c\nt5ance z ! prop] object (   
human pursuit4  ,"h is ! mortal ulc] (  
,islamism1 :i* c nev] cleanse itself f  
dea? & ! odor ( dea?4 ,a political ulc] 
w\ld or might h f\nd re/oration =       
itself2 b ?is ulc] is high] & deep]3--x 
lies 9 ! religion1 :i* is incapable (   
re=m3 x is an ulc] rea*+ z high z !     
p>adise :i* ,islamism promises1 & deep z
 ! hell :i* x creates4 ,we repeat1 t    
,mahomet c\ld n effectually h neutraliz$
 a poison :i* he himself _h introduc$   
into ! circulation & life-blood ( 8     
,moslem economy4 ,! false prophet 0 =c$ 
to reap z he _h s[n4 ,b an evil :i* is  
c]ta91 may be ret>d$2 & ravages :i* t5d 

f9ally to confusion1 may be limit$ = _m 
g5]ations4 ,n[1 9 ! case ( ! ,african   
prov9cials :i* we h notic$1 we see an   
orig9al incapacity ( ,islamism1 ev5 9   
its palmy condition1 = amalgamat+ ) any 
sup]ior culture4 ,& ! specific action ( 
,mahometan ism 9 ! ,african case1 z     
contra/$ ) ! ,roman economy :i* x       
supplant$1 is ?us exhibit$ by ,mr4      
,f9lay 9 a mo/ in/ructive passage1 :]e e
 negation on ! ,mahometan side is made  
to sugge/ ! c\nt]vail+ usage positively 
on ! side ( ! ,romans4  ,o *ildr5 (     
,romulus6 h[ noble d y appe> :5 ?us     
fi]cely contra/$ ) ! wild bo>s :o       
desolat$ y\r v9ey>ds6 ',no local        
magi/rates elect$ by ! p1 & no p>i%     
prie/s connect$ by _! feel+s & int]e/s  
bo? ) _! sup]iors & inf]iors1 b\nd      
society toge!r by common ties2 & no     
sy/em ( legal adm9i/ration1 indep5d5t ( 
! milit>y & f9ancial au?orities1 pres]v$
 ! prop]ty ( ! p f ! rapacity ( !       
gov]nm5t4'  ,su*1 we are to und]/&1 0 n 
! ,mahometan sy/em2 su* _h be5 ! sy/em (

 ,rome4 ',socially & politically1'      
proce$s ! passage1 '! ,s>ac5 empire 0   
little bett] ?an ! ,go?ic1 ,hunni%1 &   
,av> mon>*ies2 & t x prov$ m durable1 ) 
almo/ equal oppression1 is to be        
attribut$ to ! p[]ful en?usiasm (       
,mahomet's religion1 :i* temp]$ = "s "t 
its av>ice & tyranny4' ,! same s5tim5t  
is repeat$ /ill m emphatically at p4    
#dfh--' ,! political policy ( ! ,s>ac5s 
0 ( itself utt]ly b>b>\s2 & x only      
caught a pass+ gleam ( ju/ice f !       
religi\s feel+ ( _! prophet's doctr9es4'
  ,?us f>1 !re=e1 x appe>s t            
,mahometanism is n mu* indebt$ to its   
too fam\s f\nd]2 x owes to him a        
pr9ciple1 viz4 ! unity ( ,god1 :i*1     
m]ely ?r\gh a capital blund]1 x fancies 
peculi> to itself4 ,no?+ b ! grosse/    
ignorance 9 ,mahomet1 no?+ b ! grosse/  
non-acqua9tance ) ,greek au?ors on ! "p 
( ! ,arabs1 c\ld h creat$ or su/a9$ !   
delusion curr5t among/ t illit]ate p--t 
x 0 !mselves only :o reject$ ,poly!ism4 
,_h b "o among/ ! p]sonal enemies (     

,mahomet be5 acqua9t$ ) ,greek1 !re 0 an
 end ( ! new religion 9 ! fir/ moon (   
its exi/5ce4 ,once op5 ! eyes ( ! ,arabs
 to ! fact1 t ,*ri/ians _h anticipat$ !m
 9 ?is great tru? ( ! div9e unity1 &    
,mahometanism c\ld only h rank$ z a     
subdivision ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,mahomet w\ld
 h rank$ only z a ,*ri/ian h]esi>* or   
s*ismatic2 su* z ,ne/orius or ,m>cian at
 "o "t1 su* z ,arius or ,pelagius at    
ano!r4 ,9 8 "* ( !ologian1 !re=e1       
,mahomet 0 simply ! mo/ memorable (     
blund]]s1 support$ 9 8 blund]s by ! mo/ 
unlett]$ ( nations4 ,9 8 o!r "* (       
legislator1 we h se5 t already ! e>lie/ 
/ages ( ,mahometan exp]i5ce expos$      
decisively 8 ru9\s imbecility4  ,:]e a  
rude tribe (f]$ no resi/ance to 8 sy/em1
 = ! simple reason t _! b>b>ism sugge/$ 
no motive = resi/ance1 x c\ld be no     
honor to prevail4  ,& :]e1 on ! o!r h&1 
a high] civilization _h furni%$ /rong   
po9ts ( repulsion to 8 sy/em1 x appe>s  
pla9ly t ?is pret5d$ apo/le ( social    
improvem5ts _h devis$ or h9t$ no readi] 

mode ( conciliation ?an by putt+ to !   
sword all diss5ti5ts4  ,he />ts z a     
!ological re=m]1 ) a fanci$ defiance to 
! _w :i* 0 no defiance at all1 be+      
exactly :at ,*ri/ians _h believ$ = six  
c5turies1 & ,jews = six-&-tw5ty4 ,he    
/>ts z a political re=m]1 ) a fanci$    
conciliation to ! _w1 :i* 0 no          
conciliation at all1 b 0 sure to provoke
 imp]i%able ho/ility :]esoev] x _h any  
effect at all4  ,we h ?us review$ "s ( !
 m spl5did aspects connect$ ) ,mr4      
,f9lay's !me2 b t !me1 9 its entire     
compass1 is wor?y ( a f> m ext5d$       
inve/igation ?an our own limits w all[1 
or ?an ! hi/orical curiosity ( ! _w     
7misdirect$ "h z 9 s _m o!r cases7 has  
hi!rto dem&$4 ,! ,greek race1 suff]+ a  
long occultation "u ! blaze ( ! ,roman  
empire1 into :i* = a "t x _h be5        
absorb$1 b aga9 em]g+ f ?is blaze1 &    
reassum+ a di/9ct ,greek ag5cy &        
influ5ce1 (f]s a subject great by its   
own inh]5t attractions1 & sep>ately     
int]e/+ by ! unacc\ntable neglect :i* x 

has suff]$4 ,to h ov]look$ ?is subject1 
is "o among/ ! capital ov]sights (      
,gibbon4 ,to h rescu$ x f utt] oblivion1
 & to h trac$ an outl9e = its bett]     
illum9ation1 is ! peculi> m]it ( ,mr4   
,f9lay4 ,8 greate/ fault is--to h be5   
c>eless or slov5ly 9 ! niceties (       
classical & philological precision4 ,8  
greate/ praise1 & a v great "o inde$1   
is--to h ?r[n ! light ( an orig9al      
philosophic sagacity ^u a neglect$      
prov9ce ( hi/ory1 indisp5sable to !     
arrondissem5t ( ,pagan ar*aeology4