,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,und]scores 80 be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate italics 9 ! orig9al text4 ,equal signs 80 be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate bold 9 ! orig9al text4 ,small capitals h be5 conv]t$ to ,,solid capitals4 ,illu/rations h be5 mov$ s !y d n break up p>agraphs4 ,typographical errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,! ?ree adv]tisem5ts at ! beg9n+ ( ! book h be5 mov$ 9 front ( ! ?irte5 adv]tisem5ts at ! back ( ! book4 ,,c5tral-,,/ation ,,electric ,,light+ ,,) ,,notes ,,on ,,! ,,me?ods ,,us$ ,,= ,,! ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,electricity4 ,,by ,,kill+wor? ,,h$ges1 ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,in/itution ,,( ,,civil ,,eng9e]s1 ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,society ,,( ,,telegraph ,,eng9e]s ,,& ,,electricians4 ,illu/ration ,,london3 ,e4 ,f4 ,n4 ,,spon1 #abe1 ,,/r&4 ,,new ,,york3 #ab1 ,,cortl&t ,,/reet4 ,all rights res]v$4 ,,preface4 ,! art ( light+ by ,electricity practically dates f t5 ye>s ago1 & x has dur+ t p]iod receiv$ ! con/ant att5tion ( bo? ,electrical ,eng9e]s & o!rs1 :o h appli$ ! greate/ sci5tific k4 ,! result ( all ?is en]gy appe>s to be disc\rag+4 ,five hundr$ ?\s& p\nds h be5 subscrib$ to c>ry on ! bus9ess1 & x is d\btful :e!r ! companies :i* survive h a m>ket value ( "o-t5? ( t sum4 ,! exp]i5ce may h be5 b\ght too de>ly1 b ! era ( ,c5tral-,/ation ,electric ,light+1 :i* has n[ comm5c$1 ought to re-e/abli% ! position ( ,electricity 9 f9ancial circles1 & af=d a safe & pr(itable outlet = ! surplus capital ( ! inve/or :o buys gas & wat] %>es to pay f\r p] c5t4 ,! di/ribution ( electricity f a c5tral-/ation1 :i* 0 ! subject ( ,sir ,william ,siem5's ,presid5tial ,address at ! ,society ( ,arts 9 #ahhb1 is n only accompli%$ f ! sci5tific po9t ( view1 b is also a comm]cial success3 ! p[] ( fl[+ wat]1 or ! pot5tial en]gy /or$ up 9 coal1 wood1 or o!r fuel1 c be utilis$ = light+ our /reets & h\ses at night1 & dur+ ! day may be transmitt$ by means ( electricity 9 ! easie/ possible way1 & supplant ! gas-eng9e = driv+ small ma*9]y4 ,a pap] entitl$ 8,c5tral-,/ation ,electric ,light+0 0 contribut$ by ! ,au?or to ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 & 0 publi%$ 9 ,"p ,,ii4 ( ! ,m9utes1 #ahhf-hg2 ! subject-matt] has be5 ext5d$ & br\ght up to date1 ) ! object ( giv+ a description ( ! sy/ems :i* are practically employ$ 9 ,c5tral-,/ation ,light+ at home & on ! ,cont95t4 ,details respect+ ! g5]at+ plant at ^! /ations are omitt$ on purpose2 te*nical t]ms w\ld also be avoid$ if possible2 fail+ ?is1 x is hop$ t ! accompany+ ,gloss>y w expla9 :at is unfamili>4 ,! am5dm5t ( ! ,electric ,light+ ,act ( #ahhb has giv5 a fre% /imulus to ! indu/ry1 & _m new ent]prises = di/ribut+ electricity f ,c5tral-,/ations are be+ prep>$1 & x is to be hop$ t ! public w pr(it by =m] exp]i5ce1 & w discrim9ate betwe5 ! good & ! bad s*emes :i* w be (f]$ to !m4 ,! organiz+ facilities possess$ by ,gas ,companies make x desirable t !y %\ld foll[ ! example ( ! ,am]ican ,companies1 & take up ! bus9ess ( supply+ electricity4 ,! exi/+ p[]s ( private companies might h to be alt]$1 b ^? municipal au?orities :o own ! gasworks c\ld c]ta9ly di/ribute electricity f a c5tral-/ation1 :i* might be in/all$ at ! pres5t works4 ,local au?orities h c]ta9 advantages ov] private companies ow+ to ! pur*as+ clause ( ! ,electric ,light+ ,act1 also ! p[] to borr[ money "u ?is & ! ,local ,loans ,act ( #ahge2 %\ld !re be no dep>tm5t to c>ry out ! bus9ess ( supply+ electricity1 ! g5]at+ plant c\ld be ma9ta9$ & work$ by a contractor = a fix$ annual sum4 ,! rem>ks ( ,"l ,h]s*ell t ! 8electric light is m us$ 9 ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s ?an 9 ?is c\ntry0 ought to be tak5 z n s mu* ref]r+ to want ( ent]prise on ! "p ( capitali/s & eng9e]s1 b to ! ,electrical ,facilities ,act ( #ahhb1 :i* has be5 appropriately t]m$ a v 8boa-con/rictor40 ,,kill+wor? ,,h$ges4 #be1 ,,que5 ,,anne',s ,,gate1 ,,we/m9/]1 ,s4,w4 ,septemb]1 #ahhh4 ,,index ,,( ,,t]ms4 ,,amp,,re-,,h\r4--,a curr5t ( "o ampre /r5g? = "o h\r4 ,,curr5t1 ,,cont9u\s4--,! fl[ ( electricity 9 "o direction4 ,,curr5t1 ,,alt]nat+4--,! int]mitt5t fl[ 9 two directions4 ,,conductor4--,! wire ?r\gh :i* ! curr5t passes4 ,,circuit1 ,,prim>y4--,) trans=m]s1 ! conductor or leads atta*$ to ! dynamo4 ,,circuit1 ,,second>y4--,) trans=m]s1 ! conductor f ! trans=m] to ! lamps4 ,c4 ,p4--,abbreviation ( ,c&le-p[]4 ,e4 ,m4 ,f4--,abbreviation ( ,electro-motive =ce4 ,,life ,,( ,,inc&esc5t ,,lamps4--,! duration ( ! filam5t :i* produces ! light4 ,,pot5tial4--,diff]5ce ( ,e4 ,m4 ,f41 or ,high & ,l[-,t5sion4 ,see also ,gloss>y1 or ,explanation ( ,t]ms1 page #ajg4 ,,an ,,electrical ,,c5tral-,,/ation4 ,z ! t]m 8c5tral-/ation0 associates itself ) "s pret5ti\s build+1 su* z a railway t]m9us1 x may be advisable to rem>k t ! simil>ity is only 9 ! words1 & t c5tral-/ation is an abbreviation ( c5tral g5]at+ /ation1 or build+ design$ to conta9 ! plant = ! public supply ( electricity4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( electric light+ ! transmission ( electricity to a di/ance 0 consid]$ an impossibility2 we f9d ! late ,sir ,william ,siem5s1 9 8 ,presid5tial ,address at ! ,society ( ,arts on ! occasion ( ! op5+ ( ! session 9 #ahhb1 /at+ 8t a qu>t] ( a mile 9 e direction f ! light+ /ation 0 ! area :i* w\ld be z mu* z c\ld be economically work$20 &1 9 ord] to tap ! mo/ pay+ di/rict1 x 0 propos$ to e/abli% a /ation 9 ! mo/ c5tral spot4 ,sir ,william ,siem5s sugge/$ ! utilisation ( ! public squ>es1 :i* c\ld be excavat$ to a dep? ( tw5ty-five feet1 & !n ar*$ ov] to ! exi/+ gr\nd level1 & 9 ?is cov]$ space ! eng9es1 boil]s1 & dynamos 7 to be fix$2 ! only erection above ! surface 0 ! *imney1 :i* 0 to be ( ornam5tal design & comb9$ ) ! v5tilat+ arrangem5ts ( ! subt]ranean *amb]4 ,! great inv5tor1 :o s ably fill$ ! presid5tial *air at ! meet+ :]e ^! words 7 spok51 w\ld be a/oni%$ to f9d t 9 ,london "o electric light+ company has already erect$ sev5ty miles ( ov]head wire1 & t cu/om]s are suppli$ miles away f ! s-call$ c5tral-/ation4 ,! *ang$ position ( electricity is due to ! introduction ( ! trans=m] by ,g\l>d1 :o %[$1 at ! ,tur9 ,exhibition ( #ahhd1 t a high-t5sion curr5t c\ld be trans=m$ into a l[-t5sion work+ curr5t ( safe pot5tial1 fifty miles away f ! g5]ator1 9 a successful & economical mann]1 & t ! g5]at+ /ation might1 !re=e1 be locat$ outside ! area to be light$4 ,9 l>ge cities ?is is a great advantage1 ! value ( l& (t5 preclud+ ! erection ( a big /ation 9 ! work+ area2 = ?is reason small /ations are (t5 arrang$ 9 basem5ts1 "u a l>ge build+1 :i* are1 z a rule1 specially design$4 ,?is plan is some:at simil> to t adopt$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e x is n unusual to f9d a successful in/allation 9 a basem5t & sub-basem5t1 ! g5]al arrangem5t be+ ( simil> "* to ! eng9e-room ( a /eam%ip4 ,a /ation is be+ erect$ 9 ,philadelphia on a gr\nd space ( #gb feet #ajj feet1 :i* is to supply #fj1jjj lights2 ! build+ is six-/ori$1 ! dynamos are on ! fir/ floor1 ! boil]s on ?ird1 ! coal /ores on f\r?1 & ! (fices on ! fif?4 ,! t]m 8block /ation0 is also us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & 9 ,g]many1 & is appli$ to an in/allation :i* lights a gr\p ( build+s or block )\t cross+ any /reets1 & consequ5tly )\t hav+ any wayleave or p]mission f local au?orities4 ,,c5tral-,,/ation ,,con/ruction4 ,an ,am]ican electrical eng9e] graphically sums up ?is "q 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--8,!re are two ways ( />t+ a c5tral-/ation = electric light+--! inve/m5t or ! speculative plan1 or ! fair means or ! f\l4 ,! fir/ has its legitimate end1 b ! latt] is ! bord] ruffian or money-or-y\r-life policy1 :i* ent]s a t]ritory already suffici5tly cov]$1 n = fair competition1 b to make money by be+ b\ght out40 ,happily1 "h1 we h at pres5t only to deal ) ! fir/ plan1 & ! "q naturally arises1 8,is electric light+ a pay+ inve/m5t80 ,x c]ta9ly w n be if ! object 9 view is only to compete ) gas 9 a limit$ di/rict :]e p]haps x is be+ sold at #bs4 #f;d4 p] #ajjj feet1 =1 z long z !re is a ready m>ket = ! coke & o!r by-products1 gas w rema9 9 possession ( ! field4 ,! heat f gas1 :i* is f\nd s undesirable by ! weal?i] classes1 is advantage\s to ^? :o p]haps _c af=d a fire2 9 fact1 gas has be5 truly call$ ! 8poor man's fri5d10 &1 until electricity c be suppli$ at a nom9al price1 x w be useless to expect any rev5ue f ! poor] di/ricts ( l>ge cities4 ,q an opposite result may be look$ = :5 ! electric ma9s are laid at ! doors ( ! weal?y h\sehold]1 or ?r\gh ! bus9ess neighb\rhoods4 ,%op-own]s especially are f\nd to imm$iately take up electric light1 f ! fact t no fumes are giv5 (f to de/roy goods or t>ni% silv] or gild+1 & because x c be s easily appli$ 9 a %op w9d[ s z to effici5tly light ! cont5ts )\t produc+ %ad[s4 ,! great object to be aim$ at 9 select+ a di/rict to be s]v$ f a c5tral-/ation is a 8con/ant dem&10 & = ?is reason x is advantage\s to include a bus9ess neighb\rhood ) %ops1 public-h\ses1 & re/aurants1 :i* require ! light = a def9ite p]iod e day1 & probably w ea* take m ?an d\ble ! am\nt ( an ord9>y dwell+-h\se2 9 fa%ionable neighb\rhoods especially1 x is n unusual to f9d a l>ge numb] ( h\ses vacat$ at ! close ( ! season1 ! int]e/ on t portion ( ! electric sy/em :i* is unemploy$ w h to be set aga9/ ! pr(its ( o!r p]iods ( ! ye>4 ,! numb] ( gas lights :i* are actually us$ at "o "t 9 a h\se is f\nd to av]age only two-?irds ( ! total numb] fix$1 & ) electric light ?is numb] is r$uc$ to "o-half2 economy is at once ! rule ) electric light1 p>tly because ( ! novelty ( ! illum9ant1 & also on acc\nt ( ! facility ( light+ & ext+ui%+ by simply turn+ a tap or swit*4 ,! numb] ( h\rs artificial light is want$ 9 a resid5tial di/rict may be tak5 at ab\t #ajjj h\rs p] annum1 t is to say1 ! light is requir$ = ab\t f\r h\rs a day 9 w9t] & two h\rs 9 summ]2 ?is am\nt is v mu* exce$$ 9 clubs1 %ops1 & ev5 9 l>ge h\ses1 b #ajjj h\rs is a safe figure1 &1 if ! supply is tak5 by met]1 an annual paym5t equival5t to #ajjj h\rs' supply %\ld be a fix$ am\nt to be paid =1 :e!r us$ or n4 ,mr4 ,crompton e/imates t a ,london]1 :o is a t5ant or own] ( a h\se hav+ ?ree reception rooms1 t5 b$rooms1 & usual (fices1 sp5ds ab\t #be a ye> = 8 light+1 :i* is made up z foll[s3--gas bill1 #ae2 lamp1 oil1 c&les1 mat*es1 ab\t #aj4 ,!re w\ld be ab\t fifty burn]s fix$2 &1 suppos+ fifty electric lights to be sub/itut$1 he c\ld be suppli$ ) electricity = #be a ye>1 at a fair pr(it to ! supply company if !y *>g$ #h;d4 p] ,bo>d ( ,trade ,unit1 z practice has %[n t ! total numb] ( lamp-h\rs ) fifty electric lamps is n m ?an sixty-two1 s t two ,units1#a or #as4 #d;d4 p] day1 w\ld be suffici5t = ! lights he w\ld require4 #a ,unit2 see page #g4 ,! diagram1 ,fig4 #a1 tak5 f a ,london resid5tial di/rict1 %[s h[ ! numb] ( lamps on at "o "t v>y2 ! di/rict is suppos$ to be wir$ = #aj1jjj lamps1 & ! plant z equal to ! supply ( #fjj kil[atts1 or #fjj1jjj watts2 ! numb] ( lamps is small until ab\t #c o'clock1 :5 x gets dusk on a w9t] aft]noon2 x !n increases /eadily until ab\t #f4cj o'clock1 :5 ! curve goes up ) a ru%2 ab\t ?is "t a great numb] ( p are prep>+ = d9n]1 & probably ! lights are on bo? 9 ! d9+-room & b$rooms4 ,! curve falls1 & at ab\t #h x beg9s to s9k gradually until #aj o'clock2 a great _m p appe> to g to b$ ab\t ?is "t1 b a few sit up to #a o'clock2 until #f ! next morn+ h>dly any supply is tak51 :5 ! s]vants get up & prep>e ! rooms = ! day4 ,! diagram1 ,fig4 #b1 is tak5 f ! ,edison ,company's c5tral-/ation at ,c9c9nati1 & agrees fairly ) ! ,london dem& = light4 ,ano!r int]e/+ fact has be5 asc]ta9$ f ! obs]vations tak5 at ! ,mau] ,/rasse /ation 9 ,b]l91 namely1 t ! output v>ies ) ! temp]ature1 x goes up or d[n ) ! !rmomet]4 ,! reason is easily expla9$2 gas is laid on side by side ) ! inc&esc5t lamps1 & ! burn]s are fir/ light$ :5 x is cold to w>m ! ap>tm5ts2 9 w>m wea!r ! electric light alone is us$4 ,f ^! & o!r diagrams ! v important fact has be5 obta9$1 t ! av]age daily output ( a /ation ?r\gh\t ! ye> is less ?an "o-?ird ( ! total capacity ( ! g5]at+ ma*9]y1 s t1 al?\gh ! /ation f :i* ! diagram 9 ,fig4 #a 0 tak5 c\ld ma9ta9 #aj1jjj #af c&le-p[] lamps simultane\sly alight1 ! av]age daily output ( electricity w\ld only equal #cejj con/antly light$2 &1 z ! fir/ co/ ( ! /ation is dep5d5t on ! size ( ! plant1 ! saleable output is ! important factor :i* gov]ns ! pr(its4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,,*>ges ,,= ,,electricity4 ,! well-kn[n expression 8p] #ajjj ,cubic ,feet0 is n applicable to electric light1 &1 in/ead1 ! ,bo>d ( ,trade ,unit is employ$4 ,by ?is t]m ,unit is meant ! quantity ( en]gy conta9$ 9 a curr5t ( #ajjj ,ampres fl[+ "u an ,electro-motive ,=ce ( ,"o ,volt dur+ ,"o ,h\r4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( electric light+ ! t]m ,volt-ampre 0 us$1 & has = conv5i5ce sake be5 %ort5$ to ,watt2 t is1 ! ,volt or ,unit ( ,electro-motive ,=ce 7or pressure7 is multipli$ by ! ,ampre or ,unit ( curr5t4 ,! ,bo>d ( ,trade ,unit is1 !re=e1 a ,?\s& ,volt-ampres or ,watts p] h\r4 ,= example3 #af c&le-p[] ,swan lamps are assum$ to take #fj ,watts1 :i*1 if ! electrical pressure is #ajj ,volts1 w\ld mean a consumption ( #jf ,ampre2 &1 z an ,electrical ,horse-p[] equals #gdf ,watts1 #abd lamps %\ld !oretically be obta9$ p] ,horse-p[]1 :i* is1 h[ev]1 r$uc$ 9 actual practice to #aj at ! mo/1 (t5 less4 ,! *>ge p] ,unit suppli$ by met] v>ies 9 ,engl& f #as4 to #g;d4 ,price = electric ,equival5t price = gas ( equal light4 light4 s4 d4 s4 d4 #a #j p] ,bo>d #f #aj p] #ajjj cubic feet4 #j #i ( #e #a 0 0 #j #g ,trade #d #b 0 0 #j #f ,unit4 #c #e 0 0 ,comp>ison ( ,co/ ( ,gas & ,electricity4 ,^! prices1 ( c\rse1 include ! manufactur]'s pr(it z well z ! loss 9 transmission ?r\gh ! ma9s & exp5ses ( connect+ up to ! consum]4 ,! actual manufactur+ co/ ( a /ation ma9ta9+ #aj1jjj lights %\ld n be m ?an #c;d4 p] ,unit1 or equival5t to gas at #as4 #h;d4 p] #ajjj cubic feet4#b #b ,see ,table ,,iv41 page #hg4 ,z petroleum lamps are us$ = ! /reet light+ ( _m =eign & colonial t[ns1 ! "q arises1 8,w x pay to sub/itute ! electric light80 ,comp>+ ! light giv5 by a k]os5e or petroleum lamp ) t f ! inc&esc5t electric lamp1 ! co/ is greatly 9 fav\r ( oil2 &1 9 fact1 :]e ! price ( k]os5e is "u #as4 p] gallon1 electricity _c compete if lab\r is *eap4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! trimm+1 light+1 & keep+ 9 ord] ( a numb] ( lamps scatt]$ ov] a l>ge area greatly augm5ts ! work+ co/1 to :i* mu/ be add$ ! breakages ( *imneys1 exp5se ( wicks1 also ! dang] ( fire4 ,x is ! safety ( electricity :i* has caus$ x to supplant oil bo? = public & private light+ 9 ,am]ican cities2 ev5 :]e ! price ( k]os5e is n m ?an #f;d4 p] gallon !re is a dem& = ! electric light1 :i* is by f> ! de>] illum9ant1 aft] mak+ a lib]al all[ance = lab\r 9 clean+1 fill+1 & light+ ! oil lamp1 also = depreciation ( ! burn]s4 ,arc & ,inc&esc5t or ,gl[ ,light+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,electric light+ c be obta9$ by means ( arc or inc&esc5t lamps4 ,! arc light is n[ well und]/ood to be caus$ by ! extremely high temp]ature ( ! end ( "o or bo? ! c>bon electrodes4 ,! voltaic arc1 ,fig4 #c1 is =m$ by ! m9ute p>ticles ( c>bon 9 a high /ate ( combu/ion :i* ! curr5t appe>s to break (f & c>ry f "o electrode to ! o!r1 ! light1 h[ev]1 be+ ma9ly due to ! inc&esc5ce ( ! crat] %[n 9 ,fig4 #c on ! upp] c>bon4 ,9 ! inc&esc5t or gl[ lamp light is produc$ by ! passage ( a curr5t ( electricity ?r\gh a cont9u\s f9e ?read or filam5t ( c>bon :i* becomes :ite-hot1 ! de/ruction ( ! filam5t be+ prev5t$ ?r\gh its enclosure 9 a glass bulb f :i* ! air is exhau/$4 ,figs4 #d & #e4 ,! fir/ me?od is suitable = ! light+ ( /reets :]e a high-class illum9ation is requir$2 also w be want$ = ! ext]nal light+ ( %ops1 public-h\ses1 & places ( amusem5t1 s t arrangem5ts mu/ be made = arc light+4 ,! usual plan is to *>ge at ! same rate p] ,unit by met] z ! inc&esc5t lamps1 b to make an additional *>ge ( #es4 to #gs4 #f;d4 p] lamp p] qu>t] = r5t1 & a fur!r *>ge ( #cs4 p] week = clean+ & trimm+4 ,! pr9cipal types are ! ,edison & ! ,swan1 ,fig4 #d & ,fig4 #e4 ,inc&esc5t lamps c be obta9$ to ord] f #a c&le-p[] upw>ds1 b ! #af c&le-p[] 7nom9al #bj7 or ! #h c&le-p[] 7nom9al #aj7 lamps are almo/ inv>iably employ$4 ,! latt] give ! be/ effect1 & c be work$ to #aj c&le-p[] )\t mu* risk1 !y take ab\t #cj watts z aga9/ #fj watts = ! #af c&les2 & are n uneconomical1 = ne>ly d\ble ! numb] c be work$ ) ! same en]gy4 ,a new type ( gl[ lamp1 call$ ! 8,sunbeam10 has be5 rec5tly introduc$1 :i* conta9s a ?ick filam5t1 & gives a light ( f #bjj to #aejj c&le-p[]1 & c be employ$ in/ead ( an arc lamp ) ! same economy z ! ord9>y #af c&le-p[] type4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,,fig4 #e4 ,life ( ,inc&esc5t ,lamps4 ,9 e/imat+ ! annual co/ ( light+1 ! r5ewals ( lamps mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt2 & al?\gh "s lamps h work$ #cjjj or ev5 #djjj h\rs1 a life ( #ajjj work+ h\rs is ! highe/ av]age x is safe to assume 9 practical "w "u ev5 ! be/ conditions1 t is1 us+ second>y batt]ies & nev] ov] runn+4 ,! av]age life ( #acj lamps on ,h4,m4,s4 troop%ip ,malab> 0 #cgii h\rs ea*1 ! %orte/ life be+ #fch h\rs = #ah y>d-arm lamps ( #cb c&le-p[]4 ,if ! curr5t is all[$ to fluctuate1 ! av]age life w\ld be v mu* less2 x is an unsettl$ "q :e!r long-liv$ lamps are really economical1 by reason ( ! black5+ ( ! globes1 :i* takes place aft] ! lamp has be5 work$ "s "t1 & is probably due to small p>ticles ( c>bon ?r[n (f f ! filam5t be+ deposit$ on ! glass4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t attrition ( ! filam5t is go+ on all ! "t ! lamp is at "w1 & t ! heat$ atoms /rik+ aga9/ ! filam5t may acc\nt = ! black5+1 9 t ! mean free pa? ( ! atoms w\ld be great] 9 a p]fect vacuum ?an 9 ! air1 consequ5tly !y w\ld abrade ! filam5t ) consid]able =ce4 ,if lamps 7 sold at #as4 ea* in/ead ( #cs4 #f;d41 :i* is n[ ! price = n less ?an a ?\s&1 x w\ld be m economical to *ange !m at ! fir/ signs ( black5+1 ev5 if ! life did n exce$ #ejj h\rs4 ,! diagram1 ,fig4 #f1 has be5 s arrang$ t ! am\nt ( light requir$ 9 a giv5 di/rict c be asc]ta9$ = any p]iod ( ! day or night2 x has be5 calculat$ f ! obs]vations tak5 daily at "o ( ! ,b]l9 c5tral-/ations by ! eng9e] to ! company4 ,six hundr$ & =ty watts are assum$1 = ! purposes ( ! diagram1 to be ! equival5t ( a horse-p[]1 in/ead ( #gcf1 z ! ,g]man electrical horse-p[] is #gcf watts in/ead ( #gdf watts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,! table1 ,fig4 #f1 has two v]tical scales1 ,a & ,b1 ea* giv+ ! kil[atts#c & correspond+ horse-p[]4 ,a is drawn to a scale t5 times great] ?an ,b1 ) ! object ( not+ ! small] am\nt ( lights requir$ = /reet illum9ation4 ,! horizontal l9e is divid$ into h\rs1 & repres5ts a day's light+ 9 ! middle ( ,decemb] & ! end ( ,july1 s z to %[ ! maximum & m9imum am\nt ( curr5t t w be requir$4 ,9 ! light+ ( a t[n !re are two classes ( illum9ation1 ! am\nt tak5 by ! public1 :i* is unc]ta91 & t employ$ = /reet light+1 :i* is a kn[n quantity4 #c #ajjj watts4 ,! curves1 ,,ii & ,,ii ,a1 repres5t ! private light+ ( h\ses1 hotels1 !atres1 & %ops ( diff]5t k9ds 9 ,decemb] & 9 ,july1 ! curve1 ,,ii ,a1 be+ 9 dott$ l9es cle>ly %[s :at a va/ diff]5ce !re is 9 ! am\nt ( light1 & consequ5tly ! am\nt ( en]gy requir$ 9 ! g5]at+ /ation1 z comp>$ ) curve ,,ii1 :i* is tak5 :5 ! days are longe/4 ,! rectangles1 ,i & ,i ,a1 %[ ! /reet illum9ation1 & are drawn to suit scale ,a2 half an h\r aft] sunset all ! lamps are turn$ on1 & ! "w rea*es its maximum sudd5ly1 & cont9ues ! same until #ab o'clock1 :51 accord+ to ! municipal decrees1 x ei!r falls "o or two gradations until half an h\r be=e sunrise1 :5 all ! lamps are ext+ui%$4 ,! calculations are bas$ on ! assumption ( #fdj watts to ! horse-p[]1 in/ead ( #gcf1 :i* is ! !oretical effici5cy ( a ,g]man horse-p[]4 ,if a numb] ( diagrams are tak5 on ?is me?od = diff]5t p]iods ( ! ye>1 ! con/ant "w c be asc]ta9$4 ,?is k is mo/ valuable :5 calculat+ ! mo/ economical area = ! ma9s1 :i* is !n easily accompli%$ by means ( ,=bes' tables1 :i* are bas$ on ,sir ,william ,?omson's well-kn[n rule4 ,! l9es1 #b & #b ,a %[ ! con/ant "w at ! same two p]iods ( ! ye> f :i* ! diagrams are tak54 ,! con/ant "w at ! end ( ,decemb] w be f\nd to am\nt to #bj p] c5t4 ( ! total "w1 & t at ! middle ( ,june to #ae p] c5t4 ,by summ+ up ! av]age "w = all ! days 9 ! ye> we obta9 ! co/ p] annum1 & add+ to ?is ! exp5se ( managem5t1 int]e/1 c41 & kn[+ ! local conditions1 we c fix :at proportion ( ! day's "w is admissible z loss4 ,) ! ,edison sy/em at ,b]l91 #e p] c5t4 is tak5 z av]age loss2 ?us1 at ! end ( ,decemb]1 x am\nts1 ) ! maximum numb] ( lights1 to #ahh p] c5t41 & ) ! m9imum to #aa p] c5t42 9 ! middle ( ,july ! maximum is #aeh p] c5t41 & ! m9imum #je p] c5t4 ,! dynamos mu/1 ( c\rse1 be ( suffici5t p[] to be able to ov]come ?is loss1 :i* only %[s itself p]iodically2 !re=e ! g5]at+ plant may be con/ruct$ to give1 nom9ally1 #bj to #cj p] c5t4 less ?an ! maximum "w1 & be capable ( be+ pu%$ to ! full am\nt = a %ort "t only4 ,,! ,,position ,,( ,,c5tral-,,/ation ,,light+4 ,uncontroll$ f9ancial speculation1 aid$ by ! /r+5t clauses ( ! ,electric ,light+ ,act ( #ahhb1 h be5 a great det]r5t to ! ext5sion ( old or ! introduction ( new s*emes = ! supply ( electricity to ! public 9 ! same mann] z gas4 ,! ,presid5t ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade1 reply+ to a "q 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 said t1 8s9ce ! pass+ ( ! ,electric ,light+ ,act ( #ahhb1 fifty-n9e provisional ord]s & five lic5ces _h be5 grant$ to companies1 & fifte5 provisional ord]s & two lic5ces to local au?orities4 ,he 0 n aw>e t1 9 any s+le case :]e ^! p[]s _h be5 obta9$1 !y _h be5 ex]cis$40 ,up to ! pres5t "t no company supply+ electricity has be5 "u ! necessity ( apply+ = compulsory p[]s1 & has ei!r obta9$ p]mission f ! local au?orities to take up ! /reets1 or has c>ri$ ! electric ma9s ov] ! h\ses1 &1 reg>dless ( ! "q ( ov]head wires1 has dep5d$ on wayleaves grant$ by ! too-confid+ h\sehold]1 :o has no idea t 8 ro( is support+ a cable weigh+ #a tons to ! mile4 ,an am5dm5t ( ! ,act ( #ahhb has pass$ bo? ,h\ses )\t h9drance1 & has receiv$ ! ,royal ass5t4 ,x provides t 9 ! case ( ,provisional ,ord]s ! p]iod aft] :i* ! und]tak+ may be b\ght up by ! ,local ,au?ority %all be ext5d$ f tw5ty-"o to =ty-two ye>s1 & t portion ( ! previ\s ,act :i* ref]r$ to ! compulsory pur*ase ( ! und]tak+ by a local au?ority at ! end ( ! t]m has be5 alt]$1 & m fav\rable t]ms giv5 to ! electric companies4 ,on ! ,cont95t1 & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e ea* city may be said to legislate = itself 9 matt]s relat+ to ! g5]al welf>e ( its citiz5s1 ! electric light+ indu/ry is 9 a v diff]5t position1 & c5tral-/ations are ei!r e/abli%$ or ab\t to be />t$ 9 e important t[n4 ,!re 71 9 #ahhg1 #aba ,edison c5tral-/ations alone1 supply+ ov] #cbc1jjj inc&esc5t lamps1 & pay+ divid5ds f #f to #ad p] c5t4 ,! ,we/+h\se ,company1 :o use a trans=m] sy/em :i* is a modification ( ! ,g\l>d & ,gibbs1 h a hundr$ /ations1 ma9ta9+ #aia1jjj lamps1 al?\gh ! fir/ ,we/+h\se plant 0 put d[n only ?ree ye>s ago4 ,! progress 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is s rapid1 & !re are s _m successful applications ( c5tral-/ation light+1 t ! subject becomes too l>ge to be ev5 summ>is$1 s t x is propos$ to treat 9 ! foll[+ pages ) "s ( ! pr9cipal in/allations on ! ,cont95t & at home4 ,travell]s abroad are accu/om$ to f9d electric light+ in/all$ 9 ! mo/ out-(-!-way places1 especially 9 ,switz]l&1 :]e wat] p[] is abundant & is utilis$ to g5]ate electricity1 s t 9 small hamlets arc light+ is (t5 employ$1 & ! visitors to ! local hotel w f9d x lit ?r\gh\t by electricity4 ,electric light /ations 9 ,engl& are1 ) "o exception1 small 9 comp>ison ) ^? on ! ,cont95t4 ,! mo/ important is t at ! ,grosv5or ,gall]y1 ,london1 :i* has increas$ f small beg9n+s until x n[ supplies #bj1jjj gl[ lamps on sixte5 circuits1 ! total l5g? ( :i* is sev5ty miles4 ,! next l>ge/1 :i* h be5 9 practical "w = "s "t1 are ! ,brighton & ,ea/b\rne /ations1 f :i* small in/allations ( gl[ & arc lights are ma9ta9$ 9 v>i\s di/ricts ( ! two t[ns4 ,t ! "q ( co/ or tr\ble1 & ! annoyance ( ma*9]y :5 erect$ 9 a dwell+-h\se1 d n altoge!r prev5t ! adoption ( a sup]ior light1 is cle>ly prov$ by ! increas+ numb] ( h\sehold]s1 :o1 aft] wait+ 9 va9 = electricity to be br\ght to _! doors1 h set up ! plant necess>y to produce x !mselves1 & f9d no practical difficulty 9 do+ s4 ,!re are also _m important public works :]e electric light has be5 exclusively adopt$4 ,= in/ance1 at ! ,tilbury ,docks !re are #acej gl[ & #hj arc lamps1 di/ribut$ ov] an area ( #cjj acres1 & includ+ ! light+ ( an hotel1 dock %$s1 w>eh\se1 signal-boxes1 & (fices4 ,! ,london1 ,*a?am1 & ,dov] /ation at ,victoria has also be5 electrically light$ = ! pa/ ?ree ye>s1 ! curr5t be+ obta9$ f a c5tral-/ation1 :i* 0 erect$ = ! purpose ( supply+ electricity to ! ,victoria di/rict1 & = :i* a provisional ord] 0 obta9$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 has s9ce be5 ab&on$1 al?\gh #af1jjj _h be5 exp5d$ on plant & build+s by ! promot]s1 :o pref]r$ to po/pone ! s*eme r ?an to submit to ! on]\s #bg? clause ( ! ,electric ,light+ ,act4 ,ano!r /ill l>g] in/allation has be5 put d[n to supply electricity to ! ,padd+ton /ation & di/rict ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway1 z f> z ,we/b\rne ,p>k4 ,x embraces an area ( sixty-sev5 acres1 & is light$ by #daae gl[ & #ih arc lamps4 ,! sy/em adopt$ is t design$ by ,mr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,gordon1 & has n[ be5 successfully work$ = "s "t2 b ! _m accessories :i* are introduc$1 su* z telephones1 telegraphs1 & indicators1 make x complicat$ 9 comp>ison ) gas1 or ev5 ) ! ord9>y electric light sy/ems4 ,! curr5t is g5]at$ by two dynamos1 ea* weigh+ #de tons1 & hav+ revolv+ magnet :eels #i feet #h in*es 9 diamet]1 #bb tons 9 weight1 a ?ird ma*9e be+ kept 9 res]ve4 ,^! dynamos are sep>ately excit$1 & produce alt]nat+ curr5ts4 ,! electricity is l$ to a l>ge swit*-bo>d = di/ribution ?r\gh\t ! di/rict by means ( five sub-/ations2 & f ?is bo>d !re bran*es a d\ble sy/em ( ma9s1 :i* run ev]y:]e side by side1 "o-half ! ma9s be+ connect$ to ! fir/ ma*9e & "o-half to ! second1 s =m+ an excell5t arrangem5t = ! prev5tion ( total ext9ction ( ! light4 ,! ma9s runn+ to ! sub-/ations are on ! divid$ sy/em1 :i* is introduc$ = ! purpose ( sav+ copp]1 z 9 a solid cable ! loss ( pressure is greate/ :5 ! full numb] ( lamps is on1 & decreases z ! lamps are ext+ui%$4 ,) ! divid$ ma9 sy/em x is int5d$ to foll[ out ,sir ,william ,?omson's =mula1 :i* equates ! value ( ! loss ( head1 & ! int]e/ on ! sav+ on ! copp]4 ,if = a c]ta9 ma9 ?is =mula %[s t a fall ( #bj p] c5t4 is ! mo/ economical condition = work+1 !n1 s9ce by ! divid$ ma9 ! pressure c be kept )9 a v>iation ( #b p] c5t4 at ! di/ant end1 x foll[s t a consid]able sav+ c be effect$ ov] an ord9>y solid ma94 ,special arrangem5ts are adopt$ at ,padd+ton to keep ! pressure con/ant1 a fall ( pot5tial be+ all[$ =2 ?us at ! eng9e-h\se ! pressure is #aej volts1 9 ! pass5g] /ation x is #abj volts1 & at ,we/b\rne ,p>k x is #ajj volts4 ,! arc lamps are f$ by ! same ma9s1 & are arrang$ two 9 s]ies4 ,a small in/allation at ,k5s+ton ,c\rt1 erect$ two ye>s ago1 = ! purpose ( supply+ ! h\ses 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood1 has rapidly develop$1 & und]gr\nd ma9s h be5 l$ 9 _m directions f ! /ation1 & a con/ant s]vice ( electricity is provid$ = by means ( second>y batt]ies4 ,z ?is is ! fir/ practical exposition ( ! second>y batt]ies' sy/em ( di/ribution1 x is propos$ to describe ! in/allation "u t head4 ,c5tral-/ations are also at "w 9 ,liv]pool1 ,leam+ton1 ,taunton1 ,exet]1 & !re are also five l>ge in/allations ne>ly complet$ 9 ,london1 besides ! ,k5s+ton ,c\rt /ation1 all ( :i* w probably be 9 full sw+ be=e ! end ( ! ye>4 ,,electric ,,light+ f ,,c5tral-,,/ations is n[ practically c>ri$ out on five diff]5t me?ods4 ,i4 ,,by ,,second>y ,,g5]ators ,,or ,,trans=m]s1 ,,) ,,alt]nat+ ,,curr5t4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,edison ,,or ,,p>allel ,,sy/em1 ,,) ,,cont9u\s ,,curr5t4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,s]ies ,,or ,,b]n/e9 ,,sy/em4 ,,iv4 ,,multiple ,,s]ies4 ,v4 ,,di/ribution ,,) ,,second>y ,,batt]ies ,,or ,,accumulators4 ,,class ,i4 ,,supply ,,by ,,second>y ,,g5]ators ,,or ,,trans=m]s4 ,! problem ( electric light+ f c5tral-/ations is comp>atively easy if an area c be obta9$ imm$iately surr\nd+1 & )9 a %ort di/ance (1 ! /ation1 ) a "r ( way = lay+ d[n ! electric ma9s direct4 ,?is happy /ate ( affairs has n yet be5 atta9$1 consequ5tly ! g5]at+ /ation has m (t5 to be 9 an out-(-!-way corn] ( ! di/rict to be light$1 & x w\ld be f9ancially impossible to use l[-t5sion curr5ts ) correspond+ly l>ge ma9s4 ,! difficulty has be5 ov]come 9 sev]al ways by ! use ( high-t5sion curr5ts 9 ! ma9s1 & has l$ to ! adoption ( second>y g5]ators or trans=m]s ( electricity1 :i* by induction supply a curr5t ( l[ pot5tial 9 ! h\se-s]vice4 ,! fir/ to make ?is plan a practical success 0 ,mr4 ,g\l>d1 to :om ! hon\r ( ! introduction is due1 al?\gh 8 claims z ! fir/ inv5tor h be5 rec5tly upset by ! decision ( ! ,c\rts4 ,! relative economy ( ! supply ( electricity by ! use ( a trans=m] is cle>ly %[n by ! foll[+ diagram1 ,fig4 #g4 ,a1 ,b1 & ,c give proportionately ! area ( cross section ( ! total mass ( copp] necess>y to supply #ejjj #af c&le-p[] gl[ lamps situat$ at a mean di/ance ( #djjj feet f ! dynamo4 ,a ref]s to ! ,edison 8?ree-wire0 sy/em1 work+ at a pot5tial or electrical pressure ( #bjj volts ) a fall ( pot5tial or loss ( en]gy 9 ! di/ribut+ fe$]s ( #aj p] c5t41 av]age di/ance f dynamo #djjj feet--! usual conditions on :i* ?is sy/em is work$4 ,b %[s ! size ( conductor requir$ = ! same "w 9 an in/allation bas$ on ! trans=m] sy/em1 pot5tial #ajjj volts1 all[+ #be p] c5t4 loss 9 ! supply ma9s--only "o-f\r? z mu* z 9 ! direct ,edison sy/em at ! same av]age di/ance f dynamo4 ,if ?is loss 7 increas$ to #aj p] c5t41 & made equal to t 9 ! direct sy/em1 viz4 #aj p] c5t41 ! size ( ! conductor w\ld be t %[n at ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,! graphic diagram1 ,fig4 #h1 demon/rates :at ! relative co/ w\ld be ) ea* ( ! ?ree conditions j nam$4 ,mr4 ,g\l>d's fir/ practical application ( ! second>y g5]ator 9 ?is c\ntry 0 ! light+ ( ! ,und]gr\nd ,railway ,/ations1 9 #ahhc1 f ,edgw>e ,road to ,high ,/reet1 ! g5]at+ dynamo be+ fix$ at ! =m] place4 ,^! exp]im5ts1 :i* 7 made by ,mr4 ,k5ne? ,mack5zie1 attract$ consid]able att5tion at ! "t1 b x 0 n until ! report ( ! jurors to ! ,tur9 ,int]national ,exhibition 9 #ahhe 0 publi%$ t companies 7 =m$ to in/al ! ,g\l>d sy/em = light+ an ext5sive di/rict4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,! pr9ciple und]ly+ all trans=m]s is t ( ! induction coil inv5t$ by ,ruhmkorff 9 #ahdb1 b describ$ by ,f>aday 9 8 8,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es10 publi%$ 9 #ahca-b4 ,fig4 #i is a diagram ( ! ord9>y induction coil2 on a c5tral core is w\nd a %ort l5g? ( ?ick wire call$ ! prim>y1 & aga9 ov] ?is is w\nd a great] l5g? ( f9e insulat$ copp] wire :i* =ms ! second>y coil4 ,on s5d+ a l[-pressure curr5t f ! g5]ator r\nd ! ?ick wire1 a mu* small] high-t5sion curr5t is induc$ 9 ! second>y4 ,a contact break] is employ$ to make & break ! curr5t1 or1 z 9 ! e>ly in/rum5ts1 a commutator may be us$ to produce ! alt]nations4 ,:5 us$ z a trans=m] ! action is rev]s$1 t is1 a high-t5sion curr5t is pass$ ?r\gh ! prim>y coil1 :i* is compos$ ( a wire ( small sectional area1 ! high-pressure ma9 connect$ to ! dynamo also be+ small z comp>$ ) ! di/ribut+ cable lead+ f ! trans=m]1 :i*1 act+ z a /ep-d[n induction coil1 conv]ts ! electricity into a safe work+ pressure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i;,a4 ,fig4 #i ,a %[s ! arrangem5t ( ! two sep>ate & complete circuits4 ,d is ! dynamo1 ,p ! prim>y coil1 ,s ! second>y1 & ,l ! lamps arrang$ 9 p>allel4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to g into ! te*nical details ( ! v>i\s improvem5ts :i* h l$ up to ! mod]n type ( trans=m]s2 !y are summ>is$ by ,mr4 ,kapp into two classes3-- ,i4 ,core trans=m]s1 "o core & two sets ( coils4 ,,ii4 ,%ell trans=m]s1 two cores & "o set ( coils4 ,no4 ,i4 are ^? 9 :i* ! copp] coils are spread ov] ! surface ( ! iron core envelop+ ! latt] m or less completely2 & ,no4 ,,ii4 9 :i* ! core is spread ov] ! surface ( ! copp] coils =m+ a %ell ov] ! w9d+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,! orig9al ,g\l>d & ,gibbs second>y g5]ator 0 ( ! core trans=m] type1 x _h an op5 magnetic circuit & cores :i* c\ld m or less be ins]t$ into ! coils s z to regulate ! electro-motive =ce ( ! second>y circuit4 ,! trans=m]s 7 con/ruct$ ) a numb] ( copp] disks or wa%]s2 ^! 7 plac$ alt]nately prim>y & second>y 9 a v]tical frame1 ?r\gh ! c5tre ( :i* an iron core 0 fix$1 consi/+ ( a bundle ( /raight iron wires4 ,! core 0 movable 9 ! coil 9 ! mann] ( ! well-kn[n induction coils1 & !reby ! electro-motive =ce ( ! second>y curr5t c\ld be adju/$4 ,9 _! late/ design ! coils are circul> 9 plan & rectangul> 9 section & are surr\nd$ by gr\ps ( ,u-%ap$ s(t iron /amp+s slipp$ ov] f bo? sides & held toge!r by two circul> ca/-iron plates ) a c5tral bolt4 ,! magnetic l9es ( =ce pass ?r\gh ! core1 9 at "o end & out at ! o!r1 & are !n m or less dissem9at$ ?r\gh space2 x w ?us be se5 t ! pa? ( ! l9es lies p>tly 9 iron & p>tly 9 air1 &1 s9ce air has ab\t sev5 hundr$ times m magnetic resi/ance ?an iron1 x is evid5t t ! numb] ( l9es creat$ ) a giv5 curr5t mu/ be consid]ably small] ?an w\ld be ! case if ! pa? ( ! l9es conta9$ iron only4 ,?is con/itutes ! improvem5t 9 ! ,zipp]n[sky-,d]i-,bla?y sy/em ( trans=m]1 :i* has coils simil> to ! ,g\l>d1 b ) ! iron ( ! core appli$ 9 ! =m ( a r+-%ap$ %ell1 surr\nd+ bo? coils completely4 ,?is arrangem5t c be/ be describ$ by comp>+ x to a ,gramme armature1 9 :i* ! copp] & ! iron h *ang$ places4 ,imag9e :at is usually ! core 9 an armature replac$ by ! prim>y & second>y coils1 &1 in/ead ( ! w9d+ ( insulat$ copp] wire1 w9d iron wire ar\nd ! coils1 & "o ( ^! trans=m]s is ! result4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! l[] magnetic resi/ance ( ! ,class ,,ii4 trans=m]1 z comp>$ to t ( ,class ,i41 ! electrical output obta9able ) equal weights ( copp] & iron appe>s to be consid]ably great] 9 ! =m] app>atus4 ,pr(essor ,f]>is1 ( ,tur91 has publi%$ "s ( ! results ( comp>ative exp]im5ts made ) ,classes ,i4 & ,,ii4 & f9ds t ! coeffici5t ( induction is #cf times z great ) ! latt] z ) ! =m]4 ,!re are _m v>ieties ( trans=m]s 9 ! m>ket :i* closely resemble ea* o!r2 "o ( ! mo/ practical is t design$ by ,kapp & ,snell1 ( :i* ,fig4 #aj is an illu/ration4 ,u-%ap$ /amp+s =m ! %ell & ! cores are laid 9 ! d\ble tr\gh4 ,! cov] ( ^! tr\ghs is =m$ f ! metal remov$ f ! int]ior ( ! /amp+s1 & ! :ole is held toge!r 9 a ca/-iron frame s arrang$ z to all[ air to circulate ?r\gh ! core & r\nd ! coils4 ,! price ( ^! trans=m]s is ab\t #d p] indicat$ horse-p[]1 & ! effici5cy "u ! be/ conditions1 namely1 ) full load1 is1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,ayrton1 z high z #if p] c5t41 & :5 x is do+ "o qu>t] ( ! full "w #hi p] c5t4 ,,application ,,( ,,trans=m]s4 ,! in/allation at ! ,grosv5or ,gall]y1 ,london1 may be tak5 to illu/rate ,class ,i4 or ! practical work+ ( di/ribution by means ( trans=m]s4 ,fig4 #aa repres5ts ! arrangem5t ( prim>y & second>y circuits4 ,an alt]nat+ curr5t is s5t ?r\gh ! ma9 ,l ,l1 :i* is a clos$ circuit1 & a small portion is drawn (f :]ev] !re is a second>y g5]ator or trans=m] ,t2 ^! in/rum5ts are plac$ 9 p>allel betwe5 ! conductors 9 ! same mann] z a gl[ lamp2 nei!r ma9 c be call$ positive or negative1 z ! curr5t fl[s backw>ds & =w>ds _m times 9 a second4 ,! h\se wires ,m ,m are jo9$ to ! second>y circuits1 & are q di/9ct f ! ma91 :i* !y d n ev5 t\*1 al?\gh suffici5tly ne> to receive an induc$ curr5t alt]nat+ ! same z ! prim>y1 b ( a mu* l[] electro-motive =ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,d1 alt]nat+ curr5t dynamo2 ,e1 cont9u\s curr5t dynamo = excit+2 ,l ,l1 ma9 prim>y conductors2 ,m ,m1 second>y conductors2 ,t ,t1 trans=m]s2 ,s ,s ,s ,s ,s ,s1 lamps 9 p>allel4 ,! ,g\l>d trans=m]s 7 us$ at fir/1 b h be5 sup]s$$ by o!rs design$ by ,mr4 ,f]ranti2 !y are ( ! ,no4 #b k9d1 or %ell type1 & h a core ( hoop-iron1 on :i* ! two coils are w\nd2 ! hoop-iron is !n b5t ov]1 & ! ends jo9$ s z to enclose ! coils4 ,! ma*9]y is fix$ 9 a basem5t excavat$ "u ! ,grosv5or ,gall]y2 ! f\ndations are ( massive concrete1 9 :i* /one supports = ! eng9es & dynamos are emb$d$2 ! concrete does n t\* ! walls ( ! build+1 b a space ( ab\t #a foot is left1 :i* is fill$ 9 ) clay2 & by ?is simple plan all vibration ( ! ma*9]y is isolat$ f ! build+4 ,! p[] is obta9$ f two horizontal high-pressure eng9es1 ea* ( #fjj indicat$ horse-p[]1 9 addition to ! orig9al two horizontal high-pressure non-cond5s+ eng9es1 ea* ( #ce nom9al horse-p[]1 runn+ at a spe$ ( #ee revolutions p] m9ute1 :i* is ma9ta9$ con/ant by means ( a gov]nor directly atta*$ to ! expansion slide-valve4 ,! f\r eng9es drive on to a c\nt]%aft1 :i* is cut up into l5g?s2 ea* section is c\pl$ to a dynamo & excit] by means ( a conical friction-disk clut*2 ?is p]mits ( ei!r l5g? be+ />t$ or /opp$ )\t int]f]+ ) ! o!r4 ,! spe$ ( ea* eng9e is *eck$ by means ( a liquid spe$-indicator1 design$ by ! au?or4 ,two ,f]ranti alt]nat+ curr5t dynamos1 ea* capable ( ma9ta9+ t5 ?\s& lamps1 are driv5 direct1 "o dynamo by ea* l5g? ( %aft+3 !y are excit$ by two cont9u\s curr5t ma*9es1 ! circuits f :i* are jo9$ to a regulat+ app>atus1 :i* by alt]+ resi/ance keeps ! electro-motive =ce ( ! l>ge ma*9es proportional to ! numb] ( lamps :i* are to be ma9ta9$4 ,at pres5t h& regulation is employ$1 b x is propos$ to use automatic regulation1 :i* w increase ! life ( ! lamps1 z !y are sev]ely tri$ by ! v>iation ( ! curr5t1 :i* is m noticeable ?an 9 cont9u\s curr5t in/allations4 ,! curr5t f ! ma*9es is at a pot5tial ( #bdjj volts1 & t f ! trans=m]s is #ajj volts4 ,! prim>y wire :i* c>ries ?is high electro-motive =ce does n ent] ! h\ses1 z ! trans=m]s are1 z a rule1 fix$ 9 ! cell>s1 & f !m ! h\se bran* is l$ 9 ! =m ( a cable ( f9e wires1 hav+ a total diamet] ( #g_/af in*2 ! lamps1 :i* are plac$ 9 p>allel across ?is cable1 are atta*$ to s+le ,no4 #ah or ,no4 #bj ,b4 ,w4 ,g4 wires 9 ! usual mann]4 ,:5 fir/ e/abli%$1 ! trans=m]s pres5t$ an elem5t ( dang]1 9 t !y1 9 common ) all induction coils1 7 also cond5s]s1 & !re=e a dang]\s %ock might be giv5 to any "o t\*+ "s ungu>d$ portion ( ! light+ sy/em4 ,?is has be5 prev5t$ by ! simple plan ( connect+ "o ( ! t]m9als ( e second>y circuit to e>?1 a me?od :i*1 h[ev]1 is n to be recomm5d$1 z x ?r[s an additional /ra9 on ! insulation ( ! prim>y circuit2 9 fact1 by e>?+ ! second>y ! insulation is practically r$uc$ to "o-half4 ,a safety device %\ld be ins]t$1 :i* w\ld come into op]ation on any leakage f prim>y to second>y1 & imm$iately cut out ! trans=m]4 ,! prim>y-curr5t conductor is l$ ov]head1 & /ill rema9s an objectionable feature ( ! sy/em1 al?\gh ! orig9al tr\ble ) ! neighb\r+ telephones & telegraphs has be5 ov]come4 ,! prim>y circuit is a small c>efully insulat$ cable ( high conductivity copp] wire1 n9ete5 /r&s ( ,no4 #ae ,b4 ,w4 ,g4 ,x weighs ab\t #a ton p] mile1 & is susp5d$1 :]e x crosses ! /reets1 on a /eel be>] ^: t5sile /r5g? is #a ton4 ,x is s arrang$ accord+ to ! droop ( ! cable t ! /ra9 ( ! be>] nev] exce$s #bbe lbs41 :i* means t ! factor ( safety is ne>ly #ab to #a4 ,d\ble cut-outs or safety fuses1 9 _m in/ances ( ! au?or's design1 are plac$ on ea* pole ( ! prim>y1 at ! po9t :]e x ent]s ! h\se1 s t1 9 ! case ( an excess curr5t1 ! mica-foils w\ld fuse1 & all connection betwe5 t h\se & ! supply ma9 w\ld cease4 ,mu* cr$it is due to ,m4 ,g\l>d1 :o1 9 spite ( great opposition to ! use ( 8 trans=m] sy/em1 initiat$ ! ,grosv5or ,gall]y in/allation ?ree ye>s ago4 ,x has develop$ into n only ! l>ge/ & mo/ important c5tral-/ation 9 ,europe1 b1 z reg>ds ! trans=m] sy/em1 x supplies m lights ?an any 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! orig9al company has be5 tak5 ov] by ! ,london ,electric ,supply ,corporation1 :o are putt+ d[n plant capable ( ma9ta9+ #cj1jjj lights1 & are erect+ ano!r /ation at ,dept=d = #bjj1jjj lights1 :i* w be di/ribut$ by means ( di/rict trans=m]s f ma9s1 :i* x is propos$ to run f ,dept=d ?r\gh ! ,?ames ,tunnel & ! ,und]gr\nd ,railways4 ,! electric curr5t is suppli$ by met] at ! price ( #g;d4 p] ,bo>d ( ,trade ,unit1 a price = light equal to gas at ab\t #ds4 #b;d4 p] #ajjj cubic feet4 ,! ,ea/b\rne /ation is also on ! trans=m] sy/em4 ,an alt]nat+ curr5t dynamo1 by ,ellwell ,p>k]1 ma9ta9s a pressure 9 ! prim>y circuit ( #bjjj volts1 :i* is r$uc$ by means ( a ,l[rie ,hall trans=m] to a work+ pressure ( #ajj volts4 ,!re is a special arrangem5t = ma9ta9+ a con/ant electro-motive =ce 9 ! ma9s1 indep5d5t ( ! numb] ( lights 9 use4 ,! ma9s are c>ri$ und]gr\nd1 & h s f> giv5 no tr\ble z reg>ds ! insulation ( ! high-t5sion curr5t :i* passes ?r\gh !m4 ,! ,ea/b\rne company comm5c$ by light+ ! p>ade only ) arc lamps1 b n[ supply ! inc&esc5t light to all p>ts ( ! t[n1 & enjoy ! unique position ( hav+ obta9$ p[] f ! corporation to run ! ma9s 9 ! /reets prior to ! pass+ ( ! ,act ( #ahhb4 ,ano!r small /ation has be5 successfully work$ = ! la/ six ye>s at ,brighton2 ! gr\p sy/em 0 orig9ally adopt$1 ! lamps1 bo? arc & inc&esc5t1 be+ plac$ 9 s]ies or multiple s]ies2 ! high-t5sion curr5t is l$ ?r\gh ov]head wires 9 a v simil> mann] to ! in/allation at ,temesv>1 ,hung>y1 :i* is describ$ at page #eh1 z an example ( multiple s]ies light+4 ,! ext5sions at ,brighton are to be c>ri$ out on ! trans=m] plan1 :i* w necessitate ! runn+ ( sep>ate circuits1 ! int5tion ( ! company1 h[ev]1 be+ to gradually conv]t its :ole sy/em ( supply to ! trans=m] sy/em4 ,! ,brighton ,company has regul>ly paid divid5ds to its %>ehold]s s9ce its =mation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,on ! ,cont95t ! ,g\l>d trans=m] is l>gely employ$4 ,an important in/allation at ,t\rs ( #cejj lamps has be5 = "s "t successfully work+4 ,ano!r at ,tivoli has "s additional po9ts ( int]e/1 9 t ! natural p[] ( a wat]fall is appli$ to g5]ate electricity4 ,two turb9es con/ruct$ by ,es*] ,wyss1 ( ,zuri*1 hav+ an available head ( #bige feet1 give #hj horse-p[] ea*1 :i* is employ$ to drive two ,siem5s alt]nat+ curr5t dynamos1 sep>ately excit$ by two small cont9u\s curr5t ma*9es4 ,two di/9ct circuits ( *romo-bronze nak$ wire1 #cg millimetres 9 diamet]1 are run ov]head1 9 ! same mann] z telegraph wires1 ?r\gh ! t[n = a total l5g? ( ab\t n9ete5 miles4 ,! /reet lamps are fix$ alt]nately on ea* circuit1 s t "o-half c be ext+ui%$ at a late h\r )\t int]f]+ ) ! o!rs1 or hav+ to turn out individual lamps4 ,! numb] ( lamps us$ 9 ! /reets is two hundr$ gl[ lamps ( #ej c&le-p[]2 also "o hundr$ & tw5ty gl[ lamps ( #af c&le-p[] = ! illum9ation ( ! n>r[] /reets4 ,arc lamps are also employ$1 z well z a l>ge reflector lamp1 ! rays f :i* are turn$ on ! ,temples ( ,ve/a & ,sibilla4 ,a h\se-to-h\se sy/em is also be+ e/abli%$1 & ! company :i* has put up ! "w proposes to utilise ! falls ( ,tivoli 9 ord] to transmit #bjjj horse-p[] = light+ purposes 9 ,rome4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! firm ( ,ganz1 ( ,budape/1 :o are ! manufactur]s ( ! ,zipp]n[sky-,d]i-,bla?y sy/em ( trans=m]s1 h a simil> in/allation complet$ 9 ord] to light a portion ( ,luc]ne4 ,! wat] p[] ( ,?or5burg #ca miles (f1 works ! turb9es1 :i* drive two self-excit+ alt]nat+ curr5t dynamos ( ! ,ganz type1 simil> to ^? %[n at ! ,vi5na ,exhibition 9 #ahhd4 ,! prim>y curr5t ( #ch ampres1 at an electro-motive =ce ( #ahjj volts1 is l$ by f\r uncov]$ wires1 ea* six millimetres 9 diamet]1 to ! fir/ /ation1 :i* is #bd kilometres di/ant2 "h #aejj watts are tak5 (f1 & at #bc kilometres fur!r #gjjj watts are utilis$ 9 two ( ! hotels at ,luc]ne4 ,a l>ge in/allation on ! same sy/em has be5 put d[n 9 ,rome1 & sev]al ,cont95tal cities are adopt+ ?is me?od ( supply+ electric light by small ov]head wires4 ,an advantage claim$ by ! ,zipp]n[sky sy/em is ! me?od ( keep+ ! /r5g? ( ! magnetic field ( ! dynamos 9 accordance ) ! ext]nal dem& = curr5t4 ,! regulat+ app>atus employ$ consi/s ( a small trans=m]1 ! prim>y coil ( :i* is trav]s$ by ! :ole1 or by a proportionate "p1 ( ! ma9 circuit1 :ile ! second>y coil is ins]t$ into ! excit+ circuit4 ,?us1 if ! ma9 curr5t increases1 ! excit+ curr5t induc$ 9 ! two armature coils ( ! dynamo is re9=c$ by ! inductive action ( ! regulat+ trans=m]2 & ! field ( ! dynamo is /r5g!n$ :5 m curr5t is requir$4 ,! opposite takes place :51 ?r\gh ! ext9ction ( lamps on ! ext]nal circuit1 ! dem& = curr5t becomes less4 ,9 an exp]im5t made ) ! trans=m]s1 :i* supply "s five hundr$ electric lamps = ! ,teatro dal ,v]one & adjo9+ h\ses at ,milan f ! c5tral electrical /ation ?ree-qu>t]s ( a mile away1 ! ma9 curr5t 0 (t5 f\nd to v>y f "o ampre to ?irty-five ampres2 x 0 /at$ t no v>iation 9 ! s]vice pressure c\ld be detect$1 & ! lamps burnt ) equal brightness :atev] ! numb] 9 use4 ,9 ! exp]im5ts at ! ,teatro dal ,v]one ea* trans=m] work$ its own indep5d5t circuit ( lamps2 b1 if ! conditions ( ! diff]5t circuits 7 alike1 !y c\ld be c\pl$ up toge!r 9 any mann] desir$1 & ?us a gr\p ( trans=m]s c\ld become a c5tre ( di/ribution4 ,,! ,,we/+h\se ,,sy/em4 ,! alt]nat+ curr5t sy/em ( ! ,we/+h\se ,company has come to ! front 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ) extraord9>y rapidity1 &1 al?\gh x is n ?ree ye>s s9ce ! fir/ plant 0 erect$1 at ! pres5t "t ov] #aij1jjj inc&esc5t lamps are op]at$ f a numb] ( c5tral-/ations4 ,! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ! ,g\l>d sy/em h be5 reta9$ 9 ! ,we/+h\se conv]t]2 b ! mann] 9 :i* ^! pr9ciples are appli$ has be5 greatly modifi$1 :ile mo/ ( ! details h und]gone a radical *ange at ! h&s ( ! eng9e]s & electricians ^: rese>*es h be5 utilis$ by ! ,we/+h\se ,company4 ,! =m ( conv]t] z n[ design$ consi/s ( a numb] ( ?9 %eet-iron plates1 %ap$ l ! lett] ,e1 !y are slipp$ alt]nately f opposite directions ov] ! prim>y & second>y coils1 :i* are dispos$ side by side2 ! inductive core is1 !re=e1 compos$ ( a mass ( deta*$ plates insulat$ f ea* o!r by pap]1 & =m+ a discont9u\s magnetic circuit4 ,9 ord] to protect ! conv]t] f me*anical injury z well z dampness1 & also to avoid ! possibility ( contact ) wires c>ry+ curr5ts ( high pot5tial1 x is enclos$ 9 a ca/-iron case or box1 made 9 two p>ts & adapt$ to be secur$ to any conv5i5t support4 ,fig4 #ab is a transv]se v]tical section ( su* a conv]t] box1 ) ! conv]t] 9 position4 ,! t]m9als ( ! prim>y coil1 ,p1 ( ! conv]t] are l$ into ! comp>tm5t ,d1 & ! t]m9als ( ! second>y coil into ,d4 ,! t]m9als are secur$ to bolts or c\pl+s1 f f1 m\nt$ ^u insulat+ plates1 e & e4 ,fusible mica-foils1 g1 & swit* plates1 h & i1 ) plugs k1 are provid$ = protect+ & disconnect+ ! circuits4 ,! op5 front ( ! comp>tm5ts ,d & ,d are clos$ by glass plates1 ,t1 :i* p]mit inspection ( ! connections )\t ent]+ ! box4 ,! conv]t] box occupies little space1 & may be plac$ 9 any conv5i5t situation 9 or ab\t ! premises to be light$1 mu* ! same z a gas-met]4 ,! practice :]e ov]head conductors are employ$1 is to m\nt ! conv]t] box on a pole 9 ! vic9ity ( ! premises to be light$1 z %[n by ,fig4 #ac1 & ?us x is only necess>y to lead ! second>y or l[ pot5tial wires into ! build+1 ! high pot5tial wires rema9+ 9 an accessible position ^u ! pole4 ,fig4 #ad is a view ( ,nor? ,/reet1 ,pittsfield1 ,massa*usetts1 engrav$ f a photograph1 & %[s a v neat =m ( tubul> pole ) its conv]t] box on top4 ,?is arrangem5t is us$ ?r\gh\t ! city1 & is a great improvem5t on ! ord9>y =m ( telegraph poles :i* s greatly disfigure ,am]ican cities1 & are really ! mo/ objectionable feature ( ! ov]head wire sy/em4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,to face page #cg4 ,! pot5tial ord9>ily employ$ 9 ! ma9 circuits ( ! ,we/+h\se in/allations is ab\t #ajjj volts1 & t 9 ! lamp circuits #ej volts1 ! ratio ( conv]sion1 !re=e1 be+ z #bj to #a2 ! dynamos are manufactur$1 z a rule1 9 ?ree sizes1 ,no4 #a = #fej1 #af c&le-p[] lamps2 ,nos4 #b & #c = respectively #acjj & #bejj lamps4 ,! conv]t]s are also made 9 ?ree ord9>y sizes to supply #bj1 #cj1 & #dj lamps ( #af c&le-p[] ea*4 ,a #dj-light conv]t] conta9s ab\t #he p\nds ( iron & #be p\nds ( copp]1 s t ! total weight ( metal is less ?an #c p\nds p] lamp2 ! electrical effici5cy ( ! conv]t] is said to exce$ #ie p] c5t4 :5 ! pot5tial is r$uc$ f #ajjj volts 9 ! prim>y to #ej 9 ! second>y4 8,x is claim$ t ! trifl+ loss ( en]gy 9 conv]sion f high to l[ pot5tial at ! po9t ( consumption is made up = by ga9 at o!r po9ts1 especially 9 ! increas$ effici5cy ( ! lamps1 s t an alt]nat+ curr5t plant may be c\nt$ on to give #aj-af c&le-p[] lamps p] indicat$ horse-p[]1 z aga9/ #g ) ! direct sy/em20 ! comp>ative ga9 is d\btful1 b by us+ #ej in/ead ( #ajj volts ! life ( ! lamps is increas$1 ! =m] hav+ a mu* /rong] filam5t & consequ5tly a long] life4 ,,electric ,,motors4 ,hav+ slightly div]g$ f ! orig9al l9es by describ+ a sy/em :i* is at pres5t n introduc$ into ,europe1 a few rem>ks on ! subject ( electric motors may n be inappropriate1 z !y are almo/ univ]sally work$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 f ! in/allation :i* supplies electric light4 ,!re is a consid]able pr(it to ! electric company if electric p[] is tak5 9 ! di/rict1 ! wires convey+ ! light+ curr5t are ?us economically employ$ dur+ ! day4 ,9 ! diagram1 ,fig4 #ae1 :i* repres5ts a di/rict at ,bo/on1 ! curve on ! "r pr9cipally repres5ts ! dem& = p[] :i* takes place betwe5 ! h\rs ( #h ,a4,m4 & #c ,p4,m4 ,a circul> 0 address$ to all ! lead+ electric companies 9 ,am]ica a %ort "t ago1 ask+ if !y suppli$ p[] z well z light1 also = :at purposes x 0 us$4 ,answ]s 7 receiv$ f #ef companies1 :o /at$ t ! motors 7 employ$ =3--driv+ v5tilator fans1 coll>-&-cuff ma*9es1 pr9t+-presses1 v>i\s app>atus 9 repair-%ops1 sew+-ma*9es1 c(fee-mills1 gun-%op tools1 sausage-ma*9es1 elevators1 la!s1 pumps1 saws1 ice-cream freez]s1 organ-bell[s1 & wa%+-ma*9es4 ,! size ( motors v>i$ f "o-eigh? to #ae horse-p[]2 #bf companies h suppli$ motors f arc light circuits1 #ad f arc & inc&esc5t1 & #af f inc&esc5t circuits alone4 ,! motors are pr9cipally own$ by ! subscrib]s1 & are *>g$ = at a rate v>y+ f #c to #ae p] horse-p[] p] mon?4 ,! motor bus9ess is /ill 9 its infancy1 b is cit$ to %[ h[ ,electric ,p[] c supplant ! /eam-eng9e1 especially = ^? purposes 9 :i* ! p[] requir$ is small & complete control is desirable4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,,class ,,ii4 ,,! ,,edison ,,p>allel ,,sy/em1 ,,) ,,cont9u\s ,,curr5t4 ,x w be f\nd1 on exam9+ ,app5dix ,,ii41 t 9 ,european /ations by f> ! l>g] numb] ( lamps are ma9ta9$ f in/allations employ+ ! ,edison sy/em2 ! ,f]ranti plan ( us+ trans=m]s comes next1 closely foll[$ by ,g\l>d & ,zipp]n[sky2 ! di/ribution ) second>y batt]ies foll[s1 & ! high-t5sion multiple s]ies comes la/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,! ,edison sy/em has frequ5tly be5 discuss$1 9 connection ) small in/allations1 b 9 magnitude ! /ations 9 ,b]l9 & 9 ,milan exce$ any?+ t has be5 />t$ "h ) cont9u\s curr5t4 ,be=e describ+ ! c5tral electric light /ation at ! =m] city1 x may be well to recall to m9d t ! ,edison plan is ! comb9ation ( a numb] ( ma*9es :i* pump electricity into a network ( fe$]s1 ma9s1 & conductors1 ! lamps be+ plac$ 9 p>allel circuit1 z %[n at ,l l1 ,fig4 #af1 & ma9ta9$ at a con/ant pot5tial ( #aaj volts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,m ,m are ! fl[ & return ma9s1 ! dynamos bridg+ !m across at "o end4 ,if ! ma9s 7 v long1 ^? ne> to ! dynamos w\ld be exhau/+ ! supply1 & ! lamps at ! remote end w\ld n get ! full pressure4 ,a sy/em ( fe$]s has be5 devis$ s t ea* lamp1 no matt] :]e x may be1 %all h approximately ! full #aaj volts work+ ?r\gh x4 ,fig4 #ag %[s a long circuit consi/+ ( two bran* ma9s bridg$ by a l>ge numb] ( lamps1 l l1 & ,d ,d are ! dynamos at ! c5tral-/ation4 ,s]ies ( fe$]s1 f f1 h to be tak5 f ! dynamo ma9s & f$ direct into ! bran* ma9s at v>i\s po9ts1 d d1 b b1 c c1 9 ord] to di/ribute ! electrical pressure equally4 ,,! ,,?ree-,,wire ,,sy/em4 ,! ord9>y p>allel sy/em is und\bt$ly suitable = small in/allations2 b :5 ! area to be light$ is ext5sive1 x is impossible to proportion ! ma9s1 ) a view to economy 9 ! co/ ( copp]1 )\t sacrific+ en]gy wa/$ 9 heat+ ! conductors4 ,9 ,figs4 #af1 #ag1 ! lamps are %[n 9 simple p>allel2 b if two dynamos are connect$ toge!r1 & a ma9 wire is run f ea* ( _! two extreme t]m9als & a ?ird wire f ! bran* connect+ ! two ma*9es1 we h :at is kn[n z ! ?ree-wire sy/em1 :i* 0 inv5t$ by ,edison 9 ,am]ica1 & ,hopk9son 9 ,engl&1 almo/ simultane\sly4 ,al?\gh by us+ ! ?ird wire !re is a sav+ 9 copp] ov] ! p>allel plan1 ! maximum ga9 is n m ?an #be p] c5t41 "u ! be/ conditions2 :5 ! di/rict to be illum9at$ is n m ?an #djj to #fjj y>ds f ! c5tral-/ation1 ! ?ree-wire sy/em answ]s well1 b z soon z ?is di/ance is exce$$ ! co/ ( ! ma9s beg9s to m\nt up at a mo/ al>m+ rate4 ,al?\gh !re are _m ,edison in/allations 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates on ?is sy/em & a few on ! ,cont95t1 x has only be5 us$ "h 9 a few in/ances = factory light+4 ,,! ,,edison ,,sy/em ,,at ,,milan4 ,! ,santa ,radegonda /ation at ,milan is at ! pres5t mom5t ! second l>ge/ ,edison /ation 9 ,europe4 ,! build+1 :i* 0 =m]ly a !atre1 is well adapt$ = ! "w requir$2 ! dynamos & eng9es are fix$ 9 a deep basem5t1 :ile ! boil]s are a few feet above ! /reet level1 ! upp] floors be+ us$ z /ores & te/+-rooms4 ,! dynamos1 eight 9 numb]1 are ( ! old ,edison type1 ) horizontal magnets2 sev5 ( ^! ma*9es are connect$ to ! fe$]s :i* supply ! ma9s1 & ^! cov] ! di/rict to be light$ on ! ,edison network sy/em4 ,! motive p[] is furni%$ by six ,arm+ton-,sims1 & two ,port]-,all5 eng9es1 ea* connect$ direct to ! armature ( a dynamo1 ! spe$ be+ ma9ta9$ at ! uni=m rate ( #cej revolutions p] m9ute1 except 9 ! case ( ! sp>e eng9e & dynamo1 :i* is kept turn+ sl[ly1 ready to be swit*$ on %\ld occasion dem&4 ,! />t+ or cutt+-out ( circuit ( ^! l>ge ma*9es requires "s c>e4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 to />t1 x is necess>y to ins]t resi/ance into ! %unt circuit ( ! dynamo1 :i* is done by a swit*2 b to ?r[ #aej horse-p[] into ! ma9 circuit w\ld be dang]\s to ! lamps1 s t ! curr5t is fir/ s5t into a bank ( "o ?\s& lamps us$ z a resi/ance1 & ^! are cut out /ep by /ep2 simil> c>e is tak5 :5 a ma*9e is /opp$4 ,to control ! electro-motive =ce1 :i* v>ies greatly f "t to "t1 h& regulation is us$ dur+ ! day1 ) ! help ( ! ,edison tell-tale1 consi/+ ( two lamps1 a r$ & :ite "o1 :i* light up :5 ! curr5t is high or l[2 b :5 ! night s]vice comes on1 z x may happ5 t two ?\s& lamps may be turn$ out at once1 an att5dant has to c>efully wat* ! electric regulator1 & be ready to ins]t resi/ance into ! field-magnet circuits by mov+ a :eel connect$ by a %aft & bevel-ge> to a sy/em ( commutators4 ,! pr9cipal difficulty to be ov]come1 9 an in/allation :]e ! curr5t is di/ribut$ ov] a l>ge area1 is ! regulation ( ! electro-motive =ce at ! v>i\s po9ts1 z at ,milan2 !re are no return galvanomet] wires1 :i* are n[ us$ 9 bo? ! two & ! ?ree-wire ,edison sy/ems 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! plan devis$ by ! company's electrician at ,milan is v +5i\s1 & enables ! pressure at ! ends ( ! v>i\s fe$]s to be kept practically ! same1 al?\gh !y are ( diff]5t l5g?s & sectional area4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 resi/ance 0 add$ to ea* fe$] to equalise ! resi/ance 9 ea* conductor2 &1 9 ord] to provide = ! v>y+ am\nt ( curr5t ! fe$] has to supply1 a peculi> =m ( commutator1 hav+ a guillot9e-%ap$ contact-piece1 0 ins]t$ 9 ! circuit4 ,by mov+ ?is1 suitable resi/ance is ins]t$ or cut out1 & ! att5dant1 hav+ a s]ies ( numb]s1 has only to set ?is in/rum5t to ! numb] %[n by ! ampre met]4 ,by f> ! l>ge/ am\nt ( curr5t is drawn (f = ! light+ ( ! ,scala ,!atre1 ! /age-light+ alone tak+ m ?an "o ?\s& lights3 if ^! 7 all turn$ on sudd5ly1 ! o!r lights 9 ! di/rict w\ld be dimm$2 to obviate ?is1 auxili>y fe$]s h be5 run1 :i* are us$ only :5 any great increase is expect$2 commutators simil> to ^? ref]r$ to above also regulate ^! fe$]s )\t any special att5tion4 ,! pressure at any po9t 9 ! sy/em is by ?is means easily controll$1 & af=ds an illu/ration ( :at is p]haps n ! mo/ economical1 b is f\nd to be ! mo/ practicable1 way ( ma9ta9+ a con/ant pot5tial 9 a di/rict :]e ! am\nt ( output ( curr5t is sudd5ly d\bl$4 ,fig4 #ah is a plan ( ! network sy/em ( conductors laid ?r\gh a l>ge portion ( ! city2 ! conductors are 9 outw>d appe>ance simil> to gas-pipes1 ! curr5t pass+ ?r\gh semicircul> b>s ( copp]1 emb$d$ bo? = ! fl[ & return 9 ! same iron tube1 :i* is laid und]gr\nd 9 a %all[ tr5*4 ,! h\se-supply is drawn f ! ma9s1 & ^! are connect$ to ! fe$]s by means ( ord9>y junction-boxes1 :i* ea* conta9 a fusible cut-out4 ,! bridge-boxes all[ ( expansion ( ! l9e1 & h connections = te/+ purposes4 ,! insulation is extremely good1 ma9ly on acc\nt ( ! fav\rable nature ( ! gr\nd1 :i* is *iefly gravel2 no tr\ble has be5 exp]i5c$ ) leakage1 nor has ! s]vice ev] be5 int]rupt$4 ,! cut-outs are ( an improv$ ,edison =m1 b h ! disadvantage att5d+ all lead plugs :]e ! curr5t is great1 9 t1 to gu>d aga9/ accid5tal melt+ due to ! heat+ effect ( ! curr5t1 ! sectional area ( ! lead has to be mu* l>g] ?an w\ld be o!rwise necess>y4 ,9 fact1 ^! cut-outs w protect ! cable aga9/ a bad %ort circuit1 b no?+ else4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,9 addition to ! gl[ lamps1 eighty arc lamps are work$ 9 d]ivation1 two 9 s]ies2 mo/ ( ^! lamps require #de volts1 to :i* #aj p] c5t4 ( idle resi/ance is add$1 con/itut+ a total loss ( curr5t :i* is extremely l[ = a comb9$ arc & inc&esc5t sy/em ( light+4 ,! s]vice comm5c$ 9 #ahhb ) a little ov] "o hundr$ lamps1 & at pres5t !re are ov] t5 ?\s& gl[ lamps1 & two hundr$ arc lamps are 9 use4 ,at fir/ ! new ent]prise _h to /ruggle aga9/ v great difficulties2 n only ! te*nical difficulties ( di/ribution by means ( a network ( fe$]s & ma9s _h to be ov]come1 b also ^? aris+ f ! prejudices ( consum]s & ! competition ( ! gas company1 :o tri$ to det] consum]s f introduc+ electric light into _! h\ses4 ,"o ( ^! means consi/$ 9 (f]+ to ! private consum]s1 resid5t 9 ! di/rict :i* 0 ?reat5$ by competition ) electricity1 an agreem5t by :i* ! gas company b\nd itself to supply gas at #es4 #h;d4 p] #ajjj cubic feet1 in/ead ( #gs4 #g;d4 z *>g$ hi!rto2 & ev5 n[ ^? inside ! 8*>m$ circle0 ( ! electric light conductors get _! gas *eap] ?an ! public outside4 ,"o ( ! reasons :i* accel]at$ ! adoption ( electric light 0 ! introduction ( ! ,edison met]1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* consum]s c\ld be *>g$ exactly = ! am\nt ( light !y _h receiv$1 & 7 reliev$ f pay+ a lump sum accord+ to ! numb] ( lamps fix$1 :i* 0 cu/om>y 9 ! e>ly days ( ! company4 ,! prices at :i* ! company n[ provides light1 at all h\rs ( ! day & night1 are z "u3-- ,in/allation ,*>ge p] ,type ( ,lamp4 *>ge p] lamp4 lamph\r4 s4 d4 #aj-;c&le #ah #jbf #af- 0 #bh #jdj #cb- 0 #ef #jhj t is1 a little ov] d4 p] ampre-h\r2 ! #aj-;c&le lamps requir+ #je1 ! #af-;c&le lamps #jge1 & ! #cb-;c&le lamps #ae ampre4 ,! company l5ds met]s = #ej1 #ajj1 & #aej lamps1 at an annual r5t ( #ds4 #aj;d41 #gs4 #c;d41 & #is4 #g;d4 respectively1 & replaces1 )\t *>ge to ! consum]1 any lamp ! filam5t ( :i* has brok51 b x does n replace lamps :]e ! glass is brok54 ,= arc lamps requir+ #i to #aj ampres1 an annual r5t ( #b mu/ be paid = ! lamp itself1 & a *>ge ( a little ov] d4 p] h\r = e ampre-h\r4 ,! c>bons are *>g$ = at #a;d4 p] pair1 la/+ = ab\t sev5 h\rs4 ,n[ t ! in/allation has be5 9 use = sev]al ye>s1 & t ! company has arriv$ at a v accurate e/imate ( ! "t dur+ :i* an av]age consum] requires ! light--ab\t "o ?\s& six hundr$ lamp-h\rs p] annum--x proposes to simplify ! me?od ( *>g+ l>ge consum]s1 by omitt+ ! initial *>ge ( ea* lamp1 &1 in/ead1 to *>ge #jf;d4 = ea* #af-;c&le lamp-h\r4 ,! ,edison met]s are bas$ on ! electrolytic action ( a small fraction ( ! curr5t :i* passes ?r\gh ! met]4 ,!y are cells1 ) rectangul> z9c plates imm]s$ 9 a solution ( sulphate ( z9c ( #ajed d5sity1 ! di/ance betwe5 ! plates be+ a little ov] in*4 ,! proportion ( ! curr5t :i* passes ?r\gh ! met] to t :i* passes directly into ! consum]'s h\se is #a to #igc4 ,! resi/ance ( ! %unt circuit is #ige ohms1 made up z foll[s3 cell1 #age ohm2 metallic portion1 #h ohms4 ,! resi/ance ( ! metallic portion rises ) ! temp]ature1 :]eas t ( ! cells falls ) a ris+ temp]ature2 & 9 ?is mann] ! small v>iations ( resi/ance :i* might take place 9 ! cell are c\nt]-balanc$ by ! equally small v>iations 9 ! resi/ance ( ! metallic portion4 ,a complete met] consi/s ( two simil>-siz$ cells ( ! same resi/ance1 plac$ 9 s]ies4 ,! object ( employ+ two cells is1 t :5 little curr5t is pass+1 z 9 ! summ] mon?s1 "o cell alone is us$1 & :5 ! consumption is suffici5tly l>ge bo? cells are employ$1 & ! mean betwe5 ! two indications is tak5 z ! basis = calculation 9 numb] ( ampre-h\rs4 ,! quantity ( electricity pass$ ?r\gh ! cell is calculat$ by ! loss ( weight :i* has tak5 place 9 ! positive plate4 ,an employ ( ! society visits e met] mon?ly1 tak+ away ! old cells & sub/itut+ o!rs fre%ly con/ruct$4 ,a book is kept 9 :i* ! weights ( ! new plates & ^? ( ! return$ plates are ent]$1 & on ! basis ( ^! entries ! acc\nts are made up4 ,! l>ge/ plates are ^? 9 ! #ajj-light met]1 & are int5d$ = a maximum curr5t ( #ge ampres 9 ! ma9 circuit2 !y are #f in*es long by #b in*es wide4 ,9 cases :]e a l>g] am\nt ( curr5t is tak51 ! capacity ( ! #ajj-light met] is increas$ by jo9+ two or m copp] /rips across ! t]m9als ( ! cells4 ,! weak po9t ( ! sy/em is ! removal ( ! cells1 :i* leaves ! adju/m5t ( ! acc\nt to be paid entirely 9 ! h&s ( ! ,electric-,light ,company2 9 spite ( ?is drawback1 x is /at$ t !re has n be5 a s+le compla9t f consum]s dur+ ! f\r ye>s 9 :i* ! met] sy/em has be5 9 use4 ,discov]y ( ,faults4 ,x is evid5t t 9 s ext5sive a sy/em ( light+ a %ort circuit n[ & !n betwe5 ! lamp wires & ! e>? _c altoge!r be avoid$4 ,_m ( ! lamps h be5 fitt$ to exi/+ gas fitt+s1 & are beyond ! daily sup]vision ( ! company's (fic]s2 ! faulty place is (t5 n easily accessible1 s ! fir/ /ep tak5 is to discov] on :i* ( ! two circuits ! tr\ble has occurr$4 ,?is is done at ! /ation by jo9+ two #af-;c&le lamps 9 s]ies across ! ma9 conductors & ! po9t ( junction betwe5 ! two lamps is connect$ to e>? by a /\t wire4 ,z long z bo? circuits 7positive & negative7 are p]fectly insulat$ f e>? no curr5t fl[s ?r\gh ?is middle wire1 & bo? lamps rema9 h>dly inc&esc5t2 b1 if "o ( ! circuits %\ld be 9 connection ) ! e>?1 ! lamp :i* is jo9$ on ! o!r circuit w bright5 up1 because ! pot5tial ( ! middle wire & t ( ! faulty circuit are bo? z]o1 & consequ5tly ! lamp betwe5 ! middle wire & ! s\nd circuit receives ! full pressure ( #aaj volts4 ,to localise ! fault1 contact is made betwe5 ! e>? & ! s\nd circuit by means ( a fusible plug ( kn[n melt+ po9t1 say = a ?irty-lamp supply4 ,if ! fault is on a portion ( ! ext]nal circuit1 supply+ less ?an ?irty lamps1 its fusible plug w melt z soon z ! s\nd ma9 is put to e>?4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! fault is on a portion supply+ m ?an ?irty lamps1 ! fusible plug :i* has be5 ins]t$ at ! /ation betwe5 ! s\nd ma9 & ! e>? w melt in/ead4 ,a s]ies ( fusible plugs are ?us tri$1 increas+ 9 melt+ capacity until "o is f\nd t does n g3 9 ?is case1 ! o!r plug on ! faulty portion has melt$1 & ! consum]'s lamps on t bran* are ext+ui%$2 ! position ( ! fault is ?us localis$1 & ! company proce$ to rem$y ! defect )\t int]f]+ 9 ! slighte/ degree ) ! re/ ( _! sy/em4 ,,! ,,electric ,,light+ ,,( ,,b]l94 ,! ,edison sy/em is also employ$ at ,b]l91 9 fact ! ,deuts*] ,edison ,gesells*aft h at ! pres5t "t a monopoly ( ! supply ( ! city f ?ree l>ge c5tral-/ations1 ea* ( :i* s]ves ! area 9 _! imm$iate neighb\rhood4 ,! ma9s diff] f ^? us$ at ,milan 9 t /r&$ highly insulat$ cables1 protect$ ) /eel wire on ! outside1 are laid "u ! pavem5t 9 e /reet ?r\gh\t ! di/rict4 ,) ! exception ( ! ,leipzig] /rasse & ,unt] d5 ,l9d51 :i* are lit ) arc lamps susp5d$ f *a9s runn+ betwe5 ca/-iron poles #bd ft4 high1 ab\t #ajj to #bej ft4 ap>t1 gas is us$ = ! /reet light+1 & electricity = ! int]ior illum9ation ( _m public build+s & private h\ses2 !re are also a good _m arc lights outside ! %ops & re/aurants4 ,! ma9s are on ! ,edison network sy/em1 ! area ( copp] be+ su*1 t :5 all ! lamps are on !re is a loss ( en]gy ( #be p] c5t42 b ?is does n occur on an av]age = m ?an half an h\r a day4 ,no sole concession is giv5 to ! company1 :o simply h ! "r to take up ! pavem5t & cross /reets1 & = ?is p]mission !y are b\nd to furni% any consum] 9 ! di/rict ) a con/ant supply ( electricity at ! foll[+ *>ges3-- #aj-;c&le lamps #be pf41 ab\t #jbi d4 p] h\r4 #af- 0 #dj 0 #jdh 0 #cb- 0 #hj 0 #jif 0 #ej- 0 #abe 0 #aej 0 #ajj- 0 #be 0 #cjj 0 ,9 addition to ?is an in/allation fee ( #fs4 p] lamp is *>g$1 :i* includes "o lamp4 ,met]s are *>g$ z foll[s3-- s4 d4 #aj- to #af-;c&le-p[] #j #af #j p] annum4 #be- 0 0 #a #j #j 0 #ej- 0 0 #a #aj #j 0 #ajj- 0 0 #b #j #j 0 ,a disc\nt is all[$ (f ?is met] *>ge1 v>y+ ) ! numb] ( h\rs ! light is us$ 9 ! ye>4 ,! co/ ( gas is ab\t #ds4 #i;d4 p] #a1jjj cubic feet1 s ! electric light is slightly ! de>] illum9ant4 ,! ,aron met]1 ,fig4 #ai1 is usually employ$ z ! record] ( ! electricity consum$4 ,x consi/s ( two p5dulums1 controll+ two di/9ct clockwork ge>s4 ,"o oscillates at a regul> spe$1 b ! o!r has a p]man5t magnet1 in/ead ( a weight1 & is v>iable 9 spe$4 ,! entire curr5t passes ?r\gh ! sol5oid1 :i* is und]nea? ! p5dulum1 ) ! magnet2 ! diff]5ce 9 spe$ betwe5 ! /&>d & v>iable clocks is giv5 9 direct ampre-h\rs by a c\nt]-ge>+ simil> to ! index ( a gas-met]4 ,an electro-magnet />ts ea* p5dulum :5 ! curr5t beg9s to fl[1 & imm$iately x ceases1 two det5ts come into op]ation & hold ! p5dulums /ation>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,,class ,,iii4 ,,! ,,s]ies ,,sy/em ,,( ,,di/ribution4 ,?is me?od dates back to ! introduction ( ! inc&esc5t light1 &1 al?\gh x has be5 frequ5tly demon/rat$ t a small curr5t ( high pot5tial c\ld be employ$ to "w inc&esc5t lamps1 ! s]ies sy/em has nev] be5 in/all$ on a comm]cial scale1 & is conf9$ to arc light+4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! usual pressure = arc light+ is #b1jjj volts1 & x is n an uncommon occurr5ce to h =ty arc lamps 9 s]ies ^u a l9e ov] #aj miles 9 l5g?1 c>ry+ a curr5t ( #aj ampres4 ,to economically use ?is high pressure = gl[ lamps 9 s]ies1 !y mu/ be ( su* design z to enable ! :ole ( ! curr5t to be pass$ ?r\gh !m )\t injury4 ,! filam5t ( an ord9>y high-resi/ance gl[ lamp w\ld be imm$iately de/roy$1 s t l[-resi/ance lamps1 hav+ a mu* l>g] sectional area1 mu/ be employ$4 ,! ,b]n/e9 or ! ,cruto lamp1 :i* c be made to h a 8hot0 resi/ance ( ab\t #jg ohm1 & requires a curr5t ( #ige ampres1 c\ld be us$1 & ! curr5t might be economically br\ght f a great di/ance4 ,mr4 ,b]n/e9 calculates t x w\ld be possible to op]ate #f1jjj ( ^! #g-volt lamps f tw5ty dynamos1 ea* giv+ a curr5t ( #aj ampres at a pot5tial ( #b1jjj volts1 & /ill h a m>g9 = loss ( curr5t 9 ! leads4 ,an economical feature ( ?is s*eme is ! easy way 9 :i* p[] c\ld be sav$ :5 only comp>atively few lights 7 requir$2 = in/ance1 9 ! daytime all ! circuits c\ld be loop$ toge!r & f$ by "o dynamo1 &1 z ! numb] ( lights increas$1 s o!r ma*9es c\ld be swit*$ 9 by hav+ an auxili>y bank ( lamps z a resi/ance4 ,f ! c5tral-/ation tw5ty pairs ( c>efully insulat$ copp] wires1 say ( ,no4 #f ,b4 ,w4 ,g41 w\ld lead to ! h\ses2 &1 z a good-siz$ ord9>y h\se takes on an av]age tw5ty lights1 ! conductor w\ld pass ?r\gh fifte5 h\ses be=e x return$ to ! /ation4 ,x is 9 ! h\se t ! practical difficulty comm5ces1 z 9 ?is s]ies sy/em ! circuit mu/ nev] be op5$1 s t ! swit*es & safety appliances mu/ be su* t1 :atev] happ5s1 !re mu/ rema9 "s pa? = ! curr5t1 o!rwise all ! lights on t p>ticul> circuit w\ld be ext+ui%$4 ,mr4 ,b]n/e9 gives ! designation ( 8%ort clos$0 if ! curr5t goes ?r\gh ! swit*-lev]1 & 8long clos$0 if ! curr5t is l$ ?r\gh ! lamps or o!r electrical devices4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,fig4 #bj is a diagram ( ! lamps 9 any build+4 ,! /reet ma91 ,m1 ent]s at ! ma9 swit*1 ,s1 & cont9ues f swit* to swit*1 ,s ,s1 & returns to ,s be=e x leaves4 ,x is necess>y1 to gu>d aga9/ any possible ext9ction1 to con/ruct all ! swit*es s t x w\ld be impossible to move ! lev] )\t a lamp 0 light$2 &1 %\ld ! lamp give out1 an equival5t resi/ance mu/ be automatically ins]t$4 ,^! details h be5 inve/igat$ by ,mr4 ,alex&] ,b]n/e91 :o has design$ a complete sy/em = 8s]ies0 light+1 & claims = x special economical advantages4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 v d\btful if ?is plan c be recomm5d$ = adoption 9 private h\ses2 b 9 public light+1 or 9 l>ge e/abli%m5ts :]e an electrician c\ld be kept to look aft] ! fitt+s & ! insulation ( ! conductors1 !re %\ld be no m dang]1 9 introduc+ ! high-t5sion cont9u\s curr5t ( #b1jjj volts1 ?an !re is at pres5t ) ! #ajj-volt alt]nat+ curr5t1 & ! relative sav+ 9 weight ( conductors w\ld be an important item4 ,in/allations on ?is me?od h be5 erect$ at ,messrs4 ,brunn] & ,mond's alkali works1 & 9 sev]al l>ge factories 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates :]e lights _h to be di/ribut$ ov] a consid]able area2 ! sy/em has n1 h[ev]1 come into fav\r = c5tral-/ation "w4 ,,class ,,iv4 ,,! ,,multiple ,,s]ies ,,sy/em4 ,?is me?od ( us+ a high-t5sion curr5t has already be5 ref]r$ to 9 connection ) h\se-to-h\se light+ at ,brighton1 x 0 fir/ employ$ = ! /reet light+ ( ,*e/]field by ! ,bru% ,company4 ,! electric light+ ( ! t[n ( ,temesv>1 9 ,hung>y1 is on a f> l>g] scale1 & has1 f ,novemb] #ahhd1 successfully sup]s$$ a comb9ation ( gas = ! m important /reets1 & petroleum = ! outly+ ones1 ! total co/ ( :i* 0 #bf1dhj flor9s p] annum4 ,a tw5ty-f\r ye>s' concession 0 giv5 to ! ,int]national ,electric ,company1 ! plant rema9+ _! prop]ty at ! expiration ( ! t]m1 subject to pur*ase by ! municipality at _! own valuation4 ,! public light+ is /ipulat$ to be effect$ by means ( #gca gl[ lamps ( ! int5sity ( #af c&le-p[]2 b ! option is giv5 to ! company ( swit*+ out a fix$ proportion ( ^! lamps at #aa4cj ,p4,m41 or ( leav+ ! :ole numb] 9 op]ation ) _! light-int5sity r$uc$ f #af to #h c&le-p[] f #aa4cj ,p4,m4 till dawn4 ,! total numb] ( light+ h\rs p] annum is #c1eig = ! lamps :i* are 9 op]ation f dusk until dawn1 & #a1haf = ^? :i* are ext+ui%$ at #aa4cj ,p4,m4 ,! price fix$ 9 ! concession = public light+ is #ae kreutz] p] #af c&le-p[] lamp p] h\r1 equal to #ec flor9s #ie kreutz]s p] lamp p] annum ( #c1eig h\rs1 or #bg flor9s #bd kreutz]s p] lamp p] annum ( #a1haf h\rs4 ,! company has f\nd x m conv5i5t to ex]cise ! option res]v$ to x1 ( keep+ all ! #gca lamps 9 op]ation f dusk till dawn1 r$uc+ _! light-int5sity to #h c&les aft] #aa4cj ,p4,m42 & ! municipality has agre$ to pay a r\nd sum ( #bi1jjj flor9s 7#b1daf #acs4 #d;d47 p] annum = ?is light+1 & #daie flor9s 7#c #ajs47 p] annum = ea* additional lamp work$ 9 ! same way4 ,comp>+ ^! figures ) :at prec$es1 x w be f\nd t ! electric light+ ( ! /reets n[ 9 op]ation co/s #b1ebj flor9s m ?an x did on ! =m] plan ( comb9$ light+1 p>tly by gas & p>tly by petroleum4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! /reets are light$ ?r\gh\t ) #af c&le-p[] lamps f dusk until #aa4cj ,p4,m41 & ) #h c&le-p[] lamps f #aa4cj ,p4,m4 until dawn4 ,= electric light suppli$ to private consum]s ! concession fixes ! price at #aha kreutz]s p] #af c&le-p[] lamp p] h\r1 or #jaaca kreutz]s p] c&le p] h\r1 ) ! "r to *>ge #ae p] c5t4 m = lamps ( less int5sity ?an #af c&les4 ,9 all ^! prices ! r5ewal by ! company ( lamps fail+ f legitimate we> is includ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,,multiple ,,s]ies ,,light+4 ,,temesv>4 ,"o c5tral g5]at+ /ation has be5 provid$ = ! :ole t[n1 f :i* at pres5t f\r di/9ct circuits h be5 laid1 ea* f$ by a sep>ate dynamo4 ,! /reet lamps are connect$ up 9 8multiple s]ies10 t is to say1 9 gr\ps plac$ 9 s]ies on ! circuit1 ! lamps 9 ea* gr\p be+ connect$ up 9 p>allel4 ,fig4 #ba %[s ! arrangem5t diagrammatically4 ,ea* gr\p consi/s ( eight lamps 9 p>allel2 at pres5t ?ree ( ! circuits h tw5ty-f\r gr\ps 9 s]ies1 & ! f\r? circuit has tw5ty-?ree gr\ps 9 s]ies1 giv+ a total ( n9ety-five gr\ps1 compris+ #gfj lamps1 ( :i* #gca are public lamps & #bi are us$ at ! c5tral /ation4 ,to meet ! risk ( int]ruption 9 any circuit ?r\gh ! failure ( individual lamps1 an automatic swit* is arrang$ s z to put 9 a res]ve lamp1 9 ! ev5t ( a :ole gr\p be+ int]rupt$4 ,ano!r self-act+ device w %ort circuit ! :ole gr\p1 s t ! o!r gr\ps 9 ! circuit w be unaffect$4 ,! automatic lamp-swit* is conta9$1 toge!r ) ! res]ve lamp1 9 ! lant]n1 & ! automatic gr\p cut-out consi/s simply ( an electro-magnet ) a coil ( high-resi/ance connect$ up 9 p>allel ) ! gr\p ( lamps x protects4 ,^! appliances h be5 f\nd to "w well4 ,! ma9 conductors are =m$ ( insulat$ s+le copp] wire1 #df millimetres 9 diamet]2 !y are c>ri$ ov]head on porcela9 insulators1 fix$ to telegraph po/s or to wood5 arms let into ! walls ( h\ses2 ! resi/ance ( ?is conductor is ab\t #aa ohm p] kilometre4 ,! gl[ lamps are plac$ 9 reflectors at an angle ( ab\t #de f ! v]tical1 & are c>ri$ on brackets ei!r fix$ to ! walls or on special ca/-iron po/s4 ,fig4 #bb %[s ! details ( /reet bracket & reflector ) automatic lamp-swit* & lamps 9 place4 ,! brackets are = ! mo/ "p fix$ to ! walls ( h\ses or to pa9t$ wood5 po/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,,lamp ,,bracket4 ,! "u side ( ! reflector1 :i* is made ( enamell$ iron dispos$ 9 ! =m ( a flat inv]t$ cone1 reflects ! upw>d rays f ! lamp & causes ! extreme ones to /rike ! gr\nd at a di/ance ( ab\t #ej metres f ! foot ( ! lamp-po/4 ,! increase ( light+ effect 9 ! /reets due to ^? reflectors is v m>k$4 ,! upp] "p ( ! reflector s]ves ! purpose ( a case & wea!r protector = ! automatic lamp-swit* :i* is ins]t$ f ! top1 & ! l[] end ( :i* is fitt$ ) copp] hooks to :i* ! two lamps are fix$4 ,! gl[ lamps are fitt$ ) hold]s ( a type design$ by ! eng9e]1 :i* provide ! lamp t]m9als ) l>ge & /rong eyes af=d+ consid]able contact surface & adapt$ = hook+ on direct to #be mm4 copp] wire1 ! ends ( :i* h m]ely to be b5t into a suitable =m = ma9ta9+ ! lamp 9 any requir$ position4 ,^! lamps are ( an improv$ ,lane ,fox type1 manufactur$ by ! ,electrical ,company1 at _! works 9 ,vi5na4 ,al?\gh orig9ally int5d$ = #af c&le-p[] lamps !y h s f> be5 work$ at #ah c&le-p[]1 tak+ #ecfah volts & ab\t #aahc ampres1 :i* is equival5t to #cebb watts p] c&le-p[]1 or ab\t #baa c&les p] horse-p[]4 ,! curr5t is ma9ta9$ at #aj ampres1 & ! pot5tial betwe5 indep5d5t gr\ps ( lamps is #ecf volts4 ,! aggregate en]gy lo/1 9 ov]com+ ! resi/ance ( ! ma9 leads1 swit*es & cut-outs1 is #abh p] c5t1 ( ! total electrical en]gy g5]at$ at ! c5tral-/ation--a v satisfactory result on a sy/em ( ov] #cg miles ( /reets4 ,! electro-motive =ce 9 ! conductors is ab\t #a1djj volts1 :i* is bel[ ! normal capacity ( a ,bru% ma*9e1 ?us all[+ m lamps to be op]at$ f ! f\r ma*9es4 ,! ma*9]y is driv5 by a #cjj horse-p[] horizontal comp\nd-cond5s+ t&em /eam-eng9e1 runn+ at ! normal spe$ ( #ajj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,dur+ ! fir/ #a1bjj h\rs ( light+1 only ?ree lamps out ( #gfj fail$1 & "o ( ^! _h be5 brok5 malici\sly4 ,! eng9e]+ arrangem5ts are due to ,mr4 ,c4 ,f4 de ,ki]sk[ski ,/eu>t1 ,m4 ,in/4 ,c4,e41 ! v>i\s difficulties incid5tal to a novel "w hav+ be5 surm\nt$ ) exp]i5c$ workm54 ,al?\gh ! sy/em at ,temesv> has m complicat$ arrangem5ts ?an are n[ requir$ if second>y g5]ators are us$1 x has %[n t x is q practicable to light all ! /reets 9 a t[n by electricity2 also x has enabl$ a comp>ison to be made betwe5 ! useful effect obta9able f arc & f gl[ lamps4 ,ea* gr\p ( gl[ lamps 0 f\nd to absorb practically ! same en]gy z "o arc lamp ( f #hjj to #a1jjj c&le-p[]1 & n9ety-"o or n9ety-two ( ^! c\ld h be5 run ) ! same exp5diture ( p[] z #gca gl[ lamps4 ,! eight gl[ lamps =m+ "o gr\p are 9 _m cases scatt]$ 9 diff]5t /reets1 (t5 q out ( sight ( ea* o!r4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 ! sub/itution ( "o light c5tre1 h[ev] p[]ful1 = e eight c\ld only be done by leav+ _m spots 9 complete d>kness4 ,to give a usefully diffus$ light by means ( arc lamps1 _! numb] w\ld h to be consid]ably great] ?an n9ety-two1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! /&>d ( /reet light+ w\ld h to be rais$1 & = ?is ! t[n 0 n prep>$ to pay4 ,! bus9ess has n[ pass$ into ! h&s ( ! ,anglo-,am]ican ,corporation ( ,london1 :o are ext5d+ ! in/allation by plac+ alt]nat+ curr5t dynamos at ! /ation to "w trans=m]s = ! supply ( h\ses s z to utilise ! orig9al plant = /reet light+ only1 z1 ev5 ) ! advanc$ k ( ! pres5t day1 x is d\btful :e!r = ?is purpose a m economical sy/em c\ld be employ$4 ,,class ,v4 ,,! ,,di/ribution ,,) ,,second>y ,,batt]ies1 ,,or ,,! ,,batt]y ,,trans=m] ,,sy/em4 ,mr4 ,lane ,fox 0 ! fir/ to put =w>d a complete sy/em ( electrical supply on ?is plan1 ,fig4 #bc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,g ,g5]at+ /ation4 ,a ,accumulators 7second>y batt]ies74 ,r ,returns4 ,m ,ma9s or conductors4 ,l ,lamps4 ,x ,met]s4 ,! sy/em is discuss$ by him z foll[s3#d-- 8,! *ief po9ts ( ! sy/em is ! use ( a g5]ator 9 a c5tral position1 f "o pole ( :i* insulat$ conductors or ma9s are l$ to ! sev]al po9ts :]e ! electric en]gy is to be utilis$1 be+ bran*$ & sub-bran*$ z mu* z requir$1 & !nce back to ! o!r pole ( ! g5]ator by an un9sulat$ conductor1 su* z ! gas or wat] pipes4 ,at c]ta9 po9ts1 /orage or second>y batt]ies are set up 9 connection1 on "o h&1 ) ! ma9s1 sub-ma9s1 & bran*es1 z ! exig5cies ( ! case may require1 &1 on ! o!r1 ) ! return conductor40 #d ,h$ges on ! ,supply ( ,electricity by ,local ,au?orities4 ,proce$+s ( ,association ( ,municipal & ,sanit>y ,eng9e]s & ,surveyors1 vol4 ix4 7#ahhb-hc71 p4 #aei4 8,! comb9ation ( g5]ators1 circuit & /orage batt]ies is su*1 t :5 ! curr5t f ! g5]ators falls bel[ ! dem&s made on x f ! v>i\s outlets to ! ma9s at :i* its en]gy is utilis$1 ! defici5cy is made up f ! /orage batt]ies1 :i* act 9 unison to supply ! requisite quantity ( en]gy4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! curr5t f ! g5]ator exce$s 9 po9t ( quantity ! dem&s ^u x at ! v>i\s outlets1 ! excess goes to *>ge ! /orage batt]ies & to create a res]ve to be call$ ^u 9 case ( ne$40 ,! objection to ! sy/em :i* prev5t$ x be+ put 9 practical op]ation 0 ! use ( ! e>? z a return conductor4 ,besides ! great dang] ( %ort circuit1 ! gas & ! wat] pipes1 :i* are s ?ickly laid 9 mo/ cities1 w\ld conduct ! curr5t & int]rupt telegraphic & telephonic communication4 ,! exp]im5t ( us+ /orage batt]ies z res]voirs1 f :i* a con/ant supply ( electricity c\ld be drawn z requir$1 0 tri$ on a consid]able scale at ,col*e/]1 :]e a l>ge in/allation 0 />t$ 9 #ahhd1 second>y batt]ies be+ plac$ 9 fav\rable positions1 & *>g$ by a high-t5sion curr5t4 ,! plan adopt$ is %[n by ,fig4 #bd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,a is a met] 9 *>g+ circuit2 ,b1 ! batt]ies or accumulators2 ,l1 lamps 9 p>allel on l[-pressure s]vice ma94 ,! dynamos 7 two ( ! ,bru% type1 ea* dynamo giv+ a curr5t ( #ie ampres1 ) an electro-motive =ce ( #a1hjj volts1 :5 rotat$ at a spe$ ( #gjj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,!y 7 driv5 by a semi-portable eng9e indicat+ #ij horse-p[]4 ,! dynamos 7 c\pl$ 9 p>allel circuit = quantity1 & excit$ by a small ma*9e giv+ #aj ampres4 ,! curr5t 0 l$ "s di/ance by a sev5-/r& #ai ,b4 ,w4 ,g4 cable to ! batt]ies1 :i* 7 *>g$ 9 s]ies1 ! #fj-volt lamps be+ plac$ 9 p>allel on sep>ate ma9s connect$ to ! batt]ies4 ,! dang] ( introduc+ a high-t5sion curr5t ( #a1hjj volts into ! h\ses 0 obviat$ by a rock+-swit* work$ automatically1 s z to ?r[ ! batt]ies out ( ! *>g+ circuit4 ,! op]ation 0 accompli%$ by means ( a ma/] cell ,m1 ,c1 ,fig4 #bd1 simil> to ! o!rs1 b fitt$ ) an arrangem5t to collect ! gas evolv$1 :i* ext5d$ a diaphragm atta*$ to a make-&-break arrangem5t :i* work$ ! rock+-swit*4 ,! ,col*e/] in/allation did n turn out comm]cially successful1 & has be5 ab&on$2 b ! exp]im5t has be5 valuable1 & !re is little d\bt t1 ) simplification ( details1 a high-t5sion *>g+ curr5t c\ld be l$ f a dynamo fix$ 9 any conv5i5t site :]e p[] is available2 also 9 v cr[d$ di/ricts ! batt]ies c\ld be plac$ 9 cell>s & be drawn f z res]voirs1 s z to furni% a con/ant supply ( electricity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4 ,to face page #fi4 ,! ,k5s+ton ,c\rt in/allation has be5 previ\sly quot$ z an example ( :at promises to be "o ( ! mo/ successful me?ods ( di/ribut+ a con/ant supply ( electricity ?r\gh a l>ge area1 a description ( ! /ation may !re=e be int]e/+4 ,! accompany+ elevation1 ,fig4 #be1e %[s ! unpret5d+ design ( ! build+1 & ! v compact arrangem5t ( ! g5]at+ ma*9]y & batt]ies4 ,:5 ! illu/ration 0 made ! plant consi/$ ( "o ,willan's s+le-crank triple-expansion eng9e 9 comb9ation ) a ,crompton dynamo provid$ ) v]tical inv]t$ s+le magnets1 ! output be+ #bej ampres at #adj volts :5 runn+ at #ejj revolutions p] m9ute1 ! /eam pressure be+ #afj lbs4 on ! squ>e in*4 ,a complete duplicate plant has already be5 in/all$1 & ?ree m sets ( eng9es & dynamos are %ortly to be erect$4 ,! draught f ! boil] is l$ d[nw>ds by an und]gr\nd flue1 ) ! object ( economis+ ! v limit$ space z mu* z possible4 ,z a rule1 ! dynamo & accumulators are us$ 9 p>allel1 ! curr5t ent]s & leaves ! regulat+ cells by ! same contact1 9 o!r words1 !re is only "o swit* :i* s]ves = *>g+ & dis*>g+ ! batt]ies4 ,?is swit* has n9e contacts1 s z to give n9e degrees ( regulation ( ! light2 :5 ! dynamo & accumulators are work+ toge!r1 ! lights are p>allel ) ei!r #da1 #db1 or #dc cells1 accord+ to ! am\nt ( *>ge 9 ! cells & curr5t requir$1 :ile1 :5 ! dynamo is out ( circuit1 ! lights are work$ (f1 #ej1 #ea1 #eb1 or #ec cells4 ,! curr5t passes ?r\gh ! usual measur+ in/rum5ts1 & ea* ma9 conductor is protect$ by safety fuses m\nt$ 9 a ,h$ges duplex cut-out4 ,! accumulators are ( ! ,plant type1 b in/ead ( be+ pla9 lead are sawn out ( +ots :i* are ca/ por\s on ! ,h[ell process4 ,ea* cell conta9s #ce plates1 #h 94 #h 941 &1 z ea* plate :5 fully =m$ is said to be capable ( yield+ five ampre-h\rs p] p\nd ( lead1 ! cell has ab\t #fjj ampre-h\rs total capacity4 ,9 ! ev5t ( a s]i\s breakd[n ! :ole ( ! "w w\ld fall on ! accumulators1 :i* c\ld furni% a /eady curr5t = p]haps an h\r or m2 & h]e9 lies ! novelty ( ! arrangem5t4 ,= ! fir/ "t we h an accumulator put 9 n only z a fly-:eel to ! :ole sy/em & to give ! advantage ( supply+ curr5t ?r\gh\t ! day & ! small h\rs :5 ! eng9e is n runn+1 b also to act z an actual res]ve4 ,! r\t9e is z foll[s3--! dynamo w />t *>g+ ! accumulators a few h\rs be=e dusk2 = a %ort "t aft] light+ h\rs comm5ce1 ! dynamo alone w supply suffici5t curr5t1 b lat] on ! dem& w ga9 on ! dynamo1 & a c]ta9 portion ( ! dis*>ge w be f ! accumulators4 ,at elev5 o'clock at night ! eng9e w be /opp$ & ! accumulators w alone supply ! dem& = ! re/ ( ! night4 ,9 ! small area occupi$ by ! /ation !re is ample room = a plant ( six times ! pres5t capacity1 & x is int5d$ to erect sub-di/ribut+ /ations at po9ts at ! outskirts ( ! di/rict :]e accumulators to act z trans=m]s w be fix$1 :i* w be *>g$ by a special ma9 ) a curr5t ( #ejj volts1 ! outgo+ wires f ! sub-/ation tak+ electricity at ! usual ,e4,m4,f pressure = inc&esc5t lamps 9 h\ses ( #ajj volts4 #e ,f ,indu/ries4 ,?irte5 c&le lamps are us$ 9 ! di/rict1 hav+ be5 f\nd to be m conv5i5t ?an #af or #bj c&le-p[]1 ! #ac c&le is obta9$ = #cf watts1 or #bge watts p] c&le4 ,! price *>g$ to consum]s is #h;d4 p] ,bo>d ( ,trade unit1 or equival5t to gas at ab\t #ds4 #g;d4 ! #a1jjj cubic feet4 ,met]s on ! ,aron plan1 ,fig4 #ag1 are us$1 a c>d be+ suppli$ on :i* ! read+s are ent]$ exactly simil> to ! me?od adopt$ ) gas4 ,! s]vice ma9s t]m9ate at ! met]1 :]e ! company fix = _! own purposes a d\ble pole swit* ( ! au?or's design1 ,fig4 #bf1 :i* enables bo? wires to be disconnect$1 a spr+ %ut-(f1 m>k$ ,s ,s1 prev5ts ! swit* be+ left p>tly on4 ,,sy/em ,,( ,,di/ribution4 ,! ma9s f ! ,k5s+ton ,c\rt ,/ation are laid und]gr\nd 9 a culv]t #ah 94 by #ab 941 :i* is built ) brickwork & cem5t "u ! pavem5t4 ,a d\ble conductor ( flat copp]1 #jbe squ>e in*es section1 is /ret*$ f %ackle insulators atta*$ to iron b>s1 :i* are firmly built into ! culv]t2 ! cont9uity ( ! circuit is provid$ by means ( /r&$ wire1 :i* connects ea* section2 ! flat copp] re/s on ! top ( porcela9 insulators1 fix$ on v]tical iron pieces1 :i* are built into ! floor4 ,connections ) ! sew]s are left = dra9age1 & six surface boxes are provid$ = e hundr$ y>ds4 ,:]e h\se connections h to be made1 ! bran* wires are unit$ by sold]+ to ! b>e copp] ma9s4 ,= cross+ "u ! /reets a heavily insulat$ cable is employ$1 & is l$ ?r\gh ca/-iron pipes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4 ,until a l>g] am\nt ( mileage is actually at "w1 x is difficult to express an op9ion z to :i* is ! *eape/ & mo/ effici5t me?od ( lay+ conductors 9 ! /reets4 ,! relative co/ ( two plans tri$ at ,k5s+ton ,c\rt--! insulat$ & ! b>e cable 9 a culv]t--0 giv5 by ,mr4 ,crompton 9 ! foll[+ ,tables1 ,no4 #a & ,no4 #b1 :i* are tak5 f a pap] read be=e ! ,society ( ,telegraph ,eng9e]s & ,electricians on ,april #ab?1 #ahhh4 ,table ,no4 #a ref]s m p>ticul>ly to :at is kn[n z ! ,call5d]-,webb] sy/em ( us+ bitum5 concrete1 :i* is compress$ into blocks or cases usually ab\t #f ft4 long1 #h 94 by #e 94 section1 hav+ two-in* holes ?r\gh :i* ! insulat$ copp] cable is l$4 ,! e/imates giv5 9 ,table ,no4 #b 7 criticis$ by ,mr4 ,kapp1 :o ?\ght t 8a m reliable conductor c\ld be obta9$ by us+ a high-class lead-cov]$ cable1 :i* might be laid 9 ! gr\nd ) ! simple protection ( a r\gh t>r$ plank to cov] x40 ,! co/ ( digg+ ! tr5* & runn+ 9 ! cable f ! drum 0 quot$ at #cs4 a y>d1 & ! total co/1 inclusive ( #aj = surface boxes1 at #aee p] #ajj y>ds1 in/ead ( #ahg1 z %[n by ! ,table4 ,,table ,i4 ,co/ ( ,lay+ #ajj ,y>ds ( ,d\ble ,conductor und]nea? ! ,footway ( a ,london ,/reet4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,s+le4 #g_/af #ai_/ae ,no4 #af4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,area1 squ>e in* #jjcb #jbbe #jggc ,area1 squ>e millimetre #bjh #adf #ej ,weight p] #ajj y>ds run lb4 #g #ec #ahc ,co/ ( copp] at #g;d4 #j #d #aj #a #ad #f #e #ah #j ,co/ ( insulation #a #c #b #d #h #faa #b #j ------------------------- ,total co/ ( ,cables #a #h #j #f #c #jag #j #j ,cas+1 bitum51 & cem5t #e #c #j #e #e #j #h #j #j ,lab\r1 ,lay+ #c #j #j #d #j #j #e #j #j ,tr5*+ & repair+ #be #j #jbe #j #jbe #j #j ,surface boxes & connection #e #j #j #g #j #jaj #j #j ,eng9e] & sup]9t5d5t #c #j #j #d #j #j #e #j #j ------------------------- ,total #db #aa #jea #h #jgj #j #j ,add extra if copp]1 at #i;d4 #j #a #a #j #h #j #a #g #j ------------------------- #db #ab #aea #af #jga #g #j ,co/ ( copp] p] lb41 laid complete #e #ac #f #j #ai #d #j #g #i ,curr5t 9 ampres #ab #ha #bh ,co/ p] ampre #ce #aj #j #f #h #j #b #aj #f ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ---------------------------------------- -------- #ai_/ab #ai_/aj ---------------------------------------- -------- ,area1 squ>e in*es #afac #jbe ,area1 squ>e millimetres #ajd #afabe ,weight p] #ajj y>ds run lb4 #cib #egf ,co/ ( copp] at #g;d4 #ab #ac #j #ah #ae #j ,co/ ( insulation #bd #ag #j #ce #ag #j ----------------- ,total co/ ( ,cables #cg #aj #j #ed #ab #j ,cas+1 bitum51 & cem5t #ab #aj #j #ab #aj #j ,lab\r1 ,lay+ #e #j #j #f #j #j ,tr5*+ & repair+ #be #j #j #be #j #j ,surface boxes & connection #aj #j #j #aj #j #j ,eng9e] & sup]9t5d5t #e #j #j #f #j #j ----------------- ,total #ie #j #jaad #b #j ,add extra if copp]1 at #i;d4 #b #ag #j #c #e #j ----------------- #ig #ag #jaag #g #j ,co/ ( copp] p] lb41 laid complete #j #e #j #j #d #a ,curr5t 9 ampres #eh #ij ,co/ p] ampre #a #ac #i #a #f #j ---------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #cg_/aj ,two ,sets4 #cg_/aj ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,area1 squ>e in*es #je #aj ,area1 squ>e millimetres #cbb #fde ,weight p] #ajj y>ds run lb4 #aaec #bcjf ,co/ ( copp] at #g;d4 #cg #e #j #gd #aj #j ,co/ ( insulation #gj #ae #j #ada #aj #j -------------------------- ,total co/ ( ,cables #ajh #j #j #baf #j #j ,cas+1 bitum51 & cem5t #af #j #j #bb #j #j ,lab\r1 ,lay+ #aj #j #j #ah #j #j ,tr5*+ & repair+ #be #j #j #be #j #j ,surface boxes & connection #aj #j #j #aj #j #j ,eng9e] & sup]9t5d5t #aj #j #j #aj #j #j -------------------------- ,total #agi #j #j #cja #j #j ,add extra if copp]1 at #i;d4 #h #aj #j #ag #j #j -------------------------- #ahg #aj #j #cah #j #j ,co/ ( copp] p] lb41 laid complete #j #c #c #j #b #h ,curr5t 9 ampres #ahj #cfj ,co/ p] ampre #a #a #j #j #ag #f ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,f\r ,sets4 ,six ,sets4 #cg_/aj #cg_/aj ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,area1 squ>e in*es #bj #cj ,area1 squ>e millimetres #abij #aice ,weight p] #ajj y>ds run lb4 #dfab #fiah ,co/ ( copp] at #g;d4 #adi #j #j #bbd #j #j ,co/ ( insulation #bhc #j #j #dbd #j #j -------------------------- ,total co/ ( ,cables #dcb #j #j #fdh #j #j ,cas+1 bitum51 & cem5t #dj #j #j #ee #j #j ,lab\r1 ,lay+ #ce #j #j #ej #j #j ,tr5*+ & repair+ #cj #j #j #ce #j #j ,surface boxes & connection #aj #j #j #aj #j #j ,eng9e] & sup]9t5d5t #bj #j #j #be #j #j -------------------------- ,total #efg #j #j #hbc #j #j ,add extra if copp]1 at #i;d4 #cd #j #j #ea #j #j -------------------------- #fja #j #j #hgd #j #j ,co/ ( copp] p] lb41 laid complete #j #b #g #j #b #f ,curr5t 9 ampres #gbj #a1jhj ,co/ p] ampre #j #af #h #j #af #a ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,,table ,,ii4 ,co/ ( ,lay+ #ajj ,y>ds ( ,d\ble ,conductor ( ,b>e ,copp] c>ri$ on ,insulators 9 a ,culv]t4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,area 9 squ>e in*es #jbe #je #aj ,area 9 squ>e millimetres #afabe #cbbe #fde ,weight ( copp] 9 lb4 p] #ajj y>ds #egf #aaec #bcjf ,co/ ( copp] at #g;d4 p] lb4 #ah #ae #j #cg #e #j #gd #aj #j ,lay+ #i #j #j #i #ab #j #i #ab #j ,insulators #j #d #f #j #d #f #j #d #f #f surface boxes & connections #aj #j #j #aj #j #j #aj #j #j ,culv]t1 #ah in*es #ab in*es1 = two l9es conductor1 9 brickwork #ec #h #j #ec #h #j #ec #h #j & cem5t1 replac+ pavem5t ,eng9e]s & sup]9t5d5ce #f #j #j #aj #j #j #aj #j #j ---------------------------- ,total #ig #g #fabj #i #faeg #ad #f ,extra = copp] at #i;d4 p] lb4 #c #e #j #h #aj #j #ag #j #j ---------------------------- ,total #ajj #ab #fabh #ai #fagd #ad #f ,co/ ( copp] p] lb4 laid complete #db;d4 #bg;d4 #ahb;d4 ,curr5t 9 ampres #ij #ahj #cfj ,co/ p] ampre #a #b #c #j #ad #e #j #i #h ---------------------------------------- --------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,area 9 squ>e in*es #bj #bee #cjj ,area 9 squ>e millimetres #abij #afde #aice ,weight ( copp] 9 lb4 p] #ajj y>ds #dfab #fabe #fiah ,co/ ( copp] at #g;d4 p] lb4 #adi #j #jaij #j #jbbd #j #j ,lay+ #i #ae #j #i #ae #j #aj #j #j ,insulators #j #d #f #j #d #f #j #d #f #f surface boxes & connections #aj #j #j #aj #j #j #aj #j #j ,culv]t1 #ah in*es #ab in*es1 = two l9es conductor1 9 brickwork #ec #h #j #ec #h #j #ec #h #j & cem5t1 replac+ pavem5t ,eng9e]s & sup]9t5d5ce #aj #j #j #aj #j #j #ae #j #j ------------------------------- ,total #bcb #g #fbfc #g #fcab #ab #f ,extra = copp] at #i;d4 p] lb4 #cd #j #j #dc #aj #j #ea #j #j ------------------------------- ,total #bff #g #fcjf #g #fcfc #ab #f ,co/ ( copp] p] lb4 laid complete #ach;d4 #ab;d4 #ab #f;d4 ,curr5t 9 ampres #gbj #iaj #ajhj ,co/ p] ampre #j #g #e #j #f #i #j #f #h ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,! ,,vi5na ,,c5tral-,,/ation4 ,! practical success ( ! ,batt]y ,trans=m] sy/em has be5 demon/rat$ at ,vi5na1 :]e an in/allation ( five ?\s& lamps 9 ! ,op]a ,h\se & ,burg ,!atre 0 ma9ta9$ = ! pa/ ye> f a di/ribut+ /ation #a1djj y>ds away4 ,! boil]s are fix$ 9 a basem5t =m$ by excavat+ ! c\rt-y>d ( a private h\se to a dep? ( #ae feet #f 94 bel[ ! /reet level2 ! build+ itself is utilis$ p>tly = (fices & p>tly z a l>ge dynamo & eng9e-room4 ,ea* dynamo is design$ to give an output ( #gb kil[atts or #abj ampres1 at #fjj volts pressure4 ,! curr5t is l$ by means ( a lead-cov]$ cable und]gr\nd to ! accumulators1 :i* are erect$ 9 gr\ps ( #eb cells ea*1 s z to give #ajj volts to ! lamps1 ) a com=table m>g94 ,! total pressure requir$ to *>ge ! f\r gr\ps ( batt]ies 9 s]ies v>ies f #dcj volts at ! "t ! batt]ies are giv+ (f "w1 to #dhj volts = ! %ort "t dur+ :i* ! *>ge is be+ complet$4 ,dur+ five h\rs ( light+ ab\t two-?irds ( ! curr5t comes direct f ! dynamos2 b dur+ ?is "t1 = %ort p]iods1 ! dem& = curr5t (t5 increases to su* an ext5t t ^! proportions may be rev]s$1 & ! batt]ies supply two-?irds ( ! total4 ,! regulation ( gr\ps ( batt]ies plac$ 9 s]ies is n a difficult matt]1 & w be und]/ood by ref]r+ to ! foll[+ diagram1 ,fig4 #bg3-- ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4 ,! f\r batt]y /ations m5tion$ z arrang$ 9 s]ies are repres5t$4 ,! curr5t may be suppos$ to ent] at ! "r h& corn]1 pass+ ?r\gh ! fir/ batt]y ) ! lamps p>allel to x1 & f t batt]y to ! comm5cem5t ( ! next1 & s on ?r\gh ! ?ird & f\r?1 ! curr5t be+ v>i$ at w at ! c5tral-/ation1 or kept con/ant by means ( an electrical gov]nor4 ,! pot5tial = ea* ( ! f\r gr\ps ( lamps is ma9ta9$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,9 ea* gr\p "o t]m9al is kept p]man5tly connect$ to "o ( ! dis*>ge ma9s & to "o ( ! *>g+ ma9s2 ! o!r t]m9al c be %ift$ f cell to cell accord+ to ! ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 requir$ 9 ! correspond+ lamp circuit by means ( a contact regulator4 ,?is movable t]m9al is %[n by ! bun* ( l9es at "o extremity ( ea* batt]y gr\p4 ,! rule = *>ge & dis*>ge is1 t ! t]m9al cell at ! regulat+ end ( ! batt]y is s arrang$ t x nei!r receives nor gives (f curr5t1 s t !re is no loss ( en]gy 9 ! %ape ( ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 ,! contact regulator1 :i* 0 design$ by ,mr4 ,crompton = use at ,k5s+ton ,c\rt1 is %[n by ,fig4 #bh3-- ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4 ,,c5tral-,,/ation4 ,! r+ contacts are arrang$ 9 a l9e 9 su* a mann] t a circul> contact-piece1 made ( ?9 %eets ( copp]1 c be =c$ ?r\gh !m 9 turn by means ( a c5tral screw sp9dle4 ,! ma9s = *>ge & dis*>ge are atta*$ to ! fix$ disc contacts on ! c5tral screws1 & ! regulat+ cells ( ! batt]y are c\pl$ to _! respective contact r+s by sockets at ! back ( ! bo>d4 ,! difficulty ) ! batt]y trans=m] sy/em is ! introduction ( #djj to #ejj volts into ! h\ses1 :i* w\ld be necess>y )\t ! batt]ies are always fix$ 9 sub-/ations f :i* a l[-pressure curr5t1 say ( #ajj volts ,e4 ,m4 ,f41 c\ld only be di/ribut$4 ,a me?od has be5 devis$ by ,mr4 ,h5ry ,edmunds to obviate ?is disadvantage4 ,he also uses ! high-t5sion curr5t to *>ge ! batt]ies1 b by means ( a di/ributor1 :i* is automatically work$ by ! curr5t1 ea* gr\p ( cells is *>g$ 9 turn1 :5 x is entirely cut (f f ! supply ma9 to ! h\se1 ?r\gh :i* curr5t is p]haps be+ tak5 = light+ purposes4 ,! sy/em is n[ be+ adopt$ by ! ,cadogan ,electricity ,supply ,company1 ,*elsea4 ,,direct-,,curr5t ,,trans=m]s ,,or ,,dynamotors4 ,! me?od ( trans=m+ by direct curr5t )\t ! aid ( batt]ies is n practically at "w2 b1 z ! advantages are s obvi\s & its developm5t is only a "q ( "t1 a description ( ! sy/em may n be consid]$ out ( place4 ,! electrical exhibition at ,philadelphia 9 #ahhd conta9$ a dynamotor :i* 0 exhibit$ by ! ,van de ,poele ,electric-,light ,company1 b1 z f> z c\ld be asc]ta9$1 0 n work$1 &1 z x 0 simply describ$ z an induction ma*9e = di/ribut+ curr5ts = ! use ( inc&esc5t & o!r lights1 x attract$ little att5tion4 ,! advantages ( an alt]nat+ curr5t trans=m] sy/em ( di/ribution1 ,class ,,ii41 has be5 put =w>d 9 ^! pages1 especially t ( simplicity & *eapness4 ,an alt]nat+ curr5t dynamo = a giv5 output is *eap] ?an a direct1 & x takes less lab\r to look aft] x1 because x has no commutator4 ,an alt]nat+ trans=m] is also an exce$+ly simple piece ( app>atus4 ,if orig9ally made ) due c>e & kept 9 a dry place1 x nev] breaks d[n1 z x has no mov+ p>ts1 & s !re is no?+ to g wrong4 ,! alt]nat+ sy/em ( di/ribution has1 h[ev]1 "s v s]i\s disadvantages4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is mo/ important t motors %\ld be driv5 dur+ ! day :5 ! lights are n 9 use4 ,9 ! second1 batt]ies _c be us$ 9 an alt]nat+ curr5t sy/em1 s any immunity f breakd[n t !y might ensure is want+2 & /eam mu/ be kept up all day & all night4 ,if motors are want$ dur+ ! day1 s t ! load on ! eng9e is ne>ly con/ant1 batt]ies are n s valuable1 except ) a view ( prev5t+ a breakd[n2 b1 if batt]ies _c be us$1 ! advantage ( us+ motors becomes enorm\s1 z ! plant has to be l>ge en\gh to supply ! maximum load1 & w\ld o!rwise be idle dur+ ! day4 ,9 alt]nat+ curr5t sy/ems !re are two difficulties 9 ! way ( us+ motors4 ,x is difficult to make an alt]nat+ curr5t motor t w />t1 &1 if t difficulty is surm\nt$1 x is difficult to make an alt]nat+ curr5t motor t w "w on v>y+ loads )\t great wa/e ( p[]4 ,! "q ( ! effici5cy ( alt]nat+ curr5t motors has nev] be5 really practically /udi$ yet2 &1 until ^! difficulties are ov]come1 we mu/ reg>d alt]nat+ curr5t motors z non-exi/5t4 ,sev]al me?ods ( work+ alt]nat+ curr5t trans=m]s (f direct curr5ts by commutat+ ! prim>y h be5 propos$ at diff]5t times2 b !y all seem to be impracticable1 & x seems impossible to get ov] ! difficulties t arise f sp>k+ :5 x is attempt$ to break a high-t5sion circuit4 ,"o ( ! fir/ me?ods ( di/ribution ov] l>ge areas propos$ 0 by means ( motors & dynamos comb9$4 ,= in/ance1 suppose1 9 ord] to keep d[n ! size ( ! leads1 #b1jjj volts are us$ 9 ! ma9s1 a motor capable ( work+ ) #b1jjj volts is put d[n :]e ! lights are want$1 & ?is is made to drive a dynamo giv+ #ajj volts & a l>ge curr5t4 ,in/ead ( hav+ a sep>ate motor & a dynamo connect$ by a belt or by c\pl+ ! sp9dles toge!r1 x is simpl] to make "o ma*9e ) two armatures1 or to h only "o armature ) two circuits on x4 ,"o circuit is w\nd ) f9e wire & takes ! #b1jjj volts & t5ds to turn ! armature r\nd4 ,! o!r circuit is w\nd ) ?ick wire giv+ #ajj volts & a l>ge curr5t1 & t5ds to /op ! armature1 ?us absorb+ ! p[] suppli$ by ! high-pressure circuit4 ,! direct-curr5t trans=m] or dynamotor is ?us a sort ( d\ble dynamo1 or dynamo & motor comb9$4 ,if x gets #b1jjj volts & #aj ampres1 x w\ld1 if !re 7 no wa/e1 give #ajj volts & #bjj ampres2 ) a wa/e ( #aj p] c5t41 x w give #ajj volts & #ahj ampres4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates x is usual to place an alt]nat+ curr5t motor 9 ea* h\se to be light$2 b ! conditions are q diff]5t !re1 ov]head wires be+ us$ ext5sively4 ,9 ?is c\ntry ?is sy/em is n likely to f9d fav\r1 & local sub-/ations w be us$1 ! high pressure1 :i* is always dang]\s to life1 w ?us be kept out ( private h\ses & (fices4 ,!re is1 !n1 v little diff]5ce 9 ! co/ ( ma9t5ance ( alt]nat+ curr5t trans=m]s & dynamotors1 & ! advantages possess$ by alt]nat+ curr5t trans=m]s 9 ?is respect are m ?an c\nt]-balanc$ by ! use ( motors on direct curr5t circuits4 ,dynamotors h n come into g5]al use yet because no /ations h be5 />t$ 9 ?is c\ntry ( ! size :i* dem&s !m4 ,no c5tral /ation ) sub-/ations is 9 op]ation1 b !re is e reason to expect sev]al w be soon2 & x is v necess>y to discuss ! v>i\s me?ods1 n only 9 use at ?is mom5t b com+ into use 9 ! imm$iate future4 ,! dynamotor itself ne$s no work+ out1 z any mak] ( direct-curr5t dynamos c1 ( c\rse1 make !m4 ,messrs4 ,p>is & ,scott ( ,norwi* %[$ "s 9 op]ation at ! ,newca/le ,exhibition 9 #ahhg2 ! mo/ successful type is t rec5tly inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,jas4 ,sw9burne1 illu/rat$ by ,fig4 #bi4 ,! backw>d ma9 r\nd prim>y or motor magnet is %[n on ! left1 & ! =w>d ma9 r\nd ! second>y or dynamo magnet on ! "r1 ! outside coil r\nd bo? magnets is ! %unt4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4 ,! dynamotor may be made ) two circuits on "o armature z already expla9$1 or x may h two armatures 9 sep>ate fields1 /ill mak+ up "o ma*9e4 ,! fir/ arrangem5t has two grave disadvantages4 ,!re is difficulty ab\t secur+ p]fect insulation betwe5 ! two circuits1 & ?is leads to *ances ( dang] 9 ! h\ses4 ,a dynamotor ) two circuits on "o armature _c be comp\nd$1 t is to say1 x _c be made to give con/ant electrical pressure on ! ma9s if ! numb] ( lamps is v>i$4 ,a ,sw9burne d\ble armature ma*9e c be comp\nd$1 n only to give con/ant pressure ) a v>y+ load1 b to give con/ant electrical pressure ev5 if bo? ! load & ! pressure on ! prim>y circuit v>y4 ,?is makes a consid]able diff]5ce 9 ! copp] ( ! prim>y leads1 z 9 l>ge & complicat$ di/ricts x is almo/ impossible to arrange leads1 ev5 :5 work+ ) high electrical pressure & small curr5ts1 s t ! electrical pressure rema9s con/ant1 or ev5 ne>ly s4 ,a v small v>iation ( ! pressure on an inc&esc5t lamp makes an enorm\s diff]5ce 9 ! am\nt ( light x gives1 & 9 its duration4 ,x is1 !re=e1 mo/ important t ! ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 on ! lamps %\ld be kept absolutely con/ant4 ,?is difficulty is1 ( c\rse1 insurm\ntable 9 ! case ( alt]nat+ curr5t trans=m]s4 ,alt]nat+ curr5t trans=m]s _c be made to comp\nd1 & ! loss 9 leads _c be correct$ by !m1 s t ! lamps burn dull at full load4 ,if second>y batt]ies are us$ at ! sub-/ations1 ! r$uction ( pressure might be effect$ by !m4 ,a numb] w\ld be *>g$ 9 s]ies & dis*>g$ 9 p>allel4 ,?is arrangem5t ne$s at lea/ two sets ( cells1 & cells are exp5sive2 & x is difficult to pres]ve ! insulation ( cells ) su* electrical pressure z #b1jjj volts4 ,if cells are us$ = ! purpose ( equalis+ ! load or z a safety res]ve1 x is bett] to *>ge !m by means ( a dynamotor4 ,,in/allation ,,& ,,work+ ,,co/ ,,( ,,c5tral-,,/ations4 ,until ! balance-%eet ( "s l>ge c5tral-/ation has be5 publi%$1 x is impossible to d m ?an surmise :at relation ! e>n+ p[] ( ! g5]at+ plant be>s to ! initial co/4 ,^? c5tral-/ations :i* are work+ successfully 9 ?is c\ntry at ! pres5t "t are ei!r too small = a reliable e/imate to be =m$1 or1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,grosv5or ,gall]y1 ! space is too cramp$ = ! l>ge am\nt ( ma*9]y :i* x has be5 f\nd necess>y to add 9 ord] to meet ! increas+ dem&s = light4 ,9 ord] to obta9 an approximate idea ( ! co/ ( in/all+ a /ation capable ( ma9ta9+ #aj1jjj lights1 ! foll[+ data 7,table ,,iii47 giv5 9 ,mr4 ,crompton's pap] be=e ! ,society ( ,telegraph ,eng9e]s are extremely valuable & w be exam9$ ) int]e/4 ,al?\gh ! figures giv5 are necess>ily empirical & op5 to criticism1 ! co/ ) bo? sy/ems ( di/ribution is approximately ! same1 & may be tak5 r\ghly at #e1hfj p] #a1jjj lights1 :i* am\nt1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,=bes1 w\ld be r$uc$ to #c1iad p] #a1jjj lights if ! in/allation 0 put d[n accord+ to ,am]ican practice1 & at ! initial co/ ( ! ,we/+h\se alt]nat+ curr5t sy/em4 ,mr4 ,crompton also comp>es ! work+ co/ ( ! two sy/ems 7,table ,,iv474 ,,table ,,iii4 ,co/ ( #aj1jjj-,light1 or #fjj-,kil[att1#f ,plant4 ,a4,t4--,,alt]nat+ ,,trans=m] ,,di/ribution4 ,g5]at+ /ation1 build+s1 *imney %aft1 wat] tanks1 & g5]al fitt+s #aa1jjj ,dynamos & excit]s--#hfe kil[atts1 includ+ sp>e sets1 divid$ z conv5i5t #e1edj ,motive p[]1 i4e41 eng9es1 boil]s1 /eam & fe$ connections1 belts1 c41 at #h #abs4 p] ,i4,h4,p4 #ab1dgj #ejj trans=m]s1 i4e41 "o to e pair ( h\ses1 at #ae ea* #g1ejj #b1jjj y>ds prim>y or *>g+ ma91 ext]ior to area ( supply1 at #cjh p] #ajj y>ds #f1afj #bj1jjj y>ds di/ribut+ ma91 #ej mm4 sectional area1 at #ia #gs4 7see ,table ,i47 #ad1bgj ,regulat+ ge> #ejj -------------- #eg1ddj ,b4,t4--,,accumulator ,,trans=m] ,,di/ribution4 ,g5]at+ /ation1 build+s1 *imney /ack1 wat] tanks1 & g5]al fitt+s #h1jjj ,dynamos--#fjj kil[atts1 9 six sets ( #ajj kil[atts ea* #d1hjj ,motive p[]1 i4e41 eng9es1 boil]s1 /eam & fe$ connections1 c41 at #h #abs4 p] ,i4,h4,p4 #h1fjj #d gr\ps ( accumulators1 9 all #bdj cells1 9 s]ies1 at #dj p] cell1 includ+ /&s #i1fjj #b1jjj y>ds *>g+ ma91 at #cjf #ags4 #f;d4 p] #ajj y>ds 7see ,table ,,ii47 #f1acg #bj1jjj y>ds di/ribut+ ma91 #afabe mm4 sectional area1 at #ajj #abs4 #f;d4 7see ,table ,,ii47 #bj1abe ,regulat+ ge> #b1ejj -------------- #ei1gfb #f ,kil[att equals #a1jjj watts4 ,,table ,,iv4 ,work+ ,exp5ses & ,ma9t5ance ( #aj1jjj-,light1 or #fjj-,kil[att1 ,plant4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,direct ,alt]nat+ ,trans=m] ,sy/em4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,mat]ials-- s4 d4 s4 d4 ,coals3 #d1chj tons at #ags4 #c1gbc #j #j 0 #b1eej 0 #ags4 ,oil1 wat]1 & petty /ores3 #a1ejj h\rs at #gs4 #f;d4 #g1bej h\rs at #as4 #ibe #j #j #a1djj h\rs at #es4 ,total co/ ( mat]ial ----------------- #d1fdh #j #j ,lab\r-- #b =eman driv]s at #des42 #f driv]s at #cjs42 #i firem5 at #bds42 sundry lab\r #a1chh #h #j #a =eman driv] at #des42 #b driv]s at #cjs42 #c firem5 at #bds42 sundry lab\r ,sal>ies-- #a *ief at #ejj2 #b assi/ants at #bjj ea*2 #d cl]ks at #hj ea* #a1bbj #j #j #a *ief at #ejj2 #a assi/ant at #bjj2 #d cl]ks at #hj ea* ----------------- #b1fjh #h #j ,ma9t5ance ( ,plant-- ,motive p[] & dynamos3 #aj p] c5t4 on #ah1jaj #a1hja #j #j #aj p] c5t4 on #ac1djj ,build+s & fitt+s3 #e p] c5t4 on #aa1jjj #eej #j #j #e p] c5t4 on #h1jjj ,trans=m]s3 #aj p] c5t4 on #g1ejj #gej #j #j ,accumulators3 #ae p] c5t4 on #i1fjj ,ma9s3 #g p] c5t4 on #bj1dcj #a1ecb #e #j #b p] c5t4 on #bf1bfb ,regulat+ ge>3 #aj p] c5t4 on #ejj #ej #j #j #aj p] c5t4 on #b1ejj ----------------- #d1fhc #e #j ----------------- #aa1ici #ac #j ----------------- #b1ajj units #cfe days #gff1ejj units4 ,co/ p] unit #cge;d4 ,cont9u\s ,batt]y ,trans=m] ,sy/em4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,mat]ials-- s4 d4 s4 d4 ,coals3 #d1chj tons at #ags4 0 #b1eej 0 #ags4 #b1afg #j #j ,oil1 wat]1 & petty /ores3 #a1ejj h\rs at #gs4 #f;d4 #g1bej h\rs at #as4 #a1djj h\rs at #es4 #cej #j #j ,total co/ ( mat]ial ----------------- #b1eag #j #j ,lab\r-- #b =eman driv]s at #des42 #f driv]s at #cjs42 #i firem5 at #bds42 sundry lab\r #a =eman driv] at #des42 #b driv]s at #cjs42 #c firem5 at #bds42 sundry lab\r #ige #j #j ,sal>ies-- #a *ief at #ejj2 #b assi/ants at #bjj ea*2 #d cl]ks at #hj ea* #a *ief at #ejj2 #a assi/ant at #bjj2 #d cl]ks at #hj ea* #a1jbj #j #j ----------------- #a1iie #j #j ,ma9t5ance ( ,plant-- ,motive p[] & dynamos3 #aj p] c5t4 on #ah1jaj #aj p] c5t4 on #ac1djj #a1cdj #j #j ,build+s & fitt+s3 #e p] c5t4 on #aa1jjj #e p] c5t4 on #h1jjj #djj #j #j ,trans=m]s3 #aj p] c5t4 on #g1ejj ,accumulators3 #ae p] c5t4 on #i1fjj #a1ddj #j #j ,ma9s3 #g p] c5t4 on #bj1dcj #b p] c5t4 on #bf1bfb #fef #aj #j ,regulat+ ge>3 #aj p] c5t4 on #ejj #aj p] c5t4 on #b1ejj #bej #j #j ----------------- #d1jhf #aj #j ----------------- #h1eih #aj #j ----------------- #b1ajj units #cfe days #gff1ejj units4 ,co/ p] unit #bg;d4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,) ! exception ( ! am\nt all[$ = depreciation ( ! accumulators1 :i* "t alone c %[ to be correct1 ! exp5ses may be said to be ov] r ?an "u-e/imat$2 ! #ae p] c5t4 depreciation giv5 9 ,table ,,iv4 is "u :at has hi!rto be5 f\nd necess>y to all[ = ! r5ewal ( ! plates ( a second>y batt]y4 ,if ! mean ( ! two results 9 ,table ,,iv4 are tak51 ! work+ co/ p] ,bo>d ( ,trade ,unit w be #cbb;d41 :i* %[s t ) bo? sy/ems1 aft] mak+ due all[ance = int]e/ on capital1 directors' fees1 bad debts1 & o!r sundries omitt$ by ,mr4 ,crompton1 !re is a probability ( a v fair return on ! capital exp5diture1 & ! prospect ( a h&some divid5d = an electric light+ company :o c sell electricity at ! av]age price ( #g;d4 p] ,unit4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! co/ ( ma9ta9+ & work+ electric light+ plant at private in/allations is usually mu* 9 excess ( a supply f a c5tral-/ation2 b :]e ! in/allation is ov] #ejj lights1 ! diff]5ce is n v great4 ,! work+ co/ at ! ,a!num ,club ( #chg lamps = ! pa/ ye> is giv5 z foll[s3-- s4 d4 ,gas = gas-eng9e #ddf #g #aj ,oil 0 0 #ga #c #h ,wat] 0 0 #ce #j #j ,wages #age #b #a ,sundries #cj #c #j ,ma9t5ance ( lamps1 etc4 #ih #d #a ,repairs #ajc #a #a ---------- #iei #a #i ---------- ,av]age co/ ( light+ by gas & oil = previ\s ye>s1 = two-?irds numb] ( lights #hdj4 ,at ! ,naval & ,milit>y ,club1 #dbj lights co/ #hba #ahs4 = ! same p]iod1 a /eam-eng9e be+ us$ in/ead ( a gas-eng9e4 ,! annual report ( ! co/ ( ! electric light at ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum %[s t 9 a l>g] in/allation1 consi/+ bo? ( arc & inc&esc5t lamps1 ! annual co/ ( ! latt] is mu* less ?an 9 ei!r ( ! clubs m5tion$4 ,at ! ,museum !re are #hfj #af c&le-p[] lamps1 work+ #fee h\rs p] annum1 or #efb1chg lamp h\rs2 ! total co/ = work+ la/ ye> 0 #chf1 :i* includes #ff = repairs ( eng9es1 boil]s1 dynamos1 & ma9t5ance ( lamps2 b r5t1 int]e/ on capital1 depreciation ( plant1 & managem5t is n includ$4 ,! light is us$ only ?ree ev5+s a week1 s t ! wages ( ! att5dants are proportionately 9 excess ( :at !y w\ld be 9 a c5tral-/ation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! co/ ( arc light+ = /reet purposes may be e/imat$ f ! foll[+ t5d]s4 ,at ,taunton ! local electric light company (f]$ to ext5d ! light+ ( /reets f #bi to #fj arc lamps ( #a1bjj c&le-p[] nom9al on ! ,?omson-,h\/on sy/em1 at ! foll[+ rate3-- ,p] annum4 s4 d4 ,burn+ on av]age ( #f h\rs p] night ea* lamp #ag #g #f #g 0 0 #ah #ab #f #h 0 0 #ai #ag #f ,! po/s & supports to be provid$ & fix$ by ! company1 or1 if ! t[n c\ncil f\nd ! same1 ! company w\ld all[ a d$uction at ! rate ( #e p] c5t4 p] annum ^u ! outlay made by ! c\ncil4 ,! lamps are usually ab\t #djj feet ap>t4 ,! actual co/ ( op]at+ arc lights on ?is sy/em is giv5 9 ! foll[+ detail$ exp5ses ( a six h\rs' run ( a #ej-light plant = ! /reet light+ ( an ,am]ican city3-- #b1fjj lb4 ,ind4 nut & slack coal1 at #acj p] ton #afi ,eng9e]1 "o night1 at #ejjj p] mon? #afg ,sup]9t5d5t or electrician1 "o night1 at #ejjj p] mon? #afg ,trimm]1 "o day1 at #djjj p] mon? #acc #dh pairs ( c>bons1 at #ahej p] mon? #hi ,wa/e1 c41 at #bjjj p] ye> #je ,wat] r5t1 at #djjj p] ye> #aa ,half-p9t cyl9d] oil1 at #fj;c4 p] gallon #jd ,"o p9t eng9e & dynamo oil1 at #ej;c4 p] gallon #jf ,"o day repairs on ma*9e & lamps1 includ+ globes1 at #abjjj p] ye> #cc ,"o day taxes on #ej-light plant1 assess$ at #e1jjj1 at #b p] c5t4 #ca ,"o day int]e/ on #ej-light plant 7#aj1jjj71 at #f p] c5t4 #afg ---------- ,mak+ a total ( #ihb #aj;d4 or #bjde c5ts4 p] lamp4 #ae #ajs4 p] annum4 ,if1 9 addition to ! #ej /reet lights1 #cc o!r arc lights are ma9ta9$1 ! total co/ is r$uc$ = a six h\rs' run to #acbe1 or #b #aes4 #b;d4 = ! #hc lights1 #h;d4 or #aeif c5ts p] lamp1 #ab #cs4 #d;d4 p] annum4 ,table ,v4 has be5 calculat$ by ,m4 ,deck]1 ( ,nuremburg1 & gives ! comp>ative co/ ( work+ #aej lamps by electricity & by gas4 ,! gas price 7#a7 is t paid 9 ,p>is1 namely1 #fs4 #i;d4 p] #ajjj cubic feet2 column 7#b7 is ! price usually tak5 comm]cially1 :i* includes ! fix$ *>ges4 ,! price ( electricity is giv53 #a/1 :5 a /eam-eng9e is available2 #bnd1 :5 x is necess>y to lay d[n a special eng9e2 #crd1 :5 a gas-eng9e is us$ ! gas is *>g$ at a trifle ov] ! price 9 column 7#a74 ,,table ,v4 ,total ,co/ p] ,h\r & p] ,lamp4 ,leg5d = ,table ,v4 ,a ,numb] ( h\rs' "w p] ye>4 ,b ,numb] ( h\rs' "w p] day4 ,c ,/eam-eng9e 7exi/+74 ,d ,hydraulic ,motor4 ,e ,/eam-eng9e to be erect$4 ,f ,gas eng9e ,g 7#a7 ,gas at #fs4 #i;d4 p] #a1jjj ft4 ,h 7#b7 ,gas at #hs4 #i;d4 p] #a1jjj ft4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,p5ce4 ,p5ce4 ,p5ce4 ,p5ce4 ,p5ce4 ,p5ce4 #ejj #ach #jdhe #ajee #abaf #jdah #jeeb #hjj #bai #jcga #jghj #ajjg #jcii #jeac #a1bjj #cbi #jcad #jfjh #jhfe #jchj #jceb #c1fjj #ihg #jbai #jaeb #jceb #jdhe #jcfa #jdfe ,arc ,lamps4 #ejj #ach #ebce #dbdf #ajdei #aadhe #hjj #bai #ciga #cjhi #geeb #ibgb #a1bjj #cbi #cjhg #bdda #fjjd #geha #c1fjj #ihg #bahe #aeaj #ceia #eehf ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,und]gr\nd ,,or ,,ov]head ,,wires4 ,ap>t f ! unsightly appe>ance ( ov]head wires1 !re are _m reasons :y any ext5d$ sy/em ( supply ( electricity %\ld be c>ri$ out by und]gr\nd cables4 ,x is true t !re h be5 no accid5ts 9 ?is c\ntry due to electric light wires fall+1 ow+ to ! c>e be/[$ on _! insulation & erection2 on acc\nt ( ! heat g5]at$ by ! passage ( ! curr5t ?r\gh ! leads no sn[ c accumulate on !m1 & !re=e !y are n subject$ to ! extra weight :i* de/roy$ s _m ( ! telegraph & telephone wires 9 ! la/ sn[ /orm4 ,ov]head electric light wires are exclusively us$ by ! l>ge/ electric-supply company 9 ,london1 & x is probable t1 )\t fur!r legislation takes place1 o!r companies w %irk ! exp5se ( an und]gr\nd sy/em2 & ev5 a m dang]\s me?od ( runn+ cables ?an t :i* has be5 condemn$ 9 ! pr9cipal cities ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates w become n ! exception b ! rule4 ,9 ! city ( ,new ,york ! process ( conv]sion ( ! pres5t ov]head to an und]gr\nd sy/em is a fact ab\t to be accompli%$ to a v great ext5t at lea/1 9 ! ne> future4 ,s9ce ,july1 #ahhg1 ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company h occupi$ ! conduits1 :i* h be5 con/ruct$ & laid ) "s #ejj miles ( wire2 also ! ,metropolitan ,telephone & ,telegraph ,company h #ajjj miles ( wire 9 ! subways2 & ! ,edison ,illum9at+ ,company1 ^: conductors 7 laid 9 ! tr5* at ! "t ( con/ruction1 has m ?an #ajjj miles ( und]gr\nd cable4 ,! plan adopt$ is to build conduits ( section1 z 9 ,fig4 #cj1 :i* %[s ! subway 9 c\rse ( con/ruction1 ) man-hole op5+ & expos$ ends ( conduits4 ,! s+le tube at top is = di/ribution betwe5 man-holes1 & "s wires are %[n ent]+ ! vault on ! "r f ! s]vice box 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,! conduits are ( v>i\s types2 creosot$ wood5 tubes are plac$ 9 creosot$ wood5 cas+s2 wr\ght-iron pipes are sometimes laid 9 asphaltic concrete ) creosot$ wood5 box2 ano!r arrangem5t is to be ( composition blocks on concrete1 & cov] !m ) brick--or wr\ght-iron pipe is l9$ ) cem5t1 & laid 9 hydraulic cem5t concrete & cas$ ) creosot$ plank4 ,ab\t #he p] c5t4 ( all ! conduits h be5 con/ruct$ on ?is plan1 ! int]ior diamet] ( ! pipes be+ #b in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4 ,fig4 #ca %[s h[ ! /reet arc light+ wires are tak51 also a bran* = h\se use1 out ( ! man-holes1 :i* are plac$ at ea* /reet cross+4 ,= ! clean+ purposes & = draw+ ! cable ?r\gh ! conduits1 ^! mu/ be laid practically /raight4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4 ,fig4 #cb illu/rates a me?od propos$ by ,mr4 ,k5ne? ,mack5zie1 :i* is some:at simil> to ! sy/em ( conduit :i*1 us$ at ,t\rs = ! pa/ two ye>s1 has be5 f\nd mo/ effici5t = ! high pot5tial supply ma9s to ! trans=m]s4 ,! tr\ghs w\ld be ab\t #d ft4 long & #ae 94 deep1 hav+ spigot & socket jo9ts at ! ends l ord9>y wat] pipes4 ,transv]se pieces ( wood1 or pref]ably slate1 w\ld re/ ^u projections1 & w\ld support ! ma9s1 & a cov] recess$ z %[n w\ld make ! conduit fairly wat]-tight2 dra9 holes w\ld be provid$1 & ! bran*es to h\ses l$ (f ?r\gh gl&s 9 ! side ( tr\ghs4 ,! ,am]ican plan is1 d\btless1 ! be/1 z !re is no space = moi/ure to collect 9 ! conduits2 b ,mr4 ,mack5zie's sy/em is well wor? try+1 & has ! advantage ( be+ mu* *eap] 9 fir/ co/4 ,! ,edison plan is to place two solid conductors 9 a tube :i* is fill$ up solid ) an insulat+ mat]ial1 suitable b5ds & (fsets be+ suppli$1 s t ! tube conta9+ ! two conductors c be buri$ 9 ! gr\nd l a gas-pipe4 ,! sy/em is v l>gely us$ bo? 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & 9 ,cont95tal cities2 b x is d\btful :e!r ! protection w\ld suffice 9 our t[ns1 :]e ! /reets are already at ! m]cy ( ! gas & wat] companies1 ^: workm51 ) a s+le bl[ ( a pick1 might p]=ate ! tube1 & cause a dang]\s %ort circuit4 ,,! ,,int]e/s ,,( ,,gas ,,companies ,,z ,,to ,,electric ,,light+4 ,! policy ( gas companies ) reg>d to electric light has1 ) few exceptions1 be5 a /ate ( indiff]5ce to ! progress ( ?+s electric1 ) contempt = a rival ^: opposition is n suffici5tly p[]ful to be appreciat$4 ,! *airman ( a well-kn[n gas company /at$1 :at is undisput$1--t ! introduction ( electric arc lights 0 accompani$ by an increas$ consumption ( gas 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood :]e ^! lights are us$2 b x is v d\btful :e!r ?is w be ! case :5 inc&esc5t lights are g5]ally suppli$4 ,! introduction ( ^! lights into any bus9ess di/rict w\ld mean ! displacem5t ( at lea/ z _m burn]s z !re are electric lamps2 & ?is r$uction n only means loss ( income1 b also loss by int]e/ on plant :i* is n kept at "w to ! capacity = :i* x 0 design$4 ,! "q sugge/s itself1 8,are exi/+ gas companies m fav\rably situat$ = furni%+ electricity ?an any "o else80 ,!re are _m reasons 9 fav\r ( ! supposition t ! directors ( gas companies h at ! pres5t "t an opportunity ( acquir+ almo/ z complete a monopoly ( light+ by electricity z !y h ) gas4 ,z reg>ds c5tral-/ations1 ev]y?+ is 9 _! fav\r2 !re is g5]ally "s sp>e gr\nd = ! ma*9]y1 wa/e heat c\ld be utilis$1 & a *eap fuel 9 ! %ape ( coke is ready to h&4 ,!y h great] facilities = break+ up /reets )\t dang] ( tr\bles aris+ ) ! local au?orities1 & if ! ,gasworks ,clauses ,acts1 :i* au?orise _! exi/5ce1 tie !m d[n to "o illum9ant1 a v little exp5diture w\ld enable !m to enl>ge _! p[]s4 ,9 _m t[ns ! %>ehold]s are local m5 :o wi% to use ! electric light1 b _c fav\r its introduction because !y ?9k x w\ld t5d to small] divid5ds or l[] quotations = _! %>es2 if1 h[ev]1 a s*eme 0 promot$ ei!r by ! gas company1 or1 if t 0 impossible1 if ! directors int]e/$ !mselves 9 a sep>ate electric light und]tak+1 ! security :i* ! gas & wat] inve/m5ts comm& w\ld1 no d\bt1 cause a suffici5t numb] ( local subscrib]s to come =w>d & make ev5 a small in/allation a pay+ conc]n4 ,! ,imp]ial ,cont95tal ,gas ,association h already tak5 up ! supply ( electricity 9 ,vi5na1 & are likely to ext5d ?is new bran* ( _! bus9ess to ! o!r cities 9 :i* !y hold gas concessions2 also 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! gr[+ opposition ( ! electric light companies is be+ s]i\sly discuss$1 & already sev]al gas companies are in/all+ electric light plants4 ,x is n at all probable t ! sc>e :i* caus$ su* a drop 9 ! value ( gas %>es :5 ! electric light fir/ appe>$ w be repeat$1 b ! pres5t high price ( gas %>es _c be ma9ta9$4 ,k]os5e lamps h be5 = "s "t a f> great] rival to gas ?an electricity4 ,! *eap5+ ( petroleum1 :i* is n[ %ipp$ 9 bulk to ?is c\ntry 9 tank /eam]s1 w cause ! consumption to increase1 & enable ! oil to be suppli$ at a price s t x c be us$ 9 petroleum-eng9es1 & give a motive p[] :i* w be f\nd to be f> m economical ?an ! gas-eng9e4 ,! late/ developm5t ( petroleum-eng9es is t %[n by ,messrs4 ,prie/man at ! ,royal ,agricultural ,society's ,%[ at ,nott+ham4 ,! eng9e 9 ext]nal appe>ance is l ! ,otto gas-eng9e1 b uses ! ord9>y 8p>aff9 oil0 ( comm]ce1 :i* has a high fla%+ po9t4 ,! oil is simply put into a clos$ tank1 & on ! top ( ?is1 air is =c$ :i* drives ! petroleum into a *amb] heat$ by ! exhau/ f ! eng9e1 :]e x is p>tially vaporis$ & l$ into ! cyl9d] ) suffici5t air to cause x to ignite by means ( an electric sp>k4 ,! report ( ! trials ) a #e horse-p[] eng9e %[ t a brake horse-p[] 0 obta9$ = #ag lb4 ( oil1 or at #f;d4 p] gallon = #ad;d4 p] horse-p[] p] h\r2 ) ! ,spiel eng9e ! co/ is /at$ to be #jh;d4 p] horse-p[] p] h\r4 ,any s]i\s rev]se to ! gas indu/ry w\ld cause a great pecuni>y loss to a l>ge numb] ( inve/ors4 ,! paid-up & borr[$ capital devot$ to ! manufacture & supply ( gas 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom exce$s #ef1jjj1jjj1 ( :i* above #cf1jjj1jjj app]ta9 to ! companies & ! rema9d] to ! local au?orities1 ^: receipts 9 respect ( _! gas und]tak+s la/ ye> exce$$ #d1djj1jjj4 ,! corporation ( ,brad=d1 :o are own]s ( ! gasworks1 h wisely =ese5 t x is bett] to keep ! electric light 9 _! own h&s1 & are n[ ab\t to erect a c5tral-/ation1 & w lay und]gr\nd wires2 ! am\nt sanction$ = ?is prelim9>y in/allation is #bj1jjj4 ,,! ,,lucig5 ,,light4 ,a few rem>ks on ?is me?od ( obta9+ light f ! combu/ion ( crude petroleum may be add$1 z ! light has be5 put =w>d z a *eap] & bett] sub/itute = ! electric arc4 ,! ,lucig5 light is produc$ by burn+ creosote oil1 t> oil1 or o!r heavy hydro-c>bons1 by means ( compress$ air 9 a special =m ( lamp1 & consi/s ( a cyl9d] at ! side ( :i* a /eam donkey compress+ pump is m\nt$1 or 9 a m rec5t =m kn[n z ! ,wells' light1 no sep>ate air compressor is us$1 b1 in/ead1 ! pressure is obta9$ f ! wat] ma9s or f a small =ce pump4 ,! co/ is /at$ to be #c;d4 p] h\r = #b1ejj c&le-p[]1 requir+ ?ree gallons ( oil p] h\r1 b is 9 reality at ! pres5t "t d\ble ?is ow+ to ! price ( ! oil1 :i*1 "u ! mo/ advantage\s circum/ances1 co/s on av]age #b;d4 p] gallon4 ,at ! ,=? ,bridge ^! lights h be5 f\nd ( use 9 illum9at+ op5 spaces1 b h n supplant$ ! electric arc lights :i* are univ]sally employ$ = ! light+ ( ! works & ! int]ior ( ! %ops4 ,! disadvantages are ! noise1 ! oil %[] :i* p]vades ! vic9ity ( ! light caus+ timb] /ag+ to be highly inflammable1 & ! difficulty ( prev5t+ wat] f ent]+ ! burn]1 a few drops suffic+ to ext+ui% ! light4 ,! use ( ! ,lucig5 light is1 !re=e1 v limit$1 & x is probable t1 9 situations :]e %ad[s f ! arc light are f\nd to be objectionable1 l>ge inc&esc5t electric lamps1 :i* are suppli$ up to #a1ejj c&le-p[]1 w\ld meet ! case2 or1 fail+ ^!1 petroleum c\ld be burnt 9 lamps simil> to ^? us$ 9 ligh?\ses ) great] safety1 & at n mu* increas$ co/1 ?an ! compress$-air sy/em4 ,,useful ,,notes4 ,to asc]ta9 9 :at direction ! electric curr5t is fl[+ ?r\gh any wire by means ( a pocket compass3-- ,a curr5t fl[+ f s\? to nor? w always deflect ! ne$le to ! we/1 provid+ ! wire 9 :i* ! curr5t fl[s is ov] ! in/rum5t4 ,! ^w ,s4 ,n4 ,o4 ,w4 expresses ?is--s\? nor? ov] we/2 & %\ld be rememb]$4 ,ano!r simple plan is to hold ! out/ret*$ "r h& ov] ! compass2 !n1 if ! curr5t fl[s 9 ! direction ( ! wri/ to ! f+]s1 ! ne$le w move t[>ds ! ?umb4 ,to f9d ! direction ( ! curr5t 9 ! wire ( an electro-magnet3 ,place ! palm ( ! h& on ! coil ) ! f+]s p>allel to ! wires3 ! ?umb w po9t to ! ,nor? ,pole if ! curr5t is fl[+ z 9 previ\s rule t[>ds ! f+]s4 ,conv]sely3 if ! ,nor? ,pole is kn[n1 ! f+]s w po9t to ! direction ( ! curr5t :5 plac$ p>allel ) ! wires1 ) ! ?umb po9t+ to ! ,nor? ,pole4 ,if no compass is available1 take two pieces ( lead & place a few in*es ap>t 9 a pot conta9+ dilute sulphuric acid1 scrape ! lead clean1 & jo9 a piece ( wire to ea* & connect to poles to be te/$4 ,aft] curr5t has pass$ a %ort "t "o piece ( lead w become br[n1 ! o!r grey2 trace ! =m] to ! dynamo cable1 & ?is is ! positive1 & %\ld be m>k$ ) a or be pa9t$ r$ = future di/9ction4 ,inc&esc5t ,lights or ,gl[ ,lights4 ,! numb] ( lights requir$ to illum9ate any room w\ld v>y v mu*1 accord+ to ! /yle ( decoration & position ( ! lamps4 ,z a rule1 a simil> numb] ( gl[ lamps are requir$ z !re w\ld be gas burn]s4 ,! =m] give a mu* high] /&>d ( illum9ation1 :i*1 curi\sly en\gh1 is g5]ally expect$ ) electric light+ on acc\nt ( ! purity ( ! atmosph]e :5 ! full light is be+ us$1 :i* is n ! case ) gas4 ,"o #af c&le-p[] lamp w light an area ( ab\t #h feet 9 diamet] at #h feet above gr\nd2 9 ord9>y situations all[1 "o lamp = #ch squ>e feet4 ,arc ,light+ ( ,works4 ,ext]nal4--#ef4 #b1jjj ,,cp4 arc lights w illum9ate #afj1jjj squ>e y>ds1 or "o = ea* #b1hjj squ>e y>ds4 ,int]nal4--#dc4 #b1jjj ,,cp4 arc lights w illum9ate #ca1ejj squ>e y>ds1 or "o = ea* #gcj squ>e y>ds4 ,approximate ,co/ ( ,electric ,light1 ,museum4 ,arc light+1 #b_/e gas2 ) int]e/1 4 ,inc&esc5t1 gas2 ) int]e/1 #d_/c4 ,motive ,p[]4 ,comp\nd eng9e #b lbs4 ( coal p] indicat$ horse-p[] p] h\r4 ,good s+le-act+ eng9e #c to #f p] indicat$ horse-p[] p] h\r4 ,an indicat$ horse-p[] c be obta9$ 9 a comp\nd eng9e f #bj lbs4 ( /eam p] h\r4 ,a good boil] evaporates #i to #aj lbs4 ( wat] p] lb4 ( coal4 ,f #ba to #bh cubic feet ( gas are requir$ 9 a gas-eng9e p] indicat$ horse-p[] p] h\r4 ,inc&esc5t ,lamps4 ,9 practice all[ #i-fj watt #af ,,cp4 lamps p] indicat$ horse-p[] ( eng9e4 ,mem4 = ,wire ,runn+4 ,leads to ! left or 8l[10 8light col\r$40 ,returns to ! "r or 8rais$10 8r$40 ,engli% & ,fr5* ,measures4 ,millimetre #jjci in*es #a mill #jbed millimetres4 ,c5timetre #jcic 0 #a in* #becii c5timetres4 ,decimetre #cic 0 #a foot #ccdhj decimetres4 ,metre #cicg 0 #a y>d #iadci metres4 ,cubic metre #cecb cubic feet or #aca cubic y>ds4 ,,electrical ,,measurem5ts4 ,! ,p>is ,congress ,units 7#ahhd7 are n[ univ]sally adopt$ & consi/ z foll[s3 ,electro-motive ,=ce1 & ,pot5tial 7,e74--,! ,volt4 ,! legal volt is #ibf ( ! ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 ( a ,daniell's cell1 :i* = r\gh purposes may be tak5 z a volt4 ,resi/ance 7,r74--,! ,ohm4 ,! legal ohm is n[ repres5t$ by ! resi/ance ( a column ( m]cury ( a squ>e millimetre 9 section at ! temp]ature ( z]o c5tigrade #ajfb metres long4 ,curr5t 7,c74--,! ,ampre4 ,?is is ! /r5g? ( curr5t s5t ?r\gh a wire hav+ ! resi/ance ( #a ohm at ! ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 ( #a volt4 ,quantity 7,q74--,! ,c\lomb4 ,x is ! quantity ( electricity giv5 by an ampre 9 a second4 ,"o c\lomb decomposes #jjadb gra9 ( wat]4 ,heat or ,"w 7,w74--,! ,j\le1 or ,volt-,c\lomb1 is ! "w done by #a c\lomb 9 #a ohm4 ,! "w done by any curr5t p] second is obta9$ 9 ergs by ! product ( ! curr5t into ! electro-motive =ce produc+ x or ,w ,,ce or ,w ,c,r4 ,! ,erg is ! ,c4 ,g4 ,s4 unit ( "w4 ,p[] 7,p74--,! ,watt1 #a #gdf ( a horse-p[]1 employ$ 9 do+ #a j\le ( "w 9 #a second4 ,,hp1 or ! ,horse-p[]1 is f\nd by divid+ ,c ,e by #gdf1 ?us 7,,ce7_/#gdf or 7,c,r7_/#gdf ,,hp4 ,see also explanation ( t]ms4 ,,electrical ,,table ,,( ,,! ,,birm+ham ,,wire ,,gauge ,,= ,,pure ,,copp]4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,b4 ,diam4,diam4,area 9,circum4 ,p\nds ,feet ,feet ,ohms ,w4 9 9 ,squ>e 9 p] p] p] p] ,g4 ,94 mm4 ,in*es4,in*es4 ,mile4 ,p\nd4 ,ohm4 #ajjj ,no4 ,feet4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #a #c #gfb #jgjfhfidbdh #adddjjhg #cffb #hgjfhdc #aadh #b #bhd #gba #jfccdghibba #abiahfii #djihhghjcea #abhb #c #bei #feh #jebfhehacfg #ajgdefig #dibfbfdijji #aedj #d #bch #fjd #jdddhhgdggj #ijgcfhc #ehej #eehjja #agjjg #e #bb #eei #jchjacfiaae #ggcjde #fhc #dfhaa #bacf #f #bjc #eaf #jcbcfefcggd #fegbje #hjb #ciheg #beji #g #ahj #deg #jbeddgefedi #eagdic #ajbj #cacdh #caij #h #afe #dai #jbachbeahcf #dcdhfa #abad #bfccg #cgig #i #adh #cgf #jagbjcdfdie #cdihec #aeaj #baaii #dgai #aj #acd #cdj #jadajcdbjig #bhffea #ahdd #agcgj #egeg #aa #abj #cje #jaacjicgfii #bbiiig #bbie #acibi #gagi #ab #aji #bgg #jjiccacdbdc #ahigfc #bghb #aadid #hgjj #ac #jie #bda #jjgjhhbihde #addadd #cffc #hgca #aaded #ad #jhc #baa #jjedaabfjge #aajjce #dgih #ffec #aejc #ae #jgb #ahc #jjdjgabbfai #hbgij #fcgg #ejae #aiida #af #jfe #afe #jjccahbjdbj #fgdgh #ghbe #djhg #bddff #ag #jeh #adg #jjbfdbahbba #eacafcajbhi #cajh #cbagf #ah #jdi #abd #jjahhfaecid #chcdhfacgfh #bcbc #dcjeb #ai #jdb #ajg #jjacheacaie #bhagdaahgdj #agjf #eheii #bj #jce #hi #jjjifbajiie #aiefggbfihc #aahe #hdcha #ba #jcb #ha #jjjhjdajjec #afcegdcbbgi #iia #ajjid #bb #jbh #ga #jjjfafjhgif #abebdbdbaeh #geh #acahe #bc #jbe #fc #jjjdiajghed #iihdeebhhb #fje #afeci #bd #jbb #ee #jjjchjjfiaa #ggbiifhcjf #dfh #baceg ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,,electrical ,,resi/ance ,,( ,,copp] ,,wire ,,9 ,,fr5* ,,measurem5ts4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,b4,w4,g4 ,diamet] ,area ,circumf]5ce ,metres ,kg4 ,no4 9 9 9 p] p] ,millimet]s4 mm4 ,millimet]s4 ,kilogramme4 ,metre4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #a #g4fb #de4f #bc4i #a4ie #j4ead #b #g4ba #dj4h #bb4f #b4gh #j4cfj #c #f4eh #cd #bj4g #c4cc #j4cjj #d #f4jd #bh4g #ai #c4ie #j4bec #e #e4ei #bd4e #ag4f #d4fa #j4bag #f #e4af #ba #af4b #e4dc #j4ahd #g #d4eg #af4d #ad4c #f4ij #j4ade #h #d4ai #ac4h #ac4a #h4bj #j4abb #i #c4gf #aa4a #aa4h #aj4bj #j4jih #aj #c4dj #i4a #aj4g #ab4ej #j4jhj #aa #c4je #g4c #i4f #ac4ej #j4jgd #ab #b4gg #f #h4g #ah4hg #j4jec #ac #b4da #d4f #g4f #bd4hj #j4jdjc #ad #b4aa #c4e #f4fc #cb4dj #j4jcji #ae #a4hc #b4fc #e4ge #de4aj #j4jbcb #af #a4fe #b4ad #e4ah #eb4ij #j4jahi #ag #a4dg #a4gj #d4fb #fi4dj #j4jadd #ah #a4bd #a4ba #c4ij #id4cj #j4jajf #ai #a4jg #j4i #c4cf #ace4aj #j4jjgd #bj #j4hi #j4fb #b4hj #aha4h #j4jjee #ba #j4ha #j4ea #b4ed #bab4h #j4jjdg #bb #j4ga #j4ci #b4bc #bhe4g #j4jjce #bc #j4fc #j4ca #a4ih #cfd #j4jjbh #bd #j4ee #j4bd #a4gc #dfe #j4jjbae ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,b4,w4,g4 ,resi/ance 9 ,ohms ,kilogrammes ,metres ,no4 ----------------------------- p] p] p] ,kilogramme4 p] ,metre4 ,ohm4 ,ohm4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #a #j4jjjgceae #j4jjjcgg #acfj #bfeb #b #j4jjaafgfj #j4jjjdbj #hfj #bcgi #c #j4jjafhafe #j4jjjeje #eie #aihj #d #j4jjbcbbfj #j4jjjehh #dcj #agjj #e #j4jjcbbgjj #j4jjjgjj #caj #adcj #f #j4jjdebcai #j4jjjhcc #bbj #abjj #g #j4jjgcadjj #j4jjajf #acg #ide #h #j4jajbejjj #j4jjabe #ih #hjb #i #j4jaehajjj #j4jjaee #fc #fdf #aj #j4jbcgejj #j4jjaij #db4bj #ebg #aa #j4jcahfjj #j4jjbcf #ca4dj #dbd #ab #j4jecifhb #j4jjbhf #ah4fj #cej #ac #j4jicbdhj #j4jjcgf #aj4gj #bff #ad #j4afjchj #j4jjdie #f4bf #bjb #ae #j4bidied #j4jjfed #c4dj #aec #af #j4dcjjgg #j4jjhac #b4cj #abc #ag #j4gcefd #j4jajf #a4ce #id4e #ah #a4ccijf #j4jadb #j4ge #gj4d #ai #b4fjgdc #j4jaic #j4ch #ea4i #bj #e4jedjd #j4jbgh #j4bj #cf #ba #g4jdcfh #j4jcca #j4ad #cj4b #bb #ab4cgjha #j4jdcc #j4jh #bc4a #bc #ai4fibd #j4jeda #j4je #ah4e #bd #cb4eejj #j4jgjj #j4jc #ad4c ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,= ,table ( ,engli% ,measurem5ts see page #aje4 ,,explanation ,,( ,,t]ms4 ,accumulator4--,ano!r "n = second>y batt]ies4 ,alt]nate ,curr5t ,dynamo4--,produces curr5ts :i* are alt]nately positive & negative4 ,amalgamation4--,z9c is protect$ f local action by hav+ its surface coat$ ) m]cury4 ,ampre4--,! ,unit ( curr5t4 ,a volt divid$ by an ohm4 7,see ,electrical ,measurem5ts1 page #ajd47 ,ampre ,met]4--,an in/rum5t us$ = measur+ /r5g? ( curr5t4 ,anode4--,! positive electrode or pole ( a decompos+ cell1 ! wire or plate connect$ to ! copp] or o!r negative elem5t ( a batt]y4 ,9 electro-plat+1 x is usually ! soluble pole ( ! metal to be deposit$4 7v4 ,ca?ode47 ,arc4--,! air space 9 :i* ! electric light =ms4 ,armature4--,! keep] ( a magnet3 ! "p :i* closes ! magnetic l9es ( ! field-magnet1 or ! rot>y "p4 ,batt]y4--,a comb9ation ( two or m voltaic cells c\pl$ toge!r4 ,b4 ,a4--,briti% ,association4 ,block ,/ation4--,a c5tral-/ation = ! supply ( cont9u\s build+s4 ,bo>d ( ,trade ,unit4--,"o ?\s& watt h\rs equals #aj ampres at #ajj volts p] h\r1 or #ace ,,hp4 work+ = "o h\r4 ,bobb94--,a coil ( wire1 or a numb] ( su* coils1 g5]ally s m\nt$ t !y c be rapidly revolv$4 ,bridge 7,:eat/one's74--,an app>atus = measur+ resi/ances by balanc+ ! unkn[n resi/ance aga9/ "o kn[n & capable ( adju/m5t4 ,b4 ,w4 ,g4--,birm+ham wire gauge4 ,c&le-,p[]4--,t]m us$ to d5ote ! am\nt ( light z comp>$ ) a /&>d sp]m c&le1 :i* is a sp]maceti c&le1 burn+ at ! rate ( #b gra9s p] m9ute4 ,c>bons4--,! electrodes ( arc lamps2 ! negative plate ( a batt]y4 ,c>cel ,lamp4--,! ,fr5* /&>d1 equal to #id c&les4 ,capacity 7,k74--,! p[d] ( a surface to hold electricity z 8/atic *>ge40 ,a c\lomb divid$ by a volt4 ,its ,unit is ! ,f>ad4 ,ca?ode4--,! negative pole ( a batt]y2 ! wire or plate connect$ ) ! z9c or positive elem5t ( ! batt]y4 ,! object on :i* a metallic deposit is to be =m$4 7v4 ,anode74 ,c5timetre4--,! hundr$? "p ( a metre4 ,cell4--,ea* sep>ate vessel 9 :i* a *emical action occurs1 by :i* electricity is capable ( be+ develop$4 ,c5tral-/ation4--,a build+ conta9+ plant = supply+ electricity to ! public4 ,c4 ,g4 ,s4--,! c5timetre-gramme-second sy/em4 ,circuit ,conductive4--,! wires :i* =m ! pa? = ! passage ( ! curr5t4 ,commutator4--,a circuit *ang]1 or swit*4 ,! collector ( curr5ts on a dynamo4 ,comp\nd ,w9d+4--,a me?od ( increas+ or decreas+ ! en]gy develop$ 9 a dynamo 9 proportion to ! dem&4 ,conductivity4--,is ! reciprocal to resi/ance1 & applies to t prop]ty ( any sub/ance :]eby ! passage ( electricity ?r\gh x is effect$ ) ! lea/ opposition4 ,conductors4--,sub/ances :i* mo/ freely p]mit electricity to pass4 ,connections4--,wires1 c41 complet+ ! circuit betwe5 diff]5t app>atus4 ,contact ,break]4--,! electric light+ equival5t = a gas tap4 ,c\lomb 7,q74--,! ,unit ( quantity1 :i* passes 9 "o second ( an ampre curr5t4 ,cut-out4--,an in/rum5t plac$ 9 ! circuit :i* w op5 x automatically4 ,curr5t 7,c74--,! ,unit is ! ,ampre4 ,! suppos$ fl[ or passage ( electricity or electrical =ce 9 ! direction f to -1 or positive to negative4 ,curr5t ,rev]se4--,a curr5t 9 ! opposite direction to ! normal curr5t4 ,decimetre4--,! t5? "p ( a metre4 ,deflection4--,! angle or numb] ( degrees ?r\gh :i* ! ne$le ( a galvanomet] moves :5 a curr5t is pass+ ?r\gh its coils4 ,diaphragm4--,a por\s division betwe5 two liquids ?r\gh :i* electric curr5t passes4 ,duplex ,cut-out4--,an in/rum5t :i* enables a sp>e fuse to be imm$iately sub/itut$ = t melt$4 ,duty4--,a t]m us$ to d5ote ! economy ( any motor4 ,dynamo4--,a "n giv5 to ma*9es :i* produce electricity = comm]cial purposes4 ,dynamomet]4--,an in/rum5t = asc]ta9+ ! horse-p[] absorb$ by any ma*9e4 ,dyne4--,! ,unit ( =ce :i* gives a velocity ( #a c5timetre p] second to #a gramme weight aft] act+ = #a second4 ,direct-,curr5t ,dynamo4--,an electric g5]ator produc+ curr5ts pass+ 9 "o direction4 ,e>?4--,a t]m = ! return circuit1 :i* = economy is =m$ ?r\gh ! e>? 9 telegraph "w4 ,a return conductor common to _m circuits is sometimes call$ 8e>?40 ,electrodes4--,a t]m = ! poles or plates lead+ ! curr5t into & out ( a cell4 ,electrolysis4--,! act ( decomposition by ! electric curr5t4 ,electrolyte4--,! liquid 9 a cell4 ,electromet]4--,an in/rum5t = measur+ electric pot5tial4 ,electro-motive ,=ce 7,e4 ,m4 ,f47 7,e74--,! electric =ce t5d+ to produce electric curr5t4 ,! ,unit is ! volt4 ,erg4--,! ,c4 ,g4 ,s4 ,unit ( en]gy4 ,! "w ( mov+ a body ?r\gh #a c5timetre aga9/ ! =ce ( a dyne4 ,extra ,curr5t4--,! induc$ curr5t ( high] ,e4 ,m4 ,f41 :i* appe>s 9 a wire w\nd 9 a helix :5 ! curr5t is brok54 ,f>ad4--,! ,unit ( capacity3 a c\lomb divid$ by a volt4 ,field ( ,=ce4--,! space betwe5 or ar\nd ! poles ( a magnet4 ,filam5t4--,t "p ( an inc&esc5t lamp :i* gives out ! light4 ,field-,magnets4--,9 a dynamo ! magnets betwe5 :i* ! armature revolves4 ,foot ,p\nd4--,! ,briti% ,unit ( "w1 or #a lb4 rais$ #a foot high4 ,galvanomet]4--,an in/rum5t = measur+ curr5t4 ,g5]ator4--,ano!r t]m = a dynamo4 ,gov]nor4--,an app>atus = controll+ ! spe$ ( any motor4 ,horse-,p[] 7,,hp47--indicat$ ,,hp4--,! ,unit is #cc1jjj lbs4 lift$ #a foot high p] m9ute4 ,! nom9al ,,hp4 ( any motor is g5]ally fix$ consid]ably less ?an ! indicat$4 #b7;,a ,p ,r ,s7 ,ind4 ,,hp4 ( any eng9e ------------------ #cc1jjj ,a ,area ( pi/on 9 squ>e in*es4 ,p ,av]age pressure ( /eam 9 lbs4 p] squ>e in*4 ,r ,numb] ( revolutions p] m9ute4 ,s ,l5g? ( /roke 9 feet 7if 9 in*es1 #cc1jjj by #ab74 ,! ,fr5* 8=ce *eval0 repres5ts #cb1efj foot p\nds4 ,horse-,p[] ( ,wat]4--,indian ,gov]nm5t rule1 #ae cube feet p] second fall+ ?r\gh #a foot #a ,,hp4 ,indicator ,diagram4--,! draw+ produc$ by an in/rum5t :i* is fix$ to ! cyl9d] ( a /eam-eng9e = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ its duty4 ,induction4--,! "n giv5 to effects produc$ out ( a =ce-ex]t+ body or out ( ! circuit to :i* ! =ce is directly appli$4 ,a curr5t 9 a wire induces curr5ts 9 o!r conductors p>allel to x4 ,in]tia4--,! resi/ance to *ange ( /ate ( re/ or motion4 ,insulators4--,bodies possess+ high electrical resi/ance4 ,all insulat+ sub/ances1 h[ev]1 all[ "s electricity to pass4 ,int5sity4--,! old t]m = ! prop]ties n[ describ$ z ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 & pot5tial4 ,j\le1 also call$ ,j\lad 7,w74--,! ,unit ( heat or "w1 x has also be5 appli$ to ! me*anical equival5t ( heat1 #ggb foot lbs4 ,kil[att4--,"o ?\s& watts4 ,knot4--,! geographical & nautical mile4 ,leads4--,t]ms usually appli$ to copp] conductors4 ,magnetism4--,a condition :i* c be highly develop$ 9 iron & /eel1 by electric action or o!rwise4 ,measurem5t4--,see ,units4 ,metre4--,! ,fr5* /&>d ( l5g? #cbh feet4 ,meg ,ohm4--,! prefix meg signifies a million4 ,millimetre4--,! ?\s&? "p ( a metre4 ,milliampre4--,! ?\s&? ( an ampre4 ,mica-foil4--,! fusible portion ( a ,h$ges cut-out4 ,multiple ,arc4--,galvanic cells or dynamos connect$ p>allel1 or lamps s arrang$ t ea* furni%es a sep>ate pa? = ! curr5t4 ,negative4--,9 a ma*9e ! wire return+ f ! lamp4 ,9 a galvanic batt]y ! copp]1 c>bon1 or plat9um plate4 ,sign -4 ,nigg]4--,an ,am]ican t]m us$ to d5ote an electrical fault4 ,ohm4--,! ,unit ( resi/ance4 ,a volt divid$ by an ampre4 ,ohm's ,laws4--,laws1 inve/igat$ by ,ohm1 regulat+ electrical curr5t magnitudes4 ,call+ ! curr5t ,c1 electro-motive =ce ,e1 & resi/ance ,r3 ! expression is ,curr5t ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 ,resi/ance4 ,e ,e ,c ----1 amps4 ,e ,c ,r1 volts4 ,r ---- ohms4 ,r ,c 7,see ,electrical ,measurem5ts47 ,osmose4--,! process ( diffusion ( liquids ?r\gh a por\s division4 ,p>aff94--,an insulat+ sub/ance mu* us$ 9 telegraphic "w4 ,plumm] ,block4--,! be>+ on :i* a %aft revolves4 ,pol>ity4--,! di/9ct features ( ! two sep>ate poles ( a magnet4 ,poles4--,! two ends ( a magnet4 ,! wires1 plates1 c41 lead+ f a batt]y4 ,positive4--,9 a ma*9e ! wire proce$+ to ! lamp4 ,9 a batt]y ! z9c plate4 ,sign 4 ,pot5tial4--,a ^w us$ to indicate a condition = "w4 ,diff]5ce ( pot5tial is a diff]5ce ( electrical condition4 ,pot5tial ( a batt]y means its ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 ,p[] 7,p74--,! rate ( do+ "w4 ,:5 an ampre passes ?r\gh an ohm1 ! unit p[]1 call$ a watt1 is requir$4 ,quantity 7,q74--,! ,unit is ! ,c\lomb4 ,relay4--,an electro-magnet :i*1 receiv+ its curr5t f a di/ance1 closes ! circuit ( a local batt]y s z to produce ! requir$ effect ( /r5g?4 ,resi/ance 7,r74--,! opposition pres5t$ by ! circuit to ! developm5t ( ! curr5t4 ,! ,unit ( resi/ance is ! ,ohm4 ,rheo/at4--,an in/rum5t = ins]t+ resi/ances4 ,a valuable artificial resi/ance employ$ = measur+ unkn[n resi/ances4 ,return ,curr5t4--,! curr5t 9 ! wire lead+ to ! ma*9e4 ,rigg]4--,! pulley or :eel by :i* p[] is transmitt$4 ,second>y ,batt]y4--,wrongly t]m$ an accumulator1 is an appliance = /or+ en]gy 9 su* a =m t x %all be available = ! reproduction ( electric curr5ts4 ,second>y ,g5]ator4--,a trans=m] ( a curr5t ( high pot5tial into a curr5t ( less ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 ,s]ies4--,! plan ( connect+ lamps s t ! curr5t passes "o aft] ! o!r4 ,%unt4--,a coil ( wire arrang$ to take a c]ta9 proportion ( any curr5t4 ,sol5oids4--,helices ( wire :i* act l magnets4 ,swit*4--,an app>atus = *ang+ "o circuit on to ano!r4 ,spectrum4--,! elongat$ figure ( ! prismatic col\rs4 ,torque4--,t]m us$ to express ! /ra9 on a %aft due to electro-magnetic action4 ,units4--,! v>i\s bases ( any sy/em ( measurem5t4 ,volt4--,! ,unit ( electro-motive =ce & pot5tial4 ,an ampre multipli$ by an ohm4 7,see ,electrical ,measurem5ts47 ,voltamet]4--,an app>atus = measur+ ! curr5t by its *emical action4 ,voltmet]4--,an in/rum5t us$ = measur+ ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 ,watt4--,! ,unit ( p[]4 ,a volt-ampre4 ,! horse-p[] electrical1 tak5 z #gdf ,b ,a watts1 is equival5t to only #gcf true watts4 ,! horse-p[] electrical is equal to #gef ,b ,a watts1 :i* is equal to #gdf true watts4 ,! 8=ce de *eval10 or horse-p[] 9 use abroad1 is def9$ z #ge kilogrammetres1 & is1 !re=e1 #gcf true watts4 ,"w 7,w47--,is a volt multipli$ by a c\lomb1 or 7amp4 sec ohm7 or 7amp4 sec volt74 ,! ,unit is ! ,j\le4 ,yoke4--,is a t]m appli$ to ! app>5tly neutral mass ( iron :i* connects ! poles ( a horse-%oe magnet at ! back4 ,illu/ration ,,app5dix ,i4--,,pr9cipal ,,electric ,,light+ ,,/ations ,,9 ,,great ,,brita94 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,approximate ,approximate ,no4 ( ,lights4 l5g? ( ,"n ( ------------- ,sy/ems longe/ ,ma9 ,/ation4 ,incan- employ$4 ma9 conductor desc5t ,arc4 supply ov]head or or ,gl[ conductor und]gr\nd ,lamps4 9 miles4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,brighton ,high-t5sion ,electric- #a1hjj #dj lamps 9 #bj ,ov]head ,light multiple ,company s]ies ,bru% ,dynamos ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,cadogan ,electricity ,edmunds' ,supply sy/em #b ,ov]head ,company ( ,batt]y 7,new ,trans=m]s ,company7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,l[rie ,hall #g miles ,ea/b\rne #a1gjj #cj ,trans=m]s #ae "u- gr\nd ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,high-t5sion ,grosv5or ) ,f]ranti #f ,di/rict ,trans=m]s circuits1 ,electrical #bj1jjj #dj prim>y total ,supply #b1djj volts1 ab\t ,ov]head second>y #gj miles #bjj volts1 ,f]ranti dynamos ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,k5s+ton ,crompton ,c\rt #afjj #aje volts ,electric to be l[-t5sion1 ,und]gr\nd ,light+ ext5d$ con/ant ,company to supply #aj1jjj by means ( accumulators ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,l[-t5sion ,ov]head ,liv]pool #a1jjj cont9u\s & curr5t ,und]gr\nd dynamos ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,*amb]la9 ,leam+ton #a1ejj & ,hookham ,und]gr\nd dynamos ) #a accumulators ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,padd+ton #d1aae #ih ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 ,electric #af ,c4 ,p4#c1jjj #aej volts1 ,light+ lamps ,c4 ,p4 ,gordon #c ,und]gr\nd alt]nat+ curr5t ,dynamos ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,*>ges4 ,"n ( ,approximate ,/ation4 area ( ,work+ ,h\rs (------------ di/ribution4,capital4,supply4 ,by ,met]4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,brighton ,met] ,electric- ,ab\t #c r5t1 ,light squ>e #ab1jjj;,con/ant#bas4 #h;d4 ,company miles p] annum ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,cadogan ,electricity,belgravia & ,supply ,cadogan ,company ,e/ate #bj1jjj 7,new ,company7 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,ea/b\rne #bj1jjj;,con/ant ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,v irregul> ,grosv5or di/rict1 #g p] ,di/rict a h\se is #cge1jjj #h ,a4,m4 ,bo>d ( ,electrical light$ to ,trade ,supply #b miles #c ,a4,m4 unit /ation f ! /ation ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,! /reets ,k5s+ton adjo9+ ,by met] ,c\rt ! /ation1 & m9imum ,electric ! ma9s to #be1jjj;,con/ant *>ge ( ,light+ be cont9u$ #ajs4 p] ,company to ano!r light p] /ation at annum ,knightsbridge ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,liv]pool ,by met] #bj1jjj on slid+ scale ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,leam+ton #ahc /reet ,con/ant lamps met] ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,padd+ton ,electric ,light+ #fg acres ,con/ant ---------------------------------------- ------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,*>ges4 ,"n ( ,/ation4 --------------------------------- ,rem>ks4 ,by ye>ly fix$ am\nt4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,brighton ,gl[ lamps1 #as4 p] unit1 or ,if consumption ,electric- r ov] d4 p] lamp is bel[ ,light p] h\r4 ,arc lamps1 #ds4 p] #ajj units ,company lamp p] week includ+ qu>t]ly1 ma9t5ance #aj;d4 disc\nt4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,cadogan ,electricity ,supply ,company 7,new ,company7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,accord+ to consumption ,a simil> ,ea/b\rne av]ag+ ab\t #f;d4 /ation p] unit at ,ha/+s4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,grosv5or ,di/rict ,a /ation at ,electrical ,dept=d is ,supply "u erection to ma9ta9 #bjj1jjj lights4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,k5s+ton #h;d4 p] unit1 equal to #jef;d4 ,c\rt p] #bj ,c4-,p4 lamp p] h\r1 ,di/rict embraces ,electric or #jbh;d4 p] #aj ,c4-,p4 lamp4 resid5ces1 %ops1 ,light+ ,%ops tak5 at #b p] annum public hall1 & ,company p] #bj ,c4-,p4 lamp m9imum *ur*4 ( #aj lights ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,bo>d ( ,trade ,liv]pool ,fir/ #djj h\rs1 #as4 p] unit lic5se = six ,second 0 0 #h;d4 0 ye>s1 hotels1 %ops1 ,aft]w>ds #d;d4 0 & resid5ces4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,/reet lights #b #bs4 p] annum = #b1hfj h\rs1 includ+ r5ewals4 ,leam+ton #a to #dj units p] qu>t] #h;d4 p] unit4 #da to #aej units p] qu>t]1 #f;d4 p] unit4 #aea units p] qu>t] #d;d4 p] unit ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,padd+ton ,! di/rict betwe5 ,electric ,padd+ton & ,light+ ,work$ by ,g4 ,w4 ,railway ,we/b\rne ,p>k is light$ ?r\gh\t4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,approximate ,approximate ,numb] ( ,lights4 l5g? ( ---------------- longe/ ,"n ( ,incan- ,sy/em employ$4 ma9 ,/ation4 desc5t ,arc4 supply or ,gl[ conductor ,lamps4 9 miles4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,b>net & ,di/rict #e ,e4 ,supply ,joel ,dynamos ,company 7,new ,company7 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,*elsea ,e4 ,supply ,company 7,new ,company7 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,/4 ,james & ,pall ,cont9u\s ,mall curr5t 7,new ,company7 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,?ompson ,h\/on ,taunton4 #bc cont9u\s curr5t ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,:itehall ,batt]y ,c\rt ,trans=m] 7,new ,company7 sy/em ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,we/m9/] ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,we/ ,l[rie ,hall #aj miles ,brompton ,trans=m]s :5 complet$ ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,adelphi ,cont9u\s #ab ,!atre #d1jjj curr5t ext]nal dynamos circuits c\pl$ direct to eng9es ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,ba? ,?omson 7,new ,company7 #he ,h\/on ,dynamos & ,trans=m]s ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,ma9 conductor ov]head ,approximate area ,work+ ,h\rs ( ,"n ( or "u-( di/ribution4 ,capital4 ,supply4 ,/ation4 gr\nd4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,b>net & ,ov]head ,di/rict *iefly #e1jjj ,e4 ,supply ,company 7,new ,company7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,*elsea ,e4 ,supply ,company 7,new ,company7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,/4 ,james & ,pall #bj1jjj ,mall 7,new ,company7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,taunton4 ,ov]head ,/reet light+ ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,:itehall ,to light ,c\rt hotels 9 #bd1gec;,con/ant 7,new ,company7 ,nor?umb]l& ,av5ue ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,we/m9/] ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,we/ ,brompton ,con/ant ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,adelphi ,ov]- ,! build+s ,!atre head are close ,private & toge!r "u- gr\nd ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,ba? 7,new ,company7 ,arc lights 9 /reets ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,*>ges4 ,"n ( --------------------------------- ,/ation4 ,by ,met]4 ,by ye>ly ,rem>ks4 fix$ am\nt4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,b>net & #ga lamps 9 ,di/rict /reets on po/s ,e4 ,supply #ab ft4 high4 ,company 7,new ,company7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,*elsea ,e4 ,supply ,company 7,new ,company7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,/4 ,james ,area to be & ,pall light$ ,mall adjo9+ 7,new /ation4 ,company7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,taunton4 ,by ye>ly contract ,arc lamps ( #abjj-;,c4-,p4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,:itehall ,propos$ ,propos$ *>ge1 ,amalgamat$ ,c\rt met]- #h;d4 p] unit ) ) ! 7,new r5t m9imum ( #a4 #a ,metropolitan ,company7 #ajs4 p] p] lamp p] annum ,electric qu>t] ,supply ,company4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,we/m9/] ,new ,company4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,we/ ,by met] ,! /ation is be+ erect$ by ! ,h\se ,brompton to ,h\se ,light+ ,company1 :o also propose in/allations 9 o!r di/ricts4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,adelphi ,! ,adelphi ,!atre1 ,adelaide ,gall]y1 ,!atre & ,/r& ,re/aurant are lit1 ! ma*9]y be+ fix$ 9 a basem5t ab\t #cj #de feet4 ,no gas is laid on4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,ba? ,! p[] obta9$ 7,new ,ye>ly contract f t[n weir ,company7 supplem5t$ by /eam-eng9e4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,app5dix ,,ii4--,,pr9cipal ,,electric ,,light+ ,,/ations ,,on ,,! ,,cont95t4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,approximate ,approximate ,numb] ( ,lights4 l5g? ( -------------------- longe/ ,"n ( ,incan- ,sy/em ma9 ,/ation4 desc5t ,arc4 employ$4 supply or ,gl[ conductor ,lamps4 9 miles4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,b]g5 #c1jjj #gj ,bru% ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,belleg>de #fjj ,gramme dynamos ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,b]l9 #aa1hjj ,edison lamps #ajj volts 0 #ag1djj 0 #a 0 #c1jjj #ajh 0 0 #db1bjj #djj 0 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,breslau #e1jjj #fi ,siem5s ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,brunswick #b1jjj ,edison ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,crefeld #a1efj 0 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,d>m/adt #a1jjj 0 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,dresd5 #c1djj 0 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,elb]feld #b1jjj 0 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,hamburg #d1jjj #ej ,s*uck]t ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,h]ns& #gj ,?omson ,h\/on ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,halle #a1cej #aj ,edison ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #aj1jjj ,hanov] to be increas$ 0 to #bj1jjj ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,ma9 conductor ,"n ( ov]head ,approximate area ,description ,h\rs ( ,/ation4 or "u-( di/ribution4 ( light+4 ,supply4 gr\nd4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,/reet ,b]g5 ,ov]head light+ & public build+s ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,belleg>de ,ov]head ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,b]l9 ,"u- ,ne>ly :ole ,^! in/al- gr\nd ( bus9ess lations "p ( city supply ,con/ant 0 0 clubs1 s]vice 0 0 !atres1 0 0 public build+s1 & /reet light+ ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,"u- #a1bjj metres ,railway ,breslau gr\nd radius /ation & mills ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,brunswick 0 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,crefeld 0 ,mills & factories ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,d>m/adt 0 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,dresd5 0 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,elb]feld ,"u- ,?ree-wire gr\nd sy/em ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,light+ ( ! ,dusk ,hamburg 0 ,free ,port until dawn ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,h]ns& ,ov]head ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,halle ,"u- ,/adt ,!atre gr\nd ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,hanov] 0 #ac1jjj feet ,%ops & public,con/ant radius build+s f /ation ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,*>ges4 ----------------------------- ,"n ( ,by ,met]4 ,by ye>ly ,rem>ks4 ,/ation4 fix$ am\nt4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,b]g5 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,( fr4 #jd p] h\r1 or #h francs ,work$ by ,belleg>de p] mon? = wat] p[]4 #h-;,c4-,p4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,b]l9 #fs4 p] ye> fix$ *>ge1 & d4 ,/ations at p] h\r p] ,fri$ri* ,/reet1 0 #af-;,c4-,p4 lamp2 ,mau] ,/reet1 0 arc lamps1 #f;d4 & ,s*ad\ ,/reet4 0 #g;d4 p] h\r1 & #fjs4 ye>ly p] light ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,breslau ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,brunswick ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,crefeld ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,d>m/adt ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,dresd5 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,elb]feld ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,"u con/ruction4 ,hamburg #b block /ations1 #a c5tral-/ation4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,ye>ly contract1 ,h]ns& :i* is less ?an =m] light+ by oil4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,halle ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,by met] ,hanov] to sub- #jdb;d4 p] #aj- scrib]s ,c4-,p4 lamp p] = h\r2 #je;d4 ?ree p] #af-;,c4-,p4 ye>s ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,approximate ,approximate ,numb] ( ,lights4 l5g? ( -------------------- longe/ ,"n ( ,incan- ,sy/em ma9 ,/ation4 desc5t ,arc4 employ$4 supply or ,gl[ conductor ,lamps4 9 miles4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,zipp]n[sky ,luc]ne #hjj high-t5sion #d curr5t ) trans=m]s ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,lubeck #b1jjj ,edison ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #aa1jjj #baj ,edison ,milan #a1jjj ,zipp]n[sky 0 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,muni* #f1ejj #adj ,edison 0 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,rome #ad1jjj ,zipp]n[sky #d ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,rott]dam #a1jjj ,edison ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,edison1 ,?ree- ,/4 ,eti5ne #c1jjj wire sy/em ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,edison & ,/rassburg #a1hjj #fb ,siem5s ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,/uttg>t #a1jfj 0 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,s*w]9 #b1cij 0 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,g\l>d high- ,tivoli #a1jjj #f t5sion trans- #ah =m]s ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,t\rs #c1ejj ,g\l>d #c ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,t]ni #c1jjj ,zipp]n[sky ,trans=m]s ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,ma9 ,description ,h\rs ( conductor ,approximate ( light+4 ,supply4 ov]head area ( ,"n ( or "u- di/ribution ,/ation4 gr\nd4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,to be ext5d$ ,dusk ,luc]ne ,ov]head ?r\gh\t ,9 hotels until ,luc]ne mid- night ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,lubeck 0 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,"u- #a squ>e mile ,! di/rict is ,milan gr\nd s]v$ 9 a ,con/ant ,!atre ) #dfj simil> mann] 0 lamps 9 h\ses to gas ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,muni* 0 ,two !atres ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,hotels #d ,p4,m4 ,rome 0 & to %ops #a ,a4,m4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,rott]dam 0 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,/4 ,eti5ne 0 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,"u- ,railway /ation1 ,also a block ,dusk gr\nd & goods /ation = until ,/rassburg & y>ds1 #hf acres hotel & day- ov]- area re/aurants light head ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,/uttg>t ,"u- ,!atre gr\nd ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,s*w]9 0 0 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,pr9cipally ,tivoli ,ov]head /reet light+ ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,t\rs 0 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,t]ni ,t[n light+ ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,*>ges4 ,"n ( ------------------------------ ,/ation4 ,by ,met]4 ,by ye>ly ,rem>ks4 fix$ am\nt4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,luc]ne ,motive p[]1 wat]4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,lubeck ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,arc & ,in/allation *>ge incan- p] lamp ,milan desc5t p] #aj c&les1 #hs4 d4 p] 0 #af 0 #bhs4 ampre- 0 #cb 0 #efs4 h\r ,arc lamp #b p] annum r5t ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,muni* ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,( #bjh;d4 ,! in/allation is ,rome p] #af ,c4-,p4 own$ by ! gas lamp p] h\r company4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,rott]dam ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #cs4 #e;d4 p] #af ,/4 ,eti5ne ,met] ,c4-,p4 lamp p] mon?1 also fix$ sum ( #bs4 #aa;d4 p] lamp ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,net co/ ( light+ /ation1 includ+ #ab p] c5t4 = ,c>ri$ out by ! int]e/ & r5ewal4railway company4 ,! ,/rassburg --,arc lamps1 co/ is e/imat$ at #c;d4 p] h\r2 "o-?ird less ?an #af ,c4-,p4 gl[ lamps1 gas4 #jdb;d4 p] h\r2 #aj ,c4-,p4 gl[ lamps1 #j4cb;d4 p] h\r2 #h ,c4-,p4 gl[ lamps1 #jbi;d4 p] h\r ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,/uttg>t ,"o c5tral-/ation4 ,"o block /ation4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,s*w]9 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,motive p[]1 wat]2 ,tivoli ye>ly contract = /reet light+4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,subscrib]s at #bs4 ,?ree di/ribut+ ,t\rs #i;d4 p] #af ,c4-,p4 /ations at "w1 lamp p] mon? to be increas$ to t54 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,t]ni ,*>ge #jd;d4 to #ac;d4 p] h\r accord+ to ,c4-,p4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,approximate ,approximate ,numb] ( ,lights4 l5g? ( --------------------- longe/ ,"n ( ,incan- ,sy/em ma9 ,/ation4 desc5t ,arc4 employ$4 supply or ,gl[ conductor ,lamps4 9 miles4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,treviso #hjj ,zipp]n[sky trans=m]s ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,tur9 #a1jjj #ajj ,edison ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,bru% ,temesv> #gfj ma*9es2 #b ,lane ,fox lamps ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,crompton ,l[- t5sion ,vi5na #h1jjj dynamos ) batt]y trans=m]s ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,ma9 conductor ,approximate ,h\rs ,"n ( ov]head area ( ,description ( ,/ation4 or "u- di/ribution ( light+4 ,supply4 gr\nd4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,treviso ,ov]head ,t[n light+4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,tur9 ,"u- ,/reet light+ gr\nd by arc lamps ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,ab\t #cg miles ,/reet ,dusk ,temesv> ,ov]head ( /reets light+ until *iefly dawn ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,op]a h\se1 ,vi5na ,"u- ,c\rt !atre1 gr\nd & municipal build+s ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,*>ges4 --------------------------- ,"n ( ,by ,by ye>ly ,rem>ks4 ,/ation4 ,met]4 fix$ am\nt4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,treviso ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,tur9 ,?omson-,h\/on arc lamps ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,/reet light+1 #ae kreutz] p] #af-;,c4-,p4 ,temesv> lamp p] h\r ,private consum]s1 #aha kreutz] ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,?is in/allation is ,by contract at a be+ put d[n by ,vi5na price ab\t d\ble ! gas company gas :i* lights ! city4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,index4 ,arc ,lamps1 ---- places :]e suitable1 #aj4 ---- *>ges =1 #aj4 ---- at ,milan1 #dg4 ,accumulators1 ---- at ,k5s+ton ,c\rt1 #fi4 ---- at ,vi5na1 #gf4 ,birm+ham wire gauge resi/ance table1 #aje4 ---- 9 ,fr5* measurem5ts1 #ajf4 ,c5tral-/ations1 ---- ,siem5s' sugge/ion =1 #a4 ---- at ,philadelphia1 #b4 ---- block1 #c4 ---- con/ruction1 #c4 ---- selection ( di/rict =1 #d4 ---- relation betwe5 daily output & capacity1 #g4 ---- loss 91 #ae4 ---- at ,dept=d1 #ca4 ---- at ,ea/b\rne1 #ca4 ---- at ,brighton1 #cb4 ---- at ,t\rs1 #cb4 ---- at ,vi5na1 #gf4 ---- position (1 #af4 ---- 9 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #ag4 ---- at ,grosv5or ,gall]y1 #bg4 ---- ,k5s+ton ,c\rt1 #bj1 #fh4 ---- me?ods ( light+ f1 #bj4 ---- tables %[+ co/ (1 #hf1 #hg4 ,co/ ( gas comp>$ ) electricity1 #h4 ,co/ ( k]os5e1 #i4 ,co/ ( arc light+1 #aj4 ,conductors1 ---- relative size (1 = diff]5t sy/ems1 #bb4 ---- arrangem5t (1 at ,grosv5or ,gall]y1 #bh4 ---- prim>y conductors at ,grosv5or ,gall]y1 #cj4 ---- diagram ( network sy/em (1 at ,milan1 #df4 ---- diagram ( multiple s]ies sy/em at ,temesv>1 #fj4 ---- conduits =1 9 ,new ,york1 #ib1 #ic1 #id4 ,di/ribution ( ,electricity1 ---- ,edison p>allel sy/em1 #da4 ---- ,edison fe$]s1 #db4 ---- ?ree-wire sy/em1 #dc4 ---- s]ies sy/em1 #eb4 ---- ,b]n/e9 sy/em1 #eg4 ---- multiple s]ies sy/em1 #eh4 ---- by means ( second>y batt]ies1 #fe4 ---- sy/em (1 at ,k5s+ton ,c\rt1 #fi4 ,dynamotors1 #gi4 ---- ,sw9burne's ,comp\nd1 #hc4 ,electric ,light+1 ---- z an inve/m5t1 #c1 #i1 #ig4 ---- p :o mo/ readily take x up1 #d4 ---- relation betwe5 numb] ( lights us$ & numb] fix$1 #d1 #e4 ---- co/ (1 to h\sehold]1 #e4 ---- diagram (1 9 ,london di/rict1 #f4 ---- diagram (1 at ,c9c9nati1 #g4 ---- *>ges =1 #h4 ---- description ( arc & gl[1 #i4 ---- at ,tilbury ,docks1 #ah4 ---- at ,victoria ,/ation1 #ah4 ---- at ,padd+ton ,/ation1 #ai4 ---- relative co/ (1 = direct & trans=m] sy/ems1 #ba1 #bg4 ---- at ,luc]ne1 #cd4 ---- at ,milan1 #cd1 #dd4 ---- co/ (1 at ,milan1 #dh4 ---- at ,b]l91 #eb4 ---- co/ (1 at ,b]l91 #ec4 ---- ,b]n/e9 sy/em (1 #ee4 ---- diagram (1 sy/em at ,col*e/]1 #fg4 ---- work+ co/ (1 at ,a!num ,club1 #hh4 ---- work+ co/ (1 at ,naval & ,milit>y ,club1 #hi4 ---- work+ co/ (1 at ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum1 #hi4 ---- work+ co/ ( ,?omson-,h\/on sy/em (1 9 an ,am]ican city1 #ij4 ,exp]im5t at ! ,teatro dal ,v]one1 #cd4 ,faults1 discov]y (1 #ea4 ,gas ,lights1 ---- heat f1 advantages & objections1 #c4 ---- numb] us$ & fix$1 #d4 ---- co/ (1 at ,b]l91 #ec4 ---- co/ (1 to h\sehold]1 #e4 ,gloss>y1 #ajg4 ,inc&esc5t ,lamps1 ---- numb] obta9$ p] electrical ,,hp41 #h4 ---- illu/ration (1 #aa4 ---- c&le-p[] (1 #aa4 ---- consumption ( en]gy 91 #aj1 #fc4 ---- life (1 #aa4 ---- black5+ (1 #ab4 ---- at ,temesv>1 #fc4 ,light+1 ---- numb] ( h\rs (1 p] annum1 #d4 ---- co/ (1 to ,london h\sehold]1 #e4 ---- diagram (1 9 ,london di/rict1 #f4 ---- diagram (1 at ,c9c9nati1 #g4 ---- diagram (1 #ac4 ---- relative co/ (1 ) direct & trans=m] sy/em1 #bb4 ---- relative co/ (1 by electricity & gas1 #ia4 ,lucig5 light1 !1 #ii4 ---- co/ ( work+1 #ajj4 ,ma*9]y at ,grosv5or ,gall]y1 #bi4 ,motors1 ,electric1 #ci4 ---- diagram %[+ p[] suppli$ to1 9 ,bo/on1 #dj4 ---- purposes us$ =1 9 ,am]ica1 #ci4 ,met]s1 ,electric1 ---- ! ,edison1 #di4 ---- ! ,aron1 #ed4 ,mack5zie's conduits = electric light cables1 #ie4 ,prie/man's petroleum eng9e1 #ih4 ,regulation ( ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 at ,grosv5or ,gall]y1 #bi4 ,regulation ( ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 at ,milan1 #dd4 ,r5t ( met]s at ,milan1 #di4 ,r5t ( met]s at ,b]l91 #ec4 ,regulators = second>y batt]ies1 #gf4 ,resi/ance ( ,copp] ,wire1 #aje1 #ajf4 ,spe$ indicators at ,grosv5or ,gall]y1 #bi4 ,safety fuses at ,grosv5or ,gall]y1 #ca4 ,safety fuses at ,milan1 #dg4 ,swit*1 d\ble pole1 #gb4 ,table ,i4 %[+ co/ ( lay+ conductors1 #gd1 #ge4 ,table ,,ii4 %[+ co/ & ma9t5ance ( plant1 #hf1 #hg4 ,table %[+ resi/ance1 c41 ( copp] wire1 #aje1 #ajf4 ,table %[+ pr9cipal electric light+ /ations 9 ,great ,brita91 #aaf-aai4 ,table %[+ pr9cipal electric light+ /ations on ! ,cont95t1 #abj-abe4 ,t]ms1 explanation (1 #ajg-aae4 ,trans=m]s1 ---- application (1 #bg4 ---- diagram ( ,ruhmkorff type (1 #bc4 ---- description ( ,ruhmkorff type (1 #bc4 ---- arrangem5ts ( circuits (1 #bd4 ---- two classes (1 #bd4 ---- ,kapp ,snell1 #bg4 ---- di/ribution ( electricity by means (1 #ba4 ---- prev5tion ( %ocks f1 #cj4 ---- ,we/+h\se conv]t]s1 #ce4 ---- pot5tial us$ 91 #ch4 ---- direct curr5t1 #gi4 ---- comp>ison betwe5 alt]nate & direct curr5t1 #hj4 ---- ,sw9burne's dynamotor1 #hc4 ---- advantages ( ,zipp]n[sky-,d]i sy/em (1 #cd4 ,turb9es work+ ! dynamos at ,tivoli1 #cb4 ,turb9es work+ ! dynamos at ,luc]ne1 #cc4 ,useful ,notes1 #aja-ajc4 ---- inc&esc5t lights1 #ajb4 ---- arc light+ ( works1 #ajb4 ---- approximate co/1 #ajb4 ---- wire runn+1 #ajc4 ---- ,electrical ,measurem5ts1 #ajd4 ,we/+h\se sy/em1 #ce4 ---- at ,pittsfield1 #cg4 ,wires ov]head or und]gr\nd1 #ia4 ,illu/ration ,,london3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,william ,,cl[es ,,& ,,sons1 ,,limit$1 ,,/am=d ,,/reet ,,& ,,*>+ ,,cross4 ,,! ,,h\se-,,to-,,h\se ,electric ,light ,supply ,co41 ,ld4 7,,model ,,c5tral ,,electric ,,light+ ,,/ation1 ,,k5s+ton1 ,,adjo9+ ,,! ,,we/ ,,brompton ,,/ation ,,on ,,! ,,metropolitan ,,di/rict ,,railway7 ,are prep>$ to assi/ ! =mation ( ,,local ,,electric ,,light ,,companies1 & to erect ,,c5tral-,,/ations = ! di/ribution ( ,electricity 9 any "p ( ! ,k+dom4 ,e/imates = ,complete ,sets ( ,plant furni%$ free ( *>ge4 ,,william ,,l[rie1 ,eng9e]4 ,h4 ,/4 ,,john ,,w9kwor?1 ,secret>y1 #aag1 ,bi%opsgate ,/reet1 ,london1 ,e4,c4 ,,by ,,! ,,same ,,au?or4 ,,precautions ,,to ,,be ,,adopt$ ,,on ,,introduc+ ,,! ,,electric ,,light4 ,,insurance ,,rules1 c41 ,,) ,,notes ,,on ,,! ,,prev5tion ,,( ,,fire ,,risks4 ,illu/rat$4 ,price #bs4 #j;d4 ,,! ,,supply ,,( ,,electricity ,,by ,,local ,,au?orities4 ,demy #hvo4 ,illu/rat$4 ,price #as4 ,,di/rict ,,electricity ,,supply4 ,,c5tral ,,supply ,,/ations ,,work$ ,,on ,,! ,e4,p4,s4 ,,automatic ,,sy/em ,,= ,,! ,,public ,,supply ,,( ,,electricity ,,f ,,/orage ,,batt]ies4 ,descriptive ,pamphlet ,free4 ,,epitome ,,( ,,! ,,sy/em4 ,! g5]at+ plant is all plac$ 9 a conv5i5tly situat$ build+ )9 or )\t ! ,di/rict to be ,light$4 ,conv5i5t ,sub- or ,/orage-,/ations are select$ ?r\gh\t ?is ,di/rict1 & conta9 suffici5t ,accumulators to supply ! maximum dem&4 ,! ,batt]ies 9 ea* ( ^! ,/orage-,/ations are re*>g$ 9 s]ies1 "o-half at a "t1 ?r\gh\t ! ,sy/em dur+ ! p]iod ( m9imum dem&1 & by ! ev5+ are all full & ready to cope ) ! heavy night "w4 ,! :ole ( ! *>g+1 dis*>g+1 & regulat+ app>atus is work$ automatically4 ,,advantages ,,( ,,! ,,sy/em4 ,reliability4--,! ,light is solely d]iv$ f ,/orage1 & is absolutely /eady4 ,!re is no connection :atev] betwe5 ! ,lamp & ,mov+ ,ma*9]y4 ,! ,supply is cont9u\s day & night4 ,economy 9 ,prime ,outlay4--,! proportion ( ,eng9e ,p[] 9 use to ! p[] requir$ = maximum supply is only ab\t "o- ?ird1 :ile any sy/em1 if runn+ direct1 requires a l>ge portion ( ! plant to be duplicat$4 ,economy 9 ,work+4--,! g5]at+ /ation is only at "w a def9ite numb] ( h\rs dur+ ! daytime1 aft] :i* p]iod ! plant may be let out or utiliz$ = o!r purposes1 su* z motive p[]1 c4 ,electro ,motors = all purposes c be driv5 f ! ord9>y dis*>ge ma9s4 ,?is is impossible :]e alt]nat+ curr5ts are employ$4 ,,gu>antee4--,! ,e4,p4,s4 ,co4 und]take to supply all ! necess>y r5ewals = ! ,/orage ,batt]ies 9 use 9 ! above sy/em at ! rate ( #ab p] annum on ! actual fir/ co/ ( ! ,batt]ies4 ,e4,p4,s4 ,accumulators are already 9 use at ! foll[+ ,c5tral-,/ations3--,vi5na2 ,b]l92 ,cadogan 7,london72 ,norwi*2 ,taunton2 ,leam+ton2 ,/4 ,au/ell2 ,detroit1 ,u4,s4,a42 ,all5t[n1 ,u4,s4,a42 ,bl5heim1 ,u4,s4,a42 ,hav]=d1 ,u4,s4,a42 ,delaud1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,di/ricts ,survey$1 ,plans1 ,specifications & ,t5d]s submitt$ by ! ,,electrical ,,p[] ,,/orage ,,company1 ,,ltd41 #d ,,great ,,w9*e/] ,,/reet1 ,,london1 ,e4,c4 ,,telegrams1 8,,/orage1 ,,london40 ,,telephone ,,no4 #cch4 ,,anglo-,,am]ican ,bru% ,electric ,light ,corporation1 ,ltd4 ,,manufactur]s ,,( ,,bru% ,,arc ,,dynamos ,,& ,,lamps4 ,victoria ,inc&esc5ce ,dynamos & ,lamps4 ,,alt]nate ,,curr5t ,,dynamo ,,ma*9es4 ,trans=m]s4 ,motors4 ,,all ,,fitt+s ,,= ,,arc ,,& ,,inc&esc5ce ,,light+1 ,etc4 ,,contractors ,,= ,,private ,,in/allations ,,( ,,electric ,,light4 ,,c5tral ,,electric ,,light ,,/ations4 ,,in/allations ,,on ,,%ipbo>d4 ,,electrical ,,railways ,,& ,,tramways4 ,railway ,tra9 ,light+ by ,electricity4 ,,in/allations ,,= ,,transmission ,,( ,,p[]1 ,etc4 ,etc4 ,! ,corporation are prep>$ to und]take ! e/abli%m5t ( ,c5tral ,electric ,light+ ,/ations on ! high or l[-t5sion cont9u\s curr5t sy/ems1 ) or )\t accumulators1 or on ! alt]nat+ curr5t sy/em ) trans=m]s1 z may be be/ suit$ to ! requirem5ts ( ea* p>ticul> case4 ,! ,corporation invite enquiries f ,municipalities1 ,local ,gas or ,electrical ,companies1 or own]s ( ,blocks ( ,h\ses or ,%ops1 = ! erection ( ,c5tral ,g5]at+ ,/ations1 & ! supply ( ,electricity1 ei!r on _! own acc\nt1 or ^u su* t]ms & conditions z may be agre$ ^u4 ,full p>ticul>s on application to-- ,,! ,,secret>y1 #aab1 ,,belv$]e ,,road1 ,,london1 ,s4,e4 ,,unit$ ,,electrical ,,eng9e]+ ,,company1 ,,limit$4 ,! company h exceptional facilities = c>ry+ out contracts at home or abroad 9 ! v>i\s bran*es ( ,electrical ,eng9e]+4 ,!y own sev]al valuable pat5ts 9 connection ) ! di/ribution ( ,electricity & its application to indu/rial & dome/ic purposes2 !y are n1 h[ev]1 re/rict$ to any special sy/em1 & give p>ticul> att5tion to provid+ ^? appliances :i* are be/ adapt$ to ! purposes 9 view4 ,! ,works are equipp$ = manufactur+1 te/+1 & repair+1 & =m a valuable auxili>y to ext5sive contract "w1 enabl+ ! ,company to give prompt att5tion to ! dem&s ( _! cli5ts4 ,contractors = ,,c5tral ,,electric ,,supply ,,/ations4 ,,electric ,,light ,,in/allations4 ,,transmission ,,( ,,p[]4 ,,! 8,,telph]0 ,,sy/em ,,( ,,*eap ,,transport4 ,,electric ,,trams ,,railways1 c4 ,please apply = complete li/ ( ,electric ,light & ,p[] ,supplies to-- #cf1 ,,alb]t ,,embankm5t1 ,,london1 ,s4,e4 ,,c>bon ,,works1 ,,b>nsley4 ,,! ,,globe ,,electrical ,,& ,,eng9e]+ ,,company4 ,,electrical ,,& ,,g5]al ,,eng9e]s4 ,illu/ration ,contractors = ,electric ,light+4 ,& ,manufactur]s ( ,dynamos1 ,lamps1 ,swit*es1 ,cut-outs1 & e ,appliance us$ 9 ! ,in/allation ( ,electric ,light4 ,,no4 #a ,,dep>tm5t comprises all ,electric ,light ,fitt+s1 also ,ornam5tal ,electroli]s1 ,p5dants1 ,brackets1 ,ceil+ ,plates1 or ,rosettes1 ,globe ,lamps & ,globe ,lamp ,hold]s1 also ,glass ,%ades & ,fr+es 9 col\r$ glass ( _m v>ieties4 ,,no4 #b ,,dep>tm5t4 ,?is includes ! well kn[n br& ( ,globe ,c>bon ,rods & ,batt]y ,plates1 ,galvanic ,batt]ies ( all descriptions1 ,batt]y supplies or mat]ials su* z t]m9als1 z9c1 cru%$ c>bon1 *emicals1 j>s1 & por\s pots4 ,measur+ ,in/rum5ts1 ,galvanomet]s1 pat5t ,spe$ ,gauges1 ,ammet]s & ,voltmet]s--! accuracy ( same c]tifi$ & laboratory te/ suppli$4 ,,no4 #c ,,electrical ,,eng9e]+4 ,dynamos1 ,alt]nat+ & ,cont9u\s ,curr5t4 ,trans=m]s1 ,cable--pla91 copp]1 lead coat$2 also ( ! special high insulation requir$ by ,london ,electrical ,supply ,co4's rules4 ,sundries = ,c5tral-,/ation ,in/allation4 ,special ,li/ w be s5t on application4 ,telephones & ,transmitt]s4 ,sundries = ,telephone ,in/allations4 ,belt+1 ,oils1 ,wa/e1 ,pa9t1 ,pat5t ,jo9t+ ,ma/ic1 c41 are kept 9 ,/ock1 also ,cable1 ,silk & ,cotton ,cov]$ ,wire4 ,address3--,! ,,manag]1 ,(fices--#g1 ,,c>t]et ,,/reet4 ,supply ,/ores3 #bj1 ,d>tm\? ,/reet1 ,we/m9/]1 ,s4,w4 ,telegraphic ,address1 8,globul\s1 ,london40 ,,c>bon ,,works1 ,,b>nsley4 ,,! ,globe ,electrical ,eng9e]+ ,company4 ,,c>bon ,,cutt]s ,,& ,,gr9d]s4 ,,c>bon ,,rods4 ,illu/ration ,,c>bon ,,plates4 ,,electric ,,light ,,c>bon ,,rods 7,fig4 #f71 cor$ & solid1 copp]$ & pla94 ,all sizes 9 /ock f #d to #dj4 ,mak]s ( ,sir ,james ,d\glas's ,rods 7,fig4 #d71 z us$ by ! ,tr9ity ,h\se4 ,,c>bon ,,plates = ,leclan* ,batt]ies1 etc4 7,fig4 #c71 ,consolidat$ ,batt]y ,plates1 made to )/& nitric acid or bi*romate1 c be suppli$ up to #ac;ins4 #aj;ins4 out ( /ock1 & l>g] sizes to ord]4 ,,c>bon ,,cells ,,& ,,cyl9d]s 7,figs4 #a1 #b1 & #e71 ( all descriptions4 ,exp]im5tal ,c>bon ,goods ( e description made to ,ord]4 ,,prices ,,on ,,application4 ,(fices3--#g1 ,,c>t]et ,,/41 ,,we/m9/]1 ,s4,w4 ,,! ,,gul*] ,,electric ,,light ,,p[] ,,co41 ,,ltd41 ,,batt]sea ,,f\ndry1 ,,batt]sea1 ,,london1 ,s4,w4 ,manufactur]s ( ,electrical ,ma*9]y ,,( ,,e ,,description4 ,contractors to ,h4,m4 ,,navy1 ,h4,m4 ,,w> ,,dep>tm5t1 ,sir ,w4 ,g4 ,,arm/rong ,,co41 ,,oudh ,,& ,,rohilkund ,,railway ,,co41 etc41 etc4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,company ,,supply-- ,,dynamos4 ,s]ies1 ,%unt1 & ,comp\nd ,w\nd4 ,,arc ,,lamps4 ,projectors1 ,se>* ,lights1 etc4 ,,swit* ,,bo>ds & ,fitt+s4 ,,alt]nat+ ,,curr5t ,,dynamos4 ,,trans=m]s4 ,,second>y ,,batt]ies4 ,,complete ,,in/allations = light+ ,,t[ns1 ,,public ,,build+s1 ,,mills1 ,,factories1 ,,ironworks1 & ,,colli]ies1 also ,,private ,,h\ses & ,,mansions4 ,,sole ,,contractors = ! ,,p]man5t ,,light+ ( ! ,,cry/al ,,palace1 ,syd5ham1 & ! ,,royal ,,aqu>ium1 ,,we/m9/]1 also ! ,,city ( ,,well+ton1 ,new ,zeal&4 ,,woodh\se ,,rawson1 ,,limit$4 ,electrical ,eng9e]s & ,contractors1 ,,= ,,! ,,light+ ,,( ,,cities1 ,,t[ns1 ,,factories1 ,,mills1 ,,& ,,private ,,resid5ces4 ,,complete ,,c5tral-,,/ation ,,plant4 ,h\ses ,wir$ & ,fitt$ ?r\gh\t = connection to ,c5tral-,/ation ,circuits4 ,,e/imates ,,on ,,application4 ,,good ,,"w ,,at ,,mod]ate ,,prices4 #aa1 ,,que5 ,,victoria ,,/reet1 ,,london1 ,e4,c4 ,contractors to ! ,*ief ,exhibitions1 ,/ock ,ex*ange1 ,messrs4 ,w4 ,h4 ,smi? ,sons1 ,peak1 ,frean ,co41 ,crosse ,blackwell1 ,grosv5or ,gall]y1 c41 c4 ,,! ,ori5t ,electric ,light ,company ,,limit$4 ,illu/ration ,contractors = ! supply ( ,electric ,light+ ,plant = ,private ,h\ses1 ,public ,build+s1 ,factories1 ,t[ns1 c41 on ! mo/ approv$ sy/em & at mod]ate co/4 ,,quotations ,,giv5 ,,= ,,tempor>y ,,in/allations4 ,c5tral-,/ations ,fitt$ ,out1 & ,negotiations c>ri$ on = same4 ,,e/imates ,,& ,,quotations ,,free4 ,london ,(fices3 #b1 ,ea/ ,india ,av5ue1 ,e4,c4 ,,ag5ts ,,abroad3 ,messrs4 ,,gill&]s1 ,,arbu?not ,,co4 ,calcutta & ,rangoon ,messrs4 ,,gordon1 ,,woodr(fe ,,co4 ,madras4 ,messrs4 ,,ew>t1 ,,la?am ,,co4 ,bombay4 ,cr[n #hvo41 #abh pp41 ,limp clo?1 #dj ,illu/rations4 ,price #bs4 #f;d4 ,,precautions ,,to ,,be ,,adopt$ ,,on ,,introduc+ ,,! ,,electric ,,light4 ,,) ,,notes ,,on ,,! ,,prev5tion ,,( ,,fire ,,risks4 ,,cont5ts4--,fire ,risk ,committee--,resi/ance ( ,conductors--,gl[ ,lamps--,sizes ( ,ma9 & ,bran* ,conductors--,/&>d & ,birm+ham ,wire ,gauge--,factors = ,calculation--,runn+ ( ,wires--,swit*es--,connectors & ,jo9ts--,insulators--,%ort ,circuit--,cut-out1 ,fusible1 & ,automatic--,lamp ,hold]s--,life ( ,lamps1 ,electrical ,gov]nor1 ,spe$ ,gauge--,te/+ ,insulation--,fires & ,accid5ts f ,electric ,curr5t--,specification = ,electric ,light+--,in/ructions = ,work+--,phnix ,fire ,(fice ,rules--,am]ican ,fire ,(fice ,rules--,electrical ,measurem5ts--,resi/ance ( ,copp] & ,g]man ,silv]--,engli% & ,fr5* ,measure--,rules = ,fusible ,mica-,foils--,rules = ,direction ( ,curr5t--,numb] ( ,electric ,lights to comp>e ) ,gas--,motive ,p[]1 ,/eam1 ,gas--,motive ,p[]1 ,wat]--,explanation ( ,t]ms--,price ,li/4 ,,op9ions ,,( ,,! ,,press4 ,! ,build]4 8,mr4 ,h$ges po9ts out cle>ly ! risks t are insep>able f slov5ly "w & incompet5t h&l+1 & gives cle> directions = c>ry+ ! ma9 & bran* conductors & ! lamp wires1 & = calculat+ ! sizes ( ! v>i\s leads accord+ to ! numb] ( lights to be work$4 ,he insi/s v prop]ly t "s regul> sy/em %\ld be foll[$1 s t x %\ld always be kn[n :i* is ! positive & :i* ! negative wire1--9 o!r words1 :i* wire leads f ! ma*9e to ! lamps1 & :i* is ! return4 ,9 addition1 h[ev]1 to %[+ ?is by m]e position1 i4e41 by plac+ ! positive wire on ! left side ( ! negative if v]tical1 & "u x if horizontal1 we %\ld /rongly recomm5d t ! insulat+ cov]+ %\ld be ( diff]5t col\rs on ! two wires1 & ?us any accid5tal displacem5t w\ld n be ( consequ5ce40 ,revue ,int]nationale de l',electricit4 8,ce petit livre sans prt5tion conti5t une gr&e quantit de r5seignem5ts pratiques4 ,t\s ceux qui s'occup5t d'clairage lectrique tr\v]ont gr& pr(it le consult]4 8,dans les quatre-v+ts pages que conti5t ce travail1 l'auteur a su rassembl] t\tes les indications ncessaires et utiles p\r effectu] les in/allations4 ,il n'tait pas possible de gr\p] d'une manire plus logique1 plus claire et plus concise les rgles suivre p\r assur] le bon fonctionnem5t d'une in/allation d'clairage4 8,l'auteur s'e/ t5du surt\t sur la description et l'in/allation des app>eils de sret1 sur la pose des conducteurs et sur les diamtres leur donn]1 sur l'essai des circuits1 etc4444 8,un petit dictionnaire1 donn5t l'explication des t]ms te*niques1 complte d'une manire heureuse ce petit guide qui s]a consult avec autant de pr(it que bi5 d'autres ouvrages plus t5dus et conu dans un esprit mo9s pratique4 8,,aug4 ,m40 ,copies ( ! above c be obta9$ f ,! ,globe ,electrical & ,eng9e]+ ,company1 #g1 ,,c>t]et ,,/reet1 ,,we/m9/]1 ,s4,w4 ,manufactur]s ( ,electrical ,supplies4 ,e4 ,,& ,f4 ,n4 ,,spon1 ,,london4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #aef pp4 ,clo? gilt4 ,price #cs4 ,useful ,in=mation on ,electric ,light+4 ,,embody+ ,,! ,,rules ,,( ,,! ,,fire ,,risk ,,committee ,,& ,,! ,,electric ,,light+ ,,bill2 ,,also ,,pla9 ,,directions ,,= ,,! ,,work+ ,,( ,,electric ,,lamps ,,& ,,dynamo ,,ma*9es4 ,,by ,,kill+wor? ,,h$ges1 ,m4,i4,c4,e41 ,m4 ,soc4 ,telegraph ,eng9e]s1 ,f4,c4,s4 ,,cont5ts4--,introductory ,rem>ks--,! ,production ( ,electricity--,! ,voltaic ,arc--,division ( ! ,electric ,light--,ma*9es or ,g5]ators--,p[] requir$1 & ,motors--,application ( ! ,electric ,light--,*oice ( a ,sy/em--,electrical ,measurem5t--,co/ ( ,work+--,result ( ,v>i\s ,in/allations--,measurem5t ( ,light & ,curr5t--,/orage ( ,electricity & ,transmission ( ,p[]--,conclusion--,useful ,tables & ,memor&a4 ,! ,graphic1 8,at ! pres5t "t1 :5 ! "q ( illum9ation by electricity is fully "u discussion1 a ?ird edition ( ,mr4 ,kill+wor? ,h$ges' ,useful ,in=mation on ,electric ,light+ is d\bly welcome4 ,! little "w is n[ fully br\ght up to date1 & gives a pla91 /raight=w>dly writt5 acc\nt ( ! v>i\s =ms ( ! arc & inc&esc5t lamps1 &1 inde$1 ( ! g5]al sy/em ( electric light+4 ,?us a v fair idea ( ! pr9ciple may be ga!r$ by ! g5]al read]1 :o w f9d x a welcome companion :5 visit+ ! ,electrical ,exhibition1 :ile ! manufactur] 9 se>* ( a practicable light = 8 work%op w ga9 valuable in=mation f ! v>i\s h9ts convey$ 9 its pages4 ,to ! sci5tific /ud5t also ! "w w be exce$+ly useful1 if only f ! h&y memor&a & tables 9 ! app5dix4 ,altoge!r ! book is ! be/ ( ! k9d t we h yet se51 & we _c refra9 f hop+ t ,mr4 ,kill+wor? ,h$ges may see fit to br+ out a m comp5di\s & detail$ "w on ! subject1 ) :i* he is s em95tly compet5t to deal40 ,also1 by ! same ,au?or1 demy #hvo4 ,illu/rat$1 #cb pp4 ,pap]4 ,price #as4 ,! ,supply ( ,electricity by ,local ,au?orities4 ,,read ,,at ,,! ,,annual ,,meet+ ,,( ,,! ,,association ,,( ,,municipal ,,eng9e]s ,,& ,,surveyors1 ,,ox=d1 #ahhc4 ,all ,mr4 ,h$ges' books are s5t po/ free on receipt ( po/al ord]1 by ! ,,globe ,,electrical ,,& ,,eng9e]+ ,,company1 ,supply ,/ores1 #g1 ,c>t]et ,/reet1 ,we/m9/]1 ,s4,w4 ,,! ,,b>nsley ,,c>bon ,,company4 ,:olesale ,manufactur]s ( ,,pure ,,c>bon ,,po9ts1 ,,c&les1 ,,& ,,batt]y ,,plates ,,( ,,e ,,description4 ,,c>bon ,,cutt]s ,,& ,,gr9d]s4 ,,c>bon ,,works3 ,,b>nsley1 ,,york%ire4 ,,london ,,(fice3 #g1 ,c>t]et ,/reet1 ,we/m9/]1 ,s4,w4 ,j4 ,,edmundson ,,co41 ,,limit$1 ,eng9e]s ,electricians1 #ai1 ,,great ,,george ,,/41 ,,we/m9/]1 ,s4,w4 ,electric ,light+ = ,c\ntry & ,t[n ,mansions1 c4 ,j4 ,,edmundson ,,co41 invite an inspection ( _! ,complete ,sy/em ( ,light+ ,,c\ntry & ,,t[n ,,mansions1 by means ( ,inc&esc5t ,electric ,lights4 ,a ,,complete ,,in/allation consi/+ ( ,,dynamo ,,ma*9e1 ,,eng9e1 ,,/orage ,,batt]y & ,,lamps1 may be se5 work+ at ,j4 ,e4 ,co4's ,,%[ ,,rooms1 #ai1 ,,great ,,george ,,/reet1 ,,we/m9/]1 :]e all in=mation1 includ+ ,e/imates ( ,co/1 c41 may be obta9$4 ,,e/imates ,,also ,,giv5 ,,= ,,tempor>y ,,light+ ,,by ,,means ,,( ,,/orage ,,batt]ies1 ,,= ,,balls1 ,,receptions1 c4 ,,special ,,ag5ts ,,= ,,edison ,,swan ,,lamps4 ,special ,t]ms to ! ,trade4 ,,manufactur]s ,,( ,,electroli]s1 ,,brackets1 ,,& ,all ,descriptions ( ,electric ,light ,fitt+s4 ,c5tral-,/ation ,light+4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,kapp ,,trans=m]4 ,,! ,,connaught alt]nat+ curr5t ,dynamo4 7,,kapp',s ,,pat5t47 ,,%>p ,,& ,,k5t1 ,,eng9e]s ,,& ,,electricians1 ,connaught ,mansions1 ,victoria ,/41 ,we/m9/]1 ,s4,w4 ,,telegraphic ,,address-- 8,,megavolt1 ,,london40 ,,telephone1 #c1abe ,,dr4 ,,arons ,,electricity ,,met]s ,= ,alt]nate & ,cont9u\s ,curr5t4 ,us$ 9 all ! mo/ ,important ,c5tral-,/ations 9 ! ,_w4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,g5]al ,,electric ,,co41 7,g4 ,,b9swang] ,,co47 ,manufactur]s & ,suppli]s ( ,! ,,apo/le ,c>bons4 ,*9a & ,glass ,w>e1 ,swit*es1 ,lamps1 ,cables1 ,cas+s1 c4 ,! be/ )\t exception4 ,9 great v>iety4 ,electrical ,fitt+s ( e description4 ,,london3 ,,! ,,g5]al ,,electric ,,co41 #e1 ,,great ,,/4 ,,?omas ,,apo/le1 ,,london1 ,e4,c4 ,telegrams3 8,electricity40 ,telephone3 8#ahhg40 ,,man*e/]3 ,,man*e/] ,,electric ,,works ,,co41 7,g4 ,,b9swang]1 ,manag+ ,director71 #de1 ,,*apel ,,/reet1 ,,sal=d1 ,,man*e/]4 ,telegrams3 8,induction40 ,,! ,,globe ,,electrical ,,& ,,eng9e]+ ,,company4 ,(fices3--#g1 ,,c>t]et ,,/41 ,,we/m9/]1 ,s4,w4 ,,manufactur]s ,,( ,,h$ges' ,,pat5t ,,safety ,,cat*es1 ,,or ,,cut-,,outs1 ,,) ,,fusible ,,safety ,,plugs ,,& ,,( ,,albo ,,metal ,,mica-,,foils4 ,illu/ration ,,directions ,,= ,,ins]t+ ,a ,,sp>e ,,mica-,,foil4--,undo ! ,contact ,screws1 lift ! ,contact ,pieces & place ,foil fairly "u1 & screw d[n1 tak+ c>e n to jam ! ,mica on to ! ,foil1 :i* %\ld be loose1 s z to all[ = expansion4 ,c]tificate f ! ,vi5na ,exhibition1 :i* 0 protect$ ?r\gh\t by 8,h$ges' ,pat5t ,fuses40 ,,translation4 ,,! ,,pat5t ,,h$ges' ,,cut-,,outs h f\nd a useful sph]e ( employm5t 9 ! lab\rs ( ! ,te*nical ,sci5tific ,commission1 & _! con/ruction has prov$ itself mo/ admirably adapt$ to ! ends 9 view4 ,! ,presid5t ( ! ,te*nical ,sci5tific ,commission1 ,,vi5na1 #ac? ,may1 #ahhd4 7,sign$7 ,f4 ,,/efan4 ,w4 ,t4 ,,goold5 ,,co41 ,electrical ,eng9e]s1 ,contractors to ,h] ,maje/y's ,gov]nm5t & ! ,pr9cipal ,railway ,companies4 ,sole ,manufactur]s ( ! ,connaught 7,kapp's ,pat5t7 ,alt]nat+ ,curr5t ,dynamo & ,trans=m]s2 ,,goold5-,,rav5%aw ,,cont9u\s ,,curr5t ,,dynamo2 ,electric ,motors = all purposes2 ,,measur+ ,,in/rum5ts2 ,,c>dew ,,voltmet]s 7,! only ,reliable ,in/rum5ts = ,alt]nat+ ,curr5ts72 ,ev]%$ ,pat5t ,gravity ,voltmet]s & ,ammet]s 7,n affect$ by ! proximity ( dynamos74 ,complete ,e/imates furni%$ = ,c5tral-,/ations1 ,plant = ,alt]nat+ & ,direct ,curr5ts1 or = ,batt]ies1 ,eng9es1 ,boil]s1 etc41 by ! ,be/ ,mak]s only1 & ( ! mo/ economical types4 ,,all ,,plants ,,suppli$ ,,c ,,be ,,te/$ ,,at ,,our ,,own ,,works4 ,(fices & ,works3 ,,woodfield ,,road1 ,,we/b\rne ,,p>k1 ,,london1 ,w4