,english ,as ,she is ,taught4 8,a darling literary curiosity4444 ,the collection is made by a teacher 444 and all the examples in it are genuine2 none of them have been tampered with1 or doctored in any way40 --,,mark ,,twain1 in the ,century for ,april1 #ahhg ,second ,edition4 ,english as ,sheis,taught ,,being ,,genuine ,,answers ,,to ,,examination ,,questions ,,in ,,our ,,public ,,schools ,,collected ,,by ,,caroline ,b4 ,,le ,,row ,,with ,a ,,commentary ,,thereon ,,by ,,mark ,,twain4 ,london ,t4 ,,fisher ,,unwin #bf1 ,,paternoster ,,square #ahhg ,,all ,,rights ,,reserved ,,publisher',s ,,note4 ,it is to be noticed that there is a curious sympathy in point of error on both sides of the ,atlantic1 for seventeen of the mistakes quoted in this book as being made in the ,public ,schools of ,america appear in similar or identical words in an ,article on 8,boys' ,blunders0 in the ,,cornhill ,,magazine of ,june1 #ahhf1 which was written by a ,master in an ,english ,public ,school4 ,illustration ,dr4 ,blimber's establishment was a great hothouse in which there was a forcing apparatus incessantly at work4 ,all the boys blew before their time4 ,mental green peas were produced at ,christmas and intellectual asparagus all the year round4 ,mathematical gooseberries 7very sour ones7 were common at untimely seasons and from mere sprouts of bushes under ,dr4 ,blimber's cultivation4 ,every description of ,greek and ,latin vegetable was got off the dryest twigs of boys under the frostiest circumstances4 ,nature was of no consequence at all4 ,no matter what a young gentleman was intended to bear ,dr4 ,blimber made him bear to pattern4 ,but the system of forcing was attended with its usual disadvantages4 ,there was not the right taste about the premature productions and they didn't keep well4 ,when poor ,paul had spelt out ,no4 #b he found he had no idea of ,no4 #a1 fragments whereof afterwards obtruded themselves into ,no4 #c which slided into ,no4 #d which grafted itself on to ,no4 #b2 so that whether twenty ,romuluses made a ,remus1 or a verb always agreed with an ancient ,briton1 or three times four was ,taurus a bull1 were open questions with him4 ,but however high and false the temperature at which ,dr4 ,blimber kept his hothouse1 the owners of the plants were always ready to lend a helping hand at the bellows and to stir the fire4 ,dombey and ,son4--,,charles ,,dickens4 ,illustration ,preface4 ,illustration ,as the greatest compliment that could be paid a writer would be the assumption that the material contained in this little volume was the product of that writer's ingenuity or imagination1 it seems needless for the compiler to state that every line is just what it purports to be1--bona fide answers to questions asked in the public schools4 ,mark ,twain1 with his inimitable drollery1 comments in the ,,century ,,magazine for ,april1 #ahhg1 upon ,,english ,,as ,,she ,,is ,,taught4 ,even this master of ,english humor acknowledges his inability to comprehend how such success in the literature of fun could be attained1 not only without effort or intention1 but through heroic struggles to set forth hard facts and sober statistics4 ,that the ,english public may have the benefit of ,mark ,twain's comments1 his paper is1 with his consent1 here reprinted in its complete form4 ,although this involves a certain amount of repetition--comment and illustration being too intricately blended to separate--it is a repetition or rsum of the best things in the book1 such as the wise reader will hardly grumble at4 ,illustration ,contents4 ,illustration ,,page4 ,,english ,,as ,,she ,,is ,,taught1 xi ,i4 ,,etymological1 #a ,,ii4 ,,grammatical1 #ad ,,iii4 ,,mathematical1 #ah ,,iv4 ,,geographical1 #ba ,v4 ,,original1 #cj ,,vi4 ,,analytical1 #dc ,,vii4 ,,historical1 #ec ,,viii4 ,,intellectual1 #fg ,,ix4 ,,philosophical1 #hi ,x4 ,,physiological1 #ic ,,xi4 ,,astronomical1 #ajj ,,xii4 ,,political1 #ajc ,,xiii4 ,,musical1 #aje ,,xiv4 ,,oratorical1 #ajf ,,xv4 ,,metaphysical1 #ajh ,illustration ,illustration ,english as ,she is ,taught4 ,,by ,,mark ,,twain4 ,reprinted1 with the ,author's permission1 from ,the ,century ,magazine4 ,in the appendix to ,croker's ,boswell's ,johnson1 one finds this anecdote3 ,cato's ,soliloquy4--,one day ,mrs4 ,gastrel set a little girl to repeat to him ,doctor ,samuel ,johnson ,cato's ,soliloquy1 which she went through very correctly4 ,the ,doctor1 after a pause1 asked the child-- 8,what was to bring ,cato to an end80 ,she said it was a knife4 8,no1 my dear1 it was not so40 8,my aunt ,polly said it was a knife40 8,why1 ,aunt ,polly's knife may do1 but it was a dagger1 my dear40 ,he then asked her the meaning of 8bane and antidote10 which she was unable to give4 ,mrs4 ,gastrel said-- 8,you cannot expect so young a child to know the meaning of such words40 ,he then said-- 8,my dear1 how many pence are there in sixpence80 8,i cannot tell1 sir10 was the half-terrified reply4 ,on this1 addressing himself to ,mrs4 ,gastrel1 he said-- 8,now1 my dear lady1 can anything be more ridiculous than to teach a child ,cato's ,soliloquy1 who does not know how many pence there are in sixpence80 ,in a lecture before the ,royal ,geographical ,society1 ,professor ,ravenstein quoted the following list of frantic questions1 and said that they had been asked in an examination3 ,mention all the name of places in the world derived from ,julius ,csar or ,augustus ,csar4 ,where are the following rivers3 ,pisuerga1 ,sakaria1 ,guadalete1 ,jalon1 ,mulde8 ,all you know of the following3 ,machacha1 ,pilmo1 ,schebulos1 ,crivoscia1 ,basecs1 ,mancikert1 ,taxhen1 ,citeaux1 ,meloria1 ,zutphen4 ,the highest peaks of the ,karakorum range4 ,the number of universities in ,prussia4 ,why are the tops of mountains continually covered with snow sic8 ,name the length and breadth of the streams of lava which issued from the ,skaptar ,jokul in the eruption of #aghc4 ,that list would oversize nearly anybody's geographical knowledge4 ,isn't it reasonably possible that in our schools many of the questions in all studies are several miles ahead of where the pupil is8--that he is set to struggle with things that are ludicrously beyond his present reach1 hopelessly beyond his present strength8 ,this remark in passing1 and by way of text2 now ,i come to what ,i was going to say4 ,i have just now fallen upon a darling literary curiosity4 ,it is a little book1 a manuscript compilation1 and the compiler sent it to me with the request that ,i say whether ,i think it ought to be published or not4 ,i said ,yes6 but as ,i slowly grow wise1 ,i briskly grow cautious2 and so1 now that the publication is imminent1 it has seemed to me that ,i should feel more comfortable if ,i could divide up this responsibility with the public by adding them to the court4 ,therefore ,i will print some extracts from the book1 in the hope that they may make converts to my judgment that the volume has merit which entitles it to publication4 ,as to its character4 ,every one has sampled 8,english as ,she has ,spoke0 and 8,english as ,she is ,wrote02 this little volume furnishes us an instructive array of examples of 8,english as ,she is ,taught0--in the public schools of--well1 this country4 ,the collection is made by a teacher in those schools1 and all the examples in it are genuine2 none of them have been tampered with1 or doctored in any way4 ,from time to time1 during several years1 whenever a pupil has delivered himself of anything peculiarly quaint or toothsome in the course of his recitations1 this teacher and her associates have privately set that thing down in a memorandum-book2 strictly following the original1 as to grammar1 construction1 spelling1 and all2 and the result is this literary curiosity4 ,the contents of the book consist mainly of answers given by the boys and girls to questions1 said answers being given sometimes verbally1 sometimes in writing4 ,the subjects touched upon are fifteen in number3 ,i4 ,etymology2 ,,ii4 ,grammar2 ,,iii4 ,mathematics2 ,,iv4 ,geography2 ,v4 8,original02 ,,vi4 ,analysis2 ,,vii4 ,history2 ,,viii4 8,intellectual02 ,,ix4 ,philosophy2 ,x4 ,physiology2 ,,xi4 ,astronomy2 ,,xii4 ,politics2 ,,xiii4 ,music2 ,,xiv4 ,oratory2 ,,xv4 ,metaphysics4 ,you perceive that the poor little young idea has taken a shot at a good many kinds of game in the course of the book4 ,now as to results4 ,here are some quaint definitions of words4 ,it will be noticed that in all of these instances the sound of the word1 or the look of it on paper1 has misled the child3 ,aborigines1 a system of mountains4 ,alias1 a good man in the ,bible4 ,amenable1 anything that is mean4 ,assiduity1 state of being an acid4 ,auriferous1 pertaining to an orifice4 ,ammonia1 the food of the gods4 ,capillary1 a little caterpillar4 ,corniferous1 rocks in which fossil corn is found4 ,emolument1 a headstone to a grave4 ,equestrian1 one who asks questions4 ,eucharist1 one who plays euchre4 ,franchise1 anything belonging to the ,french4 ,idolater1 a very idol person4 ,ipecac1 a man who likes a good dinner4 ,irrigate1 to make fun of4 ,mendacious1 what can be mended4 ,mercenary1 one who feels for another4 ,parasite1 a kind of umbrella4 ,parasite1 the murder of an infant4 ,publican1 a man who does his prayers in public4 ,tenacious1 ten acres of land4 ,here is one where the phrase 8publicans and sinners0 has got mixed up in the child's mind with politics1 and the result is a definition which takes one in a sudden and unexpected way3 ,republican1 a sinner mentioned in the ,bible4 ,also in ,democratic newspapers now and then4 ,here are two where the mistake has resulted from sound assisted by remote fact3 ,plagiarist1 a writer of plays4 ,demagogue1 a vessel containing beer and other liquids4 ,i cannot quite make out what it was that misled the pupil in the following instances2 it would not seem to have been the sound of the word1 nor the look of it in print3 ,asphyxia1 a grumbling1 fussy temper4 ,quarternions1 a bird with a flat beak and no bill1 living in ,new ,zealand4 ,quarternions1 the name given to a style of art practised by the ,phnicians4 ,quarternions1 a religious convention held every hundred years4 ,sibilant1 the state of being idiotic4 ,crosier1 a staff carried by the ,deity4 ,in the following sentences the pupil's ear has been deceiving him again3 ,the marriage was illegible4 ,he was totally dismasted with the whole performance4 ,he enjoys riding on a philosopher4 ,she was very quick at repertoire4 ,he prayed for the waters to subsidize4 ,the leopard is watching his sheep4 ,they had a strawberry vestibule4 ,here is one which--well1 now1 how often we do slam right into the truth without ever suspecting it3 ,the men employed by the ,gas ,company go round and speculate the meter4 ,indeed they do1 dear2 and when you grow up1 many and many's the time you will notice it in the gas bill4 ,in the following sentences the little people have some information to convey1 every time2 but in my case they failed to connect3 the light always went out on the keystone word3 ,the coercion of some things is remarkable2 as bread and molasses4 ,her hat is contiguous because she wears it on one side4 ,he preached to an egregious congregation4 ,the captain eliminated a bullet through the man's heart4 ,you should take caution and be precarious4 ,the supercilious girl acted with vicissitude when the perennial time came4 ,that last is a curiously plausible sentence2 one seems to know what it means1 and yet he knows all the time that he doesn't4 ,here is an odd 7but entirely proper7 use of a word1 and a most sudden descent from a lofty philosophical altitude to a very practical and homely illustration3 ,he should endeavour to avoid extremes--like those of wasps and bees4 ,and here--with 8zological0 and 8geological0 in his mind1 but not ready to his tongue--the small scholar has innocently gone and let out a couple of secrets which ought never to have been divulged in any circumstances3 ,there are a good many donkeys in theological gardens4 ,some of the best fossils are found in theological cabinets4 ,under the head of 8,grammar0 the little scholars furnish the following information3 ,gender is the distinguishing nouns without regard to sex4 ,a verb is something to eat4 ,adverbs should always be used as adjectives and adjectives as adverbs4 ,every sentence and name of ,god must begin with a caterpillar4 8,caterpillar0 is well enough1 but capital letter would have been stricter4 ,the following is a brave attempt at a solution1 but it failed to liquify3 ,when they are going to say some prose or poetry before they say the poetry or prose they must put a semicolon just after the introduction of the prose or poetry4 ,the chapter on 8,mathematics0 is full of fruit4 ,from it ,i take a few samples--mainly in an unripe state4 ,a straight line is any distance between two places4 ,parallel lines are lines that can never meet until they run together4 ,a circle is a round straight line with a hole in the middle4 ,things which are equal to each other are equal to anything else4 ,to find the number of square feet in a room you multiply the room by the number of the feet4 ,the product is the result4 ,right you are4 ,in the matter of geography this little book is unspeakably rich4 ,the questions do not appear to have applied the microscope to the subject1 as did those quoted by ,professor ,ravenstein2 still they proved plenty difficult enough without that4 ,these pupils did not hunt with a microscope1 they hunted with a shotgun2 this is shown by the crippled condition of the game they brought in3 ,america is divided into the ,passiffic slope and the ,mississippi valey4 ,north ,america is separated by ,spain4 ,america consists from north to south about five hundred miles4 ,the ,united ,states is quite a small country compared with some other countrys1 but is about as industrious4 ,the capital of the ,united ,states is ,long ,island4 ,the five seaports of the ,u4 ,s4 are ,newfunlan and ,sanfrancisco4 ,the principal products of the ,u4 ,s4 is earthquakes and volcanoes4 ,the ,alaginnies are mountains in ,philadelphia4 ,the ,rocky ,mountains are on the western side of ,philadelphia4 ,cape ,hateras is a vast body1 of water surrounded by land and flowing into the ,gulf of ,mexico4 ,mason and ,dixon's line is the ,equater4 ,one of the leading industries of the ,united ,states is mollasses1 book-covers1 numbers1 gas1 teaching1 lumber1 manufacturers1 paper-making1 publishers1 coal4 ,in ,austria the principal occupation is gathering ,austrich feathers4 ,gibraltar is an island built on a rock4 ,russia is very cold and tyrannical4 ,sicily is one of the ,sandwich ,islands4 ,hindoostan flows through the ,ganges and empties into the ,mediterranean ,sea4 ,ireland is called the ,emigrant ,isle because it is so beautiful and green4 ,the width of the different zones ,europe lies in depend upon the surrounding country4 ,the imports of a country are the things that are paid for1 the exports are the things that are not4 ,climate lasts all the time and weather only a few days4 ,the two most famous volcanoes of ,europe are ,sodom and ,gomorrah4 ,the chapter headed 8,analysis0 shows us that the pupils in our public schools are not merely loaded up with those showy facts about geography1 mathematics1 and so on1 and left in that incomplete state2 no1 there's machinery for clarifying and expanding their minds4 ,they are required to take poems and analyze them1 dig out their common sense1 reduce them to statistics1 and reproduce them in a luminous prose translation which shall tell you at a glance what the poet was trying to get at4 ,one sample will do4 ,here is a stanza from 8,the ,lady of the ,lake10 followed by the pupil's impressive explanation of it4 ,alone1 but with unbated zeal1 ,the horseman plied with scourge and steel2 ,for jaded now and spent with toil1 ,embossed with foam and dark with soil1 ,while every gasp with sobs he drew1 ,the laboring stag strained full in view4 ,the man who rode on the horse performed the whip and an instrument made of steel alone with strong ardor not diminishing1 for1 being tired from the time passed with hard labor overworked with anger and ignorant with weariness1 while every breath for labor he drew with cries full of sorrow1 the young deer made imperfect who worked hard filtered in sight4 ,i see1 now1 that ,i never understood that poem before4 ,i have had glimpses of its meaning1 in moments when ,i was not as ignorant with weariness as usual1 but this is the first time the whole spacious idea of it ever filtered in sight4 ,if ,i were a public-school pupil ,i would put those other studies aside and stick to analysis2 for1 after all1 it is the thing to spread your mind4 ,we come now to historical matters1 historical remains1 one might say4 ,as one turns the pages1 he is impressed with the depth to which one date has been driven into the ,american child's head--#adib4 ,the date is there1 and it is there to stay4 ,and it is always at hand1 always deliverable at a moment's notice4 ,but the ,fact that belongs with it8 ,that is quite another matter4 ,only the date itself is familiar and sure3 its vast ,fact has failed of lodgment4 ,it would appear that whenever you ask a public-school pupil when a thing--anything1 no matter what--happened1 and he is in doubt1 he always rips out his #adib4 ,he applies it to everything1 from the landing of the ark to the introduction of the horse-car4 ,well1 after all1 it is our first date1 and so it is right enough to honor it1 and pay the public schools to teach our children to honor it3 ,george ,washington was born in #adib4 ,washington wrote the ,declaration of ,independence in #adib4 ,st4 ,bartholemew was massacred in #adib4 ,the ,brittains were the ,saxons who entered ,england in #adib under ,julius ,csar4 ,the earth is #adib miles in circumference4 ,to proceed with 8,history03 ,christopher ,columbus was called the father of his ,country4 ,queen ,isabella of ,spain sold her watch and chain and other millinery so that ,columbus could discover ,america4 ,the ,indian wars were very desecrating to the country4 ,the ,indians pursued their warfare by hiding in the bushes and then scalping them4 ,captain ,john ,smith has been styled the father of his country4 ,his life was saved by his daughter ,pochahantas4 ,the ,puritans found an insane asylum in the wilds of ,america4 ,the ,stamp ,act was to make everybody stamp all materials so they should be null and void4 ,washington died in ,spain almost brokenhearted4 ,his remains were taken to the cathedral in ,havana4 ,gorilla warfare was where men rode on gorillas4 ,john ,brown was a very good insane man who tried to get fugitives slaves into ,virginia4 ,he captured all the inhabitants1 but was finally conquered and condemned to his death4 ,the ,confederasy was formed by the fugitive slaves4 ,alfred the ,great reigned #hgb years4 ,he was distinguished for letting some buckwheat cakes burn1 and the lady scolded him4 ,henry ,eight was famous for being a great widower haveing lost several wives4 ,lady ,jane ,grey studied ,greek and ,latin and was beheaded after a few days4 ,john ,bright is noted for an incurable disease4 ,lord ,james ,gordon ,bennett instigated the ,gordon ,riots4 ,the ,middle ,ages come in between antiquity and posterity4 ,luther introduced ,christianity into ,england a good many thousand years ago4 ,his birthday was ,november #ahhc4 ,he was once a ,pope4 ,he lived at the time of the ,rebellion of ,worms4 ,julius ,csar is noted for his famous telegram dispatch ,i came ,i saw ,i conquered4 ,julius ,csar was really a very great man4 ,he was a very great soldier and wrote a book for beginners in the ,latin4 ,cleopatra was caused by the death of an asp which she dissolved in a wine cup4 ,the only form of government in ,greece was a limited monkey4 ,the ,persian war lasted about #ejj years4 ,greece had only #g wise men4 ,socrates 444 destroyed some statues and had to drink ,shamrock4 ,here is a fact correctly stated2 and yet it is phrased with such ingenious infelicity that it can be depended upon to convey misinformation every time it is uncarefully read3 ,by the ,salic law no woman or descendant of a woman could occupy the throne4 ,to show how far a child can travel in history with judicious and diligent boosting in the public school1 we select the following mosaic3 ,abraham ,lincoln was born in ,wales in #aeii4 ,in the chapter headed 8,intellectual0 ,i find a great number of most interesting statements4 ,a sample or two may be found not amiss3 ,bracebridge ,hall was written by ,henry ,irving4 ,snow ,bound was written by ,peter ,cooper4 ,the ,house of the ,seven ,gables1 was written by ,lord ,bryant4 ,edgar ,a4 ,poe was a very curdling writer4 ,cotton ,mather was a writer who invented the cotten gin and wrote histories4 ,beowulf wrote the ,scriptures4 ,ben ,jonson survived ,shakespeare in some respects4 ,in the ,canterbury ,tale it gives account of ,king ,alfred on his way to the shrine of ,thomas ,bucket4 ,chaucer was the father of ,english pottery4 ,chaucer was a bland verse writer of the third century4 ,chaucer was succeeded by ,h4 ,wads4 ,longfellow an ,american ,writer4 ,his writings were chiefly prose and nearly one hundred years elapsed4 ,shakspere translated the ,scriptures and it was called ,st4 ,james because he did it4 ,in the middle of the chapter ,i find many pages of information concerning ,shakspere's plays1 ,milton's works1 and those of ,bacon1 ,addison1 ,samuel ,johnson1 ,fielding1 ,richardson1 ,sterne1 ,smollett1 ,de ,foe1 ,locke1 ,pope1 ,swift1 ,goldsmith1 ,burns1 ,cowper1 ,wordsworth1 ,gibbon1 ,byron1 ,coleridge1 ,hood1 ,scott1 ,macaulay1 ,george ,eliot1 ,dickens1 ,bulwer1 ,thackeray1 ,browning1 ,mrs4 ,browning1 ,tennyson1 and ,disraeli--a fact which shows that into the restricted stomach of the public-school pupil is shoveled every year the blood1 bone1 and viscera of a gigantic literature1 and the same is there digested and disposed of in a most successful and characteristic and gratifying public-school way4 ,i have space for but a trifling few of the results3 ,lord ,byron was the son of an heiress and a drunken man4 ,wm4 ,wordsworth wrote the ,barefoot ,boy and ,imitations on ,immortality4 ,gibbon wrote a history of his travels in ,italy4 ,this was original4 ,george ,eliot left a wife and children who mourned greatly for his genius4 ,george ,eliot ,miss ,mary ,evans ,mrs4 ,cross ,mrs4 ,lewis was the greatest female poet unless ,george ,sands is made an exception of4 ,bulwell is considered a good writer4 ,sir ,walter ,scott ,charles ,bronte ,alfred the ,great and ,johnson were the first great novelists4 ,thomas ,babington ,makorlay graduated at ,harvard and then studied law1 he was raised to the peerage as baron in #aeeg and died in #aggf4 ,here are two or three miscellaneous facts that may be of value1 if taken in moderation3 ,homer's writings are ,homer's ,essays ,virgil the ,aneid and ,paradise lost some people say that these poems were not written by ,homer but by another man of the same name4 ,a sort of sadness kind of shone in ,bryant's poems4 ,holmes is a very profligate and amusing writer4 ,when the public-school pupil wrestles with the political features of the ,great ,republic1 they throw him sometimes3 ,a bill becomes a law when the president vetos it4 ,the three departments of the government is the ,president rules the world1 the governor rules the ,state1 the mayor rules the city4 ,the first conscientious ,congress met in ,philadelphia4 ,the ,contitution of the ,united ,states was established to ensure domestic hostility4 ,truth crushed to earth will rise again4 ,as follows3 ,the ,constitution of the ,united ,states is that part of the book at the end which nobody reads4 ,and here she rises once more and untimely4 ,there should be a limit to public-school instruction2 it cannot be wise or well to let the young find out everything3 ,congress is divided into civilized half civilized and savage4 ,here are some results of study in music and oratory3 ,an interval in music is the distance on the keyboard from one piano to the next4 ,a rest means you are not to sing it4 ,emphasis is putting more distress on one word than another4 ,the chapter on 8,physiology0 contains much that ought not to be lost to science3 ,physillogigy is to study about your bones stummick and vertebry4 ,occupations which are injurious to health are carbolic acid gas which is impure blood4 ,we have an upper and a lower skin4 ,the lower skin moves all the time and the upper skin moves when we do4 ,the body is mostly composed of water and about one half is avaricious tissue4 ,the stomach is a small pear-shaped bone situated in the body4 ,the gastric juice keeps the bones from creaking4 ,the ,chyle flows up the middle of the backbone and reaches the heart where it meets the oxygen and is purified4 ,the salivary glands are used to salivate the body4 ,in the stomach starch is changed to cane sugar and cane sugar to sugar cane4 ,the olfactory nerve enters the cavity of the orbit and is developed into the special sense of hearing4 ,the growth of a tooth begins in the back of the mouth and extends to the stomach4 ,if we were on a railroad track and a train was coming the train would deafen our ears so that we couldn't see to get off the track4 ,if1 up to this point1 none of my quotations have added flavour to the ,johnsonian anecdote at the head of this article1 let us make another attempt3 ,the theory that intuitive truths are discovered by the light of nature originated from ,st4 ,john's interpretation of a passage in the ,gospel of ,plato4 ,the weight of the earth is found by comparing a mass of known lead with that of a mass of unknown lead4 ,to find the weight of the earth take the length of a degree on a meridian and multiply by #fb pounds4 ,the spheres are to each other as the squares of their homologous sides4 ,a body will go just as far in the first second as the body will go plus the force of gravity and that's equal to twice what the body will go4 ,specific gravity is the weight to be compared weight of an equal volume of or that is the weight of a body compared with the weight of an equal volume4 ,the law of fluid pressure divide the different forms of organized bodies by the form of attraction and the number increased will be the form4 ,inertia is that proberty of bodies by virtue of which it cannot change its own condition of rest or motion4 ,in other words it is the negative quality of passiveness either in recoverable latency or insipient latescence4 ,if a laugh is fair here1 not the struggling child1 but the unintelligent teacher--or rather the unintelligent ,boards1 ,committees1 and ,trustees--are the proper target for it4 ,all through this little book one detects the signs of a certain probable fact--that a large part of the pupil's 8instruction0 consists in cramming him with obscure and wordy 8rules0 which he does not understand1 and has no time to understand4 ,it would be as useful to cram him with brickbats2 they would at least stay4 ,in a town in the interior of ,new ,york1 a few years ago1 a gentleman set forth a mathematical problem and proposed to give a prize to every public-school pupil who should furnish the correct solution of it4 ,twenty-two of the brightest boys in the public schools entered the contest4 ,the problem was not a very difficult one for pupils of their mathematical rank and standing1 yet they all failed--by a hair--through one trifling mistake or another4 ,some searching questions were asked1 when it turned out that these lads were as glib as parrots with the 8rules0 but could not reason out a single rule or explain the principle underlying it4 ,their memories had been stocked1 but not their understandings4 ,it was a case of brickbat culture1 pure and simple4 ,there are several curious 8compositions0 in the little book1 and we must make room for one4 ,it is full of navet1 brutal truth1 and unembarrassed directness1 and is the funniest 7genuine7 boy's composition ,i think ,i have ever seen3 ,,on ,,girls4 ,girls are very stuckup and dignified in their manner and be have your4 ,they think more of dress than anything and like to play with dowls and rags4 ,they cry if they see a cow in a far distance and are afraid of guns4 ,they stay at home all the time and go to church on ,sunday4 ,they are al-ways sick4 ,they are al-ways funy and making fun of boy's hands and they say how dirty4 ,they cant play marbles4 ,i pity them poor things4 ,they make fun of boys and then turn round and love them4 ,i don't beleave they ever killed a cat or anything4 ,they look out every nite and say oh ant the moon lovely4 ,thir is one thing ,i have not told and that is they al-ways now their lessons bettern boys4 ,from ,mr4 ,edward ,channing's recent article in 8,science03 ,the marked difference between the books now being produced by ,french1 ,english1 and ,american travellers1 on the one hand1 and ,german explorers on the other1 is too great to escape attention4 ,that difference is due entirely to the fact that in school and university the ,german is taught1 in the first place to see1 and in the second place to understand what he does see4 ,illustration ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration ,english as ,she is ,taught4 ,i4 ,etymological4 ,illustration ,aborigines-- a system of mountains4 ,aboriginal-- what was original before4 ,aboriginate-- to settle down in a place4 ,alias-- a good man in the ,bible4 ,alienate-- to put together4 to make a citizen of4 to make a foreigner4 to live in another country except your own4 ,amenable-- any thing that is mean4 ,ammonia-- the food of the gods4 ,animosity-- a sudden surprise4 kindness4 thoughtfullness4 an emblem or sign4 great liveliness4 ,aristocracy-- to be stuck up4 ,armistice-- one who takes part in battle4 ,asphyxia-- a grumbling fussy temper4 ,assiduity-- state of being an acid4 ,audible-- worthy of applause4 ,auriferous-- giving light from yourself4 pertaining to an orifice4 ,beneficence-- a state of insanity4 ,burglarize-- to make burglars4 ,capillary-- a little caterpiller4 ,cassowary-- a kind of dromedary4 ,centaur-- a three legged animal4 ,conjugate-- to all wrinkle up4 ,conservative-- a person interested in politics who does not like ,mr4 ,gladstone4 ,corniferous-- rocks in which fossil corn is found4 ,crosier-- a staff carried by the ,deity4 ,culinary-- cunning or cute4 ,delineate-- to deface4 to make lean4 ,demagogue-- a vessel containing beer and other liquids4 ,egregious-- the art of learning4 feeding on flocks4 a good many sheep together4 ,emissary-- a foreign missionary4 ,emolument-- a softening4 a structure4 a great increase4 a headstone to a grave4 ,epicac-- a man who likes a good dinner4 ,equanimity-- evenness of time4 carefullness4 being equal all round4 ,equestrian-- an equal4 a competetor4 one who asks questions4 one who walks on foot4 ,erudition-- act of wiping out4 state of being erude4 ,espionage-- a kind of cabbage4 ,eucharist-- one who plays euchre4 ,exhilarate-- pertaining to happiness4 ,franchise-- any thing belonging to the ,french4 ,freebooter-- a man three feet high4 ,idolater-- a very idol person4 ,ignition-- the art of not noticing4 ,impetuosity-- to get into a pet4 ,implacable-- not able to be placed4 ,ingratiating-- grating up the ear4 ,interloper-- one who runs away to get married4 ,irrigate-- to disturb4 to turbulate4 to make fun of4 to emit sparks4 to contest in law4 to ask in return4 to dispense with justice4 ,knickerbocker-- something to ring with4 ,matins-- something to wear on the feet4 ,medieval-- a wicked man who has been tempted4 ,mediocrity-- the science of the ,medes4 ,mendacious-- what can be mended4 ,mercenary-- relating to money matters4 one who feels for another4 hostile to life4 one living on charity4 one who suffers4 pertaining to the eye4 relating to habits4 strong1 bold1 brave4 one who delivers a message4 one who sets on fire with hostile intent4 ,miscellaneous-- all mixed up4 ,munificence-- waste4 thanksgiving4 brightness4 great wealth4 a tragedy4 a beautiful city4 ,non-conformist-- a decenter of ancient times4 ,ominous-- power to be all present4 power to eat all things4 ,parasite-- a sort of bird4 one who speaks well4 an example4 a kind of umbrella4 the murder of an infant4 ,party-colored-- a fine kind of a dress to wear to a ball4 ,pennyroyal-- relating to money4 ,perennial-- every seven years4 ,plagarist-- a writer of plays4 ,plagarism-- fire worship4 ,prism-- a prim precise person4 ,publican-- a man who does his prayers in public4 ,quarternions-- a bird with a flat beak and no bill living in ,new ,zealand4 the name given to a style of art practiced by the ,phnicians4 a religious convention held every hundred years4 ,republican-- a sinner mentioned in the ,bible4 ,reticence-- tardyness4 retirement4 a review4 something of the eye4 great slowness4 ,satiate-- to make tasty4 ,sibilant-- the state of being idiotic4 ,starveling-- a small child who doesunt have enough to eat4 ,subtlety-- gentley4 profanity4 brittleness4 softness4 vagueness4 easily coaxed4 light and airy4 is sprightness4 a settlement4 great doubtfullness4 stepping through easily4 state of being easy broken4 ,technology-- according to the text4 a plagarism nearly obsolete4 something which teaches you to be very tecknical in your remarks4 ,tenacious-- ten acres of land4 ,vacillating-- ticking like a pendulum4 ,vermicular-- the intestines of a worm4 ,she is related to him by animosity4 ,a great many people alienate from their country to this4 ,the ring is quite an auriferous article4 ,he is a very auspicious boy4 ,she dresses very auspicious4 ,the belligerent powers receive a salary4 ,we call him a charger because he charges so much4 ,chronology is the science of the brane4 ,he had a chronic disease--something the matter with the chrone4 ,the coercion of some things is remarkable1 as bread and molasses4 ,we should never commiserate a person even if we dislike them4 ,her hat is contiguous because she wears it on one side4 ,the girl was delineate in her work4 ,john said he would delineate the book4 ,the washwoman dilated the clothes4 ,he was totally dismasted with the whole performance4 ,the officer is to be tried for dissertation of his office4 ,the place was left in a state of dissertation4 ,he dominated or ruled the paper4 ,he is a great duplicate because so very deceitful4 ,the men marched out in an egregious procession4 ,he preached to an egregious congregation4 ,he gave a correct elimination of the word4 ,the captain eliminated a bullet through the man's heart4 ,he stood on a high emissary4 ,there was a small emolument of water in the vessel4 ,he was exhilarated to a better place4 ,we should endeavor to avoid extremes--like those of wasps and bees4 ,you should fascinate the vine to the wall4 ,i have a gauzy hen at home4 ,he treated her with ignition because he did not notice her4 ,the marriage was illegible4 ,they tried to imbecile the animal4 ,the leopard is watching his sheep4 ,i liquidate you from all blame4 ,john liquidated his bread with milk4 ,the strawberry crop was magnanimous4 ,the magnanimous of ,milton was wonderful4 ,he has a very mental intellect4 ,he was a member of the mediocrity4 ,the child gave a mercenary account of the accident4 ,she has just returned from the mercenary4 ,this examination makes me feel very nauceous4 ,the stomach contains nausea4 ,her fright was palliateable because it made her pale4 ,the doctrine that like can be cured by like is called panacea4 ,you will see how pecuniary he is when ,i tell you he is going to marry for money4 ,the family is placed under pecuniary circumstances4 ,he was pecuniary or tight in his money matters4 ,my perennial tuition is due to-day4 ,the earth perennially revolves round the sun4 ,he enjoys riding on a philosopher4 ,you should take caution and be precarious4 ,the propensity of this room is very small4 ,she was very quick at repertoire4 ,a great many persons are quite resonant4 ,the naughty boy resources his mother4 ,people become full of retisense when they are silent4 ,minerals crystallize in rhododendrons4 ,you need not try to satiate my pathway4 ,she seceded the velvet to her dress4 ,the serfdom at ,cony ,island is very high4 ,the men employed by the ,gas ,company go round and speculate the meter4 ,the supercilious girl acted with vicissitude when the perennial time came4 ,he prayed for the waters to subsidize4 ,the birds subsidize in the summer for the most part on fruits4 ,he is a very tacit scholar because he is easily taught4 ,he temporized the zinc nicely4 ,we ought to temporize our health4 ,the tenacious girl was good in church4 ,herod was called a tetrarch because he was so fond of tea4 ,there are a good many donkeys in theological gardens4 ,some of the best fossils are found in theological cabinets4 ,the telescope is very transparent because you can see through it4 ,he landed safe on vice versa4 ,the earth makes a vicissitude around the sun once a year4 ,they had a strawberry vestibule4 ,zoology is interesting to those who like the study of words4 ,illustration ,,ii4 ,grammatical4 ,illustration ,capitals begin every line of ,deity4 ,capital letters begin at breviation4 ,at the beginning of every capital letters should be used4 ,capital is used at beginning of parigraf4 ,an interrogatt sentense must ,begin with a ,capitel ,letter4 ,a deceletive sentense ends with a perod4 ,an intorogative one ends with an intorogation point4 ,every sentence and name of ,god must begin with a caterpillar4 ,when you speak of yourself you should begin it with a capital letter4 ,when they are going to say some prose or poetry before they say the poetry or prose they must put a semicolon just after the introduction of the prose or poetry4 ,a quotion is something spoken by people4 ,a quotation is asking a question4 ,an ,exclamation ,point is what causes supprise4 ,brackets set things off so they wont have anything to do with the sentence4 ,grammer is how to talk good4 ,grammar gives us the languish4 ,we study ,grammer to get the senses4 ,grammer is to tell us the parts of speeth4 ,a common noun is small things4 ,a proper noun is peoples names4 ,a pronoun is a word when we cant get a noun4 ,a pronoun is a word which is just as good as a noun4 ,the two kinds of ,pronouns is ,i and ,o4 ,the plural is formed by turning book into books4 ,person in ,grammer tells us whether he is a man or a woman4 ,it is always an animal or something that isent alive4 ,gender is the distinguishing nouns without regard to sex4 ,a verb is something to eat4 ,an intransitiv verb expresses an act not done to another as ,james did not strike ,john4 ,the ,moods in ,english ,gram4 are the ,indicative1 ,potential1 ,subjugated1 and ,infinitif4 ,the optative mood is a mood in a verb when any body knows you have done any thing4 ,the sign if shows the potative mood4 ,adverbs should always be used as adjectives and adjectives as adverbs4 ,the horses run fastly4 ,this is an adverb4 ,the comparative degree expresses that one thing is up higher than another and the ,supulative is the highest of all4 ,a dependent sentence is one that hangs from its clause4 ,all sentences are either simple or confound4 ,to conjugate a sentence is to tell all the things that it means4 ,the word governed by another word is called its regiment4 ,rhythm is a horse trotting on a road4 ,rhyme makes two words sound just alike4 ,a figure means something different from what it says4 ,can in poetry is sometimes used for cant4 ,prose tells things that are true right along just as they are and poetry makes it up as you go along4 ,a preposition is a word that shews the position of one thing with kind regards to another4 ,illustration ,illustration ,,iii4 ,mathematical4 ,illustration ,arithmetic is the signs of numbers4 ,a factor is a number which divided by another number equals the number of parts4 ,a ,prim ,facktor is a ,factor that stands for a ,facter4 ,the sins of ,division are a short horizontail line between two doits and a curve line between the ,deviser and ,divident4 ,the sines of ,division will be like the quocient4 ,multiplication is the process of takeing one or more many times to multiply the produck if the work is write4 ,a common fraction is made up of two parts with a separation between them4 ,a vulgar fraction has one fraction over the line and the other under it4 ,the ,denomator is the bottom of the fraction4 ,the ,numerator tells how many there are in it4 ,a ,decimal ,fraction is one with a point4 ,a straight line is any distance between two places4 ,parallel lines are lines that can never meet until they run together4 ,a ,horace uncle line is a line that isn't crooked4 ,a circle is a round straight line with a hole in the middle4 ,a hexameter is inscribed in a circle4 ,a foursided figure is a trapezium which is the general name for a kite4 ,a parallelogram has all its sides parallel4 ,the base of a triangle is the sum of its two sides4 ,things which are equal to each other are equal to anything else4 ,to find the number of square feet in a room you multiply the room by the number of the feet4 ,the product is the result4 ,illustration ,illustration ,,iv4 ,geographical4 ,illustration 7,american47 ,the three natural divisions of ,america are ,europe1 ,ashea and ,africa4 ,north ,america is separated by ,spain4 ,the countries of ,north ,america are ,britschish1 ,washington1 ,canada ,nina and ,mexica4 ,america is divided into the ,passiffic slope and the ,mississippi valey4 ,america consists from north to south about #ejj miles4 ,amireca is in the torade zone4 ,the climit of ,america is very worm4 ,the climate of ,america is modrant--modern in the middle4 ,the principle mountains of ,america are the ,alagany and on the cost range on the eastern part all4 ,the ,rocking ,mountains are the graitest in ,america4 ,the great ,lakes of ,america is champagne4 ,the great lakes of ,america are ,siperior1 ,ontarria and ,hurryon1 ,michigan4 ,the principal mts4 of ,america are lamb beaf veal4 ,the rivers of ,america are ohio ,artic an drandartic4 ,the ,united ,states is quite a small country compared with some other countrys1 but is about as industrious4 ,the capital of the ,united ,states is ,long ,island4 ,one of the leading industries of the ,united ,states is mollasses book-covers numbers gas teaching lumber manufactures paper-making publishers coal4 ,the chief products of the ,united ,states is troupil freuts an tobacto4 ,the climit has #b sesons a rainey and a dry4 ,the names of states on the ,gulf of ,mexico is ,united ,states4 ,the five seaports of the ,u4 ,s4 are ,newfunlan and ,sanfrancisco4 ,the principal seaports is cotton wool shoes4 ,the principal cities of the ,united ,states are ,bath ,lynn ,lowell ,lawrence4 ,the principal products of the ,u4 ,s4 is earthquakes and volcanoes4 ,the manufactured products of the ,united ,states is fish and agriculture and imports4 ,the principle products of ,new ,england are dairying shipbuilding wine coffee tropic fruets and cloathes4 ,the exports of ,new ,england are lumbering fishing ice cutting wood chopping4 ,the prinicpal sports of ,new ,england are cotten tobaco ice4 ,the principal occupation of ,new ,england is shipping goods4 ,mineing is mostely carried on in new ,englyn4 ,the climit of ,new ,english is hot worm and coal4 ,the coaste city's of ,new ,england are ,new ,haven and ,seaport4 ,the coast cities of ,new ,england are ,boston4 ,the ,vermont state is south west of ,mass4 ,the ,new ,london ,state is near the ,meremack ,river4 ,the principal mountain range in ,england is ,kartardin4 ,providence is the leading commercial city of ,new ,england situated on the ,southern part of the cost of ,maine4 ,new ,york is bounded by ,montreal4 ,the capital of ,new ,york is ,new ,hamshire4 ,its principle cities are ,portland an ,susquehana4 ,philadelphia is the capitol of ,new ,york and it is in the south ,west ,part4 ,washenton is in the ,northron part of ,new ,york4 ,new ,york was once called the ,emperor state because it once had a ,emperor4 ,aduculung and ,mineing is the chief industry of ,new ,york ,state4 ,the ,rocky ,mountains are on the western side of ,philadelphia4 ,the ,rocking ,mountain is east of ,mass4 ,algany east of ,rocky ,sirranevada east of ,algany4 ,the ,alaginnies are mountains in ,philadelfia4 ,the ,arondack ,mountains are north of ,canada4 ,the ,white ,mountains are in ,england4 ,the ,yosemity ,valley is the highest mountain in the world4 ,the ,mississippi ,river runs soulth and empies into ,mexico4 ,mason and ,dixon's line is the ,equater4 ,cape ,hatteras is a vast body of water surrounded by land and flowing into the ,gulf of ,mexico4 ,canada is south of ,new ,york4 ,the ,city of ,canada is ,columbia in the westarn part of ,columbia4 ,two cities in ,canada are andruscogin and kenibek4 ,stock rason is the occupation of canada4 ,the rapids of ,st4 ,lorence is caused by the canoes of the ,indianes4 ,british ,america is overturned by queen ,victorier4 ,alasca is governed by the ,britished ,america4 ,the productions of ,central ,america is fish4 ,vancoover is the ,north ,west ,united ,states4 ,cuba and ,newfoundland is ,southeast of ,america4 ,the climate of ,mexico is very barren being hot or cold4 ,california is the capitol of ,san ,francisco4 ,the occupation of ,greenland is speering the seel4 ,the oppacation of the ,greenland whisky lemon bannanars4 ,the occupation of the people of ,greenland seals and the people of ,california gathrin gold4 ,the people of ,greenland people do seal fishing and whailing of ,alaska people are gathring furs of the ,indies people fishing and shouting4 7,european47 ,charlemagne and ,pepin were countries of ,austria4 ,in ,austria the principal occupation is gathring ,austrich feathers4 ,france is parallel to ,america on a line running east and west4 ,the ,bay of ,biscuit is on the coast of ,france4 ,the principal industries of ,germany are manufacturing1 agriculture1 and the cultivation of the intellect4 ,germany has very little clubbable land4 ,russia in the time of ,peter the ,great was a very cold country and its inhabitants lived in ,siberia4 ,russia is very cold and tyrannical4 ,boany ,airs is in ,russia4 ,st4 ,petersburg is in the ,gulf of ,finland4 ,the ,baltic ,sea is between ,sweden and ,norway4 ,portugal is separated from ,spain by the ,mediteranian ,sea4 ,sicily is one of the ,sanwich ,islands4 ,constantinople is called the queen of the ,adriattic4 ,the ,persian ,gulf is the eastern part of ,persia4 ,the ,great ,desert of ,sarah was formerly discovered in ,africa4 ,the two most famous volcanoes of ,europe are ,sodom and ,gomorrah4 ,terra del ,fuego means ,land of the ,furies4 ,the ,straits of ,magellan separates ,north and ,south ,america4 ,hindoostan flows through the ,ganges and empties into the ,mediterranean ,sea4 ,no northwest passage has ever been discovered around the ,cape of ,good ,hope4 ,one of the chief exports of ,england is live meat which grows in great quantities4 ,ireland is called the ,emigrant ,isle because it is so beautiful and green4 ,gibraltar is an island built on a rock4 ,it has #ae1jjj inhabitants4 ,the ,straight of ,mabel ,manden seperates the ,rock of ,gibralter from the ocean4 ,the width of the different zones ,europe lies in depend upon the surrounding country4 ,the north tempered zone is the best one4 ,the frigide zone is the most hottest4 ,latitude is a thing by which we can tell where a country is on the globe1 like ,africa4 ,latitude are supposed lines which pass horizontally around the globe and longitude are supposed lines which pass perpendicularly in the same way from one circle to another4 ,the imports of a country are the things that are paid for4 ,the exports are the things that are not4 ,pine apples grow on pine trees4 ,climate lasts all the time and weather only a few days4 ,illustration ,v4 ,original4 ,illustration ,a ,letter4 ,i was in ,cony island4 ,i was in the musium4 ,i saw a bear4 ,i saw a gypsy4 ,i saw a niger man4 ,we go fishing every mourning4 ,we get a big basket full and do other lots of refreshing things4 ,i expect to go to the country this summer with my mothers and farthers4 ,i have had a lovely time the last three weaks4 ,i chop wood and bild fires and go errents and have got two fire crackers saved up for the forth of ,july4 ,i write a few lines to letter you know ,i am a getin on4 ,i went to a excurseon yesterday and ,i went in barefoot and gethered shels4 ,a ,bird ,story4 ,the little spring has built her nest in the oke tree4 ,every mourning the mother bird gets up early to find food for her nesterling sense the ,april came4 ,one day it rained and the little burds sat and looked at the rain as it flowed beneath their feet4 ,about the ,birds4 ,the little birds are in there houses and rain began to power and when the rain began to stop the little flyed out and the little birds sat up a tree of a bransh and then they churp and some birds come to have a nice time when the grass is green as green pante4 ,on ,man4 ,man is an animal that stands up4 ,he is not very big and he has to work for a living4 ,on ,fashion4 ,sensible people wear sensible fashions and insensible people insensible fashions4 ,a ,rainy ,afternoon4 ,it rained hard so ,i could not go owdoors1 so ,i went out in the shed and sod some wood4 ,on the ,cow4 ,the cow she eats the grass4 ,wen she eats enought she will lie down in the shade4 ,she is generally chewing4 ,this chewing is called cud4 ,the sheep has no upper ,teeth4 ,it there for belongs to the ,cow's ,family4 ,the cry of a cow is called ,low4 ,her youn of a ,cow is called a calf4 ,the ,cow gives us milk4 ,butter and cheese are made out of bread4 ,the flesh of the ,cow is called beef and the ,calf veil4 ,we make from their skin shoes4 ,the name of the ,cow is called ,soldt lether4 ,the name of the calf is called calf-skin4 ,on ,laughter4 ,laughter is something ,i know everybody can do4 ,some people laugh until the tears come from their eyes and then they have a crying spell and then when that is over they have a laughing spell4 ,when people cry it will make them look very peculiar so most of people very seldom cry4 ,it is the laughing they generally do4 ,on ,occupation4 ,i think if ,i should become a shoe manufacturer ,i should succeed as it is a very profitable occupation and shoes are necessary to all classes and consequently a large trade is a general thing4 ,on ,umbrellas4 ,the matereal at the top of an umbrella is placed on a skeleton of whales which meet all together in one place4 ,they do be covered with silk1 alpaca and ,satan4 ,on ,indians4 ,indians go out naked in the summer an they take ahold of their scalp locks and cut off the other side of their heads4 ,they wear it on their sides4 ,indians food consists of corn and food4 ,they use smoking instead of tanning4 ,they paint their skind in the color of animals4 ,george ,washington4 ,george ,washington was the first president of the ,united ,states born in ,virginia in the year4 ,when ,george was a little boy he would never tell a lie4 ,because he thought it was not nice4 ,it tis not nice nether4 ,he studied all kinds of things to be a president4 ,abraham ,lincoln4 ,abraham ,lincoln was born in ,wales in #aeii4 ,his father was a wool-comer1 but ,abraham did not like that trade4 ,one day ,abraham was standing on the railroad and a man by the name of ,guitue came behind and shot him4 ,then he got put in jail for it4 ,but it was not nice of him because he shot him on the railroad4 ,on ,reading4 ,reading makes us intelligent2 and learn about things we would otherwise hear nothing4 ,it is pleasant to recapitulate stories to persons who probably have not had the opportunity of reading them and it therefore passes many a dreary hour away and makes many a person renew his happiness by hoping for such a favorable end as some characters as are described in the book4 ,if we did not have the capacity of reading we might wait all our lives and never secure the desired information1 but if instead of waiting for some one to tell us we take the book or paper or whatever it might happen to be and read it for ourselves we will be much better satisfied and also have the consolation of knowing we discovered it for ourselves and did not have to wait for other people to come and furnish us with the desired information4 ,in reading there is a large amount of knowledge attained for it enlarged the mind while reading and continues until we pass away4 ,when we read we come across words that when we hear them spoken of we are entirely ignorant of them4 ,the untutored mind is often surprisingly expanded in reading for only a short while a little every day4 ,then when we hear certain subjects spoken of we do not wonder what it all means4 ,reading the talents of others helps us to compose something that may help us in future life4 ,without reading we should not know any thing about our forefathers or how we came to be civilized4 ,what would we know about religion if we did not read our ,bible and find out how religion originated8 ,on ,girls4 ,girls are very stuckup and dignefied in their maner and behaveyour4 ,they think more of dress than any thing and like to play with dowls and rags4 ,they cry if they see a cow in afar distance and are afraid of guns4 ,they stay at home all the time and go to ,church every ,sunday4 ,they are al-ways sick4 ,they are al-ways funy and making fun of boys hands and they say how dirty4 ,they cant play marbels4 ,i pity them poor things4 ,they make fun of boys and then turn round and love them4 ,i dont beleave they ever kiled a cat or any thing4 ,they look out every nite and say oh ant the moon lovely4 ,thir is one thing ,i have not told and that is they always now their lessons bettern boys4 ,on ,timidity of ,women4 ,timidity is a disease very prevelent among our ,american women4 ,it is thought by them to be an ornament to their charms4 ,how many young women faint by the sudden appearance of a rat from its hideing place4 ,oh6 they do declare it's impossible to live where these dreadful creatures make their homes they ask ,ma cant she and wont she please to try to secure some remedy so they can be destroyed4 ,you will see the young ladies leap up over stones and steps of great height so as to escape the barks of the dog1 if they are walking with a friend of the male kind they will cling to the masculine arm and beseach him to walk so that she might loose sight of that horrible creature known as a dog4 ,i do think their cases of timidity that cannot be governed such as cases of intemperance fighting and death4 ,we dont want to see any man come along the street destitute of reasoning and come reeling suddenly by you4 ,also the expectation of death when we see a loved sister going away from a cherished circle4 ,it cannot be endured1 but ,i have no objections for these cases but the preceding ones are ridiculous and ,i beseach you to reject it remembering you shall have to undergo greater trials than those related4 ,on ,poverty4 ,how many persons possess it6 ,they are persons whose poverty cannot be endured they had enjoyed preceding years in wealth and by some mishap in the family they became poor and how can they endeavor to forget that time when their happiness could not be expressed but now their troubles shall be discovered4 ,poverty is a case that cannot be hidden it must be let known so that the possessors may obtain condolence in some way4 ,places for poor persons are not of much importance for the care of them is not worth mentioning4 ,some poor persons with a great deal of poverty would rather walk from house to house in search of some nourishment than inhabit those institutions but what a number of times they are driven from the door with the contemptuousness of the rich how many slang words are said to them4 ,if our comfortable friends should remember those persons casting away food raiment and apparel they would be less cases of poverty and when sickness overtakes such persons lend a helping hand their consciences would less smite them4 ,on ,politeness4 ,politeness is to say and do the kindest way4 ,i think it is easier for girls to be polite than for boys1 but ,i am not sure as ,i have never been a girl4 ,politeness is used in all parts of the ,united ,states4 ,on the ,play of ,hamlet4 ,hamlet was a young man very nervous4 ,he was always dressed in black because his uncle had killed his father by shooting him in his ear4 ,he could not go to the theatre because his father was dead so he had the actors come to his house and play in the front parlor and he learned them to say the words because he thought he knew best how to say them4 ,and then he thought he'd kill the king but he didn't4 ,hamlet liked ,ophelia4 ,he thought she was a very nice girl but he didn't marry her because she was going to be a nunnery4 ,hamlet went to ,england but he did not like it very much so he came home4 ,then he jumped into ,ophelia's grave and fought a duel with her brother4 ,then he died4 ,hamlet was exceedingly sensitiveness4 ,he denunciated his mother because she entered the matrimonial condition and showed her two photographs which he said one was ,hesperus and one a satire4 ,he made her experience great regret4 ,he was engaged to ,orphelia but had to neglect her as he was obliged to give his attentions to revenging his father's death4 ,his uncle was the murderer of his father1 ,hamlet's father4 ,he had a very mournful existence and was a great philosopher4 ,illustration ,,vi4 ,analytical4 ,illustration 8,a balance of power0--making the poker stand up straight in your hand4 8,weeping birch0--the kind of stick that makes you weep4 8,eating cares0--troubles because you are tired of eating4 8,spoiler's hand0--your father's hand because he spoils you4 8,the balm of childhood0--what makes children stop there crying4 8,he issued a papal bull0--the news written on the board outside the office4 8,i would that my tongue could utter0--means its to much trouble to write out his ideas4 99 99 99 99 99 ,tell me not in mournful numbers1 8,life is but an empty dream60 ,for the soul is dead that slumbers1 ,and things are not what they seem4 ,psalm of ,life4 ,,henry ,,wadsworth ,,longfellow4 ,the way we pass a lifetime is to us but as if we were asleep and we do not remember all that happens but the happy moments4 ,when we are dead then we see what we have done in a different way4 ,don't say life is only an empty dream4 ,if our souls stop living and go to sleep it cannot be so for we would die4 ,the last thing we are to attain to ,i think is the grave4 ,your the same as dead when your asleep and things that are making you pleasant now will one day make you sorry4 ,do not tell me that life is a dream1 because when ,i sleep things will not be like ,i think they are4 ,this means that you know without being told in rymes1 that life and soul shall die away and be nothing4 ,don't tell me in sorrowful verses life is only an illusion1 the soul is wicked that slumbers1 and things are very deceitful4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the heights by great men reached and kept ,were not attained by sudden flight2 ,but they while their companions slept ,were toiling upwards in the night4 ,the ,ladder of ,st4 ,augustine4 ,h4 ,w4 ,,longfellow4 ,great men have not made flights very suddenly4 ,they have slept with their companions while they were toiling to keep the heights they had attained4 ,the heights that great men have kept out of reach were not attained by means of sudden flight4 ,while their companions were sleeping they were up at all hours of the toiling night4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in the lexicon of ,youth1 which fate reserves for a bright manhood1 there's no such word as ,fail4 ,richelieu4 ,,edward ,,bulwer ,,lytton4 ,in the early days of youth which destiny waits for a better chance1 there is no such word as fail4 ,the lexicon of youth which is fated for a bright manhood1 should never fail4 ,the sentence means1 in the beginning of youth the fate that is kept for a bright manhood must not be a failure4 ,there was no such word as fail when ,i was a boy1 but now ,i am a man4 ,if you study while you are young your knowledge will be preserved and you can not fail4 ,the word fail never appears in the natural teachings of youth and is kept for bright manhood4 ,in a youth's translation which is kept back until a riper age1 there is no such word which says fail4 ,the youth who is in his lexicon and about to spring into a bright manhood1 the word fail he knows not4 ,to fail is impossible for youth in the lexicon which is reserved for it4 99 99 99 99 99 ,alone1 but with unbated zeal1 ,the horseman plied with scourge and steel2 ,for jaded now and spent with toil1 ,embossed with foam and dark with soil1 ,while every gasp with sobs he drew1 ,the laboring stag strained full in view4 ,the ,lady of the ,lake4 ,,sir ,,walter ,,scott4 ,the man who rode on the horse performed the whip and an instrument made of steel alone with strong ardor not diminishing1 for1 being tired from the time passed with hard labor overworked with anger and ignorant with weariness1 while every breath for labor he drew with cries full of sorrow1 the young deer made imperfect who worked hard filtered in sight4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to him who in the love of nature holds ,communion with her visible forms1 she speaks ,a various language4 ,for his gayer hours ,she has a smile and eloquence of beauty1 ,and she steals into his darker musings ,with a mild and gentle sympathy that steals ,away their sharpness ere he is aware4 ,thanatopsis4 ,,wm4 ,,cullen ,,bryant4 ,the man who loves his nature he holds connections with his form in a visible manner2 he speaks a different language for his lively hours4 ,nature has a glad voice and smile and beauty4 ,he goes into his darker musings with a mild and healing sympathy and not with a sorrowful feeling that steals away their sharpness before he is aware of it4 ,to him she speaks the love of nature and of various languages1 and she smiles with healing sympathy and steals away his gayer hours and eloquence of beauty that steals away their sharpness before he knows of it4 99 99 99 99 99 ,two angels guide ,the path of man1 both aged and yet young1 ,as angels are1 ripening through endless years4 ,on one he leans3 some call her ,memory1 ,and some1 ,tradition2 and her voice is sweet ,with deep mysterious accords3 the other1 ,floating above1 holds down a lamp which streams ,a light divine and searching on the earth1 ,compelling eyes and footsteps4 ,memory yields1 ,yet clings with loving cheek1 and shines anew ,reflecting all the rays of that bright lamp ,our angel ,reason holds4 ,we had not walked ,but for ,tradition2 we walk evermore ,to higher paths1 by brightening ,reason's lamp4 ,the ,spanish ,gypsy4 ,,george ,,eliot4 ,was it not for ,tradition we would not travel this far4 ,we are still walking to brighter steps by shining our brains4 ,what little intellect we have1 if it was well shined1 it might do a great deal4 ,man is guided by two spirits1 evil and good1 and if the evil spirit 7before he was a good one7 had been a good one1 man would not have been created4 ,man's path guides two angels4 ,one is old and one is young4 ,ones names ,memory and one is ,tradition4 ,one floats round and hunts for things on the earth4 ,memory clings to the cheek and shines the lamp that ,reason holds4 ,tradition helps us to walk and we brighten up ,reason's lamp4 ,two great ,powers or ,forces guide men and women in this world whether they be young or old1 and these powers are still growing through numbers of years4 ,we lean on ,mearcy and ,tradition4 ,but whatere it may be1 the sound is sweet with vast mysterious accords4 ,then ,power or ,mearcy glares above us1 and there looks down upon us with extreme splendor4 ,memory still shines reflecting that light our senses tell us of1 or that is within our brains1 if we have any4 ,and ,i suppose we are all gifted with a little4 ,had an angel never committed sin1 we never would have been created and guarded by a heavenly spirit4 ,illustration ,,vii4 ,historical4 ,illustration 7,american47 ,christopher ,columbus went to sea untill he was #ad years of age4 ,he dreamed there was a place named ,america and after much adversity he finally discovered it4 ,christopher ,columbus was called the ,father of his ,country4 ,queen ,isabella of ,spain sold her watch and chain and other millinery so that ,columbus could discover ,america4 ,columbus set sale in three small ships called ,nina1 ,pinter and ,santa ,anna4 ,the first land ,columbus discovered was ,gibraltar4 ,columbus was the first white man who discovered ,america4 ,columbus knew the earth was round because he balanced an egg on the table4 ,columbus perished in sight of land4 ,the ,west ,indians was the first discovered by ,christies ,columbies4 ,the west ,indaines was discovered in #afib by ,chrissor ,columbius4 ,the ,crusaders were the first to settle ,america4 ,the ,american colonies were settled by ,dutch navegators who founded them4 ,the first ,english settlements were made in the ,gulf of ,mexico4 ,slaves were introduced to this country by ,spain and ,portugese people4 ,kink ,louis decleared ware against ,kink ,william who commanded the ,english ,fources4 ,a party of ,french and ,indains came to ,sketiney and the ,indains tomahorks was frozen4 ,it was a very bobloody war4 ,for ,fourty years the war was but it did not last longe4 ,the war ended in #aggf because ,kink ,phillip discovered the dead4 ,it was called his war because he was the cheaf mouver of it4 ,virginia was named from ,queen ,virgin who was called ,elizabeth4 ,the ,indians were the first ,americans and they settled over a vast expanse of the county4 ,salem witch craft was a son of ,massasoit4 ,the ,indian wars were very desecrating to the country4 ,the ,indians pursued their warfare by hiding in bushes and then scalping them4 ,captain ,john ,smith has been styled the father of his country4 ,his life was saved by his daughter ,pochahantas4 ,the ,puritans found an insane asylum in the wilds of ,america4 ,they were called ,puritans because they were more quiet than the ,episcopalians4 ,miles ,standish discovered ,plymouth and it was named in his honor4 ,roger ,williams called the settlement ,rhode ,island in honor of ,god's merciful ,providence shown to him4 ,william ,penn was born in ,boston in #afjg4 ,he was the first white man who founded ,pennsylvania4 ,he founded ,pennsylvania because his name was ,william ,penn4 ,william ,penn discovered ,philadelphia and laid out its streets4 ,the ,stamp ,act was to make everybody stamp all materials so they should be null and void4 ,benedict ,arnold was greatly regretted by the ,americans as well as by the ,english4 ,benjamin ,franklin is the finest ,example of a selfmad man that ,american ,history affords4 ,he commenced life as a tallow chandelier boy and step by step became a ,great ,genius4 ,george ,washington was born in #adib4 ,at ,white ,plains ,gen4 ,washington murdered several hundred men4 ,gen4 ,washington is famous for the ,washington ,monument4 ,washington wrote the ,declareation of ,independence in #adib4 ,george ,washington inherited consumption in the army4 ,washington died in ,spain almost brokenhearted4 ,his remains were taken to the cathedral in ,havanna4 ,the ,mexican war was the war of ,texas with the ,united ,states4 ,gen4 ,scott fought bravely at the battle of ,wingfield4 ,when the ,wig party was in power there was striks all over the laborers4 ,slavery was caused by the admission of ,missouri into the ,union4 ,the ,missouri ,compromise compelled slaves to enter all the different states and territories4 ,gorilla warfare was war where men rode on gorillas4 ,the ,border ,ruffians were founded to prevent all emigrants into ,kansas and they sacrificed considerable lives4 ,john ,brown was a very good insane man who tried to get slaves into ,virginia4 ,he captured all the inhabitants1 but was finally conquered and condemned to his death4 ,the confederasy was formed by the fugitive slaves4 7,english47 ,england was named by the ,angels4 ,the ,celts were driven out of ,england into ,whales4 ,julius ,caesar invaded ,england #djj years ,b4 ,c4 ,the ,english condition was in a rude state4 ,they joined in games such as cock fighting4 ,the ,brittains were the ,saxons who entered ,england in #adib under ,julius ,caesar4 ,the ,britains came from ,brittany4 ,they were a brave and warlike people and lived by fishing and manufactures4 ,the ,britains conquered ,julius ,caesar and drove him ignominiously from his dominions4 ,the ,britons founded the ,druids4 ,they ust to hold religious services out of doors4 ,the ,druids were supposed to be ,roman ,catholicks4 ,the ,crusaders were fanatics who fought in tournaments4 ,the ,habeas ,corpus ,act said that a body whether alive or dead could be produced in court4 ,alfred the ,great reigned #hgb years4 ,he was distinguished for letting some buckwheat cakes burn and the lady scolded him4 ,rufus was named ,william on account of his red hair4 ,he established the curfew fire bell4 ,william the ,conqueror was the first of the ,mormons4 ,edward the black ,prince was famous for founding chivalry4 ,chivalry is a fight on horseback between two horsemen in an open plain4 ,a night errant is a man who goes around in the night in search of adventures4 ,the ,middle ,ages come in between antiquity and posterity4 ,the ,war of the ,roses was between the white and the red4 ,henry ,eight was famous for being a great widower having lost several wives4 ,lady ,jane ,grey studied ,greek and ,latin and was beheaded after a few days4 ,queen ,mary married the ,dolphin4 ,elizabeth was called the ,virgin queen because of her many accomplishments and she had a great many fine dresses4 ,the unfortunate ,charles ,first was executed and after he was beheaded he held it up exclaiming ,behold the head of a trater6 ,cromwell was only a parallel with ,bonaparte4 ,queen ,victoria was the #dth son of ,george ,third the ,duke of ,kent4 ,john ,bright is noted for an incurable disease4 ,lord ,james ,gordon ,bennett instigated the ,gordon ,riots4 7,french47 ,joan of ,arc lived in ,new ,orleans where she was discovered and burned by the ,british4 ,cardinal ,richelieu was one of the most famous soldiers of ,france4 ,he was cut down on ,st4 ,bartholomew's ,day4 ,st4 ,bartholomew was massacred in #adib4 ,the ,french ,revolution was quite rapid4 ,it made some changes in the government and many persons were slain4 ,bonaparte gave away many thrones to his brothers and sisters4 ,louis ,napoleon besieged all ,paris who elected him emperor4 ,by the ,salic laws no woman or descendant of a woman could occupy the throne4 ,luther introduced ,christianity into ,england a good many thousand years ago4 ,his birthday was ,november #ahhc4 ,he was once a ,pope4 ,he lived at the time of the ,rebellion of ,worms4 7,roman47 ,the history of ,rome is wrapped in antiquity4 ,the ,gauls were a very brave people of the ,tapean ,rock4 ,carthage was founded by ,dido nearly one hundred years ago4 ,hannibal at the early age of six years was raised to the command of the army4 ,spartacus fought a war of several years against the ,romans4 ,cataline was defeated and slain by his entire army4 ,pompey gave the ,romans a splendid campaign4 ,trajan was persecuted by the ,christians4 ,the seven hills of ,rome were the ,capitoline1 ,palitine1 ,alpine1 and ,i cannot remember those ,i have not written down4 ,the ,colliseum was erected on the top of an inaccessible hill somewhere about the time of ,nero4 ,when it was burning down he played a tune on his violin4 ,in his military character ,julius ,csar probably never surpassed any other hero4 ,cesar succeeded in wresting the crown from ,mark ,anthony4 ,julius ,csar was quite a military man on the whole4 ,julius ,csar is noted for his famous telegram despatch ,i came ,i saw ,i conquered4 ,when ,julius ,csar crossed the ,hellispont it was the turning point in his carear4 ,the ,crusaders were conquered by ,julius ,csar4 ,julius ,csar was really a very great man4 ,he was a very great soldier and wrote a book for beginners in the ,latin4 ,cleopatra was caused by the death of an asp which she dissolved in a wine cup4 ,the reign of ,augustus took place in the ,christian era4 ,he caused it to be introduced into the kingdom4 ,the emperor ,vespasian destroyed his son ,titus after a tremendous siege of six months4 ,domitian was so cruel that he was noted for his killing flies4 ,the ,roman priests were chosen by the gods and some by a special diety4 ,the toga was a robe that flowed over the body very neat and graceful4 ,the ,forum transacted the principal business of ,rome4 ,the ,gordian knot was a very hard knot which ,nero tied and by it he kept the ,roman empire in subjection4 ,when a ,gladiator was killed he held up his finger and if the spectators wanted him to live they held up their thumbs4 7,grecian47 ,greece is a country noted for its handsome people4 ,they are all sculptures4 ,greece is divided into periods4 ,the only form of government in ,greece was a limited monkey4 ,egypt and ,rome were the principal divisions of ,greece4 ,the inhabitants of ,greece lived in huts1 eating the skins of wild beasts and dressing themselves in berries and acorns4 ,helen was the daughter of ,troy a very beautiful woman and wrote the ,illiad giving a long account of it4 ,lycurgus was a legislature4 ,he abolished commerce and dress4 ,lycurgus was so strict he turned all the women into men they were bold and corageous4 ,athens was the capital of ,africa and the arts flourished4 ,darius attacked both sea and land4 ,the introduction of ,asia made the ,greeks have great manners and wealth4 ,the ,persian war lasted about #ejj years4 ,socrates was no use at fighting4 ,he destroyed some statues and had to drink shamrock4 ,socrates was a great ridiculer4 ,the ,lacons talked ,laconic4 ,philip when ten years old was sent as a hostess to ,thebes4 ,greece had only #g wise ,men4 ,alexander surpassed all others in his rapidity extent and splendor4 ,he was a model example to the career of others4 ,ruins are almost always very historical for they show how much money the inhabitants must have spent on them4 ,ruins often give us the dates of their erection and are very useful in fixing the date of some event4 ,elijah was a good man who went up to heaven without dying and threw his cloak down for ,queen ,elizabeth to step over4 ,illustration ,illustration ,,viii4 ,intellectual4 ,illustration 7,american47 ,lowell1 ,taylor and ,irving stand foremost among the literature of the day4 ,james ,russell ,lowell1 ,henry ,longfellow1 ,whittier and ,horthorn have all written pieces of some note4 ,bryant while still a child wrote thanatopsis and then became editor of a paper and lived for many years after4 ,a sort of sadness kind of shone in ,bryant's poems4 ,the ,brasebrig ,hall and of the ,spy was also written by ,bryant4 ,washington ,irving was a great poet and prose4 ,bracebridge ,hall was written by ,henry ,irving4 ,washington ,irving is noted for his sketch pieces4 ,he also wrote the lives of men4 ,cooper's writings belong to that class of literature called bell lettres4 ,snow ,bound was written by ,peter ,cooper4 ,r4 ,waldo ,emerson which is good for solid everyday use in extracting mottoes4 ,emerson was first a minister but as he couldn't agree he decided to become a poetical and essay writer4 ,longfellow confined himself to poetry4 ,longfellow wrote the 8,reck of the ,hesperus0 and 8,outer ,mare40 ,longfellow has indeed told the tale of ,evangeline fully well4 ,h4 ,wadsworth ,longfellow is the most prominent writer in ,north ,america4 ,heawather is one of his principle poems a indian tale4 ,longfellow's poetry is characterized by universalism4 ,j4 ,greenleaf ,whittier whose poetry proves that he was a man into or upon whom the beauties of nature never passed unnoticed4 ,whittier is the author of the famous sonnet1 8,sonnet on my ,blindness0 and the 8,marble ,form40 ,whittier wrote ,tam ,o ,shanta about a ,witch in ,salem4 ,oliver ,wendell ,holmes writeings are inclined to humerous4 ,holmes is a very profligate and amusing writer4 ,hawthorn has written a quite large selection of stories4 ,the ,scarlit litter and the ,spie was written by ,hawthorne4 ,the ,house of the ,seven ,gables was written by ,lord ,bryant4 ,in the house of ,seven ,gables it is the story of seven devils who lived in the house4 ,a house situated in ,massachusetts4 ,hauthorn wrote the ,dear ,slyer4 ,cotton ,mather was a writer who invented the cotton gin and wrote histories4 ,mrs4 ,southworth's works are among those classed among the ,sentimental and are very much admired by people of that class4 ,joseph ,rodman ,drake his principal work is lines to my mother's picture4 ,edgar ,a4 ,poe was a very curdling writer4 ,marmion was written by ,poe4 ,rev4 ,e4 ,p4 ,roe writes religiously4 ,webster is noted for his getting up the dictionary4 ,he also wrote other things besides this4 ,mrs4 ,beecher ,stow wrote a very natural and symathetic uncle ,tom's cabin4 ,the author of uncle ,tom gives good discriptions of the people and places with whom she is dealing4 ,dread is a story of the disimal swamp4 ,samuel ,johnson an ,american writer4 ,his writing is proved and accepted1 being exciting and meretorious4 ,wordsworth was an ,american writer whose works are such as will ever be admired4 ,locke ,de ,foe and ,gibbons were all ,american novalists and ,i have forgotten their works4 7,english47 ,beowulf wrote the ,scriptures4 ,cadmus wrote pierce ploughman4 ,adam ,bede a prominent writer of his time for he threw his soul and body into his writings4 ,king ,alfred wrote translations from the ,bible and it is regarded as a very fine production yes one of the finest of the period4 ,ben ,jonson survived ,shakespeare in some respects4 ,fox wrote a very good book of ,marters4 ,ben ,jonson was a ,shakesperian ,dramalist4 ,he was a very rare writer as one of his friends declared4 ,spenser's ,fairy queen shows the trials of a ,night and the triumphs of a ,vertue4 ,chaucer was the father of ,english pottery4 ,chauser was a bland verse writer of the third century4 ,geoffrey ,chaucer was a great young boy4 ,his farther was lether seller4 ,as time passed on he was an extraordinary writer of his time4 ,geffrey ,chaucer fix the date of his birth at #acdj suppose to belong to the high class of people from his sir name ,chausier ,french he was armed a knight only very respectfull people could be armed knights4 ,chaucer began his writings during the reign of ,queen ,anne and they are deserving of merit being the first of her reign4 ,chaucer was an ,english poet who instructed ,queen ,elizabeth and she mourned greatly for him when he died4 ,his principal ,work was concerning the inhabitants of ,bath4 ,when ,chaucer was #ba years of old he engaged in war4 ,he fought valliantly and was unharmed4 ,he also wrote a great many other works on ,fowl4 ,chaucer displays his fame which shall always be distinguished from time immemoriable4 ,his satyrical stanzas are deep and show that we have found a man of value4 ,the ,canterbury ,tales are undertaken by several journeymen4 ,the ,jolly ,man was the amusement for the multitude4 ,we had #cb going on the journey but each had no time to ,tell a ,tale1 so they did not tell tales4 ,king ,arthur was to flourish as magnificence in ,canterbury ,tails4 ,peter ,simple was one of the ,canterbury ,tales4 ,in the ,canterbury ,tale it gave account of king ,alfred on his way to the shrine of ,thomas ,bucket4 ,the ,canterbury ,tales are #bd volums4 ,it concists or happens in an ,in in ,canterberry and the people which is not uncustomary4 ,in the ,canterbury ,tales the ,night of ,fextivity arrives and each contributes by singeing or resitation4 ,he is ,inspired by angels who bids him sing of the origan of ,man4 ,now ,chaucer must have been a very keen intelligent man to thus class various characters and put them in their right place as to have harmony4 ,his mind was always planning4 ,chaucer we find him gazing at his empty purse and apostrophizing it in despare and in terms that show his abject poverty4 ,samson ,augusta was one of ,chaucer's principal works as it contained his life giving a full account of it4 ,he also wrote something about ,paradise4 ,chaucer was succeeded by ,h4 ,wads4 ,longfellow an ,american ,writer4 ,his writings were chiefly prose and nearly one hundred years elapsed4 ,shakespere is an ,english author who is uncomputed4 ,shakespeare was a fiction and allegorical writer4 ,his father married a lady of means but they became greatly reserved in circumstances4 ,his most intimate friend was ,ben ,butler who was also a great fiction writer4 ,shakespears translated the ,scriptures and it was called ,st4 ,james because he did it4 ,shakespere wrote ,mackbeth1 ,orthello and ,merchant of ,vennice1 it is a wealthy ,jew and ,arabella has many suters4 ,hamlet one of ,shakespeares best ,tragedies in which ,romeo and ,juliet are the principal characters4 ,it is a didactic poem4 ,hamlet set to the stage by so many eminant artists bears strongly the character and mind of the writer4 ,it has been judged not much over much and still holds the palm4 ,in the play of ,hamlet ,shakespere tries to show how brewing over trouble makes people insane4 ,in ,hamlet the king gave a gladitorial combat in which ,hamlet and ,laertes is to take part4 ,they all lie dead in the arena4 ,the soliloquies of ,hamlet throughout the play are notorious4 ,hamlet is very famous for the piece he used to speak about to be or not to be4 ,the play of ,julius ,csar consists of five acts each act being a ,sene4 ,he being the center around which all the rest are concerned is the main character4 ,king ,lear is a play where ,king ,lear has three daughters and is very ungrateful4 ,the merchant of ,venice is old ,shylock who lives in ,venice4 ,macbeth was terrified by the ghost of ,bancroft4 ,amanda was the heroine of the ,tempest4 ,shakespeare's sonnits are on my blindness and ode to ,imortallity4 ,frances ,bacon was born in ,england and was a chemist1 being of a very experimenting sort of nature4 ,he was a friar or ,monk4 ,bacon wrote many things in defense of philosophy and was received by the people4 ,he also wrote a great many histories of all the countries4 ,some of the folks say that ,lord ,bacon wrote a good many of ,shakespeare's plays for him4 ,francis ,bacon wrote under the name of ,ovum ,organum4 ,john ,milton was a great of the ,elizabethan age4 ,he ,graduated from ,colledge and devoted himself to literary persuits4 ,his principal works are ,paridise lost and regained this poem is very great when we consider the circumstances which it was written under having been born blind he translated it to his daughter and after all that it was sold for #e lbs4 ,milton was called the blind poet and justly so as he was born blind4 ,his brain worked and worked until it gave to the world a masterpece of poetry in ,paridise ,lost4 ,it is his greatest effort though he is the author of several others4 ,john ,milton's parents paid great attention to his litarary talents4 ,john was a mere boy when his parents noticed him displaying great genius and love for writting and they then set to work to have this spirit advanced4 ,john ,milton's parents could not send his son to school so long as he desired to4 ,so he was sent to work at a early age to procure a means of livelihood1 he was willing to do almost every thing to get along1 so as to take part in some literary pursuit4 ,so providence favored his attempts4 ,milton's father was a ,pureitan but still wished to give his son a good education4 ,he spent a few years with a privit tutor and then went to reside in his father's palace where he studied music and mathematics4 ,milton showed great aptitude for love of learning1 so that his education was carefully looked into4 ,he was very popular with the puritan party because he was such a very puritan4 ,milton had a very intellectual mind4 ,the early part of ,milton's life was uphill work4 ,he rose in favor towards the central part4 ,john ,milton was always poor4 ,he never became rich4 ,he had a great many trials and suffering and povety4 ,milton formed a type of the ,puritan ascendency4 ,john ,milton wrote translations and very sublime writings4 ,milton is divided into three periods4 ,l',allegro was a novel written by him the greatest of ,english novelists since ,shakespeare4 ,ill ,penserose was written by him4 ,three times ,milton gave his hand and was united in matrimony4 ,milton's married life was not happy4 ,he married three wives in succession4 ,milton's wife would not live with him4 ,his life was to strict for her4 ,at last thinking that he ment to get a ,divorce as he was writeing on that subject she returned to him4 ,milton wrote 8,miltons ,paradise0 lost and 8,paradise0 regained in which ,satan is represent as rebelling against our ,saviour just as sinners and those who have sinned but have been converted4 ,milton's principal work is the exclusion of the bad angels out of heaven4 ,paradise lost begins rather low at first1 but ends in one great climax4 ,john ,bunyan lived a life of scantity4 ,the principal works of ,john ,dryden was ,lives of the poets1 belonging to ,literature4 ,addison is the author of child ,harold4 ,sam ,johnson was so queer in his writings that he was always called ,johnsonese4 ,fielding his works have been regarded with great success4 ,richardson had the honor of standing among the first of his time4 ,sterne may be regarded as a formost writer of great praise4 ,smollett is a writer of great renown to some but others have never considered his genius4 ,peter the simple was written by ,hume so as to describe a man who was not very bright4 ,by ,de,foe's genius he managed to get hold of the necessities of life and so managed to live4 ,john ,locke was a writer of ,england who wrote very extremely on ,political ,economy4 ,john ,locke's works were ministerial4 ,john ,locke's writings are sarcastic and cold4 ,he wrote a white ,devil essay4 ,john ,locke was not of a poetical turn of mind4 ,john ,locke's works are full of energy and lack no little want of thought4 ,alexander ,pope is an ,english ,novalist and deserving of special praise when we consider his misfortunes in bodily ailments4 ,no other is so instructive as ,pope's essay on man it shows deep knowledge of man caracter4 ,alexander ,pope the worthy successor to dryden to the ,throne of ,poesy4 ,he was sick by deformed in body4 ,pope's life was quite bitter4 ,he had a great deal of sarcasm and wrote a very fine essay upon ,man4 ,this was considered his master stroke4 ,pope was deformed in many ways so much so that his mother was to be his servant at any moment he spoke4 ,his writenings are famous for the lucid arrangement of matters and for much genius4 ,pope writes a poem about a maid of honor has beautiful hair cut off and let to fly in the wind for which poem he is reproved and he tries to correct its falts4 ,pope wrote ,dunciade in which the thrown of the dunces is given to his litterary enimes4 ,he wrote the ,guardeen4 ,pope belonged to the lake school and later on his writtings were free from the bitter sattire which shown out of his later works4 ,pope's masterpiece was essay on man in which he wrote his ideas4 ,the quotations ,i do not think can be improved upon4 ,in the ,rape of the ,locke there is a ,story depicted in it4 ,jonathan ,swift belonged to the ,english ,church but was not much of a ornament from a religious point of view4 ,jonathan ,swift belonged to what is called the lake school of ,poetry4 ,swift wrote a ,ulogy on ,his own death a touching poem is his lines to ,stellar on her death4 ,swift wrote the tale of a tub between ,catholics and ,protestants4 ,swift wrote the famous poem of ,twistam ,shanty4 ,jonathan ,swift's mind was from far away back tainted with insanity4 ,swift wrote ,gullifer's travels which was discription of what he was supposed to see on a journey which he was supposed he took4 ,oliver ,goldsmith's ,histories are not very good but his other works are classed among the #ast4 ,burns chief poem was called 8,tamoschanta40 ,tam ,o,shanter is a sort of a ghost story told by an old man4 ,a superstitious something that people believed in those days4 ,cowper had a melchomcally or sad disposition but wrote feeling lines4 ,child ,harold is ,cowper's most famous work4 ,this was the only novel he ever wrote not being much of a novel writer4 ,robinson ,cruso was ,william ,cowper4 ,wm4 ,wordsworth wrote the ,barefoot ,boy and ,imitations on ,immortality4 ,gibbon wrote a ,history of ,his travels in ,italy4 ,this was original4 ,lord ,byron was a great novelist4 ,he also wrote a few poems4 ,lord ,byron was the son of an heiress and a drunken man4 ,coleridge has caused them much joy and pleasure as he has written a large number of charming and illustrated works4 ,thomas ,hood wrote the ,song of the ,shirt a very laughable and prety writing3 ,about a lady riding4 ,sir ,walter ,scott was the greatest poet ,scotland ever produced his principal work was ye banks and brays he also wrote a poem entitled ,ivan ,hoe4 ,sir ,walter ,scott ranked equal with any in point of genius as they did in popularity4 ,scott's great powers of discription and makes his works appear as if they happened all over again4 ,marmion is one example where the rattling of the chains and so on are brought back to us again4 ,marmion is a neatly written tale4 ,marmion was a beautiful maiden who had many trials and afflictions4 ,it is filled with illusions to ,nature4 ,marmion was a story of country life described ,marmion as a riding forth to gain glory4 ,kenilworth is a story nicely delivered of the literature of the day4 ,scott was the author of ,watts on the ,mind4 ,scott was great in prose1 poetry and misfortune4 ,macauleys was a great poet having been educated in a village he then became an editor of an evening paper and among his best works are the clock on the ,stairs4 ,macauleys and ,wittier are compared because both labored for the good of mankind4 ,lord ,macauley was born in ,london at a time when there was the greatest need to ,england of a good historian4 ,thomas ,b4 ,macauley's was a man of stern but gentle parents4 ,he had every amusement that parents could bestow on a child4 ,thomas ,babbington ,makorley graduated at ,harvard and then studied law1 he was raised to the peerage as ,baron in #aeeg and died in #aggf4 ,macauley wrote ,comeration ,odes to a grecian earn under the willow4 ,thomas ,b4 ,macauley was the author of ,pilgrims ,progress4 ,maclauley's writings are all essays4 ,he has loose and peodic sentences nicely arranged4 ,he is very carefull always to perfect harmony4 ,macauley's writings are noted for brilliant thought but not for very much accuracy4 ,his works received a large sale4 ,it is a question is not ,macauly sometimes to oratorical4 ,george ,eliot is quite an authoress4 ,george ,elliot is a writer of some worth4 ,geo4 ,elliott is the best lady ,novalist in ,english4 ,george ,eliot left a wife and children who mourned greatly for his genius4 ,george ,eliot gained renown by her work on ,jane ,ayre4 ,george ,eliott ,miss ,mary ,evans ,mrs4 ,cross ,mrs4 ,lewis was the greatest female poet unless ,george ,sands is made an exception of4 ,dickens is a great novelist he makes us fall in with his caracters4 ,dickens is one of the ,greatest ,american ,novilist4 ,dickens is noted for his multiplicity in telling stories4 ,dickens is a very smart man and a portrait of character4 ,dickens gives an incite into human life4 ,dickens is the most human writer ,old ,curiosity ,shop was written by ,david ,copperfield4 ,bulwell is considered a good writer4 ,lord ,lytton former ,bulwer placed himself at the head of ,english poets4 ,thackeray's genius is original4 ,thacerey is a ,great ,genius4 ,he gives us the fashionable life4 ,mrs4 ,browning wrote sonnets to the ,pottery ,geese4 ,mrs4 ,brownings ,song of the ,shirt is in almost every reader4 ,tennyson is a very populus poet4 ,the greatest writers of the present day are ,lord ,beconsfield who wrote the 8,history of ,cyprus0 and ,miss ,braddon who wrote 8,peverel of the ,peak40 ,sir ,walter ,scott ,charles ,bronte ,alfred the ,great and ,johnson were the first great ,novelists4 ,the most important event in the life of ,horace was his birth in #de4 ,the ,iliad is called an ,epic poem because it was first written in the ,epic dialect4 ,homer's writings are ,homer's ,essays ,virgil the ,aneid and paradise lost some people say that these poems were not written by ,homer but by another man of the same name4 ,sanscrit is not used as much as it used to be as it went out of use #aejj ,b4 ,c4 ,illustration ,,ix4 ,philosophical4 ,illustration ,the name of the great philosopher of modern times was called ,eurekia4 ,the principle of ,diogenes was that he could move the world if he could find a place big enough to stand in4 ,franklin proved that electricity and lightning are rods4 ,temperature is measured by a machine called a hydrometer4 ,sun melts ice by the law of cohesion of atoms4 ,an inclined plane is a plane that inclines4 ,drops of water are generally spherical for various reasons known only to the gracious ,providence who has formed them4 ,affinity is a liking evinced between two objects1 contact not being necessary4 ,one person may have an affinity or liking for another4 ,capillary attraction is the attraction between hair4 ,a person's hair is affected by fright4 ,the hair of some animals is attracted by lightning4 ,a body will go just as far in the first second as the body will go plus the force the gravity and that's equal to twice what the body will go4 ,specific gravity is the weight to be compared weight of an equal volume of or that that is the weight of the body compared with the weight of and equal volume4 ,inertia is that proberty of bodies by virtue of which it cannot change its own condition of rest or motion4 ,in other words it is the negative quality of passiveness either in recoverable latency or insipient latescence4 ,the air pump is an instrument used for forcing water into a pump and expelling it by means of a vacuum4 ,it ascends in the water downwards4 ,the law of fluid pressure divide the different forms of organized bodies by the form of attraction and the number increased will be the form4 ,by convection the body is heated instantaneous1 as gunpowder4 ,the reason a body falls when not supported is that there is not enough air under it to keep it up and so it has to fall or the specific gravity is not great enough to hold it up4 ,the difference between latent and sensible heat is that it feels sensible4 ,if you listen closely you can vibrate a pitchfork4 ,if an experiment be successful the result will be inevitable4 ,thermal unit is the heat required to raise a pound of water through one foot4 ,if we were on a railroad track and a train was coming the train would deafen our ears so that we couldn't see to get off the track4 ,tides are caused by the reflection of the sun and moon upon the water4 ,sir ,isaac ,newton founded the 8,laws of ,gravity40 ,a simple pendulum is an imaginary point hung on a thread4 ,the vibrations of a pendulum is determined by the time they take4 ,a noise is a collection of sounds which means nothing but a clatter4 ,sound is that form or motion of the mind which effects the oratory nerves4 ,a sound is not like a noise because it has essential things to depend upon and a noise has not4 ,to get gold from its ore it is polished and heated4 ,metals are changed in their elements by fussing them together4 ,illustration ,x4 ,physiological4 ,illustration ,physillogigy is to study about your bones stummick and vertebry4 ,disease is any affection of any organ of the body4 ,disease is more common to some people than to others4 ,disease is sickness caused by the introduction of some foreign generally insect substance as cholera4 ,when you have a illness it makes your health bad as well as having a disease4 ,all mechanical work is injurious to the health4 ,if a sawyer does not wear spectacles he will be sure to lose his sight4 ,occupations which are injurious to health are carbolic acid gas which is impure blood4 ,a stone mason's work is injurious because when he is chipping he breathes in all the little chips and then they are taken into the lungs4 ,a bootmaker's trade is very injurious because the bootmakers always press the boot against the thorax and therefore it presses the thorax in and it touches the heart and if they do not die they are cripples for life4 ,the body is mostly composed of water and about one half is avaricious tissue4 ,the body has an infinite number of bones joined together by the joints4 ,the spine is quite an important bone4 ,the spinal column is made of bones running all over the body4 ,we have an upper and a lower skin4 ,the lower skin moves all the time and the upper skin moves when we do4 ,the upper skin is called eppederby and the lower skin is called derby4 ,we should never eat because the food does not digest4 ,digestion belongs to the lower animals4 ,digestion is the circulation of the blood4 ,digestion is reducing our food to plump4 ,digestion is when food is taken into the stomach4 ,the digestive fluids are the nerves muscles and bones4 ,the organs of digestion are the stomach liver spleen and utensils4 ,the stomach is a small pear-shaped bone situated in the body4 ,after swallowing the food undergoes mastification4 ,the gastric juice keeps the bones from creaking4 ,the gastric juice digests the stomach4 ,there are three salivary glands4 ,the lacte als in the intestines4 ,the lymphatic in the stomach4 ,they change starch to grape sugar in the mouth4 ,eating rapidly the food does not give the saliva time to get into the mouth4 ,the salivary glands are used to salivate the body4 ,perspiration is caused by the culinary glands4 ,the chyle flows up the middle of the backbone and reaches the heart where it meets the oxygen and is purified4 ,the thoraic duct leads from the exterior ear to the drum4 ,the thoraic duct is a tube in the back of the neck4 ,when food is swallowed it passes through the windpipe and stops at the right side and some of it goes to make blood4 ,in the stomach starch is changed to cane-sugar and cane-sugar to sugar-cane4 ,we all have a very important elementary cannal4 ,the heart is a comical shaped bag4 ,the function of the heart is between the lungs4 ,the heart is suspended from the fifth pair of ribs4 ,the heart manufactures the blood and the liver keeps it going4 ,whenever the heart is emptied by the action of the lungs it causes disease4 ,when the heart beats it stirs up the blood and that digests the food4 ,the work of the heart is to repair the different organs in about half a minute4 ,the nerve centers are the cartilages of the nerves4 ,the optic nerve is the principal nerve used in digestion4 ,the optic nerve is the nerve located at the base of the brain4 ,the olfactory nerve enters the cavity of the orbit and is developed into the special sense of hearing4 ,nerves always give us the toothache4 ,neuralgia is caused by nerves trying to pierce the bones4 ,the bones need constant oiling4 ,this oil is called cartilege and runs from all the glands in the body4 ,the eyes are set in two sockets in a bone which turns up at the end and then becomes the nose4 ,when the blood circulates in the brain it is called intermittent4 ,the blood flows through the alimentery canal into the abdominal canopy4 ,the blood is putrefied in the lungs by inspired air4 ,the blood corpusels interfere with the liver and prevents circulation4 ,the three coverings of the brain are the diameter1 the perimeter and the trachea4 ,when the intestines become congealed they are followed by instant death4 ,albumen is a classification of articles of food4 ,albumen is a whity substance existing in the white of an egg to a great extent4 ,alcoholic beverages greatly obstruct the breaking down of the body4 ,the heart lungs and blood is very dangerous4 ,the cow has a pulse as well as anybody else4 ,the cow has a pulse but you can not feel it at his wrist4 ,a cow has no pulse but the higher animals sometimes do4 ,all animals that have feet are called quadrupeds4 ,the molars are the teeth that grow outside the head4 ,the growth of a tooth begins in the back of the mouth and extends to the stomach4 ,we are vacksinated for the smallpox and verylord4 ,fat is found in the creases of the body4 ,an anatomical figure is to illustrate diseases of the skin4 ,illustration ,,xi4 ,astronomical4 ,illustration ,a ,sidereal day is the time from the sun leaving the sky till he appears again4 ,the farther the sun is up the longer it takes it to set and the days are longer in summer than when the sun is low down4 ,the weight of the earth is found by comparing a mass of known lead with that of a mass of unknown lead4 ,to find the weight of the earth take the length of a degree on a meridian and multiply by #fb pounds4 ,the size of the earth is found by finding the horizontal parallax of the sun4 ,abberation is if we saw a star and shot at it1 the shot would not pass through the center but through the side4 ,the moon is #bdj miles from the earth4 ,the moon's nodes are the corners of the moon's orbit4 ,the reason for believing that there are mountains on the moon is due to the shadows reflected on the earth4 ,the libration of the moon show the north1 east1 south1 and west sides of the heavens4 ,the motions of the moon are found by watching the sun spots4 ,there can be an eclipse of the moon when the sun gets into the moon's shadow4 ,juniper is a very bright star4 ,venus1 ,jupiter and perhaps the earth was known to the ancients4 ,mars moves in his orbit at the rate of sixteen seconds a mile4 ,the earth is #adib miles in circumference4 ,the spheres are to each other as the squares of their homologous sides4 ,eclipses are caused whenever the obscuration of a body is passed by the shadow of some other body4 ,the planets shine with a steady light but the stars sprinkle4 ,the stars would cover up the whole heavens if they were all spread out so astronomers have concluded to arrange them in constellations4 ,illustration ,illustration ,,xii4 ,political4 ,illustration ,the world would be in a state of cosmos if it had no system of government4 ,congress is divided into civilized half civilized and savage4 ,the ,constitution of the ,united ,states was established to ensure domestic hostility4 ,the ,constitution of the ,united ,states is that part of the book at the end which nobody reads4 ,the first ,conscientious ,congress met in ,philadelphia4 ,a bill becomes a law when the ,president vetos it4 ,the three departments in the general government are the ,white ,house1 ,custom ,house and ,united ,treasury4 ,the three departments of the government is the ,president rules the world1 the governor rules the state1 the mayor rules the city4 ,there are two political divisions in the ,united ,states the democrats and republican4 ,the number of ,senaters from each ,state is determined by the number of votes4 ,the ,articles of ,confederation were made by the ,confederates and the ,constitution by all the people4 ,illustration ,illustration ,,xiii4 ,musical4 ,illustration ,musical sounds differ because some are nicer than others4 ,pitch is the length of the key board of a orgin4 ,an interval in music is the distance on the key board from one piano to the next4 ,the value of a whole note depends on where it comes4 ,a hole note requires three beats4 ,a ,rest means you are not to sing it4 ,we always sing five lines and four spaces4 ,a dotted note holds on longer4 ,illustration ,,xiv4 ,oratorical4 ,illustration ,elocution is opening the mouth wide open4 ,it is a very important thing to breathe4 ,we should always breathe with the musels of the diagram unless we have catarr or a cold in the head4 ,vigorous breathing gives you wind in the lungs4 ,strong breathing prevents bilious deficiencies4 ,by breathing any slight adhesion of the lungs is torn away4 ,good breathing prevents contagious diseases from settling in the systum4 ,breathing is very good for reading for when you are reading you carnt breathe at all and so it is good to breath a good deal before4 ,articulation is caused by resperation4 ,distinct articulation can not be made unless we have a tongue our lips and our teeth4 ,vowel sounds are made by keeping the mouth wide open and consonant sounds by keeping it shut4 ,the ,asperate quality of voice is when you try to say something in a whisper4 ,force is more loudness sometimes than others4 ,emphasis is putting more distress on one word than another4 ,inflection is when the voice goes up and then comes down again it is a period4 ,a retorical pause is when you have to take breath4 ,stammering is caused by some detriment in the speech4 ,physical exercise makes the vocal muscles operate stronger4 ,illustration ,,xv4 ,metaphysical4 ,illustration ,the study of ,mental ,philosophy teaches us that we are all sensible beings4 ,the imagination is that part of the mind which looks forward to that which it does not lay its visible eye on4 ,an energy is perfected when it is tantamount4 ,the ,canons of ,induction were invented by ,sir ,humphrey ,davy4 ,hamilton made a long and exhausting analysis of sense perception4 ,reid considered externality to be something hard4 ,the theory that intuitive truths are discovered by the light of nature originated from ,st4 ,john's interpretation of a passage in the ,gospel of ,plato4 ,man's moral life first originated in his perception of the world of ,nature4 ,herodetus tells us that the ,egyptians were the first men who had immortal souls4 ,illustration ,,unwin ,,brothers1 ,,the ,,gresham ,,press1 ,,chilworth ,,and ,,london4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,transcriber',s ,,notes #a4 ,all spelling errors were left uncorrected4 #b4 ,enclosed italics font in underscores4 #c4 ,enclosed bold font in equals4