,,proce$+s ,,( ,,! ,,cali=nia ,,academy ,,( ,,natural ,,sci5ces4 ,,volume ,,iii4 #ahfc-ahfg4 ,,san ,,francisco3 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,! ,,academy4 #ahfh4 ,! date ( publication ( ea* %eet w be f\nd at ! bottom ( pages4 ,! %eets ( ?is volume h be5 circulat$ sep>ately1 & also 9 annual p>ts1 z foll[s3 ,"p ,i1 p4 #a-if1 = #ahfc1 pr9t$ 9 ,april to ,decemb]1 #ahfc4 0 ,,ii1 p4 #ig-agf1 = #ahfd1 0 ,janu>y to ,decemb]1 #ahfd4 0 ,,iii1 p4 #agg-bgb1 = #ahfe-f1 0 ,janu>y1 #ahfe1 to ,augu/1 #ahff4 0 ,,iv1 p4 #bgc-cfj1 = #ahff-g1 0 ,janu>y to ,septemb]1 #ahfg4 0 ,v1 p4 #cfa-dja1 = #ahfg1 0 ,may1 #ahfh4 ,a few copies ( ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bcf1 rema9 = sale by ! ,correspond+ ,secret>y4 ,volume ,i is out ( pr9t1 b ! ,academy int5ds to repr9t x :5 a suffici5t numb] ( copies h be5 ord]$ to refund ! co/4 ,! foll[+ ,memoirs 7 also publi%$ by ! ,academy1 9 qu>to1 9 #ahfg4 ,no4 ,i4 ,catalogue ( ,pacific ,coa/ ,mosses1 pp4 #ch1 ,by ,,leo ,,lesqu]eux4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,natural ,sy/em ( ,volcanic ,rocks1 pp4 #ie1 ,by ,f4 ,,b>on ,,ri*?(51 ,dr4 ,phil4 ,,rooms ,,( ,,! ,,academy1 #fbb ,,clay ,,/reet1 ,san ,francisco1 ,june1 #ahfh4 ,! ,academy1 desir\s ( increas+ its numb]s1 & ?us add+ to its means ( sci5tific rese>* & diffusion ( k1 has ?is ye> alt]$ its title to t ( 8,,cali=nia ,,academy ,,( ,,sci5ces10 & invites all int]e/$ 9 ! increase & spread ( any bran* ( k to jo9 9 its "w4 ,all g5tlem5 resid+ )9 "o hundr$ & fifty miles ( ,san ,francisco are1 by ! new ,con/itution1 eligible to resid5t memb]%ip1 ) all ! privileges ( ^? 9 ! city1 includ+ free copies ( ! proce$+s publi%$ aft] _! election4 ,a copy ( ! new ,con/itution1 ,annual ,address ( ! late ,presid5t1 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,d4 ,:itney1 & li/ ( memb]s at ! comm5cem5t ( #ahfh1 may be obta9$ free by address+ ! ,correspond+ ,secret>y4 ,meet+s are n[ held on ! fir/ & ?ird ,mondays ( ea* mon?1 at ! rooms ( ! ,academy1 :]e lectures are giv51 pap]s read & discussions held on sci5tific subjects4 ,all desir+ to become memb]s may be introduc$ at ! meet+s on application to ! (fic]s & memb]s4 ,rooms op5 daily1 f #ab to #a o'clock1 & ! ,libr>ian or o!r memb]s are usually pres5t4 ,,(fic]s3 ,presid5t1 ,,james ,,blake1 ,m4,d41 ,f4 ,r4 ,c4 ,s41 #bjf ,bu% ,/reet4 ,vice ,presid5t1 ,,james ,g4 ,,coop]1 ,m4,d41 #feb ,h[>d ,/reet4 ,secret>y1 ,,!odore ,,bradley1 ,pr9cipal ,boys' ,high ,s*ool4 ,correspond+ ,secret>y1 ,,h5ry ,n4 ,,bol&]1 ,pr9cipal ,cosmopolitan ,s*ool4 ,treasur]1 ,,edw>d ,,bosqui1 ,publi%]1 #eag ,clay ,/reet4 ,libr>ian1 ,a4 ,,kellogg1 ,m4,d41 #fbb ,clay ,/41 ,academy's ,rooms4 ,director ( ! ,museum1 ,h4 ,,bloom]1 cor4 ,montgom]y & ,jackson ,/reets4 ,,curators4 ,g5]al ,zoology1 ,e4,f4 ,,lorqu91 #ebb ,p9e ,/reet4 ,con*ology1 ,w4 ,g4 ,w4 ,,h>=d1 #fbb ,clay ,/reet4 ,radiata1 ,j4 ,b4 ,,trask1 ,m4,d41 #bjf ,ke>ny ,/reet4 ,entomology1 ,r4 ,h4 ,,/ret*1 ,room #ej1 ,montgom]y ,block4 ,geology1 ,w4 ,a4 ,,goodye>1 #fae ,/ockton ,/reet4 ,,proce$+s ,,( ,,! ,,cali=nia ,,academy ,,( ,,natural ,,sci5ces4 ,,annual ,,meet+1 ,,janu>y #e,,?1 #ahfc4 ,presid5t 9 ! ,*air4 ,twelve memb]s pres5t4 ,f]d9&1 ,freih]r von ,ri*?(51 0 elect$ ,correspond+ ,memb]4 ,! committee on ! meteoric iron1 pres5t$ to ! city by ,g5]al ,c>leton1 report$ t p]mission _h be5 obta9$ by ,pr(essor ,:itney to saw a piece f x = analysis1 & = di/ribution to "s ( ! mo/ important collections 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,europe4 ,a piece w be =w>d$ to ,pr(essor ,bru%1 ( ,yale ,college1 = analysis1 & a description ( ! mass publi%$ 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,academy1 z soon z ! returns ( ! analysis h be5 receiv$4 ,! ,annual ,reports ( ! (fic]s ( ! ,society = ! pa/ ye> 7#ahfb7 7 receiv$1 & ! foll[+ is an ab/ract ( _! cont5ts3 ,! ,report ( ! ,treasur] 0 read1 & ref]r$ to ! ,f9ance ,committee4 ,! ,curator ( ,palontology report$1 t ! numb] ( specim5s 9 ! collection is #a1jjg1 exclusive ( num]\s duplicates4 ,!y are pr9cipally f ! cretace\s & t]ti>y =mations ( ! ,pacific coa/4 ,! collection has be5 re>rang$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! pa/ ye>1 & is n[ 9 z good condition z ! accommodations ( ! ,society w admit4 ,! ,curator ( ,botany report$1 t #b1afj specim5s 7 add$ to ! collection dur+ ! ye> #ahfb1 mak+ a total ( #f1afj specim5s 9 ! ,academy's h]b>ium4 ,ab\t tw5ty new specim5s h be5 describ$ 9 ! ,proce$+s dur+ ! pa/ ye>1 & specim5s & draw+s ( all ( !m h be5 plac$ 9 ! collection4 ,! h]b>ium is 9 good condition4 ,! ,curator ( ,entomology made a v]bal report1 to ! effect t ! collections 9 8 dep>tm5t1 al?\gh small1 are 9 good ord]2 b t few additions _h be5 made dur+ ! ye>4 ,9 ! ,zoological dep>tm5t1 ! ,curator /at$1 t a few valuable additions _h be5 made to ! collection dur+ ! ye> #ahfb2 b t mu* difficulty 0 exp]i5c$ 9 arrang+ !m1 f ! limit$ space & means ( ! ,academy4 ,! alcoholic specim5s h n be5 re>rang$ dur+ ! ye>2 "s are 9 bad condition4 ,all has be5 done :i* c\ld be1 t[>ds pres]v+ ! specim5s 9 ?is dep>tm5t1 ) ! means at ! comm& ( ! ,curator4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( ! ,curator ( ,con*ology 7,dr4 ,trask7 x 0 /at$1 t ! collection ( %ells _h be5 arrang$1 & label$1 & plac$ 9 cases dur+ ! ye>2 ! accommodations ( ! ,academy1 h[ev]1 d n admit ( _! be+ display$4 ,! ,curator ( ,m9]alogy 7,mr4 ,hanks7 has remov$ f ! city s9ce ! la/ annual meet+2 b previ\s to remov+1 he _h made consid]able progress 9 re>rang+ & label+ ! collection ( m9]als & ores1 & x is n[ 9 bett] ord] ?an x has ev] be=e be54 ,! ,libr>ian report$ t valuable additions _h be5 made to ! ,libr>y dur+ ! pa/ ye>2 *iefly ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution4 ,! books are 9 good ord]2 b _m ( !m ne$ b9d+1 & ! want ( room r5d]s x impossible to place !m :]e !y c be easily got at by ! memb]s4 ,! committee on nom9ations report$ ! foll[+ li/ ( (fic]s = ! ye> #ahfc1 :i* 0 duly elect$3 ,,presid5t4 ,,col4 ,l4 ,,ransom4 ,,vice ,,presid5ts4 ,j4 ,n4 ,,eckel1 ,m4,d41 ,j4 ,b4 ,,trask1 ,m4,d4 ,,correspond+ ,,secret>y4 ,w4 ,o4 ,,ayres1 ,m4,d4 ,,record+ ,,secret>y4 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,brew]4 ,,libr>ian4 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,d4 ,,:itney4 ,,treasur]4 ,,william ,,heffley4 ,,curators4 ,g4 ,f4 ,,moore ,( ,m9]alogy4 ,w4 ,m4 ,,gabb ,palontology4 ,a4 ,,kellogg1 ,m4,d4 ,botany4 ,j4 ,g4 ,,coop]1 ,m4,d4 ,zoology4 ,j4 ,b4 ,,trask1 ,m4,d4 ,con*ology4 ,h4 ,,behr1 ,m4,d4 ,entomology4 ,donations to ! ,cab9et 7 receiv$ z foll[s3 ,by ,dr4 ,coop]--,specim5s ( ,purpura sept5trionalis1 f ,san ,francisco1 & o!rs f ,oakl&1 ( l>g] size--! latt] n be+ natives ( ?is ,bay1 b br\ght f ,%oalwat] ,bay1 ,w4 ,t41 9 c>goes ( oy/]s4 ,by ,mr4 ,bloom]--,a collection ( specim5s ( wood4 ,dr4 ,coop] exhibit$ a specim5 ( coral1 ( ! g5us ,porites1 probably an undescrib$ species4 ,?is mass ( coral 0 drawn up by a fi%]man1 f a dep? ( f\r fa?oms1 at ! ,f>allones1 & deposit$ 9 ! (fice ( ! ,geological ,survey by ,mr4 ,lawson1 ( ! ,coa/ ,survey4 ,! same species _h be5 previ\sly obta9$ by ,dr4 ,coop] 9 ! ,bay ( ,mont]ey1 b x _h nev] be5 f\nd s f> nor? be=e4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,janu>y #ai,,?1 #ahfc4 ,vice ,presid5t1 ,dr4 ,trask1 9 ! ,*air4 ,pres5t1 elev5 memb]s4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,w4 ,hays1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 & ,mr4 ,william ,a%burn] 7 elect$ ,resid5t ,memb]s4 ,donations to ! ,cab9et 7 receiv$ z foll[s3 ,a miscellane\s collection ( plants1 consi/+ ( f two hundr$ to ?ree hundr$ species1 f ! ,pacific slope1 by ,h4 ,g4 ,bloom]2 specim5s ( a ,yucca1 & ( ,l>rea ,mexicana1 f ,k]n riv]1 by ,j4 ,e4 ,clayton4 ,mr4 ,bol&] pres5t$ ! foll[+ pap]3 ,description ( a ,new ,species ( ,melica4 ,,by ,h4 ,n4 ,,bol&]4 ,,melica ,l4 ,m4 /ricta ,bol&]4 ,spikelets v l>ge1 secund1 horizontal1 f\r to six-fl[]$2 fl[]s /ipitate1 upp] ones imp]fect & abortive1 slightly t+$ ) purple4 ,glumes equal1 oblong1 membranace\s1 five-n]v$2 n]ves evanesc5t at ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ! l5g? ( ! glumes2 sc>i\s m>g9$ & po9t$1 ne>ly ! l5g? 7"o-half in*7 ( ! fl[]s4 ,pale v unequal1 *>tace\s2 l[] oblong1 sev5-n]v$1 all except ! middle "o evanesc5t at ab\t two-?irds ! l5g? ( ! palea2 scabr\s1 l>gely sc>i\s m>g9$ & po9t$2 upp] palea spa?ulate1 bic>9ate1 ciliate1 "o-?ird %ort] ?an ! l[]4 ,ov>y obovate1 contract$ ne> ! truncat$ apex1 sessile1 smoo?2 /yles t]m9al1 div]g5t2 /igmas plumose2 pilis fasciculate1 m9utely s]rate2 squammul v small1 connate1 entire2 /am5s ?ree2 c>yopsis8 ,root p]5nial2 culms upright1 t]ate1 /riate1 "o & "o-half feet high1 v brittle2 %ea?s /riate1 scabr\s2 ligula exs]t$1 lac]at$2 leaves n>r[1 "o-sixte5? to two-sixte5?s ( an in* wide1 acum9ate1 outside & m>g9s scabr\s1 7f\r to sev5 in*es long7 /riately n]v$1 upright1 ne>ly appress$4 ,raceme upright1 r simple2 bran*lets smoo?1 appress$1 few-fl[]$2 p$icels pubesc5t at ! angle4 ,collect$ by ,mr4 ,george ,w4 ,dunn1 at ,silv] ,city1 ,nevada ,t]ritory4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,febru>y #b;,d1 #ahfc4 ,presid5t 9 ! ,*air4 ,pres5t1 f\rte5 memb]s4 ,pr(4 ,p4 ,p4 ,c>p5t]1 ( ,man*e/]1 ,engl&1 0 elect$ a ,correspond+ ,memb]4 ,donations to ! ,cab9et 7 receiv$ z foll[s3 ,?ree j>s ( reptiles & fi%es1 collect$ by ,mr4 ,j4 ,xantus1 9 ,l[] ,cali=nia1 & mo/ly ne> ,cape ,/4 ,lucas1 7 pres5t$ by ,mr4 ,samuel ,hubb>d4 ,donations to ! ,libr>y3 ,volumes #a-bg ( ! ,ed9burgh ,philosophical ,j\rnal1 by ,h4 ,g4 ,bloom]4 ,proce$+s ( ! ,philadelphia ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces1 = ,octob]1 ,novemb]1 & ,decemb]1 #ahfb1 f ! ,society4 ,descriptions ( %ells collect$ 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s 9 #ahfj by ,dr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,coop]1 by ,t4 ,bl& & ,j4 ,g4 ,coop]4 ,! ,publi%+ ,committee laid volume two ( ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,academy1 = ! ye>s #aheh-fb1 ^u ! table3 x 0 ord]$ by ! ,academy t "o hundr$ copies be sold to ! memb]s at "o doll> p] copy1 & t fifty copies be pres5t$ to ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution = =eign di/ribution4 ,pr(essor ,:itney read ! foll[+ communication3 ,on ! ,inaccuracy ( ! ,eigh? ,c5sus1 s f> z x ,relates to ! ,metallic & ,m9]al ,/ati/ics ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,by ,j4 ,d4 ,,:itney4 ,x has1 = a long "t1 be5 a subject ( regret1 t our ,unit$ ,/ates ,c5sus returns are s imp]fect2 & t1 9 all t relates to m9+ & metallurgy1 !y are especially & extraord9>ily unreliable4 ,mr4 ,k5n$y's 8,prelim9>y ,report on ! ,eigh? ,c5sus10 7#ahfj71 rec5tly issu$1 is at h&1 & "s rem>ks may "h be made 9 ref]5ce to :at appe>s 9 x1 :i* is connect$ ) our m9]al int]e/s4 ,x w soon appe>1 f an exam9ation ( ?is public docum5t1 t ! same un=tunate ignorance 9 reg>d to "o ( ! mo/ important ( ! s\rces ( our national weal?1 :i* has *>act]iz$ previ\s ,c5sus ,reports1 /ill prevails among our (ficials at ,wa%+ton2 & t all :i* ,mr4 ,k5n$y's ,report conta9s mu/ be tak5 ) _m gra9s ( all[ance4 ,x is c]ta9ly ! duty ( ^? :o are bett] po/$ to give notice ( ^! defici5cies1 & to call public att5tion to !m aga9 & aga91 9 ! hope t some?+ may be done1 h]eaft]1 to make ?is dep>tm5t ( ! ,gov]nm5t less ridicul\s 9 ! eyes ( ^? :o are acqua9t$ ) su* matt]s1 & less liable to mislead ^? :o look on a ,c5sus ,report z some?+ to be bl9dly quot$1 & reli$ on z a docum5t :i* mu/ necess>ily be correct4 ,! only metals 9 reg>d to :i* any?+ is /at$ 9 ,mr4 ,k5n$y's report are iron1 nickel1 lead1 z9c1 & copp]2 ?us omitt+ gold1 silv]1 & quicksilv]1 ( ea* ( :i* we are l>ge produc]s4 ,( ! m9]al productions1 coal is ! only "o notic$4 ,! fir/ metal m5tion$ 9 ! text accompany+ ! tables compil$ f ! ,c5sus returns is iron1 & ! quantity ( pig iron produc$ 9 #ahfj is giv5 at #hhd1dgd tuns1 valu$ at #ai1dhg1gij1 & ?is is /at$ to be an increase 9 ! value return$ by ! ,c5sus ( #ahej1 ( #ddd p] c5t4 ,"h ! "q arises1 h[ f> are ^! figures to be reli$ on z accurate8 ,?is c only be decid$ by comp>ison ) returns kn[n to be approximately accurate1 & ( ^! we h none lat] ?an ! ye> #ahef1 9 :i* ye> ! make ( pig iron 0 asc]ta9$1 by ! ,iron-,mak]s' ,association1 to be #hab1iag tuns4 ,ei!r ! ,c5sus returns ( #ahfj are too l[1 z !y 7 9 #ahej1 or else ! increase 9 ?is bran* ( our indu/ry has be5 v slight s9ce #ahdi1 :5 ! make ( iron 0 asc]ta9$ by ! ,p5nsylvania ,iron-,ma/]s to be #hjj1jjj tuns4 ,on ! o!r h&1 assum+ ! ,c5sus returns ( #ahfj to be correct1 !re is no gr\nd = mak+ ! /atem5t1 z is done by ,mr4 ,k5n$y1 t !re has be5 an increase ( #ddd p] c5t4 9 ! value ( ! iron produc$ 9 #ahfj ov] t ( #ahej2 x is evid5t t ! increase has be5 v slight1 s9ce #ahdf or #ahdg ev51 9 :i* ye>s ! make ( ?is metal1 on reliable au?ority1 rea*$ ne>ly #hjj1jjj tuns4 ,b :at %all we say ( ,mr4 ,k5n$y's me?od ( arriv+ at ! production ( iron1 z relat$ to ! am\nt ( population 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or ! numb] ( p\nds produc$ p] head8 ,to obta9 ?is1 he adds toge!r ! am\nt ( pig iron & ! am\nt ( b> & o!r wr\ght iron produc$1 & ?us obta9s a result ( #ib p\nds ( iron produc$ = ea* inhabitant ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 :i*1 z he says1 8speaks volumes = ! progress ( ! nation 9 all its indu/rial & mat]ial int]e/s40 ,x speaks a volume or two = 8 own ignorance ( ! elem5ts ( metallurgy2 s9ce1 z ev]ybody1 except ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,c5sus1 kn[s1 ! b> & roll$ iron is ne>ly all conv]t$ f ! pig1 & only a small proportion made direct f ! ore2 s t 8 me?od ( computation is z ne> correct z x w\ld be1 = in/ance1 to e/imate ! am\nt ( beef consum$ p] head 9 ,san ,francisco1 by add+ ! weight ( all ! cattle slaught]$ 9 ! city to t ( ! beef produc$ by said slaught]+4 ,z1 9 #ahef1 only #bh1dcc tuns ( b> iron 7 made directly f ! ore1 to #hab1iag ( pig produc$2 s1 all[+ t #bh1jjj tuns 7 made direct 9 #ahfj1 ! am\nt1 p] head1 ( all ! iron made 9 t ye> w\ld be #fe p\nds1 in/ead ( #ib1 z ,mr4 ,k5n$y calculates4#a ,tak+ ! population ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates at #bc1jjj1jjj1 9 #ahej1 & ! make ( iron at #hjj1jjj tuns1 z giv5 by ! returns ( ! ,commission ( ! ,iron-,ma/]s ( ,p5nsylvania1 ! am\nt produc$1 p] head1 9 t ye>1 w\ld be #gh p\nds2 s t all ,mr4 ,k5n$y's glorification goes = naught1 unless we admit t 8 returns = #ahfj are wrong4 ,9 reg>d to ! /ati/ics ( ! o!r metals m5tion$ 9 ! ,c5sus ,report1 x may be said1 ) tru?1 t !y are v defective4 ,no m5tion is made ( gold1 silv]1 or m]cury1 ! value ( ! fir/-nam$ ( :i* produc$ 9 ?is c\ntry is ne>ly d\ble t ( all ! o!r metals4 ,"u z9c1 !re is no m5tion made ( ,new ,j]sey1 ! great z9c-produc+ ,/ate4 ,! yield ( lead 9 ! ,mississippi ,valley is put d[n at consid]ably less ?an its real am\nt4 ,b ! mo/ important rem>k to be made1 9 ?is connection1 is 9 ref]5ce to ! mode ( report+ ! results adopt$ by ,mr4 ,k5n$y4 ,in/ead ( giv+ ! am\nt ( metal produc$1 ! numb] ( tuns ( ore is /at$1 & no clue giv5 to ! yield ( ! ore4 ,?is is some?+ z an assessor's report w\ld be1 :i* %\ld give ! valuation ( ! individuals he might be call$ on to appraise1 9 pieces ( money1 leav+ x unc]ta9 :e!r five c5t or tw5ty doll> pieces 7 int5d$4 ,! table giv5 by ,mr4 ,k5n$y does n /ate :at am\nts ( ea* metal are produc$2 &1 if we attempt to arrive at !m by exam9+ ! columns ( values1 x is f\nd to be impossible to decide :e!r ^! values are ^? ( ! ore z m9$ be=e be+ smelt$1 or ( ! metals produc$ f !m4 ,9 %ort1 ! :ole matt] is left 9 su* obscurity1 t x is mu* to be wi%$ t ! table c\ld be expung$ f ! ,report1 z x c only s]ve to mislead & confuse ^? :o resort to ,gov]nm5t docum5ts = in=mation 9 reg>d to our metallic & m9]al productions4 #a ,9 po9t ( fact1 ! am\nt ( b> iron made 9 ! bloom]y furnaces direct f ! ore is gr[+ less e ye>1 & mu/ be n[ r$uc$ to a v small figure4 ,dr4 ,coop] rem>k$ t1 s9ce ! publication ( 8 pap] on ,cali=nian ,mollusca1 read be=e ! ,academy ,novemb] #c;d1 #ahfb1 7see ,proce$+s1 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bjb7 he f9ds ! g5]ic "n ,,/rategus preoccupi$1 & he n[ proposes1 9 its place1 ! "n ,,nav>*us4 ,pr(essor ,:itney exhibit$ a magnific5t specim5 ( aurif]\s qu>tz1 9 :i* ! gold 0 associat$ ) ,mispickel1 7,ars5ical ,pyrites47 ,! weight ( ! mass 0 ab\t five p\nds1 & ! value ( ! gold e/imat$ at #a1ejj4 ,x 0 obta9$ f ! celebrat$ 8,fell[s ,lode10 on ! ,middle ,yuba1 9 ,si]ra ,c\nty4 ,x is /at$1 on :at is believ$ to be reliable au?ority1 t f #bjj1jjj to #bej1jjj has be5 tak5 f an excavation on ! lode only t5 feet long & f\r feet wide1 by cru%+ 9 h&-mort>s4 ,! occurr5ce ( gold 9 connection ) mispickel1 9 ! ,cali=nia m9es1 seems to be r>e1 at lea/ 9 ! s\!rn c\nties4 ,9 ! specim5 pres5t$1 ! gold =m$ a coh]5t1 sponge-l mass1 :5 ! mispickel 0 dissolv$4 ,b>on ,ri*?(5 rem>k$1 t gold occurs associat$ ) mispickel 9 ,silesia4 ,mr4 ,r4 ,l4 ,h>ris made "s rem>ks on ! comp>ative friction ( c>-:eels1 on an iron track1 :5 roll+ & slid+1 z %[n by exp]im5ts made on ! /reet-railroad 9 ,wa%+ton /reet4 ,"h ! greate/ grade is five hundr$ & tw5ty-eight feet p] mile1 or "o 9 t51 & x is f\nd t1 on a wet day1 if ! :eels are /opp$ by ! brakes1 !y w slide on ! track2 :ile1 if ! brakes are n put d[n s h>d b t ! :eels c revolve1 ! c> is entirely "u control4 ,?is is n ! popul> op9ion1 & ! au?orities g5]ally /ate1 t ! slid+ friction is ! greate/2 b exp]i5ce %[s1 t ! friction is really greate/ :5 ! slid+ & roll+ motions are comb9$4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,febru>y #af,,?1 #ahfc4 ,presid5t 9 ! ,*air4 ,f\rte5 memb]s pres5t4 ,donations to ! ,cab9et 7 receiv$ z foll[s3 ,f ,j4 ,e4 ,clayton1 ,esq41 a set ( ores f ! ,russ ,di/rict1 ,cali=nia4 ,donations to ! ,libr>y3 ,proce$+s ( ! ,zoological ,society ( ,london = ! ye> #aheg3 f ,dr4 ,coop]4 ,a/ronomical & ,meteorological ,obs]vations1 made at ! ,u4 ,s4 ,naval ,obs]vatory dur+ ! ye> #ahfa3 f ! ,u4 ,s4 ,naval ,obs]vatory4 ,dr4 ,kellogg read ! foll[+ pap]3 ,description ( two ,new ,species ( ,plants f ,nevada ,t]ritory4 ,,by ,a4 ,,kellogg1 ,m4,d4 ,,aplopappus ,cass4 ,a4 ,nevad5sis ,kellogg4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,suffrutesc5t1 caudex bran*+1 bran*es ?ree to f\r in*es 9 height1 some:at asc5d+2 rigid1 /riate1 scabr\s ?r\gh\t4 ,heads solit>y & t]m9al1 homo*rom\s & _m-fl[]$4 ,leaves alt]nate1 cr[d$ ne> ! base1 oblanceolate1 v acute1 q entire1 ?ree-n]v$2 ! reticulate ve9s & n]ves prom95t1 sub-petiolate 7half to "o in* 9 l5g?1 by ab\t "o-f\r? 9 bread?72 ! l[]mo/ leaves m di/9ctly petiolate1 spatulate1 obtuse1 or sub-acute2 upp] caul9e leaves few or solit>y1 lanceolate1 v acute or acum9ate1 ?ree-n]v$4 ,involucre campanulate1 ! gre5i% some:at foliace\s scales rigid1 _m-n]v$1 7*iefly ?ree to five7 m>g9s sc>i\s1 cleft-ciliate1 or some:at fimbriate1 oblanceolate1 acute1 9 ?ree s]ies1 (t5 "o or two bractoid scales at ! base4 ,receptacle flat1 alveolate2 alveoli too!d1 nak$4 ,rays 7ab\t eight7 orange-yell[1 oblong-oval1 two or ?ree-too!d1 pi/illate1 f]tile1 tube sl5d]1 ab\t z long z ! a*5ia1 or "o-?ird to half ! l5g? ( ! ligule4 ,disk corolla cyl9drical1 slightly exp&+1 five-too!d1 erect1 glabr\s4 ,! a*5ia 7ab\t tw5ty1 includ+ ! ray7 angul>1 oblong1 some:at compress$2 base cuneate1 sat9y appress$ pubesc5t 7) :ite hairs72 pappus ( unequal capill>y scabr\s bri/les1 rigid & fragile1 or decidu\s4 ,app5dages ( ! /yle mu* long] ?an ! /igmatic portion1 lance-subulate1 hispid1 mu* exs]t1 erect-spread+4 ,?is plant 0 br\ght f ,nevada ,t]ritory by ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,c4 ,dorr4 ,,mirabilis ,l4 ,m4 ,cali=nica ,gray1 ,v>4 villosa ,kellogg4 ,/em ab\t a foot 9 height1 some:at asc5d+1 flexu\s1 div>icately bran*+1 nodose1 int]nodes slightly curv$2 m9utely vill\s ?r\gh\t4 ,leaves r\nd$-cordate1 obtuse1 entire1 ?ree to five-n]v$2 ! upp]mo/ ovate-cordate1 petioles %ort1 7"o-f\r? to "o-six? ! l5g? ( ! lam9a74 ,fl[]s p$icellate1 9 loose t]m9al di*otom\s panicles1 ) a solit>y fl[] 9 ! axils2 p]igonium p9k1 p$icels recurv$ 9 fruit4 ,?is plant1 f ! int]ior--,devil's ,gate & ,c>son ,riv]--diff]s mu* f ! plate ( ! coa/ plant ( ! ,mexican ,b\nd>y ,report4 ,x is n at all 8glabr\s10 nor are ! fl[]s 8sub-sessile20 ! pairs ( leaves are remote1 ) a mu* m op5 & spread+ aspect2 ! fl[]s are p5t&r\s & decidu\s4 ,mr4 ,h>ris exhibit$ a section ( a pile1 f a :>f at ,r9con ,po9t1 :i* fell a few days s9ce1 hav+ be5 de/roy$ by ! bor+ ( ! ,t]$o1 7prop]ly a ,xylotrya47 ,! mat]ial ( ! pile is ,oregon p9e2 x _h be5 9 ! wat] less ?an six ye>s1 b is n[ completely p]=at$ 9 all directions4 ,! subject ( ! be/ means ( protection = piles1 aga9/ attacks ( ! ,t]$o1 0 discuss$ at "s l5g? by v>i\s memb]s4 ,dr4 ,ayres /at$ t1 z yet1 no reliable prev5tive _h be5 discov]$1 except t ( %ea?+ ! pile ) metal4 ,sev]al ye>s ago ! same subject came be=e ! ,academy1 & ,drs4 ,ayres & ,trask 7 appo9t$ a ,committee to inve/igate ! subject4 ,all ext]nal applications :i* h be5 propos$ fail 9 practice1 f ! we>+ away ( ! surface by ! waves1 & !y are b little bett] ?an ! natural b>k4 ,x has n appe>$ t ! sav+ 9 "t 0 equal to ! exp5se incurr$ by ?us protect+ ! piles4 ,at ,bo/on1 :]e !re are two species de/ructive ( timb]1 !y f9d no prev5tive1 %ort ( %ea?+ ! piles ) copp]4 ,9 ! ,fr5* works on ?is subject1 x has be5 /at$ t ! b>k af=ds no protection2 b1 on ! contr>y1 aids ! "y animals 9 introduc+ !mselves into ! wood4 ,?is has n be5 f\nd to be ! case 9 ?is bay1 :]e ! b>k does1 on ! contr>y1 assi/ 9 pres]v+ ! timb]4 ,! fact 0 also /at$1 by "o ( ! memb]s1 t ! piles ( ! :>fs 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! city suff] mu* f attacks ( ! ,t]$o2 :ile ^? ( ! nor!rn portion are comp>atively exempt4 ,! fact 0 m5tion$1 t piles h be5 entirely de/roy$ "h 9 six mon?s f ! "t !y 7 plac$ 9 ! wat]4 ,pr(4 ,brew] made "s rem>ks on ! me?od ( calculat+ altitudes by obs]vation ) a s+le b>omet]4 ,he gave an acc\nt ( ! me?ods adopt$ by ! ,geological ,survey = computation1 9 cases :]e !re 0 no /ation b>omet] ne>] ?an ! bay1 or ! valley ( ! ,sacram5to4 ,dr4 ,trask m5tion$ t ! weight ( ! ,honcut meteoric iron pres5t$ by him to ! ,academy1 at ! meet+ ( ,m>* #ag?1 #ahfb1 0 six ounces1 "o hundr$ & tw5ty-eight gra9s1 troy4 ,pr(essor ,:itney call$ att5tion to ! curi\s errors 9 a pap] publi%$ 9 ,pet]mann's ,mit!ilung51 #ahfa1 page #acc1 :i* purports to be a translation into ,g]man ( a portion ( a "w publi%$ by ,mr4 ,j4 ,xantus1 describ+ 8 j\rney 9 ,l[] ,cali=nia4 ,he describes a quicksilv] m9e ( great importance z be+ work$ at ,m>ques2 b ! description :i* he gives ( x %[s t x is ! ,new ,almad5 m9e :i*1 9 reality1 he visit$1 & :i*1 by "s confusion ( 8 notes1 he has locat$ 9 ,l[]1 in/ead ( ,upp] ,cali=nia4 ,no m]cury m9e is work$ on ! ,cali=nia p59sula1 s f> z c be asc]ta9$4 ,x is evid5t t ,mr4 ,xantus's notice ( ri* gold1 lead & copp] m9es on ! p59sula mu/ be tak5 ) _m gra9s ( all[ance4 ,on motion ( ,dr4 ,ayres1 x 0 ord]$1 t tw5ty-five copies ( ! second volume ( ! ,proce$+s be plac$ at ! disposal ( ! ,publi%+ ,committee = di/ribution to le>n$ societies1 public libr>ies1 & di/+ui%$ sci5tific m5 9 ! ,atlantic ,/ates4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,m>* #b;,d1 #ahfc4 ,presid5t 9 ! ,*air4 ,pres5t1 fifte5 memb]s4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,p4 ,kirtl&1 ( ,clevel&1 ,ohio1 0 elect$ a correspond+ memb]4 ,donations to ! ,cab9et4 ,by ,mr4 ,r[l&son1 specim5 ( ! wool ( ! ,alpacca & ,vicua1 br\ght f ,p]u by ,capt4 ,bissell1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates sloop-(-w> ,cyane4 ,donations to ! ,libr>y4 ,! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 = ,janu>y1 #ahfc1 f ! editors4 ,mr4 ,gabb communicat$ two pap]s by ,mr4 ,rmond1 conta9+ descriptions ( new fossils f ,cali=nia4 ,description ( two ,new ,species ( ,bivalve ,%ells1 f ! ,t]ti>ies ( ,contra ,co/a ,c\nty4 ,,by ,,augu/e ,r,,mond4 ,,c>dium ,brug4 ,c4 ,gabbii ,rmond4 ,%ell cordate1 v5tricose1 ne>ly equilat]al2 po/]ior side truncat$1 direct2 ant]ior side slightly depress$2 height & l5g? ne>ly equal4 ,umbones v prom95t2 beaks incurv$1 approximate2 lunule well m>k$1 c>9at$2 surface ev51 ) f9e imbricat$ l9es ( gr[?4 ,h+e 7( ! left valve7 comp>atively n>r[2 ant]ior fosset small1 %all[1 triangul>2 c>tilage pit l>ge1 deep1 long2 lat]al tee? heavy1 ?ick1 prom95t4 ,locality3 vic9ity ( ,kirk]'s ,pass1 s\? ( ,new ,york 7( ! ,pacific7 ,pla9 f a late t]ti>y deposit4 ,! ,c4 ,gabbii w easily be di/+ui%$ f any o!r species yet discov]$1 f its heavy h+e & enorm\s lat]al tee?4 ,i take great pleasure 9 d$icat+ ?is beautiful fossil to ,mr4 ,w4 ,m4 ,gabb1 to :om ,i am indebt$ = repeat$ assi/ance 9 my palontological /udies4 ,?is species occurs 9 %elly s&s1 toge!r ) ,tapes regul>is ,gabb & ,murex pond]osus ,gabb1 two o!r ext9ct species4 ,! specim5s are 9 ! collection ( ,mr4 ,w4 ,m4 ,gabb & my own4 ,,o/rea ,l4 ,o4 ,b\rgeoisii ,rmond4 ,! description is f two l[] valves1 f ! collections ( ,mr4 l',abb ,b\rgeois 7,pont-,levoy1 ,france7 & ,mr4 ,pio*e1 7,san ,francisco47 ,%ell sub-oval1 high] ?an long1 /rongly contract$ ne> ! c>d9al area1 sub-r\nd$ on ! v5tral m>g92 inf]ior valve comp>atively ?91 convex1 irregul> ext]iorly1 ) remote1 some:at rugose1 plaits ( gr[?4 ,ligam5t fosset long1 pr(\nd1 m9utely wr9kl$ & f9ely /riat$1 oblique & turn$ d[nw>ds2 muscul> impression v l>ge1 oblique1 & sub-c5tral1 some:at prom95t4 ,locality3 vic9ity ( ,kirk]'s ,pass1 f a late t]ti>y b$4 ,i d$icate ?is new species to ,mr4 ,b\rgeois1 ,pr(essor ( ,natural ,hi/ory at ! ,s*ool ( ,pont-,levoy1 7,loir-et-,*]1 ,france7 :o 0 my fir/ tea*] 9 geology4 ,description ( two ,species ( ,scutella4 ,,by ,,augu/e ,r,,mond4 ,,scutella ,lam4 ,s4 ,gibbsii ,rmond4 ,disk oblong-sub-oval1 r\nd$ be=e & truncat$ beh9d1 po/]iorly convex above1 slightly depress$ 9 front2 inf]ior surface flat1 some:at concave ab\t ! m\?4 ,apex ab\t midway betwe5 ! c5t] & po/]ior m>g92 ambulacral /> non-symmetrical2 petals unequal1 op5 at _! extremities4 ,ant]ior petal /raight1 long] ?an ! o!rs2 ! lat]al ones ne>ly /raight1 div]g+ f ! apex ) an angle ( ab\t eighty degrees2 po/]ior petals v %ort1 sub-oval1 hav+ ! ant]ior side mo/ curv$4 ,f\r r[s ( pores 9 ea* petal2 ! inn] pores transv]se1 ! out] ones po9t$ obliquely inw>ds4 ,m\? po/]iorly sub-c5tral2 anal-ap]ture small1 subm>g9al4 ,ambulacral furr[s d\ble1 ne>ly symmetrical1 slightly ramifi$4 ,ea* ambulacral & int]-ambulacral space is occupi$ by two r[s ( irregul> plates1 ei!r p5tagonal or hexagonal4 ,tub]cles num]\s1 cr[d$ 9 ! ambulacral furr[s1 b mu* worn (f 9 ! specim5s exam9$4 ,locality3 ,k]n ,lake1 ,bu5a ,vi/a ,c\nty4 ,! specim5s describ$ are 9 ! collection ( ! ,academy2 !y 7 f\nd by ,dr4 ,gibbs1 to :om ! species is d$icat$4 ,obs4--,?is species1 consid]$ by ,mr4 ,gabb z ( probably mioc5e age1 is closely alli$ to ! ,s4 /riatula1 :i* is f\nd liv+ on ! ,cali=nian coa/1 & occurs fossil 9 ! faluns 7mioc5e =mation7 ( ,bordeaux1 ,france2 b x diff]s f x 9 ! outl9es & ! size ( ! %ell1 ! =m] be+ comp>atively small & long] ?an broad1 :ile ! latt] is broad] ?an long4 ,besides1 ! apex ( ! ,s4 ,gibbsii is situat$ m po/]iorly1 & ! lat]al petals1 9 ! ,s4 /riatula1 div]ge f ! apex1 ) an angle ( f "o hundr$ & t5 to "o hundr$ & fifte5 degrees2 ?is latt] has also its ambulacral furr[s m ramifi$ at _! extremities4 ,s4 int]l9eata ,w4 ,p4 ,blake4 ,disk sub-circul>1 broad1 upp] surface convex t[>ds ! middle1 depress$ on ! m>g9s1 plane b5ea?2 apex c5tral2 ambulacral /> symmetrical2 petals long1 equal1 clos$ at _! extremities1 ne>ly rea*+ f ! apex to ! m>g9 ( ! %ell1 t]m9at$ by five or six irregul> hexagonal plates4 ,! petals are longitud9ally divid$ into f\r r[s1 :i* are connect$ by num]\s & regul> transv]se l9es ( pores4 ,m\? c5tral2 anus subm>g9al2 ambulacral furr[s symmetrical1 n mu* ramifi$4 ,int]-ambulacral areas occupi$ by two r[s ( p5tagonal plates1 convex1 ( equal l5g?1 increas+ 9 size until !y unite ) ! ambulacral plates2 hexagonal f t po9t & decreas+ t[>ds ! m>g94 ,two sorts ( app5dages2 sp9\s processes num]\s & cr[d$1 above & b5ea?4 ,sp9es ( ! sup]ior surface %ort1 /riat$1 pyri=m1 irregul>ly p5tagonal or hexagonal2 inf]ior sp9es sl5d]1 comp>atively long1 d5tali=m1 /riat$ longitud9ally1 tubul> & r\nd4 ,obs4--,wat]-worn fragm5ts ( ?is f9e fossil occur 9 abundance on ! bea*1 betwe5 ,m]c$ ,lake & ! ,pacific1 s\? ( ,po9t ,lobos1 9 ,san ,francisco ,c\nty4 ,x 0 made kn[n to sci5ce by ,mr4 ,w4 ,p4 ,blake1 ,geologi/ ( ! ,railroad ,survey1 :o f\nd x 9 #ahec1 among ! %+les ?r[n up by ! surf1 & fir/ describ$ by ,mr4 ,w4 ,/impson4 ,at t "t ! locality :5ce ! scutell 7 d]iv$ _h n be5 discov]$1 s t ! specim5s obta9$ be+ imp]fect1 no complete description c\ld be made2 ?is is ! reason :y ,i (f] a new & complete description ( ! ,scutella int]l9eata1 f specim5s procur$ 9 situ4 ,z 0 sugge/$ by ,mr4 ,w4 ,p4 ,blake1 ! rocks be>+ ^! fossils are f\nd a few miles s\?w>d1 nor? ( ! b\nd>y l9e betwe5 ,san ,mateo & ,san ,francisco ,c\nties1 :]e ! scutell /ick out f conglom]atic s&/ones1 :i* ,mr4 ,gabb consid]s z belong+ to ! plioc5e or po/-plioc5e =mation2 we f9d !m 9 a f9e /ate ( pres]vation1 ) _! sp9es reta9$4 ,! ,s4 int]l9eata is figur$ 9 ! ,railroad ,reports2 see vol4 ,v1 ,geological ,report1 plate ,,iv1 fig4 #cj2 & = ,mr4 ,blake's rem>ks & ,mr4 ,/impson's description1 ! same ,report1 *ap4 ,,xii1 p4 #aec4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,blake made "s rem>ks on specim5s1 pres5t$ by him1 ( infusoria1 f\nd 9 ! s&-hills1 s\? ( ,po9t ,lobos1 & :i* =m a k9d ( concretions1 fix+ ! s& 9 its place4 ,dr4 ,ayres made ! foll[+ rem>ks 9 relation to ! g5us ,,notorhyn*us3 ,?is g5us 0 def9$ by me 9 #ahee 7,proc4 ,cal4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 vol4 ,i1 p4 #gb7 to include a species occurr+ 9 ! ,bay ( ,san ,francisco4 ,9 #aheh ,gir>d ref]s to ! species 7,p4 ,r4 ,r4 ,rep41 vol4 ,x1 p4 #cfg7 "u ! g5]ic "n ,,heptan*us1 ( :i* he consid]s ,,notorhyn*us a synonym4 ,9 #ahfa1 ,mr4 ,gill ref]s x to ,raf9esque's g5us ,,heptran*ias4 7,annals ( ! ,lyc4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 ,n4 ,y41 vol4 ,,viii1 ,dec47 ,9 a m rec5t pap] 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 ,phil41 ,oct41 #ahfb7 ,mr4 ,gill re/ores my species to ! "n "u :i* x 0 orig9ally describ$4 ,he says3 8,?is g5]ic "n ( ,,notorhyn*us 0 propos$ by ,dr4 ,ayres "u a misappreh5sion40 ,my 8misappreh5sion0 0 t ,i reg>d$ ! species z ! type ( a new g5us2 a conclusion at :i* ,mr4 ,gill himself has1 aft] sev]al *anges1 also arriv$4 ,he gives z a synonym ( ,,notorhyn*us only 8,,heptan*us1 ,sp4 ,mll] & ,h5le1 ,gray1 ,gir>d1 ,gill10 :]eas x is necess>y to include also 8,,heptran*ias1 ,gill10 z above indicat$4 ,i may rem>k t ! description giv5 by ,mr4 ,gill ( ! tee? ( ,notorhyn*us maculatus1 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 ,phil41 ,oct41 #ahfb1 p4 #die7 w n be> exam9ation4 ,x repres5ts ! individual specim5 on :i* x 0 f\nd$2 b ! species is q common "h1 & ,i f9d t ! numb] & ! =ms ( ! tee? v>y s mu*1 t my orig9al description1 :i* ,mr4 ,gill says is 8equally applicable to any species ( ! family10 is fully z close z nature w all[ u to draw4 ,i am at a loss to und]/& h[ x is possible = him to ref] ! jaws ( a %>k1 collect$ at a po9t s f> remov$ f u z ,nisqually1 to my species1 :5 my description is s extremely indef9ite4 ,pr(essor ,:itney gave an acc\nt ( an int]e/+ collection ( ,japanese m9]als & fossils1 9 ! possession ( ,j4 ,h4 ,van ,re$1 ,esq41 ( ?is city4 ,?is collection comprises ov] "o ?\s& specim5s ( rocks1 ores1 fossils1 & miscellane\s objects ( natural hi/ory4 ,x is suppos$ t !y are *iefly ( ,japanese orig92 b1 z !re is among !m a fragm5t ( a ,dut* tobacco-pipe1 c>efully label$1 !re may be o!r objects 9 ! collection f =eign c\ntries4 ,! articles are all label$1 9 ! ,japanese language3 !y are c>efully fa/5$ to ! cases 9 :i* !y are arrang$1 ) exquisite ,japanese neatness4 ,! small cry/als are inclos$ 9 glass receptacles1 hav+ ne>ly ! =m ( two l>ge wat*-cry/als1 atta*$ to ea* o!r by ! edges4 ,9 ! g5]al "* ( ! specim5s 9 ?is collection1 a s+ul> resemblance 0 notic$ to ! productions ( ,cali=nia1 especially 9 ! fossils & silicifi$ woods1 ( :i* latt] !re are a numb] ( beautiful specim5s4 ,!re are sev]al bivalve %ells ( plioc5e or mioc5e t]ti>y age1 & "s ca/s ( ga/]opods1 exquisitely =m$ 9 *alc$ony4 ,a numb] ( %>ks' tee?1 ( ! g5us ,lamna1 7 also notic$4 ,among ! fossils is a s+le %ell ( palozoic age1 a ,spirif]2 x is n impossible1 h[ev]1 t ?is may h be5 c>ri$ f ,*9a to ,japan2 at all ev5ts1 a ,spirif] f t c\ntry resembl+ ?is1 & ( ,devonian age1 has be5 describ$ 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,geological ,society ( ,london4 ,!re are q a numb] ( specim5s ( copp] ore 9 ! collection2 !y are all ( ! common yell[ sulphuret1 7*alcopyrite7 except "o or two ( erubescite4 ,?is w\ld indicate t ! pr9cipal ore ( ?is metal 9 ,japan1 z 9 o!r c\ntries1 is ! sulphuret ( copp] & iron4 ,native gold 9 qu>tz is also pres5t 9 ! collection2 b no ores ( silv] 7 notic$1 except "o specim5 ( /eel-gra9$ gal5a1 :i* is probably arg5tif]\s4 ,!re are sev]al specim5s ( realg>4 ,among ! o!r m9]als notic$ 73 calcite1 adul>ia1 *alybite1 9 ! =m ( flos f]ri1 g>nets1 small cry/als ( pyrox5e1 cry/als ( mica1 pectolite1 & ano!r zeolitic m9]al resembl+ ,?omsonite1 z also native sulphur1 obsidian1 & a v>iety ( volcanic rocks & lavas4 ,! collection is q int]e/+1 & w\ld be m s if ! labels c\ld be read4 ,! pr9cipal inf]5ce to be drawn f x1 is ! pr$om9ance ( volcanic =mations1 & ( ! lat] t]ti>y /rata1 9 ! region 9 :i* ?is collection 0 made4 ,dr4 ,ayres call$ att5tion to a rem>kable turtle1 9 ! possession ( ,mr4 ,van ,re$1 kn[n z ! 8,sacr$ ,turtle0 ( ! ,japanese4 ,x is a species ( ,emys1 closely alli$ to ,e4 t]rap94 ,its m>k$ peculi>ity is1 t its back is cov]$ by a gr[? ( conf]va1 :i* is (t5 sev]al in*es long1 & :i* gives ! animal its sacr$ "* among ! ,japanese1 :o believe ?is gr[? to be hair4 ,! species is alli$ to ,c4 rivul>is2 b ! cells are m elongat$4 ,dr4 ,ayres /at$ t he _h obs]v$ a gr[? ( conf]va on v>i\s aquatic & amphibi\s animals 9 ,new ,engl&1 & t1 9 ^!1 x 0 always att5d$ by disease1 ) m or less ulc]at$ at ! roots4 ,he 0 satisfi$ t ?is 0 always ! case ) fi%es exhibit+ ?is gr[?4 ,! turtle 9 "q1 h[ev]1 does n %[ any evid5ce ( disease4 ,dr4 ,ayres made "s fur!r rem>ks on ! simil>ity ( ! fi%es ( ,mr4 ,van ,re$'s collection to species f\nd 9 ,cali=nia4 ,mr4 ,gabb notic$ a resemblance 9 ! fossils to ^? ( ?is ,/ate4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,m>* #af,,?1 #ahfc4 ,presid5t 9 ! ,*air4 ,n9e memb]s pres5t4 ,! att5tion ( ! ,academy 0 call$ to ! fact t ! names ( ,dr4 ,w4 ,newcomb1 ( ,oakl&1 & ( ,mr4 ,h4 ,c4 ,b5nett1 ( ,columbia1 bo? ,correspond+ ,memb]s ( sev]al ye>s' /&+1 _h be5 omitt$ f ! publi%$ li/4 ,donations to ! ,cab9et 7 receiv$ z foll[s3 ,specim5 ( tree cotton1 f ne> ,mazatlan1 ,mexico2 pres5t$ by ,dr4 ,trask4 ,donations to ! ,libr>y3 ,alt]nate g5]ation ( ,annelids1 by ,a4 ,agassiz4 ,proce$+s ( ! ,bo/on ,natural ,hi/ory ,society1 vol4 ,,ix1 %eets #a & #b4 ,report ( ! ,tru/ees ( ! ,/ate ,lunatic ,asylum = #ahfb4 ,dr4 ,kellogg read ! foll[+ pap]3 ,description ( two ,new ,species ( ,collomia f ,nevada ,t]ritory4 ,,by ,a4 ,,kellogg1 ,m4,d4 ,,collomia ,nutt4 ,c4 t9ctoria ,kellogg4 ,,fig4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,/em erect1 sl5d]1 "o to ?ree in*es 9 height 7(t5 s m9ute z to appe> almo/ /emless7 vill\s & pulvur5tly viscid gl&ul> ?r\gh\t4 ,leaves opposite1 l[] pair oblong-spatulate obtuse1 lam9a slightly decurr5t d[n ! petioles2 ^? above1 lanceolate1 petiolate1 acute1 or acum9ate1 mucronate1 "o-n]v$1 q entire4 ,! m9ute yell[ fl[]s cr[d$ at ! summit 9 pairs1 f ! axils ( ! mu* abbreviat$ bran*lets1 %ort1 p$icellate2 & ) ! long1 n>r[ly lanceolate1 acum9ate1 bractoid leaves aggregat$ into a some:at d5se1 subsessile head4 ,calyx obconic1 membranace\sly diaphan\s at ! base2 segm5ts gre51 cup prismatic 7or p5tangul>72 also ) five prom95t processes1 or folds1 at ! clefts1 ! semi-lanc$ segm5ts acute1 or acum9ate1 subulate po9t$1 ?ree-n]v$4 ,! fili=m fl[]s twice ! l5g? ( ! calyx1 bord] spread+1 tube contract$ bel[1 /am5s equal1 or sub-equal1 ins]t$ into ! ?roat2 capsule obovate1 em>g9ate4 ,a v dim9utive species f ! we/]n slope ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada ,m\nta9s1 f\nd by ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,c4 ,dorr4 ,! plant yields a beautiful yell[ dye1 h5ce ! specific "n4 ,c4 micran?a ,kellogg4 ,,fig4 #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,plant upright1 simple1 or bran*+ above2 some:at viscid-pubesc5t4 ,l[] leaves opposite1 ovate1 obtuse1 petioles v %ort2 middle caul9e leaves ovate-oblong1 obtuse or subacute1 corne\sly mucronate1 sessile or subsessile1 ?ree to sev5-n]v$2 upp] leaves mo/ly alt]nate1 all some:at silky1 viscid-pubesc5t4 ,fl[]s p$icellate1 axill>y & t]m9al 9 a cond5s$1 sub-cymose head2 calyx lobes sub-equal1 l9e>-lanceolate1 (t5 sub-spatulate1 acute1 corne\sly mucronate1 ?ree-n]v$1 ciliate1 cleft to ! middle 7membran\s betwe5 ! segm5ts z 9 ,gillia74 ,fl[]s fili=m1 v m9ute1 "o-?ird to "o-half long] ?an ! calyx2 bord] blue1 ?roat slightly swell$1 /am5s includ$1 ?ree long & two %ort1 /yle simple1 /igma undivid$1 ab\t z long z ! tube4 ,capsule oval1 compress$ 7871 ab\t ?ree-se$$1 se$s oblong1 cuneate1 flatt5$4 ,a plant f\r to six in*es 9 height1 f\nd by ,mr4 ,g4 ,w4 ,dunn1 9 ! vic9ity ( ,silv] ,city1 ,nevada ,t]ritory4 ,9 "o ( ! specim5s ! fir/ pair ( leaves appe>s to manife/ a s]rate t5d5cy4 ,dr4 ,trask /at$1 t ! tree cotton pres5t$ by him 0 said to be ! produce ( a %rub f f\r to fifte5 feet high4 ,x is describ$ z gr[+ 9 a pod l a banana1 ! %rub =m+ a high *ap>ral4 ,! /aple is long & f9e2 b no?+ is kn[n ( its comm]cial value4 ,dr4 ,behr rem>k$ t x closely resembl$ species ( ,,bombax & ,,eriod5dron1 abundant 9 ,s\? ,am]ica & ! ,ea/ ,indies1 b n !re consid]$ z ( value z a sub/itute = cotton4 ,dr4 ,trask made "s rem>ks 9 reg>d to c]ta9 species ( ,,conf]va1 :i* appe> to be s5sitive1 l ! species ( ,,s*rankia4 ,pr(4 ,brew] /at$ t he _h rec5tly receiv$ a communication f ,pr(essor ,plan*on1 ( ,s\? ,france1 9 reg>d to suitable =age plants = dry regions4 ,9 t c\ntry ! ,m$icago sativa1 or ,luc]ne1 0 consid]$ ! mo/ valuable1 & next to x ! ,sa9fo94 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,april #e,,?1 #ahfc4 ,presid5t 9 ! ,*air4 ,pres5t1 t5 memb]s2 & ,mr4 ,w4 ,s4 ,moses1 by invitation4 ,donations to ! ,libr>y3 ,*>t ( ! oscillations ( ! ,sacram5to ,riv]1 by ,t4 ,m4 ,logan1 ,m4,d4 ,proce$+s ( ! ,philadelphia ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces1 = ,septemb]1 #ahfb4 ,j\rnal ( ! ,bo/on ,natural ,hi/ory ,society1 volume ,,vii1 ,nos4 #b & #c4 ,dr4 ,kellogg read ! foll[+ pap]3 ,description ( a ,new ,g5us & ,species ( ,plant f ,nevada ,t]ritory4 ,,by ,a4 ,,kellogg1 ,m4,d4 ,,pt]o/ephanus ,kellogg4 ,involucre obconically-companulate2 scales loosely imbricat$ 9 ab\t two to ?ree s]ies2 ! ext]ior unequal1 calyculate1 suborbicul>1 oval1 or oblong1 obtuse2 ! inn] s]ies 7( ab\t eight7 sub-equal1 oblong-lanceolate1 obtuse2 sc>i\s m>g9s entire2 7a broad1 diffusely gre5 l9e m>ks ! c5tre74 ,receptacle nak$1 alveolate1 alveoli1 too!d4 ,a*5ia 7mature want+71 oblong1 sub-cuneate1 or sub-obovate1 some:at compress$ 7871 slightly contract$ at ! cr[n1 smoo?1 sub-pubesc5t above1 on a %ort /ipe4 ,pappus d\ble2 ! ext]ior coroni=m1 p]si/5t--a hyal9e crat]i=m cup1 ) an ev5 b m9utely cr5ulate edge2 int]ior ( five 7:ite7 plumose1 glabr\s bri/les1 gradually dilat+ t[>ds ! base4 ,cali=nian h]bs1 ) runc9ately1 p9natifid1 radical leaves1 & num]\s nak$ scapes1 be>+ solit>y1 tigulate1 yell[ fl[]s2 closely alli$ to ,malaco?rix & ,calycos]is1 b ) a plumose pappus4 ,p4 runc9atus ,kellogg4 ,,fig4 #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,acaulesc5t1 sev]al nak$ scapes1 two to f\r in*es high1 sub-glabr\s1 7r>ely a few scatt]+ gl&ul> hairs72 leaves radical1 runc9ately p9natifid1 lobes sp9ulose1 fro/y1 or sub-wooly1 pubesc5t1 ?ree to sev5-n]v$1 %ort petioles w+$1 dilat$ at ! base2 rosulate1 f a simple p]5nial some:at fusi=m root4 ,pr(essor ,:itney exhibit$ a new mass ( meteoric iron1 f\nd ne> ,la ,paz1 on ! ,colorado ,riv]1 9 ,new ,mexico1 by ,h]mann ,ehr5b]g1 ,esq4 ,a description & analysis w be furni%$ at a future meet+4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,april #bj,,?1 #ahfc4 ,vice ,presid5t1 ,dr4 ,trask1 9 ! ,*air4 ,pres5t1 sev5 memb]s4 ,philip ,lutley ,sclat]1 ,esq41 ( ,london1 ,engl&1 0 elect$ a ,correspond+ ,memb]4 ,donations to ! ,cab9et3 ,?ree species ( ,reptiles f ,san ,mateo1 & "o f ,m>9 ,c\nty1 collect$ & pres5t$ by ,mr4 ,bol&]4 ,dr4 ,coop] communicat$ ! foll[+ description ( a new ,cali=nian ,mollusc1 discov]$ by ,rev4 ,joseph ,r[ell1 at ,m>ysville1 9 ! wat]s ( ,fea!r ,riv]4 ,,gundla*ia ,pfeiff]4 ,g4 ,cali=nica ,r[ell4 ,,fig4 #e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,%ell ) ! ap]ture sub-oval1 obliquely exp&$ t[>ds ! left1 po/]iorly ronad$1 & wid] ant]iorly4 ,int]nal %elf rea*+ =w>d ab\t "o-fif? ! l5g? ( ! %ell1 its m>g9 slightly concave & oblique4 ,dorsal surface convex1 becom+ some:at keel-%ap$ t[>ds ! apex1 :i* is /rongly & obliquely deflect$ s z to make ! "r bord] ne>ly a /raight l9e1 :ile ! expansion on ! left projects ne>ly z f> back z ! apex1 at an obtuse angle4 ,/ructure corne\s1 ) /rong conc5tric l9es ( gr[?1 & fa9t radiat+ /ri4 ,color d>k br[n1 opaque2 inn] surface %9+ & purpli%1 ! plate :ite t[>ds ! edge1 & 9 "s specim5s %[+ a ?ick5$1 :ite semicircle cont9u\s ) its m>g9 across ! ar* ( ! %ell4 ,l5g? ab\t sixte5 "o-hundr$?s1 bread? eight "o-hundr$?s1 & height six "o-hundr$?s ( an ,engli% in*4 ,m ?an fifty specim5s 7 f\nd on wat] plants 9 cle> /agnant ponds1 two or m (t5 /ick+ on ! back ( a l>g] "o4 ,! discov]y ( ?is little %ell 9 ,cali=nia is ( great int]e/1 ! only species hi!rto kn[n be+ f\nd 9 ,cuba4 ,! g5]ic *>act]s ( ?is %ell are /rictly p>allel ) t species1 :ile ^? m5tion$ z specific easily di/+ui% x4 ,! ,cuban %ell is m elongat$1 regul>ly oval1 ! apex project+ consid]ably beyond ! m>g9 ( ! ap]ture1 :i* is n obliquely exp&$ po/]iorly4 ,its size is ab\t "o-fif? l>g] ?an t ( ours4 ,accord+ to ,b\rguignat1 ! "y %ell is a simple obtuse cone1 ) a semicircul> ap]ture =m$ by ! edge ( ! %elf1 & ! ?ick5$ dorsal m>g92 b z x gr[s1 ! animal *anges ! =m ( ! ap]ture until ! op5+ b5ea? ! %elf becomes l ! small end ( a broad funnel1 :i* 9 "s ( our specim5s is /ill %[n by ! :ite semicircul> r+4 ,! %ell mu* resembles t ( ! m>9e ,crypta 7,crepidula71 & also ,navicella ( tropical e/u>ies2 b ! animal is q diff]5t 9 ! ,cuban species1 & w und\bt$ly prove s 9 ! ,cali=nian4 ,mr4 ,hanks m5tion$ t he _h collect$ ab\t two hundr$ specim5s ( m9]als = ! ,academy 9 ,ow5's ,lake ,valley1 & t !re 7 also "s bones ) !m f a well ?irty feet deep1 pres5t$ by ,mr4 ,h4 ,m4 ,mc,cormick2 all ( :i* w\ld be =w>d$ to ,san ,francisco z soon z possible4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,may #d,,?1 #ahfc4 ,presid5t 9 ! ,*air4 ,pres5t1 elev5 memb]s4 ,donations to ! ,cab9et 7 receiv$ z foll[s3 ,a collection ( p9e cones1 f ,h4 ,g4 ,bloom]4 ,a specim5 ( rock1 conta9+ cretace\s fossils1 f ! vic9ity ( ,=t ,tejon 7871 by ,e4 ,t4 ,s*5ck4 ,two specim5s ( ,monoc5tris ,japonicus ,cuv4 f ,dr4 ,ayres4 ,donations to ! ,libr>y3 ,comm]cial ,relations ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ! ye> end+ ,sept4 #cj?1 #ahfa1 f ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior4 ,classification ( ! ,coleopt]a ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 by ,john ,le ,conte1 ,m4,d41 ,"p ,i4 ,smi?sonian ,in/ructions = collect+ eggs & ne/s ( ,nor? ,am]ican birds4 ,smi?sonian ,directions = collect+1 pres]v+1 & transport+ specim5s ( ,natural ,hi/ory3 ! ?ree la/-nam$ volumes 7 pres5t$ by ,dr4 ,ayres4 ,pr(essor ,:itney read ! foll[+ communication 9 reg>d to ! progress ( ! ,/ate ,geological ,survey ( ,cali=nia4 ,! ,act ( ! ,legislature au?oriz+ a geological survey ( ?is ,/ate 0 approv$ ,april #ba/1 #ahfj2 b op]ations 7 n comm5c$ until ab\t ! fir/ ( ,decemb] ( t ye>1 consequ5tly ! "w has be5 9 progress = a little m ?an two ye>s4 ,! plan ( ! survey1 accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( ! act by :i* x 0 organiz$1 dem&s 8an accurate & complete geological survey ( ! ,/ate10 & a report conta9+ 8a full & sci5tific description ( its rocks1 fossils1 soils1 & m9]als1 & ( its botanical & zoological productions40 ,provision is also made = ! collection ( specim5s 9 all dep>tm5ts ( geology & natural hi/ory1 :i* specim5s are to be deposit$ 89 su* place z %all be h]eaft] provid$ = t purpose by ! ,legislature40 ,! foll[+ p]sons h be5 employ$ on ! survey s9ce x 0 comm5c$3 ,pr(essor ,w4 ,h4 ,brew]1 z ,pr9cipal ,assi/ant1 & specially 9 *>ge ( ! dep>tm5t ( ,botany & ,agricultural ,geology4 ,pr(essor ,brew]1 h[ev]1 up to ! pres5t "t1 has be5 *iefly engag$ 9 ! geological field "w ( ! ,survey4 ,mr4 ,william ,a%burn] 0 employ$ f ! comm5cem5t ( ! "w1 up to ! spr+ ( #ahfb1 9 ! field2 &1 = a consid]able portion ( ! "t1 9 exam9+ ! gold-qu>tz m9es & ma*9]y 9 ! pr9cipal m9+ c\nties ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,rmond s]v$ z volunte]1 9 ! field "w1 dur+ ! season ( #ahfb4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,m4 ,gabb took ! place ( ,palontologi/ to ! ,survey at ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> #ahfb1 :i* position he /ill cont9ues to hold4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,av]ill 0 connect$ ) ! ,survey f its comm5cem5t up to ! mon? ( ,febru>y la/1 z ,cl]k1 ,commiss>y1 & ,b>ometrical ,obs]v]4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,coop] has be5 9 *>ge ( ! dep>tm5t ( ,zoology1 & has be5 employ$1 at int]vals1 z ! f9ancial condition ( ! ,survey p]mitt$1 s9ce ,july #a/1 #ahfa4 ,9 ! topographical dep>tm5t1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,f4 ,h(fmann has be5 employ$ con/antly s9ce ,m>*1 #ahfa2 & ,mr4 ,v4 ,wack5reud]1 at int]vals1 dur+ ! pa/ ye>4 ,! unc]ta9ty peculi> to all und]tak+s ( ?is k9d 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 aris+ f ! necessity ( appeal+ to ea* successive ,legislature = ! means ( c>ry+ on ! "w1 & ! di/urb$ /ate ( ! c\ntry dur+ ! :ole "t s9ce we comm5c$ op]ations1 z also ! un=tunate condition ( ! f9ances ( ! ,/ate1 :i* has kept ! treasury f "o to two ye>s beh9d 9 ! paym5t ( ! legislative appropriations1 h comb9$ to r5d] x difficult to arrange & c>ry out z sy/ematic a plan = ! conduct ( ! "w z w\ld1 "u m favorable circum/ances1 h be5 practicable4 ,two ideas h1 h[ev]1 z f> z possible1 gov]n$ ! survey 9 its op]ations3 ! fir/ 01 to make1 z rapidly z c\ld be done1 a reconnoissance ( ! ,/ate1 ) ! view ( acquir+ a k ( its g5]al geological /ructure1 ! age ( ! v>i\s =mations :i* occur 9 x1 & z complete a g5]al idea z possible ( _! range & ext5t1 s t a f\ndation might be laid = ! detail$ "w :i* w\ld foll[ ! prelim9>y exam9ation2 ! second idea 01 at ! same "t t ! g5]al exam9ation 0 go+ on1 to "w up 9 detail c]ta9 m important di/ricts1 s t ! public might h light on que/ions ( economical int]e/1 & at ! same "t be able to =m an idea ( :at ! "w might be if ev] c>ri$ to completion4 ,besides ?is1 ! natural hi/ory "p ( ! survey 0 to be c>ri$ on1 9 connection ) ! geological "w1 z rapidly z possible1 progress 9 all dep>tm5ts be+ necess>ily proportion$ to ! v>y+ am\nts ( ! annual appropriations4 ,cali=nia is cov]$ by a va/ net-"w ( m\nta9 ranges1 sep>at$ by comp>atively n>r[ valleys1 ) ! exception ( ^? ( ! ,sacram5to & ,san ,joaqu91 :i* d n1 toge!r1 cov] m ?an "o-fifte5? ( ! area ( ! ,/ate4 ,! rema9+ f\rte5-fifte5?s may be call$ m\nta9\s1 z ! valleys include b a small portion ( its surface4 ,into ?is m\nta9\s region no accurate surveys h ev] be5 c>ri$2 ev5 ! ,g5]al ,l& ,(fice "w /ops at ! base ( ! m\nta9s4 ,a few ran* l9es h be5 run among ! mod]ately elevat$ portions ( ! ,coa/ ,ranges2 b1 z a g5]al ?+1 ! g5u9e ,mexican grants 7 limit$ to ! pla9s4 ,)\t consid]able topographical "w 9 connection ) ! geological survey we %\ld1 !n1 be entirely unable to c>ry on our geological "w ) any pret5se to accuracy1 z we c\ld nei!r locate our obs]vations nor make our descriptions ( ! c\ntry intelligible4 ,! au?ority = do+ some?+ = ! increase ( ! geographical k ( ! ,/ate is f\nd 9 ! clause ( ! act au?oriz+ ! survey1 :i* requires 8prop] maps0 to accompany ! reports4 ,:at has be5 done1 up to ! pres5t "t1 9 ?is dep>tm5t may be briefly recapitulat$ z foll[s3 ,a s]ies ( maps1 =ty-n9e 9 numb]1 has be5 compil$ by ,mr4 ,h(fmann f ! orig9al docum5ts at ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,surveyor-,g5]al's ,(fice2 ! scale ( ^! is half an in* to ! mile4 ,!y conta9 a compilation ( ne>ly all t is kn[n at t (fice 9 reg>d to ! geography ( ! ,/ate4 ,! maps1 z ?us block$ out1 h be5 us$ by u 9 ! field1 by fill+ 9 ! topography :]ev] our r\te has laid4 ,! maps :i* h be5 or are n[ be+ prep>$ = publication are3 #a/4 ,a map ( ! vic9ity ( ! ,bay ( ,san ,francisco1 on a scale ( half an in* to ! mile1 f\r feet by ?ree2 x ext5ds f ne> ,santa ,cruz on ! s\? to ,napa on ! nor?1 & f ! ,pacific to ,corral ,holl[1 ea/ & we/4 ,! area ( l& :i* x cov]s is #d1bdh squ>e miles1 :i* is j twice t ( ! ,/ate ( ,delaw>e1 & only lacks two hundr$ squ>e miles ( equal+ t ( ,connecticut4 ,z ne> z c be asc]ta9$1 x conta9s "o-?ird ( ! population ( ! ,/ate1 & has ab\t ?irty inhabitants to ! squ>e mile--! av]age d5sity ( ! population ( ,cali=nia be+ b little ov] two to ! squ>e mile4 ,?is map1 on :i* all ! details ( ! topography are giv51 z m9utely z ! scale all[s1 is ne>ly complet$1 & w be soon ready = ! engrav]4 #b;d4 ,a detail$ map1 on a scale ( two in*es to ! mile1 ( ! vic9ity ( ,m\nt ,diablo2 ?is is ab\t two & "o-half by ?ree feet 9 dim5sions1 & includes ! mo/ important coal m9+ di/rict yet kn[n to exi/ 9 ! ,/ate4 ,! map c be made ready = ! engrav] 9 a few days4 #c;d4 ,a map ( ! ,coa/ ,ranges1 f ! ,bay ( ,mont]ey s\? to ,santa ,b>b>a4 ,x is ab\t ?ree feet by two & "o-half 9 dim5sions1 is on a scale ( six miles to ! in*1 & embraces ab\t #af1jjj squ>e miles ( t]ritory4 ,to complete x w require ab\t ano!r ye>'s "w 9 ! field ) two sub-p>ties4 #d?4 ,map ( ! ,wa%oe silv]-m9+ region--?ree & "o-half by two & "o-half feet 9 dim5sions1 on a scale ( two in*es to ! mile--& ext5d+ ov] all ! important m9+ gr\nd ( ! di/rict4 ,?is map is f an accurate trigonometrical survey by ,v4 ,wack5reud]2 x is ne>ly complet$4 #e?4 ,map ( ! ,com/ock ,lode1 on a scale ( f\r hundr$ feet to ! in*1 complet$4 #f?4 ,map ( ! c5tral portion ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada2 scale n yet det]m9$ on4 ,ext5sive surveys h be5 made by ,mr4 ,wack5reud] = ?is "p ( ! "w1 & ^! w be cont9u$ dur+ ! pres5t season4 ,( ! above m5tion$ maps1 ,nos4 #a & #b w accompany ! fir/ volume ( ! ,report4 ,nos4 #d1 #e1 & probably #f1 ! second volume4 ,x is int5d$1 if ! survey is c>ri$ to completion1 to con/ruct a f9al map ( ! ,/ate on a scale ( six miles to ! in*1 9 n9e %eets1 ea* ab\t ?ree feet squ>e4 ,9 addition to ! regul> topographical "w1 an ext5sive s]ies ( b>ometrical obs]vation has be5 made1 = ! det]m9ation ( altitudes1 "s two hundr$ & fifty important po9ts hav+ be5 asc5d$ & measur$4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ op]ation 9 ?is dep>tm5t 0 ! det]m9ation ( ! height ( ,m\nt ,%a/a1 :i*1 by an elaborate s]ies ( obs]vations1 we f\nd to be #ad1ddj feet above ! sea level4 ,?is is ! fir/ ( ! l(ty volcanic peaks ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada :i* has be5 accurately measur$4 ,9 ! dep>tm5t ( geology prop]1 our explorations h ext5d$ ov] portions ( =ty ( ! =ty-six c\nties into :i* ! ,/ate is divid$2 & :5 x is rememb]$ t ! av]age size ( a c\nty is equal to half t ( ! ,/ate ( ,massa*usetts1 7,cali=nia hav+ j tw5ty-f\r times ! area ( t ,/ate17 "s idea ( ! magnitude ( our "w may be obta9$4 ,! *a9 ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada may be p>alleliz$ ) t ( ! ,alps = ext5t & av]age elevation2 :ile ! ,coa/ ,ranges are ne>ly z ext5sive z ! ,appala*ian *a9 ( m\nta9s4 ,we h obta9$ a pretty cle> idea ( ! g5]al /ructure ( ! ,coa/ ,ranges f ,los ,angeles to ,cle> ,lake2 ! vic9ity ( ! ,bay ( ,san ,francisco has be5 work$ out 9 consid]able detail1 includ+ all ( ,san ,francisco1 ,san ,mateo1 ,santa ,cl>a1 ,alam$a1 ,contra ,co/a1 & ,m>9 ,c\nties1 ) portions ( ,santa ,cruz1 ,solano1 ,napa1 & ,sonoma4 ,consid]able field-"w has be5 done 9 ! ,si]ra ,nevada1 *iefly 9 ! l[] portion ( ! range betwe5 ,m>iposa & ,%a/a ,c\nties4 ,our obs]vations h also be5 ext5d$ to ! ,wa%oe ,region1 & we h receiv$ consid]able collections ( fossils f ! ,humboldt ,m9+ ,di/rict1 7kn[n by ?is "n on ! ,pacific ,coa/1 b designat$ on ,w>r5's ,map z ! 8,we/ ,humboldt ,riv] ,range10 & 9 longitude #ahj7 by :i* we h be5 able to fix ! age ( ! =mations 9 t region4 ,mr4 ,gabb has be5 *iefly occupi$1 ! pa/ ye>1 9 figur+ & describ+ ! cretace\s fossils ( ! ,coa/ ,ranges & ! foot-hills ( ! ,si]ra1 ( :i* he has ne>ly two hundr$ new species ready = publication4 ,he has also describ$ ! triassic fossils1 collect$ by ! ,survey at ,wa%oe1 & by ,gorham ,blake1 ,esq41 9 ! ,humboldt ,range4 ,! fossils old] ?an ! ,trias h be5 ref]r$ to ,mr4 ,meek = inve/igation4 ,a portion ( ! fossil plants h be5 plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ,dr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,newb]ry = description4 ,x is to ! dep>tm5t ( ,g5]al ,geology t1 up to ! pres5t "t1 by f> ! great] portion ( our att5tion has be5 giv51 s9ce ! fir/ ?+ requir$ 9 a geological survey is a k ( ! g5]al geological /ructure ( ! ,/ate1 ! age ( ! v>i\s =mations :i* occur 9 x1 & _! range & ext5t1 or ! position :i* !y occupy on ! surface1 & _! relations to ea* o!r4 ,ea* gr\p ( /rata1 ?us det]m9$ by its li?ological peculi>ities1 & by ! fossils :i* x conta9s1 is !n to be laid d[n ^u ! map1 9 ! position 9 :i* its outcrop occupies on ! surface4 ,! g5]al "* ( ! m9]als & ores :i* occur 9 ea* =mation or gr\p ( /rata hav+ be5 ?us det]m9$1 ! details ( _! mode ( occurr5ce1 _! relative abundance1 & ! facilities :i* may exi/ 9 ea* sep>ate di/rict = mak+ !m economically available mu/1 aft] ! prelim9>y g5]al "w has be5 done1 be ! object ( m special & detail$ exam9ations4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 ! bus9ess ( a geological survey+ corps to act1 to any consid]able ext5t1 z a prospect+ p>ty2 to d ?is1 w\ld require t we %\ld conf9e our op]ations to a v limit$ area2 ! labors ( ! :ole corps = an entire season w\ld n suffice to ?or\ghly prospect m ?an a few hundr$ squ>e miles 9 a v ri* m9]al region1 & we %\ld h (t5 to engage 9 exp5sive m9+ op]ations to decide :at 0 really ( p]man5t value4 ,x is our task1 r1 to limit ! field ( rese>*1 & to %[ to o!rs :]e _! labors w be be/ be/[$1 prev5t+ fooli% exp5ditures ( "t & money 9 se>*+ = :at our g5]al geological inve/igations h det]m9$ n to exi/ 9 suffici5t quantity1 9 c]ta9 =mations1 to be wor? work+4 ,especially 9 ! fir/ ye>s ( our "w1 9 a ,/ate ( su* an imm5se area z ,cali=nia1 our labors h m ! "* ( a geological reconnoissance ?an ( a detail$ survey4 ,already1 h[ev]1 dur+ ! progress ( our "w1 a l>ge am\nt ( in=mation has be5 collect$ 9 reg>d to ! mode ( occurr5ce & abundance ( ! useful ores & m9]als ( ?is ,/ate & ! adjo9+ ,t]ritories4 ,! pr9cipal deposits ( coal h be5 c>efully exam9$1 & _! geological position asc]ta9$4 ,mo/ ( ! important qu>tz m9es ( ! ,/ate h be5 visit$ by ,mr4 ,a%burn]1 & a l>ge am\nt ( in=mation has be5 collect$ by him1 prep>atory to an elaborate inve/igation & report on ?is important bran* ( ! indu/ry ( ! ,pacific ,coa/4 ,consid]able "w has be5 done1 prelim9>y to a full report on ! geology1 m9]alogy1 & metallurgy ( ! ,wa%oe region4 ,9 ! dep>tm5t ( botany & agricultural geology1 ! "w has ?us f> be5 *iefly conf9$ to collect+ ! plants ( ! ,/ate4 ,ext5sive duplicate suites h be5 pres]v$ bo? = /udy & ex*ange1 ! specim5s n[ collect$ am\nt+ to n less ?an twelve ?\s& or fifte5 ?\s& 9 numb]1 & embrac+ probably half ( all ! species describ$ f ! ,/ate1 besides _m new & undescrib$ ones4 ,! collections h be5 made by ,pr(essor ,brew] :ile engag$ 9 geological explorations1 at a v trifl+ exp5diture ( "t & money4 ,9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture prop]1 less has be5 done1 ow+ to limit$ means4 ,p>tial prep>ation 0 made = inve/igat+ ! subject ( grape culture1 & ! production ( w9es2 b discont9u$ f ! same cause4 ,especial att5tion has be5 paid to our native =age plants1 to aid 9 devis+ "s means ( arre/+ ! rapid decrease ( =age 9 ?is ,/ate1 & correspond5ce ent]$ into to obta9 all possible in=mation on ?is subject f o!r regions ^: climates are simil> to our own4 ,9 ! zological dep>tm5t--9 *>ge ( ,dr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,coop]1 :o has be5 employ$ ab\t half ! "t s9ce ! ,survey 0 comm5c$--! annex$ table gives a succ9ct idea ( :at _h be5 accompli%$1 up to ! close ( ! ye> #ahfb1 9 ! way ( collect+4 f ,numb] ( species 9 ! collection4 ---------------------------------------- --- ,( :i* !re are new to ,cali=nia4 ------------------------------------- ,believ$ to be new1 or undescrib$4 ----------------------------- ,class4 ,o!r ,cali=nian species n yet collect$4 ----------------------- ,total numb] cr$it$ to ,cali=nia4 ----------------- ,( :i* !re are f\nd ea/ ! ,mississippi4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,mammalia #cb #aj #c #de #gg #ad ,birds #agj #bh #d787 #aej #cbj #ada ,reptiles #cf #f #c #i #de #j ,fi%es #eh #af #af #ge #acc #j ,mollusca #cce #abc #abc #fe #djj #j787 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,( ,articulata & ,radiata no /ati/ics c be giv5 = want ( works especially devot$ to ! ,cali=nia species4 ,f ?is x appe>s t1 not)/&+ ! l>ge collections made by ,gov]nm5t exp$itions & by individuals1 dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s1 :i* h be5 elaborately describ$ 9 ! ,pacific ,railroad & ,mexican ,b\nd>y ,reports1 ! ,smi?sonian publications1 & v>i\s o!r works1 we h be5 able to add mat]ially to ! kn[n ,fauna ( ,cali=nia1 & ( ! c\ntry at l>ge1 ev5 among ! highe/ & be/ kn[n classes4 ,arrangem5ts h be5 made = hav+ ! collections 9 natural hi/ory ref]r$ to ! highe/ au?orities 9 ea* bran*1 & portions ( our mat]ials h already be5 plac$ at ! disposition ( em95t m5 9 ,europe & ! ,unit$ ,/ates = exam9ation & description4 ,def]r+ ! fitt+ up ( a laboratory1 & ! engag+ ( a special assi/ant 9 ! *emical dep>tm5t1 until a suitable p]man5t place c\ld be provid$ 9 ! ,/ate ,museum build+1 ,mr4 ,a%burn] w5t ,ea/ 9 ! spr+ ( #ahfb & comm5c$ ! exam9ation ( "s ( ! ores & m9]als ( ! ,/ate 9 ! laboratory ( ! ,%effield ,sci5tific ,s*ool ( ,yale ,college1 "u ! direction ( ,pr(essor ,bru%1 :o has *>ge ( ! metallurgical dep>tm5t ( t in/itution4 ,! r$uction ( ! appropriation to fifte5 ?\s& 7#ae1jjj7 doll>s = ! ye>1 made x necess>y to susp5d ?is "w soon aft] x 0 comm5c$1 9 ord] t ! :ole =ce ( ! ,survey might be conc5trat$ on ! field op]ations4 ,a small sum has be5 all[$ to ,mr4 ,f4 ,h4 ,/or]1 ( ,bo/on1 = a *emical inve/igation ( ! bitum9\s sub/ances f\nd 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,/ate4 ,8 rese>*es w probably be embodi$ 9 ! fir/ or second volume ( ! annual reports4 ,qualitative exam9ations1 z well z a few quantitative ones1 h be5 made at ! (fice ( ! ,survey1 ( specim5s :i* h be5 collect$4 ,a consid]able numb] ( coals h be5 analyz$4 ,in=mation 9 reg>d to ores & m9]als has be5 giv5 to a l>ge numb] ( p]sons :o h appli$ = ! same by lett] or o!rwise1 z w always be done :5 practicable4 ,if ! survey is cont9u$1 x w be necess>y to fit up a complete laboratory1 9 :i* ! important que/ions con/antly aris+1 bo? 9 reg>d to ! composition & metallurgic treatm5t ( our ores1 may be c>efully & sy/ematically inve/igat$4 ,no provision has yet be5 made by ! ,legislature = ! arrangem5t & exhibition ( ! collections made by ! ,survey4 ,^! are already q ext5sive1 embrac+ _m ?\s& specim5s ( rocks1 fossils1 m9]als1 ores1 all ( :i* are ( importance 9 illu/rat+ ! ,natural ,hi/ory1 ! geological /ructure & ! m9]al res\rces ( ! ,/ate4 ,su* z h n be5 requir$ = /udy rema9 pack$ 9 boxes1 & are /or$ at ! (fice ( ! ,survey 9 ,montgom]y ,block1 ,san ,francisco4 ,( c\rse x is highly desirable t a p]man5t1 fire-pro( build+ %\ld be provid$ = ! ,/ate collections1 ! prop] disposition ( :i* is a subject ( great int]e/1 n only z connect$ ) ! welf>e & progress ( ! survey1 b z influ5c+ ! educational & mat]ial progress ( ! ,/ate4 ,! only (ficial /ep ?us f> tak5 9 ?is matt] is ! appo9tm5t1 by ! la/ ,legislature1 ( ! ,/ate ,geologi/1 ! ,/ate ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,public ,in/ruction1 & ! ,/ate ,surveyor-,g5]al z a ,bo>d ( ,commission]s 8to report to ! ,legislature1 on or be=e ! second ,monday ( ,decemb]1 #ahfc1 ^u ! feasibility ( e/abli%+ a ,/ate ,univ]sity1 embrac+ an ,agricultural ,college1 a ,s*ool ( ,m9es1 & a ,museum1 includ+ ! geological collections ( ! ,/ate40 ,a consid]able numb] ( specim5s1 "s ( !m ( value1 h be5 already giv5 to ! ,/ate by individuals2 & !re c be no d\bt t _m int]e/+ & valuable articles w\ld be contribut$1 provid$ x 7 demon/rat$ t !y w\ld be prop]ly exhibit$1 & well tak5 c>e (4 ,x is believ$1 t :5 ! ,/ate ,museum is once e/abli%$1 & a suitable build+ provid$1 ! value & importance ( x to ! p w soon be made s cle>1 t x w be su/a9$ & fo/]$ by ! ,legislature4 ,by ! t]ms ( ! ,act ( ! ,legislature au?oriz+ a ,geological ,survey ( ! ,/ate ( ,cali=nia1 x 0 made ! duty ( ! ,/ate ,geologi/ to pres5t to ! ,gov]nor1 to be laid be=e ! ,legislature1 z ne> z may be to ! beg9n+ ( ea* session1 a 8,report ( ,progress10 9 :i* ! op]ations ( ! ,survey dur+ ! prec$+ ye> %\ld be set =?1 & its m important practical results made public4 ,he is also requir$ to communicate an acc\nt ( ! exp5ditures1 & to furni% e/imates = ! cont9uance ( ! ,survey4 ,by an ,act ( ! ,legislature ( #ahfb1 h[ev]1 ! ,/ate ,geologi/ 0 au?oriz$ to comb9e 8 fir/ & second annual reports into "o volume1 to be pr9t$ dur+ ! w9t] ( #ahfb & #ahfc1 & an appropriation ( #c1jjj 0 made to pay ! exp5ses ( pr9t+1 engrav+1 etc41 :ile ! size1 =m1 & /yle ( ! report1 & ! place ( pr9t+1 7 left to ! discretion ( ! ,/ate ,geologi/1 "u ! advice & ) ! approval ( ! ,gov]nor4 ,accord+ to ?is1 !re is a report n[ due ! ,/ate2 b1 z no "p ( ! appropriation ( la/ ye> = ! cont9uance ( ! ,survey has be5 yet receiv$1 or is likely to be1 = mon?s to come1 & z ! appropriation = pr9t+ is 9 ! same condition1 ! "w has be5 necess>ily delay$4 ,z x is presum$ t ! am\nt due ! ,survey f la/ ye> w be available "s "t next w9t]1 x is n anticipat$ t !re w be any difficulty 9 issu+ ! fir/ volume2 &1 if ! ,legislature takes ! necess>y /eps e>ly 9 ! session1 two1 or p]haps ?ree1 volumes c be publi%$ 9 #ahfd4 ,x is int5d$ t !y %all be ( royal octavo size1 9 ! be/ /yle ( typography1 & illu/rat$ ) maps1 sections1 plates ( fossils1 etc4 ,! maps w be engrav$ on copp] & pr9t$ f transf]s1 9 ord] ! orig9al plates may be pres]v$1 to be us$1 aft] necess>y corrections & revisions1 9 ! f9al report1 or o!rwise1 z may be f\nd desirable4 ,! maps w be sold sep>ately1 ) or )\t ! geological color+1 z desir$4 ,! fir/ volume w be *iefly devot$ to ! geology ( ! ,coa/ ,ranges2 ! second to t ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada & ! m9+ di/ricts ( ! ea/]n slope4 ,if my plans are n ?w>t$ by ! ,legislature1 bo? ^! volumes w be issu$ toge!r next ye>1 & w =m a 8,report ( a ,geological ,reconnoissance ( ! ,/ate ( ,cali=nia40 ,by ! law1 z x n[ /&s1 ! publications ( ! ,survey are requir$ to be copy-right$1 & sold = ! b5efit ( ! ,common ,s*ool ,fund2 h5ce1 x has be5 impossible to communicate to ! public1 f "t to "t1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! ,academy's publications1 ! results :i* h be5 obta9$4 ,x is prop] to say1 9 ?is connection1 t ! ext5t ( t]ritory to be exam9$1 ! complexity ( ! ph5om5a1 & ! be>+ :i* our inve/igations w h on important que/ions ( economical int]e/1 make x em95tly prop] t !re %\ld n be an undue ha/e exhibit$1 on ! "p ( ! ,survey1 to place its results be=e ! _w4 ,we c only hope to influ5ce ! m9+ public1 9 ?is ,/ate1 by degrees2 & x is necess>y1 fir/ ( all1 t x %\ld be made cle>ly to appe>1 ) ! lapse ( "t1 t our /atem5ts are to be reli$ on z closely approximat+ to ! tru?4 ,pr(essor ,:itney communicat$ ! foll[+ lett] f ,pr(essor ,bru%1 giv+ ! results ( a *emical inve/igation ( ! meteoric iron pres5t$ to ! city ( ,san ,francisco1 by ,g5]al ,c>leton3 ,,%effield ,,laboratory ,,( ,,yale ,,college1 ,,new ,,hav51 ,m>* #cj?1 #ahfc4 ,pr(essor ,j4 ,d4 ,:itney1 ,/ate ,geologi/1 ,san ,francisco1 ,cal4 ,,de> ,,sir3--,i h exam9$ ! specim5 ( meteoric iron f ,tucson1 :i* y s5t me = analysis1 & h]e) communicate to y my results4 ,! d5sity ( ! mass is #g4bi4 ,:5 a fragm5t ( x is plac$ 9 a solution ( neutral sulphate ( copp]1 x quickly becomes coat$ ) metallic copp]1 prov+ ! iron to be 8active40 ,an inspection ( ! specim5 ) a l5s %[$ x to be dott$ ) little cavities1 :i* on ! fre% fracture 7 l9$ ) a :ite silici\s m9]al1 giv+ ! surface a porphyritic1 or pseudo-porphyritic1 appe>ance4 ,:5 a fragm5t 0 attack$ ) an acid1 a portion ( ! iron 0 dissolv$1 leav+ ! silici\s m9]al project+ f ! surface ( ! specim52 & ) a magnifi]1 black p>ticles ( ,s*reib]site c\ld be se54 ,aft] complete solution ( ! iron1 a c>eful microscopic exam9ation 0 made ( ! insoluble residue4 ,) a magnify+ p[] ( #be diamet]s1 x appe>$ to consi/ *iefly ( two sub/ances3 "o a milk-:ite to transp>5t m9]al1 hav+ a fus$1 r\nd$ surface1 occurr+ 9 little globules1 or elongat$1 r\nd$ p>ticles2 :ile ! o!r con/itu5t 0 black & angul>1 & attractable by ! magnet4 ,! fir/ nam$ sub/ance1 :5 obs]v$ ) a magnify+ p[] ( #ajj diamet]s1 prov$ to conta9 m9ute specks ( ! black m9]al dissem9at$ ?r\gh x2 "s ( ! silici\s fragm5ts 7 transluc5t & ( a milk-:ite color1 & o!rs colorless & transp>5t2 a l>ge numb]1 h[ev]1 7 transp>5t at "o end1 %ad+ into milk-:ite at ! o!r1 ?us seem+ to indicate t ! transp>5t & transluc5t portions 7 n two di/9ct m9]als4 ,a bl[pipe exam9ation ( ! silici\s m9]al %[$ x to h *>act]s v mu* resembl+ oliv9e4 ,! black m9]al prov$ to be ,s*reib]site4 ,a m9ute trace ( *romium 0 also obs]v$ 9 ! insoluble residue4 ,! qualitative analysis ( ! portion soluble 9 nitric acid indicat$ ! pres5ce ( iron1 nickel1 cobalt1 copp]1 phosphorus1 lime1 & magnesia ) unweighable traces ( *lor9e1 sulphur1 & alum9a4 ,= ! quantitative exam9ation ( ! meteorite a fragm5t weigh+ #d4cgfg grammes 0 treat$ ) nitro-*lorohydric acid 7aqua regia71 & aft] solution ( ! iron ! :ole 0 evaporat$2 on approa*+ dryness1 gelat9\s silica sep>at$1 %[+ t ! silicate _h be5 p>tially1 at lea/1 decompos$ by ! acid4 ,aft] heat+ until ! silica 0 r5d]$ insoluble1 x 0 repeat$ly treat$ ) acid & evaporat$1 s z to insure ! oxydation ( all ! ,s*reib]site1 & f9ally ! soluble "p 0 tak5 up ) *lorohydric acid1 & on dilution sep>at$ by filtration f ! silica & insoluble residue4 ,! filtrate1 or soluble "p1 0 accurately measur$ & divid$ into f\r portions = analysis--two portions 7 us$ = ! det]m9ation ( ! iron1 nickel1 cobalt1 phosphorus1 & alkal9e e>?s2 a ?ird portion 0 employ$ to e/imate ! copp]1 & ! f\r? portion 0 res]v$ to answ] 9 case ( accid5t4 ,two me?ods 7 us$ = ! sep>ation ( ! iron f ! nickel & cobalt--"o by precipitation ( ! iron z basic acetate1 & ! o!r by precipitation ) c>bonate ( b>yta 9 ! pres5ce ( an excess ( *loride ( ammonium2 b 9 nei!r case 0 ! sep>ation p]fect$ on ! fir/ precipitation1 & traces ( nickel rema9$ ) ! iron ev5 aft] ! second precipitation4 ,! nickel & cobalt 7 sep>at$ by means ( nitrite ( pota%1 & ! cobalt 0 subsequ5tly conv]t$ into sulphate & z su* weigh$4 ,! lime & magnesia 7 sep>at$ by oxalate ( ammonia1 c>e be+ tak5 to r$issolve & reprecipitate ! lime to insure its be+ free f traces ( magnesia4 ,on spectroscopic exam9ation ( ! precipitate1 x prov$ to be lime1 free f o!r alkal9e e>?s4 ,! precipitate ( iron1 aft] be+ weigh$1 0 fus$ ) c>bonate ( soda2 ! product ( ! fusion 0 dissolv$ 9 *lorohydric acid1 & ! phosphoric acid precipitat$ ) molybdate ( ammonia4 ,?is phospho-molybdic precipitate 0 dissolv$ 9 ammonia to free x f possible traces ( silica & o!r impurities1 & ! phosphoric acid precipitat$ f ?is solution by an ammoniacal mixture ( sulphate ( magnesia & *loride ( ammonium4 ,! copp] 0 precipitat$ z sulphide by sulphurett$ hydrog5 gas1 r$issolv$ 9 nitric acid1 & det]m9$ z oxyd4 ,! insoluble residue1 conta9+ free silica & undecompos$ silicate1 0 p]fectly :ite1 & free f all traces ( ,s*reib]site4 ,x weigh$ #j4ahee grm4 equal to #d4bd p] c5t4 ( ! specim5 analyz$4 ,x 0 fus$ ) c>bonate ( soda1 & ! silica & bases det]m9$ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,x conta9$ #j4aei grm4 silica2 #j4jjed protoxyd ( iron1 ) a m9ute trace ( alum9a2 #j4jjbh lime1 & #j4jafh magnesia4 ,! soluble & insoluble portions gave 9 ! analysis ! foll[+ p] c5tage composition3 ,consid]+ ! silica to exi/ z oliv9e4 ,iron #ha4ef #gi4dd ,nickel #i4ag #i4ag ,cobalt #j4dd #j4dd ,copp] #j4jh #j4jh ,phosphorus #j4di #j4di ,silica #c4fc ,comb9$ ) #b4gc ,protoxyd ( ,iron ) ,protoxyd ( ,iron1 #aj4jg trace ( ,alum9a #j4ab mak+ ,oliv9e ,lime #a4af ,magnesia #b4dc ,*lor9e1 ,sulphur1 m9ute traces traces ,*romium1 ----- ----- #ii4jh #ii4fi ,if ! silica f\nd 9 ?is analysis be consid]$ to exi/ 9 comb9ation ) lime1 magnesia1 & iron1 9 ! proportions to =m oliv9e1 x w be necess>y to d$uct #b4ab p] c5t4 f ! am\nt ( metallic iron 7equal to #b4gc p] c5t4 ( protoxyd ( iron71 9 ord] to give ! silicate ! oliv9e =mula1 7#c ,r ,o1 ,si ,o74 ,admitt+ ?is to be ! correct view1 ! mass analyz$ conta9s #aj4jg p] c5t4 ( oliv9e1 & by ! addition ( ! oxyg5 ( ! protoxyd ( iron ! analysis adds up #ii4fi in/ead ( #ii4jh4 ,! v>iable composition ( ,s*reib]site 9 diff]5t specim5s ( meteoric iron1 & ! peculi> "* ( ! insoluble residue ( ?is meteorite1 toge!r ) ! small am\nt ( mat]ial 9 my possession1 r5d]$ x impracticable to det]m9e ! exact am\nt ( ?is sub/ance conta9$ 9 ! specim54 ,! composition ( ?is meteorite corresponds v closely ) ano!r meteoric-iron f ,tucson1 discov]$ by ,mr4 ,b>tlett1 & describ$ by ,pr(4 ,j4 ,lawr5ce ,smi?1 9 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 vol4 ,,xix1 page #afa4 ,dr4 ,smi?'s analysis gives ,iron #he4ed1 ,nickel #h4ee1 ,cobalt #j4fa1 ,copp] #j4jc1 ,phosphorus #j4ab1 ,*romic-oxyd #j4ba1 ,magnesia #b4jd1 ,silica #c4jb1 ,alum9a1 trace #ajj4ah4 ,he consid]s x to correspond to ,nickelif]\s ,iron #ic4ha1 ,*rome ,iron #j4da1 ,s*reib]site #j4hd1 ,oliv9e #e4jf #ajj4ah4 ,by an evid5t inadv]t5ce ,dr4 ,smi? adds ! magnesia & silica toge!r1 & gives ! sum z oliv9e2 ^! sub/ances are obvi\sly n 9 ! proportions to =m ! silicate #c ,r ,o1 ,si ,o1 & if we consid] ! silicate to be oliv9e1 we mu/ reckon ! excess ( silica z comb9$ ) protoxyd ( iron4 ,to d ?is1 we mu/ d$uct #b4gh f ! am\nt ( metallic iron 7equal to #b4eh protoxyd ( iron71 necess>y to be comb9$ ) ! silica & magnesia to give ! oliv9e =mula4 ,! am\nt ( oliv9e conta9$ 9 ! ,b>tlett meteoric-iron w !n be #h4fd p] c5t4 ,?us ! two masses ( iron w be se5 to agree v ne>ly 9 composition1 ! only trifl+ diff]5ce be+1 t ,dr4 ,smi? has det]m9$ quantitatively ! small am\nt ( *romium conta9$ 9 ! ,b>tlett meteorite1 :ile ,i h f\nd a little lime & traces ( sulphur & *lor9e 9 ! specim5 y s5t to me4 ,! specific gravity ,i h /at$ to be #g4ci2 ?is 0 tak5 on ab\t #ab4e grammes ( ! iron1 & probably is some:at high] ?an ! portion :i* ,i analyz$1 z ! two surfaces ( ! l>g] mass _h be5 rubb$ d[n1 & z ?us a consid]able portion ( ! expos$ silicate w\ld be me*anically remov$1 x w\ld make ! d5sity correspond+ly high]4 ,i regret t ,i _h n m ( ?is int]e/+ meteorite at my comm&1 9 ord] to h det]m9$ m def9itely & satisfactorily ! "* ( ! insoluble residue4 ,i %all be glad to make a fur!r inve/igation ( ?is po9t if y w supply me ) m mat]ial4 ,v respectfully y\rs1 ,,geo4 ,j4 ,,bru%4 ,aft] read+ ! above lett]1 ,pr(essor ,:itney add$ "s rem>ks on ! =m & locality ( ! meteoric iron analyz$ by ,pr(essor ,bru%1 /at+ ! circum/ances "u :i* x came 9 possession ( ! city ( ,san ,francisco4 ,on ! tw5ty-f\r? ( ,novemb]1 #ahfb1 ! ,bo>d ( ,sup]visors ( ?is city receiv$1 ?r\gh ,mayor ,tes*ema*]1 a lett] f ,g5]al ,george ,wright1 comm&+ ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,pacific1 /at+ t he _h receiv$ a mass ( meteoric iron f ,g5]al ,c>leton1 comm&+ ! 8,column f ,cali=nia10 & :i* mass he1 9 accordance ) ,g5]al ,c>leton's reque/1 plac$ at ! disposal ( ! city au?orities4 ,g5]al ,c>leton's lett] is "h app5d$3 ,,head ,,qu>t]s ,,column ,,f ,,cali=nia1 ,tucson1 ,arizona1 ,june #cj?1 #ahfb4 ,,to ,,g5]al ,,george ,,wright1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army1 ,comm&] ,dep4 ( ! ,pacific1 ,san ,francisco1 ,cal4 ,,my ,,de> ,,g5]al3--,soon aft] my arrival at ?is place ,i s5t by a tra9 to ,=t ,yuma1 to be %ipp$ to y\r address at ,san ,francisco1 a v l>ge & beautiful ,,a]olite1 :i* ,i f\nd "h & :i* ,i _h he>d & read ( = _m ye>s4 ,9 ,b>tlett's ,explorations1 vol4 #b1 page #big1 x is describ$ z foll[s3 8,9 ! aft]noon10 ,july #ah?1 #ahec1 8,i call$ to take leave ( ,g5]al ,blanco1 & at ! same "t exam9e a rem>kable meteorite1 :i* is us$ = an anvil 9 a blacksmi?'s %op4 ,?is mass resembles native iron1 & weighs ab\t six hundr$ p\nds4 ,its greate/ l5g? is five feet4 ,its ext]ior is q smoo?1 :ile ! l[] "p :i* projects f ! l>g] leg is v jagg$ & r\gh4 ,x 0 f\nd ab\t tw5ty miles di/ant on ! road t[>ds ,tubac & ab\t eight miles f ! road40 ,i desire t y pres5t ?is a]olite to ! ,city ( ,san ,francisco1 to be plac$ ^u ! ,,plaza1 !re to rema9 = ! inspection ( ! p & = exam9ation by ! y\? ( ! city =ev]4 ,x w be a durable mem5to ( ! m>* ( ! ,column f ,cali=nia4 ,i am1 ,g5]al1 s9c]ely & respectfully1 ,y\r fri5d & s]vant1 ,,james ,h4 ,,c>leton1 ,brigadi] ,g5]al ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,soon aft] ?is mass ( meteoric iron came into ! possession ( ! city1 ,i obta9$ p]mission f ! ,bo>d ( ,sup]visors to h sawn f x a small piece = analysis & = di/ribution to a few ( ! pr9cipal public in/itutions 9 ?is c\ntry & ,europe hav+ collections ( a]olites2 ?is has be5 done1 & also a f9e photograph ( x tak5 by ,mr4 ,c4 ,e4 ,watk9s1 ( :i* copies w be =w>d$1 ) ! specim5s ( ! mass itself1 z conv5i5t opportunity (f]s4 ,! piece int5d$ = analytical exam9ation 0 s5t to ,pr(essor ,bru% ( ,yale ,college1 & a lett] has j be5 receiv$ f him giv+ ! results1 :i* w be f\nd 9 ! prec$+ pages1 & :i* may appropriately be foll[$ by a few rem>ks on ! size & g5]al appe>ance ( ! mass1 ) su* o!r facts 9 reg>d to x z may be ( g5]al int]e/4 ,! weight ( ! mass ( :i* ! analysis is giv5 above 0 six hundr$ & ?irty-two p\nds1 :5 x arriv$ 9 ?is city1 & ab\t two p\nds h be5 s9ce cut f x4 ,its %ape is irregul>1 b 9 g5]al x is t ( a flatt5$ elongat$ slab1 hav+ a l5g? ( f\r feet "o in* & an av]age bread? ( ab\t eighte5 in*es2 its ?ickness is irregul>1 v>y+ f two to five in*es4 ,x has evid5tly be5 long us$ z an anvil1 hav+ be5 p>tly buri$ 9 ! gr\nd 9 an upright position1 hav+ a flat face ( ab\t f\r in*es squ>e on ! top1 ) two holes drill$ 9 ! project+ edge = add+ to ! conv5i5ce ( its use z a blacksmi?'s anvil4 ,! mass is n[ plac$ 9 ! ,mayor's (fice1 x hav+ be5 deem$ inadvisable to expose x on ! ,plaza1 z desir$ by ! donor1 on acc\nt ( its liability to ru/ 9 ! damp atmosph]e ( ,san ,francisco1 & ! difficulty ( secur+ x f injury by c>eless or mis*iev\s h&l+4 ,pr(essor ,bru% rem>ks t 8! composition ( ?is meteorite corresponds v closely ) t ( ano!r meteoric iron f ,tucson0 discov]$ by ,mr4 ,b>tlett & analyz$ by ,pr(essor ,j4 ,lawr5ce ,smi?4 ,a comp>ison ( ! analyses ( ,pr(essors ,bru% & ,smi? & a ref]5ce to ,mr4 ,b>tlett's "w seem to r5d] x highly probable1 to say ! lea/1 t ! two analyses 7 ( pieces cut f ! same mass4 ,9 ?is connection ,i w add to ,g5]al ,c>leton's quotation f ,mr4 ,b>tlett's book a few l9es :i* complete :at is said 9 reg>d to ! meteorites se5 by him at ,tucson4 ,mr4 ,b>tlett adds1 aft] /at+ t ! mass 0 f\nd ab\t tw5ty miles di/ant t[>ds ,tubac & ab\t eight miles f ! road1 8:]e we 7 told are _m l>g] masses4 ,! annex$ draw+ gives ! appe>ance ( ?is s+ul> mass4 ,!re is ano!r l>ge mass )9 ! g>rison gr\nds1 ( :i* ,i did n take a sket*4 ,) mu* labor ,dr4 ,webb broke (f a fragm5t ( ?is meteorite1 = ! purpose ( analysis40 ,! wood cut :i* ,mr4 ,b>tlett gives ( ! meteoric iron1 :i* he notices z hav+ be5 us$ z an anvil1 %[s at once1 z does also ! description1 t1 contr>y to ,g5]al ,c>leton's idea1 ?is mass & ! "o :i* is n[ 9 ,san ,francisco1 are n ! same4 ,! mass figur$ by ,mr4 ,b>tlett is ( a v peculi> %ape1 well adapt+ x to use z a common blacksmi?'s anvil1 z x has a broad1 flat top1 & is support$ by two legs4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( evid5ce to ! contr>y1 x is reasonable to suppose t ! mass =w>d$ by ,g5]al ,c>leton is ! "o spok5 ( by ,mr4 ,b>tlett z 8ano!r l>g] mass10 & ( :i* no draw+ 0 made2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 a piece 0 tak5 = analysis4 ,?is piece is almo/ c]ta9ly ! "o analyz$ by ,dr4 ,smi?1 & h5ce ! close agreem5t 9 ! two analyses--?is *emi/1 h[ev]1 n hav+ app>5tly made s complete a sep>ation ( ! nickel z ,pr(4 ,bru% has done4 ,/ill x is possible1 ( c\rse1 t diff]5t portions ( ! mass may diff] slightly 9 composition4 ,dr4 ,blake read ! foll[+ pap]3 ,infusoria f ! ,mov+ ,s&s 9 ! ,neighborhood ( ,san ,francisco4 ,,by ,,james ,,blake1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,c4,s4 ,! infusoria to :i* ,i w\ld call ! att5tion ( ! ,society1 7 collect$ f ! s&s 9 ! neighborhood ( ,po9t ,lobos4 ,^! s&s =m a mov+ surface1 :i* 9 dry wea!r is drift$ by ! prevail+ w9ds f ! %ore ( ! ocean l&w>ds1 & are entirely devoid ( any signs ( vegetation = "s di/ance f ! %ore4 ,on walk+ ov] ^! s&s :5 a /rong nor?-we/ w9d 0 bl[+1 a w9d t does n br+ up any fre% s& f ! ocean bea* at t "p ( ! s& field1 ,i notic$ a numb] ( small siz$ bodies project+ above ! surface ( ! s& z x 0 be+ c>ri$ onw>ds by ! w9d4 ,a clos] exam9ation %[$ t ^! bodies 7 =m$ ( p>ticles ( s&1 agglut9at$ toge!r by "s sub/ance :i* r5d]$ !m almo/ black1 & :]e dri$ possess+ consid]able t5acity4 ,"s ( ^! bodies project$ z mu* z an in* & a half above ! surface ( ! s&1 ) :i* h[ev] !y all rema9$ connect$1 =m+ g5]ally small ridges4 ,on exam9+ a portion ( ?is agglut9at$ s& "u ! microscope1 ! wat] ) :i* ,i _h moi/5$ x 0 f\nd to be full ( infusoria1 :i* comm5c$ mov+ ab\t z soon z ! s& 0 moi/5$1 al?\gh x _h be5 q dry = "s days be=e be+ exam9$4 ,^! infusoria probably belong to ! g5us ,monas1 b !y are s extremely m9ute t x 0 impossible to resolve !m2 !y 71 9 fact1 ! smalle/ liv+ infusoria ,i _h ev] exam9$4 ,) a qu>t]-in* object glass ( ,p[ell & ,lel&s1 !y appe>$ z small globul> mov+ bodies1 al?\gh occasionally a movem5t w\ld pres5t "o ( !m ) app>5tly a n>r[ edge4 ,no?+ mu* m def9ite c\ld be made out ) ! microscope ( my fri5d1 ,dr4 ,trask1 :5 us+ an eigh? object glass ( ,smi? & ,beck1 z !y c\ld n be resolv$ into any =m suffici5tly def9ite to classify !m4 ,!y appe>$ mo/ly z globul> bodies mov+ ab\t sl[ly1 & pres5t+ sometimes a long] axis1 "o end be+ l>g] ?an ! o!r1 & (f]+ ! appe>ance z if !re 0 a semi-transp>5t mass atta*$ to ! l>g] end4 ,! size 0 e/imat$ at f a fifte5? to ! tw5ty-?\s&? ( an in*4 ,aft] a c>eful exam9ation ,i 0 unable to detect any vegetable or organic nucleus :i* might h s]v$ z a nidus = ^! masses ( infusoria4 ,!y w\ld seem to become develop$ 9 ! pure s&1 or at lea/ 9 ! s& z x 0 bl[n up f ! bea*1 aft] ! salt _h be5 wa%$ out ( x by ! ra94 ,i w\ld rem>k t x _h be5 ra9+ "s days be=e ,i collect$ !m4 ,subsequ5t rese>*es h %[n t ^! infusoria are v g5]ally diffus$ ?r\gh ! s&s t =m our drift+ s&-hills ar\nd ! city2 & on exam9+ "s s& tak5 at a dep? ( f\rte5 feet f ! surface1 :]e ! hills 7 be+ cut ?r\gh1 ,i f\nd x full ( well develop$ infusoria on plac+ x "u ! microscope a few m9utes aft] x _h be5 collect$1 s t !re c be no d\bt b t ^! infusoria 7 pres5t 9 ! s& at ! "t x 0 collect$1 :]e !y _h probably be5 9 a torpid /ate = ages4 ,x is possible t !y might h be5 c>ri$ !re by ! infiltrat+ wat] dur+ ! ra9s2 b ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t !y _h be5 torpid !re1 z ! circum/ances 9 :i* !y 7 plac$ 7 n favorable = propagation except by fission1 a process t _c be c>ri$ on indef9itely1 ev5 9 ^! l[] organisms4 ,9 fact1 ^! infusoria1 tak5 f ! deep s&s1 copulat$ mo/ ext5sively ! mom5t !y 7 plac$ 9 wat]4 ,i am n aw>e t analog\s obs]vations h be5 made z to ! (fice ( ^! l[] infusoria 9 fix+ ! mov+ s&s1 & ?us initiat+ t s]ies ( *anges by :i* !y ev5tually become clo!d ) v]dure2 ! fir/ g]ms ( organic life be+ g5]ally suppos$ to be e/abli%$ by ! l[] vegetable organisms4 ,dr4 ,kellogg pres5t$ ! foll[+ pap]3 ,description ( ,two ,new ,species ( ,plants4 ,,by ,a4 ,,kellogg1 ,m4,d4 ,,conyza ,less4 ,c4 salic5a ,kellogg4 ,,fig4 #f4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,/em fruticose1 erect1 ?ree to f\r feet 9 height2 bran*es subglabr\s or slightly pub]ul5t1 angul>2 leaves lanceolate1 %ort petiolate1 cuneate1 base entire1 tripl9]v$1 apex acute ) few remote tee? on ! upp] ?ird1 lam9a fle%y1 v>ni%$1 subglabr\s1 m9ute gl&s scatt]+1 slightly pub]ul5t *iefly b5ea? 7two to ?ree in*es 9 l5g?1 ab\t half an in* 9 bread?71 panicle subcorymbose2 heads p$icellate1 mo/ly subt5d$ by l9e> n]v$ bracts2 involucral scales ovate-oblong1 sub-acute1 sc>i\s1 m>g9s irregul>ly cut-too!d or some:at erose1 cut-ciliate2 a*5ia pubesc5t2 pappus equal1 :ite1 scabr\s2 florets1 tee? vill\s on ! tips & back1 tube %ort2 an!rs n caudate2 receptacle convex1 nak$1 punctate4 ,?is plant is closely alli$ to ! ,s\? ,am]ican ,c4 tripl9]va1 b diff]s 9 ! %rubby "* ( ! /em--! leaves also are n 8ovate-lanceolate10 b lanceolate1 & some:at gl&ul>1 & l ! bran*es pub]ul5t--! heads are subt5d$ by bracts1 ! involucral scales are n 8l9e> lanceolate10 b ovate-oblong & sub-acute1 etc4 ,! :ite pappus is n %ort1 b equal if n long] ?an ! florets--! a*5ia are n 8glabr\s10 etc4 ,f\nd at ,clayton1 ,contra ,co/a ,c\nty4 ,,coll9sia ,nutt4 ,c4 div>icata ,kellogg4 ,,fig4 #g4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,/em erect1 div>icately bran*+1 "o to ?ree in*es high1 pubesc5t1 int]sp]s$ ) a few %ort gl&ul> hairs4 ,cotyl$ons oval or oblong obtuse1 entire1 petioles z long z ! lam9a2 middle caul9e leaves on %ort] petioles1 ciliate at ! base or subsessile1 ovate or oblong sub-acute1 entire at ! base1 co>sely ?ree to five-too!d1 n]ves obsolete1 all pubesc5t above1 glabr\s bel[2 sup]ior pairs1 sessile1 lanceolate1 acute1 entire4 ,fl[]s small1 axill>y1 & solit>y on long div>icate asc5d+ p$uncles1 articulat$ at ! base by a swell$ jo9t1 purpli% p9k alike ?r\gh\t1 twice ! l5g? ( ! calyx1 upp] lobes broade/1 m>g9s cr5ulate1 saccate base ( ! tube mu* compress$ above1 glabr\s )91 ?roat con/rict$1 ! ext]nal expansion purple spott$ above1 filam5ts hirsute1 /igma m9utely bilob$4 ,! obconical exp&+ calyx n>r[$ & slightly depress$ above at ! base1 & correspond+ly swell$ bel[1 segm5ts ovate acute1 fle%y1 glabr\s2 m>g9s m9utely ciliate1 some:at unequal1 or ?ree l>g] & two small]2 capsule globose1 p9k & purple spott$ above1 se$$4 ,fl[]+ 9 ,m>* & ,april4 ,?is v m9ute species--(t5 b>ely an in* or m 9 height--_h hi!rto escap$ our obs]vation1 until little fri5d ,george ,bloom] discov]$ x1 :ile on a trip ) u to ! hills 9 ?is vic9ity4 ,! :ole plant at l5g? (t5 assumes a sc>let or purpli% hue4 ,x c]ta9ly is n ! ,c4 violacea ( ,d4 ,c4 & appe>s q z di/9ct z any species kn[n to u4 ,mr4 ,bol&] made "s rem>ks on ! peculi> gr[? ( ,c>ex decidua1 9 ,m>9 ,c\nty1 n on ! bord]s ( ! creeks1 b 9 ! middle ( !m4 ,he also spoke ( ,hi]o*loa fragrans ,r4 ,s41 z a rem>kably fragrant plant1 & z furni%+ beautiful grass = lawns4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,may #ah,,?1 #ahfc4 ,presid5t 9 ! ,*air4 ,n9e memb]s pres5t4 ,messrs4 ,w4 ,s4 ,sullivant1 & ,leo ,lesqu]eux1 ( ,columbus1 ,ohio1 7 elect$ ,correspond+ ,memb]s1 & ,rev4 ,t4 ,/>r ,k+ a ,resid5t ,memb]4 ,donations to ! ,cab9et 7 receiv$ z foll[s3 ,specim5s ( copp] ore f ! ,mammo? ,lode1 ,del ,norte ,c\nty1 by ,dr4 ,trask4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,june #a,,/1 #ahfc4 ,presid5t 9 ! ,*air4 ,t5 memb]s pres5t1 & ,dr4 ,hillebr&1 ( ,honolulu1 by invitation4 ,dr4 ,kellogg pres5t$ ! foll[+ pap]3 ,description ( a ,new ,species ( ,hosackia4 ,,by ,a4 ,,kellogg1 ,m4,d4 ,,hosackia ,d\gl4 ,h4 arg5tea ,kellogg4 ,,fig4 #h4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,appress$ sat9y pubesc5t ?r\gh\t1 pro/rate1 mu* bran*+ f a p]5nial cr[n4 ,leaves %ort1 v d5sely set or cr[d$ along ! l[] /em1 leaflets ?ree1 v small1 r\nd$1 & sc>cely mucronate2 ! upp] leaves l>g]1 leaflets f\r 7only "o ( ! l[] pair develop$71 obovate obtuse1 v abruptly mucronate-acute2 /ipules r$1 m9ute & gl&-l1 glabr\s4 ,p$uncles twice ! l5g? ( ! leaves2 umbels six to t5-fl[]$1 bract ( a s+le sessile obovate leaf 7a few sep>ate p9k gl&s or embryoid /ipules (t5 pres5t74 ,fl[]s orange yell[ ?r\gh\t2 keel obtuse1 w+s & bann] equal2 tee? ( ! calyx ab\t "o-?ird its l5g?1 acum9ate1 embryo legume t]ete1 appress$ pubesc5t1 two-se$$2 mature fruit unkn[n4 ,f ,k]n ,riv]1 p5d5t f rocky cliffs4 ,! ,society is indebt$ to ,mrs4 ,hut*+s = ?is new & v beautiful species4 ,dr4 ,ayres pres5t$ a pap] by ,dr4 ,t4 ,m4 ,logan1 ( ,sacram5to1 on ! ,physics1 ,hygi5e1 & ,!rmology ( ! ,sacram5to ,riv]1 :i* 0 read & ref]r$ to ! ,publi%+ ,committee4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,june #ae,,?1 #ahfc4 ,dr4 ,ayres 9 ! ,*air4 ,six memb]s pres5t4 ,donations to ! ,cab9et3 ,insects f se$s import$ f ,g]many1 by ,mr4 ,bevans2 plants f ,sonoma1 by ,dr4 ,behr4 ,donations to ! ,libr>y3 ,annual ,report ( ! ,tru/ees ( ! ,museum ( ,comp>ative ,zoology = #ahfb4 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce = ,may1 #ahfc1 f ! ,editor4 ,dr4 ,kellogg read ! foll[+ pap]3 ,description ( a ,new ,species ( ,m5tzelia4 ,,by ,a4 ,,kellogg1 ,m4,d4 ,,m5tzelia ,l4 ,m4 pect9ata ,kellogg4 ,,fig4 #i4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,r\gh1 ) a :ite m9utely-b>b$ pubesc5ce ?r\gh\t2 /em f\r to six in*es high2 simple1 or slightly bran*$ at ! summit2 gre5i%1 or a little blan*$ at ! base2 leaves p9natifid1 l[] petiolate1 ! upp] sessile1 ?ree-n]v$2 fl[]s ( a %9+ gold5 color1 ) a lu/r\s metallic hue1 %ad+ f a deep1 vivid orange to a burnt c>m9e c5t]2 /am5s v num]\s1 all fili=m1 sc>cely half ! l5g? ( ! petals2 an!rs :ite2 /yle long]1 spirally twi/$ above at ! divisible portion2 petals five1 spread+1 obcordate or obovate cuneate at ! base4 ,fl[]s f ?ree-f\r?s to "o in* 9 diamet]1 clu/]$ at ! summit by ! %ort bran*es2 %ort p$icellate 7! upp]mo/ (t5 sessile or sub-sessile72 two or ?ree l9e>-subulate bracts above ! p$icel at ! base ( ! capsule2 capsule ?ick5$ upw>ds f a %>p base2 calyx segm5ts lance-subulate acute4 ,root ligne\s4 ,f\nd by ,mrs4 ,hut*+s on ! m\nta9s above ,visalia4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,july #f,,?1 #ahfc4 ,presid5t 9 ! ,*air4 ,twelve memb]s pres5t4 ,pr(essor ,george ,?urb]1 ( ,new ,york ,city1 & ,f4 ,w4 ,putnam1 ,esq41 ( ,cambridge1 ,mass41 7 elect$ ,correspond+ ,memb]s4 ,donations to ! ,libr>y 7 receiv$ z foll[s3 ,proce$+s ( ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces ( ,philadelphia = ,octob]-,decemb]1 #ahfb4 ,transactions ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ce ( ,/4 ,l\is1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,no4 #a4 ,bullet9 ( ! ,museum ( ,comp>ative ,zoology at ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,proce$+s ( ! ,bo/on ,society ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,vol4 ,,ix1 ,signatures #aa & #ab4 ,dr4 ,kellogg read ! foll[+ pap]3 ,description ( ,?ree ,new ,plants4 ,,by ,a4 ,,kellogg1 ,m4,d4 ,,l9um ,l4 ,l4 trisepalum ,kellogg4 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,/em suffruticose2 base flexu\s1 smoo?1 c9namon br[n1 num]\sly bran*$ above2 bran*es gre51 sl5d]1 erect1 subsimple1 /ellate pubesc5t f m9ute scabr\s elevations1 & also simply %ort pubesc5t2 plant sub-triangul> ?r\gh\t4 ,leaves erect1 sub-appress$1 small1 l9e>1 obtuse1 slightly n>r[$ at ! base into a v %ort petiole1 alt]nate4 ,fl[]s small1 yell[1 9 sub-t]m9al racemoid panicles2 p$icels z long1 or twice ! l5g? ( ! fl[]s2 calyx bi-bracteate 7app5dag$872 bracts m9ute 7ab\t half ! l5g? ( ! sepals71 l9e>1 foliace\s 7rudim5t>y sepals72 prop] sepals ?ree1 n]veless1 ovate1 acute 7or sub-acute71 imbricat$ m>g9s glabr\s1 z long z ! capsule4 ,petals obovate1 sub-cuneate1 sc>cely twice ! l5g? ( ! sepals2 /am5s t5 7yell[71 %ort] ?an ! calyx2 /yles "o1 %ort2 /igmas ?ree1 or unit$ ! entire l5g?2 capsule sph]oid obtuse1 sub-triangul>1 ?ree-valv$1 ea* valve two-se$$1 false dissepim5t incomplete4 ,a small %rubby species1 six in*es to ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ! second measurem5t 0 omitt$ 9 height1 f\nd by ,mr4 ,bol&] on ! ,:ite ,hills back ( ,oakl&4 ,p4,s4--,f ! ripe fruit s9ce obta9$1 ! capsule is m ovate2 sep>at+ inv>iably into ?ree valves1 only two to ?ree ovules atta9+ to maturity2 ! se$s black1 sub-compress$ ovate1 plano-convex or ) two pla9 sides1 ! ?ird convex1 surface r\gh4 ,l4 decurr5s ,kellogg4 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,/em annual1 smoo?1 some:at erect1 sp>+ly bran*$1 f\r to six in*es ( _! summits racem$ 7! simple bran*es b slightly div]g+ f a v]tical direction7 mu* decurr5t1 f "o to two feet 9 height4 ,leaves alt]nate1 n>r[ly lanceolate1 "o-n]v$1 %>ply acum9ate 7! l[]-mo/ leaves unkn[n74 ,fl[]s secund1 l>ge purpli% blue1 unilat]al on long mu* decurr5t p$icels1 expansion ( ! p$icel above ! articulation at ! base ( ! calyx quadrangul>2 sepals five1 ovate-oblong acute1 m>g9s sc>i\s1 sev5-n]v$1 r m ?an half ! l5g? ( ! capsule4 ,petals obovate1 cuneate1 claw %ort em>g9ate or cr5ate at ! apex1 m>k$ by ab\t five deep] blue ve9s4 ,/yles five1 free to ! base1 /igmas capitate4 ,/am5s five1 %ort2 an!rs oblong1 :ite4 ,capsule ovate1 v abruptly %ort po9t$1 completely t5-cell$4 ,se$s oblong1 hilum slightly n>r[$4 ,f\nd by ,mrs4 ,?ay] on ! head wat]s ( ,fea!r ,riv]4 ,,sil5e ,l4 ,s4 ,dorrii ,kellogg4 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,/em simple or di*otom\s above1 m9utely velvety gl&ul> pubesc5t ?r\gh\t1 upp] & caul9e leaves lanceolate1 acute or acum9ate1 sessile or sub-sessile1 opposite1 erect1 slightly cilliate at base 7radical leaves unkn[n74 ,fl[]s :ite1 v small1 sub-solit>y on long p$uncles2 calyx tubul>-campanulate1 at l5g? inflat$1 tee? %ort1 acute 7tipp$ ) purple71 tube t5-n]v$2 petals n cr[n$1 m9ute bord] sub-two-lob$1 lam9a exp&$1 claws long & v sl5d]2 /am5s t51 long]1 at l5g? %ort]1 filam5ts glabr\s1 an!rs sagittate2 /yles two to ?ree1 sep>ate1 recoil$2 /igmatose along ! entire inn] face4 ,ov>y some:at globose1 apex slightly contract$2 compress$ se$s granul>1 /ipe ( ! capsule v %ort4 ,a plant ab\t ?ree to five in*es 9 height4 ,collect$ by ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,c4 ,dorr 9 ,nevada ,t]ritory4 ,dr4 ,james ,blake read a pap] on ! gradual elevation ( ! l& 9 ! environs ( ,san ,francisco4 ,on ! ,gradual ,elevation ( ! ,l& 9 ! ,environs ( ,san ,francisco4 ,,by ,,james ,,blake1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,c4,s4 ,! gradual elevation & depression ( l>ge portions ( ! e>?'s surface has1 )9 ! la/ few ye>s1 be5 attract+ consid]able att5tion f geologi/s4 ,x is a va/ geological process ( :i* we are ! actual spectators1 (f]+ u ! mo/ impos+ t]re/rial ph5om5on ( :i* we c be cognizant1 & at ! same "t af=d+ u "s tangible idea ( ! va/ p]iods t h be5 requir$ = br++ ! surface ( ! e>? to its pres5t %ape4 ,x is ! g5]al op9ion ( geologi/s t ! we/]n %ore ( our cont95t is gradually ris+4 ,?is has be5 prov$ to be ! case z reg>ds ! s\!rn portion ( ! cont95t2 b ! foll[+ facts1 obs]v$ 9 ! neighborhood ( ?is city1 af=d und\bt$ evid5ce t at lea/ ?is portion ( ! nor!rn cont95t is be+ gradually elevat$ above ! level ( ! ocean4 ,on ! nor!rn bank ( ,lobos ,creek1 a small /ream runn+ f ,m\nta9 ,lake to ! ocean1 muscle %ells & roll$ pebbles are f\nd at an elevation ( f eighty to "o hundr$ feet above ! pres5t level ( ! ocean1 & probably at ! di/ance ( half a mile f ! pres5t bea*4 ,^! %ells & pebbles are exactly analog\s to ^? n[ be+ deposit$ at ! m\? ( ! creek1 & 7 und\bt$ly plac$ !re :5 ! spots at :i* !y are f\nd =m$ ! bea* ( ! ocean4 ,! surface ( ! c\ntry is s mu* cov]$ by drift+ s&s1 t x is only 9 spots t ^! %ore rema9s %[ !mselves4 ,! deposits fir/ se5 conta9 rema9s ( %ells consid]ably wea!r$--l[] d[n ! creek1 %ells & l>g] pebbles are se52 /ill l[] d[n ,i f\nd ! same mat]ials mix$ ) small] pebbles1 & at an elevation ( ab\t fifty feet small b&s ( black peat e>? 7 f\nd int]/ratifi$ ) ! s& & gravel4 ,^! small b&s ( vegetable e>? 7 evid5tly =m$ ne> ! level ( ! ocean by ! waves ?r[+ up a b>ri] ( s& :i* damm$ up ! wat]s ( ! creek1 s z to =m a pond 9 :i* a lay] ( vegetable matt] 0 deposit$4 ,?is process is go+ on at ! pres5t "t1 a dam hav+ be5 ?r[n up by ! heavy /orms ( ! w9t] ( #ahfa-ahfb4 ,ano!r evid5ce ( ! rec5t elevation ( ! c\ntry is se5 ne> ! we/]n end ( ! ,pu]ta ,suelo1 at a di/ance ( ab\t eight miles f ! city4 ,"h !re is a depression 9 ! hills1 ext5d+ f ! bay to ! ocean1 & =m+ a n>r[ neck to ! p59sula on :i* ,san ,francisco /&s4 ,ev5 at pres5t1 ! di/ance f ! wat]s ( ! bay to ! ocean is n m ?an two or ?ree miles at ?is po9t1 & x is evid5t t at no v di/ant p]iod ?is depression =m$ a *annel ( communication betwe5 !m4 ,ne> ! we/]n end ( ?is =m] *annel1 & at ab\t a mile inl& f ! pres5t sea bea*1 ! skeleton ( ! head ( a :ale is f\nd on ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,! specim5 measures ab\t six feet across1 & mu/ h belong$ to an animal fifty or sixty feet long4 ,! bones1 :i* are n at all m9]alis$1 are 9 a good /ate ( pres]vation4 ,at ! "t !y 7 c>ri$ !re1 !re mu/ h be5 eight or t5 feet ( wat] ov] ! surface1 & z ! place is at pres5t f t5 to fifte5 feet above ! level ( ! ocean1 a rise ( tw5ty-five or ?irty feet mu/ h tak5 place at ?is spot s9ce ! animal 0 wa%$ !re4 ,ano!r locality at :i* evid5ce ( ! gradual elevation ( ! l& c be obta9$ is f\nd to ! we/ ( ,black ,po9t1 :]e abundant rema9s ( our pres5t bay %ells are f\nd at a consid]able elevation above ! level ( ! sea2 &1 7 n ! surface ( ! c\ntry1 p>ticul>ly ! l[] levels1 s completely cov]$ 9 by ! drift+ s&s1 no d\bt _m analog\s deposits c\ld be f\nd4 ,to ! s\? & we/ ( ! ,mission1 & 9 all ! l[] levels betwe5 !re & ! range ( hills ov]look+ ! ,pu]ta ,suelo1 ! surface is cov]$ by ^! rec5t po/ t]ti>y deposits1 ?r\gh :i* ! old] rocks protrude 9 _m places z isolat$ masses1 ! rec5t argillace\s s&/one be+ deposit$ 9 ne>ly horizontal /rata ar\nd _! base4 ,^! s&/ones h giv5 rise1 by _! decomposition1 to ! ext5sive surfaces ( yell[ s&y loam se5 betwe5 ! ,mission & ! ,ocean ,h\se4 ,i ?9k ! highe/ ( ^! b$s does n atta9 a great] elevation ?an "o hundr$ feet above ! pres5t level ( ! ocean4 ,m rec5t evid5ce ( ! gradual elevation ( ! l& is furni%$ by ! holes made by ! m>9e worms 9 ! rocks on ! %ores ( ! bay1 _m ( ^! holes be+ f\nd at elevations :i* ! highe/ tides d n at pres5t rea*4 ,on ! age ( ^! deposits x is useless at pres5t to speculate4 ,all t we "k = c]ta9 is1 t geologically speak+1 !y are rec5t2 b :e!r x is five hundr$1 or five ?\s&1 or fifty ?\s& ye>s s9ce ! pres5t site ( ,m\nta9 ,lake 0 on a level ) ! ocean1 our pres5t data d n enable u to =m an op9ion4 ,all t ! facts prove is t ?is portion ( ! cont95t is be+ gradually rais$ en masse4 ,f obs]vations ,i h made on ! ma9 range ( ! ,si]ra1 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ?is process ( gradual elevation is n conf9$ to ! l& bord]+ ! sea coa/1 b ext5ds f> into ! int]ior4 ,! undi/urb$ position ( ! po/ t]ti>y /rata on ! we/]n slope ( ! ,si]ra1 w\ld indicate t ! same process ( gradual elevation mu/ h be5 go+ on = hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s1 s t ! orig9al bea* ( ! e>li] po/ t]ti>y ocean is n[ at an elevation ( f\r or five ?\s& feet above ! pres5t level ( ! sea4 ,%\ld subsequ5t obs]vations confirm ! tru? ( ?is supposition1 ?is c\ntry w\ld af=d a m /rik+ example ( ! action ( exi/+ causes 9 modify+ ! surface ( ! e>?1 ?an is to be f\nd 9 any o!r portion ( ! globe4 ,x is desirable t "s means %\ld be tak5 to asc]ta9 & record accurately ! pres5t relative level ( ! sea & l&1 z1 aft] a few ye>s1 su* a det]m9ation might furni% "s v useful geological data4 ,i h no d\bt t x w be f\nd t e %ock ( an e>?quake is accompani$ by an elevation ( ! l&4 ,,san ,,francisco1 ,july #f?1 #ahfc4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,july #bj,,?1 #ahfc4 ,dr4 ,ayres 9 ! ,*air4 ,twelve memb]s pres5t4 ,j4 ,b4 ,bay]que1 ,esq41 0 elect$ a ,life ,memb]4 ,donation to ! ,cab9et3 ,a numb] ( birds & quadrup$s 7 deposit$ by ,mr4 ,w4 ,w4 ,hold]4 ,donations to ! ,libr>y3 ,asc5t ( ,pike's ,peak by ,dr4 ,c4 ,c4 ,p>ry4 ,bi5nial ,report ( ! ,*icago ,hi/orical ,society to ! ,gov]nor ( ,ill9ois4 ,! ,correspond+ ,secret>y read a lett] f ,samuel ,h4 ,scudd]1 ,esq41 to ,dr4 ,behr1 f :i* ! foll[+ extracts are tak53 8,?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,mr4 ,edw>ds1 ,i h _h ! opportunity ( look+ at y\r two rec5t pap]s on ,argynnides & on ,danais1 & h be5 mu* int]e/$ !re94 ,read+ ! latt] article1 ,i in/antly _h recall$ to me "s /atem5ts 9 reg>d to localization ( ! species at ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s by ! sons ( "o or two ,am]ican mission>ies long resid5t !re--g5tlem5 9 e way to be dep5d$ on = common accuracy--by ^? /atem5ts ,i 0 l$ to an opposite conclusion f y\rs 9 reg>d to ! means by :i* x 0 introduc$2 & s9ce ,i h read y\r pap] ,i h met ) ,dr4 ,gulick1 = "s "t a mission>y at ,asc5sion ,isl&1 "o ( ! ,micronesian gr\p1 n[ 9 ,am]ica = 8 heal?1 f :om ,i h receiv$ "s additional facts4 ,!y all concur 9 /at+ t ?is butt]fly 0 =m]ly want+ at ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s1 & spread ov] ! ,isl&s j z fa/ z did ! milk-we$ ^u :i* !y fe$--! two keep+ pace ) "o ano!r4 ,dr4 ,gulick makes "s m def9ite /atem5ts2 he says t a g5tleman 9 ,hawaii s5t him on ,asc5sion ,isl& 7#b1jjj or #c1jjj miles di/ant7 a l>ge box ( plants "u glass2 t :5 !y rea*$ ,asc5sion ,isl& he f\nd among !m ! milk-we$1 :i* 0 set out ) o!rs2 9 five or six weeks !y rea*$ maturity1 & !n !y discov]$ ^u !m ! l>v ( ,danais :i* ne>ly de/roy$ !m--! natives h nev] be=e se5 !m & ! butt]fly 0 altoge!r unkn[n1 inde$1 no su* l>ge & %[y butt]fly exi/s !re4 ,subsequ5tly & purposely1 z an exp]im5t1 he took "s se$s to ! opposite side ( ! ,isl&1 tw5ty-five miles di/ant1 & s[$ !m1 & 0 abs5t "s f\r or five mon?s2 :5 he return$ ! l>v 7 !re4 ,a g5tleman & ! natives _h be5 put ^u ! wat* by him = ! butt]flies b none _h be5 se51 & ^! l>v *ang+ produc$ ! fir/ !y _h any ( !m se54 8,x seems to me t ! appe>ance ( ! l>v on ! transport$ plant 9 its e>ly gr[? leaves b little room to d\bt t ! eggs ( ! insect 7 transport$ also 9 ! ,w>dian case40 ,pr(4 ,:itney read ! foll[+ notice ( ! l>ge mass ( meteoric iron n[ 9 ?is city1 on its way to ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution3 ,by a s+ul> co9cid5ce1 we h n[ ! pleasure ( see+ 9 ?is city ! two great masses ( meteoric iron :i* h be5 s (t5 spok5 ( z be+ at ,tucson1 9 ,arizona1 "o ( :i* 0 br\ght "h & pres5t$ to ! city by ,g5]al ,c>leton1 9 ,novemb] la/1 a notice ( :i*1 ) an analysis1 has already appe>$ 9 our proce$+s4 ,?is mass may prop]ly be designat$ z ! 8,c>leton 7,tucson7 ,meteoric ,iron10 :ile ! "o :i* is de/9$ = ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution may be call$ ! 8,a9sa 7,tucson7 ,meteoric ,iron10 z x has be5 r5d]$ accessible = sci5tific inve/igation by ,mr4 ,jesus ,m4 ,a9sa1 z w be se5 by ! foll[+ memor&um ( ! circum/ance k9dly furni%$ by 8 bro!r1 ,mr4 ,james ,m4 ,a9sa3 8,?is a]olite 0 fir/ discov]$ by ! e>ly ,jesuit ,mission>ies 9 ! m\nta9s call$ ! #8,si]ra de la ,mad]a1' ne> ,tucson4 8,9 #agce1 ,el ,capitan de las ,prov9cias del ,occid5te1 ,don ,juan ,bauti/a ,anza1 induc$ by ! acc\nts ( ! sci5ce-lov+ ,jesuits1 ord]$ ! a]olite to be remov$ f ! m\nta9s1 ) ! int5tion ( s5d+ x to ,spa94 ,h[ev]1 ?r\gh ! want ( wagon roads & ! prop] means ( conveyance at t "t1 to take x to ,san ,blas1 !n ! ne>e/ port ( entry1 ! attempt 0 entirely ab&on$4 8,! a]olite 0 left at ,tucson1 :]e x cont9u$ to attract ! att5tion ( ! sci5tific m5 :o visit$ t c\ntry = m ?an a hundr$ ye>s4 ,s9ce ! acquisition ( ,arizona by ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 great] notice has be5 tak5 ( ?is a]olite1 x hav+ be5 m5tion$ sev]al times 9 ! (ficial reports ( ! ,gov]nm5t ag5ts4 8,by a s+ul> co9cid5ce1 ,augu/9 ,a9sa1 ! great-gr&son ( ,don ,juan ,bauti/a ,anza1 und]took1 9 #ahfj1 to transport ! a]olite & pres5t x to ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution4 ,) great difficulty x 0 br\ght z f> z ! ,yigo haci5da1 :]e x rema9$ until ,may1 #ahfc1 :5 ,jesus ,m4 ,a9sa1 9 8 late visit to ,sonora1 br\ght x to ?is city1 ) ! int5tion ( =w>d+ x to ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution at ,wa%+ton1 :]e x w soon be s5t40 ,at pres5t ! mass 9 "q lies ^u ! /eps ( ! ,cu/om ,h\se1 :]e x has be5 mo/ admirably photograph$ by ,mr4 ,watk9s4#b ,x 0 said by ,mr4 ,a9sa to weigh #a1fjj p\nds4 ,! %ape ( ?is meteoric mass is v peculi>2 &1 at fir/1 x w\ld h>dly be recogniz$ z ! id5tical specim5 figur$ by ,mr4 ,b>tlett at ,tucson1 especially z ?is g5tleman e/imat$ its weight at #fjj p\nds only4 ,in/ead ( be+1 z ,mr4 ,b>tlett suppos$1 a mass support$ on two legs1 x is1 9 reality1 a r+ ( metal1 ( v irregul> dim5sions1 ( :i* ab\t "o-qu>t] 0 buri$ 9 ! gr\nd1 9 ord] to support x 9 a conv5i5t position = use z an anvil1 :5 x 0 se5 by him at ,tucson4 ,! dim5sions ( ?is r+ are z foll[s3 ,greate/ ext]ior diamet] #di in*es4 ,lea/ ext]ior diamet] #ch 0 ,greate/ wid? ( c5tral op5+ #bf 0 ,lea/ wid? ( c5tral op5+ #bc 0 ,greate/ ?ickness at "r angles to plane ( r+ #aj 0 ,wid? ( ?icke/ "p ( ! r+ #ag 0 ,wid? ( n>r[e/ "p #b 0 ,! weight ( ! mass corresponds1 tak+ ! specific gravity at #g4b1 ) a circle-r+1 hav+ an av]age wid? ( "o foot1 & a ?ickness ( a small fraction less ?an eight in*es--! diamet] ( ! circle repres5t$ by ! ext]ior ( ! r+ be+ assum$ z f\r feet4 ,on exam9+ ) a magnify+ glass a fractur$ surface ( ! mass1 x 0 se5 at once to be diff]5t 9 composition f ! ,c>leton ,meteoric ,iron1 & my conjecture t ,pr(4 ,smi? 0 mi/ak5 9 suppos+ t he analyz$ a fragm5t f ! mass figur$ by ,mr4 ,b>tlett1 0 confirm$4#c ,x is n[ almo/ c]ta9 t ,messrs4 ,bru% & ,smi? did analyze fragm5ts ( ! same meteoric iron4 ,! ,a9sa ,meteoric ,iron conta9s a l>ge p] c5tage ( a :ite--almo/ transp>5t--silici\s m9]al1 hav+ a vitre\s lu/re1 :i* may be oliv9e2 b ! am\nt seems l>g] ?an t 9 ! ,c>leton mass4 ,! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution w und\bt$ly cause a *emical inve/igation to be made ( ?is sup]b meteoric mass1 & x w be int]e/+ to comp>e its composition ) t ( ! ,c>leton meteorite1 z ! two 7 f\nd s ne> ea* o!r t !y may be suppos$ to h =m$ portions ( ! same body1 & to h fall5 at ! same "t4 ,! photograph 0 tak5 by ,mr4 ,watk9s1 at my reque/1 p>tly to be s5t abroad z a specim5 ( ! high degree ( p]fection :i* has be5 atta9$ by ?is g5tleman 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( art1 & p>tly t an exact repres5tation might be secur$ ( ?is v rem>kable body1 9 case x %\ld be lo/ or captur$ on its way to ,wa%+ton4 ,9 conclud+ ?is notice1 ! foll[+ /atem5t is giv5 ( all t is kn[n ( ! size & position ( ! masses ( meteoric iron :i* h be5 notic$ by v>i\s travel]s 9 ,arizona & ! adjac5t portions ( ,mexico & ,new ,mexico4 ,9 ! ,mad]a range1 8,si]ra de la ,mad]a10 betwe5 ,tucson & ,tubac1 8enorm\s masses ( pure iron1 "s ( :i* 7 transport$ to ,tucson1 & = _m ye>s 7 to be se5 9 ! ,plaza ( t ,presidio40 ,francisco ,velasco1 9 ,w4 ,f4 ,nye's ,translation ( 8 "w on ,sonora1 p4 #adf1 publi%$ at ,san ,francisco 9 #ahfa4--,two ( ^! masses h be5 br\ght to ?is city1 ! "o weigh+ #a1fjj1 ! o!r #fcb p\nds2 ! "q arises1 h[ _m m are left 9 ! ,si]ra ,mad]a8 ,to ?is1 no answ] c be giv5 at pres5t4 8,at ! ,haci5da de ,concepcion1 on ! road f ,*ihuahua to ,rio ,florida10 a mass ( meteoric iron e/imat$ to weigh #c1hec lbs4--,b>tlett4 ,! exact locality ( ?is haci5da ,i h n be5 able to asc]ta94 8,n9ety miles nor?-we/ ( ,santa ,rosa10 suppos$ to be ! ,santa ,rosa 9 ! prov9ce ( ,coahuila1 9 ,mexico1 lat4 #bh1 long4 #aja #cj'2 ,ass't ,a4 ,s*ott1 ( ! ,mexican ,b\nd>y ,survey1 reports a l>ge numb] ( masses ( meteoric iron2 see page #cd1 ,"p ,,ii1 ( ,major ,emory's ,report4 ,?is /atem5t ne$s confirmation4 8,san*a ,e/ate1 "s fifty or sixty miles f ,santa ,rosa1 9 ! nor? ( ,coahuila40 ,?is is ! locality ( ! mass ( meteoric iron1 weigh+ #beb p\nds1 & n[ 9 ! collection ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 figur$1 describ$ & analyz$ by ,pr(essor ,smi?2 see ,smi?sonian ,report = #ahee1 p4 #aed1 & ,silliman's ,j\rnal1 7#b7 ,,xix1 #afj4 ,pr(essor ,smi? says1 8v>i\s acc\nts 7 giv5 ( ! precise locality1 b none seem$ v satisfactory40 ,x is n unlikely t ?is mass is f ! same locality m5tion$ by ,mr4 ,s*ott4 8,ne> ! ,s\?-we/]n edge ( ! ,balson de ,mapimi1 on ! r\te to ! ,m9es ( ,p>ral1 !re is a meteorite1 ne> ! road1 ( n less ?an a ton weight20 on ! au?ority ( ,mr4 ,weidn]1 ( ! m9es ( ,freib]g1 z /at$ by ,pr(essor ,smi? 7,smi?sonian ,report = #ahee1 page #aee71 ,mapimi is 9 lon4 #ajc #cj'2 lat4 #be #de' ne>ly4 8,at ! ,haci5da ( ,v5agas1 !re 0 7#ahbg7 a piece ( iron t w\ld make a cyl9d]1 "o y>d 9 l5g?1 ) a diamet] ( t5 in*es4 ,x 0 said to h be5 br\ght f ! m\nta9s ne> ! ,haci5da40 ,pr(essor ,smi?1 on ! au?ority ( ,dr4 ,b]l&i] 7,smi?sonian ,report = #ahee1 p4 #aee71 makes ! above /atem5t2 ! exact locality ( ! ,haci5da ,i h be5 unable to asc]ta92 x is probably ne>ly 9 lat4 #bd1 lon4 #aja4 ,la ,paz1 ,new ,mexico1 ne> ! ,colorado ,riv]1 ab\t lat4 #cc #cj'4 ,a mass ( meteoric iron1 weigh+ #aj p\nds1 0 br\ght f t locality1 9 #ahfb1 by ,mr4 ,h4 ,ehr5b]g4 ,a numb] ( o!r localities ( meteoric iron might be add$ f m s\!rn & c5tral portions ( ,mexico2 b z t is a region to :i* ! att5tion ( ,cali=nian explor]s & capitali/s has n yet be5 mu* direct$1 x w n be necess>y to cite !m "h4 ,x is hop$ t ! circulation ( ! above li/ may be ! means ( procur+ fur!r in=mation 9 reg>d to ! masses ( iron notic$2 & t1 possibly1 m ( !m may be br\ght to ,san ,francisco4 #b ,! mass 0 %ipp$ on ! ,panama /eam]1 :i* sail$ f ,san ,francisco on ! #c;d ( ,augu/4 #c ,see page #cd1 ( ?is volume4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,augu/ #c;,d1 #ahfc4 ,presid5t 9 ! ,*air4 ,pres5t1 elev5 memb]s4 ,f4 ,m4 ,sp5ce1 ( ,victoria1 ,v4 ,i41 0 elect$ a ,correspond+ ,memb]4 ,donations to ! ,cab9et3 ,two species ( grasses collect$ 9 ,m>iposa ,c\nty1 by ,mr4 ,r[l&son4 ,donations to ! ,libr>y3 ,! foll[+ =eign j\rnals & sci5tific works 7 receiv$ ?r\gh ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution3 ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,horticultural ,society1 ,vol4 i1 ,nos4 #f & #g 7#ahei71 #h-ai 7#ahfj71 #bj-ca 7#ahfa71 ,vol4 ii1 ,nos4 #a-ab 7#ahfb72 ,li/ ( ! ,fell[s = #ahfa & #ahfb2 ,d] ,zoologis*e ,g>t51 ,nos4 #a-ab1 #ahfb2 ,bullet9s de l',acadmie ,royale de ,belgique1 ,tomes ix-xii1 #ahfj1 #ahfa2 ,mmoires de l',acadmie de ,dijon 7#b7 ix1 x1 #ahfa2 ,annuaire de l',acadmie ,royale de ,belgique1 ,annes #bg et #bh2 ,mmoires de la ,socit ,impriale de ,sci5ces ,naturelles de ,*]b\rg1 ,tome viii1 #ahfa2 ,sitzungsb]i*te d] k4 bayr4 ,akademie d] ,wiss5s*aft5 zu ,mn*51 #ahfa1 ii1 ,heft #a-c1 #ahfb1 i1 ,heft #a-d #ahfb1 ii1 #a2 ,abh&lung5 d] ,ma?4 ,physik4 ,classe d] k4 bayr4 ,akademie d] ,wiss5s*aft51 ,b& ix1 ,ab!ilung #b1 ,mn*51 #ahfb2 ,annal5 d] ,knigl4 ,/]nw>te bei ,mn*51 ,b& xi1 #ahfb2 ,na*trge zu ,maly's ,enum]atio plant>um phan]ogamic>um imp]ii ,au/riaci univ]si1 von ,aug4 ,neilrei*1 ,wi5 #ahfa2 ,v]h&lung5 d] k4 k4 zool4-bot4 ,gesells*aft 9 ,wi51 #ahfa1 ,bd xi2 ,jahrbu* d] k4 k4 geolog4 ,rei*san/alt #ahfa & #ahfb1 ,b& xii2 ,unt]su*ung5 b] die ,di*t5 und ,bre*ungs-expon5te1 von ,dr4 ,ad4 ,weiss und ,ed4 ,weiss2 ,geogno/is*e ,bes*reibung d] preuss4 ,ob]lausitz1 von ,e4 ,f4 ,glock]1 ,grlitz1 #aheg2 ,abh&lung5 d] ,natur=s*5d5 ,gesells*aft zu ,grlitz1 ,b& ii1 #ahfj2 ,mmoires de l',acadmie ,impriale de ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 ,tome iii1 ,no4 #ab1 iv1 ,nos4 #a-i2 ,s*rift5 d] k4 phys4-kon4 ,gesells*aft zu ,knigsb]g1 ,jahrgang #a1 ,heft #b 7#ahfa71 ii1 #b1 #ahfb2 ,die ,culturpflanz5 ,norweg5s1 von ,dr4 ,p4 ,c4 ,s*bl]1 ,*ri/iana1 #ahfb2 ,meteorologis*e ,beoba*tung5 des ,obs]vatoriums zu ,*ri/iana i & ii1 #ahfb2 ,beskrivelse ov] ,lophoga/] typicus1 von ,dr4 ,m4 ,s>s1 ,*ri/iana1 #ahfb2 ,geologiske und]sgels] af ,dr4 ,!odor ,ki]ulf1 ,*ri/iana1 #ahfb2 ,zwei ,k>t5 zur geogno/is*5 ,bes*reibung d] preuss4 ,ob]lausitz1 von ,e4 ,p4 ,glock]2 ,mit!ilung5 d] ,naturf4 ,gesells*aft 9 ,b]n1 #aheh1 ,nos4 #djh-dbc1 #ahei1 #dbd-dci1 #ahfj1 #ddj-dfh2 ,v]h&lung5 d] ,s*weiz]is*5 ,naturf4 ,gesells*aft1 #dcte ,v]sammlung1 ,b]n1 #ahei2 ,correspond5zblatt des ,naturf4 ,v]e9s zu ,riga1 #abt] ,iahrgang1 #ahfb2 ,b]i*t b] die ,?tigkeit d] ,/4 ,gallis*5 ,naturwiss5s4 ,gesells*aft1 #aheh-ahfj2 ,atti della ,societ elvetica delle ,sci5ze ,naturali riunita 9 ,lugano1 #ahfj1 #dd? ,session2 ,v]h&el+5 van het ,bataviaas* ,g5oots*ap1 ,"p xxvii1 #ahfj1 xxviii1 #ahfj2 ,tijds*rift voor indis*e ,taal-,l&-en ,volk5kunde1 ,deel vi1 #b-g1 vii1 #a-f1 viii1 #a-f1 ix1 #a-f1 x1 #a-f 7#ahfj72 ,/udi5 aux d] ,natur1 von ,dr4 ,ad4 ,weiss und ,j4 ,g4 ,weiss2 ,fluoresc5z d] ,f>b5/(fe1 von ,dr4 ,ad4 ,weiss4 ,mr4 ,gabb pres5t$ ! foll[+ pap] by ,mr4 ,rmond3 ,description ( ,f\r ,new ,species ( ,e*9od]mata1 f ! ,t]ti>ies ( ,contra ,co/a ,c\nty4 ,,by ,,augu/e ,r,,mond4 ,,a/rodapsis ,conrad4 ,a4 ,:itneyi ,rmond4 ,disk circul>1 or sub-p5tagonal1 slightly not*$ at ! extremity ( ! ambulacra4 ,apex c5tral & elevat$2 edge depress$4 ,ambulacral /> symmetrical1 prom95t ne> ! apex2 petals equal1 rea*+ to ! m>g9 ( ! disk4 ,int]ambulacral spaces mu* depress$ ne> ! edge4 ,l[] surface slightly & gradually concave2 furr[s well m>k$ & /raight4 ,m\? c5tral1 circul>2 anal ap]ture small1 sub-m>g9al4 ,papill>y tub]cles some:at remote1 small] above ?an b5ea?1 situat$ 9 wide & %all[ cells2 mili>y tub]cles v num]\s & cr[d$1 bo? on ! sup]ior & inf]ior surfaces4 ,greate/ diamet] #a4h in*es ,smalle/ diamet] #a4fe 0 ,height #j4c 0 ,locality3 ,kirk]'s ,pass =mations4 ,f\nd 9 l[] plioc5e b$s4 ,! g5us a/rodapsis1 to :i* ,i h ref]r$ ! above species1 0 indicat$ by ,mr4 ,conrad1 9 ! ,pacific ,railroad ,reports1 ,vol4 ,,vii1 ,palontological ,report1 page #aif1 )\t any g5]ic description4 ,! g5us is closely alli$ to clypea/]1 b diff]s f x 9 hav+ ! petals ( ! ambulacral /> ext5d+ to ! edge ( ! disk1 op5$ at ! extremity1 & 9 ! m>g9 ( ! disk be+ slightly not*$ at ! extremity ( ea* petal4 ,! int]-ambulacral spaces are depress$4 ,on ! "u surface !re is a deep groove correspond+ to ea* petal4 ,my collection1 & t ( ! ,/ate ,geological ,survey4 ,a4 tumidus ,rmond4 ,disk r\nd$ sub-p5tagonal1 ?ick1 r\nd$ on ! edge1 v slightly not*$ at ! end ( ! ambulacral areas4 ,apex small1 c5tral1 depress$4 ,ambulacral petals symmetrical1 v prom95t1 rea*+ to ! m>g91 longitud9ally groov$ by a m$ian l9e4 ,! out] pores ( ! petals abruptly depress$ on ea* side4 ,inf]ior surface slightly concave4 ,m\? c5tral1 small1 r\nd$4 ,ambulacral furr[s /raight1 well m>k$4 ,anus small1 sub-m>g9al4 ,papill>y tub]cles num]\s1 especially 9 ! ambulacral areas1 & 9 ! c5t] b5ea?1 n prom95t1 situat$ 9 comp>atively deep & sub-angul> cavities4 ,greate/ diamet] #a4cd in*es4 ,%orte/ diamet] #a4bf 0 ,height #j4cd 0 ,locality3 ,kirk]'s ,pass =mations2 occurs z ! prec$+ species2 also two miles we/ ( ,walnut ,creek ,h\se4 ,f ! collections ( ! ,cali=nia ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces1 ( ! ,/ate ,geological ,survey1 & my own4 ,,e*9>a*nius van ,phels4 ,e4 ,brew]ianus ,rm4 ,disk small1 oval-elongat$1 broad] beh9d1 r ?94 ,upp] surface slightly convex2 m>g9 r\nd$4 ,apex po/]iorly sub-c5tral4 ,petals close1 ne>ly symmetrical1 ! ant]ior & po/]ior ones ! longe/1 z wide z or ev5 wid] ?an ! int]-ambulacral spaces2 ambulacral areas compos$ ( v n>r[ plates1 wid5+ on ! m>g94 ,inf]ior surface plane4 ,ambulacral furr[s n visible 9 ! specim5s exam9$4 ,m\? small1 c5tral4 ,anus v small1 sub-m>g9al4 ,papill>y tub]cles num]\s1 r\nd$1 some:at prom95t1 m cr[d$ b5ea? ?an above4 ,l5g? #a4bb in*es4 ,wid? #a4jf 0 ,height #j4cj 0 ,locality3 ,two miles ea/ ( ,walnut ,creek ,h\se2 f mioc5e b$s4 ,collection ( ! ,/ate ,geological ,survey1 & m9e4 ,?is species is d$icat$ to ,pr(4 ,w4 ,h4 ,brew]1 ,botani/ to ! ,survey4 ,,clypea/] ,lam>k4 ,c4 ,gabbii ,rm4 ,disk r small1 comp>atively ?ick1 v>y+ f circul> to sub-p5tagonal & irregul> sub-oval4 ,apex ne>ly c5tral1 sub-elevat$2 m>g9 r\nd$2 g5ital app>atus sub-angul>4 ,ambulacral /> almo/ symmetrical2 petals ab\t equal 9 l5g?1 elongat$1 op5 at _! extremities4 ,inf]ior surface flat ne> ! edge1 & g5tly concave 9 ! c5t]4 ,m\? depress$1 sub-c5tral4 ,ambulacral furr[s /raight1 slightly m>k$4 ,anal ap]ture v small1 m>g9al4 ,tub]cles ( ! upp] surface num]\s1 especially 9 ! ambulacra1 r\nd & prom95t4 ,greate/ diamet] #a4af in*es4 ,smalle/ diamet] #a4aj 0 ,height #j4bh 0 ,locality3 ,! ,c4 ,gabbii occurs abundantly on ! ea/]n %ore ( ,san ,pablo ,bay1 s\? ( ,m>e ,isl&1 9 s(t s&-/ones ( mioc5e age4 ,collections ( ! ,/ate ,geological ,survey1 & ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces2 also ,mr4 ,gabb's1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,l4 ,a4 ,pio*e's1 & m9e4 ,dr4 ,kellogg read ! foll[+ pap]3 ,description ( a ,new ,species ( ,allium4 ,,by ,a4 ,,kellogg1 ,m4,d4 ,,allium ,l4 ,allium p>vum ,kellogg4 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,scape %ort1 nak$1 n>r[ly ancipital2 leaves two1 long l9e>-lanceolate1 acute1 apex recurv$1 pla9 above1 mu* att5uat$ t[>ds ! subt]ranean base1 :i* is some:at canaliculate2 lam9a f five to t5-n]v$1 m>g9s remotely subscabrulose2 fl[]s pale1 purpli%1 ab\t eight2 umbel convex1 p$icels triangul>1 ?ick5+ upw>ds1 ab\t z long z ! fl[]s1 n]ves ( ! sepals di/9ctly purple to ! tips2 ?ree out] sepals long] & broad]1 erect1 entire1 oblong1 some:at obtuse1 c>9ate2 ! ?ree inn] l9e>-lanceolate sub-acute2 g5itals includ$1 inn] /am5s slightly long]1 an!rs pale1 bluei%1 filam5ts simple1 exp&$ at ! base2 /yle equal1 /igma acute1 simple 7or obsoletely lob$72 capsule 9 outl9e obcordateley triga/ric1 embryo granul> 7mature fruit n obs]v$71 appe>s to be some:at sub/ipitate1 z se5 9 ! figure1 ! ?ree cells some:at groov$ on ! back2 spa! p]si/5t1 two-p>t$1 ovate1 sub-acute1 ab\t elev5-n]v$1 hyal9e1 & lilac purple2 bulb ovate1 oblong1 ext]nally loosely coat$ ) light-color$1 smoo?-n]v$ membranace\s tunics4 ,! scape is (t5 f\nd only an in* above gr\nd1 z 9 ! rec5t specim5s f ,m\nt ,davidson by ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,c4 ,dorr4 ,! leaves are two to ?ree times ! l5g? ( ! scape4 ,our figure is f a cultivat$ specim5 furni%$ by ,mr4 ,h4 ,g4 ,bloom]1 f bulbs s5t u "s ye>s s9ce by ,mr4 ,&rew ,a4 ,veat*1 f ,wa%oe4 ,?is is ! l>ge/ =m ( x we h yet se54 ,! bulbs1 h[ev]1 "u culture1 are (t5 ?ree or f\r times ! size "h repres5t$4 ,x has none ( ! g>lic odor s common 9 ?is g5us4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,augu/ #ag,,?1 #ahfc4 ,dr4 ,trask 9 ! ,*air4 ,pres5t1 elev5 memb]s4 ,donations to ! ,cab9et3 ,?ree boxes ( ores f v>i\s localities1 pres5t$ by ,dr4 ,trask4 ,mr4 ,lorqu9 pres5t$ a numb] ( l& %ells collect$ on ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s by ,mr4 ,lorqu91 s5ior4 ,a box ( %ells f ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution4 ,donations to ! ,libr>y3 ,v]slag5 en ,m$$eel+5 d] ,kon9klijke ,akademie van ,wet5s*app52 ,afdeel+ ,naturkunde1 ,p>ts #aj-ad1 #ahfj-ahfb2 ,same1 ,afdeel+ ,lett]kunde1 ,p>ts #e-f1 #ahfj-ahfb2 ,ja>boek van de ,kon9klijke ,akademie van ,wet5s*app5 te ,am/]dam1 #ahei1 #ahfj1 #ahfa2 ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,horticultural ,society1 ,vol4 iii1 ,nos4 #a-d1 ,jan4 to ,april1 #ahfc2 ,na*ri*t5 von d] ,georg-,augu/s-,univ]sitt und d] ,knigl4 ,gesells4 d] ,wiss5s*aft5 zu ,gtt+51 #ahfb1 ,nr4 #a-bg4 ,! above 7 receiv$ ?r\gh ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution4 ,dr4 ,coop] read ! foll[+ pap]3 ,on ,new or ,r>e ,mollusca ,inhabit+ ! ,coa/ ( ,cali=nia4--,no4 ,,ii4 ,,by ,j4 ,g4 ,,coop]1 ,m4,d4 ,! foll[+ species 7 collect$ :ile explor+ = ! ,/ate ,geological ,survey1 along ! ma9 l& & isl&s bord]+ ,santa ,b>b>a *annel1 9 ,may1 ,june1 & ,july la/4 ,besides ^? describ$ z new1 ,i obta9$ additional specim5s ( "s ( ^? describ$ 9 #ahfb1 confirm+ ! specific *>act]s !n giv51 & to "s ext5t e/abli%+ ! g5]ic m accurately4 ,c>eful notes & draw+s f liv+ specim5s furni% ! basis ( mo/ ( ! descriptions1 toge!r ) exam9ation ( ! specim5s 9 alcohol4 ,) reg>d to localities1 x mu/ be notic$ t 8,santa ,b>b>a0 & 8,santa ,b>b>a ,isl&0 are v di/9ct bo? 9 local *>act]i/ics & ! gr\ps ( animals inhabit+ !m4 ,! isl& is ab\t sev5ty-five miles f ! t[n1 & ?irty-five f ! ne>e/ ma9 l&4 ,catal9a ,isl& is tw5ty-f\r miles f ! ma9 l&1 & v diff]5t 9 its mollusc\s animals f bo? ! ma9 l& & ! o!r isl&s1 be+ ! ri*e/ locality on our %ores4 ,i h n be5 able to comp>e ^! species ) ^? f ,s\? ,am]ica describ$ by ,d',orbigny & o!rs2 b1 l our o!r littoral mollusca1 !y are probably di/9ct4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 f\nd ! pelagic species ,omma/rephes giganteus ,d',orb 9 l>ge numb]s1 & 8hundr$s0 ( a species ( ,argonauta wa%$ a%ore la/ spr+ z f> nor? z ,santa ,cruz ,isl&1 z ,i 0 in=m$ by ,dr4 ,%aw1 :o pres5t$ specim5s to ! ,/ate collection4 ,,aplysia ,l9n4 ,a4 cali=nica ,coop]4 ,/ate ,collection1 species #ajde4 ,=m & ext]nal appe>ance z usual 9 ! g5us4 ,l5g? fifte5 in*es1 bread? five1 height ab\t ! same4 ,color pale gray or gre5i%1 becom+ purpli% on ! side1 folds ( mantle ) scatt]$ :ite specks1 f :i* an irregul> network ( br[n l9es ext5ds ov] ! re/ ( ! body1 int]sp]s$ ) l>ge br[n blot*es4 ,inn] surface ( mantle v>i$ ) alt]nat+ pa9t$ b>s ( :ite & d>k br[n int]lock+ toge!r4 ,sole ( foot black4 ,eyes v m9ute & black4 ,%ell conta9$ 9 ! sub/ance ( ! mantle c>tilag9\s1 transluc5t1 trapezoidal or hat*et-%ap$1 m>g9s r\nd$1 slightly convex above1 ! nucleus or c5tre 9 old specim5s di/ant f ! po/]ior end or apex4 ,fa9t radiat+ l9es div]g+ f ! nucleus1 cross$ by an irregul> network ( d>k] l9es1 all end+ abruptly at "s di/ance f ! m>g91 :i* has ?us a wide1 ne>ly transp>5t bord]4 ,an accessory plate arises on ! inn] surface f ! nucleus1 spatulate 9 =m & slightly rais$4 ,! two y\ng] specim5s h ! cle> bord] & accessory plate less develop$1 & v "y ones d n probably %[ ^! *>act]s at all1 b resemble ! typical ,aplysia 9 ! =m ( ! %ell4 ,on ?is acc\nt ,i am unwill+ to con/itute x a new g5us1 b propose to call x a sub-g5us "u ! "n ( ,,neaplysia4 ,!re 0 no appe>ance ( a multiplication ( %ells1 said to occur 9 old specim5s ( ,aplysia4 ,n hav+ any full description ( ! int]nal anatomy ( ,aplysia1 ,i _c at pres5t det]m9e :e!r !re are _m o!r diff]5ces 9 /ructure4 ,! /oma* 0 full ( l>ge fragm5ts ( ,alg4 ,i f\nd ?ree specim5s only1 on ! bea* at ,san ,p$ro1 ,july #be?1 j aft] a heavy bl[ :i* occurr$ at ! l[e/ summ] tides4 ,kept 9 wat] = "s "t1 !y 7 v sl[ & un9t]e/+ 9 movem5ts1 %[+ no evid5ce ( any means ( def5ce except ! exudation ( a beautiful purple fluid f ! mantle :5 h&l$4 ,?is fluid1 common to ! ,aplysi1 ?\gh =m]ly suppos$ to be poison\s & indelible1 possesses no su* prop]ties1 ?\gh x may be a def5ce aga9/ m>9e animals :i* attack !m4 ,! figure1 tak5 f a trac+ ( ! %ell1 & electrotyp$ by ,dr4 ,a4 ,kellogg1 repres5t ! inn] surface ( ! mo/ develop$ specim51 ( ! natural size4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,,nav>*us1 ,coop]1 ,proc4 ,cal4 ,acad4 ,ap4 #ahfc4 ,n4 in]mis ,coop]4 ,syn4 ,/rategus in]mis ,coop]1 ,proc4 ,cal4 ,acad4 ,,ii1 #ahfb1 p4 #bjb4 ,"o small specim51 dr$g$ among seawe$s 9 t5 fa?oms1 ne> ! ea/]n %ore ( ! 8,i/hmus10 ,catal9a ,isl&1 %[s no v>iation f ^? obta9$ at ,san ,diego4 ,,doris1 ,l9n4 ,d4 albopunctata ,coop]4 ,/ate ,coll4 ,species #ajjj4 ,=m ovate1 po9t$ beh9d1 flatt5$1 surface %9+1 m9utely rugose4 ,t5tacles club-%ap$1 retractile1 bran*ial plume1 #f-h p>t$1 bip9nately divid$1 situat$ ne> ! po/]ior extremity4 ,color yell[ or orange br[n1 dorsal surface ?ickly speckl$ ) small :ite dots1 ea* =m+ a slightly rais$ papilla4 ,b5ea? pal]4 ,dr$g$ f a rocky bottom 9 tw5ty fa?oms1 a mile f ! %ore at ,santa ,b>b>a4 ,also f\nd on rocks at l[ wat] m>k ne> ! nor?-we/ end ( ,catal9a ,isl&4 ,l5g? ab\t "o in*1 bread? "o-?ird ( an in*4 ,doris mont]ey5sis ,coop]1 ,proc4 ,cal4 ,acad4 ,,ii1 #ahfb1 p4 #bjd4 ,f\nd at ,santa ,b>b>a ,isl& on rocks at l[ wat]1 diff]+ f ! orig9al specim5s only 9 l>g] size & deep] color4 ,! t5tacles are club-%ap$1 ! bran*ial #g-h p>t$1 bip9nate & f "o op5+4 ,doris sangu9ea ,coop]1 loc4 cit4 7,a/]onotus47 ,f\r specim5s f\nd ) ! la/1 diff] f ! type only 9 hav+ ! black spots v small4 ,! t5tacles are acute1 cyl9dro-conic1 retractile into a cavity bord]$ by a too!d membrane4 ,! bran*i =m an erect *imney-%ap$ expansion4 ,i _c discov] ! /ellate valvul> /ructure ( ! bran*ial op5+1 :i* *>act]ises ! g5us ,a/]onotus1 9 ^! specim5s4 ,doris ,s&ieg5sis ,coop]1 loc4 cit4 ,two f\nd ) ! la/ agree exactly ) specim5s f ,san ,diego4 ,! t5tacles are conical & acute4 ,! bran*ial orifice does n pres5t ! peculi> *>act]s ( ,act9ocyclus4 ,al?\gh all ^! species diff] to "s ext5t1 !y h no *>act]s to di/+ui% !m g5]ically f ! typical ,doris1 unless anatomical or microscopical exam9ation %\ld reveal !m1 or ! *>act]s ( t g5us %\ld be m closely limit$4 ,,triopa ,john/on1 #ahch4 ,t4 catal9 ,coop]4 ,/ate coll4 species1 #ajjb4 ,=m mu* elongat$1 n>r[1 dorsal surface flat1 becom+ spatulate po/]i\sly4 ,head exp&$ lat]ally & flatt5$1 wid] ?an ! body1 ornam5t$ ) #ad cili1 equally di/ribut$ ar\nd its m>g91 s z to =m ne>ly a circle4 ,t5tacles long1 conical1 retractile4 ,?ree pairs ( %ort cili at equal di/ances ap>t betwe5 ! t5tacles & middle ( ! body1 connect$ by ! %>p edges ( ! dorsal surface4 ,bran*ial plume five p>t$1 bip9nately divid$1 exp&+ to ne>ly twice ! wid? ( ! body1 situat$ a little beh9d ! middle ( ! body4 ,two %ort cili close toge!r on ! m$ium l9e1 a little beh9d ! bran*i4 ,l5g? #a4ej1 bread? #j4be in*4 ,color yell[i%1 speckl$ ) :ite1 filam5ts v]milion r$4 ,f\r specim5s f\nd on sea we$ among rocks at l[ wat] ne> nor? end ( ,catal9a ,isl&1 ,june #af?4 ,,d5dronotus ,ald] & ,hancock1 #ahde4 ,d4 iris ,coop]4 ,/ate coll4 species #iei4 ,pale purple1 v>y+ to orange r$1 foot n>r[ly edg$ ) :ite1 t5tacles ) :ite tips & a subt]m9al orange r+1 bran*ial processes purple1 ! small] ones sometimes olive ne> ! base4 ,l5g? ( l>ge/ specim5s #c1 bread? #j4ej in*4 ,sev]al f\nd on ! bea* at ,santa ,b>b>a1 ,may #e?1 hav+ be5 wa%$ a%ore by an unusually heavy sea1 occurr+ at a v l[ /age ( ! tide4 ,"o1 also1 dr$g$ on seawe$1 f a dep? ( #bh fa?oms1 two miles (f %ore4 ,?is species seems m v>iable 9 color ?an ! o!r nudibran*iata ( ?is coa/1 b ,i saw no reason = consid]+ !m ( m ?an "o species4 ,^? wa%$ a%ore be+ some:at injur$1 al?\gh /ill alive1 ,i made no draw+ ( !m1 & ! m p]fect "o dr$g$ 0 too small = ?is purpose4 ,9 ! 8,mollusca & ,%ells10 ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,explor+ ,exp$ition "u ,commodore ,wilkes1 ,dr4 ,g\ld m5tions a species ( ,d5dronotus collect$ at ,puget ,s\nd1 b does n "n x or give any clue to its *>act]s1 except t ! bran*i h :ite tips1 unlike our specim5s4 ,x is v probable1 h[ev]1 t x belongs to ! same species1 z s _m ( ! ,mollusca ( ?is coa/ h an equally wide range4 ,,olis ,cuvi]1 #agih4 4 b>b>5sis ,coop]4 ,/ate coll4 species #igh4 ,rose-r$1 long] t5tacles tipp$ ) yell[1 bran*ial cili simple1 9 six longitud9al r[s1 all %ort1 ! middle r[s longe/ & tipp$ ) blue1 ant]ior t5tacles two1 above ! m\?1 dorsal t5tacles club-%ap$1 a :ite /reak ext5d+ f ! m$ian l9e betwe5 !m to ! m\?4 ,l5g? ne>ly an in*4 ,"o specim5 dr$g$ on a rocky bottom1 9 a dep? ( #af fa?oms1 a mile f ! %ore at ,santa ,b>b>a4 ,al?\gh small1 its *>act]s are too diff]5t f ^? ( our o!r species1 :5 ( ! same size1 to all[ u to consid] x ! "y ( any ( !m4 ,,flabell9a ,cuvi]1 #ahcj4 ,f4 opalesc5s ,coop]4 ,syn4 olis1 7,flabell9a87 opalesc5s1 ,coop]--,proc4 ,cal4 ,acad4 ,,ii1 #ahfb1 p4 #bje4 ,?is species1 dr$g$ f ! same locality z ! la/1 pres5t$ exactly ! same *>act]s z ! orig9al specim5s f ,san ,diego4 ,i also f\nd a few ( !m on ! rocky %ore ( ,santa ,b>b>a ,isl&1 diff]+ only 9 hav+ ! bran*ial olive1 tipp$ ) :ite4 ,,phidania ,gray1 #ahej4 ,p4 iod9ea1 ,coop]--,syn4 olis 7,phidania871 iod9ea1 ,coop]1 loc4 cit4 sup4 ,i f\nd "o ( ?is species on ! bea* at ,santa ,b>b>a1 agree+ exactly ) ^? f ,san ,diego4 ,,*ior,,ra ,g\ld1 #ahee4 ,c4 leon9a 787 ,g\ld--,molluscs & ,%ells1 ,u4 ,s4 ,expl4 ,exp$4 ,:olly transluc5t1 pale yell[1 ! v>iations m>k$ only by a d>k] %ade4 ,=m ( head ne>ly conical1 ! apex ant]ior1 =m+ an angul> ro( above ! oral op5+4 ,bron*ial processes five on ea* side1 l>g] ?an repres5t$ 9 ,g\ld's figure1 imbricat$ & decumb5t4 ,l5g? #b4ge1 height #a in*4 ,o!rwise z 9 ! description & figure ( ,g\ld's specim54 ,a s+le specim5 dr$g$ 9 #bj fa?oms (f ,santa ,b>b>a1 ,may #ae?1 diff]s 9 ! po9ts above m5tion$ f ! nor!rn animal1 b be+ mu* small]1 ! diff]5ces may arise f immaturity1 & ,i h !re=e pref]r$ to reta9 ! same "n = x4 ,! s+le specim5 :i* =m$ ! type ( ! g5us 0 dr$g$ 9 ,puget ,s\nd1 0 ov] five in*es long & ( v>i\s bright colors1 ! head subglobose1 high] ?an oral op5+1 bran*i 9 six pairs1 comp>atively small] & erect1 all ( :i* diff]5ces may h aris5 f m p]fect developm5t1 & f hav+ be5 obs]v$ "u m favorable conditions4 ,f its r>ity on our s\!rn coa/ we may expect to f9d x m abundant nor?w>d4 ,dr4 ,kellogg read a pap] describ+ a new species ( ,,als9e1 collect$ by ,mr4 ,bol&]1 9 ! swamp ne> ,mission & ,h[>d & ,sev5? & ,eigh? ,/reets1 ,san ,francisco4 ,description ( a ,new ,species ( ,als9e4 ,,by ,a4 ,,kellogg1 ,m4,d4 ,,als9e ,wahl5b4 ,a4 palu/re ,kellogg4 ,plant sl5d]1 some:at decumb5t at ! base1 simple or slightly bran*+ at ! summit1 glabr\s1 sulcate on opposite sides ( ! /em1 sub-flexu\s1 six in*es to a foot 9 height4 ,leaves lance-l9e>1 acute1 mucronate1 glabr\s1 m>g9s scabr\s1 sub-connate & slightly %ea?+ at ! membran\s base1 %ort] ?an ! int]nodes 7half to m ?an an in* 9 l5g?74 ,p$uncles slightly compress$1 axill>y1 solit>y1 long1 nak$4 ,sepals ovate-lanceolate1 acute or subacute1 "o to ?ree-n]v$1 gre5 ) sc>i\s m>g9s1 ab\t half ! l5g? ( ! petals4 ,petals :ite1 oblanceolate1 obtuse1 entire4 ,/am5s t51 subequal1 %ort4 ,/yles ?ree2 /igmas deeply bip>t$4 ,a plant v abundant 9 swamps 9 ?is vic9ity1 kn[n to u = ! la/ t5 ye>s1 b z we f9d no description :i* we recognize1 we conclude x mu/ be unkn[n4 ,blossom+ 9 ,july & ,augu/4 ,specim5s by ,mr4 ,bol&]4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,septemb] #g?1 #ahfc4 ,presid5t 9 ! ,*air4 ,pres5t1 sev5 memb]s4 ,donations to ,cab9et3 ,fi%es1 cru/acea1 & %ells f ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s1 by ,&rew ,g>rett1 ,esq4 ,donations to ! ,libr>y3 ,proce$+s ( ! ,bo/on ,society ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,vol4 ix1 sigs4 #ac & #ad1 ,may & ,june1 #ahfc4 ,proce$+s ( ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces ( ,philadelphia1 = ,april & ,may1 #ahfc4 ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,horticultural ,society1 ,vol4 #c1 ,no4 #e1 ,may1 #ahfc4 ,silliman's ,j\rnal1 ,july1 #ahfc4 ,pr(essor ,:itney pres5t$ ! foll[+ pap] by ,dr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,coop]3 ,on a ,new ,g5us ( ,t]re/rial ,mollusca ,inhabit+ ,cali=nia4 ,,by ,j4 ,g4 ,,coop]1 ,m4,d4 ,,b9neya ,coop]4#d ,g5]ic *>act]s4--,g5]al =m ( animal l ,limax1 ) a %ell resembl+ t ( ,omalonyx or ,lamell>ia4 ,body ab\t ?ree times z long z %ell1 semicyl9drical1 obtuse 9 front1 =m+ an acute angle beh9d2 foot ext5d+ ! :ole l5g?1 some:at di/9ct ant]iorly1 & c>9ate beh9d4 ,mantle %ield-l1 cov]+ ! back ant]ior to ! %ell = ab\t "o-f\r? its l5g?1 n reflect$ ov] ! %ell4 ,eye-p$uncles mod]ate1 sl5d]1 two %ort acute t5tacles 9 front ( head4 ,l+ual tee? resembl+ ^? ( ,helix 9 =m & arrangem5t4 ,%ell entirely ext]nal1 e>-%ap$1 ne>ly flat1 ab\t "o-?ird z long z ! animal1 :i* x does n half cov] :5 retract$4 ,spire flatt5$1 =m+ two horizontal volutions1 la/ :orl enorm\sly exp&$ & slightly ar*$4 ,columella di/9ct1 entire1 hid+ ! int]ior ( ! convolutions4 ,b9neya notabilis ,coop]4 ,/ate ,coll4 ,species #ihh4 ,specific *>act]s4--,animal d>k lead-color$1 ) black reticulations1 & a wide br[n /ripe along ! m$ian l9e1 ext5d+ f ! mantle to ! front ( head1 ab\t "o-f\r? ( ! total l5g?4 ,%ell ) a pale br[n1 smoo? & %9+ epid]mis1 ext5d+ beyond ! m>g91 transluc5t :5 "y1 becom+ ?ick5$ by an opaque :ite deposit on ! int]ior :5 old4 ,fir/ :orl or nucleus ornam5t$ ) ab\t ?irty delicate p>allel revolv+ ribs1 n conceal$ by ! epid]mis1 & end+ abruptly at ! comm5cem5t ( ! transv]se l9es ( gr[? 9 ! body :orl4 ,l5g? #j4df1 bread? #j4cd1 height #j4ab in*4 ,?is g5us resembles ,limax 9 its %ield-l mantle1 b 9 ! m ess5tial *>act]s ( ! l+ual tee?1 appe>s to belong und\bt$ly to ! ,helicid4 ,x approa*es ne>e/ to ! subfamily ,vitr991 9 hav+ ! mantle 9 front ( ! %ell1 approa*+ ne>e/ to ! ,daudeb>dia ( ,europe2 b diff]s 9 ! =m & opacity ( ! %ell1 :i* resembles "s ( ! ,succ991 especially ,omalonyx ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 etc4 ,x diff]s f ^! v mu* 9 ! =m ( ! animal1 & ! %ell be+ :olly ext]nal1 =m+ "o ( ^? connect+ l9ks :i* make x difficult or impossible to divide ! ,helicid into di/9ct gr\ps4 ,habitat4 ,s f> ?is animal has be5 f\nd only 9 ,santa ,b>b>a ,isl&1 "o ( ! gr\p )9 ?is ,/ate4 ,x !re inhabits b "o /ation1 s f> z ,i c\ld discov] aft] v c>eful se>*4 ,t is ! head ( a rav9e fac+ ! s\?-ea/ & ab\t two hundr$ & fifty feet above ! sea4 ,dur+ ! wet season !re may be a little wat] spr++ f ?is place1 b = at lea/ five mon?s x is n ev5 damp1 :ile ! rema9d] ( ! isl& is entirely de/itute ( wat]4 ,myriads ( ,helix kelletii & two o!r species 7probably new7 inhabit x1 b dur+ ! dry season retire into a torpid /ivation1 n di/urb$ by ! fogs & mi/s ( summ]4 ,! ,b9neya1 ! r>e/ ( all1 & n protect$ f dr\ght by its %ell1 burr[s d[n to ! "u surface ( ?ick succul5t roots1 & contract+ to ab\t twice ! size ( its %ell1 cov]s ! re/ ( its body ) a :ite muc\s secretion1 :i* appe>s to be imp]vi\s to ! moi/ure )91 & dries into a t\gh lea!ry %ell4#e ,:5 moi/5$ = a few h\rs1 ! animal sep>ates ! edge ( ?is box f t ( its true %ell1 & becomes active4 ,! figures ,fig4 #ae repres5t ?ree positions ( ! %ell1 ! animal /ivat+ & also crawl+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,i f\nd b ?ree alive1 & eighte5 dead %ells4 #d ,to all ^? :o h se5 ! spl5did works on ! 8,t]re/rial ,mollusks ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates10 by ! late ,dr4 ,amos ,b9ney1 s ably cont9u$ by 8 son ,w4 ,g4 ,b9ney1 ! appropriat5ess ( ! "n w be at once evid5t4 #e ,9 ?is x resembles ! ,te/acell ( ,europe1 :i* are o!rwise v diff]5t4 ,dr4 ,trask pres5t$1 9 ! "n ( ,mr4 ,g>rett1 ! foll[+ pap]3 ,descriptions ( ,new ,species ( ,fi%es4 ,,by ,,&rew ,,g>rett1 ,,( ,,honolulu1 ,s4 ,i4 ,,julis ,cuv4 ,julis ornatissimus ,g>rett4 ,d4 #i-ac2 ,a4 #b-ac2 ,v4 #a-e2 ,p4 #ab2 ,c4 #b1 #a1 #f1 #f1 #a1 #b4 ,! body ( ?is ,julis is ri* gre51 :i* gradually passes into light blue on ! brea/ & belly4 ,! scales on ! gre5 gr\nd are m>g9$ ) v]million r$1 & !re is a slight t+e ( ! latt] color on ! abdom9al scales4 ,f\r alt]nate oblique light r$ & blue vitt pass f ! middle ( ! gill-op5+1 & gradually fade away b5ea? ! ant]ior portion ( ! abdom54 ,! head1 :i* is em]ald gre51 is ornam5t$ ) v]million r$ /ripes1 :i* h _! m>g9s %ad$ (f ) brilliant blue4 ,! /ripes are dispos$ z foll[s3 "o trav]ses ! upp] l9e ( pr(ile1 two ext5d f ! upp] lip to ! eye1 "o foll[s ! l[] l9e ( ! head1 pass+ up ! h9d] m>g9 ( ! gill cov]s2 two horizontal ones on ! *eek1 &1 po/]i\sly to ! eye !y assume reticulations4 ,irides gold5 yell[1 ) %ades ( light r$2 cornea dusky gre54 ,! dorsal1 anal & caudal f9s are c>m9e r$1 m>g9$ ) pale blue4 ,! =m] ) a basal r[ ( l>ge spots1 & an intram>g9al b&1 d>k gre54 ,two simil> b&s m>k ! out] half ( ! anal f91 & spots ( ! same color may be obs]v$ on ! caudal4 ,! v5trals are pale1 /raw-yell[1 ) blue1 ant]ior m>g9s4 ,pectorals h a pale1 yell[ t+e at _! base4 ,! greate/ dep? ( ! body1 z comp>$ to ! entire l5g? ( ! fi%1 is ab\t "o to f\r4 ,! scales are r l>ge4 ,! head con/itutes a little less ?an a f\r? ( ! total l5g?4 ,9 addition to ! usual tee? :i* *>act]ize ! g5us1 we obs]ve a sp9i=m too? project+ obliquely =w>d f ! po/]ior portion ( ! bran*es ( ! upp] jaw4 ,! caudal f9 is po/]iorly r\nd$ (f1 & ! v5trals are long & po9t$4 ,l5g?1 #d in*es4 ,habitat1 ,s&wi* ,isl&s4 ,,rem>ks4--,we h obs]v$ only a s+le example ( ?is v r>e & beautiful fi%1 :i* 0 captur$ at ! isl& ( ,hawaii 9 #ahef4 ,its peculi> m>k+s w readily di/+ui% x f any ( ! num]\s species inhabit+ our coa/s4 ,9 %ape & m>k+s ( ! head x resembles ,julis pcila1 figur$ 9 ! ,zoology ( ! ,voyage ( ! 8,blossom10 b ! colors ( ! body & f9s are widely diff]5t4 ,,*ironectes ,cuv4 ,*ironectes rubro-fuscus ,g>rett4 ,d4 #c-ac2 ,a4 #i2 ,v4 #f2 ,p4 #aa2 ,c4 #i4 ,a s+le example ( ?is species n[ be=e me has be5 pres]v$ 9 spirits sev]al ye>s4 ,x is 9 f9e condition1 ?\gh ! colors are mu* fad$4 ,! g5]al %ape is oblong-oval1 & mu* compress$4 ,! ?ickness at ! base ( ! head ent]s ab\t five & a half times 9 ! total l5g?4 ,! :ole surface is cov]$ ) cr[d$ m9ute hispid asp]ities1 & v small1 remote1 cutane\s1 tuft-l app5dages4 ,! head1 z view$ 9 pr(ile1 is irregul>ly r\nd$1 ! *9 =m+ ! ant]ior end1 be+ slightly 9 advance ( ! m\?4 ,! eyes are exce$+ly small1 elliptically oval 9 %ape1 _! greate/ diamet] be+ only ?ree-tw5tie?s ( an in*4 ,_! di/ance f ! m>g9 ( ! upp] jaw is five times _! own l5g?4 ,! m\? is v]tical4 ,on ! top ( ! sn\t1 midway betwe5 ! eyes & ! end ( ! upp] jaw1 is a long setace\s app5dage1 articulat$ to a tub]cle1 & tuft$ at ! end4 ,on ! cranium !re are two /\t1 curv$ processes1 :i* project po/]iorly1 ! h9d "o ! l>ge/1 & bo? envelop$ 9 ! integum5ts4 ,! dorsal f9 takes its orig9 at a po9t correspond+ to ! middle ( ! total l5g? ( ! fi%1 caudal exclusive4 ,its height equals ! l5g? ( its own base4 ,! caudal trunk & f9 are slightly oblique to ! horizontal axis ( ! body4 ,! anal f9 is small & r\nd$ (f along its out] m>g94 ,! rays 9 all ! f9s h _! ends slightly prolong$ 9 little fle%y po9ts4 ,! color1 z not$ f ! liv+ fi%1 is d>k r$1 ) irregul>1 cl\d-l m>k+s & spots1 dusky gray4 ,ev]y:]e maculat$ ) small1 irregul>1 dusky spots1 :i* are ! mo/ num]\s on ! belly4 ,a few deep black maculations on ! v]tical f9s & scatt]+ ones on ! body4 ,! int]ior ( ! m\? & tongue are mottl$ ) r$ & :ite4 ,irides pale fle% color2 cornea black4 ,! smoo? inn] surfaces ( ! pectoral & v5tral f9s are int5sely r$4 ,l5g?1 #h in*es4 ,habitat1 ,s&wi* ,isl&s4 ,,rem>ks4--,?is f9e l>ge species is v r>e4 ,z comp>$ ) ! ,c4 leprosus f ! same location1 x is mu* l>g]1 m compress$1 ! eyes mu* small] & ! gr\nd color is q diff]5t4 ,9 ! lepor9a ! eyes are less ?an twice _! own diamet] di/ant f ! ant]ior m>g9 ( ! upp] jaw4 ,9 our fi% !y are five diamet]s di/ant f ! same po9t4 ,,*,,todon ,l4 ,*todon multic9ctus ,g>rett4 ,d4 #ac-bd2 ,a4 #c-ai2 ,v4 #a-e2 ,p4 #ad2 ,c4 #c1 #a1 #h1 #g1 #a1 #b4 ,=m oval4 ,! head ent]s ab\t f\r & a half times 9 ! total l5g?4 ,! upp] l9e ( pr(ile f ! sn\t to ! dorsal f9 is ne>ly /raight1 ris+ at an angle ( #fj4 ,! sn\t is %ort4 ,! eye is l>ge1 circul>1 its diamet] "o-?ird ( ! l5g? ( ! head1 & plac$ j midway betwe5 ! op]cul> corn] & ! end ( ! sn\t4 ,! preop]cul> m>g9 exhibits a few small d5tations4 ,! scales are mod]ate size4 ,! dorsal & anal f9s are po/]iorly r\nd$ (f4 ,! h9d] m>g9 ( ! caudal is truncate4 ,! ant]ior s(t ray ( ! v5trals is slightly prolong$ beyond ! m>g9 ( ! f94 ,color creamy-yell[4 ,! sides are m>k$ ) five v]tical1 yell[i%-br[n1 diffuse /ripes1 ! two ant]ior ones t]m9ate on ! side ( ! belly1 & ! o!rs at ! base ( ! anal f94 ,!re is a slight indication ( a six? "o along ! basal half ( ! s(t portion ( ! dorsal f94 ,ea* scale is m>k$ ) a fa9t1 yell[i%-br[n dot4 ,a yell[ l9e />ts f a po9t above ! base ( ! v5tral1 foll[s ! l9e ( ! belly1 & unites ) a black "o :i* trav]ses ! anal f94 ,a blue black spot 9 front ( ! dorsal f9 gradually passes into ! ocul> fascia1 ! latt] be+ br[n above & yell[ b5ea? ! eye4 ,irides *rome-yell[4 ,upp] lip br[n4 ,a v]tical black /ripe1 %ad$ (f ant]iorly ) v]million1 m>ks ! middle ( ! caudal trunk4 ,! dorsal sp9es & filam5ts are orange-yell[1 ! int]-radial membrane is colorless4 ,! s(t portion ( ! dorsal & anal are o*re-yell[ along _! middle-?ird1 ! =m] ) a broad yell[ & ! latt] ) a pale gre5i% m>g94 ,! two colors on ei!r f9 sep>at$ by a n>r[ black & :ite l9e4 ,! caudal is colorless1 ) a basal v]tical luni=m b>1 its convex m>g9 ant]ior4 ,! v5trals are :iti%1 & ! pectorals colorless4 ,l5g?1 #c in*es4 ,habitat1 ,s&wi* ,isl&s4 ,,rem>ks4--,two examples ( ?is species 7 procur$ 9 ,honolulu m>ket4 ,,ophisurus ,lac4 ,ophisurus ,cali=ni5sis ,g>rett4 ,?is ,ophisurus is m robu/ ?an usual 9 species ( ?is g5us4 ,! head is l>ge1 swoll5 b5ea?1 & comprises ab\t "o-twelf? ( ! entire l5g?4 ,! dep?1 tak5 at ! orig9 ( ! anal f91 ent]s ab\t tw5ty-eight times 9 ! total l5g?1 or twice 9 ! l5g? ( ! head4 ,! pectorals are l>ge1 elliptical 9 %ape1 _! tips rea*+ po/]iorly ne>ly z f> z ! orig9 ( ! dorsal f94 ,! dorsal & anal f9s are well develop$1 ! latt] pass+ ov] a base consid]ably m ?an half ! l5g? ( ! fi%4 ,! color 9 spirits is br[n1 pal] on ! l[] half ( ! head1 & c9]e\s along ! ?roat & belly4 ,a dorsal r[ ( l>ge1 r\ndi%1 br[ni%-black spots ext5ds f ! occipital region to ! end ( ! tail2 ! spots be+ int]sect$ by ! f91 & ! two ant]ior ones are saddle %ap$4 ,a second r[1 dispos$ alt]nately to ! fir/1 occupies ! upp] half ( ! flanks4 ,! head is irregul>ly maculat$1 ! spots becom+ pal] b5ea?4 ,! f9s are light1 br[ni%-grey2 ! dorsal & anal ) a n>r[ d>k] m>g91 :i* is articulat$ ) d>k br[n4 ,l5g?1 #ai in*es4 ,habitat1 ,l[] ,cali=nia4 ,,rem>ks4--,! specim5 describ$ above1 0 captur$ at ,m>g>ita ,bay1 by ,mr4 ,:ite1 ( ! :al] ,rambl]1 to :om ,i am indebt$ = a valuable collection ( objects ( natural hi/ory4 ,dr4 ,ayres rem>k$ t he _h rec5tly receiv$ f ,tomales ,bay specim5s ( an i*?yic type1 new to ?is coa/1 & probably new to sci5ce4 ,! species is closely alli$ to ,scomb]esox1 ?\gh ! jaws are b mod]ately elongat$4 ,x is judg$ wor?y ( record1 ev5 previ\s to any description1 s9ce no fi% ( t gr\p has hi!rto be5 f\nd 9 ! wat]s ( ,cali=nia4 ,! specim5s exhibit$ to ! ,academy 7 f five to eight in*es 9 l5g?4 ,he also gave notice ( ! acquisition ( a specim5 ( ,?ra%]1 tak5 9 ! ,bay ( ,san ,francisco4 ,! species is a v close repres5tative ( ! ,atlantic =m ,alopias vulpes1 diff]+1 h[ev]1 9 ! proportions ( ! dorsal & anal f9s1 & 9 ! position ( ! bran*ial ap]tures2 ! tail con/itutes decid$ly m ?an half ( ! entire l5g?4 ,! specim5 is ab\t five feet 9 l5g?4 ,dr4 ,ayres pres5t$ a specim5 ( ,b>nacles1 f\nd float+ at sea 9 lat4 #cc #h ,n41 lon4 #abi #ce ,w41 by ,capt4 ,geo4 ,goodrum ( ,san ,francisco4 ,!y 7 ( ! ,anatifa type1 b exhibit$ ! rem>kable feature ( be+ atta*$1 n to "s extrane\s sub/ance1 z a fragm5t ( wreck1 = in/ance1 b to a sph]ical1 fle%y receptacle1 app>5tly a portion ( _! own sy/em4 ,?is receptacle 0 ( a light1 yell[i% color1 ab\t ! size ( a small orange1 :i* x some:at resembl$ 9 aspect4 ,to x 7 atta*$1 by ! usual flexible p$icles1 ab\t a doz5 ,b>nacles1 alli$ to ,anatifa1 z above indicat$1 b diff]+ f x 9 ! bread? ( ! dorsal plate1 & 9 ! projection ( a /rong keel at ! base ( bo? dorsal & lat]al plates4 ,:5 ?is specim5 0 procur$1 myriads l x cov]$ ! sea = miles 9 ! track ( ! vessel4 ,b>nacles aggregat$ 9 ?is mann] ( gr[? d n appe> to h be5 hi!rto report$4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,octob] #e?1 #ahfc4 ,presid5t 9 ! ,*air4 ,sev5 memb]s pres5t4 ,a donation to ! cab9et ( sev]al species ( fi%es f ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s 0 receiv$ f ,mr4 ,&rew ,g>rett4 ,donation to ! ,libr>y3 ,fragm5ta ,phytographi ,au/rali1 by ,f]d9& ,muell]1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 f ! au?or4 ,mr4 ,bol&] /at$ t he _h rec5tly collect$ two grasses believ$ n to h be5 be=e f\nd on ?is coa/1 ?\gh common 9 ! ,atlantic ,/ates1 viz43 ,paspalum di/i*um 7,l47 along ! %ores ( ,cle> ,lake1 cov]+ l>ge pat*es ( gr\nd1 & ,le]sia oryzoides 7,sw>tz71 along ,ca*e ,creek1 ( mu* l>g] size ?an he _h met ) 9 ! ,ea/4 ,he believ$ ,ga/ridium au/rale1 :i* cov]s almo/ e dry hill 9 ! int]ior1 to be indig5\s4 ,dr4 ,behr made "s rem>ks on ! date ( introduction ( "s =eign plants1 n[ becom+ v common 9 ?is vic9ity1 :i* he int5ds to make ! subject ( a future article4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,,mirabilis ,,cali=nica4 ,v>4 villosa ,kellogg4 ,= description see page #aj ( ?is volume4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,octob] #ai?1 #ahfc4 ,presid5t 9 ! ,*air4 ,six memb]s pres5t4 ,dr4 ,f]d9& ,muell] 0 elect$ an ,honor>y memb]4 ,fr$]ick ,wideman1 ( ,s9aloa1 ,alex4 ,drauph+ ( ,san ,seba/ian1 & ,s4 ,w4 ,morrell1 ( ,mazatlan1 7 elect$ ,correspond+ memb]s4 ,dr4 ,coop] exhibit$ specim5s ( ,lagomys pr9ceps1 ! 8,little ,*ief ,h>e10 f ! summits ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada4 ,he rem>k$ t ?is r>e animal liv$ ab\t ! limits ( p]petual sn[1 & 0 s r>ely se5 t resid5ts = sev]al ye>s ne> its resorts _h nev] se5 x4 ,he f\nd x q common 9 a v limit$ di/rict1 ?\gh difficult to obta91 f its extreme %yness4 ,?\gh be=e f\nd 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s ne> ,s\? ,pass1 & ,salt ,lake1 :]e x is call$ 8,coney10 ?is 0 ! fir/ record ( its occurr5ce s f> to ! we/ & s\?4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,novemb] #b;d1 #ahfc4 ,presid5t 9 ! ,*air4 ,twelve memb]s pres5t4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,g4 ,b9ney1 ( ,burl+ton1 ,n4 ,j41 ,george ,n4 ,lawr5ce1 ( ,new ,york1 & ,william ,coop]1 ( ,new ,york1 7 elect$ ,correspond+ memb]s4 ,mr4 ,lorqu9 pres5t$ two species ( ,cali=nia ,jays = ! ,cab9et4 ,donations to ! ,libr>y3 ,annuaire de l',acadmie ,royale de ,belgique1 #ahfc4 ,bullet9 de l',acadmie ,royale de ,belgique1 tomes ,,xiii1 ,,xiv4 ,on "t b\nd>ies 9 ,geological ,hi/ory1 by ,james ,d4 ,dana4 ,on ! high] subdivision 9 ! classification ( ,mammals1 by ,james ,d4 ,dana4 ,on ,cephalization1 & on ,mega/h5es1 & ,micro/h5es 9 classification1 by ,james ,d4 ,dana4 ,proce$+s ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,society ( ,dubl91 sessions ( #ahfj-fb4 ,memoir on ,cali=nia ,mosses by ,leo ,lesqu]eux4 ,dr4 ,coop] pres5t$ ! foll[+ pap]3 ,on new ,g5]a & ,species ( ,cali=nia ,fi%es--,no4 ,i4 ,,by ,j4 ,g4 ,,coop]1 ,m4,d4 ,! fi%es describ$ 9 ! foll[+ articles 7 collect$ by me = ! ,/ate ,geological ,survey1 along ! ,s\!rn ,coa/ ( ?is ,/ate & among ! adjo9+ isl&s4 ,:ile x is possible t "s ( !m may h be5 describ$ 9 works n n[ accessible to u1 ! probabilities are entirely 9 favor ( _! be+ new1 z we h v rec5t li/s ( all ! species describ$ z inhabitants ( ?is ,coa/ s9ce ! report on fi%es collect$ by ! ,pacific ,rail ,road ,surveys4 ,= mu* in=mation & assi/ance 9 _! det]m9ation1 ,i am indebt$ to ,dr4 ,w4 ,o4 ,ayres1 & also to ,dr4 ,george ,hew/on1 = ! use ( books n conta9$ 9 any public libr>y 9 ! city4 ,! outl9e illu/rations1 r$uc$ f accurate measurem5ts1 7 electrotyp$ & pres5t$ by our indu/ri\s collaborator1 ,dr4 ,kellogg4 ,! colors describ$ are 9 all cases ^? ( ! liv+ fi%4 ,,dekaya1 n4 g4#f ,g5]ic *>act]s4--,g5]al %ape elongat$ & fusi=m1 head small & %ort1 premaxill>ies slightly protractile1 eye l>ge1 situat$ above ! level ( m\?1 pr(ile mod]ately slop+1 sn\t broad & obtuse4 ,preop]culum s]rat$ beh9d1 op]culum ) "o obtuse sp9e2 bran*io/egal rays five on ea* side4 ,op]cul> op5+s connect$ bel[4 ,front r[s ( tee? on premaxill>ies small1 conical1 acute1 & slightly recurv$2 ^? ( upp] jaw l>ge/1 _! size decreas+ f ! middle t[>ds ea* angle1 :]e !re are "o or two l>ge can9es2 ^? bel[ hidd5 by ! upp] jaw4 ,beh9d ?is r[ 9 bo? jaws1 a b& ( velvet tee? 9 ab\t six irregul> r[s ne> ! symphysis1 b end+ entirely ne> ! middle ( ea* ramus4 ,tongue & vom] too?less4 ,ph>yngeal bones & bran*ial ar*es d5sely cr[d$ ) l>ge velvet tee?4 ,infraorbital bone %ort1 curv+ up "u po/]ior bord] ( orbit1 & n connect$ ) ! op]culum4 ,no/rils d\ble1 ant]ior op5+ small]1 lips r ?ick & fle%y4 ,scales small1 num]\s1 oblong1 subquadrangul>1 f9ely pect9at$1 cov]+ ! :ole body & head z f> z front ( orbit1 b leav+ a b>e space ar\nd ! eye4 ,f9s scaleless1 z well z caudal rays4 ,dorsal & anal f9s v long at base2 sp9\s rays few4 ,lat]al l9e normal4 ,,dekaya ,,anomala1 ,coop]1 n4 sp41 ,/ate coll4 ,no4 #fah4 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,specific *>act]s4--,l5g? ( head conta9$ five times 9 total l5g?4 ,di/ance f end ( sn\t to orbit "o-?ird ! l5g? ( head1 & great] ?an wid? ( orbit4 ,height ( head j beh9d orbit ab\t equal to di/ance f tip ( sn\t to edge ( preop]culum2 bread? "o-?ird to "o-half ( its l5g?4 ,sk9 on occiput elevat$ f ! bone by a ?ick lay] ( fat1 n by any bony expansions4 ,height ( pectoral f9 less ?an l5g? ( head2 its wid? ab\t "o-?ird ( its height1 middle rays longe/4 ,dorsal aris+ above pectoral jo9t1 its l5g? "o-?ird t ( ! fi%2 fir/ sp9e "o-n9? ! l5g? ( ! f92 ! o!r sp9es l5g!n+ to ! comm5cem5t ( ! s(t portion1 ( :i* ! longe/ ray is "o-fif? ! l5g? ( ! f91 & ! la/ ray "o-fifte5?2 ! entire f9 hav+ a gradually ar*+ outl9e4 ,caudal mod]ately broad1 deeply =k$1 & acutely po9t$2 ! upp] lobe slightly ! l>ge/4 ,anal simil> 9 =m to dorsal1 aris+ opposite its eigh? s(t ray & prolong$ a little f>!r back4 ,x is ?ree-fif?s z long z dorsal1 its height ab\t "o-f\r? its l5g?1 ! fir/ 7sp9\s7 ray & ! la/ ea* half z long z ! longe/4 ,v5trals f\r-fif?s ! height ( pectorals1 aris+ imm$iately beh9d !m2 _! wid? "o-?ird ( _! l5g?4 ,d4 ,,vii1 #bc-b1 ,c #c-a-f-f-a-c1 ,a ,i-#b-ba-b1 ,p #f-a-aa1 ,v1 ,i-#a-a-c4 ,scales #age1 #ac_/cb-aj_/aj4 ,colors4--,pale silv]y br[n1 :ite bel[2 an obscure r[ ( br[n spots & mottl+s on sides2 f9s & tail olive ne> base2 iris d>k br[n & gilt4 ,rem>ks4--,?is fi% seems to be a v ab]rant =m ( ! ,p]coid family1 hav+ _m ( ! *>act]s ( o!r ord]s4 ,its g5]al =m & d5tition are ^? ( "s ,scia5oids1 :ile its entire dorsal1 op]cul> armature & only five bran*io/egals sep>ate x bo? f !m & ! ,p]coids4 ,! v long anal is ano!r "* f\nd 9 few if any memb]s ( ^! families4 ,i c f9d no?+ 9 ! ph>yngeal bones to indicate its aff9ities1 ^! be+ closely l ^? ( bo? ! above families z %[n 9 ,s]iphus politus & ,p>alabrax cla?ratus1 :i* on comp>ison h !m almo/ exactly simil>4 ,! g5us ,het]ogna?odon1 ( ,bleek]1 has sev]al ( ! mo/ peculi> *>act]s ( ?is "o2 b n hav+ a full description ( x1 ,i _c comp>e !m4 ,!re are g5]ic diff]5ces at lea/1 & ! habitat is widely diff]5t1 be+ ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,ri*>dson places x ) o!r ab]rant g5]a 9 ! family ,!raponidae--7,datn9ae1 ( ,swa9son17 :i* is probably a mixture ( sev]al4 ,! outl9e figure repres5ts ! fi% "o-?ird ! natural size2 #bb in*es4 ,?is fi% is caught r pl5tifully 9 autumn at ,catal9a ,isl&1 :]e ,i obta9$ ! "o "h describ$1 9 ,octob]1 #ahfa4 ,dur+ my late visit !re1 9 ,june & ,july1 none w\ld bite1 & ,i h n yet obta9$ any duplicates4 ,x is call$ by ! v vague "n ( 8,:ite-fi%40 ,! figure be+ made f a sk9 may be a little inaccurate 9 proportions2 b ,i hope to be able to pres5t a bett] "o 9 ! ,report ( ! ,geological ,survey4 ,?is :ite-fi% is n rem>kable = excell5ce z food4 ,,ayresia1 n4 g4#g ,g5]ic *>act]s4--,=m elongat$1 suboval2 ! outl9e m curv$ above ?an bel[4 ,scales l>ge1 f9ely pect9at$1 completely cov]+ ! body & head1 except 9 front ( orbit2 small] on head1 & becom+ v small :]e !y ext5d ov] p>ts ( ! f9s & tail4 ,tee? num]\s1 acute1 entire1 ! ant]ior r[ l>ge/2 ^? bel[ l>g] ?an above1 & flatt5$ po/]iorly4 ,a few small] ones cr[d$ beh9d ^! ne> symphysis4 ,ph>yngeals villi=m4 ,premaxill>s protractile1 ! upp] ar*$1 twice z high z wide1 ! l[] %utt+ )9 x4 ,preop]culum entire1 a v small obtuse sp9e at angle ( op]culum4 ,pectorals r long & po9t$4 ,caudal deeply =k$1 ! lobes acute4 ,dorsal long1 anal mod]ate4 ,diff]s f ,pomac5trus 7,lacep$e7 *iefly 9 a m ar*$ dorsal outl9e1 arm$ op]culum & un>m$ preop]culum1 po9t$ f9s & tail1 proportions ( f9s4 ,! dorsal outl9e appe>s to become mu* m convex ) age1 *iefly f deposit ( fat on ! occiput1 z is ! case 9 "s ,labroids1 z = in/ance1 ,l4 pul*] 7,ayres7 & ,julis mode/us 7,gir>d71 ! latt] also gr[+ high] 9 proportion to its l5g? ?r\gh\t4 ,! dott$ l9e repres5ts ! dorsal outl9e ( a specim5 "o-f\r? l>g] ?an t figur$1 b o!rwise closely l x4 ,,ayresia ,,punctip9nis1 ,coop]1 n4 sp41 ,/ate coll4 ,no4 #eif4 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,specific *>act]s4--,head =m+ less ?an a f\r? ( total l5g? 7#j4ah71 eyes less ?an "o-?ird ! l5g? ( head1 & less ?an its own diamet] f end ( sn\t1 height ( head beh9d orbit ab\t equal to its l5g?4 ,greate/ ?ickness ( body ab\t "o-eigh? ( total l5g?4 ,height ( pectoral equal to "o-f\r? ! di/ance f sn\t to =k ( tail 7#j4ba74 ,dorsal comm5c+ above pectoral jo9t1 its sp9\s portion ne>ly "o-?ird ( its total l5g?1 & "o-six? ( its height1 ! fir/ sp9e %orte/4 ,s(t rays becom+ ?ree times z high1 =m+ an obtuse po9t beh9d2 ! la/ ray ab\t z long z ! sp9es 7! fir/ dorsal sp9e %\ld be "o-f\r? long] ?an 9 ! figure74 ,caudal p$uncle slightly contract$1 %ort] ?an caudal rays4 ,=k ( tail ext5d+ half-way to its base1 ! upp] lobe longe/1 be+ "o-fif? ( ! total l5g?4 ,anal comm5c+ b5ea? ! t5? dorsal sp9e1 & end+ a little ant]ior to end ( s(t dorsal1 its base less ?an "o-six? ( total l5g? 7#j4ag74 ,br4 ,v-,v ,d4,,xiii1 #f-a-f1 ,c4 #c-a-f #f-a-c1 ,a4,,ii-#aa1 ,v4 ,i-#h1 ,p-#ai4 ,scales #cj #c_/h #d_/i #c_/c lat4 l9e ant4 #ai4 ,color4--,blui% or gre5i%-black2 sides1 pal]1 sometimes copp]y1 f9s smoky1 ! dorsal & caudal spott$ ) black1 iris bronz$ br[n4 ,b5ea? :iti% 9 "y1 all ! hues d>k] 9 ! old fi%4 ,"s are also spott$ on ! body po/]iorly4 ,9 ! w9t] ( #ahfa-b1 ,i caught sev]al 9 ,san ,diego ,bay1 :i* bit freely at ! usual baits4 ,i did n he> any peculi> "n appli$1 b !y are conf\nd$ ) 8,p]*10 :i* !y little resemble4 ,also f\nd at ,san ,p$ro4 ,a l>g] "o1 tak5 9 a net at ,santa ,b>b>a ,isl&1 9 ,may1 #ahfc1 has ! diff]5t *>act]s suppos$ to indicate an old] fi%1 & is mu* fatt]2 its head is also %ort] 9 proportion1 b z ,i f9d a simil> diff]5ce 9 specim5s ( ,girella nigricans ,ayres1 z well z 9 ! ,labroids be=e m5tion$1 ,i mu/ consid] ^! z sexual diff]5ces1 or 9 "p dep5d+ on age & condition4 ,!y d n diff] m ?an "s specim5s ( ,embiotoca jacksoni f ea* o!r1 & agree closely 9 ! numb] ( sp9es & rays ( _! f9s4 ,,orcynus1 ,cuvi]1 #ahai4 ,,orcynus ,,pacificus1 ,coop]1 n4 sp41 ,/ate collection1 species #ajcc4 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,specific *>act]s4--,g5]al pr(ile elliptical1 height ( body ne>ly "o-qu>t] its l5g?1 bread? ab\t half ! height4 ,head lat]ally compress$1 some:at flatt5$ on top1 ! nose horizontally r\nd$1 b lat]ally po9t$4 ,base ( tail v]tically compress$1 "o-?ird broad] ?an x is high4 ,head half ! l5g? ( body1 its height beh9d orbit equal to half its l5g?4 ,diamet] ( orbit "o-six? ! l5g? ( head1 its =m obliquely oval4 ,jaws equal1 gape ( m\? "o-?ird ! l5g? ( head4 ,pectoral f91 aris+ at middle ( v]tical ( side1 ne>ly half ! total l5g?1 its wid? at base "o-eigh? ( its l5g?1 b sudd5ly n>r[+ to "o-fifte5?1 :i* wid? x reta9s ne>ly to ! end1 its out] ?ird curv+ gradually d[nw>d1 & becom+ po9t$4 ,fir/ dorsal comm5c+ directly above pectoral1 its l5g? ne>ly "o-f\r? ( total l5g?1 & its height 9 front two-fif?s ( its l5g?4 ,sp9es rapidly decreas+ 9 l5g? f ! fir/ to ! eigh?1 ! next six ab\t equal1 & a ?ird ( ! fir/1 ! la/ "o v %ort4 ,second dorsal imm$iately beh9d ! fir/ & a little high]1 triangul>1 ne>ly "o-?ird high] ?an long1 its base l5g!n$ po/]iorly1 & "o-?ird ! l5g? ( ! fir/ dorsal4 ,f9lets eight above & eight bel[1 acutely triangul>1 ^? ne> ! middle a little l>g]4 ,caudal l>ge1 its lobes equal1 _! l5g? ?ree times _! wid?1 & "o-?ird t ( ! pectoral2 po/]ior outl9e arcuately concave1 ) slightly wid5$ lobes ne> ! middle4 ,anal opposite end ( second dorsal1 simil> to x 9 =m1 b small]1 & ab\t twice z high z long1 its position half way betwe5 ! v5trals & caudal4 ,its fir/ sp9e is only ab\t "o-?ird z long z ! second1 :i* is two-?irds ! height ( f92 bo? conceal$ by ! sk94 ,v5trals aris+ opposite second dorsal sp9e1 ab\t twice z high z wide1 _! inn] m>g9 ) a small po9t$ lobe4 ,c>tilag9\s ridge on side ( caudal p$uncle mod]ate1 highe/ ant]iorly1 its l5g? half t ( caudal lobe4 ,two slight oblique ridges beh9d ! m$ian ridge4 ,lat]al l9e imp]ceptible 9 front ( f\r? dorsal sp9e1 p>allel ) outl9e ( back4 ,no scales on head4 ,?oracic corselet ( v l>ge consolidat$ scales above pectoral1 bord]$ by six r[s ( l>ge di/9ct scales1 :i* gr[ small] f be=e backw>ds4 ,scales und]nea? v5trals & ar\nd o!r f9s1 simil>ly consolidat$1 & depress$ "u pectoral & v5tral4 ,re/ ( scales ne>ly uni=m 9 size4 ,tee? num]\s1 v small1 9 "o r[1 ! palat9e d5se & velvety4 ,rays ( second dorsal & anal f9s ne>ly hidd5 by adipose sk94 ,br4 ,,vi-,,vi ,d4,,xiv-#ab--h1 ,p #cb1 ,v1 ,i-#h ,a4,,ii-#h1--h ,c4#aa-a-f-f-a-ab4 ,colors4--,above blacki%1 sides /eel-blue1 bel[ silv]y :ite1 f9s smoky1 iris br[n1 f9lets yell[ edg$ ) blue4 ,! l>ge/ ,i saw measur$ ?irty-?ree in*es to =k ( tail1 & weigh$ tw5ty-five p\nds4 ,num]\s 9 summ] among ! isl&s (f ! s\!rn coa/ ( ?is ,/ate1 & is said to occur z f> nor? z ,san ,luis ,obispo4 ,x af=ds excell5t sport1 be+ caught by troll+ :ile sail+ v rapidly1 bit+ voraci\sly at a :ite rag4 ,x is 9 my op9ion ! be/ fi% = ! table t is caught on ?is coa/1 b x is said to be sometimes poison\s4 ,x belongs to ! typical ,orcynus ( ,cuvi]1 di/+ui%$ f ,?ynnus1 by ! v long pectoral1 eight pairs ( f9lets1 small corselet1 etc4 ,! type ( ,orcynus 7,scomb] alatunga1 ,l9n41 or ,o4 alalonga1 ,duhamel71 is call$ 8,ala longa0 7,long-w+7 9 ! ,m$it]ranean & resembles ?is species closely1 b is figur$ z less high & ) a small] pectoral f94 ,?is species is "o ( sev]al conf\nd$ by sailors "u ! ,spani% names ( ,albicore & ,bonito4 ,! ,engli% "n ,tunny is appli$ to an alli$ species on ! coa/ ( ,europe1 ! ,?ynnus vulg>is1 ,cuv41 & to its ne> repres5tative ! ,t4 secundi-dorsalis1 ,/or]1 ( ! ea/]n ,am]ican coa/4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 are evid5tly ( a diff]5t g5us1 & z ,?ynnus is preoccupi$ 9 insects1 ! "n ,orcynus1 appli$ by ,gill to ! same type1 may p]haps be reta9$1 al?\gh f\nd$ on a mi/ake4 ,o4 coretta1 ,cuv4 & ,val41 probably repres5ts our species 9 ! ,gulf ( ,mexico4 #f ,nam$ 9 memory ( ! di/+ui%$ au?or ( ! ,zoological portions ( ! 8,natural ,hi/ory ( ,new ,york10 ,dr4 ,james ,e4 ,dekay4 #g ,! "n ( ,dr4 ,w4 ,o4 ,ayres1 is well kn[n 9 connection ) ,i*?yology1 especially t ( ,cali=nia4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,novemb] #af,,?1 #ahfc4 ,dr4 ,kellogg 9 ! ,*air4 ,six memb]s pres5t4 ,dr4 ,coop] read a lett] f ,mr4 ,a4 ,s4 ,taylor1 n[ ( ,santa ,b>b>a1 compla9+ t 8 "n _h be5 omitt$ f ! li/ ( correspond+ memb]s1 ?\gh he 0 elect$ sev]al ye>s s9ce4 ,x 0 resolv$ t 8 "n be re/or$1 hav+ be5 omitt$ on acc\nt ( 8 new address be+ unkn[n to ! ,secret>y4 ,mr4 ,bol&] read ! foll[+ article3 ,enum]ation ( ,%rubs & ,trees gr[+ 9 ! vic9ity ( ! m\? ( ,san ,francisco ,bay4 ,,by ,,h5ry ,n4 ,,bol&]4 ,! t]ritory 9 "q is divid$ naturally into ?ree p>ts3 #a4 ,! nor!rn "p ( ! p59sula ( ,san ,francisco1 ) an undulat+ & hilly surface1 consi/s ( drift+ s&1 ) a small p] c5tage ( humus m+l$ ) x4 #b4 ,! ,oakl& ,hills1 runn+ ,n4 #ed ,w4 mag41 f ! ,bay ( ,san ,pablo to ,san ,le&ro1 a di/ance ( tw5ty-?ree miles1 ) ! adjac5t slopes & valleys4 ,heavy clayey soil pr$om9ates2 b :]e %rubs & trees gr[ x is mo/ly a loose1 light1 & slightly s&y soil4 #c4 ,t "p ( ,m>9 ,c\nty betwe5 ,san ,rafael1 ! head ( ,tomales ,bay & ,bol9as ,bay1 =m+ a triangle1 ) a hilly surface1 ! ridges runn+ ,n4 #ed ,w4 mag4 ,soil a heavy clay1 9 ! valleys & on b>e hills2 or a light1 slightly s&y loam among %rubs & trees4 ,9 all p>ts a metamorphic s&-/one und]lies ! soil4 ,b]b]is 7,mahonia7 ,aquifolium ,pur%4 ,a l[ ev]gre5 %rub1 ?ree to f\r feet high1 n greg>i\s2 9 clay soil on ! hill sides2 r>e4 ,d5dromecon rigidum ,b5?4 ,a %rub ) sl5d] upright bran*lets1 f\r to six feet high1 r>e2 on :ite s&-/one1 ,oakl& hills1 ?ird range ea/w>d1 n greg>i\s4 ,rhus div]siloba ,torr4 & ,gray4 ,,poison ,,oak4 ,ev]y:]e1 decidu\s1 exce$+ly v>iable1 ?ree to eight feet high4 ,negundo ,ac]oides ,mn*4 ,,box-,,eld]4 ,a m$ium siz$ tree1 tw5ty to ?irty feet high2 common among ! ,oakl& hills1 on banks ( creeks4 ,ac] macrophyllum ,pur%4 ,,l>ge-,,leav$ ,,maple4 ,common on ! banks ( ,walnut ,creek1 ,n4,w4 ( ,m\nt ,diablo2 fifty to sev5ty feet high1 & two to five feet 9 diamet]1 9 light s&y soil4 sculus ,cali=nica ,nutt4 ,,horse-,,*e/nut4 ,mo/ly a %rub1 seldom a m$ium siz$ tree1 l>ge/ on ! banks ( creeks & moi/ hill sides2 gr[s commonly 9 gr\ps4 ,common4 ,euonymus ,occid5talis ,nutt4 ,,sp9dle-,,tree4 ,a %rub sev5 to fifte5 feet high1 ) sl5d] upright bran*es2 9 swampy places1 ne> ! head ( ,tomales ,bay2 r>e4 ,frangula ,cali=nica ,gray4 ,,cali=nia ,,buck?orn4 ,v common1 v>iable1 f\r to t5 feet high2 ev]gre51 greg>i\s1 9 clayey soil4 ,ceano?us ?yrsiflorus ,es*4 ,,cali=nia ,,lilac4 ,v common1 & v>iable 9 size1 sometimes h&some trees2 exce$+ly greg>i\s1 =m+ d5se *ap>ral1 on ! nor!rn & ea/]n slopes ( hills & m\nta9s2 ev]gre54 ,mu* cultivat$ on acc\nt ( ! pr(usion ( its fragrant fl[]s1 & ! v>i\s %apes t may be giv5 x by trimm+4 ,ceano?us rigidus ,nutt4 ,l[1 /raggl+1 f\r to six feet high1 less greg>i\s ?an ! =m]2 on ! :ite s&-/one hills1 ea/ ( ,oakl&4 ,ceano?us ----4 ,a small %rub1 ?ree to f\r feet high1 ) v small gl&ul> leaves2 mo/ly s+le or 9 gr\ps1 on ,m\nt ,tamal ,pais at #b1gjj feet elevation4 ,lup9us albifrons ,b5?4 ,,silv]-,,leav$ ,,lup9e4 ,v common 9 almo/ pure s&y soil1 oblong 9 outl9e1 two to six feet high2 gr[+ mo/ly s+le1 ev]gre54 ,lup9us macroc>pus ,hook4 & ,arn4 ,,yell[ ,,lup9e4 ,l>ge1 spread+1 oval 9 outl9e1 ev]gre51 ) l>ge fragrant fl[]s2 greg>i\s 9 moi/ gravelly places along ! %ore ( ! bay1 & 9 depressions1 or banks ( runs1 :]e ! soil p>takes ( a clayey nature4 ,pick]+ia montana ,nutt4 ,l>ge1 spread+1 f\r to sev5 feet high2 ev]gre51 & greg>i\s on ! ,oakl& :ite s&-/one hills4 ,c]asus ,ilicifolia ,nutt4 ,,cali=nia ,,*]ry1 or ,,plum4 ,a small tree1 eight to fifte5 feet high1 ) ?ick1 %9+1 sp9\sly s]rate1 ev]gre5 leaves2 fruit ( a yell[i% p9k color1 ) a ?9 pulpy ext]nal portion4 ,hill sides on ! p59sula ( ,san ,francisco1 gr[+ mo/ly 9 gr\ps2 r>e4 ,c]asus s]ot9a ,ehrh4 ,,black ,,wild-,,*]ry4 ,a gr\p ( ?ree or f\r small trees1 eight to twelve feet high1 ne> a road 9 ! ,oakl& hills4 ,und\bt$ly introduc$ f ! ,atlantic ,/ates4 ,c]asus em>g9ata8 ,d\gl4 ,a small %rub1 ?ree to f\r feet high1 ) v sl5d] r$di% & :ite dott$ bran*lets1 & decidu\s leaves2 r>e4 ,tamal ,pais1 #b1gjj feet elevation4 ,nuttallia ,c]asi=mis ,torr4 & ,gray4 ,oblong 9 outl9e1 f\r to six feet high1 decidu\s2 common on ! nor!rn slopes ( hills1 9 clayey soil4 ,along ! bay & ,oakl& hills4 ,spira ,opulifolia ,l9n4 ,,n9e-,,b>k4 ,l>ge1 spread+1 eight to fifte5 feet high2 common on ! banks ( creeks among ! ,oakl& hills4 ,spiraea ,arifolia ,smi?4 ,common on banks ( creeks & nor!rn slopes ( hills1 ,oakl&4 ,c]coc>pus p>vifolius ,nutt4 ,r>e1 on ! hills 9 ,m>9 ,c\nty4 ,its spirally-tail$ se$s give ! %rub an appe>ance z if 9 full blossom4 ,ad5o/ema fasciculata ,hook4 & ,arn4 ,oblong 9 outl9e1 f\r to five feet high2 v greg>i\s1 =m+ ext5sive d5se *ap>ral on ! s\!rn & we/]n slopes ( ! ,oakl& bills2 ev]gre54 ,rubus ,nutkanus ,l9dl4 ,,?imble-,,b]ry4 ,rubus velut9us ,hook4 & ,arn4 ,rubus macropetalus ,d\gl4 ,,blackb]ry4 ,nor!rn slopes ( hills1 ,oakl& & ,m>9 ,c\nty4 ,rosa bl&a ,ait4 ,,wild ,,rose4 ,v common on ! banks ( creeks1 =m+ ?ickets4 ,oakl& hills & ,walnut ,creek4 ,rosa gymnoc>pa ,nutt4 ,hill sides1 ,oakl&4 ,a small b beautiful species1 r r>e4 ,phot9ia ,arbutifolia ,l9dl4 ,a h&some ev]gre5 tree ( m$ium size1 9 s&y soil4 ,common ev]y:]e 9 ! vic9ity ( wat] & spr+s4 ,amelan*i] ,canad5sis4 ,v>4 ,alnifolia ,torr4 & ,gray4 ,,s]vice-,,b]ry4 ,nor!rn slopes1 f\r to twelve feet high2 9 clayey soil1 at ,mission ,dolores & ,oakl& hills4 ,ribes div>icatum ,d\gl4 ,,black ,,gooseb]ry4 ,ribes glut9osum ,b5?4 ,,r$ ,,gooseb]ry4 ,ribes malvaceum ,smi?4 ,,black ,,currant4 ,banks ( creeks & nor!rn slopes4 ,:ipplea mode/a ,torr4 ,9 loose1 light soil1 9 ! ,r$woods2 "o to two feet high1 r>e4 ,cornus pubesc5s ,nutt4 ,,s(t-,,leav$ ,,dogwood4 ,l>ge1 spread+1 t5 to fifte5 feet high4 ,banks ( creeks1 ,oakl& hills4 ,lonic]a involucrata ,banks4 ,,tw9-,,b]ry4 ,l>ge1 ) sl5d] upright bran*es1 t5 to fifte5 feet high4 ,bord]s ( creeks & swamps1 ,bay ( ,san ,francisco1 ,oakl&1 ,m>9 ,c\nty4 ,lonic]a ,cali=nica ,torr4 & ,gray2 et v>4 hispidula4 ,,honeysuckle4 ,sl5d]1 climb+2 bord]s ( /reams4 ,l4 hispidula1 on ! out-cropp+s ( :ite s&-/one1 ,oakl& hills4 ,symphoric>pus racemosus ,mi*x4 ,,sn[-,,b]ry4 ,=m+ ?ickets 9 depressions on ! ,oakl& hills1 at #b1jjj feet elevation1 & along /reams 9 ! valleys4 ,clay soil--?ree to f\r feet high4 ,sambucus glauca ,nutt4 ,,eld]4 ,sambucus pub5s ,mi*x4 ,,r$-,,b]ri$ ,,eld]4 ,dry hill sides & bord]s ( wet places4 ,s4 glauca1 (t5 tree-l & tw5ty feet high4 ,oakl&1 ,m>9 ,c\nty4 ,aplopappus ,l>icifolius ,gray4 ,a l[ fa/igiate-bran*$ %rub1 "o to ?ree feet high2 v common 9 drift-s& on ! p59sula ( ,san ,francisco4 ,l9osyris ----8 ,a beautiful little %rub1 ?ree to five feet high1 ) upright bran*es & long l9e> leaves1 d5sely set4 ,bran*lets & leaves cov]$ by a res9\s exudation4 ,9 glades on ! nor!rn slopes ( ,tamal ,pais1 #a1ejj to #b1jjj feet elevation4 ,gr9delia ----8 ,a l[ %rub1 two to six feet high1 bord]+ ! *annels 9 ! salt m>%es at ,oakl& & ,san ,rafael4 ,bac*>is consangu9ea ,d4 ,c4 ,b4 pilul>is ,d4 ,c4 et ,b4 glom]uliflora ,hook]1 seem to be id5tical4 ,x is an exce$+ly v>y+ %rub2 on s&y soil1 l[1 creep+1 ) num]\s fa/igiate bran*lets1 ! fl[]s mo/ly pi/illate1 & ! heads less cr[d$2 on clayey soil1 especially on ! banks ( creeks1 x is (t5 fifte5 feet high1 q tree-l1 oblong 9 outl9e1 ! fl[]s mo/ly /am9ate1 & ! heads v mu* cr[d$4 ,all =ms are subject to excresc5ces1 b especially ^? gr[+ 9 a s&y soil4 ,ev]gre54 ,bahia ,artemisifolia ,less4 ,ovate 9 outl9e1 two to ?ree feet high1 ev]gre52 common on nor!rn slopes1 %ores ( ! bay1 & ,oakl& hills4 ,artemisia filifolia ,torr4 ,,wormwood4 ,l>ge root-/ocks ) num]\s sl5d] bran*es1 ?ree to f\r feet high4 ,occupy+ almo/ inv>iably ! s\!rn slopes 9 common ) ,diplacus glut9osus4 ,bo? plants1 on acc\nt ( ! lead5 color ( _! leaves & bran*es1 give ! s\!rn slopes t b>r5 appe>ance1 contra/+ s /rongly ) ! vegetation ( ! nor!rn slopes4 ,artemisia pa*y/a*ya ,d4 ,c4 ,s&y soil1 ?ree to f\r feet high4 ,p59sula ( ,san ,francisco4 ,vacc9ium ovatum ,pur%4 ,,ev]gre5 ,,huckleb]ry4 ,a beautiful %rub1 five to t5 feet high1 ) sl5d] upright bran*es2 b]ries delici\s4 ,9 light s&y soil1 on ! ea/]n slopes ( ,oakl& hills4 ,arbutus ,m5ziesii ,pur%4 ,madroa4 ,ev]gre51 tw5ty to ?irty feet high1 on ! nor!rn & ea/]n slopes ( ! ,oakl& hills1 b m common & g5]ally l>g] & f9] on ! hill sides ne> ,san ,rafael4 ,arcto/aphylos tom5tosa ,d\gl4 ,mansaita4 ,l[1 /raggl+1 ev]gre51 & greg>i\s on ! out-cropp+s ( :ite s&/one 9 ! ,oakl& hills4 ,arcto/aphylos pung5s ,h4 ,b4 ,k4 ,mansaita4 ,obovate 9 outl9e1 t5 to fifte5 feet high2 scatt]$4 ,gaul!ria ,%allon ,pur%4 ,,m>is4 ,,sallal4 ,l[1 creep+1 ev]gre51 cov]+ l>ge tracts ( l& among ! hills ( ,m>9 ,c\nty4 ,b]ries eatable4 ,azalea occid5talis ,torr4 & ,gray4 ,on ! banks ( creeks 9 ,m>9 ,c\nty4 ,q common2 five to twelve feet high4 ,diplacus glut9osus ,nutt4 ,s\!rn & we/]n slopes4 ,res9\s1 eight feet high2 common4 ,sphacele calyc9a ,b5?4 ,mo/ly greg>i\s1 five to eight feet high4 ,ne> ! coa/1 ,m>9 ,c\nty2 ea/]n slopes ne> ,san ,mateo4 ,eriodiction ,cali=nicum ,b5?4 ,v glut9\s1 two to f\r feet high--ev]gre54 ,dry hill sides1 ,tamal ,pais4 ,solanum umbellif]um ,es*4 ,a sl5d] ev]gre5 %rub1 two to f\r feet high on ! bluffs ( ! bay4 ,frax9us ,oregana ,nutt4 ,,oregon ,,a%4 ,on ! banks ( creeks1 ,m>9 ,c\nty2 tw5ty to ?irty feet high4 ,oreodaphne ,cali=nica ,nes4 ,,spice ,,bu%1 ,,m\nta9 ,,laurel1 ,,balm ,,( ,,heav54 ,(t5 a l>ge tree 9 moi/ localities1 =ty to fifty feet high1 sometimes ?ree to six feet 9 diamet]2 us$ = %ip-build+4 ,dirca palu/ris ,l9n4 ,,lea!rwood4 ,v common on ! ea/]n slopes ( ! ,oakl& hills1 :]e its fl[]s make x v conspicu\s 9 spr+2 two to f\r feet high4 ,croton 7,h5dec&ra7 procumb5s ,hook & ,arn4 ,a v l[ %rub1 common on ! p59sula ( ,san ,francisco1 9 almo/ pure s&y soil4 ,g>rya elliptica ,l9dl4 ,mo/ly a %rub ) sl5d] bran*es1 b sometimes a small-siz$ tree2 ev]gre51 greg>i\s1 9 s&y soil 9 ?is city1 & on ! ea/]n slope ( ! ,oakl& hills4 ,platanus racemosa ,nutt4 ,,sycamore4 ,banks ( ,san ,le&ro ,creek1 ,oakl& hills4 ,alnus viridis ,d4 ,c4 ,a l>ge tree on ! banks ( creeks1 ,oakl& hills4 ,myrica ,cali=nica ,*am4 & ,s*l4 ,,wax ,,myrtle4 ,mo/ly a m$ium siz$ tree1 9 moi/ localities & on ! ea/]n slopes ( ,oakl& hills4 ,juglans rupe/ris ,engelm4 ,v>4 major ,torr4 ,,walnut4 ,a beautiful l>ge tree1 =ty to sixty feet high & two to f\r feet 9 diamet]1 ) r smoo? b>k & d5se1 graceful foliage2 x may well vie ) its ,ea/]n cong5]s4 ,banks ( ,walnut ,creek ea/ ( ! ,oakl& hills4 ,ca/anea *rysophylla ,d\gl4 ,,cali=nia ,,*9quap94 ,a l[1 /raggl+ ev]gre5 & greg>i\s %rub1 occurr+ only on ! outcropp+s ( ! :ite s&/one 9 ! ,oakl& hills4 ,qu]cus d5siflora ,hook & ,arn4 ,tamal ,pais & ,r$woods ( ,m>9 ,c\nty4 ,qu]cus agrifolia ,nes4 ,,live ,,oak4 ,a %rub z well z a l>ge tree2 ev]y:]e 9 mod]ately moi/ situations4 ,qu]cus t9ctoria v>4 ,cali=nica ,torr4 ,,black ,,oak4 ,hill sides1 ,m>9 ,c\nty4 ,qu]cus lobata ,nes4 ,,:ite ,,oak4 ,hill sides ,m>9 ,c\nty & banks ( ,walnut ,creek4 ,qu]cus acutid5s8 ,torr4 ,,scrub ,,oak4 ,ev]gre52 =m+ d5se *ap>ral on ,tamal ,pais4 ,corylus ro/rata ,ait4 ,,beak$ ,,hazelnut4 ,v common on ! ea/]n slopes ( ! ,oakl& ,hills4 ,a %rub f\r to six feet high4 ,salix 7f\r species47 ,,will[4 ,wet gr\nds ev]y:]e1 six to tw5ty feet high4 ,populus tremuloides ,mi*x4 ,,asp54 ,a m$ium siz$ tree on ! banks ( ,walnut ,creek4 ,torreya ,cali=nica ,torr4 ,,cali=nia ,,nutmeg ,,tree4 ,a l>ge tree ) long spread+ bran*es1 & r smoo? b>k4 ,wood valuable2 r>e1 on banks ( ,pap]mill ,creek1 ,m>9 ,c\nty4 ,sequoia semp]vir5s ,endl4 ,,r$wood4 ,a v l>ge tree1 =m+ small groves on ! nor!rn slopes ( hills 9 ,m>9 ,c\nty1 & on ! ea/]n slopes ( ! ,oakl& hills4 ,p9us insignis ,d\gl4 ,a small tree t5 to fifte5 feet high1 on ! outcropp+s ( :ite s&/one 9 ! ,oakl& hills1 ?ird ridge ea/w>d2 r>e4 ,p9us contorta ,d\gl4 ,a m$ium siz$ tree1 ovate 9 outl9e4 ,hills ( ,m>9 ,c\nty2 r>e4 ,abies ,d\glasii ,l9dl4 ,,oregon ,,p9e4 ,a v l>ge tree1 yield+ excell5t timb]4 ,gr[s ) ,s4 semp]vir5s 9 small groves on ! nor!rn slopes ( hills1 ,m>9 ,c\nty4 ,cupressus ,mac-,nabiana8 ,murray4 ,,c$>4 ,a spread+ %rub1 eight to twelve feet high1 on ,tamal ,pais2 r>e4 ,dr4 ,behr pres5t$ ! foll[+ article3 ,on ,cali=nian ,lepidopt]a--,no4 ,,iii4 ,,by ,h4 ,,behr1 ,m4 ,d4 ,! foll[+ species ( butt]flies 7 mo/ly collect$ by ! memb]s ( ! ,/ate ,geological ,survey1 among ! high] regions ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada2 b "s ( !m are f o!r portions ( ,cali=nia4 ,,danais1 ,latr4 #a4 ,danais ,ar*ippus1 ,cram]4 ,?is species 0 f\nd ev]y:]e1 bo? on ! pla9s & at ! highe/ elevations1 up to ! limits ( ,lepidopt]\s life1 #aj1ejj feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,! specim5s caught 9 ! ,si]ra 7 9 a poor condition1 & diff]$ rem>kably 9 habits f ^? f\nd ne> ,san ,francisco ,bay4 ,l mo/ ,danaids1 ours is r a lazy & heavy butt]fly1 gift$ x is true ) great p[] ( flight1 :i* is %[n n by swiftness1 b by p]sev]ance4 ,x is h[ev] q easily caught4 ,b accord+ to ! /atem5t ( ,mr4 ,h(fman1 ( ! ,geological ,survey1 ?is same ,danais 0 on ! m\nta9 summits s re/less & active t al?\gh v common1 only two specim5s c\ld be obta9$4 ,we consid] ^! specim5s z some?+ l 8enfans p]dus10 ( an o!rwise respectable family1 l$ away by an innate desire to /rive aga9/ ! curr5t4 ,?us !y /ruggle aga9/ ! m\nta9 breeze until f9ally !y rea* ! bleak heights ( ! ,si]ra1 :]e su* tropical =ms contra/ /rik+ly ) ! alp9e flora4 ,,argynnis1 ,fabr4 #b4 ,argynnis montivaga1 ,behr1 n4 sp4 ,argynnis1 ,no4 #d4 ,proc4 ,cal4 ,acad4 ,,ii1 #ahfb1 p4 #agd4 ,if1 z ,i /rongly suspect1 ?is species is /ill undescrib$1 ,i propose = x ! above "n4 ,x is n f\nd ne> ?is bay1 b seems to be widely spread ?r\gh ! ,si]ra f :5ce ,i h specim5s collect$ at diff]5t localities4 ,^? obta9$ by ! ,geological ,survey are f an elevation ( #aj1ejj feet4 #c4 ,argynnis rupe/ris1 ,behr1 n4 sp4 ,no4 #f ( =m] article4 ,to ! diagnosis =m]ly giv5 ,i add ! foll[+ "*3 ,m>go ant]ior al>um ant]iorum subtus quam disco pallidior4 ,! saturat$ coloration ( ! radical half ( ! h9d w+s1 is n always equal 9 its ext5t beyond ! middle macul> fascia1 s t ! diagnosis ( ,no4 #i is 9 "s respects ne> en\gh to cause confusion1 if x 7 n t 9 ,no4 #i ! ant]ior m>g9 ( ! =ew+s is always decid$ly d>k] ?an ! disk1 furni%+ a good diagno/ic "*4 ,9 g5]al aspect !y diff] en\gh to be recogniz$ at ! fir/ glance1 b x is v difficult to describe ! o!r diff]5ces4 ,! "n ,i propose = ,no4 #f1 is d]iv$ f its inhabit+ ! /eep rocky declivities *>act]iz+ ! l[] "p ( ! ,si]ra4 ,! specim5s 7 collect$ by ,pr(4 ,brew] at a mod]ate elevation above ! sea4 #d4 ,argynnis monticola1 ,behr1 n4 sp4 ,no4 #h ( ! =m] article4 ,?is species 0 f\nd 9 ,yosemite ,valley & "s o!r localities1 be+ app>5tly n r>e4 #e4 ,argynnis ,anti?ore1 ,boisd4 ,"o specim5 only f ,yosemite ,valley4 ,,melit,a1 ,fabr4 ,x w be necess>y to give a monograph ( ?is g5us be=e we g on ) ! enum]ation ( ! m\nta9 species4 ,we h 9 ,cali=nia elev5 well-m>k$ species1 a numb] f> exce$+ ^? ( ! ,atlantic ,slope1 & ab\t equal to ^? ( ! :ole ( ,europe4 ,9 ! 8,synopsis ( ,nor? ,am]ican ,lepidopt]a10 writt5 = ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution by ,john ,g4 ,morris1 ,i f9d only two ,cali=nian species m5tion$ & describ$1 viz43 ,m4 ,edi?a & ,m4 ,palla1 ! 8,m4 ,z]5e0 ( ! same "w be+ )\t d\bt an ,argynnis4 ,9 a catalogue publi%$ by ! same au?or 9 #ahfj1 ,i f9d besides ^? j m5tion$ ano!r1 viz2 ,m4 ,*alc$on4 ,dr4 ,boisduval names sev]al ,melita 9 8 lett]s to me1 b gives no diagnosis4 ,our ,cali=nian ,melita belong to f\r types4 ,,type ,i4 ,! fir/ is t ( ,m4 ,?>os1 repres5t$ by f\r di/9ct species 9 ,cali=nia4 ,?is type is peculi> to ! ,am]ican ,cont95t1 occurr+ also 9 ! ,atlantic ,/ates1 & 9 ! tropics4 ,,type ,,ii4 ,t ( ,m4 ,a?alia1 repres5t$ by ,m4 ,palla1 & sev]al o!rs4 ,x is also abundantly repres5t$ 9 ,europe1 b seems to be want+ 9 ! ,atlantic ,/ates4 ,,type ,,iii4 ,t ( ,m4 ,phaeton1 correspond+ exactly to ! ,european1 ,m4 ,maturna1 ,m4 ,artemis1 etc41 is repres5t$ 9 ,cali=nia by ,m4 ,edi?a1 ,m4 ,*alc$on1 & o!rs4 ,,type ,,iv4 ,t ( ,m4 ,leanira is num]\s 9 ! tropics ( ,am]ica b seems to be want+ ev]y:]e else except 9 ,cali=nia4 ,,melit,a1 ,type ,i4 #a4 ,m4 montana1 ,behr4 ,syn8 ,m4 ,pyrrha1 ,d\bl$ay4 ,alae supra aurantiacae1 nigro cla?ratae1 int] secundam et t]tiam fasciam nigram magis dilutae2 po/icae int] primam et secundam fasciam1 s]ie punctorum nigrorum signatae1 fascia prima ab angulo ant]iori int]rupta1 et co/am v]sus qu9tam tantum d5uo cursum ad angulum po/]iorem recipi5te4 ,alae anticae subtus aurantiacae1 disco f]e concolori1 nec maculis pallidi\ibus nec fasciis obscurioribus b5e di/9ctis1 apicem v]sus flavidae1 maculls fasciisque fuscis1 et prope angulum po/]iorem macula nigra signatae4 ,alae po/icae flavidae signaturis plus m9us obscurioribus1 9 morem ,argynnidum undulatis1 s]ie punctorum brunneorum int] primam et secundam fasciam ut supra p]transeunte4 ,insup] int] co/am qu9tam et sextam ex/at lunula subm>g9alis pallidior1 int]dum c&ida pru9aque arg5tea induta1 quam umbra amplectitur obscurior4 ,alt]a umbra a m>g9e ant]iori prope apicem ext5ditur4 ,?is species is v v>iable z to ! m>k+s ( ! und]side ( ! h9d w+s4 ,two specim5s1 :i* ,i receiv$ ?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,mr4 ,lorqu91 h sc>cely any m>k+s !re4 ,^! 7 collect$ 9 ! neighborhood ( ,los ,angeles4 ,! o!rs1 receiv$ f ! g5tlem5 ( ! survey1 7 mo/ly collect$ at ! headwat]s ( ,tuolumne ,riv]1 b "s f ,yosemite ,valley4 #b4 ,m4 coll9a1 ,behr1 n4 sp4 ,alae omnes supra fulvae1 nigro cla?ratae1 po/icae int] fasciam primam et secundam s]ie punctorum nigrorum in/ructae4 ,alae anticae subtus fulvae apicem v]sus gilvesc5tes1 ubique signaturis fuscis1 m>g9emque v]sus aliquot maculis nigris obsitae4 ,alae po/icae subtus gilvae1 h9c pru9a arg5tea indutae1 signaturis fuscis 9 morem ,argynnidum undulatis1 b9is semp] p] umbram qu&am connexis1 h9c et ill9c conflu5tibus1 s]ie punctorum nigrorum halone amplexorum ut supra int] fasciam primam et secundam p]transeunte4 ,lunula subm>g9alis int] co/am qu9tam et sextam major quam reliquae lunulae subm>g9ales1 et umbra brunnea amplexa4 ,?is species is n r>e 9 ! vic9ity ( ,san ,francisco1 & ! hills ( ,contra ,co/a1 especially on ! grassy valleys1 along creeks1 & on hillsides ) a v>i$ vegetation ( h]bace\s plants4 ,!re mu/ be _m g5]ations ( ^! annually1 = ! p]fect insect is f\nd f spr+ to autumn4 #c4 ,m4 campe/ris1 ,behr1 n4 sp4 ,alae supra nigrae fasciis macul>ibus o*raceis et aurantiacis alt]nantibus4 ,s]ies punctorum nigrorum 9 alis po/icis 9 fascia aurantiaca subm>g9ali4 ,alae anticae subtus aurantiacae apicem v]sus luteae4 ,macula disci et fascia int]m$ia infracta luteae1 haec intus nigro m>g9ata4 ,alae po/icae subtus luteae1 l9ea transv]sa undulata divisae2 ,a radice usque ad l9eam transv]sam brunneo signatae et prope m$iam l9eam transv]sam umbra obscura indutae2 quae umbra ext5ditur usque ad s]iem punctorum4 ,lunula int] qu9tam co/am et sextam c&ida1 aucta et umbra amplexa4 ,?is species is v common 9 diff]5t localities1 especially on m>%y places1 :]e ,hemizonia ab\nds4 ,seems to be peculi> to ! l[] regions1 & produces sev]al annual g5]ations4 #d4 ,m4 prat5sis1 ,behr1 n4 sp4 ,alae supra nigrae fasciis macul>ibus fulvis in/ructae4 ,maculae fasciae subm>g9alis al>um po/ic>um s+ulae s+ula puncta nigra g]5tes4 ,alae anticae subtus o*raceae maculis pallidioribus h9c et ill9c signatae4 ,m>g9em v]sus po/icam extant aliquot maculae nigrae4 ,alae po/icae subtus hepaticae l9eis undulatis1 maculis1 umbris s]ieque punctorum cunctis aeque brunneis in/ructae4 ,lunula subm>g9alis vix pallidior et umbra amplect5te tantum e reliqua ala disc]ni pote/4 ,?is species is f\nd on grassy hillsides & is common en\gh 9 "s localities ne> ,san ,francisco4 ,sev]al g5]ations are f\nd f spr+ to ! beg9n+ ( ! ra9y season4 ,be=e ,i _h a suffici5t s]ies ( ^! ne>ly alli$ species 9 my possession1 ,i consid]$ !m local v>ieties ( "o s+le species4 ,aft]w>ds ,i _h an idea t two ( !m1 ,m4 coll9a & prat5sis might be seasonal v>ieties or alt]nat+ g5]ations1 l = in/ance ,ara*nia ,prorsa1 ^: v]nal g5]ation ,a4 ,levana 0 = a long "t consid]$ ano!r species4 ,b accord+ to my obs]vations cont9u$ ?r\gh sev]al ye>s1 ^! species are n conf9$ to c]ta9 seasons1 b are to be f\nd ?r\gh\t ! dry season4 ,if !y 7 alt]nat+ g5]ations ( ! same insect ! diff]5t =ms w\ld be f\nd only at c]ta9 seasons2 b su* is n ! case4 ,m4 montana is v v>iable b nev] approa*es to ! *>act]s ( ! o!r ?ree species4 ,! re/ are z con/ant z a species c be1 & 9 a long s]ies ( duplicates f diff]5t localities ,i d n f9d any?+ l an int]m$iate =m4 ,! f\r species ( ?is type agree 9 ! foll[+ po9ts3 #a4 ,a r[ ( dots betwe5 ! fir/ & second transv]se l9es ( ! h9dw+s1 9 ! space t repres5ts 9 ^! species ! subm>g9al fascia4 ,?is r[ is cle>ly visible on bo? sides4 #b4 ,! m>g9al lunula betwe5 ! fif? & six? ve9 is p]ceptibly augm5t$ on bo? sides1 & on ! o!r side is frequ5tly ( light] color & always surr\nd$ by a deep] %ade4 ,! mo/ positive *>act]s di/+ui%+ ! species is f\nd on ! disc ( ! und]side ( =ew+s4 #a4 ,m4 montana1 has ! disc uni=m fulv\s ! m>k+s ( ! upp]-side %9+ ?r\gh ! coloration ( ! disc4 #b4 ,m4 coll9a1 has ! disc orange color2 m>k+s v p]ceptible & t[>ds ! ext]ior m>g9 bord]$ by a s]ies ( black spots4 #c4 ,m4 campe/ris1 has ! disc ) a yell[ spot betwe5 ! fir/ & second prim>y co/a1 & is bord]$ t[>ds ! ext]ior m>g9 by an angul> r[ ( yell[ spots1 :i* are !mselves bord]$ at ! inn] side by deep black4 #d4 ,m4 prat5sis1 has ! disc o*re yell[ ) irregul>ly dilut$ spots & "s black m>ks ne> ! po/]ior m>g94 ,!re are pl5ty ( o!r po9ts ( diff]5ce1 z may be se5 by comp>+ ! diagnoses4 ,b = recognition ( any ( ! species x is suffici5t to exam9e ! disc4 ,! o!r diff]5ces are difficult to describe1 z all ^? :o "k by _! own exp]i5ce ! difficulties ( analyz+ ! complicat$ m>k+s ( ! und]side ( ! h9dw+s 9 ?is gr\p w te/ify4 ,z to ! l>val /ate ( ^! insects no?+ is kn[n1 & ?is want ( facts reg>d+ _! metamorphosis1 is ! m to be lam5t$ z ! natural aff9ities ( ?is type are by no means v cle> or simple4 ,x seems to con/itute a k9d ( int]m$iate gr\p betwe5 ! true ,melitae & ! ,arctic type ( ,argynnides4 ,! eyes are m prom95t ?an 9 ! typical species ( ,melita1 & ,i f9d a simil> con=mation ( ! head 9 ,m4 ,?>os f ! ,atlantic ,/ates4 ,at ! same "t ! und]side ( ! h9dw+s ( all ^! species does n repres5t ! well-def9$ alt]nate b&s ( ! typical ,melitae1 b ! intricate undulations & undef9$ lights & %ad[s ( ! und]side ( ! ,arctic type ( ,argynnis4 ,9 fact ,m4 montana approa*es 9 ?is respect v closely to ,a4 ,aphirape4 ,,type ,,ii4 ,?is type corresponds to ! ,european type ( ,m4 ,a?alia1 & ev5 9 ! diff]5tial *>act]s ( ! f\r species kn[n to me !re is a /rik+ p>allelism to ^? ( f\r ,european species1 s t ea* ( !m looks z if x 0 ! transposition ( a =eign species sep>at$ by a peculi>ly ,cali=nian "*1 aft]w>ds to be po9t$ out1 f its ,european cong5]1 & sep>at$ among/ !mselves by ! v same *>act]s t sep>ate ! f\r ,european p>allel species f ea* o!r4 ,_! analogies are z foll[s3 ,cali=nia4 ,europe4 ,m4 ,,palla1 ,m4 ,,dictynna1 ,m4 ,,:itneyi1 ,m4 ,,a?alia1 ,m4 ,,gabbii1 ,m4 ,,p>!nie1 ,m4 ,,h(fmanni1 ,m4 ,,a/]ia4 ,! ,cali=nians diff] f _! ,european analogues 9 ! orange color t fills ! space betwe5 ! m>g9 & ! m>g9al l9e on ! und]side4 ,9 ! ,european species ?is space always has ! same pale t9t t =ms ! gr\nd color4 ,!n ! two wav+ l9es t inclose ! subm>g9al b& on ! und]side ( ! h9d w+s1 are n entirely fill$ by ! orange or fulv\s spots z 9 ! ,european1 b h an empty space betwe5 ! fir/ & second1 & ! second & ?ird ve9s4 #a4 ,melita ,palla1 ,boisd4 ,alae m>is supra fulvae nigro cla?ratae1 fem9ae nigrae nonnullis fasciis macul>ibus gilvis in/ructae4 ,alae po/icae subtus gilvae l9eis nigris et maculis aurantiacis ord9>iis in/ructae1 necnon s]ie lunul>um fasciae subm>g9alis fulv>um a v5a t]tia in*oantium usque ad ultimam decurr5tium4 ,quaeque lunula cont9et ocellum4 ,i repeat ! diagnosis = ! purpose ( add+ a "* t has be5 hi!rto ov]look$ b is ess5tial = sep>at+ ?is species f ! foll[+4 ,x is ! eye-spot conta9$ 9 ea* ( ! orange-color$ spots ( ! subm>g9al b&4 ,x is true t ^! spots are n 9 e specim5 equally visible1 & (t5 require ! help ( ! glass to make !m visible1 b /ill !y are nev] want+ z 9 ! foll[+ species4 ,m4 ,palla is ! only "o ( ?is type f\nd 9 ! vic9ity ( ,san ,francisco1 :]e x is r common4 ,nev]!less ,i h n yet succe$$ 9 f9d+ ! cat]pill>1 b h he>d f our celebrat$ entomologi/1 ,mr4 ,lorqu91 t he has rais$ ?is butt]fly f a cat]pill> f\nd on a species ( ,plantago4 #b4 ,melita ,:itneyi1 ,behr1 n4 sp4 ,alae m>is supra rubricantes nigro cla?ratae fem9ae1 f]e edem1 colore tantum dilutiori h9c et ill9c paululum alt]nantes4 ,alae po/icae subtus iis ,m4 ,pallae similes s$ lunulae fasciae subm>g9alis ocellis omn9o de/itutae4 ,at ! fir/ look ! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is species & ,m4 ,palla is /rik+ en\gh1 = ! coloration ( ! upp]side is q diff]5t & ! reticulate black m>k+ runs 9 mu* ?9n] l9es & is m regul> ?an 9 ,m4 ,palla1 :]e t[>ds ! m>g9 ! black m>k+s unite m or less & cov] ! gr\nd color4 ,! /rik+ alt]ation 9 ! colors ( ! upp] side 9 ! s]ies ( ,m4 ,palla does n exi/ "h & ! female is sometimes q l ! male4 ,sometimes ! gr\nd color alt]nates transv]sely ) a slightly dilut$ t9t1 & = ! female ?is "* w\ld be suffici5t4 ,b bo? sexes diff] 9 ! con/ant abs5ce ( ! eye-spots ( ! subm>g9al b&4 ,i receiv$ ?is species f ! headwat]s ( ! ,tuolumne ,riv] :]e x 0 collect$ dur+ ! /ay ( ! ,/ate ,geological ,survey 9 ! elevat$ & un9habit$ regions4 ,i take ?is opportunity ( %[+ my respect = ,pr(4 ,:itney & ! o!r memb]s ( t le>n$ p>ty1 to all ( :om ,i am "u obligations = ! k9dness ) :i*1 "u all k9ds ( h>d%ips1 !y collect$ mat]ials = a ,fauna ( our ,cali=nian ,lepidopt]a4 #c4 ,m4 ,gabbii1 ,behr1 n4 sp4 ,alae m>is supra ut 9 ,m4 ,palla1 fem9ae fasciis transv]sis alt]nantibus luteis et fulvis totae nigro cla?ratae4 ,alae inf]iores ut 9 ,m4 ,palla1 s$ maculae radicales c&idae pru9aque arg5tea r5it5tes ita ut fascia int]m$ia lunulaeque m>g9ales4 ,fasciae1 maculae1 et m>go aurantiacae ord9>iae4 ,fasciae subm>g9alis spatium1 quae non occupatur lunulis aurantiacis1 sulphureum4 ,i receiv$ ?is species f ! m\nta9s ne> ,los ,angeles & h se5 a s]ies ( specim5s con/antly %[+ ! same *>act]s4 ,?is description ,i made f a pair k9dly communicat$ to me by ,mr4 ,lorqu94 #d4 ,m4 ,h(fmanni1 ,behr1 n4 sp4 ,alae et m>is et fem9ae a radice usque ad m$ium nigrae h9c et ill9c maculis luteis fulvisque obsitae1 a m$ia ala luteae m>g9em v]sus fulvesc5tes plus m9us nigro cla?ratae4 ,alae inf]iores subtus ut 9 ,m4 ,palla1 s$ fascia subm>g9alis int] l9eas undulatas nigras1 non lunulis s$ punctis omn9o rotundis con/ituta4 ,?is species is less r>e ?an ! two prec$+4 ,nev]!less x has n yet be5 f\nd ne> ,san ,francisco & seems peculi> to ! high] regions ( ,cali=nia4 ,,melit,a1 ,type ,,iii4 ,( ?is type1 we "k already z _m ,cali=nian z ,european species1 b except ,m4 ,phaeton1 ,i d n "k any ,ea/]n repres5tative ( ?is type4 ,! mo/ robu/ & gaily color$ species belong to ?is type & x is "o ( ! mo/ pr$om9ant ( ! diurnal types 9 ,cali=nia1 n only f ! numb] ( its species b also ( its individuals4 #a4 ,melita ,*alc$on1 ,d\bl$ay4 ,?is %[y species is v common ar\nd ! ,bay ( ,san ,francisco4 ,! cat]pill> is some:at ( ! coloration ( t ( ,vanessa ,antiopa1 b %ort & ?ick l all ! ,melita cat]pill>s & beset ) %ort fle%y ?orns4 ,! dorsal r[ ( sp9es is brick r$ & s is ! lat]al /ripe above ! feet4 ,all o!r p>ts1 bo? ( ! body & sp9es1 are black1 :i* t9t1 be+ ?ickly spr9kl$ ) :ite dots has a blui% lu/] l ! same t9t 9 ! cat]pill> ( ,v4 ,antiopa4 ,mo/ commonly ?is cat]pill> is f\nd on ,scrophul>ia1 b ,i h f\nd x also on ,diplacus glut9osus & on a ,lonic]a1 relat$ to ,l4 ,caprifolium4 ,! *rysalis is :ite ) black & yell[ dots4 ,! butt]fly is develop$ t[>ds ! end ( ,april & is f\nd until ! end ( ,june4 ,!re exi/s only "o g5]ation4 ,! cat]pill>s gr[ v sl[ly ?r\gh ! summ]4 ,!y are social & weave a k9d ( ne/1 9 :i* !y also hib]nate4 ,9 spr+ _! gr[? is quick en\gh1 b !y seem to be subject to mu* disease1 & ev5 9 _! natural /ate are frequ5tly f\nd half dri$ up4 ,! butt]fly also is (t5 caught ) crippl$ w+s4 #b4 ,m4 ,coop]i1 ,behr1 n4 sp4 ,alae supra ut ,m4 ,*alc$ontis1 subtus inf]iores sulphureae fasciis et maculis ord9>iis fuscis1 maculis fasciae subm>g9alis fuscis concoloribus1 neque ullo halone cicumdatae4 ,?is species is v simil> to ,m4 ,*alc$on1 b ! want ( ! yell[i% halo ar\nd ! lunulae ( ! br[n b& on ! und]side1 is a v positive diagno/ic "*4 ,! br[n color ( ! b&s also is always ( ! same somb] hue z t ( ! und]side ( ! =ew+s1 & nev] ( ! fi]y brick r$ t colors ?is fascia on ! und]side ( ,m4 ,*alc$on1 =m+ a p]ceptible contra/ to ! somb] color+ ( ! und]side ( ! =ew+s1 :i* is ! same 9 ,m4 ,*alc$on & ,m4 ,coop]i4 ,) all ^! well-m>k$ diff]5ces1 ! two species look s mu* alike1 t x w\ld h be5 a long "t be=e ,m4 ,coop]i w\ld h be5 recogniz$ z a di/9ct species1 if x _h n be5 = ! /rik+ diff]5ce ( its cat]pill>1 :i* 0 discov]$ by ,mr4 ,lorqu9 ne> ,cle> ,lake on a species ( ,scrophul>ia4 ,?is cat]pill> is mu* m elongat$ ?an t ( ,*alc$on4 ,x is ne>ly ( ! %ape & coloration ( t ( ! ,european ,m4 ,artemis1 brim/one yell[1 ) a dorsal & a lat]al black /ripe4 ,we 7 q ju/ifi$ 9 expect+ f su* a cat]pill> some?+ /rik+ly diff]5t f ! v common type ( ,*alc$on4 ,b to our surprise our *rysalids gave u a s]ies ( crippl$ butt]flies1 :i* c\ld sc>cely be di/+ui%$ f ,m4 ,*alc$on4 ,s9ce t "t ,i h receiv$ a well-develop$ specim5 ?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,b>on ,koels1 :o caught x ) sev]al o!r insects on an excursion to ,m\nt ,tamal ,pais4 ,x is pretty c]ta9 t ,m4 ,coop]i w be f\nd 9 _m o!r localities1 z x is only its simil>ity to our mo/ common v]nal butt]fly1 ! ,m4 ,*alc$on1 t makes x escape our att5tion4 #c4 ,m4 ,qu9o1 ,behr1 n4 sp4 ,m4 ,*alc$onti similis s$ ant5nae clava discolor1 fusca nec concolor ant5nae reliquae aurantiacae4 ,alae supra ut 9 ,m4 ,*alc$onte s$ s]ies macul>um subm>g9alium 9 anticis rubra et m>g9alium 9 po/icis flava rubro t9cta4 ,s]ies qu>ta 9 anticis bifida1 f]e tota rubra1 t]tia 9 po/icis omn9o rubra4 ,alae inf]iores subtus ut 9 ,m4 ,*alc$onte s$ fascia flava prope radicem 9 maculas sex dissecta maculaque flava discalis puncto ejusdem coloris extus aucta4 ,melita ,qu9o may at once be di/+ui%$ by ! entirely diff]5t & mu* gay] coloration ( ! upp] side1 :i* mu* m resembles t ( ,m4 ,anicia ?an ,m4 ,*alc$on4 ,to ! latt] species x comes ! ne>e/ 9 ! peculi> %ape ( ! w+s1 s *>act]i/ically diff]5t 9 ! two sexes4 ,9 ,m4 ,anicia ?is diff]5ce exi/s b n to ! same degree4 ,! yell[ "p ( ! und]side ( ! h9dw+s is mu* pal] ?an 9 ,m4 ,*alc$on & ,m4 ,anicia4 ,! yell[ radical b& is dissolv$ into six di/9ct b ne>ly connect$ maculae4 ,9 ,m4 ,*alc$on ! b& is n int]rupt$ & only ! six? macula is sep>at$1 mak+ "p ( ! yell[ coloration ( ! anal side ( ! w+4 ,f ,m4 ,anicia x diff]s besides1 9 ! und]side ( ! =ew+s be+ ne>ly all ( a r$di%-br[n color ) sc>cely any indication ( ! m>k+s ( ! upp]side1 closely resembl+ ,m4 ,*alc$on4 ,f bo? species ,m4 ,qu9o diff]s 9 ! coloration ( ! club ( ! ant5na4 ,?is species ,i receiv$ f ,dr4 ,coop]1 =m]ly ( ! ,/ate ,geological ,survey1 :o collect$ sev]al specim5s ne> ,san ,diego4 ,i h call$ x ,qu9o 9 remembrance ( ! ,cali=nia ,pione]1 ,padre ,qu9o1 ! fir/ ,european t ev] succe$$ 9 erect+ a p]man5t settlem5t 9 ,cali=nia1 & at ! same "t contribut$ v consid]ably by 8 le>n$ writ+s to a m exact k ( ^! !n sc>cely discov]$ regions4 #d4 ,m4 ,anicia1 ,d\bl$ay4 ,?is species seems to be re/rict$ to ! ea/]n & m elevat$ "p ( ! ,/ate4 ,mo/ ( my specim5s are f ,m>iposa4 #e4 ,m4 nubig5a1 ,behr1 n4 sp4 ,m4 ,aniciae similis s$ ant5n>um clava nigresc5s1 et subtus 9 alis po/icis fasciae pallidae int]m$iae bip>titae p>s ext]ior aurantiaca1 ut fascia lunul>um quae sequitur eam4 ,?is species 0 caught 9 consid]able numb]s by ,mr4 ,h(fman at ! headwat]s ( ! ,tuolumne ,riv] & beyond1 up to elevations ( #aa1ejj feet4 ,x evid5tly /&s 9 ! same relation to ,m4 ,anicia z 9 ,europe ,m4 ,m]ope does to ,m4 ,artemis4 ,i am n c]ta9 if ,m4 nubig5a is to be consid]$ an alp9e v>iety ( ,m4 ,anicia or an indep5d5t species1 nor z f> z ,i "k is ! "q yet decid$ z to ! "r to di/9ction ( ,m4 ,m]ope1 a long-kn[n alp9e insect ( ,europe4 ,nev]!less1 consid]+ ! diff]5t coloration ( ! ant5na club1 ,i am v mu* incl9$ to ?9k ,m4 nubig5a m ?an a m]e alp9e v>iety4 #f4 ,m4 ,edi?a1 ,boisd4 ,?is species is f\nd 9 diff]5t localities ne> ,san ,francisco & ,contra ,co/a4 ,nev]!less1 x is mu* r>] ?an ,m4 ,*alc$on & ( a m re/less disposition4 ,x makes its appe>ance be=e ,m4 ,*alc$on & is "o ( our fir/ v]nal butt]flies4 ,ab\t ! cat]pill> ,i h n yet succe$$ 9 asc]ta9+ any?+4 ,,melit,a1 ,type ,,iv4 ,( ?is type only "o ,cali=nian species is yet kn[n1 b !re may be p]haps "s o!r species 9 ! s\!rn p>ts ( ! ,/ate1 z ! subtropical t]ritory ( ,new ,mexico seems r to ab\nd 9 ?is type4 #a4 ,m4 ,leanira1 ,boisd4 7,9 litt]is47 ,ant5nae totae fulvae4 ,alae supra nigrae1 fasciis macul>ibus duabus et radicem v]sus maculis tribus quadrangul>ibus omnibus gilvesc5tibus in/ructae4 ,alae anticae prope m>g9em anticam1 apicem v]sus et ad m>g9em ext]nam m$iam1 e nigro rubesc5tes4 ,alae anticae subtus rubrae iisdem maculis ut supra ornatae4 ,fascia macul>is ext]na extus nigro m>g9ata4 ,alae po/icae subtus gilvesc5tes nigro v5osae1 et nigro m>g9atae1 radicem v]sus nigro signatae2 supra m$ium fascia nigra in/ructae1 cat5am monili=mem cont95te punctorum gilvorum4 ,limbus ubique et supra et subtus nigro alboque v>iegatus4 ,m4 ,leanira is s di/9ct f all o!r ,melitae1 t x is impossible to make any error 9 ref]5ce to its diagnosis4 ,x is f\nd 9 ,june & ,july 9 valleys ( ! ,contra ,co/a hills1 :]e ,i collect$ x myself4 ,i receiv$ o!r specim5s f ,yosemite ,valley4 ,i h n succe$$ 9 f9d+ ! cat]pill>4 ,i h to add a few obs]vations reg>d+ ! geographical di/ribution ( ! g5us ,melita 9 g5]al & ( its diff]5t types sep>ately4 ,! g5us ,melita spreads f ! ,arctic zone to ! tropic ( ,canc] & "s m\nta9 species ev5 f>!r4 ,unlike ! g5us ,argynnis 9 its geographical di/ribution ,melita has no ,ant>ctic species4 ,x has its c5t] ( abundance 9 ! temp]ate zone & decreases t[>ds ! tropics z well z ! arctic zone4 ,accord+ to t peculi>ity ( ! we/]n slope ( cont95ts by :i* ! temp]ate zone is m develop$ 9 ext5t & quality1 ?an 9 ! ea/]n slopes1 ! greate/ numb] ( species are f\nd 9 ,europe & on our coa/4 ,ea/]n ,asia has v few species1 b ! g5us is bett] repres5t$ on ! ,atlantic side ( ?is cont95t1 :]e h[ev]1 x appe>s 9 ! ab]rant =ms ( ,m4 ,?>os1 ,m4 ,pyrrha1 etc1 ^: real nature seems /ill d\btful & :i* are at lea/ int]m$iate betwe5 ,argynnis & ,melita4 ,! g5u9e type is v uni=m1 & !re=e ! diagnosis ( ! ,cali=nian z well z ! ,european species is envelop$ 9 _m difficulties1 s t ev5 9 reg>d to _m ,european species kn[n & describ$ = m ?an a c5tury1 ! limits ( ! species are frequ5tly m or less d\btful & ne>ly e ,catalogue gives ! s]ies ( closely alli$ species 9 a diff]5t =m4 ,cali=nia possesses two types want+ to ! ,european ,fauna2 ,europe "o type want+ to ,cali=nia4 ,to u ! type ( ,m4 ,c9xia is want+1 to ,europe t mo/ *>act]i/ic =m ( ,m4 ,leanira1 :i* is a v natural transition to ! g5us ,syn*loe4 ,! o!r want+ to ! old _w is t ( ,m4 ,pyrrha1 an osculant =m peculi> to ! new _w :]e x ext5ds ne>ly z f> z ! equator4 ,z reg>ds ! developm5t ( ! g5us 9 size & brilliancy ( color1 ! ,cali=nians h a decid$ advantage4 ,! giants ( ! g5us are all ,cali=nian & ! coloration m bright & m di/9ct ?an ! somb] hues ( _! less-develop$ ,european allies4 ,l ! ,argynnides ! ,melitae are ess5tially local4 ,!re is no ,amphigeic species1 & ev5 ! ,pol> species 7:i* 9 ,argynnis are sometimes ,amphigeic7 are always diff]5t 9 ?is g5us1 nev] occurr+ bo? 9 ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,9 ! same way ! ,atlantic & ,pacific species seem always to diff]4 ,^! butt]flies n hav+ a v p[]ful flight are g5]ally conf9$ to circumscrib$ localities1 9 :i* !y are g5]ally pl5tiful & easily collect$4 ,_! cat]pill>s are frequ5tly social l ^? ( ! ,vaness1 pref]r+ ! family ( ,scrophal>9e\s plants1 7,scrophul>ia 9 ,cali=nia1 ,l9>ia & ,v]onica 9 ,europe71 b incl9$ m to polyphagy ?an ! ,argynnides1 9 _! pr$ilection = ! ,viol>9eae4 ,besides ! ,scrophal>9eae ! ,melitae live on ,plantago1 ,lonic]a1 ,scabiosa1 & "s ev5 are f\nd on %rubby trees ( ,salix1 ,populus1 & ,fagus4 ,dr4 ,coop] pres5t$ a cont9uation ( 8 descriptions ( fi%es3 ,on new ,g5]a & ,species ( ,cali=nian ,fi%es--,no4 ,,ii4 ,,by ,j4 ,g4 ,,coop]1 ,m4 ,d4 ,,exoc,,tus1 ,,art$i4 ,e4 ,,cali=nicus1 ,coop]1 ,cali=nian ,fly+-,fi%1 ,/ate collection1 species #ajab4 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,specific *>act]s4--,height ( body "o eigh? ( its l5g? f tip ( nose to =k ( tail1 l5g? ( head almo/ "o fif? ( ! same 7#jai74 ,wid? ( =ehead 9 front ( eyes m ?an five eigh?s ! l5g? ( head 7#jfi72 diamet] ( eye less ?an "o ?ird ( same l5g? 7#jcj74 ,scale betwe5 eyes equilat]al1 & a little less ?an half ( ! wid? ( head4 ,no granulat$ area 9 front ( orbit1 & b a v n>r[ "o beh9d x4 ,preop]culum r\nd$ rectangul>4 ,pectoral f9 ext5d+ to halfway betwe5 end ( dorsal & base ( caudal1 #jfj ( total l5g?4 ,v5trals ins]t$ ne>] op]culum ?an base ( caudal1 & ext5d+ to middle ( anal4 ,dorsal comm5c+ ov] #cf? scale & ext5d+ to #dh?4 ,d4 #ab1 ,p4 #ad1 ,v4 #f1 ,a4 #aj1 ,c4 #c-a-d-e-a-f4 ,scales #eh-g_/a4 ,colors4--,/eel-blue1 f9s smoky1 bel[ silv]y1 iris gilt4 ,g5]al =m mu* elongat$1 subcyl9drical4 ,top ( head p]fectly flat1 its wid? equal to its dep?4 ,ant]ior half ( body ne>ly z broad z high1 compress$ above4 ,po/]ior half compress$ lat]ally1 tap]+ to tail1 ! caudal p$uncle ?ree times z high z x is broad4 ,a slight ridge along ins]tion ( dorsal4 ,lat]al l9e prom95t1 runn+ close to ins]tion ( v5trals4 ,proportions ( f9s to total l5g?1 z foll[s3 ,l5g? ( dorsal #jaa ,height ( v5trals #jbc ,l5g? ( anal #jjg ,l5g? ( caudal1 upp] lobe #jae ,l5g? ( caudal1 l[] lobe #jbb ,height ( pectoral #jfj ,l5g? ( specim5 fifte5 in*es1 ! figure repres5t+ x half ! natural size4 ,"o specim5 obta9$ at ,catal9a ,isl&4 ,,rem>ks4--,9 ! prec$+ diagnosis ,i h foll[$ ! arrangem5t ( specific *>act]s adopt$ by ,gill 9 8 description ( two new species ( ,exoctus f ! ,pacific ,coa/ ( ,c5tral ,am]ica4 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,phil41 ,june1 #ahfc1 p4 #afg47 ,by comp>ison x w be se5 t our species is v di/9ct4 ,?is l>ge species ( ,fly+-,fi% is f\nd 9 great numb]s dur+ ! summ] s\? ( ,po9t ,conception1 & "s w&] z f> nor? z ,santa ,cruz at lea/4 ,!y c only be tak5 :5 !y happ5 to alight on bo>d ( a vessel or 9 gill-nets1 :i* ,i 0 n provid$ ) dur+ my late voyage among ! isl&s4 ,_! flight is r>ely high] ?an t5 feet above ! wat]1 b sometimes ext5ds ne>ly a qu>t] ( a mile4 ,,urolophus1 ,mll] & ,h5le4 ,,urolophus ,,hall]i1 ,coop]1 ,/ate collection1 species #ebb4 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,specific *>act]s4--,disk suborbicul>1 obtusely po9t$ 9 front1 & ) ! pectoral f9s r\nd$ beh9d4 ,l5g? ant]ior to anus a little great] ?an t ( ! tail beh9d x4 ,po/]ior outl9e ( v5tral f9s project+ a little beh9d t ( disk4 ,clasp]s z long z v5trals & project+ entirely beh9d !m4 ,tail #jdg ( total l5g?1 gradually tap]+ f a cyl9drical base to ! sp9e1 !nce becom+ flatt5$ lat]ally exp&+ into a f91 :i* comm5ces opposite ! base ( sp9e bel[1 & ends opposite to its end above1 broade/ ne> its end1 :]e its wid? is #jaj ! l5g? ( tail4 ,spiracles a little l>g] ?an orbits & f>!r ap>t1 ! di/ance betwe5 !m equal to t f sn\t to orbits4 ,v5trals =m+ ne>ly equilat]al triangles1 _! basal l5g? "o fif? t ( head & body4 ,caudal sp9e aris+ at #jdh ( ! l5g? ( tail1 & n q "o ?ird z long4 ,female m elongat$ ?an male b tail & sp9e %ort]2 ! v5trals a f\r? long] & m acute4 ,colors4--,r$di% speckl$ ) yell[1 bel[ :ite4 ,9 "s specim5s ! d>k & light colors above are ab\t equally di/ribut$1 ! spots hav+ a some:at m>bl$ arrangem5t4 ,9 o!rs ! light spots are v few & widely sep>at$4 ,popul> "n 8,r\nd ,/+ray40 ,! figure is half ! natural size4 ,! dots %[ ! pr9cipal outl9es ( ! c>tilag9\s skeleton4 ,,rem>ks4--,:ile ?is fi% has ! ne>ly orbicul> outl9e ( ,urotrygon 7mundus71 ,gill1 f ,panama 7,proc4 ,phil4 ,acad41 ,june1 #ahfc1 p4 #agc71 x diff]s g5]ically 9 hav+ obtusely triangul> tee? 7equilat]al71 tail %ort] ?an body1 sp9e ne>e/ to its base1 smoo? sk91 etc4 ,x diff]s f ,urolophus1 z describ$ by ,ri*>dson1 9 ! upp] velum ( m\? be+ entire1 & 9 hav+ ab\t tw5ty small tub]cles on ! surface ( l[] velum4 ,^! h[ev] c sc>cely be consid]$ g5]ic diff]5ces4 ,f\nd abundantly 9 muddy creeks at ,san ,p$ro & ,san ,diego1 ^? f ! =m] place be+ m uni=m 9 color4 ,:ile ,i 0 at ,san ,diego ! little son ( ,major ,g4 ,o4 ,hall]1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 0 w\nd$ 9 ! foot1 probably by "o ( ^! fi%1 :ile wad+ along a muddy %ore ( ! bay4 ,! w\nd 0 v pa9ful = "s h\rs1 ?\gh small4 ,ano!r l>ge rhomboidal species also abundant !re b app>5tly /ill undescrib$1 inflicts v sev]e & dang]\s w\nds1 ( :i* ,i may h m to say h]eaft]4 ,?is fi% has great muscul> p[] & c d>t v rapidly ?r\gh ! wat] by lat]al vibrations ( its tail1 at ! same "t quickly flapp+ ! edge ( its disk1 to keep its level 9 ! wat] & to regulate its direction4 ,x frequ5tly buries itself slightly "u ! mud1 & if di/urb$ obscures ! wat] by /irr+ ! mud1 vani%+ 9 ! cl\d ?us rais$ to hide itself aga94 ,x w all[ a boat to pass ov] its place ( concealm5t1 & may1 if detect$1 be easily kill$ by a bl[ ) ! end ( an o>4 ,_m are also caught 9 ! se9es ( ! fi%]m54 ,_! food consi/s ( small mollusca1 cru/acea & su* o!r animals1 alive or dead1 z !y c obta94 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,decemb] #g,,?1 #ahfc4 ,presid5t 9 ! ,*air4 ,pres5t1 t5 memb]s4 ,donations to ,cab9et3 ,rock ,salt1 f ! ,upp] ,colorado ,riv]1 by ,f4 ,ail+4 ,wood1 f ne> ,c>son ,city4 ,dr4 ,coop] /at$ t he _h receiv$ a communication f ,mr4 ,p4 ,p4 ,c>p5t]1 ( ,engl&1 (f]+ to describe any new species ( %ells f ! collections ( ! ,/ate ,geological ,survey or ( ! ,academy1 & to publi% ! descriptions 9 its proce$+s4 ,! ,society accept$ ! proposition4 ,two new %eets ( ! ,proce$+s 7 laid ^u ! table4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,decemb] #ba,,/1 #ahfc4 ,presid5t 9 ! ,*air4 ,pres5t1 sev5 memb]s4 ,messrs4 ,royal ,fisk & ,r4 ,l4 ,d',aumaile 7 elect$ resid5t memb]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,,ophisurus ,,cali=ni5sis--,g>rett4 ,describ$ on p4 #ff ( ?is volume4 ,,annual ,,meet+1 ,,janu>y #d,,?1 #ahfd4 ,presid5t 9 ! ,*air4 ,fifte5 memb]s pres5t4 ,e4 ,ma!wson1 ,esq41 ( ,m>t9ez1 0 elect$ resid5t memb]4 ,! foll[+ is an ab/ract ( ! ,annual ,reports ( ! (fic]s ( ! ,society1 = ! pa/ ye> 7#ahfc73 ,! ,f9ancial ,report ( ! ,tru/ees 0 receiv$ & accept$4 ,dur+ ! ye>1 #hae4ce h be5 receiv$ f v>i\s s\rces1 besides ! balance on h& f #ahfb1 ( #ada4bb2 #ijc4ge exp5d$2 & #eb4hb rema9s 9 ! h&s ( ! ,treasur]4 ,! ,libr>ian 7,pr(4 ,:itney7 report$ v]bally1 t ab\t fifty volumes h be5 add$ to ! ,libr>y1 mo/ly ! publications ( o!r ,societies2 t "s sets ( ,j\rnals h be5 r5d]$ complete1 by 8 own donations1 & t ! volumes ( ! 8,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce0 h be5 b\nd4 ,! ,curator ( ,m9]alogy 7,mr4 ,moore7 reports1 t ! collection is 9 ne>ly ! same condition t x 0 at ! comm5cem5t ( ! la/ ye>1 t b few additions h be5 made1 & t ! "w ( catalogu+ & classify+ ! specim5s is 9 progress4 ,! ,curator ( ,palontology 7,mr4 ,gabb7 made no report4 ,! ,curator ( ,botany 7,dr4 ,kellogg7 reports1 t "s additions h be5 made2 t ! collections are n 9 good condition = want ( suitable cases1 & recomm5ds t new cases be procur$1 & t a suite ( ! specim5s describ$ by memb]s ( ! ,society be s5t ,ea/1 = comp>ison ) specim5s 9 ^? h]b>iums to :i* we h no access4 ,! ,curator ( ,zoology 7,dr4 ,coop]7 made a v]bal report1 t he has be5 abs5t ! mo/ ( ! ye>1 & t ! collection has n mat]ially *ang$ s9ce ! la/ report1 ) ! exception ( an int]e/+ collection ( ,birds deposit$ by ,mr4 ,hold]4 ,! ,curator ( ,con*ology 7,dr4 ,trask7 report$ v]bally1 t ab\t ?ree hundr$ species ( %ells h be5 add$ to ! collection dur+ ! ye>4 ,also1 t he _h receiv$ f ,mr4 ,&rew ,g>rett1 a collection ( "o hundr$ & fifte5 species ( ,hawaiian ,fi%es1 = ! ,museum4 ,! ,curator ( ,entomology 7,dr4 ,behr7 report$ v]bally1 t !re h be5 no contributions1 b t he w contribute f 8 own collection1 & o!r p]sons h express$ _! desire to d likewise1 :5 ! ,society %all possess ! means ( accommodat+ & pres]v+ ! specim5s4 ,! (fic]s ( ! prec$+ ye> 7 relect$1 ) ! exception ( ,treasur]--,s4 ,hubb>d be+ elect$ 9 ! place ( ,wm4 ,heffley1 resign$4 ,! foll[+ resolution1 prep>$ by ,dr4 ,ayres1 0 unanim\sly adopt$3 ,resolv$1 ,t h]eaft] ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,academy be di/ribut$ gratuit\sly only to resid5t memb]s & to su* ,societies & individuals z ! ,academy %all direct2 & t ! price ( subscription to o!rs be regulat$ by ! ,publi%+ ,committee4 ,! ,society au?oriz$ ! publication ( ! foll[+ ,con/itutional am5dm5ts1 adopt$ at ! annual meet+1 ,janu>y #f?1 #ahfb1 ! publication ( :i* 0 accid5tally omitt$ 9 ! ,proce$+s ( t ye>3 ,am5dm5t to ,art4 ,,ii1 ,sec4 #d--,t ! ,memb]%ip ,fee1 to be paid by an applicant = ,resid5t memb]%ip1 %all be two doll>s1 etc4--! rema9d] ( ! section rema9+ z be=e4 ,am5dm5t to ,art4 ,,iii1 ,sec4 #b--,?is ,association %all hold meet+s on ! ,fir/ & ,?ird ,monday ev5+s ( ea* mon?1 = ! inve/igation ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 etc4--! rema9d] ( ! section rema9+ z be=e4 ,dr4 ,ayres read extracts f lett]s conta9+ inquiries 9 reg>d to ! fir/ volume ( ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,society1 :i* t]m9at$ abruptly1 & 0 nev] f9i%$4 ,! supply has long be5 exhau/$1 & ! republication has be5 frequ5tly discuss$2 b z yet ?is is beyond ! means ( ! ,society4 ,pr(4 ,brew] communicat$ ! foll[+ pap] by ,pr(4 ,gray1 giv+ ! fir/ in/allm5t ( a s]ies ( descriptions ( new plants f ! botanical collections made by himself1 :ile engag$ 9 ! ,/ate ,geological ,survey4 ,^! are a portion ( ! new species collect$ previ\s to #ahfc4 ,! rema9d] w be describ$ 9 future pap]s1 along ) ^? f ! collection made aft] t "t4 ,descriptions ( ,new ,cali=nian ,plants--,no4 ,i4 ,,by ,,pr(4 ,,asa ,,gray4 ,,/reptan?us ,nutt4 ,s4 ,brew]i1 n4 sp4 ,euclisia4 ,:olly glabr\s & glauc\s1 annual1 bran*$ f ne> ! base2 caul9e leaves 7except ! l[e/7 /rongly cordate-clasp+1 ) a clos$ s9us1 entire or d5ticulate1 ! upp]mo/ sagittate2 fl[]s purple1 on v %ort asc5d+ p$icels1 ! l[e/ (t5 leafy-bract$2 ! buds (t5 a qu>t] ( an in* long1 obtuse1 or b>ely acute2 ! sepals ) sc>i\s b blunt recurv$ tips2 siliques n>r[ly l9e>1 asc5d+ or erect1 /raight or slightly incurv$ 7#a-b in*es long1 less ?an a l9e wide17 compress$ b torulose1 ! n]ve ( ! valves obscure2 se$s :olly m>g9less4 ,?is mo/ resembles ,s4 tortuosus ,kellogg 7:i* is ,s4 cordatus ,torr41 9 ,bot4 ,pacif4 ,r4 ,r4 ,:ipple's ,rep4 b evid5tly n ( ,nuttall71 f :i* ! above "* indicates ! diff]5ces4 ,!re are ?ree =ms 9 ! collection3 #a4 ,a dw>f /ate1 9 fl[] only1 f ,mt4 ,%a/a1 at an altitude ( #h1jjj feet4 #b4 ,a v glauc\s =m1 ) m num]\s & r small] fl[]s1 & ) fruit1 f ! top ( a dry m\nta9 ( ! ,mt4 ,diablo ,range1 ne> head ( ,arroyo del ,pu]to1 at an altitude ( #c1bjj feet4 #c4 ,ano!r1 9 fl[] & fruit1 ) m nak$ & virgate bran*es1 a foot or two 9 height1 f ,san ,c>los ,m\nta91 ne> ,new ,idria1 #e1jjj feet altitude4 ,?is is rem>kable = hav+ ! calyx ho>y-d[ny1 b ! plant is o!rwise glabr\s & glauc\s4 ,s4 hispidus1 n4 sp4 7 ,euclisia47 ,v dw>f1 7#b-c in*es high1 f an annual root17 hispid ?r\gh\t1 ev5 to ! siliques2 leaves cuneate or obovate-oblong1 co>sely too!d or incis$1 ! caul9e-sessile b h>dly at all clasp+2 raceme %ort & loosely fl[]$2 p$icels spread+ or at l5g? recurv$ 9 fl[] 7:i* is r$ or r$-violet7 b ! l9e> compress$ siliques 7#a in* long1 a l9e wide17 are erect2 /igma almo/ sessile2 immature se$s w+$4 ,mt4 ,diablo1 dry places ne> summit4 ,?is ranks next to ,s4 het]ophyllus4 ,,viola ,l4 ,v4 ocellata1 ,torr4 & ,gray1 v>4 ,glabr\s1 small]2 leaves some:at ?icki%2 p$uncles elongat$4 ,v curi\s & di/9ct4 ,f ,tamalpais4 ,,ar5>ia ,l4 ,a4 brevifolia ,nutt48 v>4 ,cali=nica4 ,mu* bran*$ or diffuse1 cymosely _m-fl[]$2 petals & sepals some:at n>r[]4 ,leaves z 9 ,nuttall's plant1 ?icki%1 plane1 mo/ly obtuse & spread+4 ,valves ( ! capsule entire4 ,filam5ts opposite & twice ! l5g? ( ! sepals1 m dilat$ & gl&ul> at ! base4 ,se$s m9ute1 m9utely muricate1 turgid4 ,! fruit & se$ are kn[n only f ,frmont's specim5s communicat$ to ,dr4 ,torrey 7,no4 #bhd ( ,coll4 #ahdf17 f ,cali=nia1 a tall] & less diffuse =m ?an t n[ collect$ by ,pr(4 ,brew]1 & m l ,nuttall's1 f ,tatnall ,c\nty1 ,georgia4 ,b my orig9al specim5 ( ! latt] little-kn[n plant is too incomplete to make c]ta9 ! id5tity2 & ! two are widely sund]$ 9 geographical /ation4 ,/ill no adequate *>act]s yet appe> to di/+ui% specifically4 ,pr(4 ,brew] collect$ 8 plant ,april #ah?1 9 ! valleys among high ridges 9 ,sonoma1 :]e x ab\nd$4 ,,cal&r9ia ,h4 ,b4 ,k4 ,c4 ,m5ziesii1 ,hook4 ,9 v>i\s =ms 9 s\!rn ,cali=nia4 ,capsule slightly if at all exce$+ ! calyx2 se$s r turgid1 %9+2 petals mo/ly mu* exce$+ ! calyx4 ,c4 ,m5ziesii1 v>4 macroc>pa4 ,/ems & racemes at l5g? m elongat$ & loosely-leav$2 p$icels 9 fruit mu* spread+ or recurv$2 capsule ovoid-fusi=m1 project+ beyond ! calyx2 se$s small]1 compress$ & opaque4 ,dry hills ( ! ,santa ,inez m\nta9s1 ne> ,santa ,b>b>a4 ,p]haps a di/9ct species1 b ,i want to see x confirm$ by o!r specim5s4 ,,l9um ,l4 ,l4 ,brew]i1 n4 sp4 ,annual2 glabr\s2 /em v small1 n /riate1 ) few fl[]s cr[d$ at ! apex2 leaves fili=m1 smoo?1 alt]nate & opposite2 /ipules conspicu\sly gl&ul>2 p$icels %ort] ?an ! calyx2 sepals oblong-ovate1 acute1 "o-n]v$1 m>g9 n sc>i\s1 gl&ul>1 less ?an half z long z ! bright yell[1 obovate-oblong petals2 an!rs elongat$-oblong2 /]ile filam5ts almo/ want+2 /yles ?ree1 di/9ct2 /igma some:at acutely po9t$4 ,dry hill sides ( ! ,diablo ,range1 ne> ,m>%'s ,ran*1 ,may #bi?4 ,plant b>ely two to ?ree in*es high1 8b se5 9 ! valley l>g]1 ) _m fl[]s1 n yet exp&$40 ,?is1 l ,l4 ,cali=nicum1 appe>s to be uni=mly tri-c>pell>y2 fl[]s ab\t ! size ( ^? ( t species1 & ! an!rs elongat$-oblong2 b ! leaves n>r[]2 ! /igmas n at all capitate or enl>g$1 b m9ute & acute2 fruit n se54 ,,trifolium1 ,l4 ,t4 bifidum1 n4 sp4 ,some:at villose or glabr\s2 /ems f small 7annual87 root1 sl5d]1 spread+2 /ipules ovate-lanceolate1 setace\sly-acum9ate1 entire2 leaflets l9e>-cuneate1 lat]al ones r>ely d5tate1 bifid or incis$ at ! apex ) a mucronate po9t betwe5 ! lobes2 p$uncles twice or ?ree times z long z ! leaves2 heads nak$1 six to twelve fl[]$1 or m2 fl[]s p$icell$1 at l5g? reflex$2 calyx five-p>t$1 d5tate1 subulate-setace\s1 some:at hirsute1 & ne>ly equal to ! p]si/5t1 rose-color$ sc>i\s corolla4 ,ne> ,m>%'s ,ran*1 betwe5 ,monte ,diablo & ! ,san ,joaqu91 among grass 9 a rav9e ne> ! wat]1 ,may #bi?4 ,/ems six to sixte5 in*es long4 ,heads & fl[]s ab\t ! size ( ^? ( ! small =m ( ,t4 gracil5tum1 to :i* species x is alli$4 ,ov>y two-ovulate1 se$s s+le4 ,,a/ragalus ,l4 ,a4 curtipes1 n4 sp4 7 ,phaca1 99,inflati47 ,m9utely canesc5t1 at l5g? glabrate1 a foot high2 /ipules connate1 opposite ! leaf2 leaflets twelve to sixte5 pairs n>r[ly oblong1 retuse petiolulate1 glabr\s above2 raceme 9 fruit %ort2 calyx-tee? sl5d]1 subulate1 slightly %ort] ?an ! campanulate tube2 legume membranace\s1 inflat$1 glabrate 7#a in*es long17 semi-ovoid1 7! v5tral suture ne>ly /raight1 ! dorsal v gibb\s17 sc>cely acute at ei!r end1 jo9t$ to a rigid /ipe1 :i* does n exce$ ! tube ( ! calyx4 ,dry hill sides1 ,san ,luis ,obispo4 ,corolla n se54 ,a4 oxyphysus1 n4 sp4 7 ,phaca1 99,inflati47 ,tall1 v s(tly canesc5-vill\s2 /ipules small1 sc>i\s1 di/9ct2 leaflets #h-aa pairs1 oblong2 p$uncles mu* surpass+ ! leaf2 raceme elongat$2 bracts small & subulate2 tee? ( ! silky calyx subulate1 half ! l5g? ( ! cyl9drace\s tube2 corolla :ite or gre5i%2 legume obovate-acum9ate1 ! base att5uate into a recurv$ /ipe :i* some:at exce$s ! calyx4 ,monte ,diablo ,range1 ne> ,arroyo ,pu]to1 on dry hills4 ,a mo/ di/9ct & /rik+ new species4 ,a4 ,brew]i1 n4 sp4 ,alli$ to ,a4 t5] ,gray1 ,rev4 ,a/rag4 7,phaca a/ragal9a1 v>48 ,hook4 & ,arn41 & probably ,a4 hypoglottis1 v>4 /rigosa1 ,kellogg17 b m bran*$ f ! annual root1 & ) broad] leaflets1 7#d-e pairs1 oblong-obcordate72 head #e-g fl[]$1 compact2 immature legume globose-ovate1 silky-canesc5t1 n /ipulate1 erect1 six-ovulate1 "o-cell$1 ! dorsal suture slightly intrud$4 ,fields 9 ,sonoma ,valley1 ,april4 ,common4 ,dr4 ,ayres read lett]s f ,mr4 ,a4 ,g>rett1 & pres5t$ ! foll[+ pap]3 ,descriptions ( ,new ,species ( ,fi%es--,no4 ,,ii4 ,,by ,,&rew ,,g>rett1 ,,( ,,honolulu1 ,,s&wi* ,,isl&s4 ,,*eilodactylus ,lacep4 #ahjc4 ,c4 vittatus ,g>rett4 ,b4 #f2 ,d4 #ag-cj2 ,a4 #c-h2 ,v4 #a-e2 ,p4 #h-f2 ,c4 #e1 #a1 #g1 #f1 #a1 #d4 ,! height ( ! body is a trifle less ?an "o-?ird ( ! total l5g?4 ,! upp] pr(ile rises 9 a convex l9e f ! sn\t to ! occipital region1 :5ce x sudd5ly asc5ds 9 a ne>ly v]tical curve1 giv+ t portion ( ! fi% a /rongly gibb\s appe>ance4 ,! body rapidly tap]s po/]iorly1 ?\gh pres]v+ a slightly convex outl9e4 ,! head ent]s ne>ly f\r & a half times 9 ! entire l5g?4 ,! eyes are l>ge1 sub-circul> 9 %ape1 ev5 ) ! l9e ( pr(ile1 & _! greate/ diamet] is ne>ly "o-?ird ! l5g? ( ! head4 ,!y are plac$ ne>] ! orig9 ( ! lat]al l9e ?an ! end ( ! sn\t4 ,! small maxill>y bone ext5ds z f> back z ! ant]ior m>g9 ( ! eye4 ,! dorsal f9 takes its orig9 imm$iately above ! po/]ior limb ( ! orbit & t]m9ates )9 "o diamet] ( ! eye ( ! caudal f94 ,its ?ree ant]ior rays are v small1 & ! f\r?1 :i* is ! talle/1 is "o-?ird z long z ! base ( ! :ole f91 or equal to two-?irds ! height ( ! body4 ,po/]iorly ! sp9y rays rapidly dim9i% 9 altitude s t ! la/ "o is %ort] ?an ! succe$+ s(t rays4 ,! s(t portion ( ! f9 is comp>atively l[1 g5tly convex along its upp] edge1 & is equally z long z ! sp9y "p4 ,! anal f9 is small1 be+ ins]t$ j 9 advance ( ! middle ( ! s(t portion ( ! dorsal4 ,its extreme m>g9 is slightly concave & ! rays rapidly dim9i% 9 l5g? po/]iorly4 ,! v5trals :5 laid back rea* z f> z ! anal f94 ,! second simple pectoral ray ext5ds z f> back z ! v5t4 ,! caudal1 :i* is deeply =k$1 has its lobes r\nd$ (f4 ,color greyi%-silv]y1 & ornam5t$ ) five oblique blacki%-br[n b&s :i* are dispos$ z foll[s3 "o ext5ds f ! sn\t to ! preop]cul> m>g91 ! second />ts f ! eye & t]m9ates on ! pectoral base1 ! ?ird1 :i* passes ov] ! occipital region1 ext5ds bel[ ! pectoral axilla2 ! f\r?1 :i* is mu* broad]1 />ts f ! orig9 ( ! dorsal f91 curves d[nw>d & backw>d1 becom+ wid] 9 its desc5t1 & passes b5ea? ! abdom52 ! fif? "o comm5ces on ! upp] ant]ior half ( ! sp9y dorsal1 ext5d+ along ! back to ne> ! t]m9ation ( t f94 ,?ree irregul>1 pale spots may be obs]v$ 9 ! dorsal b&1 & ?ree l>ge blacki%-br[n spots on ! caudal trunk4 ,! op]cul> flap & sn\t t+$ ) orange-r$4 ,! int]orbital space is m>k$ ) two transv]se br[ni%-r$ b&s4 ,irides yell[i%-silv]y4 ,t portion ( ! dorsal f9 ant]ior to ! fif? b& is :ite1 ! rema9d]1 toge!r ) ! anal & caudal1 light-yell[i%1 ! latt] tipp$ ) blacki%-br[n4 ,! pectorals are orange-r$1 & ! v5trals are deep blacki%-br[n4 ,l5g?1 #g in*es4 ,habitat1 ,s&wi* ,isl&s4 ,,rem>ks4--,an extremely r>e fi%1 ( :i* ! solit>y specim5 n[ be=e me is ! only example t has come to my notice4 ,x is ! m int]e/+ 9 a geographical po9t ( view1 z be+ ! only species--z ne> z ,i c asc]ta9--record$ f ! ,polynesian ,seas4 ,sir ,john ,ri*>dson1 9 8 int]e/+ 8,notices ( ,au/ralian ,fi%10 publi%$ 9 ! 8,proce$+s ( ! ,zoological ,society ( ,london10 describes1 & gives a li/ ( ?irte5 species4 ,n9e ( ^? occur 9 ! ,au/ralian ,seas1 "o f ,*9a & ,japan1 two f ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 & "o f ,tri/an d',acunha4 ,9 ! numb] & arrangem5t ( ! fasciae1 our fi% closely resembles ! ,c4 gibbosus1 ,sol41 7,*todon7 f ,van ,diem5's ,l&4 ,! latt] species is less gibb\s1 ! eyes small]1 ! s(t portion ( ! dorsal f9 %ort]1 & ! caudal =ks are m po9t$ ?an 9 ! ,c4 vittatus4 ,,apogon ,lacep4 #ahjb4 ,a4 maculif]us1 ,g>rett4 ,b4 #g2 ,d4 #g-a-i2 ,a4 #b-h ,v4 #a-e2 ,p4 #ac2 ,c4 #d1 #a1 #h1 #g1 #a1 #c4 ,! upp] pr(ile ( ! head is slightly concave2 o!rwise ! g5]al %ape ( ! fi% closely resembles ! ,apogon fra5atus1 ,val4 ,! greate/ dep? ( ! body1 tak5 at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ant]ior dorsal f91 equals ! l5g? ( ! head1 or two-sev5?s ( ! entire l5g? ( ! fi%4 ,! eye is l>ge1 sub-circul> 9 %ape1 ev5 ) ! upp] l9e ( pr(ile1 & its diamet] ne>ly "o-?ird z long z ! head4 ,! upp] jaw is slightly ! longe/1 & ! h9d] t]m9ation ( ! maxill>y is on a l9e ) ! po/]ior bord] ( ! pupil4 ,! m>g9 ( ! preop]cle is f9ely & regul>ly d5tat$1 & its ant]ior cre/ or ridge exhibits b few irregul> tee?4 ,! lat]al l9e may be trac$ ov] tw5ty-f\r scales4 ,! fir/ & second dorsal f9 are ( equal l5g? along _! base1 bo? be+ high] ?an long1 & ! altitude ( ! latt]1 :i* exce$s t ( ! =m]1 is1 z comp>$ to ! entire l5g? ( ! fi%1 "o to five4 ,! anal f9 is ins]t$ a trifle m po/]ior ?an ! f9 above4 ,! l>ge v5trals1 :5 laid back1 cov] ! v5t ) _! tips4 ,! caudal is sub-bifurcate4 ,color brilliant silv]y1 ) an iridesc5t reflection 9 :i* c>nation pr$om9ates4 ,! upp] two-?irds ( ! body is ornam5t$ ) longitud9al r[s ( small olivace\s spots1 "o on ea* scale1 & ^? above ! lat]al l9e m or less coalesc+1 =m+ brok5 b&s4 ,! head1 :i* is m or less t+$ ) dilut$ c>m9e-r$1 is m>k$ by a diffuse olivace\s b&1 :i* ext5ds f ! end ( ! sn\t1 pass+ ?r\gh ! eye & t]m9at+ on ! op]cle4 ,irides silv]y :ite2 cornea black4 ,! membranes ( all ! f9s are t+$ ) orange-yell[1 & _! rays are r$4 ,l5g?1 #e in*es4 ,habitat1 ,s&wi* ,isl&s4 ,v]nacul>1 8,upapalu40 ,,rem>ks4--,! longitud9al s]ies ( maculations w readily det]m9e ?is species4 ,"u ! l5s ! spots assume ! appe>ance ( clu/]s ( m9ute dots1 "s ( :i* h blue c5tral po9ts4 ,,scorp,,na ,art$i1 7,l47 ,s4 p>vip9nis1 ,g>rett4 ,d4 #acaj2 ,a4 #c-e2 ,v4 #a-e2 ,p4 #g-i2 ,c4 #e1 #a1 #f1 #e1 #a1 #c4 ,9 ?is species ! upp] & l[] outl9es are q simil>1 be+ g5tly ar*$4 ,! greate/ dep? ( ! body falls slightly %ort ( "o-?ird ( ! total l5g?1 & ! greate/ ?ickness at ! base ( ! head1 is a little m ?an two-?irds ( ! above m5tion$ dep?4 ,! head con/itutes j "o-?ird ( ! :ole fi%4 ,! eye is l>ge1 circul>1 its diamet] be+ ne>ly "o-f\r? ( ! l5g? ( ! head4 ,f\r sp9es may be se5 along ! upp] edge ( ! orbit1 & ! same numb] on ea* side ( ! occipital region & nape1 ! po/]ior "o ! l>g]4 ,two intraorbital sp9es1 "o on ! nasal bone1 & a longitud9al r[ ( f\r along ! supratympanic region4 ,two on ! op]cle1 ! l[] "o long & project+ po/]ior to ! m>g9 ( t bone4 ,a /\t "o may be obs]v$ on ! hum]al region1 "o on ! infra-orbital1 ?ree on ! m>g9 ( ! preop]cle1 & a longitud9al r[ ( irregul>ly dispos$ ones along ! *eek4 ,! l[] jaw is slightly long] ?an ! upp]1 & ! tip ( ! maxill>y ext5ds z f> back z ! h9d] bord] ( ! eye4 ,f9e scales envelop ! basal portions ( all ! f9s except ! v5trals1 & cov] all p>ts ( ! head except ! jaws & ! l[] half ( ! maxill>y bone4 ,m9ute filam5ts are obs]v$ on all p>ts ( ! fi%1 be+ m num]\s on ! upp] ant]ior ?ird ( ! body4 ,! dorsal & anal f9s are small1 ! =m] comm5c+ above ! orig9 ( ! latt] l9e4 ,! sp9y portion ( ! dorsal is v l[1 g5tly ar*$1 & con/itutes ne>ly two-?irds ( ! f94 ,! s(t portion ( ! anal f9 is v n>r[ & r\nd$ (f4 ,! head & ant]ior half ( ! body is greyi%1 pass+ into light c>nation b5ea?1 & obscurely cl\d$ ) dusky4 ,! po/]ior half ( ! body is dusky black1 :i* fades into p9k b5ea?1 maculat$ ) small d>k] spots4 ,caudal trunk1 p9k4 ,two l>ge dusky black spots on ! ant]ior dorsal region4 ,irides gre5i%-yell[4 ,f9s p9ky-r$1 ! sp9y dorsal mottl$ ) dusky1 & ! o!r f9s dott$ ) p9ky-br[n1 & a b> ( ! same color on ! caudal base4 ,l5g?1 #d in*es4 ,habitat1 ,s&wi* ,isl&s4 ,,rem>ks4--,! scaly head1 small dorsal & anal f9 w readily di/+ui% ?is beautiful species4 ,,cr5ilabrus1 ,cuv4 ,c4 mode/us1 ,g>rett4 ,b4 #f2 ,d4 #ab-aj2 ,a4 #c-ab2 ,v4 #a-e2 ,p4 #ag2 ,c4 #b1 #a1 #f1 #f1 #a1 #b4 ,! greate/ dep?1 :i* occurs b5ea? ! orig9 ( ! dorsal f91 is ab\t "o-f\r? ( ! total l5g?1 & ! greate/ ?ickness is j half ( ! above m5tion$ dep?4 ,! head1 :i* comprises a little m ?an "o-f\r? ( ! :ole fi%1 pres5ts a slight concave depression above ! eyes4 ,! preop]cul> s]rations are v small4 ,! eyes are sub-circul>1 _! greate/ diamet] ent]+ ne>ly six times 9 ! l5g? ( ! head1 & twice 9 advance ( _! own orbit4 ,! h9d] tip ( ! maxill>y rea*es a v]tical1 pass+ ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! eye4 ,twelve longitud9al r[s ( scales may be enum]at$ betwe5 ! lat]al l9e & ! v5t1 t5 r[s on ! side ( ! caudal trunk1 & ! m$ian longitud9al r[ on ! body conta9s ?irty scales4 ,! lat]al l9e1 :i* passes ov] ?irty-?ree scales1 consi/s ( slightly bran*$ tubes4 ,! dorsal f9 ext5ds ov] a base equal to half ! l5g? ( ! fi%1 caudal f9 exclud$4 ,its s(t portion falls slightly %ort ( "o-?ird ( ! :ole f94 ,! anal f91 :i* is ne>ly half z long z ! dorsal1 has its h9d] t]m9ation slightly m po/]ior4 ,! acum9ately po9t$ v5trals1 :5 closely appress$ to ! abdom5 ne>ly rea* ! anal f94 ,! l>ge caudal has its po/]ior upp] & l[] angles consid]ably prolong$ & po9t$4 ,color purpli%-br[n1 pass+ into blui% grey b5ea?1 & obsoletely l9eat$ longitud9ally ) d>k]4 ,a l>ge oblong pale diffuse spot b5ea? ! po/]ior end ( ! dorsal f91 :i* is direct$ obliquely d[nw>d & =w>d4 ,irides silv]y1 t+$ ) yell[4 ,! dorsal f9 is pale greyi%1 m>k$ ant]iorly ) a l>ge diffuse blue-black spot1 its s(t portion be+ t+$ ) r$di% & m>g9$ above ) yell[4 ,! anal1 v5trals & caudal are blui%-grey1 ! =m] po/]iorly t+$ ) fad$ r$ & edg$ ) yell[4 ,pectorals ne>ly colorless4 ,l5g?1 #ah in*es4 ,habitat1 ,s&wi* ,isl&s4 ,,rem>ks4--,we h obta9$ only two individuals ( ?is l>ge species1 bo? ( :i* 7 expos$ = sale 9 ! ,honolulu fi%-m>ket4 ,! colors1 :i* are no d\bt consid]ably *ang$1 7 tak5 f ! dead fi%4 ,,*ironectes ,cuv4 #ahag4 ,c4 nig]1 ,g>rett4 ,d4 #c-ab2 ,a4 #f2 ,v4 #e2 ,p4 #aj2 ,c4 #a1 #g4 #a4 ,! head con/itutes ab\t "o-?ird ( ! total l5g?1 caudal exclud$4 ,! eyes are elliptically-oval1 & ins]t$ j once _! greate/ diamet] di/ant f ! m>g9 ( ! upp] jaw4 ,! sk9 is cov]$ ) f9e closely set prickly asp]ities1 :i* gives x a velvety appe>ance4 ,! g5]al outl9e is ovate1 & ! greate/ ?ickness equals "o-six? ( ! entire l5g?4 ,a range ( conspicu\s pores comm5ces on ! upp] "p ( ! gill cov]s1 curv+ d[nw>d & upw>d to ! symphysis ( ! l[] jaw4 ,ano!r r[ foll[s ! m>g9 ( ! upp] jaw1 pass+ ov] ! sn\t1 :]e x bran*es (f po/]iorly1 curv+ ov] ! eye & disappe>+ on ! po/]ior portion ( ! body4 ,ea* pore is encircl$ ) bru%-l app5dages1 :i* gives !m a tuft$ appe>ance4 ,! dorsal f9 ext5ds ov] a base equal to "o-?ird ! l5g? ( ! fi%4 ,its upp] m>g9 is ar*$1 & its height z comp>$ to l5g? is z "o to two4 ,! height & l5g? ( ! anal f9 are ab\t equal4 ,color deep black & obsoletely maculat$ ) r small r\ndi% d>k] spots4 ,on ! basal portion ( ! dorsal & anal f9s may be obs]v$ two l>ge ocellations1 ) deep black pupils & pal] areolae4 ,v m9ute opaque :ite po9ts may also be se5 scatt]$ along ! l[] p>ts4 ,eyes blacki%4 ,l5g?1 #c in*es4 ,habitat1 ,s&wi* ,isl&s4 ,,rem>ks4--,?is species possesses ! nasal tuft$ bri/le & two horn-l processes t we obs]ve 9 all ! species inhabit+ ^! seas4 ,:5 h&l$ x emits a mo/ disagreeable odor4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,coop] pres5t$ ! foll[+ pap]3 ,on ,new ,g5]a & ,species ( ,cali=nian ,fi%es--,no4 ,,iii4 ,,by ,j4 ,g4 ,,coop]1 ,m4 ,d4 ,,myxodes ,cuvi]1 #ahag4 ,m4 elegans1 ,coop]1 ,/ate ,collection1 ,no4 #gjg4 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,specific *>act]s4--,=m elongat$1 high & n>r[1 ! head wid] ?an ! ?icke/ "p ( body4 ,l5g? ( sn\t equal to diamet] ( eye1 l[] jaw v slightly longe/4 ,total l5g? a little m ?an f\r & a half times t ( head1 :i* is equal to ! greate/ height ( body4 ,head mod]ately ar*$1 r\nd$ above1 ! wid? betwe5 eyes a little less ?an ! wid? ( orbit4 ,orbit circul>1 conta9$ f\r & a half times 9 l5g? ( head4 ,ant]ior lobe ( dorsal comm5c+ j beh9d head1 triangul>1 "o-tw5tie? ( ! l5g? ( f91 equal to ! middle lobe 9 height2 middle lobe gradually ar*$1 its sp9es m sl5d] ?an ^? ( ! fir/ lobe2 po/]ior lobe ) s(t rays only1 ab\t equal to ! fir/1 9 size & =m1 ext5d+ ne>ly to ! tail4 ,caudal f9 quadrangul>1 its end obtusely truncate1 ne>ly twice z long z wide4 ,anal comm5c+ opposite sev5te5? dorsal sp9e1 ne>ly /raight1 its height "o-fif? its l5g?1 & end+ a little ant]ior to end ( dorsal4 ,v5trals n>r[1 ! middle ray longe/4 ,pectorals aris+ opposite ?ird dorsal sp9e1 ne>ly z wide z long4 ,d4 ,v-xxvii to xxx-#h2 ,c4 #e-e2 ,a4 #bf to #bh2 ,v4 #c2 ,p4 #aa4 ,scales 9 ab\t #bej r[s along middle ( side1 9 #ah_/ej-ah_/ah v]tical r[s along lat]al l9e4 ,proportional measurem5ts3 ,l5g? ( l>ge/ specim51 #d 94 #ajj4 ,l5g? ( head 4#bj ,height ( pectoral 4#ae ,l5g? ( dorsal 4#gb ,l5g? ( caudal 4#ab ,l5g? ( anal 4#dd ,height ( v5tral 4#ji ,height ( body 4#bb ,wid? ( body 4#jh ,colors4--,exce$+ly v>iable1 b ! g5]al patt]n1 z pres]v$ 9 alcohol1 consi/s ( a s]ies ( v]tical b&s1 alt]nat+ ) spots ( v>i\s %apes & sizes1 & (t5 d5sely mottl$ ) d>k & light blot*es di/ribut$ regul>ly1 b n describable4 ,! f9s h alt]nat+ b&s1 & 9 all ! specim5s ! membrane betwe5 ! ?ird & f\r? dorsal sp9e is z cle> z glass1 z if int5d$ to be se5 ?r\gh1 b probably %9es 9 ! wat] z a sort ( signal4 ,:5 fre% ! colors ( ^? f ,san ,diego 7 z foll[s3 #a/1 d>k br[n1 a purple lat]al /ripe1 sides ) d>k & light br[n b>s1 hav+ silv]y blot*es betwe5 !m2 bel[ yell[i%1 top & sides ( head blot*$ ) yell[1 a bright r$ r+ ) a gre5 c5tre ne> pectorals1 & ano!r ne> caudal4 ,dorsal ) alt]nat+ b>s ( olive & yell[2 pectoral yell[ at base1 its rays r$di%1 b>r$ ) purple1 v5trals & anal smoky4 ,ano!r 0 /rip$ & cross-b>r$ ) br[n1 & m+l$ ) ?is patt]n 7 blot*es ( olive-br[n1 yell[i% & purple1 b no r+s4 ,f9s m>k$ l ! body1 b pal]4 ,x is possible t ! r+s obs]v$ 9 ! fir/ "o1 & n se5 9 any o!r1 7 caus$ by ! gr[? ( vegetable p>asites1 :i* are (t5 f\nd on fi% ( simil> habits4 ,,rem>ks4--,?is is ! fir/ in/ance ( a ,myxodes be+ f\nd on our coa/ nor? ( ! equator1 ?\gh a ne>ly alli$ g5us1 ! ,het]o/i*us1 has be5 long kn[n4 ,i 0 9 "s d\bt :e!r to ref] ! fi% to ,myxodes on acc\nt ( ! meagre descriptions ( ! g5us accessible1 b hav+ s5t a copy ( ! outl9e to ,mr4 ,gill1 ,i h be5 confirm$ 9 ! correctness ( ! diagnosis4 ,! foll[+ are "s ( ! mo/ important g5]ic *>act]s n %[n 9 ! outl9e ( our species3 ,bran*i ,,vi-,,vi1 ! ap]tures freely connect$ bel[4 ,tee? unis]ial 9 ea* jaw1 ^? ( l[] jaw l>ge/1 "s ( ^? along sides l>g] ?an ! re/4 ,no tee? on vom]4 ,scales m9ute1 entire1 cycloid1 closely adh]5t--none on head or f9s4 ,! two-lob$ =m ( ! sp9\s dorsal does n app>5tly exi/ 9 "s ( ! species4 ,suspect+ t "s ( ! o!r *>act]s w be f\nd suffici5t to di/+ui% x1 ,i propose = x provisionally ! "n ,,gibbonsia1 9 honor ( ,dr4 ,w4 ,p4 ,gibbons1 ( ,alam$a ,c\nty1 ^: descriptions ( our vivip>\s fi%es1 publi%$ 9 #ahed1 by ! ,academy1 h only ( late be5 aw>d$ ! cr$it !y des]ve4 ,^! beautiful little fi% are f\nd at l[ wat] 9 holes among rocks along our coa/ s\? ( ,po9t ,conception1 & at ! adjo9+ isl&s4 ,_! v>i$ & elegant coloration w\ld make !m beautiful objects = a m>9e aqu>ium1 b ,i _h no?+ suitable = ! purpose1 9 :i* ,i c\ld keep !m alive long en\gh to /udy _! habits4 ,i obta9$ ?ree at ,pt4 ,loma1 ,san ,diego1 ?ree at ,catal9a ,i41 & two at ,santa ,b>b>a ,i41 all manife/ly ( ! same species1 ?\gh diff]+ individually 9 color1 z above m5tion$4 ,!y h no popul> "n4 ,,gilli*tyhs1 n4 g4#h ,g5]ic *>act]s4--,=m mod]ately elongat$1 lat]ally compress$4 ,head depress$1 broad] ?an body1 =m+ m ?an "o-f\r? ( total l5g?4 ,eyes small1 situat$ f> =w>d1 & obliquely turn$ upw>d4 ,m\? mod]ate1 its gape ext5d+ to ! v]tical ( ! po/]ior rim ( orbit1 b ! angle ( l[] jaw half way to bran*ial ap]ture4 ,upp] maxill>ies ext5d+ back ! same di/ance1 !nce prolong$ by a c>tilag9\s expansion :i* rea*es z f> back z ! op]cul> op5+1 & be+ !re connect$ to an expansion ( ! sk9 ( ! l[] jaw1 =ms a *annel runn+ back f ! m\? & z long z ! gape ( ! m\? itself4 ,?is *annel is entirely free f ! side ( head1 b only slightly movable =w>ds1 s t x _c s]ve to wid5 ! m\? :5 op5$4 ,premaxill>ies n protractile1 movable at _! symphysis1 & only half z long z maxill>ies1 ) :i* !y are connect$ by a ?9 membrane1 end+ bel[ orbit4 ,villi=m tee? on premaxill>ies ?r\gh\t1 also on l[] maxill>ies to angle ( m\?1 & on ph>yngeals2 none on upp] maxill>ies1 vom] or palate4 ,a m9ute nasal ap]ture close beh9d maxill>y & ano!r op5+ j 9 front ( ant]ior rim ( orbit4 ,preop]culum cov]$ by ! sk9 ( ! head4 ,bran*i f\r1 all d\ble1 & free1 op]cul> ap]tures small1 z wide z base ( pectorals1 & sep>at$ by ! :ole wid? ( ! base ( head4 ,tongue broad & ?ick4 ,air-bladd] small1 liv] v l>ge & alim5t>y canal %ort4 ,scales small1 cycloid & ?91 imb$d$ 9 ! sk9 s z to be sc>cely p]ceptible ant]ior to dorsal f91 or on back4 ,none on v5tral surface4 ,no lat]al l9e p]ceptible4 ,dorsal f9s two1 situat$ f> back1 & r l>ge4 ,caudal small1 obtusely r\nd$4 ,anal opposite to second dorsal4 ,v5trals unit$ into a funnel-%ap$ disk opposite base ( pectorals4 ,pectorals l>ge & r\nd$4 ,f9 rays all s(t1 divid+ into ?ree or f\r bran*es t[>d _! ends4 ,a small 8papilla g5italis0 9 front ( anal f94 ,:ole fi% cov]$ ) ?ick muc\s secretion4 ,sk9 ( head r loose & s(t1 & p]fectly smoo?4 ,,gilli*?ys ,,mirabilis ,coop]1 ,/ate ,coll4 ,no4 #fbg4 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,specific *>act]s4 ,scales along middle ( side1 ab\t #ij 9 #bg r[s4 ,d4 #f-ac2 ,c4 #ac-ac2 ,a4 #aa2 ,v4 #f #f2 ,p4 #bj4 ,l5g? ( l>ge/ specim5 obta9$1 #e in*es #ajj4 ,di/ance f sn\t to orbit 4#jf ,l5g? ( orbit 4#jc ,sn\t to end ( maxill>y process 4#bf ,sn\t to op]cul> ap]ture 4#bg ,sn\t to fir/ dorsal f9 4#cf ,l5g? ( base ( dorsal f9 4#ae ,height ( dorsal f9 4#aj ,f fir/ to second dorsal 4#jc ,l5g? ( base ( second dorsal 4#ai ,height ( second dorsal 4#aj ,l5g? ( caudal 4#af ,wid? ( caudal 4#ab ,f caudal to second dorsal & anal 4#aj ,l5g? ( base ( anal 4#ab ,height ( anal 4#jf ,f v5tral to anal 4#bf ,height ( v5tral ant]iorly 4#jb ,height ( v5tral po/]iorly 4#jh ,height ( pectoral 4#ad ,wid? ( base ( pectoral 4#jh ,l[] jaw to v5trals 4#bg ,wid? ( head betwe5 orbits 4#jb ,wid? ( head at op]cula 4#ae ,height ( head at op]cula 4#af ,wid? ( body at fir/ dorsal 4#ab ,height ( body at fir/ dorsal 4#ah ,wid? ( caudal at base 4#jb ,height ( caudal at base 4#ji ,di/ance betwe5 ends ( maxill>y processes 4#eh ,colors4--,:5 alive mottl$ ) light & d>k olive1 pal] bel[1 sides ( head r$di%4 ,9 alcohol black1 pale bel[1 & scales bel[ middle ( sides f9ely punctate ea* ) #h-aj dots1 only visible "u a microscope4 ,hab4--,i f\nd ^! rem>kable fi% only 9 ,san ,diego ,bay1 & 9 b "o /ation1 :i* 0 among seawe$ gr[+ on small /ones at ! :>f ( ,newt[n ! milit>y po/1 9 ,novemb]1 #ahfa4 ,!y 7 left by ! rec$+ ( ! tide1 & mu/ h be5 out ( ! wat] f ?ree to six h\rs daily1 ?\gh kept moi/ by ! seawe$4 ,! f\r obta9$ 7 all females conta9+ l>ge masses ( ova1 & may h come to ! spot 9 ord] to deposit !m4 ,i c\ld n obta9 a glass vessel suitable = an aqu>ium1 s z to keep !m alive & obs]ve _! habits4 ,! use ( ! /range maxill>y processes or *annels is obscure1 no?+ analog\s be+ kn[n 9 o!r fi%es1 ! ne>e/ approa* to !m be+ app>5tly ! l5g!n$ maxill>ies ( "s ,salmonid & ,clupeid1 fi% ( entirely diff]5t habits & aff9ities1 ?is "o be+ evid5tly "o ( ! ,gobid4 ,! /oma* conta9$ small crabs1 app>5tly swall[$ :ole4 ,,pt]oplatea ,mll] & ,h5le1 #ahcg4 ,p4 m>morata1 ,coop]1 ,/ate ,collection1 ,species #fgd4 ,,fig4 #be4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4 ,specific *>act]s4--,outl9e ( disk rhomboidal1 ! ant]ior bord]s =m+ an obtuse angle 9 front1 ne>ly /raight 9 _! c\rse to ! lat]al angles1 :i* are sub-acute2 ! po/]ior bord]s r\nd$4 ,v5trals small1 oblong1 obtuse-angl$1 project+ a little beh9d ! disk4 ,tail ne>ly twice ! l5g? ( v5trals1 sl5d] & po9t$1 flatt5$ lat]ally beh9d ! sp9e1 & bord]$ by a v n>r[ membrane1 comm5c+ opposite ! end ( ! sp9e bel[1 & end+ a little f>!r back above4 ,sp9e aris+ at a po9t "o-?ird ! l5g? ( ! tail f its base1 "o-sixte5? ( its l5g?1 & less ?an a f\r? z wide z x is long4 ,bo? surfaces are ne>ly flat4 ,proportional measurem5ts3 ,total l5g? ( specim51 #i 94 #ajj4 ,f m$ian l9e to tip ( pectoral 4#hj ,f ant]ior angle to eyes 4#ac ,f ant]ior angle to v5trals 4#gj ,ant]o-po/]ior l5g? ( v5trals 4#aj ,l5g? ( clasp]s 4#jd ,l5g? ( tail beyond v5trals 4#be ,l5g? ( caudal sp9e 4#jd ,di/ance betwe5 eyes 4#ae ,colors4--,?ickly m>bl$ ) blacki% & grayi% mottl+s equal 9 size2 v5trals & tail ) a few scatt]$ :ite spots2 bel[1 :ite4 ,x is probable t ! colors are v>iable1 z 9 ! alli$ ,urolophus4 ,i 0 d\btful at fir/ :e!r to consid] ?is fi% a ,pt]oplatea1 z t g5us is describ$ by ,ri*>dson z hav+ ! m\? curv$1 & ! d5tal plate ext5d+ to its corn]s1 also ! tee? lob$4 ,^! *>act]s1 h[ev]1 may *ange ) its gr[?1 ?is be+ evid5tly a "y specim54 ,mr4 ,gill1 ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 to :om ,i s5t a figure ( x1 agrees ) me 9 ref]r+ x to ?is g5us4 ,comp>$ ) ! ,p4 ,maclura 7,lesueur71 ( ! ,atlantic coa/1 describ$ & figur$ by ,dekay 9 ! ,nat4 ,hi/ory ( ,new ,york1 ?is species is less wide 9 proportion to its l5g?1 ! diff]5ce be+ z #aj to #af4 ,!re is also "s diff]5ce 9 ! m>k+s4 ,! ,p4 ,maclura is said to atta9 ! enorm\s wid? ( #ah feet4 ,i f\nd b "o specim5 ( ?is fi% at ,san ,diego1 :]e x 0 caught 9 a se9e4 ,i h also se5 "o1 :5 ! /eam] 0 ly+ at an*or1 at ,san ,p$ro1 swimm+ ne> ! surface ( ! wat]1 app>5tly support+ itself by flapp+ its w+-l expansions1 :ile x progress$ sl[ly by lat]al motions ( its tail4 ,,note4--,by an ov]sight ( ! pr9t]1 ! prop] ref]5ces to ! figures on page #aaj 7 left out4 ,! read] w h[ev] und]/& f ! descriptions t ! "r h& figure is ! ,myxodes 7,fig4 #bc71 & ! o!rs ! ,gilli*?ys 7,fig4 #bd74 ,,transcrib]',s ,,note4--,?is ov]sight has be5 address$6 ,illu/rations 7 relabell$ correctly & plac$ next to ! text describ+ !m4 #h ,nam$ 9 honor ( ,mr4 ,,!odore ,,gill1 ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 ,wa%+ton ,d4 ,c41 ! au?or ( v>i\s le>n$ treatises on fi%es2 ,,i*?ys1 f ! ,greek = fi%4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,janu>y #ah,,?1 #ahfd4 ,presid5t 9 ! ,*air4 ,pres5t twelve memb]s1 f\r visitors4 ,donations to ! ,cab9et3 ,cone ( ,p9us p9ea f ! s\? ( ,europe1 by ,mr4 ,grosseilli]4 ,bottle ( ,scorpions & o!r insects1 by ,mr4 ,dawson4 ,j> ( fruits1 & clo? made by ! natives ( ,hilukukaki ,isl&1 by ,capt4 ,j4 ,b4 ,edw>ds3 ,a j> ( alcoholic specim5s f ,rio ,janeiro1 "o f ,panama1 & "o f ,acapulco1 by ,s4 ,hubb>d4 ,a specim5 ( ,phasma f ,manzanillo1 ,mex41 by ,col4 ,he9tzelman4 ,a specim5 ( ,gordius f ?is vic9ity1 by ,mr4 ,kei?4 ,a box ( cretace\s & t]ti>y fossils f ! ,atlantic ,/ates1 by ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution4 ,donations to ! ,libr>y3 ,correspond5zblatt des ,natur=s*5d5 ,v]e9s zu ,riga1 #act] ,jahrgang2 ,riga #ahfc4 ,v]h&lung5 d] ,k4 ,k4 zoologis*-botanis*5 ,gesells*aft 9 ,wi51 ,b& ,,xii1 ,heft #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 ,wi5 #ahfb4 ,p]son5-,orts-und ,sa*-,regi/] d] ,sitzungsb]i*te und ,abh&lung5 d] ,wi5] ,k4 ,k41 ,zool4 bot4 ,gesells*aft1 ,wi5 #ahfb4 ,ov]sigt ov] det ,kongelige danske ,vid5skab]nes ,selskabs ,=h&l+] ,a>et #ahfa2 #hvo4 ,kib5havn4 ,d] ,zoologis*e ,g>t51 ,,iv ,jahrgang1 ,nr4 #a-f1 #ahfc1 #hvo4 ,frankfurt a ,m4 ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,horticultural ,society1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 ,nos4 #f1 #g1 ,june & ,july1 #ahfc4 ,s*rift5 d] ,knigli*5 physikali%-komis*5 ,gesells*aft zu ,knigsb]g1 ,i,i,iter ,jahrgang1 ,ab!ilung5 #a1 #b1 #dto1 #ahfb-c4 ,abh&lung5 d] ,k4 ,k4 geologis*5 ,rei*san/alt1 ,b& ,i-,,iii ,,iv1 #a-b1 #c-d1 #dto1 ,wi5 #ahee-f4 ,jahrbu* d] ,k4 ,k4 ,rei*san/alt1 ,b& ,,xii #c1 #d2 ,,xiii1 #a1 #hvo4 ,wi5 #ahfb-c4 ,g5]al-,regi/] d] er/5 zehn ,bnde des ,jahrbu*s d] ,k4 ,k4 geol4 ,rei*san/alt1 #hvo4 ,wi5 #ahfc4 ,consid]ations on ! ph5om5a att5d+ ! fall ( ,meteorites on ! e>?1 by ,w4 ,haid+]1 7f ! ,philosophical ,magaz9e = ,nov4 & ,dec41 #ahfa47 ,sev5 pap]s on natural ,hi/ory1 by ,george ,v4 ,frau5feld1 extract$ f ! ,v]h&lung5 d] ,k4 ,k4 ,zool4 bot4 ,gesells*aft 9 ,wi54 ,also ?ree pap]s by ,messrs4 ,bck1 ,brunn]1 ,v4 ,watt5wyl1 & ,doles*all1 f ! same j\rnal1 toge!r ) ! sev5 pap]s m5tion$ above1 pres5t$ by ,g4 ,ritt] ,v4 ,frau5feld4 ,pr(4 ,:itney rem>k$ t ^! donations 7 ( great value1 especially ^? relat+ to ! ,geological ,survey ( ,au/ria1 obta9$ ?r\gh ,b>on von ,ri*?(54 ,on motion1 ! special ?anks ( ! ,academy 7 t5d]$ to him & to ! 8,k4 ,k4 ,geologis*5 ,rei*san/alt0 = ! donation4 ,%eet sev5 ( ! ,proce$+s ( ?is ,academy1 pps4 #ig-aab1 0 receiv$ f ! pr9t]4 ,committees ( ,f9ance & ( ,publication 7 !n elect$4 ,dr4 ,coop]1 on behalf ( ,dr4 ,newcomb1 correspond+ memb]1 pres5t$ ! foll[+ pap] on new ,cali=nian ,helices1 all ( :i*1 except ! fir/ species1 7 discov]$ by ,dr4 ,coop]1 :ile connect$ ) ! ,/ate ,geological ,survey4 ,descriptions ( ,n9e ,new ,species ( ,helix ,inhabit+ ,cali=nia4 ,,by ,w4 ,,newcomb1 ,m4,d41 ,,( ,,oakl&1 ,,cal4 ,,helix ,l4 ,helix ,hillebr&i ,newc4 ,h4 te/a supra planulata1 luteo-cornea1 sub-c>9ata1 fasciis albis bi-c+ulata1 sub-l5te crebre granulata1 hirsuta2 anfractibus #f undique m9ute /riatis1 /riis oblique transv]sis2 anfr4 ultimo desc5d5te2 umbilico late-ap]to2 ap]tura lun>i-ovale2 p]i/omate t5uo1 albo1 reflexo1 prope umbilicam expanso4 ,lat4 maj4 #j4i1 m94 #j4h pol4 ,alt4 #j4ce pol4 ,hab4 ,tuolumne ,c\nty1 ,cali=nia4 ,%ell sub-planulate above1 yell[i% horn color1 sub-c>9ate1 "u ! glass ?ickly granulate1 hairy7872 :orls #f v f9ely /riate1 /ri obliquely transv]se2 ! la/ :orl desc5d+2 umbilicus broadly op52 ap]ture lunate oval2 lip ?91 :ite & reflect$1 ne> ! umbilicus exp&$4 ,,rem>ks4--,b "o rec5t specim51 ) a numb] 9 a fossil /ate1 7 collect$ by ,m4 ,voy & k9dly plac$ 9 my h&s4 ,! granulat$ surface is conf9$ to ! epid]mis1 & ! summit ( _m ( ! granules is m>k$ ) a cicatrix indicat+ a hirsute "*4 ,! ne>e/ alli$ species is ,h4 ,dupetit-,?\>si1 f :i* x diff]s 9 its m depress$ =m & surface /ructure4 ,x is d$icat$ to ,wm4 ,hillebr&1 ,m4,d41 ( ,honolulu1 a well-kn[n naturali/4 ,helix ,tryoni ,newc4 ,/ate ,collection1 ,species #ajih4 ,h4 te/a solida1 depresso-globosa1 angu/e obtecte umbilicata1 supra cruleo-c9]ea1 infra sordido-alba1 spira sub-turb9ata2 anfr4 #f convexi1 ultimus desc5d5s2 /ri sub-l5te num]os insculpt circum-volut2 ap]tura sub-rotundata2 columella callosa1 obsolete unid5tata2 p]i/oma vix reflexum1 introrsum callosum4 ,diam4 maj4 #a1 m94 #j4hh pol4 ,alt4 #j4ge pol4 ,v>4 b1 anfr4 sup]iores undis transv]sis albis4 ,hab4 ,insulis 8,santa ,b>b>a10 et 8,san ,nicolas10 ,cal4 ,%ell solid1 depressly globose1 umbilicus n>r[ & cov]$1 above ( an a%y sky-blue1 bel[ ( a dirty :ite2 spire sub-turb9ate2 suture well impress$1 :orls #f convex2 num]\s microscopical /ri1 sculptur$ & revolv+ ) ! :orls2 ap]ture r\nd$2 columella call\s1 obsoletely "o 7sometimes two7 too!d2 lip sc>cely reflect$1 ?ick5$ )92 v>4 b1 sup]ior :orls ) :ite transv]se undulat+ l9es4 ,hab4 ,santa ,b>b>a1 & ,san ,nicolas ,isl&s1 ,cal4#i ,?is species 0 f\nd 9 great abundance alive4 ,! animal is ( a deep smoky hue1 almo/ black1 ) sometimes ! t]m9al half-in* ( ! foot ( a dirty :ite4 ,x is d$icat$ to a di/+ui%$ ,am]ican ,con*ologi/4 ,helix crebri-/riata ,newc4 ,/ate ,collection1 ,species #ajcf4 ,h4 te/a obtecte vel ap]te umbilicata1 turb9e-depresse-globosa1 translucido-cornea2 anfr4 #e convexiusculi1 ultimo desc5d5te2 apice sub-mamillato2 sutura b5e impressa2 /ri transv]s valde et creb]rime insign1 /ri longitud9is microscopice incis2 ap]tura sub-rotunda2 p]is4 div]so 7t5ue1 acute1 sub-reflexo1 vel crasso intus calloso7 approximato cum callo pr(uso conjuncto1 vel s9e callo2 prope umbilicam expanso4 ,diam4 maj4 #j4ib1 m94 #j-ge pol4 ,alt4 #j-ee ad #j-hj pol4 ,hab4 ,ins4 8,san ,clem5te10 ,cal4 ,%ell ) a cov]$ or op5 umbilicus1 turb9ately depressly globose1 :orls #e a little convex1 ! la/ desc5d+2 suture well impress$2 transv]se /ri well & d5sely %[n1 longitud9al /ri f9e & impress$2 ap]ture r\nd$2 p]i/ome v>i\s 7?91 acute1 a little reflect$1 or heavy1 ) an int]ior ?ick5+7 approximate1 ) 7or )\t7 a pr(use callus connect+ ! out] & inn] lips2 ne> ! umbilicus ! columell> lip exp&s s z to p>tially cov] ! p]=ation4 ,hab4 ,san ,clem5te ,isl&1 ,cal4 ,abundant4 ,?is %ell1 s difficult to describe1 ow+ to its v>iable *>act]s 9 diff]5t specim5s1 makes ! ne>e/ approa* to ,h4 ,kelletii ,=bes1 f :i* x may readily be di/+ui%$ by its sculpture & o!r *>act]s4 ,9 size & ! elevation ( ! spire1 x is "o ( ! mo/ v>iable ( ! ,cali=nia species ( ,helix4 ,di/+ui%$ f ,h4 int]cisa ,w4 ,g4 ,b9ney1 by its n be+ solid1 hav+ ! umbilicus p>tially or completely op51 & f ! figure ref]r$ to1 9 be+ m depressly tro*i=m 9 %ape4 ,! locality ( ,h4 int]cisa is giv5 z 8,oregon ,t]ritory40 ,! %ell v>ies 9 "s m9or p>ticul>s1 z 9 ! want ( a ruf\s apex1 & its n be+ ( ! same color2 9 o!r respects x seems to be a closely alli$ species4 ,helix rufoc9cta ,newc4 ,/ate ,collection1 ,species #fbd4 ,h4 te/a depresso-globosa1 cornea1 rufo-unifasciata1 umbilicata1 sub-l5te decussata-/riata2 anfr4 #f ultimus non desc5d5s2 ap]tura sub-rotundo1 labio reflexo1 albo2 sutura impressa2 columella non callosa4 ,diam4 maj4 #j4gj1 m94 #j4fj pol4 ,alt4 #j4dj pol4 ,hab4 ,san ,diego1 et ,insula 8,santa ,catal9a10 ,cal4 ,%ell depressly globose1 horny1 r$-b&$1 umbilicate1 "u ! l5s decussately /riate2 :orls #f1 ! la/ n desc5d+2 ap]ture sub-rotund2 lip :ite1 reflect$2 suture impress$2 columella n call\s4 ,! adult ( ?is species is alli$ 9 outl9e to ,h4 ,pytyonesica ,pfr41 b is less elevat$1 & be>s 9 o!r respects no especial relation to t species4 ,! size v>ies consid]ably1 & ! umbilicus 9 "s specim5s is ne>ly clos$1 :ile 9 ! typical specim5s x is q op54 ,b "o dead specim5 0 f\nd at ,san ,diego2 b on ,catal9a ,isl& x 0 m common1 #ai adult & mo/ly liv+ specim5s occurr+1 /ivat+ on ! "u surface ( /ones1 9 ,june4 ,helix ,gabbii ,newc4 ,/ate ,collection1 ,species #ajig4 ,h4 te/a sub-obtecte umbilicata1 t5uis1 pallide cornea1 depresso-orbicul>is1 fusco obscure zonata2 anfr4 #e convexis ultimus desc5d5s2 sutura b5e impressa2 ap]tura sub-orbicul>i2 labro albo non calloso1 reflexo4 ,diam4 maj4 #j4dj1 m94 #j4ce pol4 ,alt4 #j4bj pol4 ,hab4 ,insul4 8,san ,clem5te10 ,cal4 ,%ell ) umbilicus p>tially cov]$1 ?91 pale corne\s1 depressly orbicul>1 ) an indi/9ct br[n b&2 :orls #e convex1 ! la/ desc5d+2 lip :ite1 n ?ick5$1 reflect$4 ,i h se5 b a solit>y specim5 ( ?is species4 ,! size corresponds ne>ly ) ,h4 facta1 b ! ?9ness ( ! %ell1 ! color1 ! m r\nd$ :orls1 ! deep] suture1 & ! ?91 :ite1 reflect$ lip1 suffici5tly *>act]ize ?is z a di/9ct species4 ,helix facta ,newc4 ,/ate ,collection1 ,species #ajii4 ,h4 te/a obtecte rimata1 depresso-orbicul>i1 solida1 compacta1 glabra1 albida1 fusco-rubro uni-zonata2 anfr4 #e ad #e convexiusculi1 ultimus desc5d5s2 sutura modice impressa2 ap]tura ovalis2 labro crasso1 reflexo1 flavido4 ,diam4 maj4 #j4db1 m94 #j4ce pol4 ,alt4 #j4bb pol4 ,hab4 ,insul4 8,santa ,b>b>a10 et 8,san ,nicolas40 ,%ell ) p]=ation cov]$1 depress$ orbicul>1 solid1 compact1 smoo?1 :iti%1 zon$ ) a br[ni% r$ b&2 :orls #e to #e some:at convex1 ! la/ desc5d+2 suture slightly impress$2 ap]ture oval2 lip ?ick1 reflect$1 yell[i%4 ,a sub-fossil v>iety measures #j4fj by #j4cb in*es4 ,v num]\s on ,santa ,b>b>a ,isl&2 less s on ,san ,nicolas4 ,?is species diff]s s ess5tially f ! ord9>y type ( ,cali=nia ,helices z to sugge/ a tropical region z its orig9al habitat4 ,"o "* 9 common ) _m ( our species may be notic$1 viz43 ! color$ b& cutt+ ! body :orl1 inclos$ betwe5 two fa9t light color$ c9ctures4 ,! %ell has a little ! aspect ( ,h4 ,ro?i ,pfr41 f ! ,isl& ( ,syra1 b is small]1 less elevat$1 & ) a ?ick reflect$ yell[ lip4 ,helix ,:itneyi ,newc4 ,/ate ,collection1 ,species #aaab4 ,h4 te/a corneo-fumosa1 sub-planulata1 polita umbilico p]spectivo2 sutura b5e impressa2 ap]tura lun>is2 labro simplici2 anfr4 #d4 ,diam4 #j4bj pol4 ,alt4 #j4aj pol4 ,hab4 prope 8,lake ,taho10 ,cal41 9 montibus 8,si]ra ,nevada10 elevatione #fajj p$4 ,angl4 ,%ell smoky horn color1 ne>ly flat above1 smoo?1 ) a p]spective umbilicus2 suture well impress$2 ap]ture lunate2 lip simple2 :orls f\r4 ,9 ! umbilicus resembl+ ,h4 /riatella ,an?ony1 ) a smoo? surface & a dull1 smoky hue4 ,only ?ree specim5s 7 f\nd1 "u damp logs & b>k along a m\nta9 /ream1 toge!r ) ,h4 ,brew]i1 & *]s9a4 ,h4 ,brew]i ,newc4 ,/ate ,collection1 ,species #aaac4 ,h4 te/a discoidea1 pallide-cornea1 nitida1 lucida2 sutura sub-canaliculata1 late umbilicata2 anfr4 #e4 ap]tura lun>is2 labro t5ue simplici4 ,diam4 #j4bj pol4 ,alt #j4aj pol4 ,hab4 prope 8,lake ,taho10 ,cal41 et montibus sept5trionalibus4 ,%ell discoidal1 pale corne\s1 %9+1 transp>5t1 suture slightly *annell$1 broadly umbilicate2 :orls #e2 ap]ture lunate2 lip ?91 simple4 ,?is %ell may be comp>$ ) ,h4 arborea ,say1 f :i* x diff]s by its less elevation1 m poli%$ & light] color$ surface1 & m op5 umbilicus4 ,eight specim5s f\nd2 "o f ,nor!rn ,cali=nia1 by ,pr(4 ,brew]4 ,helix ,duranti ,newc4 ,/ate ,collection1 ,species #ihg4 ,h4 te/a depressa1 discoidea1 pallide-cornea sub-l5te m9utissime /riata1 opaca1 late et p]spective umbilicata2 anfr4 #d4 ultimus declivis non desc5d5s2 sutura l9e>is2 ap]tura rotundata-lun>is2 p]i/omate simplici1 approximato4 ,diam4 #j4bj pol4 ,alt4 #j4jg pol4 ,hab4 8,santa ,b>b>a ,isl&40 ,%ell depress$1 discoidal1 pale corne\s1 "u ! l5s m9utely /riat$1 opaque1 broadly & p]spectively umbilicat$2 :orls #d1 ! la/ %elv+ b n desc5d+ 7at ! ap]ture72 suture l9e>2 ap]ture r\nd$1 lunate1 lip simple1 ! ext]nal & int]nal approximat+4 ,?is pretty little planorboid ,helix be>s a /rik+ resemblance to ,planorbis albus ,mll]1 7hirsutus ,g\ld17 especially 9 its upp] aspect4 ,b5ea?1 ! :orls are less di/9ctly %[n ?an 9 ! ,planorbis4 ,i take pleasure 9 d$icat+ ?is species to ,pr(essor ,h5ry ,durant1 ( ! ,college ( ,cali=nia4 ,9 addition to ! above1 ! ,/ate ,collection conta9s ! foll[+ species ( ,cali=nian ,helices3 ,helix arrosa ,g\ld1 sps4 #heh1 common ne> m\? ( ,s4 ,f4 ,bay4 ,also a yell[ v>iety f ,santa ,cruz1 ,mr4 ,r[ell4 ,helix ,cali=ni5sis ,lea1 787 sps4 #ifi1 or a v>4 ( ,h4 nickl9iana ,lea8 ,j4 ,g4 ,coop]4 ,helix ,c>p5t]i ,newc41 sps4 #aacf1 a brok5 dead %ell1 f ! head ( ,san ,joaqu9 ,valley1 ,mr4 ,gabb4 ,helix ,columbiana ,lea1 sps4 #ija1 ne> ,san ,francisco4 ,helix *]s9a ,say1 sps4 #aabe1 f\nd ne> ,lake ,taho2 v l>ge4 ,j4 ,g4 ,c4 ,helix ,dupeti?\>si ,de%4 sps4 #dib1 f ,po9t ,cypress1 ,mont]ey4 ,j4 ,g4 ,c4 ,helix ex>ata ,pfeiff]1 sps4 #ibj4 ,mt4 ,diablo1 ,pr(4 ,brew]2 ,santa ,cruz1 ,mr4 ,r[ell4 ,helix fidelis ,gray1 sps4 #aace1 ,humboldt ,bay1 & m\nta9s ne> lat4 #db4 ,pr(4 ,brew]4 ,a black v>iety2 ,dr4 ,frick4 ,helix infumata ,g\ld1 sps4 #hhj1 ne> ,ball5as ,bay1 ,mr4 ,r[ell4 ,helix ,kellettii ,=bes1 sps4 #hef1 ,san ,diego1 & ,catal9a ,isl&2 ! latt] a v f9e v>iety4 ,j4 ,g4 ,coop]4 ,helix loricata ,g\ld1 sps4 #hhj1 ne> ,oakl&1 ,dr4 ,newcomb4 ,helix ,newb]ryana ,w4 ,g4 ,b9ney1 sps4 #hha1 ,temescal m\nta9s1 ne> ,los ,angeles1 ,pr(4 ,brew]4 ,helix ,nickl9iana ,lea1 sps4 #iab1 ne> ,s4 ,f4 ,bay2 common4 ,j4 ,g4 ,c4 ,helix sportella ,g\ld1 sps4 #hii1 ne> ,san ,francisco4 ,j4 ,g4 ,c4 ,helix mormonum ,pfeiff]2 ,san ,joaqu9 ,valley1 ,mr4 ,gabb2 nor? to ,m\nt ,%a/a1 ,pr(4 ,brew]4 ,helix ,traskii ,newc41 sps4 #hfc1 f m\nta9s ne> ,santa ,b>b>a1 ,pr(4 ,brew]4 ,may be a v>iety ( ,h4 ,dupeti?\>si4 ,helix tudiculata ,b9ney1 sps4 #gfh1 ne> ,san ,diego & ,san ,p$ro4 ,j4 ,g4 ,c4 ,helix ,vanc\v]5sis ,lea1 sps4 #ajic1 ,/raits ( ,fuca1 ,mr4 ,gabb4 ,p]haps ext5ds s\? to ,humboldt ,bay4 #i ,?is is ! 8,h4 ,kelletii0 m5tion$ on page #fc ( ?is volume4--,j4 ,g4 ,c4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,febru>y #a,,/1 #ahfd4 ,presid5t 9 ! ,*air4 ,elev5 memb]s pres5t4 ,donation to ! ,cab9et3 ,a collection ( dri$ plants f ,arizona1 by ,mr4 ,sp5ce4 ,pr(4 ,brew] pres5t$ ! foll[+ pap]s3 ,description ( a ,new ,species ( ,virgul>ia f ! ,coa/ ( ,cali=nia4 ,,by ,,wm4 ,m4 ,,gabb4 ,,virgul>ia ,,lam4 ,v4 gracilis ,gabb4 ,polypidom long & v sl5d]4 ,decorticat$ /em circul> or elliptical 9 section1 smoo? on ! surface4 ,polypif]\s lobes1 sl5d]1 exs]t1 lunate1 acute at ! tips & broad at ! base2 arrang$ obliquely & alt]nately on ! ant]o-lat]al face ( ! /em4 ,^! lobes occupy ! upp] half ( ! polypidom2 reta9+ _! full size to ! extreme apex1 b dim9i%+ bel[1 s t on ! middle ( ! /em !y are exce$+ly m9ute2 & an in* or two bel[1 are only repres5t$ by a slight ridge on ! %ea?1 9 :i* are two or ?ree cells4 ,! l[] f\r? ( ! %ea? is dilat$ to ab\t ?ree times ! ?ickness ( ! re/ ( ! /em4 ,l5g? #ai in*es2 diamet] ( ! nak$ /em 4#jc 942 smalle/ diamet] ( /em1 ) ! %ea?1 4#jd2 diamet] ( exp&$ base 4#ac 942 l5g? ( l>ge/ lobes 4#ae 94 ,locality1 ,bay ( ,mont]ey1 #bj fms4 ,collect$ by ,dr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,coop]1 ( ! ,/ate ,geological ,survey4 ,?is species c be at once di/+ui%$ f ,v4 elongata1 ,g4 7,proc4 ,cal4 ,a4 ,n4 ,s41 vol4 #b1 p4 #afg7 by its m sl5d] =m1 its proportionally l>ge polypif]\s lobes1 its cyl9drical /em1 )\t any grooves1 & by ! comp>atively small] portion ( ! /em be>+ ! lobes4 ,notice ( ,plants f\nd ,gr[+ 9 ,hot ,spr+s 9 ,cali=nia4 ,,by ,,pr(4 ,,wm4 ,h4 ,,brew]1 ,,( ,,! ,,/ate ,,geological ,,survey4 ,m ?an two ye>s ago ,i laid be=e ?is ,society "s facts 9 reg>d to ! gr[? ( plants 9 ! !rmal wat]s ( ?is ,/ate4 ,s9ce t "t we h m obs]vations1 & "s ( ! facts are wor?y ( record1 al?\gh ! fact is n new t plants w gr[ 9 hot wat]4 ,at ! ,geys]s 9 ,lake ,c\nty1 !re are num]\s hot spr+s & /eam jets1 9 & ar\nd :i* !re is an abundant gr[? ( a l[ =m ( vegetation 7,no/oc87 gr[+ on ! soil & cov]+ x ) a bright gre5 coat+4 ,9 "s ( ! w>m spr+s & /reams x accumulates 9 consid]able quantities 9 ! wat]4 ,! highe/ temp]ature ( wat] obs]v$ at ! "t ( our visit1 9 #ahfa1 0 #bjg ,f42 ! wat] ( _m ( ! spr+s boil+ viol5tly at temp]atures rang+ f #aif to t /at$4 ,?is vegetable fl\ri%$ 9 wat]s ( ! temp]ature ( #bjj ,f41 b 0 mo/ abundant :]e ! temp]ature rang$ f #abe to #adj ,f4 ,x coat$ ! soil ar\nd ! /eam jets1 :]e x w\ld be alt]nately expos$ to ! jets ( /eam issu+ at a high] temp]ature ?an t ( boil+ wat]1 & ( ! cool] air4 ,9 wat] ( ! temp]atures ( #ajj to #abe !re are filam5tons alg4 ,at ! ,little ,geys]s simil> facts 7 obs]v$4 ,9 ,plumas ,c\nty1 ne> ,lass5s ,peak1 !re are ?ree gr\ps ( hot spr+s1 at all ( :i* ! same =m ( vegetation is abundant "u simil> conditions1 especially ar\nd /eam jets4 ,v>i\s gases1 especially sulphohydric & sulphur\s acids1 accompany+ ! /eam 9 all ( ^! localities1 & ! soil is g5]ally impregnat$ ) v>i\s sal9e sub/ances4 ,all ! specim5s ( ! plants 7 un=tunately lo/1 s t no microscopic exam9ation has be5 made1 fur!r ?an c\ld be done on ! spot ) a pocket l5s4 ,ne> all ( ^! spr+s1 ! ,panicum !rmale ,bol&]1 gr[s on ! sal9e soils1 sometimes :]e ! soil is w>m & ! grass is subject$ to /eam2 b its /ation appe>s to dep5d m ^u ! sal9e "* ( ! soil ?an ^u its temp]ature4 ,x 0 frequ5tly f\nd on soil saturat$ ) sulphates ( soda1 lime1 etc41 & hav+ a /rongly acid reaction4 ,none ( ^! =ms are univ]sally f\nd ab\t all ! hot spr+s ( ! ,/ate2 _m spr+s h be5 visit$ :]e nei!r ( !m occur1 b :]e "o is f\nd ! o!r is g5]ally f\nd also4 ,dr4 ,coop] pres5t$ ! foll[+ pap] = ,dr4 ,newcomb1 correspond+ memb]3 ,description ( a ,new ,species ( ,p$icul>ia4 ,,by ,w4 ,,newcomb1 ,m4 ,d4 ,,p$icul>ia ,,swa9son4 ,p$icul>ia ,cali=nica ,newc4 ,p4 te/a depresa-globosa1 cocc9ea1 m9ute transv]se /riata1 supra rotundata1 infra late ap]ta2 labio expanso1 semi-circul>e2 columella crassa1 dilatata1 intus recta2 ap]tura elongato sub-ovata2 extremitatibus effusis3 ,long4 #j4d pol4 ,lat4 #j4c 0 ,alt4 #j4be 0 ,hab4 ,cali=nia4 ,%ell depressly globose1 crimson color$1 m9utely transv]sely /riat$1 above r\nd$1 bel[ broadly op52 lip exp&$1 semicircul>2 columella ?ick1 dilat$ )91 /raight2 ap]ture elongately sub-ovate2 extremities broadly not*$4 ,! ,g5us ,p$icul>ia 0 e/abli%$ by ,swa9son = ! reception ( a s+le species 7,p4 sicula7 ( t au?or4 ,dur+ ! pa/ ye> ano!r species has be5 add$ by t em95t ,naturali/1 ,g4 ,p4 ,de%ayes1 ( ,p>is4 ,9 a "w publi%$1 on ! %ells ( ! ,isle ( ,b\rbon1 he describes a beautiful violet-color$ species "u ! "n ( ,p4 elegantissima4 ,! ,cali=nia species 7( :i* only "o specim5 has be5 obta9$7 c sc>cely be surpass$ 9 brilliancy by its ,indian ,ocean cong5]1 al?\gh be>+ ! exquisite "n ( elegantissima4 ,= ! specim5 ( ! species "h describ$1 ,i am indebt$ to ! extreme lib]ality ( ,d4 ,n4 ,rob9son1 ,esq41 ( ,san ,francisco1 :o obta9$ x f a coral gr[+ on a mon/] cru/acean ( ! g5us ,e*idnoc]us1 :i* 0 tak5 9 v deep wat] at ! ,f>allones ,isl&s4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,febru>y #ae,,?1 #ahfd4 ,vice-,presid5t ,trask 9 ! ,*air4 ,pres5t ?irte5 memb]s4 ,messrs4 ,a4 ,?y>k & ,r4 ,e4 ,c4 ,/e>ns 7 elect$ resid5t memb]s4 ,donations to ! ,cab9et3 ,coral1 f ! ,aitutaka ,isl&s1 by ,capt4 ,edw>ds4 ,botanical specim5s f ! ,:ite ,m\nta9s1 ,n4 ,h41 by ,dr4 ,coop]4 ,donations to ! ,libr>y3 ,report ( ! ,committee to prep>e a plan = a ,/ate ,univ]sity4 ,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,arts & ( ! ,in/itutions 9 ,union1 ,london1 ,eng4 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce & ,arts = ,novemb]1 #ahfc4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,p4 ,blake exhibit$ specim5s ( ,coal1 said to h be5 f\nd on ! m\nta9s ea/ ( ! ,colorado ,riv]1 ab\t tw5ty-five miles f ,la ,paz4 ,he /at$ t x 0 ( v good quality & seem$ too brilliant = surface coal1 b t ?is might p]haps be attribut$ to ! dryness ( ! climate4 ,he _h1 h[ev]1 d\bts z to ! occurr5ce ( coal associat$ ) obsidian1 z 0 /at$ to be ! case ) ^! specim5s4 ,! publi%+ committee 0 au?oriz$ to furni% copies ( ! ,proce$+s = #ahfc to c]ta9 libr>ies & j\rnals 9 ?is ,/ate4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,m>* #g,,?1 #ahfd4 ,presid5t 9 ! ,*air4 ,pres5t twelve memb]s2 also ,messrs4 ,turnbull1 ,smi?1 ,g>d9]1 & ,burgn]1 by invitation4 ,donation to ! ,cab9et3 ,/uff$ sk9 ( a l>ge v5om\s ,snake1 f ! ,si]ra ,madre ( ,mexico1 ea/ ( ,mazatlan1 pres5t$ by ,mr4 ,burgn]4 ,donations to ! ,libr>y3 ,pamphlets on ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,helicid1 by ,?omas ,bl&1 extract$ f ! ,annals ( ! ,n4 ,y4 ,lyceum ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce & ,arts = ,janu>y1 #ahfd4 ,bo/on ,j\rnal ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,vol4 ,,vii1 ,no4 #d4 ,dr4 ,behr pres5t$ ! foll[+ pap]3 ,on ,cali=nian ,lepidopt]a4 ,no4 ,,iv4 ,,by ,h4 ,,behr1 ,m4,d4 ,,fam4 ,,vanessid4 ,,grapta4 ,grapta ,comma ,h>ris4 ,i possess b "o specim5 ( ?is ,grapta4 ,x 0 collect$ by ,dr4 ,hillebr&1 9 ,yosemite ,valley1 dur+ 8 late visit to ,cali=nia4 ,x agrees 9 all ess5tial po9ts ) two o!r specim5s :i* ,i obta9$ ?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,edw>ds1 ( ,new ,york4 ,! ,cali=nia specim5 diff]s by a some:at light] coloration on bo? sides1 especially bel[ :]e ! gr\nd color passes into a yell[i% br[n1 :ile 9 ! ,ea/]n specim5 x becomes a blui% gray4 ,on ! upp] side1 also1 ! blui% coloration ( ! edge ( ! angulat$ w+s ( ! ,ea/]n =m is replac$ by a yell[i% t9t4 ,i w\ld be incl9$ to take ,g4 ,comma = a local v>iety ( ,g4 ,c-album1 7 x n = ! cat]pill>1 :i*1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,h>ris1 resembles t ( ,g4 int]rogationis1 & is entirely )\t t /rangely dimidiate coloration s *>act]i/ic 9 ,g4 ,c-album4 ,9 ,g4 ,c-album ,i _c f9d any diff]5ce betwe5 my ,cali=nian & ,european specim5s4 ,our v]nal g5]ation is l>g] & some:at light] color$ ?an any ,european specim5s ,i h ev] se54 ,! cat]pill> has a curi\s dimidiate coloration1 :i* ,i h nev] se5 except 9 ?is species3 ! =e "p be+ :ite1 ! abdom9al "p yell[4 ,i f\nd x on ,urtica1 b x w probably be f\nd on o!r ,urticace\s plants1 h]bace\s z well z arboresc5t4 ,g4 ,c-album is n common 9 ! imm$iate neighborhood ( ,san ,francisco1 b x is r abundant 9 woody & m\nta9\s di/ricts4 ,! ,atlantic ,/ates are ri*] 9 species ( ?is g5us ?an ei!r ,europe or ,cali=nia1 ! two latt] ( :i* possess ! same numb] ( species4 ,europe4 ,cali=nia4 ,atlantic ,slope4 ,g4 ,c-album4 ,g4 ,c-album4 ,g4 ,c-album4 ,g4 ,triangulum4 ,g4 ,comma4 ,g4 ,comma4 ---- ---- ,g4 ,faunus4 ---- ---- ,g4 ,progne4 ---- ---- ,g4 int]rogationis4 ,,vanessa ,fabr4 ,vanessa ,cali=nica ,boisd4 ,! cat]pill> ( ?is species fe$s on ,ceano?us1 & lives socially l t ( ,v4 ,urtic ,l41 f :i* x diff]s v little4 ,x is ( a velvety black1 & ! sp9es :i* cov] x are also black4 ,v4 ,cali=nica is rem>kable f its be+ "o ( ! few w&]+ ,lepidopt]a yet kn[n4 ,! fir/ migration ,i obs]v$ 0 on ,novemb] #ae?1 #ahef1 :5 numb]s ( ?is butt]fly flew ov] ,san ,francisco 9 a g5]al direction ( s\?-s\?-ea/4 ,!y flew s+ly1 & nev] cr[d$ into sw>ms4 ,mo/ ( ^! butt]flies pass$ ov] our /reets at too great a height to p]mit close inspection--a few alight+ "h & !re on lamp-po/s1 sign-bo>ds1 or 9 ! m rural p>ts1 on fl[]s4 ,x 0 f ^! t ,i obta9$ ! specim5s 9 my collection4 ,!y ne>ly all look$ worn & %att]$1 & !re 7 no fre% specim5s among !m3 cle>ly indicat+ t !y 7 n rais$ 9 ! neighborhood ( ! city1 b _h come f di/ant p>ts4 ,on ! #ah? "s ( ! /raggl]s 7 /ill to be se51 b on ! #ai? !y _h all disappe>$4 ,! second migration took place la/ fall1 b did n rea* ,san ,francisco4 ,i receiv$ a s]ies ( specim5s1 caught by ,dr4 ,coop]1 on ! road to ,lake ,taho4 ,o!rs ,i receiv$ f ,oregon1 :]e !y 7 collect$ by ,mr4 ,gabb1 dur+ 8 geological exam9ation ( ^? nor!rn regions4 ,nei!r ,dr4 ,coop] nor ,mr4 ,gabb obs]v$ any m>k$ direction 9 ! flight ( ^! butt]flies2 !y agree t ! species 0 /rik+ly num]\s4 ,mr4 ,gabb repres5ts x z settl+ on ! gr\nd 9 dry arroyos1 v %y1 & :5 fright5$1 always return+ to ! same spot--a behavior :i* pretty ne>ly corresponds ) t ( ! ne>e/ relative1 ! ,european ,v4 ,poly*loros4 ,bo? ( ^! au?orities prove m]ely an unusual numb] ( ?is butt]fly at an unusual "t ( ! ye>4 ,! description ( ! habits ( ! insect1 z obs]v$ by ,mr4 ,gabb 9 ! ,umpqua ,valley1 %[ cle>ly t !re x felt at home4 ,by comp>+ notes receiv$ f ,mr4 ,johnson1 ( ,m>9 ,c\nty1 ,i h come to ! conclusion t ! c\ntry to ! nor?w>d1 cr[d$ ) ?is ,vanessa1 mu/ h s5t at lea/ "o colony s\?2 & ,i 0 told by ! above-m5tion$ g5tleman1 ! /atem5t be+ confirm$ by sev]al intellig5t f>m]s ( ! same neighborhood1 t l>ge numb]s ( a br[n butt]fly _h come f ,san ,qu5t91 & cross$ ov] t "p ( ! bay :i* /ret*es betwe5 ,san ,rafael & ,saucelito4 ,ab\t ! same "t1 great numb]s ( ! same insect 7 obs]v$ 9 ,lagunita ,valley1 at ! base ( ,tamal ,pais1 :]e ! sw>ms ga!r$ 9 a great cr[d1 & disappe>$ z sudd5ly z !y came4 ,i tru/ t my loquacity 9 reg>d to ! habits ( ?is species w be p>don$4 ,i consid] ! obs]vation ( facts t\*+ ! migration ( animals1 ( ! highe/ importance1 & ?9k x desirable t all obs]vations on ^! po9ts %\ld be put on record3 s t h]eaft]1 :5 a suffici5t numb] ( in/ances may h be5 collect$1 conclusions may be drawn1 & p]haps _m hi!rto inexplicable po9ts 9 ! geographical di/ribution ( insects1 & ( organic life 9 g5]al1 may be expla9$4 ,?is butt]fly is r r>e 9 common ye>s1 & is1 p]haps1 not)/&+ its "n1 ,v4 ,cali=nica1 n exactly an indig5\s species1 at lea/ n 9 ! middle c\nties ( our ,/ate4 ,unlike all o!r ,vanessid kn[n to me1 x has b "o g5]ation1 at lea/ 9 ,cali=nia1 :]e ! imago is always f\nd late 9 ! season4 ,i d n v5ture to decide :e!r ,v4 ,cali=nica requires a long] "t = developm5t 9 ! l>va /ate ?an ! o!r ,vanessid1 or :e!r x has its v]nal g5]ations some:]e else 9 adjac5t c\ntries4 ,i h f\nd b "o colony ( cat]pill>s4 ,x 0 9 ,july1 & mo/ ( ! individuals 7 ne>ly full gr[n2 !y 7 r delicate1 ! majority di$ 9 ! l>va /ate1 sev5 trans=m$ ab\t ! end ( ! mon?1 & a s+le *rysalis produc$ a crippl$ butt]fly4 ,vanessa ,milb]ti ,godt4 ,?is species is common 9 woody localities4 ,! cat]pill> is v mu* l t ( ,v4 ,cali=nica1 & only a few individuals %[ a di/+ui%+ m>k 9 ! %ape ( a longitud9al1 lat]al /ripe ( sulphur yell[4 ,x fe$s on ,urtica4 ,vanessa ,antiopa ,l4 ,!re is no?+ to add 9 reg>d to ?is long & well-kn[n species4 ,! cat]pill> fe$s "h1 z ev]y:]e else1 on will[s4 ,! true ,vaness h ab\t ! same geographical di/ribution z ! ,grapt4 ,!y also h a pr$ilection = ,urticace\s plants4 ,only ! mo/ nor!rn species is amphigeic4 ,europe4 ,cali=nia4 ,atlantic ,slope4 ,v4 ,antiopa4 ,v4 ,antiopa4 ,v4 ,antiopa4 ,v4 ,urtic4 ,v4 ,milb]ti4 ,v4 ,milb]ti4 ,v4 ,poly*loros4 ,v4 ,cali=nica4 ,v4 ,c-album4 ,!re is a balance 9 favor ( ! ,old ,_w--! beautiful type ( ,v4 ,io n be+ repres5t$ on ?is cont95t--& also ! type ( ,v4 ,poly*loros1 conta9+ a few species1 z1 = in/ance1 ,v4 ,xan?omelas1 t make x appe> m num]\s4 ,,pyrameis ,hubn4 ,pyrameis ,atalanta ,l4 ,l>va fe$s on ,urtica4 ,pyrameis ,c>ye4 ,?is species is by f> ! mo/ common butt]fly 9 ,cali=nia4 ,! cat]pill> is v v>iable 9 its coloration1 & is s l t ( ,p4 ,atalanta1 9 company ) :i* x is frequ5tly f\nd1 t ,i h nev] succe$$ 9 f9d+ any di/+ui%+ *>act]s4 ,x fe$s ?r\gh\t ! ye> on ,urtica & on sev]al malvace\s plants1 & has ! habit ( all its cong5]s1 ( hid+ itself 9 a roll$ up leaf4 ,pyrameis ,c>dui ,l4 ,?is mo/ cosmopolitan ( all diurnals1 affects "h1 9 its l>va /ate1 sev]al malvace\s plants1 & also ! g5us ,gnaphalium1 & its relations2 b ! plant = :i* x %[s ! greate/ pr$ilection is ,silybum ,m>ianum1 a plant :i* =m]ly did n exi/ "h1 & has only spread s9ce #aheb4 ,x n[ =ms ?ickets 9 ! neighborhood ( ,san ,francisco1 z well z ne> mo/ ( our inl& t[ns1 b has nev] spread to a great di/ance f settlem5ts4 ,p4 ,c>dui frequ5ts ! same localities1 & ,i f\nd ! same species 9 ,au/ralia 9 ! same relation to ! same immigrat$ plant1 ,silybum ,m>ianum4 ,i "k v well t ,p4 ,c>dui exi/$ "h1 z well z 9 ,au/ralia1 be=e ! immigration ( ?is ,m$it]ranean plant2 b /ill1 x is a rem>kable fact t ?is cosmopolitan butt]fly1 not)/&+ its ability to adapt itself to plants ( ! mo/ diff]5t families1 /ill cl+s ) su* t5acity to a cosmopolitan plant1 to ^: univ]sal di/ribution x is p]haps mu* indebt$ = ! wide range :i* x itself atta9s4 ,next to ! cosmopolitan "* ( ?is plant1 ,p4 ,c>dui owes its great ext5t probably to its _m g5]ations & c]ta9 irregul>ities 9 ! "t ( ! appe>ance ( ! p]fect insect2 s t small colonies ( ! species are n s liable to be de/roy$ by inclem5cy ( climate or exceptional atmosph]ic ag5cies2 = a be+ t exi/s at ! same "t 9 ! f\r /ages ( ! egg1 l>va1 *rysalis1 & imago1 has m *ances ( escap+ cataclysms & deluge ?an o!rs t are all at "o "t 9 ! same /age ( exi/5ce4 ,! ext5t ( ! influ5ce ex]t$ by ! numb] ( g5]ations1 & ! irregul>ity ( p]iod1 c be v cle>ly recogniz$ by ! circum/ance t species ) "o g5]ation are always ! mo/ local2 = in/ance1 c]ta9 ,melite1 ,argynnid1 ,!cl1 mo/ ( ,sph+id1 etc42 t also ! cosmopolitanism develops 9 proportion to ! numb] ( g5]ations1 & atta9s its maximum 9 c]ta9 ,vanessid1 ,danaid1 ,pyrameis1 etc4 ,pyrameis ,hunt]i ,fab4 ,?is species seems to h1 9 ,cali=nia1 b "o g5]ation4 ,x is n common4 ,i h f\nd x only 9 ! latt] "p ( ! season1 & h n yet succe$$ 9 f9d+ ! cat]pill>4 ,! g5us ,pyrameis has ! wide/ range ( all ! g5]a ( ?is family4 ,x ext5ds ?r\gh all latitudes f ! ,arctic regions to ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope & ,cape ,horn4 ,on ! nor!rn hemisph]es x is be/ repres5t$ 9 ,cali=nia1 :i* c\ntry possesses "o peculi> species 9 addition to all ?ree ( ,europe & ! ,ea/]n ,slope ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,cali=nia4 ,ea/]n ,slope4 ,europe4 ,p4 ,atalanta4 ,p4 ,atalanta4 ,p4 ,atalanta4 ,p4 ,c>ye4 ---- ---- ,p4 ,c>dui4 ,p4 ,c>dui4 ,p4 ,c>dui4 ,p4 ,hunt]i4 ,p4 ,hunt]i4 ---- ,,junonia ,hubn4 ,junonia ,cnia ,boisd4 et ,lee4 ,sev]al g5]ations4 ,cat]pill> n yet f\nd 9 ,cali=nia4 ,f ?is enum]ation ( ,cali=nia ,vanessid we f9d1 #a/4 ,t ) ! exception ( ,v4 ,cali=nica1 !re is n yet f\nd any species ( ?is gr\p peculi> to our ,/ate1 = ev5 ,p4 ,c>ye exi/s z well 9 ,*ili z "h1 & is also said to h be5 f\nd 9 ,brazil4 ,?is circum/ance is m /rik+ s9ce our ,argynnid & ,melite prove altoge!r local2 none ( !m be+ id5tical ) ,ea/]n species1 unless a ,melita1 ( ! type ( ,mylitta1 %\ld be f\nd id5tical ) a =m f\nd 9 ,texas4 #b4 ,! g5]a ( ?is gr\p1 nor? ( ! ,tropic ( ,canc]1 are ess5tially amphigeic1 ! ,european ,ara*nia be+ almo/ ! sole exception4 ,b1 z x 71 to comp5sate ?is1 ! tropical amphigeic g5us ,junonia1 want+ 9 ,europe1 ext5ds1 on our cont95t1 to high latitudes4 #c4 ,z reg>ds ! numb] ( specks1 ! g5us ,grapta pr$om9ates at ! ,ea/]n ,slope1 ,vanessa 9 ,europe1 ,pyrameis 9 ,cali=nia1 & our own ,junonia is c\nt]balanc$ 9 ,europe by our ,ara*nia4 ,,fam4 ,,lim5itid4 ,,lim5itis ,fabr4 ,lim5itis ,lorqu9i ,boisd4 ,l its cong5]s 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w1 ?is species occurs 9 %ady woods1 or on ! banks ( arroyos4 ,x is peculi> to ,cali=nia & ,oregon4 ,lim5itis ,eulalia ,d\bl$ay4 ,9 localities simil> to ! prec$+ species4 ,^! two species are1 z yet1 ! only ones f\nd 9 our ,/ate4 ,!y repres5t a peculi> type1 =m+1 9 _! coloration1 a transition f ,lim5itis to ! ,s\? ,am]ican g5us ,het]o*roa4 ,nei!r ( ^! ,cali=nians h be5 f\nd on ! ,ea/]n ,slope4 ,l4 ,eulalia ext5ds to ,mexico4 ,! family ,apaturid z yet1 has n be5 f\nd 9 ,cali=nia4 ,dr4 ,trask (f]$ ! foll[+ article3 ,e>?quakes 9 ,cali=nia ,dur+ ! ,ye> #ahfc4 ,,by ,,john ,b4 ,,trask1 ,m4,d4 ,dur+ ! ye> #ahfc we h _h b five e>?quakes1 & z 9 =m] ye>s !y h be5 m>k$ by no s]i\s ev5t1 if we except ! light degree ( fright induc$ at ! "t among our p4 ,janu>y #be?4--,a sev]e %ock 0 exp]i5c$ at ,san ,diego at #b;h4 #bjm4 ,m41 :i* la/$ five to eight seconds4 ,!re 0 no undulation 9 ?is case1 x consi/+ ( a s]ies ( %>p j>s4 ,x 0 prec$$ by a deep rumbl+ noise4 ,febru>y #a/4--,a v sm>t %ock at ! ,mission ,san ,juan1 ,mont]ey ,c\nty1 at #d;h4 #am4 ,p4,m4 ,?is %ock 0 felt at ,gilroys at #d;h4 #aem4 ,?is t[n is twelve miles ea/ ( ! =m]4 ,at bo? places ! %ock 0 m>k$ by ! undulatory motion4 ,x 0 n obs]v$ at ,mont]ey1 :i* is ne>ly twelve miles we/ ( ! ,mission4 ,june----,a sm>t %ock at midnight at ,san ,francisco4 ,augu/ #a/4--,two light %ocks at ,san ,francisco1 at #aj;h4 #dhm4 ,p4,m41 & at #aa;h4 #fm4 ,p4,m41 ano!r %ock4 ,decemb] #ai?4--,at #b;h4 #chm4 ,p4,m4 a sm>t %ock 0 felt ?r\gh\t ! city2 directly aft]w>ds ano!r & m sev]e "o occurr$4 ,! fir/ 0 a %ort1 sudd5 j>1 :ile ! second 0 undulatory4 ,! accuracy ( ! telegraph op]ator at ,santa ,cl>a has enabl$ u to =m a correct idea ( ! c\rse ( ?is %ock1 & to correct to "s ext5t ! popul> errors relat+ to ! direction ( ! seismic wave4 ,8 "t 0 #b;h4 #ddm4 #cas41 be+ )9 #bi seconds ( true "t1 :i* w\ld !n be #b4de4 ,?is gives u only #f m9utes diff]5ce 9 elaps$ "t1 & gives = ! direction ( ! wave an ea/ c\rse 9 place ( nor? & s\?1 z report$1 :i* corresponds to our measur$ obs]vations "h4 ,i take ?is opportunity ( express+ ! ?anks ( ! ,academy to ?is op]ator = 8 accuracy & k9dness 9 furni%+ u data 9 ?is & o!r ph5om5a ( sci5tific & public int]e/4 ,febru>y & ,m>*1 #ahfd4 ,dur+ ! pres5t ye>1 #ahfd1 we h _h two sm>t e>?quakes at ! date ( writ+ ?is report4 ,febru>y #bf?4--,at ,san ,francisco a light %ock at #j;h4 #djm4 ,m41 & ano!r at #b;h4 #ajm4 ,m4 ,^! 7 report$ to me by p]sons :o 7 up 9 ! s\? & we/ p>ts ( ! city4 ,at #e;h4 #dgm4 a v sm>t %ock occurr$1 hav+ ?ree di/9ct vibrations1 :i* induc$ _m to rise some:at e>li] ?an 0 usual4 ,?is e>?quake 0 prec$$ by a /rong electric /orm 7s call$ "h71 betwe5 ?is city & ,visalia2 ! p>ticul>s ( :i* h n z yet all come to h&4 ,x 0 foll[$ next day by "o ( ^? sev]e 8nor!rs0 ) :i* ! p ( ?is ,/ate are v famili>4 ,b>omet] v l[4 ,?is fact is m5tion$ only on acc\nt ( ! unseasonable p]iod at :i* ! gale occurr$4 ,?is e>?quake 0 felt m sev]e at ,san ,jos & ,santa ,cl>a ?an at ?is place1 & occurr$ at ne>ly ! same h\r4 ,m>* #e?4--,a sev]e %ock ( e>?quake at ,san ,francisco at #h;h4 #dim4 ,m4 ,! fir/ wave _h a nor? & s\? direction & cont9u$ #a seconds2 ne>ly #a seconds elaps$ be=e ! second %ock1 :i* 0 at #h;h4 #dim4 #cs41 & cont9u$ #a seconds4 ,! second %ock 0 rotatory2 ! p5dulum sw++ nor? & s\? f ! fir/ %ock1 began & cont9u$ to describe a %ort oval or ne>ly a circle f ! effects ( ! second %ock1 & cont9u$ ?us = m ?an half an h\r1 until /opp$ & br\ght to re/4 ,magnetism 0 n susp5d$ 9 ?is e>?quake1 nor any o!r t has occurr$ s9ce my in/rum5t 0 susp5d$4 ,^! obs]vations 7 made at ! height ( tw5ty feet f\r in*es f ! gr\nd4 ,! total ( "t includ$ 9 ! %ock 0 ne>ly five seconds4 ,! f>!/ po9t s\? to :i* ,i h be5 able to trace its effects is ! ,mission ,san ,juan1 & nor? to ,sacram5to1 a di/ance inclusive ( #agg miles4 ,9 an ea/]ly direction we h n trac$ x ea/ ( ,/ockton1 ab\t #fj miles4 ,x 0 felt at ,santa ,cl>a1 ,santa ,cruz1 ,gilroys1 s\? ( ,san ,francisco1 & at ,santa ,rosa & ,petaluma to ! nor?4 ,s9ce ! above 0 9 type1 advices h be5 receiv$ f ,visalia4 ,at t locality ! %ock 0 v sm>t4 ,! fir/ %ock took place at #h;h4 #dem4 ,m41 be+ f\r m9utes e>li] ?an t at ,san ,francisco4 ,?is gives = ! entire di/ance1 nor? & s\? 7ov] :i* ! e>?quake ext5d$71 #beg miles4 ,?is ext5t ( latitude1 & ! almo/ simultane\s p]iod ( "t at :i* x 0 obs]v$ along ! entire l9e ( di/ance s f> z he>d f1 leads to ! conclusion t its probable c5tre 0 s\? ( ,san ,francisco & ne>ly 9 ! same longitude4 ,f ! viol5ce ( its action ,i feel incl9$ to ! belief t its c5tre 0 9 ! neighborhood ( ,san ,jos1 = all acc\nts agree 9 ?is "o po9t1 t m turbul5ce ( ! e>?'s surface occurr$ 9 ?is region dur+ its cont9uance ?an at any o!r place yet kn[n4 ,at ,visalia ! fir/ %ock 0 a m]e tremor1 b 0 foll[$ by an undulatory movem5t :5 ! second %ock occurr$1 :i* 0 "s ?ree or f\r seconds lat]4 ,?is wave mov$ 9 an ea/ & we/ direction at t place4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,m>* #ba,,/1 #ahfd4 ,dr4 ,trask 9 ! ,*air4 ,elev5 memb]s pres5t4 ,messrs4 ,j4 ,g4 ,kellogg & ,jacob ,deide%eim] 7 elect$ resid5t memb]s4 ,resolutions 7 pass$ 9 memory ( ! ,rev4 ,t4 ,/>r ,k+1 late a memb] ( ! ,academy1 & a copy direct$ to be =w>d$ to ! family ( ! deceas$4 ,donation to ! ,libr>y3 8,descriptions ( ,new ,species ( ,tropical ,am]ican ,birds10 by ,geo4 ,n4 ,lawr5ce1 extract$ f ! ,annals ( ! ,new ,york ,lyceum1 by ! au?or4 ,a discussion 0 held on ! popul> error ( suppos+ t ?und] & lightn+ are v r>e 9 ,cali=nia1 sev]al memb]s /at+ f _! exp]i5ce t bo? are common 9 ! high] & m m\nta9\s portions1 at all seasons ( ! ye>1 ?\gh r>e 9 ! l[] regions4 ,dr4 ,behr /at$ t he _h us$ ! root ( ! ,aspidium argutum ,kaulf41 successfully z an antidote = tape-worm s9ce ! ye> #aheb1 & ) bett] results ?an att5d ! use ( ,a4 filixmas ( ,europe4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,april #d,,?1 #ahfd4 ,presid5t 9 ! ,*air4 ,pres5t1 t5 memb]s4 ,pr(essor ,:itney read a pap] by ,major ,williamson1 ,u4 ,s4 ,eng9e]1 giv+ ! me?ods ( det]m9ation & results ( measurem5t by b>omet] ( ! depression ( 8,dea? ,valley0 bel[ ! level ( ! sea1 made 9 #ahfj by ! ,cal4 & ,u4 ,s4 ,b\nd>y ,commission4 ,dea? ,valley 0 f\nd to be ! 8s9k0 ( ! ,armagoza ,riv]1 :i* runs ne> ! b\nd>y1 ea/ ( ,ow5's ,lake4 ,! obs]vations1 are suffici5t to %[ t ! valley is f "o hundr$ to two hundr$ feet l[] ?an ! level ( ! sea4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,april #ah,,?1 #ahfd4 ,dr4 ,trask 9 ! ,*air4 ,pres5t1 n9e memb]s4 ,w4 ,s4 ,brigham & ,horace ,mann 7 elect$ correspond+ memb]s1 be+ ab\t to proce$ to ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s to make a ?or\gh sci5tific exploration1 "u ! auspices ( ! ,bo/on ,society ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,! "n ( ,mr4 ,l\is ,jan91 elect$ 9 #ahfa b accid5tally omitt$ f ! li/ ( memb]s1 0 direct$ to be publi%$ 9 ! proce$+s4 ,donations to ! ,cab9et3 ,ab\t two hundr$ specim5s ( rocks & ores f ,humboldt ,riv] ,di/rict1 by ,mr4 ,highton4 ,dr4 ,trask pres5t$ ! foll[+ pap]3 ,e>?quakes 9 ,cali=nia f #ahjj to #ahfd4 ,,by ,,john ,b4 ,,trask4 ,z ! subject ( e>?quakes = "s ye>s pa/ has engross$ mu* ( ! att5tion ( sci5tific obs]v]s1 ,i h1 at ! reque/ ( sev]al memb]s ( ! ,academy1 made out a complete report ^u ! occurr5ce ( ^? ph5om5a ^u ?is coa/1 z f> z p]sonal obs]vation is conc]n$1 & also s f> only z we h au!ntic records prior to ! occupancy ( ! pres5t ,/ate ( ,cali=nia by ! ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t4 ,! pres5t pap] conta9s1 probably1 all t c be v]ifi$1 & places ! subject 9 a =m to :i* future ref]5ce may be made by o!r obs]v]s abroad2 ?us enabl+ !m & ourselves also1 to br+ toge!r ! /ati/ical facts :i*1 x may be hop$1 w help to =m "s rational !ory 9 future ye>s relat+ to ! causal ag5cy ( ^? ph5om5a1 z well z ! physical laws gov]n+ _! action4 ,9 ?is pap] ,i h r$uc$ ! p]iods ( _! occurr5ce = ! ?irte5 ye>s pa/ to a/ronomical "t1 9 all in/ances :]e ! h\r on :i* ! %ocks occurr$ h be5 kn[n ) c]ta9ty1 &1 )\t attempt+ to combat any !ory t has be5 advanc$1 or ! sugge/ion ( ano!r relat+ to _! orig91 _! hi/ory has be5 left z a record ( facts1 :i* w become useful :5 o!rs ( l "* accompany !m4 ,our record1 9 ?is ,/ate alone has rea*$ a little m ?an "o-t5? ( ! numb] on :i* ,m4 ,mallet has f\nd$ 8 !ory ( _! orig91 & :i* 7 drawn f all p>ts ( ! _w1 & al?\gh ?is may seem a l>ge proportion = ?is di/rict ( c\ntry alone s9ce #ahej1 x is n to be presum$ t a great] frequ5cy ( %ocks h occurr$ "h ?an else:]e1 b t ! same att5tion has n be5 be/[$ 9 record+ _! occurr5ce 9 o!r c\ntries :]e !y are kn[n to be mu* m frequ5t & sev]e ?an ^u our coa/4 ,x might be ask$ :y1 if su* unque/ionable frequ5cy occurs )9 ! limits ( ?is ,/ate we are n subject to mom5t>y de/ruction f _! effects2 ! answ] to ?is is f\nd 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph1 f :i* cause x w be se5 t our exp]i5ce is m app>5t ?an real1 relatively1 & f>!r /ill1 we %\ld f9d a mu* great] frequ5cy ( %ocks1 beyond all d\bt1 if ! in/rum5ts = _! regi/ry 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,/ate 7 m pl5tiful ?an at pres5t4 ,!re is no good reason = ! supposition t we are 9 m dang] f ^! ph5om5a ?an ^u ! ,atlantic bord]1 = ! reason t we are s f> remov$ f ! c5t]s ( imm$iate & viol5t volcanic action1 t x w\ld require dang]\s t5sion ( ! imag9ation to place ,cali=nia )9 ! range ( ^? physical causes :i* are s conducive to viol5t1 repeat$1 & de/ructive e>?quakes4 ,?is ,/ate _c be consid]$ m subject to e>?quakes ?an x is to volcanoes1 relatively1 & ?is is said too 9 ! face ( our own records relat+ to ! =m]4 ,we ne$ h little fe> f ^! di/urbances s long z we are s f> remov$ on ei!r h& f ! great c5t]s1 & ev5 f ! t]m9al po9ts ( ^? c5t]s ( volcanic di/urbance1 f ! action ( :i* su* disa/r\s consequ5ces h1 & w aga9 foll[ to _! imm$iate di/ricts4 ,a mom5t's consid]ation w conv9ce ! mo/ sceptical ( ! prevail+ fallacy relat+ to ?is subject4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we are situat$ betwe5 two great t]m9i ( active volcanic ranges1 ! ne>e/ be+ ,colima1 #a1bjj miles s\?1 ! o!r on ! coa/ ( ,alaska1 m ?an #a1cjj miles to ! nor?2 ! di/ance inclusive betwe5 ! po9ts be+ ne>ly or p]haps q #b1fjj miles1 9 :i* ,,no active volcanic v5ts ab\nd1 unless we make an exception ( ,m\nts ,hood & ,/4 ,hel5 9 ,oregon1 ( :i* ! te/imony is some:at dubi\s1 & ! ne>e/ ( :i* is #gjj miles4 ,to ! ea/ !re are no volcanoes = a di/ance ( #b1ejj miles1 & to ! we/ = a mu* great] di/ance ?an 9 ei!r ( ! o!r directions4 ,?is1 c]ta9ly1 %\ld be suffici5t to palliate ! fe>s ( ! timid1 9 "s degree at lea/1 & to sil5ce 9 "p also ! s5sational articles :i* appe> f "t to "t 9 ! press ( ?is & ! ea/]n ,/ates1 z to ,cali=nia be+ an ov5 )9 ! range ( active volcanic action1 & a volcanic c\ntry4 ,9 prep>+ ?is pap] ,i h endeavor$ to obta91 z f> z possible1 ! mo/ correct in=mation relat+ to ! hi/ory ( ^! ph5om5a 9 =m] ye>s4 ,x is my desire also to correct "s ( ! misrepres5tations & /atem5ts curr5t relat+ to ! sev]ity ( e>?quake %ocks 9 ?is c\ntry dur+ ! e>li] p]iods ( its hi/ory4 ,i h at ! pres5t "t "s additional in=mation relat+ to ! great e>?quake ( #ahab1 :i* did n appe> 9 my fir/ pap] on ?is subject1 & :i* mu/ n[ be plac$ on record4 ,^! facts relate m to ! ph5om5a occurr+ dur+ t ye>1 r ?an to ! de/ruction ( ! missions1 all ( :i* w be f\nd 9 _! prop] place bel[4 ,f c>eful inquiry ( ! e>ly settl]s & resid5ts ,i _c le>n t any m ?an "o e>?quake has occurr$ :i* 0 9 any consid]able degree ( a s]i\s "*1 & b "o :i* has caus$ ! de/ruction ( ei!r life or prop]ty to any ext5t4 ,?is e>?quake occurr$ 9 ! mon? ( ,septemb]1 #ahab1 & de/roy$ ! ,mission ,san ,juan ,capi/rano1 9 ,los ,angeles ,c\nty1 & ! ,mission ,purissima 7,viejo7 9 ! ,c\nty ( ,santa ,b>b>a4 ,! foll[+ is ! hi/ory ( t ev5t z obta9$ f ! old] native inhabitants & =eign resid5ts on ! coa/ at t "t4 ,! day 0 cle> & uncommonly w>m2 x be+ ,sunday ! p _h assembl$ at ,san ,juan ,capi/rano = ev5+ s]vice4 ,ab\t half an h\r aft] ! op5+ ( s]vice1 an unusual l\d1 b di/ant ru%+ s\nd 0 he>d 9 ! atmosph]e to ! ea/ & also ov] ! wat]1 :i* resembl$ ! s\nd ( /rong w9d1 b z x approa*$ no p]ceptible breeze accompani$ x4 ,! sea 0 smoo? & ! air 0 calm4 ,s di/ant & l\d 0 ?is atmosph]ic s\nd t sev]al left ! build+ attract$ by its noise4 ,imm$iately foll[+ ! s\nd1 ! fir/ & heavie/ %ock ( ! e>?quake occurr$1 :i* 0 suffici5tly sev]e to pro/rate ! ,mission ,*ur* ( ,san ,capi/rano almo/ 9 a body1 bury+ 9 its ru9s ! mo/ ( ^? :o rema9$ beh9d1 aft] ! fir/ indication ( its approa* 0 he>d4 ,! %ock 0 v sudd5 & almo/ )\t w>n+1 save f ! ru%+ s\nd above not$1 & to ! sev]ity ( ! fir/ %ock at t mom5t is to be attribut$ ! loss ( life t foll[$4 ,! numb] report$ to h be5 kill$ outright1 is v>i\sly e/imat$ f ?irty to =ty-five 7! l>ge/ numb] ( p]sons agree on ! smalle/ numb] ( dea?s giv571 b 9 ! abs5ce ( records su* /atem5ts %\ld be receiv$ ) _m gra9s ( all[ance1 :]e memory alone is ! only means left1 & ! t]m ( =ty-?ree ye>s has elaps$ be=e ! p]iod at :i* ?is acc\nt 0 plac$ on pap]4 ,a consid]able numb] are report$ to h be5 badly injur$4 ,!re is a univ]sal agreem5t on ?is po9t ) ^? f :om ^! facts 7 d]iv$1 viz43 t ! fir/ %ock ?rew d[n ! entire build+1 & t a l>ge numb] ( p]sons 7 9 x at t mom5t1 & "u ! circum/ances x w\ld be mo/ s+ul> if no dea?s 7 caus$ by su* an ev5t4 ,x is n[ n9e ye>s s9ce ! above facts 7 publi%$1 & 9 ,m>*1 #ahfd1 a writ] to me unkn[n1 corroborates ?is /atem5t relat+ to t ,mission 9 ^! words4 8,! *ur* ?r[n d[n at ,san ,juan ,capi/rano by an e>?quake 9 #ahab1 0 a well built-affair ( /one & cem5t4 ,! cupola or %ort /eeple fall+ ov] ! *ur* completely de/roy+ ! build+40 ,! motion ( ! e>? is describ$ z hav+ lift$ v]tically1 att5d$ by a rotatory movem5t4 ,no undulatory motion is describ$ by any "o4 ,dizz9ess & nausea seiz$ almo/ e p]son 9 ! vic9ity4 ,a heavy1 l\d1 deep rumbl+1 accompani$ ! successive %ocks t foll[$1 :i* 7 five 9 numb]1 all hav+ ! motion above describ$1 ?\gh comp>atively light 9 _! effects to ! fir/4 ,! s\nds att5d+ ! ph5om5a came app>5tly f ! ,s\? & ,ea/4 ,9 ! valley ( ,san ,inez1 to ! s\? & we/ ( ,santa ,b>b>a1 ! *ur* n[ kn[n z ! 8,mission ,viejo0 7,la ,purissima71 0 also completely de/roy$4 ,at ?is locality !re 7 also a numb] ( lives lo/1 b :at numb] is z yet v unc]ta94 ,! di/ance betwe5 ,capi/rano & ,san ,inez is ab\t "o hundr$ & sev5ty miles4 ,! %ock :i* de/roy$ ?is build+ occurr$ ab\t "o h\r aft] ! =m]1 & ! great] portion ( ! inhabitants _h left ! build+ b a few m9utes be=e x fell1 s]vice hav+ clos$4 ,! fir/ %ock felt "h pro/rat$ ! build+1 z 9 ! prec$+ case4 ,a ,spani% %ip :i* lay at an*or (f ,san ,bu5av5tura1 ?irty-eight miles f ,santa ,b>b>a1 0 mu* injur$ by ! %ock1 & leak$ to t ext5t1 t x became necess>y to bea* h]1 & remove ! mo/ ( h] c>go4 ,! writ] above quot$ corroborates ! fact ( a %ip hav+ be5 9 ?is vic9ity at ! "t4 ,! di/ance ( ?is %ip f ,santa ,b>b>a is ne>ly ! same z 9 my orig9al /atem5t b 9 a diff]5t direction4 ,f ! circum/antial details ( ! writ] z to ! %ip 8,*>an10 alias1 8,?omas ,newl&10 ,i am incl9$ to ! belief t 8 /atem5ts are m entitl$ to adoption ?an my own2 ,i !re=e pres5t 8 /atem5t also & leave ! read] to adopt ei!r1 s f> z reg>ds ! %ip & h] position4 8,at ! same "t a ,bo/on %ip ! ,?omas ,newl&1 kn[n be=e z ! ,*>an1 comm&$ by ,capt4 ,isaac ,:itmore1 0 ly+ (f ! an*orage n f> f ! ,gaviota ,pass1 ,santa ,b>b>a ,c\nty40 ,x is an int]e/+ fact1 & at ! same "t some:at rem>kable1 t ! "t :i* elaps$ betwe5 ! adv5t ( ! %ocks at ,capi/rano & ,san ,inez is widely v>iant f :at we %\ld look =1 :5 ! di/ance ap>t & velocity ( motion 9 e>?quakes are tak5 into consid]ation4 ,if ! velocity ( ! seismic wave 9 ?is e>?quake 0 uni=m ) ^? ( m rec5t times1 x %\ld h rea*$ ,la ,purissima 9 tw5ty-eight m9utes & fifty seconds 9 lieu ( an h\r2 b all due all[ances mu/ be made = a "q ( "t 9 an ev5t ( ?is nature1 & also = errors 9 memory ( p]sons aft] ! lapse ( s _m ye>s4 ,! effect ( ?is e>?quake on ! sea1 9 ! ,bay ( ,santa ,b>b>a1 is describ$ z foll[s3 8,! sea 0 obs]v$ to rec$e f ! %ore dur+ ! cont9uance ( ! %ocks1 & left ! latt] dry = a consid]able di/ance1 :5 x return$ 9 five or six heavy roll]s1 :i* ov]fl[$ ! pla9 on :i* ,santa ,b>b>a is built4 ,! inhabitants saw ! recession ( ! sea1 & be+ aw>e ( ! dang] on its return1 fl$ to ! adjo9+ hills ne> ! t[n to escape ! probable deluge40 ,! sea on its return fl[$ inl& a little m ?an half a mile1 & rea*$ ! l[] "p ( ! t[n1 do+ b little damage1 de/roy+ only ?ree small adobe build+s4 ,"h aga9 ,i take ! lib]ty ( quot+ ! late writ] above notic$1 9 corroboration ( its effects ^u ! sea4 8,! sea 0 se5 to retire all at once1 & to return 9 an imm5se wave1 :i* came ro>+ & plung+ back1 ov] ! bea*4 ,?is wave p5etrat$ ! l[ l&s & gul*es a mile f ! %ore1 =m+ "o ( ! mo/ t]rific sights possible to conceive40 ,v little damage 0 done to ! h\ses 9 t[n f ! effects ( ! %ocks1 :ile ! ,mission at ,san ,inez 0 pro/rat$ almo/ in/antly4 ,!re is no evid5ce t ,i c f9d1 t ?is e>?quake 0 felt 9 ,san ,luis ,obispo1 ?\gh su* has be5 ! report4 ,9 addition to my =m] pap] ,i w n[ add "s in=mation relat+ to ?is & o!r e>?quakes1 t\*+ m p>ticul>ly a s]ies cont9u+ ?r\gh a long p]iod = su* ph5om5a1 b prec$+ ! great ev5t ( ,septemb] ( t ye>4 ,s f> z ! ar*ives ( ! old missions assi/ u1 x is f\nd t f ! f\ndation ( ! fir/ mission 9 #agfi1 up to ! ye> #ahjj1 a p]iod ( ?irty-"o ye>s1 n an entry 0 made ( ^! ph5om5a4 ,9 ! latt] ye> an e>?quake is record$ z occurr+ at ,san ,juan ,bauti/a1 on ! elev5? ( ,octob]4 ,on ! eighte5? ( ! same mon?1 at supp] "t ano!r %ock 0 felt1 & ano!r /ill at ab\t elev5 o'clock on ! same night4 ,f ! records ( ! ,presidio ( ,san ,francisco1 we are able to glean ! fact1 t betwe5 ! tw5ty-fir/ ( ,june & sev5te5? ( ,july1 #ahjh1 !re occurr$ tw5ty-"o %ocks ( e>?quakes at ?is po/4 ,i w "h correct ! popul> error relat+ to ?is e>?quake or s]ies ( e>?quakes dur+ t ye>4 ,x is g5]ally /at$ t ?is 0 contemporane\s ) ! e>?quake :i* de/roy$ ,san ,juan ,capi/rano & ,la ,purissima2 by ref]5ce to ! dates x w be se5 t ! de/ruction ( ^? missions did n occur until f\r ye>s lat]4 ,! above are ! only records ( ^! ph5om5a t h z yet made _! appe>ance 9 ! ar*ives ( ! prov9ce dur+ ! exi/5ce ( ! ,mexican ,gov]nm5t2 &1 f ! fact t ^! ar*ives are all 9 our possession1 !re is no haz>d 9 /at+ t !y con/itute all1 ( :i* we h any positive k4 ,z !y /&1 !y are a suffici5t rebuke to ! m5dacity ( s5sational itemiz]s ( ! public press2 !y w f9d 9 ^? records1 no basis on :i* to indite column articles ( su* doleful prophecies z ! public ( late h be5 surfeit$ )4 ,dur+ a p]iod ( ?irty-n9e ye>s ! records ( ! c\ntry exhibit ! fact1 t !re 7 b tw5ty-?ree days on :i* e>?quakes occurr$ & 7 deem$ wor?y ( record4 ,if we comp>e ^! figures ) ^? record$ f #ahej to ! close ( #ahfc1 we %all f9d mu* m gr\nd = prophecy dur+ ! latt] p]iod ?an = ! eighty-two ye>s ( :i* records 7 kept on ?is coa/ previ\s to t "t4 ,f ! above extracts f ! ar*ives we are left to inf] "o ( two facts2 ei!r t e>?quakes 7 entirely unkn[n dur+ ! int]vals ( ! record dates1 or t !y 7 ( s trivial a "* z n to m]it ! notice ( ! e>ly padres dur+ ?is "t2 ! latt] is ! probability1 = we c sc>cely conceive t no?+ ( ?is nature _h tak5 place4 ,if1 h[ev]1 su* be ! fact1 x _c be look$ ^u 9 any o!r light ?an a manife/ anomaly 9 ! hi/ory ( ?is or any o!r c\ntry4 ,x appe>s f all ! te/imony on ! subject1 t 9 ,may1 #ahab1 ! s\? "p ( ! ,/ate 0 frequ5tly agitat$ ) %ocks ( great] or less sev]ity1 & _! cont9uance 0 lit]ally incessant = ab\t f\r & "o-half mon?s4 ,_! frequ5cy 0 n less ?an "o ea* day or two2 f\r days seldom elaps+ )\t a %ock4 ,z _m z ?irty %ocks occurr$ 9 a s+le day on m ?an "o occasion4 ,s frequ5t 7 !y1 t ! inhabitants ab&on$ _! h\ses = ! great] "p ( ?is p]iod1 & liv$ "u trees1 etc41 & slept out ( doors at ,santa ,b>b>a4 ,?is p]iod ( "t seems analog\s 9 "s respects to ! ye> #aheb1 & 0 "o ( v m>k$ sev]ity on ?is coa/1 z 0 also ! latt] ye>2 x 0 analog\s to o!r p]iods ( subt]ranean di/urbance 9 o!r p>ts ( ! e>? s9ce ! hi/oric era began1 & !re is no good reason :y we may n look = ! recurr5ce ( simil> ev5ts 9 future "t4 ,b we mu/ n lay too mu* /ress on ! de/ruction ( ! two mission *ur*es 9 #ahab1 to guide u 9 an e/imate ( ! =ce ( ?is e>?quake1 = ! con/ruction ( ^? build+s _h b little relation to simil> /ructures ( mod]n date1 ei!r 9 /r5g? or mat]ial4 ,f #ahab to #ahej1 ! ar*ives are sil5t on ?is subject4 ,9 ! latt] ye> our record began & has cont9u$ ) little int]ruption to #ahfc1 a p]iod ( ?irte5 ye>s4 ,)9 t p]iod !re are b few e>?quakes occurr+ nor? ( ! ?irty-n9? p>allel :i* h escap$ notice & h n be5 made matt] ( record4 #ahej4 ,dur+ ?is ye> ! foll[+ e>?quakes 7 record$3 ,m>* #ab?4--,a light %ock 0 felt 9 ,san ,jos4 ,may #ac?4--,a light %ock 9 ,san ,francisco4 ,an eruption ( ,mauna ,loa1 ,s4 ,i41 & %ock same day4 ,june #bh?4--,a light %ock 9 ,san ,francisco4 ,augu/ #d?4--,a sm>t %ock 0 felt 9 ,/ockton & ,sacram5to4 ,septemb] #ad?4--,sm>t %ock at ,san ,francisco & ,san ,jos4 ,total numb] record$ 9 #ahej1 five4 #ahea4 ,may #ae?4--,?ree sev]e %ocks 9 ,san ,francisco4 ,dur+ ?is e>?quake w9d[s 7 brok5 & build+s sev]ely %ak54 ,a l>ge am\nt ( m]*&ize 0 ?r[n d[n 9 a /ore on ,cali=nia ,/reet4 ,! %ipp+ 9 ! h>bor roll$ heavily4 ,an eruption ( ,mauna ,loa & %ock 9 ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s same day4 ,may #ag?4--,a light %ock 9 ,san ,francisco4 ,may #bh?4--,a light %ock on ! ,sal9as4 ,june #ac?4--,a sm>t %ock at ,san ,francisco4 ,?is 0 felt at ,san ,luis ,obispo & ,san ,f]n&o4 ,decemb] #b;d4--,a %ock at ,d[nieville4 ,decemb] #ca/4--,a sm>t %ock at ,d[nieville4 ,total record$ 9 #ahea1 six4 #aheb4 ,f ! beg9n+ ( ?is ye> until ! middle ( its la/ qu>t]1 no di/urbances ( ! coa/ 0 not$ until ! mon? ( ,novemb]4 ,9 ?is mon? ! s\!rn portion ( ! ,/ate 0 viol5tly di/urb$4 ,novemb] #bf?4--,! numb] ( %ocks on ?is day at ,san ,simeon 0 elev51 & at ,los ,angeles & ,san ,gabriel ! same numb]4 ,ne>ly or q ! same numb] 0 also obs]v$ by p>ties hav+ 9 *>ge a ,gov]nm5t tra9 9 transit f ,=t ,yuma to ,san ,diego4 ,?is e>?quake or ! s]ies 0 exp]i5c$ ov] ! entire c\ntry1 ea/ & s\? ( ,luis ,obispo to ,san ,diego & ! ,colorado ,riv]1 cov]+ a l9e ( c\ntry ab\t ?ree hundr$ miles 9 ext5t4 ,f subsequ5t acc\nts we le>n t x also rea*$ z f> z ,guaymas1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,sonora1 ,mexico4 ,= a p]iod ( six days subsequ5t to ! tw5ty-six? ( ,novemb]1 ! :ole ( ?is region to ! ,colorado1 0 convuls$1 ) slight int]missions4 ,dur+ ?is "t a mud volcano op5$ on ! ,colorado ,des]t1 & ano!r s\? ( ! riv]2 "o ( ^! 0 visit$ by a portion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates comm& "u ,col4 ,hi5tzelman4 ,decemb] #ag?4--,two sm>t %ocks at ,san ,luis ,obispo1 :i* fractur$ ! walls ( two adobe build+s1 & ?rew d[n a "p ( ! wall ( a h\se belong+ to1 & occupi$ by ,don ,jesus ,pico & family4 ,dur+ ! mon?s ( ,novemb] & ,decemb]1 ! s\!rn p>ticul>ly1 & middle portions ( ,cali=nia 7 mu* di/urb$2 %ocks 7 exp]i5c$ 9 ^? sections = sixty-five days1 ) v>iable int]missions2 !y 7 notic$ z f> nor? z ! ?irty-sev5? p>allel1 b g5]ally light 9 _! nature4 ,! late/ date ( ?is s]ies 0 to ! fif? ( ,janu>y1 #ahec1 on ! valley ( ! ,san ,joaqu94 ,! p]iod ( "t inclusive betwe5 ! sixte5? ( ,novemb] 7! date ( ! t]rible e>?quake at ,b&a ,neira 9 ! ,moluccas71 & ! tw5ty-six? ( ,janu>y1 #ahec1 mu/ be reg>d$ z "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable & port5ti\s p]iods ( ! e>?'s hi/ory dur+ mod]n times4 ,= 9 t p]iod a great] proportion ( ! e>?'s surface 0 convuls$ by subt]ranean =ces ?an has be5 kn[n = _m scores ( ye>s1 9 ! same l5g? ( "t4 ,! area mo/ sev]ely affect$ by ^! ph5om5a is includ$ betwe5 ! p>allels ( =ty degrees s\? latitude & ?irty-sev5 degrees nor? latitude1 & ext5d+ f "o hundr$ & tw5ty degrees ea/ to ! =ty-fif? degree we/ longitude1 be+ ne>ly equal to ?ree-fif?s ( ! equatorial1 & a little m ?an "o-half ! pol> circumf]5ce ( ! e>?4 ,at ?is "t ! coa/ ( ea/]n ,asia1 ! ,isl&s ( ! ,s\? ,indian ,ocean1 ,s+apore1 ! fat$ ,moluccas1 ! ea/ coa/ ( ,*9a1 ! nor?1 ea/1 & s\? coa/s ( ,au/ralia1 ! coa/ ( ,cali=nia1 ,mexico 7we/ coa/17 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ) portions ( ! ,atlantic coa/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates s\? ( ! ?irty-f\r? p>allel1 nor? latitude1 %>$ 9 ! g5]al di/urbance :i* prevail$ on our own %ores dur+ ?is "t4 ,) ! tw5ty-six? ( ,janu>y ceas$ ! vibrations on ?is coa/ at t "t1 b we h positive intellig5ce t !y cont9u$ mu* lat] on ! ea/ coa/ ( ,*9a & ,au/ralia1 9 :i* c\ntries !y did n cease until ! mon? ( ,febru>y4 ,) ^! facts be=e u we _c b believe ! p]iod includ$ "o ( ! mo/ turbul5t 9 ! e>?'s c>e] dur+ mod]n times4 #ahec4 ,jan4 #b;d4--,a %ock ( e>?quake 0 felt 9 ,m>iposa2 ?is 0 obs]v$ 9 ,san ,francisco1 ,bodega1 & at ,%a/a ,city4 ,jan4 #e?4--,a %ock at ,corte ,madeira4 ,feb4 #ad?4--,a light %ock at ,san ,luis ,obispo4 ,m>* #a/4--,a sm>t %ock at ,san ,francisco1 :i* 0 felt at ,san ,luis ,obispo & ,santa ,b>b>a4 ,april #bd?4--,a light %ock at ,humboldt ,bay4 ,april #be?4--,?ree %ocks 9 quick succession at ,weav]ville1 ,tr9ity ,c\nty4 ,june #b;d4--,two sm>t %ocks on ! pla9s ( ! ,san ,joaqu94 ,july #ab?4--,a light %ock at ,yreka1 ,siskiy\ ,c\nty4 ,sept4 #c;d4--,f\r %ocks on ! ,sal9as & ,san ,joaqu9 ,pla9s4 ,oct4 #bc;d4--,?ree heavy %ocks at ,humboldt ,bay4 ,oct4 #be?4--,a light %ock at ,humboldt ,bay4 ,nov4 #af?4--,a light %ock at ,san ,jos4 ,nov4 #ba/4--,a %ock at ,san ,francisco4 ,dec4 #aa?4--,a light %ock at ,san ,francisco & ,mission ,dolores4 ,dec4 #bc;d4--,a light %ock at ,%a/a4 ,total 9 #ahec1 #ae4 #ahed4 ,jan4 #c;d4--,two sm>t %ocks 9 ,m>iposa1 felt also 9 ,%a/a4 ,m>* #b;d4--,a light %ock at ,san ,francisco4 ,m>* #bj?4--,a %ock at ,/ockton4 ,april #bi?4--,a light %ock at ,santa ,b>b>a4 ,may #bc;d4--,a %ock at ,cresc5t ,city4 ,may #ca/4--,an e>?quake at ,santa ,b>b>a at #e;h4 #ajm4 ,9 ?is e>?quake !re 7 ?ree di/9ct waves4 ,! fir/ 0 accompani$ by pr(\nd rumbl+2 ! second %ock 0 prec$$ by a l\d1 ru%+ noise l ! approa* ( a /rong w9d4 ,ab\t f\r or five seconds elaps$ betwe5 ea* %ock4 ,! sea 0 mu* di/urb$1 & a heavy surf swell came 9 soon aft] ! second %ock pass$4 ,?is surf-wave roll$ inl& "s ?irty feet beyond ! old wreck at ! emb>cad]o4 ,i saw ! effect ( ?is wave 9 ,july foll[+4 ,! inhabitants 7 mu* fright5$ & left _! b$s = ! op5 air4 ,v little damage 0 su/a9$4 ,june #bf?4--,two light %ocks 9 ,plac] ,c\nty4 ,july #aj?4--,"o %ock at ,georget[n4 ,july #ad?4--,a %ock at ,georget[n4 ,sept4 #ad?4--,a light %ock at ,nevada4 ,oct4 #ba/4--,a light %ock at ,mont]ey4 ,oct4 #bf?4--,a sm>t %ock at ,san ,francisco1 ne> midnight4 ,x 0 felt at ,b5icia4 ,?is %ock 0 foll[$ by a swell 9 ! bay1 z vessels at ! :>fs sway$ heavily on _! haws]s4 ,total 9 #ahed1 #ab4 #ahee4 ,! foll[+ is ! record ( e>?quakes = ?is ye>1 9 ! ,/ate ( ,cali=nia1 ) ! date & h\r ( ! day at :i* !y 7 obs]v$3 ,jan4 #ac?1 #ah;h4 #cjm4--,a sm>t %ock occurr$ at ,san ,b5ito & ,san ,miguel4 ,x 0 felt at ,san ,luis ,obispo4 ,jan4 #bd?1 #bb;h4--,a heavy %ock ( e>?quake 0 felt at ,d[nieville1 :i* la/$ sev5 seconds4 ,?is e>?quake 0 q sev]e at ,gibsonville on ! nor?1 at ,=re/ ,city1 ,m9nesota1 9 ,si]ra ,c\nty1 & at ,orleans ,flat1 ,eureka1 9 ,nevada ,c\nty1 at ,georget[n & ,na%ville 9 ,el ,dorado ,c\nty on ! s\?1 & at ,key/one ,ran*1 9 ,yuba ,c\nty1 on ! we/4 ,! entire di/ance nor? & s\? affect$ 0 n9ety-f\r miles1 & 9 a we/]ly l9e1 ?irty miles4 ,! %ock 0 prec$$ by a deep rumbl+1 & ! ru%+ s\nd ( w9d 9 ! di/ance4 ,x %ook build+s sev]ely4 ,a l>ge p9nacle ( rocks on ! summit ( ! ,d[nieville ,buttes 0 ?r[n d[n1 & "s ( ! l>ge fragm5ts rea*$ ! s\? bran* ( ! ,nor? ,yuba1 at ! base ( ! m\nta94 ,feb #e?1 #bb;h4--,a light %ock 0 felt at ,wolf ,creek & ! nor?-ea/ "p ( ,nevada ,c\nty4 ,april #g?1 #ah;h4--,a light %ock 0 felt at ,gibb's ,f]ry1 ,tr9ity ,c\nty1 & 0 exp]i5c$ z f> nor? z ,callahan's ,ran*1 at ! head ( ,scott's ,valley1 ,siskiy\ ,c\nty4 ,june #be?1 #ad;h4--,a sm>t %ock 0 felt at ,santa ,b>b>a1 & ext5d$ nor?w>d z f> z ! valley ( ,santa ,m>ia4 ,?is %ock 0 cotemporane\s ) "o t occurr$ 9 ,switz]l&4 ,july #aj?1 #i;h4 #cjm4--,a light %ock 0 felt 9 ,georget[n1 ,el ,dorado ,c\nty1 :i* la/$ ab\t f\r seconds4 ,july #aj?1 #bj;h4 #aem4--,a sev]e %ock at ,los ,angeles1 :i* did consid]able damage4 ,!re 7 f\r di/9ct %ocks dur+ ! e>?quake1 ) a p]iod ( ab\t two or ?ree seconds elaps+ betwe5 ea* vibration4 ,dur+ _! cont9uance ! gr\nd op5$ 9 sev]al places1 9 fissures ( "o or two in*es1 ! m>ks ( :i* rema9$ = sev]al days aft]w>ds4 ,!re 7 "s tw5ty-six build+s 9 ! city m or less injur$1 :i* ,i p]sonally exam9$1 & among !m ! *ur*1 ! we/ wall ( :i* 0 split f top to bottom 9 two places1 ! fissures be+ f "o to two & a half in*es 9 bread?1 runn+ entirely ?r\gh4 ,! ea/ wall split at a slight angle f ! p]p5dicul>1 & _h b "o fissure4 ,! walls ( ! ,/> ,hotel 7 split 9 sev]al places1 & on ! we/ side !re appe>s to h be5 a decid$ horizontal motion1 z ! wall 0 displac$ on t side horizontally to ! dep? ( ab\t "o in*1 & "s eight or n9e feet 9 l5g?4 ,! am\nt ( displacem5t decreas$ f ! we/ end ( ! build+ t[>ds ! c5t]4 ,x is a fact wor?y ( note1 t none ( ! ?9 adobe walls ( ! build+s suff]$ injury1 :ile mo/ ( ! ?ick-wall$ build+s 7 injur$ to a great] or less ext5t4 ,dur+ ! e>?quake1 _m articles 7 ?r[n d[n2 ^? t 7 /&+ on %elves aga9/ ! ea/ end ( ! build+s 7 ?r[n we/w>d on to ! floor1 & ^? on ! opposite end ( ! build+s 7 ?r[n back 9 an incl9$ position aga9/ ! walls4 ,^! features 7 notic$ 9 ! drug /ores ( ,doctors ,w9/on & ,hope1 situat$ on ! ma9 /reet1 & a %ort di/ance we/ ( ! *ur*4 ,! meteorological condition ( ! atmosph]e 0 r unusual1 & is describ$ z foll[s3 ,! day 0 unusually w>m & sultry1 att5d$ ) a little ra91 7! latt] v unusual7 & a sudd5 *ange ( temp]ature to unpleasant coldness4 ,at ,po9t ,san ,juan !re 0 obs]v$ consid]able commotion 9 ! wat]1 att5d$ ) a /rong ru%+ s\nd1 & two unusually heavy surf swells1 imm$iately foll[+ ! la/ %ock4 ,?is %ock 0 felt di/9ctly at ! saw-mill1 "s eight miles ea/ ( ,san ,b]n>d9o1 ab\t sev5ty miles ea/ ( ,los ,angeles1 & at ,santa ,b>b>a1 ab\t "o hundr$ miles 9 a we/]ly direction4 ,aug #ab?1 #i;h4 #cjm4--,a light %ock ( an e>?quake 0 felt at ,georget[n1 :i* la/$ ab\t ?ree seconds4 ,! vibration app>5tly came f ! nor?4 ,betwe5 ?is date & ! t5? ,july !re 7 f\r o!r light %ocks1 ! dates ( :i* are n record$4 ,oct4 #ba/1 #ai;h4 #dem4--,a sm>t %ock ( an e>?quake 0 felt 9 ,san ,francisco4 ,! build+s situat$ ov] ! wat] 7 viol5tly %ak54 ,!re 0 mu* commotion 9 ! wat] ( ! h>bor a few m9utes prec$+ ! %ock1 :i* caus$ sev]al vessels to heave heavily at _! haws]s & cables4 ,oct #bg?1 #ae;h4--,a light %ock 0 felt 9 ! valley ( ,cle> ,lake4 ,on ! same day a %ock 0 felt at ,d[nieville1 :i* la/$ ab\t five seconds4 ,at ,goodye>'s ,b> x 0 m sev]e ?an at ! prec$+ locality4 ,dec4 #e?1 #aa;h4 #bjm4--,! %ock ( an e>?quake 0 felt at ,humboldt ,bay1 :i* la/$ ab\t ?ree seconds4 ,!re 7 two vibrations1 ! la/ be+ ! mo/ sev]e4 ,dec4 #aa?1 #d;h4--,a %ock 0 felt 9 ,san ,francisco & at ! ,mission ,dolores2 at ! latt] place x is repres5t$ z be+ q sev]e4 ,! :ole numb] ( :i* ,i h a record = #ahee1 am\nts to twelve only2 b !re may be o!rs :i* h escap$ my notice on acc\nt ( abs5ce f ! city4 ,! foll[+ table w %[ ! numb] ( %ocks = ea* ye>1 & ea* mon? ( ! ye>1 = six ye>s f #ahej to #ahee1 inclusive4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,no4 = ea* #ahej #ahea #aheb #ahec #ahed #ahee mon? 9 six ye>s4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,janu>y1 -- -- -- #b #a #b #e ,febru>y1 -- -- -- #a -- #a #b ,m>*1 #a -- -- #a #b -- #d ,april1 -- -- -- #b #a #a #d ,may1 #a #c -- -- #b -- #f ,june1 #a #a -- #a #a #a #e ,july1 -- -- -- #a #b #a #c ,augu/1 #a -- -- -- -- #a #b ,septemb]1 #a -- -- #a #a -- #c ,octob]1 -- -- -- #b #b #b #f ,novemb]1 -- -- #aa #b -- -- #ac ,decemb]1 -- #b #a #b -- #b #h ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,total ea* ye>1 #e #f #ab #ad #ab #aa #ei ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,f ! above x w be se5 t ( ! total numb] ( %ocks 9 six ye>s 9 ?is ,/ate1 =ty-eight h occurr$ dur+ ! spr+1 summ]1 & autumn mon?s1 & elev5 dur+ ! w9t] mon?s4 ,( ! total numb] not$1 tw5ty-sev5 h occurr$ f ,san ,luis ,obispo s\?1 & ( ! ?irty-two rema9+1 n9e h be5 felt 9 ,san ,francisco at ! same "t !y 7 obs]v$ at ,san ,luis ,obispo1 :ile ! rema9+ tw5ty-?ree 7 felt at ,san ,francisco & nor? ( t po9t4 ,not)/&+ we h _h1 :at may1 p]haps1 be consid]$ a frequ5cy 9 ! recurr5ce ( ^! ph5om5a1 /ill !re are b a v few ( ! total numb] t w\ld m]it a mom5t's consid]ation s\? ( ! tw5ty-fif? p>allel ( nor? latitude1 = !re !y w\ld be reg>d$ z m9or affairs entirely4 ,f all ! facts 9 our possession relat+ to ! ph5om5a on our coa/1 x appe>s t ! greate/ prepond]ance 9 action & sev]ity ( effects1 is ex]t$1 = ! mo/ "p1 s\? ( ,po9t ,conception1 =1 f ?is place1 ea/1 s\? & nor?1 to ne> ! ,colorado1 ! mo/ conclusive evid5ce exi/s ( v rec5t volcanic action hav+ be5 ex]t$ on r an ext5sive scale1 & is also /ill p]si/5t 9 sev]al localities )9 ! area nam$1 ?\gh 9 a m9or degree4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to exam9e ! *anges ( level t h evid5tly tak5 place 9 ?is ,/ate )9 ! la/ five ye>s2 b z m ext5d$ obs]vations w\ld greatly assi/ u 9 =m+ conclusions on ?is subject1 ,i w def] t portion until a future day4 #ahef4 ,at ! close ( #ahee1 ,i pres5t$ to ! ,academy a /atem5t ( ! occurr5ce ( e>?quakes 9 ?is ,/ate = t ye> & a t]m ( ye>s prec$+4 ,dur+ ! ye> j pass$1 ,i h kept a c>eful record ( ^! ph5om5a1 :i* h be5 notic$ 9 ?is city1 & o!r p>ts ( ! ,/ate1 & :i* w be f\nd bel[1 ) _! date1 & ! h\r ( ! day on :i* !y took place2 !y comprise all t h occurr$1 ) p]haps two exceptions1 ! dates = :i* 7 s obscure z to r5d] x impossible to det]m9e ) accuracy ! precise p]iod ( _! occurr5ce4 ,s f> z ,i am in=m$1 ^? %ocks t h tak5 place 9 ?is ,/ate dur+ ! pa/ ye> h n be5 m>k$ ) m sev]ity ?an has be5 usual 9 ye>s prec$+1 frequ5tly am\nt+ to a slight tremor1 & at o!r times to m di/9ct movem5ts2 ?ree only h possess$ suffici5t int5sity z to comm& g5]al att5tion dur+ ! busy h\rs ( day4 ,v few h be5 notic$ by p]sons :o 7 /&+ ^u ! e>? at ! p]iod ( _! occurr5ce4 ,by f> ! great] proportion 7 obs]v$ 9 high situations f ! gr\nd1 & 9 ! m retir$ p>ts ( ! city1 or on ! alluvial cov]+ ( ! c\ntry to ! we/ & s\?4 ,! total numb] = ! pa/ ye> is sixte51 & ( ?is numb] ?irte5 7 obs]v$ betwe5 sunset & sunrise4 ,by ref]5ce to ! /ati/ics bel[1 x w be se5 t ev5 m\nta9 di/ricts1 :]e dur+ ! day !re is mu* less ( turmoil & noise aris+ f bus9ess ?an 9 ! popul\s city1 t ( all ^? notic$1 none h be5 ( suffici5t int5sity to attract ! att5tion ( ! inhabitants dur+ ! h\rs ( daylight4 ,^! facts1 ?\gh few 9 !mselves1 are ( importance1 to disabuse ! public m9d 9 relation to ! dang] to be appreh5d$ f ! occurr5ce ( ^! ph5om5a4 ,! "* :i* we su/a9 bo? at home & abroad1 z be+ 9 con/ant dang] ( be+ swall[$ up by ^! occurr5ces1 & t our c\ntry is b a b$ ( lat5t volcanoes ready to bur/ =? at any mom5t1 spread+ deva/ation ov] ! l&1 is "o ( ! greate/ fallacies t ev] obta9$ possession ( ! human bra94 ,our ,/ate is z primitive z ,massa*usetts or ,new ,hamp%ire1 & ! dang]s t surr\nd u f ! s\rces above m5tion$1 are equally great z 9 ! ,/ates j nam$4 ,we %\ld rememb] t :5 speak+ ( ,cali=nia z a ,/ate1 t we include a l9e ( t]ritory equal+ t ( ! seabo>d ly+ betwe5 ,cape ,hatt]as on ! s\? & ! ,briti% ,possessions on ! nor?1 & includ+ elev5 ( ! seabo>d ,/ates ( ! ,union2 & :5 we place our comp>ative e/imates on ?is basis 9 matt]s ( ?is "*1 x w become at once evid5t t ! dang] ( annihilation f ! causes "u consid]ation1 are n ( t magnitude :i* at fir/ sight w\ld appe>4 ,along ! coa/ ( ,mexico & ,c5tral ,am]ica1 to ! s\? ( ,cali=nia f all ! records t are obta9able "h !re appe>s to h be5 a mu* great] exemption f ^? ph5om5a ?an has be5 usual 9 =m] ye>s2 ?is seems to h be5 ! fact1 also1 ?r\gh\t ! ,pacific1 ,oceanic1 & mo/ ( ! ,cont95tal ,isl&s along ! coa/ ( ,*9a1 :ile to ! nor? & nor?-we/1 beyond ! fifty-fif? p>allel1 bo? volcanic & e>?quake ph5om5a appe> to h be5 great] ?an usual4 ,?is has be5 obs]vable1 = ! mo/ "p1 9 ! neighborhood ( ! ,aleutian ,ar*ipelago1 along ! nor?-ea/ coa/ ( ,japan1 & 9 ! ,briti% & ,russian ,possessions ( ,nor? ,am]ica on ! ,pacific1 & isl&s ( ! ,o*otsk ,sea4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k m ( ! pr$om9ance ( ^! ph5om5a 9 ^? regions1 & su* in=mation c\ld be easily obta9$ f ! comm&]s ( ! :al+ fleet1 if ! prop] measures 7 adopt$ to secure x4 ,bel[ w be f\nd "s int]e/+ matt] ^u ?is subject1 :i* took place dur+ ! pa/ ye> ne> ! ,/raits ( ,our9a*4 ,! e>?quakes :i* h occurr$ 9 ?is ,/ate dur+ #ahef1 & ! p]iod ( _! occurr5ce1 is z foll[s3 ,janu>y #b;d1 #aj;h4 #aem4--,?is morn+1 a sm>t %ock ( an e>?quake 0 felt 9 ,san ,francisco4 ,! motion ( ! e>? 0 undulatory1 & came app>5tly f ! nor?w>d4 ,a p5dulum indicat$ a motion ( ab\t five & a half in*es4 ,janu>y #ba/1 #af;h4--,q a sm>t %ock occurr$2 x 0 q %>p 9 ! s\?-we/ "p ( ! city4 ,janu>y #bh?1 #c;h4--,at ! t[n ( ,petaluma1 ,sonoma ,c\nty1 a %ock ( an e>?quake occurr$4 ,x 0 suffici5tly heavy to awake p]sons f _! sleep4 ,janu>y #bi?1 #j;h4 #dem4--,a slight %ock 0 felt 9 ,san ,francisco4 ,x 0 obs]v$ also at ! ,mission ,dolores4 ,!re 7 ?ree di/9ct tremors1 ) %ort int]vals elaps+ betwe54 ,! motion 0 app>5tly f ! we/w>d4 ,febru>y #ae?1 #e;h4 #bem4--,a sev]e %ock ( an e>?quake 0 felt 9 ,san ,francisco1 ! duration ( :i* 0 ab\t eight seconds4 ,p]sons sleep+ 7 ar\s$1 & _m p]sons left _! b$s & s\ght ! /reet4 ,!re 7 two di/9ct %ocks1 ! second v light & sc>cely p]ceptible4 ,! motion 0 undulatory & v]tical1 & at ! end ( ! fir/ %ock a v /rong1 pr(\nd j>1 ) :i* x ceas$4 ,! upp] "p ( a build+ on ,batt]y ,/reet1 = sev5ty feet 9 l5g?1 0 ?r[n d[n1 ! :ole ( :i* 0 above ! cornice1 v ?91 & ! mort> ) :i* x 0 con/ruct$ _h n become h>d5$1 be+ easily remov$ by ! f+]s--x m resembl$ wet s& ?an a firm mort>4 ,!re appe>s to h be5 b little diff]5ce 9 ! s5sation ( p]sons situat$ ei!r 9 upp] or basem5t /ories4 ,x 0 prec$$ by a deep1 heavy rumbl+1 & ! motion app>5tly came f ! nor?-we/4 ,a di/9ct %ock 0 felt at eight m9utes pa/ two o'clock ! same morn+1 by p]sons :o 7 awake & up at ! "t4 ,! rotatory movem5t 0 %[n 9 ! fact t small squ>e bottles & boxes t /ood ^u a l9e1 7 mov$ f _! position horizontally1 describ+ an arc ( ?irty degrees & upw>ds1 z %[n by ! du/ ^u ! %elves on :i* !y /ood4 ,! fir/ wave came ) a =ce suffici5t to project small articles ?ree or f\r feet on ! floor1 f %elves on :i* !y 7 plac$2 !y 7 app>5tly all ?r[n 9 ! same direction4 ,sev]al clocks 7 /opp$ at precisely #e h\rs #be m9utes4 ,all ! cracks 9 walls & ceil+s _h a direction ne>ly nor?-we/ & s\?-ea/1 & mo/ ( !m _h ! appe>ance ( hav+ be5 produc$ at ! mom5t ( elevation4 ,! e>?quake 0 felt heavily at ,mont]ey1 at five h\rs tw5ty m9utes2 x 0 also felt at ,bodega1 b no "t is giv54 ,! vessels on ! coa/1 & rang+ f ,san ,p$ro on ! s\? to ,s\!rn ,oregon1 & at di/ances v>y+ f eight to "o hundr$ miles f l&1 did n exp]i5ce any %ock4 ,!y 7 tw5ty-two 9 numb]4 ,up to ! pres5t date ! mo/ nor!rn po9t ( :i* we h any record ( its hav+ be5 felt1 is at ,santa ,rosa1 :i* is fifty-?ree miles nor? ( ,san ,francisco1 & at ,mont]ey1 n9ety miles s\? ( ! latt] place2 to ! ea/ ( ?is city we h no record beyond ,/ockton4 ,?is w\ld give = its l5g? "o hundr$ & =ty-?ree miles1 & its bread? sixty-six miles4 ,inquiry 0 made ?r\gh ! ,/ate l9e ,telegraph at ,el ,dorado1 ,nevada1 ,d[nieville1 ,plac]ville1 ,m>ysville1 ,sacram5to1 ,/ockton1 & ,san ,jos2 x 0 n felt 9 any ( ! localities nam$1 except+ ! two la/1 & at ,/ockton x 0 q light4 ,if ! "t z giv5 at ,mont]ey 0 ! same z at ?is city 7,san ,francisco71 ! velocity ( ! e>?-wave mu/ h be5 mu* sl[] ?an t ( ! great e>?quake at ,simoda4 ,m>* #bd?1 #bb;h4 #bjm4--,a slight %ock 0 felt at ,canal ,gul*1 ,siskiy\ ,c\nty1 also at ,yreka4 ,! motion is describ$ z be+ horizontal4 ,m>* #ca/1 #ac;h4 #bem4--,a light %ock 0 felt 9 ,san ,francisco4 ,x consi/$ ( ?ree light b di/9ct tremors4 ,april #f?1 #bc;h4 #cjm4--,a sm>t %ock 0 felt at ,los ,angeles & ! ,monte1 p 7 ar\s$ f _! b$s4 ,may #aj?1 #ba;h4 #ajm4--,a light %ock 0 felt 9 ,san ,francisco4 ,! %ock 0 accompani$ by a l\d report1 l ! dis*>ge ( a cannon2 p mi/ook x = ! signal gun ( ! mail /eam]4 ,?is 0 felt at ,mont]ey1 & 9 ,contra ,co/a ,c\nty4 ,may #b;d1 #j;h4 #ajm4--,a sev]e %ock 0 felt at ,los ,angeles4 ,x caus$ mu* trembl+ among ! build+s1 & consid]able al>m among ! p1 _m leav+ _! b$s4 ,! %ock 0 prec$$ by two l\d reports l ! bla/+ ( rock2 x app>5tly came f ! nor?-we/2 no damage 0 done4 ,augu/ #b;d1 #e;h4 #bjm4--,a light %ock 0 felt 9 ,san ,francisco4 ,x 0 suffici5tly /rong to awak5 p]sons 9 b$2 x 0 evid5tly m sev]e 9 ,/ockton4 ,augu/ #bg?1 #ba;h4 #aem4--,an e>?quake 0 felt at ,mission ,san ,juan1 ,mont]ey ,c\nty4 ,!re 7 two di/9ct %ocks ) %ort int]vals elaps+1 ! second be+ ! heavie/4 ,! motion is describ$ z undulatory & com+ f ! we/4 ,x 0 felt at ,mont]ey & at ,santa ,cruz4 ,septemb] #f?1 #c;h4--,a sm>t %ock felt at ,santa ,cruz4 ,x creat$ consid]able con/]nation & _m p]sons left _! b$s4 ,septemb] #bj?1 #bc;h4 #cjm4--,a v sev]e %ock 0 felt 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,san ,diego ,c\nty1 & at t t[n4 ,at ,santa ,isabel ! ceil+s ( ! dwell+s 7 %ak5 d[n2 ! cattle /amp$$ & ran bell[+ 9 all directions1 & ! ,indians seem$ equally t]rifi$4 ,! walls ( ! adobe build+s 7 _m ( !m crack$4 ,! motion is describ$ z oscillatory4 ,a light %ock occurr$ on ! foll[+ ,monday morn+4 ,novemb] #ab?1 #d;h4--,a sm>t %ock occurr$ at ,humboldt ,bay4 ,ano!r %ock 0 report$ b no date giv54 ,f ! record be=e u x w be se5 t ( fifte51 ! total numb] ( e>?quakes record$ dur+ #ahef1 sev5 h be5 felt 9 ,san ,francisco 9 common ) o!r p>ts ( ! ,/ate2 sev5 h occurr$ s\? ( ?is locality t 7 n obs]v$ "h1 & f\r nor? ( x4 ,( ! sev5 %ocks notic$ "h five only 7 n obs]v$ 9 any adjac5t di/rict1 & may be consid]$ z /rictly local4 ,! p]iods ( ! ye> at :i* ! %ocks h occurr$1 are z foll[s3 ,dur+ ! w9t] mon?s1 five2 dur+ ! autumn1 ?ree2 dur+ ! spr+ & summ]1 six4 ,none h tak5 place betwe5 ! v]nal & autumnal equ9oxes4 ,we h records ( consid]able & viol5t volcanic ph5om5a ?r\gh\t ! nor!rn seas1 & isl&s bo? to ! ea/ & we/ ( ,alaska4 ,! ,russian frigate ,dw9a1 :ile ly+ at ,%uam ,%u1 br+s intellig5ce ( ! outbur/ ( a volcano 9 t vic9ity ab\t ! tw5ty-second ( ,june1 & on ! tw5ty-fif? ( ! same mon? pass$ ?r\gh fields ( float+ pumice2 ! latitude by obs]vation be+ fifty degrees fifty-?ree m9utes1 & longitude "o hundr$ & fifty-eight degrees ?irty-two m9utes ea/1 p] *ronomet]4 ,an int]e/+ acc\nt ( a subm>9e volcano 0 report$ by ! ,capta9 ( ! b>k ,alice ,fraz]1 9 latitude fifty-f\r degrees ?irty-six m9utes1 longitude "o hundr$ & ?irty-five degrees we/1 :i* is z foll[s3 ,a portion ( ! :al+ fleet1 f\r 9 numb]1 7 runn+ ?r\gh ! ,/raits ( ,our9ack1 on ! tw5ty-six? ( ,july la/2 :ile pass+ ! /raits a subm>9e volcano bur/ out1 s5d+ a column ( wat] sev]al hundr$ feet upw>d2 imm$iately foll[+ ?is1 imm5se masses ( lava 7 project$ into ! air1 & ! sea = miles & = days aft]w>d1 0 cov]$ ) float+ fragm5ts ( pumice4 ,! %ips ,scotl& & ,ent]prise 7 ne>] ! volcano ?an ! %ips ,fraz] & ,wm4 ,?omson2 on ! decks ( ! two =m] consid]able pumice1 lava1 & a%es fell4 ,!re 7 sev5 vessels 9 ! /raits at ! "t ( ! occurr5ce1 ?ree ( :i* names ,i c\ld n le>n4 ,! outbur/ 0 accompani$ ) viol5t %ocks ( e>?quake4 ,x is ! op9ion ( ,capta9 ,newell1 ( ! ,alice ,fraz]1 t consid]able %oal+ has be5 ! result ( ?is subm>9e action4 ,,on ,,! ,,direction ,,& ,,velocity ,,( ,,! ,,e>?quake ,,9 ,,cali=nia1 ,,janu>y #i1 #aheg--;,,by ,,dr4 ,,john ,b4 ,,trask4 ,! e>?quake :i* occurr$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ?is ,/ate1 on ! morn+ ( ! n9? ,janu>y la/ excit$ at ! "t consid]able att5tion4 ,?is arose f two causes4 ,fir/1 f ! v>i$ reports t appe>$ on ! foll[+ day ?r\gh ! press ( ! city1 detail+ its occurr5ce 9 remote m\nta9 t[ns1 & = :i* !re 0 no f\ndation4 ,secondly1 f ! great ext5t ov] :i* ! commotion 0 felt1 z 0 subsequ5tly prov$4 ,imm$iately foll[+ ! occurr5ce ( ! ph5om5on1 lett]s 7 address$ to all ! pr9cipal t[ns betwe5 ,m>iposa & ,d[nieville1 ea/ ( ! valleys1 = ! purpose ( le>n+ h[ f> ! %ocks may h ext5d$ ea/w>d ( ?is city4 ,^! lett]s 7 =w>d$ by ! ,pacific ,express ,company to _! ag5ts1 & ?r\gh !m answ]s 7 return$ 9 e case b two ?r\gh ! same s\rce4 ,f ! facts ?us obta9$1 x 0 f\nd t 9 no locality ea/ ( ! foo?ills1 0 any %ock felt on t day or night4 ,ano!r report1 equally unf\nd$1 rea*$ u on ! arrival ( ! /eam] f ! s\!rn coa/1 to ! effect t sev]al h\ses _h be5 demoli%$ 9 ,san ,diego f its viol5ce1 :ile ! facts 9 ! case are t ! /eam] left t port tw5ty-f\r h\rs be=e ! %ock occurr$ !re4 ,?is e>?quake1 or m prop]ly speak+ ! s]ies ( %ocks t began on ! night ( ! eigh? 9 ?is city1 & :i* cont9u$ 9 ! s\? "p ( ! ,/ate dur+ ! foll[+ day & night ( ! n9?1 0 probably ! mo/ ext5sive ( any on record on ?is portion ( ! ,pacific coa/1 except+1 p]haps1 t ( ! wave ( ! ,simoda e>?quake 9 ,decemb]1 #ahed4 ,! l9e> di/ance ov] :i* we are able to trace its c\rse1 am\nts to six hundr$ & two miles1 & its bread?1 s f> z n[ asc]ta9$1 is two hundr$ & n9ety miles4 ,x has all ! appe>ance ( hav+ be5 ! t]m9al movem5t ( "s m viol5t commotion at a di/ance f our coa/4 ,f ! be/ evid5ce obta9able at pres5t1 x seems to h _h its orig9 to ! we/ & travel$ 9 an ea/]ly direction4 ,?is is conclusively prov$ f ! fact t x 0 felt e>li] at ,san ,francisco ?an at any o!r locality ea/ ( ?is city )9 ! ,/ate4 ,we h no record z yet ( its occurr5ce along ! coa/ ( ,mexico or ( ,oregon4 ,i h be5 able to det]m9e ) consid]able accuracy ! p]iod ( "t at :i* ! %ock betwe5 eight & n9e o'clock on ! morn+ ( ! n9? took place1 at f\r localities ea/ ( ! ,city ( ,san ,francisco1 9 ?is ,/ate2 z ! %ock at t h\r seems to h be5 m g5]ally notic$ ?an ^? :i* ei!r prec$$ or foll[$ x "h or else:]e1 ?\gh at ?is city x 0 mu* less m>k$ ?an ! %ocks at #a;h4 #ccm41 #d;h4 #aem41 & #g;h41 ^! ?ree latt] occurr+ at ^? h\rs ( ! morn+ :5 mo/ p]sons are sleep+4 ,! %ock at #g;h41 produc$ a circul> motion 9 ! p5dulum1 ! diamet] ( :i* 0 ab\t five in*es4 ,! oscillations ( ! p5dulum 9 all ! o!rs 7 9 an ea/]ly & we/]ly direction4 ,! precise p]iod ( "t at :i* ! %ock took place at ,san ,francisco1 betwe5 eight & n9e o'clock1 is det]m9$ by ! /opp+ ( a "t-piece belong+ to ,j4 ,w4 ,tuck]1 ^: rate ( error 0 ?ree seconds fa/4 ,! "t at ,san ,diego 0 furni%$ by ,mr4 ,cassidy1 ( ! army1 & t ( ! ,tejon ,res]ve is by p]sons at t po/4 ,to private g5tlem5 at ,sacram5to & ,/ockton we are indebt$ = ! "t at ^? places4 ,! accompany+ table ( latitudes & longitudes ( localities nam$1 gives ! h\r at :i* ! %ock took place at ea*2 ! diff]5ce or elaps$ "t1 f :i* ! velocity 0 d$uc$1 are ! mean times correct$ = ! places nam$1 ! "t z giv5 above be+ tak5 z ! /&>d at ,san ,francisco4 ,x is prop] to /ate t ?ree m9utes f\r seconds1 0 ! greate/ error 9 "t f\nd1 & ! lea/ 0 tw5ty-two seconds3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,locality4 ,lat4 ,lon4 ,"t ( ,elaps$ ,velocity4 %ock4 ,"t4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ h4 m4 s4 m4 s4 miles4 ,san ,francisco #cg #dh #abb #be #h #ac #cj #j #jj #j #j ,sacram5to #ch #cb #aba #bc #h #bj #jj #g #cj #f #f ,/ockton #cg #eb #aba #cd #h #bc #jj #i #cj #f #e ,tejon #ce #jj #aah #df #h #de #jj #cb #cj #f #j ,san ,diego #cb #db #aag #ac #h #ej #jj #cf #cj #g #j ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,! velocity is giv5 9 miles p] m9ute1 & by divid+ ! sum ( ! same by _! numb]1 x w be f\nd t ! movem5t ( ! wave at t "t av]ages a fraction ov] #f4b miles p] m9ute4 ,! results obta9$ f ! above data approximate closely ! d$uctions ( ,pr(4 ,ba*e on ! wave :i* rea*$ our %ores & result+ f ! e>?quake at ,simoda on ! tw5ty-?ird ,decemb]1 #ahed1 & :i* w be f\nd 9 a pap] read by t g5tleman at ! meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 dur+ ! e>ly "p ( la/ ye>4 ,f ! facts be=e u1 !re c be b little d\bt ( ! direction ( ! commotion1 & t x proce$$ f ! we/1 or a little s\? ( t po9t4 ,! motion ( ! e>?1 z describ$ at ! diff]5t localities at :i* x 0 felt1 ) ! motion ( ! p5dulum--:i* 0 slightly s\? ( a we/ l9e--leads to t conclusion4 ,"t is an important elem5t 9 aid+ u to =m correct conclusions reg>d+ ^! ph5om5a1 & x is to be hop$ t our fri5ds 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,/ate1 9 report+ ! same1 w be precise 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,( ! incid5ts att5d+ ! %ocks1 _m & v>i$ reports h rea*$ u2 x seems to h act$ ) great] viol5ce 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,tejon ,res]ve & upp] ,tul>e ,c\nty ?an at any o!r place4 ,x is mo/ rem>kable t s small an am\nt ( int5sity ( =ce 0 manife/$ :5 ! area ov] :i* x ext5d$ is tak5 into consid]ation4 ,! effects 7 felt 9 ,san ,francisco sev]al h\rs be=e !y are report$ to h be5 obs]v$ at any o!r place nor? or s\?4 ,!y began "h at tw5ty m9utes pa/ elev51 on ! night ( ! eigh?1 & cont9u$ till ?irte5 m9utes pa/ eight ! foll[+ morn+--six %ocks occurr+ 9 ! int]val2 :ile to ! s\?1 ! fir/ %ock notic$ at ! ,tejon1 0 at six h\rs ?irty m9utes1 on ! n9?4 ,9 ,los ,angeles !y cont9u$ at long int]vals ?r\gh ! day until tw5ty-?ree h\rs ?irty m9utes ( ! same date4 ,i h le>n$ f p]sons :o 7 pres5t 9 ,los ,angeles at ?is "t1 & also at ! %ock ( ! f\rte5? ,july1 #ahee1 t ! sev]ity ( ! latt] exce$$ t ( ! n9? ,janu>y la/ pa/4 #aheg4 ,dur+ ! pa/ ye> !re has be5 r a frequ5cy 9 ! occurr5ce ( ! ph5om5a ( e>?quakes2 &1 ) ! exception ( two1 !re h be5 none t 7 p>ticul>ly rem>kable ei!r = ext5t ( surface affect$ or sev]ity ( action4 ,9 "o1 t ( ! n9? ( ,janu>y1 ! greate/ ext5t ( surface1 & greate/ int5sity ( action 0 manife/4 ,its pr9cipal =ce seems to h be5 exp5d$ 9 ! m s\!rly portions ( our ,/ate1 & 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ^? volcanic 787 v5ts f\nd at diff]5t localities ^u ! ,colorado ,des]t4 ,x is manife/1 h[ev]1 t ?is %ock & ^? :i* prec$$ x on ! night ( ! eigh?1 _h _! orig9 to ! we/ ( our coa/1 z ! times ( occurr5ce ( ! %ock at diff]5t localities mo/ fully prove4 ,?is matt] 0 fully discuss$ 9 my previ\s pap]1 8,on ! direction & velocity ( ! e>?quake ( ,janu>y #i?1 #aheg10 read be=e ?is ,society ,m>* #cj?1 :i* w be f\nd 9 _! proce$+s4 ,! o!r %ock ( greate/ ext5t1 on ! second ( ,septemb]1 ext5d$ ov] an area ( ab\t two hundr$ miles1 b 0 m>k$ by no p>ticul> sev]ity or injury1 except t ( fright to ^? :o exp]i5c$ x4 ,! :ole numb] t c be au!nticat$ z occurr+ dur+ #aheg1 am\nts to sev5te51 be+ great] ?an ! numb] record$ 9 #ahec & #ahef2 & x w\ld seem probable f our records t ?is numb] is ! maximum to :i* we %all probably be subject$ 9 ?is ,/ate4 ,f ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s we h no news ( e>?quakes save "o1 :i* is "h ins]t$3 8,a v sev]e %ock ( e>?quake 0 felt at ,kawaihae1 ,hawaii1 on ! tw5ty-f\r? ( ,febru>y1 ! mo/ sev]e t ! resid5ts !re h _h = _m ye>s40 ,! arrival ( ! :al+ fleet f ! ,nor!rn seas br+s no intellig5ce ( ! occurr5ce ( ^! ph5om5a1 z 0 ! case ( ! prec$+ ye>2 h5ce1 ! presumption is1 t subt]ranean action has n be5 viol5t 9 ^? di/ant regions dur+ ! ye> j pass$4 ,on ! coa/ ( ,mexico1 & inclusive betwe5 ! tw5ty-fif? & ?irty-second p>allels1 we h receiv$ intellig5ce ( ! occurr5ce ( "o e>?quake1 :i* appe>s to h be5 felt on bo? %ores ( ! ,gulf ( ,cali=nia = a di/ance ( ne>ly two hundr$ miles1 bo? nor? & s\?4 ,we h no records s\? ( t po9t4 ,! %ocks :i* we c au!nticate )9 ! limits ( our own ,/ate1 are z foll[s3 ,janu>y #i?4--,?is %ock 0 felt f ,sacram5to to ! s\!rn b\nd>y ( ! ,/ate4 ,x 0 prec$$ by ?ree sm>t %ocks ! night & morn+ previ\s4 ,at ,santa ,b>b>a wat] 0 ?r[n ov] ! surface f a %oal well1 sev5 feet deep1 ! wat] 9 :i* 0 less ?an ?ree feet 9 dep?4 ,janu>y #ah?1 #i;h4--,a light %ock at ,m>t9ez & ,b5icia4 ,janu>y #bj?1 #h;h4 #cjm4--,a sm>t %ock 0 felt at ,santa ,cruz & ,mission ,san ,juan4 ,janu>y #ba/1 #bc;h4--,on ! ev5+ ( ?is day a sm>t %ock 0 felt at ,m>iposa4 ,! wave & s\nd seem$ to travel f nor?-we/ to s\?-ea/4 ,x 0 accompani$ ) a report l t ( a di/ant gun4 ,febru>y #e?1 #g;h4--,a sm>t %ock 0 felt 9 ,san ,francisco1 :i* %ook ! build+s t are situat$ on made-gr\nd v sev]ely1 :ile ^? situat$ on firm] bottoms 7 affect$4 ,?is %ock 0 felt at ,oakl& & ,/ockton1 b 0 n felt at ,san ,jos or ,sacram5to1 z report$ at ! "t4 ,m>* #ad?1 #ae;h4--,a sev]e %ock 0 felt at ,santa ,b>b>a & ,montecito4 ,x 0 mom5t>y 9 duration1 att5d$ ) a l\d report4 ,m>* #bc;d1 #ab;h4 #bgm4--,a light %ock 9 ,san ,francisco4 ,may #c;d1 #bb;h4--,a sm>t %ock at ,los ,angeles & ! ,monte4 ,may #bc;d4--,a light %ock at ,los ,angeles2 a report also t a sev]e %ock _h be5 felt at ,=t ,tejon4 ,june #ad?4--,a %ock 0 felt at ,humboldt ,bay4 ,on ! same day sev]al sev]e %ocks 7 exp]i5c$ at ! ,p5al ,isl& 7,c>m571 ,gulf ( ,cali=nia1 & :i* ext5d$ almo/ n9ety miles nor? & s\? ( ! isl&4 ,augu/ #h?1 #aa;h4--,a sm>t %ock 0 felt at ,rabbit ,creek1 ,si]ra ,c\nty4 ,augu/ #bi4--;,a sev]e %ock at ! ,tejon ,res]ve4 ,no "t is giv54 ,septemb] #b;d1 #ai;h4 #dem4--,a light %ock at ,san ,francisco4 ,?is %ock 0 felt at ,sacram5to1 ,m>ysville1 ,nevada1 ,san ,juan1 ,d[nieville1 & ,camptonville4 ,septemb] #ad?1 #b ,p4,m4--,a light %ock 9 ,san ,francisco4 ,octob] #ai?1 #ah;h4 #cjm4--,a sev]e %ock ( an e>?quake 9 ,san ,francisco4 ,octob] #bj?1 #ab;h4 #hm41 #ab;h4 #cem41 & #ac;h4 #aem4--,?ree o!r %ocks occurr$2 ! la/ 0 equally sev]e ) t ( ,janu>y #i?1 at #h ,a4,m4 ,p 7 mu* fright5$1 & left _! b$s4 ,! %ock 0 felt at ,san ,jos1 b n at ,oakl&4 ,novemb] #h?1 #h;h4 #dem4--,a %ock at ,san ,francisco1 :i* 0 felt at ,oakl& & ,bodega4 ,decemb] #bc;d1 #g;h4--,a light %ock at ,san ,francisco4 ,( ! :ole numb] :i* h occurr$ dur+ ! ye>1 two only h be5 felt at ,san ,francisco t 7 n exp]i5c$ at o!r localities1 & f\r o!rs h occurr$ :i* h be5 felt 9 common at o!r portions ( ! ,/ate--?us mak+ ab\t "o-?ird ( ! :ole numb] t 7 9 common "h & else:]e4 ,eight ( ! aggregate h occurr$ betwe5 ! summ] & w9t] sol/ices4 ,sev5 h occurr$ dur+ ! spr+ & summ] mon?s1 & t5 dur+ ! w9t] & autumn4 ,eight h occurr$ betwe5 ! v]nal & autumnal equ9oxes4 #aheh4 ,dur+ ! pa/ ye> we h _h occasion to note ! occurr5ce ( eight %ocks ( e>?quake 9 ?is ,/ate4 ,?is numb] is "o-half less ?an t 9 #aheg1 & "o-?ird less ! numb] 9 #ahef4 ,! %ocks1 ) "o exception1 h be5 unm>k$ by any?+ l viol5ce1 be+ little else ?an m]e vibrations or tremors1 n noticeable by ! great majority ( ! p4 ,!y are z foll[s3 ,febru>y #aj?4--,a sm>t %ock at ,kanaka ,flat1 ,si]ra ,c\nty4 ,no "t not$4 ,febru>y #ae?1 #d;h4 #bjm4--,a light %ock 9 ,san ,francisco4 ,0 obs]v$ 9 ! ,c\nty ( ,san ,mateo t5 miles s\? ( ! city4 ,augu/ #ai?1 #bb;h4 #ajm4--,a light %ock 9 ,san ,francisco4 ,! motion 0 ea/ to we/1 & 0 undulatory4 ,septemb] #b;d4--,a sm>t %ock at ,santa ,b>b>a1 no "t giv54 ,septemb] #c;d1 #j;h4 #djm4--,a sm>t %ock 9 ,san ,jos4 ,?is %ock 0 felt at ,santa ,cruz1 tw5ty-five miles we/1 & 0 evid5tly m m>k$ 9 /r5g? at t locality4 ,no damage4 ,septemb] #ab?1 #ai;h4 #djm4--,a sm>t %ock at ,san ,francisco4 ,! motion 0 f nor? to s\?4 ,!re 7 two vibrations ) undulatory movem5ts la/+ ab\t fifte5 seconds4 ,septemb] #bf?1 #a;h4 #bfm4--,a light %ock at ,san ,francisco4 ,novemb] #bf?1 #j;h4 #bdm4--,a heavy %ock at ,san ,francisco4 ,?is %ock 0 by f> ! heavie/ dur+ ! ye>1 x awoke mo/ p f slumb] & creat$ no little al>m2 p]sons left _! b$s & s\ght cool] situations ) less attire ?an is usually worn4 ,! iron pill>s 9 ! second /ory ( ! cu/om h\se h sep>at$ f ! ceil+ above ab\t half an in*1 & are suppos$ to h settl$ f ! effects ( ! %ock2 ,i mu* d\bt ! alleg$ cause ( ?is displacem5t1 z ! pill>s bel[ pres5t no indication ( simil> di/urbance4 ,?is %ock 0 felt at ,oakl& t5 miles ea/ ( ! city1 b 0 n felt at ,/ockton1 ,sacram5to1 nor ,m>ysville4 ,x 0 evid5tly conf9$ to an area ( t5 or twelve miles4 #ahei4 ,janu>y #be?1 #bj;h4 #bjm4--,a heavy %ock ( e>?quake 0 felt 9 ,tr9ity & ,%a/a c\nties4 ,x 0 felt at ,weav]ville1 ,%a/a1 & ,horset[n4 ,april #d?1 #ac;h4--,q a sev]e %ock 0 felt at ,san ,jos4 ,!re 7 sev]al vibrations1 app>5tly f nor? to s\?4 ,augu/ #aj?1 #bb;h4 #cem4--,a sm>t %ock 0 felt 9 ?is city 7,san ,francisco74 ,septemb] #bf?1 #f;h4 #ajm4--,a sm>t %ock at ,san ,francisco4 ,octob] #e?1 #ac;h4 #ahm4--,a v sm>t %ock at ,san ,francisco4 ,novemb] #bg?1 #ai;h4 #aem4--,a light %ock at ,san ,francisco4 ,decemb] #a/1 #j;h4 #ejm4--,a sm>t %ock at ,san ,francisco4 ,felt at ,oakl& & ,b5icia4 ,decemb] #a/1 #ad;h4 #ajm4--,sev]al successive %ocks 7 felt at ,san ,b]n>d9o2 sev]al ( !m 7 q heavy1 caus+ mu* al>m4 ,no damage 0 done4 ,:ole numb] ( %ocks dur+ ?is ye> 0 eight4 #ahfj4 ,dur+ ! ye> la/ pa/ ?is portion ( ! ,pacific coa/ has be5 b little di/urb$ by e>?quakes4 ,!re h be5 b ?ree dur+ ?is p]iod t c be well au!nticat$1 & "o1 viz43 ,decemb] #ba/1 ^: "* is some:at d\btful4 ,! %ocks t h occurr$ are z foll[s3 ,m>* #bg?4--,a sev]e %ock 0 exp]i5c$ at ,los ,angeles & vic9ity1 :i* 0 n productive ( any damage to p]son or prop]ty4 ,no "t is giv5 9 ! acc\nt4 ,m>* #ae?1 #aa;h4--,a viol5t %ock 0 exp]i5c$ at ,sacram5to2 ! wave pass$ ?r\gh ! c\nties ( ,plac]1 ,nevada1 ,el ,dorado & ,plumas4 ,at ,i[a ,hill ! *ur* bells 7 rung1 also at ,sacram5to4 ,at ! latt] place & at ,=e/ ,city1 clocks1 9 _m ( ! build+s1 7 /opp$4 ,?is e>?quake ext5d$ to ! ea/]n base ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada4 ,at ,c>son ,city x occurr$ at #aj;h4 #dem4 & v viol5t2 goods 7 %ak5 (f ! %elves 9 _m ( ! /ores1 & a g5]al panic & /amp$e prevail$4 ,novemb] #ab?4--,a sm>t %ock 0 felt at ,humboldt ,bay & its vic9ity1 b no damage 0 done4 ,decemb] #ba/1 #f;h4 #cjm4--,at ,san ,francisco a s]ies ( light vibrations ( ! e>? occurr$1 :i* cont9u$ ) b two remissions = ! space ( half an h\r4 ,^! vibrations 7 n p]ceptible to p]sons 9 ! build+ o!rwise ?an by m]curial column1 :i* 0 equal to sev5 in*es ( ! b>omet]1 & 0 ! m]cury gauge ( an air pump t _h rema9$ /ation>y at tw5ty-f\r in*es = ! space ( f\r h\rs4 ,at ?is "t ! column 9 ! gauge began to %[ mu* di/urbance by oscillat+ up & d[n 9 a v rapid mann] )\t any app>5t cause2 ! /op screws 7,f>aday's7 7 all tri$ at ! mom5t & f\nd p]fectly tight z !y _h rema9$ = h\rs previ\s4 ,! oscillations 7 wat*$ c>efully by ,mr4 ,j4 ,roa* & myself = half an h\r1 at :i* "t !y ceas$4 ,! maximum ( ! m]cury column 0 a fraction ov] an in*1 :i* 0 atta9$ ?r\gh vibrations ( "o-f\r? to "o-eigh? ( an in* rapidly repeat$ & cont9u\s1 & z gradually1 ?r\gh a s]ies ( light] vibrations1 ! displacem5t w\ld dim9i% & ! column subside to its =m] level2 ?is 0 ?ree times repeat$1 ! column at no "t be+ at re/4 ,! p]iod ( "t occupi$ by ! column 9 rea*+ its maximum ( di/urbance ea* "t 0 f eight to twelve m9utes4 ,!re 0 no app>5t cause = ?is di/urbance1 unless x be attributable to a s]ies ( light vibrations ( ! e>? occurr+ 9 a v]tical direction1 & to t cause ,i am dispos$ to assign x4 ,! pass+ ( c>riages on ! /reet did n affect ^! vibrations ( ! column1 = !y cont9u$ 9 ! same mann] :5 ^? vehicles 7 n pass+4 ,:ile ! oscillations 7 go+ on1 ,i took a sl$ge & /ruck "s half a doz5 bl[s on an anvil block 9 ! work%op1 :i* did n make any p]ceptible diff]5ce 9 ! movem5ts ( ! column2 aft] x _h come to re/1 ! same exp]im5t 0 repeat$1 b ! column did n 9 any mann] react to ! concussion ?us produc$4 #ahfa4 ,dur+ #ahfa !re has be5 b "o e>?quake record$ 9 ! ,/ate4 ,july #d?1 #af;h4 #aam4--,a sev]e %ock ( e>?quake occurr$ at ,san ,francisco4 ,x consi/$ ( ?ree di/9ct waves foll[+ ea* o!r 9 v rapid succession4 ,its effects to ! ea/ ( ! city 9 ! ,san ,ramon ,valley 7 m sev]e4 ,ne> ! h\se ( ,mr4 ,l>abie x op5$ a l>ge fissure 9 ! e>?4 ,9 ! vic9ity ( ,mr4 ,port]'s x op5$ a new spr+ ( wat]1 & a small runn+ /ream 0 also caus$ ne> ,mr4 ,hunt's4 ,= sev]al days aft]1 light %ocks 7 repeat$ at int]vals4 #ahfb4 ,septemb] #bi?1 #ae;h4 #em4--,a v sm>t %ock ( e>?quake at ,san ,francisco4 ,?is 0 felt at ,petaluma4 ,decemb] #bc;d1 #bj;h4 #aim4--,a sm>t %ock at ,san ,francisco4 #ahfc4 ,dur+ ! ye> #ahfc we h _h five e>?quakes1 & unm>k$ by any s]i\s ev5t4 ,janu>y #be?1 #b;h4 #bjm4--,a sev]e %ock 0 exp]i5c$ at ,san ,diego1 cont9u+ f five to eight seconds4 ,!re 0 no undulation 9 ?is in/ance1 ! %ock consi/+ ( a s]ies ( %>p j>s4 ,x 0 prec$$ by a pr(\nd rumbl+ s\nd4 ,febru>y #a/1 #af;h4 #am4--,a v sm>t %ock at ! ,mission ,san ,juan1 ,mont]ey ,c\nty4 ,at ,gilroys ! %ock 0 felt 7or ano!r7 fifte5 m9utes lat]4 ,! latt] t[n is ne> twelve miles ea/ ( ! ,mission4 ,at bo? localities ! motion 0 undulatory4 ,! %ock 0 n felt at ,mont]ey1 twelve miles we/ ( ,san ,juan4 ,june4--,a sm>t %ock at ,san ,francisco4 ,july #ae?1 #aj;h4 #aim4--,a sm>t %ock at ,san ,francisco4 ,augu/ #a/1 #aa;h4 #fm4--,two light %ocks at ,san ,francisco ab\t "o h\r ap>t4 ,decemb] #ai?1 #ab;h4 #chm4--,a v sm>t %ock 0 felt ?r\gh\t ! city2 directly aft]w>ds ano!r & m sev]e "o occurr$4 ,! fir/ 0 a %>p1 sudd5 j>1 ! second undulatory4 ,! accuracy ( ! telegraph op]ator at ,santa ,cl>a enables u to =m a correct idea ( ! c\rse ( ?is wave4 ,8 "t 0 #ad;h4 #ddm4 #cas41 & )9 tw5ty-n9e seconds ( true "t4 ,! elaps$ "t is #gm4 #cas41 & gives = ! direction ( ! seismic wave a c\rse nor? & s\? 79 lieu ( ea/ & we/ 9 my fir/ notice :i* 0 ?us 9 error47 ,i take ?is opportunity to express ! ?anks ( ! ,academy to ?is op]ator = 8 accuracy & k9dness 9 furni%+ u dates 9 ?is & o!r ph5om5a ( sci5tific & public int]e/4 ,! figures d]iv$ f our /ati/ics furni% u ! foll[+ int]e/+ results z to ! frequ5cy ( %ocks 9 "o season ( ! ye> m ?an 9 ano!r4 ,! tables bel[ furni% ! details4 ,x is f\nd f ^! figures t dur+ ! ?irte5 ye>s end+ ,decemb]1 #ahfc3 ,fir/4 ,! numb] ( days on :i* e>?quakes h occurr$1 is "o hundr$ & t54 ,second4 ,! mon? 9 :i* ! greate/ numb] h occurr$ is ,janu>y1 be+ sixte52 & ! mon?s 9 :i* ! lea/ numb] h occurr$1 is ,april & ,febru>y1 ! sum ( ea* be+ six4 ,?ird4 ,! w9t] mon?s h giv5 ! l>ge/ numb] 9 ! aggregate1 ! sum be+ ?irty-f\r4 ,! summ] mon?s ! smalle/ numb]2 _! sum be+ tw5ty-?ree4 ,! spr+ mon?s h giv5 tw5ty-f\r1 & ! autumn mon?s tw5ty-n9e4 ,f\r?4 ,! numb] ( %ocks betwe5 ! equ9oxes foot up ?us4 ,betwe5 ! autumnal & v]nal equ9oxes ! sum is sixty-f\r2 betwe5 ! v]nal & autumnal equ9oxes1 ! sum fifty-two4 ,fif?4 ,! numb] ( %ocks t h tak5 place betwe5 ! sol/ices /& ?us4 ,f ! w9t] to ! summ] sol/ice ! sum is fifty-f\r4 ,f ! summ] to ! w9t] sol/ice1 ! sum is fifty-n9e4 ,,table #a4--;,giv+ ! numb] ( %ocks 9 ea* mon? ( ! ye>1 = ?irte5 ye>s4 --------------------------------------- ,,table4 #ahejaheaahebahecahedaheeahefaheg --------------------------------------- ,jan4 #a #a #b #e #d ,feb4 #a #a #a #a ,m>* #a #a #b #b #b ,april #b #a #a #a ,may #a #c #b #b #b ,june #a #a #a #a #a #a ,july #a #a #b ,augu/ #a #a #b #b ,sept4 #a #a #a #b #b ,octob] #b #b #b #a ,nov4 #a #b #a #a ,dec4 #b #a #a #b #a -------------------------------- ,total4 #e #f #b #ac #aa #ab #af #ag --------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ,,table4 #ahehaheiahfjahfaahfbahfc,total4 ------------------------------------- ,jan4 #a #a #a #af ,feb4 #a #a #f ,m>* #a #h ,april #a #f ,may #aj ,june #a #g ,july #a #a #g ,augu/ #a #a #a #i ,sept4 #d #a #a #ac ,octob] #a #h ,nov4 #a #a #a #h ,dec4 #b #a #a #a #ab ------------------------------------- ,total4 #g #h #d #a #b #f #aaa ------------------------------------- ,,table #b4--,numb] ( %ocks occurr+ betwe5 ! dates ( ! equ9oxes & sol/ices1 = ?irte5 ye>s4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,sept4 #bj? to ,m>* #bj? to ,dec4 #ba/ to ,june #ba/ to ,,table4 ,m>* #bj?4 ,sept4 #bj?4 ,june #ba/4 ,dec4 #ba/4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #ahej #a #d #b #c #ahea #b #d #e #a #aheb #b #b #ahec #aj #e #h #g #ahed #e #g #f #f #ahee #h #d #d #h #ahef #g #i #i #g #aheg #i #h #h #i #aheh #d #c #c #e #ahei #f #b #b #f #ahfj #d #c #a #ahfa #a #a #ahfb #a #a #a #a #ahfc #c #c #c #c ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,total #fd #eb #ed #fj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,i regret t my records ( ! occurr5ce ( e>?quakes ^u ! ea/ coa/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is n m complete ?an x is1 & also t x does n ext5d ?r\gh an equival5t p]iod ( "t z our own1 f #ahej to date2 b ,i h no au!ntic records ( _! occurr5ce on ! o!r side lat] ?an #ahed2 my bus9ess at t "t1 & ! subsequ5t p]iod t has elaps$1 be+ su* t ,i 0 n able to ma9ta9 _! cont9uation4 ,9 ord] to prove ! /atem5t made on a prec$+ page correct z to our relative immunity on ?is coa/ ov] equal ext5t ( t]ritory1 ,i "h subjo9 ! totals on bo? coa/s dur+ t p]iod ( "t4 ,?is /atem5t w also include ^? %ocks :i* 7 matt]s ( record belong+ to ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s1 & :i* prop]ly belong to ! ea/]n-coa/ s]ies4 ,! figures relat+ to ?is matt]1 /&s ?us3 ,9 ,cali=nia dur+ #ahej1 five %ocks2 #ahea1 six %ocks2 #aheb1 two %ocks2 #ahec1 ?irte5 %ocks2 #ahed1 elev5 %ocks4 ,total1 ?irty-sev5 %ocks4 ,9 ,unit$ ,/ates1 ea/ coa/4 #ahej1 ?ree %ocks2 #ahea1 sev5 %ocks2 #aheb1 t5 %ocks2 #ahec1 ?irte5 %ocks2 #ahed1 elev5 %ocks4 ,total1 =ty-f\r %ocks4 ,balance aga9/ ea/ coa/1 sev5 %ocks4 ,we/ ,india ,isl&s4 #aheb1 sev5 %ocks2 #ahec1 ?ree %ocks2 #ahed1 "o %ock4 ,total1 elev5 %ocks4 ,^! inclusive ) ! cont95tal s]ies foot up eighte5 days on :i* %ocks occurr$ 9 excess ( ?is coa/ dur+ ! same p]iod ( "t1 & ?us %[s a m>g9 ( great] frequ5cy ( little m ?an ?irty p] c5t4 ,,erratum4 ,page #aca1 l9e #af f bottom1 = 8an ov50 read 8or ev540 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,may #b;,d1 #ahfd4 ,dr4 ,trask 9 ! ,*air4 ,elev5 memb]s pres5t4 ,donations to ! ,cab9et3 ,specim5s ( dri$ plants1 ! types ( species lately describ$ 9 ^! proce$+s by ,pr(4 ,gray4 ,mr4 ,brew] pres5t$ = ,mr4 ,gabb ! foll[+ pap]3 ,on ,cretace\s ,fossils f ,sahu>ipa ,valley1 ,/ate ( ,sonora1 ,mexico1 discov]$ by ,augu/ ,rmond ,,by ,w4 ,m4 ,,gabb4 ,mr4 ,rmond ann\nc$ 9 a lett] to me1 ! discov]y ( fossilif]\s rocks ab\t a league & a half ea/ ( ,arive*i1 ,sahu>ipa ,valley1 ,sonora1 ,mexico4 ,! fossils occur 9 a clay slate1 & are 9 a f9e /ate ( pres]vation4 ,he says3 8,! %ales re/ on s&/ones1 b>r5 ( fossils2 feldspa?ic porphyries protrude ?r\gh !m1 b no alt]ation ( ! b$s 7 obs]v$ at ! po9ts ( contact4 ,ev5 ! lam9ation ( ! fossilif]\s /rata has n be5 di/urb$1 & %ells are f\nd b a few millimetres f ! porphyry40 ,he adds t ! fossil be>+ /rata may atta9 a ?ickness ( f\r or five hundr$ feet4 ,! %ales are ov]laid by ?ick /rata ( compact bluei% lime/one4 ,! /rata dip to ! s\?-ea/ ) an incl9ation ( f ?irty to fifty degrees1 & =m ! fir/ range ( foot-bills ( ! ,si]ra ,madre4 ,i h id5tifi$ ! foll[+ species on a ha/y exam9ation1 prov+ conclusively ! cretace\s age ( ! =mation4 ,x is an int]e/+ fact1 t ! fossils indicate a clos] relation%ip to ! ea/]n deposits ?an to ^? ( ,cali=nia4 ,turritella s]iatim-granulata ,roem4 ,c>dium ,tippanum8 ,con4 ,*emnitzia 787 gloriosa ,roem4 ,trigonia ,evansii8 ,meek4 ,nei!a quadrico/ata ,s[4 ,exogyra ,texana ,roem4 ,turb9olia ,texana ,con4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,may #af,,?1 #ahfd4 ,presid5t 9 ! ,*air4 ,f\rte5 memb]s pres5t4 ,rev4 ,mr4 ,n]i1 ( ,santa ,cl>a1 0 elect$ a correspond+ memb]4 ,donations to ! ,cab9et3 ,volcanic cem5t1 f ,si]ra ,c\nty1 conta9+ fossil wood2 also a magnesian m9]al1 f a cavity 9 a qu>tz ve9 ne> ,nebraska1 ,si]ra ,c\nty4 ,mr4 ,clayton /at$ t :5 f\nd x 0 gelat9\s1 semi-transp>5t1 & mix$ ) loose qu>tz cry/als2 b on dry+ x %rank greatly 9 bulk & became fibr\s1 l f9e ,asbe/os4 ,! m9]s say t x is n uncommon 9 t locality4 ,se$s ( a l>ge ,melon ,cactus1 f ! ,colorado des]ts2 also se$s ( a f9e nutriti\s 8bun* grass10 f ! dry foot hills ne> ,fresno riv]1 by ,mr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,clayton4 ,mr4 ,brew] /at$ t he _h obta9$ fur!r in=mation reg>d+ ! coal br\ght be=e ! ,academy ,feb4 #ae?1 by ,pr(4 ,blake4 ,on ! au?ority ( ,j4 ,ross ,br[ne & ano!r g5tleman1 he _h le>n$ t no coal occurs 9 ! locality ne> ! ,colorado ,riv] !n m5tion$1 & t ! specim5s 7 ,engli% coal c>ri$ up ! riv] by speculators = ! purpose ( sw9dl+ ! public by sell+ /ock 9 a fictiti\s coal m9e4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,june #f,,?1 #ahfd4 ,presid5t 9 ! ,*air4 ,n9e memb]s pres5t4 ,donations to ! ,cab9et3 ,a piece ( s&/one resembl+ 9 %ape a human foot1 by ,mr4 ,ed4 ,webb]4 ,donations to ! ,libr>y3 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce & ,arts = ,m>*1 #ahfd1 f ! editors4 ,obs]vations on ! ,g5us ,unio1 by ,isaac ,lea1 ,l4,l4,d41 ,vol4 #aj4 ,h[ to collect & obs]ve ,insects1 by ,h4 ,s4 ,pack>d1 ,jr4 ,plants ( ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 & its vic9ity1 by ,g4 ,w4 ,cl9ton4 ,bullet9 ( ! ,museum ( ,zology ( ,cambridge1 ,mass4 pp4 #bi--fj4 ,report ( contributions to ! ,p5nsylvania ,relief ,association = ,ea/ ,t5nessee4 ,proc4 ( ! ,acad4 ,natural ,sci5ces ( ,philadelphia f ,octob] to ,decemb]1 #ahfc1 & ,janu>y & ,febru>y1 #ahfd4 ,contributions to ! ,physics1 etc4 ( ! ,sacram5to ,riv]1 by ,?os4 ,w4 ,logan1 ,m4,d41 extract$ f ! ,pacific ,m$ical & ,surgical ,j\rnal1 ,vol4 #g1 #ahfd1--;f ! au?or4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,june #bj,,?1 #ahfd4 ,presid5t 9 ! ,*air4 ,elev5 memb]s pres5t4 ,c4 ,w4 ,m4 ,smi? & ,dr4 ,mc,clure1 ( ,r$wood ,city1 7 elect$ resid5t memb]s4 ,donations to ! ,cab9et3 ,a l>ge crab1 f ! we/ coa/ ( ,mexico1 by ,g4 ,o4 ,hall]1 ?r\gh ,dr4 ,coop]4 ,donations to ! ,libr>y3 ,report ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution = #ahfb4 ,,adj\rn$ ,,meet+1 ,,july #aa,,?1 #ahfd4 ,dr4 ,trask 9 ! ,*air4 ,sev5 memb]s pres5t4 ,! foll[+ pap] 0 receiv$ f ! au?or1 9 accordance ) ! proposition accept$ by ! ,academy ,dec4 #g?1 #ahfc4 ,descriptions ( ,new ,m>9e ,%ells f ! ,coa/ ( ,cali=nia4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,by ,,philip ,p4 ,,c>p5t]1 ,b4,a41 ,,ph4,d4 ,correspond+ ,memb] ( ! ,acadmies ( ,philadelphia & ,cali=nia1 etc4 ,,w>r+ton1 ,,engl&1 ,may #d?1 #ahfd4 ,! %ells to be describ$ 9 ^! pap]s 7 collect$ by ,dr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,coop]1 = ! ,/ate ,geological ,survey ( ,cali=nia4 ,be+ aw>e t ,i 0 engag$ 9 prep>+ descriptions ( ! %ells ( ! ,smi?sonian collections1 to s]ve z a h&book on ! ,mollusca ( ! we/]n coa/1 & also 7at ! pres5t "t71 a 8,supplem5t>y ,report on ! pres5t /ate ( our k ( ! ,mollusca ( ! we/ coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica10 = ! ,briti% ,association2 he has v oblig+ly transmitt$ to me su* duplicates z c\ld be sp>$ f ! ,/ate collection = id5tification4 ,,callio/oma ,,swa9son1 #ahdj4 ,callio/oma =mosum ,c>p4 n4 sp4 ,/ate ,collection1 ,species #fae a4 ,c4 t4 subelevat1 brunnesc5s1 fusco-purpureo nebulosa1 anfr4 vii4 valde tum5tibus1 suturis impressis2 c>9is majoribus 9 spir duabus1 gemmatis1 int]dum brunneo huc et illuc t9ctis2 s]ie granulorum m9orum prope suturam2 s]ie qu>t m9imorum int] duas c>9as2 lirulis basalibus circ4 ix41 fusco maculatis2 int]/itiis l9eis increm5ti corrugatis2 ap]tur subquadrat4 ,long4 #j4dg1 long4 spir4 #j4cd1 lat4 #j4dc1 div4 #fh4 ,hab4 ,san ,p$ro five2 ,san ,diego f\r dead on bea* at l[ wat]--v r>e4 ,x is well di/+ui%$ by ! two pr9cipal necklaces1 ) small] r[s int]calat+4 ,9 color+ x resembles ,c4 eximium ,reeve1 7v]sicolor ,m5ke1 ,mazatlan ,catal471 f ! ,gulf ( ,cali=nia4 ,callio/oma spl5d5s ,c>p4 n4 sp4 ,/ate ,collection1 ,species #ecj a4 ,c4 t4 p>v1 latiore1 t5uiore2 exquisit rufo-ca/aneo et purpureo1 int]dum int5sioribus1 et livido1 v>ie nebulos et punctat2 anfractu primo nucleoso diaphano1 granuloso1 apice mamillato2 de9 iv4 normalibus1 subtabulatis2 primo co/ibus spiralibus ii4 acutis1 valde expressis1 alt] p>v suturali2 anfr4 p5ult4 co/is iii4 qu>um m$ia extantior1 sup]ior subgranulosa2 anfr4 ult4 aliis int]calantibus1 supra p]iph]iam v4 qu>um t]tia magis extans2 int]/itiis l9eis increm5ti vix decussatis2 co/ circa p]iph]iam angulatam conspicu2 basi co/ulis rotundatis1 haud extantibus1 p]iph]iam et axim v]sus conspicuis1 m$io spe obsoletis2 basi nitid1 subplanat2 ap]tur subquadrat1 intus c>neo-nacre1 valde spl5d5te3 op]culo t5uissimo1 levissimo1 pallido1 diaphano1 concavo2 anfr4 circ4 x4 crebris1 p>um def9itis4 ,long4 #j4bc1 long4 spir4 #j4ae1 lat4 #j4bd1 div4 #hg4 ,hab4 ,mont]ey1 #bj fms4 dr$g$ #b1 dead2 ,santa ,b>b>a1 9 roots ( kelp gr[+ 9 ab\t #aj fms4 #ac1 dr$g$ 9 #af fms4 #b1 dead2 ,s4 ,b4 ,isl&1 #b1 dead1 on bea*2 ,catal9a ,isl&1 #cj-dj fms4 #b1 alive2 ,san ,diego1 #a1 dead4 ,! specim5s "h describ$ are probably mature1 & are well m>k$ 9 "*4 ,! pa9t+ is ri*ly lu/r\s1 ( a fle%y nacre inside2 outside1 ( a ri* orange-*e/nut or r$1 v>i\sly laid on a light gr\nd1 sometimes ) /reaks ( nacre\s purple1 (t5 ) dots on ! ribs4 ,! op]culum is extremely ?9 & transp>5t4 ,,sol>iella ,se>les ,wood1 #ahdc4 ,sol>iella p]amabilis ,c>p4 n4 sp4 ,/ate ,collection1 ,species #ajbe4 ,s4 t4 t5uissim1 elegantissime sculpt1 livid1 rufo-fusco pallide maculat2 anfr4 nucl4 ii4 valde tumidis1 lvibus1 apice mamillato2 de9 anfr4 norm4 iv4 tabulatis1 suturis f]e rectangulatis1 supra spiram bi-seu tri-c>9atis1 c>9ulis aliis po/ea int]calantibus2 tot sup]ficie elegantissime et creb]rime radiatim lirulat1 lirulis acutissimis1 extantibus1 supra c>9as subgranulosis1 int]/itia anfr4 primis f5e/rantibus1 po/ea decussantibus2 basi valde rotundat2 c>9ulis circ4 v41 antic granulos1 sculpt2 umbilico maximo1 anfractus intus mon/rante1 l9eis spiralibus circ4 iii4 di/antibus1 et lirulis radiantibus basi cont9uis1 conc9ne ornato2 ap]tur rotundat1 c>9ulis ind5tat1 vix p>ieti att+5te1 intus iridesc5te1 nacre3 op]culo t5uissimo1 multispirali1 anfr4 circ4 x41 radiatim elegant] rugulosis4 ,long4 #j4ch1 long4 spir4 #j4ai1 lat4 #j4db1 div4 #he4 ,hab4 ,catal9a ,isl&1 #cj-abj fms4 #bj1 bo? alive & dead4 ,! "n ,sol>iella1 giv5 to a crag fossil 7t]ti>y7 species by ,se>les ,wood1 :i* he aft]w>ds reunit$ to ,m>g>ita1 is "h us$ z a subg5us1 9 ! au?or's s5se1 = ,m>g>it ) l>ge cr5at$ umbilicus4 ,?is is "o ( ! _m in/ances 9 :i* ! ,nor? ,pacific fauna c>ries out ! ideas ( ! ,engli% crag4 ,un=tunately1 ! "n appe>s 9 ,add4 ,g54 ,i1 #dca1 = a subg5us ( ,monilea1 ) :i* ^! %ells h only a limit$ aff9ity2 &1 accord+ly1 ! true ,sol>iell h be5 recon/itut$ z "p ( ,m9olia1 ,a4 ,ad4 ,t g5tleman1 h[ev]1 fully accords ) ! pres5t arrangem5t4 ,! ,sol>iell are kn[n f ,tro*iscus1 & f all =ms ( ,sol>iad1 by ! normal 7n inv]t$7 nucle> :irls2 & f ! ,sol>ids1 by ! nacre\s texture4 ,dr4 ,coop]'s v lovely species ( a v lovely gr\p may possibly prove to be a v>iety ( ! ,japanese 8,m9olia aspecta ,a4 ,ad40 ms4 9 ,mus4 ,cum+2 b1 until m specim5s f ea* di/rict h be5 comp>$1 x is m prud5t to keep !m sep>ate4 ,x seems to h exhau/$ ! p[]s ( sculpture on its graceful habitation4 ,"u ! microscope1 ! %>p transv]se lirul1 m\nt+ ov] ! keels1 divid+ ! int]spaces1 & ev5 asc5d+ ! wide umbilicus1 are em95tly beautiful4 ,ev5 ! op]culum is sculptur$ ) delicate wav$ radiat+ l9es4 ,x has ! aspect ( an extremely ?9 ,tor9ia1 ) a funnel-%ap$ umbilicus4 ,?is is n only b\nd$ by a granul> keel1 b has ?ree o!r di/ant spiral l9es cross+ ! lirul4 ,! radiat+ sculpture is m di/ant on ! upp] :irls1 :]e fir/ two1 !n ?ree keels appe>1 f5e/rat$ by ! lirul1 :i* aft]w>ds become mu* clos]1 & are sometimes worn away beh9d ! labrum4 ,,m>g>ita ,lea*1 #ahai4 ,m>g>ita acutico/ata ,c>p4 n4 sp4 ,/ate ,collection1 ,species #ced4 ,m4 t4 ,m4 lirulat simili2 p>v1 t5ui1 albido-c9]e1 olivaceo-fusco v>ie maculat1 seu punctulat2 anfr4 nucleosis ii4 lvibus1 tumidis1 fuscis1 apice mamillato2 anfr4 norm4 iii4 tumidis1 tabulatis1 suturis rectangulatis2 c>9is acutis 9 spir iii41 qu>t p]iph]iali1 quidi/antibus2 int]/itiis spiralit] /riatis2 9 spir et circ basim radiatim creb]rime /riulatis2 basi subrotundat1 lirulis di/antibus circ4 ix4 ornat2 umbilico magno1 infundibuli=mi1 vix angulato1 intus int]dum /riis spiralibus paucis sculpto2 ap]tur subrotundat1 p>iete p>um att+5te3 op]culo anfr4 paucioribus1 circ4 vi4 suturis subelevatis4 ,long4 #j4ah1 long4 spir4 #j4ab1 lat4 #j4ai1 div4 #hg4 ,hab4 ,santa ,b>b>a1 9 kelp-root1 #b1 dead2 ,catal9a ,isl&1 #h-aj fms4 #bj1 "s alive2 ,mont]ey1 #bj fms4 #d1 dead4 ,?is %ell might be tak5 = a delicate =m ( ,gibbula p>cipicta1 :i* 9 pa9t+ x exactly resembles4 ,x is kn[n f ! ,vanc\v] ,m4 lirulata by ! ?ree %>p keels on ! spire1 betwe5 :i* !re are no o!rs int]calat+1 & by ! details ( sculpture4 ,! pat*es ( color are v v>iable1 sometimes sc>cely appe>+2 & are g5]ally deep] t9t$ on ! keels1 giv+ a false appe>ance ( granulation4 ,m>g>ita salmonea ,c>p4 78 v>47 ,/ate ,collection1 ,species #ceb4 ,m4 t4 int] ,m4 undulat et ,m4 pupill int]m$i2 m9ore1 spir satis elevat2 anfr4 nucl4 iii4 purpureis2 de9 iv4 normalibus1 colore salmoneo2 liris spiralibus 9 spir viii41 qu>um ii4 suturales1 m9im2 suturis haud undulatis2 int]/itiis l9eis increm5ti creb]rimis1 haud elevatis1 sculptis2 basi lirulis creb]rimis1 qualibus1 circ4 xviii4 ornat2 ap]tur subquadrat2 umbilico m9ore1 angulato3 op]culo t5uissimo1 diaphano1 anfr4 circ4 x4 vix def9itis4 ,long4 #j4bb1 long4 spir4 #j4ad1 lat4 #j4bb1 div4 #hj4 ,hab4 ,mont]ey1 #f-bj fms4 #e1 alive2 ,catal9a ,isl&1 #cj-dj fms4 #b1 alive4 ,?is %ell diff]s f ! common ,m>g>ita ( ! ,vanc\v] di/rict 7,m4 pupilla ,gld4 callio/oma ,a4 ,ad471 9 its mu* deep] & salmon-t9t$ hue2 its f9] sculpture1 abs5ce ( decussation1 & want ( di/ant lir r\nd ! umbilicus4 ,f ! ,norwegian specim5s ( ,m4 undulata x is kn[n by ! abs5ce ( sutural waves1 & by ! f9] basal riblets1 ( :i* ! int]/ices are m9utely sculptur$ across4 ,! op]culum diff]s f bo?1 9 its great ?9ness & smoo?ness4 ,additional specim5s may bett] display its true relations4#aj ,,liotia ,,gray1 #ahdb4 ,liotia f5e/rata ,c>p4 n4 sp4 ,/ate ,collection1 ,species #ajjf4 ,l4 t4 p>v1 primum subdiscoide1 po/ea v>iante1 albido-c9]e2 anfr4 nucl4 lvibus1 planatis1 apice depresso2 anfr4 norm4 ii4 et dimidio1 convexis2 cla?ris validis di/antibus circ4 xv4 radiantibus1 et vii4 spiralibus1 subquantibus1 conspicue f5e/rat2 ap]tur circul>i1 spius plus m9usve declivi1 p>ieti vix att+5te2 umbilico maximo1 anfractus mon/rante2 labio1 regione umbilic>i1 s9uato4 ,long4 #j4ji1 long4 spir4 #j4jd1 lat4 #j4ab1 div4 #agj4 ,hab4 ,catal9a ,isl&2 bea* to #dj fms4 #bj1 dead4 ,?is /rongly sculptur$ species v>ies greatly 79 ! two specim5s s5t to ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution71 9 ! declivity ( ! m\? & consequ5t size ( ! umbilicus1 :]e ! labium is1 z x 71 scoop$ out4 ,liotia acutico/ata ,c>p4 n4 sp4 ,/ate ,collection1 ,species #eai a4 ,l4 t4 p>v1 subglobos1 alb2 anfr4 nucl4 ii4 lvibus1 apice satis extante2 anfr4 normalibus iii41 c>9is 9 spir maxime extantibus ii41 anfr4 ult4 vi42 suturis subrectangulatis2 ap]tur circul>i2 labro extus p>um contracto2 labio conspicuo2 umbilico haud magno4 ,long4 #j4ab1 long4 spir4 #j4jf1 lat4 #j4aj1 div4 #ie4 ,hab4 ,catal9a ,isl&1 #aj-bj fms4 #d1 alive2 ,mont]ey1 #d1 dead1 dr$g$8 ,?is pretty little ,cyclo/omoid species is easily recogniz$ by ! %>p revolv+ keels1 & abs5ce ( radiat+ sculpture4 ,,amycla ,h4 ,a4 ,adams1 #aheh4 ,amycla undata ,c>p4 n4 sp4 ,/ate ,collection1 ,species #ajfg4 ,a4 t4 p>v rufo-fusc1 turrit1 epid]mide t5ui indut2 m>g9ibus spir subrectis2 anfr4 nucleosis iv4 lvibus1 tumidis1 apice mamillato2 anfr4 normalibus v4 valde tumidis1 suturis impressis2 co/is radiantibus ix4 valde tumidis1 latis1 antice et po/ice obsoletis2 int]/itiis undatis2 liris spiralibus acutioribus1 di/antibus1 co/as sup]antibus1 secundum int]/itia elegant] undulatis1 qu>um vi4--viii4 9 spir mon/rantur2 ap]tur ovali1 9 canalem brevem rectam product1 intus haud lirat2 labro acuto1 labio acuto extanti ad suturam juncto2 columell planat3 op]culo nassoideo4 8 ,long4 #j4dd1 long4 spir4 #j4bj1 lat4 #j4bj1 div4 #de4 ,hab4 ,catal9a ,isl&1 n r>e1 #cj-dj fm4 #aj1 "s alive4 ,! nucle> :irls 9 ?is %ell resemble a m9ute ,palud9a4 ,! only op]culum 9 ! specim5s s5t 0 brok5 9 extraction1 b appe>$ to be ,nassoid4 ,! sculpture consi/s ( elongate knobs swell+ 9 ! middle2 ) spiral l9es hang+ z x 7 f pi] to pi]1 z 9 a susp5sion bridge4 ,! ap]ture is some:at ,columbelloid1 ! inn] & out] lips jo9+ at ! suture2 b nei!r are lirate )91 al?\gh !y h t appe>ance f ! outside sculpture %[+ ?r\gh4 #aj ,specim5s f ,mont]ey1 & "o f ! bea* ( ! ,f>allone ,isl&s1 are int]m$iate betwe5 t describ$ by ,mr4 ,c>p5t] 7,catal9a ,isl& specim57 & ! nor!rn ,m4 pupilla4 ,j4 ,g4 ,,coop]4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,july #ah,,?1 #ahfd4 ,presid5t 9 ! ,*air4 ,n9e memb]s pres5t4 ,donation to ! ,cab9et3 ,specim5s ( native ,sulphur f ,san ,bu5av5tura1 by ,mr4 ,sp5ce4 ,donations to ! ,libr>y3 ,annual ,report ( ,h>v>d ,college1 ,mass4 ,report ( ! ,insane ,asylum ( ,cali=nia4 ,prospectus ( ! ,santa ,cl>a ,college4 ,proce$+s ( ! ,essex ,in/itute1 ,vol4 #d1 ,no4 #a4 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce & ,arts1 ,may1 #ahfd4 ,public ,docum5ts f ,s5ator ,conness4 ,gographie ,botanique ,raisone1 by ,alph4 ,de,candolle1 f ! au?or4 ,dr4 ,coop] /at$ t he _h lately le>n$ f ,mr4 ,gill1 ( ! ,smi?sonian ,museum1 t ! g5us ,,ayresia1 lately describ$ 9 ^! ,proce$+s1 is id5tical ) ,,*romis1 ( ,cuvi]1 ?\gh n ,*romis ( ,ri*>dson1 ) :i* ,dr4 ,c4 _h comp>$ x4 ,! "n ( ! fi% mu/ !re=e be *ang$ to ,,*romis ,,punctip9nis1 ,coop]4 ,col4 ,ransom pres5t$1 on behalf ( ,mr4 ,john ,wilson ( ?is city1 "s ,indian relics1 f ! ,/ate ( ,*ihuahua1 ,mexico1 accompani$ by a lett] ( :i* ! foll[+ is an ab/ract3 ,! relics consi/ ( "p ( a foot & hair f diff]5t mummies1 a /r+ ( beads made ( bone1 ) a few ( blue /one1 also "p ( a belt & tassel1 & a piece ( v /rong clo? ( vegetable mat]ial4 ,^! 7 f\nd by ,mr4 ,wilson 9 a cave situat$ on ! we/]n slope ( a v high m\nta9 ( ! ,si]ra ,madre1 :i* seems almo/ to hang ov] ! anci5t ,pueblo ( ,*iricahui--a "n signify+ ! ,m\nta9 ( ,bones4 ,?is ,pueblo 0 occupi$ by ! ,spani>ds soon aft] ! conque/ by ,cortez2 & f previ\s traditions x is suppos$ by ! inhabitants t ?is cave1 & ano!r on ! opposite side ( ! valley1 _h be5 us$ z a place ( burial by ! natives = sev]al hundr$ ye>s4 ,x is suppos$ t no bodies h be5 deposit$ !re = ! pa/ hundr$ & fifty ye>s1 & p]haps long]4 ,on visit+ ! cave1 ,mr4 ,wilson f\nd an excavation 9 ! floor made ?ree or f\r ye>s s9ce by "s p]sons digg+ = saltpetre-e>?1 p>tly fill$ 91 b /ill sev]al feet deep2 & expos$ at ! sides ( ?is pit 7 sev]al r[s ( bodies plac$ 9 regul> ord] "o above ano!r1 9 a rem>kable /ate ( pres]vation4 ,!y 7 9 a compact position1 ! knees b5t up to ! *91 & ! face drawn back close to ! buttocks1 !n securely sew$ up 9 ! rem>kably /rong & well-wov5 clo? "h pres5t$1 :i*1 on all ( ! f\r or five bodies exam9$1 %[$ ! same degree ( /r5g? & p]fection4 ,ov] ?is 0 ano!r cov]+ ( palm-leaves also sewn closely toge!r4 ,! bodies 7 dri$ & %runk51 b reta9$ _! =m & integum5ts4 ,"u ea* body 7 two small /icks1 on :i* ! body 0 laid on its back1 ! feet t[>ds ! m\? ( ! cave4 ,! circumf]5ce ( ! cave 0 ab\t a hundr$ feet1 & ! height above ! floor1 ?irty or =ty feet4 ,mr4 ,wilson & 8 companions 8came to ! v decid$ conclusion10 t ! floor ( ! cave1 = a dep? ( tw5ty feet or m1 0 =m$ ( bodies simil>ly arrang$ 9 lay]s :i* _h be5 plac$ !re f "t to "t1 z !y di$1 & cov]$ ) e>? & pebbles f ! sides ( ! m\nta9s4 ,!re c be no d\bt t a ?or\gh exploration ( ^! relics w\ld reveal v mu* ( ! lo/ hi/ory ( ! ,indian tribes ( ,mexico1 & ri*ly rew>d ! labors ( ! antiqu>ian4 ,! excell5t mat]ial ( ! clo? 9 :i* ! bodies 7 sewn up1 surpass+ 9 texture & /r5g? any?+ n[ manufactur$ 9 ,mexico1 is wor?y ( inve/igation1 z x may /ill be f\nd valuable = mak+ bags1 sails1 etc4 ,!re 0 no sign ( any embalm+ sub/ance by :i* ! bodies & clo? c\ld h be5 pres]v$1 & ! only explanation sugge/$ by ,mr4 ,wilson is t x is due to ! dryness ( ! atmosph]e1 & ! saltpetre conta9$ 9 ! e>?4 ,he also sugge/$ t ! fibres ( ! clo? may h be5 d]iv$ f ! 8,maguey10 7,agave ,am]icana7 or "s alli$ plant4 ,dr4 ,coop] rem>k$ t ! condition ( ! foot 0 v simil> to ^? ( ! ,indian ,mummy pres5t$ to ! ,academy by ,dr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,/\t1 ,janu>y #ba/1 #ahef1 & :i* _h be5 dri$ by ! action ( ! air1 :ile protect$ f ! wea!r by a c$> canoe inv]t$ ov] ano!r conta9+ ! body4 ,t 0 9 ! moi/ climate ( ,%oalwat] ,bay1 nor? ( ! ,columbia riv]1 & ,dr4 ,coop] :o 0 pres5t at ! "t ! body 0 remov$ by ,capt4 ,russell 9 #ahed1 0 a witness ( ! fact t no pres]vatives _h be5 f\nd ) x4 ,he also /at$ t ! ,indians ( ! vic9ity c\ld n tell h[ long x _h be5 !re1 ?\gh c]ta9ly n a hundr$ ye>s4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,augu/ #a,,/1 #ahfd4 ,presid5t 9 ! ,*air4 ,elev5 memb]s pres5t4 ,donations to ! ,cab9et3 ,a box ( fossils f ,eureka1 ,humboldt ,bay1 by ,dr4 ,*amb]l94 ,fossils f ,catal9a ,isl&1 by ,mr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,clayton4 ,donations to ! ,libr>y3 ,silliman's ,j\rnal = ,july1 #ahfd1 by ! ,editors4 ,a ,description ( ,adiantum ,jordani1 ,c4 ,muell ( ,halle1 by ,r4 ,jordan1 ( ,halle1 ,prussia4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,augu/ #ae,,?1 #ahfd4 ,presid5t 9 ! ,*air4 ,?ree memb]s pres5t4 ,mr4 ,mill] z a visitor4 ,donations to ! ,cab9et3 ,cali=nia ,mosses1 li*5s & liv]-mosses1 by ,mr4 ,h4 ,n4 ,bol&]4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,septemb] #e,,?1 #ahfd4 ,vice-,presid5t1 ,dr4 ,eckel 9 ! ,*air4 ,n9e memb]s pres5t4 ,pr(4 ,b4 ,silliman1 ,jr41 ,dr4 ,ei*l]1 & ,mr4 ,ehr5b]g z visitors4 ,donations to ! ,cab9et3 ,a specim5 ( a wild *]ry f ,catal9a ,isl&1 by ,mr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,clayton4 ,a collection ( plants f ,wa%oe1 by ,mr4 ,bloom]4 ,pr(4 ,b4 ,silliman rem>k$ t 9 8 rec5t visit to ,arizona1 ea/ ( ! ,mohave1 he _h se5 :at he presum$ 7 ! mora9s ( =m] glaci]s on ! ea/]n flanks ( "s ( ! m\nta9 ranges4 ,!y consi/ ( rudely /ratifi$ mat]ials bo? angul> & r\nd1 m+l$ confus$ly toge!r & =m+ t]race-l spurs or embankm5ts radiat+ outw>ds f ! curv$ range & appe>+ to h be5 left !re by glaci]s1 ?\gh no glacial poli%+ & scrat*+ ( ! rocks c\ld be se5 z 9 ! ,si]ra ,nevada opposite ,mono ,lake & else:]e4 ,^! evid5ces ( glaci]s 9 ,arizona 7 ne>ly "u ! #ce? p>allel ( latitude1 & he believ$ t no evid5ce ( glacial action _h be=e be5 obs]v$ on ! ,pacific slope at a po9t s f> s\?4 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,p4 ,blake obs]v$ t ?is 0 c]ta9ly ! fir/ obs]vation ^u glacial ph5om5a 9 ,arizona1 & t he _h not$ evid5ces ( =m] glaci]s 9 ! ,si]ra ,nevada1 z f> s\? z ! ,tejon ,pass1 lat4 #ce1 :]e !re 7 l>ge blocks ( granite deposit$ = miles beyond ! op5+ ( ! valley4 ,pr(4 ,silliman describ$ ! peculi> "* ( ! outcrops ( ! ve9s 9 ! regions ( ! ,el ,dorado ,caon4 ,he f\nd t ne>ly all ve/iges ( ! sulphurets 7 remov$ f ! outcrops1 :ile !y ab\nd$ bel[4 ,! outcrops gave little indication ( ! metal-be>+ "* ( ! ve9s4 ,he _h obs]v$ z he believ$1 at lea/ ?ree di/9ct p]iods ( volcanic activity 9 t region ( ! ,colorado & ,mohave1 two ( :i* p]iods 7 sub-aque\s1 & ! la/ sub-a]ial4 ,! lava-/reams g5]ally appe>$ to h be5 p\r$ out aft] ! face ( ! c\ntry _h already assum$ its pres5t =m4 ,! volcanic outfl[s ?\gh ext5sive _h n mat]ially modifi$ ! topography ( ! c\ntry4 ,mr4 ,ehr5b]g /at$ t ! copp] ores 9 ! vic9ity ( ,la ,paz1 & ,m9]al ,city1 ,arizona1 7 g5]ally arg5tif]\s1 sometimes giv+ results by assay z high z #bjj p] ton4 ,! ores beyond t di/rict did n appe> to conta9 mu*4 ,! quicksilv] ore at ! ,eug5ie ve9 conta9$ bo? silv] & copp]4 ,doctor ,behr pres5t$ ! foll[+ pap]3 ,notes on ,cali=nian ,satyrides4 ,,by ,,h]man ,,behr1 ,m4 ,d4 ,,*ionobas ,,nevad5sis4 ,boisduval1 9 litt]is4 ,a few specim5s ( ?is new & z yet undescrib$ ,*ionobas1 7 caught by ,mr4 ,lorqu91 ! discov]] ( ! species1 & nam$ by ,dr4 ,boisduval4 ,n possess+ a s+le specim5 ( ?is r>e species1 ,i am n able to give a diagnosis1 & h only an indi/9ct recollection1 t ! species bore mo/ resemblance to ! ,g]ontogeic1 ,*4 ,t>peja1 a ,sib]ian species t has also be5 f\nd on ! summit ( ! ,app59es1 9 ,italy1 b t 9 size x is sup]ior to any ,*ionobas kn[n to me4 ,,satyrus ,,/h5ele ,boisd4 ,is r common ne> ,san ,francisco1 :]e x is f\nd 9 ,june4 ,only "o g5]ation annually4 ,,satyrus ,,sylve/ris ,edw>ds4 ,edw>ds' description %[s v cle>ly ! m>ks by :i* ,s4 ,sylve/ris c be recogniz$ f ,s4 ,/h5ele4 ,?is species is f\nd on grassy hills ?9ly cov]$ ) live-oak1 :]e its habits %[ a v m>k$ diff]5ce f ^? ( its relations1 by pref]r+ ! und]side ( oak bran*es to any o!r seat1 :ile ,/h5ele & ,boopis almo/ exclusively settle on ! gr\nd4 ,,satyrus ,,boopis ,behr4 ,/h5ele similis at limbus non tesselatus1 s$ l9ea transv]sa di/9cte p>titus et fm9 ocelli al>um sup]iorum 9 fascia dilutiori positi4 ,alae subtusdimidiat p>s radicalis brunnea1 m>g9alis grisea1 m>g9em v]sus brunnesc5s4 ,utraque m>morata1 halone ocellorum 9 alis anticis solo excepto dilutiori et concolori4 ,?is ,satyrus is ! bigge/ ( our ,cali=nian species1 ! male be+ ne>ly d\ble ! size ( ! female ( ,s4 ,sylve/ris4 ,i f9d ?is ,satyrus 9 ,july 9 ,contra ,co/a1 on ! hills z well z on ! pla9s4 ,9 reg>d to ! diagnosis ( ^! ?ree closely alli$ species1 ,i w\ld m5tion1 t ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( "o or two m or less di/9ct eye-m>ks1 on ! upp] or "u side ne> ! anal angle ( ! h9d w+s1 is ( no diagno/ic importance4 ,s4 ,,ariane ,boisd4 ,i confess ,i c n f9d any con/ant m>k ( diff]5ce betwe5 ?is species & ,s4 ,alope1 ,nephele1 & ,pegala1 h[ev] diff]5t at fir/ glance _! =ms may appe>4 ,i am v mu* incl9$ to consid] !m local ab]rations ( "o f> spread species1 t gradually slopes f ,s4 ,pegala ,fabr41 ?r\gh ,s4 ,ariane ,boisd4 to ,s4 ,nephele & ,s4 ,alope ,fabr41 9 a simil> way z ! ,g]ontogeic ,p4 ,eg]ia ,l4 looks v diff]5t f its ,african =m ,p4 ,xiphia ,fabr41 ) :i*1 nev]!less1 x is ins5sibly unit$ by its int]m$iate =m ,p4 ,meone4 ,all my ,cali=nian specim5s agree p]fectly ) ,dr4 ,boisduval's diagnosis ( ,s4 ,ariane2 ) ! exception ( "o t approa*es to ,s4 ,pegala1 by its hav+ only "o eye-m>k on ! upp] side ( ! ant]ior w+s1 b diff]s by ! entire abs5ce ( ! wide ru/y b& on ! same4 ,! specim5 0 among sev]al und\bt$ ,s4 ,ariane1 caught ne> ,mono ,lake1 by ,pr(4 ,brew]1 ( ! ,/ate ,geological ,survey4 ,besides ! above m5tion$ locality1 ,i receiv$ specim5s f ,san ,diego & ,santa ,cruz4 ,ne> ,san ,francisco ! species is want+4 ,z to ,s4 ,/h5ele & ,s4 ,sylve/ris1 ,i ent]ta9 no d\bts reg>d+ _! rights z di/9ct species1 b ,s4 ,boopis be+ only di/+ui%$ by ! abs5ce ( ! s]ies ( eyes on ! "u side ( ! h9d w+s f ,s4 ,nephele1 may1 p]haps1 prove a local v>iety or ab]ration ( t mo/ polymorph\s & f> spread species ,s4 ,alope4 ,9 ! mean "t1 until ! connect+ =ms are f\nd1 ,i consid] x to be specifically di/9ct4 ,,co5onympha ,hubn]4 ,c4 ,galact9a4 ,boisd4 ,i consid] ?is species z id5tical ) ,c4 ,cali=nica ,dbld4 ,at lea/ ,i f9d 9 a long s]ies ( specim5s1 no po9t :]e ,cali=nica ends & ,galact9a beg9s4 ,c4 ,galact9a1 accord+ to ,boisduval1 exi/s also 9 ,kamts*atka4 ,9 ,cali=nia x is "o ( ! commone/ species ( ,diurnals1 & is f\nd 9 ! mo/ diff]5t localities1 9 sev]al g5]ations ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,!re exi/s a second ,cnonympha 9 "s seque/]$ valleys ( ! ,nor!rn ,si]ra1 t approa*es 9 its coloration1 ! ,european ,c4 ,pamphilas4 ,i h only se5 "o pair ( ?is species1 & n possess+ x1 ,i c n give a diagnosis4 ,x may be t x is id5tical ) ,c4 ,inornata1 ,edw41 or ,c4 ,o*racea1 ,edw41 or "s o!r ,nor!rn species4 ,extratropical ,am]ica is n ri* 9 ,satyrides1 if comp>$ to ! same latitudes 9 ,europe or ,asia1 & ,cali=nia is especially poor4 ,,europe4 ,,cali=nia4 ,arge1 ---- ,erebia1 ---- ,*ionobas1 ,*ionabas1 ,satyrus1 ,satyrus1 ,p>>ga1 ---- ,ep9ephele1 ---- ,cnonympha1 ,cnonympha4 ,!re are sev5 ,european g5]a1 ea* ( !m repres5t$ by a :ole s]ies ( species connect+ diff]5t types4 ,9 ,cali=nia !re are only ?ree ( :i* none is kn[n to conta9 m ?an f\r species4 ,! ,atlantic ,/ates add "s tropical g5]a to ! ?ree g5]a already obta9$ 9 ,cali=nia1 viz43 ,neonympha ,hubn]1 ,hyph?ima ,hubn]1 ,debis ,dbld41 & ,cali/o ,hubn]4 ,! g5us ,cali/o seems to be conf9$ to subtropical ,nor? ,am]ica2 ! g5us ,neonympha spreads 9 num]\s species ?r\gh ! tropics ( ,am]ica1 & trespasses only 9 a few species ! ,canc]2 ,hyph?ima is f\nd 9 _m species 9 ! tropics ( ! ,old ,_w1 & x is a v curi\s circum/ance1 t "o species ( ?is ess5tially ,g]ontogeic g5us %\ld be f\nd 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates4 ,b ! two ,am]ican species ( ! g5us ,debis1 are ev5 m int]e/+1 = all o!r species ( ?is g5us1 are conf9$ to ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago4 ,! metamorphoses ( ! ,satyrides1 are only ) difficulty to be inve/igat$4 ,!y fe$ z f> z !y are kn[n1 on ,monocotyl$one\s plants1 ! extra-tropical ones1 ) "o exception p]haps1 exclusively on ,gram9ace\s plants4 ,! ,cat]pill>s %un ! sunlight & hide !mselves 9 ! grass4 ,"s ( !m bury !mselves 9 ! daytime 9 ! gr\nd & fe$ only at night4 ,! tropical species fe$+ on ,scitam9ace\s1 ,aroide\s plants1 palms1 & arboresc5t grasses1 sport ! %ady ?ickets ( tropical =e/s1 9 ^: twilight dep?s1 mo/ ( ! species are also f\nd 9 _! imago /ate4 ,o!r ones l "s ( ! ,morphonides1 & ev5 "s ,nymphalides ( ! tropics1 sp5d _! days hidd5 "u ! luxuriant foliage ( primeval =e/s & beg9 _! flight only aft] sunset4 ,9 a mo/ int]e/+ treatise on ! *>act]i/ics ( ! insect fauna ( ! 8,:ite ,m\nta9s10 by ,samuel ,h4 ,scudd]1 7,bo/on ,j\rnal1 ,vol4 ,,vii1 ,"p ,,iv71 ,i f9d ! description ( ! ,cat]pill> ( ,*ionobas ,semidea1 ,edw41 ) a notice t x 0 f\nd on ,li*54 ,?is w\ld prove a mo/ rem>kable exception1 z all ! o!r ,satyrides fe$ on ,monocotyl$one\s plants4 ,nev]!less1 l>v ( ,artic types are g5]ally polyphag\s1 & adapt$ to "s degree1 to accommodate !mselves to circum/ances1 & s ,i w\ld n ent]ta9 any d\bts ab\t ! fe$+ plant ( ! ,*ionobas1 if x 7 n = ! circum/ance t ,mr4 ,scudd] confesses t he did n succe$ 9 br++ ! ,cat]pill>1 ) ,li*51 to p]fection4 ,p]haps ! ,cat]pill> f$ on grass1 or p]haps "s ,c>ex1 & 0 only1 by "s accid5t1 compell$ to crawl to ! li*5-cov]$ /one1 :]e t g5tleman f\nd x4 ,i hope to he> v soon ab\t ?is mo/ int]e/+ object1 = ,i consid] ! discov]y ( ! metamorphoses ( "o insect1 a m valuable fact ?an ! diagnoses ( t5 new species1 ( :i* we d n "k m ?an ! ext]nal appe>ance4 ,pr(4 ,wm4 ,p4 ,blake pres5t$ ! foll[+ pap]s3 ,note on a l>ge lump ( ,gold f\nd on ! ,middle =k ( ! ,am]ican ,riv]4 ,,by ,,pr(4 ,,wm4 ,p4 ,,blake4 ,9 ,july la/1 a mass ( gold ne>ly free f qu>tz1 0 tak5 out ( a plac] on ! ,middle ,=k ( ! ,am]ican ,riv]1 ab\t two miles above ,mi*egan ,bluffs4 ,x weigh$1 z tak5 out1 #ahg ounces troy1 & sold = #ag4ej p] ounce1 nett+ ! f9d] #c1bgb4ej4 ,9 melt+1 a loss ( six ounces 0 exp]i5c$4 ,!re 0 a fur!r loss to ! pur*as]1 f ! poor quality ( ! gold1 ! assay return ( :i* ,i h n yet be5 able to obta94 ,! ord9>y gold ( ! claim is wor? #ag4ej4 ,x is a s+ul> fact1 (t5 rem>k$ by deal]s1 t ! l>ge lumps ( gold are almo/ always poor] 9 quality ?an ! small] ord9>y gra9s f ! same plac]s4 ,note on ! ,fossil rema9s ( ! ,horse & ,elephant1 m+l$1 at ,m>e ,isl&1 ,san ,francisco ,bay4 ,,by ,,pr(4 ,,wm4 ,p4 ,,blake4 ,! entire l[] jaw & tee? ( a horse1 ! fragm5ts ( :i* ,i exhibit to ! ,academy1 7 tak5 by me f ! face ( ! %ore cliff ( ,m>e ,isl&1 toge!r ) brok5 pieces ( bones ( o!r l>ge quadrup$s4 ,! tee? ( an ,elephas _h be5 f\nd 9 ! same place1 a few weeks be=e1 by ,mr4 ,br[n1 ! ,naval ,eng9e]1 by :om my att5tion 0 direct$ to ! place4 ,! fossils occur 9 a /iff s&y loam1 :i* re/s on ! erod$ surface ( ! ,t]ti>y or ,cretace\s b$s bel[4 ,ne> ! surface is a lay] ( oy/] %ells1 app>5tly an uprais$ b$1 mo/ ( ! %ells be+ entire4 ,! fact t ! ,horse & ,elephant roam$ toge!r ov] our hills & pla9s1 at ! dawn (1 or be=e ! human p]iod1 is c]ta9ly n )\t int]e/4 ,ammonites or ,c]atites f ,oregon ,b>1 ,middle ,=k ( ! ,am]ican ,riv]4 ,,by ,,pr(4 ,,wm4 ,p4 ,,blake4 ,! specim5 :i* ,i exhibit to ! ,society ?is ev5+1 is f ! collection ( ,j4 ,j4 ,spe>1 ( ?is city4 ,x 0 k9dly loan$ to me by t g5tleman = exam9ation4 ,n wi%+ to risk ! specim51 by s5d+ x to a paleontologi/ at ! ,ea/1 ,i _h x photograph$1 & s5t a copy to ,f4 ,b4 ,meek1 ,esq41 ( ,wa%+ton4 ,x is n possible to det]m9e f ! specim51 :e!r ^! fossils are new or n1 or ev51 :e!r !y are ,ammonites or ,c]atites4 ,!y appe> to be n unlike ! fossils describ$ by ,dr4 ,trask1 "u ! "n ( ,a4 ,*iceonsis1 ,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,cal42 b x is n safe to id5tify !m1 )\t ! sept c be cle>ly made out4 ,!re are sev]al ca/s 9 an argillace\s1 some:at micace\s slate4 ,?is locality is ab\t #ae miles f ,coloma4 ,x is n c]ta91 :e!r ! specim5 0 tak5 f ! slates 9 place1 or brok5 f a loose mass4 ,mr4 ,moore pres5t$ ! foll[+ pap]3 ,on ,bru%ite1 a new m9]al occurr+ 9 ,phosphatic ,guano4 ,,by ,,gideon ,e4 ,,moore1 ,,ph4 ,b4 ,9 ! spr+ ( ! pres5t ye>1 ,i receiv$ ?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,wm4 ,e4 ,br[n1 ,esq41 ( ,m>e ,isl&1 9 ?is ,/ate1 a specim5 ( a m9]al discov]$ by him 9 a c>go ( phosphatic guano1 at ,camd51 ,n4 ,j4 ,! locality f :i* x 0 d]iv$1 is n kn[n1 & ?\gh lett]s ( enquiry h be5 s5t to ! p>ties to :om ! c>go 0 orig9ally consign$1 no reply has be5 receiv$ up to ?is date4 ,! texture & appe>ance ( ! guano w\ld1 h[ev]1 po9t to "s "o ( ! ,c>ibbean ,isl&s1 & m p>ticul>ly1 to ! ,isl& ( ,sombr]o1 z its probable s\rce4 ,x is v probable t ! m9]al may be recogniz$ among ! cry/alliz$ products occurr+ 9 o!r guano deposits4 ,9 ! specim5 9 my possession1 ! m9]al occurs fill+ seams 9 ! guano1 v>y+ f to ( an in* 9 wid?4 ,! matrix itself is ( ! v>iety kn[n z rock guano4 ,x possesses an oolitic /ructure & a br[ni% :ite color1 int]sp]s$ ) small spots ( pure :ite4 ,! m9]al is 9 ! =m ( small b v p]fect & brilliant cry/als ) a cleavage 9 ! direction ( _! greate/ l5g?1 ne>ly equal to t ( sel5ite2 ! lam91 be+ also slightly flexible1 z 9 ! case ( ! latt] species4 ,h>dness1 #b4be 7,moh's scale74 ,specific gravity1 #b4bjh1 7mean ( two det]m9ations74 ,color1 yell[i% :ite4 ,transp>5t4 ,lu/re1 vitre\s spl5d5t1 incl9+ to pe>ly on ! cleavage faces4 ,:5 heat$ 9 a clos$ tube be=e ! bl[pipe1 x :it5s & gives (f wat]1 at an incipi5t r$ heat4 ,9 ! plat9a =ceps1 x fuses ) intumesc5ce1 at ab\t #b4 ( ,von ,kobbell's scale1 t++ ! flame ) ! peculi> gre5 *>act]i/ic ( phosphoric acid4 ,! button =m$ by fusion1 cry/allizes on cool+1 %[+ num]\s brilliant facets4 ,readily soluble1 ev5 9 co>se cry/als1 9 dilute nitric & hydro*loric acids4 ,a qualitative analysis1 reveal$ ! pres5ce ( ,lime1 ,phosphoric acid1 & wat]1 ) b>ely disc]nable traces ( ,magnesia & ,alum9a4 ,! quantity ( m9]al at my disposal 0 v small1 sc>cely exce$+ "o gramme 9 weight4 ,9 ea* ( ! foll[+ analyses1 ! wat] 0 det]m9$ 9 #j4b grammes1 ! rema9+ #j4c grammes be+ employ$ 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! ,lime & ,phosphoric acid4 ,! results 7 z foll[s3 #a4 #b4 ,lime #cb4fe #cb4gc ,phosphoric acid #da4ej #da4cb ,wat] #bf4cc #bf4dj ------ ------ #ajj4dh #ajj4de ,^! figures agree exactly ) ! composition ( ! neutral tri-basic phosphate ( lime 7#b ,ca,o41 ,h ,o1 ,p ,o71 ) ! addition ( f\r equival5ts ( wat] ( cry/allization1 7#b ,ca,o1 ,h ,o1 ,p ,o #d aq47 viz43 #b ,ca,o #ef4bf #cb4ei ,p ,o #ga4cf #da4cd ,h ,o #i4jj #bf4jg #d ,aq #cf4jj ------ ------ #agb4fb #ajj4jj ,9 ! pol>iz+ microscope1 ! m9]al %[s a vivid succession ( colors4 ,a sample has be5 s5t to ,pr(4 ,j4 ,d4 ,dana1 :o has k9dly und]tak5 ! /udy ( its cry/allographic *>act]s1 & ,i hope1 9 a %ort "t1 to be able to communicate ! results ( 8 inve/igations to ! ,academy4 ,x is ) v great pleasure1 t ,i d$icate ?is species to ,pr(4 ,geo4 ,j4 ,bru%1 ( ,yale ,college1 to ^: unwe>i$ zeal & effici5t labors1 ,am]ican ,m9]alogy /&s s deeply indebt$4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,sept4 #ai,,?1 #ahfd4 ,presid5t 9 ! ,*air4 ,sev5 memb]s pres5t4 ,pr(4 ,rudolpho ,h4 ,philippi1 ( ,santiago1 0 duly elect$ an honor>y memb]1 & ,mr4 ,w4 ,b4 ,ew]1 ( ?is city1 a resid5t memb] ( ! ,academy4 ,donations to ! ,cab9et3 ,a box ( %ells1 conta9+ #abj species1 f ,panama1 by ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution4 ,ano!r box1 m>k$ ,c4 ,s4 ,l41 conta9+ #hf species ( %ells4 ,donations to ! ,libr>y3 ,smi?sonian ,contribution to ,k1 ,vol #ac4 ,na*ri*t5 von d] ,georg-,augu/s-,univ]sitt ( ,gtt+51 ,nos4 #a & #b1 #ahfc4 ,v]h&lung5 d] ,r4 ,r4 ,zoologis*-botanis*5 ,gesells*aft 9 ,wi54 ,jahrgang #ahfc ,hefte ,i1 ,,ii1 ,,iii1 ,,iv von ,bd4 ,,xiii4 ,v]h&lung5 des ,natur'h ,v]e9s d] ,preuss4 ,rhe9l&e und ,we/phal5s #bj/r4 ,jahrgang1 ,bog4 #a-aj und ,bog4 #aa-dc1 #ahfc4 ,smi?sonian ,miscellane\s ,collections1 ,vol #e1 #ahfc4 ,gloss>ia ,l+u>um ,brasili5sium1 von ,dr4 ,c4 ,f4 ,phil4 von ,m>tius1 ,erlang5 #ahfc4 ,monographie d] ,oe/rid5 von ,f4 ,brau]1 #c vol4 ,(v]si*t ( ,r4 ,vet5skaps-,akademi5s ,frh&l+>4 ,/ockholm1 #ahfj1 #ahfa1 #ahfb4 ,sitzungsb]i*te d] ,k4 ,bav>ian ,acad4 d] ,wiss5s*aft5 zu ,mn*5 #ahfc1 ,hefte ,i1 ,,ii1 ,,iii1 und doppelheft ,,iv1 #ahfc4 ,r$e von ,j4 ,freih]rn von ,liebig #ahfe4 ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,horticult4 ,society1 #ahfc4 ,hypsometrie von ,mhr5 und /r4 ,s*lesi51 von ,c>l ,kori/ka ,brn1 #ahfc4 ,abh&lung5 d] ,ma?-phys4 classe d] ,k4 ,bay]4 ,acad4 d] ,viss5s*aft5 ,ab!il4 #aaa1 ,bd4 #i1 #ahfc4 ,von dem ,re*ts ,zu/&e unt] d5 ,ure9wohn]n ,brasili5s von ,dr4 von ,m>tius4 ,jahrbu* d] ,geol4 ,rei*san/alt1 ,bd4 #ac1 ,nm4 #b1 #c1 #d1 #ahfc4 ,eilft] ,jahres-,b]i*t des ,wi5] ,v]e9s1 #ahfa4 ,zwlft] ,jahres-,b]i*t des ,wi5] ,v]e9s1 #ahfb4 ,kongliga ,sv5ska ,vet5skaps ,acadmi5s ,frh&l+>1 ,bd4 #c1 #ahei1 ,bd4 #c1 #ahfj1 ,bd4 #d1 #ahfa4 ,n$]l&s*4 ,meteorol4 ,ya>boek1 #ahfb4 ,annals ( ! ,lyceum ( ,nat4 ,hi/ory ( ,new ,york1 ,vol4 #g1 #ahfb1 ,vol4 #h1 "p ,i1 #ahfc4 ,d] ,zoolog4 ,g>t5 ,frankfurt1 ,jahrg4 #d1 ,nrs4 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 ,jahrg4 #e1 ,nr4 #a4 ,b]i*t b] e9ige im ,ni$]5 ,ges5ke und im ,h>tzgebirge ausgefhrte ,hh5messung51 ,wi51 #ahfa4 ,das ,geograph4 ,sy/em d] ,w9de von ,dr4 ,m4 ,h4 ,f4 ,pre/el ,emd51 #ahfc4 ,mmoires de l',acad4 ,imp4 des ,sci5ces de ,/4 ,pet]sb\rg1 ,,vii ,srie1 ,tome #d1 ,no4 #aj et #aa1 ,tome #d1 feuilles #bf #cf1 ,tome #e1 feuilles #a #h4 ,dr4 ,w9sl[1 a =m] memb] ( ! ,academy1 0 introduc$ by ,mr4 ,boynton1 & made "s int]e/+ rem>ks ^u 8 travels 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,oct4 #c;,d1 #ahfd4 ,presid5t 9 ! ,*air4 ,eight memb]s pres5t4 ,mr4 ,h9smann & ,b>on ,?url[ z visitors4 ,donations to ! ,libr>y3 ,a supplem5t to ! ,t]re/rial air-brea?+ ,mollusks ( ! ,u4 ,s41 by ,w4 ,g4 ,b9ney4 ,pr(4 ,brew] gave an acc\nt ( rec5t explorations 9 ! ,si]ra ,nevada1 by ! p>ty connect$ ) ! ,/ate ,geological ,survey4 ,! exploration ext5d$ f ,k]n ,riv] to ! ,yosemite ,valley1 & 0 peculi>ly ri* 9 sci5tific results4 ,! cre/ ( ! *a9 is v high2 along ! :ole ( ?is di/ance1 ! high peaks1 ris+ to above #ac1jjj feet1 ! culm9ation be+ betwe5 ! s\rces ( ! ,k]n & ,k+s ,riv]s1 :]e !re are a numb] ( peaks ov] #ad1jjj feet1 & "o ab\t #ae1jjj feet 9 height4 ,along ! :ole ( ?is1 !re are abundant traces ( glaci]s1 "s ( ! mora9s ( :i* are truly gigantic1 f> surpass+ any?+ else ( ! k9d yet f\nd 9 ! ,/ate4 ,! caons ( all ! pr9cipal /reams are v deep & abrupt4 ,! ,big ,trees or ,sequoias1 7 f\nd ov] a l>ge area1 ext5d+ p]haps #be miles along ! we/]n slope1 along ! tribut>ies ( ! ,san ,joaqu91 ,k+s1 ,kaweah1 ,tule & ,k]n ,riv]s4 ,! am\nt ( sn[ 9 ?is "p ( ! si]ras1 is app>5tly v mu* less ?an usually occurs4 ,pr(4 ,wm4 ,p4 ,blake1 read ! foll[+3 ,note on ! discov]y ( ,fossils 9 ! ,aurif]\s ,slate =mation ( ! ,m>iposa ,e/ate1 ,cali=nia1 & ! probable geological age4 ,,by ,,pr(4 ,,wm4 ,p4 ,,blake4 ,dur+ a rec5t visit to ! ,m>iposa ,e/ate1 ,m>iposa ,c\nty1 my att5tion 0 call$ to "s organic rema9s 9 ! slates1 ne> ,be> ,valley1 by ,miss ,err+ton1 a lady :o takes an en?usia/ic int]e/ 9 ! sci5ces ( geology & m9]alogy1 & has = "s "t pa/1 be5 seek+ = fossils 9 ! gold =mation ( t neighborhood4 ,"o ( ! specim5s 0 ! ca/ ( a bivalve %ell1 & appe>$ to me to be a ,plagio/oma4 ,on fur!r se>*1 we f\nd o!r specim5s1 "s ( :i* mu* resemble ,inoc]amus1 to :i* ,i am incl9$ to ref] !m4 ,c]ta9 long tubul> cavities 9 ! slates1 m>k$ ) heavy l9es1 & slightly conv]g+1 seem$ to be ca/s ( long1 ne>ly cyl9drical %ells1 possibly ,n]9a4 ,^! =ms w\ld indicate a ,jurassic or ,cretace\s age = ! =mation4 ,i propose to submit ^! specim5s to a compet5t ,palontologi/1 at ! ,ea/1 = exam9ation1 & to d$icate "o ( ! species1 if new1 to ,miss ,err+ton4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,oct4 #ag,,?1 #ahfd4 ,presid5t 9 ! ,*air4 ,sev5 memb]s pres5t4 ,donations to ! ,cab9et2 ,a fossil too? ( ,elephant1 & sev]al fossil tee? ( ,horse1 f ,well+ton's ,/ation1 on ! road f ,c>son ,valley to ,aurora1 by ,mr4 ,clayton4 ,specim5s ( silv] ore f ! ,osceola ,lode1 ,montgom]y ,di/rict1 #fj miles ,s4,e4 ( ,aurora1 & specim5s ( silv] ore f ,be> ,m\nta91 ,calav]as ,c\nty1 by ,mr4 ,clayton4 ,donations to ! ,libr>y3 ,fragm5ta ,phytographi ,au/ralis1 ,vols4 #a1 #b1 #c1 & "p ( ,vol4 #d4 ,transactions ( ! ,philosophical ,society ( ,victoria1 ,vols #a to #e4 ,! plants indig5\s to ! ,colony ( ,victoria1 ,vol4 #a4 ,all donat$ by ,dr4 ,f]d9& ,muell]1 ,director ( ! ,botanical ,g>d5 at ,melb\rne4 ,mr4 ,clayton made ! foll[+ rem>ks 9 reg>d to 8 donations above m5tion$3 ,! tee? 7 f\nd ne> ,walk]s ,riv]1 ab\t "o mile bel[ ! resid5ce ( ,mr4 ,g4 ,e4 ,well+ton1 on ! ,c>son ,riv] & ,aurora ,road4 ,?is riv] cuts ?r\gh a high range ( hills imm$iately we/ ( ,well+ton's1 & ent]s a l>ge bas9 or valley1 :i* is "s ?irty miles long1 f nor? to s\?1 by tw5ty miles wide1 f we/ to ea/4 ,aft] pass+ ?r\gh ?is valley to ! ea/w>d1 ! riv] ent]s ano!r caon ( consid]able ext5t1 & !n empties into ,walk]s ,lake1 9 ! s\?we/ portion ( ! great bas94 ,! banks ( ! riv] are =m$ ( gravel1 s&1 & clay cem5t1 conta9+ soda & calc>e\s matt]1 :i* =ms a :ite cru/ on ! surface ( ! /ones & pebbles4 ,! cem5t bluffs along ! riv]1 are f #f or #h to #bj feet high1 & are cut out by *anges 9 ! *annel dur+ high wat]4 ,9 "o ( ^! rec5t cutt+s1 ! l>ge too? 0 f\nd1 ) "p ( ! upp] jaw & o!r portions ( ! skeleton4 ,!re has be5 no excavation made1 z yet1 to uncov] o!r portions ( ! skeleton1 b ,mr4 ,well+ton has promis$ to h x done1 & to secure z mu* ( ! skeleton z possible1 = ! ,society's collections4 ,! small tee? 7 f\nd ab\t five feet bel[ ! surface 9 ! solid cem5t1 by "s p>ties t 7 digg+ a grave4 ,q a numb] ( tee? 7 f\nd1 b ) ! exception ( ! two j pres5t$ to ! ,society1 !y 7 n pres]v$4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,nov4 #ba,,/1 #ahfd4 ,presid5t 9 ! ,*air4 ,sev5 memb]s pres5t4 ,rev4 ,horatio ,/ebb9s 0 duly elect$ a resid5t memb]1 ,mr4 ,edw>d ,bosqui a life memb]1 & ,mr4 ,g4 ,e4 ,well+ton1 ( ,nevada1 a correspond+ memb]1 ( ! ,academy4 ,donations to ! ,cab9et3 ,specim5s ( ,corals f ! ,hiton gr\p ( ,isl&s1 also a photograph ( a ,fungus ,ag>icus1 f ! ,society ,isl&s1 by ,mr4 ,hubb>d1 on behalf ( ,mr4 ,&rew ,g>rett4 ,two specim5s ( ,inoc]amus1 f ,seattle1 ,puget ,s\nd1 by ,mr4 ,hubb>d4 ,mr4 ,gabb pres5t$ ! foll[+ pap]s3 ,notes on "s ,fossils f ! ,gold ,be>+ ,slates ( ,m>iposa1 ) description ( "s new species4 ,,by ,,wm4 ,m4 ,,gabb4 ,?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,miss ,err+ton1 ( ,be> ,valley1 ,m>iposa ,c\nty1 ,i h _h ! opportunity ( exam9+ a s]ies ( fossils1 discov]$ by t lady on ! ,m>iposa ,e/ate4 ,! %ells appe> to be ( ,jurassic age4 ,! g5]a s f> recogniz$1 are ,belemnites1 ,nucula or ,l$a1 ,lima1 ,pect51 & ,pholadomya4 ,! foll[+ are suffici5tly p]fect = description4 ,full] descriptions & figures w be publi%$ h]eaft] 9 ! ,geological ,report ( ! ,/ate4 ,,lima1 ,brug4 ,l4 ,err+toni ,g4 ,%ell v oblique1 sides subp>allel2 beaks small2 ant]ior end prom95tly r\nd$1 slop+ ) a broad curve bel[ to ! base2 po/]ior side ne>ly /raight1 cont9u+ upw>ds 9 a long n>r[ e>2 ant]ior e> obsolete 7874 ,surface m>k$ by /rong conc5tric undulations1 cross$ on ! upp] & po/]ior portions by f9e radiat+ l9es4 ,l5g?1 #b4be in*es2 wid?1 #a in*4 ,! specim5s are all v mu* compress$1 & may be some:at di/ort$ 9 =m1 ?\gh ! outl9es are v ne>ly uni=m 9 all ( ! specim5s4 ,,pholadomya1 ,s[4 ,p4 orbiculata ,g4 ,compress$1 sub-circul>2 beaks r prom95t1 ne>ly c5tral2 ant]ior end & base regul>ly r\nd$2 po/]ior end slightly produc$1 m prom95t bel[ ?an above4 ,surface ornam5t$ by conc5tric ribs1 irregul> 9 size1 cross$ by undulat+1 radiat+ l9es on ! ant]ior half ( ! %ell4 ,^! l9es become gradually obsolete & disappe> on or ab\t ! middle ( all ( ! specim5s1 al?\gh m p]fect examples might %[ !m cont9u+ fur!r4 ,height1 f a slightly di/ort$ specim51 #a4a in*2 wid?1 #a4c in*4 ,l ! prec$+ species1 all ( ! specim5s h suff]$ consid]ably by compression2 & _h we p]fect specim5s1 ! %ell w\ld be f\nd to be q convex4 ,,belemnites4 ,b4 ,pacificus ,g4 ,long1 sl5d]1 tap]+ v gradually & ) a slight convexity to ! tip4 ,section1 sub-elliptical2 alveolus deep & n>r[4 ,a specim5 #c in*es long1 measures 4#ce 94 9 diamet] 9 ! middle4 ,"o ca/ has be5 f\nd ) a diamet] ( 4#i in* at ! broade/ "p4 ,i fir/ discov]$ ?is species1 z imp]fect ca/s1 9 ! slates ne> ,spani% ,flat1 ,el ,dorado ,c\nty4 ,s9ce !n1 num]\s fragm5ts & ca/s h be5 f\nd at ,m>iposa1 by ,mr4 ,c4 ,r4 ,k+ & ,miss ,err+ton4 ,communication on ! ,san ,luis ,obispo ,quicksilv] ,fossils4 ,,by ,,wm4 ,m4 ,,gabb4 ,mr4 ,attwood has rec5tly pres5t$ to ! collection ( ! ,/ate ,geological ,survey1 a s]ies ( ,fossils collect$ by himself1 9 ! =mation 9 :i* ! ,san ,luis ,obispo c9nab> deposits occur4 ,?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,pr(4 ,b4 ,silliman1 ,jr4 ,i h _h ! opportunity ( exam9+ ano!r small collection1 made by t g5tleman1 at ! same locality4 ,i consid] ! result ( suffici5t int]e/ to w>rant a special communication on ! subject4 ,! ,fossils1 ?\gh few 9 numb] ( species1 po9t unequivocally to ! ,mioc5e =mation1 ! species be+ among ! mo/ famili> =ms 9 ! middle deposit ( t =mation 9 ,cali=nia4 ,!y 73 ,dos9ia pond]osa1 ,saxidomus aratus1 ,conus ravus ,c4 ,cali=nicus ,reeve1 ,turritella ,ocoyana ,con41 ,natica1 probably ,n4 ,recluziana1 ,pect5 ,pablo5sis ,con41 ,pallium ,e/rellanum ,con41 ,c>*>odon rectus ,agas4 a ,balanus & "o or two small %ells too imp]fect = det]m9ation4 ,mr4 ,moore pres5t$ on behalf ( ,pr(4 ,dana1 ! foll[+ pap]3 ,on ! ,cry/allization ( ,bru%ite4 ,,by ,,james ,d4 ,,dana1 ,l4,l4,d41 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,m9]alogy ,,9 ,,yale ,,college4 ,! specim5s ( ! m9]al ,bru%ite1 :i* ,i h _h "u cry/allographic exam9ation1 7 receiv$ f ,mr4 ,g4 ,e4 ,moore1 ! discov]] ( ! species4 ,! cry/als are sl5d] prisms1 n ov] a ?ird ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,a common =m 7conta9+ all ! obs]v$ planes71 is %[n 9 ! annex$ figure4 ,! prisms are monocl9ic1 & are (t5 flatt5$1 p>allel to ! cl9odiagonal1 z "h repres5t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4 ,cleavage is p]fect1 p>allel ( ! cl9odiagonal section1 or ! plane i2 also di/9ct p>allel to ! l9e cl1 z app>5t (t5 9 ! cross fractures ( ! cry/als1 & by occasional /ri4 ,?is plane ( cleavage may be tak5 z ! basal plane ,o4 ,! planes ,i & l are brilliant1 especially ! =m]4 ,! oblique plane situat$ on ! back side 9 ! figure1 & :i* may be call$ r1 is q r\gh1 ow+ to ! oscillatory comb9ation betwe5 two hemi-octah$ral planes4 ,9 _m ( ! cry/als1 only ! "r "o ( ! two planes ,i is pres5t1 & also only ! left "o ( ! two planes l4 ,! prisms frequ5tly t]m9ate above 9 an irregul> edge1 made by ! meet+ ( ! "o1 or two1 planes ,i1 & ! r\gh plane r1 & ?is edge is sometimes cut (f1 m or less deeply1 by a s+le oblique plane1 :i* is "o ( ! planes l4 ,accord+ to measurem5ts ) ! reflective goniomet]2 ,i 3 ,i #adb #bf' ,i 3 i #ajh #dg' l 3 i #aja #dj' ,i 3 l #aef #bj' 7approximately47 ,! incl9ation ( ! ,i on l c\ld n be accurately measur$1 on acc\nt ( ! m9ut5ess ( ! planes 9 ! cry/als1 9 :i* bo? planes occur1 & ! want ( p]fection 9 ! reflection4 ,! angle obta9$ = l3i w\ld give1 = l3l1 #aef #dj'4 ,by measurem5t ) a goniomet] atta*$ to a comp\nd microscope1 ! plane angle betwe5 ! l9es ( cross cleavage1 or cl1 & ! edge ,i3,i 7:i* equals ! incl9ation ( ,o on ! or?odiagonal section1 or a plane ii7 0 f\nd to be #aag-aag2 & t betwe5 edge ,i3,i & edge l3l 7:i* equals ii on li1 bo? unobs]v$ planes7 #ie-ie3 :5ce ,o3li w\ld equal approximately #adg #cj'4 ,! incl9ation ( ! r\gh plane r on ! edge l3l is ab\t #aaj1 b v>ies mu*4 ,! results ( calculation1 tak+ z data ! above m5tion$ angles ,i3,i & l3ii1 along ) ! incl9ation ( ,o to ii #aag #ae'1 & t ( ! edge l3l 7or l7 to ii #ie #ae' are z foll[s3 ,c 7 ,o 3 i7 #aag #ae' & #fb #de' a 7v]t4 axis7 3 ,o 7cl9odiag47 3 c #j4ecif 3 #a 3 #b4fad l 3 l #aef #df' -l 3 -l 7unobs]v$ planes7 #afd #bb' ,! species is relat$ 9 =m to ,vivianite1 9 :i* a 3 b 3 #b;c #a4jgib 3 #a 3 #b4fad4 ,! cry/als ( ! two species are also alike 9 ! p]fect & pe>ly cl9odiagonal cleavage4 ,on new ,cali=nian ,m>9e ,%ells4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,,by ,,philip ,p4 ,,c>p5t]1 ,,ph4 ,d41 ,,( ,,w>r+ton1 ,,engl&4 ,g5us ,,collonia1 ,gray1 #aheb4 ,?is g5us 0 e/abli%$ 79 ,engli%7 by ,dr4 ,gray1 = ,turb9ate %ells hav+ an 8op]culum circul>1 ) _m gradually enl>g$ :irls1 ) a convex ext]nal rib & c5tral pit40 ,! type 7/ill appe>+ z su* 9 ! ,b4 ,m4 ,col47 is a smoo? fossil f ,grignon1 ,delph9ula m>g9ata1 ,lam41 ) a keel$ & cr5at$ umbilicus1 l ,phillippia4 ,ano!r 7,african7 %ell is jo9$ to ! diagnosis1 ) ! foll[+ brief description3 8,c4 /riata1 ,gray4 ,%ell r$1 :ite m>bl$1 /riat$40 ,x is quot$ by ,phillippi1 ,h&b4 ,con*4 p4 #bjf1 :o assigns z a type ,t4 sangu9eus1 ,l9n4 ,= ?is species & its cong5]s1 we n[ propose a subg5us ,,leptonyx1 z !y d n agree ) ! type4 ,! g5us 0 recon/itut$ by ,messrs4 ,adams1 ,g54 i4 #cif = %ells ) 8imp]=ate axis & contract$ ap]ture30 ! description ( ! op]culum be+ copi$ f ,gray4 ,! type is n[ 8,c4 m>g9ata1 ,nutt40 pl4 #dd1 f4 #b1 ! op]culum ( :i* is figur$ z ) few :irls4 ,! same description & figure are giv5 9 ,*5u1 ,manuel i4 #cdh1 f4 #befj4 ,! error seems to h aris5 ?us4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,adams 7:o act$ = ! #8firm' dur+ 8 bro!r's long abs5ce 9 ,japan17 probably took ,gray's ,c4 m>g9ata to be ! #8,turbo m>g9atus1 ,nutt4' ( ,reeve1 & f ?is species z type1 describ$ ! g5us to be imp]=ate1 etc4 ,un=tunately1 ,dr4 ,gray did n obs]ve ! error1 :i* _h aris5 f conf\nd+ two diff]5t %ells call$ m>g9atus2 & 9 8 guide to ,mollusca 79 loco7 he adopts ! description ( ,messrs4 ,adams2 s t ,collonia1 ,gray1 7hodie7 ,collonia1 ,add41 b n ,collonia1 ,gray1 7olim74 ,( ! species arrang$ by ,mr4 ,h4 ,adams "u ,collonia1 "s may belong to ! orig9al g5us3 "s are includ$ "u ,cynisca1 ,a4 ,ad42 & "o 7,turbo phasianella1 ,c4 ,b4 ,ad47 appe>s to be ,eucosmia4 ,!y appe> 9 ! ,br4 ,mus4 ,col4 di/ribut$ betwe5 ,gibbula & ,phot9ula4 ,! true ,turbo m>g9atus ( ,nutt4 is ! ord9>y black ,cali=nian ,*loro/oma1 l m/us1 & well nam$ f its frill$ m>g9 ne> ! suture4 ,b ! label hav+ become affix$ to ! ,t4 m>g9atus ,rve4 7:i* mu/ /& z ,reeve's species & n ,nuttall's7 ! ,cali=nian %ell 0 left )\t "n1 & 0 describ$ by ,mr4 ,a4 ,adams z ,*l4 funebrale1 "u :i* "n x mu/ /& z ,nuttal's prior "n 0 7un=tunately7 9 ,,ms4 only4 ,! "n ,collonia m>g9ata mu/ /& = ! orig9al fossil ( ,lam>ck4 ,x is probable t ,reeve's %ell belongs to ano!r gr\p2 else x mu/1 accord+ to ! usual cu/om ( honor+ error1 be call$ ,c4 ,reevei4 ,= ! ,cali=nian species1 :i* are imp]=ate & h a ?91 smoo? op]culum1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,adams & ,i propose to =m a subg5us ,leptonyx2 a diagnosis ( :i* w appe> 9 ! next pap]1 aft] ! =eign species h be5 exam9$4 ,! foll[+ are ! ,cali=nian =ms4 ,leptonyx sangu9eus1 ,l9n4 ,h4 t4 p>v1 solid1 rubr1 anfr4 ,v4 subtum5tibus1 suturis plus m9usve impressis2 co/ulis spiralibus plus m9usve rotundatis c9ct1 qu>um iv4-viii4 9 spir mon/rantur2 ap]tur subcircul>i2 columell t4 adolesc5te fove basali et d5te ut 9 #8,modulo' munit2 adult1 callositate t5ui labiali1 foveam teg5te1 obscure bid5tat2 labio t5ui1 cont9uo2 umbilico nullo4 ,hab4 ,m$it]ranean1 ,phillippi1 ,hanley4 ,japan1 ,a4 ,adams4 ,mont]ey1 ,jewett1 ,taylor1 ,coop]4 ,neeah ,bay1 ,w4,t41 ,swan4 ,turbo sangu9eus1 ,ln4 ,sy/4 ,nat4 ,ed4 #ab1 p4 #abce3--,phil4 ,moll4 ,sic4 9 loco3 ,hanl4 ,ips4 ,l94 ,con*1 9 loco4 ,t4 ,bellii1 ,mi*aud 9 ,mus4 ,p>is3 te/e ,hanl4 ,non 8,turbo sangu9eus1 ,l9n40 ,rve4 ,con*4 ,ic4 sp4 #ee3 ,t4 cocc9eus1 ,de%4 ,globulus roseus1 ,*em4 te/e ,rve4 ,nec 7,gibbula7 sangu9ea1 ,risso4 ,reeve says ( 8 %ell4 8,i am n q sure t ?is is ! ,t4 sangu9eus ( ,l9nu1 b h e reason to believe x is40 ,t is1 e reason except ! "o only conv9c+ pro(1 :i* 0 s easy to a ,london naturali/1 an inspection ( ! orig9al type 9 ! ,l9nan ,collection4 ,a m]e glance at ?is w\ld h expos$ 8 error4 ,reeve's %ell is :iti%1 ) blood-r$ spots1 & is probably a ,s4 ,african species4 ,:e!r ,l9nu describ$ f ,m$it]ranean or ,japanese specim5s1 _c be told f 8 rubb$ %ells2 nor z yet h suffici5tly p]fect specim5s be5 comp>$ f ! two oceans2 b no "* has be5 obs]v$ by :i* !y c be sep>at$4 ,! great au?or obta9$ 8 ,alg]9e & 8 ,philipp9e %ells f ! ,sw$i% consuls2 & ,japanese species may h be5 mix$ ) ! latt]4 ,x is v r>e 9 ! ,m$it]ranean2 common 9 ,japan2 common also at ,vanc\v]2 b r>e fur!r s\?4 ,x is1 we believe1 ! only ,cali=nian %ell describ$ by ! fa!r ( mod]n ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,! specim5s v>y v greatly 9 /r5g? ( sculpture4 ,!re is also a purple v>iety4 ,leptonyx 7sangu9eus1 v>47 purpureum4 ,h4 t4 #8,h4 sangu9eo' simili1 s$ purpureo fusc2 lirulis spiralibus crebioribus1 int]/itiis p>vis1 labio obsoleto4 ,hab4 ,/a4 ,cruz1 ,r[ell4 ,mont]ey1 ,coop]4 ,neeah ,bay1 ,swan4 ,leptonyx bacula1 ,c>p4 ,l4 t4 8,l4 sangu9eo1 jun40 simili2 s$ rufoc9]e1 sculptur obsolet2 anfr4 iv4 planatis1 suturis vix di/9ctis1 m>g9ibus spir valde excurvatis2 lirulis obsoletis latioribus1 et circa basim /riis crebris1 vix sculpt2 ap]tura rotundat1 declivi2 columell vix callos4 ,long4 #j4jh1 long4 spir4 #j4jf2 lat4 #j4ad4 ,hab4 ,catal9a ,is41 dead on bea*2 ,coop]1 ,no4 #ajef4 ,?is unpret5d+ little %ell resembles on ! back "o ( ! small ,helic94 ,x diff]s f ,l4 sangu9eus 9 its small size1 a%y color1 flatt5$ sutures1 & ne>ly obsolete sculpture4 ,a groove 9 ! some:at call\s columella1 cont9u$ slightly r\nd ! labrum1 seems int5d$ = ! broad-m>g9$ op]culum ( ! g5us4 ,,annual ,,meet+1 ,,jan4 #i,,?1 #ahfe4 ,presid5t1 ,col4 ,ransom1 9 ! *air4 ,twelve memb]s pres5t4 ,!odore ,bloom] 0 elect$ a resid5t memb]4 ,! ,annual reports ( ! (fic]s 7 receiv$1 z foll[s3 ,! report ( ! ,treasur] 0 ref]r$ to ! ,f9ance ,committee4 ,! reports ( ! ,curators 7 receiv$ & accept$4 ,! ,committee on nom9ations report$ ! foll[+ li/ ( (fic]s = ! ye> #ahfe1 :i* 0 duly elect$4 ,,presid5t4 ,,col4 ,l4 ,,ransom4 ,,vice-,,presid5ts4 ,j4 ,n4 ,,eckel1 ,m4 ,d41 ,j4 ,b4 ,,trask1 ,m4 ,d4 ,,correspond+ ,,secret>y4 ,w4 ,o4 ,,ayres1 ,m4 ,d4 ,,record+ ,,secret>y4 ,t4 ,h4 ,,bloom]4 ,,libr>ian4 ,,pr(4 ,j4 ,d4 ,,:itney4 ,,treasur]4 ,,samuel ,,hubb>d4 ,,curators4 ,m9]alogy ,g4 ,e4 ,,moore ,palontology ,,wm4 ,m4 ,,gabb ,botany ,h4 ,n4 ,,bol&] ,zoology ,e4 ,f4 ,,lorqu9 ,con*ology ,r4 ,e4 ,c4 ,,/e>ns ,entomology ,,dr4 ,h4 ,,behr ,donations to ! ,cab9et 7 receiv$ z foll[s3 f ,dr4 ,c4 ,t4 ,jackson1 specim5 ( ,corundum & ,m>g>ite4 ,mr4 ,gabb pres5t$1 on behalf ( ! au?ors1 ! foll[+ pap]s3 ,on ,cali=nian ,lepidopt]a4 ,,by ,,h]man ,,behr1 ,m4 ,d4 ,,eryc9id ,,nemeobius ,boisd4 ,n4 ,dumeti ,behr4 ,al supra nigr1 fasciis duabus albis signat1 alt]a m$ias p] alas transgr$i5te1 alt]a p] spatium int] fasciam m$iam et m>g9em1 utraque h9c int]rupta vel macal>i4 ,al ant]iores a radice ad fasciam m$iam fulv1 maculis quatuor quadrangul>ibus nigro m>g9atis signat4 ,al subtus grisesc5tes1 m>g9em v]sus dilutiores4 ,ant]iores a radice ad fasciam m$iam fulv1 cet]um ut supra signat1 po/]iores fascias demon/rant ut supra1 s$ conflu5tes1 et h9c c\fusas4 ,?is species is f\nd 9 "s p>ts ( ,cali=nia1 & always 9 localities t are cov]$ by ! peculi> vegetation call$ ,*ap>ral4 ,n ,virgulti1 ,behr4 ,al supra nigr1 fulvo mixt1 fasciis duabus signat1 alt]a m$ias p] alas transgr$i5te1 colore fulvo f]e ubique obducta1 alt]a p] spatium int] fasciam m$iam et m>g9em ad punctorum alborum s]iem r$ucta4 ,al ant]iores usque ad m>g9em f]e fulv1 fascia int]m$ia maculisque disci albis1 nigro m>g9atis4 ,m>go al>um ant]iorum1 alque po/]iores tot grisesc5tes punctis maculisque albis1 nigro m>g9atis v>iegat4 ,?is species 0 f\nd ne> ,los ,angeles1 by ,mr4 ,lorqu91 :o gave me sev]al specim5s4 ,9 ! male ! black color is m pr$om9at+1 9 ! female ! fulv\s coloration4 ,= ! sake ( complet+ ?is s]ies ( diagnoses1 ,i give "h ! description ( a ?ird species1 t ,i receiv$1 by ! k9dness ( ,dr4 ,d9klage1 f ! ,si]ra ,madre1 9 ! neighborhood ( ,mazatlan4 ,i ?9k x indisp5sable to give ! m>ks ( ?is closely alli$ ,nemeobius1 z ,i am ( ! op9ion t ?us errors w mo/ effectually be avoid$4 ,n4 ,mejicanus1 ,behr4 ,al supra fulv1 m>g9em v]sus brunne1 fasciis maculisque ord9>iis omnibus albis nigro m>g9atis in/ruct4 ,subtus al ant]iores fulv1 apice et m>g9e grisesc5tes1 fasciis et maculis ut supra4 ,al po/]iores grisesc5tes1 macalis albis et nigro m>g9atis et conflu5tibus cum colore univ]sali irregul>it] v>iegat4 ,! mo/ positive & /rik+ po9ts ( diff]5ce w\ld be ?us3 #a4 ,n4 ,dumeti4 ,=e w+s alone %[ a fulv\s coloration on ! upp]side4 ,b&s & spots p]fectly :ite4 #b4 ,n4 ,mejicanus4 ,all w+s are occupi$ ) x1 till beyond ! second b&1 :]e ! br[ni% coloration ( ! m>g9 beg9s4 ,b&s & spots p]fectly :ite4 #c4 ,n4 ,virgulti4 ,ext5sion ( ! fulv\s z 9 ! prec$+1 b all ! space m or less occupi$ by black4 ,middle b& ne>ly altoge!r fulv\s1 o!r b&s & spots :ite4 ,z mu* z we "k1 ! type ( ?is g5us ,n4 ,luc9a ,l1 0 ! only species kn[n h]et(ore1 & x is ano!r pro( ( ! v>i\s repetition ( types on occid5tal coa/s1 t we h to add ?ree ,pacific repres5tatives ( a g5us fir/ disc]n$ 9 a s+le ,european species4 ,! gr\p ( ! ,eryc9ides belongs ess5tially to tropical ,am]ica4 ,! be=em5tion$ ,nemeobius ,luc9a is ! only ,european repres5tative ( ?is num]\s & polymorph\s gr\p4 ,besides ?is1 !re exi/ "s few ,asiatic memb]s ( ?is family1 v ab]rant 9 _! type1 sc>cely kn[n & insuffici5tly exam9$1 s t possibly !y may belong some:]e else4 ,9 ,am]ica ! tropical g5]a ,nymphidia & ,lemonias1 ext5d beyond ! ,canc] on ! ,atlantic side2 b on ! ,pacific side reappe>s ! ,european g5us ,nemeobius1 ext5d+ into ! ,tropics1 & seems to f9d "h its v c5tre4 ,description ( ,new ,species ( ,l& ,%ells4 ,,by ,w4 ,,newcomb1 ,m4,d4 ,helix ,blakeana1 ,newc4 ,hel4 te/a unicolor flavido-alba1 rotundato1 semi-globosa1 nitida1 translucida2 umbilico amplo1 pr(undo et p>um obtecto2 apice obtuso2 anfractibus sex1 convexis1 tribus sup]ioribus sub-planis1 reliquiis rapide accresc5tibus1 ultimo inflato2 sutura b5e impressa2 ap]tur rotundato-lun>e2 p]i/omate t5ue1 ex panso-reflexo cum columell sub-late dilatat1 non adnat4 ,alt4 #g pol41 ,diam maj4 #aa pol41 m94 #a pol4 ,hab4 ,insula ,niphon--,japan1 7te/e ,blake74 ,%ell uni=mly yell[i% :ite1 r\nd$1 half globul>1 %9+1 transluc5t2 umbilicus l>ge1 deep & slightly cov]$2 apex obtuse2 :orls six1 convex1 ! ?ree fir/ ne>ly on ! same plane1 ! balance rapidly increas+1 ! la/ swoll52 suture well m>k$2 ap]ture r\ndly lun>2 lip ?91 flatly reflect$1 at ! columella broadly dilat$ b n adh]5t4 ,,note4--,9 g5]al =m & color1 ?is species makes a ne>] approa* to ,h4 c&ida1 ,moric&1 ?an to any species ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$4 ,x v>ies 9 ! less elevation1 9 ! =m ( ! spire1 & 9 "s o!r respects4 ,pr(essor ,blake _h rem>kable facilities = collect+ 9 ,japan1 b un=tunately ! mice prov$ s de/ructive to 8 t]re/rial %ells1 z to leave him b few specim5s z ! result ( 8 labor4 ,helix declivis1 ,newc4 ,hel4 te/a p]spectivo-umbilicata1 l5ticul>e1 oblique /riata1 t5ue1 pallide-cornea2 anfr4 ,,iv1 planulatis1 ultimo declivi1 9 m$io sub-c>9ato2 sutura sub-canuliculata2 p]is4 fragile1 simplici3 ap]tura obliquo-sub-rotundata4 ,alt4 #a pol41 ,diam4 maj4 #c pol41 m94 #b pol4 ,hab4 ,insula ,niphon1 7,japan74 ,%ell p]spectively umbilicate1 l5ticul>1 obliquely /riate1 ?91 pale horn color2 :orls f\r1 planulate1 ! la/ %elv+ d[n to ! c5tre1 :i* is obscurely keel$2 suture *annell$2 lip fragile1 simple2 ap]ture oblique1 almo/ r\nd4 ,,rem>ks4--,be>s "s resemblance to ,h4 rud]ata1 ,/ud41 a species common 9 ,europe1 f :i* x may readily be di/+ui%$ by comp>ison4 ,,note4--,! ,japanese species h]e9 describ$1 7 collect$ by ,pr(essor ,blake1 9 ! int]ior ( ! ,isl& ( ,niphon1 out ( ! range p]mitt$ to =eign travel4 ,! ,pr(essor1 :o 0 employ$ by ! ,japanese ,gov]nm5t z a special geologi/1 _h ! privilege ( p5etrat+ di/ricts n be=e visit$ by any sci5tific or m]cantile =eign]4 ,! foll[+ species ( ,helices 7 also among ^? collect$3 ,helix peliomphala1 ,pfr41 7,mon4 ,hel4 viv4 ,vol4 #d1 ,sp4 #agfd74 ,h4 quesita1 ,de%ayes1 7,reeve's ,mon4 fig4 #acee74 ,h4 ,p]ryi1 ,jay1 7,p]ry's ,exp$4 ,vol4 #b1 page #bid1 ,plate #e1 fig4 #g1 #h1 #i74 ,h4 ,simoda1 ,jay1 7d4 fig4 #a to #f74 ,"s d\bt may exi/ z to ! ,h4 quesita be+ id5tical ) ,h4 ,p]ryi4 ,b "o specim5 0 pres]v$1 & ?is fully agrees ) ! description & figure ( ! fir/ nam$1 b ! locality = ! species is giv5 z ! 8,moluccas40 ,x also agrees 7except 9 col\r7 ) ,dr4 ,jay's description1 & also 9 ! v poor figures illu/rat+ ! species ( ,h4 ,p]ryi4 ,! only "q 9 my m9d is "o reg>d+ locality4 ,helix ,cronkhitei1 ,newc4 ,hel4 te/a ap]ta umbilicata1 depressa1 luteo-cornea sub-l5te regul>it] co/ulato-/riata2 spira depressa-convexa2 sutura excavata2 anfractibus quatuor1 sub-cyl9draceis2 umbilica ampla1 sub-p]spectiva2 ap]tura rotundata2 p]i/omate simplici1 acuto1 m>g9ibus conniv5tibus4 ,alt4 #ae pol41 ,diam4 maj4 #b pol41 m94 #ae pol4 ,hab4 ,klama? ,valley1 ,oregon1 7,gabb74 ,%ell op5ly umbilicate1 depress$1 yell[i% horn col\r1 "u ! glass regul>ly rib /riat$2 spire depress$1 a little convex2 suture wide & deep2 :orls f\r1 r cyl9drical2 umbilicus l>ge1 indi/9ctly p]spective2 ap]ture r\nd$2 lip simple1 acute1 m>g9s approximat+4 ,,rem>ks4--,mr4 ,bl& may possibly ref] to ?is species z ,h4 /riatella1 ,an?ony1 :i* 0 obta9$ by ,dr4 ,coop] on ! ,pacific side ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 7,see add5da to 8,rem>ks on ,classification1 etc410 #ahfc74 ,?is species is c]ta9ly di/9ct f /riatella1 by its small] size1 rib-l co/a1 & almo/ *annell$ suture4 ,a few specim5s 7 obta9$ by ,mr4 ,gabb1 ( ! ,/ate ,geological ,survey1 9 ,klama? ,valley1 :i* 7 collect$ jo9tly by himself & ,dr4 ,cronkhite1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army4 ,helix ,r[elli1 ,newc4 ,hel4 te/a ap]ta-umbilicata1 orbiculato depressa1 alba1 opaca1 polita1 m9utissimo-oblique /riata2 anfractibus quatuor vel qu9que convexis1 ultimo magno antice deflexo2 spira vix elevata1 apice sub-mamillato2 sutura modice impressa2 ap]tura f]e circul>i2 labro t5ui1 reflexiusculo1 m>g9ibus cont9uis ad juncturam2 anfr4 ultimo adnato4 ,alt4 #d pol41 ,diam4 maj4 #f pol41 m94 #e pol4 ,hab4 ,arizona1 7dicto ,frick74 ,%ell ) op5 umbilicus1 orbicul>1 depress$1 opaque :ite1 poli%$1 v f9ely obliquely /riate2 :orls f\r & a half1 convex1 ! la/ l>ge1 ant]iorly desc5d+2 spire b little elevat$1 at ! apex project+ l a nipple2 suture mod]ately m>k$2 ap]ture truly circul>2 lip ?91 slightly reflect$1 m>g9s cont9u$1 adh]+ to ! la/ :irl4 ,,rem>ks4--,?is is ano!r ( ! ,cyclo/omoid species ( :i* ,h4 ,c>p5t]i1 ,newc41 ,h4 ,crulano1 ,muhl41 & ,h4 ,angasiana1 ,pfr4 =m /rik+ examples4 ,our species approa*es ne>] 9 lightness ( sub/ance & 9 its depress$ =m to ,muhlfeldt's %ell1 ?an to ei!r ! o!rs4 ,i take pleasure 9 d$icat+ ?is species to ! ,rev4 ,m4 ,r[ell1 ( ,san ,francisco4 ,succ9ea ,japonica1 ,newc4 ,s4 te/a ovato-conica1 flavido-cornea1 lvissima1 /riatula1 nitida1 pellucida2 anfractibus ,,iii1 nucleo sane mamillato1 ultimo #de longitud9is f]e quante2 ap]tura elongato-ovali2 p]i/omate simplici2 columell regul>it] arcuata ad juncturam labro sup]iorem acuto-angulata4 ,long4 #ee1 ,diam4 #ce1 ,ap]t4 long4 #d1 lata4 #bcc pol4 ,hab4 ,japan1 7,pr(4 ,blake74 ,%ell ovately-conic1 yell[i% horn color1 v smoo?1 f9ely /riate1 %9+1 pellucid2 :irls ?ree1 nucleus truly mamillate1 ! la/ f\r-fif?s ( ! entire l5g?2 ap]ture elongately ovate2 lip simple2 columella regul>ly ar*$2 at ! juncture ( ! lip above1 acutely angul>4 ,rem>ks on ,helix ,hillebr&i1 ,newc4 ,at ! "t ( publication ( ?is species1 b a s+le rec5t specim5 _h be5 obta9$1 & t 0 fre$ f ! epid]mis4 ,! /atem5t t ! %ell 0 hirsute1 0 f\nd$ ^u ! cicatrices obs]v$ ^u ! surface1 ,mr4 ,gabb1 :o has rec5tly return$ f a trip to ,m>iposa1 0 successful 9 f9d+ a few specim5s1 by :i* ! diagnosis may be enl>g$1 & conjecture resolv$ into c]ta9ty4 ,! :ole surface is cov]$ ) an epid]mis1 ( a yell[i% br[n col\r1 ?ickly /udd$ ) slightly curv$ rigid hairs ab\t "o-tw5tie? ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,! animal is ( a r$di% br[n color1 ) ! t5tacles ( a smoky hue2 t5tacul> %ea?s d>k] ?an ! body1 :i* is small1 sl5d]1 f9ely granulat$ & unusually long & tap]+ beh9d4 ,! %ell be>s ! same relations to ,h4 ,dupetit ,?\>si1 ,de%ayes1 t ,helix infumata1 ,g\ld1 be> to ,h4 fidelis1 ,gray4 ,9 ! description ( infumata1 an important omission occurs1 ow+ d\btless to ! imp]fect condition ( ! type specim54 ,9 good specim5s1 all ( ! la/ :irl1 except a circle r\nd ! umbilicus1 is cov]$ ) v %ort & ?ickly /udd$ s(t hairs1 feel+ h>% :5 dry1 b velvety to ! t\* :5 moi/5$4 ,a*at9ella ,alex&ri1 ,newc4 ,a*4 te/a p]=ata1 s9i/rorsa1 elongato sub-cyl9dracea1 nitida1 rufo-brunnea1 nigro-elongato-v5ulato-inosculante picta2 anfr4 ,,vi convexis1 regul>it] accresc5tibus2 apice obtusiusculo2 sutura modice impressa1 non em>g9ata2 ap]tura p>va1 sub-ovata2 labro acuto2 columella alba breve1 sub-recta1 truncata1 infra 9 plicam tortam t]m9ante4 ,long4 #f pol41 ,diam4 #be pol41 ,ap]4 long4 #b pol4 #a lata4 ,hab4 ,insula ,s&wi*1 7,maui74 ,%ell p]=at$1 left h&$1 elongately sub-cyl9drical1 %9+1 r$di%-br[n1 ) pa9t+ ( elongate1 inosculat+ black ve9s2 :irls six convex1 regul>ly 7b sl[ly7 increas+2 apex a little obtuse2 suture mod]ately impress$1 n em>g9ate2 ap]ture small1 sub-ovate2 lip acute2 columella :ite1 %ort1 almo/ /raight1 truncate1 t]m9at+ by a twi/$ plait pass+ )94 ,?is species is m cyl9drical ?an any ( its cong5]s1 resembl+ mo/ ,a4 ,r5yi1 ,newc41 :i* is long]1 n umbilicate1 m po9t$ at ! apex1 ) a twi/$1 n truncate columella4 ,f v5u/a & citr9a1 ,mighels1 x v>ies bo? 9 =m & color4 ,) "s v>ieties ( picta x claims analogy only 9 ! g5]al plan ( pa9t+4 ,its /rik+ *>act]i/ics are its blunt apex1 slightly r\nd$ :orls1 small ap]ture1 %ort & :ite columella1 umbilicus1 & g5]al plan ( color+4 ,a few specim5s 7 collect$ at an elevation ( #g1ejj feet1 on ,we/ ,maui1 by ! ,rev4 ,m4 ,alex&]1 to :om ! species is d$icat$4 ,description ( ,new ,species ( ,m>9e ,%ells f ! ,coa/ ( ,cali=nia4 ,,by ,,wm4 ,m4 ,,gabb4 ,! foll[+ are a few ( ! %ells collect$ by ,dr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,coop]1 ( ! ,/ate ,geological ,survey1 dur+ 8 explorations along ! coa/ ( ?is ,/ate4 ,! specim5s are pres]v$ 9 ! collection ( ! ,survey2 mo/ ( !m appe> to be v r>e 9 a liv+ /ate1 ?\gh ,i h enc\nt]$ sev]al ( !m 9 ! lat] ,t]ti>y deposits1 especially 9 ! ,po/ ,plioc5e4 ,,murex1 ,l9n4 ,s4 ,g4 ,muricidea1 ,swa9s4 ,m4 ,,b>b>5sis1 ,g4 ,m4 t4 unicolor1 fusca2 v>icibus ,v-,,ix1 haud magnis ad angulum auctis2 v>ix ultima prlata2 anfractu primo lvi1 anfractibus ,v supra recte truncatis1 infra p>um convexis2 tota sup]ficie liris spiralibus et squamosis induta2 ap]tura subelliptica1 intus lactea2 labio incrassato1 polito2 labro extante1 tub]culis intus ornata2 canali int]dum recto1 int]dum recurvato4 ,long4 #gg1 lat4 #df1 long4 ap]4 #b1 long4 canal #bd4 ,%ell small1 br[n2 :orl six1 ! fir/ smoo?1 ! rema9d] angulat$1 horizontally or a little concavely truncat$ above & v slightly convex bel[ ! angle2 v>ices v>iable1 f five to n9e1 usually ab\t six or sev5 to a :orl1 angul> b n v prom95t1 except on ! angle1 :]e !y are sometimes prolong$ into long recurv$ processes1 9 o!r cases only mak+ a prom95t angul> tub]cle2 ! :ole surface is cov]$ ) /rong revolv+ ribs1 cross$ by f9e squamose plates2 ap]ture sub-elliptical1 lips prom95t1 :ite )91 ! out] lip ) five or six tub]cles int]nally1 la/ v>ix =m+ a broad lat]al expansion to ! lip2 canal clos$1 /raight1 or m usually a little recurv$4 ,hab4 ,catal9a ,isl&1 #dj fms41 & ,santa ,b>b>a ,*annel1 #bj-cj fms4 ,dr4 ,coop]4 ,nos4 #eae b1 c & d1 ,mollusca1 ,survey ,cab9et4 ,,pleurotoma1 ,lam4 #agii4 ,turris1 ,bolt4 #agih1 n ,turris1 ,hump1 #agig4 ,s4 ,g54 ,surcula1 ,h4 ,a4 ,ad4 ,p4 ,,p]v]sa1 ,g4 ,p4 t4 s9i/ra1 unicolor1 rufo-brunnea2 sub-fusi=mis2 anfractibus ,,xi vel ,,xii lvibus rotundato-compressis2 ap]tura angu/a1 labio t5ui1 acuto4 ,long4 #ab1 lat4 #ce1 long4 ap]4 #de4 ,%ell s9i/ral1 elongate sub-fusi=m1 apex acute1 sometimes slightly b5t1 nucle> :orls two1 v convex1 loosely twi/$ & :ite2 :orls1 elev5 or twelve1 slightly convex2 color a light r$di% br[n1 some:at light] on ! middle ( ! :orl2 ap]ture n>r[1 canal %ort1 inn] lip mod]ately encru/$ ) a :ite callus1 br[n on ! out] m>g92 columella twi/$2 out] lip acute1 s9us r\nd$1 %all[1 broad & adjo9+ ! suture4 ,hab4 ,catal9a ,isl&1 #fj fms41 ,dr4 ,coop]4 ,also fossil1 n r>e1 9 ! ,p4 ,plioc5e at ,san ,p$ro4 ,"o specim5 f t locality is two in*es long4 ,no4 #ajbj1 ,mollusca1 ,survey ,cab9et4 ,p4 7,s47 ,,c>p5t]iana1 ,g4 ,p4 t4 fusi=mis2 anfractibus ,,viii1 prope suturam concavis2 tota sup]ficie conf]tim et spiralitur co/ulata2 colore aurantiaco1 l9eis rufo-brunneis int]ruptis induta2 ap]tura angu/a2 s9u po/ico lato1 haud pr(undo4 ,long4 #b1 lat4 #g1 long4 ap]4 #aa4 ,fusi=m1 spire high1 acute1 :orls eight1 slightly concave ne> ! suture1 convex bel[4 ,surface m>k$ by num]\s r\nd$ revolv+ ribs1 sometimes alt]nat+ 9 size1 especially on ! l[] "p ( ! body :orl4 ,color1 orange ) brok5 revolv+ b&s ( a bright r$di% br[n2 ^! l9es or b&s usually occupy ! l>g] ribs1 & are m di/ant on ! middle ( ! :orl & m closely plac$ above & bel[2 !y av]age ab\t a t5? ( an in* ap>t4 ,ap]ture n>r[1 gr[+ proportionally broad] 9 old] %ells2 canal mod]ate1 slightly twi/$1 inn] lip lightly encru/$2 out] lip acute1 s9us broad & %all[4 ,hab4 ,a bea* specim5 reta9+ color1 f ,san ,diego1 & a y\ng] dead %ell dr$g$ f #abj fms4 by ,dr4 ,coop]4 ,also1 two fossil specim5s f ,p4 ,plioc5e1 ,santa ,b>b>a4 ,! f9e/ ( ^! measures long4 #c1 lat4 #aa2 long4 spir4 #af4 ,nos4 #hai & #ajba ,survey ,moll4 ,,cla?urella1 ,c>p5t]4 ,defrancia ,millet1 non ,mll4 ,c4 ,,con/ricta1 ,g4 ,c4 t4 albida1 solida1 lvis1 sub-fusi=mis2 anfr4 ,,vii2 regione infra-suturali haud con/ricta2 ap]tura lata1 labio p>um incrassato1 labro sub-acuto2 s9u po/]iore pr(undo1 suturam att+5te4 ,%ell :ite1 solid1 smoo?1 sub-fusi=m2 :orls sev51 sudd5ly con/rict$ at ! upp] portion1 ne> ! suture2 suture impress$2 body :orls rapidly exp&$ bel[ ! con/riction2 ap]ture wide1 columell> lip encru/$2 canal %ort2 out] lip acute1 prom95t 9 ! middle2 po/]ior s9us deep1 angul> above & adjo9+ ! suture4 ,hab4 ,santa ,catal9a ,isl&1 #hj fms4 ,dr4 ,coop]4 ,no4 #ajee ,mollusca1 ,survey ,cab9et4 ,c4 ,,cry/all9a1 ,g4 ,c4 t4 p>va1 fusi=mis2 anfr4 ,,ii lvibus2 anfr4 normalibus ,,iv1 supra oblique planulatis1 infra1 convexiusculis2 sup]ficie m9utis et conf]tim conc5tricis co/ulis in/ructa1 m$ia p>te sola excepta1 9 qua sunt ,,iii vel ,,iv co/ monili=mes2 ap]tura lata2 labio p>um incrassato2 labro crasso1 m>g9e sub-acuto2 s9u po/ico pr(undo lato2 colore c&idissimo1 nit5te4 ,long4 #ce1 lat4 #ac1 long4 ap]4 #af4 ,%ell small1 fusi=m2 nucle> :orls two1 smoo?1 normal :orls f\r1 obliquely truncat$ above1 angulat$1 bel[ ! angle some:at convex2 surface m>k$ by num]\s small revolv+ ribs1 except on ! middle ( ! :orls1 :]e !y are l>g]1 m di/ant & ornam5t$ by small nodes2 ap]ture r broad2 inn] lip lightly encru/$2 out] lip ?ick5$ beh9d1 sub-acute on ! m>g92 po/]ior s9us mod]ately deep1 r\nd & ) a poli%$ & ?ick$ m>g91 plac$ close to ! suture2 canal v slightly twi/$2 color1 a pure :ite1 poli%$4 ,hab4 ,catal9a ,isl&1 #dj fms4 ,dr4 ,coop]4 ,no4 #ajeb1 ,mollusca1 ,survey ,cab9et4 ,,daphnella1 ,,h9ds4 ,d4 ,,cla?rata1 ,g4 ,d4 t4 p>va1 fusi=mis1 t5uis2 anfr4 ,,iii nucleosis1 lvibus2 anfr4 normalibus ,,iii supra oblique truncatis2 sup]ficie conf]tim cla?rata2 /riis radiantibus obsoletis circa basim2 ap]tura magna2 columella p>um tortuosa2 labio p>um incrassato2 labro acuto2 s9u po/ico sub-pr(undo1 supra acuto1 ad suturam att+5te2 colore albido1 sp>sim brunueo punctato4 ,long4 #cg1 lat4 #ad1 long4 ap]4 #bb4 ,%ell small1 fusi=m1 ?91 ap]ture long] ?an ! spire2 nucle> :orls ?ree1 smoo?2 normal :orls ?ree or m1 obliquely truncat$ above1 convex bel[1 ?is truncation is p>tially obsolete on ! la/ :orl2 surface closely cla?rate1 except on ! l[] "p ( ! la/ :orl :]e ! radiat+ l9es become obsolete2 ap]ture l>ge1 columella some:at twi/$1 slightly encru/$2 out] lip ?91 acute1 po/]ior s9us mod]ately deep & n>r[1 adjo9+ ! suture & angul> at its upp] corn]2 color1 br[ni% :ite ) m9ute br[n spots sp>sely scatt]$1 usually plac$ on ! l>g] ( ! revolv+ ribs4 ,hab4 ,santa ,catal9a ,isl&1 #fj fms4 ,dr4 ,coop]4 ,?is little %ell looks n unlike ! "y ( ,pleurotoma ,c>p5t]iana1 supra1 b on a critical comp>ison1 %[s sev]al *>act]s incompatible ) su* a ref]5ce2 ! /ronge/ ( ^! is ! peculi> %ape ( ! po/]ior s9us4 ,9 addition to ?is1 ! :orls ( ! pres5t species are mu* m num]\s 9 proportion to ! size1 ! fir/ six :orls ( ,p4 ,c>p5t]iana mak+ a %ell ?ree or f\r times ! diamet] ( ?is "o4 ,no4 #ajec1 ,mollusca1 ,survey ,cab9et4 ,,mangelia1 ,,lea*4 ,m4 ,,hexagona1 ,g4 ,m4 t4 p>va1 fusi=mis1 gracilis2 apice sub-acuto2 anfr4 ,,ii lvibus2 anfr4 norma libus ,v1 co/is radiantibus ,,vi acutis induta2 tota sup]ficie m9ute et conf]tim cla?rata2 colore albido1 l9eis rufo-brunneis spiralibus fasciato2 ap]tura angu/a2 columella vix tortuosa1 labro acuto2 s9u po/ico lato1 haud pr(undo4 ,long4 #cd1 lat4 #a1 long4 ap]4 #ae4 ,%ells small1 sl5d]1 fusi=mis2 spire sub-acute1 nucle> :orls two1 smoo?1 normal :orls five1 slightly sub-angul> & ornam5t$ by six l>ge acute radiat+ ribs ) broad concave int]spaces2 besides ^!1 ! :ole surface is cancellat$ by m9ute rais$ l9es2 color br[ni% :ite ornam5t$ by a few r$di% br[n revolv+ b&s1 "o mu* l>g] ?an ! re/1 9 ! middle ( ! :orl2 ap]ture n>r[1 columella v slightly twi/$2 out] lip acute1 s9us almo/ obsolete4 ,hab4 "o specim5 f ,catal9a ,isl&1 #dj fms41 ano!r f ! bea* at ,mont]ey4 ,dr4 ,coop]4 ,no4 #dbe1 ,mollusca1 ,survey ,cab9et4 ,,turbonilla1 ,,risso4 ,*emnitzia1 d',orb4 ,t4 ,,gracillima1 ,g4 ,c4 t4 elongata1 gracili1 albida v]tice82 anfractibus ,,xi787 subplanatis2 sutura impressa2 co/is radiantibus1 circit] ,,xxiii obtusis1 sub-obliquis1 ad bas9 evanidis2 ap]tura sub-rotunda2 columella incrassata4 ,long4 #cb81 lat4 #jf1 long ap]4 #jd4 ,%ell small1 v sl5d]1 long1 :ite2 v]tex brok52 :orls elev5 or m1 flatt5$ on ! sides2 suture /rongly impress$2 ribs ab\t tw5ty-?ree1 l>ge1 obtuse1 runn+ f ! suture to ! m>g9 ( ! base2 base convexly subtruncat$1 smoo?2 ap]ture subcircul>2 columella ?ick4 ,hab4 ,mont]ey2 a s+le specim54 ,dr4 ,coop]4 ,?is %ell c be readily di/+ui%$ by its extremely sl5d] =m & ! /rong1 slightly oblique ribs4 ,,cancell>ia1 ,lam4 ,s4 ,g54 ,n>ona1 ,h & ,a4 ,ad4 ,c4 7,n47 ,,coop]ii1 ,g4 ,c4 t4 subfusi=mi2 anfractibus ,,ii lvibus2 anfr4 ,,vii sub-angulatis2 regione infrasuturali excavata1 angulo coronato2 regione infra-angul>i oblique co/ata2 co/is circit] ,,xii2 tota sup]ficie conc5trice et conf]tim lirata2 colore luteo l9eis fuscis regul>it] et conc5trice lirato2 canali elongato2 columella vix tortuosa2 plicis ,,ii2 umbilico nullo2 labio p>um incrassato2 labro acuto4 ,long4 #bd1 lat4 #aje1 long4 ap]4 #abe4 ,broadly subfusi=m1 nucle> :orls two1 smoo?1 r\nd2 normal :orls sev51 subangulat$1 concavely excavat$ above ! angle2 angle acutely tub]culat$2 bel[ ! angle ! surface is ornam5t$ by ab\t twelve slightly oblique ribs1 ea* rib end+ 9 a tub]cle at ! upp] angle2 ! :ole surface is ornam5t$1 besides ^! ribs1 by small1 closely plac$1 revolv+ ribs2 color yell[i% br[n cross$ by ab\t a doz5 br[n revolv+ b&s2 ^! b&s usually cov] ! l>g] ( ! conc5tric ribs2 canal elongate1 columella b slightly twi/$2 umbilicus obsolete2 inn] lip b slightly encru/$1 be>+ two %>p oblique folds2 out] lip acute1 simple4 ,hab4 ,"o bea* specim51 ,san ,diego2 ano!r inhabit$ by a crab1 ,mont]ey1 #aj fms41 & a fragm5t mu* l>g] ?an ! o!rs1 ,mont]ey1 #af fms4 ,all collect$ by ,dr4 ,coop]4 ,no4 #dfc1 ,mollusca1 ,survey ,cab9et4 ,,callio/oma1 ,,swa9s4 ,zizyph9us1 ,gray4 ,c4 ,,tricolor1 ,g4 ,c4 t4 conica1 spira vix elevata2 anfr4 ,i nucle>i1 lvi2 anfr4 ,,vi ad m>g9em truncatis1 supra declivibus1 infra planulatis2 tota sup]ficie conf]tim co/ata2 co/is m9ute granulatis2 colore fulvo1 l9eis purpureis albo maculatis1 spiralit] fasciato2 ap]tura subquadrata1 intus m>g>itacea2 labio crasso1 labro acuto2 umbilico albo4 ,long4 #de1 lat4 #e1 long4 ap]4 #ai1 lat4 ap]4 #bd4 ,%ell conical1 spire some:at elevat$1 nucle> :orls smoo?2 o!r :orl slop+ above1 truncat$ on ! m>g91 ne>ly flat bel[2 surface m>k$ by num]\s1 f9ely granulat$1 revolv+ ribs2 color yell[i% br[n1 b&$ by a v>iable numb] ( spiral purple l9es1 int]rupt$ by :ite spots2 ap]ture subquadrate1 nacre\s )92 inn] lip heavy1 out] lip & base acute1 umbilicus :ite4 ,hab4 ,san ,p$ro1 five alive on ! s& %oal2 & ,half ,moon ,bay1 bea*2 also ,san ,diego4 ,dr4 ,coop]4 ,also fossil 9 ! ,po/ ,plioc5e1 ,san ,p$ro4 ,no4 #fjb1 ,mollusca1 ,survey ,cab9et4 ,! br[n l9es are v>iable 9 numb]1 ! "u side ( "o specim5 %[+ two & ( ano!r six ( ^! l9es4 ,! granulation ( ! ribs is arrang$ 9 ! l9es ( gr[?4 ,n4 ,g54 ,,pty*o/ylis1 ,g4 ,te/a ,callio/omati similis1 conoidea2 spira elevata2 ap]tura subquadrata2 columella antice truncata1 plicis obliquis duabus induta1 labro acuto1 umbilico nullo4 ,%ell resembl+ ,callio/oma1 ,swa9s1 7,zizyph9us1 ,gray17 conical n umbilicate1 int]nally pe>ly1 spire mod]ately elevat$2 ap]ture subquadrate2 columella be>+ two oblique folds1 ! l[] ( :i* ends abruptly at ! end ( ! columella2 out] lip & base acute1 smoo? or int]nally /riate2 op]culum unkn[n4 ,p4 ,,caffea1 ,g4 ,t4 conoidea1 t5ui2 spira elevata2 anfr4 ,i nucle>i1 lvi1 anfr4 ,v ad m>g9em subangulatis1 supra recte declivis1 ultimo infra sub-planato2 sutura valde impressa2 tota sup]ficie conc5trice tub]culato co/ata2 co/is circitur ,,xviii ad ult4 anfr42 epid]mide flavida2 ap]tura oblique sub-quadrata1 intus albida4 ,long4 #ee1 lat4 #eh1 long4 ap]4 #bf1 lat4 ap]4 #bh1 ang4 div]g4 #eh4 ,%ell conical1 ?92 spire elevat$2 "o nucle> :orl1 smoo?1 five p]fect :orls1 subangulat$ at ! m>g91 obliquely flat above2 body :orl v slightly convex at ! base2 suture /rongly impress$2 surface m>k$ by revolv+ tub]cul> ribs1 ab\t eighte5 on ! body :orl1 "o broad "o on ! m>g9 & ab\t eight or n9e on ! "u side2 ^! ribs are less num]\s on ! prec$+ volutions1 only f\r c be c\nt$ on ! upp] side ( ! p5ultimate :orl2 ! tub]cles are arrang$ s z to pres5t an irregul> qu9cunx2 epid]mis a ri* c(fee br[n1 d>k] betwe5 ! tub]cules ?an on _! summits2 ap]ture obliquely quadrangul>1 out] lip & base acute1 int]nally pe>ly :ite1 columella be>+ two /rong folds1 ! l[] "o ( :i* bord]s ! truncat$ end & t]m9ates 9 a fa9t tub]cul> enl>gem5t2 beh9d ! columella is a slight groove runn+ f ! base to ! end ( ! upp] columell> fold4 ,hab4 ,mont]ey1 #bj fms4 ,dr4 ,coop]4 ,also fossil1 n r>e1 9 ! ,po/ ,plioc5e ( ,san ,p$ro & ,santa ,b>b>a1 :]e "s specim5s h be5 f\nd an in* 9 height4 ,no4 #cee1 ,mollusca1 ,survey ,collection4 ,?is %ell appe>s to be alli$ to ! g5]a ,callio/oma & ,?alotia1 f :i* x is sep>at$ by ! peculi> m\?4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( ! op]culum1 x is impossible to def9e its position c]ta9ly4 ,,em>g9ula1 ,lam4 ,e4 ,,bella1 ,g4 ,e4 t4 alba1 oblongo-ovalis1 subelevata1 antice p>um convexa1 po/ice excavata1 p>te ant]iori angu/iori2 apice exc5trico1 prom95te1 p>um recurvato2 s9u m$iocri2 co/is radiantibus circit] ,,xix cum co/is m9oribus int]/itialibus irregul>itur alt]nantibus1 p] l9eas conc5tricas cla?ratis4 ,long4 #ee1 lat4 #cf1 alt4 #bb4 ,%ell oblong oval1 some:at elevat$1 n>r[e/ ant]iorly2 apex exc5tric1 po/]ior1 prom95t & some:at recurv$2 outl9e 9 front ( ! apex slightly convex1 f ! apex to ! po/]ior m>g9 slightly excavat$1 sides desc5d+ ne>ly /raight2 s9us mod]ate1 v>iable1 situat$ at ! extremity ( a /rong rib2 surface ornam5t$ by ab\t n9ete5 l>ge radiat+ ribs1 ) small] ones int]pos$1 all cross$ by mod]ately prom95t conc5tric ridges2 color :ite4 ,locality ,mont]ey1 ,dr4 ,coop]4 8,two dr$g$ dead40 ,no4 #dff1 ,survey ,mollusca4 ,,gad9ia1 ,gray4 ,s4 ,g54 ,r[ellia1 ,coop]4 ,animal t5taculis ultra te/am porrectis1 latis1 compressis1 m>g9e ant]iori rotundato1 pect9ato2 pes m$iocris1 circul>is4 ,te/a ,gad9i similis4 ,animal ) broad flat t5tacles1 r\nd$ & pect9at$ 9 front1 project+ beyond ! %ell2 foot mod]ate1 r\nd4 ,%ell z 9 ,gad9ia4 ,g4 7,r47 ,,radiata1 ,coop]4 ,animal album2 te/a sub-circul>is2 apex c5tralis2 color albus vel ex albo vir5s2 sup]ficies ,,xxx co/is radiantibus di*otmis induta1 p] l9eas conc5tricas cruciatis2 intus alba vel livida1 m>g9e cr5ulato2 fovea siphonalis b5e impressa1 m>go prope extremam foveam p>um incisus4 ,long4 #ij1 lat4 #he1 alt4 #de4 ,animal :ite2 %ell sub-circul>2 apex c5tral or sub-c5tral2 color :ite to gre5i% ext]nally1 int]nally :ite1 livid or v>i\s %ades ( a light purple2 surface m>k$ by ab\t ?irty radiat+ & sometimes di*otom\s ribs cross$ by irregul> conc5tric l9es2 int]nal m>g9 cr5ulat$1 ! tee? correspond+ to ! ext]nal ribs2 muscul> sc> horse%oe-%ap$ ) a little supplem5t>y sc> adjo9+ ! left limb2 siponal groove r /rongly impress$1 produc+ a v fa9t em>g9ation on ! edge ( ! %ell4 ,localities1 ,f>allone ,isl&s1 ,half ,moon ,bay1 ,new ,ye>'s ,po9t1 ,santa ,b>b>a & ,santa ,catal9a ,isl&s4 ,coop] & ,r[ell4 ,no4 #hbf1 ,mollusca1 ,survey ,cab9et4 ,,tylod9a1 ,raf4 8 ,t4 ,,fung9a1 ,g4 ,t4 te/a sub-elliptica1 elevata2 apice sub-c5trali2 epid]mide rufo-brunnea1 prope apicem lutea1 ultra m>g9em te/ projecta2 intus lutea1 prope m>g9em crulesc5s4 ,long4 #ac1 lat4 #aa1 alt4 #e4 ,animal unkn[n1 %ell sub-elliptical1 elevat$2 apex sub-c5tral1 blunt2 epid]mis r$di% br[n1 yell[i% on & ne> ! apex1 project+ beyond ! m>g9 ( ! %ell2 color int]nally /raw yell[1 %ad+ t[>ds ! m>g9 into a blui% :ite4 ,! above measurem5ts are approximate1 mak+ all[ance = ! epid]mis :i* 9 ! dry specim5 is contract$ & incurv$ ar\nd ! m>g9s to a wid? ( ab\t a t5? ( an in*4 ,a s+le specim51 fre%1 ?\gh )\t ! animal1 0 f\nd by ,dr4 ,coop] on ! %ore ( ,santa ,b>b>a ,isl&4 ,no4 #iid1 ,mollusca1 ,survey ,cab9et4 ,,circe1 ,s*um4 ,s4 ,g4 ,liocon*a1 ,mor*4 ,c4 7,l47 ,,newcombiana1 ,g4 ,c4 t4 t5ui1 trigono-v5tricosa1 polita1 m9ute et conc5trice /riata2 apicibus magnis1 subc5tralibus2 lunula haud pr(unda1 cordata1 m>g9e arata2 colore gilvo1 l9eis angulatis1 rufis pieto2 intus pallida4 ,long4 #ab1 lat4 #acg1 alt4 #de4 ,%ell ?91 trigonally v5tricose1 poli%$1 m>k$ by m9ute conc5tric /ri2 beaks l>ge1 subc5tral2 ant]ior end prom95t1 n>r[ly r\nd$1 po/]ior a little ! wide/1 base convex2 lunule n excavat$1 b\nd$ by an impress$ l9e2 color yell[i% :ite1 v>i\sly l9$ ) br[n angul> l9es2 int]ior :iti%2 int]nal m>g9 smoo?2 h+e tee? delicate4 ,hab4 two valves1 ,catal9a ,isl&1 #abj fms4 ,dr4 ,coop]4 ,no4 #ajeh1 ,mollusca1 ,survey ,cab9et4 ,! relative l5g? & wid? ( ! two specim5s is diff]5t1 ! small] specim5 n be+ s convex at ! base z ! "o measur$4 ,,yoldia4 ,y4 ,,coop]ii1 ,g4 ,y4 t4 t5ui1 compressiuscula1 valde 9quilat]ali1 antice angu/a1 po/ice expansa2 umbonibus m9utis1 p] positionem ant]iorem exc5tricis2 epid]mide olivacea1 nitida2 conc5trice et conf]tim lirata2 liris m9utis1 sub lamellosis2 intus lactea2 cicatricibus muscul>ibus magnis4 ,long4 #abe1 lat4 #bf1 alt4 #be4 ,%ell ?91 some:at compress$1 v inequilat]al1 beaks plac$ ab\t a ?ird ( ! l5g? f ! ant]ior end1 m9ute2 ant]ior end n>r[1 sub-acum9ate1 po/]ior end broadly r\nd$2 base mo/ prom95t j po/]ior to ! middle ( ! %ell2 surface sculptur$ by num]\s small conc5tric ribs1 r>ely di*otom\s or ana/omos+ on ! wide/ "p ( ! %ell2 ^! ribs are flat & abruptly truncat$ on ! side ne>e/ ! beak1 giv+ ! surface1 "u a glass1 ! appe>ance ( an ov]lapp+4 ,epid]mis %9+1 olivace\s2 int]nally a blui% :ite2 muscul> sc>s l>ge1 ! ant]ior triangul>1 po/]ior a ?ird ! l>ge/1 broadly suboval4 ,a s+le fre% valve 0 f\nd on ! bea* at ,santa ,cruz1 ,cal41 by ,dr4 ,coop]4 ,e>?quakes 9 ,cali=nia dur+ #ahfd4 ,,by ,,dr4 ,,john ,b4 ,,trask4 ,,feb4 #bf,,?1 #j h4 #dj m4--,a light %ock ( e>?quake at ,san ,francisco4 ,at #e h4 #de m4 a sm>t %ock1 hav+ ?ree di/9ct vibrations4 ,on ! day previ\s1 an 8,electric ,/orm0 prevail$ betwe5 ,visalia1 ,tul>e ,co41 & ,los ,angeles1 :i* 0 v viol5t 9 its effects on ! telegraph l9es4 ,on ! #bg?1 a heavy 8,nor!r0 comm5c$ & cont9u$ till ! eve ( ! #bh?4 ,?is e>?quake 0 felt at ,san ,jos1 fifty miles s\?1 at ! same h\r1 & 0 m>k$ by two v sm>t %ocks foll[+ ea* o!r 9 quick succession4 ,,m>* #e,,?1 #h h4 #di m4--,a sm>t %ock ( e>?quake at ,san ,francisco4 ,! e>?quake began at ! above h\r4 ,! fir/ wave 0 9 a direction nor? & s\?1 & la/$ "o & ?ree-f\r?s seconds4 ,ne>ly "o & a half seconds elaps$ be=e ! second %ock1 :i* occurr$ at =ty-n9e m9utes1 ?ree seconds pa/ eight o'clock1 & _h a duration ( "o & "o-half seconds4 ,! motion 9 ?is %ock 0 rotatory4 ,magnetism 0 n susp5d$ 9 ?is nor ei!r ( ! o!r %ocks1 ?is ye>4 ,! total l5g? ( "t includ$ 9 ?is e>?quake1 0 ne>ly #e seconds4 ,^! obs]vations 7 made at ! height ( #bj feet #d in*es above ! gr\nd1 b p]sons situat$ at a great] height felt ! vibrations long] & m sev]ely4 ,we h brief details ( ?is e>?quake f ,santa ,rosa1 at ! nor?1 to ,santa ,cruz at ! s\?1 & f ,/ockton at ! ea/1 = :i* we ackn[l$ge our obligations to ! ,telegraph ,company4 ,at ,santa ,rosa x occurr$ at #h h4 #ej m4 ! %ock 0 light4 ,at ,petaluma #h h4 #ej m41 also light4 ,at ,/ockton ab\t #i h41 %ock 0 sev]e4 ,at ,santa ,cl>a #h h4 #dj m41 ! %ocks 7 v sev]e4 ,! *ur* spires wav$ to & fro1 & ! e>?quake is report$ to h cont9u$ ov] two m9utes1 ) light vibrations betwe5 ! heavi] waves4 ,at ,santa ,cruz no "t is giv54 ,,m>* #aj,,?1 #ad h4 #h m4--,a light %ock 0 felt 9 ,san ,francisco4 0 0 #af h4 #cj m4--,ano!r %ock at ,san ,francisco1 m>k$ by two di/9ct vibrations & la/+ ?ree & "o-half seconds4 ,,m>* #bj,,?1 #bc h4 #de m4--,a light %ock ( e>?quake hav+ f\r di/9ct tremors1 & occupy+ a little m ?an ?ree seconds4 ,,m>* #bb;,d1 #ac h4 #j m4--,a sm>t %ock 0 felt at ,/ockton1 caus+ "s little commotion4 ,,may #bj,,?1 #ah h4 #a m4--,a light %ock ( e>?quake at ,san ,francisco4 ,at ,/ockton ! %ock 0 q sev]e & occurr$ n9e m9utes lat]4 ,at ,san ,jos x also 0 v %>p4 ,at ,napa ! e>?quake1 :i* 0 q sev]e at ?is place1 occurr$ at #ah h4 #eg m4 ,at ,sacram5to ! %ocks occurr$ at #ah h43 & 0 v sev]e4 ,!re 7 two di/9ct waves felt at ?is locality4 ,?is e>?quake 0 felt z f> nor? z ,long ,valley1 9 ,m5doc9o ,c\nty1 & 0 foll[$ by two l\d reports l artill]y1 almo/ in/antly4 ,,june #f,,?1 #aa h4 #g m4--,a light %ock ( e>?quake at ,san ,francisco4 ,,june #bb;,d1 #bj h4 #ec m4--,a sm>t %ock ( e>?quake at ,san ,francisco1 consi/+ ( ?ree di/9ct waves & a pr(\nd l[ rumbl+ s\nd4 ,ea* ( ! %ocks 7 m>k$ by a peculi> abruptness1 l sudd5 %>p jolts4 ,!y 7 foll[$ by a s]ies ( less5+ tremors :i* gradually di$ away4 ,?is e>?quake 0 felt z f> nor? z ,healdsburg1 7ab\t #hj miles di/ant71 at ,napa1 at ,pa*eco1 at ,/ockton1 & at ,san ,jos1 s\? ( ?is city fifty-two miles1 mak+ a di/ance ( "o hundr$ & ?irty-two miles1 nor? & s\?1 ov] :i* its influ5ce 0 well m>k$4 ,,july #e,,?1 #bj h4 #c m4--,an e>?quake at ,san ,francisco1 n sev]e2 ?is consi/$ ( f\r di/9ct vibrations occurr+ dur+ a p]iod ( sev5 m9utes4 ,! second vibration & ! longe/ la/$ n9ete5 seconds4 ,! %orte/ vibration 0 six seconds 9 l5g?4 ,! elaps$ "t betwe5 ! waves v>i$ f =ty seconds to "o & "o-f\r? m9utes4 ,,july #ba,,/1 #b h4 #g m4--,a sm>t %ock 0 felt at ,san ,francisco4 0 0 #bb h4 #dj m4 #ch s4--,a v sm>t %ock ( e>?quake at ,san ,francisco1 consi/+ ( two waves at f\r seconds ap>t4 ,! direction ( ! motion 0 nor? ?irte5 degrees ea/4 ,! displacem5t 0 "o & a f\r? in*es1 at tw5ty feet f\r in*es f ! gr\nd4 ,p5dulum susp5sion eighte5 in*es4 ,! e>?quake 0 exp]i5c$ at ,san ,jos at ! same h\r1 & consi/$ ( f\r /rong %ocks4 ,at ,/ockton ! e>?quake 0 sev]e1 & took place twelve m9utes lat] ?an at ?is city4 ,! e>?quake 0 felt at ,los ,angeles1 b 0 n v heavy4 ,no "t is giv5 f ?is latt] locality4 ,,july #be,,?1 #bc h4 #ef m4--,a %ock ( e>?quake at ,los ,angeles4 ,,aug4 #ag,,?1 #bb h4 #ci m4--,a light %ock ( e>?quake at ,nevada & vic9ity4 ,,aug4 #ah,,?1 #e h4 #ah m4--,a v /rong %ock ( e>?quake 0 exp]i5c$ at ,grass ,valley & ,nevada1 :i* ?rew d[n a wall ( /one & brick 9 ! well ( ,dr4 ,fell[s4 ,?is e>?quake 0 felt at ,gibsonville at ! nor? & at ,m>ysville to ! we/2 at ! latt] locality x 0 twelve m9utes lat] ?an at ,grass ,valley4 ,,sept4 #f,,?1 #aj h4 #c m4--,a %ock ( e>?quake at ,san ,francisco4 ,,sept4 #bj,,?1 #aa h4 #j m4--,a light %ock ( e>?quake at ,san ,jos2 x 0 obs]v$ at ! ,mission ,dolores4 ,,sept4 #bg,,?1 #aj h4 #cb m4--,a heavy %ock at ,mission ,san ,juan1 ,mont]ey ,co4 ,,oct4 #f,,?1 #ba h4 #i m4--,a sm>t %ock ( e>?quake at ,san ,francisco4 ,,oct4 #ad,,?1 #a h4 #h m4--,two heavy %ocks ( e>?quake 7 felt at ,mission ,san ,juan1 & ano!r sev]e %ock at #aj h4 #be m41 ! movem5t 0 f we/ to ea/4 ,,dec4 #aa,,?1 #bj h4 #eb m4--,a %ock ( e>?quake at ,san ,francisco4 ,?is %ock 0 felt at ,san ,jos at #bj h4 #ea m41 & 0 evid5tly m sev]e !re ?an at ,san ,francisco4 ,dur+ #ahfd1 we h _h tw5ty-"o days on :i* e>?quakes h occurr$1 & ( at numb] !re h be5 two days1 7,m>* #aj? & ,july #ba/7 9 :i* m ?an "o %ock has tak5 place )9 ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs ( ea* day4 ,! ,briti% ,coloni/1 ( ,victoria1 ,vanc\v] ,isl&1 furni%es ! foll[+ /atem5t3 ,f a g5tleman :o has resid$ on ,vanc\v] ,isl& = #ae ye>s1 we le>n t slight e>?quakes h occurr$ annually1 ) "o or two exceptions1 dur+ ! entire p]iod4 ,only on "o occasion 7#aheh7 does he rememb] exp]i5c+ a %ock at all approa*+ 9 sev]ity t ( ,saturday morn+1 ,octob] #bi? #ahfd4 ,! oscillation1 z on ?is la/ occasion1 has almo/ inv>iably be5 f we/ to ea/3 & he acc\nts = ?is1 by suppos+ t ! int]nal convulsion ( ! e>? b5ea?1 has to f9d v5t 9 ! crat] ( ,m\nt ,bak]1 situat$ to ! ea/ ( u4 ,?is volcano has n _h any visible eruption = sev]al ye>s4 ,on ! la/ occasion1 x s5t up a d5se volume ( smoke1 & occasionally a bright flame 0 se5 to issue f ! fi]y furnace4 ,ano!r old resid5t in=ms u1 t ! appe>ance ( ! summit ( ,m\nt ,bak] has und]gone a mat]ial *ange )9 late ye>s1 giv+ room = ! conjecture t l>ge portions h crumbl$ away & desc5d$ into ! yawn+ abyss ( ! crat] :i* lies betwe5 ! two highe/ peaks4 ,relat+ to e>?quakes at ,san ,francisco & its imm$iate vic9ity1 we h an item ( int]e/+ in=mation relat+ to _! effects at ! ,f>rallones ,isl&s1 situat$ "s fifte5 miles to ! we/ ( ! city4 ,x appe>s1 ^u ! te/imony ( ! ligh?\se-keep] at ^! ,isl&s1 & :o has resid$ !re = sev]al ye>s1 7sev5 or eight71 t b two ( ! :ole numb] occurr+ at ?is city1 h be5 felt at ! ,isl&s1 & ( ^! he made an (ficial record4 ,! fir/ 0 ! %ock ( ,dec4 #bc;d1 #ahfb1 & t ( ,june #bb;d1 #ahfd4 ,f #aheg to date1 we h sev5 ye>s1 dur+ :i* "t tw5ty-five %ocks h be5 au!nticat$ at ,san ,francisco1 :ile two only ( ! numb] h be5 felt at ! above locality we/ ( ! city4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,jan4 #af,,?1 #ahfe4 ,dr4 ,kellogg 9 ! *air4 ,twelve memb]s pres5t4 ,mr4 ,melville ,attwood 0 elect$ a resid5t memb]4 ,a communication 0 read f ,rev4 ,j4 ,m4 ,n]i1 ackn[l$g+ 8 election2 also "o f ,m4 ,le ,norm&4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,feb4 #f,,?1 #ahfe4 ,presid5t 9 ! *air4 ,f\rte5 memb]s pres5t4 ,mr4 ,*>les ,f4 ,h(fman 0 elect$ a resid5t memb]4 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,d4 ,dana1 ( ,yale ,college1 0 elect$ a ,correspond+ memb]4 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,p4 ,blake communicat$ ! foll[+3 ,new ,m9]al ,oil ,regions 9 ! ,tul>e ,valley4 ,,by ,,william ,p4 ,,blake4 ,rec5t exam9ations ( prospect+ p>ties1 h add$ l>gely to ! well-kn[n oil-be>+ portions ( ! ,/ate4 ,a di/rict "s sixty miles 9 l5g?1 on ! inn] slopes ( ! ,coa/ m\nta9s1 t[>ds ! ,tul>e ,valley1 has be5 f\nd to ab\nd 9 oil spr+s1 or indications ( oil4 ,oil exudes f ! surface 9 l>ge quantities1 & collects rapidly 9 small pits sunk by prospectors4 ,! soil ab\t ^! pits is v black & saturat$ ) oil4 ,! gases escap+ f ?is soil are inflammable1 & _m ( ! prospectors h be5 />tl$ to see flames spread+ ov] ! gr\nd1 beyond _! camp fires4 ,9 digg+ pits ab\t ^! spr+s1 l>ge quantities ( bones ( v>i\s k9ds h be5 ?r[n out1 & all are wond]fully well pres]v$4 ,^! bones appe> *iefly ^? ( ! horse1 de]1 & elk1 ?\gh !re are _m o!rs :i* ,i h n be5 able to recognize4 ,! tee? ( ! horse1 s5t to me1 are ( unusual size1 & induce ! "q1 :e!r !y are n ( great] antiquity ?an ! pres5t race ( horses4 ,i am assur$ t ! v>iety ( bones & tee? ( _m k9ds is v great4 ,! oil f\nd gives an excell5t article = lubricat+ purposes1 & mu/ be v simil> to ! oil f\nd ne> ,zanesville1 ,ohio1 accord+ to ! descriptions giv5 ( ! latt]4 ,note ^u ! occurr5ce ( ,sph5e 9 ! ,granite ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada4 ,,by ,,william ,p4 ,,blake4 ,sph5e1 9 small hair-br[n or amb]-color$ cry/als1 appe>s to be abundantly di/ribut$ 9 ! granite ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada4 ,x may be f\nd at ! s\rces ( ! ,am]ican ,riv]1 9 ! exposures ( granite ab\t ,slipp]y ,=d1 & o!r po9ts1 & ^u ! ,mokelumne ,riv]1 fur!r s\?4 ,! cry/als are seldom m ?an ! ?irty second "p ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & are n conspicu\s1 b may be f\nd 9 almo/ any specim5 ( ! rocks4 ,x appe>s1 t ?is m9]al is also ( common occurr5ce 9 ! granite ( ! ,briti% ,isl&s4 ,9 a report to ! ,briti% ,association1 7#ahfc7 ^u ! composition ( ! granite ( ,donegal1 x is /at$1 t ! rock conta9s1 almo/ univ]sally1 small cry/als ( sph5e1 9 "s v>ieties s abundantly1 z to induce ! au?ors ( ! ,report to t]m x 8sph5e granite40 ,x is also obs]v$ t ?is m9]al has long be5 kn[n to exi/ 9 ! granite ( p>ts ( ,scotl&1 & 9 t ( ,galway4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,febru>y #bj,,?1 #ahfe4 ,dr4 ,kellogg 9 ! *air4 ,t5 memb]s pres5t4 ,discussion z to v>i\s matt]s p]ta9+ to ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,m>* #f,,?1 #ahfe4 ,presid5t 9 ! *air4 ,twelve memb]s pres5t4 ,william ,hillebr&1 ,m4 ,d41 ( ,honolulu1 ,s4 ,i41 0 elect$ a correspond+ memb]4 ,donations to ! ,cab9et3 ,dr4 ,behr1 9 behalf ( ,mr4 ,smi?1 pres5t$ a curi\sly =m$ *ick51 hav+ f\r legs4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,m>* #bj,,?1 #ahfe4 ,presid5t 9 ! *air4 ,twelve memb]s pres5t4 ,mr4 ,otto ,s*midt & ,dr4 ,e4 ,cohn 7 elect$ resid5t memb]s4 ,donations to ! ,libr>y3 ,descriptions ( new species ( ,birds2 pres5t$ by ! au?or1 ,mr4 ,george ,n4 ,lawr5ce4 ,catalogue ( ! ,college ( ,cali=nia1 #ahfd-e2 ,proce$+s ( ! ,essex ,in/itute1 ,vol4 #d1 ,no4 #d2 ,supplem5t>y ,catalogue ( ! ,libr>y ,company at ,philadelphia2 ,proce$+s ( ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces ( ,philadelphia1 = ,septemb] & ,octob]1 #ahfd4 ,dr4 ,behr read ! foll[+ lett]s f ,major ,preiss1 ( ,mazatlan1 z to ! efficacy ( ! ,euphorbia pro/rata1 z a rem$y = ! bite ( ! rattlesnake & v5om\s insects3 ,euphorbia ,pro/rata z a rem$y = ! bite ( v5om\s animals4 ,,by ,,major ,,edw>d ,,preiss4 ,mazatlan1 ,janu>y #g?1 #ahfe4 444,i s5d y h]e) a sample ( ,goll9dr9]a1 7,spani%17 ,euphorbia pro/rata1 7,l9n47 ,x is f\nd gr[+ 9 ! t]ritories ( ,new ,mexico & ,arizona1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ! prov9ces ( ,sonora & ,s9aloa1 9 ,mexico4 ,9 ,jalisco ?is plant is m sc>ce1 & occurs mo/ly 9 a poor condition4 ,x ?rives 9 h>d1 s&y or /ony soil1 & !re=e is mo/ frequ5tly f\nd on roadsides1 9 ! /reets ( villages & 9 h\se-y>ds4 ,9 ,mazatlan ,i f\nd a plant ) bran*es1 measur+ two feet4 ,x is a rem$y aga9/ ! bites ( snakes & o!r v5om\s animals4 ,dur+ my voyage 9 ,new ,mexico1 ,i camp$ on ! #e? ( ,june1 #ahfd1 at noon1 betwe5 ,cub]a & ,pawate1 ne> a wat]hole4 ,a ,pueblo-,indian approa*$ me1 & ent]$ into a conv]sation4 ,he c\ld read & write ,spani%1 & 0 v well v]s$ on ! map ( ! c\ntry4 ,notic+ a snake 9 ! wat]hole1 ,i ask$ him :e!r !re 7 _m rattlesnakes 9 ^? p>ts1 to :i* he gave an affirmative answ]4 ,on que/ion+ him :e!r ,indians frequ5tly di$ f snake-bites1 he answ]$3 8,no1 z !y h an antidote aga9/ ! poison40 ,at my reque/1 accompani$ by a gift ( "s cig>ritos1 he br\ght me a plant1 :i* he ga!r$ f ! roadside1 & :i* he call$ 8,goll9dr9]a40 ,he told me t nobody ev] di$1 n ev5 f ! bite ( a rattlesnake1 if ?is plant 0 appli$ 9 "t4 ,at ! same "t he told h[ x 0 us$4 ,9 ,mexico ,i also f\nd ! c\ntry p well acqua9t$ ) ! prop]ty ( ?is plant4 ,!y apply x :5 _! dome/ic animals are injur$ by v5om\s amphibia or insects4 ,! bran*es & roots ( ?is plant conta9 a quantity ( a milky sap4 ,?is is obta9$ by p\nd+ & squeez+ ! plant1 & is giv5 to ! pati5t 9 doses ( ab\t "o dra*m4 ,! rema9+ fibres ( ! press$-out plant are ext]nally appli$ on ! w\nd4 ,! dose is repeat$ e h\r1--or 9 aggravat$ cases1 e half h\r1--until ! pati5t feels reliev$2 :i* w occur 9 a few h\rs4 ,! ext]nal application mu/ be frequ5tly r5ew$4 ,i asc]ta9$ f reliable au?ority1 t two dogs1 be+ bitt5 by rattlesnakes1 7 cur$1 "o aft] f\r1 & ! o!r aft] six repetitions ( ! dose4 ,! p\ltice 0 frequ5tly *ang$4 ,bo? dogs 7 p]fectly re/or$ )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,tepic1 ,m>* #bh?1 #ahfe4 444,myself & companion arriv$ on ! #ad? ( ,m>*1 #ahfe1 at #c o'clock ,p4 ,m41 at ,san ,blas4 ,9 ! ev5+1 our faces1 necks & h&s 7 badly bitt5 by myriads ( s&flies4 ,! /+ ( ^! flies is exce$+ly pa9ful1 & ! effects ( !m la/ = sev]al days4 ,e p]son visit+ ,san ,blas w n easily =get ^! insects2 ea* /+ produces a r$di% swell+1 :i* h>d5s aft] a:ile1 & sometimes rema9s = eight days & m4 ,we left ,san ,blas on ! #ae? ( ,m>*1 at #a4cj ,a4 ,m41 & arriv$ at #e ,p4 ,m4 at ,tepic4 ,! fly-bites 7 excruciat+ly pa9ful4 ,on ! #af? we us$ liquid ammoniac to allay our suff]+1 b )\t result4 ,9 ! =5oon ( ! #ag? ,i f\nd two small ,goll9dr9]a plants 9 ! /reets ( ,tepic2 ,i pull$ x1 roots & all1 f ! gr\nd1 broke !m into sev]al p>ts1 & rubb$ ! milky juice ov] my sores4 ,9 half an h\r all ! pa9 _h left4 ,n be+ able to f9d any m ( ! plants1 my companion _h to suff] = sev]al days long]2 :i* proves1 h[ev]1 t my relief f ! torm5t+ pa9 0 directly to be cr$it$ to ! m$ical virtue ( ! ,goll9dr9]a4 ,dur+ my l5g!n$ /ay among ! natives ( ,au/ralia1 ,i obs]v$ t no black man ev] di$ f ! bite ( a v5om\s reptile1--except+ always ! dead-add]1 7bo?rops7--:ile a :ite man seldom escap$ dea?4 ,! rem$y ( ! blacks is v simple1 consi/+ m]ely 9 suck+ out ! w\nd1 & 9 keep+ awake ! pati5t = at lea/ tw5ty-f\r to =ty-eight h\rs4 ,! dead add] 7bo?rops7 ( ,au/ralia is probably ! mo/ poison\s reptile4 ,a black man1 if bitt5 by ?is snake1 w be ab&on$ to dea? by 8 fri5ds1 !y be+ sure t help is out ( ! "q4 ,i witness$ once ! dea? ( a victim ( ! dead-add]4 ,i read 9 an ,au/ralian pap]1 t a :ite boy1 :o 0 bitt5 9 ! f+] by a dead-add]1 _h s mu* pres5ce ( m9d1 z to *op x (f ) 8 pocket-knife4 ,! f+] _h aft]w>ds to be regul>ly amputat$1 b ! boy's life 0 sav$4 ,an int]e/+ discussion occurr$ z to ! *>act]i/ics ( v>i\s species ( trees4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,april #c;,d1 #ahfe4 ,presid5t 9 ! *air4 ,n9e memb]s pres5t4 ,donations to ! ,libr>y3 ,col4 ,ransom pres5t$ a b\nd copy ( ,vols4 ,i & ,,ii ( ! ,society's ,proce$+s4 ,dr4 ,kellogg exhibit$ f ! ,academy's h]b>ium1 accompani$ by a draw+ & description1 a new species ( ,p5ta*ta1 v abundant on ! dry hills ( ,m>9 ,c\nty--,p5ta*ta purpurea ( ,kellogg4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,april #ag,,?1 #ahfe4 ,dr4 ,behr 9 ! *air4 ,sev5 memb]s pres5t4 ,mr4 ,/e>ns made "s rem>ks1 & (f]$ an appropriate resolution on ! dea? ( ,presid5t ,l9coln1 :i* 0 ord]$ to be spread ^u ! ,m9utes1 aft] :i* ! meet+ adj\rn$4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,may #a,,/1 #ahfe4 ,presid5t 9 ! *air4 ,t5 memb]s pres5t3 ,messrs4 ,k5nicott1 ,dall & o!r g5tlem5 connect$ ) ! ,russian ,am]ican ,telegraph ,exp$ition z visitors4 ,donations to ! ,cab9et3 ,specim5s ( native copp] & native silv] f ! ,copp] ,falls ,m9e1 ,keew5aw ,po9t1 ,lake ,sup]ior1 pres5t$ by ,mr4 ,/e>ns4 ,donations to ! ,libr>y3 ,f\r volumes ( ! ,congressional ,globe3 ,f9ance ,report1 #ahfd2 ,report on ! ,=eign & ,dome/ic ,comm]ce ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 ,pat5t ,(fice ,report1 7,agriculture17 #ahfc2 f ! ,hon4 ,john ,conness4 ,embryology ( ! ,/> ,fi%1 by ,alex&] ,agassiz1 pres5t$ by ! au?or2 ,annual ,report ( ! ,museum ( ,comp>ative ,zoology ( ,cambridge2 ,proce$+s ( ! ,essex ,in/itute1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 #ahfj-fc2 ,silliman's ,j\rnal = ,m>*1 #ahfe2 ,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,academy ( ,arts & ,sci5ces4 ,! foll[+ 0 receiv$ f ,pr(4 ,w4 ,h4 ,brew]1 9 ref]5ce to ! occurr5ce ( fossils 9 ! aurif]\s slates ( ,cali=nia3 ,occurr5ce ( ,fossils 9 ! ,aurif]\s ,slates ( ,cali=nia4 ,,by ,,pr(4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,brew]4 ,i f9d 9 publi%$ ,proce$+s ( ! ,academy1 j receiv$1 t "s rem>ks ,i made at ! meet+ ( ,octob] #c;d1 #ahfd1 7 n publi%$1 t ,i wi% record$4 ,9 ! discussion on ! occurr5ce ( fossils 9 ! aurif]\s rocks ( ,cali=nia1 ,i /at$ t fossils _h be5 f\nd by ! ,geological ,survey1 9 ! rocks associat$ ) gold1 along a l9e ne>ly #cjj miles 9 l5g?1 ext5d+ f ,pitt ,riv] to ! ,m>iposa ,e/ate2 t ! associat$ rocks ( simil> age1 be>+ gold1 _h be5 trac$ upw>ds ( #eej miles 9 ! ,si]ra ,nevadas1 & t ,jurassic fossils _h be5 f\nd 9 ! 8aurif]\s slates10 along a belt ( #bjj miles ( ?is di/ance1 & t bo? ,jurassic & ,triassic fossils _h be5 f\nd 9 consid]able numb]s ne> & 9 ,g5esee ,valley1 ,plumas ,co4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,may #ae,,?1 #ahfe4 ,presid5t 9 ! *air4 ,eight memb]s pres5t4 ,mr4 ,john ,klipp>t1 ( ,columbus1 ,ohio1 0 elect$ a correspond+ memb]4 ,dr4 ,kellogg call$ ! att5tion ( ! ,academy to ! no!r graciliflora1 ) a v>iety ( ! same4 ,mr4 ,bol&] made "s rem>ks ^u ! isolat$ position ( ! ,r$-woods ^u ! hills back ( ,oakl&4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,june #e,,?1 #ahfe4 ,presid5t 9 ! *air4 ,elev5 memb]s pres5t4 ,dr4 ,c4 ,t4 ,jackson1 ,r4 ,k5nicott1 & ,w4 ,h4 ,dall1 visitors4 ,donations to ! ,cab9et3 ,m>9e %ells f ! neighborhood ( ,hong ,kong1 by ,mr4 ,/e>ns4 ,donations to ! ,libr>y3 ,notes on ! habits ( "s species ( ,humble ,bees1 & ! ,humble ,bees ( ,new ,engl&1 by ,f4 ,w4 ,putnam & ,a4 ,s4 ,pack>d1 ,jr41 pres5t$ by ! au?ors2 ,proce$+s ( ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces ( ,philadelphia1 = ,novemb] & ,decemb]1 #ahfd4 ,messrs4 ,k5nicott & ,dall made "s rem>ks on ! work+s ( ! ,essex ,in/itute4 ,dr4 ,jackson spoke ( ! progress & condition ( ! ,bo/on ,society ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,dr4 ,jackson also m5tion$ ! discov]y by him1 9 ! ,mammo? ,m9+ ,di/rict1 ne> ,au/91 ,nevada1 ( ,tung/ate ( manganese & ,tung/ate ( lime4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,june #ai,,?1 #ahfe4 ,presid5t 9 ! *air4 ,n9e memb]s pres5t4 ,donations to ! ,cab9et3 ,specim5 ( coral f ! ,f>allone ,isl&s1 by ,mr4 ,hubb>d2 ,specim5s ( silv] & copp] ores & c9nib> f ,mexico1 by ! ,editor ( ,la ,voz de ,mejico2 ,skull ( ! ,sea-ott]1 7dug out ( ! s& ne> ! ,cliff ,h\se17 by ,mr4 ,daniel ,e4 ,webb2 ,fibr\s b>k f ,*9a1 by ,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,mc,nulty4 ,donations to ! ,libr>y3 ,notes on ! ,g5us ,gundla*ia & ( ! fossil crab ( ,gay ,head1 by ,dr4 ,wm4 ,/impson2 ,proce$+s ( ! ,philadelphia ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces = ,janu>y1 ,febru>y & ,m>*1 #ahfe2 ,silliman's ,j\rnal1 ,may1 #ahfe2 ,annual ,report ( ! ,museum ( ,comp>ative ,zoology ( ,cambridge2 ,report ( ! n9? c5sus ,( ! ,u4,s4 ,mr4 ,hubb>d pres5t$ ! foll[+ pap] f ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,pease1 ( ,honolulu3 ,on ! exi/5ce ( an ,atoll ne> ! we/ coa/ ( ,am]ica1 & pro( ( its elevation4 ,,by ,w4 ,,h>p] ,,pease1 ,,( ,,honolulu1 ,h4 ,i4 ,hav+ read an int]e/+ pap] by ,dr4 ,blake1 9 a late numb] ( ! ,proce$+s ,cali=nia ,academy1 on ! pro(s ( a rec5t elevation ( ! coa/ ( ,cali=nia1 x occurr$ to me t ,i _h 9 my note book1 in=mation unpubli%$ on ! same subject4 ,z x lies )9 ! field occupi$ by y\r ,academy1 ,i furni% x h]e) = publication4 ,my in=mation 0 ga!r$ f a ,j\rnal kept by ,lieut4 ,griswold1#aa 7a "y g5tleman ( sci5tific ta/e1 & a close & accurate obs]v]17 dur+ a cruise (f ! we/ coa/ ( ,mexico1 9 se>* ( guano4 ,among ! isl&s visit$1 0 8,clipp]ton ,rock10 :i* is ! locality ,i ref] to4 ,be=e giv+ any extract1 ,i w /ate :at 0 kn[n ( ! isl&4 ,x is situat$ 9 ,lat4 #aj #ag' ,n41 ,long4 #aji #ai' ,w41 & 0 discov]$ by ,capt4 ,clipp]ton1 9 #agje4 ,he appe>s to h sight$ only ! tall volcanic rock1 :i* /&s ne> ! s\? end ( ! isl&1 & pass$ on )\t le>n+ ( ! exi/5ce ( ! isl&4 ,x appe>s n to h be5 notic$ aga9 = m ?an a c5tury1 s t its position1 & ev5 its exi/5ce 0 d\bt$4 ,! only publi%$ acc\nt ( its hav+ be5 visit$ s9ce1 are ^? by ,capt4 ,b5j4 ,morrell#ab & ,sir ,edw>d ,bel*]4#ac ,! =m] call$ !re dur+ a seal+ voyage1 9 #ahbe1 & gives a meagre acc\nt ( x 9 a few l9es1 rem>k+1 t 8x produces a little %rubb]y & "s co>se grass1 among :i*1 ,i ?9k1 fre% wat] might be f\nd by digg+4 ,among ! few vegetable productions ( ?is isl&1 we f\nd a plant resembl+ s>sap>illa1 :i* badly poison$ sev]al ( ! crew :o h&l$ x40 ,sir ,edw>d ,bel*]1 dur+ 8 survey+ exp$ition1 wi%+ to v]ify ! exi/5ce & position ( ! isl&1 se>*$ & f\nd x4 ,he did n l&1 b gives ! result ( 8 exam9ation f ! ma/-head4 ,) o!r rem>ks1 he /ates t 8x is a coral lagoon isl&1 ?ree miles long ,n4 & ,s41 & ! same ,e4 & ,w4 ,!re are two entrances1 bo? on ! wea!r side1 :i* at high-wat] may be safe1 b at ! mom5t we pass$1 ! surf 0 too heavy & ! reflux %[$ ! rocks b>e4 ,on ! bea* sev]al l>ge trees 7 obs]v$1 b no liv+ trees 7 se540 7,may #h1 #ahci47 ,lieut5ant ,griswold notes 9 8 j\rnal1 z foll[s3 8,on ! #f? ( ,augu/1 #ahfa1 we lay on our o>s1 j outside ! break]s on ! ,n4 ,e4 side4 ,at half pa/ six we 7 a%ore1 %oot+ 9 on a high roll]1 :i* left u high & dry ^u ! bea*1 ) a hole /ove 9 our b[4 ,! bea* 0 cov]$ ) drift wood1 & :ile ! crew 7 collect+ x1 ,i />t$ to exam9e ! isl&4 8,^u e side x is girdl$ by a broad b>ri] ( coral1 ab\t fifte5 feet above ! level ( ! ocean4 ,!re is no entrance to ! lagoon1 nei!r does x communicate ) ! ocean by subt]ranean passages1 z ! wat] inside is fre% & potable4 ,x is slightly bracki%1 b w appease ?ir/4 ,! #8,,rock' is a ragg$ pile ( volcanic =mation1 on ! s\? end ( ! isl&1 gray & spla%$ ov] ) ! deposit ( ! birds4 ,x is crack$ & split 9 e possible direction1 "h & !re %oot+ into tott]+ p9nacles4 ,z y w&] ?r\gh ! cav]ns & clefts1 ) :i* x is p]=at$1 !re is an incessant spla%+ & dropp+ ( wat]4 ,on ! v topmo/ p9nacle1 :i* ,i rea*$ aft] a h>d climb1 ,i f\nd a little bas9 conta9+ a c\ple ( buckets full4 ,! cav]ns 7 dre>y look+ places1 d>k & wet1 & e*o+ to ! ho>se cries ( ! sea-birds4 ,! rock1 on its sides1 is r\nd$ & smoo!d by ! action ( ! waves1 at "s long pa/ "t1 & 9 _m places #8! walls are cru/$ ) coral4' 8,! highe/ p9nacle ( ! rock is ab\t #abj feet high1 & x cov]s1 ,i %\ld ?9k1 ab\t two acres4 ,x /&s on ! edge ( ! lagoon1 or r )9 x1 be+ connect$ ) ! coral b>ri] only by a n>r[ i/hmus ( coral cl9k]4 ,betwe5 ?is rock & ! sea1 h[ev]1 ! b>ri]1 in/ead ( be+ z else:]e1 a solid plat=m ( coral1 is only a heap ( fragm5ts1 pil$ 9 w9r[s by ! waves1 #bej or #cjj y>ds 9 wid?4 ,! lagoon is a quiet fre% wat] pond1 two miles long & ab\t "o broad1 ) a long spit ( mud runn+ out into ! middle ( x1 b else:]e ( a light gre5 color1 :i* seem$ to indicate a consid]able dep?4 ,its %ores are abrupt1 ! coral plat=m 9 mo/ places project+ out ov] wat] ( a consid]able dep?4 ,i did n f9d ! lea/ sign ( vegetable life ^u ! isl&4 8,! only plant#ad se51 grew 9 consid]able quantities 9 ! lagoon1 :i* ,i pull$ out ( ! wat]1 :]e x 0 gr[+4 ,!re is no?+ b a coral plat=m1 coral cl9k] & coral s&4 ,we f\nd no?+ to deta9 u & left ! isl& on ! aft]noon ( ! day on :i* we l&$40 ,mr4 ,d>w91 on 8 rem>ks on ! geographical di/ribution ( reef-build+ corals1 /ates t he c\ld f9d no evid5ce ( _! liv+ on or ne> ! we/ coa/ ( ,am]ica1 & consequ5tly discr$its ! /atem5t made by ,sir ,edw>d ,bel*]2 = aft] exam9+ a ,ms4 *>t ( ,clipp]ton ,rock1 at ! ,admiralty ,(fice1 drawn by ,sir ,edw>d1 came to ! conclusion t x 0 m ( ! %ape ( a crat]4 ,! ,isl& is1 h[ev]1 a true ,atoll & has be5 elevat$ at lea/ #ajj feet4 ,x mu/ h be5 clos$ s9ce #ahci1 & ! fre%5+ ( ! wat] has probably be5 caus$ by ra94 ,we may also add1 t x /&s )9 ! limits ( reef build+ corals1 z d$uc$ by ,mr4 ,dana1 f tables ( ! temp]ature ( ! sea1 & consequ5tly is confirmatory ( 8 op9ion4 ,we might add o!r facts 9 support ( ,mr4 ,dana's !ory1 b f o!r p>ts ( ! ,pacific4 #aa ,lieut4 ,griswold 0 kill$ at ! head ( 8 regim5t1 gallantly lead+ !m into action1 at ! battle ( ,antietam4 #ab ,a n>rative ( f\r voyages to ! ,s\? ,seas1 c41 by ,capt4 ,b5j4 ,morrell4 ,n4 ,y41 #ahcb1 page #bai4 #ac ,n>rative ( a voyage r\nd ! _w 9 ,h4 ,m4 ,s4 ,sulphur1 by ,capt4 ,sir ,edw>d ,bel*]4 ,london1 #ahdc4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 page #bai4 #ad ,specim5s ( ! plant ref]r$ to by ,mr4 ,pease1 7 receiv$ by ! ,academy4 ,discussion z to ! adaptation ( c]ta9 semi-tropical plants to ! climate ( ,cali=nia4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,july #c1 #ahfe4 ,presid5t 9 ! *air4 ,eight memb]s pres5t4 ,pr(4 ,john ,torrey1 ,r4 ,k5nicott ,w4 ,h4 ,dall1 ,horace ,mann1 & ,capt4 ,wright1 visitors4 ,donations to ! ,cab9et3 ,a collection ( ,rocky ,m\nta9 plants1 by ,mr4 ,bol&]4 ,g5]al discussion z to ! motions ( ! ,fly+-fi%4 ,rem>ks by ,mr4 ,k5nicott & ,dr4 ,behr ^u ! relation ( ! ,esquimaux to ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians4 ,dr4 ,behr /at$ t ! ,esquimaux c\ld be consid]$ only z a k9d ( ,indians1 _! language be+ ( ! same /ructure1 & _! diff]5t habits 7 ow+ to physical influ5ces4 ,he fur!r /at$1 t ! ,esquimaux liv$ =m]ly f>!r s\?4 ,mr4 ,k5nicott rem>k$1 t f 8 obs]vations & in=mation d]iv$ f ,madam ,ro%k9 & f ,/4 ,zago%9s' ,report1 he believ$ ! natives1 = "s hundr$s ( miles up ! ,kvi*pak or ,yonkon ,riv]1 7 ,esquimaux r ?an ,indians4 ,dr4 ,torrey /at$1 t he f\nd on a trip to ! ,yosemite ,valley1 a plant t he describ$ tw5ty ye>s ago1 & :i* he _h n s9ce se5 9 ! collections exam9$ by him4 ,he nam$ ! plant1 f9d+ x to be a new g5us ,kelloggia2 ! plant is q common 9 ! valley & vic9ity1 & belongs to ! family ( ,rubiace2 ! aspect ( ! plant is1 9 reg>d to its ramification1 mu* l t ( a ,galium1 :ile its leaves & _! arrangem5t resemble an ,epilobium4 ,x 0 fir/ discov]$ by "s memb] ( ,com4 ,wilke's ,exp$ition1 some:]e along or ne> ! ,sacram5to ,riv]4 ,dr4 ,torrey also /at$ t he f\nd ,s>codes ,sangu9ea1 7,torrey71 ! ,sn[-plant ( ! ,cali=nians1 to be app>5tly indiff]5t z to :at plant x fixes itself or d]ives its n\ri%m5t f2 he f\nd its fibre p5etrat+ into ! root ( a ,rumex1 & n z has be5 suppos$ into ! roots ( ,sequoia gigantea4 ,he also spoke ( ! great beauty & fragrance ( ! ,cali=nia ,:ite ,lily1 7,lilium ,wa%+tonianum17 & ( its be+ q common 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,yosemite ,valley4 ,its habits are mu* l t ( ! common :ite lily1 7,lilium c&idum74 ,?is ev5+1 at #g o'clock1 a magnific5t ra9b[ 0 obs]v$1 ! colors ( :i* 7 unusually vivid4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,july #ag,,?1 #ahfe4 ,presid5t 9 ! *air4 ,t5 memb]s pres5t4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,augu/ #g,,?1 #ahfe4 ,presid5t 9 ! *air4 ,n9e memb]s pres5t3 ,dr4 ,c4 ,t4 ,jackson1 visitor4 ,donations to ! ,cab9et3 ,?ree boxes ( %ells2 ,duplicate fossils ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,explor+ ,exp$ition2 ,types ( ,dana's ,geology2 ,fossils f ! ,upp] ,miss\ri2 ,miscellane\s fossils ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 receiv$ f ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution2 ,tra*ytic porphyry f ! 8,basalt0 ,cliff1 ?ree miles f ! ,big ,tree ,grove1 ,calav]as1 pres5t$ by ,dr4 ,jackson4 ,donations to ! ,libr>y3 ,annual ,report ( ! ,museum ( ,comp>ative ,zoology ( ,cambridge1 #ahfd2 ,proce$+s ( ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces ( ,philadelphia1 = ,janu>y1 ,febru>y & ,m>*1 #ahfe2 ,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,academy ( ,arts & ,sci5ces1 ,june-,septemb]1 #ahfd2 ,review ( ,am]ican ,birds1 by ,pr(4 ,s4 ,f4 ,baird2 ,proce$+s ( ,albany ,in/itute2 ,! ,law ( ,increase & ! ,/ructure ( ,man1 by ,f4 ,a4 ,lih>yik2 ,oration & ,poem deliv]$ at ! ,comm5cem5t ( ! ,college ( ,cali=nia2 ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,horticultural ,society ( ,london2 ,meteorological ,results1 ,toronto1 #ahfj-b2 ,magnetical ,ab/racts1 ,toronto1 #ahed-fj1 #ahef-fb4 ,dr4 ,ayres rem>k$ ! appe>ance ( a species ( ,b>rac\ta1 7,sphyr5a ,arg5tea17 on ! coa/ ( ,cali=nia1 (f ,po9t ,conception4 ,dr4 ,c4 ,t4 ,jackson read ! foll[+ pap]1 relative to ! ,big ,trees ( ,calav]as ,c\nty4 ,,measurem5ts ,,( ,,! ,,height ,,& ,,circumf]5ce ,,( ,,tw5ty-,,five ,,( ,,! 8,,big ,,trees10 7,,sequoia ,,gigantea17 ,,9 ,,calav]as ,,c\nty1 ,,by ,,dr4 ,,*>les ,t4 ,,jackson ,,& ,,mr4 ,,joseph ,b4 ,,mead]1 ,,augu/ #b;,d ,,& #c;,d1 #ahfe4 ,in/rum5ts made use (3-- #a4 ,sir ,h4 ,d\glass' ,reflect+ ,semicircle2 7,c>y74 #b4 ,a ,reflect+ ,level2 made by ,j4 ,h4 ,temple1 ( ,bo/on4 #c4 ,a common ,measur+ ,tape4 ,! horizontal po9t 0 fix$ ^u ea* tree1 & ! angle measur$ by ! ,reflect+ ,semicircle1 & protract$ by x4 ,! circumf]5ce ( ! trees 0 measur$ above ! swell ( ! roots1 ab\t six feet1 :]e ! /em takes its prop] =m4 ,sev]al measurem5ts1 orig9ally made ) too high an angle1 7 tak5 ov] aga9 ) a long] base1 s z to avoid ! error ( refraction 9 ! glasses ( ! mirrors4 ,we tru/1 !re=e1 t ! foll[+ measurem5ts w be f\nd to be correct4 ,,height4 ,,circum4 ,,"n ,,( ,,tree4 ,feet4 ,feet4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,arbor ,vit ,que5 #beh #ca ,pride ( ! ,=e/ #bfj #ej ,&rew ,johnson #bgc #cb ,bay ,/ate #bhj #dh ,edw>d ,ev]ett #bfe #df ,h5ry ,w4 ,bee*] #bia #de ,william ,c4 ,bryant #cje #di ,abraham ,l9coln #bha #dd ,"m ( ! ,=e/#ae #cje #fc ,daniel ,web/] #bgj #di ,g5]al ,jackson #cbj #db ,g5]al ,scott #cbg #de ,g5]al ,wa%+ton #bhd #eb ,beauty ( ! ,=e/ #beh -- ,two ,s5t9els #cae -- ,old ,k5tucky #bgg #de ,"m & ,son #bfi #fd ,t4 ,/>r ,k+ #cff #ej ,tr9ity #cjh #dh ,salem ,wit* #caj -- ,h5ry ,clay #bda #dd ,empire ,/ate #bge #ej ,v]mont #bei #dd ,granite ,/ate #bhf #ej ,john ,torrey1 7,nobis7 -- #ej 7,all ! above-nam$ trees are ! ,sequoia ,gigantea47 ,a ,sug> ,p9e1 7,p4 ,lamb]tiana7 #afe -- ,a ,yell[ ,p9e1 7,p4 ,engelmann7 #bcb #bg ,ano!r ( same species #bbj #ai #ae ,b>k (f ,"m ( ! ,=e/ to ! height ( #aba feet4 ,! /ump ( ! 8,orig9al ,big ,tree0 measur$ 9 six diamet]s1 gives = mean1 #bc ft4 #a 941 diamet] inside ( ! b>k1--:i* 0 two feet ?ick4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,augu/ #ba,,/1 #ahfe4 ,mr4 ,fisk 9 ! *air4 ,n9e memb]s pres5t4 ,donations to ! ,cab9et3 ,specim5 ( ,*romic ,iron1 f ,tuolumne ,c\nty1 by ,mr4 ,hanks4 ,mr4 ,bol&] submitt$ a pap] on ! ,grasses ( ,arizona1 ) ! foll[+ rem>ks3 ,! foll[+ ,li/ ( ,grasses1 accompani$ by ! v judici\s & practical obs]vations ( ! ,correspond+ ,memb] ( our ,natural ,hi/ory ,society1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,j4 ,cr(t1 ( ! #a/ ,cavalry ,cali=nia ,volunte]s1 0 receiv$ by mail f ,=t ,goodw91 ,arizona ,t]ritory1 "s little "t s9ce4 ,f ! same intellig5t s\rce1 we h1 f "t to "t1 receiv$ _m valuable specim5s1 pres]v$ ) uncommon c>e1 & rea*+ u 9 a /ate q unusual1 ev5 f localities f> m favorably situat$4 ,we are v hopeful1 we %all %ortly be plac$ 9 possession ( specim5s ( ! se$ ( ! ,:ite ,layia ,mexicana1 = ornam5tal culture1 z also ( a species ( native ,potato1 f ! same indefatigable individual1 :o has also furni%$ u ) a v int]e/+ acc\nt ( num]\s species ( ! ,cactus family1 ( t ,di/rict4 ,! ,grasses ( ,arizona4 ,,by ,c4 ,j4 ,,cr(t1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,! grasses ( ?is ,t]ritory1 pr9cipally consi/ ( f\r v>ieties3 ,no4 #a4 7,pleuraphis ,jamesii1 ,torr417 is ! l[l& ,grama :i* gr[s 9 great pr(usion along ! valley ( ! ,gila1 & con/itutes ! pr9cipal fe$ = our animals1 :i* d q well ^u x1 mod]ately work$4 ,no4 #b4 7,ari/ida purpurea1 ,nutt47 ,! highl& ,grama1 gr[+ ^u ! s& 8mesas10 or highl&s1 seems to diff] b little1 if any1 f t f\nd 9 "s portions ( ,cali=nia4 ,no4 #c4 7,muhl5b]gia pungeus1 ,?urb47 ,black ,grama1 or1 8,grama ,*9a10 z vulg>ly call$ by ! natives1 is ! mo/ valuable z fe$2 ^u x animals w fatt54 ,x gr[s on ! highl&s 9 s&y arid soil4 ,i h nev] met any ( ?is v>iety 9 ! valley ( ! ,colorado1 & b v little 9 ! t]ritory ( ,new ,mexico4 ,at ?is po/ we h _h z _m z #gjj animals1 & ! sc>city ( =age requir$ u to h]d our /ock ^u ?is grass dur+ ! w9t]4 ,we 7 (t5 oblig$ to make rapid & di/ant m>*es 9 pursuit ( ,indians1 ov] a c\ntry almo/ impassable1 yet our horses /ood x well1 f$ only ^u ?is grass4 ,our cavalry "h _h no gra9 dur+ ! entire w9t]4 ,?is ,grama1 l ! o!r species1 gr[s 9 bun*es sev]al feet ap>t1 & ! l[] /alks are gre5 dur+ ! w9t] season4 ,no4 #d4 7,sporobolus airoides1 ,tr947 ,?is gr[s 9 ! valleys4 ,a great portion ( ! ,gila ,valley is cov]$ ) x4 ,animals eat x readily :5 gre52 x is h[ev] a p[]ful diuretic4 ,z a w9t] grass x is ( no acc\nt4 ,besides ^! f\r enum]at$ grasses1 ! lett] conta9$ ?ree o!rs f ! same locality3 #a4 ,panicum capill>e1 ,l4 #b4 ,tricuspis pul*ella1 ,kun?4 #c4 ,a ,poa1 mu* ( ! habitat ( ,poa sudetica4 ,vivid gre52 leaves plane1 r l>ge2 spikelets f\r-fl[]$1 oval2 l[] glume "o1 & ! upp] ?ree n]v$2 l[] palea di/9ctly ?ree-n]v$1 scabr\s on ! ,r$ n]ve4 ,! n]ves ( ! glumes1 z well z ( ! l[] palea1 are ( a vivid gre5 color1 & exce$+ly prom95t4 ,! :ole aspect ( ! plant s5t1 w\ld r sugge/ t x is n indig5\s to t section ( ! c\ntry4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,septemb] #d,,?1 #ahfe4 ,mr4 ,m9ns 9 ! ,*air4 ,eight memb]s pres5t4 ,donations to ! ,libr>y3 ,a pap] on ! orig9 & =mation ( ,prairies1 by ,leo ,lesqu]eux2 ,report ( ! ,vanc\v] ,isl& ,exploration1 #ahfd2 ,review ( ,am]ican ,birds1 by ,pr(4 ,s4 ,f4 ,baird2 ,silliman's ,j\rnal = ,july2 ,proce$+s ( ! ,essex ,in/itute1 ,janu>y1 ,febru>y & ,m>*1 #ahfe2 ,illu/rat$ ,catalogue ( ! ,museum ( ,comp>ative ,zoology ( ,cambridge2 ,! ,naturali/s' ,directory1 ,"p ,i4 ,dr4 ,ayres pres5t$ ! foll[+ pap] f ,pr(4 ,w4 ,p4 ,blake3 ,note on ! abundance ( ,iron ,ore 9 ,nor!rn ,arizona4 ,,by ,,wm4 ,p4 ,,blake4 ,9 #ahfc ,i obs]v$ an iron =mation ( consid]able ext5t & int]e/ ^u & ne> ! ,william's ,=k ( ! ,colorado1 ne> its m\?4 ,! ore is *iefly ! micace\s v>iety ( ,hematite1 or 8specul> iron10 & occurs 9 ?ick b$s & 9 ?9 %eets1 9 a f]rug9\s lime/one or dolomite1 evid5tly metamorphic1 & tilt$ up at a high angle4 ,x =ms a belt ( peculi> appe>ance1 t may be trac$ by ! eye = miles across ! c\ntry1 9 a direction a few degrees s\? ( we/4 ,?is rock & iron ore is int]-/ratifi$ ) *loritic & talcose slates & granite1 & ! s]ies also be>s copp] ores & gold4 ,f ! collections made by ,lieut4 ,:ipple's p>ty1 9 #ahec1 9 ! m\nta9s nor?1 x w\ld appe>1 t simil> rocks exi/ 9 ! ,c]bat & ,aqu>ius ,m\nta9s1 ! extreme geological antiquity ( :i*1 0 comm5t$ on by me 9 ! ,pacific ,r4 ,r4 ,reports1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #ei4 ,x is possible t ?is f]rif]\s =mation is connect$ ) ! ext5sive iron =mation ( ! coa/ ( ,mexico1 s\? ( ,acapulco1 describ$ by ,mr4 ,manross1 7,am4 ,j\rn4 ,sci41 ,,xxxix1 #ceh17 & x may be ( pre-,silurian date4 ,descriptions ( ,new ,m>9e ,%ells f ! ,coa/ ( ,cali=nia4 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,by ,,philip ,p4 ,,c>p5t]1 ,b4 ,a41 ,,ph4 ,d41 ,,( ,,w>r+ton1 ,,eng4 ,g5us ,,corbula1 ,lam4 7,auct47 ,corbula luteola1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,/ate ,collection1 ,no4 #ehg4 ,c4 t4 8,c4 biradiat10 =m simulante1 s$ multo m9ore2 haud obes1 transv]s1 luteo-c9]e1 dorsum v]sum int]dum obscure biradiat2 angulo plus m9usve c>9ato1 po/ice def9ito2 antice rotundat1 expans2 conc5trice crebre s$ obtuse lirulat2 umbonibus obtusis2 intus1 d5tibus m9oribus2 l9ea pallii angulat1 haud s9uat2 cicatricibus adductoribus callosis2 m>g9e t4 adult po/ice alt]o alt]um amplectante4 ,long4 #jdb1 lat4 #jbh1 alt4 #jaf4 ,hab4 ,san ,diego1 ,san ,p$ro1 #ej1 alive1 at l[ wat]4 ,g5us ,,plectodon4#af ,cpr4 ,te/a t5uis1 scab]1 ro/rata1 haud inflata3 m>go dorsalis sub umbones intus nexa1 d5tem c>d9alem =mans3 d5tes lat]ales longi1 lam9ati3 c>tilago foss m9ut1 sub umbones celat1 d5te lat]ali po/ico contigu1 sita3 s9us pallii p>vus4 ,plectodon scab]1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,/ate ,collection1 ,no4 #ajfb4 ,pl4 t4 l$-=mi1 t5ui1 subdiaphan1 pallid2 tot sup]ficie m9ute pu/ulos2 m>g9ibus dorsalibus rectis1 ad angulum #aej2 antice et v5tralit] product1 m>g9ibus excurvatis2 po/ice valde ro/rat1 truncat3 intus1 m>g9e sub umbones int]rupto2 plic ex apice oblique usque ad m>g9em dorsalem anticum excurr5te2 d5tibus lat]alibus lam9atis1 extantibus1 po/ico longiore2 cicatricibus adductoribus p>vis1 subrotundatis1 ad extremitates d5tium lat]alium sitis2 s9u palii lato1 haud impresso4 ,long4 #jfb1 lat4 #jcd1 alt4 #jbj4 ,hab4 ,catal9a ,isl&1 two "r valves1 #dj-fj fms1 ,cp4 ,?is v di/9ct g5us has ! aspect ( ,!ora1 & appe>s alli$ to ,nera4 ,x is probable t ! c>tilage 0 /r5g!n$ by an ossicle4 ,! great peculi>ity is ! twi/+-9 ( ! dorsal m>g91 :i* asc5ds ! umbo 9 a v loose spiral4 ,g5us ,,macoma1 ,lea*4 ,macoma ind5tata1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,/ate ,collection1 ,no4 #cfe4 ,m4 t4 8,m4 sect0 simili2 s$ po/ice valde ro/rat1 s9u int] plicam et regionem v5tralem valde expansam ind5tato4 ,long4 #bbj1 lat4 #adj1 alt4 #jef4 ,hab4 ,san ,p$ro1 7"y1 liv+1 ,palm]27 l>ge dead valves1 ,coop]4 ,diff]s f ,m4 umbonella1 ,lam41 9 its secta-l po/-ligam5tal w+4 ,?is be+ rubb$ (f 9 ! l>ge dead valves1 ! %ell has ! aspect ( a v di/9ct species4 ,,g5us ,,dal9a1 ,,cpr4 dalia1 ,cpr41 ,brit4 ,ass4 ,rep41 #ahfd4 7pre-occup47 ,subg5us ,,coop]ella1 ,cpr4 dal9a2 c>tilag9e foss semi-int]n1 ligam5to ext]no contigu1 sit2 d5tibus c>d9alibus lam9atis1 haud bifidis1 s5 uno bifido4 ,d$icat$ to ! memory ( ,judge ,coop]1 ( ,hobok51 ,n4,j41 au?or ( ! ,report on ! ,mollusca ( ! ,pacific ,railway ,exp$itions4 ,coop]ella sc9till=mis1 ,cpr4 n4 sp4 ,/ate ,collection1 ,no4 #ecc a4 ,c4 t4 t5uissim1 subdiaphan1 latiore2 =ma 8,sc9til ,cumm+ii0 simulante2 extus arg5teo-iridesc5te1 /riulis increm5ti exillimis int]dum uudat2 p>te po/ic paullum majore rotundat2 intus1 valv dextr d5t4 ii4 lam9atis1 arcuatim div]g5tibus1 extantibus1 quorum anticus major1 v5tralit] sulcatus2 v4 s9i/r4 iii41 quorum ant4 et po/4 lam9ati1 arcuati1 c5tralis triangul>is1 bifidus2 foss c>tilag9ali p>v1 semi-int]n1 sub umbones angu/iores1 satis prom95tes1 sit2 lam9 ligam5tali null1 nymphis longioribus2 s9u pallii oblongo1 lato2 l9e pallii antic m9us declivi4 ,long4 #jfj1 lat4 #jdh1 alt4 #jcb4 ,hab4 ,san ,diego2 ,san ,p$ro1 #b dr$g$ 9 #h-bj fms4 ,coop]4 ,g5us ,,semele1 ,s*um4 ,semele incungrua1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,/ate ,collection1 ,no4 #ajfa4 ,s4 t4 =m et indole 8,s4 pul*r0 simili1 s$ sculptur div]s2 transv]s1 t5uii1 subplanat1 umbonibus prom95tibus2 pallide c>ne1 radiis int5sioribus ornat2 tot sup]ficie m9ute et creb]rime radiatim /riulat2 m>g9ibus dorsalibus po/ico rectiore1 antico p>um incurvato2 reliquis regul>it] excurvatis1 p>te antic diagonalit] valde product2 v4 s9i/r4 liris crebris subacutis conc5tricis1 antice spe irregul>it] int]ruptis1 po/ice circit] quat]nis solum conspicuis1 extantibus2 v4 dextr4 liris pancioribus1 acutis1 antice vix int]ruptis1 po/ice alt]nantibus1 extantibus3 intus2 d5t1 c>d4 p>vis1 foss c>tilag9ali angu/ elongat2 d5t4 lat41 v4 dextr1 elongatis1 regione c>d9ali purpureo t9ctis2 cicatr4 adduct4 subrotundatis2 s9u pallii maximo1 ovali1 asc5d5te1 p] qu9tas int] sex totius int]/itii p>tes porrecto2 colore secundum pag9am ext]nam t9ct et radiat4 ,long4 #jeh1 lat4 #jdj1 alt4 #jaf4 ,hab4 ,santa ,b>b>a1 #af fm4 #a valve2 ,catal9a ,isl&1 #dj-fj fm41 n uncommon2 ,coop]4 ,g5us8 ,,v5us1 ,ln4 ,subg5us ,,psephis1 ,cpr4 #ahfd4 ,psephis salmonea1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,/ate ,collection1 ,no4 #ajfh4 ,ps4 t4 ,p>v1 sub9flat1 subquilat]ali1 subtrigon2 colore salmoneo2 extus nitid m9utissime et creb]rime conc5trice /riat2 m>g9e v5trali excurvato2 dorsalibus antico et po/ico subrectis3 intus1 d5t4 c>d4 iii4-iii41 quorum utrque valv anticus porrectus1 quasi lat]alis1 c5trales p>vi2 v4 dextr4 d5te po/ico 9 m>g9em sulcatum decurr5te2 cicatr4 adduct4 satis conspicuis1 subrotundatis2 l9e pallii satis int]n1 vix obsolete s9uat4 ,long4 #jab1 lat4 #jaa1 alt4 #jjf4 ,hab4 ,catal9a ,isl&1 #cj-dj fm41 r>e42 ,coop]4 ,plac$ "u ,psephis by analogy2 :e!r ! animal be ovovivip>\s has n yet be5 asc]ta9$4 ,g5us ,,a/>te1 ,j4 ,sby4 ,a/>te fluctuata1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,/ate ,collection1 ,no4 #ajfj4 ,a4 t4 valde planat1 ovoide1 co/is conc5tricis valde di/antibus1 angu/is1 undulatis1 ornat2 m>g4 dors4 po/4 subrecto1 ant4 concavo1 lunul long1 p>um impress2 v5tr4 satis rotundato2 ant4 valde rotundato2 po/4 subquadrato2 intus1 v4 dextr41 lam9 c>d9ali planat2 d5t4 c>d4 i4 int] fossas ant4 p>vam1 po/4 triangul>em1 extante2 d5t4 lat4 ant4 acutiore1 satis elongato1 po/4 nullo2 cicatr4 adduct4 ovalibus1 po/ic callo def9it2 m>g9e haud cr5ato2 sulco ligam5ti ext]ni elongato4 ,long4 #jcc1 lat4 #jbf1 #jaj4 ,hab4 ,catal9a ,isl&1 #cj-dj fm4 ,coop]4 ,only dead "r valves hav+ be5 f\nd1 x is n kn[n :e!r ?is species be an ,a/>te 7accord+ to ,messrs4 ,adams & ,hanley7 or an abnormal ,crassatella4 ,x sc>cely diff]s f ! "y ( ,a/>te omalia1 f ! ,corall9e ,crag4 ,g5us ,,c>dium1 ,ln4 ,subg4 ,,fulvia1 ,gray1 #ahdg1 or ,lvic>dium8 ,sw41 #ahdj4 ,c>dium 78 mode/um1 v>7 c5tifilosum1 ,cpr4 ,/ate ,collection #cha4 ,c4 t4 p>v1 t5uissim1 inflat1 subquadratim rotundat2 umbonibus angu/is1 tumidioribus2 m>g9ibus1 dorsalibus subalatis1 antico et v5trali qualit] rotundatis1 po/ico vix truncato2 tot sup]ficie1 7nisi umbonibus et dorsum v]sus utroque lat]e lvibus17 t5ue lirat2 liris circ4 c5tum1 quoad magnitud9em extantibus1 angu/is2 int]/itiis subqualibus1 subquadratis1 int]dum punctato-decus satis2 p>te po/ic l9e def9it1 lirulis m9us conspicuis1 lam9is conc5tricis extantibus1 crebrioribus elegant] exasp]ata2 intus1 d5t4 c>d4 validioribus1 lat4 subdi/antibus2 cic4 adduct4 ovalibus1 haud impressis4 ,long4 #jea1 lat4 #jdh1 alt4 #jcd4 ,hab4 7mode/um47 ,quelp>t ,isl&1 ,*9a ,seas1 & ,japan2 ,a4 ,adams4 7,c5tifilosum47 ,mont]ey1 #bj fms4 alive2 ,santa ,b>b>a #a1 ,catal9a ,isl&1 #dj fm4 ,coop]4 ,r\nd] ?an ,c4 mode/um1 ,ad4 ,rve41 ) few] & %>p] ribs2 b ! ,ea/]n %ells v>y1 & ,mr4 ,adams consid]s !m conspecific4 ,g5us ,,lepton1 ,turton4 ,lepton m]oum1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,l4 t4 p>v1 subplanat1 ,m]o-=mi2 transv]s1 m>g9ibus omn9o excurvatis2 antice valde product2 umbonibus acutis1 prom95tibus2 d5t4 c>d4 7v4 s9i/r47 uno1 celato2 lat4 ant4 prom95te1 po/4 subobsoleto2 foss c>tilag9ali angu/a2 cic4 adduct4 remotis4 ,long4 #jaa1 lat4 #jjh1 alt4 #jjc4 ,hab4 ,san ,diego1 #a brok5 valve among %ell wa%+s4 ,coop]4 ,g5us ,,pri/iphora1 ,cpr4#ag n4 g4 ,syn4 ,pri/es1 ,cpr4 ,rep4 ,brit4 ,ass4 #ahfd1 7pre-occupi$47 ,te/a 8,tellimy ,adamsiorum0 similis2 d5tibus c>d9alibus nullis2 lat]alibus utrque valv conspicuis1 po/ice elongatis1 antice curtioribus1 c>d9em v]sus transv]sim sulcatis2 foss c>tilag9ali int] eos sit4 ,pri/iphora oblonga1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,p4 t4 oblong1 p>v1 subquadrat1 valde 9quilat]ali2 p>te antic f]e null2 m>g9ibus1 dorsalibus subrectis1 f]e rectangulatis1 v5trali p>um excurvato1 po/ico rotundato2 umbonibus antice flectis2 lunul p>v1 concav3 intus1 v4 s9i/r41 d5t4 lat4 po/4 p] totam longitud9em dorsalem decurr5te1 p>te c>d9ali acut1 alte transv]sim sulcat2 ant4 secundum lunulam incurvato curto1 s]rato2 cicatr4 adduct4 sub f9es d5tium sitis4 ,long4 #jad1 lat4 #jaj1 alt4 #jjf4 ,hab4 ,san ,diego2 #a worn valve among %ell wa%+s4 ,coop]4 ,g5us ,,l$a1 ,s*uma*]4 ,l$a hamata1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,/ate ,collection1 ,no4 #ihd4 ,l4 t4 8,l4 caudat0 simili1 s$ valde hamat2 planat1 valde 9quilat]ali2 umbonibus angu/ioribus1 lvibus1 ad tri5tem sitis2 m>g9ibus1 dors4 po/4 maxime incurvato1 ant4 p>um1 v5tr4 valde excurvatis2 p>te po/ic valde ro/rat1 ro/ro biangulato1 curvato1 angu/iore1 biangulat2 sulcis et co/is validis1 conc5tricis1 supra ro/rum cont9uis1 dorsum v]sus po/ice obsoletis4 ,long4 #jcg1 lat4 #jaj1 alt4 #jaj4 ,g5us ,,acan?o*ites1 ,risso8 7,lea*1 #ahbf74 ,acan?o*ites avicula1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,/ate ,collection1 ,no4 #ajgb4 ,a4 t4 8,a4 arragonitei0 =m magnitud9e1 pallio1 et indole simillim2 s$ sculptur et lam9is t]m9alibus div]s2 jugo longitud9alit] sulculis circ4 vi4 in/ructis1 int]/itiis quasi planato-squamosis1 umbonibus latis2 areis diagonalibus haud def9itis2 lat]ibus1 squamis 7quoad magnitud9em7 maximis1 planatis1 ovalibus ornatis1 s]iebus indi/9ctis div]g5tibus in/ructis2 mucrone p>vo1 antice sito2 colore livido et olivaceo-fusco v>ie t9cto2 lam9is ins]tionis valv4 lat4 ut 9 ,a4 arragonite2 antic1 fissuris v4 ,long4 #jaf1 lat4 #jaj4 ,hab4 ,catal9a ,isl&1 #aj-bj fm41 r>e2 ,coop]4 ,g5us ,,acan?opleura1 ,guild+4 ,acan?opleura fluxa1 ,cpr48 n4 s4 ,a4 t4 8,a4 scabr0 simili1 s$ latiore1 pallidiore2 viridi1 rubro-aurantio consp]s2 valvis rectangulatis2 suturis m>g9alibus haud conspicuis2 areis diagonalibus satis di/9ctis2 radiis obtusis fluxis ii41 alt] diagonali1 alt] suturali2 tot sup]ficie conspicue granulos1 granulis acutioribus prs]tim albidis2 jugo obtuso1 vix vallato3 lam9is ins]tionis ut 9 ,a4 scabr in/ructis4 ,long4 #jfj1 lat4 #jdj1 div4 #aaj4 ,hab4 ,santa ,b>b>a ,isl&1 ,coop]4 ,foot1 9 ! only dri$ specim5 se51 extremely ?91 flat1 & n>r[4 ,g5us ,,is*no*iton1 ,gray4 ,is*no*iton v]$5ti5s1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,/ate ,collection1 ,no4 #eah a 7bis74 ,i4 t4 p>v1 albid1 rosaceo t9ct2 valvis go?ice arcuatis1 jugo subacuto2 tot sup]ficie m9ute granulos2 areis lat]alibus conspicue def9itis1 m9oribus1 co/is diagonali et suturali validis in/ructis1 bullis valde expressis munitis2 valv4 t]m4 co/ulis subobsoletis radiantibus2 areis c5tralibus cla?ris longitud9alibus utroque lat]e circ4 viii4 di/antibus1 expressis1 subgranulosis1 supra jugum obsoletis2 int]/itiis co/ulis subradiantibus decussatis2 umbonibus conspicuis2 m>g9ibus umbonalibus co/is bullif]is valde ind5tatis1 d5tibus viii4-x4 jugum v]sus obsoletis1 m>g9ibus haud intortis2 mucrone subm$iano1 vix extante2 m>g9ibus lobatis elegant] cla?ris pect9atis3 intus1 s9u maximo1 planato1 int]dum s]rato2 lam9is ins]tionis acutis1 late unifissatis1 valv4 t]m4 circ4 viii-fissatis1 subgrundis conspicuis2 limbo pallii squamis majoribus1 planatis1 t5uibus1 vix /riatis4 ,long4 #jbe1 lat4 #jaj1 div4 #ij4 ,hab4 ,catal9a ,isl&1 #bj-cj fm41 ,coop]4 ,subg5us ,,lepidopleurus1 ,risso4 ,is*4 squamis magnis1 ut 9 ,*itone 7,lophyro7 in/ructis1 /riatis4 ,lepidopleurus pect9atus1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,/ate ,collection1 ,no4 #ajgc4 ,l4 t4 8,l4 ,m]t5sii0 simili1 s$ omn9o olivaceo2 areis diagonalibus radiis pl]umque iv4 d5se tub]culif]is1 radioque alt]o suturali tub]culis inflexis1 m>g9es valv>um pect9antibus2 co/is transv]sis crebris validis2 co/ulis longitud9alibus acutis di/antibus sup]antibus1 qu>um m>g9es suturas anticas pect9ant2 valv4 t]m4 ut 9 areis diag4 sculptis1 s]iebus tub]culorum creb]rimis2 tot sup]ficie m9utissime tub]culat3 intus1 valvis c5tralibus unifissatis1 t]m9alibus xi4-xv4-fissatis3 scalis pallii irregul>ibus1 conf]tis1 m9utissime longitud9alit] /riatis4 ,long4 #jhe1 lat4 #jej1 div4 #aaj4 ,v>iat3 int]dum aurantio nebulos4 ,hab4 ,catal9a ,isl&1 ,santa ,b>b>a ,isl&1 bea*1 ,coop]4 ,lepidopleurus scabrico/atus1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,/ate ,collection1 ,no4 #ajga c4 ,l4 t4 p>v1 auranti1 elevat2 valvis go?ice arcuatis1 jugo acuto2 tot sup]ficie conspicue et creb]rime granulata3 areis lat]alibus majoribus1 conspicue def9itis2 s]iebus granulorum majorum iii4 radiantibus1 subobsoletis2 umbonibus haud conspicuis2 m>g9ibus umbonalibus colore int5siore pseudod5tatis1 p>um intortis2 areis c5tralibus s]iebus co/ul>um angu/>um subobsolet>um longitud9alibus1 valde di/antibus1 granulis majoribus in/ructis2 valv4 t]m41 co/ulis granulosis similibus radiantibus2 mucrone vix m$iano1 p>um conspicuo3 intus1 lobis suturalibus sep>atis1 s9u maximo1 planato2 lam9is ins]tionis lat4 unifissatis1 t]m4 x4-xii4-fissatis1 subobtusis2 subgrundis modicis1 subconspicuis3 limbo pallii latiore1 squamis imbricatis1 elongatis1 transv]sim /riatis1 crebris ornat4 ,long4 #jcj2 lat4 #jag2 div4 #ajj4 ,hab4 ,catal9a ,isl&2 #aj-bj fm41 ,coop]4 ,subg5us ,,tra*yd]mon1#ah ,cpr4 ,is*no*iton3 squamis pallii m9imis1 conf]tis4 ,tra*yd]mon ,go?icus1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,/ate ,collection1 #eah;a4 ,tr4 t4 p>v valde elevat1 viridi1 rosaceo et olivaceo elegant] t9ct2 valvis go?ice arcuatis1 jugo acuto2 areis lat]alibus p>vis1 arcuatim di/9cte def9itis1 granulosis2 umbonibus prom95tibus2 m>g9ibus umbonalibus colore tessellatis1 intortis2 areis c5tralibus longitud9alit] co/atis1 co/is rotundatis1 crebris1 haud valde expressis1 int]/itiis p>vis1 vix int]dum decussatis2 valv4 t]m4 ut 9 ar4 lat4 sculptis1 po/ic mucrone m$iano1 subelevato3 intus1 lobis suturalibus haud sep>atis1 m$io latissime s9uatis2 lam9is ins]tionis1 lat4 unifissatis1 t]m4 viii4-x4-fissatis1 obtusis1 subgrundis haud elevatis3 limbo pallii m9utissime squamuloso1 granulis conf]tissimis1 subrotundatis1 lvibus2 circa m>g9em pilulis sub]ectis4 ,long4 #jbj1 lat4 #jaj2 div4 #hj4 ,hab4 ,catal9a ,isl&1 #h-bj fm41 ,coop]4 ,g5us ,,lepto*iton1 ,gray4 ,lepto*iton nexus1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,/ate ,collection1 #ajga;a4 ,l4 t4 p>v1 alboc9]e1 valvice go?is arcuatis2 areis lat]alibus vix def9itis2 tot sup]ficie squamulis subquadratis s]iatim ornata2 s]iebus ar4 c5tr4 longitud9alibus1 ar4 lat4 et valv4 t]m4 radiantibus1 creb]rimis1 haud int]ruptis2 jugo elevato1 sub-acuto2 umbonibus inconspicuis2 m>g9ibus umbonalibus vix inflectis1 lat]alibus vix squamulis s]rulatis2 mucrone conspicuo1 m$iano3 intus1 lam9is c5tralibus valde lobatis1 s9u maximo1 planato2 lam4 ins]tionis obsoletis3 pallio1 squamulis paleatis1 /riatis1 conf]tis in/ructo2 pilis elatioribus acicul9is1 cry/all9is1 huc et illuc et circa m>g9em ornato4 ,long4 #jcj1 lat4 #jah2 div4 #ij4 ,hab4 ,catal9a ,isl&1 #aj-bj fm41 ,coop]4 ,! appe>ance ( ?is nor!rn g5us among ! ,mopali & ,is*no*itons is v rem>kable2 z is ! "* ( ! mantle-m>g94 ,g5us ,,nacella1 ,s*uma*]4 ,nacella 78 palleacea1 v>47 triangul>is1 ,cpr4 ,/ate ,coll4 ,no4 #daf;c4 ,n4 t4 8,n4 palleacea0 simili1 s$ multo m9us elongat2 apice elato1 m>g9ibus rectangulatim div]g5tibus2 albid1 maculis fuscis p]paucis ornat2 /riulis subobsoletis4 ,long4 #jbh1 lat4 #jab1 alt4 #jah1 div4 #ij4 ,hab4 ,mont]ey1 #d dr$g$ dead1 ,coop]4 ,probably a di/9ct species4 ,! solit>y %ell s5t by ,dr4 ,coop] is %ap$ l a "r-angl$ triangle1 ) five l>ge br[n spots ne> ! base4 8 ,nacella subspiralis1 ,cpr48 n4 s4 ,/ate ,collection1 #daf;b4 8 ,n4 t4 p>v1 c>ne1 lvi1 t5uissim2 v]tice 8,em>g9ul0 simulante1 subspirali1 s$ apice patelloideo1 adunco2 t4 adult valde elevat2 m>g9e lat]ali antico subrecto1 apice projici5te1 valde remoto2 po/ico maxime =nicato2 ap]tur m>g9e antice et po/ice prolongato4 ,long4 #jbf1 lat4 #jai1 alt4 #jbj1 div4 #hj4 ,hab4 ,catal9a ,isl&1 #aj-bj fm41 #d dead1 ,coop]4 ,?is may be ! "y ( ! long-lo/ ,patella calyptra1 ,m>t4 ,x may be a ,scutell9a4 ,ev5 ! g5us _c be pr$icat$ f ! %ell alone4 ,g5us ,,acm,a1 ,es*holtz4 ,acma 78 pileolus1 v>47 rosacea1 ,cpr4 ,a4 t4 p>v1 conic1 t5ui1 lvi2 t4 jun4 pallide rosace1 elegantissime maculis albis et fuscis subradiatim sp>sis2 t4 adulta /rigis fusco-rosaceis et albidis pict2 apice elevato1 p>um antico2 intus rosaceo4 ,long4 #jbj1 lat4 #jaf1 alt4 #jjh1 div4 #ajj4 ,hab4 ,san ,diego1 #a sp4 jun4 7,palm]73 ,mont]ey1 #a dead sp4 ,coop]4 ,! abs5ce ( /ri1 v ?9 texture1 & regul>ly conical gr[?1 di/+ui% ?is %ell f ,a4 pat9a1 a r>e v>iety ( :i* has a p9ki% t+e4 ,specim5s 9 ,mus4 ,cum+ are m>k$ 8pileolus1 ,midd410 b d n accord ) ! diagnosis4 ,x is almo/ exactly l ,h]m#ai specim5s ( ,a4 virg9ea4 ,col4 ,jewett's simil> %ells1 m>k$ 8,panama10 7 p]haps ,we/ ,indian4 ,g5us ,,scurria 7871 ,gray4 ,scurria 787 funiculata1 ,cpr4 787 n4 s4 ,/ate ,collection1 ,no4 #dff;d4 8 ,sc4 t4 p>v1 albid1 regul>it] conic1 apice acuto1 elevato1 p>um antrorsum sito2 liris validis1 rotundatis1 int]dum vix nodulosis1 irregul>it]1 huc et illuc duplo vel triplicit] dispositis2 m>g9e co/is extus undato2 cicatrice haud conspicuo4 ,long4 #jej1 lat4 #jch1 alt4 #jbf1 div4 #hj4 ,hab4 ,mont]ey1 #f dr$g$ dead1 ,coop]4 ,s diff]5t f ! mo/ /rongly m>k$ "y specim5s ( ,sc4 mitra t ,i presume x to be di/9ct4 ,! g5us dep5ds on ! animal1 :i* has n yet be5 se54 ,g5us ,,puncturella1 ,l[e4 ,puncturella ,coop]i1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,/ate ,collection ,no4 #ajbi4 ,p4 t4 8,p4 galeat10 f]e exacte simulante2 s$ lam9 int]n solid1 planat1 haud antice s9uat1 haud suffult4 ,long4 #jcj1 lat4 #jba1 alt4 #jbd1 div4 #gj4 ,hab4 ,catal9a ,isl&1 n r>e1 #dj to #bj fms41 ,coop]1 alive4 ,outside l ,p4 noa*9a2 b ) ! lam9a l ,p4 cucullata1 )\t eye-holes4 ,! latt] species is extremely v>iable 9 sculpture1 b nev] s f9e z ?is2 & ! %ape is less conical4 ,g5us ,,gibbula1 ,lea*4 ,gibbula optabilis1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,g4 t4 p>v1 pul*]rim1 subconic2 lurida1 fusco-purpureo maculat2 anfr4 v4 subquadratis1 suturis di/9ctis2 c>9is pr9cipalibus 9 spir ii41 ali int]calante2 c>9 =tiori p]iph]iali1 et lirulis circ4 vi4 basalibus1 regul>it] colore punctatis2 lir po/ic subobsolete suturam att+5te2 aliis m9oribus int]calantibus2 int]/itiis ubique t5]rime et creb]rime decussatis2 basi subtum5te1 ad c>9am p]iph]ialem f]e rectangulato2 ap]tur subquadrat1 columell p>um arcuata2 umbilico magno1 infundibuli=mi1 angulato2 liris ii4 intus spiralit] asc5d5tibus4 ,long4 #jai1 long4 spir4 #jaj1 lat4 #jai1 div4 #hj4 ,hab4 ,san ,p$ro1 ,palm]1 "o specim54 ,g5us ,,callio/oma1 ,swa9son4 ,! names ,callio/oma & ,ziziph9us hav+ be5 publi%$ 9 ! same ye>1 ,i h no hesitation 9 pref]r+ ! g5]ic to ! specific4 ,callio/oma supragranosum1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,c4 t4 p>v2 anfr4 v4 tum5tibus2 liris acutis c9cta1 qu>um m$i lves1 po/ic granos1 basales ix4 m9ores4 ,hab4 ,san ,diego2 ,coop]4 ,! s+le specim5 s5t diff]s z above f ! "y ( ! next species4 ,callio/oma gemmulatum1 ,cpr4 ,br4 ,assoc4 ,rep4 #ahfc1 pp4 #fab1 #fec4 ,syn4 ,c4 =mosum1 ,cpr4 ,proc4 ,cal4 ,ac4 #ahfd1 #aee3 non ,=bes4 ,:ile ! %eets ( ! ,report 7 pass+ ?r\gh ! press1 x 0 f\nd t ! "n _h be5 preoccupi$ by ,=bes4 ,z x happ5$ ! ,cali=nian %eet 0 be+ pr9t$ simultane\sly1 & !re 0 no "t to make ! alt]ation4 ,g5us ,,e?alia1 ,adams4 ,e?alia supravallata1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,e4 t4 p>v1 albid1 nit5te1 subdiaphan1 planat2 anfr4 nucl4 ii4 et dimidio1 lvis1 diaphanis2 norm4 uno et dimidio1 rotundatis2 po/ice c>9 valde extante1 et foss concav contigu suturam t5us1 supra spiram vix planatam asc5d5te2 9 m$io basis rotundat c>9 alt] plus m9usve extante2 int] eas1 circa p]iph]iam1 lirulis radiantibus m9imis1 haud expressis1 sub l5te vix conspicuis2 regione umbilic>i p>um concavo2 ap]tur circul>i2 labro c>9is angulato2 columell1 valde callos1 porrecta2 callositate pyri=mi regionem umbilic>em circumambi5te4 ,long4 #jjc1 long1 spir4 #j4 787 lat4 #jde1 div4 #ahj4 ,hab4 ,san ,diego1 ,coop]1 %ell-wa%+s4 ,typical among ! ,vitr9elloid ,e?ali describ$ 9 ,maz4 ,cat41 ,nos4 #caj1 #cah4 ,rem>kable = ! small numb] ( turns 9 ! mature %ell z comp>$ ) ! nucleus4 ,e?alia v>4 invallata1 ,cpr4 ,e4 t4 8,e4 supravallat10 alit] exacte simili2 s$ vallo spirali omn9o c>5te2 basi angulat1 haud c>9at4 ,hab4 ,san ,diego1 %ell-wa%+s1 ,coop]4 ,^! %ells w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 reg>d$ z di/9ct1 b = "o specim5 :i* began smoo?ly1 yet aft] a fracture sudd5ly comm5c$ a 7n prom95t7 keel3 an in/ructive lesson on v>iations 9 sculpture4 ,g5us ,,gal]us1 ,humphreys4 ,gal]us contortus1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,/ate ,collection1 ,no4 #cfi4 ,g4 t4 p>v1 t5ui1 albid2 v]tice nucleoso planato1 extante1 m9imo1 anfr4 uno et dimidio planorbi-=mibus1 apice conspicuo2 de9 conoide1 elevata1 solute spirali1 suturis impressis2 sup]ficie rudi1 lam9is increm5ti int]dum conspicuis2 lam9 int]n4 ,long4 #jbf1 lat4 #jbd1 alt4 #jae1 div4 #hj4 ,hab4 ,mont]ey1 #bj-dj fm42 ,santa ,b>b>a1 #af-bj fm42 ,catal9a ,isl&1 #cj-dj fm42 ,coop]4 ,! v]tex /&s out l a t9y ,planorbis1 & is m m9ute ?an 9 any species ,i h exam9$4 ,g5us ,c,,cum1 ,flem+4 ,ccum crebric9ctum1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,/ate ,collection1 ,no4 #chh4 ,c4 7,anellum7 t41 quoad g5us1 magn1 t]eti1 solidiore1 ruf(usca1 int]dum radiis int5sioribus longitud9alibus ornat2 annulis gracillimis1 creb]rimis1 rotundatis1 haud elevatis circ4 lxxx4 c9ct2 int]/itiis nullis2 sculptur longitud9ali null2 ap]tur acut1 vix contract1 vix declivi2 septo subungulato1 submucronato2 m>g9e lat]ali recto2 apice acuto1 ad angulum circ4 #de1 maxime elevato2 op]culo vix concavo1 lir spirali elevat4 ,long4 #jad1 lat4 #jjd4 ,hab4 ,san ,diego1 #h-aj fms41 #ab2 ,mont]ey1 #bj fms41 #bj1 "s alive2 ,santa ,b>b>a1 #bj fms41 #c1 ,coop]4 ,has ! aspect1 b n ! sculpture1 ( an ,elephantulum4 ,ccum ,coop]i1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,/ate ,collection1 ,no4 #ffg;a4 ,c4 7,anellum7 t4 p>v1 satis t]eti1 alb2 annulis crebris acutioribus1 angu/is1 circ4 xxxiv4-xxxviii41 int]/itiis subconcavis2 septo subungulato2 apice obtuso1 haud elevato1 m>g9e lat]ali recto2 ap]tur declivi1 p>um contracto et po/ice expanso2 op]culo8 ,long4 #jji1 lat4 #jjbe4 ,hab4 ,san ,diego & ,catal9a ,isl&1 #h-aj fms41 #ah1 ,coop]4 ,kn[n f simil> ,mazatlan species by ! v num]\s b sep>at$ & some:at %>p ribs4 ,g5us ,,turritella1 ,lam>ck4 ,turritella ,coop]i1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,/ate ,collection1 ,no4 #efd4 ,t4 t4 valde t]eti1 t5uiore1 c9]e1 ruf(usco t9ct2 anf4 plurimis1 angu/is1 subplanatis1 suturis di/9ctis2 liris ii4 et /riulis crebris spiralit] ornat2 basi angulat2 ap]tur subquadrat2 labro valde s9uato4 ,long4 #ahj1 long4 spir4 #aej1 lat4 #jde4 ,hab4 ,san ,p$ro1 #fj2 ,san ,diego1 #af dead on bea*2 ,santa ,b>b>a1 #d dead1 9 #af-bj fms4 ,coop]4 ,z ,i h se5 no complete li/ ( ! v num]\s fossil species ( ?is g5us1 x appe>s all[able1 r ?an risk a synonym1 to "n ?is graceful %ell aft] its discov]]4 ,g5us8 ,,mesalia1 ,gray4 8 ,mesalia t5uisculpta1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,/ate ,collection1 ,no4 #fff a4 8 ,m4 t4 t5ui1 regul>it] turrit1 fusco-c9]e2 anfr4 nucl4 lvibus1 normalibus1 apice acuto2 norm4 viii4 rotundatis1 suturis impressis2 lirulis spiralibus2 haud extantibus1 plus m9usve di/antibus1 irregul>ibus c9ct qu>um anfr4 primis du antic majores2 lirulis circa basim rotundatam obtusis1 subregul>ibus2 rugulis increm5ti irregul>ibus1 int]dum decussantibus2 ap]tur subrotundat1 p]itremati haud cont9u2 labro acuto1 po/ice flexuoso2 labio t5ui4 ,long4 #jbh1 long4 spir4 #jah1 lat4 #jaj1 div4 #ae4 ,hab4 ,s4 ,diego2 #d-f fms41 #ae1 alive4 ,coop]4 ,int]m$iate 9 "* betwe5 ,mesalia & ,f5ella4 ,g5us ,,isapis1 ,h4 ,a4 ,adams4 ,isapis obtusa1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,/ate ,collection1 ,no4 #fhb4 ,i4 t4 8,i4 f5e/rat0 indole simili1 s$ magis elongat1 subnit5te1 pallide rosacea2 v]tice nucleoso declivit] imm]so1 celato2 anfr4 norm4 po/ice subplanatis1 suturis obtusis2 co/is tum5tibus rotundatis circ4 vii41 suturas et umbilicum m9orem v]sus obsoletis1 plus m9usve extantibus2 int]/itiis p>vis1 irregul>ibus1 haud decussatis2 p]itremati cont9uo1 labro t5ui1 secundum co/as v>iantes undulato2 labio m$io calloso4 ,long4 #jbc1 long4 spir4 #jji1 lat4 #jaf1 div4 #fj4 ,hab4 ,s4 ,diego1 #aj fm42 ,/a4 ,b>b>a1 #bj fm42 ,coop]4 ,! =tunate discov]y ( "s p]fect "y specim5s displays a nucleus s l ,odo/omia t1 despite ! resemblance ( ! %ell to ,foss>us1 :i* has a tub]oid nucleus1 x mo/ probably belongs to ,pyramidellid4 ,g5us ,,risso9a1 ,d',orbigny4 ,risso9a int]fossa1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,/ate ,collection1 ,no4 #chg1 b4 ,r4 t4 satis magn1 crass1 alb1 satis turrit1 conspicue sculpt2 m>g9ibus spir rectis1 v]tice mamillato2 anfr4 nucl4 844 detritis2 norm4 vii4 tumidis1 angulatis1 suturis angulatim impressis2 c>9is spiralibus validis1 9 spir ii42 alt] po/ic int]dum int]calante2 anfr4 ultimo duabus quoque p]iph]ialibus1 qu9t axim circumeunte2 co/is radiantibus validis1 extantibus1 circ4 xiv41 ad suturas contiguis1 liris regul>ibus spiram asc5d5tibus1 ad int]sectiones c>9>um nodulosis1 ad p]iph]iam cont9uis2 int]/itiis quadratis1 alte infossatis2 ap]tur ovat4 ,long4 #jbf1 long4 spir4 #jah1 lat4 #jaj2 div4 #bh4 ,hab4 ,catal9a ,is4 #h-aj fm4 #d2 ,san ,diego #a2 ,mont]ey1 7v>47 ,coop]4 ,g5us ,,rissoa1 ,frem9ville4 ,rissoa acutelirata1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,r4 t4 t5ui1 satis turrit1 rufoc9]e1 m>g9ibus spir p>um excurvatis2 anfr4 nucl4 iii4 normalibus lvibus1 v]tice p>um mamillato2 norm4 iii4 subrotundatis1 suturis valde impressis2 liris radiantibus circ4 xviii4 acutis1 di/antibus1 ad p]iph]iam evanidis2 lirulis acutis spiralibus di/antibus circ4 xv41 qu>um vi4 9 spir mon/rantur1 liris radiantibus et int]/itiis latis1 undatis1 elegant] sup]antibus1 haud nodulosis2 basi rotundat1 haud umbilicat2 ap]tur ovat1 p]itremati cont9uo4 ,long4 #jji1 long4 spir4 #jje1 lat4 #jje1 div4 #ce4 ,hab4 ,s4 ,diego2 #a sp4 & fragm5t 9 %ell-wa%+s4 ,coop]4 ,g5us ,,f5ella1 ,h4 ,a4 ,adams4 ,f5ella pupoidea1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,/ate ,collection1 ,no4 #chi4 ,f4 t4 ,truncatell=mi1 s$ apice haud decollato2 colore maxime v>iante2 seu unicolori1 albido1 c9]eo1 viridesc5te1 ruf(usco1 seu spl5dide rubro2 seu v>ie fusco maculato2 anfr4 nucl4 iii4 lvibus1 globosis1 v]tice mamillato2 norm4 v4 rotundatis1 f]e qualibus1 plus m9usve solutis1 suturis subimpressis2 tot sup]ficie t5ue spiralit] /riat2 /riis 9 spir majoribus1 circ4 viii4 di/antibus1 m9oribus creb]rimis int]calantibus2 circa basim rotundatam circ4 x4 majoribus1 contiguis1 m9oribus paucis2 ap]tur circul>i1 p]itremati cont9uo1 solido1 ad suturam p>um callosam appresso2 umbilico nullo4 ,long4 #jbc1 long4 spir4 #jaf1 lat4 #jji1 div4 #ab4 ,hab4 ,mont]ey1 #bj fm4 #de1 dead4 ,coop]4 ,g5us ,,amphi?alamus1#bj ,cpr4 ,te/a ,rissoidea2 nucleo magno2 ap]tura labio producto1 labro subpo/ice juncto1 subito 9 adult contracta4 ,type4 ,amphi?alamus inclusus1 ,cpr4 ,br4 ,assoc4 ,rep4 #ahfc1 p4 #fef2 ,ann4 ,nat4 ,hi/4 ,jan4 #ahfe4 ,hab4 ,santa ,b>b>a1 ,jewett2 ,s4 ,diego1 9 %ell-wa%+s4 ,coop]4 8 ,amphi?alamus lacunatus1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 8 ,a4 t4 adolesc5te 8,a4 incluso0 simili2 nucleo similit] m9utissime et conf]tissime spiralit] et radiatim /riulato2 s$ majore1 latiore1 anfr4 subplanatis2 basi late lacunat1 haud c>9at2 adult 844 ,long4 #jjf1 long4 spir4 #jjc1 lat4 #jjc1 div4 #ej4 ,hab4 ,san ,p$ro4 ,coop]4 ,two dead specim5s 9 ! %ell-wa%+s ( ,dr4 ,palm]'s consignm5t to ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itute might h be5 pass$ ov] z ! "y ( ,b>leeia subt5uis1 b = ! possession ( exactly ! same rem>kable nucleus z ,a4 inclusus4 ,x is presum$1 !re=e1 t !y are cong5]ic2 if s1 ! adult has n be5 se54 ,g5us ,,diala1 ,h4 ,a4 ,adams4 ,diala acuta1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,/ate ,collection1 ,no4 #cij4 ,d4 t4 p>v1 turrito-conic1 c]91 polit1 nit5te2 anfr4 nucl4 ii4 naticoideis1 v]tice mamillato1 apice indi/9cto2 norm4 v41 omn9o planatis1 suturis indi/9ctis2 p]iph]i acute angulat1 vix c>9at2 basi omn9o planat2 ap]tur subquadrat2 p]itremati cont9uo2 labro po/ice paullum contracto2 labio appresso2 columell antice angulat1 vix s9uat4 ,long4 #jae1 long4 spir4 #jji1 lat4 #jjg1 div4 #bi4 ,hab4 ,catal9a ,is4 #h-aj fm42 on bea* to ,mont]ey4 ,coop]4 ,diala m>morea1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,d4 t4 solid1 exacte conic1 lvi1 nit5te2 subdiaphane pallid1 rufo maculat2 anfr4 nucl4 rotundatis1 planorbeis1 sub-oblique sitis1 apice celato2 norm4 vi4 planatis1 suturis indi/9ctis2 basi planat1 sub-angulat2 ap]tur ovali1 p]itremati cont9uo1 haud v>icoso4 ,long4 #jag1 long4 spir4 #jaa1 lat4 #jjh1 div4 #ca4 ,hab4 ,mont]ey1 ,s4 ,p$ro2 ,coop]4 ,l[] ,cali=nia1 (f ,haliotis4 ,r[ell4 ,! description is writt5 f a s+le p]fect specim5 9 ,mr4 ,r[ell's collection1 & "s fragm5ts f ! %ell-wa%+s ( ,dr4 ,coop]'s4 ,g5us ,,/ylif]9a1 ,a4 ,adams4 ,/ylif]9a turrita1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,/4 t4 m9im1 albid1 solidiore1 lvi1 turrit2 anfr4 nud4 iii4 subnaticoideis1 apice mamillato2 norm4 v4 planatis1 angu/is1 suturis p>um impressis2 basi subito rotundat1 haud umbilicat2 ap]tur subrotundat2 labro po/ice p>um contracto4 ,long4 #jjf1 long4 spir4 #jjd1 lat4 #jjb1 div4 #bj4 ,hab4 ,s4 ,p$ro4 ,coop]4 ,a s+le specim5 ( ?is t9y %ell 0 f\nd 9 ! %ell-wa%+s ( ,dr4 ,palm]'s consignm5t4 ,! m\? is un=tunately *ok$ up ) a gra9 ( co>se s& :i* ,i h n be5 able to extract4 ,g5us8 ,,jeffreysia1 ,ald]4 8 ,jeffreysia transluc5s1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 8 ,j4 t4 8,b>leei subt5ui0 simili1 s$ t5uiore1 tumidiore2 corne1 pallide fulv1 lvi1 nit5te1 satis diaphan2 anfr4 nucl4 normalibus1 apice submamillato2 norm4 iv4 subconvexis1 suturis di/9ctis2 basi rotundat1 haud umbilicat2 ap]tur ovat1 p]itremati vix cont9uo2 labro acuto2 labio appresso1 regione umbilic>i p>um calloso4 ,long4 #jjh1 long4 spir4 #jjde1 lat4 #jjf1 div4 #ee4 ,hab4 ,s4 ,diego2 9 %ell-wa%+s4 ,coop]4 ,only "o specim5 hav+ be5 se51 )\t animal or ev5 op]culum1 ! g5us is d\btful4 ,9 its slight labial deposit x resembles 8,litiopa0 dubiosa1 ,c4 ,b4 ,adams4 ,g5us ,,cy?na1 ,a4 ,adams4 ,cy?na albida1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,c4 t4 m9ut1 albid1 lvi1 diaphan1 lat2 anfr4 nucl4 normalibus1 v]tice mamillato2 norm4 iii4 tumidis1 rotundatis1 rapide aug5tibus1 suturis valde impressis2 basi rotundat1 valde umbilicat2 umbilico subangulato2 ap]tur subrotundat2 p]itremati cont9uo1 acuto1 t4 adult nonnunquam p>iete sep>ato4 ,long4 #jjc1 long4 spir4 #jjae1 lat4 #jjbe1 div4 #hj4 ,hab4 ,s4 ,p$ro2 9 %ell-wa%+s4 ,coop]4 ,kn[n f ,c4 tum5s1 ,maz4 ,cat4 ,no4 #dba1 by ! non-keel+ ( ! umbilicus4 ,g5us ,,*rysallida1 ,cpr4 ,*rysallida pumila1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,*r4 t4 m9ut1 angu/1 alb2 v]t4 nucl4 subito imm]so1 dimidium truncationis teg5te2 m>g9ibus spir p>um excurvatis2 anfr4 norm4 iv4 planatis1 suturis vix di/9ctis2 cla?ris radiantibus rectis1 validis1 planatis1 circ4 xx41 m>g9ibus spir utroque lat]e p>allelis1 spius att+5tibus1 circa basim elongatam1 rotundatam cont9uis2 int]/itiis lirulis acutis di/antibus1 haud extantibus1 circ4 x4 decussatis1 qu>um iv4 v4 9 spir mon/rantur2 ap]tur ovali1 p]itremati vix cont9uo2 plic p>ietem t5us acut1 haud celat1 declivi4 ,long4 #jjf1 long4 spir4 #jjc1 lat4 #jjbe1 div4 #ab4 ,hab4 ,s4 ,p$ro4 ,coop]4 ,"o specim5 & a few fragm5ts 7 f\nd 9 ! %ell-wa%+s ( ,dr4 ,palm]'s consignm5t4 ,diff]s f ,*r4 ovulum1 9 its sl5d] %ape & delicate spiral sculpture4 ,*rysallida c9cta1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,*r4 t4 satis regul>i1 alb1 m>g9ibus spir vix excurvatis2 v]t4 nucl4 p>vo1 celato1 dimidium truncationis vix sup]ante2 anfr4 norm4 iv4 p>um excurvatis1 suturis di/9ctis2 co/is spiralibus obtusis circ4 x1 c9ct1 qu>um iv4 9 spir mon/rantur2 co/is iii4 po/icis radiatim subgranulosis1 s]iebus circ4 xv41 m>g9ibus spir utr9que p>allelis1 supra qu>tam subobsoletis2 int]/itiis latis1 delicatim decussatis2 basi satis prolongat2 columell antice valde effus2 plic p>v1 m$ian4 ,long4 #jaa1 long4 spir4 #jjg1 lat4 #jje1 div4 #ce4 ,hab4 ,santa ,b>b>a gr\p ( isl&s4 ,coop]4 ,! solit>y specim5 is probably immature4 ,int]m$iate betwe5 ,*rysallida prop] & ,mumiola4 ,g5us ,,*emnitzia1 ,d',orbigny4 ,*emnitzia *ocolata1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,/ate ,collection1 ,no4 #dbh4 ,*4 t4 8,c4 trid5tat0 magnitud9e et indole simili2 s$ t]etiore1 d5se ca/ane1 fasciis pallidioribus sub epid]mide adhr5te ornat2 anfr4 primis gracillimis2 v]t4 nucl4 anfr4 iii1 helicoideis1 valde declivit] sito1 m>g9ibus spir rectis1 angu/is1 haud sup]ante2 anfr4 norm4 xii4 planatis1 primis tumidioribus1 suturis impressis2 co/is circ4 xxviii4 rotundatis1 validis1 circa basim prolongatam haud subito evanidis1 anfr4 ult4 spe obsoletis2 int]/itiis haud quantibus1 haud undatis1 haud sulcatis2 tot sup]ficie sub l5te m9utissime et creb]rime spiralit] /riulat2 ap]tur ovali1 columell p>um contort1 labro intus t5ui1 haud d5tato4 ,long4 #jee1 long4 spir4 #jdc1 lat4 #jac1 div4 #ag4 ,hab4 ,s4 ,p$ro1 ,s4 ,diego1 ,mont]ey2 r>e4 ,coop]4 ,"o specim51 9 ,dr4 ,palm]'s consignm5t1 is kn[n f ,*4 trid5tata by ! v effuse spire1 prolong$ base1 & cr[d$ ribs )\t wav$ sculpture betwe54 ,*emnitzia subcuspidata1 ,cpr4 ,/ate ,collection1 ,no4 #fgj1 a4 ,*4 t4 p>v1 m9us t]eti1 c]9 seu purpureo-fusc2 anfr4 nud4 ii4 et dimidio1 valde declivit] sitis1 m>g9ibus spir p>um excurvatis sup]antibus2 norm4 viii4 planatis1 suturis excavatis2 co/is radiantibus circ4 xviii4 acutis1 circa basim prolongatam vix cont9uis1 ad suturas valde elevatis1 subcuspidatis2 int]/itiis latioribus1 undulatis2 sulcis spiralibus creb]rimis1 altis1 9 spir circ4 x41 co/as vix secantibus1 circa basim impressis2 p]itremati vix cont9uo1 labio di/9cto2 columell vix tort4 ,long4 #jbc1 long4 spir4 #jaf1 lat4 #jjf1 div4 #be4 ,hab4 ,s4 ,diego2 #be dr$g$ 9 %oal wat]4 ,coop]4 ,diff]s f ! figure ( ,*4 t5uicula 7:i* repres5ts a %ell ) m num]\s ribs ?an ! diagnosis7 9 its m di/ant ribs ) broad] int]/ices2 clos] & deep] spiral sculpture2 impress$ sutures2 & especially by ! elegant murication ( ! tops ( ! ribs1 ) project+1 curv$ l9es betwe54 ,?is is be/ se5 9 ! "y %ells1 :5 ! ribs are di/9ct ov] ! base4 ,g5us ,,eulima1 ,risso4 ,eulima 78 v>47 compacta1 ,cpr4 ,eu4 t4 8,eu4 micanti10 jun4 simili1 s$ multo m9us t]eti2 m>g9ibus spir p>um excurvatis2 anfr4 nucl4 8441 detritis1 norm4 vii42 basi et ap]tur elongatis2 labro p>um s9uato4 ,long4 #jbe1 long4 spir4 #jae1 lat4 #jji1 div4 #bb4 ,hab4 ,san ,p$ro2 ,coop]4 ,a s+le dead %ell 0 f\nd 9 ,dr4 ,palm]'s consignm5t4 ,eulima 78 v>47 rutila1 ,cpr4 ,eu4 t4 8,eu4 micanti0 jun4 simili1 s$ magis t]eti2 valde nit5te1 rosaceo et livido t9ct2 anfr4 nucl4 ut 9 8,eu4 micante20 norm4 x4 elongatis1 gracillimis2 basi et ap]tur valde prolongatis2 columell magis tort2 labro valde s9uato1 supra suturam retrorsum calloso2 labio angu/o4 ,long4 #jbf1 long4 spir4 #jai1 lat4 #jjg1 div4 #bj4 ,hab4 ,mont]ey2 ,coop]4 ,closely alli$ to ,leio/raca producta1 ,cpr4 ,maz4 ,cat4 ,no4 #eea1 b displays no v>ices4 ,! ,eulimid are v difficult to di/+ui%1 f a few %ells alone4 ,g5us ,,scal>ia1 ,lam4 ,scal>ia bella/riata1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,/ate ,collection1 ,no4 #cic1 b4 ,s4 t4 curt t5uissim1 albid2 anfr4 vii4 valde tum5tibus1 haud nisi p] co/as att+5tibus2 co/is circ4 xvii4 acutis extantibus1 reflexis1 haud semp] 9 spir att+5tibus1 po/ice angulatis1 p>um sp9osis2 int]/itiis circa spiram basimque d5se spiralit] lirulatis1 lirulis rotundatis1 sup] v>icum angulum obsoletis2 ap]tur ovat1 umbilico magno4 ,long4 #jgh1 long4 spir4 #jee1 lat4 #jch2 div4 #dj4 ,hab4 ,mont]ey1 a fragm5t2 ,san ,diego1 #a2 ,san ,p$ro1 #c2 ,coop]4 ,s diff]5t 9 sculpture f ,s4 pretiosa & o!r species ) :i* x agrees 9 %ape1 t !re w be no difficulty 9 recogniz+ p]fect specim5s4 ,scal>ia subcoronata1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,/ate ,collection1 ,no4 #cic1 a4 ,s4 t4 compact1 haud elevat1 alb2 anfr4 x4 rotundatis1 p>um att+5tibus2 co/is circ4 xiii4 acutissimis1 expansis1 vix reflexis1 po/ice att+5tibus1 l9eis m>g9i spir dextro p>allelis spiram1 asc5d5tibus1 t4 adolesc4 po/ice vix coronatis1 adult simplicibus2 ap]tur subcircul>i1 umbilico nullo2 sculptur spirali null4 ,long4 #jde1 long4 spir4 #jbi1 lat4 #jbb1 div4 #ch4 ,hab4 ,mont]ey2 ,coop]4 ,l ,s4 communis1 jun41 b ) ! upp] :orls slightly coronat$4 ,scal>ia crebrico/ata1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,/ate ,collection1 #cic4 ,s4 t4 gracili1 t5ui1 alb2 anfr4 x4 rotundatis1 haud att+5tibus2 co/is circ4 xv41 acutis1 reflexis1 vix att+5tibus1 l9eis irregul>it] spiralibus asc5d5tibus2 co/is juxta suturam elegant] coronatis2 sculptur spirali1 nisi /riulis int]dum exillimis1 null2 ap]tur rotundat2 umbilico nullo2 op]culo normali1 d5se corneo4 ,long4 #jgj2 long4 spir4 #jeb1 lat4 #jah1 div4 #bf ,hab4 ,mont]ey1 ,san ,p$ro1 ,coop]1 common4 8,scal>ia1 unique0 ,mus4 ,cum4 ,no4 #cb4 ,some:at resembles ,s4 t5uis1 ,sby41 b is n s turrit$4 ,g5us ,,opalia1 ,h4 ,a4 ,adams4 ,opalia spongiosa1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,o4 t4 turrit1 p>v1 albid1 m>g9ibus spir rectis2 anfr4 ix4 subplanatis1 suturis impressis2 co/is undulantibus circ4 xiii41 pl]umque 7nisi ad suturas cr5ulatas7 obsoletis2 tot sup]ficie l9eis punctorum creb]rimis1 spiralibus1 punctis creb]rimis1 m9utis1 altissimis2 circa basim imp]=atam co/a antic latissim1 spirali2 ap]tur ovat1 valde callos2 op]culo aurantiaco1 paucispirali4 ,long4 #jcf1 long4 spir4 #jbf1 lat4 #jab1 div4 #bj4 ,hab4 ,mont]ey1 ,coop]4 ,f %ell wa%+s4 ,! solit>y specim5 has ! g5]al aspect ( ,o4 granulosa on a v small scale4 ,opalia retiporosa1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,/ate ,collection1 ,no4 #ajad4 ,o4 t4 8,o4 bullat0 =m simulante1 s$ sculptur omn9o div]s2 anfr4 nucl4 8444 7decollatis72 norm4 vii4 subrotundatis1 suturis impressis2 co/is radiantibus rotundatis1 sub>cuatis1 haud v>icosis1 circ4 xiv41 sup] suturas t5ue cont9uis2 anfr4 ult4 s]iebus nodulorum spiralibus irregul>ibus1 vice co/>um1 in/ruct1 p]iph]i tub]culos2 tot sup]ficie retiporos1 int]/itiis alte int]punctatis1 punctulis m9utissimis1 conf]tissimis2 basi vix co/at1 s]ie nodulorum angulat2 ap]tur rotundat2 p]itremati cont9uo1 v>icoso2 labro haud s9uato2 op]culo8 paucispirali4 ,long4 #jbh1 long4 spir4 #jbj2 lat4 #jaj2 div4 #bj4 ,hab4 ,catal9a ,isl&2 #c dead 9 #dj fm42 ,coop]4 ,! texture has a rott5 appe>ance2 yet "o ( ! specim5s 0 /a9$ ) purple1 & conta9$ ! dri$ rema9s ( ! animal1 ) its op]culum4 ,9 ! endeavor to extract ?is1 ! %ell gave way4 ,g5us ,,nassa1 ,lam4 ,nassa insculpta1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,/ate ,collection1 ,no4 #ajjh4 ,n4 t4 satis elevat1 compact1 t5uiore1 elegantissim1 m>g9ibus spir subrectis2 albesc5te1 rufo-c>neo v>ie maculat2 anfr4 nucl4 iv4 lvibus1 normalit] aug5tibus1 apice m9uto1 satis extante2 norm4 v4 subrotundatis1 suturis satis impressis2 ap]tur subrotundat1 canali acute reflex2 tot sup]ficie sulculis quidi/antibus1 qu>um x4 anfr4 p5ult4 app>5t1 insculpt2 anfr4 norm4 ii4 primis co/ulis quoque radiantibus circ4 xvi4 haud expressis ornat2 labro rotundato1 extus v>icoso1 intus sulcid5tato2 labio valde calloso1 supra basim seu p>ietem expanso1 haud extante1 intus ruguloso4 ,long4 #jhj1 long4 spir4 #jdc1 lat4 #jdf1 div4 #de4 ,hab4 ,catal9a ,isl&1 #cj-dj fm42 #ae mo/ly alive1 b few mature2 animal :ite2 ,coop]4 ,?is s+ul>ly beautiful species probably belongs to ! section ,zeuxis1 ,h4 ,a4 ,adams4 ,! callus is slightly reflex$ 9 ! be/ specim54 ,g5us ,,amycla1 ,h4 ,a4 ,adams1 #aheh4 7auctum47 8 ,amycla *rysalloidea1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,/ate ,collection1 ,no4 #fac4 8 ,a4 t4 p>v1 elegant] effus1 m>g9ibus spir utr9que excurvatis2 albid1 ruf(usco conc9ne punctat seu t9ct2 int]dum /rig albida subsuturali1 ruf(usco tesselat2 anfr4 nucl4 iii4 lvibus1 haud tumidis1 apice declivi2 norm4 v41 t4 adolesc5te planatis1 de9 tumidioribus1 suturis di/9ctis2 tot sup]ficie elegantissime t5uit] sulcat1 sulcis quidi/antibus1 anfr4 p5ult4 circ4 xx42 ap]tur flexuos subpyri=mi2 canali oblique s9i/rorsum truncat1 axi quasi umbilicat2 labro intus acuto1 po/ice s9uato1 deorsum quasi tumidiore1 intus vii-d5tato2 columell tort2 labio antice rugis paucioribus int]dum munito4 ,long4 #jcg1 long4 spir4 #jbb2 lat4 #jad2 div4 #be4 ,hab4 ,san ,p$ro1 #a on bea*2 ,san ,diego1 #cj1 "s alive 9 #h fms4 on s&1 9 upp] "p ( bay4 ,coop]4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful1 b 7)\t a k ( ei!r animal1 or op]culum7 mo/ puzzl+ ( ! small %ells ( ,cali=nia4 ,x has relations ) ,euryta1 ,trunc>ia1 ,metula1 & ,daphnella4 ,g5us ,,ana*is1 ,h4 ,a4 ,adams4 ,ana*is subturrita1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,a4 t4 m9uta1 angu/a1 ,risso9oide1 pallide purpure(usc1 albido maculos2 anfr4 nucl4 8 7decollatis72 norm4 v4 subplanatis1 suturis di/9ctis2 co/ulis radiantibus circ4 xx4 angu/is1 vix extantibus1 p>um flexuosis2 sculptur spirali null2 ap]tur quadrat2 labro acuto deorsum tum5te1 po/ice s9uato2 labio conspicuo2 columell tort1 truncat4 ,long4 #jac1 long4 spir4 #jji1 lat4 #jje1 div4 #cj4 ,hab4 ,san ,diego1 ,coop]4 ,f %ell wa%+s4 ,! only specim5 se5 ( ?is t9y species is n q mature1 & has =m$ no labral tee?4 ,g5us ,,trophon1 ,mont=t4 ,trophon triangulatus1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,/ate ,collection1 ,no4 #ehj1 a4 ,t4 t4 p>v1 t5ui1 alb1 po/ice lat1 antice att5uat2 anfr4 nucl4 ii4 m9utis1 lvibus1 att5uatis1 v]tice declivi1 celato2 norm4 7t4 adolesc5te7 iv4 subtriangulatis1 po/ice tabulatis1 axi f]e rectangulatis2 suturis acute impressis2 antice rapidissime angu/atis1 canali long1 arcuat2 v>icibus circ4 vii4 lam9alis1 acutis1 ad angulum 9 sp9am ap]tam compressis1 sp9is radiantibus1 p>um sup]ne arcuatis2 l9e seu angulo obsoleto p]iph]iali1 suturam cont9uante2 ap]tur pyri=mi2 labro antice haud ind5tato4 ,long4 #jce1 long4 spir4 #jae1 lat4 #jae1 div4 #gj4 ,hab4 ,catal9a ,isl&1 #fj fm42 #d alive1 ( equal size1 ,coop]4 ,resembles ! "y ( ,murex c5trifuga1 ,hds41 & is relat$ to ,trophon muricatus1 ,hds4 ,besides ! above species1 :i* 7 entirely new to sci5ce1 ! fre% & p]fect specim5s collect$ by ,dr4 ,coop]1 on ! ,survey1 f au!ntic localities h enabl$ me to make out & complete ! diagnoses ( _m species fir/ f\nd inde$ by o!r naturali/s1 b 9 su* poor condition1 or ) su* unc]ta9ty ( habitat1 t x w\ld h be5 unsafe to h v5tur$ on _! description4 #af ,f ! ,greek1 = twi/$ too?4 #ag ,f ! ,greek = a sawy]2 f ! s]ration ( ! tee?1 :i* is unique 9 ! family4 #ah ,f ! ,greek = r\gh sk94 #ai ,a small isl& 9 ! ,briti% ,*annel4 #bj ,f ! ,greek = *amb] on bo? sides4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,septemb] #ah,,?1 #ahfe4 ,presid5t 9 ! *air4 ,sev5 memb]s pres5t4 ,mr4 ,p4 ,m4 ,r&all 0 elect$ a resid5t memb]4 ,donation to ! ,cab9et3 ,specim5 ( ,aplodontia lepor9a1 %ot ne> ,lake ,tahoe1 by ,mr4 ,j4 ,m4 ,m',donald4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,octob] #b;,d1 #ahfe4 ,mr4 ,fisk 9 ! *air4 ,sev5 memb]s pres5t4 ,donations to ! ,libr>y3 ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,horticultural ,society1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 ,no4 #ab--;,correspond5zblatt des ,naturf4 ,v]e9s zu ,riga1 #adte ,jahrgang4 ,mit!ilung5 aus dem ,o/]l&e #a ,sept4 #a-d1 #ahfj-ahfd2 ,kongliga ,sv5ska ,vet5skaps-,akademi5s ,h&l+>1 #ahfb2 ,(v]sigt ( ,k4 ,v4 ,ak4 ,frh&l+>1 #a-aj1 #ahfc2 ,meteorologiska ,iaktagels]1 #ahfb2 ,mmoires de l',acadmie ,impriale des ,sci5ces de ,/4 ,pet]sb\rg1 ,tome ,v1 ,nos4 #b-i2 ,,vi2 #a-ab4 ,bullet9 de l',acadmie de ,/4 ,pet]sb\rg1 ,tome ,v1 #c-h2 ,,vi1 #a-e2 ,,vii1 #a-b2 ,v]h&l+5 van het ,bataviaas* ,g5oots*ap1 ,deel ,,xxix1 #ahfb4 ,tijds*rift voor indes*e ,taal-,l&-en ,volk5kunde1 ,deel ,,xi1 #d? ,s]ie1 ,deel ,,iii1 ,afl4 #a-f2 ,sitzungsb]i*te d] ,k4 bay4 ,ak4 d] ,wiss5s*aft51 zu ,mn*51 #ahfc1 ,,ii1 ,heft #b-d2 #ahfd1 ,i1 ,heft #a-d1 ,supp4 #e2 #ahfd1 ,,ii2 ,heft #a-b4 ,annal5 d] ,k4 ,/]nw>te bei ,mn*51 ,b& ,,xiii1 ,supplem5tb&1 ,,iv4 ,botanisk ,reise ( ,axel ,blytt1 #ahfd4 ,b]etn+ af ,g4 ,p4 ,s>s1 #ahfd4 ,meteorologis*e ,beoba*tung5 auf ,*ri/iania's ,obs]vatorium1 ,lief]ung #a-d4 ,monatsb]i*te d] k4 preuss4 ,ak4 d] ,wiss5s*aft5 zu ,b]l91 #ahfd4 ,j\rnal d',agriculture1 #ahfb4 ,mmoires de l',acadmie imp4 de ,dijon1 ,s] #b1 ,tomes #aj1 #aa1 #ahfb1 #ahfc4 ,socit imp4 des ,sci5ces ,naturelles de ,*]b\rg1 ,tomes ,,ix1 ,x4 ,! above-nam$ volumes 7 pres5t$ by ! diff]5t societies nam$1 ?r\gh ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution4 ,mr4 ,/e>ns ann\nc$ t ,helix infumata _h be5 f\nd z f> s\? z ,cape ,m5doc9o4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,octob] #af,,?1 #ahfe4 ,presid5t 9 ! *air4 ,five memb]s pres5t4 ,! foll[+ pap] 0 pres5t$ by ,mr4 ,bol&]4 ,rem>ks on ,cali=nia ,trees4 ,,by ,,h5ry ,n4 ,,bol&]4 ,,note4--,localities giv5 ) two 66 ,i h n visit$ myself4 ,i w\ld also fur!r rem>k t ,i am by no means sure ( hav+ correctly det]m9$ ! two oaks--,qu]cus ,d\glasii & ,g>ryana4 ,x may n be altoge!r amiss to (f] "s obs]vations on ! di/ribution & value1 z specim5s1 ( "s ( our trees :i* ,i h met ) on my v>i\s trips ov] a portion ( ?is ,/ate4 #a4 ,p9us ,sab9iana1 ,d\gl4 7,digg] ,p9e47 ,inv>iably dispos$ ov] s\?-hillsides ( ! int]ior1 occupy+ ! drie/ expositions--,m\nt ,diablo6 ,russian ,riv] ,valley6 ,geys]s6 ,auburn & ,=e/ ,hill6 ,san ,jos ,valley6 ,ne> ,mission ,san ,antonio66 ,m\nta9s ea/ ( ,san ,diego66 ,z to its value !re are a great _m contradictory ass]tions made by f>m]s2 "s ass]t x yields an excell5t wood = yokes & simil> objects1 :ile o!rs d5\nce x z entirely useless4 #b4 ,p9us ,lamb]tiana1 ,d\gl4 7,sug> ,p9e47 ,p9e ,m\nta9s ne> ,geys]s6 ,ne> ,clov]dale6 ,=e/ ,hill6 ,m\nta9s ea/ ( ,san ,diego66 ,g5]ally ) ,p9us pond]osa 9 groves1 occupy+ ! damp] localities4 #c4 ,p9us pond]osa1 ,d\gl4 7,yell[ ,p9e47 ,russian ,riv] ,valley6 s\? ( ,cle> ,lake6 ,geys]s6 ,auburn & ,=e/ ,hill6 ,san ,jos ,valley6 ,blue ,m\nta9s66 7,mr4 ,dunn7 ,rocky ,m\nta9s66 ,new ,mexico66 #d4 ,p9us insignis4 ,d\gl4 7,mont]ey ,p9e47 ,mont]ey6 ,c>melo ,valley6 ,?is species cov]s _m ?\s& acres ( l& ne> & by ,mont]ey & ,c>melo1 =m+ q an ext5sive =e/ along ! coa/ betwe5 ^! two places4 ,height1 sixty to "o hundr$ feet1 & "o to ?ree feet diamet]2 outl9e v irregul>1 consi/+ (t5 ( only a few rigid spread+ bran*es2 foliage d5se & ( a vivid gre5 color2 cones p]si/5t1 (t5 f t5 to n9ete5 :orls2 b>k v ?ick & rimose4 ,wood extremely res9\s & r co>se-gra9$2 excell5t = /reet planks1 bridges1 & floors4 ,at pres5t x is no m 9 ! m>ket z lumb]2 ! good timb] has be5 all cut1 & ! saw-mill remov$4 ,consid]+ t !re is1 besides ?is species1 only ,p9us muricata gr[+ 9 t =e/1 :i* c\ld n be conf\nd$ ) ! species 9 "q--x is c]ta9ly mo/ s+ul> to meet ) s _m synonyms = x4 ,p9us radiata1 ,don42 ,p9us ,s9clairii & ,p9us tub]culata1 provid$ ?is la/ %\ld n prove to be a good species4 ,x is ! m a/oni%+ s9ce trees & cones are ( great con=mity ?r\gh\t ! entire =e/4 #e4 ,p9us tub]culata1 ,don4 ,santa ,cruz6 ,ukiah6 ,oakl& hills6 ,=e/ ,hill6 ,eureka66 ,9 all ^! localities1 x is a small tree1 f tw5ty to ?irty feet high1 & f six to f\rte5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,x reta9s its l[e/ bran*es1 :i* spread g5]ally v mu*1 (t5 horizontally4 ,! foliage seems to me less d5se & less vivid-gre51 ?an t ( ! prec$+4 ,"y trees rais$ "h1 side by side1 %[ ! same diff]5tial *>act]s4 ,! cones f all ^! diff]5t localities are v uni=m1 & diff] ess5tially f ^? ( ,p9us insignis at ,mont]ey4 ,! se$s1 h[ev]1 resemble ea* o!r v mu*4 ,bo? species gr[ ne> ! coa/1 b on diff]5t soil4 ,p9us insignis1 on a soil produc$ by ! dis9tegration ( a bitum9\s slate & granite2 ,p9us tub]culata1 9 all ! above-m5tion$ localities1 on a soil d]iv$ f metamorphos$ s&/one4 ,%\ld ^! two species be def9itely unit$1 aft] a ?or\gh inve/igation1 !y w\ld af=d a mo/ /rik+ example ( ! influ5ce ( a diff]5t soil4 ,x is c]ta9ly s+ul> to f9d su* a well-*>act]iz$ =m re/rict$ to "o locality only4 ,?is fact1 h[ev]1 w\ld n /& isolat$ ) u "h2 ,abies bracteata1 we f9d simil>ly conf9$ to "o locality only 9 ,cali=nia4 ,isolation is m or less a *>act]i/ic feature ) all our trees1 & !re is probably no c\ntry :]e ! influ5ces ( soil1 climate1 & exposition are s well & abruptly m>k$ & unmi/akably def9$4 #f4 ,p9us muricata1 ,don4 ,mont]ey6 ,m5doc9o ,city6 ,9 a moi/ depression at ,mont]ey1 ,i f\nd a small gr\p ( ?is species1 av]ag+ ab\t fifte5 feet 9 height1 & five to six in*es 9 diamet]4 ,b>k r$di% & ne>ly smoo?2 bran*es almo/ at a "r angle ) ! ma9 axis & g5]ally f five to sev5 9 a :orl2 leaves ( a d>k] vivid gre51 & m succul5t & long]1 ?an ^? ( ,p9us insignis1 ( :i* !re 7 trees ( ! same size by ! side ( x2 cones f ?ree to sev51 9 a :orl v mu* aggregat$ & clu/]$4 ,i c\nt$ sev5te5 :orls on a tree fifte5 feet high4 ,! l[] portion ( ! trunk 0 clad ) dead leaves4 ,at ! same di/ance 7ab\t two miles7 f ! ocean1 & sc>cely a mile f ! above-m5tion$ depression1 ,i f\nd ano!r gr\p 7mix$ ) ,cupressus macroc>pa7 9 a deep] b dri] locality4 ,"h ! tree 0 altoge!r ( a diff]5t aspect1 inf]ior 9 all its p>ts4 ,?is v transition sugge/$ /rongly1 t ?is p9e & ! "o previ\sly se5 on ! pla9s ne> ,m5doc9o ,city1 on a simil> soil1 might be ( ! same species4 ,ne> ,m5doc9o ,city1 on ! s-call$ pla9s1 ,i f\nd 9 great abundance a small p9e tree1 :i* ,i ref] = ! pres5t to ?is species4 ,height1 five to tw5ty feet1 b ! great] numb] av]ag$ only f five to fifte5 feet4 ,only "o tree :i* ,i notic$ :i* 0 fifty-five in*es 9 circumf]5ce1 & tw5ty to tw5ty-five feet 9 height4 ,x _h a flatti% top ) ! bran*es v mu* imbricat$ & s completely cov]$ ) cones1 t x 0 really difficult to discov] its foliage4 ,b ?is tree 0 v exceptional1 comp>$ ) ! mass ( little trees cov]+ ! pla9s4 ,^! _h 9 g5]al upright bran*es ) num]\s & sl5d] bran*lets2 leaves %ort]1 d5s]1 & ( a d>k] gre5 ?an ,p9us contorta8 :i* gr[s ) x & is a l>g] tree altoge!r2 b>k r$di%1 v ?91 exhal+ a /rong res9\s odor1 & b slightly rimose2 cones two to f\r in*es long 7curv$ :5 long7 & sc>cely an in* ?ick1 mo/ly 9 pairs1 b sometimes 9 ?rees1 reflex$4 ,i c\nt$ fifte5 sets ( cones on a tree fifte5 feet high4 #g4 ,p9us contorta1 ,d\gl48 ,head ( ,tomales ,bay6 ,m5doc9o ,city6 ,its mann] ( gr[? resembles t ( ,p9us insignis v mu*4 ,x atta9s ! same height1 has ! same irregul> spread+ bran*es1 ! same ?ick rimose b>k & v res9\s wood4 ,! leaves are inv>iably 9 pairs & slightly silv]y on ! l[] surface4 ,! cones are sc>cely two in*es long ) mo/ly reflex p$icles 7umbo7 on ! slightly gibb\s side & p]si/5t = a great numb] ( ye>s4 ,f ! ,riv] ,alb9 to ,m5doc9o ,city1 x gr[s q ne> ! coa/ on a f]tile & undulat+ pla91 g5tly desc5d+ t[>ds ! ocean4 ,at ,m5doc9o ,city ,i f\nd x to ext5d all ov] ! pla9s ab\t eight miles ea/w>d4 ,:e!r ?is species is id5tical ) ,p9us contorta or n ,i am unable to decide4 ,obs]vations made by ,mr4 ,geo4 ,wm4 ,dunn1 on 8 rec5t travels ?r\gh ! ,blue & ,siskiy\ m\nta9s1 h r a t5d5cy to %[ t ,p9us contorta is altoge!r a diff]5t tree4 ,i c /ate1 h[ev]1 mo/ positively t ?is species _c be conf\nd$ ) ,p9us muricata4 ,bo? species are two-leav$1 b 9 e o!r respect !y diff] widely4 ,! object ( ^! rem>ks is only to po9t out ! diff]5t species1 met 9 my travels1 & n to decide :i* "n %\ld h prec$5ce4 ,murray's discussion on ! di/ribution ( our ,p9es1 9 8 8,notes on ,cali=nia ,trees10 has n 8/ruck0 me z be+ s v correct4 ,endli*]1 9 8 ,synopsis ,conif]>um1 makes ,p9us muricata a ,ta$a1 :i* is also incorrect2 x is a true ,p9a/]4 ,x rema9s to decide only1 :e!r ! species at ,m5doc9o ,city is ,p4 contorta1 or ,p4 ,murrayana1 ,balf4 #h4 ,liboc$rus decurr5s1 ,torr4 7,cali=nia ,:ite ,c$>47 ,=e/ ,hill6 7=m+ q a l>ge woods !re74 ,ran*]ia ,creek6 ,m5doc9o ,c\nty4 ,ea/ ( ,sal9as ,riv]1 ,mont]ey ,c\nty4 ,dr4 ,canfield4 ,ea/ ( ,san ,diego66 ,on ! banks ( ,ran*]ia ,creek1 9 ! s\?-we/]n "p ( ,m5doc9o ,c\nty1 ,i f\nd a small colony ( ?is h&some tree4 ,! l>ge/ 7 ab\t =ty to sixty feet high & two to ?ree feet 9 diamet]4 ,judg+ f ! "y aft]-gr[?1 ! tree seems likely to spread4 ,i 0 in=m$ t ?is is ! only place 9 ! c\nty :]e x is to be f\nd4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ,septemb] 7#ahfe7 ! tree _h its am5ts /rongly develop$4 ,cones decid$ly p5dul\s4 #i4 ,cupressus macroc>pa1 ,h>tw4 7,mont]ey ,cypress47 ,mont]ey6 ,tamal ,pais 7#b1gjj feet76 ,m5doc9o ,city6 & s\?-ea/ ( ,cle> ,lake6 ,?is species seems to be extremely v>iable4 ,at ,mont]ey1 ab\t two miles f ! coa/1 ,i saw1 ^u expos$ granite rocks1 b slightly dis9tegrat$1 specim5s only six in*es high1 be>+ p]fect cones4 ,go+ we/w>d1 at ! same di/ance f ! ocean1 ,i f\nd specim5s 9 a depression associat$ ) ,p9us muricata1 f t5 to fifte5 feet high1 full ) cones2 & ext5d+ my walk to ,cypress ,po9t1 a di/ance ( ?ree to f\r miles1 ,i 0 surpris$ to f9d a l>ge grove ( ?is species1 conta9+ mo/ly l>ge trees ( great beauty & p]fection4 ,! av]age height may be f =ty to sixty feet1 & z !y 7 7"r at ! po9t7 almo/ all alike 9 ?ickness1 ,i measur$ b ?ree1 f9d+ _! circumf]5ce to be "o hundr$ & n9ete51 "o hundr$ & f\r1 & "o hundr$ & tw5ty in*es1 ab\t f\r feet above ! gr\nd4 ,at ?is po9t ^! trees are almo/ daily envelop$ 9 a d5se fog4 ,_! bran*es are v d5sely imbricat$ & depress$1 reta9+ ! moi/ure to su* an ext5t t ! ?ick clu/]s ( cones are q m\ldy4 ,betwe5 ! cones & little d5se bran*lets settles a great deal ( rubbi%1 :i* is almo/ dripp+ wet4 ,x is und\bt$ly ow+ to ?is v fact t s _m se$s ( ?is species1 collect$ !re1 prove abortive4 ,see+ s great a v>iation at ,mont]ey1 ,i d n hesitate to ref] all specim5s1 se5 at ! o!r localities m5tion$ above1 to ?is species at pres5t4 ,on ! pla9 ne> ,m5doc9o ,city1 t species exhibit$ ab\t ! same gradations1 al?\gh n s /rik+ly z at ,mont]ey4 #aj4 ,torreya ,cali=nica1 ,torr4 7,cali=nia ,nutmeg47 ,pap] ,mill6 ,m>9 ,c\nty4 ,ukiah6 ,m5doc9o ,city6 ,=e/ ,hill6 ,g5]ally disp]s$1 only at ,ukiah ,i f\nd q a gr\p ( ?is species4 ,wood valuable4 #aa4 ,taxus brevifolia1 ,nutt4 7,cali=nia ,yew-,tree47 ,devil's ,caon1 ne> ,=e/ ,hill6 ,a h&some tree1 tw5ty to ?irty feet high1 ) extremely sl5d] & droop+ bran*es4 ,disp]s$ b pl5ty4 ,wood valuable4 #ab4 ,qu]cus agrifolia1 ,nes4 7,live ,oak47 ,oakl&6 ,banks ( ,sacram5to ,riv]6 ,cle> ,lake6 ,russian ,riv] ,valley6 ,&]son ,valley6 ,mont]ey6 ,foliage extremely v>iable4 ,on riv] banks & 9 expositions close to ! coa/1 :]e x is almo/ daily envelop$ 9 fogs1 ?is species exhibits q a uni=mity2 ! figure ( ,qu]cus oxyad5ia 9 ,sitgreaves' ,report repres5ts ?is =m ( x v well4 ,9 ! valleys ( ! int]ior ! %ape ( ! leaves ( "o & ! same tree is v diff]5t4 ,"s h entire m>g9s1 :ile o!rs h !m pretty deeply d5tat$1 (t5 "o side is entire & ! o!r d5tate4 ,"s trees occur ( :i* ! "y %oots h ! leaves 8co>sely s9uate-too!d1 or obliquely s9uate-too!d2 tee? v %>ply acute ) a broad base1 cuspidate-awn$10 & ?us agree ) ,dr4 ,kellogg's ,qu]cus ,morehus--:ile ! old] bran*es h mu* small] & entire leaves4 ,9 ,&]son ,valley ,i saw sev]al trees ^: entire foliage agrees admirably ) ,dr4 ,kellogg's4 ,_h ,i n se5 t tree on ! %ore ( ,borax ,lake exhibit+ bo? =ms1 ,i %\ld be incl9$ to call x a good species4 ,! cups ( ! acorns ( ^! trees h ! scales long & loosely imbricat$1 & ! acorn is almo/ entirely imm]g$2 b ?is is also ! case ) ^? ( "s trees t h a f> diff]5t foliage4 ,?us f> ,i h n be5 able to f9d good1 di/9ctive1 reliable *>act]s4 ,!re are transitions 9 all p>ts1 ev5 on ! same tree4 ,z ! tree has ! habit ( gr[+ 9 gr\ps1 "o might suppose t trees ( "o gr\p1 at lea/1 %\ld %[ a uni=mity 9 botanical *>act]s2 ?is is n s3 j ! v extremes may be f\nd 9 "o & ! same gr\p4 ,?is ph5om5on ,i obs]v$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole l5g? ( ,&]son ,valley1 a di/ance ( "s eighte5 miles4 ,on dry gravelly hillsides 9 ! int]ior ?is tree pres5ts /ill ano!r =m3 ,qu]cus ,wisliz5i1 ,englm4 ,! acorns rip5 annually & diff] also ess5tially 9 %ape & size4 ,soil1 climate1 & exposition1 (f] 9 ?is case no satisfactory explanation = s great a v>iation 9 "o species4 ,%\ld x n be attribut$ to intr9sic peculi>ities8 #ac4 ,qu]cus ,g>ryana1 ,hook4 7,:ite ,oak47 ,on dry ea/]ly hillsides & 9 valleys on a poor buff-color$ clay4 ,santa ,rosa ,valley6 ,cle> ,lake6 ,se>sville6 ,&]son ,valley6 ,san ,jos ,valley6 ,exposition & soil agree 9 all ^! localities4 ,! b>k ( ?is tree is r ?91 :iti%1 & less co>sely rimose ?an any o!r ( ! ,cali=nian oaks4 ,x is always a flat-topp$1 middle-siz$ tree1 app>5tly ( a v sl[1 almo/ /unt$1 gr[?4 ,! :iti% b>k ( trunk & bran*es1 ! glauc\s foliage1 & ! light-gre5 color ( ! acorns1 :i* x yields1 h[ev]1 q sp>+ly1 give ?is tree1 comp>$ ) o!r oaks especially1 q a pale & ho>y appe>ance4 ,f>m]s consid] ! f9e-gra9$ wood ( ?is oak v valuable = _m f>m+ implem5ts4 ,x ranks highe/ among our oaks4 #ad4 ,qu]cus ,d\glasii1 ,hook4 7,pale ,oak47 ,&]son ,valley6 ,! g5]al aspect & habit ( ?is tree resembles v mu* t ( ,qu]cus lobata1 ) :i* x gr[s 9 ! l[1 flat portions ( ,&]son ,valley4 ,its bran*lets1 h[ev]1 are %ort1 rigid1 & erect1 :ile ^? ( ,qu4 lobata are mo/ly droop+4 ,9 fall1 :5 lad5 ) acorns1 x pres5ts a v /rik+ diff]5ce by hav+ its r pale acorns d5sely aggregat$ & clu/]$ at ! extremities ( ! bran*lets1 re/+1 z x 71 on ! d>k-gre5 leaves4 ,at a di/ance x may be mi/ak5 = a full-be>+ apple tree4 ,x increases rapidly 9 numb] 9 ,&]son ,valley f s\? to nor?1 outnumb]+ almo/ e o!r oak at ! l[] end ( ! valley4 ,its wood ranks next to t ( ,qu]cus ,d\glasii4 #ae4 ,qu]cus lobata1 ,nes4 7,burr-,oak47 ,! mo/ common & l>ge/ oak 9 all ! valleys ( ! int]ior ( ,cali=nia4 ,?us f>1 ,i nev] f\nd x on a hillside4 ,x is ?is mighty oak1 ) its peculi>1 gracefully-droop+ bran*lets1 t gives "* to ! l&scape ( ! ,cali=nian valleys4 ,x is especially not$ = its v long acorns2 b !y d n always atta9 t l>ge size1 & are nev] s conspicu\sly arrang$ z ^? ( ,qu4 ,g>ryana2 !y are usually 9 pairs4 ,x may also be /at$ t ?is tree =ms1 on an av]age1 ab\t ! longe/ trunk ( ,cali=nian foliace\s trees4 ,! acorns ( ?is species =m a pr9cipal "p ( ! food ( ! ,indians4 ,on ! ,coa/ ,range !y seem to give1 h[ev]1 pref]5ce to ^? ( ,qu]cus ,sonom5sis4 ,! wood ranks next to t ( ! prec$+ species4 ,^! above-m5tion$ ?ree species ( oaks1 belong+ to ! section ( :ite oaks1 are surely di/9ct4 ,i met ) no transitions ?us f>4 ,!y may be di/+ui%$ at a di/ance2 e f>m] di/+ui%es !m1 = !re is q a diff]5ce 9 ! quality ( ! wood4 #af4 ,qu]cus ,sonom5sis1 ,b5?4 7,black ,oak47 ,san ,diego66 ,&]son ,valley6 ,auburn6 ,ea/]n & nor!rn hillsides 9 ! ,coa/ ,ranges4 ,x also occupies ! m ea/]ly-situat$ flats1 among ! r$woods1 :]ev] !y are too dry = r$wood4 ,v seldom x is f\nd 9 ! valley2 & :5 f\nd1 x occupies t portion ( x :i* is adjac5t to ! hillsides1 :]e !re is g5]ally a gravelly soil4 ,x is always a middle-siz$ tree1 hav+ mo/ly num]\s erect bran*es arrang$ l ^? ( ,ac] sac*>9um4 ,9 fall x %$s its leaves1 :i* become buff-color$1 be=e any o!r ( our decidu\s oaks4 ,! wood ( ?is tree is ( a poor quality2 us$ = fuel only4 #ag4 ,qu]cus *rysolepis1 ,liebm4 7,droop+ ,live ,oak47 ,! mo/ r>e ( all our oaks2 x be>s acorns b seldom1 & ev5 !n v sp>+ly4 ,i h n be5 able to satisfy myself :e!r !y are biannual or n1 b ,i am r incl9$ to believe !y are4 ,nor!rn slopes ne> ,clov]dale6 9 ,&]son ,valley6 & ne> ,=e/ ,hill6 ,tree #cj-dj feet high1 ) a r smoo? :iti% b>k1 & mo/ly long1 sl5d]1 droop+ bran*es2 ev]gre54 ,( ! quality ( its wood ,i c\ld n le>n any?+ f settl]s4 ,! tree be+ r>e1 & occupy+ always moi/ slopes along gul*es1 x is n (t5 cut d[n4 #ah4 ,qu]cus d5siflora1 ,hook4 7,*e/nut ,oak47 ,along ! ,coa/ ,range1 associat$ ) ! r$wood1 increas+ nor?w>ds2 f ,santa ,cruz to ,m5doc9o ,city1 at lea/1 x occurs only 9 or close by ! r$woods4 ,?is tree atta9s r a l>ge height 9 d5se woods1 & is !n b sp>+ly bran*$4 ,leaves & acorns v consid]able4 ,its wood is absolutely useless2 x is v co>se gra9$1 & l ! r$wood wet l a sponge :5 cut2 x is extremely p]i%able4 ,at ,m5doc9o ,city log-m5 call x ,wat] ,oak4 #ai4 ,ca/anea *rysophylla1 ,d\gl4 7,*e/nut47 ,on ! ,oakl& hills ?is species is b #c-f feet high2 blooms ab\t ! f\r? ( ,july1 l ! ,ea/]n ,ca/anea vesca1 & be>s p]fect fruit4 ,on ! s-call$ pla9s at ,m5doc9o ,city1 h[ev]1 x is a l>ge tree1 av]ag+ f #ej-abe feet 9 height1 & #b-c feet 9 diamet]4 ,^? trees 7 completely cov]$ ) blossoms on ! tw5ty-?ird ( ,septemb]1 #ahfe2 settl]s say !y nev] f\nd its fruit4 ,"h1 on ! ,oakl& hills1 x gr[s only on ! outcropp+ ( a :ite friable slate1 de/itute ( all vegetable rema9s2 at ! ,m5doc9o pla9s x is f\nd to gr[ on a cem5t$ gravel1 ^u :i* ! wat] re/s = "s mon?s aft] ! ra9y season4 ,! supply ( an a]ial moi/ure dur+ ! dry season is 9 favor ( ! ,oakl& hills1 judg+ by ! li*5ose vegetation ( ! two localities4 #bj4 ,sequoia semp]vir5s1 ,endl4 7,r$wood47 ,?is mighty tree belongs exclusively to ! foggy regions ( ! ,coa/ ,ranges & ! und]ly+ metamorphic s&/one1 = :]ev] ei!r ( ^! conditions is want+1 ?is tree does n exi/4 ,f ! nor!rn b\nd>y l9e ( ! ,/ate d[n to ! head ( ,tomales ,bay x =ms a cont9ual =e/1 increas+ 9 wid? nor?w>d4 ,at ,tomales ,bay ! *a9 is int]rupt$ by a small b$ ( lime-rock4 ,! int]ruption ext5d+ f ! l[] foot-hills ( ,tamalpais d[n to ,belmont1 is und\bt$ly ow+ to ! l[ness ( ! hills4 ,a connect+ l9k is f\nd1 h[ev]1 on ! ,oakl& hills4 ,t grove ( r$woods1 n[ almo/ entirely de/roy$1 af=ds ! /ronge/ evid5ces ( ! dep5d5cy ( t species on ! preval5ce ( heavy mi/s4 ,f ,belmont to a few miles bel[ ,santa ,cruz is ano!r n>r[ cont9u\s *a91 occupy+ ma9ly ! leesides ( ! mo/ we/]n ranges & ! deep] gul*es ea/w>d4 ,f ne> ! m\? ( ,sal9as ,riv] to ! head ( ,c>melo ,valley1 ano!r long int]ruption is caus$ by a bitum9\s slate4 ,! abs5ce ( r$wood 9 ?is long int]val c h>dly be ascrib$ to any o!r cause1 = x is kn[n t ,mont]ey & ! adjac5t regions are subject to heavi] fogs ?an ,santa ,cruz4 ,p9us insignis & ,cupressus macroc>pa occupy "h ^? portions naturally belong+ to ! r$wood & ,tsuga ,d\glasii4 ,fur!r s\?1 f ! head ( ,c>melo ,valley to ,san ,luis ,obispo1 ! mo/ s\!rn limit1 r$wood occurs b sp>+ly1 =m+ n[h]e ext5sive groves4 ,associat$ ) ! r$wood we f9d ,tsuga ,d\glasii1 a tree ( a wide range1 ,torreya ,cali=nica1 ,arbutus ,m5ziesii1 ,qu]cus d5siflora1 & 9 ,m5doc9o ,c\nty ,abies gr&is ,d\gl4 ,!re are also "s %rubs & h]bace\s plants truly *>act]i/ic to !m1 ! %rubs increas+ z und]wood nor?w>d1 belong mo/ly to ! ,ericace\s family4 ,x is a notewor?y fact t ! arboresc5t gr[? ( ! leeside ( ! fir/ range ( hills g5]ally consi/s1 almo/ exclusively1 ( ,tsuga ,d\glasii1 & t ?is tree =ms ! outskirt ea/ & p>ticul>ly we/w>d4 ,9 ,m5doc9o ,c\nty ,abies gr&is unites ) x = ! same cause2 !re bo? trees =m a d5se belt1 fac+ ! ocean1 & are encroa*+ fa/ on ! r$wood4 ,9 fact1 ! we/]n portion ( ^? r$woods %[ ?is encroa*m5t mo/ /rik+ly by a total abs5ce ( "y r$wood1 & a d5se1 almo/ imp5etrable1 und]gr[? ( ! two-m5tion$ species4 ,! ord] ( ?+s is1 h[ev]1 rev]s$ :]ev] ! r$wood has be5 cut4 ,its roots are imp]i%able1 & z soon z ! tree is cut !y spr\t & cov] ! soil rapidly to ! exclusion ( e o!r species--none be+ ( s rapid a gr[?4 ,! inde/ructibility ( ! roots prev5ts ! cle>+ ( su* l&2 ev5 l>ge trunks cut d[n cov] !mselves1 )9 two or ?ree ye>s1 s completely ) spr\ts t !y are h>dly se54 ,! entire aft] gr[? n[ f\nd on ! ,oakl& hills1 is ow+ solely to ! inde/ructibility ( its roots & /umps4 ,! t5acity ( life 9 ?is species1 :i* is r ( r>e occurr5ce 9 conif]\s trees1 %[s itself also 9 ! resi/ance x (f]s to fire1 s frequ5t 9 ^? woods4 ,trees t h be5 b]eft completely ( _! bran*es by fire1 cov]$ !mselves 9 a few ye>s entirely ) "y spr\ts1 giv+ ! trunks ! appe>ance ( a pill>1 or rem9d "o ( ^? old trunks cov]$ ) ,rhus toxicod5dron 9 ! ,ea/4 ,fire is de/ructive to ! "y trees only2 aft] !y h obta9$ a ?ickness ( two or ?ree feet !y are n liable to p]i%4 ,ano!r great b5eficial feature 9 ?is species is ! great p[] x possesses 9 cond5s+ fogs & mi/s4 ,a heavy fog is always turn$ into a ra91 wett+ ! soil & supply+ spr+s ) wat] dur+ ! dry season4 ,spr+s 9 & ne> ! r$woods are nev] 9 want ( a good supply ( wat]1 & crops on ! ,coa/ ,ranges are n liable to fail4 ,! ye> ( #ahfd has prov$ my ass]tion beyond d\bt2 ?is fact is g5]ally kn[n--a great deal ( l& has be5 tak5 up s9ce4 ,x is my firm conviction t if ! r$woods are de/roy$--& !y necess>ily w be1 if n protect$ by a wise action ( our ,gov]nm5t--,cali=nia w become a des]t1 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w4 ,9 _! safety dep5ds ! future welf>e ( ! ,/ate2 !y are our safegu>d4 ,x rema9s to be se5 :e!r we %all be b5efit$ or n by ! horrible exp]i5ce su* c\ntries z ,asia ,m9or1 ,greece1 ,spa91 & ,france h made1 by hav+ b>b>\sly de/roy$ _! woods & =e/s4 ,b ) u "h x is ev5 ( a m s]i\s nature2 wise gov]nm5ts w\ld be able to replace !m 9 ^? c\ntries1 b no p[] on e>? c re/ore ! woods ( ,cali=nia :5 once completely de/roy$6 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,novemb] #f,,?1 #ahfe4 ,dr4 ,kellogg 9 ! *air4 ,eight memb]s pres5t4 ,donations to ! ,cab9et3 ,specim5 ( ,p9us pond]osa1 ,abies ,d\glasii1 ,taxus brevifolia1 ,l>ix occid5talis1 ,pt]is aquil9a1 & ,abies ,m5ziesii2 pres5t$ by ,mr4 ,dunn4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,decemb] #d,,?1 #ahfe4 ,presid5t 9 ! *air4 ,sev5 memb]s pres5t1 & ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,dall z a visitor4 ,major ,edw>d ,preiss & ,c\nt ,oswald ,?un 7 elect$ ,correspond+ ,memb]s4 ,mr4 ,bol&] made "s rem>ks on a wild ,cali=nia ,grape 7,vitis ,cali=nica7 gr[+ ne> ,oakl&4 ,pr(essor ,:itney gave an acc\nt ( ! explorations ( ,pr(essor ,pumpelly 9 ,japan & ,*9a4 ,an elaborate memoir1 by ?is g5tleman1 conta9+ a full acc\nt ( 8 v important geological discov]ies1 w appe> 9 ! second volume ( ! ,memoirs ( ! ,national ,academy ( ,sci5ces4 ,mr4 ,dall made "s obs]vations on ! progress ( ! ,russian ,am]ican ,ov]l& ,telegraph ,exp$ition1 & gave an int]e/+ description ( ! region :i* _h be5 trav]s$ by ! p>ty4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,decemb] #ah,,?1 #ahfe4 ,dr4 ,kellogg 9 ! *air4 ,six memb]s pres5t4 ,dr4 ,f]d9& ,/oliczka1 ,palontologi/ to ! ,geological ,survey ( ,india1 0 elect$ a ,correspond+ ,memb]4 ,donations to ! ,cab9et3 ,"o box ( %ells & two ( fi%es1 collect$ at ,tahiti1 by ,mr4 ,&rew ,g>rett4 ,! foll[+ pap]s 7 pres5t$4 ,notice ( a peculi> ,a/r+5t ,gum or ,color+ ,sub/ance 9 ! ,cones ( ! ,sequoia gigantea4 ,,by ,,william ,p4 ,,blake4 ,i am n aw>e t any notice has yet be5 tak5 by sci5tific *emi/s ( a peculi> sub/ance1 app>5tly a gum1 :i* accompanies ! se$s ( ! great trees1 & may be %ak5 out ( ! dri$ cones4 ,ab\t tw5ty cones yield$ me an ounce ( ! mat]ial4 ,x does n adh]e to ei!r ! se$s or ! cone1 b appe>s to h %runk f bo? 9 dry+4 ,x falls out 9 loose brok5 gra9s ) brilliant con*oidal fractur$ surfaces1 & looks a little l dri$ blood4 ,! color is purpli%-r$1 ne>ly black by reflect$ light1 & a brilliant c>m9e-r$ by transmitt$4 ,! ta/e is /rongly a/r+5t1 & sugge/s tann92 x is some:at bitt]1 & is simil> also to t ( v /rong black tea4 ,x s(t5s & becomes gummy betwe5 ! tee?4 ,x dissolves completely 9 wat] & 9 ord9>y alcohol1 giv+ a brilliant cl>et-color$ solution :i* gradually d>k5s by exposure to ! air4 ,! addition ( c>bonate ( soda d>k5s ! solution & lime-wat] turns x black1 giv+ a black scaly precipitate4 ,dilute sulphuric acid r$d5s ! solution & causes a r$ precipitate4 ,x is 9 _m respects simil> to ! k9o ( ! %ops1 b has a bright] color$ p[d] & /reaks4 ,! k9o t ,i h se5 has a br[ni%-r$ /reak2 ?is sub/ance gives a purpli%-r$4 ,! reactions ) alkalies & acids 9 respect to color are simil> to ^? ( gre5 r$wood bo>ds1 :i* may be /a9$ z d>k z rosewood by alkalies & r$ by acids4 ,?is sub/ance may be f\nd to h "s peculi> value 9 ph>macy1 or z a color+ matt] = t9ctures or w9e4 ,i hope t ?is notice w induce a ?or\gh inve/igation ( its nature & prop]ties4 ,if x proves to be new1 ,i sugge/ t x %all be kn[n z ,sequon94 ,ammonites 9 ! ,aurif]\s ,slates ( ,cali=nia4 ,,by ,,william ,p4 ,,blake4 ,ammonites occur 9 ! gold-be>+ slates ( ,be> ,valley1 ,m>iposa ,c\nty1 9 addition to belemnites & o!r fossils already not$4 ,! specim5 ,i h se5 is a ca/1 some:at di/ort$ by pressure1 b app>5tly simil> to ! species f ! slates on ! ,am]ican ,riv]1 :i* ,i br\ght to ! notice ( ! academy la/ ye>4 ,,adj\rn$ ,,annual ,,meet+1 ,,janu>y #h,,?1 #ahff4 ,presid5t 9 ! *air4 ,twelve memb]s pres5t4 ,! ,curator ( ,con*ology & ! ,libr>ian made v]bal reports4 ,! academy !n proce$$ to ! election ( (fic]s = ! ye>1 & ! foll[+ p]sons 7 *os54 ,,presid5t4 ,,le&] ,,ransom4 ,,vice ,,presid5ts4 ,r4 ,e4 ,c4 ,,/e>ns4 ,w4 ,o4 ,,ayres1 ,m4,d4 ,,treasur]4 ,,samuel ,,hubb>d4 ,,record+ ,,sec',y4 ,t4 ,h4 ,,bloom]4 ,,correspond+ ,,sec',y4 ,,h5ry ,n4 ,,bol&]4 ,,libr>ian4 ,j4 ,d4 ,,:itney4 ,,curators4 ,h4 ,s4 ,,hanks ,,m9]alogy4 ,e4 ,f4 ,,lorqu9 ,,zoology4 ,h4 ,n4 ,,bol&] ,,botany4 ,r4 ,e4 ,c4 ,,/e>ns ,,con*ology4 ,w4 ,m4 ,,gabb ,,pal,,ontology4 ,h4 ,,behr1 ,m4,d4 ,,entomology4 ,,committee ,,on ,,f9ance4 ,,messrs4 ,,hubb>d1 ,,/e>ns1 ,,& ,,fisk4 ,,committee ,,on ,,publication4 ,,messrs4 ,,:itney1 ,,m9ns1 ,,& ,,/e>ns4 ,donations to ! ,libr>y3 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 ,septemb]1 #ahfe1 f ! editors4 ,annals ( ! ,lyceum ( ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,new ,york1 ,vol4 ,,viii1 ,nos4 #b-e4 ,j\rnal de ,con*yliogie1 7#c7 ,v1 #a1 #b4 ,sea-,side ,/udies 9 ,natural ,hi/ory1 f ,alex4 ,agassiz4 ,proce$+s ( ! ,bo/on ,society ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 #ahfd1 ,%eet #a4 ,a/ronomical & ,meteorological ,obs]vations made at ! ,u4 ,s4 ,naval ,obs]vatory dur+ ! ye> #ahfc4 ,*eck ,li/ ( ! ,fossils ( ,cali=nia & ,nevada1 by ,w4 ,m4 ,gabb4 ,! foll[+ biographical sket* ( ,?omas ,bridges 0 read by ,mr4 ,dall4 ,memorial ,sket* ( ,?omas ,bridges1 ,esq41 ,f4,l4,s41 ,f4,z4,s41 & ,memb] ( ! ,cala4 ,acad4 ,sci4 ,,by ,w4 ,h4 ,,dall1 ,,act+ ,,director ,,sci4 ,,corps1 ,w4 ,u4 ,t4 ,,ex4 ,mr4 ,bridges 0 born at ,lilly 9 ,h]t=d%ire1 ,engl&1 on ! tw5ty-second ( ,may1 #ahjg4 ,at an e>ly age he became int]e/$ 9 ,natural ,hi/ory1 & :5 ab\t n9ete5 or tw5ty--hav+ previ\sly /udi$ = "s ?ree ye>s "u ,sir ,william ,hook]1 at ,kew ,g>d5s--he sail$ = ,valp>aiso4 ,he rema9$ "h or pass$ ! "t 9 "s ( ! adjo9+ prov9ces1 f #ahbg to #ahdd1 :5 he return$ to ,engl& on a %ort visit4 ,on aga9 rea*+ ,s\? ,am]ica1 he und]took ! explorations 9 ,bolivia1 s well kn[n to naturali/s1 ?r\gh _! magnific5t results4 ,dur+ ! c\rse ( ?is j\rney1 9 ,june1 #ahde1 he discov]$ & obta9$ se$s ( ! great ,s\? ,am]ican ,wat] ,lily1 ! ,victoria ,regia1 ,l9dley4 ,al?\gh ! plant _h previ\sly be5 detect$1 to ,mr4 ,bridges belong$ ! honor ( fir/ introduc+ x into ! old _w1 by transport+ se$s :i* subsequ5tly g]m9at$ at ,kew4 ,9 #ahdf1 he return$ to ,engl&1 :]e = _m mon?s he 0 pro/rat$ by sev]e illness contract$ 9 8 ardu\s explorations4 ,9 #ahdg1 he 0 m>ri$ to ,miss ,m>y ,b5son1 ( ,bri/ol1 ,engl&1 a niece ( ! em95t collector1 ! late ,hugh ,cum+4 ,soon aft] he proce$$ aga9 to ,valp>aiso4 ,9 #ahea1 he visit$ & explor$ ! isl& ( ,juan ,f]n&ez4 ,9 ! report ( ,lieut4 ,h]ndon1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n41 on 8 explorations ( ! ,amazon1 he ackn[l$ges 8 obligations to ,mr4 ,bridges1 = invaluable in=mation furni%$1 9 reg>d to ! head-wat]s ( t riv]4 ,9 #ahee1 he proce$$ to ,panama1 rema9+ !re "s six mon?s2 & f !nce to ,engl&1 subsequ5tly to ,france1 & f9ally to ,cali=nia1 :]e he arriv$ 9 ,novemb]1 #ahef4 ,ab\t #aheg1 he w5t to ,briti% ,columbia1 & rema9$ ne>ly two ye>s1 collect+ & explor+4 ,9 ! w9t] ( #aheh1 8 family1 hi!rto 9 ,europe1 rejo9$ him4 ,s9ce !n ,san ,francisco has be5 8 home1 ?\gh travell+ 9 _m p>ts ( ,cali=nia4 ,9 ,april1 #ahfe1 he und]took 8 ill-/>r$ j\rney to ,nic>agua4 ,8 explorations "h 7 limit$ pr9cipally to ! lake c\ntry1 :]e he pass$ "s five mon?s explor+ ! d5se & tangl$ jungles ( ! vic9ity2 asc5d+ ! volcanoes ( ,momba*o & ,ometepec1 & visit+ ,leon & ,granada4 ,9 ,june1 he met at ,san ,juan del ,sur1 our well-kn[n botani/1 ,dr4 ,torry1 on 8 way to ,san ,francisco4 ,^! two k9dr$ spirits pass$ sev]al pleasant days toge!r4 ,he left ,nic>agua on ! /eam%ip ,moses ,taylor1 ,capt ,ble!n1 on ! ?ird ( ,septemb]1 #ahfe1 app>5tly 9 p]fect heal?4 ,on ! fif?1 ! effects ( ! insidi\s mal>ia ( ! c\ntry 7 evid5t4 ,on ! n9?1 he di$2 be+ fifty-eight ye>s old4 ,on ! sev5te5?1 ! body arriv$ 9 ,san ,francisco1 & 0 aft]w>ds int]r$ at ,lone ,m\nta9 ,cemet]y4 ,he leaves a wid[1 two daught]s1 & ?ree sons4 ,mr4 ,bridges 0 ( a s+ul>ly retir+ & mode/ disposition1 & v few publications ( 8 own rema9 to atte/ 8 devotion to ,natural ,sci5ce4 ,b works 9 e bran* ( /udy1 p>ticul>ly ( ,pr(essor ,l9dley1 & ,sir ,william ,hook]1 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,botany1 be> abundant evid5ce ( 8 untir+ indu/ry & unusual success4 ,t he di$ a m>tyr to 8 love = ,natural ,hi/ory1 !re is no room = d\bt2 & 8 mo/ appropriate memorials are ! magnific5t ev]gre5s n[ adorn+1 ?r\gh 8 ag5cy1 ! groves & av5ues ( ! old _w4 ,) all imp>tial naturali/s1 ,mr4 ,bridges & su* z he1 8:o be> ! burd5 & heat ( ! day10 are entitl$ to honors2 if n precisely ( ! same "* z ^? due to ! /ud5ts :o 9 _! com=table libr>ies "w up ! results ( ! collector1 /ill to honors q z high4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,janu>y #ae,,?1 #ahff4 ,presid5t 9 ! *air4 ,eight memb]s pres5t4 ,mr4 ,bol&] pres5t$ 8 report1 z ,curator ( ,botany1 = ! ye> #ahfe1 z foll[s4 ,dur+ ! pa/ ye> ! ,h]b>ium ( ! ,academy has be5 increas$-- #a/4 ,by a set ( ,hall's ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,plants4 #b;d4 ,by a collection ( plants f ! ,we/]n ,/ates1 made by ,mr4 ,elihu ,hall4 #c;d4 ,by a l>ge collection made by ,mr4 ,canby at ,wilm+ton1 ,del4 #d?4 ,by a small collection f ,m4 ,s4 ,bebb1 ,esq41 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,to ! above-m5tion$ collections1 ,i h add$ specim5s ( ea* plant collect$ by myself dur+ ! pa/ ye>4 ,dr4 ,kellogg & myself h pres5t$ to ! ,academy q a numb] ( ,au/ralian plants1 & bo? ,dr4 ,kellogg & ,mr4 ,bloom] h assi/$ me 9 arrang+ & classify+ our collections4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,febru>y #e,,?1 #ahff4 ,presid5t 9 ! *air4 ,five memb]s pres5t4 ,mr4 ,dall pres5t$ ! foll[+ pap] by ,dr4 ,canfield4 ,notes on ,antilocapra ,am]icana1 ,ord4 ,,by ,,dr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,,canfield1 ,,( ,,mont]ey4 ,! foll[+ notes 7 tak5 f #ahee to #aheh1 9 ,mont]ey ,c\nty1 ,cali=nia1 & 7 communicat$ to ,pr(4 ,baird 9 #ahei4 ,ab\t ! fir/ ( ,janu>y ! old bucks all %$ _! horns4 ,a few days aft]1 "o 0 %ot1 ) two hairy /umps or horn-cores1 sev]al in*es long1 j tipp$ ) gr[+ horn4 ,?is 0 obs]v$ to spread upw>d & d[nw>d till ! :ole ( ! process ( ! frontal bone 0 cov]$ ) horn4 ,! 8prong0 comm5c$ ! same process at its tip1 & gradually coalesc$ ) ! ma9 horn1 leav+ no suture4 ,z ! horn increases 9 l5g? x curves =w>d & inw>d4 ,x takes sev]al mon?s to p]fect ! new horn4 ,! females possess small curv$ horns1 "o to ?ree in*es long1 sometimes recurv+ to ! skull1 :i* 7 n prov$ to be decidu\s4 ,! horn1 :5 %$1 leaves a process ( ! frontal bone1 cov]$ ) hair1 soon replac$ z above by horn at ! tip4 ,^! facts 7 m m9utely obs]v$ 9 two "y bucks1 re>$ by h& to ! age respectively ( "o & two ye>s4 ,^! facts w\ld t5d to sep>ate ! g5us ,antilocapra f ! family ,cavicornia1 & x may possibly =m a family by itself4 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,p4 ,blake read a portion ( a lett] f ,dr4 ,c4 ,t4 ,jackson ( ,bo/on1 conta9+ a notice ( a rem>kable spid] br\ght f ,georgia by ,dr4 ,wild]1 an acc\nt ( :i* has be5 publi%$ 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,academy & ( ! ,bo/on ,natural ,hi/ory ,society4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,febru>y #ai,,?1 #ahff4 ,presid5t 9 ! *air4 ,n9e memb]s pres5t4 ,dr4 ,colb]t ,a4 ,canfield1 ( ,mont]ey1 0 *os5 a ,correspond+ ,memb]1 & ,dr4 ,h5ry ,gibbons & ,mr4 ,h5ry ,jan91 ,resid5t ,memb]s4 ,donations to ! ,libr>y3 ,u4 ,s4 ,c5sus1 #ahfj--;,agriculture2 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 ,novemb]1 #ahfe1 & ,janu>y1 #ahff2 ,proce$+s ( ! ,phila4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 ,april to ,octob]1 #ahfe2 ,!ory ( ,p>allels1 by ,mat!w ,ryan2 ,description ( ,new ,species ( ,pupid1 by ,e4 ,s4 ,morse2 ,proce$+s ( ,bo/on ,nat4 ,hi/4 ,soc41 ,vol4 ,x1 ,%eet #b4 ,! foll[+ pap] 0 pres5t$4 ,e>?quakes 9 ,cali=nia dur+ #ahfe4 ,,by ,,dr4 ,,john ,b4 ,,trask4 ,z 9 ! prec$+ ye> we h _h mu* frequ5cy 9 %ocks ( e>?quake1 ) b trifl+ damage4 ,,janu>y #i?1 #g h4--,a sm>t %ock at ,santa ,rosa1 ,sonoma ,c\nty4 ,,janu>y #ai?1 #h h4 #h m4--,a light %ock at ,san ,francisco4 ,,m>* #e?1 #h h4 #de m4--,a light %ock at ,visalia1 consi/+ ( a tremul\s motion1 succe$$ by a roll or wave aft] an int]val ( ab\t f\r seconds4 ,,m>* #g?1 #bc h4--,a sm>t %ock at ,san ,francisco4 ,,m>* #h?1 #f h4 #bb m4--,a sm>t %ock at ,san ,francisco4 ,,m>* #cj?1 #g h4 #bh m4--,a v sm>t %ock at ,san ,francisco2 ?is 0 felt at ,oakl&4 ,,april #ae?1 #j h4 #dj m4--,a sev]e %ock occurr$ at ,san ,diego1 consi/+ ( ?ree waves1 foll[+ ea* o!r 9 quick succession2 ! %ock 0 prec$$ ) a l\d ru%+ s\nd4 ,,april #ah?1 #ac h4 #ca m4--,a light %ock at ,san ,francisco1 & notic$ at ,angel ,isl& & ,oakl&4 ,?is %ock 0 sev]e at ,san ,juan 7s\?71 & felt at precisely ! same h\r4 ,,april #bg?1 #ae h4 #ef m4--,a %ock at ,san ,francisco4 ,,may #bd?1 #c h4 #ba m4--,a sm>t %ock at ,san ,francisco1 consi/+ ( a s+le wave4 ,at ,san ,juan 7s\?7 ! e>?quake consi/$ ( two %>p %ocks1 & at ,santa ,cruz ( "o only4 ,at ! latt] localities x 0 ?ree & f\r m9utes lat] ?an at ?is city4 ,,septemb] #bb;d 7no h\r74--,a sm>t %ock occurr$ at ,yreka4 ,,octob] #a/1 #i h4 #ae m4--,a v sm>t %ock 0 felt at ,=t ,humboldt1 & ?r\gh\t ! di/rict ( ,humboldt ,bay4 ,,octob] #h?1 #ab h4 #df m4--,a sev]e %ock at ,san ,francisco4 ,?is e>?quake 0 ! mo/ viol5t ( any occurr+ on ?is p59sula s9ce ! ,am]ican occupancy1 b 0 n suffici5tly heavy to d s]i\s damage2 all ! injuries su/a9$ to prop]ty 7 ( a trivial nature1 ! pr9cipal be+ ! demolition ( p>ts ( ! p>apet walls erect$ above ! ro(s1 to %ield ! latt] 9 cases ( fire 9 adjo9+ build+s2 ! fracture ( walls 9 e in/ance occurr$ 9 insecure build+s1 & heavy build+s erect$ on ! made l&s ( ! city front4 ,at ,san ,jos1 ,santa ,cl>a1 & ,santa ,cruz1 ! e>?quake appe>s to h be5 equally sev]e z 9 ?is city4 ,at ,petaluma1 on ! nor?1 x 0 also q sev]e4 ,at ,sacram5to ! %ock 0 n m>k$ by ! same sev]ity z at ! o!r localities m5tion$4 ,at ,/ockton ! %ock 0 heavy1 b no damage done1 nor 0 !re any damage at ,sacram5to4 ,! %ock 0 sev]e at ,grass ,valley4 ,! direction ( ! wave 9 ?is e>?quake 0 nor? fifty degrees we/2 ! limit$ area ov] :i* x ext5d$ has n furni%$ suffici5t data to calculate its velocity4 ,?is e>?quake diff]s f all o!rs t h occurr$ 9 ?is locality 9 ?is p>ticul>3 ! e>? cont9u$ to vibrate ) increas+ & aga9 decreas+ degrees ( =ce = t5 h\rs1 at no "t entirely ceas+ dur+ ?is p]iod4 #bb h4 #a m41 ano!r light %ock1 consi/+ ( a s+le vibration4 #bc h4 #ej m41 ano!r %ock4 ,aft] ?is %ock ! vibrations ( ! e>? ceas$ to be noticeable4 ,octob] #i?1 #aj h4 #cd m4--,ano!r light %ock4 #aa h4 #cb m41 ano!r %ock4 ,aft] ?is %ock ! e>? cont9u$ to vibrate at int]vals till noon ( ! t5?4 ,,octob] #ac?1 #b h4 #e m4--,a sm>t %ock at ,san ,francisco2 felt at ,oakl& & ,santa ,cl>a2 also at ,angel ,isl&4 ,,octob] #ad?1 #bc h4 #de m4--,ano!r %ock at ,san ,francisco4 ,,octob] #ae?1 #c h4 #dj m4--,ano!r %ock at ,san ,francisco4 ,,novemb] #bd?1 #c h4 #de m4--,a sm>t %ock at ,watsonville1 ,santa ,cruz ,co4 ,,decemb] #g?1 #a h4 #ae m4--,a light %ock at ,san ,francisco4 ,pr(essor ,:itney pres5t$ ! plate publi%$ by ,mr4 ,haid+]1 ! di/+ui%$ ,*ief ( ! ,au/rian ,geological ,survey1 to exhibit ! /ructure ( ! ,c>leton meteoric iron4 ,?is plate1 toge!r ) an elaborate article describ+ ! appe>ance & /ructure ( ?is meteorite1 is publi%$ 9 ! proce$+s ( ! ,vi5na ,academy ( ,sci5ce1 ,vol4 ,,xlviii1 page #cja4 ,pr(essor ,:itney also made "s rem>ks on ! nature & di/ribution ( ! meteorites :i* h1 up to ! pres5t "t1 be5 discov]$ on ! ,pacific ,coa/ & 9 ,mexico2 ( ^! rem>ks ! foll[+ is an ab/ract4 ,x is rem>kable t no meteoric /ones h ev] be5 discov]$1 ei!r ne> ! ,pacific coa/ or1 inde$1 s f> z we "k1 any:]e on ?is side ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,masses ( meteoric iron1 on ! o!r h&1 are kn[n to exi/ 9 q a numb] ( localities1 & _m ( ^! masses are ( v l>ge size4 ,on page elev51 ( ! ?ird volume ( ! ,academy's ,proce$+s1 ,i h giv5 a li/ ( ! localities ( meteoric iron kn[n 9 ,arizona & ,nor!rn ,mexico4 ,?is 0 done 9 ord] to attract ! att5tion ( explor]s & prospectors to ^! rem>kable masses1 & 9 ! hope ( gett+ m def9ite in=mation 9 reg>d to "s ( !m4 ,inde$1 "s additional items h already be5 obta9$ 9 ref]5ce to ! masses !re notic$4 ,x is /at$ by sev]al p]sons :o h visit$ ,s\!rn ,arizona1 among :om ,dr4 ,horn may especially be m5tion$1 t x is univ]sally believ$1 & v\*$ = by app>5tly tru/wor?y explor]s1 t !re are _m l>ge masses ( iron ne> ! summit ( ! range next ea/ ( ,tucson4 ,?is is call$ on ! late/ map ( ,arizona1 7t publi%$ by ,mr4 ,gird7 ! 8,si]ra de la ,santa ,cat]9a40 ,:e!r ?is is ! same z ! 8,si]ra de la ,mad]a10 m5tion$ by ,velasco1 z ! locality ( 8enorm\s masses ( pure iron1 betwe5 ,tucson & ,tubac10 ,i h be5 unable to asc]ta94 ,dr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,trask saw1 9 ,augu/1 #ahdi1 a l>ge mass ( meteoric iron1 at ! village ( ,rio ,florida1 p>tly buri$ 9 ! gr\nd at ! corn] ( ! plaza4 ,?is may1 p]haps1 be ! same mass m5tion$ by ,mr4 ,b>tlett1 z exi/+ 8at ! ,haci5da de ,concepcion1 on ! road f ,*ihuahua to ,rio ,florida40 ,dr4 ,trask1 h[ev]1 has a di/9ct recollection t ! mass he saw 0 at ! village ( ,rio ,florida1 & n at ! ,haci5da4 ,dr4 ,veat* saw1 9 #ahdi1 a l>ge mass ( iron at ,santa ,rosa1 ,coahuila1 :i* 0 !n 9 use z an anvil1 at a blacksmi?'s %op1 & 0 in=m$ t _m pieces ( native iron _h be5 us$ !re = v>i\s purposes4 ,! mass :i* ,dr4 ,veat* saw1 0 ( ab\t ! size ( an ord9>y anvil4 ,x 0 said to h be5 br\ght f ! m\nta9s nor?we/ ( ! t[n4 ,?is /atem5t corroborates t ( ,s*ott1 9 ! ,mexican ,b\nd>y ,report4 7,vol4 ,i1 ,"p #b1 page #cd47 ,x is a rem>kable fact1 consid]+ ! abundance ( meteoric iron ne> our bord]s1 t no meteorite1 ei!r /ony or metallic1 has yet be5 f\nd )9 ! limits ( ,cali=nia4 ,! piece ( iron f ,honcut ,creek1 f\nd by ,dr4 ,trask1 & suppos$ to be ( cele/ial orig91 prov$1 on c>eful exam9ation1 to be ord9>y ca/ iron4 ,a fragm5t ( ! mass 0 ref]r$ to ,pr(essor ,bru%1 & pron\nc$ by him n to be meteoric4 ,! exi/5ce ( a piece ( ca/ iron1 9 ! locality :]e ?is 0 discov]$1 is n easily expla9$4 ,9 connection ) :at has j be5 said ( ! exi/5ce ( meteoric iron 9 ,cali=nia1 x %\ld be add$1 t ,dr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,coop] ?9ks t he obs]v$ "s small pieces ( native iron on ! ,mohave ,riv]1 a little above its s9k4 ,by accid5t no specim5 ( ?is suppos$ meteorite 7 sav$1 s t x is n possible to say t ,dr4 ,coop] may n h be5 mi/ak54 ,! att5tion ( explor]s 9 t region is invit$ to ?is suppos$ locality4 ,an additional reason = believ+ ,dr4 ,coop]'s obs]vations to be correct is1 t ! locality lies 9 ! prolongation ( ! pa? or belt 9 :i* a consid]able numb] ( masses ( meteoric iron h already be5 f\nd4 ,x is c]ta9ly ei!r a v int]e/+ fact1 or else a rem>kable co9cid5ce1 t ! localities ( meteoric iron 9 ,arizona & nor!rn ,mexico1 lie ne>ly 9 a /raight l9e ) ea* o!r1 :i* l9e ext5ds f nor?we/ to s\!a/1 = a di/ance ( twelve hundr$ & fifty miles1 or f ! ,colorado ,riv]1 at ,la ,paz1 to ! prov9ce ( ,san ,luis ,potosi1 9 ,mexico4 ,along ?is l9e1 at po9ts f two hundr$ to two hundr$ & fifty miles ap>t1 9 "s places "o mass ( iron1 & 9 o!rs q a numb] ( !m1 h fall51 indicat+ v /rongly a common orig9 = ! :ole1 or t !y may all be fragm5ts ( "o imm5se meteor :i* pass$ diagonally across ! cont95t1 ?r[+ (f masses 9 its progress4 ,! l>ge mass ( iron discov]$ by ,dr4 ,evans1 on ,bald ,m\nta91 ne> ,port ,or=d1 9 ,oregon1 is 9 a locality n f> di/ant f ! pa? ( ! suppos$ meteor4 ,! belt ( meteoric iron masses may also be prolong$ mu* f>!r to ! s\?1 ?r\gh ,mexico1 & 9 ! same g5]al s\!a/]ly direction1 z f> z ! prov9ce ( ,oaxaca4 ,! localities 9 ! prov9ces ( ,durango1 ,zacatecas1 ,mexico1 & ,oaxaca lie v ne>ly 9 ! same nor?we/-s\!a/ direction f ea* o!r2 b are 9 a l9e a little to ! we/ ( ! ma9 belt :i* has be5 trac$ d[n f ! ,colorado ,riv]4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! c5tral "p ( ,mexico has be5 highly favor$ 9 respect to ! di/ribution ( meteoric iron masses1 :i* are n only ( frequ5t occurr5ce1 b (t5 ( l>ge size4 ,p]haps x may be n too wild a speculation to sugge/1 t ! gr& disruption ( ! meteor may h tak5 place 9 ?is "p ( its c\rse1 & t ! fragm5ts 7 scatt]$ f> & wide 9 all directions4 ,x c]ta9ly seems difficult to acc\nt = ! peculi> position ( ! masses ( iron f\nd on ! ,pacific side ( ! cont95t1 & _! great abundance 9 c5tral ,mexico1 on any o!r !ory ?an ! "o :i* has "h be5 sugge/$4 ,au?orities are n at h& = comp>+ ! *emical composition ( all ! masses belong+ to ?is s]ies1 or belt1 :i* h be5 analyz$2 b x is my impression t ^? meteoric irons :i* h be5 exam9$ d resemble ea* o!r suffici5tly1 9 ! nature & proportion ( ! +r$i5ts !y conta91 to add to ! probability ( _! hav+ _h a common orig94 ,! specim5s ?us f> analyz$ d n repres5t m ?an half ! localities kn[n to exi/4 ,a f>!r & m complete inve/igation ( ! physical & *emical "* ( all ! meteoric masses ( ,arizona & ,mexico1 ) ref]5ce to ! possibility ( _! be+ orig9ally p>ts ( "o body1 is sugge/$ z an int]e/+ subject = ^? specially devot$ to ?is class ( rese>*es4 ,! foll[+ resolution1 introduc$ by ,pr(essor ,:itney1 at a previ\s meet+1 9 accordance ) ! ,con/itution1 0 adopt$4 ,resolv$1 ,t any ,correspond+ ,memb] :o may take up 8 resid5ce 9 ?is city1 may become a ,resid5t ,memb]1 on notify+ ! ,record+ ,secret>y t su* is 8 wi%4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,dall 0 elect$ a ,resid5t ,memb]1 ,decemb] #d?1 #ahfe4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,m>* #e,,?1 #ahff4 ,presid5t 9 ! *air4 ,elev5 memb]s pres5t4 ,donations to ! ,libr>y3 ,socit de ,gographie de ,g5ve2 ,mmoires et ,bullet91 ,tomes ,i-,,iii2 ,f ,f4 ,b]ton4 ,! foll[+ pap]s 7 pres5t$4 ,note on ,octopus punctatus1 ,gabb4 ,,by ,w4 ,h4 ,,dall1 ,,act+ ,,director ,,sci4 ,,corps ,w4 ,u4 ,t4 ,,ex4 ,a half-decay$ specim5 ( ?is species1 7describ$ by ,mr4 ,gabb1 9 ,proc4 ,cal4 ,acad41 ,ap4 #g?1 #ahfb7 discov]$ 9 "s alcoholic miscellanea1 rec5tly1 af=d$ ! foll[+ obs]vations4 ,! buccal plates or m&ibles1 resemble ^? ( ,o4 tub]culatus1 ,bla9v4 ,woodw4 ,man4 ,pl4 ,i4 ,fig4 #b b are m produc$ longitud9ally4 ,!y are black & v brittle4 ,illu/ration3 7,fig4 #bg47 ,d5tal =mula1 #ccc 7,fig4 #bg1 ,a71 or #a_/7aa7ba ,rha*is arm$ ) "o c5tral qu9qu$5tate too?1 & two lat]al1 simple1 d5ticles2 ! ins]tion ( all is broadly arcuate4 ,! pleur are provid$ ea* ) two simple recurv$ unc9i & "o rhomboidal plate ) a small recurv$ hook4 ,! c5tral rha*idian too? is occasionally irregul>4 7,fig4 #bg1 ,l1 ,x74 ,:5 immature1 ! d5tal lam9 are )\t color1 m sl5d]1 compress$1 & ! d5tations are less di/9ct4 7,fig4 #bg1 ,l47 ,immature r[s1 ab\t #ae1 p]fect #fj1 worn & brok5 #be1 total #ajj4 ,mag4 #ajj diamet]s4 ,l5g? ( specim5 #c feet4 ,locality1 ne> ,san ,francisco4 ,f ! m>ket4 ,pr(essor ,:itney communicat$ ! foll[+ ab/ract ( ! results obta9$ by ,m4 ,rmond 9 8 geological explorations ( ,nor!rn ,mexico1 made 9 #ahfc to #ahfe1 & drawn up f 8 notes & specim5s1 aft] ref]5ce ( ! fossils obta9$ to ,mr4 ,gabb & ,dr4 ,newb]ry4 ,m4 ,rmond has gone to ,*ili to cont9ue 8 geological inve/igations1 if 8 heal? p]mits2 & he expects to write out a m detail$ acc\nt ( 8 ,mexican "w1 :5ev] he has an opportunity ( do+ s4 ,9 ! mean "t1 h[ev]1 x is 8 desire t ?is ab/ract %\ld be drawn up & publi%$1 t at lea/ ! m important results may be plac$ z soon z possible 9 ! h&s ( ^? int]e/$ 9 ! developm5t ( ! geological /ructure ( ^? c\ntries :i* bord] on ! ,pacific coa/4 ,9 pres5t+ ?is pap]1 ,pr(essor ,:itney desir$ to express 8 admiration ( ! c\rage & endurance ) :i* ,m4 ,rmond _h prosecut$ 8 inve/igations 9 ,mexico1 :]e he _h to cont5d ) e k9d ( difficulty & dang]1 b :]e1 h[ev]1 he _h obta9$ results ( great value1 ?r[+ ! fir/ rays ( light on ! age ( ! =mations ( a v int]e/+ & economically important m9+ region--a region :i* has be5 (t5 visit$1 b :]e1 previ\s to ,m4 ,rmond's exam9ations1 no positive evid5ce ( ! geological position ( any ( ! /ratifi$ rocks _h be5 obta9$1 & no clue giv5 to ! relations ( ! metallif]\s ve9s to ea* o!r1 or to ! rocks 9 :i* !y are inclos$4 ,notice ( ,geological ,explorations 9 ,nor!rn ,mexico4 ,,by ,a4 ,r,,mond4 ,compil$ f 8 notes1 & prep>$ = publication1 by ,j4 ,d4 ,:itney4 #a4 ,,prelim9>y ,,rem>ks4 ,! m\nta9\s region compris+ ! c5tral & we/]n portion ( ,nor!rn ,mexico1 belongs to ! f\r ,/ates ( ,durango1 ,*ihuahua1 ,s9aloa1 & ,sonora4 ,consid]+ h[ celebrat$ ?is portion ( ,mexico has become = its m9es & metallif]\s ve9s1 & h[ mu* has be5 writt5 ab\t x1 x is surpris+ h[ little exact in=mation has hi!rto be5 obta9$ ) reg>d to ei!r its geography or geology4 ,on comp>+ ! pr9cipal publi%$ maps#ba ( ! region 9 "q1 x w be se5 at once h[ mu* !y diff] f ea* o!r 9 _! del9eations ( ev5 its ma9 topographical features1 :ile ! details are entirely want+4 ,! "n ( ! 8,si]ra ,madre0 is usually appli$ to ! ma9 range ( m\nta9s ( ?is c\ntry1 or ! we/]n bord] ( ! plateau :i* /ret*es nor? ?r\gh ! t]ritories ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 =m+ :at may be call$ ! great orographical feature ( ! cont95t4 ,9 ,nor?we/]n ,mexico ?is crumpl$ bord] ( ! great plateau comprises an ext5sive m\nta9\s region1 by no means =m+ a cont9u\s s+le *a91 b r sev]al c5tral ranges1 ) associat$ gr\ps ( p>allel ridges1 all hav+ ! same g5]al c\rse1 :i* is approximately nor?-nor?we/1 & s\?-s\!a/4 ,z ! bread? ( ! *a9 wid5s z we g t[>ds ! nor?1 s1 too1 t ( ! valleys increases 9 t direction1 ! :ole sy/em ( m\nta9s & valleys spread+ out 9 some?+ l a fan %ape4 ,go+ nor?1 ! *a9 appe>s to s9k gradually1 al?\gh det]m9ations ( altitude 9 ,nor!rn ,mexico are extremely few 9 numb]4 ,x is c]ta9 t !re is1 9 ab\t latitude #cb1 a depression ( ! m\nta9 ranges :i* ext5ds entirely across ! cont95t1 & :i* w\ld enable ! travel] to cross f ! ,atlantic to ! ,pacific1 )\t necess>ily surm\nt+ any elevation great] ?an f\r ?\s& feet4#bb ,! s\!a/]n range is ! highe/1 & ! culm9at+ po9t is said to be ! ,c]ro de ,cuiteco1 sixty leagues nor!a/ ( ,jesus ,m>ia1 on ! we/]n bord] ( ,*ihuahua4 ,! approximate altitude ( ! ,cumbre de ,basasca*ic is sev5 ?\s& f\r hundr$ & tw5ty-n9e feet1 & t ( ,guadalupe y ,calvo1 sev5 ?\s& eight hundr$ & tw5ty-five feet4 ,to ! nor?1 ! ranges ea/ ( ,sahu>ipa are also v high2 b !y h nev] be5 measur$4 ,no peaks or ridges1 h[ev]1 9 ?is portion ( ,mexico atta9 any?+ l ! elevation ( ! high] portion ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada1 few if any po9ts exce$+ t5 ?\s& feet 9 altitude4 ,! direction ( ! si]ra is ne>ly t ( a l9e connect+ "s ( ! be/ m9+ di/ricts 9 ,mexico1 :i* are situat$ on or v ne> ! summit ( ! m\nta9s4 ,^! di/ricts are ! foll[+1 enum]at+ !m 9 _! geographical ord] f ! s\? t[>ds ! nor?3 ,9 ,durango1 ,san ,antonio de las ,v5tanas1 ,gu>isamey1 & ,san ,dimas1 rem>kable = _! aurif]\s silv] ores1 & sixty-two ,mexican leagues nor!a/ ( ,mazatlan2 9 ,*ihuahua1 ,guadalupe y ,calvo1 & ,san ,p$ro de ,batopilas1 yield+ f9e specim5s ( native silv]2 also1 ,jesus ,m>ia1 9 ! same ,/ate1 & ! ,real del la ,ci5eguita1 ,sonora1 ) silv] & gold m9es4 #b4 ,,g5]al ,,geology4 ,! geological /ructure ( ! occid5tal slope ( ! ,si]ra ,madre1 z well z t ( ! o!r p>ts ( ?is great *a91 is exce$+ly int]e/+1 &1 z yet b v little kn[n1 not)/&+ ! valuable inve/igations ( ,humboldt & o!r em95t m52 =1 up to ! pres5t "t1 ! age ( ! diff]5t =mations has nev] be5 fix$ ) any degree ( accuracy1 f want ( mat]ials & ( suffici5t obs]vations4 ,9 #ahfc1 #ahfd1 & #ahfe1 h[ev]1 ,i explor$ q a numb] ( localities 9 nor?we/]n ,mexico1 & 0 ?us enabl$ to obta9 a pretty good g5]al idea ( ! geology ( t region2 &1 9 ,sonora1 to :i* my att5tion 0 especially devot$1 ,i succe$$ 9 f9d+ fossils 9 suffici5t quantity to all[ ( ! det]m9ation ( ! age ( ! pr9cipal =mations ( ! nor!rn ,si]ra ,madre4 ,by trac+ ! connection ( ^! rocks ) ^? ( ,c5tral ,mexico1 additional light w be ?r[n on ^? di/ricts ( :i*1 at pres5t1 b little is def9itely kn[n4 ,! igne\s rocks1 :i* occur m abundantly on ! ,pacific slope1 are granites1 ei!r f9e or v co>se-gra9$2 porphyries1 m or less feldspa?ic2 & gre5/ones1 all ( :i* are cut by num]\s dykes ( extremely v>i$ "*4 ,! granites1 h[ev]1 are v poor 9 ve9s ( ! preci\s metals1 :ile ! porphyries are highly metallif]\s4 ,9 ,s9aloa 7,c&el]o7 & ,durango 7,san ,dimas7 we see t ! granites und]lie ! metallif]\s porphyries1 & t ! gre5/ones1 9 ,sonora1 7ne> ,h]mosillo & 9 ! vic9ity ( ,la ,haci5dita7 p5etrate ?r\gh !m4 ,! olde/ s$im5t>y rocks1 :i* ,i h obs]v$1 belong to ! ,c>bonif]\s s]ies2 ?is is repres5t$ 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ,sonora1 by heavy masses ( lime/one1 =m+ v high & rugg$ ridges1 runn+ a little we/ ( nor?4 ,! upturn$ /rata are se51 9 _m places1 to re/ on granite4 ,arg5tif]\s ve9s occur ?r\gh\t ?is =mation4 ,! next gr\p ( s$im5t>y rocks1 9 ord]1 is ! ,triassic2 ?is =ms isolat$ m\nta9 gr\ps 9 ,sonora1 & (f]s an int]e/+ field = inve/igation4 ,in/ead ( lime/ones1 x is made up ( heavy b$s ( qu>tzites & conglom]ates1 ) coal-be>+ clay %ales2 all ( ^! are di/urb$ & elevat$1 & re/ on gre5/ones1 feldspa?ic porphyries1 or granite4 ,:]ev] metamorphos$1 ! ,triassic rocks are aurif]\s & conta9 ve9s ( silv] ores4 ,! metamorphic slates & lime/ones ( ! ,alt> & ,magdal5a di/ricts1 :i* include ! ri*e/ gold plac]s ( ,sonora1 may possibly be ( ,triassic age2 b ! fossils collect$ are too imp]fect to admit ( ?is be+ det]m9$4 ,!re are "s reasons = believ+ ^? rocks to be r ( ,jurassic ?an ( ,triassic age1 z !y diff] 9 li?ological *>act]s f bo? ! ,triassic & ,c>bonif]\s ( ,nor!rn ,mexico1 resembl+1 r1 ! ,jurassic gold-be>+ slates ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada1 9 ,cali=nia2 besides1 !y lie outside & to ! we/ ( ! ,si]ra ,madre4 ,x may also be notic$ t ! gold :i* !y furni% does n resemble t obta9$ f ! ,triassic /rata4 ,! ,cretace\s p]iod is also repres5t$ at ! foot ( ! ,si]ra ,madre1 at ,arive*i1 9 ,sonora4 ,! /rata belong+ to ?is s]ies are *iefly argillace\s %ales1 & !y re/ ^u porphyries & ,c>bonif]\s lime/one4 ,!y h be5 di/urb$ & elevat$ s9ce _! deposition4 ,! fossils1 :i* !y conta9 9 great numb] & 9 a f9e /ate ( pres]vation1 w be notic$ f>!r on4 ,all ! above m5tion$ =mations 7 already 9 exi/5ce be=e ! fir/ eruption ( ! volcanic rocks took place4 ,^! latt] are f\nd scatt]$ along ! :ole ,pacific coa/1 & ext5d f ! ,gulf ( ,cali=nia up to ! v summit ( ! si]ra4 ,x is v int]e/+ to see ! volcanic =mations spread ov] s ext5sive a region1 especially z !re are no active volcanoes kn[n 9 ,nor!rn ,mexico1 & n ev5 any indications ( anci5t crat]s or v5ts4 ,! li?ological "* ( ! eruptive mat]ials is extremely v>i$1 & !re seem to h be5 sev]al p]iods ( igne\s action prec$$ by z _m di/urbances ( ! /rata1 all ( :i* took place aft] ! close ( ! ,cretace\s epo*4 ,?ree diff]5t s]ies ( volcanic rocks may be obs]v$ 9 ,s9aloa & ,sonora1 uncon=mable ) ea* o!r2 & ^! may aga9 be subdivid$ into gr\ps1 aft] a ?or\gh exam9ation has be5 made ( ! ext5sive suite ( specim5s :i* has be5 collect$4 ,! l[]1 or olde/ s]ies1 af=ds sev]al hundr$ v>ieties ( porphyries1 *>act]iz$ by cry/als ( feldsp> or augite4 ,!re are also v peculi> tra*ytic rocks1 resembl+ granite 9 appe>ance4 ,^! volcanic mat]ials occur 9 b$s or 9 masses1 & are frequ5tly cut by dykes2 b !y are q de/itute ( ve9s conta9+ gold or silv]1 ! only metallif]\s ores !y conta9 be+ ^? ( copp] 787 & iron1 & ^! 9 small quantity4 ,v>i\s volcanic ridges 9 ,sonora belong to ?is class4 ,! second s]ies consi/s ( ext5sive b$s ( micace\s1 tra*ytic tufas1 & breccias1 all m or less uplift$ s9ce _! deposition1 & cov]+ ! diff]5t igne\s & s$im5t>y =mations z well z ! old] volcanic porphyries4 ,^! atta9 a great ?ickness1 betwe5 ,san ,dimas & ,san ,ignacio1 9 ,durango & ,s9aloa4 ,above ^! =mations occur anci5t alluvial deposits1 ) bones ( ext9ct animals 7elephants7 at two localities2 ne> ,la ,noria1 nor!a/ ( ,mazatlan1 & 9 ! ,arroya de la ,palma1 two leagues ea/ ( ,la ,casita1 9 ,sonora4 ,%eets ( basaltic lavas1 some:at simil> to ^? ( ,cali=nia1 & probably ( ! same age1 =m+ ) tufas ! upp] volcanic s]ies1 ov]lie ! o!r =mations1 occupy+ a ne>ly horizontal position4 ,! mo/ rec5t =mation is t ( ! t]race deposits ( s& & gravel1 :i* occur 9 ,sonora4 ,hav+ ?us giv5 a g5]al sket* ( ! pr9cipal gr\ps ( rocks develop$ 9 ! region 9 "q1 ,i pass to a m detail$ description ( ! diff]5t =mations4 ,,granites4 ,und]ly+ all ! rocks 9 ,durango & ,s9aloa1 & probably po/]ior to ! ,c>bonif]\s lime/ones1 :i* !y h 9 places ext5sively metamorphos$1 are masses ( granite4 ,^! may be se5 9 _m places betwe5 ! coa/ & ,san ,dimas1 ei!r occupy+ ! bottoms ( ! valleys1 or =m+ indep5d5t hills4 ,!re are two well-m>k$ v>ieties3 ,( ^! ! fir/ are sy5ites1 m or less f9e-gra9$1 & consi/+ ( a mixture ( feldsp>1 v>i\sly color$1 qu>tz1 black or gre5 hornbl5de1 & black or br[n mica1 ! latt] usually 9 hexagonal plates4 ,localities ( ?is v>iety are3 ,haval1 ,las ,higu]as1 ,san ,ignacio1 ,santa ,apolonia1 ,c&el]o1 ,la ,noria1 ,z>agoza1 etc41 9 ,s9aloa2 ,san ,m>cial & ,tecoripa valleys1 ,h]mosillo1 9 ,sonora4 ,! o!r v>iety is ei!r v co>se-gra9$1 consi/+ ( :ite feldsp>1 gray qu>tz1 & plates ( silv]y mica1 or else f9] gra9$1 & *iefly made up ( feldsp>2 ^! occur1 =m+ m\nta9s & ridges 9 ,sonora1 9 ! ,si]ra del ,amol1 ne> ,la ,magdal5a1 ,si]ra del ,esp9aso ,prieto1 ne> ,h]mosillo1 & ! ,si]ra de ,mazatan1 s\? ( ,ures4 ,! f9e-gra9$ granites conta9 arg5tif]\s ve9s at ,z>agoza1 9 ,s9aloa1 & ea/ ( ,topisco1 9 ,sonora4 ,^! are trav]s$ by num]\s int]sect+ dykes ( diorite1 feldsp>1 & qu>tzif]\s & feldspa?ic porphyries1 especially well se5 ne> ,h]mosillo1 & ! ,cajon de los ,c>risos1 ea/ ( ,san ,antonio de la ,hu]ta4 ,!re are no metallif]\s ve9s :]e ! granite is ?us int]sect$ by dykes4 ,,metallif]\s ,,porphyries4 ,^! may be divid$ into two gr\ps4 ,! fir/ consi/s ( a rock occurr+ 9 l>ge irregul> masses or b$s1 & hav+ a d>k color$ argillace\s base1 ?r\gh :i* are dissem9at$ small cry/als ( :iti% feldsp>4 ,?is v>iety1 :i* is probably old] ?an ! granites1 includes "s ( ! ri*e/ m9es ( ! ,si]ra ,madre2 z ^? ( ,c&el>ia1 ,bolaos1 ,c9co ,seores1 etc41 ne> ,san ,dimas1 9 ,durango2 & :i* h yield$ ov] #bj1jjj1jjj4 ,!re are also ri* ve9s 9 ?is k9d ( rock at ,c&el]o1 fifty-two leagues nor!a/ ( ,mazatlan1 9 ,s9aloa4 ,all ^! ve9s run nor!a/ & s\?we/1 & are cut at "r angles by dykes4 ,! second v>iety ( porphyry is a gray feldspa?ic rock1 app>5tly made up ( labradorite & magnetic iron ore2 ?is ov]lies ! gre5/ones1 & is cov]$ by ! ,triassic b$s at ,los ,bronces & ,san ,javi]1 :]e !re are ?ree sy/ems ( arg5tif]\s ve9s4 ,! ,nahuila m9e1 "o ( ! be/ 9 ,sonora1 is 9 ?is rock4 ,,metamorphic ,,rocks4 ,heavy masses ( metamorphic rocks may be se5 at v>i\s localities 9 ,s9aloa & ,durango 7,tecomate1 ,t5*oquelite1 ,arroyo del ,ciruelo1 ,arroyo de ,san ,v9c5te7 re/+ ei!r on ! granites or ! metallif]\s porphyries4 ,^! rocks occur 9 masses or b$s1 sometimes di/9ctly /ratifi$1 & sometimes )\t any traces ( ! orig9al b$d+4 ,!y are always mu* alt]$ & brok5 up4 ,_! li?ological *>act]s are n well m>k$1 al?\gh ! s]ies is easily recogniz$4 ,! rocks ref]r$ to 9 ?is division1 are usually f9e-gra9$1 ( a gre5i% or blui% color1 :5 n too mu* decompos$1 & some:at argillace\s 9 composition4 ,at ! base !y pass into porphyries4 ,! arg5tif]\s ve9s cut bo? ! metamorphic & ! porphyritic rocks at ,tecomate1 on ! ,rio de ,san ,ignacio1 :]e ! dip ( ! =mation is to ! nor!a/1 at an angle ( #gj4 ,betwe5 ,la ,pu]ta & ,el ,pil>1 ,arroyo de ,san ,dimas1 !y occur 9 jasp]y lay]s1 ribbon$ ) gre5 & br[n hues1 & resemble "s ( ! metamorphic ,triassic rocks ( ,sonora4 ,ne> ,c&el]o1 ! metamorphic rocks are associat$ ) :iti%1 semi-cry/all9e lime/one4 ,! =mation 9 "q may be obs]v$ 9 _m o!r localities 9 ,s9aloa1 always re/+ on granite & pass+ into porphyry2 x is also sometimes associat$ ) metamorphic slates4 ,,gre5/ones4 ,^! rocks occur 9 heavy masses or 9 b$s1 & are made up ( a f9e-gra9$1 compact mixture ( hornbl5de & feldsp>1 (t5 conta9+ mica1 & hav+ a gre5i% color4 ,! gre5/one und]lies ! ,triassic rocks1 & 9 _m places x protrudes ?r\gh ! granite4 ,?is rock is highly metallif]\s at ,copla1 ,s9aloa1 & also at ,los ,bronces & ,san ,javi]1 9 ,sonora4 ,! gre5/ones or diorites :i* occur 9 ! granite1 appe> to be ant]ior to ! metallif]\s gre5/ones1 & ! latt] are po/]ior to ! ,triassic4 ,,c>bonif]\s ,,lime/ones4 ,! ,c>bonif]\s lime/ones =m high ridges p>allel ) ! g5]al c\rse ( ! ,si]ra ,madre1 f ,h]mosillo1 nor? ( ,guaymas1 ea/ ( ,sahu>ipa4 ,^! ridges become m elevat$ z we approa* ! cre/ ( ! ,si]ra4 ,! rocks ( ?is =mation are f9e-gra9$ & blui% 9 color1 & =m heavy b$s ) int]calat$ s*i/ose lay]s2 !y conta9 nodules & b$s ( fl9t4 ,!re are "s clay slates at ! base ( ! =mation4 ,! ?ickness ( ! :ole s]ies is probably ov] five ?\s& feet4 ,! pr9cipal localities :]e ^! ,c>bonif]\s rocks may be obs]v$ are z foll[s1 nam+ !m 9 ord] f we/ to ea/3 #a/4 ,h]mosillo1 :]e !y re/ on sy5itic granite & are highly metamorphos$1 ! lime/ones be+ conv]t$ into :ite sac*>oidal m>ble1 & ! slates into g>net & epidote rock4 ,dykes ( gre5 porphyry cut ?r\gh ! b$s ( s$im5t>y rock1 :i* b$s h a /rike ( ab\t ,n4 #fe ,w41 & /& ne>ly v]tical4 #b;d4 ,five leagues f ,h]mosillo1 at ,la ,cruz2 9 ! ,c]ro de ,santa ,t]esa on ! s\?1 & ! ,si]ra de ,las ,animas on ! nor?4 ,"h ! lime/ones conta9 cr9oids4 #c;d4 ,f\r leagues f>!r on1 betwe5 ,la ,noria & ,el ,aguajito2 "h are high granite ridges ) a granite axis4 #d?4 ,tw5ty leagues f ,h]mosillo1 s\? ( ,ures2 ,c>bonif]\s rocks upheav$ on ! s\?we/ side ( ! granitic ,si]ra de ,mazatan4 ,! direction ( ?is range is f nor?we/ to s\!a/1 & its height sixte5 hundr$ v>as1 accord+ to ,m4 ,de ,fleury2 "h are a few silv] m9es4 #e?4 ,haci5dita1 n9e leagues f>!r nor!a/4 ,! b$s "h are metamorphos$ & mu* di/urb$1 dipp+ nor!a/2 ^! outcrops =m l[ hills4 #f?4 ,betwe5 ,mtape & ,batuco2 a v high ridge ( granite1 runn+ 9 a nor!rly direction1 ) lime/one re/+ ^u x4 ,to ! nor? & ea/ ( ,topisco ! lime/ones atta9 a great ?ickness & af=d f9e fossils4 ,at ! ,c]ro de la ,bonac9a1 "o ( ! highe/ po9ts ( ! range1 a v>iety ( corals1 cr9oids1 & bra*iopods may be se5 wea!r$ out f ! surface ( sev]al b$s ( h>d1 compact lime/one1 ( v>i\s colors2 ^! b$s are ne> ! summit ( ! m\nta94 ,?is locality 0 fir/ discov]$ by ,don ,antonio ,mor5o1 ,eng9e] ( ! ,bronces m9e4 ,! /rata "h are mu* di/urb$1 & appe> to h be5 fold$ into a mass ) a syncl9al /ructure4#bc ,,triassic ,,rocks4 ,?is =mation is usually highly metamorphos$1 & passes into porphyries at its base4 ,! /rata are m or less incl9$1 & ! l[] b$s are v mu* contort$ & di/urb$4 ,! rocks ref]r$ to ! ,trias ext5d f ,soyopa to ,san ,javi]2 b !y are develop$ on a m ext5sive scale betwe5 ,san ,antonio de la ,hu]ta & ,los ,bronces1 =ty-two leagues nor!a/ ( ,guaymas4 ,! ,triassic rocks =m a *a9 ( high & rugg$ m\nta9s ext5d+ f s\?-s\!a/ to nor?-nor?we/4 ,! isolat$ m9+ di/ricts ( ,tecoripa & ,san ,m>cial 7betwe5 ,los ,bronces & ,guaymas7 are 9 ! same =mation2 x also crops out f "u ! /ratifi$ volcanic rocks at ! ,punta de ,agua1 betwe5 ,san ,m>cial & ,guaymas4 ,! metallif]\s gre5/ones & porphyries1 previ\sly notic$1 =m ! nucleus ar\nd :i* ! ,triassic b$s h be5 upheav$4 ,^! b$s are se5 ne> ,san ,javi] & ,los ,bronces1 two m9+ t[ns :i* are situat$ on gre5/one1 b :i* skirt ! foot ( a small ridge ( feldspa?ic porphyry1 mu* less elevat$ ?an ! metamorphic rocks !mselves4 ,!y are also se5 ov]ly+ granite1 ne> ! ,c]ro ,colorado1 betwe5 ,soyopa & ,los ,bronces1 & s\? ( ,tecoripa4 ,! ,c]ro de la ,nahuila1 ! highe/ po9t b "o 9 ! di/rict1 lies s\!a/ ( ! ,si]ra de ,mazatan4 ,!re are ?ree pr9cipal divisions ( ! ,triassic1 :i* occur 9 ! foll[+ ord]1 ! fir/ m5tion$ be+ ! l[e/3 ,qu>tzites & clay slates2 ,black1 jasp]y s*i/ose lay]s2 #a4 or1 :]e ! rocks are less alt]$3 ,black clay %ales ) b$s ( coal2 ,argillace\s s&/ones4 #b4 ,qu>tzites1 9 great ?ickness4 #c4 ,heavy b$s ( conglom]ate4 ,! int]/ratifi$ clay %ales & grits ( ! l[] memb]1 crop out 9 sev]al places along ! ,caada de ,santa ,m>ia1 at ! bottom ( ! rav9es bel[ ,los ,bronces4 ,"h1 !re are ?ree or f\r b$s ( good an?racite coal1 ) a consid]able numb] ( well-pres]v$ plants occurr+ 9 ! associat$ clay %ales1 bo? above & bel[ ! coal4 ,a portion ( ^! plants 7 ref]r$ by me to ,dr4 ,newb]ry = exam9ation1 & he has giv5 ! foll[+ li/ ( !m4 #a4 ,/rang]ites magnifolia1 ,rog]s2 ,trans4 ,assoc4 ,am4 ,geologi/s1 p4 #cjf1 ,pl4 xiv4 ,a species occurr+ 9 ! ,trias 787 ( ,virg9ia & ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 #b4 ,pecopt]is falcatus1 ,emmons2 ,geol4 ( ,n4 ,c>41 ,pl4 iv1 fig4 #i4 ,! specim5s are too imp]fect to decide on ! id5tity ( ?is plant ) ,saccopt]is g]m9ans4 8#c4 ,pecopt]is bullatus1 ,bunbury2 only 9 fruit2 n]vation obscure2 id5tity n c]ta91 b v probable4 #d4 ,otozamites ,macombii1 ,newb4 ,at top ( 8r$ b$s0 or 8gypsum =mation10 at ! base ( ! ,cretace\s rocks1 copp] m9es ne> ,abiquiu1 ,new ,mexico4 ,!re is no d\bt ab\t ?is species1 & x =ms an important connect+ l9k4 8#e4 ,pt]ozamites decussatus1 ,emmons2 specim5s v imp]fect4 #f4 ,pecopt]is1 n4 sp42 a v neat & peculi> species z yet undescrib$4 ,x may be ! same z "o badly figur$ by ,emmons 7,pl4 ,,ii1 fig4 #a47 #g4 ,ale?opt]is1 n4 sp42 small fragm5ts ( ! frond ( a spl5did new species4 ,f ?is enum]ation x w be se5 t !re c be b little d\bt ( ! ,triassic age ( ! =mation 9 :i* ^! plants occur4 ,a l>ge lot ( ^! plants1 collect$ by ,m4 ,rmond1 has be5 rec5tly receiv$1 & among !m are mu* bett] specim5s ( "s ( ! species notic$ by ,dr4 ,newb]ry1 & sev]al q new ones4 ,^! w also be exam9$1 describ$1 & figur$ )9 a %ort "t4 ,j4 ,d4 ,w4 ,! /rike & dip ( ! clay %ales 9 ! diff]5t rav9es v>y consid]ably1 b ! dip is usually to ! s\!a/4 ,! sup]9cumb5t qu>tzites are m regul> 9 _! incl9ation4 ,!re are dykes ( feldspa?ic rock cutt+ ?r\gh bo? ! coal & ! %ales4 ,! foll[+ section repres5ts1 9 an asc5d+ ord]1 ! position ( ! coal-be>+ /rata 9 ! ,caon del ,retiro1 ne> ,los ,bronces4 #a4 ,co>se qu>tzites ) conglom]ates4 #b4 ,conglom]ate1 #h feet4 #c4 ,argillace\s & s*i/ose grits1 #c feet4 #d4 ,clay %ales1 ) impressions ( plants1 #h feet4 #e4 ,gray grits1 #d feet4 #f4 ,blui% clay %ales ) f]ns1 #ab feet4 #g4 ,coal1 #b feet4 #h4 ,compact black clay %ales1 #e in*es4 #i4 ,coal1 #b feet #f in*es4 #aj4 ,clay %ales ) leaves1 sev]al feet4 #aa4 ,co>se grits4 ,ano!r section1 measur$ at ! foot ( ! ,c]ro de la ,aguja1 0 z foll[s4 #a4 ,compact gray grits4 #b4 ,gray clay %ales ) seams ( coal & plants1 #d feet #f in*es4 #c4 ,blui% argillace\s grits1 #b feet #f in*es4 #d4 ,contort$ black clay %ales1 ) seams ( coal1 #e feet #f in*es4 #e4 ,coal1 #b feet #f in*es4 #f4 ,black1 compact clay %ales1 #c feet4 #g4 ,coal1 #g in*es4 #h4 ,c>bonace\s clay %ales1 #h in*es4 #i4 ,coal1 #c in*es4 #aj4 ,clay %ales & argillace\s grits4 ,specim5s ( ! coal br\ght to ,san ,francisco by ,m4 ,rmond1 are an?racite1 evid5tly ( sup]ior quality4 ,j4 ,d4 ,w4 ,! middle memb] ( ! ,triassic s]ies consi/s ( qu>tzites1 or metamorphic s&/ones2 ^! are bo? co>se & f9e gra9$1 & sometimes brecciat$4 ,!y v>y 9 color1 f :ite to r$1 & are (t5 mu* alt]$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ! metallif]\s ve9s4 ,! upp] memb] ( ! s]ies1 z se5 9 ! ,caada de la ,t9ta1 is made up ( r\nd$ pebbles ( black jasp] & gray qu>tzite2 9 ! ,caada de los ,mimbres1 bel[ ,los ,bronces pebbles ( specul> iron are includ$ 9 ! mass4 ,! dip ( ! =mation is v irregul>1 bo? 9 direction & am\nt4 ,at ,san ,antonio de la ,hu]ta1 ,tecoripa1 & ,san ,m>cial1 arg5tif]\s ve9s ( v>i\s ages occur 9 ! l[] & middle memb]s ( ! ,trias4 ,at ,san ,m>cial1 m>9e 787 %ells are f\nd 9 ! clay slates1 ne> ! silv] m9es2 b ^? :i* h be5 obta9$1 are too imp]fect = recognition2 !y 7 ref]r$ to ,mr4 ,meek = exam9ation4 ,j4 ,d4 ,w4 ,at ,san ,m>cos1 betwe5 ,san ,antonio de la ,hu]ta & ! ,real ,viejo1 metamorphic jasp]y slates occur 9 connection ) ! c>bonif]\s lime/ones2 !y are probably ( ,triassic age4 ,gold is f\nd 9 ! gul*es betwe5 ! qu>tzite ridges1 z 9 ! ,caada de la ,higu]a1 ne> ,los ,bronces 9 ! ,caada de la ,iglesia1 betwe5 ! latt] place & ,san ,antonio de la ,hu]ta1 & g5]ally :]e ! qu>tzites occur4 ,,jurassic 787 ,,rocks4 ,9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! ,magdal5a & ,alt> di/ricts1 are valleys ) l[ hills & ridges ( aurif]\s clay slates1 ) int]/ratifi$ b$s ( porphyry & diorite4 ,localities ( ^! rocks are ,c]ros de la ,b>ajita1 betwe5 ,qu]obabi & ,santa ,ana2 ,c]ritos de la ,ti]ra ,colorada1 :]e ! =mation conta9s b$s ( v>i\sly color$ lime/ones1 entirely made up ( fossils1 ,s\? ( ,la ,magdal5a ?is =mation re/s on metamorphic s&/ones & %ales4 ,! reasons = ref]r+ ^! rocks1 ) d\bt1 to ! ,jurassic =mation1 h be5 already giv52 see page #bdf4 ,,cretace\s ,,rocks4 ,9 ! ,sahu>ipa ,valley1 f\r miles ea/ ( ,arive*i1 & sev5ty-two leagues nor!a/ ( ,guaymas1 is a locality ( ,cretace\s ,fossils ( great int]e/4 ,! hill 9 :i* !y occur is call$ 8,c]ro de las ,con*as10 or 8,%ell ,m\nta940 ,! rocks expos$ are unfossilif]\s /rata ( co>se-gra9$ s&/one at ! base1 ov]la9 by clay %ales & argillace\s lime/one fill$ ) fossils4 ,! exposure is v limit$ 9 ext5t3 ! %ales are a few hundr$ feet ?ick1 & !y dip to ! ea/1 z d also ! b$s ( c>bonif]\s lime/one on :i* ! ,cretace\s deposits re/4 ,masses ( porphyry crop out f "u ! %ales1 )\t !re be+ any peculi> indication ( metamorphism or di/urbance 9 _! vic9ity4 ,o!r pat*es ( %elly rock are said to occur 9 ! valley on ! ea/]n side1 at ! foot ( ! si]ra4 ,a small lot ( fossils collect$ "h by ,m4 ,rmond 7 ref]r$ to ,mr4 ,gabb = exam9ation2 & s9ce t1 a consid]able numb] ( additional specim5s h be5 receiv$1 b h n yet be5 inve/igat$4 ,sev]al species 7 id5tifi$ z already describ$ f ,texas1 & figur$ by ,roem] 9 8,die ,kreidebildung5 von ,texas20 ^! are1 ,ammonites p$]nalis1 von ,bu*2 ,natica p$]nalis1 ,roem42 ,turritella s]iatim-granulata1 ,roem42 ,grypha navis1 ,hall2 ,cyphosoma ,texanum1 ,roem42 ,eulima ,texana1 ,roem4 ,besides ^!1 two o!r species are id5tifi$1 namely2 ,c>dium multi/riatum1 ,%um41 & ,turb9olia ,texana1 ,con4 ,!re is a consid]able numb] ( new species among ! specim5s f ?is locality1 among :i* ! foll[+ g5]a are repres5t$3 ,turritella1 ,*emnitzia1 ,avellana1 ,c>dium1 ,trigonia1 ,panopa1 ,p9na1 ,cuculla1 etc4 ,^! w be describ$ & figur$ by ,mr4 ,gabb1 :o also rem>ks t ! "* ( ! fossils indicates a clos] relation%ip ( ! =mation to ! ea/]n ,cretace\s ?an to t ( ,cali=nia4--,j4 ,d4 ,w4 ,,volcanic ,,rocks4 ,/ratifi$ volcanic deposits cov] a broad area ( ! surface betwe5 ,san ,ignacio & ,san ,dimas 7,s9aloa & ,durango72 !y dip to ! we/4 ,on ! o!r side ( ,durango !y dip 9 ! opposite direction4 ,! s]rat$ edges ( ! /rata may be se5 f a great di/ance1 & are extremely picturesque1 t[]+ up l old ru9s1 _! peculi> =ms be+ due to erosion4 ,!y are well se5 9 ! ,c]ro de los ,frayles1 ne> ,gu>isamey1 9 ,durango2 visible f ,mazatlan4 ,^! belong to ! second s]ies ( volcanic rocks4 ,9 ,sonora !re are ?ree diff]5t s]ies ( volcanic deposits :i* =m s]rat$1 picturesque1 p>allel ridges1 runn+ nor? f ,guaymas z f> z ,la ,magdal5a1 or ov] eighty leagues 9 a /raight l9e4 ,! ?ree ma9 ridges1 enum]at$ f we/ to ea/1 are1 #a1 ,las ,tetas de ,cabra2 #b1 ,guaymas de ,z>agosa2 #c1 ,range nor? ( ! m\? ( ! ,yaqui ,riv]4 ,! description ( ! v>i\s volcanic deposits ( ,nor!rn ,mexico may be res]v$ = a sep>ate memoir1 z ! numb] ( !m is v great4 ,,m9es4 ,! ri*e/ & wide/ ve9s are ^? nor!a/ ( ,mazatlan1 ne> ,san ,dimas1 ,gu>isamey1 etc41 9 ,durango4 ,^! ve9s cut all ! rocks old] ?an ! ,cretace\s1 :e!r igne\s or s$im5t>y4 ,! m9es ( ,s9aloa are ri*] ?an ^? ( ,sonora4 ,9 ! =m] ,/ate ! ore-be>+ portion ( ! ve9s is f a few feet to sev]al y>ds 9 wid?3 9 ! latt]1 g5]ally f "o to two feet4 ,9 ,durango & ,s9aloa gold1 native silv]1 & sulphuret ( silv] occur associat$ ) gal5a1 yell[ bl5de1 & iron pyrites4 ,9 ,sonora ! pr9cipal ores are arg5tif]\s gray copp]1 ) gal5a1 black bl5de1 copp] pyrites1 ars5ical pyrites1 c>bonate ( lead1 ruby silv]1 ars5ical silv]1 & gold4 ,ea* m9+ di/rict is *>act]iz$ by a peculi> sy/em ( ve9s2 9 all z _m z tw5ty diff]5t sy/ems h be5 obs]v$4 ,! mo/ abundant ve9 /ones are qu>tz1 ei!r *alc$onic1 cry/all9e1 or massive2 br[n sp>2 heavy sp>2 oxide ( iron4 ,! ve9s occurr+ 9 ! metamorphic ,triassic rocks1 are usually p>allel ) ! /ratification1 s t !y lie ne>ly horizontal :]e ! =mation has be5 b little di/urb$4 ,z to ! yield ( ! silv] ores1 x v>ies extremely1 & x w\ld be necess>y to ent] into a full description ( all ! diff]5t di/ricts to give an idea ( x4 ,x may be notic$1 h[ev]1 t ! ars5ical pyrites1 :i* is aurif]\s 9 ! ,si]ra ,nevada1 becomes arg5tif]\s 9 ! ,si]ra ,madre4 ,! ve9s v>y 9 _! direction f a little ea/ to a little we/ ( nor?2 ! ri*e/ ores ne> ,san ,dimas run nor!a/ & s\?we/4 ,!re are b few ri* m9es 9 ,sonora1 a /ate ( :i* ! m9]al weal? has be5 mu* exagg]at$4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s deposits ( v>iegat$ copp]1 & ve9s ( magnetic & specul> iron4 ,! annex$ tabul> /atem5t w give ! pr9cipal facts obta9$ ) reg>d to ! m9es exam9$ 9 ,nor!rn ,mexico4 ,,tabul> ,,/atem5t1 ,,%[+ ,,! ,,position ,,& ,,"* ,,( ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,m9es ,,( ,,nor!rn ,,mexico4 ,,by ,a4 ,r,,mond4--#ahfc-ahfe4 ,m9es4 ,location4 ,c\ntry4 ,/rike4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,naghuila ,ne> ,san ,javi] ,labrador porphyry ,n4 #ce ,w4 ,,eureka ,bet4 ,s4 ,miguelito ,gre5/one ,n4 #de ,w4 ,los ,bronces ,,pleiteada ,ne> ,san ,javi] ,labrador porphyry ,n4 #cj ,w4 ,,san ,,juan ,ne> ,san ,javi] ,qu>tzite 7triassic7 ,n4 #fe ,e4 ,,ceballos ,ne> ,los ,bronces ,labrador porphyry ,n4 #be ,e4 ,,higu]a ,ne> ,los ,bronces ,gre5/one ,n4 #e ,e4 ,,la ,,blanca ,ne> ,san ,antonio ,q'tzite & conglom'e,n4 & ,s4 de la ,hu]ta 7triassic7 ,,san ,,luis ,ne> ,san ,antonio ,qu>tzite 7triassic7 ,n4 #dj ,w4 de la ,hu]ta ,,santa ,,b>b>a ,ne> ,corral ,viejo ,qu>tzite ,n4,e4-,s4,w4 ,,la ,,si]ra ,ne> ,san ,javi] ,labrador porphyry ,n4 #fj ,e4 ,,san ,,jos ,ne> ,los ,bronces ,labrador porphyry ,n4 #bg ,e4 ,,el ,,secorro ,ne> ,los ,bronces ,labrador porphyry ,n4 #be ,e4 ,,z>agoza ,ne> ,los ,bronces ,labrador porphyry ,n4 #bc ,e4 ,,san ,,luis ,,gonzaga,ne> ,san ,javi] ,labrador porphyry ,n4 #cj ,w4 ,,la ,,colorada ,ne> ,los ,bronces ,alt]$ s&/4 ,n4 #ej ,e4 slate 7triassic7 ,,aguajito ,ne> ,san ,javi] ,labrador porphyry ,n4 #bd ,e4 ,,santa ,,edubig5 ,la ,b>ranca ,qu>tzite 7triassic7 ,n4,e4-,s4,w4 ,,la ,,cuadra ,ne> ,san ,javi] ,labrador porphyry ,n4 #aj ,w4 ,,el ,,ros>io ,ne> ,san ,javi] ,labrador porphyry ,n4 #aj ,w4 ,,el ,,escritorio ,ne> ,san ,javi] ,labrador porphyry ,n4,w4-,s4,e4 ,,santa ,,rosa ,bet4 ,los ,bronces ,qu>tzite 7triassic7 ,n4 #aj ,e4 & ,san ,javi] ,,sol$ad ,c&el]o ,porphyry 7metam47 ,n4 #ee ,e4 ,,c>m5 ,c&el]o ,porphyry 7metam47 ,n4 #he ,e4 ,,ato*a ,c&el]o ,porphyry 7metam47 ,n4 #de ,e4 ,,ros>io ,c&el]o ,porphyry 7metam47 ,n4 #ej ,e4 ,,contre/aca ,ne> ,la ,pu]ta ,metamorphic rocks ,n4 #fc ,e4 ,,descubridora ,ne> ,la ,pu]ta ,metamorphic rocks ,n4 #ce ,e4 ,,sol$ad ,bet4 ,la ,pu]ta & ,metamorphic rocks ,n4 #fe ,e4 ,san ,dimas ,,c&el>ia ,ne> ,san ,dimas ,porphyry 7metam47 ,n4 #fc ,e4 ,,bolanos ,ne> ,san ,dimas ,porphyry 7metam47 ,n4 #de ,e4 ,,c9co ,,de ,,mayo ,ne> ,z>agoza ,sy5itic granite ,n4 #eb ,e4 ,,c9co ,,se,,ores ,ne> ,copla ,gre5/one ,n4 #bj ,w4 ,,napoleon ,ne> ,copla ,gre5/one ,n4 #aj ,w4 ,,ros>io ,ne> ,copla ,gre5/one ,n4 #ej ,w4 ,,pat9o ,ne> ,copla ,gre5/one ,n4 #bb ,w4 ,,haval ,a few leagues f ,sy5itic granite ,n4 #hj ,e4 ,mazatlan ,,m9a ,,gr&e ,ne> ,san ,m>cial ,metamorphic slates ,n4 & ,s4 7triassic7 ,,las ,,cruzecitas ,ne> ,san ,m>cial ,metamorphic slates ,n4 #ae ,e4 7triassic7 ,,guijosita ,,vieja ,ne> ,san ,javi] ,labrador porphyry ,,la ,,antimonia ,ne> ,san ,javi] ,labrador porphyry ,,dios ,,padre ,tr9idad ,labrador porphyry ,,agua ,,gr&e #i miles f ,san ,porphyry 7volcanic7 ,n4 #ch- ,m>cial #dj ,e4 ,,la ,,colorada ,ne> ,copla ,gre5/one ,n4 & ,s4 ,,algodona ,ne> ,san ,m>cial ,metamorphic slates ,n4 & ,s4 7triassic7 ,,los ,,bronces ,los ,bronces ,gre5/one ,e4 ( ,n4 ,,la ,,prieta ,los ,bronces ,gre5/one ,n4 #dj ,e4 ,,alta ,,gracia ,ne> ,san ,antonio ,qu>tzite 7triassic7 ,n4 & ,s4 de la ,hu]ta ,,ros>io ,,de ,san ,javi] ,gre5/one ,n4 #gj ,e4 ,,guadalupe ,,aurora ,ne> ,los ,bronces ,gre5/one ,n4 #aj ,e4 ,,el ,,ta/e ,ne> ,san ,javi] ,gre5/one ,n4 #ae ,e4 ,,provid5cia ,ne> ,tecoripa ,qu>tzite 7triassic7 ,n4 #aj ,e4 ,,la ,,bojorque,a ,ne> ,tecoripa ,qu>tzite 7triassic7 ,n4 #bj ,e4 ,,la ,,*ipio,,ena ,ne> ,topisco ,granite ,,m9a ,,prieta ,ne> ,san ,antonio ,qu>tzite 7triassic7 de la ,hu]ta ,,el ,,tesoro ,caca*ilas ,granite ,n4,w4-,s4,e4 ,,ros>io ,caada de la ,qu>tzite 7triassic7 ,n4,e4-,s4,w4 ,iglesia1 ne> ,san ,antonio ,,babicanora ,lime/one ,n4,e4-,s4,w4 7c>bonif]\s7 ,m9es4 ,dip4 ,wid?4 ,matrix4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,naghuila #ej ,n4,e4 #a ft4 ,cry/all9e qu>tz ,,eureka #ce-dj ,n4,e4 ,qu>tz ,,pleiteada #de ,n4,e4 #a ft4 ,qu>tz ,,san ,,juan #ej ,s4,s4,e4 #d ft4 ,qu>tz & iron ore ,,ceballos #he ,s4,s4,e4 #b ft4 ,magnetic iron ,,higu]a #hj ,e4 #b ft4 ,magnetic iron ,,la ,,blanca #ae ,e4 ,vesicul> qu>tz ,,san ,,luis #ce ,n4,e4 #a ft4 ,decomp4 qu>tz & sulfate ( b>yta ,,santa ,,b>b>a #cj ,s4,e4 #a ft4 ,qu>tz ,,la ,,si]ra #hj ,n4,n4,w4 #c ft4 ,magnetic iron ,,san ,,jos #a ft4 ,sulphate ( b>yta ,,el ,,secorro ,,z>agoza ,magnetic iron ,,san ,,luis ,,gonzaga#cj-dj ,n4,e4#h in*es ,:ite qu>tz ,,la ,,colorada #hj ,s4 #e ft4 ,iron ore & qu>tz ,,aguajito ,magnetic iron ,,santa ,,edubig5 #cj ,n4,w4 #b ft4 ,qu>tz ,,la ,,cuadra #bj-be ,e4 #a ft4 ,qu>tz ,,el ,,ros>io #bj-be ,e4 ,cry/all9e qu>tz ,,el ,,escritorio ,n4,e4 #a ft4 ,:ite qu>tz ,,santa ,,rosa #ee ,s4 #c ft4 ,qu>tz & iron ore ,,sol$ad #he ,s4,e4 #cj ft4 ,qu>tz ,,c>m5 #he ,n4 #bh ft4 ,qu>tz ,,ato*a #he ,n4 #ad ft4 ,qu>tz ,,ros>io #gj-hj ,n4,w4#ag ft4 ,,contre/aca #gf ,n4,w4 ,:ite qu>tz ,,descubridora #fi ,n4,w4 ,:ite qu>tz ,,sol$ad ,p]p4 ,:ite qu>tz ,,c&el>ia #fc ,n4,n4,w4 ,:ite qu>tz ,,bolanos #ge ,s4,e4 #bj ft4 ,:ite qu>tz ,,c9co ,,de ,,mayo #ge ,n4,w4 #d ft4 ,:ite qu>tz ,,c9co ,,se,,ores #de ,e4,n4,e4 #a to #d ft4 ,qu>tz ,,napoleon #hj ,e4 #b to #h ft4 ,*alc$onic qu>tz ,,ros>io #he ,e4 ,*alc$onic qu>tz ,,pat9o ,p]p4 #d ft4 ,*alc$onic qu>tz ,,haval #hj ,n4 ,qu>tz ,,m9a ,,gr&e #cj ,w4 #b ft4 ,qu>tz ,,las ,,cruzecitas #fe ,e4 #d ft4 ,heavy sp> ,,guijosita ,,vieja ,qu>tz ,,la ,,antimonia ,cry/all9e qu>tz ,,dios ,,padre #i to #ab ft4 ( ore ,,agua ,,gr&e #hj ,n4,w4 #a ft4 ,:ite qu>tz ,,la ,,colorada #bj ,w4 #dj ft4 ,*alc$onic qu>tz ,,algodona #cj ,w4 #h in*es ,rott5 qu>tz & iron ore ,,los ,,bronces #he ,e4 ,heavy sp> ,,la ,,prieta #hj ,n4,w4 ,heavy sp> ,,alta ,,gracia #cj ,e4 #d ft4 ,br[n sp> ,,ros>io ,,de #fj ,s4,s4,e4 #b ft4 ,qu>tz ,,guadalupe ,,aurora #de-ej ,e4 #b ft4 ,magnetic iron ,,el ,,ta/e #ej-ee ,e4 #e ft4 ,qu>tz ,,provid5cia #fe ,e4 #a ft4 #b 94,qu>tz ,,la ,,bojorque,a #fe ,e4 ,qu>tz 7f]rug9\s7 ,,la ,,*ipio,,ena ,,m9a ,,prieta ,br[n sp> ,,el ,,tesoro #ge ,s4,w4 #d ft4 ,,ros>io #he ,n4,w4 #b ft4 ,,babicanora #ge ,n4,w4 #e ft4 ,qu>tz ,m9es4 ,ores4 ,yield4 7,p] ,ton47 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,,naghuila ,sulph'ts ( z9c1 lead1 iron #a/ class #abjj ars5ical copp] pyrites2 ruby #bnd class #abe silv] native silv] ,,eureka ,mispickel1 bl5de1 gal5a ,,pleiteada ,,san ,,juan ,gal5a1 z9c1 c>bonate ( lead1 iron pyrites ,,ceballos ,,higu]a ,copp] pyrites & gray copp] ore ,,la ,,blanca ,gold & *loro-bromide ( silv] #dc ,,san ,,luis ,bl5de1 gal5a1 mispickel1 sulphuret #a/ class #ghg ( iron1 native silv] #bnd class #abe ,,santa ,,b>b>a ,gal5a1 c>bonate ( lead1 iron #fg4ge pyrites1 gold ,,la ,,si]ra ,gray copp]1 iron pyrites ,,san ,,jos ,magnetic iron iron pyrites ,,el ,,secorro ,,z>agoza ,,san ,,luis ,,gonzaga,gal5a1 bl5de1 mispickel1 iron pyrites ,,la ,,colorada ,,aguajito ,,santa ,,edubig5 ,,la ,,cuadra ,ars5ical pyrites1 bl5de1 & gal5a ,,el ,,ros>io ,,el ,,escritorio ,,santa ,,rosa ,c>bonate ( lead1 iron ore1 gal5a1 bl5de1 iron pyrites ,,sol$ad #bff4fe ,,c>m5 ,silv] & gold1 sulph4 ( silv] #ahf4fe ,,ato*a ,silv] & gold1 sulph4 ( silv] #bac4ce ,,ros>io ,silv] & gold1 sulph4 ( silv] #afj ,,contre/aca ,bl5de1 gal5a1 sulph4 ( silv] ,,descubridora ,bl5de1 gal5a1 sulph4 ( silv] ,,sol$ad ,bl5de1 gal5a1 sulph4 ( silv] ,,c&el>ia #a/ class #cbaj #b;d class #acc ,,bolanos ,gal5a ,,c9co ,,de ,,mayo ,gal5a1 bl5de1 iron pyrites1 brittle #a/ class #hjj silv] glance1 native silv] #b;d class #ahj ,,c9co ,,se,,ores ,gal5a1 bl5de1 iron pyrites ,,napoleon ,gal5a1 bl5de1 copp] pyrites1 etc4 ,,ros>io ,,pat9o ,gal5a1 bl5de1 copp] pyrites ,,haval ,oxide ( lead1 native silv] ,,m9a ,,gr&e ,sulphuret ( antimony1 mispickel1 copp] pyrites1 bl5de1 iron pyrites ,,las ,,cruzecitas ,tepu/ete ) copp] & iron #a/ cl4 #ij-ajj pyrites1 & gray copp] ore #b;d cl4 #ce-dj ,,guijosita ,,vieja ,gal5a1 ars5ical pyrites1 bl5de1 copp] pyrites ,,la ,,antimonia ,sulphuret ( antimony & lead ,,dios ,,padre ,gray copp] ore1 gal5a1 iron pyrites1 native silv] ,,agua ,,gr&e ,indigo copp]1 *rysocolla1 *alkos9e1 *alcopyrite ,,la ,,colorada ,,algodona ,*lorobromide ( silv] ,,los ,,bronces ,magnetic iron1 gray copp]1 copp] #a/ class #cej & iron pyrites #b;d class #dj-fj ,,la ,,prieta ,magnetic iron1 gray copp]1 copp] & iron pyrites ,,alta ,,gracia ,copp] pyrites & gray copp] ,,ros>io ,,de ,black bl5de1 iron pyrites & gal5a ,,guadalupe ,,aurora ,gray copp] ore & copp] pyrites ,,el ,,ta/e ,gal5a1 bl5de1 copp] & iron #ajj pyrites 7petanque7 ,,provid5cia #a/ class #bjj #b;d cl4 #ce-dj ,,la ,,bojorque,a ,black bl5de1 iron pyrites1 gal5a1 copp] pyrites ,,la ,,*ipio,,ena ,,m9a ,,prieta ,copp] pyrites1 gray copp] ,,el ,,tesoro #a/ class #bbj #b;d class #ij ,,ros>io ,gal5a & bl5de #fj ,,babicanora ,gal5a1 iron pyrites1 fahl]z1 ruby #cd4fe silv] ore2 gold & silv] #ba ,! be/ map ( ,nor!rn ,mexico is t ( ,m4 de ,fleury1 publi%$ 9 ,san ,francisco1 9 #ahfd2 b ?is makes little pret5se to a del9eation ( ! topography2 ! c\rses ( ! pr9cipal /reams & ! position ( ! l>g] m9+ t[ns are (t5 v f> f be+ correct1 z mu/ be expect$ on a map con/ruct$ )\t a basis ( in/rum5tal surveys4 ,j4 ,d4 ,w4 #bb ,see ,emory1 9 ,mexican ,b\nd>y ,report1 vol4 #a1 page #da4 #bc ,only a few specim5s ( ! ,c>bonif]\s fossils collect$ by ,m4 ,rmond h ev] be5 receiv$1 ow+ to circum/ances connect$ ) ! pres5t political condition ( ,mexico4 ,x is hop$1 h[ev]1 t !y are n lo/1 & t !y may yet be recov]$4 ,among ! few specim5s receiv$ is a coral1 n to be di/+ui%$ f ! ,li?o/rotion 7,l4 mamill>e7 f\nd ne> ,bass's ,ran*1 9 ,%a/a ,c\nty1 ,cali=nia4 ,j4 ,d4 ,w4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,m>* #ai,,?1 #ahff4 ,presid5t 9 ! ,*air4 ,twelve memb]s pres5t4 ,donations to ! ,cab9et3 ,sections ( ! ,sequoia gigantea & a roll %[+ ! annual gr[? ( ! 8,old ,maid10 "o ( ! trees 9 ! ,calav]as grove ( ,big ,trees2 f ,mr4 ,h5ry ,h5ts*4 ,mr4 ,dall /at$ t ,dr4 ,coop] _h discov]$1 9 ! vic9ity ( ,santa ,cruz1 ,helix r$emita1 ,h4 ,vanc\v]5sis1 ,h4 ,columbiana1 & ,h4 arrosa2 also1 9 ! small rivulets ne> ! t[n1 ,m>g>itana falcata1 besides sev]al univalves1 & also an undet]m9$ ,helix1 :i* may prove to be new4 ,mr4 ,dall also rem>k$ t ,rev4 ,j4 ,r[ell _h obta9$ at ,hayw>d's1 ,alam$a ,c\nty1 a numb] ( specim5s ( ,helix ,cronkhitei1 :i* is a new locality = t species4 ,mr4 ,dall rem>k$ t 9 dissect+ a specim5 ( ,tro*iscus ,norrissii1 ! position ( :i* has = "s "t be5 d\btful1 suffici5t evid5ce 0 obta9$ to decide t x did n belong ) ! ,proboscidians1 to :i* gr\p x _h be5 d\btfully ref]r$ by sev]al naturali/s4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,april #b;,d1 #ahff4 ,mr4 ,/e>ns 9 ! ,*air4 ,five memb]s pres5t4 ,mr4 ,bloom] pres5t$ "s ,diatoms1 f ! coa/ ( ,cali=nia1 suppos$ to belong to ! g5]a ,melissa & ,m]idion2 !y 7 bo? f\nd gr[+ ^u calc>e\s sea we$s4 ,! g5us ,m]idion has n h]et(ore be5 record$ z occurr+ 9 ,cali=nia4 ,mr4 ,dall pres5t$1 9 ! "n ( ,dr4 ,coop]1 ! foll[+ pap]3 ,description ( a new ,cali=nia ,helix1 ) notes on o!rs already describ$4 ,,by ,j4 ,g4 ,,coop]1 ,m4,d4 ,,helix 7,arianta7 ,,sequoicola1 ,coop]4 ,sp4 *4 ,h4 te/a rotundata1 umbilicata1 spira depressa1 anfr4 ult4 nonnunquam subangulata2 anfr4 vi ad vii et dimidium1 p]i/4 obliqua sup]ne p>um deflecta2 labio t5ui1 reflexo1 infra crassiore1 acuta4 ,colore atrobrunnea1 vel olivacea1 zona nigra1 lata1 int] duabus o*raceis sita1 9 spira semicelata1 labio albo2 intus lte purpureo1 zonis duabus albis4 ,epid]mide nit5te1 infra polita1 /riis increm5tis lve p]spicuis1 int]dum t5uissime malleata1 rugis spiralibus2 supra punctis pilif]is creb]rime induta2 pilis brevissimis junioris deciduis4 ,animal s*i/o-colore2 corpore cyl9draceo rugosa1 t5taculis longis1 p$e po/ice elongata1 cuneata4 ,te/ lat41 major1 #j4ic ad #a4bj2 m9or #j4gf ad #j4if2 alt4 #j4db ad #j4ed poll4 ,angl4 ,hab4 ,santa ,cruz1 ,cali=nia1 9 ligno c>ioso1 locis humidissimis4 ,specific *>act]s4 ,%ell r\nd$1 umbilicate1 spire depress$1 la/ :orl sometimes subangulate1 :orls #f to #f1 p]i/ome oblique1 little deflect$ above2 labium ?91 reflex$1 ?icke/ bel[2 acute4 ,color d>k br[n or olivace\s1 ) a broad black b& betwe5 two yell[ ones1 half hidd5 on ! spire1 lips :ite2 )9 a f9e purple ) two :ite b&s4 ,epid]mis %9+1 poli%$ bel[1 ! l9es ( gr[? fa9tly visible1 sometimes v lightly malleat$1 & ) spiral ridges2 above ) cr[d$ sc>s be>+ v %ort bri/les 9 ! "y %ell :i* fall (f 9 ! adult4 ,animal slate color$1 body cyl9drical1 rugose1 t5tacles mod]ate2 foot elongat$1 beh9d w$ge-%ap$4 ,%ell--l>ge diamet] #j4if to #a4bj2 small] diamet] #j4gf to #j4if2 height #j4db to #j4ed hundr$?s ( an in*4 ,hab4 ,santa ,cruz1 ,cal41 among decay$ trees 9 ! dampe/ places4 ,?is beautiful species is q r>e1 only ?ree adult & twelve "y specim5s hav+ be5 f\nd aft] long se>*+4 ,x w probably occur m commonly 9 "s "p ( ! r$wood =e/s :i* ,i h be5 unable to explore4 ,x approa*es ne>e/ to ,h4 ,dupeti?\>si & ,h4 fidelis1 be+ betwe5 !m 9 =m & size z well z colors1 b ! pilosity at once di/+ui%es x4 ,its di/9ct b&s & r\nd$ :orls sep>ate x f ,h4 infumata & ,hillebr&ii1 ! latt] :5 p]fect hav+ also mu* long] hairs4 ,! animal is light] color$ ?an ^? ( ,h4 arrosa1 ,nickl9iana1 r$imita1 ram5tosa1 tudiculata1 7:i* are all v simil>7 b mu* d>k] ?an t ( ,dupeti?\>si1 & ,i believe also ( fidelis & infumata4 ,! =m ( ! %ell is a l9k connect+ ^! ) ,mormonum4 ,9 ! tabul> arrangem5t adopt$ 9 my ,/ate ,survey ,report1 x w\ld come 9 z ! pilose analogue ( ,h4 ,dupeti?\>si1 & ,h4 ex>ata1 :i* are also its ne>e/ geographical neighbors1 z foll[s3 ,a4 ,%9+2 ,b4 ,d>k2 ,c4 ,br[n2 b& triple1 hirsute 9 b& s+le1 n rugose1 ! "y1 rugose1 sculptur$1 l4 :orls #f to #h4 l4 :orls #f to #f4 l4 :orls #f to #g4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,h4 fidelis4 ,h4 infumata4#bd ,h4 arrosa4 ,h4 ,traskii4#be ,h4 sequoicola4 ,h4 ex>ata4 ,h4 ,dupeti?\>si4 ,h4 ,hillebr&ii4 ,h4 ,ayresiana4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,judg+ f ! =m ( ,h4 ,mormonum1 x is possible t ! "y w be f\nd to be hirsute4 ,! table ref]r$ to includes twelve o!r b&$ species ( ,cali=nia1 arrang$ "u ! same head+s4 ,x is int]e/+ to obs]ve t ! ,a #a & ,b #a gr\ps inhabit conif]\s =e/s1 & probably fe$ *iefly on fungi f\nd 9 decay+ wood :ile ,c1 includ+ also ,h4 ,nickl9iana1 ,bridgesii1 r$imita1 ram5tosa1 tudiculata1 ,cali=ni5sis 7& ,c>p5t]i87 are f\nd 9 woods ( oak1 etc4 ,ano!r gr\p :i* ,i place 9 ,a 7z n be+ rugose7 are f\nd 9 dry1 treeless localities :]e !y seem to repres5t ^? la/ m5tion$1 ! size1 =m1 & numb] ( :orls furni%+ p>allels1 b be+ usually less 9 size1 z might be expect$ ( species f arid regions1 & (t5 ) ! b& s+le or obscur$2 ^! are ,h4 ,tryoni#be1 rufoc9cta1 ,kellettii1 crebri/riata1 ,gabbii1 facta4#be ,! b&less species1 ( :i* !re are few on ?is coa/1 pres5t analog\s sections z to surface *>act]s1 & exhibit mu* great] v>ieties 9 ! =m ( _! ap]tures1 by :i* !y c be arrang$ 9 gr\ps1 hav+ a great] developm5t ( species 9 ! ,atlantic ,/ates & m di/+ui%able by =m ?an by surface4 ,h4 ,t[ns5diana alone approa*es ,c 9 its rugose sculpture1 b o!rwise diff]s greatly f ! usual types ( ,cali=nia4 ,f ! %ells alone1 five subg5]a may be e/abli%$ out ( ! b&$ gr\p1 :i* ,i w describe 9 a future article4 ,,note4--,!re is a s+le specim5 ( ,helix 9 ! ,/ate ,collection1 suppos$ to h be5 obta9$ 9 ! ,m\nt ,diablo range by ,pr(4 ,brew]1 :i* closely resembles ! small =m ( ,h4 ,sequoicola 9 %ape1 b be+ ne>ly blea*$ is too imp]fect to describe m9utely1 ?\gh v likely a new species4 ,x is rem>kable = hav+ sev5 :orls1 :ile ! =m] & ,h4 ,mormonum ( ! same size h b six2 x is also less compress$ ?an ! latt]1 & ! umbilicus is less cov]$4 ,! color :]e rema9+ is %9+ gamboge yell[ 7fad$87 ) a s+le v n>r[ b& above ! middle1 n %[+ ! pale b& on ea* side ( x t is s m>k$ 9 o!rs ( ! gr\p4 ,! sculpture seems to h be5 v slightly malleat$1 & ) ! fa9t l9es ( gr[? cut by smoo? depress$ wav$ grooves transv]sely1 & ?us obliquely to ! sutures 7:ile ^? ( ,h4 ,traskii are p>allel74 ,diam4 maj4 #j4ie2 alt4 #j4dj in*4 ,a region s ne> ,san ,francisco ought to furni% m & bett] specim5s4 ,!re is a =m ref]r$ to ,h4 fidelis1 f ,humboldt ,bay1 :i* may also prove a new species4 ,x is entirely purpli% black1 )\t b&s1 ! lips :ite inside1 & diff]s f infumata *iefly 9 great elevation & ?ick] lips1 hav+ ev5 ! subc>9ate body :orl ( ! latt]1 & ! same numb] ( :orls 7#f74 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no trace ( bri/le m>ks1 & "s specim5s appe> to connect x ) fidelis1 sugge/+ a possibility ( its be+ a hybrid4 ,! ,/ate ,collection conta9s "o specim51 obta9$ f ! late ,dr4 ,frick4 ,diam4 maj4 #a4bd2 m94 #a4ji2 alt4 #j4gj in*4 #bd ,9 ?is ! b& seems obscur$ 9 ! g5]al blackness ( ! %ell2 occasional v>ieties ( sev]al o!rs are f\nd )\t ! b&1 z if f disease1 z 9 ,h4 ana*oreta4 #be ,^! species h p>allel spiral grooves1 n rug4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,april #af,,?1 #ahff4 ,presid5t 9 ! *air4 ,five memb]s pres5t4 ,mr4 ,horace ,f4 ,cutt] 0 elect$ a ,resid5t ,memb]4 ,! ,committee on rooms report$ t two rooms _h be5 hir$ = ! ,academy on ! s\!a/ corn] ( ,montgom]y & ,sacram5to /reets4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,may #g,,?1 #ahff4 ,presid5t 9 ! *air4 ,eight memb]s pres5t4 ,mr4 ,h>=d pres5t$ "s ivory nuts f ,panama4 ,dr4 ,gibbons made "s rem>ks explanatory ( a s]ies ( tables :i* he exhibit$1 %[+ ! v>iations ( ra9 fall at ,san ,francisco1 & _! relation to ! phases ( ! moon4 ,he %[$ t ! greate/ am\nt ( ra9 fell imm$iately be=e ! "t ( full moon1 & t1 foll[+ ! day ( ! full1 ! dim9ution 9 quantity 0 v rapid4 ,! s]ies ( obs]vations f :i* ! tables 7 prep>$ ext5d$ ov] a p]iod ( fifte5 ye>s4 ,dr4 ,gibbons rem>k$ t he propos$ cont9u+ ! inve/igation ( ! subject ( ! connection ( ! moon's phases ) ! fall ( ra91 & t he w\ld prep>e a pap] on ! subject4 ,consid]able discussion foll[$ on ! subject ( ! wea!r ( ?is coa/1 9 :i* ne>ly all ! memb]s pres5t took "p4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,may #ba,,/1 #ahff4 ,mr4 ,/e>ns 9 ! *air4 ,! ,academy met = ! fir/ "t 9 its new rooms on ! corn] ( ,montgom]y & ,sacram5to /reets2 twelve memb]s 7 pres5t4 ,donations to ! cab9et3 ,two boxes ( %ells1 f ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution4 ,donations to ! ,libr>y3 ,bullet9s de l',acadmie ,royale des ,sci5ces de ,belgique 7#b7 ,,xviii1 ,,xix1 #ahfd-e4 ,annuaire de l',acadmie ,royale de ,belgique1 #ahfe2 #came ,anne4 ,sitzungsb]i*te d] knigl4 bay]4 ,akademie d] ,wiss5s*aft5 zu ,mn*51 #ahfd1 ,,ii1 #c1 #d2 #ahfe1 ,i1 #a-d2 ,,ii1 #a-d4 ,annal5 d] knigli*5 ,/]nw>te bei ,mn*51 ,b& ,,xiv4 ,ent/ehung und ,begriff d] naturhi/oris*5 ,art1 von ,dr4 ,c>l ,ngeli1 #bte auflage2 ,mn*51 #ahfe1 #hvo4 pamphlet4 ,induction & ,d$uction1 von ,ju/us von ,liebig2 ,mn*51 #ahfe1 #hvo4 pamphlet4 ,vortrge b] die ,flor5rei*e1 von ,dr4 ,c4 ,f4 ,ph4 von ,m>tius2 ,mn*51 #ahfe1 #hvo pamphlet4 ,elft] ,b]i*t d] ,ob]hessis*5 ,gesells*aft fr ,natur-und ,heilkunde2 ,giess51 #ahfe4 ,v]slag5 en ,m$$eel+5 d] kon9klijke ,akademie van ,wet5s*app52 ,afdeel+ ,naturkunde1 #ag;de ,deel2 ,am/]dam1 #ahfe3 same2 ,afdeel+ ,lett]kunde1 #h/e ,deel1 #ahfe3 same2 ,i>boek1 #ahfc1 #ahfd4 ,musee ,vrolik1 ,catalogue de la ,collection d' ,anatomie1 etc4 de ,m4 ,m4 ,g]4 et ,w4 ,vrolik2 #a vol4 #hvo4 ,am/]dam1 #ahfe4 ,meteorologis*e ,wa>nem+51 #ahfd2 #a vol4 long #dto ,utre*t1 #ahfe4 ,kongliga ,sv5ska ,vet5skaps-,akademi5s ,h&l+>2 ,ny ,fljd1 #ete ,b&et1 #a/a ,hftet1 #ahfc4 ,(v]sigt ( ,kongl4 ,vet5skaps-,akademi5s ,frh&l+>1 #ba/a ,argang52 #a vol4 #hvo4 ,/ockholm1 #ahfe4 ,meteorologiska ,jaktagels] i ,sv]ige1 utgifna af ,kongl4 ,sv5ska ,vet5skaps-,akademi5s3 #ete ,b&et1 #ahfc4 ,meteorologiske ,jagttagels] paa ,*ri/iania ,obs]vatorium1 #ahfd2 ,*ri/iania1 #ahfe4 ,meteorologis*e ,beoba*tung51 aufgezei*net auf ,*ri/iania ,obs]vatorium2 #a1 ,b&1 ,letzte ,lief]ung1 #ahcg-fc1 ,*ri/iania1 #ahfe4 ,ov]sigt af ,norges ,e*9od]m] v$ ,dr4 ,mi*el ,s>s2 #a vol4 #hvo ,*ri/iania1 #ahfa4 ,zologisk-,botaniske ,obs]vation] fra ,gudbr&sdal5 og ,dovre1 af ,r4 ,collett2 #hvo4 pamphlet1 ,*ri/iania1 #ahfe4 ,b]etn+ om en botanisk ,reise i ,vald]s1 =etag5 i ,somm]5 #ahfd1 af ,h4 ,c4 ,pr9tz2 #hvo4 pamphlet1 ,*ri/iana1 #ahfe4 ,ov]sigt af ,*ri/iania ,omegns orni?ologiske ,fauna1 af ,r4 ,collett2 #hvo4 pamphlet1 ,*ri/iania1 #ahfd4 ,norges ,f]skv&skrebsdyr3 ,fr/e afsnit1 ,bran*iopoda1 #a1 ,cladoc]a ct5opoda1 af ,g4 ,o4 ,s>s2 #dto pamphlet1 ,*ri/iania1 #ahfe4 ,he/i ,planet ,m9oris ,,xlvi1 ,elem5ta ,nova1 d$uxit ,f4 ,m4 ,k>l9ski1 ,cracovi1 #ahfe4 ,jahrb*] des ,v]e9s fr ,naturkunde im ,h]zog?um ,nassau1 #agtes & #ahtes ,heft1 #a vol4 #hvo4 ,wiesbad51 #ahfb-c4 ,jahrbu* d] k4 k4 geologis*5 ,gesells*aft1 #ahfe1 ,b& ,,xv #a1 #b1 #c4 ,d] ,zoologis*e ,g>t52 ,,vi ,jahrgang1 ,nos4 #a-ab1 #hvo4 ,frank=t a4 m41 #ahfe4 ,flora1 od] allgeme9e botanis*e ,zeitung2 ,neue ,reihe1 ,,xxiii ,jahrgang1 #hvo4 ,reg5sburg1 #ahfe4 ,sitzungs-,b]i*te d] naturw4 ,gesells*aft ,isis zu ,dresd52 ,jahrgang1 #ahfd1 #hvo4 ,dresd51 #ahfe4 ,v]h&lung5 des naturhi/oris*5 ,v]e9s d] preuss4 ,rhe9l&e und ,we/phal5s2 #bat] ,jahrgang1 #a volume 9 two p>ts1 #hvo4 ,bonn1 #ahfd4 ,v]h&lung5 d] k4 k4 zool-bot4 ,gesells*aft 9 ,wi52 ,,xiv ,b&1 #hvo4 ,wi51 #ahfd4 ,mmoires de l',acadmie ,impriale des ,sci5ces de ,/4 ,pet]sb\rg2 ,tome ,v1 #a1 ,,vii #a-g 7complete71 ,,viii1 #a-af 7complete71 #dto1 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahfd-e4 ,bullet9 de l',acadmie ,impriale des ,sci5ces de ,/4 ,pet]sb\rg2 ,tome ,,vii1 ,feuilles #ab-cf1 ,,viii #a-cf4 ,royal ,horticultural ,society's ,proce$+s2 vol4 ,,iv1 ,no4 #aj1 vol4 ,v1 ,nos4 #d-i1 #hvo4 ,london1 #ahfe4 ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,horticultural ,society2 new s]ies1 vol4 #a1 "p #a41 #hvo4 ,london1 #ahff4 ,def5se des ,colonies1 ,,iii1 p> ,joa*im ,b>r&e2 #hvo4 ,prague1 #ahfe4 ,fragm5ta ,phytographi ,au/rali1 ,f4 ,mll]2 vol4 ,,iv4 #hvo1 ,melb\rne1 #ahfc-d4 ,vegetation ( ,*a?am ,isl&s1 ,f4 ,mll]1 #hvo4 ,melb\rne1 #ahfd4 ,analytical draw+s ( ,au/ralian ,mosses1 edit$ by ,f4 ,mll]1 #a ,fascicle1 #hvo4 ,melb\rne1 #ahfd4 ,plants indig5\s to ! ,colony ( ,victoria1 ,li?ograms1 by ,f4 ,mll]1 #dto1 #ahfd-e4 ,review ( ,am]ican ,birds 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 by ,s4 ,f4 ,baird2 ,"p #a1 ,middle & ,nor? ,am]ica1 #hvo4 ,wa%+ton4 ,illu/rat$ ,catalogue ( ! ,museum ( ,comp>ative ,zoology1 ,no4 ,,ii1 ,nor? ,am]ican ,acaleph1 by ,a4 ,agassiz2 #dto1 ,cambridge1 #ahfe4 ,all ( ! above publications 7 pres5t$ by ! au?ors or ! ,societies publi%+ ! same2 ^? publi%$ 9 ,europe 7 =w>d$ & receiv$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution4 ,mr4 ,dall pres5t$ ! foll[+ pap]3 ,on a ,new ,subfamily ( ,fluviatile ,mollusca4 ,,by ,w4 ,h4 ,,dall1 ,,act+ ,,director ,,sci4 ,,corps1 ,w4 ,u4 ,t4 ,,ex4 ,a pap] 0 read by ,dr4 ,isaac ,lea1 be=e ! ,philadelphia ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces1 ,april #a/1 #ahef1 9 :i* he describ$ a new g5us 7,pompholyx7 & species 7,p4 effusa1 ,lea7 ( fluviatile mollusca1 f ,cali=nia4 ,he plac$ x 9 ! ,family ,,lymn,,ana )\t rem>k4 ,9 ! 8,g5]a ( ,rec5t mollusca10 by ,h4 ,a4 ,adams1 x is ref]r$ to 7,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #fde1 ,pl4 ,,cxxxviii1 fig4 #aa7 z ! only species ( ! g5us & is plac$ 9 ! ,family ,,limn,,id4 ,x is n m5tion$ by ,*5u1 9 ! 8,manuel de ,con*yliologie40 ,9 ! 8,supplem5t>y ,report to ! ,briti% ,association10 by ,dr4 ,p4 ,p4 ,c>p5t] 7page #fgd71 are giv5 ! views ( ,mr4 ,w4 ,g4 ,b9ney1 "o ( ! mo/ em95t ( ,am]ican con*ologi/s & p>ticul>ly devot$ to ! ,pulmonates4 ,he places ! mollusk 9 "q1 betwe5 ! g5]a ,limna & ,physa1 9 ! ,subfamily ,,limn,,91 ( ! ,family ,,limn,,id4 ,inve/igations z to ! animal1 h[ev]1 sugge/ ! propriety ( sep>at+ x1 if n 7z a ,family ,pompholid7 entirely f ! ,family ,,limn,,id1 at lea/ 9 a subfamily by itself4 ,9 ! few specim5s :i* ,i h be5 able to exam9e ) reg>d to ! d5tition1 ! dri$ animal has n yield$ v satisfactory results1 & ,i d n1 !re=e1 feel ju/ifi$ 9 entirely sep>at+ x until m is kn[n4 ,9 ! foll[+ table1 a ,we/ ,coa/ species is giv5 z a type ( ea* g5us3 ,,class ,,pulmonata4 ,family ,,limn,,id1 ,h4 ,a4 ,ads4 ,subfamily ,,limn,,91 ,h4 ,a4 ,ads4 ,we/ ,coa/ ,g5]a3 ,limna1 ,lam4 ,subg5]a3 ,limna1 ,type ,l4 /agnalis1 ,l94 ,limnophysa1 ,fitz41 ,type ,l4 palu/ris1 ,mll4 ,physa1 ,drap4 ,subg5]a3 ,physa1 ,type ,p4 het]o/ropha1 ,say4 ,bul9us1 ,h4 ,a4 ,ads41 ,type ,b4 hypnorum1 ,l94 ,subfamily ,,planorb94 ,w4 ,c4 ,g5]a3 ,planorbis1 ,guett4 ,subg5]a3 ,planorbis1 ,type ,p4 subcr5atus1 ,cpr4 ,helisoma1 ,sw41 ,type ,h4 ammon1 ,gld4 ,m5etus1 ,h4 ,a4 ,ads41 ,type ,m4 op]cul>is1 ,gld4 ,c>9ifex1 ,w4 ,g4 ,b9ney4 ,type ,c4 ,newb]ryi1 ,lea4 ,subfamily ,,ancyl94 ,w4 ,c4 ,g5]a3 ,ancylus1 ,ge(fr4 ,type ,a4 ,newb]ryi1 ,lea4 ,acroloxus1 ,beck4 ,type ,a4 ,nuttallii1 ,lea4 ,gundla*ia1 ,pfr4 ,type ,g4 ,cali=nica1 ,r[ell4 ,subfamily ,,pomphol91 ,dall4 ,te/a depressa1 paucis spiralis1 anf4 ult4 maxima4 ,columella recta1 s9e plica4 ,animalis t5taculis longis1 oculif]is1 et alius p> oculorum1 9 bases int]iores t5taculorum4 ,*>act]s1 ,%ell2 depress$1 few :orl$1 la/ :orl ! l>ge/1 )\t fold on ! columella4 ,inop]culate4 ,s(t p>ts2 foot r\nd$1 t5tacles long1 be>+ eyes2 ano!r pair ( eyes situat$ on ! inn] bases ( ! t5tacles4 ,fluviatile1 phytophag\s4 ,g5us ,pompholyx1 ,lea4 ,proc4 ,phil4 ,acad41 ,ap4 #a/1 #ahef4 ,type ,p4 effusa ,lea1 sp4 unica4 ,,fig4 #bh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4 ,%ell2 small1 swoll51 ) ?ree :orls1 ! la/ mu* ! l>ge/4 ,above1 r\nd$ planulate1 suture deep b n *annell$4 ,bel[1 n umbilicat$1 r\nd$ convex4 ,ap]ture l>ge1 effuse1 int]nally %9+4 ,columella flatt5$1 n fold$2 ext]nally1 9 fre% specim5s1 gre5i% horn color2 dead ones ne>ly :ite or waxy br[n4 ,alt4 #j4ad 941 major diam4 #j4b1 m94 diam4 #j4af 94 ,s(t p>ts4 ,foot r\nd$ truncate2 %ort1 blui%-a% color1 d>k] on ! m>g94 ,lips broad1 semilun>4 ,t5tacles long1 eyebe>+2 tips pale yell[1 eyes black2 a second pair sessile on ! inn] bases ( ! t5tacles4 ,body delicate br[ni% olive gre52 a light /reak j beh9d & outside ( base ( ea* t5tacle4 ,localities3 ,sacram5to ,riv] 7,trask71 ,lea2 ,eagle ,lake1 ,horn2 ,klama? ,valley & ,fraz] ,spr+1 ,gabb4 ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,wm4 ,m4 ,gabb1 ( ! ,/ate ,geological ,survey1 = notes & draw+s1 confirmatory ( previ\s d\bts 9 reg>d to ?is r>e & int]e/+ mollusk4 ,!y 7 tak5 f ! liv+ animal1 & com+ f a di/+ui%$ ,palontologi/ may be reli$ on z correct4 ,n4,b4--,?r\gh inadv]t5ce 9 draw+1 ! %ell is repres5t$ z rev]s$ 9 ! figure4 ,pr(essor ,:itney made "s rem>ks on ! geology ( ! ,/ate ( ,nevada1 ( :i* ! foll[+ is an ab/ract4 ,hav+ rec5tly receiv$ a small b v int]e/+ collection ( fossils1 made 9 ,nevada by ,mr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,clayton1 ! exam9ation ( :i* has add$ consid]ably to our scanty /ock ( in=mation 9 reg>d to ! geology ( an ext5sive region compris$ betwe5 ! m]idians ( #aae & #abj1 & ! p>allels ( #ch & #da1 ,i take ?is occasion to set =?1 9 a v concise mann]1 ! in=mation :i* ,i h collect$1 up to ! pres5t "t1 9 reg>d to ! age ( ! s$im5t>y =mations ( ! regions 9 "q4 ,! ,/ate ( ,nevada occupies a portion ( ! cont95t :i*1 dur+ ! la/ few ye>s1 has receiv$ a l>ge %>e ( att5tion f ! public & excit$ ! greate/ int]e/ among sci5tific m52 b :]e1 up to ! pres5t "t1 detail$ geological "w has be5 impossible1 ow+ to ! abs5ce ( any geographical map ( ! ,/ate approa*+ ev5 to accuracy4 ,! ,u4 ,s4 ,pacific ,railroad ,surveys furni%$ no geological in=mation :atev] 9 reg>d to ! t]ritory embrac$ )9 ! pres5t area ( ! ,/ate ( ,nevada4 ,! r\te f ,salt ,lake to ,humboldt ,riv]1 at ,lass5's ,mead[s1 0 ha/ily explor$ by ,capta9 ,beck)1 9 ,may1 #ahed1 & he 0 accompani$ by ,mr4 ,s*iel z ,geologi/2 b no in=mation ( any value is giv5 9 reg>d to ! geological /ructure ( ! region trav]s$ by ! p>ty1 nor 7 any fossils discov]$1 al?\gh portions ( ! rocks along _! r\te h s9ce be5 prov$ to be prolific 9 organic rema9s4 ,on all ! geological maps ( ! :ole t]ritory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates :i* h be5 publi%$ up to ! pres5t "t1 ! region we/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s has be5 s misrepres5t$ t x is q impossible to trace any approximation1 or fir/ h9t+1 at ei!r ! age or ! outl9e ( ! pr9cipal =mations4 ,on ^! maps ! region ly+ betwe5 ! ,salt ,lake & ! ,si]ra ,nevada is usually left uncolor$1 or vaguely designat$ z 8metamorphic0 ) pat*es ( 8volcanic0 & 8des]t quat]n>y0 scatt]$ ?r\gh x at r&om4#bf ,! fir/ pap] or publication issu$1 9 :i* any def9ite in=mation 9 reg>d to ! geology ( ,nevada 0 giv51 0 t ( ,messrs4 ,meek & ,engelmann1 publi%$ 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,philadelphia ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces1 = ,april1 #ahfj4 ,?is pap] gives ! results ( ! exam9ation by ,mr4 ,meek1 ( ! fossils obta9$ by ,mr4 ,h4 ,engelmann1 :o accompani$ ,capt4 ,j4 ,h4 ,simpson on 8 explorations ( #aheh-ei1 or :at is g5]ally kn[n z 8,simpson's ,wagon ,road ,exp$ition40 ,z ! full report ( ?is exp$ition has nev] be5 publi%$1 we h no o!r in=mation 9 reg>d to ! geology ( ! region trav]s$ by ,capt4 ,simpson's p>ty ?an t giv5 9 ! pap] above allud$ to4 ,! r\te foll[$ on ?is survey 0 "o ne> ! pres5t ,ov]l& ,/age ,road1 pass+ ?r\gh a region !n entirely un9habit$ by :ite m51 b n[ dott$ ) m9+ camps & ev5 t[ns ( consid]able size--a region :i* has be5 prov$ to conta9 a l>ge numb] ( arg5tif]\s ve9s1 & :]e m9+ op]ations h be5 c>ri$ on mo/ en]getically & ext5sively dur+ ! la/ two or ?ree ye>s4 ,! localities ( fossils m5tion$ by ,messrs4 ,meek & ,engelmann1 & includ$ )9 ! limits ( ,nevada1 are z foll[s3 ,long4 #aad #de1 ,lat #ci #de1 ne> :at is n[ call$ ,egan ,caon1 fragm5ts ( ,trilobites1 ei!r ( ,upp] ,silurian or ,devonian ,age1 & 8closely resembl+ ,hamilton ,gr\p ,=ms30--,long4 #aae #eh1 ,lat4 #ci #cc1 & ,long4 #aae #cf1 ,lat4 #ci #cj2 at ^! two localities1 situat$ 9 :at are n[ ! ,eureka & ,:ite ,p9e ,m9+ ,di/ricts1 a 8gr\p ( fossils ( decid$ ,devonian type0 0 f\nd4 ,?is gr\p consi/$ ( ,atrypa reticul>is1 ,a4 asp]a1 or a closely alli$ species1 a small ,productus1 & ?ree new species ( ,spirif]4 ,?is is ! mo/ we/]ly po9t1 on our t]ritory1 at :i* any fossils belong+ to =mations old] ?an ! ,c>bonif]\s h1 up to ! pres5t "t1 be5 discov]$1 s f> at lea/ z any publi%$ record %[s4 ,betwe5 ,lon4 #aae & #aae #cj & ,lat4 #dj #aj & #ci #bj1 is a gr\p or s]ies ( hills1 tr5d+ ne>ly nor? & s\?1 & made up 8( light yell[i% gray1 m or less argillace\s & ar5ace\s subcry/all9e lime/ones & slates40 ,f ^! hills fossils 7 collect$ :i* are ref]r$ by ,mr4 ,meek to ! ,upp] ,c>bonif]\s s]ies4 ,mo/ ( ! species 7 new2 among !m 7 ?ree species ( ,productus1 two new species ( ,spirif]1 & ano!r app>5tly id5tical ) ,s4 cam]atus2 also1 ,a?yris subtilita & a new species ( ,*onetes closely alli$ to ,c4 ,v]neuiliana2 ^! localities are ne> :at is n[ kn[n z ,ruby ,valley & ,=t ,ruby4 ,! above are all ! localities ( fossils1 9 ,nevada1 kn[n to h be5 publi%$ up to ?is "t1 except+ ^? :i* h be5 describ$ or notic$ 9 ! publications ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,cali=nia4 ,messrs4 ,meek & ,engelmann /ate1 at ! end ( _! pap]1 t igne\s rocks pr$om9ate we/ ( ! #aaf? degree ( longitude z f> z ! ,si]ra ,nevada1 & t only a few traces ( /ratifi$ rock 7 f\nd 9 t di/rict 9 none ( :i* any organic rema9s 7 obs]v$4 ,! exploration ( ?is region1 suppos$ to be de/itute ( fossilif]\s rocks1 has prov$1 h[ev]1 t x conta9s imm5se ranges ( /ratifi$ b$s :i*1 9 a consid]able numb] ( localities at lea/1 are highly prolific 9 well pres]v$ fossils4 ,z soon z ! ,humboldt m9+ region began to be resort$ to by m9]s1 :i* 0 9 #ahfa & #ahfb1 fossils 7 discov]$ by sev]al p]sons1 :o ab\t ! same "t furni%$ u ) collections ( value & int]e/4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! collections 7 ^? ( ,mr4 ,gorham ,blake & ( ,mr4 ,r4 ,homfray4 ,! specim5s obta9$ by ^! g5tlem51 z well z o!rs ( ! same age obta9$ by ! ,survey1 ne> ,dayton1 ,nevada1 & also 9 ,g5esee ,valley1 ,cali=nia1 7 figur$ & describ$ by ,mr4 ,gabb 9 ! fir/ volume ( ! ,palontology ( ,cali=nia1 =m+ a "p ( ! s]ies ( publications ( ! ,geological ,survey4 ,! geological age ( ! =mation is t ( ! ,hall/adt ,lime/one ( ! ,au/rian ,alps1 or ! ,upp] ,trias1 !re be+ sev]al species at ! above cit$ localities :i* are id5tical ) ,european species f ?is geological position1 z det]m9$ by ,mr4 ,gabb1 & confirm$ by ,von ,hau]1 ! em95t palontologi/ ( ! ,au/rian ,geological ,survey4#bg ,s9ce ! publication ( ! ,palontology ( ,cali=nia1 ,vol4 ,i1 our /ock ( in=mation ) reg>d to ! range & ext5t ( ! ,upp] ,trias1 9 ,nevada1 has be5 consid]ably increas$ by ! explorations ( memb]s ( ! ,survey1 & o!r p]sons :o h furni%$ u ) specim5s f _! collections1 or giv5 u in=mation z to ! "* ( ! rocks notic$ by !m on _! l9es ( travel4 ,we n[ "k t ! ,triassic rocks occupy a broad belt ( c\ntry ext5d+ f ! #aag? m]idian we/ to ! l9e divid+ ! ,/ates ( ,nevada & ,cali=nia1 & ly+ betwe5 ! p>allels ( #ch & #dj4 ,)9 ! area ?us designat$1 ,triassic fossils h be5 f\nd at sev]al localities1 "s ( :i* are rem>kable = ! numb] & good /ate ( pres]vation ( ! v>i\s species4 ,among ^! localities t ( ! ,volcano ,di/rict is rem>kable = ! size & beauty ( ! ,ammonites f\nd !re4 ,?is is ab\t ?irty miles ea/ ( ! s\? end ( ,walk]'s ,lake4 ,new ,pass ,di/rict1 tw5ty miles we/ ( ,au/91 is also a ri* locality ( ,triassic fossils ,at two or ?ree po9ts )9 ?is ,triassic area !re are indications ( ! exi/5ce ( fossilif]\s rocks occupy+ a high] position ?an ! ,trias1 & p]haps ( ,liassic ,age2 b ! collections h n yet be5 suffici5tly /udi$ to ju/ify a positive op9ion on ?is po9t4 ,! s$im5t>y /rata 9 ?is region are mu* brok5 up & metamorphos$ by intrusive rocks1 ( :i* !re is a great v>iety1 granite be+ "o ( ! mo/ abundant4 ,9 ! s\!rn portion ( ! area designat$ above z includ+ /ratifi$ rocks ( ,triassic age1 a v l>ge "p ( ! surface is occupi$ by volcanic mat]ials1 app>5tly a cont9uation ( ! v rec5t volcanic masses ne> ,mono ,lake4 ,lava is said to be ! pr$om9at+ rock ov] ! region to ! s\!a/ ( ,walk]'s ,lake1 & z f> 9 t direction z ! ,/ate l9e betwe5 ,nevada & ,arizona4 ,! same is true ( ! region to ! nor? & nor?we/ ( ,humboldt ,riv]1 :]e granitic & volcanic rocks are report$ z occurr+1 & :]e1 s f> z kn[n1 no fossils h yet be5 obta9$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a region z yet b little explor$1 on acc\nt ( ! numb] & w>like disposition ( ! ,indians4 ,betwe5 ! #aaf? & #aag? m]idians is a region ( granitic & volcanic rocks1 includ+ two pr9cipal nor? & s\? ranges1 & _m spurs & side ranges4 ,! ,toiyabe range1 9 :i* are ! m9es ( ,au/91 or ! ,reese ,riv] m9es1 & :i* is a little ea/ ( ! #aag? m]idian1 is mo/ly granitic4 ,/ratifi$ b highly metamorphos$ rocks are said by ,mr4 ,blat*ley to occur on its ea/ flank1 a few miles s\? ( ,au/92 ^! rocks conta9 fossils1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are ne>ly oblit]at$ by metamorphism4 ,a box ( ^!1 =w>d$ "s "t s9ce1 has nev] be5 receiv$1 s t no positive /atem5t c be made z to ! age ( ! =mation4 ,f ,mr4 ,blat*ley's description ( ! =ms obs]v$ by him1 x w\ld appe> t we may h "h rocks old] ?an ! ,c>bonif]\s4 ,ea/ ( ! #aaf? m]idian1 our collections indicate ! exi/5ce ( a broad area cov]$ *iefly by rocks ( ,c>bonif]\s age1 :i* seem to occupy mo/ ( ! space betwe5 ! #aae? & #aaf? m]idians4 ,! mo/ we/]n locality ( ,c>bonif]\s fossils kn[n to u is t on ! we/ side ( ,diamond ,valley1 ab\t #gj miles ea/ ( ,au/91 & 9 lon4 #aaf4 ,"h1 9 a d>k1 cry/all9e lime/one1 a v>iety ( species h be5 obta9$ by ,mr4 ,clayton1 all 9 a poor /ate ( pres]vation1 b ( :i* ! ,c>bonif]\s age may be )\t difficulty made out4 ,among ! g5]a repres5t$ at ?is locality are ,productus--two species1 "o ( :i* is ,p4 semireticulatus--,spirif]1 & ,fusul9a1 probably ,f4 gracilis1 besides "s indi/9ctly m>k$ corals4 ,! indications are t ^! b$s are ( ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s age4 ,on ! ea/ side ( ,diamond ,valley "s imp]fectly pres]v$ corals h be5 f\nd1 probably ,devonian1 or possibly belong+ to a /ill old] gr\p4 ,! collections f ! region includ$ betwe5 ! #aae? & #aaf? m]idians indicate ! association ( rocks ( bo? ,devonian & ,c>bonif]\s age 9 ! outcrops4 ,"h our collections d n enable u to d any?+ m ?an to corroborate ! previ\sly publi%$ /atem5ts ( ,messrs4 ,meek & ,engelmann 9 reg>d to ! age ( ! =mations4 ,f ! ,silv] ,peak ,di/rict1 ne> lon4 #aag #bj1 & lat4 #ch1 an int]e/+ collection ( fossils has be5 br\ght by ,mr4 ,clayton4 ,! specim5s are un=tunately 9 a v imp]fect & fragm5t>y condition1 b !y conta9 ! fir/ trilobites :i* h be5 br\ght to our (fice f any ( ! ,pacific ,/ates or ,t]ritories4 ,! rock 9 :i* !y occur is a d>k yell[i% br[n lime/one1 ) int]calat$ lay]s ( light grey argillace\s %ales4 ,"s ( !m appe> to belong to ! g5us ,dalmania1 &1 if s1 ! =mation is probably ( ,upp] ,silurian age1 al?\gh possibly ,devonian4 ,! c>eful exam9ation ( ! corals :i* h be5 obta9$ 9 ?is di/rict by ,mr4 ,clayton1 & also by ,mr4 ,blat*ley1 w probably ?r[ "s additional light on ! geological position ( ^! rocks4 #bf ,on ,pr(essor ,hall's ,map 8illu/rat+ ! g5]al geological features ( ! c\ntry we/ ( ! ,mississippi ,riv]10 :i* accompani$ ,emory's ,mexican ,b\nd>y ,report1 & 0 publi%$ 9 #aheg1 all ( a broad c5tral /rip runn+ along ! p>allel ( #dj ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ,nevada1 is color$ z 8lava & o!r igne\s rocks10 :ile ! we/]n portion ( ! ,/ate has sev]al broad belts ( 8,upp] ,c>bonif]\s ,lime/one10 runn+ nor? & s\? across x f ,walk]'s ,lake to ,goose ,lake4 ,s f> z ,i "k1 no ,c>bonif]\s fossils h yet be5 f\nd 9 t "p ( ,nevada4 #bg ,see ,jahrbu* d] ,k4 ,k4 ,geologis*5 ,rei*san/alt1 #ahfe1 page #bcc ( ! ,proce$+s4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,june #d,,?1 #ahff4 ,presid5t 9 ! *air4 ,elev5 memb]s 7 pres5t4 ,! foll[+ nam$ p]sons 7 elect$ ,resid5t ,memb]s3 ,c4 ,r4 ,k+1 ,fr$]ick ,gutzk[1 ,!odore ,blake1 ,w4 ,a4 ,goodye>1 ,*>les ,bonn]1 ,c4 ,w4 ,lightn]1 ,hugo ,ho*holz]1 ,james ,t4 ,g>dn]4 ,donations to ! ,cab9et3 ,copp] ,ore1 f ,y>r[ m9e1 ne> ,lex+ton1 ,santa ,cl>a c\nty1 & ,molybd5ite1 f ,coloma1 ,el ,dorado c\nty1 f ,mr4 ,hanks4 ,l&1 riv]1 & m>9e %ells collect$ 9 ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ica by ! late ,?omas ,bridges2 pres5t$ by ,mrs4 ,bridges4 ,two birds f ,mr4 ,lorqu94 ,a collection ( ,au/ralian plants1 f ,dr4 ,f]d9& ,mll]4 ,li*5s f ,plov] ,bay1 collect$ & pres5t$ by ,mr4 ,dall4 ,donations to ! ,libr>y3 ,v]h&lung5 d] kais]li* en ,leopold9o-,c>ol9is*5 deuts*5 ,akademie d] ,natur=s*]1 ,b& ,,xxxii1 #a/e ,ab!ilung2 #dto ,dresd51 #ahfe4 ,amtli*] ,b]i*t b] die #cite ,v]sammlung ,deuts*] ,natur=s*] und ,a]zte 9 ,giess5 im ,septemb]1 #ahfd2 #dto1 ,giess51 #ahfe4 ,jahrbu* d] k4 k4 geolgis*5 ,rei*san/alt2 #ahfe1 ,b& ,,xv4 ,no4 #d1 roy4 #hvo4 ,wi54 ,na*ri*t5 von d] k4 ,gesells*aft und d] ,georg-,augu/s-,univ]sitt1 aus dem ,jahre #ahfe2 #abmo4 ,gtt+54 ,! above 7 pres5t$ by ! diff]5t ,societies nam$1 & =w>d$ ?r\gh ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution4 ,mr4 ,dall made "s rem>ks on ! %ells :i* h be5 collect$ by v>i\s naturali/s at & ne> ,mont]ey4 ,he rem>k$ t he himself _h collect$ 9 two weeks no less ?an two hundr$ & n9ete5 species1 :i* numb]1 add$ to =ty-f\r :i* h be5 previ\sly report$ z occurr+ !re1 b :i* he did n obta91 gives two hundr$ & sixty-?ree z ! :ole numb] ( species ( %ells n[ kn[n to h be5 f\nd at ,mont]ey4 ,( ^! 7 previ\sly obta9$ only to ! s\? ( ,mont]ey1 tw5ty-f\r2 previ\sly obta9$ only to ! nor? ( ,mont]ey1 =ty-two2 previ\sly obta9$ to nor? & s\?1 b n at ,mont]ey1 tw5ty-n9e2 previ\sly obta9$ at ,mont]ey1 "o hundr$ & "o2 n obta9$ by ,mr4 ,dall1 =ty-f\r2 new1 or n report$1 tw5ty-?ree4 ,collections ( %ells are greatly ne$$ f po9ts betwe5 ,san ,francisco & ! m\? ( ! ,columbia riv]1 & also f po9ts betwe5 ,san ,diego & ,cape ,/4 ,lucas1 9 ord] to det]m9e que/ions ( geographical di/ribution4 ,a curi\s fact 0 notic$ 9 ,*iton scabra1 ( ,reeve1 :i*1 al?\gh belong+ to a class ( /rictly m>9e animals1 0 obs]v$ cl++ to ! rocks beyond ! rea*1 except 9 /orms1 ( ! highe/ spray4 ,t x does n migrate is prov$ by ! fact t1 liv+ 9 nooks & crevices ( ! rocks1 x gr[s into ! v =m ( ! hole 9 :i* x lives4 ,mr4 ,dall also m5tion$ t1 hav+ visit$ & ?or\ghly se>*$ ! orig9al locality = ,helix ,cali=ni5sis1 a small isl& (f ,po9t ,cypress1 accessible only at l[ tide1 ?is species 0 f\nd to be ne>ly ext]m9at$4 ,a lett] receiv$ f ,dr4 ,canfield ( ,mont]ey s9ce ! visit ( ,mr4 ,dall1 confirms ! fact ( ! ext9ction4 ,?is has be5 caus$ app>5tly by a l>ge millip$e1 :i* exi/s 9 great numb]s1 & is extremely voraci\s4 ,sev]al ( ! %ells f\nd commonly at ,mont]ey1 are id5tical ) o!rs collect$ dur+ ! pa/ season on ! coa/ ( ,russian ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,pr(essor ,:itney made "s rem>ks on ! abs5ce ( ! ,nor!rn ,drift =mation f ! we/]n coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica & f ! int]ior ( ! cont95t1 ?r\gh\t ! region to ! s\?we/ ( ! ,miss\ri ,riv]4 ,! t]m 8,nor!rn ,drift0 is und]/ood to include ! masses ( un/ratifi$ detrital mat]ials & b\ld]s :i* h be5 transport$ & di/ribut$ by "s g5]al cause indep5d5t1 9 a great degree1 ( ! pres5t con=mation ( ! surface & ( ! direction ( ! exi/+ riv] c\rses4 ,! inve/igations ( geologi/s h %[n t ! surface ( ,canada1 ,new ,engl&1 & ! ,/ates nor? ( ! ,ohio & nor? ( ! p>allel ( #ci1 z f> we/ z ! ,mississippi1 & ev5 = "s di/ance beyond x 9 t direction1 are cov]$ by detrital mat]ials :i* h be5 c>ri$ f ! ,nor? t[>ds ! ,s\?1 & (t5 = a great di/ance & 9 imm5se masses4 ,! explorations ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,cali=nia h demon/rat$ h[ev]1 t !re is no true ,nor!rn ,drift )9 ! limits ( ?is ,/ate4 ,our detrital mat]ials1 :i* (t5 =m deposits ( great ext5t & ?ickness1 are inv>iably f\nd to h be5 dep5d5t = _! orig9 & pres5t position on causes simil> to ^? n[ 9 action1 & to h be5 deposit$ on ! flanks & at ! bases ( ! ne>e/ m\nta9 ranges by curr5ts ( wat] ru%+ d[n _! slopes4 ,:ile we h abundant evid5ce ( ! =m] exi/5ce ( ext5sive glaci]s 9 ! ,si]ra ,nevada1 !re is no reason to suppose t ?is ice 0 to any ext5t an effective ag5t 9 ! transportation ( ! sup]ficial detritus n[ re/+ on ! flanks ( ! m\nta9s4 ,! glaci]s 7 conf9$ to ! mo/ elevat$ portions ( ! m\nta9s1 & al?\gh ! mora9es :i* !y h left z evid5ces ( _! =m] ext5sion are (t5 l>ge & conspicu\s1 !y are insignificant 9 comp>ison ) ! detrital masses =m$ by aque\s erosion4 ,!re is no?+ any:]e 9 ,cali=nia :i* indicates a g5]al glacial epo* dur+ :i* ice cov]$ ! :ole c\ntry & mov$ bodies ( detritus ov] ! surface1 indep5d5tly ( its pres5t configuration1 z is se5 ?r\gh\t ! ,nor!a/]n ,/ates4 ,! same condition ( ?+s prevails 9 ,nevada & ?r\gh ,oregon1 z f> z explor$ by ! memb]s ( ! ,survey4 ,! detritus seems always to be accumulat$ at ! base ( ! m\nta9s--gravel1 b\ld]s1 & s& ly+ bel[ & n f> di/ant f ! b$s ( rock ( :i* ^! mat]ials once =m$ a "p1 & f :i* !y appe> to h be5 deta*$ by wea!r+ & aque\s erosion4 ,f ! obs]vations ( ,messrs4 ,a%burn] & ,dall1 x w\ld appe> t no evid5ces ( ,nor!rn ,drift h yet be5 detect$ on ?is ,coa/1 ev5 z f> nor? z ,briti% ,columbia or ,russian ,am]ica4 ,nei!r ( ^! g5tlem5 has obs]v$ any indication ( a transportation ( drift mat]ials f ! nor? t[>ds ! s\?1 or ( any condition ( ?+s simil> to t :i* mu/ h exi/$ 9 ! ,ea/]n ,/ates dur+ ! diluvial epo*4 ,on exam9+ ! publi%$ records ( explor]s 9 ! c5tral portion ( ! ,cont95t1 x w be notic$ t !re is /rong reason to believe t ! abs5ce ( ! ,nor!rn drift =mation is n peculi> to ! ,/ates along ! ,pacific ,coa/2 b t ! :ole region we/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s is also de/itute ( any indications ( a detrital =mation mov$ ov] ! surface 9 "o direction by any great g5]al cause4 ,judg+ f our pres5t /ock ( evid5ce1 ,i am incl9$ to draw ! l9e :i* limits ! ,nor!rn ,drift =mation on ! s\? & we/ approximately f ! m\? ( ! ,ohio to ! headwat]s ( ! ,saskat*ewan ,riv]4 ,x is evid5t t ^! facts %\ld be tak5 into acc\nt 9 !oriz+ on ! orig9 & cause ( ! drift4 ,if1 z /at$ above1 ! transport+ ag5t has be5 limit$ 9 its field ( action to ! ea/]n & nor!a/]n portion ( our ,cont95t1 ! ph5om5on is se5 at once to h become1 9 a measure1 a local "o--at lea/ mu* m local ?an has hi!rto be5 usually assum$ by ^? geologi/s :o h adopt$ ! glaci] !ory ( ! drift4 ,pr(essor ,:itney rem>k$ t he 0 p>ticul>ly desir\s ( introduc+ ! subject on ?is occasion1 9 ord] t he might h an opportunity ( impress+ on ,mr4 ,dall1 :o is ab\t to leave = ! ,nor!rn ,coa/1 on ! ,telegraph ,exp$ition1 ! importance ( mak+ a ?or\gh exam9ation ( ! detrital =mations & surface geology ( ! c\ntry he may trav]se4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,june #ah,,?1 #ahff4 ,mr4 ,/e>ns 9 ! ,*air4 ,?irte5 memb]s pres5t4 ,! foll[+ nam$ g5tlem5 7 elect$ ,resid5t ,memb]s3 ,b>on ,f4 von ,ri*?(51 ,e4 ,b4 ,dorsey1 ,w4 ,w4 ,palm]1 ,w4 ,s4 ,keyes1 ,m4 ,l4 ,/angroom1 ,j4 ,t4 ,watk9s1 ,jr41 ,w4 ,g4 ,w4 ,h>=d1 ,l\is ,falk5au4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,g4 ,bloom] /at$ t he _h id5tifi$ ! plant commonly kn[n z ! ,pepp] ,tree1 z ,s*9us mollis4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,dall call$ att5tion to sev]al errors 9 geography made 9 a %ort *apt] on geographical di/ribution ( m>9e =ms1 =m+ ! conclusion ( ,agassiz' 8,sea ,side ,/udies 9 ,natural ,hi/ory10 rec5tly publi%$4 ,! errors 7 9 reg>d to ! ,coa/ ( ,cali=nia4 ,mr4 ,/e>ns m5tion$ t 9 an h\r & a half at ,baul9es ,bay he _h collect$ ab\t fifty species ( mollusca4 ,dr4 ,gibbons spoke ( ! progress ( 8 obs]vations on ! connection ( ! phases ( ! moon & ! wea!r4 ,8 rem>ks 7 foll[$ by an animat$ discussion4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,july #b;,d1 #ahff4 ,presid5t 9 ! ,*air4 ,t5 memb]s pres5t1 & ,dr4 ,hillebr&1 ( ,honolulu1 a visitor4 ,! foll[+ g5tlem5 7 elect$ ,resid5t ,memb]s3 ,vitus ,wack5reud]1 ,%]man ,day1 ,?omas ,price1 ,e4 ,w]!man4 ,donations to ! ,cab9et3 ,ores f ! ,eureka ,m9e1 ,grass ,valley1 & f ! ,o!llo ,m9e1 ,pahranagat ,di/rict1 by ,mr4 ,hanks2 ,/eatite f ,baul9es1 by ,capt4 ,morgan2 ,fungi f timb] 9 ! m9es ( ,nevada1 by ,mr4 ,ew]4 ,donations to ! ,libr>y3 ,congressional ,docum5ts1 f ,hon4 ,john ,conness4 ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,victoria1 #ahfa-ahfd1 vol4 vi1 #hvo41 ,melb\rne1 #ahfe2 ,fragm5ta ,phytographi ,au/rali1 ,nos4 xxxi-xxxiv1 #hvo42 ,?ird & ,f\r? ,annual ,reports ( ! ,acclimatisation ,society ( ,victoria1 #b #hvo4 pamphlets1 ,melb\rne1 #ahfd3 f ,f4 ,mll]1 ,m4,d4 ,dr4 ,gibbons call$ att5tion to ! exp]im5ts & d$uctions ( ,dr4 ,salisbury1 ( ,ohio1 9 reg>d to mal>ial diseases & _! suppos$ vegetable orig94 ,a discussion foll[$1 9 :i* ,drs4 ,behr & ,blake took "p4 ,dr4 ,hillebr& gave an acc\nt ( ! ,botanical ,g>d5 ( ,batavia4 ,x conta9s1 among o!r plants1 two hundr$ & sixty-two species ( ,palms4 ,he also gave an acc\nt ( ! introduction ( ! ,c9*ona1 ( v>i\s species1 into ,india & ,java4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,july #af?1 #ahff4 ,mr4 ,/e>ns 9 ! ,*air4 ,twelve memb]s pres5t1 & ,mr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,hittell & ,dr4 ,macg[an z visitors4 ,dr4 ,p4 ,comrie 0 elect$ a ,correspond+ ,memb]1 & ,dr4 ,s4 ,pawlicki a ,resid5t ,memb]4 ,donations to ! ,cab9et3 ,l& & ,m>9e ,%ells f ! ,ea/ ,indies & ! ,pacific ,isl&s1 by ,dr4 ,eckel4 ,mr4 ,/e>ns pres5t$ ! foll[+ pap]3 ,li/ ( ,%ells collect$ at ,baul9es ,bay1 ,cali=nia1 ,june1 #ahff4 ,,by ,,robt4 ,e4 ,c4 ,,/e>ns1 ,,curator ,,( ,,con*ology1 ,,cab4 ,,acad4 ,,nat4 ,,sci5ces4 ,! comp>ative scant9ess ( molluscan life 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ,san ,francisco1 & ( ! coa/ = _m miles 9 a s\!rly direction1 l$ me to believe t an exploration ( ! small bays to ! nor? ( ! ,gold5 ,gate w\ld reveal a v consid]able increase bo? ( species & individuals2 accord+ly1 ^u ! #ad?1 #bc;d1 & #bd? ( la/ ,june1 ,i visit$ ! small inlet kn[n z ,baul9es ,bay1 & made an exam9ation ( ! s&spit :i* makes out f its s\!rly %ore1 also ! bea* inside ( & z f> nor? z ,duxbury reef1 :i* latt] connects ) ! coa/ at a po9t ab\t a mile above ! entrance to ! bay4 ,! unfavorable condition ( ! tides prev5t$ an exploration ( ! reef2 z mo/ ( ! specim5s 7 obta9$ f ! drift1 )\t d\bt ! foll[+ li/ c be l>gely increas$ by a m ?or\gh exam9ation ( ! locality1 especially ! reef1 at extreme l[ wat] & at diff]5t seasons ( ! ye>4 ,all ( ! specim5s 7 9 a condition suffici5tly p]fect to make id5tification easy2 a few =ms1 ( :i* ,i _h "s d\bt1 7 submitt$ to ,dr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,coop]4 ,species m>k$ ) a 99 "o specim52 ?us two specim5s2 ( ! rema9d] f ?ree specim5s upw>ds 7 collect$4 #a4 ,zirphea crispata1 ,l9n499 #b4 ,pholadidea ovoidea1 ,g\ld4 #c4 ,p>apholas ,cali=nica1 ,conr499 #d4 ,saxicava pholadis1 ,l9n4 #e4 ,platyodon cancellatus1 ,conr4 #f4 ,cryptomya ,cali=nica1 ,conr4 #g4 ,s*izo?rus ,nuttalli1 ,conr4 #h4 ,clidiophora punctata1 ,conr4 #i4 ,sol5 sic>ius1 ,g\ld499 #aj4 ,ma*ra patula1 ,dixon4 #aa4 ,macoma secta1 ,conr4 #ab4 ,macoma v>4 edulis1 ,nutt4 #ac4 ,macoma nasuta1 ,conr4 #ad4 ,tell9a ,bodeg5sis1 ,hds4 #ae4 ,semele rubro-l9eata1 auct4 non ,conr499 #af4 ,tapes /am9ea1 ,conr4 #ag4 ,tapes v>4 div]sa1 ,sby4 #ah4 ,tapes v>4 rud]ata1 ,de%4 #ai4 ,saxidomus aratus1 ,g\ld4 #bj4 ,petricola c>ditoides1 ,conr4 #ba4 ,rupell>ia lamellif]a1 ,conr499 #bb4 ,*ama exogyra1 ,conr499 #bc4 ,c>dium corbis1 ,m>t4 #bd4 ,laz>ia sub-quadrata1 ,c>p4 #be4 ,mytilus ,cali=nianus1 ,conr4 #bf4 ,mytilus edulis1 ,l9n4 #bg4 ,adula /yl9a1 ,c>p4 #bh4 ,pect5 ha/atus1 ,sby499 #bi4 ,h9nites giganteus1 ,gray4 #cj4 ,placunanomia macros*isma1--,de%4 #ca4 ,crypto*iton ,/ell]i1 ,midd4 #cb4 ,tonicia l9eata1 ,wood499 #cc4 ,mopalia muscosa1 ,g\ld4 #cd4 ,mopalia vesp]t9a1 ,g\ld499 #ce4 ,tra*yd]mon ,nuttallii1 ,c>p4 #cf4 ,nacella insessa1 ,hds4 #cg4 ,nacella in/abilis1 ,g\ld499 #ch4 ,nacella 8 v>4 triangul>is1 ,c>p4 #ci4 ,acma p]sona1 ,es*4 #dj4 ,acma spectrum1 ,rve4 #da4 ,acma pelta1 ,es*4 #db4 ,acma v>4 asmi1 ,midd4 #dc4 ,acma pat9a1 ,es*4 #dd4 ,acma scabra1 ,rve4 7v>47 #de4 ,scurria mitra1 ,es*4 #df4 ,clypidella 7bimaculata1 ,dall1 ms4799 #dg4 ,glyphis asp]a1 ,es*4 #dh4 ,glyphis d5sicla?rata1 ,rve4 #di4 ,haliotis rufesc5s1 ,swa9s499 #ej4 ,*loro/oma funebrale1 ,a4 ,ad4 #ea4 ,*loro/oma brunneum1 ,phil4 #eb4 ,*loro/oma ,pfeiff]i1 ,phil4 #ec4 ,callio/oma co/atum1 ,m>t4 #ed4 ,phorcus pulligo1 ,m>t4 #ee4 ,m>g>ita acutico/ata1 ,c>p499 #ef4 ,crepidula adunca1 ,sby4 #eg4 ,hipponyx cranioides1 ,c>p4 #eh4 ,c]i?idea sacrata1 ,g\ld4 #ei4 ,bittium filosum1 ,g\ld4 #fj4 ,bittium armillatum1 ,c>p499 #fa4 ,littor9a scutulata1 ,g\ld4 #fb4 ,lacuna unifasciata1 ,c>p4 #fc4 ,lacuna solidula1 ,lov4 #fd4 ,scal>ia indianorum1 ,c>p4 #fe4 ,opalia borealis1 ,g\ld4 #ff4 ,lunatia ,lewisii1 ,g\ld499 #fg4 ,olivella biplicata1 ,sby4 #fh4 ,olivella intorta1 ,c>p4 #fi4 ,nassa fossata1 ,g\ld4 #gj4 ,nassa m5dica1 ,g\ld4 #ga4 ,nassa ,coop]i1 ,fbs499 #gb4 ,amycla c>9ata1 ,hds4 #gc4 ,amphissa corrugata1 ,rve4 #gd4 ,purpura crispata1 ,*em1 7smoo? v>47 #ge4 ,purpura v>4 o/r9a1 ,g\ld4 #gf4 ,monoc]as engonatum1 ,conr4 #gg4 ,oc9ebra lurida1 ,midd4 #gh4 ,oc9ebra v>4 asp]a1 ,baird4 #gi4 ,oc9ebra v>4 munda1 ,c>p4 #hj4 ,oc9ebra int]fossa1 ,c>p4 #ha4 ,c]a/oma foliatum1 ,gmel4 #hb4 ,c]a/oma ,nuttallii4 ,conr499 #hc4 787 ,muricidea ,cali=nica1 ,h9ds499 #hd4 ,*rysodomus dirus1 ,rve4 ,( ,no4 #h1 two odd valves1 & ( ,no4 #i1 a s+le p]fect specim5 on s&spit2 #ae1 an odd valve1 "o p]fect specim5 f\nd by ,col4 ,jewett1 :o accompani$ me2 #di1 "o specim52 7,i am in=m$ by ! resid5ts ( ! t[n t ?is species is abundant at a po9t ab\t t5 miles up ! coa/72 #ej & #ea1 v common 7"y specim5s frequ5tly & mature %ells sometimes umbilicat$72 #fh1 frequ5t2 a well-m>k$ species2 7(t5 conf\nd$ ) ! "y %ells ( #fg2 ! "y %ells ( #fg are sometimes adorn$ ) zigzag br[n m>k+s ^u a light gr\nd1 o!rwise1 no resemblance betwe5 !m2 #fh is 9 %ape betwe5 #fg & ,o4 btica1 ( ,c>p5t]72 #ga is b an extreme =m ( #gj1 z ,i am conv9c$ by an exam9ation ( n less ?an "o ?\s& specim5s1 receiv$ by me f ,mont]ey2 #gb--;if 8gausapata0 & 8,cali=niana0 belong to 8,amycla10 ?is c]ta9ly %\ld be plac$ ) !m2 #gf1 p>ticul>ly abundant 7"s #bjjj liv+ specim5s collect$2 ,june #bc;d1 ?is species _h j comm5c$ deposit+ _! p9k-t9t$ eggs1 a few ( :i* 7 obta9$72 #hc1 ! immature %ells ( ?is species closely resemble "s specim5s ( #gh4 ,pr(essor ,:itney exhibit$ a portion ( a human skull rec5tly deposit$ at ! (fice ( ! ,/ate ,geological ,survey1 by ,dr4 ,?omas ,jones1 ( ,murphy's ,camp1 ,calav]as ,c\nty4 ,he read ! foll[+3 ,notice ( a ,human ,skull1 rec5tly tak5 f a ,%aft ne> ,angel's1 ,calav]as ,c\nty4 ,,by ,j4 ,d4 ,,:itney4 ,?is skull 0 tak5 f a %aft sunk on a m9+ claim at ,altaville1 ne> ,angel's1 9 ,calav]as ,c\nty1 by ,mr4 ,james ,matson4 ,by him x 0 giv5 to ,mr4 ,scribn]1 ( ,angel's1 & by ,mr4 ,scribn] to ,dr4 ,jones4 ,mr4 ,matson /ates t ! skull 0 f\nd at a dep? ( ab\t "o hundr$ & ?irty feet1 9 a b$ ( gravel five feet 9 ?ickness1 above :i* are f\r b$s ( consolidat$ volcanic a%1 locally kn[n z 8lava02 ^! volcanic b$s are sep>at$ f ea* o!r by lay]s ( gravel1 & ,mr4 ,matson gives ! foll[+ z ! section ( ! v>i\s deposits pass$ ?r\gh 9 s9k+ ! %aft1 :i* is "o hundr$ & fifty-?ree feet deep1 to ! b$ rock3 #a4 ,black lava #dj feet4 #b4 ,gravel #c 0 #c4 ,light lava #cj 0 #d4 ,gravel #e 0 #e4 ,light lava #ae 0 #f4 ,gravel #be 0 #g4 ,d>k br[n lava #i 0 #h4 ,gravel #e 0 #i4 ,r$ lava #d 0 #aj4 ,r$ ,gravel #ag 0 --- #aec feet4 ,! skull 0 f\nd1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,matson1 9 b$ numb] #h1 j above ! l[e/ /ratum ( lava4 ,) ! skull 7 f\nd fragm5ts ( silicifi$ wood1 ! :ole be+ cov]$ & p>tly incru/$ ) /ony matt]1 s t ! fact ( its be+ a skull 0 n recogniz$ until aft] x _h pass$ into ,mr4 ,scribn]'s h&s1 by :om x 0 clean$ & pres5t$ to ,dr4 ,jones4 ,! skull is said by ,mr4 ,matson to h be5 tak5 f ! %aft ,febru>y #be?1 #ahff1 & x came into my h&s 9 ! ,july foll[+1 :5 ,i imm$iately proce$$ to ! locality2 b f\nd ! %aft tempor>ily ab&on$ & p>tly fill$ ) wat]1 s t x 0 impossible at t "t to make any f>!r se>* 9 ! b$ f :i* ! skull 0 procur$4 ,a c>eful inquiry into all ! circum/ances ( ! alleg$ discov]y1 & an int]view ) all ! p]sons :o _h be5 9 any way connect$ ) x1 impress$ ^u my m9d ! conviction t ! facts 7 z /at$ above1 & t !re 0 e reason to believe t ! skull really came f ! position assign$ to x by ,mr4 ,matson4 ,/ill1 z x is evid5tly highly desirable t z l>ge an am\nt ( evid5ce z possible %\ld be accumulat$ 9 reg>d to a discov]y ( s mu* importance1 ,i made arrangem5ts t ,i %\ld be notifi$ :5ev] ! %aft 0 reop5$ & ! wat] tak5 out1 & hope at a future meet+ to be able to lay be=e ! ,academy ! results ( a p]sonal exam9ation ( ?is int]e/+ locality1 & ( fur!r excavations 9 ! b$ f :i* ! skull 0 tak54 ,assum+ ! correctness ( ,mr4 ,matson's /atem5ts1 ?is relic ( human antiquity is easily se5 to be an object ( ! greate/ int]e/ to ! e?nologi/ z well z ! geologi/4 ,! previ\s inve/igations ( ! ,geological ,survey h cle>ly demon/rat$ ! fact t man 0 contemporane\s ) ! ma/odon & elephant1 s9ce ! works ( 8 h&s h be5 repeat$ly f\nd 9 su* connection ) ! bones ( ^! animals t x w\ld be impossible to acc\nt = ! facts obs]v$ on any o!r !ory4 7,see ,geology ( ,cali=nia1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #beb47 ,b 9 ! case ( ! skull n[ laid be=e ! ,academy1 ! geological position to :i* x mu/ be assign$ is1 app>5tly1 /ill l[] ?an t ( ! ma/odon1 s9ce ! rema9s ( ?is animal1 z well z ! elephant1 :i* are s abundantly scatt]$ ov] ?is ,/ate1 are always 7s f> z our obs]vations yet ext5d7 limit$ 9 _! position to ! sup]ficial deposits1 & h nev] be5 f\nd at any consid]able dep? bel[ ! surface4 ,!re is e reason to believe t ^! great proboscidians liv$ at a v rec5t date1 7geologically speak+7 & po/]ior to ! epo* ( ! exi/5ce ( glaci]s 9 ! ,si]ra ,nevada1 & also aft] ! close ( ! p]iod ( activity ( ! n[ ext9ct volcanoes ( t great *a94 ,9 fact1 !y belong to ! pres5t epo*4 ,! b$1 on ! o!r h&1 9 :i* ?is skull 0 f\nd1 mu/ h be5 deposit$ at a "t :5 ! volcanoes ( ! ,si]ra 7 /ill 9 vigor\s action1 &1 z seems to u highly probable f a c>eful consid]ation ( ! geological /ructure ( ! region1 previ\s to ! glacial epo* ( ! ,si]ra1 & also previ\s to ! erosion ( ! caons ( ! pres5t riv]s4 ,no pa9s w be sp>$1 h[ev]1 to inve/igate all ! conditions ( ! occurr5ce ( ?is skull1 & !y w be fully report$ on at a future "t4 ,! portions ( ! skull :i* are pres]v$ are1 ! frontal bone1 ! nasal bone1 ! sup]ior maxill>y bone ( ! "r side1 ! mal> bones1 a "p ( ! temporal bone ( ! left side1 ) ! ma/oid process & ! zygomatic process1 & ! :ole ( ! orbits ( bo? eyes4 ,! base ( ! skull is emb$d$ 9 a mass ( bone breccia & small pebbles ( volcanic rock1 incru/$ ) a ?9 lay] ( c>bonate ( lime1 :i* appe>s once to h ext5d$ ov] ! :ole surface ( ! skull & ( :i* a consid]able portion /ill rema9s1 ! re/ hav+ be5 remov$ app>5tly 9 ! process ( clean+4 ,"u ! mal> bone ( ! left side1 a snail %ell is lodg$1 & p>tly conceal$ by ! breccia ( bone w$g$ 9 ! cavity4 ,?is %ell is ! ,helix ,mormonum1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,coop]1 a species n[ liv+ 9 ! region :]e ! skull 0 obta9$4 ,al?\gh n compet5t to express a decid$ op9ion on ! subject ( ! e?nological relations ( ?is skull1 ,i %\ld suppose t x belong$ to ! type ( ! ,indians n[ inhabit+ ! foot-hills ( ! ,si]ra4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! facial angle is n "o indicat+ a l[ ord] ( intellect4 ,! skull1 h[ev]1 seems to h be5 v ?ick & solid4 ,x w be plac$ 9 ! h&s ( compet5t craniologi/s = exam9ation & description1 z soon z reliable in=mation has be5 obta9$ ) reg>d to its occurr5ce1 or :5ev] all has be5 asc]ta9$ t c be4 ,dr4 ,macg[an made "s rem>ks on ! occurr5ce ( e>?quakes on ! coa/ ( ,*9a4 ,he /at$ t1 s9ce ! hi/oric p]iod1 no great damage has be5 done by !m4 ,dr4 ,kellogg /at$1 t on a trip f ,san ,rafael to ,baul9es ,bay he _h discov]$ a species ( oak said to be equal to ! live-oak = %ip build+4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,augu/ #f,,?1 #ahff4 ,presid5t 9 ! *air4 ,tw5ty memb]s pres5t4 ,dr4 ,d4 ,j4 ,macg[an 0 elect$ a ,correspond+ ,memb]4 ,dr4 ,behr pres5t$ ! foll[+ pap]3 ,enum]ation ( ! ,cali=nian species ( ,lycna4 ,,by ,h4 ,,behr1 ,m4,d4 ,! g5us ,lycna is mu* m ext5sively repres5t$ 9 ,cali=nia ?an 9 ! ,atlantic ,/ates1 :]e1 ) ! exception ( a few ,arctic species1 only ! mo/ cosmopolitan types are repres5t$1 su* z t ( ,argiolus & t ( ,amyntas4 ,cali=nia has ab\t ! same numb] ( species z a correspond+ area 9 ! ,m$it]ranean bas94 ,! species are nev] id5tical ) g]ontogeic =ms2 b !re is sc>cely a s+le ,european type t does n f9d its analogue on ! ,pacific coa/3 a circum/ance ( :i* ! celebrat$ lepidopt]ologi/1 ,dr4 ,boisduval1 has made good use 9 nam+ _m ,cali=nian species ) ref]5ce to ! be/ kn[n ,european species ( ! same type1 ?us3 ,europe4 ,cali=nia4 ,ph]etes1 ,ph]es1 ,acis1 ,antiacis1 ,aegon1 ,antgon1 ,ic>ius1 ,ic>ioides4 #a4 ,lycna ,p>dalis1 ,behr4 ,al ris sup]ne omnes crule1 m>g9em v]sus fuscesc5tes1 limbo albido c9ct4 ,al n sup]ne omn9o fusc1 m>g9em v]sus magis obscur1 antic l9ea discoidali in/ructae4 ,al subtus c9]e1 l9ea discoidali s]ieque punctorum atrorum1 halone p>um di/9cto c9ctorum signat4 ,po/ic m>g9em v]sus lunulas exhib5t pallidiores quam puncta s]iei et l9e discoidalis4 ,?is species is ! only ,cali=nian yet kn[n t approa*es ! type ( ! ,european species ,l4 ,arion1 ,l4 ,euphemus1 ,l4 ,iolas1 ,l4 ,alcon1 ,l4 ,erebus4 ,x approa*es mo/ ne>ly to ,l4 ,alcon ( ,europe1 & is int]m$iate betwe5 t & ! ,european ,l4 ,acis4 ,! only habitat ( ?is species yet kn[n to me1 is 9 ! ,contra ,co/a ,coa/ ,range1 9 ! vic9ity ( ,san ,antonio1 :]e x frequ5ts /eep1 grassy hill-sides4 ,x is f\nd at ! end ( ,may & beg9n+ ( ,june1 & is r r>e4 #b4 ,l4 ,antiacis1 ,boisd4 ,may4 ,diff]5t localities4 #c4 ,l4 ,x]xes1 ,boisd4 ,may4 ,lone ,m\nta91 ne> ,san ,francisco2 r r>e4 ,!re exi/s no ,european analogue to ?is v peculi> type4 #d4 ,l4 ,piasus1 ,boisd4 ,v common ?r\gh\t middle ,cali=nia4 ,x replaces ! ,atlantic ,l4 ,pseud>giolus1 & ,l4 neglecta1 ,edw41 z well z ! ,european ,l4 ,argiolus2 & belongs to "o ( ! mo/ cosmopolitan types ( ! g5us4 ,! cat]pill> fe$s on ! fl[]s ( ! ,pavia1 unlike its ,european repres5tative1 :i* fe$s on ! leaves ( ,rhamnus frangula4 #e4 ,l4 ,ph]es1 ,boisd4 ,may & ,june4 ,lone ,m\nta91 ne> ,san ,francisco4 ,i d n "k ( any o!r locality4 #f4 ,l4 ,het]onea1 ,boisd4 ,sev]al localities4 ,may & ,june4 ,likes to repose on ,eriogonum1 & is only to be f\nd :]e "s species ( ?is g5us is abundant4 ,probably ! cat]pill> fe$s on ! fl[] ( ?is plant4 ,?is species is a v f9e analogue ( ! ,l4 ,daphnis ( ,europe4 #g4 ,l4 ,lorqu9i1 ,behr4 ,al ris et n sup]ne fusc1 a radice ultra m$ium pru9a crulea obtect1 limbo tessellato4 ,al n vitta m>g9ali pallide fulvesc5ti in/ruct4 ,al subtus c9]e1 antic puncto duplici radicali1 l9ea discoidali s]ieque punctorum necnon lunulis m>g9alibus in/ruct2 po/ic macula alba pro l9ea discoidali signat vittaque alba qu occupat spatium int] s]iem punctorum et lunulas m>g9ales4 ,i possess a pair ( ?is ,lycna1 ?r\gh ! k9dness ( our celebrat$ entomologi/1 ,mr4 ,lorqu91 :o caught ! species 9 ! high] ,si]ra ,nevada4 #h4 ,l4 ,ic>ioides1 ,boisd4 ,may & ,june1 ,m>9 ,c\nty4 #i4 ,l4 ,ddalus1 ,behr4 ,ic>ioidi similis s$ subtus1 qu puncta 9 ,ic>ioide sunt rotundissima1 9 ,ddalo sunt transv]se producta1 l9eaque discoidalis al>um po/ic>um1 qu 9 ,ic>ioide dee/ et pro qua macula alba subtriquetra militat1 hac 9 specie l9ea transv]sa di/9ctissime nigra v9dicatur4 ,! ?ree specim5s 9 my collection1 ,i receiv$ ?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,mr4 ,*as4 ,h(fman1 ( ! ,geological ,survey1 :o collect$ !m 9 ! ,alp9e regions ar\nd ! head wat]s ( ! ,tuolumne ,riv]4 #aj4 ,l4 ,spiolus1 ,boisd4 #aa4 ,l4 ,aehaja1 ,behr4 ,al utriusque sexus supra fusc1 m>g9e l9eaque discoidali nigrisc5te1 vittaque fulva m>g9ali signat n magis obscur4 ,al subtus c9]e1 l9ea discoidali s]ieque punctorum nigrorum dilutius c9ctorum refracta signat4 ,po/ic punctis tribus nigris dilutius c9ctis radicalibus insup] in/ruct4 ,lunul>um s]ies duplex1 int]ior nigra ext]ior dilutior1 apicem v]sus analem puncta nonnulla aurantiaca amplect5s4 ,?is species ,i receiv$ also f ,mr4 ,h(fmann1 :o f\nd x associat$ ) ,l4 ,ddalus4 ,x is ! ,cali=nian analogue ( ! ,european ,age/is1 & produces on "o some:at ! impression ( a ,polyommatus4 #ab4 ,l4 ,cilia1 ,behr4 ,al supra arg5teo glauc1 antic m>g9e fusca lata1 po/ic angu/a in/ruct2 antic l9ea discoidali po/ic s]ie punctorum m>g9ali1 cui intus lunul subm>g9ales prc$unt signat4 ,limbus subtessellatus4 ,al n fusc que ac ris signat4 ,limbus di/9cte tessellatus4 ,al ris antic subtus albid l9ea discoidali1 s]ie punctorum necnon puncto radicali duplici ornat2 lunul m>g9ales duplices2 po/ic a radice ad s]iem punctorum c9]e1 punctis tribus radicalibus1 s]ieque punctorum nigrorum lactea c9ctorum1 maculaque discoidali lactea ornat2 a s]ie punctorum usque ad m>g9em al po/ic lacte1 s]ie lunul>um duplici v]sus angulum analem luteo t9cta in/ruct4 n al subtus que signat ac ris s$ antic que ad po/ic dimidiat et qu p>s e/ c9]ea 9 colore fusco obtegitur4 ,?is species ,i also receiv$ f ! ,geological ,survey4 ,x 0 f\nd at an elevation ( #aa1jjj feet & ov]1 on ! sn[y heights surr\nd+ ! headwat]s ( ! ,tuolumne ,riv]4 ,x belongs to ! type ( ! ,european ,orbitulus1 :i* is f\nd 9 simil> regions ( ! ,alps4 #ac4 ,l4 ,argyrotoxus1 ,behr4 ,al c9ct supra lilac9 fusco m>g9at albo limbat1 n supra fusc1 9 anticis fascia 9 po/icis lunulis m>g9alibus fulvis signat4 ,al ris subtus albid1 n lacte4 ,l9ea discoidalis p>um di/9cta4 ,s]ies punctorum vix halone c9ctorum 9 anticis /ricta1 9 po/icis refracta4 ,p>s radicalis antic>um concolor1 po/ic>um nonnullis punctis m9imis s$ di/9cte halone c9ctis signata2 lunul>um s]ies m>g9alium duplex s$ p>um di/9cta1 spatia fulva amplect5s1 qu tam5 non semp] di/+ui possunt1 9 po/icis lunul ext]iores s]iei spl5dore metallico micantes4 ,al n subtus magis di/9cte signat2 spatia fulva subm>g9alia nec non spl5dor metallicus lunul>um di/9ctius videtur4 ,?is species is f\nd 9 ! ,si]ra ,nevada4 ,x is v simil> to ,l4 ,scudd]i ( ! ,atlantic coa/1 & may prove to be only a local v>iety ( t species1 f :i* x diff]s *iefly 9 ! %ape & arrangem5t ( ! subm>g9al m>k+s1 :i*1 h[ev]1 9 ! ,atlantic coa/ specim5s1 are mu* m di/9ct ?an 9 ^? f ,cali=nia4 #ad4 ,l4 ,cal*as4 8 ,al n supra fusc radicem v]sus pru9a crulea abduct1 antic l9ea discoidali1 po/ic punctis m>g9alibus nigresc5tibus1 lunulisque subm>g9alibus fulvis signat4 ,al subtus c9]e1 l9ea discoidali1 s]ieque punctorum quadrangul>ium albo m>g9atorum signat4 ,lunul>um s]ies subm>g9alis duplex1 lunulas fulvas includ5s1 9 po/icis intus triangulis albis suffulta4 ,lunulas m>g9ales 9 po/icis metallice micant4 ,( ?is species ,i possess only "o specim52 b ?is diff]s s mu* f ! o!r ,cali=nia ,lycn1 t ,i consid] myself ju/ifi$ 9 giv+ a diagnosis ( x1 al?\gh1 z a rule1 descriptions ( ,lepidopt]a belong+ to complicat$ & difficult gr\ps %\ld n be giv5 )\t ample mat]ial on :i* to base !m4 ,?is specim5 is f ,mono ,lake1 & 0 collect$ by ! ,geological ,survey4 #ae4 ,l4 ,battoides4 ,al ris supra azure1 late nigro m>g9at tessellato limbat1 n fusc1 po/ic lunulis nonnullis fulvis subm>g9alibus in/ruct1 omnium limbus tessellatus4 ,al utriusque sexus subtus albid1 punctis radicalibus duobus1 9 anticis 9 fasciam transv]sam valde refractam nigram conflu5tibus1 l9ea discoidali1 s]ie punctorum ord9>iorum quadrangul>ium nigrorum1 duplici s]ie subm>g9ali1 necnon m>g9e nigro in/ruct4 ,al po/ic tribus punctis radicalibus nigris et ad s]iem punctorum subm>g9alium int]nam fascia fulva ornat1 qu nec s]iem punctorum ext]nam neque apicem ant]iorem att+it4 ,?is species 0 collect$ at an elevation ( elev5 ?\s& feet1 on ! head-wat]s ( ! ,san ,joaqu9 ,riv]1 by ! ,geological ,survey4 ,x repres5ts ! ,european ,l4 ,battus4 #af4 ,l4 ,enoptes1 ,boisd4 ,hills ne> ! ,mission ,dolores1 & 9 ! ,san ,bruno ,hills4 ,?is species is r r>e4 ,x repres5ts ! ,european ,l4 ,aegon4 #ag4 ,l4 ,antgon1 ,boisd4 ,! mo/ common species ne> ,san ,francisco1 & f\nd ne>ly ev]y:]e ?r\gh ,c5tral ,cali=nia4 ,!re are sev]al g5]ations succe$+ ea* o!r ?r\gh ! ye>4 ,a specim5 ,i receiv$ f ! head-wat]s ( ! ,san ,joaqu9 ,riv] diff]s some:at f ?is2 b z ,i h only "o ( ?is v>iety1 ,i w n v5ture to express a decid$ op9ion 9 reg>d to x4 ,x is1 p]haps1 an ,alp9e v>iety1 & correspond+ ) a simil> "o ( ,l4 ,spiolus1 ( :i* ,i receiv$ sev]al specim5s =m+ a s]ies ( transitions f ! common type4 #ah4 ,!re is a species approa*+ ! ,european ,l4 ,age/is1 & :i* ,i receiv$ f ! head-wat]s ( ! ,san ,joaqu9 ,riv]2 b ! specim5s 9 my possession are too imp]fect to all[ ( an accurate description be+ giv54 #ai4 ,l4 ,amyntula1 ,boisd4 ,f ! ,contra ,co/a hills1 :]e1 9 ,may & ,june1 x frequ5ts ! fl[]s ( ! ,pavia1 on :i* ! cat]pill> probably fe$s1 z does t ( ,l4 ,piasus4 #bj4 ,l4 exilis1 ,boisd4 ,?is species is r>e1 & s small t x might easily be ov]look$4 ,x frequ5ts l[ mead[s & salt m>%es1 :]e x loves to repose on ! succul5t /ems ( ,salicornia1 & on ! fl[]s ( ,frank5ia4 ,at pres5t x seems to be ! only ,cali=nian repres5tative ( ,l4 ,telicanus & ,boeticus ( ,europe2 b ,i ?9k t sev]al species ( ?is type w be f\nd 9 ,s\!rn ,cali=nia1 :5 t "p ( ! ,/ate has be5 bett] exam9$4 ,i h a specim5 ( ,l4 exilis1 collect$ by ,b>on de ,t]loo1 9 ! ,si]ra ,madre1 betwe5 ,mazatlan & ,durango2 & ,i receiv$1 f ! same g5tleman1 sev]al species ( ! same type f t locality4 ,x is ?is type :i* is s num]\sly repres5t$ 9 ! tropical regions ( ! old _w1 & also 9 extra-tropical ,au/ralia4 ,our depaup]at$ species1 ,l4 exilis1 ) its two ,european cong5]s1 are1 s f> z ,i "k1 ! only ones ( ?is type :i* are f\nd 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e beyond ! tropics4 ,all ! o!r ,cali=nian species belong to types ( ! temp]ate zone1 & are su* z are r>ely met ) 9 tropical c\ntries1 or 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e ev5 out ( ! tropics4 ,! type ( ,amyntula is ! only "o :i* has a s]ies ( species 9 tropical ,asia2 b1 z f> z ,i "k1 none 9 tropical ,am]ica4 ,! type ( ,piasus1 also1 has "s repres5tatives 9 ! tropics ( bo? cont95ts1 "o ( !m be+ ev5 id5tifi$ ) a species ( ,s\!rn ,europe4 ,z to ! o!r types1 ^! species are ess5tially endemic2 & ev5 among ! ,arctic species !re seems n to be any amphigeic "o4 ,z ! males v>y v little1 & ! females only on _! upp] side1 !re is little difficulty 9 transcrib+ & recogniz+ !m4 ,if among our species !re is any "o :i* is id5tical ) an ,atlantic "o1 x is probably ,argyrotoxus1 :i* may be a local modification ( ,l4 ,scudd]i1 ,edw4 ,mr4 ,/e>ns read ! foll[+ pap]3 ,li/ ( ,%ells collect$ at ,santa ,b>b>a & ,san ,diego by ,mr4 ,j4 ,hepburn1 9 ,febru>y-,m>*1 #ahff4 ,,) ,,rem>ks ,,^u ,,"s ,,( ,,! ,,species1 ,,by ,,robt4 ,e4 ,c4 ,,/e>ns1 ,,curator ,,( ,,con*ology1 ,,cal4 ,,acad4 ,,nat4 ,,sci5ces4 ,?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,mr4 ,hepburn1 well kn[n z an en?usia/ic & intellig5t collector1 ,i h be5 p]mitt$ to exam9e ! collections made by him at ! localities ref]r$ to1 f :i* ,i h compil$ ! foll[+ li/4 ,! rem>ks 9 connection ) a few ( ! species are n :olly bas$ ^u ! specim5s obta9$ by ,mr4 ,hepburn1 b r ^u specim5s receiv$ by me f v>i\s s\rces1 & =m+ a portion ( my private collection4 ,! figures 9 ! left h& column ref] to ! numb]s 9 ,mr4 ,p4 ,p4 ,c>p5t]'s ,supplem5t>y ,report 7#ahfc7 to ! ,briti% ,association4 #ab4 ,pholadidea p5ita2 ,san ,diego4 #ac4 ,pholadidea ovoidea1 ,gld42 ,santa ,b>b>a4 #ag4 ,saxicava pholadis1 ,l9n42 ,santa ,b>b>a4 #bj4 ,platyodon cancellatus4 ,conr42 ,santa ,b>b>a4 #ba4 ,cryptomya ,cali=nica1 ,conr42 ,san ,diego & ,santa ,b>b>a4 #bb4 ,s*izo?rus ,nuttallii1 ,conr42 ,santa ,b>b>a4 #ce4 ,mytilim]ia ,nuttallii1 ,c\r42 ,santa ,b>b>a4 #dc4 ,macoma secta1 ,conr42 ,san ,diego4 #ed4 ,tell9a ,bodeg5sis1 ,h9ds42 ,san ,diego & ,santa ,b>b>a4 #ei4 ,semele decisa1 ,conr42 ,san ,diego4 #fd4 ,cum+ia ,cali=nica1 ,conr42 ,santa ,b>b>a4 #fe4 ,donax ,cali=nicus1 ,conr42 ,san ,diego4 #gd4 ,amiantis callosa1 ,conr42 ,san ,diego4 #ge4 ,pa*ydesma crassatelloides1 ,conr42 ,san ,diego4 #gg4 ,psephis ,lordi1 ,baird2 ,san ,diego4 #ha4 ,*ione succ9cta1 ,val42 ,san ,diego4 #hb4 ,*ione excavata1 ,c>p42 ,san ,diego4 #hd4 ,*ione fluctifragra1 ,sby42 ,san ,diego4 #he4 ,tapes t5]rima1 ,c>p42 ,santa ,b>b>a4 #hh4 ,saxidomus aratus1 ,gld42 ,san ,diego & ,santa ,b>b>a4 #ic4 ,petricola c>ditoides1 ,conr42 ,san ,diego & ,santa ,b>b>a4 #ig4 ,c>dium corbis1 ,m>t42 ,santa ,b>b>a4 #ajc4 ,lioc>dium elatum1 ,sby42 ,san ,diego4 #aaj4 ,laz>ia subquadrata1 ,c>p42 ,santa ,b>b>a4 #aab4 ,luc9a ,cali=nica1 ,conr42 ,santa ,b>b>a4 #aah4 ,diplodonta orbella1 ,gld42 ,san ,diego4 #aai4 ,kellia ,lap]\seii1 ,de%42 ,santa ,b>b>a4 #acd4 ,adula falcata1 ,gld42 ,santa ,b>b>a4 8#afj4 ,pect5 v5tricosus1 ,sby42 ,san ,diego4 #afb;b4 ,pect5 latiauratus1 ,conr42 ,san ,diego & ,santa ,b>b>a4 #afb4 ,pect5 monotim]is1 ,conr42 ,santa ,b>b>a4 #afe4 ,h9nites giganteus1 ,gray2 ,santa ,b>b>a4 #aff;c4 ,o/rea v> rufoides1 ,gld4 #aga4 ,bulla nebulosa1 ,gld42 ,san ,diego & ,santa ,b>b>a4 #age4 ,ham9ea viresc5s1 ,sby42 ,san ,diego4 #aii4 ,melampus olivaceus1 ,c>p42 ,san ,diego4 #bdc4 ,acma pat9a1 ,es*42 ,santa ,b>b>a4 #bdg4 ,acma spectrum1 ,rve42 ,san ,diego & ,santa ,b>b>a4 #bde4 ,acma p]sona1 ,es*42 ,santa ,b>b>a4 ,nacella v]nalis1 7,dall ,ms472 ,santa ,b>b>a4 #bdi4 ,lottia gigantea1 ,gray2 ,santa ,b>b>a4 #bej4 ,scurria mitra1 ,es*42 ,santa ,b>b>a4 #beb4 ,r[ellia radiata1 ,coop]2 ,santa ,b>b>a4 #bec4 ,fissurella volcano1 ,rve42 ,san ,diego & ,santa ,b>b>a4 #bfa4 ,haliotis spl5d5s1 ,rve42 ,san ,diego4 #bfe4 ,phasianella compta1 ,gld42 ,san ,diego4 #bff4 ,pomaulax undosus1 ,wood2 ,santa ,b>b>a4 #bfi4 ,lepto?yra sangu9ea1 ,c>p42 ,santa ,b>b>a4 #bge4 ,tro*iscus ,norrissii1 ,sby42 ,santa ,b>b>a4 #bgg4 ,*loro/oma funebrale1 ,a4 ,ad42 ,santa ,b>b>a4 #bgi4 ,*loro/oma brunneum1 ,phil42 ,santa ,b>b>a4 #bha4 ,*loro/oma aureot9ctum1 ,fbs42 ,santa ,b>b>a4 #bhb4 ,omphalius fuscesc5s1 ,phil42 ,san ,diego4 #bhc4 ,callio/oma canaliculatum1 ,m>t42 ,san ,diego & ,santa ,b>b>a4 #cje4 ,crucibulum sp9osum1 ,sby42 ,san ,diego4 #bhcjf4 ,crepidula aculcata1 ,gmel42 ,santa ,b>b>a4 #bhcjg4 ---- 8dorsata1 ,brod42 ,santa ,b>b>a4 #bhcjh4 ---- excavata1 ,brod42 ,santa ,b>b>a4 #bhcaa4 ---- navicelloides1 ,nutt42 ,santa ,b>b>a4 #bhcaa4 ---- v>4 numm>ia1 ,gld42 ,santa ,b>b>a4 #bhcaa4 ---- v>4 explanata1 ,gld42 ,santa ,b>b>a4 #bhcad4 ,hipponyx cranioides1 ,c>p42 ,santa ,b>b>a4 #cbh4 ,c]i?idea sacrata1 ,gld42 ,san ,diego & ,santa ,b>b>a4 #cbi4 ,bittium filosum1 ,gld42 ,santa ,b>b>a4 #cbi;b4 ---- v>4 esuri5s1 ,c>p42 ,santa ,b>b>a4 #ccc4 ---- armillatum1 ,c>p42 ,santa ,b>b>a4 #ccg4 ,littor9a scutulata1 ,gld42 ,santa ,b>b>a4 #cff4 ,trivia ,cali=nica1 ,gray2 ,santa ,b>b>a4 #cfg4 ---- ,sol&ri1 ,gray2 ,santa ,b>b>a4 #cfh4 ,erato vitell9a1 ,h9ds2 ,santa ,b>b>a4 #cga4 ,drillia in]mis1 ,hds42 ,san ,diego & ,santa ,b>b>a4 #cgd4 ,drillia torosa1 ,c>p42 ,santa ,b>b>a4 #chh4 ,conus ,cali=nicus1 ,hds42 ,santa ,b>b>a4 #dji4 ,scal>ia ,indianorum1 ,c>p42 ,san ,diego4 #dbd4 ,c]i?iopsis assimilata1 ,c4 ,b4 ,ad42 ,santa ,b>b>a4 #dcf4 ,ranella ,cali=nica1 ,hds42 ,santa ,b>b>a4 ,a ,surcula ,c>p5t]iana1 ,gabb42 ,santa ,b>b>a4 #dcg4 ,mitra maura1 ,swa9s2 ,santa ,b>b>a4 #ddb4 ,volv>9a v>ia1 ,sby42 ,santa ,b>b>a4 #ddc4 ,olivella biplicata1 ,sby42 ,san ,diego & ,santa ,b>b>a4 #ddd4 ---- btica1 ,c>p42 ,san ,diego4 #dde4 ,nassa fossata1 ,gld42 ,santa ,b>b>a4 #ddf4 ---- p]p+uis1 ,hds42 ,san ,diego & ,santa ,b>b>a4 #ddh4 ---- m5dica1 ,gld42 ,santa ,b>b>a4 #ddi4 ---- ,coop]i1 ,fbs42 ,santa ,b>b>a4 #dej4 ---- tegula1 ,rve42 ,san ,diego4 #deg4 ,amycla c>9ata1 ,hds42 ,santa ,b>b>a4 #def4 ,amphissa corrugata1 ,rve42 ,santa ,b>b>a4 #dfj;d4 ,purpura saxicola1 ,val41 v>4 o/r9a1 ,gld42 ,santa ,b>b>a4 ,purpura tris]ialis1 ,bla9v42 ,santa ,b>b>a4 #dfa4 ,monoc]as engonatum1 ,conr42 ,santa ,b>b>a4 #dff4 ,c]a/oma foliatum1 ,gmel2 ,santa ,b>b>a4 #dfg4 ---- ,nuttalli1 ,conr42 ,san ,diego & ,santa ,b>b>a4 #dgc4 ,muricidea ,cali=nica1 ,hds42 ,san ,diego4 #dhc4 ,fusus ambu/us1 ,gld42 ,santa ,b>b>a4 ,,rem>ks4 #bfi4 ,lepto?yra sangu9ea1 ,c>p4 ,common at ,mont]ey2 all %ades ( color f light r$ to v d>k purple2 sometimes broadly b&$ ) :ite2 ano!r v>iety is m>k$ ) irregul> :iti% /reaks1 caus+ a resemblance to ! "y %ells ( #bhb1 ,omphalius fuscesc5s4 #bge4 ,tro*iscus ,norrisii1 ,sby4 ,! apex :orls ( ! "y %ells h a spiral b& tesselat$ ) :ite & r$4 #chh4 ,conus ,cali=nicus1 ,hds4 ,:5 "y1 ! %ells ( ?is species are ornam5t$ ) yell[i% br[n m>k+s ^u a light blui% gr\nd4 ,a ,surcula ,c>p5t]iana1 ,gabb4 ,! mo/ p]fect rec5t specim5 ( ?is r>e species t ,i h se5 7describ$ by ,mr4 ,gabb 9 ,vol4 ,,iii1 ,cal4 ,acad4 ,pro4 p4 #ahc7 0 obta9$ by ,mr4 ,hepburn2 :5 p]fect1 "o ( ! f9e/ %ells ( ! upp] ,cali=nian prov9ce2 ! specim5 ref]r$ to is ( a cle> light salmon color1 trav]s$ spirally by n>r[ b&s or broad l9es ( r$di% br[n1 & resembl+ 9 its g5]al color+ t equally f9e %ell ,n>ona ,coop]i1 ,gabb1 describ$ z above1 p4 #ahf4 #dfj;d4 ,purpura v>4 o/r9a1 ,gld4 ,deposits its yell[i% eggs on ! rocks at ,black ,po9t & ! ,cliff ,h\se ne> ,san ,francisco1 9 ! latt] "p ( ,june 7#ahfe7 & ! middle ( ,july 7#ahff74 #ge4 ,pa*ydesma crassatelloides1 ,conr4 ,valves frequ5tly m>k$ ) broad radiat+ b&s ( light br[n4 #bff4 ,pomaulax undosus1 ,wood4 ,"y %ells approa* closely to ! immature =m ( ,pa*ypoma gibb]osum1 ,*emn4 #bha4 ,mr4 ,c>p5t] rem>ks 9 8 supplem5t>y ,report to ! ,b4 ,a41 9 connection ) ,*loro/oma aureot9ctum1 ,fbs43 8m\? orange spott$40 ,i %\ld am5d ?is s z to read umbilicus /a9$ ) orange4 #def4 ,amphissa corrugata1 ,rve4 ,?is species assumes ne>ly e %ade ( color & an innum]able v>iety ( m>k+s2 ! latt] be+ g5]ally "s %ade ( br[n ^u a light] color$ gr\nd4 #gd4 ,amiantis callosa1 ,conr4 ,an ab]rant =m ( ?is species 9 my collection sugge/s1 9 outl9e1 ,dos9ia4 #hh4 ,saxidomus aratus1 ,gld4 ,a s+le specim5 ( a "y %ell ( ?is species 7,coll4 ,/e>ns7 is prettily m>k$ ) br[n ^u ! po/]ior dorsal portion ( ! valves4 #bh ,comp>$ & agree ) ,smi?sonian ,in/4 types 9 ,cal4 ,acad4 ,collection4 ,pr(essor ,:itney read ! foll[+3 ,notice ( ! ,occurr5ce ( a ,tung/ate ( ,lime & ,copp] 9 ,l[] ,cali=nia4 ,,by ,j4 ,d4 ,,:itney4 ,among "s specim5s br\ght f ! vic9ity ( ,la ,paz1 ,l[] ,cali=nia1 by ,mr4 ,rmond1 ab\t ?ree ye>s s9ce1 0 "o :i* attract$ my att5tion1 z x seem$ to conta9 an undescrib$ m9]al4 ,i !re=e made an analysis ( x & f\nd x to consi/ ( tung/ic acid1 oxide ( copp]1 & lime1 ) a small quantity ( wat]1 probably n ess5tial to its composition4 ,! results ( ! analysis 7 z foll[s3 ,tung/ic ,acid #gi4fi ,oxide ( ,copp] #f4gg ,lime #aj4ie ,protoxide ( ,iron 4#ca ,wat] #a4dj ----- #ii4ab ,on exam9+ to asc]ta9 if !re 0 any kn[n m9]al hav+ a composition simil> to ?is1 ,i f\nd t a tung/ate ( lime conta9+ copp] _h be5 describ$ by ,domeyko z occurr+ 9 ! copp] m9es ( ,llamuco1 ne> ,*uapa1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,coquimbo1 9 ,*ili1 :]e x 0 discov]$ by ,m4 ,gay 7,annales des ,m9es 7#d7 iii1 #ae74 ,t m9]al1 h[ev]1 only conta9$ #c4c p] c5t4 ( oxide ( copp]1 :ile ! "o ( :i* ! analysis is giv5 above conta9s #f4gg p] c5t4 ( t sub/ance4 ,m4 ,domeyko calls ! m9]al analyz$ by him 8,s*eel9 calcaire cuivreux10 b does n attempt to give a =mula = x1 or to decide :e!r x is entitl$ to rank z a di/9ct species4 ,! ,l[] ,cali=nia m9]al1 ( :i* ! analysis is giv5 above1 occurs 9 a r$ metamorphic rock1 associat$ ) black t\rmal9e4 ,x is cry/all9e-granul> 9 /ructure1 ) a di/9ct cleavage 9 "o direction1 & seems to be homog5e\s ?r\gh\t4 ,its h>dness is ab\t t ( ,s*eelite2 lu/]1 highly vitre\s2 /reak1 v light gre5i%-gray2 color1 pi/a*io gre51 pass+ to olive & leek gre54 ,be=e ! bl[pipe 9 ! glass tube x black5s1 & gives (f a little wat]4 ,on *>coal x black5s in/antly1 becomes r\nd$ on ! edges1 ) a little intumesc5ce1 & gradually acquires ! appe>ance ( a slag1 9 :i* num]\s f9e po9ts ( metallic copp] are se54 ,) ! fluxes x gives ! reactions ( tung/ic acid & copp]4 ,x is easily dissolv$ by *lorohydric acid1 ) sep>ation ( tung/ic acid4 ,f ! appe>ance ( ! m9]al1 ,i am incl9$ to reg>d x z hav+ a def9ite composition1 repres5t$ by ! =mula ,cu,o ,,wo#b 7,ca,o ,,wo72 ?is =mula w\ld require ! foll[+ composition3 ,tung/ic ,acid #gh4dc ,oxide ( ,copp] #h4ie ,lime #ab4fb ------ #ajj4jj ,?is agrees pretty well ) ! results ( ! analysis1 al?\gh x is desirable t m specim5s %\ld be exam9$1 & if possible f o!r localities4 ,i am in=m$ by ,mr4 ,a%burn] t he has notic$ ?is m9]al at m ?an "o m9e 9 ,l[] ,cali=nia4 ,at all ev5ts1 ,i w\ld sugge/ = ! m9]al 9 "q ! "n ( ,cupros*eelite1 z conv5i5t = designat+ x1 & z express+ its *emical & m9]alogical relations1 :e!r x be consid]$ z a m9]al sub/ance hav+ a di/9ct & fix$ composition1 or only z a v>iety ( ,s*eelite1 conta9+ a l>ge b unc]ta9 am\nt ( oxide ( copp]4 ,dr4 ,ayres call$ att5tion to ! fact t a c>case ( a ,black fi% c\ld be procur$ at ! ,potr]o1 at a small exp5se1 & a subscription 0 rais$ = its pur*ase4 ,pr(essor ,:itney exhibit$ a bran* ( ,sequoia semp]vir5s1 tak5 f a small tree gr[+ ne> ,san ,rafael1 ( :i* ! leaves are entirely :ite4 ,! tree pres5ts a v s+ul> appe>ance1 surr\nd$ z x is by o!r r$woods ( ! usual color4 ,! fact 0 elicit$ t simil> blan*$ r$woods exi/ 9 o!r localities 9 ! ,coa/ ,ranges2 b no explanation or !ory 0 (f]$ to acc\nt = ?is curi\s1 abnormal blan*+ ( ! foliage ( a s+le species--a simil> condition ( ?+s n hav+ be5 notic$1 s f> z kn[n1 9 any o!r species ?an ! r$wood4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,augu/ #bj,,?1 #ahff4 ,dr4 ,kellogg 9 ! *air4 ,t5 memb]s pres5t4 ,messrs4 ,w4 ,h4 ,knight & ,a4 ,godefroy 7 elect$ ,resid5t ,memb]s4 ,donations to ! ,libr>y3 ,bibliography ( ,nor? ,am]ican ,con*ology previ\s to ! ye> #ahfj2 by ,w4 ,g4 ,b9ney1 ,p>ts #a & #b1 #hvo41 ,wa%+ton1 #ahfd4 ,cretace\s ,reptiles ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 by ,j4 ,leidy1 #dto41 ,wa%+ton1 #ahff4 ,palontology ( ! ,upp] ,miss\ri2 ,inv]tebrates1 by ,f4 ,b4 ,meek & ,f4 ,v4 ,hayd51 ,"p #a1 #dto41 ,wa%+ton1 #ahfe4 ,li/ ( ! ,coleopt]a ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 by ,j4 ,l4 ,leconte1 ,m4,d4 ,"p #a1 #hvo41 ,wa%+ton1 #ahfc4 ,rese>*es ^u ! ,hydrobi9 & alli$ =ms1 by ,dr4 ,w4 ,/impson1 #hvo41 ,wa%+ton1 #ahfe4 ,monograph ( ,am]ican ,corbiculad1 rec5t & fossil1 by ,temple ,prime1 #hvo41 ,wa%+ton4 ,catalogue ( ,m9]als1 ) _! =mulas1 etc41 by ,t4 ,egle/on1 #hvo41 ,wa%+ton1 #ahfc4 ,l& & ,fre%-wat] ,%ells ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 by ,w4 ,g4 ,b9ney1 ,p>ts #b & #c1 #hvo41 ,wa%+ton1 #ahfe4 ,*eck li/ ( ! ,inv]tebrate ,fossils ( ,nor? ,am]ica2 ,eoc5e & ,oligoc5e1 by ,t4 ,a4 ,conrad2 ,cretace\s & ,jurassic1 by ,f4 ,b4 ,meek1 two #hvo4 pamphlets1 ,wa%+ton1 #ahfd-f4 ,all ( ! above 7 publi%$ & pres5t$ by ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution4 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,p4 ,blake pres5t$ ! foll[+ communication3 ,miscellane\s ,notices4 ,,by ,,william ,p4 ,,blake1 ,pr(essor ( ,m9]alogy1 ,geology1 & ,m9+1 ,dept4 ,sci4 ,coll4 ( ,cali=nia4 ,i4 ,,new ,,locality ,,( ,,fossils ,,9 ,,! ,,gold-,,be>+ ,,rocks ,,( ,,cali=nia4 ,i h obta9$ specim5s ( ,ammonites f ! cut 9 ! rocks on ! l9e ( ! ,c5tral ,pacific ,railroad1 ab\t two miles bel[ ,colfax1 & 9 ! he>t ( ! ma9 gold belt ( ! ,/ate4 ,! rock is a compact argillite1 some:at alt]$ & mu* discolor$ by ! p]oxydation ( iron4 ,! /rata are boldly flex$ & are int]/ratifi$ ) co>se grits & a ?ick b$ ( conglom]ate1 s mu* alt]$ t ! pebbles are homog5e\sly cem5t$4 ,! sub/ance ( ! fossils has be5 remov$ by p]colat+ wat]s1 b v p]fect ca/s ( !m rema9 & %[ ! details ( ! ext]nal =m1 b d n p]mit ! sept to be se54 ,x is ?us n possible1 p]haps1 to det]m9e ! specific *>act]s2 & consid]+1 also1 ! abs5ce ( a typical collection & works ( ref]5ce1 ,i d n attempt a m9ute description1 pref]r+ to ref] ! specim5s to a palontologi/4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be obs]v$ t ! fossils are und\bt$ly ( ! second>y p]iod2 & t !y are app>5tly specifically id5tical ) ^? f ! ,am]ican riv]1 9 ! same vic9ity1 ( :i* ,i s5t photographs to ,mr4 ,meek1 at ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 9 #ahfc1 & aft]w>ds notic$ at "o ( ! meet+s ( ?is ,academy1 9 ,septemb]1 #ahfd4 ,!y are1 also1 app>5tly id5tical ) ! species f\nd 9 ! ,be> ,valley1 ,m>iposa1 slates4 ,if ?is species has n be5 already nam$1 ,i desire to connect ) x ! "n ( ,mr4 ,spe>1 9 ^: cab9et at ,georget[n1 ! e>lie/ specim5 0 c>efully pres]v$4 ,i obta9$ "o specim5 at ! locality1 & ano!r 0 pres5t$ to me by ,mr4 ,ri*>d ,c>roll1 x hav+ be5 sav$ by ! qu>ry-m51 "u ! impression t x 0 a petrifi$ rattlesnake4 ,x is ab\t six in*es 9 its longe/ diamet]1 be+ elliptical & evid5tly di/ort$ by lat]al pressure4 ,,ii4 ,,too? ,,( ,,! ,,ext9ct ,,elephant1 ,,plac] ,,c\nty4 ,i h receiv$ f ,mr4 ,bak] & ,mr4 ,?ompson1 ?r\gh ! h&s ( ,mr4 ,e4 ,tyl]1 all ( ,plac] ,c\nty1 a s+le mol> too? ( ,elephas f\nd 9 ! aurif]\s gravel ne> ,mi*igan ,bluffs1 ?us add+ ano!r locality to ! li/ %[+ ! =m] g5]al di/ribution ( ! anci5t elephants ov] ?is coa/4 ,,iii4 ,,%>k ,,tee? ,,& ,,o!r ,,m>9e ,,rema9s1 ,,tul>e ,,c\nty4 ,:5 at ,ocoya or ,posa ,creek1 9 #ahec1 ,i collect$ a great numb] ( %>k tee? f ! tops ( ! hills1 at ! base ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada1 on ! ea/ side ( ! ,tul>e ,lake4 ,^! 7 describ$ & figur$ 9 my ,report to ! ,u4 ,s4 ,gov]nm5t4 ,hav+ rec5tly revisit$ t region1 ,i f\nd o!r localities1 & made ano!r collection1 a "p ( :i* ,i n[ exhibit to ! ,academy4 ,! foll[+ g5]a & species are repres5t$3 ,oxyrh9a plana1 ,o4 tumula1 ,lamna clavata1 ,galeoc]do productus1 ,prionodon antiquus1 ,hemipri/is het]opleurus1 ,notidanus1 7,nov4 ,sp487 & ,zygobates1 a g5us ( ! family ( ,skates1 hav+ pavem5t-l tee?4 ,v]tebrat1 app>5tly ( ! :ale1 are abundant1 & "s fragm5ts ( ! head4 ,^! rema9s are n[ at lea/ twelve hundr$ feet above ! sea1 & be+ 9 unbrok5 horizontal /rata1 %[ a v great & g5]al uplift ( ! region 9 comp>ative late times4 ,! /rata 7 ref]r$ to ! ,mioc5e 9 my ,report1 b ,i am n[ incl9$ to reg>d !m z ,po/-,plioc5e4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ^! /rata re/ undi/urb$ ^u granite1 :i* is trav]s$ by gold-be>+ ve9s1 n ov] five miles f ! po9t :]e ! fossils are f\nd1 & s l[ t ! ve9s mu/ h be5 cov]$ by ! sea prior to ! elevation ( ! region4 ,,iv4 ,,qu>ry ,,( ,,gold-,,be>+ ,,rock4 ,! ,bak] or ,:iskey ,hill ,m9e ( ,plac] ,c\nty1 a few miles f ,l9coln1 pres5ts ! novelty ( pr(itable gold m9+ f a qu>ry 9 ! slates )\t any well def9$ qu>tz ve94 ,a hill ) a r\nd$ outl9e is cov]$ ) r\gh outcrops ( ru/y slate1 ov] a bread? ( two hundr$ feet or m4 ,a qu>ry at "o end exposes ! slate1 ) a great v>iety ( colors1 f :ite to br[n & r$ & black1 ! :ole ( x be+ s(t & o*race\s1 & 9 places /a9$ gre5 & blue ) c>bonate ( copp]4 ,^! v>iegat$ slates are l ^? commonly kn[n1 among ,cali=nia copp] prospectors1 z 8calico rocks10 & ! gr\nd 0 fir/ locat$ & prospect$ = copp]4 ,x is evid5t t ! =mation consi/s ( b$s ( iron pyrites 7mundic7 ) a small b v>iable portion ( copp] pyrites1 & t ! ru/y1 upp] portions are due to ! gradual decomposition ( ! sulphurets above ! p]man5t wat]-l9e1 or :]e ! atmosph]e has _h access4 ,bel[ ! wat]-l9e we may n expect to f9d ! ru/y o*rey slates4 ,?is is %[n1 also1 at a %aft :i* has rea*$ ! wat]4 ,blocks ( mundic1 tak5 out ( t %aft1 are int]/ratifi$ ) talcose slate4 ,at "o po9t1 9 ! bottom ( ! qu>ry1 a lay] ( gre5 & blue c>bonate ( copp] is f\nd1 & ?is is evid5tly ! result ( a gradual conc5tration ( ! copp] f ! decompos$ gr\nd above4 ,! s(t slate1 z qu>ri$1 is tramm$ to a five-/amp mill1 ) v co>se grates1 & ne>ly =ty tons are run ?r\gh x daily4 ,! pay is said to v>y f two to tw5ty doll>s1 b ! av]age is report$ to be f five to six doll>s p] ton4 ,mr4 ,/e>ns read ! foll[+3 ,s9ce my communication to ! ,academy ( date ,july #af? la/1 on ! ,%ells ( ,baul9es ,bay1 additional specim5s 7#d7 ( ,haliotis rufesc5s h be5 f\nd by ,mr4 ,h>=d & ,dr4 ,kellogg2 also _m specim5s ( ,ka!r9a tunicata1 & "o ( ,mopalia ,h9dsii2 f betwe5 ! umbos ( v l>ge specim5s ( ,mytilus ,cali=nianus1 collect$ by ! same g5tlem51 sev]al specim5s ( ,b>leia8 subt5uis ,c>p4 ,9 addition to ! above m>9e =ms1 ! foll[+ species 7 f\nd by ! same p>ties 9 a gul* at ,belvid]e ,ran*1 n f> f ,capt4 ,morgan's h\se1 s\? side ( ,baul9es ,bay3 ,helix ,nickl9iana1 ,h4 arrosa1 ,h4 infumata1 ,h4 ,columbiana 7hirsute v>47 & ,h4 ,vanc\v]5sis4 ,also1 ne> a small /ream on ! same ran*1 ,by?9ella ,b9neyi1 ,tryon4 ,! la/ nam$ species _h previ\sly be5 f\nd 9 ?is neighborhood by ,rev4 ,j4 ,r[ell4 ,pr(4 ,blake m5tion$ t a too? ( a ma/odon _h be5 f\nd ab\t ?ree miles f ,antio*1 ne> ,monte ,diablo1 by ,capt4 ,/ev5s4 ,mr4 ,/e>ns gave an acc\nt ( ! ,helix1 its anatomy1 geographical di/ribution1 & use z an article ( food & = m$ic9al purposes1 9 bo? anci5t & mod]n times4 ,pr(4 ,blake /at$ t he _h 9 8 possession a portion ( a human skull said to h be5 tak5 f a dep? ( #bej feet bel[ ! surface1 ne> ,columbia1 9 ,tuolumne ,c\nty4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,septemb] #c;,d1 #ahff4 ,presid5t 9 ! *air4 ,twelve memb]s pres5t1 & ,mr4 ,a4 ,wood z a visitor4 ,mr4 ,john ,swett 0 elect$ a ,resid5t ,memb]4 ,donations to ! ,cab9et3 ,two specim5s ( fi%es f ,dr4 ,kellogg & ,dr4 ,behr2 specim5 ( a fungus1 ,polyporus igni>ius1 f ,dr4 ,kellogg4 ,dr4 ,kellogg call$ ! att5tion ( ! ,academy to ! rem>kable specim5 ( fungus pres5t$ by him1 ,polyporus igni>ius1 :i* 0 f\nd gr[+ ^u ! ,bay tree1 ,oreodaphne ,cali=nica2 & gave a description ( ,fungi 9 g5]al2 allud+ p>ticul>ly to ! de/ructive effect ( _m species1 "s produc+ ! dry rot 9 %ips1 o!rs de/roy+ build+s1 produc+ ! dis9tegration ( mort> 9 masonry1 & s]i\sly affect+ ! heal?1 or de/roy+ animal life4 ,dr4 ,kellogg also rem>k$ on ! use ( "s species ( ,fungi = food1 p>ticul>ly by ! natives ( ,au/ralia1 :o reg>d !m ) especial favor = t purpose4 ,! rapid gr[? & poison\s effect ( c]ta9 species ( ,fungi 7 m5tion$1 also ! use made ( "s species 9 ! arts4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,wood1 :o has rec5tly return$ f a botanical exploration ( ,oregon1 be+ pres5t z a visitor1 0 invit$ to speak1 & gave ! foll[+ n>rative ( ! rec5t asc5t ( ,m\nt ,hood1 by himself & a p>ty ( g5tlem53 ,on ! #bj? ( ,augu/ la/1 9 company ) ,dr4 ,atk9son1 ( ,portl&1 & ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,de>dorff1 ( ,walla ,walla1 & ?ree o!rs1 ,i /ood ^u ! summit ( ,m\nt ,hood 9 ,oregon4 ,f our la/ camp on ! summit ( ! ,cascade ,range to ?is po9t1 ! summit ( ,m\nt ,hood is elev5 miles ( con/ant & we>y asc5t1 at angles ab\t z foll[s3 ,five miles 9 ! fir/1 #ab to #ae2 two miles to et]nal sn[1 #be to #cj2 "o & "o-half miles to ! gap 9 ! rim ( ! crat]1 ab\t #de2 ! rema9+ asc5t trav]s+ ! anci5t crat]1 ne>ly or q #fj6 ,! day 0 cl\dless2 a /rong1 w>m w9d f ! s\!a/ s(t5$ ! surface ( ! sn[ & favor$ our asc5t1 al?\gh x gave u mu* anxiety le/ x %\ld loos5 "s ( ! trem5d\s acclivities ( sn[ & ov]hang+ drifts f above u4 ,/>t+ f camp at daylight1 on horseback f\r miles1 we arriv$ at ! top at a qu>t] pa/ two ,p4,m41 9 n9e & a half h\rs4 ,our app>atus = measur+ ! heights consi/$ ( two b>omet]s1 7an]oid7 a !rmomet]1 a t9 cup1 & a _s lamp4 ,bo? b>omet]s fail$ u1 ! index ceas+ to turn aft] some?+ m ?an a complete revolution on ! dial4 ,!y 7 n made = su* heights4 ,b we made good use ( our !rmomet]4 ,! asc5t 0 exce$+ly difficult1 & n )\t dang]4 ,! long summ] heat _h und]m9$ ! sn[s1 caus+ _! surface to con=m m to ! rugg$ness ( ! m\nta9s1 & ! slides _h op5$ *asms ( invisible dep?s across our pa?4 ,we look$ d[n into sev]al ( ^! *asms & saw t ! massive walls bel[ consi/$ ( solid1 blue ice1 & t]m9at$ at l5g? 9 ! blackness ( d>kness4 ,we c\ld he> ! noise ( runn+ wat]1 app>5tly 9 torr5ts4 ,"o ( ^! *asms 0 unavoidable--& mu/ be cross$4 ,its transv]se l5g? 0 ne>ly a mile1 & its wid? f t5 to "o hundr$ feet4 ,by ! aid ( a rope1 =ty-five y>ds 9 l5g?1 & five pike-poles1 ea* eight feet1 we cross$1 7( c\rse at ! n>r[e/ place7 & aft]w>d by rope & poles1 tugg+1 pant+1 dizzy1 we dragg$ ourselves up to ! t]rific cre/ ( ?is ,m\nta9 ,mon>*4 ,! summit area is ( v limit$ dim5sions--a cresc5t 9 %ape1 half a mile 9 l5g?1 & ?ree to =ty or fifty feet 9 wid?4 ,x is a fe>ful place1 z x is ! imm95t br[ ( a precipice on ! nor?1 %e] d[n n less ?an a v]tical mile ( b>e column> rock6 ,?is height is lift$ s f> above all o!r heights 7except ! f\r di/ant sn[-clad peaks to ! nor? & ,m\nt ,jeff]son on ! s\?7 t ! c\ntry b5ea? seem$ depress$ to a uni=m level1 & ! horizon retreat$ to ! di/ance ( m ?an two hundr$ miles1 includ+ ne>ly all ,oregon & ,wa%+ton ,t]ritory4 ,! sublimity & gr&eur ( t view ,i mu/ leave to ! imag9ation ( ! read]4 ,a caon ( enorm\s dep? plunges d[n along ! s\!a/ flank1 & is fill$ 9 "p by a glaci] evid5tly 9 motion1 & hav+ bel[ a v abrupt t]m9ation4 ,t]m9al & lat]al mora9es m>k its c\rse1 & a torr5t ( wat] issues f b5ea?4 ,:ile we delay$ "h1 an avalan*e ( rocks1 an imm5se mass1 />t$ by ! w9d1 ?und]$ d[n ! left wall ( ?is caon sev]al ?\s& feet1 & its track 0 m>k$ by a trail ( :ite smoke4 ,on ! we/ side ( ! anci5t crat]1 at ! base ( a va/ craggy p9nacle ( rocks1 7a portion ( ! anci5t rim ( ! crat]7 is /ill an op5 abyss1 :5ce issue con/antly volumes ( a /rongly sulphur\s smoke4 ,t !re is also heat !re is evid5t f ! imm5se depression ( ! sn[ ab\t ?is place--depress$ n less ?an a ?\s& feet bel[ ! sn[s :i* fill to ! brim o!r portions ( ! anci5t crat]4 ,z ,i h already /at$1 we f\nd our b>omet]s useless 9 ^! va/ heights1 & 7 r$uc$ to ! use ( ! !rmomet] alone4 ,by ?is we le>n$ ! boil+ po9t ( wat] at f\r sev]al /ations1 z foll[s3 ,at ! camp1 ! summit ( ! ,cascade ,range1 x /ood 9 boil+ wat] at #bjd ,fah4 ,at ! upp] v]ge ( ! =e/1 x indicat$ #aie4 ,at ! highe/ rea* ( all app>5t vegetation1 #aib2 & f9ally at ! summit1 :]e1 aft] ! mo/ p]sev]+ & det]m9$ ef=ts1 7on acc\nt ( ! viol5ce ( ! w9d7 we at l5g?1 by means ( a _s lamp1 *ang$ a portion ( sn[ to a cup ( boil+ wat]1 ! m]cury /ood firm 9 ! cup at #ahj6 ,^! sev]al results be+ *ang$ to feet ( elevation1 accord+ to ! rule univ]sally approv$ 9 su* cases1 indicate heights z foll[s1 viz3 ,at ! summit ( ! ,cascade ,range1 & foot ( ,mt4 ,hood prop]1 #d1djj feet2 at ! limit ( =e/ trees1 ab\t #i1jjj feet2 at ! highe/ limit ( vegetation1 #aa1jjj feet2 at ! summit ( ! m\nta91 #ag1fjj feet4 ,we e>ne/ly hope t ^! results may be h]eaft] te/$ by ! b>omet]2 & by triangulation4 ,until !n1 we mu/ adopt ! e/imate "h made1 z ! height ( t sublime peak1 & accord to ,m\nt ,hood ! di/9ction ( be+ ! highe/ l& 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 if n ! highe/ ^u ! ,nor? ,am]ican cont95t4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,septemb] #ag,,?1 #ahff4 ,mr4 ,/e>ns 9 ! *air4 ,t5 memb]s pres5t4 ,messrs4 ,b4 ,p4 ,av]y1 ,james ,spi]s1 & ,b4 ,r4 ,norton 7 elect$ ,resid5t ,memb]s4 ,donations to ! ,libr>y3 ,proce$+s ( ! ,mannheim ,academy1 f ,dr4 ,behr4 ,! foll[+ pap] 0 pres5t$ by ,dr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,coop]3 ,on a ,new ,species ( ,p$ipes1 inhabit+ ! ,coa/ ( ,cali=nia4 ,,by ,j4 ,g4 ,,coop]1 ,m4,d4 ,,p$ipes ,,unisulcata1 ,cp4 ,fig4 #bi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4 ,sp4 *4 ,p4 t4 ,lacunoida1 oblique ovata1 p]iph]ia lat]ali subrhomboidea1 transluc5te succ9eo-brunnesc5te1 spira producta1 apice obtusa1 anfr4 iv et dim42 t]tio tumido1 sulcis iv1 po/]iori solum valde impresso1 9 ultimo evanesc5te2 ult4 l9eis increm5tis irregul>ibus sulco undulatis2 punctis impressis num]osis sp>sim ornato2 ap]tura ovata1 labro acuto purpuresc5te intus callo duplicato m$io subtub]culoso2 labio columell>i albo1 calloso1 9 piano ap]tur expanso2 m>g9e int]no subv]ticali d5tibus duobus subacutis1 sup]iori majore2 callo t5ui expanso 9 p>ietem int]no1 d5te lamell>i valido 9 plano p>ietis ext]ni expanso1 dimidium latitud9is ap]tur transeunte2 int]vallis d5tium p>ietumque equalibus4 ,specific ,*>act]s4--,%ell l a ,lacuna1 obliquely ovate1 ! lat]al outl9e subrhomboid1 transluc5t1 amb]-br[n1 ! spire produc$1 apex obtuse1 :orls #d1 ! ?ird swoll51 ) f\r %all[ grooves1 ! po/]ior "o only mu* impress$1 b vani%+ on ! la/ :orl2 body ) irregul> l9es ( gr[? undulat+ across ! groove2 num]\s scatt]$ impress$ po9ts2 ap]ture ovate1 ! out] lip acute1 purpli%1 ) a d\ble callus )9 slightly tub]culate at ! middle2 columell> lip :ite1 call\s1 exp&$ 9 ! plane ( ! ap]ture2 its inn] m>g9 subv]tical1 ) two subacute tee?1 ! upp] l>ge/2 a ?9 callus exp&$ ov] ! inn] wall1 ) a /rong lamell> too? exp&$ 9 ! plane ( ! out] wall1 & cross+ half ! wid? ( ! ap]ture2 int]vals betwe5 ! tee? & walls equal4 ,long4 #j4cb unc4 #h mill4 ,lat4 #j4bb 0 ,long4 spir #j4ab #c 0 ,long4 ap]t4 #j4be unc4 ,lat4 0 #j4ai unc4 ,div4 #dj & #de4 ,hab4--,san ,p$ro1 ,cal41 e/u>ies4 ,only f\r specim5s 7 f\nd dead ne> ! old l&+1 close to ! m\? ( ! bay1 9 ,octob]1 #ahfa4 ,i suppos$ !m to be ,p4 brata ,b9n1 b !y are ne>ly ?ree times z l>ge1 n lirate1 etc4 ,t species is catalogu$ by ,c>p5t] z among ! collections f ,san ,diego1 9 ! ,supp4 ,rep4 etc41 #ahfc1 pp4 #fab1 #fdg1 #fgc1 b ,i d n f9d x 9 ! ,/ate collection4 ,^? describ$ are fre% & %9+ 9 ! m\?--dull1 b n mu* worn1 outside4 ,?is is a v int]e/+ %ell1 be+ "o ( ! l9ks betwe5 ! l& & m>9e mollusca--! species ( ! g5us be+ *iefly tropical1 occurr+ at ,cape ,/4 ,lucas1 ,panama1 ,we/ ,indies1 ,africa1 & ,isle ( ,france1 accord+ to ,b9ney1 :o says t !y inhabit crevices ( rocks1 especially ^? expos$ to ! full =ce ( ! tide2 b be+ pulmonate1 !y c probably live long ) b little moi/ure4 ,on ! rocks ! liv+ %ell w\ld be mi/ak5 = a ,lacuna or ,littor9a1 & ! =m ( our species rem9ds "o /rongly ( ,succ9ea ,oregon5sis4 ,a communication 0 receiv$ f ,dr4 ,canfield ( ,mont]ey1 giv+ an acc\nt ( ! discov]y 9 ,mont]ey ,bay1 ( a fi%1 pron\nc$ by ! naturali/s ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution to be a new species ( ,bdello/oma1 a g5us n previ\sly kn[n to exi/ ne>] ?an ! coa/ ( ,*ili4 ,mr4 ,falk5au made "s rem>ks on ! use & value ( ! spectroscope 9 *emical analysis & 9 o!r sci5tific inve/igations4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,octob] #a,,/1 #ahff4 ,presid5t 9 ! *air4 ,f\rte5 memb]s pres5t4 ,messrs4 ,a4 ,w9sl[ ,boynton1 & ,t4 ,c4 ,leon>d 7 elect$ ,resid5t ,memb]s4 ,! resignation ( ,royal ,fisk1 ,resid5t ,memb]1 0 receiv$ & accept$4 ,donations to ! ,cab9et3 ,a specim5 ( black oxide ( manganese f ,r$ ,rock1 by ,mr4 ,/e>ns2 fossils f ne> ,nanaimo1 by ,dr4 ,comrie4 ,dr4 ,behr made "s rem>ks ^u ! ,lepidopt]a & ! f\r diff]5t /ages ( _! developm5t1 notic+ ! fact t ! l5g? ( "t ( ! egg /ate 9 "s species1 = in/ance ! ,*9ese silkworm1 admits ( ! transportation ( ! same to =eign c\ntries1 :ile 9 ! ,cali=nian silkworm1 ,saturnia ceano?i1 ! p]iod ( ! egg /ate is s brief z to r5d] x impossible to transport ! eggs ei!r to ,new ,york or ,europe4 ,dr4 ,behr also expla9$ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! l>va /ate 9 ! ,lepidopt]a & o!r classes ( insects1 & ref]r$ to ! importance ( ! l>va condition 9 insects z a basis = classification1 & m5tion$ _m int]e/+ pro(s ( ! t5acity ( life dur+ ! *rysalis or pupa /ate2 allud+ to ! diff]5t classes ( mo?s 9 :i* w+less females occur1 a peculi>ity t is unkn[n to ! butt]flies4 ,mr4 ,bol&] /at$ t 9 8 8,rem>ks on ,cali=nia ,trees10 made at ! meet+ ( ,octob] #af?1 #ahfe1 & publi%$ 9 ! curr5t volume1 7p4 #bbe7 he _h ref]r$ a small p9e gr[+ on ! pla9s betwe5 ,m5doc9o ,city & ,noyo1 to ,p9us murcata2 b he c\ld n[ /ate positively t x is ! true ,p9us contorta ( ,d\glas4 ,he /at$ also1 t ,no4 #g1 notic$ on page #bbg ( t article1 is ,p4 muricata4 ,f>!r1 on page #bbi1 ,qu]cus ,wisliz5i1 ,englm4 is wrongfully ref]r$ to ,q4 agrifolia4 ,q4 ,wisliz5i is a well *>act]iz$ species ) bi5nial fruit2 ! fruit ( ,q4 agrifolia1 on ! o!r h&1 is annual4 ,^! two oaks diff] also mat]ially 9 _! di/ribution4 ,q4 ,wisliz5i is f\nd *iefly 9 ! l[] ,si]ra1 & 9 ! small valleys ea/ ( ! r$woods 9 ,m5doc9o ,c\nty4 ,q4 agrifolia occurs almo/ exclusively 9 ! vic9ity ( ,san ,francisco ,bay1 & on ! banks ( /reams empty+ into x4 ,x ext5ds also s\?w>d1 approa*+ ! coa/ m ne>ly z we rea* ,mont]ey4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,octob] #ae,,?1 #ahff4 ,dr4 ,kellogg 9 ! *air4 ,elev5 memb]s pres5t4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,l4 ,bancr(t 0 elect$ a ,resid5t ,memb]4 ,donations to ! ,libr>y3 ,bodemann & ,k]l's ,treatise on ,assay+1 translat$ by ,w4 ,a4 ,goodye>1 pres5t$ by ! translator4 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,p4 ,blake read ! foll[+3 ,m9]alogical ,notices4--,no4 ,,ii4 ,,by ,,wm4 ,p4 ,,blake4 ,k]>gyrite4--,*loride ( silv] 9 rem>kably f9e specim5s occurs 9 ! 8,poorman lode10 ,idaho1 associat$ ) ,pr\/ite 7light r$ silv] ore71 native silv] & native gold4 ,%eets ( ! *loride are tak5 out ( ! s(t clay ( ! ve91 & are f "o-eigh? to "o-qu>t] ( an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,x is also f\nd 9 irregul> massive aggregations ( cry/als1 9 cubes1 )\t any modification1 & ov] an eigh? ( an in* squ>e4 ,! color ( my specim5s is br[n1 pass+ into violet blue 9 "s portions4 ,pr\/ite4--,! 8ruby silv]0 :i* occurs ) ! *loride 9 ! ,poorman lode1 z above1 is (t5 9 masses ( sev]al ounces1 or ev5 p\nds1 9 weight1 & x is report$ to be occasionally se5 9 beautiful cry/als1 b none h yet come "u my obs]vation4 ,copp] ,glance1 ,r$ ,oxide ( ,copp]1 ,native ,copp]4--,^! species are f\nd toge!r 9 ! 8,r$ ,cap claim10 ,klama? ,c\nty1 ,cali=nia1 9 s]p5t9e4 ,! metallic copp] is se5 9 po9ts ?r\gh\t ! massive sulphuret1 & is sometimes envelop$ 9 r$ oxide4 ,bo? copp] & oxide are mo/ abundant 9 ! out] portions ( ! ore1 z f\nd1 & !y are app>5tly =m$ by ! gradual decomposition ( ! sulphuret4 ,danaite4--,a cobaltic v>iety ( mispickel is f\nd associat$ ) iron & copp] pyrites at ,mead[ ,lake1 ,nevada ,c\nty1 ,cali=nia4 ,x is 9 di/9ct1 well =m$1 brilliant cry/als1 ( a t9-:ite color1 & ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,!y are modifi$ ne>ly z 9 fig4 #bhi1 ,dana's ,m94 ,?is m9]al gives cobalt reactions be=e ! bl[pipe1 & appe>s to conta9 a l>ge p] c5tage ( ?is metal4 ,! ore is said to conta9 nickel1 also1 & is be+ m9$ = %ipm5t4 ,c9nab> 9 ,calcite4--,c9nab> ( a beautiful v]milion color is f\nd 9 an unusual =m 9 ,idaho1 be+ abundantly spread ?r\gh a gangue ( massive1 compact lime/one or m>ble4 ,x is s compact & homog5e\s t specim5s may be cut & poli%$ l m>ble4 ,!re are no evid5ces 9 ! ore t ,i h receiv$ ( ! pres5ce ( o!r m9]als1 n ev5 ( qu>tz4 ,,college ,,( ,,cali=nia1 ,nov4 #ag1 #ahff4 ,mr4 ,/e>ns read ! foll[+3 ,x is my pa9ful duty to in=m ! ,academy ( ! decease ( ,rob]t ,k5nicott4 ,! meag] in=mation receiv$ furni%es no p>ticul>s1 fur!r ?an t he di$ sudd5ly1 9 ! mon? ( ,may la/1 at ,nulato ,bay1 9 ,russian ,am]ica4 ,! s]vices r5d]$ to sci5ce by ,mr4 ,k5nicott are wor?y ( some?+ m ?an a pass+ notice4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,may1 9 ! ye> #ahei1 we f9d him />t+ ^u a prolong$ exploration ( ,russian ,am]ica1 "u ! auspices ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itute1 assi/$ by ! ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan1 ! ,audubon ,club ( ,*icago1 & ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces ( ! same city4 ,?is exploration1 includ+ also a portion ( ! t]ritory held by ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company1 ext5d$ f ,may1 #ahei1 to ! date ( 8 return 9 ,octob]1 #ahfb4 ,f ! ,annual ,report ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itute we le>n t 8! r\te trav]s$ by ,mr4 ,k5nicott 0 f ,lake ,sup]ior along ! ,kam5i/iquoy ,riv] & ,ra9y & ,w9nipeg ,lakes1 up ! ,saskat*ewan ,riv] to ,cumb]l& ,h\se2 !nce ne>ly nor? to ,=t ,*ur*ill1 on ,engli% ,riv]1 up ! latt] to ,me?y portage1 at :i* po9t he fir/ rea*$ ! head wat]s ( ! /reams fl[+ into ! ,arctic ocean2 !nce along ! ,cle> ,wat] ,riv] & ,a?abasca ,lake1 d[n ,peace ,riv] into ,great ,slave ,lake1 & along ! ,mack5zie ,riv] to ,=t ,simpson4 ,at ?is place ,mr4 ,k5nicott sp5t a "p ( ! fir/ w9t]1 mak+ excursions up ! ,li>d ,riv] to ,=t ,li>d 9 autumn1 & aga9 on sn[%oes 9 ,janu>y4 ,be=e ! close ( ! same w9t] he w5t up ! ,mack5zie to ,big ,isl&1 & !nce nor?we/ to ,=t ,rae1 ne> ! site ( old ,=t ,provid5ce4 ,f ?is po9t he travel$ on ! ice across ,great ,slave ,lake to ,=t ,resolution1 at ! m\? ( ,peace ,riv]1 :]e he sp5t ! summ] ( #ahfj4 ,he next desc5d$ ! ,mack5zie to ,peel's ,riv]1 & !nce proce$$ we/w>d across ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s & d[n ! ,porcup9e ,riv] to ! ,y\kon1 9 ! vic9ity ( :i* he sp5t ! w9t] ( #ahfj-fa & ! summ] ( ! latt] ye>4 ,! w9t] ( #ahfa-b 0 sp5t at ,peel's ,riv] & ,la,pierre's h\se 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 & 9 travel+ f ?is po9t to ,=t ,simpson & back to ,=t ,good ,hope1 on ! ,mack5zie4 ,he left ! la/ m5tion$ place on ! fir/ ( ,june1 #ahfb1 & rea*$ home 9 ,octob]4 ,?is ent]prise t]m9at$ favorably1 ! explor] hav+ return$ ri*ly lad5 ) specim5s1 aft] mak+ a s]ies ( obs]vations on ! physical geography1 e?nology1 & ! habits ( animals ( ! regions visit$1 furni%+ mat]ials ( great int]e/ to sci5ce40 ,aside f ! ext5sive collections 9 e dep>tm5t ( natural hi/ory1 ! geographical in=mation acquir$ by ,mr4 ,k5nicott 0 ( ! greate/ importance4 ,9 #ahfe1 ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company hav+ det]m9$ to ext5d _! wires s z to connect ! old _w & ! new by an ov]l& l9e pass+ ?r\gh ,russian ,am]ica across ,behr+'s ,sea to ,russia 9 ,asia1 & !nce to ! c5tral cities ( ,europe1 ,mr4 ,k5nicott's k ( ! t]ritory ?r\gh :i* ! propos$ l9e 0 to pass made 8 s]vices indisp5sable to ! ,company4 ,he 0 s\ght out1 & 8 coop]ation at once secur$4 ,he ent]$ ^u ?is new labor1 hop+ n only to d :atev] lay 9 8 p[] to make ?is ent]prise a success1 b hop+ also /ill fur!r to s]ve ! great cause t 0 s de> to him2 & :ile ?us engag$ 9 ! en?usia/ic p]=mance ( ?is self-impos$ duty1 9 ! prime ( life1 he has pass$ away4 ,dr4 ,gibbons made "s rem>ks on ! relations ( our climate to t ( ! ,great ,bas91 & ! ,ea/]n ,/ates4 ,he also made "s obs]vations on ,zirphea crispata1 liv+ 9 ! bay ne> ,alam$a4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,novemb] #e,,?1 #ahff4 ,presid5t 9 ! *air4 ,f\rte5 memb]s pres5t4 ,rev4 ,s4 ,d4 ,simonds & ,dr4 ,j4 ,morrison 7 elect$ ,resid5t ,memb]s1 & ,dr4 ,w4 ,p4 ,gibbons1 ( ,alam$a1 a ,correspond+ ,memb]4 ,mr4 ,bol&] pres5t$ a curi\sly fruit$ specim5 ( ,qu]cus d5siflora1 ! acorns be+ only ab\t "o-?ird ( ! ord9>y diamet]1 al?\gh ne>ly ! usual l5g?1 & hav+ a peculi> con/riction ne> ! apex4 ,x 0 collect$ by ,mr4 ,w]!man1 ne> ,co>se ,gold ,gul*1 ,fresno ,c\nty4 ,mr4 ,/e>ns exhibit$ a specim5 ( an ,a/rophyton1 caught 9 ! ,o*otsk ,sea1 (f ,cape ,lepatka1 ,kams*atka1 by ! crew ( ! fi%+ brig ,ang5ette4 ,dr4 ,h4 ,gibbons call$ ! att5tion ( ! ,academy to ! ne> approa* ( ! season dur+ :i* we might look = ! recurr5ce ( ! 8meteoric %[]10 :i* he witness$ 9 ! ye> #ahcc4 ,"s rem>ks 7 made by ,messrs4 ,gibbons1 ,keyes1 ,kellogg & o!rs 9 ref]5ce to ! ph5om5a ( meteors1 & consid]able discussion foll[$ z to ! v>i\s ideas & !ories advanc$ 9 reg>d to !m by diff]5t au?ors4 ,mr4 ,/e>ns exhibit$ sev]al specim5s ( ,acma asmi1 ,midd41 collect$ by him at ,baul9es ,bay2 rem>k+ t ^u a rec5t trip to ! locality nam$1 he f\nd ?is species exce$+ly num]\s1 atta*$ to ,*loro/oma funebrale1 ,a4 ,ad42 t he _h n se5 9 a s+le in/ance ?is ,acma ^u ! rocks4 ,mr4 ,/e>ns fur!r submitt$ = ! inspection ( ! ,academy1 a specim5 ( ,haliotis ,cra*]odii1 :i* he _h collect$ alive la/ mon?1 on ! rocks ne> ! outlet ( ,lobitas ,creek into ! ocean4 ,! ,haliotis _h be5 attack$ by a pholad1 probably ,navea ,newcombii1 & _h def5d$ itself by add+ coat+ ^u coat+ ( nacre1 z ! ,navea progress$1 until a l>ge knob or protub]ance _h be5 creat$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! %ell4 ,f a p>tial exam9ation ( ! bor]1 a specim5 ( :i* he _h dug out f ano!r portion ( ! same ,haliotis1 he believ$ x to belong to ! species rec5tly describ$ by ,mr4 ,tryon1 viz3 ,navea ,newcombii4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,novemb] #ai,,?1 #ahff4 ,presid5t 9 ! ,*air4 ,?irte5 memb]s pres5t4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,russell & ,dr4 ,e4 ,belle 7 elect$ ,resid5t ,memb]s4 ,donation to ! ,cab9et3 ,specim5s ( ,copp] ore f ,*ihuahua1 by ,mr4 ,r4 ,c4 ,jacobs4 ,donation to ! ,libr>y3 ,on ! ,corals & ,polyps ( ,panama1 ) descriptions ( new species1 by ,a4 ,e4 ,v]rill1 #hvo4 pamphlet4 ,pr(4 ,:itney pres5t$ ! foll[+ communication f ,wm4 ,m4 ,gabb3 ,on ! ,subdivisions ( ! ,cretace\s ,=mation 9 ,cali=nia4 ,,by ,,wm4 ,m4 ,,gabb4 ,! rec5t appe>ance ( a *eck li/ publi%$ by ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itute1 & entitl$ 8,*eck ,li/ ( ! ,inv]tebrate ,fossils ( ,nor? ,am]ica--,eoc5e & ,oligoc5e--by ,t4 ,a4 ,conrad10 r5d]s x necess>y t ,i %\ld /ate m cle>ly ?an has be5 done h]et(ore1 ! relations betwe5 ! two memb]s ( ! ,cali=nian ,cretace\s rocks2 & %\ld give all ( ! pro(s t h yet pres5t$ !mselves1 9 support ( my views4 ,9 #ahef1 ,mr4 ,conrad publi%$ a pap] 9 ,vol4 #e1 ,pacific ,railroad ,reports1 pages #cbj1 et seq41 9 :i* he describ$ fifte5 %ells f ! 8,eoc5e0 rocks ( ! ,caada de las ,uvas1 ne> ! pres5t site ( ,=t ,tejon4 ,( ^!1 elev5 7 consid]$ by t au?or z be+ new to sci5ce4 ,! o!r f\r 7 ref]r$ to previ\sly describ$ ,eoc5e =ms4 ,^! specim5s 7 procur$ by ,mr4 ,wm4 ,p4 ,blake1 geologi/ ( ! exp$ition4 ,!y 7 obta9$ f a s+le b\ld]1 ! only "o f\nd by t g5tleman4 ,9 consid]ation ( ! scanty mat]ial1 x is by no means surpris+ t ,mr4 ,conrad %\ld h made ! det]m9ation t he did4 ,! fossils ( ?is locality1 &1 9 fact1 ( ?is memb] ( our ,cali=nian rocks1 h a m>k$ ,t]ti>y aspect4 ,?is holds good1 bo? z appli$ to ! appe>ance ( ! specim5s & also to ! gr\p+ ( ! g5]a4 ,mr4 ,conrad's ref]5ce ( ^! fossils to an ,eoc5e age 0 p]fectly ju/ifi$ by ! light t he !n possess$4 ,any o!r palontologi/1 ) ! same specim5s1 w\ld no d\bt h done z he did4 ,b ,i propose to prove t1 aft] hav+ /udi$ ?is =mation = five ye>s1 bo? 9 ! field & 9 ! closet--bo? palontologically & /ratigraphically--aft] hav+ trac$ x upw>ds ( f\r hundr$ miles1 & aft] hav+ collect$ fossils f x at a doz5 localities1 ,i1 on ! o!r h&1 am p]fectly ju/ifi$ 9 pron\nc+ x mo/ unequivocally ,cretace\s4 ,x is1 to use a mild t]m1 r surpris+ t ,mr4 ,blake1 f :om ,mr4 ,conrad obta9$ 8 mat]ial1 %\ld n h collect$ m specim5s4 ,accord+ to 8 report1 ,mr4 ,blake rea*$ ! dept camp at ,tejon1 on ! ?ird ( ,septemb]1 #ahec1 & did n leave t vic9ity until ,octob] #aj?4 ,dur+ t "t he trav]s$ ! di/ance betwe5 ,tejon & ! ,caada de las ,uvas1 f\r times4 ,i am famili> ) e foot ( ! gr\nd on :i* he camp$ or on :i* he travell$2 & ,i speak f p]sonal obs]vation1 :5 ,i say t 9 go+ f "o po9t to ! o!r he c\ld n avoid pass+ ?\s&s ( b\ld]s & pebbles1 full ( fossils1 simil> to ! s+le "o s5t to ,mr4 ,conrad4 ,9 rid+ f ! ,ran* h\se ( ,tejon to ,=t ,tejon1 on ,mr4 ,blake's trail1 ,pr(essor ,brew] & myself collect$ upw>d ( =ty species ( mollusca 9 less ?an "o h\r1 & )\t div]g+ t5 feet f our r\te6 ,! ,cali=nian ,cretace\s =mation is easily sep>able into two ma9 divisions4 ,! old] ( ^!1 designat$ 9 ! ,report z 8,division ,a10 is ! equival5t ( ! upp] portions1 ,nos4 #d & #e1 ( ,meek & ,hayd5's section 9 ,nebraska1 & ! lat] b$s ( ,new ,j]sey & ! ,gulf ,/ates4 ,x is possible t ?is gr\p may be sep>at$ h]eaft] into two sub-gr\ps2 b t has no be>+ on ! "q at issue4 ,! upp] or m mod]n memb]1 f\nd ov]ly+ ! l[] "o con=mably 9 v>i\s places1 z ab\t ,monte ,diablo & at ,m>t9ez1 has no app>5t equival5t 9 ,am]ica4 ,x is probably1 h[ev]1 ! ,am]ican repres5tative ( ! ,mae/ri*t b$s1 ! #8,dani5' ( ,fr5* au?ors4 ,x is n a transition f ,cretace\s to ,t]ti>y1 b is ! mo/ mod]n memb] ( ! =m] =mation4 ,x has _m po9ts 9 common ) ! ,mae/ri*t b$s ( ,europe4 ,x conta9s b a s+le species1 s f> z kn[n1 ( ! complex-*amb]$ gr\p ( ,cephalopods4 ,a solit>y ammonite1 repres5t$ by half a doz5 specim5s1 has be5 f\nd by myself1 9 place1 ev5 to ! v top ( ! =mation4 ,( #bhj species ( fossils recogniz$ & nam$ 9 ! ,cali=nian ,cretace\s rocks1 #ajg are f\nd 9 ?is upp] memb]4 ,( ^!1 #hd are peculi>1 & #bc are f\nd 9 common betwe5 und\bt$ memb]s ( ?is gr\p & und\bt$ memb]s ( ! old] gr\p4 ,besides ?is1 ,i 0 =tunate en\gh to discov] a locality ne> ,cle> ,lake1 ?is fall1 :]e1 )9 a space ( two feet1 ,i f\nd an admixture ( upp] & l[] =ms1 prov+ ! exi/5ce ( a transition>y b$ or p]haps gr\p ( b$s4 ,! foll[+ table w exhibit at a glance ! gr\p+ ( species at ea* ( ! pr9cipal localities2 %[+ at ! same "t :i* species are f\nd 9 ! int]m$iate deposit1 & :i* exi/ 9 common 9 bo? ! upp] & l[] divisions4 ,! v>i\s localities are designat$ by lett]s1 z foll[s3 ,m1 ,m>t9ez2 ,c1 ,clayton to ,m>%'s2 ,t1 vic9ity ( ,=t ,tejon2 ,g1 a locality #aj miles we/ ( ,griswold's ne> ,new ,idria2 ,i1 ,new ,idria2 ,d1 ,san ,diego2 ,,ll1 ,l[] ,lake ,village1 #a mile ,s4,e4 ( ! t[n4 ,,table ,,( ,,subdivisions ,,( ,,cretace\s ,,=mation4 ,int]- ,upp] m$iate ,l[] ,division1 ,division4 ,b$s4 & ,rem>ks4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,callianassa ,/impsonii ,c4 ,t4 ,*ico4 ,aturia ,ma!wsonii ,m4 ,c4 ,t4 ,m>t9ez4 ,nautilus ,texanus ,c4 ,%a/a ,co4 ,ammonites1 n4s4 ,c4 ,m4 ,curry's2 ,b5icia2 ,m>t9ez4 ,typhis antiquus ,m4 ,t4 ,fusus ,m>t9ez ,m4 ,t4 ,f4 ,ma!wsonii ,m4 ,c4 ,curry's4 ,f4 ,diaboli ,c4 ,f4 aratus ,m4 ,f4 ,cali=nicus ,c4 ,t4 ,,ll4 ,hemifusus ,hornii ,t4 ,h4 ,coop]ii ,c4 ,d4 ,h4 ,remondii ,m4 ,c4 ,t4 ,g4 8 ,neptunea supraplicata ,c4 ,d4 ,n4 gracilis ,m4 ,p]issolax breviro/ris ,,ll ,_m localities4 ,p4 ,blakei ,m4 ,c4 ,t4 ,turris ,clayton5sis ,c4 ,t4 ,turris r>ico/ata ,c4 7v>ico/ata by error 9 ,rep47 ,cordi]a microptygma ,t4 ,tritonium ,hornii ,c4 ,t4 ,t4 ,diego5sis ,d4 ,t4 pauciv>icatum ,t4 ,t4 ,:itneyi ,t4 ,d4 ,bucc9um liratum ,m4 ,,ll ,nassa cretacea ,m4 ,t4 ,g4 ,pseudoliva l9eata ,m4 ,pseudoliva volut=mis ,t4 ,olivella ,ma!wsonii ,m4 ,t4 ,g4 ,c4 ,ancill>ia elongata ,c4 ,d4 ,fasciol>ia lviuscula ,c4 ,,ll ,f4 s9uata ,t4 ,d4 ,f4 ,io ,t4 ,mitra cretacea ,m4 ,:itneya ficus ,t4 ,ficus mamillatus ,t4 ,natica ,uvasana ,t4 ,lunatia ,%um>diana ,,ll ,m>t9ez & else:]e4#bi ,l4 ,hornii ,t4 ,l4 nuci=mis ,c4 ,t4 7,d487 ,gyrodes expansa ,,ll ,almo/ ev]y:]e4 ,nev]ita secta ,t4 ,n4 n4s4 ,g4 ,i4 ,natic9a obliqua ,m4 ,t4 ,amauropsis alveata ,m4 ,c4 ,t4 ,g4 ,d4,,ll ,curry's2 ,s4 ( ,mt4 ,diablo4 ,morio tub]culatus ,m4 ,t4 ,c4 ,g4 ,d4 ,scal>ia 7,opalia7 ,ma!wsonii ,m4 ,niso polita ,m4 ,t4 ,c]i?iopsis alt]nata ,m4 ,c4 ,ar*itectonica cognata ,m4 ,c4 ,t4 ,a4 ,hornii ,t4 ,m>g>itella cr5ulata ,d4 ,conus ,remondii ,m4 ,c4 ,t4 ,d4 ,c4 ,hornii ,t4 ,c4 s9uatus ,t4 ,rimella canalif]a ,m4 ,t4 ,r4 simplex ,c4 ,d4 ,aporrhais angulata ,m4 ,cypra ,bay]quei ,m4 ,c4 ,turitella ,uvasana ,m4 ,c4 ,t4 ,g4 ,t4 ,saf=dii ,,ll ,m4 & ,solano ,co4 ,t4 infragranulata ,m4 ,gal]us exc5tricus ,m4 ,c4 ,t4 ,d4 ,i4,,ll ,spirocrypta pileum ,t4 ,i4 ,,ll ,gadus pusillus ,m4 ,t4 ,d5talium ,coop]ii ,m4 ,d4 ,curry's2 ,s4 ( ,mt4 ,diablo4 ,d4 /ram9eum ,m4 ,d4 ,curry's2 ,s4 ( ,mt4 ,diablo4 ,bulla ,hornii ,t4 ,cyli*na co/ata ,m4 ,c4 ,t4 ,d4 ,m41 ,texas ,flat1 & _m o!r localities4 ,megi/o/oma /riata ,m4 ,m>tesia clausa ,g4 ,p5ce's1 ,texas ,flat1 etc4 ,sol5 p>allelus ,m4 ,c4 ,t4 ,sol5a ,diego5sis ,d4 ,corbula ,hornii ,t4 ,c4 p>ilis ,g4 ,m4 ,d4 ,nera dolabr=mis ,m4 ,mactra ,a%burn]ii ,m4 ,c4 ,t4 ,ne>ly ev]y:]e 9 bo? ,divisions4 ,g>i texta ,m4 ,tell9a longa ,m4 ,c4 ,t4 ,tell9a ,remondii ,c4 ,t4 ,t4 ,h(fmanniana ,g4 ,m41 ,p5ce's1 & else:]e4 ,t4 ,hornii ,t4 ,t4 ,cali=nica ,c4 ,t4 ,m]etrix ,uvasana ,m4 ,c4 ,t4 ,i4 ,g4 ,d4 ,m4 ,hornii ,t4 ,m4 ovalis ,t4 ,dos9ia elevata ,t4 ,d4 gyrata ,m4 ,c4 ,t4 ,g4 ,tapes ,conradiana ,g4 ,m4 ,t4 ,,ll ,t4 quadrata ,m4 ,t4 ,c>dium ,coop]ii ,m4 ,t4 ,d4 ,c4 ,brew]ii ,m4 ,c4 ,t4 ,g4 ,c>dita ,hornii ,m4 ,c4 ,t4 ,i4 ,g4 ,luc9a cumulata ,t4 ,l4 cretacea ,c4 ,mysia polita ,m4 ,c4 ,i4 ,crassatella gr&is ,m4 ,t4 ,,ll ,c4 ,uvasana ,t4 ,mytilus ascia ,t4 ,modiola ornata ,m4 ,c4 ,t4 ,i4 ,septif] di*otomus ,t4 ,cr5ella conc5trica ,m4 ,avicula pellucida ,m4 ,g4 ,,ll ,s4 ,l\is ,gonzaga4 ,arca ,hornii ,t4 ,cuculla ,ma!wsonii ,c4 ,,ll ,m4 ,b>batia ,morsei ,d4 ,ax9a sagittata ,m4 ,t4 ,g4 ,a4 ,veat*ii ,,ll ,m41 ,tuscan ,spr+s1 etc4 ,nucula 7,acila7 truncata ,m4 ,t4 ,ev]y:]e4 ,l$a protexta ,m4 ,c4 ,t4 ,g4 ,m4 ,placunanomia inornata ,d4 ,flabellum ,remondianum ,c4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,on /udy+ ! =ego+ table1 ! foll[+ d$uctions pres5t !mselves3 #a/1 t ! rocks ( ! upp] division1 at ! v>i\s localities quot$1 are all ( ! same geological age2 & #b;d1 t !y are intimately connect$ ) ! old] gr\ps by a passage ( ne>ly a fif? ( all ! conta9$ species ( fossils f ?is1 ei!r into ! int]m$iate b$s1 or into ! l[] gr\p itself4 ,9 anticipation ( a possible objection t may be rais$ "h1 x w probably be z well1 be=e go+ fur!r1 to /ate t 9 ! ,division ,b1 !re has be5 no conf\nd+ ( two gr\ps4 ,! same gr\p+ ( species ext5ds to ! extreme upp] limits ( ! fossilif]\s rocks1 :i* are ev]y:]e ov]la9 by an imm5se deposit ( non-fossilif]\s s&/ones4 ,ano!r objection1 :i* has already be5 rais$1 t ! ackn[l$g$ ,cretace\s fossils h become mix$ ) m mod]n species by ! break+ up & re-cem5t+ ( an old] =mation1 ,i %all n ev5 attempt to refute4 ,_h su* be5 ! case1 ,i w\ld ere ?is1 9 common hone/y1 h ackn[l$g$ x4 ,9 support ( ! two conclusions arriv$ at above1 we h ! foll[+ synopsis ( ! table3 ,( ! #ajg species ( fossils f\nd 9 ,division ,b1 #dd are f\nd at ,clayton1 #fg at ,tejon1 #ed at ,m>t9ez1 #bb at ,san ,diego1 #ah ne> ,griswold's1 & #g ne> ,new ,idria4 ,x is n int5d$ to be und]/ood t ^! are all ( ! species f\nd at ^! localities2 b t1 up to ! pres5t "t1 ^! are all t h be5 id5tifi$ or describ$4 ,future "w w und\bt$ly *ange ! above figures4 ,( ! species f\nd at ! above localities1 #ej are peculi> to "o or ano!r locality2 #bi are f\nd at two localities only1 #ad at ?ree localities1 & #ad at f\r localities or m4 ,tak+ ! ?ree typical localities1 ,m>t9ez1 ,clayton & ,tejon1 #ba species are common to ,m>t9ez & ,clayton1 #cj to ,m>t9ez & ,tejon1 #be to ,clayton & ,tejon1 & #bj are f\nd at all ?ree localities4 ,n[1 hav+ giv5 :at ,i believe ought to be consid]$ pro( conclusive to any c&id m9d 9 support ( my fir/ proposition1 ,i %all endeavor to e/abli% ! second4 ,x w be se5 t #af species1 f\nd 9 ! upp] memb]1 also ext5d into ! old] gr\p1 ,division ,a4 ,9 addition to ?is1 at ! locality ne> ,l[] ,lake ,village1 ,lake ,c\nty1 besides sev]al species enc\nt]$ = ! fir/ "t1 ,i f\nd #ae species 9 ! same b$1 )9 a sup]ficial area ( two feet4 ,( ^!1 #c 7 previ\sly kn[n to be common to ! upp] & l[] division4 ,besides ^! #c1 #g ( !m 7 common to ?is locality1 & localities ( ,division ,b1 & ! rema9+ #e 71 be=e ?is discov]y1 consid]$ peculi> to ! l[] memb]4 ,"o ( ^! #e is f\nd 9 ! ,mississippi ,valley1 9 ! 8,ripley ,gr\p10 & ano!r belongs to a peculi>ly ,cretace\s g5us4 ,z to ! species f\nd at ! sev]al typical localities1 indep5d5t ( ea* o!r1 & :i* w\ld s]ve to %[ _! individual relations to ! old] =mation )\t corroborative evid5ce1 ,clayton has #aj species 9 common ) ,division ,a1 ,tejon has #g1 & ,m>t9ez #aa4 ,) ! ,l[] ,lake b$1 ,clayton has #e species 9 common1 ,tejon #e1 & ,m>t9ez #f4 ,9 glanc+ ov] ,mr4 ,conrad's 8*eck li/10 ,i f9d t out ( ! #ajg species f\nd 9 8 8,old] ,eoc5e ( ,cali=nia10 he has only includ$ #gd 9 8 enum]ation4 ,he has omitt$ ,callianassa ,/impsonii1 ,ammonites n4 s41 ,nautilus ,texanus1 ,cyli*na co/ata1 ,mactra ,a%burn]ii1 ,cuculla ,ma!wsonii1 ,nucula truncata1 & ,l$a protexta2 eight species1 :i* ,i m5tion$ 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,con*ology1 7,vol4 #b1 p4 #hh7 z be+ f\nd 9 common 9 ! two memb]s ( ! ,cal4 cretace\s1 /at+ di/9ctly ! localities 9 :i* !y _h be5 f\nd4 ,at ! same "t he includes five o!r species1 f ! same li/1 9 8 ,eoc5e catalogue4 ,:e!r ?is be c>elessness1 or an unfair avoidance ( a difficulty1 ,i leave to o!rs to decide4 ,x is f> easi] to ignore su* a difficulty ?an x is to expla9 x away4 ,9 reg>d to ! di/ribution ( ! g5]a & species 9 ?is & ! associat$ rocks4 ,all ( ! species are peculi> to ?is gr\p1 or to ?is & und]ly+ rocks2 n "o has be5 f\nd associat$ ei!r ) liv+ =ms1 or ) species kn[n to occur 9 ! recogniz$ ,t]ti>ies ( ,cali=nia4 ,five ( ! g5]a are peculi> to ! ,second>y4 ,an ,ammonite ranges entirely ?r\gh ! gr\p to ! top ( ! highe/ fossilif]\s /rata4 ,! g5]a ,p]issolax1 ,gyrodes1 ,m>g>itella1 & ! sub-g5us ,an*ura1 ( ! g5us ,aporrhais1 are all recogniz$ z /rictly *>act]i/ic ( ! ,cretace\s2 s mu* s1 t ! pres5ce ( a s+le und\bt$ repres5tative ( ei!r ( ^! g5]a w\ld be /rong presumptive evid5ce ( ! ,cretace\s age ( any rocks 9 :i* x might be f\nd4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! pres5ce ( su* g5]a z ^? 9 ! li/ giv5 bel[1 w\ld po9t to a v mod]n era 9 ! ,cretace\s1 to say ! lea/4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t we h mu* to le>n yet 9 palontology1 especially 9 ! matt] ( ! v]tical range ( g5]a4 ,e ye> we f9d g5]a1 nay1 :ole families1 ext5d+ !mselves beyond :at _h be5 fix$ by previ\s au?ors z _! limits4 ,a few ye>s ago1 ! pres5ce ( mammalian rema9s 0 consid]$ *>act]i/ic ( ! ,t]ti>ies4 ,n[ we "k ( ,m>supials 9 ! ,trias1 & :o d>e say t we _c f9d mammals 9 palozoic rocks8 ,i !re=e ma9ta91 t ?\gh we h "h su* g5]a z ,aturia1 ,typhis1 ,cordi]a1 ,pseudoliva1 ,nassa1 ,mitra1 ,ficus1 ,morio1 ,c]i?iopsis1 ,cypra & ,gal]us1 /ill1 ! only inf]5ce t c be drawn is1 t ! gr\p is on or ne> ! v]ge ( ! =mation1 a sort ( prophetic memb]1 presag+ by "s ( its g5]a ! =mations to come1 b indissolubly b\nd by specific ties ) ! eras prec$+4 #bi ,?is species 0 ref]r$ by inadv]t5ce to ,div4 ,b4 in/ead ( ,a4 ,?is is ! fir/ "t x has be5 f\nd beyond ! limits ( ! l[] memb]4 ,pr(4 ,blake /at$ t he consid]$ ! collections made by him1 9 & ne> ! ,caada de las ,uvas1 z n meag]4 ,!re 0 a suffici5t numb] ( species to make a qu>to plate ( figures4 ,pr(4 ,blake read ! foll[+ notice3 ,fossil ,fi% 9 ! ,great ,bas91 ,nevada4 ,,by ,,wm4 ,p4 ,,blake4 ,fossiliz$ fi% are f\nd 9 a light-color$ clay %ale1 9 ! m\nta9s a few miles nor? ( ,silv] ,peak1 a m9+ di/rict 9 ! ,r$ ,m\nta9 or ,salt ,bas9 region1 ab\t "o hundr$ & fifty miles s\? ( ,au/94 ,! v]tebral columns1 ribs & f9s are v di/9ctly %[n1 & ! specim5s are exce$+ly int]e/+4 ,!y rem9d me ( ! specim5s f ! fam\s locality ( ,m\nt ,bolca1 9 ,europe4 ,! specim5 t ,i h "h1 does n appe> to belong to an anci5t p]iod1 b ,i w n v5ture to ref] x )\t an opportunity ( mak+ comp>isons1 or submitt+ x to a compet5t i*?yologi/1 :i* ,i propose to d4 ,,college ,,( ,,cali=nia1 ,nov4 #ai4 #ahff4 ,pr(4 ,blake also direct$ ! att5tion ( ! ,academy to specim5s ( fossil v]tebr1 collect$ by him 9 ,tul>e ,c\nty4 ,^! specim5s are ab\t tw5ty 9 numb]1 & are f two to six in*es 9 l5g?1 & two to ?ree in*es 9 diamet]4 ,he believ$ !m to belong to l>ge m>9e saurians1 l crocodiles1 b wi%$ to make fur!r /udy & comp>ison previ\s to mak+ a m =mal communication to ! ,academy4 ,if correct 9 8 op9ion1 x 01 he believ$1 ! fir/ in/ance ( ! discov]y ( saurian rema9s on ! ,pacific ,coa/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ! discov]y w be r5d]$ /ill m int]e/+ by ! fact t ! rema9s occur 9 /rata reput$ to be mioc5e1 associat$ ) %>ks' tee? & num]\s m>9e rema9s1 at lea/ fifte5 hundr$ feet above ! pres5t ocean level4 ,pr(essor ,:itney rem>k$ t ! rema9s ( ! crocodile1 & i*?yosaurus _h be5 discov]$ on ?is coa/ by ! ,geological ,survey1 & ! fact publi%$ a ye> ago4 ,pr(essor ,:itney read ! foll[+ communication3 ,notice ( ! occurr5ce ( ! ,silurian ,s]ies 9 ,nevada4 ,,by ,j4 ,d4 ,,:itney4 ,at a meet+ ( ! ,academy 9 ,may la/1 ,i gave "s acc\nt ( ! geology ( ! ,/ate ( ,nevada1 ) p>ticul> ref]5ce to ! age ( ! /ratifi$ deposits occurr+ !re1 z det]m9$ f ! collections ( fossils br\ght f t region to ! (fice ( ! ,geological ,survey1 by ,j4 ,e4 ,clayton1 & v>i\s memb]s ( our corps4 ,9 t communication ,i spoke ( ! probable future discov]y ( rocks old] ?an ! ,c>bonif]\s or ,devonian1 9 ! m\nta9 ranges ne> ,au/94 ,?is expectation has be5 realiz$1 & we are n[ 9 possession ( a v int]e/+ collection ( fossils1 obta9$ by ,mr4 ,a4 ,blat*ley1 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,hot ,creek ,m9+ ,di/rict ab\t "o hundr$ miles s\!a/ ( ,au/94 ,?is collection enables u to /ate positively t bo? ,upp] & ,l[] ,silurian rocks occur 9 t di/rict1 & t !y are well fill$ ) fossils2 n less s inde$1 to judge f ! specim5s receiv$1 ?an ! /rata ( ! same age 9 ,new ,york1 ,ohio1 ,i[a1 & ,wiscons91 :i* !y resemble 9 a mo/ m>k$ degree1 bo? li?ologically & palontologically4 ,! fossils f ! ,hot ,creek ,di/rict are mo/ly wea!r$ out on ! surfaces ( ?9 slabs ( blui%-gray argillace\s lime/ones1 & are cr[d$ toge!r 9 ! same pr(usion ) :i* !y h (t5 be5 notic$ by myself & o!rs z occurr+ 9 ! ,l[] ,silurian %ales & lime/ones ( ! ,wiscons9 ,lead ,region1 ar\nd ,big ,bay des ,noquets1 & 9 _m o!r localities 9 ! c\ntry bord]+ on ! ,great ,lakes4 ,bo? ! upp] & l[] divisions ( ! ,silurian appe> to be repres5t$ by ! fossils ( ! ,hot ,creek ,di/rict2 b ! l[] ,silurian seems to be mu* ! mo/ prolific 9 fossils1 z is ! case 9 ,wiscons9 & ,i[a4 ,! p>ticul> p]iod to :i* ^! l[] ,silurian =ms may be ref]r$ is ! ,tr5ton1 includ+ ! ,*azy1 ,birdseye1 ,black ,riv] & ,tr5ton lime/ones ( ! ,new ,york ,geologi/s1 & ! ,buff & ,blue lime/ones ( ! ,we/]n surveys4 ,ne>ly all ! prevail+ types ( ! ,ea/]n rocks ( ?is age1 are repres5t$ 9 ! ,hot ,creek collection1 namely3 ,bra*iopods1 ,ga/]opods1 ,cephalopods1 ,cr9oids1 ,trilobites1 & ,corals2 & !re are among !m sev]al ( ! mo/ widely-di/ribut$ & mo/ *>act]i/ic species ( ! ,l[] ,silurian4 ,! foll[+ h be5 id5tifi$3 ,maclurea magna1 a *>act]i/ic ,*azy species1 & ,pleurotoma l5ticul>is1 ,or?is te/ud9>ia & ,*tetes lycop]don1 all ( :i* are abundant 9 ! ,tr5ton lime/one ( ,new ,york1 & ! rocks ( ! same age f>!r ,we/4 ,among ! fragm5ts ( ,trilobites1 two or ?ree diff]5t g5]a may be recogniz$1 especially ,asaphus1 :i* is repres5t$ by a species app>5tly new4 ,!re are also fragm5ts ( cr9oids or cy/ids closely resembl+ ! species figur$ by ,hall1 9 ! ,palontology ( ,new ,york1 ,vol4 ,i1 z ,e*9o-encr9ites anati=mis4 ,! rocks conta9+ ! above m5tion$ fossils crop out 9 ! sides ( a deep caon2 & ov]ly+ !m1 at a p]p5dicul> di/ance ( ab\t a ?\s& feet1 is a s]ies ( b$s conta9+ num]\s fragm5ts ( corals & cr9oids1 silicifi$ & wea!r$ out f ! surface ( a blui%-gray lime/one1 :i* ,i ref] )\t mu* d\bt to ! age ( ! ,niag>a lime/one ( ,new ,york4 ,among ! corals1 ,heliolites sp9ipora & ,syr+opora are recognizable2 & among ! cr9oidal fragm5ts are /ems ( :at appe>s to be ,c>yocr9us ornatus4 ,) ! exception ( ! ,potsdam s&/one fossils1 describ$ by ,meek & ,hayd5 z occurr+ at ! base ( ! fossilif]\s s]ies1 9 ! ,black ,hills1 no recognizable ,silurian =ms h be5 obs]v$ by geologi/s1 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 or any:]e to ! we/ ( !m1 unless possibly 9 ,new ,mexico4 ,! ,silurian ,s]ies1 ) ! possible exception ( ! ,potsdam s&/one1 seems to be entirely want+ 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s prop]1 ! ,black ,hills be+ a sort ( outli] ( ! ma9 ranges1 & ly+ z f> ea/ z ! "o hundr$ & ?ird to ! "o hundr$ & fif? m]idian4 ,dr4 ,hayd5 says1 9 8 pap]1 on ! ,geology & ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,upp] ,miss\ri1 publi%$ 9 #ahfb1 t 8hi!rto no indications ( ! exi/5ce ( any o!r memb] 7?an ! ,potsdam s&/one7 ( ! ,silurian p]iod has be5 discov]$ along ! ea/]n slope ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s )9 ! b\nd>y ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates40 ,he consid]s x probable t ! ,potsdam s&/one is repres5t$ 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 al?\gh no fossils ( t memb] ( ! s]ies has be5 z yet discov]$ any:]e to ! we/ ( ! ,black ,hills4 ,on ! ,mexican ,b\nd>y ,survey1 a few fragm5ts ( fossils 7 f\nd 9 ! sup]ficial detritus1 ne> ,el ,paso1 7,longitude1 "o hundr$ & six degrees7 :i* indicat$ ! exi/5ce ( ,silurian rocks 9 t vic9ity2 b none appe> to h be5 f\nd 9 place4 ,pr(essor ,hall rem>ks t 8! specim5s ref]able to /rata ( ?is age 7,devonian & ,silurian7 are few1 & !y are 9 su* condition z to give little satisfactory in=mation reg>d+ ! rocks 9 place40 ,! specim5s obta9$ are figur$ 9 ! ,mexican ,b\nd>y ,report1 b n describ$1 nor is _! locality accurately /at$4 ,dr4 ,newb]ry1 9 8 ,report 9 ! ,geology ( ! ,colorado ,riv] region1 ref]s ! l[] portion ( ! /rata expos$ 9 ! gr& caons ( t riv] to ! ,devonian & ,silurian ,s]ies2 b z no recognizable fossils 7 discov]$ by ! ,ives' ,exp$ition f any rocks l[] ?an ! ,c>bonif]\s1 ?is ref]5ce c only be tak5 z express+ a conviction bas$ on li?ological *>act]s & /ratigraphical consid]ations4 ,9 view ( ! above cit$ facts1 x w be se5 at once h[ int]e/+ ?is discov]y is ( und\bt$ ,silurian rocks we/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s2 & ! m s1 s9ce we h 9 ?is remote region a recurr5ce ( conditions & =ms ( animal life s closely alli$ to ^? ) :i* we are famili> 9 ! ,/ates ea/ ( ! ,mississippi4 ,x is a v rem>kable fact t ^! rocks h n be5 discov]$ 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s2 & %\ld f>!r explorations fail to reveal _! pres5ce1 x w ?r[ a new light on ! hi/ory ( ! physical developm5t ( ! c5tral & we/]n portions ( ?is cont95t4 ,tak+ into view :at has n[ be5 communicat$1 & :at 0 /at$ 9 my previ\s pap] 9 reg>d to ! exi/5ce ( ! old] /ratifi$ rocks 9 ! ,silv] ,peak ,di/rict1 x w appe> t ,dr4 ,newb]ry's g5]alizations 71 9 all probability1 correct1 & t we may expect to f9d 9 s\!rn & s\?we/]n ,nevada ! outcropp+ fossilif]\s edges ( ! /rata und]ly+ ! ,c>bonif]\s ( ! great ,arizona or ,colorado plateau1 & t !y w be prov$ to occupy an ext5sive area1 & to yield a pr(usion ( organic rema9s4 ,among ! specim5s collect$ by ,mr4 ,blat*ley1 z also by ,mr4 ,clayton1 ,mr4 ,melville ,attwood1 & ,dr4 ,c4 ,l4 ,&]son1 & n[ at our (fice1 !re is a consid]able numb] :i* demon/rate ! exi/5ce ( an ext5sive fre%-wat] ,t]ti>y deposit 9 ,nevada4 ,?is =mation1 :i* belongs to a v late ,t]ti>y epo*1 evid5tly occupies a consid]able area1 z our specim5s come f localities hundr$s ( miles di/ant f ea* o!r4 ,! exi/5ce ( any m>9e =mation m rec5t ?an ! ,jurassic1 9 ,nevada1 has n yet be5 prov$2 b1 z ,mr4 ,gabb obta9$ evid5ce1 9 #ahfd1 ( ! occurr5ce ( rocks ( ,cretace\s age on ,crook$ ,riv]1 9 ,oregon1 ea/ ( ! ,cascade ,range1 x is possible t ?is memb] ( ! s]ies may yet be discov]$ 9 ,nevada4 ,all ! fossils ref]r$ to 9 ?is & my previ\s communication on ! geology ( ,nevada1 w receive1 9 due "t1 ?or\gh inve/igation at ! h&s ( ,messrs4 ,meek & ,gabb1 or o!r compet5t palontologi/s2 & we expect t our collections f t ,/ate w be l>gely increas$ dur+ ! pres5t ye>4 ,! dea? ( ! em95t naturali/1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,a4 ,g\ld1 ( ,bo/on1 0 ann\nc$ by ,dr4 ,gibbons4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,decemb] #c;,d1 #ahff4 ,presid5t 9 ! *air4 ,n9ete5 memb]s pres5t4 ,donations to ! ,libr>y3 ,se*/] ,b]i*t des ,(f5ba*] ,v]e9s fr ,naturkunde1 #hvo41 #ahfe4 ,jahrbu* d] k4 k4 geologis*5 ,rei*san/alt1 xvi ,b&1 ,no4 #a41 #hvo41 ,wi51 #ahff4 ,monatsb]i*t d] knigli*5 ,preussis*5 ,akademie d] ,wiss5s*aft5 zu ,b]l91 ,jan4-,mai1 #ahff1 #e p>ts1 #hvo41 ,b]l91 #ahff4 ,acta ,univ]sitatis ,lund5sis1 #ahfd1 #b p>ts1 #dto41 ,lund4 #ahfd-e4 ,transactions ( ! ,connecticut ,academy ( ,arts & ,sci5ces1 ,vol4 #a1 ,"p #a1 #hvo41 ,new ,hav51 #ahff4 ,memoirs ( ! ,bo/on ,society ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 #dto41 ,vol4 #a1 ,"p #a1 ,bo/on1 #ahff4 ,proce$+s ( ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces ( ,philadelphia1 ,nos4 #b & #c1 #ahff1 #hvo41 ,phil41 #ahff4 ,proce$+s ( ! ,essex ,in/itute1 vol4 #e1 ,no4 #a1 #hvo41 ,salem1 #ahff4 ,proce$+s ( ! ,bo/on ,society ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 vol4 #aj1 ,%eets #d-bc1 #hvo41 ,bo/on1 #ahff4 ,annals ( ! ,lyceum ( ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,new ,york1 vol4 #h1 ,nos4 #f-ab1 #hvo41 ,new ,york1 #ahfe-f4 ,proce$+s ( ! ,*icago ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 vol4 #a1 ,%eets #a-c1 #hvo41 ,*icago1 #ahff4 ,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,academy ( ,arts & ,sci5ces1 vol4 #g1 #hvo41 ,bo/on1 #ahfe-f4 ,all ! above 7 pres5t$ by ! societies or au?ors nam$2 & ! =eign publications 7 receiv$ ?r\gh ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution4 ,mr4 ,/e>ns exhibit$ specim5s ( ,petricola c>ditoides & ,pholadidea ovoidea1 9 unusually h>d s]p5t9e1 collect$ by himself at ,=t ,po9t1 ,san ,francisco4 ,pr(essor ,:itney read "s extracts f lett]s j receiv$ f ,mr4 ,rmond1 giv+ an acc\nt ( 8 geological explorations 9 ,p]u & ,*ile4 ,mr4 ,rmond has obta9$ a suite ( plants f ! coal-be>+ =mation ( ,nor!rn ,*ile1 suffici5t 9 numb] to fix its age z ,triassic4 ,two species1 "o a ,pecopt]is1 ! o!r a ,pt]ophyllum1 are app>5tly id5tical ) ^? f\nd ) ! coal ne> ,los ,bronces1 9 ,sonora1 ,mexico1 by ,mr4 ,rmond4 ,above ! coal-be>+ conglom]ates & s&/ones1 !re are /ratifi$ porphyries1 & above ^!1 fossilif]\s lime/ones ( ,liassic age4 ,! fossils 9 ?is la/ m5tion$ =mation are1 9 g5]al1 simil> to ^? f\nd by ,domeyko & ,d>w91 at ,las ,juntas & ,tres ,cruces2 b ,mr4 ,rmond obta9$ sev]al new species4 ,he also collect$ a l>ge numb] ( species 9 ! ,t]ti>ies ( ,coquimbo & ,cald]a4 ,f>!r1 he obta9$ fossils 9 suffici5t numb]s f ! rocks 9 :i* are ! fam\s silv] m9es ( ,*aarcillo & ,tres ,puntas1 to fix _! age z belong+ to ! ,l[] ,cretace\s4 ,pr(essor ,:itney comm5t$ on ! importance ( ^! inve/igations1 especially t conc]n+ ! age ( ! ,*ile coal4 ,x is v int]e/+ to "k t ! same =mation c>ries coal 9 ,*ile :i* has be5 f\nd to be> t indisp5sable mat]ial 9 ,nor!rn ,mexico4 ,! va/ ext5t ov] :i* ,triassic rocks occur 9 ,arizona1 ,new ,mexico1 & ,nevada1 gives a peculi> int]e/ to e discov]y ( ?is k9d4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,decemb] #ag,,?1 #ahff4 ,presid5t 9 ! *air4 ,twelve memb]s pres5t4 ,dr4 ,f4 ,hans5 0 elect$ a ,resid5t ,memb]4 ,donation to ! ,cab9et3 ,skeleton ( a ,beav]1 pres5t$ by ,mr4 ,s4 ,hubb>d4 ,donation to ! ,libr>y3 ,n9ety-six volumes & pamphlets *iefly on v>i\s bran*es ( natural hi/ory1 f ! libr>y ( ! late ,william ,coop]1 ( ,new ,york1 pres5t$ by ,j4 ,g4 ,coop]1 ,m4,d4 ,,annual ,,meet+1 ,,janu>y #g,,?1 #ahfg4 ,mr4 ,/e>ns 9 ! *air4 ,tw5ty-n9e memb]s pres5t4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,trask 0 elect$ ,life ,memb]1 & ,dr4 ,george ,d4 ,clevel& & ,mr4 ,george ,o4 ,:itney1 ,resid5t ,memb]s4 ,! ,treasur] made a v]bal ,report4 ,! ,libr>ian & ! ,*airman ( ! ,publication ,committee made writt5 reports1 :i* 7 accept$ & plac$ on file4 ,! ,curators ( ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts report$ v]bally4 ,! ,academy hav+ mov$ twice dur+ ! pa/ ye>1 & ! la/ "t )9 a few days1 ! collections are ( c\rse 9 great disord]4 ,! rooms n[ tak5 are ^? =m]ly occupi$ by ! ,academy1 at #fbb ,clay /reet1 & f :i* !y 7 oblig$ to remove on acc\nt ( ! damage done to ! build+1 by ! e>?quake ( ,octob] #h?1 #ahfe4 ,! foll[+ (fic]s 7 elect$ = ! ye> #ahfg3 ,,presid5t4 ,j4 ,d4 ,,:itney4 ,,vice ,,presid5ts4 ,,le&] ,,ransom4 ,r4 ,e4 ,c4 ,,/e>ns4 ,,treasur]4 ,,samuel ,,hubb>d4 ,,correspond+ ,,sec',y4 ,w4 ,b4 ,,ew]4 ,,record+ ,,sec',y4 ,,!odore ,,bradley4 ,,libr>ian4 ,h4 ,,kellogg1 ,m4,d4 ,,curators4 ,w4 ,s4 ,,keyes ,,m9]alogy4 ,h4 ,n4 ,,bol&] ,,botany4 ,w4 ,m4 ,,gabb ,,pal,,ontology4 ,e4 ,f4 ,,lorqu9 ,,zoology4 ,w4 ,g4 ,w4 ,,h>=d ,,con*ology4 ,h4 ,,behr1 ,m4,d4 ,,entomology4 ,,committee ,,on ,,f9ance4 ,,messrs4 ,,:itney1 ,,hubb>d1 ,,a%burn]1 ,,& ,,/e>ns4 ,,committee ,,( ,,publication4 ,,messrs4 ,,:itney1 ,,ayres1 ,,& ,,/e>ns4 ,,committee ,,on ,,! ,,libr>y4 ,,messrs4 ,,jan91 ,,gibbons1 ,,& ,,kellogg4 ,,committee ,,on ,,proce$+s4 ,,messrs4 ,,keyes1 ,,bol&]1 ,,& ,,bosqui4 ,dr4 ,behr submitt$ specim5s ( microscopic cru/aceans1 ( a brilliant r$ color1 f\nd ^u ! surface ( a lake 9 ,m>9 ,c\nty2 he rem>k$ t !y might be ( "s use 9 ! arts1 if !y c\ld be obta9$ 9 suffici5t quantity4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,janu>y #ba,,/1 #ahfg4 ,presid5t 9 ! ,*air4 ,tw5ty-?ree memb]s pres5t4 ,gov]nor ,r4 ,c4 ,mc,cormick1 ( ,arizona1 & ,r4 ,c4 ,jacobs1 ( ,*ihuahua1 7 elect$ ,correspond+ ,memb]s1 & ,messrs4 ,j4 ,w4 ,kidwell1 ,a4 ,sutro1 ,a4 ,t4 ,mason1 ,h4 ,c4 ,bidwell & ,h4 ,p4 ,c>lton 7 elect$ ,resid5t ,memb]s4 ,donations to ! ,libr>y3 ,ov]sigt ov] det ,kongelige danske ,vid5skab]nes ,selskabs ,frh&l+> i ,a>et #ahfd1 #a ,vol41 #hvo41 ,cop5hag54 ,! same1 #ahff1 ,nos4 #b-d4 #cb;er ,jahresb]i*t des ,mannheim] ,v]e9s fr ,naturkunde1 #a ,vol4 #abmo41 #ahff1 7#b copies47 ,mit!ilung5 aus dem ,o/]l&e1 #ag;er ,b&1 #c und #d ,heft1 ,alt5burg1 #ahff4 ,jahre%efte des ,naturwiss5s*aftli*5 ,v]e9s fr das ,fr/5?um ,lneburg1 ,i41 #ahfe1 #hvo4 ,d] ,zoologis*e ,g>t51 vii ,jahrgang1 ,nos4 #g1 #i1 #aa1 #ab1 #hvo41 ,frankfurt1 #ahff4 ,b]i*t b] die ,,xiv ,v]sammlung d] ,deuts*5 ,orni?olog5-,gesells41 #hvo41 #ahfb4 ,sitzungs-,b]i*te d] ,naturw4 ,gesells4 ,isis 9 ,dresd51 ,jahrg4 #ahff1 #hvo41 ,dresd54 ,jahrbu* d] k4 k4 ,geolog4 ,rei*san/alt1 ,jahrg4 #ahff1 ,no4 #c1 #hvo41 ,wi54 ,abh&lung5 h]ausgegeb5 vom ,naturw4 ,v]e9e zu ,brem51 ,i ,bd4 #a ,heft1 #hvo41 ,brem51 #ahff4 ,j\rnal de ,con*yliologie1 #cme ,srie1 ,tome vi41 ,nos4 #c1 #d1 #hvo41 ,p>is1 #ahff4 ,on ! ,o/eology & ,myology ( ,colymbus ,torquatus1 by ,r4 ,elliot ,c\es1 7,mem4 ,bo/4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 ,vol4 #a1 ,"p ii47 #dto41 ,cambridge1 #ahff4 ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,hortic4 ,society ( ,london1 ,vol4 #a1 ,"p #d1 #abmo41 #ahfg4 ,same1 ,proce$+s1 ,vol4 #a1 ,n4 ,s41 ,no4 #f1 ,aug41 #ahff1 ,jan41 #ahfg1 #abmo41 ,london4 ,zeits*rift d] ,oe/]rei*is*5 ,gesells4 d] ,meteorologie1 #a ,b&1 #ahff4 ,sitzungsb]i*te d] ,knigl4 bay]4 ,akademie d] ,wiss5s*aft5 zu ,mn*51 #ahfe1 ,,ii1 #c-d2 #ahff1 ,i1 #a-d2 ,,ii1 #a1 #hvo41 ,muni*4 ,die ,b$eutung mod]n] ,gradmessung51 von ,bau]nfe9d1 #dto41 pamphlet1 ,mn*51 #ahff4 ,v]zei*niss von #idab1 quatorial-,/]n51 e9 ,sup4 ,b& zu d] ,ann4 d] ,mn*4 ,/]nw>te1 #hvo41 ,muni*1 #ahff4 ,resultate ,magnetis*]1 etc41 ,beoba*tung5 auf e9] ,reise na* dem /li*5 ,sibiri5 #ahbh-cj1 von ,pr(4 ,c4 ,han/e5 & ,lieut4 ,due1 #dto41 ,*ri/iania1 #ahfc4 ,han/e51 ,magnetismus d] ,erde1 #a ,!il1 #dto41 ,*ri/iania1 #ahai1 ) plates sep>ate4 ,meteorologiske ,iagttagels] paa ,*ri/iania ,obs]vatorium1 #ahfe1 long #dto41 ,*ri/iania1 #ahff4 ,mrk] eft] en ,ji/id i ,omegn af ,h>dang]fjord51 af ,s4 ,a4 ,sexe1 #dto41 pamphlet1 ,*ri/iania1 #ahff4 ,bidrag til ,bygn+skikk5s ,udvikl+ paa ,l&et i ,norge1 #a/e ,hefte1 #dto41 pamphlet1 ,*ri/iania1 #ahfe4 ,dr4 ,kellogg exhibit$ specim5s ( ,?aspium cordatum1 7,he>t-leaf ,mead[ ,p>snip7 a plant :i* has become some:at kn[n 9 cases ( *ronic rheumatism1 & :i* is common on ?is coa/4 ,he rem>k$ t x might be mi/ak5 = ,sanicula1 7,sanicle7 or possibly = ,conium maculatum 7,poison ,hemlock74 ,dr4 ,kellogg also pres5t$ specim5s ( a beautiful ,alp9e will[-h]b collect$ by ,mr4 ,blan*>d1 ( ,brooklyn1 ,alam$a ,c\nty2 x 0 f\nd 9 ! m\nta9s we/ ( ,ow5's ,lake1 ne> ! ,ke>s>ge m9es1 at an altitude ( #h1jjj feet4 ,he consid]$ x a v>iety ( ,epilobium obcordatum1 ,gray4 ,?is plant is describ$ 9 ! ,proc4 ,am4 ,acad4 ( ,arts & ,sci5ces = ,may1 #ahfe4 ,dr4 ,james ,blake read ! foll[+ communication3 ,on ! ,n\ri%m5t ( ! ,ftus 9 ! ,embiotocoid ,fi%es4 ,,by ,,james ,,blake1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,c4,s4 ,i am n aw>e t ! process by :i* ! embryo ( ! ,embiotocoid fi%es receive ! n\ri%m5t necess>y = its gr[?1 has ev] be5 po9t$ out4 ,x c]ta9ly diff]s f ! ?ree mo/ common =ms 9 :i* ! embryo ( o!r animals is n\ri%$1 z !re is no?+ l a plac5ta by :i* !y c receive n\ri%m5t f ! "m2 !re is no supply ( nutrim5t surr\nd+ ! embryo1 z 9 ! case ( mo/ ovip>\s animals1 nor is ! embryo br\ght into direct contact ) ! wat]1 s z to d]ive n\ri%m5t by absorption f ! surr\nd+ m$ium1 z is ! case 9 ovip>\s fi%es g5]ally & 9 mo/ ( ! l[] =ms ( animal life4 ,! "y fi% is conta9$ 9 a ut]us :i*1 9 ! undevelop$ /ate1 resembles v mu* ! ov>ies ( ! common ovip>\s fi%es1 except t its walls are ?ick]1 & t ! numb] ( ova x conta9s is v mu* small]4 ,9 ! int]ior ( ! ut]us1 project+ f its sides1 are a numb] ( processes analog\s to ^? to :i* ! ova are usually atta*$4 ,^! processes v>y 9 numb] 9 diff]5t examples1 b !y are s arrang$ t ea* ftal fi% is 9 contact on e side ) a surface ( "o ( ^! processes4 ,!y consi/ app>5tly ( a membrane compos$ ( a cellul> tissue1 & scatt]$ ov] _! surface are a numb] ( small mammill>y elevations ) an orifice 9 ! c5t]1 & :i* are probably ! organs by :i* ! peculi> secretion ( ! ut]us1 to be h]eaft] notic$1 is p\r$ out4 ,9 an example ,i exam9$1 9 :i* impregnation _h app>5tly j tak5 place1 num]\s ova 7 f\nd adh]+ to ^! processes1 al?\gh n at all 9 su* numb]s z 9 ! ord9>y fi%es4 ,i c\nt$ ?irty-eight 9 ab\t ! space ( an in*2 ( ^!1 h[ev]1 b few c be develop$1 z ! numb] ( ftuses seldom exce$s =ty1 & sometimes is only eight4 ,9 ! :ole ( ! ut]us !re probably 7 f "o hundr$ to "o hundr$ & fifty ova4 ,( ! e>li] /ages ( developm5t1 h[ev]1 x is n my object to treat 9 ! pres5t memoir1 z ,i did n comm5ce my inve/igations suffici5tly e>ly to be able fully to make x out4 ,z soon1 h[ev]1 z ! embryo has advanc$ suffici5tly = ! f9s to be =m$1 ^! app5dages are f\nd to be t]m9at$ by a numb] ( digitations1 :i* project f ! free edges ( ! f91 & are usually f\nd situat$1 "o betwe5 ea* ray or sp9e4 ,!y are compos$ almo/ entirely ( f9e capill>y blood-vessels1 unit$ app>5tly by a v delicate & /ructureless membrane4 ,!y are s delicate t unless great c>e is tak5 9 remov+ ! specim5 f ! ut]us1 !y are de/roy$2 nor h ,i ev] be5 able to discov] !m 9 specim5s t h be5 pres]v$ 9 alcohol4 ,^! processes seem cont9u\s ) ! membrane ext5d$ betwe5 ! rays ( ! f9s1 b are mu* m delicate2 !y project f ! free edge ( ! f91 sometimes z mu* z ! eigh? ( an in*1 & are1 9 ! fully develop$ embryo1 ! fifte5? ( an in* broad4 ,on ! free m>g9 ( ea* digitation1 a l>g] capill>y c be obs]v$1 :i* appe>s to be cont9u\s all ar\nd2 x is ab\t ! 4#jjc 94 9 diamet]1 ! int]m$iate space be+ fill$ ) a net-"w ( small] capill>ies4 ,?is sy/em ( digitations projects f ! entire edge ( ! dorsal1 v5tral & caudal f9s1 b n f ! pectorals4 ,!y 9 fact =m a fr+e r\nd ! entire body1 ) ! exception ( ! head & t "p ( ! abdom5 9 front ( ! anus4 ,su* is ! /ructure ( ! organ t evid5tly has "s connection ) ! n\ri%m5t ( ! ftus1 resembl+ z x does s closely ! e>ly =mation ( ! vascul> villi & ! plac5tal tufts t proce$ f ! *orion ( ! mammif]\s embryo1 & ?r\gh :i* x d]ives its n\ri%m5t be=e ! plac5ta is fully =m$4 ,! "q n[ pres5ts itself z to h[ n\ri%m5t is convey$ f ! p>5t to ! ftus ?r\gh ^! tufts8 ,z be=e /at$1 ! l9+ membrane ( ! ut]us s5ds (f processes :i* surr\nd ea* ftus1 )\t h[ev] =m+ %eet sacks2 b al?\gh ^! processes are v freely suppli$ ) blood-vessels1 yet ! f9e/ injection fail$ to %[ any m vascul> spots :]e ! ftal digitations might h be5 br\ght into m imm$iate contact ) ! blood ( ! p>5t4 ,i h[ev] 0 =tunate en\gh to obta9 a fi%1 9 ! ut]us ( :i* ,i discov]$ a consid]able quantity ( fluid1 & on collect+ x1 & submitt+ x to *emical te/s1 ,i f\nd t ?is fluid conta9$ a consid]able quantity ( an animal sub/ance1 resembl+1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 "s ( ! comp\nds t are =m$ f album5 dur+ ! process ( dige/ion4 ,! fluid 0 ( yell[i% color1 transluc5t1 deposit$ on /&+ "s small globules :i* "u ! microscope /rongly refract$ ! light1 7 n alt]$ by acetic acid1 b dissolv$ 9 e!r2 probably fat globules2 :5 heat$1 !re 0 no coagulation1 al?\gh ! fluid 0 n q s cle>2 solution ( ,hg ,cl caus$ no precipitate2 tann9 9 solution caus$ a yell[i% precipitate4 ,9 add+ e!r to a portion ( ! fluid1 !re 0 a free dis5gagem5t ( gas1 a :ite floccul5t precipitate 0 =m$1 & on all[+ ! vessel to /&1 ! fluid sep>at$ itself into ?ree portions3 ! upp] portion consi/+ ( pure e!r app>5tly1 !n a lay] conta9+ :ite flocculi1 :i* occupi$ ab\t ! f\r? "p ( ! fluid1 & bel[ ?is ! rema9s ( ! orig9al fluid1 b little alt]$ 9 appe>ance4 ,!re c1 ,i ?9k1 be little d\bt b t x is ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ?is fluid t ! ftus obta9s its n\ri%m5t4 ,! consid]able portion ( animal matt] x conta9s1 & t too 9 a /ate p>ticul>ly fitt$ = absorption & = conv]sion into tissue1 fits x = furni%+ ! ftus ) ! elem5ts necess>y = its gr[? by absorption ?r\gh ! l>ge surface ( capill>y vessels :i* are f\nd 9 ! vascul> digitations t surr\nd ! ftus1 & :i* are con/antly ba!d 9 ! fluid4 ,! difficulty t up to ! pres5t "t has att5d$ e attempt to trace ! connection betwe5 ! p>5t & ftus 9 ^! embiotocoid fi%es1 is ow+1 9 ! fir/ place1 to ! extreme delicacy ( ! vascul> digitations ( ! ftus1 :i* prev5ts _! be+ obs]v$ 9 pres]v$ specim5s1 & also to ! fact t 9 almo/ e case ! fluid secret$ by ! ut]us is entirely expell$ by ! viol5t /ruggles ( ! fi% :5 remov$ f ! wat]1 s t x 0 almo/ by a r>e accid5t t ,i succe$$ 9 obta9+ any4 ,i hope1 h[ev]1 dur+ ! com+ season1 to be able m fully to c>ry out ^! rese>*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4 ,a ,ftal ,fi%1 ab\t two-?irds gr[n1 slightly enl>g$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4 ,a portion ( ,dorsal ,f9 ( an almo/ mature ftal fi%1 ab\t d\ble ! natural size4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4 ,a portion ( a ,digitation1 magnifi$ ab\t #aej diamet]s1 %[+ capill>ies4 ,,san ,,francisco1 ,janu>y #ba/1 #ahfg4 ,mr4 ,bol&] exhibit$ ! cones ( _m species ( p9es gr[+ 9 ?is ,/ate1 & /at$ :at 0 kn[n conc]n+ ! peculi>ities ( ! diff]5t species1 & _! geographical di/ribution4 ,he /at$ t ! p9es ( ,cali=nia comprise sixte5 true species1 :i* he describ$ briefly4 ,!re are tw5ty synonyms = ^! species1 :i* h creat$ "s confusion z to _! real "n & numb]4 ,! correct names ( all1 ) ! popul> *>act]i/ics ( ! mo/ /rik+1 & _! di/ribution1 are giv5 h]e)4 ,! names m>k$ ?us 99 are ^? ( trees hav+ p]si/5t cones1 :i* !y reta9 f t5 to tw5ty ye>s 9 "s in/ances4 ,^? m>k$ ?us reta9 _! cones b two ye>s4 ,^? m>k$ ?us reta9 !m b "o ye>3 ,p9us insignis499--,well kn[n z ! ornam5tal ,mont]ey p9e1 :i* is mu* cultivat$ 9 ,san ,francisco4 ,p4 muricata499--,n rem>kable4 ,p4 contorta499--,small & bu%y1 b valuable z %elt] aga9/ w9d4 ,gr[s abundantly ne> ,=t ,bragg1 9 ! ,m5doc9o c\ntry1 :]e x makes ! /\te/ w9d-pro( h$ge kn[n4 ,ought to be tri$ 9 ,san ,francisco4 ,p4 tub]culata499--,always small1 seldom high] ?an #ae to #cj feet4 ,p4 pond]osa4--,! well kn[n yell[ p9e4 ,atta9s a height ( #bbe feet & m1 & a circumf]5ce ( #bc or #bd feet4 ,p4 ,lamb]tiana499--,! equally well kn[n1 l>g] & h&some 8sug> p9e10 or 8long-cone p9e0 ( ,frmont4 ,usually gr[s at great altitudes2 exce$+ly valuable = timb]1 & af=ds ! pr9cipal supplies4 ,p4 ,c\lt]i4--,f\nd 9 ! l[] ea/]n slope ( ! ,coa/ ,range4 ,n v l>ge2 sometimes atta9s a height ( #ge feet2 knotty1 b ornam5tal4 ,x is rem>kable = hav+ ! l>ge/ cone ( all ! p9es1 & specim5s ( its cone1 :5 fir/ kn[n1 br\ght five gu9eas 9 ,engl&4 ,p4 ,sab9iana4--,?is is ! nut p9e ( ! foo?ills1 sometimes call$ ! 8scrub p9e10 or 8silv] p9e40 ,! ,digg] ,indians ga!r ! nuts f its cone z a favorite article ( food4 ,x is f\nd on ! foo?ills ( bo? ,coa/ ,ranges & ,si]ra ,nevada4 ,mr4 ,bol&] m5tion$ sev]al species 9 ! gr\p ( coa/ p9es :i* he _h n se51 viz3 ,p4 ,llaveana1 ea/ ( ,san ,diego2 ,p4 deflexa1 on ! summit ( ! ,cali=nia ,m\nta9s2 ,p4 ,torreyana199 ne> ,san ,diego4 ,p4 monticola4--,a tall tree & af=d+ f9e timb]2 said to be h>di] ?an ! sug> p9e1 & might be pref]r$ if its position ne> ! summit did n make x difficult ( access4 ,p4 flexilis4--,?is gr[s on w9dy heights 9 ! =m ( a l[ %rub1 s /\t & ?ick t a man c /& on its top4 ,9 l[ altitudes x rea*es a height ( a hundr$ feet4 ,x is useful only = firewood4 ,p4 monophylla4--,?is is a /unt$1 twi/$ tree1 :i* gr[s on ! ea/]n slope ( ! ,si]ra1 :]e x corresponds to ! nut-p9e on ! we/]n slope4 ,at a di/ance x resembles 9 %ape ! live oak4 ,its cone is ill %ap5 & has an (f5sive odor1 b yields a sweet nut4 ,p4 ,balf\riana4--,?is species is f\nd ne> ,scott's ,valley1 9 ,nor!rn ,cali=nia4 ,five species 9 ! above li/--insignis1 muricata1 ,llaveana1 deflexa & ,torreyana--are peculi> to ! sea coa/4 ,five species--! contorta1 pond]osa1 ,lamb]tiana1 ,sab9iana1 tub]culata--are f\nd bo? 9 ! ,coa/ ,ranges & ,si]ra ,nevada4 ,! ,c\lt]i is f\nd only 9 ! ,coa/ ,range1 ea/]n slope2 ! monticola only high 9 ! ,si]ra2 ! flexilis only on ! upp] ,si]ra & we/]n slope ( ! same2 & ! monophylla only on ! ea/]n slope4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,febru>y #d,,?1 #ahfg4 ,presid5t 9 ! ,*air4 ,tw5ty-eight memb]s pres5t4 ,messrs4 ,joseph ,p4 ,le,count1 ,c4 ,von ,lieb5au1 ,amory ,f4 ,bell1 ,w4 ,c4 ,walk]1 ,george ,h4 ,p[]s1 ,?omas ,b5nett1 ,m4,d41 ,l4 ,gilson1 ,delos ,j4 ,h[e1 ,r4 ,s4 ,williamson1 ,u4 ,s4 ,eng9e]s1 ,r4 ,d',heureuse1 ,rev4 ,john ,f4 ,h>r+ton1 ,h4 ,c4 ,hyde1 ,g4 ,b4 ,hit*cock & ,jacob ,bacon 7 elect$ ,resid5t ,memb]s4 ,donations to ,libr>y3 ,review ( ! ,m9+1 ,agricultural & ,comm]cial ,int]e/s ( ! ,pacific ,/ates1 f ,j4 ,h4 ,c>many4 ,essai ,politique sur la ,n\velle ,espagne1 by ,a4 de ,humboldt1 #b ,vols41 #dto41 & atlas folio1 ,p>is1 #ahaa1 pres5t$ by ,a4 ,sutro4 ,pr(essor ,:itney read ! foll[+ communication3 ,on ! ,fre% ,wat] ,infusorial ,deposits ( ! ,pacific ,coa/1 & _! ,connection ) ! ,volcanic ,rocks4 ,,by ,j4 ,d4 ,,:itney4 ,! microscopic discov]ies ( ! la/ few ye>s h imm5sely ext5d$ ! range & importance ( ! m9ute1 &1 to ! nak$ eye1 invisible organisms1 :i*1 "u ! g5]al designation ( 8,infusoria10 are recogniz$ z a "p ( ! k+dom ( nature4 ,x is especially to ,ehr5b]g t we are indebt$ = a demon/ration ( ! geological importance ( ! ,diatoms1 ^? microscopic organisms :i* s long puzzl$ naturali/s to decide :e!r !y 7 animal or vegetable 9 _! nature1 b :i* are n[1 by ! majority ( zologi/s1 ref]r$ to z plants4 ,9 ,ehr5b]g's great "w1 ! 8,mikrogeologie10 or geology 9 little1 ?is em95t naturali/ has giv5 ! results ( ! exam9ation1 by himself1 ( specim5s ( infusorial rocks1 soils1 a%es1 du/1 & o!r accumulations or masses ( matt] f e qu>t] ( ! globe3 ^! inve/igations %[ mo/ conclusively t deposits ( va/ ext5t--( su* magnitude1 inde$1 z to =m no inconsid]able portion ( ! e>?'s cru/--are ! result ( organic ag5cies1 & t :at seems to ! eye an unorganiz$ mass1 may 9 reality be made up ( ! delicately wr\ght & almo/ inf9itely m9ute rema9s ( plant or animal life4 ,t animals1 or plants1 s m9ute t a hundr$ millions ( di/9ct individuals w sc>cely weigh a s+le gra91 %\ld =m accumulations hundr$s ( feet 9 ?ickness & ext5d+ ov] ?\s&s ( squ>e miles1 seems a h>dly cr$ible /atem5t2 b a fact /ill m difficult to believe & compreh5d is "o :i* is ?or\ghly e/abli%$ by abundant evid5ce1 namely3 t imm5se deposits ( volcanic mat]ials1 or1 at lea/1 ( mat]ials closely connect$ 9 _! orig9 & nature ) volcanic action1 & spread ov] va/ tracts ( c\ntry 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w1 are also1 to a l>ge ext5t1 made up ( ^! microscopic organisms1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* seems dep5d5t on ! pres5ce ( wat]1 & s utt]ly at v>iance ) a condition ( volcanic activity4 ,?r\gh\t ?is volcanic region ( ,cali=nia1 ,oregon1 ,nevada1 & probably z f> nor? z ! igne\s masses ext5d1 :i* are well kn[n to cov] a va/ area on ! we/]n side ( our cont95t1 !re are f\nd deposits1 :i* are usually call$ 8fire-clay10 8kaol910 8pipe-clay10 or simply 8clay20#cj ^! masses are1 h[ev]1 n at all ( ! nature ( kaol91 nor are !y prop] clay1 al?\gh !y may1 9 places1 pass into clay or %ale4 ,! mat]ial ( :i* ?is deposit is made up is exce$+ly f9e-gra9$1 seem+ly an impalpable p[d]1 usually p]fectly :ite & m or less di/9ctly /ratifi$4 ,x is extremely light1 & resembles comm]cial magnesia m ?an any?+ else4 ,9 its geological position1 x is f\nd und]ly+ ! basaltic masses1 or ! products ( ! la/ great eruptive action ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada4 ,x is (t5 associat$ )1 or int]calat$ among b$s ( gravel1 f9e or co>se-gra9$ s&/one & %ales1 & be>s ! evid5t m>ks ( be+ a s$im5t>y deposit made along ! sides ( a g5tly-desc5d+ broad valley1 or lake-l expansion ( a valley4 ,?is is its "* 9 ! ,si]ra ,nevada2 b z we g nor? & nor!a/1 & come on to ! great volcanic table l&s ( ,nor!rn ,cali=nia & ,s\!rn & ,ea/]n ,oregon1 we f9d ! ?ickness ( ! deposits ( ?is k9d ( mat]ial increas+1 & ! area occupi$ by !m m consid]able4 ,! foll[+ localities are especially wor?y ( notice3 ,nor? ( ,virg9ia ,city1 ,nevada2 ,surprise ,valley2 ,pit ,riv]1 ne> m\? ( ,canoe ,creek2 ,klama? ,bas91 or 9 ! vic9ity ( ,wright1 ,rhett & ,klama? ,lakes2 ! ,des ,*utes ,bas94 ,( all ! localities1 ! la/ m5tion$ w\ld seem to be ! mo/ rem>kable = ! ext5t & ?ickness ( ! deposits 9 "q4 ,x 0 f "h t ! fir/ specim5s exam9$ by ,ehr5b]g1 9 #ahdi1 7 br\ght by ,frmont1 :o repres5t$ ! deposit z #ejj feet ?ick4 ,?is region has s9ce be5 exam9$ by ,dr4 ,newb]ry1 :o describes ! caons ( ! tribut>ies ( ! ,des ,*utes z 9 places #b1jjj feet deep1 ! plateaux betwe5 :i* caons are cov]$ by basaltic lava1 & ?is is se51 9 ! magnific5t sections ?us pres5t$1 to re/ on a ?ickness ( hundr$s ( feet ( tuface\s /rata int]/ratifi$ ) a v>iety ( b$s ( volcanic conglom]ates1 pumice s&1 a%es1 etc4 ,dr4 ,newb]ry speaks ( tuface\s /rata #a1bjj feet 9 ?ickness1 9 ! caon ne> ! m\? ( ! ,mptolyas ,riv]4 ,! :ite mat]ial1 ( :i* "s ( ! m prom95t localities h be5 indicat$ above1 & :i* is well kn[n to explor]s "u s _m names1 z already m5tion$1 is 9 reality *iefly ( a silici\s "*1 & made up1 to a l>ge ext5t1 ( organic bodies ( microscopic dim5sions1 infusoria1 or ,diatomace4 ,?is fact 0 fir/ recogniz$ 9 ! case ( ! specim5s collect$ by ,frmont on ! ,des ,*utes ,riv]1 & exam9$ by ,bailey & ,ehr5b]g4 ,specim5s collect$ by ,dr4 ,newb]ry1 on ! ,pacific ,railroad ,survey1 7 also exam9$ by ,pr(essor ,bailey1 b ,i am n aw>e t any detail$ description ( ! results 0 ev] publi%$4 ,among ! collection ( ! ,geological ,survey are a l>ge numb] ( specim5s ( ! :ite infusorial deposit1 und]ly+ ! lava at v>i\s localities4 ,( ^! a prelim9>y exam9ation has be5 made by ,pr(essor ,brew]1 & a l>ge supply ( mat]ial is n[ 9 ! h&s ( ,mr4 ,a4 ,m4 ,edw>ds1 ( ,new ,york1 = a detail$ exam9ation & report4 ,! fact has be5 already well demon/rat$ t all or ne>ly all ^! f9e1 :ite1 light masses are made up1 to a l>ge ext5t1 ( ! silici\s rema9s ( ! diatomace1 & 9 all cases ( =ms peculi> to fre% wat]4 ,! geological position ( ^! b$s is extremely rec5t4 ,!y ext5d f ! latt] portion ( ! ,plioc5e into ! ,po/-plioc5e epo*1 & seem to h cont9u$ _! exi/5ce ne>ly1 if n q1 d[n to ! pres5t day4 ,s f> ! facts are v simple1 & ! pr9cipal results ( our detail$ microscopic exam9ation ( ^! infusorial deposits w be1 ! k ( ! range ( ! diff]5t species :i* occur 9 !m1 & ! relations ( ! v>i\s =ms to ^? n[ liv+1 ei!r 9 ?is region or 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,?is ! ext5t ( our collections w give u bett] opportunities to d ?an o!rs h yet _h4 ,!re is a po9t1 h[ev]1 ( great int]e/ connect$ ) ^! deposits1 9 reg>d to :i* ,i desire to make "s rem>ks at ?is pres5t "t1 & on :i* ,i consid] t our explorations are capable ( ?r[+ "s light4 ,ehr5b]g has rec5tly#ca exam9$ a specim5 collect$ _m ye>s ago1 9 ! ,toluca ,valley1 ,mexico1 by ! well-kn[n m9+ eng9e] ,burk>t1 ( :at he d5om9ates a 8,phytoli?>i5 ,tuff0 or phytoli?ic tufa1 & :i* came to him label$ 8,tra*ytic ,tufa1 f ,toluca ,valley1 qu]e1 :e!r pumice-l or infusorial40 ,( ?is1 ,ehr5b]g says3 8,x is a silv]-gray1 easily crumbl$1 gritty tufa1 :i* does n eff]vesce ) acids1 & :i*1 :5 heat$1 becomes d>k]1 b n black1 & !n assumes a light-br[ni% color40 ,! microscopic analysis ( x %[$ t x 0 made up to a l>ge ext5t ( phytoli?>ia1 :i* probably belong *iefly to ! grasses1 & betwe5 !m lie scatt]$ a comp>atively small numb] ( bacill>ia4 ,all are fre%-wat] =ms4 ,9 8 rem>ks on ?is mat]ial1 ,ehr5b]g recalls ! o!r specim5s ( infusorial tufas1 :i* h be5 exam9$ by him1 at v>i\s times1 s9ce #ahci4 ,he m5tions p>ticul>ly ! rock f ! ,des ,*utes ,riv]1 collect$ by ,frmont2 also tra*ytic tufa1 ) organic rema9s1 f ,honduras2 tra*ytic tufa f ! volcano ,maibu1 9 ,*ile2 ! mud-ejections 787 ( ! volcanoes ne> ,quito2 ! ejections 787 ( ! volcano ,imbab>u1 z well z ^? f ! isl& ( ,guadal\pe4 ,9 reg>d to ! ,des ,*utes ,riv] deposit1 x may be incid5tally rem>k$ t ! em95t microscopi/ seems to assign to x a mu* great] geological age ?an x really des]ves2 x is1 unque/ionably1 z rec5t z ! latt] "p ( ! ,plioc5e4 ,x w\ld appe> f :at ,ehr5b]g has publi%$1 t he consid]s ?is occurr5ce ( organic =ms1 9 connection ) reput$ volcanic masses1 to be some?+ extremely difficult to expla91 z inde$ x is1 if we adopt ! view tak5 by him1 namely1 t ^! s-call$ tuface\s mat]ials are ! direct products ( volcanic action2 t is to say1 t !y h be5 eject$ f crat]s1 ei!r 9 ! =m ( %[]s ( a%es or ( mud out-fl[s4 ,x w\ld be1 inde$1 to my compreh5sion1 some?+ entirely inexplicable1 t su* va/ masses ( matt]1 made up to a l>ge ext5t ( organic =ms1 %\ld be p\r$ =? f ! int]ior ( ! e>?4 ,?is w\ld be ! case1 z x appe>s to me1 no matt] :at !ory ( volcanic action "o might *oose to adopt2 s9ce1 :atev] may be ! cause1 no "o w d5y t a high temp]ature is1 at lea/1 "o ( ! results4 ,t ,ehr5b]g really consid]s ^! infusorial deposits to be ( eruptive orig91 is evid5t f a rem>k 9 8 la/ communication1 7t 9 ref]5ce to ! specim5 f ! ,toluca ,valley7 to ! effect t ! occurr5ce ( fre%-wat] =ms1 exclusively1 9 ^! infusorial masses is evid5ce t volcanic ph5om5a are n dep5d5t on1 or connect$ )1 ! pres5ce ( sea-wat]1 z is g5]ally suppos$1 f ! fact t volcanoes are situat$1 9 mo/ cases1 ne> ! sea coa/4 ,n hav+ ! necess>y works ( ref]5ce at h& to be able to see1 9 all ! cases cit$ by ,ehr5b]g1 exactly :at ! evid5ce is1 on :i* 8 !ory ( ! orig9 ( ^! infusorial deposits is f\nd$1 ,i w n attempt to give an au?oritative /atem5t 9 reg>d to any o!rs ?an ^? :i* belong to ?is coa/2 b ,i _c avoid draw+ ! inf]5ce1 t ! same conditions :i* are s easily trac$ "h w1 on future exam9ation1 be f\nd exi/+ 9 all ! o!r localities cit$ by him4 ,! mode ( occurr5ce ( ^! fre%-wat] infusorial deposits 9 ,cali=nia1 & on ! ,pacific coa/ 9 g5]al1 is v simple4 ,!y are accumulations ( organisms :i* h be5 collect$ at ! bottom ( ! lakes1 or 9 ! lake-l %all[ expansions ( riv]s1 9 :i* !y grew4 ,?is gr[? took place at a "t :5 volcanic ag5cies 7 busily at "w1 giv+ rise to accumulations ( a%es1 pumice1 & o!r mat]ials4 ,! rapidity ) :i* ^! infusorial deposits =m1 at ! pres5t "t ev51 ! va/ ext5t ov] :i* !y are di/ribut$1 & ! g5]al importance 9 ! geological hi/ory ( ! e>?1 are n[ matt]s :i* are well und]/ood1 ( ! masses ?us accumulat$ & 9 reg>d to :i* ! /ore ( facts has be5 rapidly gr[+ 9 magnitude dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s4 ,! mud deposits & deltas ( riv]s1 ! bottoms ( lakes & swamps1 & ! b$ ( ! ocean itself1 are ! repositories ( ^! =ms4 ,heat & /agnant wat] seem to be :at is requir$ = _! rapid reproduction & ! consequ5t rapid accumulation ( _! rema9s4 ,! infusorial deposits ( ,c5tral ,cali=nia--,i ref] n[ to ^? ( fre% wat] orig91 & connect$ ) volcanic masses--are all situat$ 9 su* positions z to %[1 t !y 7 =m$ & deposit$ 9 %all[ wat]2 t1 ?r\gh ! v>i\s alt]nations ( calm & convulsion 9 ! ,si]ra1 !y 7 at "o "t all[$ to accumulate 9 quiet1 !n swept ov] by masses ( gravel & s&1 indicat+ a furi\s ru% ( wat]1 !n cov]$ ) a %[] ( a%es & pumice f ! neighbor+ volcanoes ( ! ,si]ra !n 9 active op]ation2 & f9ally1 at ! gr& f9ale ( ! basaltic lava ov]fl[ ( ! *a91 capp$ ) ?is inde/ructible mat]ial1 :i* has effectually prev5t$ ! wa%+ away ( ! o!rwise easily remov$ infusorial deposits4 ,?is is ! connection betwe5 ! volcanic & ! infusorial masses2 by _! absolute inde/ructibility ! =m] h protect$ ! latt] f d5udation1 & consequ5tly we see !m always accompany+ ea* o!r3 = :]e ! cov] did n exi/1 !re ! d5ud+ =ces h swept away e ve/ige ( ! s(t & easily yield+ mat]ial1 or else x rema9s conceal$ "u ! wat]4 ,to =m an idea ( ! ext5t ( ! erosion :i* has tak5 place s9ce ^! infusorial b$s 7 deposit$1 & ! consequ5t *ange 9 ! configuration ( ! c\ntry1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d t ! :ole ( ! pres5t riv] caons on ! we/ slope ( ! ,si]ra h be5 excavat$ s9ce t "t1 & t1 9 _m places1 ! /rata h be5 remov$ to a v]tical dep? ( betwe5 two & ?ree ?\s& feet4 ,ev]y?+ %[s t ! surface cov]$ by fre% wat] 9 ! region ea/ ( ! cre/ ( ! ,si]ra 01 at a n v di/ant epo*1 mu* great] 9 ext5t ?an x n[ is4 ,!re exi/$1 probably dur+ or imm$iately aft] ! glacial epo*1 a *a9 ( great lakes occupy+ a l>ge portion ( ! c\ntry f ,walk]'s ,lake to ! ,des ,*utes ,riv]1 a di/ance ( ab\t f\r hundr$ miles1 & ext5d+ ov] a bread? ( n less ?an "o hundr$4 ,a l>ge portion ( ?is region is n[ a volcanic plateau2 &1 :]e cut into by ! =ce ( runn+ wat]1 ! deposits ( infusorial /rata may be se51 sometimes ?9 & unimportant1 b (t5 ( great ?ickness4 ,obs]vations & measurem5ts ( t]races & det]m9ation ( ! altitude ( all ^! old lake deposits w enable u at "s future "t to indicate on ! map ! area once occupi$ by ?is great *a9 ( inl& seas4 ,! va/ ext5t ( ! lacu/r9e infusorial =mations on ! ea/ side ( ! ,si]ra is ?us acc\nt$ =1 z well z ! comp>atively small area :i* !y cov] on ! we/]n slope4 ,9 addition to ! /ratigraphical reason giv5 above :y ! infusorial /rata %\ld occur connect$ ) eruptive masses1 !re may be a *emical "o :i* %all1 9 "p1 acc\nt = ! app>5t great developm5t ( ! diatomace 9 volcanic regions4 ,^! organisms require an am\nt ( silica1 inf9itesimally small = ea* individual1 b 9 reality enorm\s = ! numb] ( organisms requir$ to develop !mselves ov] ! va/ area & ) ! ?ickness :i* !y occupy4 ,t a volcanic region %\ld supply a l>g] am\nt ( silica 9 ! /ate 9 :i* x c be appropriat$ by ! diatomace1 is extremely probable4 ,we "k t silicification ( all organic matt]s occurr+ 9 ^! volcanic regions ( our coa/ proce$s ) ! greate/ rapidity1 & has tak5 place on an ext5sive scale4 ,! !rmal spr+s conta9 a great am\nt ( free silica1 & x is 9 ! vic9ity ( su* spr+s t l>ge infusorial deposits are frequ5tly f\nd4 ,x seems t x c\ld only be 9 regions p>ticul>ly favorable = ! secretion ( _! silici\s cov]+s1 t ^! infusoria c\ld be accumulat$ ) su* rapidity z to =m :at may be call$1 )\t exagg]ation1 m\nta9 masses4 ,x is also possible t temp]ature may h some?+ to d ) ?is rapid developm5t1 & t volcanic regions may on ?is acc\nt be favorable to x4 ,to my appreh5sion1 ! ph5om5a ( infusorial deposits 9 connection ) volcanic masses admit ( an easy explanation on ?is coa/1 at lea/2 & ,i c h>dly believe t any ( ! localities ( diatomace1 if closely exam9$1 w\ld pres5t any su* difficulties z to make ! assumption necess>y t !y h be5 eject$ f ! int]ior ( ! e>?4 ,9 cases :]e infusoria seem to h be5 actually eject$ f crat]s1 z is said to h be5 ! case 9 "s ( ! ,s\? ,am]ican volcanoes1 x is n difficult to und]/& t an anci5t crat] may h become fill$ up & tempor>ily conv]t$ into a lake2 & t1 aft] ! gr[? & deposition ( an infusorial deposit at ! bottom1 a new eruption may h brok5 out 9 ! same place z a previ\s "o1 or 9 its imm$iate neighborhood4 ,9 su* a case1 among ! eject$ mat]ial1 a l>ge quantity ( ! infusoria w\ld be f\nd m+l$ ) ! a%es1 :i* mu/ pass ?r\gh ! mat]ial collect$ 9 ! bottom ( ! crat] z !y rise f ! int]ior ( ! e>?4 ,! bur/+ ( lakes at ! bases ( volcanic cones1 caus$ by ! rapid melt+ ( ! sn[s above !m1 h (t5 giv5 rise to torr5ts ( volcanic mud1 call$ 8,moya0 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 9 :i* bo? animal & vegetable rema9s are (t5 inclos$ 9 great quantity2 b ! connection betwe5 ! organic & inorganic ph5om5a1 9 su* cases1 is p]fectly evid5t4 ,9 fact1 ,i see no reason = suspect+ any connection betwe5 ! infusorial deposits & ! volcanic masses ( ?is coa/1 or ( any o!r "p ( ! _w1 :i* %\ld influ5ce ! geologi/ 9 =m+ an op9ion ) reg>d to ! cause or ! locality ( volcanic action4 ,9 conclusion1 x may be rem>k$ t ! m>9e infusorial rocks ( ! ,pacific coa/1 & especially ( ,cali=nia1 are ( great ext5t & importance4 ,!y occur 9 ! ,coa/ ,ranges1 f ,cle> ,lake to ,los ,angeles4 ,!y are ( no little economical1 z well z sci5tific1 int]e/2 s9ce1 z ,i conceive1 ! exi/5ce ( bitum9\s mat]ials 9 ?is ,/ate1 9 all _! =ms1 f ! mo/ liquid to ! mo/ d5se1 is due to ! pres5ce ( infusoria--! pro(s ( :i* /atem5t ,i w1 at "s future "t1 endeavor to set be=e ! ,academy4 #cj ,!y are also frequ5tly call$ 8magnesia10 & h be5 repeat$ly /at$ by 8assay]s0 9 ,san ,francisco to be made up ( t e>?4 #ca ,see ,monatsb]i*t d] ,kn4 ,preuss4 ,akad4 zu ,b]l91 #ahff1 page #aeh4 ,dr4 ,kellogg read a pap] on 8,fungi10 9 :i* he gave a full acc\nt ( _! nature1 di/ribution1 & uses4 ,mr4 ,lorqu9 exhibit$ two ducks1 & made "s rem>ks 9 reg>d to !m4 ,"o ( !m he consid]$ a hybrid betwe5 ! ,p9tail & ! ,mall>d1 & ! o!r betwe5 ! ,p9tail & ! ,teal4 ,mr4 ,falk5au gave an acc\nt ( ! *emical reactions ( ! r$ matt] exhibit$ by ,dr4 ,behr to ! ,academy1 at ! meet+ ( ,janu>y #g?4 ,! quantity 0 too small = a satisfactory result4 ,dr4 ,/iv]s made "s rem>ks on ! ,n]eocy/es ,ltkeana1 "o ( ! ,alg1 & rem>kable = its absorptive p[]4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,febru>y #ah,,?1 #ahfg4 ,presid5t 9 ! ,*air4 ,tw5ty-five memb]s pres5t4 ,messrs4 ,i4 ,w4 ,raymond1 ,rodmond ,gibbons1 ,?omas ,h4 ,selby1 ,daniel ,knight1 ,f4 ,a4 ,holman1 ,m4 ,d41 ,edmund ,scott1 ,h5ry ,edw>ds1 ,john ,melville1 ,george ,daly1 ,rob9son ,gibbons1 ,gregory ,yale1 ,james ,h[d51 ,george ,h4 ,fillmore1 ,m>%all ,ha/+s1 ,john ,l4 ,eckley & ,lee ,j4 ,ransom 7 elect$ ,resid5t ,memb]s1 & ,j4 ,g4 ,coop]1 ,m4,d41 a ,life ,memb]4 ,donation to ! ,cab9et3 ,a skull ( a ,cali=nia ,indian1 tak5 f a burial place 9 ,alam$a ,c\nty1 ne> ,c5treville1 by ,mr4 ,l4 ,g4 ,yates4 ,donation to ! ,libr>y3 ,! ,pacific ,m$ical & ,surgical ,j\rnal = #ahfe & #ahff1 by ,dr4 ,h4 ,gibbons4 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,p4 ,blake read ! foll[+ communication3 ,notice ( ,fossil ,elephants' ,tee? f ! ,nor?we/ ,coa/4 ,,by ,w4 ,p4 ,,blake4 ,! two mol> tee? ( ! ext9ct elephant :i* ,i exhibit ?is ev5+ 7 pres5t$ to me by ,col4 ,bulkley1 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,am]ican & ,russian ,telegraph4 ,"o is f ! m\? ( ! ,yukon ,riv]1 & ! o!r f ,/4 ,paul's ,isl&1 ne> ! middle ( ,behr+'s ,sea4 ,! rema9s ( elephants are abundant 9 bo? places4 ,tusks are sometimes f\nd1 & "o has be5 s5t by ,col4 ,bulkley to ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution4 ,^! new localities may be reg>d$ z =m+ a connect+ l9k betwe5 ^? ( ,sib]ia & ,am]ica1 & indicate ! =m] cont9u\s di/ribution ( ! anci5t elephant ^u ! two cont95ts4 ,! foll[+ li/ ( localities1 kn[n to me1 ( simil> fossils 9 ,cali=nia1 w %[ t ! elephant mu/ h be5 frequ5tly se5 "h 9 v e>ly times3 ,at ,m>e ,isl&2 9 ,plac] ,c\nty1 ne> ,=e/ ,hill2 9 ,tuolumne ,c\nty1 at ,columbia1 ,%aw's ,flat1 ,texas ,flat & ne> ,sonora2 9 ,calav]as ,c\nty1 at ,knight's ,f]ry2 9 ,los ,angeles ,c\nty1 at ,san ,p$ro4 ,! la/ is1 ,i believe1 ! mo/ s\!rn po9t at :i* su* rema9s h be5 f\nd 9 ?is ,/ate4 ,mr4 ,falk5au read a pap] on ,peat1 9 :i* he gave an acc\nt ( ! orig91 di/ribution & uses ( ?is mat]ial4 ,9 ! discussion :i* foll[$ ! read+ ( ?is communication1 x 0 /at$ by ,mr4 ,bol&] t no valuable b$s ( peat _h yet be5 discov]$ on ?is coa/4 ,messrs4 ,keyes & ,behr also comm5t$ on suppos$ discov]ies ( ?is mat]ial 9 ,cali=nia4 ,! peculi> climate ( ?is region 0 notic$ z unfavorable to ! developm5t ( ?is mat]ial4 ,dr4 ,h4 ,gibbon made "s rem>ks on ! simultaneity ( /orms on bo? sides ( ?is cont95t4 ,pr(4 ,:itney made "s rem>ks supplem5t>y to 8 communication to ! ,academy 9 #ahfb1 on ! "q--8,:i* is ! highe/ m\nta9 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & :i* 9 ,nor? ,am]ica80 ,he rem>k$ t b little _h be5 done1 outside ( ,cali=nia1 dur+ ! la/ five ye>s1 t[>ds improv+ our k ( ! topography ( ! we/]n "p ( our cont95t4 ,"s valuable contributions to ! physical geography ( ! c5tral portion ( ! ea/]n edge ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 h be5 publi%$ by ,drs4 ,c4 ,c4 ,p>ry & ,engelmann 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,/4 ,l\is ,academy1 7#ahfc & #ahff7 & sev]al peaks 7 measur$ by ,dr4 ,p>ry2 b ( ^! only two are locat$ on any map1 namely3 ,long's & ,pike's4 ,( ^! ,long's ,peak is #ac1def feet1 & ,pike's1 #ad1bae2 ?is latt] be+ ! highe/ summit 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 range1 at lea/ )9 ! bord]s ( our own t]ritory4 ,( ! cont9uation ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s nor? into ,briti% ,columbia1 b little is kn[n4 ,"s peaks are said to be #af1jjj feet & ov] 9 height2 b x is believ$ t no accurate measurem5ts h be5 made 9 t region2 &1 fur!r1 x is n at all 9 accordance ) :at we h le>n$ ( ! relation ( peaks to passes 9 o!r m\nta9 *a9s1 to suppose t :5 ! passes are z l[ z #e1jjj feet1 ! m\nta9s on ei!r h& %\ld rise to an altitude ( #af1jjj feet4 ,?is w\ld be m probable 7 ! high po9ts volcanic cones2 b ?is !y are n suppos$ to be4 ,"l ,milton & ,dr4 ,*eadle's book1 rec5tly publi%$1 gives no in=mation z to ! height ( ! peaks ne> ! pass trav]s$ by _! p>ty1 7! ,lea!r ,head ,pass7 except a /atem5t t "o po9t1 f> exce$+ all o!rs 9 elevation1 0 8f #aj1jjj to #ae1jjj feet high40 ,pr(essor ,:itney ref]r$ aga9 to ! fact t ! height ( ,mt4 ,/4 ,elias1 z giv5 on ! ,briti% ,admiralty *>ts1 & probably f ,sir ,edw>d ,bel*]'s measurem5t1 namely1 #ad1igj feet1 0 /ill ignor$ by all compil]s ( gazette]s & geographies1 ev5 d[n to ,an/$'s late/ "w1 publi%$ 9 #ahfg4 ,! old figures1 #ag1hed feet1 obta9$ f an old ,spani% docum5t f\nd 9 ,mexico by ,humboldt1 h be5 %[n to be grossly exagg]at$ by two sep>ate measurem5ts ( m mod]n times4 ,! rec5t measurem5t ( ,mt4 ,hood by ,mr4 ,a4 ,wood1 0 m5tion$1 & sev]al reasons giv5 :y little weight %\ld be atta*$ to x4 ,if ,mr4 ,wood's measurem5t 7 correct1 ! height ( ,mt4 ,hood mu/ be ne>ly #d1jjj feet great] ?an t ( ,mt4 ,%a/a1 & s notable a fact w\ld h be5 cle>ly recogniz$ by explor]s1 z x always has be5 t ,mt4 ,%a/a itself is ne>ly t mu* high] ?an ,lass5's ,peak4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 exp]i5c$ obs]v]s h /at$ t ,mt4 ,hood 0 n z high z ,mt4 ,%a/a1 nor z ,mt4 ,adams1 or ,mt4 ,ra9i]1 ?is la/-nam$ peak be+1 accord+ to ,wilkes1 only #ab1cjj feet4 ,aga91 ,mt4 ,hood 0 r\ghly measur$ by ,dr4 ,vansant1 & 8 result 7#aa1icd feet7 gives ! height ( t m\nta9 z less ?an t ( ,mt4 ,adams1 also measur$ by him ) ! same in/rum5t1 & ?is in/rum5t c\ld h>dly h be5 s r\gh & liable to error z ! "o employ$ by ,mr4 ,wood4 ,fur!r1 ?is la/-nam$ g5tleman gives ! limit ( =e/ vegetation on ,mt4 ,hood z #i1jjj feet1 :ile our c>eful obs]vations on ,mt4 ,%a/a place x on t m\nta91 at #h1jjj feet4 ,x is c]ta9ly contr>y to :at we h ev]y:]e on ?is coa/ obs]v$1 to suppose t ! limit to :i* arboreal gr[? rea*es1 %\ld n fall consid]ably 9 go+ nor? ?ree hundr$ miles1 r ?an rise #a1jjj feet1 z w\ld be ! case if ,mr4 ,wood's measurem5ts 7 correct4 ,f9ally1 t ,mr4 ,wood's figures are n v reliable is %[n by ! fact1 t on plott+ 8 e/imates ( di/ances travel$ & ! angles ( ! slopes z giv5 by him1 x 0 f\nd t1 to correspond ) 8 /atem5ts1 ! m\nta9 mu/ be no less ?an #cc1djj feet high4 ,f9ally1 ,pr(essor ,:itney conclud$ t we h z yet no satisfactory evid5ce to invalidate ! /atem5t previ\sly made by him1 t we h 9 ,cali=nia ! highe/ m\nta9s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ! gr&e/ & l>ge/ m\nta9 mass 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 al?\gh "o or two ( ! volcanic cones ( ,mexico rise to high] altitudes ?an any ( our peaks4 ,pr(4 ,:itney also exhibit$ "o ( ! %ort b>omet]s made = ! ,geological ,survey1 by ,james ,gre51 ( ,new ,york4 ,hav+ _h occasion to "w at high elevations--! p>ty be+ sometimes1 = weeks toge!r1 camp$ at f #h1jjj to #aj1jjj feet above ! sea--x has be5 f\nd t ! vacuum 9 ! ord9>y b>omet] tubes soon becomes det]iorat$1 & ! m]cury dirty f ! con/ant l[]+ & rais+ ( ! column1 :i* is requir$ :5 a l>ge numb] ( obs]vations are tak5 at s great an elevation4 ,by hav+ ! b>omet] tube made only long en\gh to comm5ce ! read+ at ab\t tw5ty-f\r in*es1 or at an elevation ( #f1jjj or #g1jjj feet1 ! difficulty above specifi$ is to a great degree avoid$1 & ! in/rum5t made mu* m portable & conv5i5t to c>ry1 especially on peaks s /eep t bo? h&s are ne$$ to aid 9 climb+4 ,two ( ^! %ort b>omet]s h be5 us$ 9 ! high m\nta9 "w ( ! ,cali=nia ,survey1 & f\nd extremely conv5i5t4 ,( c\rse ! %ort b>omet] mu/ be comp>$ ) a long "o at "s /ation camp ( suffici5tly great elevation to all[ ?is to be done4 ,dr4 ,gibbons made "s rem>ks on ! inf]ior quality ( ! macadamiz+ mat]ial employ$ 9 ?is city4 ,he inquir$ if any p]son knew ( ! exi/5ce ( any bett] /one = ?is purpose1 9 ! vic9ity ( ,san ,francisco4 ,pr(4 ,:itney repli$ t an excell5t basaltic rock 0 to be _h 9 great abundance ne> ,petaluma1 at a po9t conv5i5t = %ipm5t1 & t !re 0 no really valuable rock = macadamiz+ to be _h ne>] ?an ?is po9t4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,m>* #d,,?1 #ahfg4 ,presid5t 9 ! ,*air4 ,tw5ty-n9e memb]s pres5t4 ,messrs4 ,j4 ,m4 ,sibley1 ,william ,norris1 ,h5ry ,pickel1 ,john ,w4 ,ny/rom1 ,ross ,e4 ,br[n1 ,cornelius ,b4 ,mill] & ,!odore ,p4 ,pa9t] 7 elect$ ,resid5t ,memb]s4 ,donations to ! ,cab9et3 8,electro-,silicon10 7,infusorial ,silica7 f ,six-,mile ,caon1 ne> ,virg9ia ,city1 ,nevada1 f ,dr4 ,lanszwe]t2 ,fossil ,fruit1 f ,long ,valley1 ,m5doc9o ,c\nty1 f ,c4 ,beottie2 ,fossil ,%ells1 f ! l9e ( ! ,erie 7,/eub5 ,c\nty1 ,n4 ,y47 ,railroad1 by ,a4 ,t4 ,be>dsley2 ,magnesium ,wire1 by ,c4 ,z4 ,wilson2 ,fragm5t f ! 8,pyramid ( ,*eops10 by ,mr4 ,elliott2 ,two ,specim5s ( ,petrifi$ ,wood1 f ,sonoma ,c\nty1 ,package ( ,c(fee ,se$ & ,specim5 ( ,ne/ ( ,trap-,door ,spid]1 f ,dr4 ,kellogg4 ,pr(4 ,:itney ann\nc$ ! dea? ( ,alex&] ,dallas ,ba*e1 & read a notice ( 8 life & em95t sci5tific s]vices4 ,mr4 ,/e>ns read ! foll[+ communication1 prefac+ x ) "s rem>ks on ! hib]nation & /ivation ( l& %ells3 ,rem>kable ,in/ance ( ,vitality 9 a ,snail4 ,9 t invaluable "w to ! con*ological /ud5t1 entitl$ 8,rec5t & ,fossil ,%ells10 by ,s4 ,p4 ,woodw>d1 pp4 #ah & #ai1 ref]5ce is made to c]ta9 g5]a & species ( l& %ells1 & sev]al in/ances are cit$ prov+ ! rem>kable vitality ( ^! comp>atively insignificant animals1 & _! ability to exi/ = great l5g?s ( "t )\t food4 ,p>ticul> m5tion is made ( a specim5 ( ! snail ,helix des]torum1 :i* 0 affix$ to a tablet 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ,m>* #be?1 #ahdf1 & ^u ! #g? ( ,m>*1 #ahej1 x 0 obs]v$ t ! animal mu/ h come out ( ! %ell1 z ! pap] 0 discolor$ 9 ! attempt to get away1 b f9d+ escape impossible1 x _h )drawn inside ( ! %ell & clos$ ! ap]ture ) ! usual gli/5+ film1 :i* l$ to its imm]sion 9 tepid wat] & m>vel\s recov]y4 ,x w be notic$ t ?is p]iod embrac$ ne>ly f\r ye>s4 ,a m rem>kable case has come "u my obs]vation1 :i* is wor?y ( m5tion4 ,dr4 ,veat*1 a memb] ( ?is ,academy1 visit$ ,c]ros or ,c$ros ,isl&1 opposite ! we/ coa/ ( ,l[] ,cali=nia1 & ^u 8 return1 9 ! ye> #ahei1 br\ght home1 among o!r %ells1 a species ( ,helix1 suppos$ to be new1 describ$ by ,dr4 ,newcomb1 ( ,oakl&1 & to :i* ! latt] gave ! "n ( ,helix ,veat*ii2 _m specim5s ( ?is species 7 obta9$1 & "s ( !m 7 giv5 by ,dr4 ,veat* to ! late ,?omas ,bridges4 ,mr4 ,bridges di$ 9 ,septemb]1 #ahfe1 & 9 ,decemb] ( ! same ye> a portion ( 8 collection pass$ into my h&s1 includ+ ! same specim5s ( ,helix ,veat*ii to :i* ,i h be=e allud$4 ,judge ( my surprise1 :5 "o day1 ^u a c>eful exam9ation1 ,i detect$ a liv+ specim51 :i*1 aft] be+ plac$ 9 a box ( moi/ e>?1 9 a %ort "t comm5c$ crawl+ ab\t1 app>5tly z well z ev]4 ,fe>+ f its activity t by "s accid5t x might crawl away1 & ,i might ?us lose x1 aft] a =tnight's furl\gh f its long imprisonm5t1 ,i plac$ x 9 a pill-box1 m>k+ ! date ( its reimprisonm5t ^u ! cov]1 9 ord] t at "s future "t ,i may exam9e x1 & asc]ta9 possibly1 if x does n outlive me1 h[ long a snail c live )\t rations4 ,"h is an in/ance ( a snail liv+ at lea/ six ye>s--9 ,cali=nian p>lance1 )\t a s+le 8squ>e meal40 ,mr4 ,bol&] made "s rem>ks 9 reg>d to ! botanical collections ( ,mr4 ,alphonso ,wood1 9 ,cali=nia & ,oregon1 9 #ahff4 ,mr4 ,wood claims to h collect$ 9 five mon?s1 9 ,cali=nia1 #a1dij species ( fl[]+ plants1 z appe>s by a lett] ov] 8 own signature 9 ! ,san ,francisco ,bullet92 fur!rmore1 he also ass]ts1 t dur+ 8 :ole j\rney 9 ,cali=nia & ,oregon he collect$ #ae1jjj specim5s1 repres5t+ #b1gid species ( plants4 ,?is j\rney occupi$ ab\t elev5 mon?s1 includ+ ! "t sp5t 9 com+ f & return+ to ! ,ea/4 ,! r\te ( ,mr4 ,wood 0 f ,san ,diego nor?1 ?r\gh ! regions :i* h be5 mo/ ?or\ghly collect$ ov] & /udi$ by botani/s1 namely1 along ! /age road to ,los ,angeles & ,san ,b]n>d9o1 !n to ,san ,l\is ,obispo1 ,santa ,cruz1 & nor? ?r\gh ! ,sacram5to ,valley1 pa/ ! base ( ,m\nt ,%a/a1 & along ! /age road to ! ,columbia ,riv]4 ,mr4 ,bol&] consid]$ x probable t !re 7 n ov] #ejj species ( fl[]+ plants actually exi/+ 9 t "p ( ,cali=nia explor$ by ,mr4 ,wood1 & 9 :i* he pr(esses to h collect$ #a1dij species4 ,accord+ to ,pr(essor ,brew]'s c>eful inve/igations1 x appe>s t ov] fifty botani/s h collect$ 9 ,cali=nia & ,oregon1 dur+ a p]iod ext5d+ back = m ?an sev5ty ye>s4 ,"s ( ^! collectors 7 engag$ = ye>s 9 ! bus9ess1 & _h f> great] facilities at _! comm& ?an ^? enjoy$ by ,mr4 ,wood1 & !y h jo9tly ?or\ghly explor$ a f> great] area ?an t ev5 ha/ily pass$ ov] by him4 ,yet1 ! sum total ( all ! species obta9$1 up to ! "t ( ,mr4 ,wood's visit1 is only ab\t #a1hjj species1 :ile he claims to h f\nd #b1gid2 t is to say1 ne>ly #a1jjj species m ?an _h be5 br\ght to light by fifty p]sons 9 sev5ty ye>s4 ,! absurdity ( ,mr4 ,wood's claims is self-evid5t4 ,b1 a comp>ison ( 8 figures ) ^? ( ,ea/]n botani/s w ?r[ /ill fur!r light on ?is subject4 ,pr(essor ,gray enum]ates1 9 8 manual1 only #b1dbf species ( plants z occurr+ 9 ! eighte5 ,nor!rn ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada ,ea/1 embrac+ an area ( no less ?an #fjj1jjj squ>e miles4 ,! :ole ( ,cali=nia & ,oregon includes only ab\t #bej1jjj squ>e miles1 only a v small portion ( :i* c\ld h be5 ?or\ghly explor$ by ,mr4 ,wood2 h[ unlikely1 !n1 t he %\ld h actually obta9$1 9 n9e mon?s1 #cfh species m on #bej1jjj squ>e miles1 ?an all ! botani/s ( ! ,ea/ h f\nd on m ?an d\ble t area4 ,mr4 ,bol&] also br\ght =w>d ample evid5ce to %[ t ,mr4 ,wood 0 n compet5t to det]m9e h[ _m new species he _h collect$1 prov+ by ! writt5 /atem5ts ( ,dr4 ,kellogg1 & o!rs1 t he 0 n acqua9t$ ) "s ( ! mo/ common & easily recogniz$ g5]a ( ?is coa/4 ,dr4 ,gibbons made "s rem>ks on ! ra9-fall ( ?is region dur+ ! la/ sev5te5 ye>s4 ,mr4 ,gutzk[ exhibit$ a %eet ( metallic silv] ( ?ree feet 9 diamet]1 & ab\t ?ree ounces ,troy weight1 :i* _h ! appe>ance & consi/5cy ( :ite writ+ pap]4 ,x 0 tak5 f ! surface ( a lead-l9$ tank1 9 :i* a solution ( protoxide ( iron 0 saturat$1 ne> ! boil+ po9t1 ) sulphate ( silv]4 ,if ! temp]ature ( ! solution is ma9ta9$ at a c]ta9 height1 %eet aft] %eet c be /ripp$ (f f ! surface4 ,! silv] ?us obta9$1 is1 aft] wa%+ ) muriatic acid to free x f ! iron solution1 *emically pure1 & by its peculi> %ape & purity1 well adapt$ to s]ve z pro( silv] = assay+ purposes4 ,! exp]im5t w "w only :5 op]at+ on a r l>ge scale1 s z to prev5t ! too sudd5 cool+ ( ! solution4 ,! *emical action to :i* x is due is ! oxydation ( ! protoxide ( iron into sesquioxide at ! exp5se ( ! oxyg5 comb9$ ) ! silv]4 ,?is oxydation1 :i* is kn[n to precipitate ! silv] z a :iti% p[d]1 beg9s to take place only at a c]ta9 temp]ature bel[ ! boil+ po9t1 & is made1 9 ! above exp]im5t1 to act on ! cry/als ( sulphate ( silv] sep>at+ on ! surface ( ! sl[ly cool+ solution4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,m>* #ah,,?1 #ahfg4 ,presid5t 9 ! ,*air4 ,tw5ty-six memb]s pres5t4 ,messrs4 ,eli%a ,brooks1 ,ellis ,h4 ,holmes1 ,l4 ,c4 ,lane1 ,m4,d41 ,john ,c4 ,pelton1 ,j4 ,m4 ,%>key1 ,m4,d41 ,j4 ,a4 ,bau]1 & ,rob]t ,hag51 7 elect$ ,resid5t ,memb]s1 & ,w4 ,h4 ,dall a ,correspond+ ,memb]4 ,donations to ! ,cab9et3 ,cry/al ( ,borax1 f ,borax ,lake1 by ,mr4 ,lightn]2 a ,bald ,eagle1 by ,dr4 ,ayres2 a specim5 ( ,wallapi ,food1 by ,frank ,s4 ,all+1 ,el ,dorado ,caon2 gold-be>+ ,qu>tz1 f ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 by ,gregory ,yale2 ,wolf ,fi%1 f ,frank ,johnson2 specim5 ( ,bdello/oma1 f ,dr4 ,canfield4 ,dr4 ,coop] pres5t$ ! foll[+ pap]3 ,! ,we/ ,coa/ ,helicoid ,l& ,%ells4 ,,by ,j4 ,g4 ,,coop]1 ,m4,d4 ,9 ! article on p4 #bei1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 ( ^! ,proce$+s = ,april #b;d1 #ahff1 ,i sugge/$ a division ( ! ,cali=nian ,b&$ ,helices into five subg5]a1 f\nd$ on ! %ells alone4 ,s9ce !n1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,w4 ,tryon has publi%$ a synopsis ( all ( !m except ,h4 facta 9 8 8,j\rnal ( ,con*ology10 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,"p #d1 = ,octob]1 #ahff1 arrang+ !m 9 ! 8g5]a0 ,aglaia1 ,arianta & ,polymita1 b diff]+ ess5tially f ,alb]s & o!r au?ors 9 ! species he assigns to ^! gr\ps4 ,! types ( ^! subg5]a1 h[ev]1 diff] s mu* f our species t x is easy to sep>ate ! %ells by good subg5]ic *>act]s2 & z !y inhabit respectively ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,europe1 & ,cuba1 x is v probable t ! animals diff] /ill m4 ,until ^! h be5 comp>$1 we may well hesitate 9 ref]r+ ours to ! same gr\ps1 & mu/ = ! pres5t be guid$ by ! %ells alone4 ,9 exam9+ ^!1 ! mo/ /rik+ & almo/ univ]sal "* we f9d is ! pres5ce ( a d>k b&1 g5]ally pale m>g9$1 on "o or bo? sides1 & situat$ at or close to ! brea?+ ap]ture 9 ! animal's mantle1 app>5tly hav+ "s physiological connection ) ?is op5+4 ,x is too uni=m & g5]al to be m]ely an ornam5tal m>k+1 su* z we f9d 9 _m species1 especially ! tropical1 :i* usually %[ no uni=mity 9 ! arrangem5t ( _! b&s4 ,! next mo/ con/ant *>act]s are ^? d]iv$ f ! nature ( ! surface1 :e!r hirsute1 ) revolv+ grooves1 smoo? or v>i\sly sculptur$1 ) wr9kles1 zigzag or oblique patt]ns4 ,al?\gh colors alone are usually unreliable z subg5]ic *>act]s1 ,i am incl9$ to consid] !m z su* 9 ! case ( ^! & "s alli$ species1 f _! app>5t connection ) important organs4 ,9 fact ! b&1 s con/ant 9 ?is l>ge s]ies ( species1 takes prec$5ce ( consid]able v>iety ( =m1 = ! v>iations 9 outl9e1 umbilicus1 & p]i/ome1 ?\gh great 9 ! extremes1 are s gradually %ad$ & bl5d$ toge!r 9 ! :ole s]ies t no well-def9$ g5]ic divisions c be f\nd$ on !m1 ?\gh useful = ! m9or gr\p+4 ,! umbilicus especially is v>iable ev5 9 specim5s ( ! same species1 ^? f s\!rn & arid regions be+ (t5 ne>ly imp]=ate1 & m conical ?an o!rs4 ,sev]al ,mexican species belong to ! same s]ies1 su* z ,h4 ,,remondii ,tryon1 ,h4 ,,griseola ,pfeiff1 & ,h4 ,,b]l&i]iana ,moric41 ! two la/ ext5d+ to ,texas4 ,o!rs1 z ,h4 ,,humboldtiana ,val41 sc>cely diff] f ! typical ,pomatia 9 =m4 ,i w\ld1 h[ev]1 exclude ! true ,hygromias associat$ ) ^! by ,tryon4 ,i w\ld also exclude ! pla9 or v>iegat$ species ( ,l[] ,cali=nia1 :i* approa* ne>] to ,polymita4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$ t _m ( our species approa* 9 =m to o!rs ( alli$ gr\ps1 s t if we ov]look *>act]s ( color & surface1 we w be incl9$ to place 9 ! same gr\ps1 ,nos4 #dj & #eb1 #bd & #cb1 #bi & #dg1 etc4 ,ev5 9 color ,nos4 #cb to #ce %[ an approa* to ! gr\p ( ,l[] ,cali=nia1 b seem m closely alli$ to our s]ies1 hav+ m]ely a geographical aff9ity to ! =m]4 ,size is ( little value1 ev5 z a specific "* among ! l& %ells1 ne>ly all ! species furni%+ specim5s twice z l>ge z o!rs ( ! same k9d4 ,! proportions ( height to bread? are m reliable1 b n con/ant4 ,! subg5us or division *>act]iz$ by ! b& is sc>cely di/+ui%able z a :ole f ! typical ,helix1 7type pomatia7 ( ,europe1 ?\gh ! extremes v>y greatly1 simulat+ ! ?ree or m =eign g5]a to :i* v>i\s au?ors h atta*$ !m4#cb ,our species are di/9ct en\gh among !mselves :5 ! true specific *>act]s "h giv5 are not$1 ?\gh occasionally hybrids und\bt$ly occur4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,newcomb has rais$ _m specim5s 9 8 g>d5 9 ,oakl&1 comb9+ ! *>act]s ( ,nos4 #bd1 #be1 #bi1 #ca1 & #dc1 9 su* mann] t x is (t5 impossible to det]m9e :i* !y belong to4 ,yet _! natural locations are usually s widely sep>at$ t only occasionally c hybrids occur 9 a /ate ( nature1 & :]e sev]al d inhabit "o locality1 z #bd1 #bg1 #bh1 #df d at ,santa ,cruz1 ?\gh ne>ly alli$1 int]m$iate =ms are n f\nd4 ,"s ( ! s-call$ species are1 h[ev]1 sc>cely m ?an hybrids or v>ieties1 b ! names are reta9$ z indicat+ _! diff]5ces1 ?\gh almo/ e species is divisible into v>ieties z well m>k$ or bett]4 ,?us ! specim5 describ$ on p4 #bfj ( ?is volume 7f ,m\nt ,diablo7 seems to be a hybrid betwe5 mormonum & ram5tosa1 & we also f9d specim5s connect+ ! latt] ) #be1 #bf1 & p]haps o!rs4 ,occasional l9ks also occur1 connect+ _m o!rs ( ! b&$ species toge!r4 ,a simil> int]mix+ ( species1 :]e ne>ly alli$1 occurs among our m>9e %ells :]ev] two or m encroa* on ea* o!r's limits2 b ! comp>ative r>ity ( ! int]m$iate =ms seems to indicate hybridity r ?an specific id5tity ( _! allies4 ,x is probable t gr\ps ,x & ,,xi & ,,xiii & ,,xiv %\ld be unit$1 z ! di/9ctive *>act]s betwe5 !m are n ( fir/ importance1 & species ( ea* are v closely simil> o!rwise4 ,p>allel columns may be =m$1 z indicat$ on p4 #bfj1 9 :i* close resemblances 9 =m1 numb] ( :orls1 etc41 betwe5 species ( ! diff]5t gr\ps may be %[n1 & ?is may be ext5d$ s z to %[ analog\s p>allels ) ^? ( o!r sub-families1 or ev5 families1 b ^! resemblances d n indicate aff9ity1 ?\gh v likely to mislead4 ,a geographical arrangem5t ( "s gr\ps is also indicat$1 ?\gh imp]fectly1 z !re are no impassable limits betwe5 !m4 ,= special localities ( _m species1 see vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #fb1 #aae1 #ahj1 #bei1 & ,,ii1 #ia1 #ajc4cc ,! ,d>w9ian !ory ( developm5t might be v beautifully illu/rat$ by ^! b&$ snails1 if we c\ld f9d evid5ce t _! v>i\s =ms _h all orig9at$ f a common /ock 7:i* might be ! ram5tosa1 z t species n[ occupies a ne>ly c5tral locality74 ,b ?\gh fossil =ms h be5 f\nd diff]+ consid]ably f _! pres5t repres5tatives1 !re are o!rs app>5tly z old1 :i* %[ no su* diff]5ces1 & none ( !m %[ a t5d5cy t[>ds any common orig9al type4 ,! "o ref]r$ to by ,pr(essor ,:itney on p4 #bgh1 z f\nd ) ! human skull ( suppos$ plioc5e 787 age1 does n diff] p]ceptibly f specim5s ( mormonum1 n[ liv+ ne> ! locality4 ,x reta9s ev5 its b& ( color1 :i* is soon lo/ 9 specim5s imb$d$ ne> ! surface1 & ?is 7if n pres]v$ by its deep burial or incru/ation7 is /rong evid5ce aga9/ a great antiquity ( ! skull4 ,all o!r fossil ,helicoids are consid]$ po/plioc5e1 at lea/ s f> z kn[n 9 ?is ,/ate1 ?\gh ext9ct species occur 9 ,europe z f> back z ! ,eoc5e4 ,! b&less species ( ! we/ coa/ slope1 f lat4 #cc to #di1 are add$ to ! synopsis1 to %[ _! relations & analogies ) ! b&$4 ,! arrangem5t foll[$ is ess5tially t ( ,tryon1 except ! addition ( "s he has omitt$1 or n yet publi%$4 ,! g5]ic divisions are also r$uc$ to gr\ps1 z ! true g5]ic *>act]s are n yet settl$4 ,! lip is entirely want+ 9 ! fir/ family1 b 9 ! b&less ,helicid ( ?is coa/1 x becomes ( great importance = gr\p+ ( species1 7#di to #ee7 ( :i* we h v few1 :ile ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s !re are m ?an fifty4 ,gr\p ,,iii is also l>gely develop$ on ! ,atlantic slopes4 ,! t5d5cy n[ is to divide too mu*1 :i* is z unnatural z to unite all "u g5us ,,helix1 z _m /ill d4 ,x is probable t ! divisions "h call$ subfamilies1 answ] m ne>ly to ! true g5]a ?an any o!rs1 ?\gh !y require modification1 & ! selection ( names applicable to !m z g5]a1 is a difficult task4 ,to und]take to di/+ui% g5]a by ! l+ual tee?1 muc\s pores1 or any o!r s+le "* ( ! s(t p>ts1 is less practicable ?an to d x by ! %ells alone1 & little if any m reliable4 ,!re may1 h[ev]1 be =eign %ells closely resembl+ ours 9 =m1 :i* mu/ /ill be sep>at$ on acc\nt ( ! animal4 ,i h omitt$ mo/ ( ! comp\nd t]ms us$ by au?ors to describe ! =ms or %ells1 z !y are n us$ ) any uni=m sy/em1 & d n well def9e ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! v>i\s species ( ! same gr\p4 ,! dim5sions are m reliable = sep>at+ alli$ =ms4 8,/ri0 is also an indef9ite t]m1 us$ by v>i\s au?ors = l9es ( gr[?1 revolv+ grooves or /ripes ( color1 & is !re=e nev] us$ alone 9 ?is article4 ,x is rem>kable t no rev]s$ species or v>iety has yet be5 f\nd we/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,ord] ,,pulmonif]a4 ,mollusca ) or )\t %ells1 brea?+ by lungs1 inhabit+ ! l&1 fre% or salt wat]s4 ,subord4 ,,geophila4 ,t]re/rial ,molluscs4 ,section ) ext]nal r\nd$ %ells4 ,,note4--,! 99 indicates ! orig9al measurem5t ( au?ors1 9 hundr$?s ( an in*4 ,a4 ,%ell ) edge ( m\? %>p4 ,fam4 ,helicellid4 ,%ell corne\s1 ?91 poli%$1 transluc5t1 sometimes ) int]nal tee?4 ,subfam4 ,vitr994 ,%ell v fragile1 :orls #b or #c1 ! la/ greatly exp&$1 n cov]+ ! animal4 ,i ,g5us ,,b9neya ,cp4 ,e>-%ap$1 ne>ly flat1 "o-?ird ! l5g? ( animal1 spire none1 corne\s4 #a notabilis ,cp4 ,:orls #b1 pale br[n1 fir/ ) #cj delicate revolv+ ribs1 epid]mis exp&$2 diam4 99#j4df1 alt4 #j4ab 94 ,,ii ,g5us ,,vitr9a ,drap4 ,depress$ subglobose1 la/ :orl v l>ge1 swoll51 imp]=ate1 %9+4 #b ,pfeiff]i ,newc4 ,:4 #c1 gre5i% :ite1 suture f9ely m>g9$1 columella ar*$1 spire flatt5$1 diam4 99#j4ai1 axis #j4ji4 ,subfam4 ,helicell94 ,%ell ?91 transluc5t1 :orls #d to #f1 m\? mod]ate1 surface smoo?1 pitt$ bel[ or p]=at$4 ,,iii ,gr\p4 ,,hyal9a ,f]uss4 ,depress$ globose1 mod]ately umbilicate1 or pitt$1 vitre\s1 %9+1 :orls uni=m4 #c ,brew]i ,newc4 ,:4 #e1 pale corne\s1 umbilicus l>ge1 suture slightly *annel$1 ap]ture lun>2 diam4 99#j4bj1 axis #j4aj4 ,,iv ,gr\p4 ,,macrocyclis ,beck4 ,discoid1 widely umbilicate1 gr[? l9es (t5 co>se1 la/ :orl usually deflex$4 #d ,newb]ryana ,w4 ,g4 ,b9n4 ,:4 #f1 r$di%-br[n1 flatt5$1 m\? n deflex$1 f9e revolv+ /ri2 diam4 #a4dc1 axis #j4ej4 #e ,vanc\v]5sis ,lea4 ,:4 #e1 yell[i%-gre51 %9+1 v slight revolv+ grooves2 diam4 #a4aj to 99#a4be1 axis #j4dj4 #f sportella ,g\ld4 ,:4 #e1 pale-gre5i%1 gr[? l9es co>se1 cross$ by revolv+ grooves2 diam4 99#j4ej to #j4gj1 axis #j4bj to #j4be4 #g ,voyana ,newc4 ,:4 #e1 pale corne\s1 m\? mu* s9uat$ above1 body :orl cross$ by a ?ick callus2 diam4 99#j4ej1 axis #j4ae to #j4bj4 ,subfam4 ,ga/rodont94 ,g5]ally depress$ conic1 & lamell>ly too!d inside1 gr[? l9es di/9ct1 small4 ,v ,gr\p4 ,,conulus ,fitz4 m9ute1 conoid1 :orls #d to #f1 n>r[1 ap]ture basal1 transv]se1 p]=ate or n1 )\t tee?4 #h *]s9a ,say4 ,:4 #e-f1 amb]-yell[1 imp]=ate1 base indurat$1 smoo?1 %9+2 diam4 #j4aj to #j4ab1 axis1 #j4jh4 #i *]s9ella ,dall4 ,:4 #d to #e1 yell[i%1 n>r[ly p]=ate1 m\? oblique1 gr[? ribs di/9ct2 diam4 99#j4ad1 axis #j4ji4 ,subfam4 ,patul94 ,?icki%1 epid]mis opaque1 =m discoidal to subglobose1 umbilicate1 (t5 /rip$ or hirsute4 ,,vi ,gr\p4 ,,pseudohyal9a ,morse4 ,m9ute1 convex discoid1 ne>ly smoo?1 umbilicate1 unicolor1 :orls #c to #e4 #aj milium ,morse4 ,:4 #c1 gre5i% :ite1 plano-convex1 transluc5t1 m9ute revolv+ grooves2 diam4 #j4je1 axis #j4jb4 ,nevada ,co4 & ,angel ,isl&1 ,r[ell1 ,mont]ey1 ,canfield1 ,san ,francisco & ,santa ,cruz1 r>e4 ,no revolv+ grooves se54 #aa m9uscula ,b9n4 ,:4 #d1 :iti%1 ne>ly flat1 m\? sub-oval1 :orls n>r[1 smoo?1 a p>ietal callus2 diam4 #j4ji1 axis #j4ja4 #ab conspecta ,bl&4 ,:4 #d1 d>k corne\s1 obtuse convex1 smoo?1 m\? sub-circul>1 oblique2 diam4 #j4jh to #j4aj1 axis #j4jd to #j4je4 ,,vii ,gr\p4 ,,patula ,held4 ,size mod]ate1 convex-discoid1 concave bel[1 umbilicus %[+ all ! :orls1 unicolor4 #ac ,hornii ,gabb4 ,:4 #d1 opaque1 br[n1 sp>sely hirsute1 spire flatt5$1 umbilicus a little contract$2 diam4 99#j4af1 axis #j4ji4 #ad ,:itneyi ,newc4 ,:4 #d1 smoky-br[n1 smoo?1 ne>ly flat1 umbilicus pla9ly p]spective2 diam4 99#j4bj1 axis #j4aj4 #ae ,cronkhitei ,newc4 ,:4 #d1 yell[i% corne\s1 a little convex1 gr[?-ribs di/9ct1 n pla9ly p]spective2 diam4 99#j4bj1 axis #j4ae4 #af /riatella ,an?4 ,:4 #c-d1 pale corne\s1 depress$ convex1 umbilicus l>ge1 %all[1 gr[?-ribs fa9t2 diam4 #j4bj1 axis #j4ae4 ,! we/ slope specim5s may be all ( la/ species4 #ag ,durantii ,newc4 ,:4 #d1 light corne\s1 flat above1 ne>ly smoo?1 umbilicus p]spective1 opaque2 diam4 99#j4bj1 axis #j4jg4 ,,viii ,gr\p4 ,,helicodiscus8 ,morse4 ,planorboid1 :orls visible bel[1 sev]al sets ( int]nal tee?4 78,,polygyra0 ,tryon1 "p47 #ah polygyrella ,bl&4 ,:4 #g to #h1 yell[i% horn color1 #c tee? opposite m\?1 #c ne>] m\?1 #a p>ietal2 diam4 99#j4dd1 axis #j4ai4 ,,ix ,gr\p4 ,,anguispira ,morse4 ,l>ge1 r heavy1 subturb9ate1 /rongly ribb$1 groov$ or /rip$1 umbilicate4 #ai ,idaho5sis ,newc4 ,:4 #e1 a%y corne\s1 v convex1 #bj to #be /rong ribs on la/ :orl1 few] above2 diam4 99#j4eb1 axis #j4de4 #bj ,coop]ii ,w4 ,g4 ,b9n4 ,:4 #e to #f1 :ite1 #a or #b br[n di/ant b&s or mottl+s1 f9e revolv+ grooves2 diam4 #j4eh to #j4ih1 axis #j4ce to #j4cg4 #cd #ba solit>ia ,say4 ,:4 #f1 :ite to d>k br[n1 #a to #d br[n b&s1 or a v>4 787 br[n1 ) #a pale b&2 diam4 #a4jj1 axis #j4hj4 #bb /rigosa ,g\ld4 ,:4 #e1 a%y to br[n1 usually #e to #h b&$ bel[ middle1 angl$ or c>9ate1 revolv+ grooves2 diam4 #j4ge to #a4jj1 axis #j4bh to #j4ej4 ,n4,b4 ,nos4 #ac1 #af1 #ah1 & ,gr\p ,,ix are f\nd only ea/ ( ,cali=nia4 ,b4 ,%ell ) a di/9ct ?ick5$ lip4 ,fam4 ,helicid4 ,epid]mis ?icki%1 opaque1 color$1 lip ?ick5$1 exp&$1 reflect$ or too!d4 ,l>ge or mod]ate4 ,g5us ,,helix ,l9n4 ,=m globose--conic to depress$ c>9ate2 umbilicus wide to v small or cov]$2 lip ?ick5$1 sometimes a little exp&$1 & r>ely tub]culate bel[1 or cont9u\s across body :orl4 ,color1 79 our species7 yell[i% br[n to black1 ) a d>k] b& ar\nd ! p]iph]y & sutural region1 g5]ally m>g9$ on ea* side 7at lea/ :5 "y7 by a pale "o4 ,b& triple 9 "y & ?9 specim5s1 7want+ 9 v>ieties4 ,b&less specim5s ( ,nos4 #bd1 #be1 #bg1 #bh1 #cc1 h be5 notic$47 ,colors1 uni=m br[n or olivace\s1 sometimes mottl$4 ,obliquely reticulate groov$1 or wr9kl$-malleat$4 ,f =e/s ( oak1 etc41 9 middle regions1 or mod]ate elevations s\?w>d4 ,x ,gr\p4 78,,arianta0 ,alb]s1 ,no4 #bc4 8,,polymita0 ,tryon1 ,no4 #bd47 ,=m resembl+ ,h4 pomatia1 sculpture 9 zigzag or div>icate grooves4 ,subimp]=ate4 #bc ,cali=ni5sis ,lea4 ,:4 #e1 yell[i%-olive1 ?91 b& pale-m>g9$1 sculpture fa9t1 subglobose2 diam4 #j4ge to #j4hh1 axis #j4ef to #j4fb4 #bd r$imita ,w4 ,g4 ,b9n4 ,:4 7#d7 #e to #f1 r$di% br[n1 b& s+le1 umbil4 small or none2 7v>4 ( #be87 diamet] #j4hj1 axis #j4dh4 ,,xi ,gr\p4 7,,arianta & ,,aglaia "p41 auct47 ,=m mu* l ,arianta arbu/orum1 sculpture l la/4 ,umbilicate4 #be ,nickl9iana ,lea4 ,:4 #f to #g1 yell[i%-br[n1 oblique groov$1 wr9kl$ or malleat$1 umbil4 small2 diam4 #j4gb to #a4je1 axis #j4db to #j4hj4 #bf ,bridgesii ,newc4 7,n ( ,tryon1 #ahff47 ,:4 #f1 grayi% corne\s1 ?9n]1 b& broad]1 umbil4 wid] ?an #be 7a v>4872 diam4 99#a4jj1 axis #j4gc4 #bg arrosa ,gld4 ,:4 #e to #g1 br[n1 mottl$ yell[1 7v>s4 yell[ or olive1 b&less7 wr9kl$ malleate2 diam4 #a4aj to 99#a4fj1 axis #j4ei to #j4ij4 #bh ex>ata ,pfeiff4 7,n ( ,weigm4 clatura ,f]47 ,:4 #f to #g1 yell[1 or olive & br[n mix$1 /rongly wr9kl$1 fa9tly malleate2 diam4 #j4ge to #a4ae1 axis #j4dj to #j4fb4 #bi ram5tosa ,gld4 ,:4 #e to #f1 yell[i% br[n1 ?91 oblique groov$1 sometimes wr9kl$2 diam4 #j4gj to #a4cj1 axis #j4eg to #j4ij4 #cj reticulata ,pfeiff4 8,:4 #e1 r$di% br[n1 b& s+le1 sculpture l #bi10 7probably a v>472 diam4 99#j4he1 axis #j4dg4 #ca tudiculata ,b9n4 ,:4 #e to #e1 br[n or olive1 b& wide1 pal] m>g9$1 malleate1 body :orl swoll52 diam4 #j4ij to #a4dj1 axis #j4de to #j4hj4 ,,xii ,gr\p4 78,,polymita0 ,tryon1 "p1 8,,arianta0 ,alb]s4 "p47 ,sub-globose conic2 axis1 #j4f to #j4h diam42 b& s+le1 obscure1 or none1 (t5 mottl$2 smoo? or ) revolv+ grooves1 sub-imp]=ate4 ,usually pal] bel[4 #cb ,kellettii ,=bes4 ,:4 #e1 r$di% ) pale mottl+ 9 b&s1 fa9t revolv+ or oblique grooves2 diam4 #j4gb to #a4bj1 axis #j4dh to #j4fh4 #cc crebri/riata ,newc4 ,:4 #e1 d>k corne\s1 b& obscure or none1 lip sometimes cont9u\s2 diam4 99#j4ib1 axis #j4ee to #j4hj4 #cd int]cisa ,w4 ,g4 ,b9n4 ,:4 #e1 grayi% or br[n1 b& obscure1 deeply groov$1 lip ?ick1 cont9u\s1 tub]cl$2 7 #cc v>487 diam4 99#j4hd1 axis #j4eg4 8,hab4 probably ,san ,miguel ,i40 ,newcomb1 f worn specim5s 9 8 museum1 n 8,oregon40 #ce ,tryoni ,newc4 ,:4 #e to #f1 blui% or mottl$1 pale bel[1 b& fa9t1 l[] lip sometimes tub]cl$2 diam4 99#j4hj1 axis #j4ee4 #cf ,c>p5t]i ,newc4 ,:4 #e1 br[ni% :ite1 b& fa9t1 f9e revolv+ grooves1 m\? subcircul>2 diam4 99#j4ij1 axis #j4fd4 #cg8 ,r[ellii ,newc4 8,:4 #d1 opaque :ite1 no b&1 or sculpture0 7blea*$871 m\? subcircul>1 umbilicate2 diam4 99#j4fj1 axis #j4dj4 7,unique specim51 & may be ( ! ,mexican gr\p1 l lvis1 etc47 8,arianta0 ,remondii ,tryon1 & 8,galaxias0 griseola & ,b]l&i]iana1 ( ,mexico1 seem to connect ?is gr\p ) ! next4 ,b& triple1 colors /rongly def9$4 ,,xiii ,gr\p4 7,,aglaia ,alb4 "p47 ,g5]ally l[] ?an gr\p ,,xii1 & lip m exp&$1 umbilicus l>ge or mod]ate1 ) revolv+ grooves1 or smoo?4 ,colors light1 (t5 pale/ bel[4 ,inhabit dry or treeless regions1 f lat4 #cb to #cf4 #ch facta ,newc4 ,:4 #e to #e1 :ite1 or br[ni% above1 lip yell[1 umbil4 ne>ly cov]$2 diam4 99#j4db1 axis #j4bb4 #ci ,gabbii ,newc4 ,:4 #e1 b& m>g9s & grooves obsolete2 7unique1 betwe5 #ch & #dj27 diam4 99#j4dj1 axis #j4bj4 #dj rufoc9cta ,newc4 ,:4 #e to #f1 pale br[n1 depress$1 umbil4 mod]ate1 lip broad2 diam4 #j4ej to #j4he1 axis #j4bb to #j4de4 #da ,traskii ,newc4 ,:4 #f to #f1 l la/1 b umbil4 l>g]1 lip ?9n]1 usually high]2 diam4 #j4ij to #a4jj1 axis #j4dj to #j4fb4 #db ,ayresiana ,newc4 ,:4 #f to #g1 yell[i%1 pal] bel[1 /rongly groov$1 spire elevat$2 diam4 99#j4hj1 axis #j4ee4 8,santa ,cruz ,i41 ,cal40 ,newcomb coll4 ,colors d>k1 (t5 pal] above4 ,inhabit damp conif]\s =e/s1 lat4 #cg to #ej4 #dc ,dupeti?\>sii ,de%4 ,:4 #g to #h1 br[n or olive1 b& m>g9s :iti%1 grooves obsolete1 (t5 submalleate2 diam4 #j4ij to 99#a4bj1 axis #j4ed to 99#j4fj4 #dd fidelis ,gray4 ,:4 #f to #g1 b& & b5ea? black1 b& m>g9s & above r$ or yell[ 7a hybrid8 v>41 black1 & becom+ slightly angl$72 diam4 #a4ab to #a4ej1 axis #j4fj to #j4ij4 8,oregon5sis0 ,lea1 may be #dd jun4 ,,xiv ,gr\p4 7,,aglaia ,alb]s1 "p47 ,depress$1 usually subangl$1 hirsute or bri/le m>k$1 umbil4 l>ge4 #de infumata ,gld4 ,*e/nut to black1 a s+le b& sometimes visible1 angl$1 lip ?91 bri/les decidu\s2 7closely alli$ to black v>4 ( #dd27 diam4 #a4dj to 99#a4ej1 axis #j4ed to #j4fj4 #df sequoicola ,cp4 ,:4 #f1 d>k br[n1 r\nd$1 bri/les only 9 "y1 leav+ m>ks2 diam4 99#a4jh to #a4bj1 axis #j4ej to #j4ed4 #dg ,mormonum ,pfeiff4 ,:4 #f to #f1 br[n1 depress$1 sometimes subangl$1 sometimes bri/le m>k$2 diam4 #j4ie to #a4cj1 axis #j4ej to #j4ed4 #dh ,hillebr&i ,newc4 ,:4 #f1 yell[i% br[n1 b&s hid by p]si/5t long bri/les1 subc>9ate1 lip broad2 diam4 #j4hj to #j4if1 axis #j4ce to #j4dj4 ,c4 ,b&less2 lip m develop$1 reflect$1 (t5 too!d at ! base4 ,g5us ,,mesodon ,raf4 ,lip broadly exp&$1 (t5 #a-c too!d1 or ) p>ietal too? only1 sometimes none2 corne\s4 ,,xv ,gr\p4 78,,arianta407 ,too?less1 umbilicus l>ge1 surface co>sely wr9kl$ or granulate1 lip broad1 reflex$4 #di ,t[ns5diana ,lea4 ,:4 #e1 to #f1 mix$ yell[ & br[n1 body :orl co>sely wr9kl$1 f9e revolv+ grooves2 diam4 #j4fh to #a4ch1 axis #j4ce to #j4ee4ce #ej ana*oreta ,w4 ,g4 ,b9n4 8,:4 #f1 r$di% a%51 granulat$ & sp>sely ind5t$20 diam4 99#a4jj1 axis #j4ed4 ,,xvi ,gr\p4 ,,odotropis ,raf4 8,too? ^u columella1 umbilicus cov]$40 ,l[] lip tub]culate1 & a p>ietal too?4 #ea devia ,gld4 ,:4 #f1 br[n or olive1 no sculpture except di/9ct l9es ( gr[?2 diam4 #j4hj1 axis #j4de4 ,,xvii ,gr\p4 ,,aplodon ,raf4 ,"o p>ietal too?1 7or none7 p]=ate or imp]=ate1 hirsute or smoo?1 lip simple4 #eb ,columbiana ,lea4 ,:4 #e to #f1 corne\s br[n1 ) or )\t hairs1 umbilicate2 diam4 #j4ej to #j4gj1 axis #j4be to #j4ce4 ,! small imp]=ate & too!d =m usually class$ ) ?is species may bett] be consid]$ a r\nd$ v>4 ( g]mana1 ! subangl$ =m ( :i* is v r>e4 #ec g]mana ,gld4 8,:4 #e1 r$di% corne\s1 hirsute1 subangl$1 "o p>ietal too?1 imp]=ate20 diam4 99#j4cj1 axis #j4bj4 ,,xviii ,gr\p4 ,,triodopsis ,raf4 8,umbil4 l>ge1 a too? on ea* lip1 & "o p>ietal40 ,sometimes hirsute1 hairs decidu\s4 #ed ,mullani ,bld4 ,:4 #e to #f1 br[ni% corne\s1 microscopic spiral l9es & tub]cles2 7hairy87 diamet] 99#j4ec1 axis #j4bi4 #ee loricata ,gld4 ,:4 #e1 br[n or gre5i%1 scale-l wr9kles qu9cuncially arrang$2 diam4 99#j4be to #j4ce1 axis 99#j4aj to #j4bj4 ,i am indebt$ to ,dr4 ,newcomb & ,mr4 ,r4 ,e4 ,c4 ,/e>ns = mu* assi/ance 9 prep>+ ?is pap]4 ,?\gh n (f]$ z a f9al arrangem5t ( ! species1 x is hop$ t ?is synopsis may aid 9 _! det]m9ation1 & ?us make a /ep t[>ds a correct sy/ematiz+ ( ?is difficult s]ies4 ,!re are f\r or five o!r subg5]a among ! #ej species ( ?is family 9 ! ,atlantic ,/ates1 divid$ by ,bl& into fifte5 gr\ps4 ,he places ,nos4 #ea1 #ed1 & #ec 9 8 #h?1 #i?1 & #ae? gr\ps respectively4--7,ann4 ,n4 ,y4 ,lyc4 ,n4 ,h4 #ahfd47 #cb ,extreme specim5s ( ,h4 arrosa f\nd by ,mr4 ,gabb 9 ,m5doc9o ,c\nty1 ,cal41 its nor!rn limit1 & also "o ( ,h4 r$imita f\nd 9 ,alam$a ,c\nty by ,mr4 ,hold]1 h exactly ! =m ( ,h4 pomatia1 & 9 ea* case h "o & a half :orls less ?an ! types1 indicat+ p]haps t ! usual =ms f\nd "h are high] develop$ ?an ! type ( ! g5us4 7,a g5us ,pomatia has also be5 f\nd$ on ?is type ( ! ,l9nan g5us ,helix47 ,aglaia 0 us$ by ,es*oltz1 #ahbe1 9 ,acaleph1 by ,swa9son1 #ahbg1 9 ,birds1 & by ,r5i] ,phil9id1 be=e ,alb]s adopt$ x 9 ?is ord]66 #cc ,see1 also1 ! 8,geographical ,catalogue ( ,we/ ,coa/ ,mollusca10 publi%$ by ! ,/ate ,geological ,survey1 ,april1 #ahfg4 #cd ,! we/ slope specim5s may be all ( species #bj4 #ce ,a specim5 figur$ by ,mr4 ,tryon 9 ! la/ numb] ( ! 8,j\rnal0 j receiv$1 7,may1 #ahfg71 z 8v>4 m9or10 f ,idaho & ,nebraska1 seems to h an obscure b&1 :i*1 toge!r ) its =m & want ( wr9kles1 indicate entire di/9ctness f ,t[ns5diana4 ,! small =m ( ! latt] f\nd by me 9 ,montana has no b&1 & seems close to ,b9ney's ana*oreta1 ( :i* suppos$ specim5s f 8,oregon0 are 9 ,mr4 ,r[ell's collection4 ,! ,ea/]n ,mesodon clausa1 elevata & p]haps o!rs1 h be5 f\nd b&$ occasionally1 b )\t ! pal] m>g9s1 & only z an exception4 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,p4 ,blake read ! foll[+3 ,orig9 ( ! ,subm]g$ ,=e/s 9 ! ,columbia ,riv]1 ,oregon4 ,,by ,,wm4 ,p4 ,,blake4 ,! subm]g$ =e/s ( fir trees1 ext5d+ ab\t tw5ty-five miles along ! ,columbia ,riv]1 above ! ,cascades1 h long excit$ ! curiosity ( travel]s ^u t /ream4 ,! trees /& erect z !y grew1 b ! tops h decay$ & brok5 (f1 leav+ only ^? portions ( ! trees t h be5 protect$ f ! air by ! cov]+ ( wat]4 ,at extreme high-wat] v few ( ^! old trunks c be se51 b at l[-wat] !y appe> 9 great numb]s1 & project a few in*es or feet above ! surface1 & 9 "s places !y ext5d f> out into ! /ream4 ,^! trees are n petrifi$1 z is suppos$ by _m4 ,! out] portions are mu* s(t5$ & p>tly decay$1 b t[>ds ! he>t ! wood is s\nd1 & appe>s to be id5tical 9 "* ) ! fir :i* cov]s ! m\nta9s ar\nd4 ,"s c$> /umps are also f\nd4 ,x is well kn[n t fir trees w n gr[ bel[ ! high-wat] m>k ( our /reams1 or :]e ! roots w\ld be subject to ov]fl[s4 ,flood+ ! roots ( ! fir ev5 = a few days is suffici5t to de/roy its life4 ,x is ?us cle> t !re has be5 a *ange 9 ! level ( ! wat] s9ce ! =e/s grew4 ,ei!r ! l& has sunk or ! wat] has be5 rais$3 ! latt] appe>s to h be5 ! fact4 ,! riv] at ! ,cascades1 j bel[ ! subm]g$ =e/s1 plunges ov] great masses ( a h>d volcanic conglom]ate1 :i* =ms ! base ( ! cliffs on ea* side4 ,?is conglom]ate1 :i* is #aej to #bjj feet ?ick1 re/s ^u a /ratum ( s&y clay4 ,?is /ratum is mu* s(t] ?an ! conglom]ate1 & yields m rapidly to ! action ( runn+ wat]4 ,x may be se5 :5 ! wat] is l[1 at ! foot ( ! ,cascades1 ) ! h>d conglom]ate ov]hang+ x 9 l>ge masses4 ,f all ^! facts1 x appe>s t ! riv]1 9 cutt+ its way d[nw>ds ?r\gh ! ,cascade ,range1 rea*$ ?is s(t sub/ratum1 & = a long "t fl[$ 9 a comp>atively unob/ruct$ *annel at a mu* l[] level ?an n[1 ?us p]mitt+ ! =e/s to gr[ along its banks4 ,! ext5sive und]m9+ ( ! conglom]ate caus$ x at l5g? to fall into ! /ream1 & ?is1 toge!r ) ! slid+ 9 ( ! banks ^u ?is s(t f\ndation1 ,i reg>d z =m+ ! ob/ruction :i* damm$ ! wat]s & caus$ ! ov]fl[ ( ! =e/s above4 ,! m\nta9s rise on ea* side to a height ( #b1ejj or #c1jjj feet1 & are compos$ ( ne>ly horizontal b$s ( lava4 ,"o ( ^! m\nta9s on ! "r bank1 or ,wa%+ton ,t]ritory side1 pres5ts v]tical cliffs t[>ds ! ,cascades1 & ^! cliffs h a fre%ly brok5 appe>ance1 z if a l>ge "p ( ! m\nta9 _h brok5 (f at no v remote p]iod4 ,! surface ( ! c\ntry betwe5 ?is cliff & ! ,cascades is v mu* brok51 & ! railroad :i* trav]ses x1 exposes enorm\s masses ( ! conglom]ate1 pil$ confus$ly toge!r z if !y _h be5 hurl$ d[n by a l&-slide4 ,mr4 ,brazee1 ! eng9e] ( ! ,oregon ,/eam ,navigation ,company1 in=ms me t ! gr\nd is 9 con/ant motion t[>d ! riv]1 & x has necessitat$ ! relay+ ( ! track )9 ! pa/ ye>4 ,! same ph5om5a h be5 obs]v$ on ! left bank1 or ,oregon side4 ,! bank is 9 con/ant motion !re1 & at l[-wat] a f9e blue clay may be se5 ris+ 9 ! *annel1 z if cr[d$ out by ! pressure ( ! rocks above4 ,z !re has n be5 any p]ceptible *ange ( level 9 ! /ream = ye>s pa/1 we may conclude t ! erosive action ( ! curr5t is fully equal to ! encroa*m5t ( ! banks4 ,! ,indians ( ! ,columbia h a tradition ( a great convulsion at ! ,cascades4 ,!y ass]t t ! ,*9ook canoes =m]ly asc5d$ ! riv] z f> z a wat]-fall at ! ,dalles1 pass+1 at ! ,cascades1 "u a bridge ( rock4 ,?is bridge1 or ar* ( rock1 !y say1 fell 9 at ! "t ( a qu>rel betwe5 ! two m\nta9s1 ,mt4 ,hood & ,/4 ,hel5's1 & at ! same "t ! wat]fall at ! ,dalles 0 de/roy$1 s t salmon c\ld asc5d to ! ,upp] ,columbia4 ,be=e t ! fall 0 s high t salmon c\ld n get up1 & all ! upp] c\ntry ,indians 7 oblig$ to g to ! ,dalles = _! supply4 ,! g5]al accuracy ( ?is tradition seems highly probable4 ,! ,dalles are n[ a succession ( rapids & l[ falls1 9 a n>r[ *annel1 betwe5 v]tical walls ( basaltic lava4 ,!re is v little fall or curr5t 9 ! riv] bel[ ! ,dalles to ! ,cascades1 & ! elevation ( ! wat] by an ob/ruction at ! latt] po9t w\ld 9 all probability affect ! height ( ! l[] fall at ! ,dalles4 ,! s&y sub/ratum ( ! co>se conglom]ate at ! ,cascades is evid5tly an old riv] or bea* deposit4 ,x is accompani$ by lay]s ( r\nd wat]-worn rocks1 & is fill$ ) trunks ( trees ly+ pro/rate4 ,^! trees are fossiliz$4 ,"s ( !m are half coal & half /one4 ,! c5tral portions are usually coal-l or c>boniz$1 & ! out] p>ts silicifi$4 ,!y v>y 9 size1 f a few in*es to six feet 9 diamet]1 & are ne>ly all flatt5$ by pressure4 ,?is /ratum is evid5tly ! s\rce ( ! great quantities ( silicifi$ wood :i* are f\nd ab\t ! ,cascades4 ,mr4 ,/e>ns read ! foll[+ note on a l>ge specim5 ( ,or?agoriscus analis1 ,ayres3 ,9 pass+ ?r\gh ! ,italian ,fi% ,m>ket 9 ?is ,city1 9 ! mon? ( ,octob]1 #ahff1 ,i notic$ an unusually l>ge specim5 ( ,or?agoriscus analis1 commonly call$ 8,sun ,fi%10 describ$ by ,dr4 ,ayres on page #ca ( ,vol4 ,,ii ( ! ,academy ,proce$+s4 ,curiosity l$ me to make a measurem5t1 :i* ,i f9d 9 my note-book z foll[s3 l5g? f sn\t to extreme caudal po9t1 #e feet #h in*es2 f tip ( dorsal to tip ( anal f91 #g feet #f in*es4 ,i f\nd ! anal & dorsal f9s to be ne>ly ! same l5g?1 measur+ f ! tip to junction ) body #bc in*es4 ,weight1 z /at$ by ! fi%]m51 #fcb p\nds4 ,x w be se5 t ! measurem5t f tip to tip ( f9s z above1 exce$s ! l5g? by #ba in*es4 ,mr4 ,/e>ns made ! foll[+ rem>ks z to ! true habitat ( ,helix ,ayresiana1 ,newc43 ,on page #ajc1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ( ! ,academy's ,proce$+s1 may be f\nd1 "u date ( ,m>* #ah?1 #ahfa1 ! description by ,dr4 ,w4 ,newcomb ( a ,helix ,h4 ,ayresiana1 ! habitat ( :i* 01 z ,i le>n f ,dr4 ,n41 d\btfully assign$ at t "t to 8,nor!rn ,oregon40 ,rec5tly ,dr4 ,newcomb has himself detect$ x on ,santa ,cruz ,isl&1 (f ! ,coa/ ( ,cali=nia1 ne> ,santa ,b>b>a4 ,pr(essor ,:itney exhibit$ a sample ( ! coal us$ at ,salt ,lake ,city1 tak5 by ,mr4 ,ives1 *ief ( "o ( ! ,c5tral ,pacific ,railroad survey+ p>ties1 f a wagon on its way f ! m9es to ! city4 ,! locality f :i* x 0 obta9$ is 9 ,webb] ,caon1 & ! geological age ( ! deposit is suppos$ to be cretace\s4 ,! quality ( ! coal seems to be good2 b no?+ v def9ite c\ld be communicat$ 9 reg>d to ! ext5t or geological position ( ! b$4 ,pr(essor ,:itney also exhibit$ a specim5 ( v pure rock salt1 obta9$ f ! ,salt ,m\nta9 on ! ,muddy ,riv]1 a bran* ( ! ,virg91 ne>ly a hundr$ miles s\? ( ,pahranagat1 by ,major ,s4 ,s4 ,lyon1 =m]ly ( ! ,k5tucky ,geological ,survey4 ,major ,lyon be+ pres5t1 at ! reque/ ( ! ,presid5t1 gave an acc\nt ( ?is int]e/+ locality1 :i* is "o long kn[n to explor]s4 ,he /at$ t ! ,salt ,m\nta9 lies on bo? sides ( ! ,muddy ,riv]1 & rises #djj feet above t /ream4 ,! locality is ab\t ?irty miles nor!a/ ( ,colville1 & tw5ty f ! ,colorado4 ,major ,lyon also gave "s facts 9 reg>d to ! geology ( ! vic9ity ( ,pahranagat1 :]e he _h be5 resid+ = "s mon?s pa/4 ,pr(essor ,:itney pres5t$ two analyses ( ores f ! ,com/ock ,lode1 ,virg9ia ,city1 ,nevada1 made by ,pr(essor ,domeyko1 ( ,santiago1 ,*ile1 & communicat$ by ,mr4 ,rmond1 :o is n[ resid+ 9 t place4 ,!y are z foll[s3 ,i4 ,,ii4 ,gold1 #a4aj #j4ah ,silv]1 #ae4ij #h4ij ,lead1 #bg4cj #aj4jj ,z9c1 #bc4dj #ba4gj ,iron1 #b4hj #ab4jj ,copp]1 #b4jj -- ,antimony1 #a4cj -- ,sulphur1 #ah4gj #bf4ij ,matrix1 #g4ej #bj4cb ------ ------ #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ,! "n ( ! m9e f :i* !y 7 tak5 0 n giv54 ,mr4 ,yale br\ght up ! subject ( ! gold m9es 9 ,africa1 suppos$ to be work$ by ! ,emp]or ,napoleon ,,iii1 & kept secret f ! _w 9 g5]al4 ,a discussion ensu$1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* ,pr(essor ,:itney & ,mr4 ,a%burn] express$ _! d\bts z to ! possibility ( ! locality ( any ext5sive m9+ op]ations be+ long conceal$1 & _! disbelief 9 ! tru? ( newspap] /atem5ts to ?is effect4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,april #a,,/1 #ahfg4 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,p4 ,blake 9 ! ,*air4 ,?irty-two memb]s pres5t4 ,messrs4 ,samuel ,i4 ,c4 ,swezey1 ,j4 ,d4 ,f>well1 ,fr$]ick ,madge1 ,d4 ,j4 ,littlefield1 ,ar*ibald ,coop]1 ,samuel ,pillsbury1 ,ar?ur ,w4 ,saxe1 ,m4,d41 & ,b]nh>d ,m>ks1 7 elect$ ,resid5t ,memb]s4 ,donations to ! ,cab9et3 ,a case ( ,butt]flies1 f ! ,ea/ ,india ,isl&s & ,brazil1 collect$ & pres5t$ by ,mr4 ,lorqu92 ,cali=nia ,sn[ ,plant1 7,s>codes sangu9ea7 by ,dr4 ,kellogg4 ,mr4 ,/e>ns pres5t$ ! foll[+ pap]s3 ,%ells collect$ at ,santa ,b>b>a by ,w4 ,newcomb1 ,m4,d41 9 ,janu>y1 #ahfg4 ,,by ,,rob]t ,e4 ,c4 ,,/e>ns4 #a4 ,pholadidea p5ita1 ,conr4 #b4 ---- ovoidea1 ,g\ld4 #c4 ,saxicava pholadis1 ,l9n4 #d4 ,platyodon cancellatum1 ,conr4 #e4 ,cryptomya ,cali=nica1 ,conr4 #f4 ,s*izo?rus ,nuttalli1 ,conr4 #g4 ,nera pect9ata1 ,c>p4 #h4 ,clidiophora punctata1 ,conr4 #i4 ,?racia curta1 ,conr4 #aj4 ,lyonsia ,cali=nica1 ,conr4 #aa4 ,mytilim]ia ,nuttalli1 ,conr4 #ab4 ,sol5 sic>ius1 ,g\ld4 #ac4 ,solecurtus ,cali=nianus1 ,conr4 #ad4 ,ma*ra patula1 ,dixon4 #ae4 ,sangu9ol>ia ,nuttalli1 ,conr4 #af4 ,macoma secta1 ,conr4 #ag4 ---- yoldi=mis1 ,c>p4 #ah4 ---- nasuta1 ,conr4 #ai4 ---- inconspicua1 ,br4 ,sby4 #bj4 ,m]a mode/a1 ,c>p4 #ba4 ,tell9a ,bodeg5sis1 ,hds4 #bb4 ,coop]ella sc9till=mis1 ,c>p4 #bc4 ,semele decisa1 ,conr4 #bd4 ---- rupium1 ,sby4 #be4 ,cum+ia ,cali=nica1 ,conr4 #bf4 ,donax ,cali=nicus1 ,conr4 #bg4 ,/&ella planulata1 ,conr4 #bh4 ,amiantis callosa1 ,conr4 #bi4 ,pa*ydesma crassatelloides1 ,conr4 #cj4 ,psephis tantilla1 ,g\ld4 #ca4 ,*ione succ9cta1 ,val4 #cb4 ,tapes /am9ea1 ,conr4 #cc4 ,saxidomus aratus1 ,g\ld4 #cd4 ,rupell>ia lamellif]a1 ,conr4 #ce4 ,petricola c>ditoides1 ,conr4 #cf4 ,*ama exogyra1 ,conr4 #cg4 ,c>dium quadrag5>ium1 ,conr4 #ch4 ,laz>ia subquadrata1 ,c>p4 #ci4 ,luc9a ,cali=nica1 ,conr4 #dj4 ,diplodonta orbella1 ,g\ld4 #da4 ,kellia ,lap]\sii1 ,de%4 #db4 ,mytilus ,cali=nianus1 ,conr4 #dc4 ,modiola capax1 ,conr4 #dd4 ---- recta1 ,conr4 #de4 ,adula falcata1 ,g\ld4 #df4 ---- /yl9a1 ,c>p4 #dg4 ,pect5 latiauritus1 ,conr4 #dh4 ,janira d5tata1 ,sby4 #di4 ,h9nites giganteus1 ,gray4 #ej4 ,o/rea lurida v>4 rufoides1 ,g\ld4 #ea4 ---- ---- v>4 expansa1 ,c>p4 #eb4 ,bulla nebulosa1 ,g\ld4 #ec4 ,ham9ea viresc5s1 ,sby4 #ed4 ,tornat9a c]ealis1 ,g\ld4 #ee4 ,d5talium hexagonum1 ,sby4 #ef4 ,mopalia muscosa1 ,g\ld4 #eg4 ---- ---- 8 #eh4 ,acan?opleura scabra1 ,rve4 #ei4 ,is*no*iton ,magdal5sis1 ,hds4 #fj4 ,nacella insessa1 ,hds4 #fa4 ---- depicta1 ,hds4 #fb4 ---- paleacea1 ,g\ld4 #fc4 ---- v]nalis1 ,dall 7mss47 #fd4 ,acma pat9a1 ,es*4 #fe4 ---- p]sona1 ,es*4 #ff4 ---- scabra1 ,nutt1 ,rve4 #fg4 ---- spectrum1 ,nutt1 ,rve4 #fh4 ,lottia gigantea1 ,gray4 #fi4 ,scurria mitra1 ,es*4 #gj4 ,r[ellia radiata1 ,coop]4 #ga4 ,clypidella bimaculata1 ,dall 7mss47 #gb4 ,fissurella volcano1 ,rve4 #gc4 ,glyphis asp]a1 ,es*4 #gd4 ,lucap9a cr5ulata1 ,sby4 #ge4 ,haliotis ,cra*]odii1 ,lea*4 #gf4 ,phasianella compta1 ,g\ld4 #gg4 ---- pulloides1 ,c>p4 #gh4 ,pomaulax undosus1 ,wood4 #gi4 ,tro*iscus ,norrisii1 ,sby4 #hj4 ,*loro/oma funebrale1 ,a4 ,ad4 #ha4 ---- aureot9ctum1 ,fbs4 #hb4 ,callio/oma canaliculatum1 ,m>t4 #hc4 ---- co/atum1 ,m>t4 #hd4 ,crepidula l+ulata1 ,g\ld4 #he4 ---- excavata1 ,brod4 #hf4 ---- navicelloides1 ,nutt4 #hg4 ---- ---- v>4 numm>ia1 ,g\ld4 #hh4 ---- ---- v>4 explanata1 ,g\ld4 #hi4 ,hipponyx cranioides1 ,c>p4 #ij4 ---- tum5s1 ,c>p4 #ia4 ---- s]ratus1 ,c>p4 #ib4 ,s]pulorbis squamig]us1 ,c>p4 #ic4 ,turritella ,coop]i1 ,c>p4 #id4 ,c]i?idea sacrata1 ,g\ld4 #ie4 ,bittium filosum1 ,g\ld4 #if4 ,litor9a planaxis1 ,nutt4 #ig4 ---- scutulata1 ,g\ld4 #ih4 ,lacuna v>iegata1 ,c>p4 #ii4 ---- unifasciata1 ,c>p4 #ajj4 ---- solidula1 ,lov54 #aja4 ,rissoa acutelirata1 ,c>p4 #ajb4 ,luponia spadicea1 ,gray4 #ajc4 ,trivia ,cali=nica1 ,gray4 #ajd4 ---- ,sol&ri1 ,gray4 #aje4 ,erato vitell9a1 ,hds4 #ajf4 ,surcula ,c>p5t]iana1 ,gabb4 #ajg4 ,drillia in]mis1 ,hds4 #ajh4 ---- torosa1 ,c>p4 #aji4 ---- m/a1 ,c>p4 #aaj4 ,conus ,cali=nicus1 ,hds4 #aaa4 ,odo/omia sp4 #aab4 ,*emnitzia torquata1 ,g\ld4 #aac4 ,scal>ia ,indianorum1 ,c>p4 #aad4 ---- subcoronata1 ,c>p4 #aae4 ,c]i?iopsis assimilata1 ,c4 ,b4 ,ad4 #aaf4 ,lunatia ,lewisii1 ,g\ld4 #aag4 ,ranella ,cali=nica1 ,hds4 #aah4 ,mitra maura1 ,swa9s4 #aai4 ,volv>9a v>ia1 ,sby4 #abj4 ,olivella biplicata1 ,sby4 #aba4 ,nassa fossata1 ,g\ld4 #abb4 ---- p]p+uis1 ,hds4 #abc4 ---- m5dica1 ,g\ld4 #abd4 ---- ,coop]i1 ,fbs4 #abe4 ---- tegula1 ,rve4 #abf4 ,amycla c>9ata1 ,hds4 #abg4 ---- tub]osa1 ,c>p4 #abh4 ,amphissa corrugata1 ,rve4 #abi4 ,purpura crispata1 ,es*4 #acj4 ---- tris]ialis1 ,blve4 #aca4 ---- saxicola1 ,val4 #acb4 ,monoc]os engonatum1 ,conr4 #acc4 ,oc9ebra int]fossa1 ,c>p4 #acd4 ,c]a/oma ,nuttalli1 ,conr4 #ace4 ,muricidea ,b>b>5sis1 ,gabb4 ,dr4 ,newcomb also visit$ ,santa ,cruz ,isl&1 & collect$ ! foll[+ species3 #a4 ,waldheimia ,grayi1 ,davidson4 #b4 ,saxicava pholadis1 ,l9n4 #c4 ,semele decisa1 ,conr4 #d4 ,acma scabra1 ,nutt4 #e4 ,lottia gigantea1 ,gray4 #f4 ,r[ellia radiata1 ,coop]4 #g4 ,haliotis ,cra*]odii1 ,lea*4 #h4 ---- corrugata1 ,gray4 #i4 ,pomaulax undosus1 ,wood4 #aj4 ,tro*iscus ,norrisii1 ,sby4 #aa4 ,*loro/oma gall9a1 ,fbs4 #ab4 ---- funebrale1 ,a4 ,ad4 #ac4 ,*loro/oma aureot9ctum1 ,fbs4 #ad4 ,trivia ,cali=nica1 ,gray4 #ae4 ,conus ,cali=nicus1 ,hds4 #af4 ,amycla tub]osa1 ,c>p4 #ag4 ,monoc]os engonatum1 ,conr4 #ah4 ,c]a/oma ,nuttalli1 ,conr4 #ai4 ,muricidea incisus1 ,brod4 #bj4 ,trophon triangulatus1 ,c>p4 #ba4 ,fusus ambu/us1 ,g\ld4 #bb4 ,argonauta ,argo1 ,l9n4 #bc4 ,helix ,ayresiana1 ,newc4 ,li/ ( ,%ells collect$ at ,purissima & ,lobitas1 ,cali=nia1 ,octob]1 #ahff4 ,,by ,,rob]t ,e4 ,c4 ,,/e>ns1 ,,curator ,,( ,,con*ology1 ,,cal4 ,,acad4 ,,nat4 ,,sci5ces4 8,purissima0 & 8,lobitas0 are ! names ( two creeks situat$ a few miles s\? ( ,spani% ,t[n1 9 ,san ,mateo ,c\nty4 ,ne> ! po9ts :]e ^! /reams empty into ! ocean are small bea*es & gr\ps ( flat rocks left b>e at l[ tide1 limit$1 h[ev]1 9 ext5t1 z ! %ore 9 ! neighborhood is = ! mo/ "p exce$+ly bold & precipit\s1 ! ocean at ord9>y high wat] beat+ aga9/ ! base ( ! cliffs4 ,dr4 ,newcomb & myself visit$ ! localities at ! p]iod above m5tion$1 & collect$ ! foll[+ species f among ! drift or ^u ! rocks3 #a4 ,waldheimia ,grayi1 ,davidson4 #b4 ,navea ,newcombii1 ,tryon4 #c4 ,zirpha crispata1 ,l9n4 #d4 ,pholadidea p5ita1 ,conr4 #e4 ---- ovoidea1 ,g\ld4 #f4 ,neta/omella ,d>w9ii1 ,sby4 #g4 ,p>apholas ,cali=nica1 ,conr4 #h4 ,saxicava pholadis1 ,l9n4 #i4 ,platyodon cancellatum1 ,conr4 #aj4 ,s*izo?rus ,nuttalli1 ,conr4 #aa4 ,lyonsia ,cali=nica1 ,conr4 #ab4 ,mytilim]ia ,nuttalli1 ,conr4 #ac4 ,macoma inconspicua1 ,br4 ,sby4 #ad4 ,/&ella falcata1 ,gld4 #ae4 ,tapes /am9ea1 ,conr4 #af4 ---- rud]ata1 ,de%4 #ag4 ,tapes div]sa1 ,sby4 #ah4 ,rupell>ia lamellif]a1 ,conr4 #ai4 ,petricola c>ditoides1 ,conr4 #bj4 ,laz>ia subquadrata1 ,cpr4 #ba4 ,kellia ,lap]\sii1 ,de%4 #bb4 ,mytilus ,cali=nianus1 ,conr4 #bc4 ---- edulis1 ,l9n4 #bd4 ,modiola =nicata1 ,gld4 #be4 ,adula falcata1 ,gld4 #bf4 ---- /yl9a1 ,cpr4 #bg4 ,h9nites giganteus1 ,gray4 #bh4 ,placunanomia macros*isma1 ,de%4 #bi4 ,doris albopunctata1 ,coop]4 #cj4 ,crypto*iton ,/ell]i1 ,midd4 #ca4 ,ka!r9a tunicata1 ,wood4 #cb4 ,tonicia l9eata1 ,wood4 #cc4 ,mopalia muscosa1 ,gld4 #cd4 ---- ,h9dsii1 ,gray4 #ce4 ---- lignosa1 ,gld4 #cf4 ,acan?opleura scabra1 ,rve4 #cg4 ,nacella v]nalis1 ,dall 7mss47 #ch4 ---- in/abilis1 ,gld4 #ci4 ,acma pat9a1 ,es*4 #dj4 ---- pelta1 ,es*4 #da4 ---- ,asmi1 ,midd4 #db4 ---- p]sona1 ,es*4 #dc4 ---- spectrum1 ,nutt4 #dd4 ,lottia gigantea1 ,gray4 #de4 ,scurria mitra1 ,es*4 #df4 ,glyphis asp]a1 ,es*4 #dg4 ,clypidella callom>g9ata1 ,cpr4 #dh4 ---- bimaculata1 ,dall 7mss47 #di4 ,haliotis ,cra*]odii1 ,lea*4 #ej4 ---- rufesc5s1 ,swa9s4 #ea4 ,*loro/oma funebrale1 ,a4 ,ad4 #eb4 ---- brunneum1 ,phil4 #ec4 ---- ,pfeiff]i1 ,phil4 #ed4 ,callio/oma canaliculatum1 ,m>t4 #ee4 ---- co/atum1 ,m>t4 #ef4 ,m>g>ita pupilla1 ,g\ld4 #eg4 ,crepidula adunca1 ,sby4 #eh4 ---- navicelloides1 ,nutt4 #ei4 ---- v>4 numm>ia1 ,gld4 #fj4 ---- v>4 explanata1 ,gld4 #fa4 ,hipponyx cranioides1 ,cpr4 #fb4 ,litor9a planaxis1 ,nutt4 #fc4 ---- scutulata1 ,gld4 #fd4 ,lacuna porrecta1 ,cpr4 #fe4 ---- unifasciata1 ,cpr4 #ff4 ,isapis obtusa1 ,cpr4 #fg4 ,erato vitell9a1 ,h9ds4 #fh4 ,drillia torosa1 ,cpr4 #fi4 ,scal>ia ,indianorum1 ,cpr4 #gj4 ---- subcoronata1 ,cpr4 #ga4 ,opalia borealis1 ,gld4 #gb4 ,velut9a prolongata1 ,cpr4 #gc4 ,olivella biplicata1 ,sby4 #gd4 ---- intorta1 ,cpr4 #ge4 ,nassa fossata1 ,gld4 #gf4 ---- p]p+uis1 ,hds4 8 #gg4 ---- m5dica1 ,gld4 #gh4 ,amycla gausapata1 ,gld4 #gi4 ,amphissa corrugata1 ,rve4 #hj4 ,purpura crispata1 ,*em4 #ha4 ---- v>4 sept5trionalis1 ,rve4 #hb4 ,purpura saxicola1 v>4 o/r9a1 ,gld4 #hc4 ,monoc]os engonatum1 ,conr4 #hd4 ,oc9ebra lurida1 ,midd4 #he4 ---- v>4 asp]a1 ,baird4 #hf4 ---- v>4 munda1 ,cpr4 #hg4 ---- int]fossa1 ,cpr4 #hh4 ,c]o/oma foliatum4 #hi4 ,octopus ---- 7n4 s487 ,navea ,newcombii1 alive 9 ,haliotis ,cra*]odii4 ,nos4 #d1 #e1 #f1 #be1 & #bf alive 9 s(t %ale betwe5 tide m>ks4 ,doris albopunctata1 two specim5s alive on rocks ne> l[ wat] m>k4 ,( ! ,*itons1 ,nos4 #ca & #cf1 p>ticul>ly abundant2 ( ! o!rs nam$ sev]al specim5s obta9$1 also "o or two species undet]m9$4 #da1 common1 alive1 on ,*loro/oma funebrale4 #de & #df1 sev]al liv+ specim5s betwe5 tide m>ks4 #dg & #dh1 ,i ?9k1 are di/9ct species2 sugge/ ,lucap9a1 b =am5 ne>ly twice z l>ge z 9 %ells ( ! latt] ( same size1 diff]+ also 9 sculpture & weight ( %ell4 #di1 animal lives = a long "t1 & affixes itself t5aci\sly to ! rocks aft] ! %ell is remov$4 #fc & #fe1 toge!r liv+ on rocks ne> high-wat] m>k1 & on eel grass 9 pools left by ! tide4 #hi1 p]haps "y ( ,mr4 ,gabb's species ,o4 punctatus2 two liv+ specim5s1 z yet undet]m9$1 probably a new species4 ,pr(essor ,silliman read a pap] 8,on ,naph?a & ,illum9at+ ,oil f ,heavy ,cali=nia ,t> 7,mal?a71 & on ! probable ,orig9 ( ,petroleum40 ,?is pap] is omitt$ by ! ,publication ,committee1 z x _h already be5 publi%$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce at ! "t x 0 read be=e ! ,cali=nia ,academy4 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,p4 ,blake read ! foll[+ communications3 ,note ^u ! ,br[n ,coal ,=mation ( ,wa%+ton ,t]ritory & ,oregon4 ,,by ,,wm4 ,p4 ,,blake4 ,op5+s rec5tly made 9 ! coal =mations along ! ,c[litz ,riv] h %[n ! exi/5ce ( sev]al seams ( br[n coal1 rang+ f two to sev5 feet 9 ?ickness4 ,!y are sep>at$ by lay]s ( s&/one1 & are und]laid by a pebbly conglom]ate4 ,! sev5-foot seam conta9s a few p>t+s ( clay ab\t six in*es ?ick1 b is *iefly a v compact coal1 :i* breaks out 9 l>ge blocks ) a con*oidal fracture4 ,x is v t\gh1 & is n easily brok54 ,x has ! appe>ance ( cannel or spl9t coal4 ,exposure to ! sun & air causes x to %r9k & crack4 ,x burns freely1 giv+ a lum9\s flame1 & a light smoke1 simil> to t f wood4 ,! ignit$ coals hold fire 9 a rem>kable mann]1 & ) a /rong draught or bla/ give an int5se heat4 ,a s+le fragm5t1 :5 ignit$1 w cont9ue to burn sl[ly to ! c5t] "u an envelope ( a%4 ,a sun-dri$ sample gave me #ej4h p] c5t4 ( volatile matt]1 *iefly gas4 ,! residue 0 a brilliant coke1 ! fragm5ts ( :i* 7 slightly adh]5t1 ?us %[+ a t5d5cy to cake4 ,trials ( ! coal 9 quantity 9 op5 grates fail$1 h[ev]1 to %[ any cak+ qualities4 ,"s portions ( ! coal exp& :5 burn+ & give a por\s coke1 :i* 9 _m respects resembles ord9>y *>coal4 ,?is deposit appe>s to be =m$ 9 great "p ( trunks ( exog5\s trees4 ,"o trunk has be5 cut ?r\gh t 0 ov] f\r feet 9 ?ickness3 a "p ( ?is 0 compact coal1 & ano!r portion 0 9 a half silicifi$ /ate4 ,l9es ( annual gr[? may be se5 9 "s ( ! samples4 ,?is combu/ible p>takes ( ! *>act]s ( bo? coal & wood1 & is 9 fact a highly cond5s$ wood1 c>boniz$1 )\t ! loss ( its volatile portions4 ,fossil plants are f\nd 9 abundance 9 ! adjo9+ s&y b$s4 ,!y are *iefly leaves ( decidu\s trees1 b !re are "s v di/9ct impressions ( palms4 ,?is is significant ( a w>m] climate4 ,! same =mation ( br[n coal appe>s to ext5d along ! ,columbia1 back ( ,/4 ,hel5's1 :]e x is 9 close proximity to b$s ( iron ore1 & ! coal may p]haps be us$ to great advantage 9 ! production ( t metal4 ,analysis ( ,mt4 ,diablo 7,cali=nia7 ,coal4 ,,by ,w4 ,p4 ,,blake4 ,a sample ( ,mt4 ,diablo coal1 f ! ,pittsburg m9e1 0 analyz$ by me 9 ,janu>y la/1 ) ! foll[+ results3 ,wat] #c4bh ,bitum9\s sub/ances #dg4je ,fix$ c>bon #dd4ij ,a% #d4ga ,! sample 0 v pure1 & app>5tly free f sulphur4 ,color black4 ,fracture sub-con*oidal1 giv+ brilliant %9+ surfaces4 ,x is v brittle1 & is easily r$uc$ to p[d] 9 a mort>4 ,/reak1 d>k br[n4 ,?is coal does n fuse s z to cake & make a compact mass ( coke4 ,x is n !re=e an economical coal = gas production4 ,x gives a long flame 9 burn+2 p>ts ) its gas rapidly & breaks up into small fragm5ts1 ?us necessitat+ ! use ( grate-b>s ) n>r[ op5+s4 ,! above analysis diff]s f ^? hi!rto publi%$1 *iefly 9 ! am\nt ( wat] & gas4 ,=m] analyses give f ?irte5 to f\rte5 p] c5t4 ( wat]4 ,mr4 ,hanks pres5t$ an analysis ( ! rock-salt collect$ by ,major ,lyon on ! ,muddy ,riv]1 z m5tion$ 9 ! proce$+s ( ! la/ meet+4 ,on ,saturday1 ,april #f?1 ! ,academy made a field excursion to ,angel ,isl&1 ab\t fifte5 memb]s p>ticipat+ 9 ! meet+4 ,facilities 7 af=d$ = ! excursion by ,major ,james ,t4 ,hoyt & ,g5]al ,john ,a4 ,k+2 & to ^! g5tlem5 ! ?anks ( ! ,academy 7 ord]$ to be return$ by ! ,secret>y4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,april #ae,,?1 #ahfg4 ,vice ,presid5t ,ransom 9 ! ,*air4 ,?irty-?ree memb]s pres5t4 ,! collections made dur+ ! field meet+ on ,angel ,isl& 7 exhibit$ & comm5t$ on4 ,pr(essor ,silliman read ! foll[+ pap]3 ,notice ( a peculi> mode ( ! occurr5ce ( ,gold & ,silv] 9 ! ,foot-,hills ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada1 & especially at ,:isky ,hill1 9 ,plac] ,c\nty1 & ,quail ,hill1 9 ,calav]as ,c\nty1 ,cali=nia4 ,,by ,b4 ,,silliman4 ,9 ! se>* = ores ( copp] :i* occurr$ 9 ,cali=nia 9 :at is n[ kn[n z ! 8,copp] ,belt0 ( ! ,l[] ,si]ras1 deposits ( 8,iron ,ru/10 z !y 7 call$ by ! m9]s1 7 obs]v$ at num]\s po9ts f> bel[ ! range ( ! ma9 gold belt ( ! ,si]ras4 ,sev]al ( ^! o*race\s deposits _h be5 previ\sly 8locat$0 by prospect+ m9]s = gold1 be=e !re 0 any k1 or suspicion ev51 ( ! exi/5ce ( ores ( copp] 9 connection ) !m4 ,x 0 a matt] ( common obs]vation t c]ta9 gul*es1 or wat]c\rses 9 ! neighborhood ( ^! ru/y deposits1 7 ri* 9 plac] gold1 hav+ be5 work$ = gold f an e>ly date4 ,! se>* = copp] 9 ?is k9d ( deposit 0 n comm]cially successful1 al?\gh !re 7 %ipm5ts ( gre5 & blue c>bonates ( copp]1 r$ oxide & metallic copp]1 to a limit$ ext5t f bo? ! localities "h ref]r$ to1 ! metal f :i* 0 kn[n to conta9 a notable value ( gold & silv]1 /at$ to be ab\t fifty doll>s to ! ton ( ore4 ,?is se>* = copp] has1 h[ev]1 op5$ up ^! deposits s z to display _! "* 9 a conspicu\s mann]4 ,! rocks appe> to h be5 orig9ally talcose & *loritic s*i/s1 sometimes micace\s1 inclos+ masses ( argillite1 & ( qu>tz :i* appe>s to h be5 massive en\gh at c]ta9 po9ts to assume ! "* ( a ve91 & p>allel to ! /ratification :i* has ! usual nor?-we/]n /rike & ea/]ly dip ( ! region4 ,all ?is mass ( mat]ial :i* at ,quail ,hill is c]ta9ly ?ree hundr$ feet wide1 & possibly twice t1 & ) a l9e> ext5t exce$+ "o ?\s& feet1 appe>s to h be5 v highly impregnat$ or m9]aliz$ by sulphurets1 *iefly ( iron1 ) a portion ( copp]1 z9c & lead4 ,! sulphurets h und]gone almo/ total decomposition ?r\gh\t ! entire mass1 leav+ s(t o*race\s deposits ( a ru/y r$ & yell[ color1 & /a9+ ! rocks ) brilliant colors1 a peculi>ity :i* ! m9]s h *>act]iz$ by ! "n ( 8,calico rocks40 ,?is decomposition or oxidation ( ! sulphurets1 has ext5d$ to a po9t z l[ z atmosph]ic influ5ces ext5d1 or probably to a po9t :]e wat] is p]man5tly f\nd1 :i* at ,quail ,hill is assum$ to be ab\t #agj feet bel[ ! outcrop ( ! mass1 or cre/ ( ! hill4 ,dykes ( porphyry & ( o!r rocks1 commonly call$ intrusive1 are se5 divid+ ^! great ore *annels 9 a direction con=mable to ! l9e ( /rike4 ,b ! decomposition :i* has affect$ o!r portions ( ! ore *annel1 appe>s also to h *ang$ !m1 = !y are f\nd to be r$uc$ completely to ! condition ( kaol9 & li?om>ge1 or k9dr$ alt]ations ( feldspa?ic rocks4 ,! outl9es ( ! feldsp> cry/als are /ill easily di/+ui%$1 al?\gh ! mass ( ! dykes is completely friable4 ,! z9c bl5de :i* is f\nd 9 small quantities at ,:isky ,hill1 & ! vitre\s copp] also to "s ext5t1 appe> to h escap$ decomposition4 ,! copp] ores appe> to h be5 conf9$ to a portion ( ! deposit1 z is indicat$ 9 ! section exhibit$1 :ile ! aurif]\s sulphuret ( iron has be5 co-ext5sive ) ! ore *annel1 ! cubical cavities left by ! decay ( its cry/als be+ f\nd 9 all ! outcrops bo? 9 ! qu>tz & 9 ! #8calico rocks1' result+ f ! decomposition ( feldspa?ic & talcose or *loritic con/itu5ts4 ,accompany+ ! entire mass ( decomposition at bo? localities1 occur bo? gold & silv]1 dissem9at$ ) rem>kable uni=mity 9 all p>ts ( ! orey gr\nd4 ,at ,:isky ,hill1 films ( metallic silv] are visible ^u ! talcose masses /a9$ gre5 by mala*ite or *rysocolla2 ! gold is r>ely se5 9 situ1 be+ mo/ly obscur$ by ! v ru/y & highly-/a9$ "* ( ! associat$ mat]ials4 ,b x is r>e t on wa%+ a small quantity ( any ( ! cont5ts ( ^! great deposits1 gold is n f\nd 9 angul> gra9s or small ragg$ masses1 f ! size ( a few gra9s' weight1 to impalpable du/4 ,nuggets ( sev]al p5nyweights occur occasionally4 ,?is gold has evid5tly accompani$ ! sulphurets & be5 left 9 its pres5t position & condition by _! decomposition4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ! gold ( ! gul*es adjo9+ ^! deposits has be5 d]iv$ f !m4 ,at ,:isky ,hill1 ! gul* gold ceases to be f\nd z soon z ! limits ( ?is deposit are pass$1 & ! same is true at ,quail ,hill4 ,! occurr5ce ( deposits ( ?is nature ?r\gh\t ! range ( ! foot-hills1 seems to (f] ! be/ solution :i* has sugge/$ itself ( ! orig9 ( ! plac] gold :i* is f\nd 9 situations s f> remov$ f ! gold belt ( ! upp] ,si]ras1 & away f s\rces usually recogniz$ z ^? to :i* plac] gold may be ref]r$4 ,exp]im5ts made by myself & by o!rs on a consid]able scale1 ! details ( :i* w appe> else:]e1 %[ t ! am\nt ( ! preci\s metals dissem9at$ 9 ! av]age mass ( ve9 /uff & decompos$ mat]ials ( e "n at ,quail ,hill1 is consid]ably 9 excess ( ! g5]al av]age t5or ( gold ve9s 9 ,cali=nia4 ,! mean ( my own trials gave to ! ton ( #b1jjj lbs4 by assay3 ,gold #ce4ad ,silv] #ae4jh ------ #ej4bb ,:ile f ! work+ ( c>efully prep>$ av]ages 9 consid]able quantity by mill+ process1 ! t5or ( ! preci\s metals 03 ,gold #bi4ah ,silv] #e4ia ------ #ce4ji ,! extremely friable condition ( ! entire mass ( ^! aurif]\s mat]ials r5d]s _! extraction & treatm5t easy & comp>atively inexp5sive4 ,at ,:isky ,hill1 a mill ( =ty /amps has be5 set up :i* is n[ runn+ ) satisfactory returns4 ,! co/ by contract ( deliv]y ( ! ores to ! mill1 be+ /at$ at =ty c5ts 7#dj;c47 p] ton1 ! co/ ( m9+ & treatm5t 9 mill be+ consid]ably less1 x is said1 ?an "o doll> p] ton1 ! am\nt treat$ be+ five tons to ea* /amp4 ,! *emical results ( ! ext5sive decomposition ( metallic sulphids :i* has 9 =m] times occurr$ at ^! localities1 (f] an int]e/+ problem 9 *emical geology4 ,! sulphur has be5 remov$ *iefly z sulphuric acid beyond d\bt1 :i* has comb9$ ) iron & copp] to =m sulphates ( ^! metals4 ,^! h = ! mo/ "p disappe>$1 be+ wa%$ out by ! atmosph]ic wat]s1 & h foll[$ ! dra9age ( ! c\ntry4 ,at ,:isky ,hill ,i f\nd ! sulphate ( iron1 7,coquimbite7 sulphate ( copp]1 7,cyanosite7 & alum4 ,! wat] ( ! %aft conta9s copp] en\gh to r$d5 ! iron tools4 ,at ,quail ,hill consid]able masses ( heavy sp> are f\nd1 =m$ probably f ! action ( soluble sulphates ^u )]ite4 ,no gypsum 0 obs]v$ at ei!r locality4 ,! m9]al species obs]v$ at ,:isky ,hill1 are z foll[s3 ,metallic ,gold4 ,metallic ,copp]4 ,metallic ,silv]4 ,r$ ,copp]4 ,mala*ite 7,gre5 ,c>bonate ( ,copp]74 ,azurite 7,blue ,c>bonate ( ,copp]74 ,*rysocolla 7,silicate ( ,copp]74 ,cyanosite 7,blue ,vitriol74 ,copp] ,glance 7,vitre\s ,copp]74 ,z9c bl5de4 ,gal5a4 ,iron pyrites4 ,alum4 ,coquimbite4 ,heavy ,sp>4 ,hematite 7*iefly ! e>?y v>ieties74 ,kaol94 ,li?om>ge & v>i\s alum9\s & magnesian silicates result+ f ! decomposition ( ! *loritic & talcose rocks4 ,! li/ ( species is ab\t ! same = ! deposit at ,quail ,hill4 ,! l9e ( division betwe5 ! ore-be>+ gr\nd 9 ^! great ore *annels1 & ! c\ntry rock is q di/9ctly se5 on bo? ! ea/]n & we/]n outcrop at ,quail ,hill1 & on ! we/]n at ,:isky ,hill4 ,at ! =m] place x is a d>k blui% porphyritic rock1 probably metamorphic1 ( a s&/one or silici\s s$im5t4 ,! outcropp+s resemble ^? ( _m qu>tz ve9s1 & ,i f9d ! moss-cov]$ portions ( ?is qu>tzose matt] full ( cavities1 result+ f ! decay ( pyrites1 & yield+1 by assay1 ?ree to five doll>s to ! ton 9 bullion4 ,f all ! evid5ce pres5t$1 we seem ju/ifi$ 9 reg>d+ ^! rem>kable metallic deposits z segregat$ ve9s1 hold+ a pretty uni=m & high t5or ( gold & silv]1 associat$ ) & d]iv$ f ! decomposition ( ext5d$ masses ( metallic sulphurets & qu>tzose matt]1 & c>ry+ at times1 ores ( copp]1 ! comm]cial value ( :i* is1 h[ev]1 entirely subord9ate to t ( ! preci\s metals :i* are f\nd to *>act]ize ^! ve9s or ore *annels4 ,,san ,,francisco1 ,april #ae?1 #ahfg4 ,mr4 ,falk5au read a communication 8,on ! ,_s ( ! ,age & its ,influ5ce 9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,natural ,sci5ces40 ,mr4 ,bol&] exhibit$ specim5s ( ! ,apocynum f\nd 9 ,r\nd ,valley1 on moi/ l& subject to ov]fl[4 ,! ,indians make ext5sive use ( x = fi%-l9es & o!r purposes4 ,! specim5s pres5t$ 7 collect$ by ,mr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,silv]1 ( ,humboldt ,valley1 ,nevada4 ,a field excursion ( ! ,academy 0 made1 on ,saturday1 ,april #bj?1 to ! hills ne> ! ,twelve-,mile ,h\se1 on ! ,san ,jos ,railroad4 ,by ! c\rtesy ( ,ri*>d ,p4 ,hammond1 ,esq41 ,g5]al ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! road1 free passes to g & return 7 furni%$ to ! memb]s p>ticipat+ 9 ?is excursion4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,may #f,,?1 #ahfg4 ,presid5t 9 ! ,*air4 ,?irty-two memb]s pres5t4 ,messrs4 ,f4 ,f4 ,?omas1 ,silas ,a4 ,:ite1 ,b4 ,smi?1 ,m4 ,j4 ,mc,donald1 ,wm4 ,patt5 & ,philip ,prior1 7 elect$ ,resid5t ,memb]s1 & ,dr4 ,c4 ,l4 ,&]son1 ( ,santa ,cruz1 ,cal41 ,h5ry ,walt] ,bates1 ,assi/ant ,secret>y ,royal ,geographical ,society ( ,london1 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,h4 ,balf\r1 ( ,ed9burgh ,univ]sity1 ,dr4 ,john ,alex&] ,smi?1 ,f4,r4,s41 ( ,ed9burgh1 ,james ,haswell1 ,m4,a41 ( ! ,geological ,society ( ,ed9burgh1 ,capt4 ,j4 ,b4 ,caldbeck1 ,f4,r4,g4,s41 ( ,s+apore1 & ,sir ,rod]ick ,i4 ,mur*ison1 ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,geographical ,society ( ,london1 7 elect$ ,correspond+ ,memb]s4 ,donations to ! ,libr>y3 ,gold & ,silv] ,tables1 by ,l4 ,g>nett2 ,catalogue ( ,ca/s ( ,fossils = sale by ,pr(4 ,h4 ,a4 ,w>d1 ( ,ro*e/] ,univ]sity4 ,! ,committee on ,field ,meet+s report$ on t ( ,april #bj?1 ne> ! ,twelve-,mile ,h\se4 ,specim5s ( ! fossils collect$ at ! locality visit$ 7 exhibit$ by ,mr4 ,yale1 & rem>ks 7 made on ! position & age ( ! /rata !re expos$1 by ,pr(4 ,:itney1 ,dr4 ,coop] & ,mr4 ,/e>ns4 ,mr4 ,lorqu9 m5tion$ ! species ( birds se5 & collect$ dur+ ! excursion4 ,mr4 ,/e>ns pres5t$1 9 behalf ( ,mr4 ,r[ell1 ! foll[+ description ( a new species ( ,pisidium1 collect$ dur+ ! field excursion to ,angel ,isl&3 ,description ( a ,new ,species ( ,pisidium4 ,,by ,j4 ,,r[ell4 ,pisidium angelicum1 ,r[ell4 ,%ell r\nd$ oval1 ne>ly equilat]al1 v convex2 m>g9 well r\nd$2 beaks v slightly rais$ & v approximate2 surface subgranulate1 m>k$ ) f "o to six v decid$ /ri or l9es ( gr[?2 tee? too m9ute = obs]vation4 ,long4 7( l>ge/7 #b mill41 ,lat4 #a4e mill42 ,diam4 #a mill4 ,habitat3 ,angel ,isl&4 ,( ,cali=nia species1 x is mo/ l ,p4 abditum1 b diff]s 9 its sculpture1 its less prom95t beaks & its m globul> & equilat]al =m4 ,mo/ specim5s are cov]$ by an exce$+ly p]si/5t coat ( jet black mud1 mak+ exam9ation ( !m v difficult2 b "s are p]fectly clean4 ,mr4 ,/e>ns read ! foll[+ note ^u a rec5t ,exhibition ( ,p>helia4 ,on ,w$nesday1 ! #ag? day ( 7,april7 la/ mon?1 at ab\t #e o'clock 9 ! aft]noon1 my att5tion 0 attract$ t[>ds ! heav5s by an exhibition ( ! r unusual ph5om5a 7unusual 9 ?is latitude7 kn[n z ,p>helia4 ,! sky 9 ! we/ at ! "t 0 some:at cl\dy1 & ! atmosph]e hazy4 ,i 0 unable to det]m9e ! exact position ( ! sun1 b its altitude 0 approximately #bb above ! horizon2 ! diamet] ( ! circle or halo 0 ab\t #bd4 ,a horizontal l9e1 drawn ?r\gh ! sun & project$ suffici5tly 9 a nor!rly & s\!rly direction to int]sect ! halo1 display$ at ea* po9t ( int]section1 a p>helion or mock sun ( v consid]able brilliancy1 & cont9u$ = upw>ds ( half an h\r4 ,a mu* m ext5sive display ( ^! ph5om5a 0 witness$ by me 9 ! mon? ( ,april1 #aheh1 :ile resid+ ne> ,bo/on1 ,massa*usetts4 ,! sun 0 n f> f ! z5i?1 surr\nd$ by a s+le broad halo1 :i* latt] 0 9 turn inclos$ by an out] circle ( _m halos all int]sect+ ) ea* o!r & ) ! c5tral halo--ea* ( ! num]\s po9ts ( int]section gemm$ ) a p>helion4 ,s ext5sive 0 ! display1 ow+ to ! numb] ( halos & ! att5dant p>helia1 t ! :ole heav5s f ! z5i? to )9 app>5tly #cj ( ! horizon1 seem$ cov]$ ) brilliant circles or r+s1 & respl5d5t ) numb]less suns4 ,! sky1 at ! "t1 0 obscur$ by a haze ( consid]able d5sity1 & a *ill+ w9d 0 bl[+ f ! s\?4 ,"s rem>ks foll[$ ^u sun & moon halos1 dur+ :i* ,dr4 ,gibbons combat$ ! popul> notion t halos ab\t ! moon 7 infallible signs ( ra94 ,8 obs]vations prov$ t1 9 "s seasons1 ^! signs inv>iably fail$ 9 ,cali=nia1 & at ! ,ea/2 he ?\ght no rule c\ld be e/abli%$ on ! subject4 ,mr4 ,goodye> pres5t$ ! foll[+ pap] 9 behalf ( ,pr(essor ,silliman3 ,notice ( ,new ,localities ( ,diamonds 9 ,cali=nia4 ,,by ,b4 ,,silliman4 ,e well-au!nticat$ in/ance ( ! exi/5ce ( ! diamond 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ( int]e/1 s9ce x s]ves to enl>ge our k ( ! geographical & geological di/ribution ( ?is mu* e/eem$ gem4 ,i h ! pleasure ( exhibit+ to ! ,academy f\r diamonds1 obta9$ f sep>ate localities 9 ?is ,/ate4 ,?ree ( !m are cry/als1 hav+ ! =m ( an icositetrah$ron2 ! o!r has be5 cut1 & is set z a r+ /one4 ,! ,fir/ ,specim5--,is f ,=e/ ,hill1 9 ,el ,dorado ,c\nty4 ,its weight is #j4cfi gramme1 or #e4fgc gra9s--equal to r less ?an #a c>ats4 ,its color is good1 b x has a small cavity & discoloration on "o ( ! solid angles1 & x is less symmetrical ?an ! second specim54 ,?is cry/al 0 f\nd at a great dep? f ! surface 9 a tunnel run into ! aurif]\s gravel at ,=e/ ,hill4 ,i procur$ ?is /one f ,mr4 ,tuck]1 ! well-kn[n jewel]4 ,! ,second ,specim5--,is f ,fr5* ,corral1 9 ,nevada ,c\nty4 ,x weighs #j4ccge grammes1 or #e4aad gra9s--equal to ab\t #a c>ats4 ,its =m is symmetrical1 color slightly yell[i%4 ,its lu/re has be5 dimm$ slightly by hav+ be5 subject$ to a r$ heat z a te/ ( its au!nticity4 ,! auto da f is h>dly ! te/ a *emi/ w\ld select = pure c>bon6 ,x is rem>kably de/itute ( flaws4 ,?is cry/al 0 wa%$ out f ! cem5t 9 ! deep gravel wa%+s = gold at ,fr5* ,corral1 & 0 f\nd 9 ! sluice boxes4 ,x belongs to ,mr4 ,egb]t ,judson1 ( ,san ,francisco1 f :om ,i d]ive ?is in=mation4 ,! ,?ird ,specim5--,is small] & less p]fect ?an ei!r ( ! prec$+4 ,x 0 f\nd at ,fiddlet[n1 9 ,amador ,c\nty4 ,x weighs #j4bcde gramme1 or #c4fai gra9s--a little less ?an "o c>at4 ,?is cry/al is di/ort$1 & has sev]al rent]+ angles & cavities4 ,mr4 ,m4 ,w4 ,bel%aw1 to :om x belongs1 in=ms me t s9ce #ahee1 five diamonds h1 to 8 k1 be5 f\nd at ,fiddlet[n1 :]e he !n resid$2 none ( !m weigh+ mu* ov] "o c>at4 ,all ^! specim5s 7 f\nd 9 a gray cem5t$ gravel und]ly+ a /ratum ( 8lava0 or compact volcanic a%es1 & 7 f\nd 9 se>*+ = gold4 ,! ,f\r? ,specim5--,is f ,*]okee ,flat1 9 ,butte ,c\nty1 & has be5 cut & set 9 a r+4 ,mr4 ,geo4 ,e4 ,smi?1 ( #fje ,montgom]y ,/reet1 ,san ,francisco1 :o is an exp]t 9 diamonds & owns ! specim5 exhibit$1 in=ms me t he has se5 fifte5 cry/als f ?is locality1 & has au!ntic advices ( at lea/ =ty1 all ( :i* h be5 f\nd 9 deep gravel wa%+s1 & are believ$ to come f a /ratum ( ab\t ?ree feet ?ick1 =m+ "p ( a mass ( tw5ty-five to fifty feet ( sup]9cumb5t mat]ial4 ,:5 ?is special /ratum ( s&y mat]ials is wa%$1 ! diamonds h be5 f\nd4 ,i h tak5 /eps to obta9 an au!ntic cry/al f ?is place1 :i* appe>s to be ! mo/ prolific locality ( ! diamond yet obs]v$ 9 ,cali=nia4 ,9 ! fir/ volume ( ! ,geology ( ,cali=nia1 page #bgf1 ,mr4 ,rmond is quot$ z au?ority = ! exi/5ce ( diamonds at ,volcano4 ,if ?is locality is di/9ct f t at ,fiddlet[n1 ne> ,volcano1 we h at pres5t1 five au!nticat$ localities ( ! diamond 9 ,cali=nia1 f :i* specim5s h be5 id5tifi$ by m9]alogi/s4 ,if a k ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ?is rem>kable species 0 m common among ! m9]s :o "w 9 ! deep gravel digg+s1 no d\bt ?is gem w\ld be f\nd to be m abundant & 9 m num]\s places ?an is n[ suspect$4 ,,san ,,francisco1 ,may #f?1 #ahfg4 ,pr(essor ,:itney1 9 reply to v>i\s inquiries made by memb]s1 rem>k$ t !re 7 probably "s fifte5 or tw5ty diff]5t localities 9 ,cali=nia :]e diamonds _h be5 f\nd2 b ^! 7 all ( small size1 ! l>ge/ :i* _h come "u 8 notice weigh+ only #g gra9s3 ?is 0 f\nd at ,fr5* ,corral1 ne> ,san ,juan ,nor?4 ,x 0 difficult to give any directions by :i* m9]s c\ld infallibly recognize ! diamond :5 !y happ5$ to meet ) ?is gem4 ,! cry/all9e =m is v diff]5t f t ( qu>tz1 :i* is n[1 h[ev]1 mu* less frequ5tly mi/ak5 = ! diamond ?an x 0 =m]ly4 ,mo/ ( ! cry/als f\nd 9 ,cali=nia1 up to ?is "t1 h be5 tw5ty-f\r sid$4 ,! fact t ! faces ( ! cry/als are usually curv$ in/ead ( be+ plane surfaces1 is also *>act]i/ic ( ! gem 9 "q4 ,! h>dness & specific gravity are also sure guides2 b m9]s r>ely h ! means ( gett+ at ei!r ( ^! *>act]s accurately4 ,x is commonly believ$ t ! diamond c be /ruck a heavy bl[1 on an anvil1 )\t break+2 b ?is is a mi/ake1 result+ f conf\nd+ t\ghness ) h>dness4 ,x is extremely d\btful :e!r wa%+ ! gravel = diamonds 9 ,cali=nia w\ld pay1 "u any circum/ances2 & x is believ$ t su* wa%+s are n remun]ative any:]e1 except :5 p]=m$ by slave or convict labor4 ,pr(essor ,:itney read a pap] on ! geological position ( coal4 ,! object ( ?is pap] 0 to %[ h[ completely ! results ( mod]n geological explorations & discov]ies _h done away ) ! old idea t valuable b$s ( coal are conf9$ to any "o memb] ( ! s]ies ( geological =mations4 ,! rec5t inve/igations ( geologi/s 9 ,india1 ,*9a1 ,au/ralia1 ,new ,zeal&1 ,s\? ,am]ica1 & on ! ,pacific coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 7 notic$ & comm5t$ on4 ,x 0 %[n t :ile ! important coal fields ( ,ea/]n ,europe & ! ,ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates are ( palozoic age1 ^? ( ,india1 ,*9a & ,au/ralia1 on ! o!r h&1 belong to ! mesozoic s]ies *iefly1 al?\gh !re are important deposits ev5 z rec5t z ! ca9ozoic or t]ti>y4 ,pr(essor ,:itney rem>k$ on ! di/ribution ( ! pr9cipal coal fields ( ! _w into two great gr\ps1 on opposite sides ( ! globe3 "o ( ^! is ( palozoic1 & ! o!r ( mesozoic age4 ,he ref]r$ p>ticul>ly to ! coal ( ! ,pacific coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 & gave a brief acc\nt ( its geographical di/ribution & geological age1 notic+ p>ticul>ly ! fact t mo/ ( ! valuable fields ( t region belong to ! cretace\s s]ies1 a geological =mation :i*1 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w1 has be5 f\nd to be "o ( ! mo/ b>r5 9 combu/ible mat]ials4 ,9 conclusion1 ! importance ( coal discov]ies 9 ! region betwe5 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s & ,cali=nia to ! successful op]ation ( ! ,pacific ,railroad 0 expla9$1 & ! hope express$ t ! geological exp$ition rec5tly set on foot by ! ,g5]al ,gov]nm5t1 at ! head ( :i* is ,mr4 ,k+1 late ( ! ,cali=nia ,survey1 might be ! means ( giv+ to ! _w reliable in=mation 9 reg>d to ! coal res\rces ( t region1 ( :i* we n[ "k s little4 ,pr(4 ,:itney pres5t$ an elaborate pap] 8,on ! ,natural ,sy/em ( ! ,igne\s ,rocks10 by ,b>on ,ri*?(52 he advis$ its ref]5ce to ! ,publication ,committee1 & t x %\ld be made "o ( ! 8,memoirs0 :i* ! ,academy contemplates publi%+4 ,x 0 s ref]r$1 & ! committee 0 in/ruct$ to report on ! feasibility ( comm5c+ ! publication ( a s]ies ( qu>to ,memoirs4 ,pr(4 ,:itney exhibit$ a can9e too?1 obta9$ f ! deep gravel deposits at ,d\glas ,flat1 ne> ,murphy's1 9 ,calav]as ,c\nty2 x appe>s to be diff]5t f ! tee? ( any animal yet f\nd on ?is coa/1 ei!r liv+ or fossil4 ,he consid]$ x z probably belong+ to ! hyna2 if s1 ?is 0 ! fir/ notice ( ! occurr5ce ( ?is animal on ! ,am]ican cont95t4 ,dr4 ,coop] /at$ t ,mr4 ,ridgeway1 ! zologi/ appo9t$ to accompany ! ,gov]nm5t exploration ( ,russian ,am]ica1 :5 on t coa/1 a few ye>s s9ce1 _h f\nd birds ne>ly id5tical ) liv+ species 9 ,asia--a fact ( mu* int]e/1 s9ce none ( ! same species are f\nd on ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,am]ica4 ,!re is "h ano!r sugge/ion ( ! =m] intimate relations betwe5 ,we/]n ,am]ica & ,ea/]n ,asia4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,may #bj,,?1 #ahfg4 ,vice ,presid5t ,ransom 9 ! ,*air4 ,tw5ty-n9e memb]s pres5t4 ,messrs4 ,john ,p4 ,cairns1 ,j4 ,w4 ,c4 ,maxwell1 ,con/ant9e ,heus*1 ,william ,fis*el1 ,e4 ,w4 ,burr1 ,ar*ibald ,c4 ,pea*y1 ,j4 ,p4 ,h4 ,w5twor?1 ,c4 ,p4 ,/an=d1 ,h5ry ,gibbons1 ,jr41 ,m4,d41 & ,p4 ,m4 ,r&all1 ,m4,d41 7 elect$ ,resid5t ,memb]s4 ,donations to ! ,cab9et3 ,fossils f ,mission ,peak1 ,alam$a ,c\nty1 by ,mr4 ,bosqui2 & f ,japan1 by ,mr4 ,lorqu94 ,donations to ! ,libr>y3 ,jahrbu* d] k4 k4 geologis*5 ,rei*san/alt1 ,b& ,,xvi1 ,no4 #b1 #ahff4 ,bullet9s de l',acadmie ,royale de ,belgique1 7#b7 ,,xx1 ,,xxi1 #ahfe-f4 ,annuaire1 7( ! same7 #ahff4 ,meteorologis* ,ja>boek1 uitgegev5 door het kn4 ,n$]l&s* ,meteorologis* ,in/ituut1 #ahfe2 two p>ts1 long #dto1 ,utre*t1 #ahff4 ,die ,reg5v]hltnisse des ,knigrei*s ,hannov]1 c41 von ,dr4 ,m4 ,a4 ,f4 ,pre/el1 ,emd51 #ahfd4 ,fe/s*rift d] natur=s*5d5 ,gesells*aft zu ,emd51 #dto pamphlet1 ,emd54 ,e9undfnfzig/] ,jahresb]i*t d] naturf4 ,gesells4 zu ,emd51 #ahfe2 #hvo pamphlet1 #ahff4 ,s*rift5 d] ,gesells4 zur ,befrd]ung d] gesammt5 ,naturwiss5s*aft5 zu ,m>burg1 ,supplem5t ,heft1 7,claus1 die ,copepod5 ,fauna von ,nizza7 #dto1 #ahff4 ,monatsb]i*t d] kn4 ,preuss4 ,akademie d] ,wiss4 zu ,b]l91 #ahfe4 ,bullet9 de l',acadmie ,impriale des ,sci5ces de ,/4 ,pet]sb\rg1 ,tome ,,ix1 ,feuilles #a-cf4 ,mmoires de l',acadmie ,impriale des ,sci5ces de ,/4 ,pet]sb\rg1 ,tome ,,ix1 7complete7 ,x1 #a4 ,sur l',etat de l',atmosph]e ,bruxelles1 p5dant l',anne #ahfe1 p> ,m4 ,erne/ ,quetelet4 ,geographical ,catalogue ( ! ,mollusca f\nd we/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 prep>$ = ! ,/ate ,geological ,survey1 by ,j4 ,g4 ,coop]1 ,m4,d4 ,burton's ,city ( ! ,sa9ts1 pres5t$ by ,gregory ,yale1 ,esq4 ,mr4 ,/e>ns read a pap] entitl$ 8,anci5t ,m9+ on ,lake ,sup]ior10 :i* read+ 0 foll[$ by a discussion on t subject1 9 :i* ,dr4 ,coop]1 ,mr4 ,yale1 ,mr4 ,/e>ns & ,mr4 ,:ite took "p4 ,mr4 ,bol&] exhibit$ a portion ( a bran* ( ,p9us tub]culata1 & comm5t$ on ! fact t two :orls ( cones _h be5 =m$ 9 la/ ye>'s gr[?4 ,drs4 ,behr1 ,kellogg & ,gibbons discuss$ v>i\s que/ions sugge/$ by ,mr4 ,bol&]'s rem>ks4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,june #c;,d1 #ahfg4 ,vice ,presid5t ,/e>ns 9 ! ,*air4 ,tw5ty-five memb]s pres5t4 ,messrs4 ,tryon ,reakirt1 ( ,philadelphia1 & ,lor5zo ,g4 ,yates1 ( ,alam$a ,c\nty1 7 elect$ ,correspond+ ,memb]s2 & ,messrs4 ,g4 ,h4 ,mum=d & ,a4 ,s4 ,g\ld1 ,resid5t ,memb]s4 ,donations to ! ,cab9et3 ,a ,horn$ ,frog1 by ,g4 ,yale1 ,esq42 ,specim5 ( ,cladophorus f ,=t ,po9t1 by ,dr4 ,/iv]s2 ,section ( ! b>k ( ,sequoia semp]vir5s1 by ,dr4 ,w4 ,p4 ,gibbons4 ,mr4 ,/e>ns ann\nc$ ! dea? ( ,m4 ,augu/e ,rmond1 a memb] ( ! ,academy1 & =m]ly ( ! ,/ate ,geological ,survey4 ,mr4 ,bosqui pres5t$ a communication f ,mr4 ,l4 ,g4 ,yates1 9 reg>d to ! rema9s ( an elephant f\nd ne> ,mission ,san ,jos4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,p4 ,gibbons read a communication on ! rema9s ( a r$wood =e/ 9 ! ,coa/ ,range ea/ ( ,san ,francisco4 ,! subject ( ?is pap] 0 discuss$ by sev]al ( ! memb]s pres5t4 ,mr4 ,ny/rom pres5t$ a pap] on ! orig9 ( ! ,table ,m\nta9 9 ,tuolumne & ,calav]as c\nties4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,june #ag,,?1 #ahfg4 ,vice ,presid5t ,ransom 9 ! ,*air4 ,tw5ty memb]s pres5t4 ,donation to ! ,cab9et3 ,specim5s obta9$ 9 excavat+ on ! ,beideman tract1 by ,g4 ,yale4 ,mr4 ,gabb pres5t$ a communication on ! 8,geology ( ,l[] ,cali=nia10 :i* 0 ref]r$ to ! ,publication ,committee1 & ord]$ pr9t$ z "o ( ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy4 ,mr4 ,gabb also communicat$ ! foll[+ translation ( "p ( a lett] receiv$ by him f ,sr4 ,don ,antonio ,raimondi1 ( ,lima1 ,p]u1 ) ref]5ce to "s geological features ( t c\ntry3 ,i h j receiv$ a lett] f ,pr(essor ,raimondi1 accompany+ a v int]e/+ collection ( fossils1 s5t ?r\gh my lam5t$ fri5d ,mr4 ,rmond1 b :i* ,i h n yet receiv$4 ,aft] rem>k+ t he _h n "t to write a detail$ acc\nt ( ! c\ntry to assi/ me 9 my det]m9ations ( ! geological ages1 he gives ! foll[+ cond5s$ b int]e/+ description ( ! c\ntry1 :i* ,i h consid]$ ( suffici5t value to w>rant its imm$iate publication4 ,i translate ?is portion ( ! lett] 9 full4 8,p]u1 or at lea/ ! great *a9 ( ! ,cordill]a :i* divides ! :ole ( ,am]ica into two p>ts1 comprises v>i\s small] *a9s1 (t5 v high1 & "h consi/+ ( f\r1 ne>ly p>allel4 ,! pr9cipal ( ^! are two1 "o ( :i* is ! divid+ l9e betwe5 ! wat]s empty+ into ! ,pacific on "o side1 & ! tribut>ies ( ! ,amazon on ! o!r4 ,?is is :at is prop]ly call$ ! ,cordill]a ( ! ,&es1 or ! ,we/]n ,cordill]a4 ,! o!r *a9 is call$ ! ,ea/]n ,cordill]a1 & 9 "s po9ts is z elevat$ or ev5 surpasses 9 height ! true ,cordill]a4 ,9 ! s\!rn "p ( ,p]u1 = example1 x is entirely cov]$ ) p]petual sn[1 & conta9s v elevat$ peaks1 includ+1 9 t "p :i* is prolong$ into ,bolivia1 ! two colossi call$ ,sorata1 or ,illampu & ,illimani4 ,! ,ea/]n ,cordill]a is ( ! great] geological age1 appe>+ to be entirely compos$ ( micace\s & talcose s*i/s :i* h be5 metamorphos$ by ! elevation ( ! granites1 ^? :i* h also introduc$ into ^! s*i/s num]\s ve9s ( qu>tz1 :i* 9 "s places are q ri* 9 gold4 ,?is elevat$ *a9 has be5 cut v deeply by num]\s riv]s1 :i*1 tak+ _! orig9 9 ! ,we/]n ,cordill]a1 trav]se ^! imm5se =mations ( s*i/s & granite ?r\gh n>r[ gorges1 & unite to =m ! l>ge afflu5ts ( ! ,amazon4 8,! ,we/]n ,cordill]a or true *a9 ( ! ,&es is made up 9 ne>ly ! :ole ( its l5g? ( rocks ( a mu* m rec5t age4 ,! pr9cipal =mations are ,cretace\s1 ,jurassic1 ,lias & ,trias4 ,ano!r gr\p ( rocks1 probably ,c>bonif]\s1 =m ! great bas9 ( ,lake ,titicaca & a small spot on ! heights ( ,huanta4 ,?is ,cordill]a has be5 metamorphos$ by v>i\s eruptive rocks1 ! pr9cipal ( :i* are porphyries & diorites4 ,^! h introduc$ innum]able metallif]\s ve9s1 ri* 9 lead1 copp] & silv]1 & :i* h be5 work$ 9 _m places4 8,! volcanic rocks are /rongly develop$ 9 ,p]u1 especially 9 ! s\!rn "p1 & h nev] be5 well /udi$4 ,accord+ to my op9ion1 !y once =m$ an ext5sive *a91 :i*1 f its be+ compos$ ( rocks easily dis9tegrat$1 has be5 9 great "p de/roy$ by ! action ( wat]1 s t x is sep>at$ mo/ly by isolat$ hills2 b f all t ,i h be5 able to see1 x mu/ h =m$ at "o "t an un9t]rupt$ *a91 z x appe>s 9 ! c5tral "p ( ,p]u1 at a little di/ance f ! ,pacific ,ocean1 & aft]w>ds x approa*es almo/ ins5sibly ! true ,cordill]as2 s t1 ne> ,arequipa1 x is m ?an tw5ty leagues f ! sea1 b 9 foll[+ x to ! s\? x ne>s ! ,cordill]a1 ext5d+ to ,cruzalia1 9 ! brok5 c\ntry ( ,moqueque & ,tacna4 8,along ! :ole l5g? ( ! coa/1 at a di/ance ( "o or two leagues f ! m>g9 ( ! ocean1 rises a small *a9 ( hills =m$ ( granite1 sy5ites & porphyries4 ,?is *a9 is call$ #8! ,hills' 7,lomas7 & conta9s 9 places scatt]$ spots ( copp] & a v little gold4 ,on ! same coa/ & on ! adjac5t isl&s1 s$im5t>y rocks are r>e1 ?\gh !y are nev]!less f\nd at r>e int]vals4 ,to ! nor?1 s$im5t>y rocks ext5d f ,tumbes to ! s\? ( ,payta1 at ! little cove ( ,tortugas1 :]e !re are _m spr+s ( fre% wat] 9 a h>d5$ clay/one1 alt]nat+ ) calc>e\s /rata1 :i* conta9 little seams ( coal4 8,f ,se*>ra1 to ne> ,lima !re is no s$im5t>y =mation4 ,ne> ! port ( ,ancon1 five leagues f ,lima1 9 ! isl& ( ,san ,lor5zo1 ne> ,callao1 & 9 ,*orillo1 ?ree leagues s\? ( ,lima1 !re are "s /ratifi$ s&/ones ) a v few fossils4 ,^! =mations appe> to u to be ei!r ,jurassic or ,liassic1 b ! /udy ( ! few fossils f\nd w det]m9e bett] _! age4 8,ne> ,arica1 & ?ree leagues to ! int]ior f ,iquique1 :]e are ! celebrat$ silv] m9es ( ,huantapaya1 !re h also be5 notic$ s$im5t>y rocks belong+ to ! ,oolite & ,lias4 8,9 ! elevat$ regions ( ! ,cordill]a are _m traces ( /one coal :i*1 unlike ^? 9 ! =mation ab\t ,lake ,titicaca1 :i* ,i h already said belong to ! true ,c>bonif]\s1 are all ( m rec5t age1 belong+ to ! ,jurassic & ,liassic1 z y w see by specim5s f ! ,spr+s ( ,p>iatambo40 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,july #a,,/1 #ahfg4 ,vice ,presid5t ,ransom 9 ! ,*air4 ,tw5ty memb]s pres5t4 ,donations to ! ,cab9et3 ,native oy/]s1 7,o4 laticaudata71 also v>ieties ( ,purpura lactuca1 f ,dr4 ,coop]2 cone ( ,p9us contorta1 & bran* & fruit ( ,g>rya elliptica f ,port ,tr9idad2 eggs1 cocoon1 & animal ( ! ,cali=nia silkworm1 7,saturnia ,cali=nica7 by ,dr4 ,lanszwe]t2 ,ari/olo*ia ,cali=nica1 f ,angel ,isl&1 by ,mr4 ,e4 ,brooks4 ,mr4 ,/e>ns read a note f ,pr(essor ,w4 ,p4 ,blake1 /at+ t ! fossil v]tebr :i* he exhibit$ at ! meet+ ( ,novemb] #ah?1 #ahff1 7 n ^? ( saurians1 z he _h suppos$1 b ( "o ( ! l>g] =ms ( ,delph9id4 ,mr4 ,/e>ns exhibit$ specim5s ( ,haliotis f ,mont]ey1 :i* 7 evid5tly hybrid =ms4 ,"s rem>ks on ! peculi>ities & geographical di/ribution ( ^! mollusks 7 made by ,messrs4 ,/e>ns & ,coop]4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,p4 ,gibbons made "s additional rem>ks1 supplem5t>y to 8 communication1 at a previ\s meet+1 on ! ext9ct r$wood =e/s ( ! ,coa/ ,ranges on ! ea/ side ( ! ,bay ( ,san ,francisco4 ,^! rem>ks 7 foll[$ by a discussion 9 :i* ,messrs4 ,coop]1 ,kellogg1 ,bol&]1 ,veat*1 & ,/e>ns took "p4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,july #ae,,?1 #ahfg4 ,vice ,presid5t ,ransom 9 ! ,*air4 ,tw5ty-five memb]s pres5t4 ,messrs4 ,w4 ,a4 ,s4 ,ni*olson1 ,a4 ,b4 ,/\t1 ,m4,d41 & ,c4 ,w4 ,mc,cormick1 ,m4,d41 7 elect$ ,resid5t ,memb]s4 ,donation to ! ,cab9et3 ,specim5 ( asbe/os1 f ,l4 ,ransom1 ,esq4 ,a collection ( ! %ells ( ,cali=nia1 compris+ 9 "p ! specim5s belong+ to ! ,academy & :i* _h be5 s5t to ,mr4 ,c>p5t] to be nam$1 0 exhibit$ by ,dr4 ,coop]1 by :om !y _h be5 arrang$ = ! ,museum4 ,dr4 ,gibbons made "s rem>ks on ! effects ( ! e>?quake ( ,octob] #f?1 at ,watsonville4 ,he also spoke ( ! abs5ce ( worms f ,cali=nia fruit2 & 8 rem>ks 7 foll[$ by a discussion ( ! subject1 9 :i* ,drs4 ,coop] & ,behr took "p4 ,messrs4 ,/e>ns & ,yale made "s rem>ks on ! anci5t m9es ( ! ,lake ,sup]ior region1 & ! race by :i* !y _h probably be5 work$4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,augu/ #e,,?1 #ahfg4 ,vice ,presid5t ,ransom 9 ! ,*air4 ,tw5ty-?ree memb]s pres5t4 ,donations to ! ,cab9et3 ,a specim5 ( a ,sole1 f ,dr4 ,behr2 f\r hundr$ specim5s ( ,*ilean ,plants1 f ,mr4 ,bol&]4 ,mr4 ,bol&] gave an acc\nt ( a rec5t visit made by himself to ,humboldt ,c\nty1 & ( 8 botanical obs]vations 9 t region4 ,! subject ( ! geographical range ( ! =e/ trees on ?is coa/ 0 discuss$ by ,messrs4 ,behr1 ,coop]1 ,yale1 ,bloom]1 & ,williamson4 ,dr4 ,gibbons call$ att5tion to ! meteoric display to be expect$ ab\t ! t5? ( ! curr5t mon?4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,augu/ #ai,,?1 #ahfg4 ,vice ,presid5t ,ransom 9 ! *air4 ,tw5ty memb]s pres5t4 ,donations to ! ,cab9et3 ,fossils f ,purissima1 by ,mr4 ,yale4 ,donations to ! ,libr>y3 ,memoirs ( ! ,national ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 ,vol4 ,i1 #dto1 ,wa%+ton1 #ahff1 & ,annuals ( ! same = #ahfc1 #ahfd1 #ahfe1 & #ahff4 ,! subject ( ! di/ribution ( =e/ vegetation 0 discuss$ by ,messrs4 ,bloom] & ,coop]4 ,dr4 ,h4 ,gibbons made "s rem>ks on ! di/ribution ( cle> & cl\dy days ?r\gh\t ! ye> at ,san ,francisco4 ,mr4 ,/e>ns exhibit$ a species ( ,pholas1 & made "s rem>ks on its me?ods ( bor+4 ,dr4 ,coop] made "s obs]vations on ! same subject4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,septemb] #b;,d1 #ahfg4 ,presid5t 9 ! *air4 ,tw5ty memb]s pres5t4 ,donations to ! ,libr>y3 ,wa%+ton ,a/ronomical ,obs]vations = #ahfd1 #dto1 ,wa%+ton1 #ahfg4 ,report on ,int]oceanic ,canals & ,railroads betwe5 ! ,atlantic & ,pacific ,oceans1 #hvo1 #ahfg4 ,spee* ( ,hon4 ,*>les ,sumn] on ! ,cession ( ,russian ,am]ica4 ,a lett] f ,george ,gibbs1 ,esq41 transmitt$ ?r\gh ! ,smi?sonian1 & urg+ ! importance ( collect+ ,indian crania on ?is coa/1 0 read & comm5t$ on by ,pr(essor ,:itney4 ,he also exhibit$ a "p ( a jaw ( ,oreodon1 s5t f ,montana1 by ,mr4 ,keyes4 ,! precise locality :]e x 0 said to h be5 f\nd is ab\t tw5ty miles nor!a/ ( ,bannock ,city1 on ,rattlesnake ,creek1 a bran* ( ! ,beav] ,head4 ,if !re is no mi/ake 9 ! locality1 ?is is a v int]e/+ occurr5ce1 z ! exi/5ce ( ^! t]ti>y deposits *>act]iz$ by bones ( ext9ct mammalia 7! ,:ite ,riv] b$s7 0 n be=e kn[n z f> we/1 or at z high an elevation1 z ?is4 ,pr(essor ,:itney gave an acc\nt ( 8 rec5t visit to ,oregon1 ,wa%+ton ,t]ritory1 ,vanc\v] ,isl&1 & ,briti% ,columbia4 ,he spoke p>ticul>ly ( ! volcanoes ( t region1 & rem>k$ t he _h asc]ta9$1 by r\gh trigonometrical measurem5ts1 t ,m\nt ,hood 0 at lea/ two ?\s& feet l[] ?an ,m\nt ,%a/a4 ,he 0 ab\t to asc5d ! fir/-nam$ peak1 9 ord] to measure x b>ometrically2 b1 on le>n+ t ,colonel ,williamson 0 int5d+ to d ! same ?+1 dur+ ! pres5t season1 he propos$ to await t g5tleman's measurem5t1 ! result ( :i* c\ld n fail to be accept$ by all z em95tly tru/wor?y4 ,pr(essor ,:itney rem>k$ t 8 j\rney _h be5 und]tak5 *iefly ) a view to ! /udy ( ! 8surface-geology10 & t he w\ld1 on a future occasion1 br+ be=e ! ,academy ! results ( 8 obs]vations4 ,mr4 ,bol&] made "s rem>ks on ! di/ribution ( ! r$woods & ,big ,trees 9 ,cali=nia1 & exhibit$ a map1 prep>$ at ! (fice ( ! ,geological ,survey1 on :i* ! ext5t & position ( ! regions occupi$ by ^! two species ( ,sequoia 7 %[n by colors4 ,dr4 ,ayres rem>k$ on explosive s\nds he>d by him rec5tly1 dur+ p]fectly cle> wea!r1 9 ! vic9ity ( ,borax ,lake4 ,!y seem$ to come f b5ea? ! surface1 & recall$ ! subt]ranean explosions or noises m5tion$ 9 ! ,geology ( ,cali=nia1 ,vol4 ,i1 z hav+ be5 he>d 9 ! vic9ity ( ,m\nt ,hel5a4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,septemb] #af,,?1 #ahfg4 ,vice ,presid5t ,ransom 9 ! *air4 ,twelve memb]s pres5t4 ,donation to ! ,cab9et3 ,tw5ty-eight m9]alogical specim5s f ,dr4 ,a4 ,b4 ,/\t2 m9]alogical specim5s f ,m\nt ,hood1 by ,col4 ,r4 ,s4 ,williamson4 ,! foll[+ pap] 0 read3 ,on ! ,height ( ,mt4 ,hood4 ,,by ,r4 ,s4 ,,williamson4 ,hav+ rec5tly =m$ a p>ty & visit$ ,mt4 ,hood = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ its altitude1 & z my det]m9ation ( its height is mu* less ?an previ\s p>ties h made x1 ,i ?9k x prop] to /ate some:at 9 detail ! nature ( ! obs]vations & ! me?od ,i h pursu$ to arrive at ! numb] ,i adopt z a close approximation to its true height4 ,by ! k9dness ( ,g54 ,f4 ,/eele1 comm&+ ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,columbia1 ! necess>y transportation 0 furni%$ = ! p>ty1 consi/+ ( twelve p]sons1 ( :om my two assi/ants1 ,lieut4 ,w4 ,h4 ,heu]1 ,u4 ,s4 ,eng9e]s1 & ,mr4 ,john ,t4 ,be/1 7 specially *>g$ ) ! obs]vations on ! summit4 ,we left ,portl&1 ,oregon1 ,augu/ #bj?1 & on ! ev5+ ( ! tw5ty-second arriv$ at a place on ! slope ( ! m\nta91 :]e we camp$1 & f :i*1 ! next day1 ! asc5t 0 made2 sev5 ( ! p>ty attempt+ to rea*1 & six rea*+1 ! summit1 :]e !y rema9$ f "o & a-half to ?ree h\rs4 ,f ?is camp to ! summit & back t5 h\rs 7 occupi$1 />t+ at #g3cj1 ,a4,m4 ,! wea!r 0 cle> & pleasant1 & _h be5 s = sev]al days be=e1 & 0 s = sev]al days aft]4 ,! in/rum5ts us$ at all ! /ations 7 made by ,james ,gre51 ( ,new ,york1 7 9 p]fect ord]1 & mo/ ( !m new4 ,!y consi/$ ( ci/]n b>omet]s read+ to two ?\s&?s ( an in*1 ) atta*$ !rmomet]1 & op5 air !rmomet]1 7dry & wet7 ) l>ge divisions1 s t !y 7 easily read to t5?s ( a degree4 ,all ! b>omet]s _h be5 adju/$ to or comp>$ ) ! /&>d1 & all agre$ ) x except ! "o at ,a/oria1 :i* requir$ a plus correction ( ?ree ?\s&?s ( an in*4 ,! /ations us$ 7 ,a/oria1 ,=t ,vanc\v]1 ,=t ,dalles1 camp on slope ( ,mt4 ,hood1 & summit ( ,mt4 ,hood4 ,obs]vations _h be5 tak5 = sev]al ye>s at ,a/oria = me by ,l\is ,wilson1 ,u4 ,s4 ,tidal ,obs]v]1 at #g1 ,a4,m41 #b1 ,p4,m41 & #i1 ,p4,m41 ( e day1 besides h\rly obs]vations = t5 days or m ( ea* mon?4 ,! ci/]n ( ?is b>omet] is fifty-?ree feet above mean l[ tide4 ,at ,=t ,vanc\v] obs]vations ( ! same "* 7 comm5c$ ,july #a/ ( ?is ye>1 & are /ill go+ on4 ,at ,=t ,dalles simil> obs]vations h be5 made s9ce ,july #aj?4 ,! obs]vations at ! camp on ! m\nta9 slope 7 comm5c$ at #g1 ,p4,m41 on ,augu/ #bb;d1 & cont9u$ h\rly 7) few omissions7 until #h1 ,a4,m41 on ! tw5ty-f\r?4 ,! b>omet] at ! summit 0 hung up at #a3cj1 ,p4,m41 & all[$ to /& a half h\r 9 free air1 b protect$ f ! direct rays ( ! sun4 ,x 0 !n adju/$ & obs]v$ at #b1 ,p4,m41 #b3ae1 ,p4,m41 & #b3cj1 ,p4,m41 by ,mr4 ,heu] & ,mr4 ,be/1 indep5d5tly1 & ! two records z %[n to me 7 ess5tially ! same4 ,! mean read+ ( ! b>omet] r$uc$ to #cb ,fahr5heit1 0 #ai1ida in*es1 ) an obs]v$ air temp]ature ( #da4g1 & wet bulb ( #ca4c4 ,! height ( ,=t ,vanc\v] above ,a/oria 0 comput$ f ! mean ( ! simultane\s obs]vations tak5 dur+ ! mon?s ( ,july & ,augu/4 ,! height ( ! ,dalles above ,=t ,vanc\v] 0 d$uc$ f ! correspond+ obs]vations dur+ tw5ty-"o days 9 ,july1 toge!r ) ^? = ! mon? ( ,augu/4 ,! height ( ! camp on ! m\nta9 slope above ,=t ,vanc\v]1 & also ! height ( t camp above ,=t ,dalles1 7 !n sep>ately comput$ f ! daily means ( ! obs]vations tak5 at ! ?ree /ations dur+ ,augu/ #bc;d4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two %\ld give ! same result z by ! direct calculations betwe5 ,=t ,vanc\v] & ,=t ,dalles2 b on acc\nt ( ! %ort p]iod obs]v$ on ! m\nta9 camp1 a plus correction ( a little ov] eight feet 0 f\nd necess>y to ! e/imat$ height ( t camp to make ! ?ree results agree4 ,x !n rema9$ only to calculate ! height ( ! summit ( ,m\nt ,hood above ! m\nta9 camp4 ,! mean ( ! ?ree obs]vations ( ! b>omet] 0 assum$ z ! ne>e/ approximation we c h to ! mean pressure = t day1 z ! hor>y oscillation at ! summit is unkn[n4 ,) reg>d to ! mean temp]ature = t day1 we h no positive data to det]m9e x4 ,we _c take ! obs]v$ temp]ature1 z ! obs]vations 7 tak5 dur+ ! hotte/ "p ( ! day4 ,by consult+ ! h\rly obs]vations ( ! !rmomet] at ! camp1 ,i f9d ! range !re is betwe5 #fc & #dc4g1 or ne>ly #bj2 & suppos+ ne>ly z great a range ( temp]ature on ! summit1 ,i h assum$ ! mean temp]ature !n = t day to be #cd4 ,! foll[+ is ! f9al result ( ! computations3 ,,/ations4 ,,int]4 ,,alts4 ,,sea ,,l9e4 ,sea level at mean l[ tide -- #j ,a/oria #ec #ec ,=t ,vanc\v] #gi #acb ,camp on m\nta9 slope #e1hbj #e1ieb ,summit ( ,m\nt ,hood #e1bgc #aa1bbe ,! computations are made ) new tables :i* w %ortly be publi%$1 & :i* give results simil> to ,plantam\r's =mula1 bas$ on ,regnault's con/ants4 ,!y give results some:at high] ?an if ,guyot's tables _h be5 us$1 ! latt] giv+ ! height ( ! summit1 #aa1ahe feet4 ,on our return ,i took a s+le obs]vation at :at is call$ 8,gov]nm5t ,camp10 ab\t f\r miles bel[ ! camp on ! m\nta9 slope1 & ano!r at a place call$ ,/umpville1 "s eight miles fur!r on ! road t[>ds ,portl&4 ,! results give = ! =m] place #c1hfd feet1 & = ! latt] #a1hcj feet above ! sea level4 ,! in/rum5ts us$ on ! m\nta9 h be5 return$ 9 excell5t ord]1 & comp>$ ) ! "o at ,=t ,vanc\v] ) mo/ satisfactory results4 ,x may be ask$3 ,:y is x t ! results "h giv5 diff] s widely f "s previ\s e/imates8 ,m\nt ,hood is said to be1 by ,mit*ell's ,s*ool ,atlas1 #ah1cfa feet1 & ! ,rev4 ,geo4 ,h4 ,atk9son ) a p>ty1 asc5d$ to ! summit 9 ,augu/ ( la/ ye>1 boil$ wat] ) a _s-lamp1 f\nd t ! !rmomet] read #ahj1 & !re=e concludes ! m\nta9 is #ag1fjj feet1 & ,gov]nm5t ,camp #d1djj feet above ! sea4 ,! reason is1 t ! in/rum5ts us$ are unreliable1 & ?is me?od ( comput+ ! altitude defective4 ,) a boil+ po9t app>atus 7or !rmo-b>omet] z x is call$7 ( ! mo/ approv$ k9d1 ! results by boil+ wat] are f> inf]ior to ^? by ! ci/]n b>omet]2 b if ! obs]vations are made ) a common !rmomet]1 ) small spaces = degrees1 z 0 ! case 9 ?is in/ance1 & ! in/rum5t n protect$ f drafts ( air1 ! results are utt]ly unreliable1 & !re=e worse ?an wor?less4 ,ap>t f ! obs]vations "h describ$1 !re are o!r evid5ces to %[ t ! det]m9ation ( ! height ( ?is m\nta9 "h giv5 is n und]e/imat$4 ,col4 ,b4 ,c4 ,smi?1 "o ( our p>ty :o rea*$ ! summit1 _h ?is ye> asc5d$ ,m\nt ,%a/a1 a m\nta9 measur$ by ,pr(4 ,:itney to be #ad1ddj feet4 ,! ,colonel /ates t he feels confid5t1 f ! comp>ative ease ) :i* he asc5d$ ,m\nt ,hood1 t x is ( mu* less altitude ?an ,m\nt ,%a/a4 ,on ,m\nt ,hood butt]flies 7 f\nd )9 a ?\s& feet ( ! summit4 ,f9ally1 ,pr(4 ,:itney & o!rs1 f r\gh triangulations1 h e/imat$ x be ab\t #ab1jjj feet4 ,x is to be hop$ t o!r p>ties ) good in/rum5ts w take fur!r obs]vations on ?is m\nta94 ,z ! height ( ,=t ,vanc\v] & ,=t ,dalles are kn[n1 & z ^! are n[ p]man5t meteorological /ations1 fur!r obs]vations on ,m\nt ,hood c be ref]r$ to "o ( ^! /ations z a base1 & good results obta9$4 ,:ile ano!r set ( su* obs]vations may produce slightly diff]5t results1 ,i ?9k !y w n diff] "o hundr$ feet f ! e/imate "h giv54 ,dr4 ,gibbons exhibit$ a specim5 ( ,euphorbia la?yris1 & rem>k$ ^u its di/+ui%+ *>act]s4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,octob] #g,,?1 #ahfg4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,coop] 9 ! *air4 ,twelve memb]s pres5t4 ,donation to ! ,cab9et3 ,salt f a manufactory on ! ,columbia ,riv]1 ne> ,portl&1 ,oregon1 by ,mr4 ,victor4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,octob] #ba,,/1 #ahfg4 ,presid5t 9 ! ,*air4 ,tw5ty-?ree memb]s pres5t4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,burt 0 elect$ a ,resid5t1 & ,pr(essor ,w4 ,d4 ,alex&]1 ( ,honolulu1 ,hawaiian ,isl&s1 a ,correspond+ ,memb]4 ,donation to ! ,cab9et3 ,a l>ge numb] ( ,cali=nian plants1 collect$ & pres5t$ by ,messrs4 ,bol&] & ,kellogg4 ,donations to ! ,libr>y3 ,humboldt & ,bonpl&'s ,botanical ,obs]vations 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 f\r vols4 #hvo41 ,p>is1 #ahbb1 by ,mr4 ,bol&]4 ,pr(essor ,:itney read extracts f lett]s rec5tly receiv$ f ,mr4 ,dall1 dat$ at 8,/4 ,mi*ael's1 ,russian ,am]ica1 ,augu/ #ad?1 #ahfg10 & address$ to ! ,academy & to himself4 ,! foll[+ are "s extracts f ^! lett]s3 8,i h travel$ on sn[ %oes1 ) ! !rmomet] f #h to #dj bel[ z]o1 ab\t f\r hundr$ miles4 ,i h paddl$ 9 op5 canoes up /ream six hundr$ & fifty miles1 & d[n #a1cjj miles4 ,i h obta9$ #d1eej specim5s1 includ+ a set ( ! rocks f ,=t ,y\kon to ! sea1 suffici5t to det]m9e ! geological =mations = #a1cjj miles4 ,! only fossilif]\s b$s are on ! ,y\kon1 & !y ext5d ab\t sixty miles4 ,!y are br[n s&/ones1 conta9+ bivalve mollusca & vegetable rema9s4 ,!re is a small seam ( coal ?irty miles bel[ ! b5d1 & ?9 %ale above & bel[4 ,! coal is ( good quality2 b !re is s little ( x t x is wor?less4 ,^! are ! only fossilif]\s /rata ,i h ?us f> f\nd4 ,! rocks above & bel[ are all azoic & non/ratifi$1 except+ a little h>d blue or black slate4 ,granite1 & especially mica1 are v r>e4 ,i f\nd a pebble conta9+ ! well kn[n fossils ( ! ,niag>a lime/one on ! bea* ne> ,=t ,y\kon4 ,fossil wood & bones & tee? ( ,elephas & ,ovibos mos*atus are common ov] ! c\ntry4 ,!re is a broad pat* ( volcanic eruptive rock on ! riv] ne> ! l[] b5d1 & x ext5ds to ! sea4 ,! isl&s ( ,/4 ,mi*ael & ,/u>t are =m$ ( x1 & x is r\ghly column> on ! =m] ne> ! ,=t40 8,i h look$ c>efully = glacial traces1 & s f> h f\nd absolutely none40 ,mr4 ,dall adds t x is 8 int5tion to sp5d ano!r ye> 9 ,russian ,am]ica1 work+ at 8 own exp5se1 9 ord] to f9i% ! explorations comm5c$ by himself1 & :i* ! failure ( ! ,telegraph ,company r5d]$ x impossible = him to cont9ue (ficially4 ,dr4 ,coop] & ,pr(essor ,:itney discuss$ ! "q :e!r ! volcanoes ( ,oregon & ,wa%+ton ,t]ritory 7 to be class$ z active4 ,! evid5ce on ?is po9t seem$ v conflict+1 s f> z %[]s ( a%es are conc]n$4 ,!re is no d\bt1 h[ev]1 ( ! exi/5ce ( solfat>ic action on ,m\nt ,hood1 ,m\nt ,/4 ,hel5s1 & probably on ,ra9i] & ,bak]4 ,pr(essor ,:itney exhibit$ "s photographs & /]eographs1 tak5 = ! ,geological ,survey by ,mr4 ,w4 ,h>ris1 9 ! ,upp] ,tuolumne ,valley1 ne> ,soda ,spr+s1 ,m\nt ,dana1 ,m\nt ,h(fmann1 & ,m\nt ,lyell4 ,he also pres5t$ ! foll[+ acc\nt ( a rem>kable portion ( ! ,tuolumne ,valley1 :i* =ms almo/ an exact c\nt]p>t ( ! ,yosemite4 ,x is by ,mr4 ,h(fmann1 ! head ( a p>ty ( ! ,geological ,survey1 by :i* x 0 explor$ la/ summ]3 ,notes on ,het*-,het*y ,valley4 ,,by ,c4 ,f4 ,,h(fmann4 ,tuolumne ,valley1 or ,het*-,het*y1 z x is call$ by ! ,indians 7! mean+ ( ?is ^w ,i 0 unable to asc]ta97 is situat$ on ,tuolumne ,riv] ab\t fifte5 miles 9 a /raight l9e bel[ ,tuolumne ,mead[s & ,soda ,spr+s1 & ab\t twelve miles nor? ( ,yosemite ,valley4 ,its elevation above ! sea is f #c1hjj to #c1ijj feet1 a little less ?an t ( ,yosemite4 ,! valley is ?ree miles long runn+ ne>ly ea/ & we/1 ) b little fall 9 ?is di/ance4 ,ne> its c5t] x is cut 9 two by a l[ spur ( %elv+ granite com+ f ! s\?4 ,! l[] "p =ms a l>ge op5 mead[ ) excell5t grass1 "o mile 9 l5g?1 & gradually increas+ f t5 *a9s to a little ov] half a mile 9 wid?1 & only timb]$ along ! edges4 ,! l[] "p ( ?is mead[ t]m9ates 9 a v n>r[ caon1 ! hills slop+ d[n to ! riv] at an angle ( f #dj to #fj1 only leav+ a *annel f six to t5 feet wide2 ! riv] 9 ! valley hav+ an av]age wid? ( ab\t fifty feet4 ,?is is ! pr9cipal cause ( ! ov]fl[ 9 spr+ "t ( ! l[] "p ( ! valley1 & probably also has giv5 rise to ! report ( !re be+ a l>ge lake 9 ! valley4 ,bel[ ?is caon is ano!r small mead[1 ) a pond4 ,! upp] "p ( ,het*-,het*y1 ea/ ( ! granite spur1 =ms a mead[ "o & ?ree-f\r?s miles 9 l5g?1 v>y+ f t5 to ?irty *a9s 9 wid?1 well timb]$ & af=d+ good graz+4 ,! sc5]y resembles v mu* t ( ! ,yosemite1 al?\gh ! bluffs are n z high1 nor d !y ext5d z f>4 ,on ! nor? side ( ! valley1 opposite ! granite spur we fir/ h a p]p5dicul> bluff1 ! top ( :i* is #a1hjj feet above ! valley2 ! talus at ! base is ab\t five hundr$ feet above ! valley1 leav+ a precipice ( ab\t #a1cjj feet4 ,9 ! spr+ :5 ! sn[s are melt+ a l>ge creek precipitates itself ov] ! we/]n "p ( ?is bluff4 ,i 0 told t ?is fall is "o ( ! gr&e/ features ( ! valley1 s5d+ its spray all ov] its l[] portion4 ,x 0 dry1 h[ev]1 at ! "t ( my visit4 ,! fall is #a1jjj feet p]p5dicul>1 aft] :i* x /rikes ! debris & loses itself among ! rocks4 ,ab\t ?irty *a9s fur!r ea/ we come to ! ,het*-,het*y fall2 its height above ! valley is #a1gjj feet4 ,?is fall is n p]p5dicul>1 al?\gh x appe>s s f ! front1 z may be se5 f ! photograph by ,mr4 ,h>ris4 ,x falls 9 a s]ies ( cascades at an angle ( ab\t #gj4 ,at ! "t ( my visit ! volume ( wat] 0 mu* great] ?an t ( ,yosemite fall1 & ,i 0 told t 9 ! spr+ its ro>+s c be he>d = miles4 ,/ill fur!r ea/ we h two peaks1 %ap$ v mu* l 8,! ,?ree ,bro!rs10 9 ! ,yosemite4 ,_! base =ms a l>ge1 nak$ & slop+ granite wall on ! nor? side ( ! valley1 brok5 by two timb]$ %elves1 :i* run horizontally ! :ole l5g? ( ! wall4 ,up to ! l[] %elf or b5d1 ab\t eight hundr$ feet high1 ! wall1 :i* slopes at an angle ( f #de to #gj1 is poli%$ by glaci]s1 & probably ^! m>k+s ext5d /ill high] up1 z on ent]+ ! valley ! trail foll[$ back ( & along a mora9e = sev]al miles1 ! height ( :i* 0 ab\t #a1bjj feet above ! valley4 ,! same poli% %[s itself 9 places all along ! bluffs on bo? sides1 & p>ticul>ly f9e on ! granite spur cross+ ! valley4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! l>ge/ bran* ( ! great glaci] :i* orig9at$ ne> ,mt4 ,dana & ,m\nt ,lyell1 made its way by ,soda ,spr+s to ?is valley4 ,a s+ul> feature ( ?is valley is ! total abs5ce ( talus or debris at ! base ( ! bluffs1 except+ at "o place 9 front ( ! falls4 ,ano!r rem>kable rock1 correspond+ ) ,ca!dral ,rock 9 ! ,yosemite1 /&s on ! s\? side ( ! valley1 directly opposite ,het*-,het*y fall2 its height is #b1bgj feet above ! valley4 ,! photograph by ,mr4 ,h>ris w give "s idea ( ?is rock4 ,at ! upp] end ( ! valley ! riv] =ks1 "o bran*1 ne>ly z l>ge z ! ma9 riv]1 com+ f ne> ,ca/le ,peak1 ! ma9 riv] itself f ,soda ,spr+s4 ,ab\t half a mile up ! ma9 caon1 ! riv] =ms "s cascades1 ! highe/ be+ ab\t ?irty feet4 ,! valley 0 fir/ visit$1 9 #ahej1 by ,mr4 ,joseph ,scree*1 a m\nta9e] ( ?is region1 :o f\nd x occupi$ by ,indians4 ,?is g5tleman in=m$ me t1 up to a v rec5t date1 ?is valley 0 disput$ gr\nd betwe5 ! ,pah ,utah ,indians f ! ea/]n slope & ! ,big ,creek ,indians f ! we/]n slope ( ! ,si]ras2 !y _h sev]al fights1 9 :i* ! ,pah ,utahs prov$ victori\s4 ,! latt] /ill visit ! valley e fall to ga!r acorns1 :i* ab\nd 9 ?is locality4 ,"h ,i may also m5tion t ! ,indians speak ( a lake ( v salt wat] on _! trail f "h to ,ca/le ,peak4 ,mr4 ,scree* also in=m$ me ( ! exi/5ce ( a fall1 ab\t a hundr$ feet high1 on ! ,tuolumne ,riv]1 ab\t f\r miles bel[ ?is valley1 & :i* prev5ts fi% f com+ up any high]4 ,! climate is said to be mild] 9 w9t] ?an t ( ! ,yosemite ,valley1 z is also indicat$ by a l>g] numb] ( oaks & a great numb] ( ,p9us ,sab9iana4 ,! pr9cipal tree ( ! valley is ,p9us pond]osa2 besides ?is we h ,p4 ,sab9iana1 ,c$>1 ,q4 ,sonom5sis1 ,q4 crassipocula2 also popl> & cottonwood4 ,! valley c be rea*$ easily f ,big ,oak ,flat by tak+ ! regul> ,yosemite trail1 by ,sprague's ,ran* & ,big ,flume1 z f> z ,mr4 ,h>d9's f5ce1 betwe5 s\? & middle =k ( ,tuolumne ,riv]1 ab\t eighte5 miles f ,big ,oak ,flat4 ,"h ! trail turns (f to ! left1 go+ to ,wade's ,mead[s or ,big ,mead[s1 sometimes call$ ,res]voir ,mead[s1 ! di/ance be+ ab\t sev5 miles4 ,f ,wade's ,ran* ! trail crosses ! middle =k ( ,tuolumne & goes to ! ,hog ,ran*1 five miles2 !nce up divide betwe5 ! middle =k & ma9 riv]1 ab\t two miles1 to ano!r little ran* call$ 8,! ,caon40 ,f "h ! trail w9ds d[n ?r\gh rocks = six miles to ,tuolumne ,caon4 ,?is trail is well blaz$1 & 0 made by ,mr4 ,scree* & o!rs1 = ! purpose ( driv+ %eep & cattle to ! valley4 ,! :ole di/ance f ,big ,oak ,flat is ?irty-eight miles4 ,ano!r trail equally good1 b a little long]1 leaves ! ,yosemite trail ab\t half a mile beyond ! cross+ ( ! s\? =k1 !nce crosses ! middle =k )9 ab\t "o & a half miles ( ! s\? =k cross+1 & foll[s up ! divide betwe5 ! middle =k & ! ma9 riv]1 jo9+ ! fir/-nam$ trail at ! ,hog ,ran*4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,novemb] #d,,?1 #ahfg4 ,presid5t 9 ! ,*air4 ,?irty memb]s pres5t4 ,george ,c4 ,johnson 0 elect$ a ,resid5t ,memb]4 ,donations to ! ,cab9et3 ,two packages ( plants f ,france & ,au/ralia1 by ,mr4 ,bol&]2 ^! plants 7 collect$ by ,dr4 ,f4 ,mll]1 ,director ( ! ,botanical ,g>d5 at ,melb\rne1 & by ,rn ,le ,norm&1 ( ,vire1 ,france1 & s5t to ,mr4 ,bol&] 9 ex*ange = ,cali=nian plants4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,blake read ! foll[+3 ,on ! ,organs ( ,copulation 9 ! ,male ( ! ,embiotocoid ,fi%es4 ,,by ,,james ,,blake1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,c4,s4 ,"s mon?s s9ce ,i pres5t$ a communication to ! ,academy po9t+ out ! mann] 9 :i* ! ftus ( ! embiotocoid fi%es 0 n\ri%$ :il/ x 0 be+ develop$ )9 ! ovisac4 7,see p4 #cad47 ,i !re /at$ t ! +ress ( wat] into ! ovisac w\ld n take place at all freely1 z ! organ communicat$ ) ! surface by a n>r[ canal surr\nd$ by muscul> fibres4 ,?is /ructure ( ! oviduct w\ld evid5tly oppose an ob/acle to ! entrance ( ! sem5 into ! ovisac = ! purpose ( impregnation1 unless "s means exi/ by :i* ! v5tral surfaces ( ! fi% c be ma9ta9$ 9 contact dur+ ! act ( copulation1 z ! p5is consi/s ( a slightly develop$ tub]cle :i* _c p5etrate = any di/ance into ! oviduct4 ,f ! direction ( ! orifices ( ! p5is & oviduct x is evid5t t any?+ l a p]fect contact ( ^! organs c only be ma9ta9$ :il/ ! fi%es are 9 a rev]s$ position1 s t ! head ( "o fi% is t[>ds ! tail ( ! o!r4 ,9 ord] t contact may be ma9ta9$ :il/ 9 ?is position1 we f9d ! caudal f9 ( ! male fi% furni%$ ) c]ta9 app5dages :i* enable x to give a firm hold to ! v5tral f9s ( ! female1 s t close contact ( ! v5tral surfaces c be ma9ta9$4 ,^! app5dages are ( two k9ds4 ,9 ,embiotoca1 ,damoli*?ys & "s o!r g5]a1 we f9d a well develop$ mamm>y elevation situat$ ne> ! ant]ior "p ( ! anal f9 on bo? sides1 t]m9at+ 9 front by a teat-l process4 ,9 ,amphi/icus1 ,holconotus & "s o!r g5]a1 ?is mamm>y app5dage is want+2 b its place is suppli$ by a bony transv]se plate ) s]rat$ edges1 ins]t$ 9 ! f9 "s di/ance f>!r back & p>allel to ! f9 rays4 ,9 addition to ^! plates !re are also f\nd c>tilag9\s ridges ) r\gh5$ bord]s1 plac$ 9 front ( ! plates1 & runn+ p>allel ) ! edge ( ! f94 ,i ?9k !re c be no d\bt b t ^! f9 app5dages s]ve ! purpose ,i h assign$ to !m1 = on plac+ ! fi% 9 ! rev]s$ position1 ) ! orifice ( ! oviduct & p5is 9 contact1 x w be se5 t !y enable ! v5tral f9s ( ! female to secure a firm hold on ! anal f9 ( ! male1 s z to keep ! fi% 9 contact dur+ ! process ( copulation4 ,at ! season ( copulation1 ! ant]ior surface ( ! anal f9 9 ! male becomes cov]$ ) a ?ick lay] ( firm epi!lium4 ,z ?is comm5ces at a %ort di/ance f ! v5tral atta*m5t ( ! f91 a well m>k$ groove is =m$ at ! base ( ! f91 :i* af=ds an additional hold = ! v5tral f9 ( ! female4 ,aft] ! season ( copulation is ov]1 & ! te/icles rega9 _! quiesc5t /ate1 ?is epi!lium almo/ disappe>s4 ,at ! same "t ! mamm>y sack dim9i%es v mu* 9 size1 s t :5 ! te/icles are r$uc$ to _! smalle/ size1 h>dly a trace ( ! sack rema9s4 ,"o or ! o!r ( ^! =ms ( app5dages h be5 f\nd on ! anal f9 ( ! male 9 all ! species ( embiotocoid fi%es ,i h exam9$4 ,mr4 ,/e>ns exhibit$ "s fossils collect$ by ,mr4 ,s*midt ne> ,orleans ,b>1 ,klama? ,c\nty4 ,pr(essor ,:itney exhibit$ "s peculi> ores f ,nevada & ,mexico4 ,^? f ,nevada 7 antimoniate ( lead1 conta9+ consid]able silv]4 ,?is occurs 9 ,humboldt ,c\nty1 & 9 suffici5tly l>ge quantities to be m9$ & smelt$1 ) success z is /at$1 ! value ( ! silv] be+ ab\t #ajj p] ton4 ,! ,mexican ore is a pure oxide ( antimony1 :i* w be m fully describ$ h]eaft]4 ,x occurs 9 sev]al m9es 9 ! nor!rn prov9ces4 ,pr(essor ,:itney made "s rem>ks on ! m9]al species occurr+ 9 ,cali=nia & on ! ,pacific ,coa/ ( ,am]ica 9 g5]al4 ,! foll[+ is an ab/ract ( ^! rem>ks3 ,he /at$ t ! numb] ( m9]als occurr+ 9 ,cali=nia1 & on ! ,pacific coa/ 9 g5]al1 tak+ ! c\ntry f ,nor!rn ,mexico to ,briti% ,columbia1 0 q small 9 proportion to ! area ( ! region4 ,especially among ! silicates is !re a great defici5cy 9 species1 & v few ( ^? :i* d occur are f\nd ( suffici5tly well cry/alliz$ =m to be valuable z cab9et specim5s4 ,! total numb] ( species 7foll[+ ! f\r? edition ( ,dana's ,m9]alogy = names1 etc47 believ$ to exi/ on ! ,pacific coa/1 includ+ ,nor!rn ,mexico1 ,arizona1 ,cali=nia1 ,nevada & ,oregon1 is "o hundr$ & t51 ( :i*1 h[ev]1 ?irte5 are some:at d\btful4 ,( ! "o hundr$ & t51 !re are eighty-n9e :i* occur 9 ,cali=nia4 ,"s ( ! m9]al species mo/ common 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w1 & especially 9 m9+ regions1 are ei!r entirely unkn[n "h1 or else exce$+ly r>e4 ,?us b>ytes1 :i* is s abundant a ve9/one 9 ,engl& & ,g]many1 is almo/ unkn[n 9 ! ,si]ra ,nevada1 hav+ be5 only f\nd 9 "o or two localities1 & !re 9 small quantity4 ,fluor is entirely want+ 9 ! ,si]ra ,nevada1 al?\gh f\nd 9 "s quantity 9 ,arizona & ,nevada4 ,n a trace ( ?is else:]e s common m9]al has be5 f\nd1 s f> z kn[n1 9 ,cali=nia4 ,among ! silicates mo/ univ]sally diffus$1 b :i* are up to ?is "t entirely unkn[n 9 ,cali=nia1 ! foll[+ may be m5tion$ z "s ( ! mo/ prom95t3 b]yl1 topaz1 zircon1 ,wolla/onite1 scapolite1 spodum5e1 ,allanite1 iolite1 /aurotide1 kyanite1 sp9el1 nephel9e1 da?olite & all ! zeolites1 9 o!r c\ntries s abundant :]e volcanic rocks occur4 ,n a well def9$ specim5 ( a zeolite has yet be5 f\nd )9 ! bord]s ( ,cali=nia4 ,ano!r curi\s fact 9 ! m9]alogy ( ,cali=nia is ! occurr5ce ( "s m9]al species :i* are common z ores 9 o!r m9+ c\ntries1 & :i* 9 ,cali=nia1 or at lea/ 9 ! m9+ region ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada1 are dissem9at$ ?r\gh a great numb] ( localities1 b n[h]e exi/ 9 workable quantity4 ,gal5a & bl5de may be p>ticul>ly ref]r$ to z occurr+ 9 ?is way4 ,!re is h>dly a gold-be>+ ve9 9 ! ,si]ra :i* has n "s gal5a & bl5de 9 f9e p>ticles 9 ! ve9/one2 b n a locality is kn[n :]e ! quantity ( ei!r ( ^! ores is any?+ l suffici5t to ju/ify m9+1 ev5 7 ! o!r conditions z favorable z 9 ! ,ea/]n ,/ates or 9 ,europe4 ,gal5a occurs 9 consid]able quantity 9 ! extreme s\?-ea/]n portion ( ! ,/ate1 or j ov] ! bord]s1 9 ,arizona & ,nevada2 b no consid]able deposit ( z9c bl5de has yet be5 made kn[n any:]e 9 ! ,pacific ,/ates or ,t]ritories2 nor is any o!r ore ( z9c kn[n to occur 9 workable quantity on ?is coa/4 ,! m9]al region ) :i* ours mo/ ne>ly agrees1 9 ! "* ( its ores & m9]al sub/ances1 is t ( ! ,s\? ,am]ican ,&es1 especially ( ,*ile4 ,9 ,mr4 ,david ,=bes' rec5t catalogue ( ! ,*ilean m9]als1 !re are ab\t two hundr$ species enum]at$1 ( :i* ab\t sixty h hi!rto be5 discov]$ 9 ,cali=nia & ! o!r ,pacific ,/ates & ,t]ritories4 ,! ,*ilean m9]al li/1 l t ( ,cali=nia1 is rem>kable = ! abs5ce ( _m ( ! almo/ univ]sally di/ribut$ silicates m5tion$ above z want+ 9 ! ,pacific ,/ates1 namely3 b]yl1 topaz1 zircon1 ,wolla/onite1 ,allanite1 iolite1 /aurotide1 kyanite1 spodum5e1 sp9el & da?olite4 ,_m o!r silicates1 abundantly di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t o!r portions ( ! _w1 might be m5tion$ z entirely want+ along ! :ole ,pacific ,coa/4 ,sev]al ( ! m common zeolites are f\nd 9 ! ,*ilean li/1 :i* are want+ 9 ,cali=nia2 :ile sev]al o!rs are equally want+ 9 bo? c\ntries4 ,among ! common zeolites f\nd 9 ,*ile :i* h n yet be5 discov]$ 9 ,cali=nia are ,prehnite1 /ilbite1 ,laumontite & scolecite2 :ile analcime1 h>motome1 ,?omsonite1 natrolite & ,heul&ite are want+ !re z well z "h4 ,x is evid5t1 f a comp>ison ( ! m9]al li/s ( ! ,/ates situat$ along ! ,pacific ,coa/ ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica1 t !re has be5 a mo/ rem>kable resemblance 9 ! conditions :i* h influ5c$ ! =mation & segregation ( ! accid5tal m9]als n[ f\nd accompany+ ! /ratifi$ & eruptive masses ?r\gh\t ! :ole va/ ext5t ( ! regions 9 "q4 ,?is is ano!r ( ! facts :i* g to %[ ! unity ( ! ,cordill]as ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica z a geological result4 ,mr4 ,bol&] /at$ t ! abs5ce ( _m m9]al species f ?is coa/ f\nd its p>allel 9 a simil> abs5ce ( _m botanical gr\ps4 ,dr4 ,coop] did n ?9k !re 0 any pov]ty ) respect to animal species on ?is coa/1 & sugge/$ t ! abs5ce ( c]ta9 gr\ps ( plants might be due to ! abs5ce ( c]ta9 appropriate m9]al con/itu5ts f ! soil4 ,dr4 ,behr ?\ght t ! ,cali=nian lepidopt]a m ne>ly con=m$ to ,european & ,mexican types ?an to ^? ( ! ,ea/]n ,/ates4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,novemb] #ah,,?1 #ahfg4 ,presid5t 9 ! *air4 ,tw5ty-six memb]s pres5t4 ,messrs4 ,r4 ,h4 ,/ret* & ,gu/av ,holl&1 ,m4,d41 7 elect$ ,resid5t ,memb]s1 & ,mr4 ,l4 ,c4 ,s*midt ( ,eureka1 ,humboldt ,c\nty1 a ,correspond+ ,memb]4 ,donations to ! ,cab9et3 ,a specim5 ( ,coral f ,mr4 ,eckley4 ,donation to ! ,libr>y3 ,m9+ ,claims & ,wat] ,rights1 #hvo1 ,san ,francisco1 #ahfg1 by ,gregory ,yale4 ,pr(essor ,:itney read ! foll[+ communication1 supplem5t>y to ! "o pres5t$ at ! previ\s meet+4 ,! subject ( ! relation ( ! accid5tal m9]als occurr+ on ! ,pacific coa/ 0 br\ght =w>d by me at ! la/ meet+1 & ,i wi% n[ to add a few words 9 reg>d to ! elem5t>y sub/ances occurr+ 9 ,cali=nia1 an inquiry :i* w also af=d u "s int]e/+ data = comp>+ ! geological & *emical conditions prevail+ ?r\gh ! great *a9 ( ! ,cordill]as ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,i f9d on c>efully tabulat+ ! facts obs]v$ by ! ,geological ,survey1 9 reg>d to ! m9]al comb9ations exi/+ on ! coa/1 t ( ! sixty-f\r elem5t>y sub/ances exi/+ 9 nature1 s f> z yet kn[n to *emi/s1 !re are only ?irty-six :i* h be5 prov5 to occur 9 ,cali=nia1 9 m9]al comb9ations4 ,^? :i* are want+ "h are ! foll[+3 brom9e1 gluc9um1 cadmium1 csium1 c]ium1 didymium1 erbium1 fluor9e1 iod9e1 indium1 lan?anum1 li?ium1 niobium1 norium1 palladium1 ru!nium1 rubidium1 /rontium1 tantalum1 t]bium1 ?allium1 ?orium1 uranium1 vanadium1 bismu?1 tung/51 yttrium1 zirconium 7#bh47 ,( elem5t>y sub/ances occurr+ 9 ! adjac5t ,/ates1 & n yet detect$ 9 ,cali=nia1 !re are1 s f> z ,i "k1 only ?ree1 namely3 bismu?1 fluor9e & tung/54 ,?is w\ld make tw5ty-?ree elem5ts want+ on ! ,pacific ,coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,( ^! a few are extremely r>e1 9 g5]al1 & w\ld h>dly be expect$ to occur "h4 ,among ^! are didymium1 erbium1 indium1 lan?anum1 norium1 ?orium4 ,b !re are o!rs1 ! abs5ce ( :i* is inde$ q surpris+4 ,fluor9e1 = in/ance1 is an elem5t ( extremely wide di/ribution1 & "o :i* occurs 9 great quantity 9 mo/ m9]al c\ntries4 ,"h x w probably h]eaft] be detect$ 9 our micas1 & p]haps 9 o!r comb9ations1 & also 9 m9]al & sea wat]2 b its mo/ abundant s\rce1 fluor-sp>1 seems entirely want+ 9 ?is ,/ate4 ,bismu? is ano!r elem5t ( common occurr5ce 9 v>i\s comb9ations1 b x has n yet be5 detect$ 9 ,cali=nia4 ,a few m9ute scales ( a m9]al t ,i det]m9$ to be bismu?-silv]1 f ! ,tw9 ,ophir m9e1 ,nevada1 is ! only au!ntic in/ance ,i "k ( ?us f>1 ( ! occurr5ce ( ?is elem5t on ! ,pacific coa/4 ,tung/51 uranium & vanadium1 are tol]ably widely dissem9at$2 ! latt]1 h[ev]1 less s ?an ! =m]4 ,no trace ( ei!r has yet be5 f\nd on ?is coa/ nor? ( ,mexico2 ( /rontium1 zirconium1 & gluc9um1 ! same may be said4 ,if we n[ comp>e ! di/ribution ( ! elem5ts 9 ! ,s\? ,am]ican ,&es ) t on ?is coa/1 we %all f9d "s /rik+ po9ts ( resemblance2 & to a l>ge ext5t1 ei!r ! abs5ce1 or else ! great r>ity ( sev]al ( ! elem5t>y sub/ances n se5 9 o!r m9]al regions1 is a fact :i* holds good along ! :ole ext5t ( ! ,am]ican ,cont95t on ! ,pacific side4 ,fluor9e1 9 comb9ation ) calcium1 is almo/ z r>e 9 ,p]u1 ,bolivia1 & ,*ile1 z on ?is coa/4 ,inde$1 x 0 =m]ly suppos$ by ,domeyko n to occur at all 9 ,*ile1 b rec5tly "o or two localities1 :]e x is f\nd 9 small quantity1 h be5 made kn[n4 ,tung/5 occurs 9 ,p]u at "o locality 9 ! =m ( wolfram1 & 9 ,*ile 9 "o or two localities1 also 9 ,l[] ,cali=nia1 b its comb9ations are extremely r>e along ! :ole coa/4 ,! same may be said ( uranium4 ,/rontium & zirconium h n yet be5 discov]$ 9 ,*ile or ,p]u1 al?\gh ! =m] occurs 9 "o locality 9 ,new ,gr5ada1 & gluc9um has only rec5tly be5 f\nd 9 ,*ile 9 v m9ute quantity 9 "o locality4 ,no comb9ation ( li?ium is yet kn[n on ! ,pacific coa/4 ,among ! lead+ facts connect$ ) ! occurr5ce ( m9]al sub/ances & ! elem5t>y bodies on ! ,pacific coa/1 & especially 9 ! ,cordill]as ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica1 ! foll[+ may be m5tion$ z g5]ally applicable to ! :ole ( ! va/ region ext5d+ f ,briti% ,columbia to ,*ile3 #a/4 ,! paucity ( species consid]+ ! ext5t ( ! region z comp>$ ) o!r p>ts ( ! _w1 & especially ) o!r m9]al regions4 #b;d4 ,! rem>kable abs5ce ( ! prom95t silicates1 & especially ( ! zeolites4 #c;d4 ,! abs5ce ( a l>ge numb] ( ! elem5t>y sub/ances1 & ! paucity ( sev]al o!rs ( v common occurr5ce 9 o!r m9]al regions4 #d?4 ,! v wide spread & abundant occurr5ce ( ! preci\s metals1 gold & silv]1 & ! n uncommon occurr5ce ( plat9a4 #e?4 ,! great abundance ( ores ( copp]1 & ! comp>ative abs5ce ( t91 lead1 & z9c4 #f?4 ,! simil>ity 9 ! m9]aliz$ condition ( ! silv]--antimony & *lor9e be+ prom95t m9]aliz]s ( ?is metal--:ile 9 ,*ile ! r>] comb9ations ( iod9e1 brom9e1 & sel5ium occur1 ^! latt] be+ z yet unkn[n nor? ( ,mexico4 #g?4 ,! abs5ce or paucity z ve9/one1 or gangue1 ( "o ( ! mo/ prom95t m9]als occurr+ z su* 9 o!r m9]al regions1 namely1 fluor2 to :i* x may be add$1 t bo? calcite & b>ytes are extremely r>e z ve9/ones 9 ,cali=nia1 & to judge f all ! ,mexican & ,*ilean collections t ,i h se51 well cry/alliz$ specim5s are v r>e 9 ^? c\ntries4 #h?4 ,!re is no elem5t>y sub/ance1 & b few m9]al species peculi> to ! ,pacific coa/1 s f> z yet asc]ta9$4 ,pr(essor ,:itney rem>k$ on ! depression ( ,dea? ,valley1 ! s9k ( ! ,am>gosa ,riv]1 bel[ ! level ( ! sea4 ,rec5tly x has be5 repeat$ly /at$ 9 ! newspap]s t no su* depression really exi/$1 & t1 9 po9t ( fact1 ! valley 9 "q 0 sev]al ?\s& feet above ! sea level1 ,mr4 ,gabb be+ cit$ z au?ority4 ,! valley visit$ by ,mr4 ,gabb1 h[ev]1 0 n1 x appe>s1 ! real ,dea? ,valley1 b "o to :i* t "n 0 giv5 by an explor] by mi/ake4 ,! true ,dea? ,valley is ! s9k ( ! ,am>gosa1 :ile ! "o visit$ by ,mr4 ,gabb is ne> ! head ( t riv]4 ,! b>ometrical obs]vations on :i* ! /atem5t ( ! depression ( ! real ,dea? ,valley is bas$ 7 tak51 9 #ahfa1 by a p>ty ( ! ,cali=nia ,b\nd>y ,survey4 ,! obs]vations 7 made ) a b>omet]1 :i* 0 comp>$ be=e & aft] be+ us$1 ) a /&>d1 by ,colonel ,r4 ,s4 ,williamson1 by :om also ! computations & r$uctions ( ! obs]vations 7 made2 !re 0 also a /ation b>omet] at ! "t on ! ,colorado1 at no great di/ance1 & ?is in/rum5t 0 9 good ord]4 ,?us x w be se5 t ! conditions 71 9 mo/ respects1 exceptionably favorable = a correct measure ( ! altitude ( ! valley1 & x may be safely assum$ t its depression bel[ ! sea level is n f> f "o hundr$ & sev5ty-five feet1 z /at$ on ,colonel ,williamson's au?ority1 9 ! ,geology ( ,cali=nia1 ,vol4 ,i4 ,to secure a m reliable result1 x w\ld be necess>y to h a long s]ies ( obs]vations tak5 !re ) a well-adju/$ in/rum5t1 & x w\ld be desirable also to h a /ation b>omet] on ! ,colorado1 or at "s o!r n too di/ant po9t4 ,x w probably be a long "t be=e ^! favorable conditions are secur$2 &1 9 ! meantime1 ,col4 ,williamson's result mu/ be receiv$ z a close approximation to ! actual am\nt ( ! depression ( ?is v rem>kable locality4 ,mr4 ,bol&]1 ref]r+ to a previ\s enum]ation ( p9e species 9 ,cali=nia1 submitt$ by him1 /at$ t he mu/ n[ r$uce ! numb] ( true species by "o1 leav+ ! total at only fifte54 ,he also rem>k$ ^u ! species ( fir 9 ?is ,/ate1 enum]at+ f\r only z be+ /rongly m>k$4 ,he %[$ ! leaves & se$s ( two species1 & comm5t$ ^u ! mi/ake ( ,murray 9 ass]t+ t !re is a fif? species1 :i* he calls ,picea magnifica1 b :i* is really ,picea amabilis4 ,mr4 ,bol&] ?\ght ! t5d5cy to multiply species errone\sly 0 attributable to a desire to make a m>ket = se$s1 ^? ( new species be+ always 9 dem& at good prices4 ,,special ,,meet+1 ,,novemb] #bg?1 #ahfg4 ,presid5t 9 ! ,*air4 ,?is meet+ 0 call$ = ! purpose ( he>+ f ,mr4 ,george ,davidson1 ,assi/ant ,u4 ,s4 ,coa/ ,survey1 an acc\nt ( 8 rec5t trip to ,alaska1 at ! head ( a p>ty organiz$ by ,pr(essor ,peirce1 ,sup]9t5d5t ,u4 ,s4 ,coa/ ,survey1 to make a p>tial sci5tific reconnoissance ( t region4 ,mr4 ,davidson gave an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! op]ations ( ! p>ty1 & a synopsis ( _! obs]vations4 ,^! w be f\nd at l5g? 9 8 (ficial report1 to be pr9t$ by ord] ( ,congress4 ,at ! conclusion ( ,mr4 ,davidson's rem>ks1 ! ,academy pass$ a vote ( ?anks to ,mr4 ,davidson & ,pr(essor ,peirce1 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,coa/ ,survey1 = ! opportunity :i* _h ?us be5 af=d$ ( he>+ ! results ( an exp$ition ( s mu* int]e/ to ! sci5tific _w4 ,dr4 ,kellogg1 :o accompani$ ! p>ty z botani/1 add$ "s rem>ks on ! ,flora ( ! nor?we/]n coa/ ( ,am]ica4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,decemb] #b;,d1 #ahfg4 ,presid5t 9 ! ,*air4 ,?irty-five memb]s pres5t4 ,messrs4 ,s4 ,w4 ,holladay1 ,h5ry ,r4 ,godd>d1 & ,h5ry ,k4 ,moore1 7 elect$ resid5t memb]s4 ,donations to ! ,libr>y3 ,bullet9 de la ,socit ,imp]ial des ,naturali/es de ,mosc[1 #hvo41 ,mosc[1 #ahff4 ,pr(essor ,silliman read ! foll[+ notices3 ,note on ?ree new ,localities ( ,tellurium ,m9]als 9 ,cali=nia1 & on "s ,m9]alogical ,features ( ! ,"m ,ve94 ,,by ,b4 ,,silliman4 7a47 ,,tellurium ,,m9]als4--,x is well kn[n to m9]alogi/s & o!rs t 9 ! ,melones ,m9e1 on ,c>son ,hill1 !re occurs1 9 consid]able abundance1 a tellurium comp\nd :i* has be5 call$ ,sylvanite by "s m9]alogi/s1 b app>5tly )\t suffici5t au?ority4 ,x occurs 9 "o ( ! ve9s on ! ,melones prop]ty1 associat$ ) ,dolomite & qu>tz1 9 :at appe>s to be a gneissic rock2 b ! m9e be+ "u wat] ,i am dep5d5t on ! specim5s k9dly furni%$ me by ! intellig5t proprietor1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,k4 ,,/ev5ot1 = my k ( ! gangue4 ,at ! 8,gold5 ,rule0 ,m9e1 on ! "m lode ne> ,pov]ty ,hill1 9 ,tuolumne ,c\nty1 ,i detect$ 9 ,augu/ la/ ! same tellurium m9]als :i* are f\nd at ,c>son ,hill 9 ! ,melones4 ,! ve9/one "h is an argillite1 ) ?read-l ve9s ( qu>tz cross+ ! cleavages ( ! slate1 & 9 ^! filons ( qu>tz gold is se5 9 beautiful specim5s4 ,x 0 9 ?is association t ,i detect$ two or ?ree small gr\ps ( brilliant cry/all9e plates1 id5tical 9 appe>ance & physical *>act]s ) ! ,melones m9]al1 :i* has be5 call$ ,sylvanite1 & af=d+ ! same bl[pipe reactions4 ,at ! ,ra:ide ,ran*o1 a m9e ne> ,jame/[n1 on ! "m lode1 ( :i* ,i h _h occasion to make a c>eful /udy1 !re occurs a deposit or %oot ( v ri* sulphides conta9+ copp]1 antimony1 iron1 ars5ic1 ) gold1 silv] & tellurium4 ,?is ore has 9 g5]al a bronzy1 blacki% appe>ance2 %[s (t5 free gold 9 scales ( a blacki% yell[ color1 & appe>s to be a k9d ( fahl]z1 or gray-copp] ore1 ! value ( :i* 9 silv] & gold rises to "o ?\s& doll>s p] ton1 7#b1jjj lbs47 or ev5 high]4 ,associat$ ) ?is ore are brilliant sectile1 flexible scales ( ! same tellurium comp\nd :i* occurs at ,/anislaus & ,gold5 ,rule1 b 9 ! ,ra:ide ,m9e intimately bl5d$ ) ! blacki% sulphides be=e-nam$--occasionally 9 ne/s or small bun*es ) metallic gold4 ,! bl[pipe readily detects 9 ?is ore antimony1 ars5ic1 tellurium1 copp]1 iron1 manganese1 lime1 magnesia1 *romium1 alum9um1 gold & silv]4 ,x is only 9 portions conta9+ dolomite & ! peculi> gre5i% m9]al1 s *>act]i/ic ( ! "m lode1 t lime1 magnesia1 alum9a1 & *romium are detect$4 ,9 portions ( ! fahl]z-l m9]al :i* appe> ne>ly pure1 ! bl[pipe detects only antimony1 ars5ic1 copp]1 iron1 & manganese4 ,hav+ transmitt$ *>act]i/ic specim5s ( ^! ores1 ) o!r int]e/+ ,cali=nia species1 to ,pr(essors ,dana & ,bru%1 at ,new ,hav51 ^! m9]alogi/s in=m me1 by lett] j receiv$1 t ! tellurids above-nam$ appe> to be ref]able to a new species hi!rto undescrib$1 & ,pr(4 ,bru% proposes to und]take an analysis ( x ^u ! specim5s transmitt$ by me1 :i* are b>ely suffici5t = ! purpose4 ,x is a tellurid ( silv] & gold1 conta9+ m silv] ?an gold4 ,associat$ ) x is a :ite cleavable m9]al :i* ,pr(4 ,bru% ?9ks may prove to be native tellurium2 ?is is 9 ! ,melones & ,gold5 ,rule specim5s4 ,hessite4 ,i obta9$ f ! ,rei/ ,m9e1 on ! nor!a/]ly end ( ,:isky ,hill1 ,tuolumne ,c\nty1 a v small cry/al correspond+ 9 its physical *>act]s to ! extremely r>e telluric silv]1 kn[n to m9]alogi/s z ,hessite4 ,x occurs 9 ! aurif]\s slates to ! ea/ ( ! ma9 ve92 ! slates be+ op5$ "h = a wid? ( sev5ty-five feet z an op5 cut4 ,my att5tion 0 call$ to ! exi/5ce ( ?is species at ! ,rei/ ,m9e by ,mr4 ,d4 ,t4 ,hughes1 ( ,tuolumne ,c\nty1 :o in=m$ me t !re 0 an int]e/+ m9]al species !re conta9+1 z he believ$1 tellurium1 & t masses ( x1 half an ounce 9 weight1 _h be5 obta9$ "s ye>s s9ce4 ,un=tunately ^! specim5s fell into ignorant h&s1 & 7 de/roy$ 9 idle attempts to det]m9e ! nature ( ! sub/ance4 ,on visit+ ! locality1 :i* is )9 "o mile ( ! ,ra:ide ,ran*o1 & on ! opposite side ( ,table ,m\nta91 ,i f\nd t ! proprietor 0 explor+ 9 a diff]5t "p ( ! op5 cut f t :]e ?is species 0 f\nd1 ! place be+ "u wat]4 ,=tunately 9 a collection ( m9]als f ,:isky ,hill1 =m$ by ,mr4 ,williams1 "o ( ! proprietors1 & pres]v$ 9 8 h\se !re1 ,i 0 able to detect "o small mass ( ! ,hessite :i* ,mr4 ,williams divid$ ) me4 ,?is ,mr4 ,hughes recogniz$ z id5tical ) ! l>g] masses he _h obta9$ at ?is m9e "s ye>s s9ce4 ,pr(4 ,bu%1 9 8 lett] to ,pr(4 ,silliman1 ( ,octob] #bi?1 recognizes ?is species z ,hessite4 ,! specim5 0 associat$ ) native gold :i* _h be5 amalgamat$ & heat$1 b ! con/itution ( ! ,hessite did n seem to be affect$ !reby4 8,tellurid ( ,silv]0 is m5tion$ by ,blake1 9 8 li/ ( ,cali=nia species1 z f\nd by him ne> ,georget[n1 9 ,el ,dorado ,c\nty1 9 #ahed1 wa%$ f ! gold drift1 b ! p>5t ve9 _h nev] be5 f\nd4--,ross ,br[ne's ,report1 #ahfg1 p4 #bji4 ,x appe>s !re=e1 f ! pres5t /ate ( our k1 t a comp\nd ( gold & silv] tellurium belong+ probably to a new species has be5 detect$ 9 ?ree localities ^u ! "m ve91 & associat$ ) x 9 two ( ^!1 probably also native tellurium2 & t ,hessite 7! tellurid ( silv]7 has be5 f\nd 9 place 9 "o locality & 9 ! drift 9 ano!r4 ,i h also detect$ ! foliat$ tellurium 9 extremely m9ute quantity 9 "o ( ! m9es at ,angels1 & ,i m5tion$ 9 a publication1 9 #ahfd1 its probable occurr5ce among ! ores ( ! ,joseph9e & ,p9e ,tree ,m9es ( ,m>iposa4 ,a c>eful scrut9y w probably detect ^? comp\nds ( tellurium at o!r po9ts :5 ! "m ve9 is op5$1 z at ,blue ,gul*1 ,qu>tz ,m\nta91 & ,:isky ,hill4 ,i h already recogniz$ ! blacki% antimonial copp] sulphides at ! ,app ,m9e & ,silv]'s ,m9e1 & 9 ! cropp+s on ! surface ( ,:isky ,hill4 ,inde$ x may n be too mu* to /ate t ^! ores appe> to be some:at *>act]i/ic ( ^? portions ( ! "m ve9 occurr+ s\? ( ,angels1 & especially :]ev] x is inclos$ 9 magnesian rocks4 ,g5? has nam$ a species ,melonite1 f ,melones ,m9e1 :i* he says is a tellurid ( nickel4 ,i h n be5 able to recognize ?is comp\nd among ^? ores ( ! ,melones1 :i* ,i h se54 7b47 ,,"s ,,m9]alogical ,,features ,,( ,,! ,,"m ,,ve94--,f ! opportunity ,i h _h ( /udy+ ! "m ve91 ,i arrive at ! g5]al conclusion t its m9]alogical *>act]i/ics v>y greatly ) ! *emical con/itution ( ! rocks :i* inclose x4 ,:]ev] ! s]p5t9e or talcose & calc>e\s rocks f ! inclos+ walls1 or are ne> x1 ! m9]al cont5ts ( ! ve9 are ess5tially diff]5t f ^? obs]v$ :]e ! inclos+ rocks are argillites1 or sy5ites & diorites4 ,^! we f9d at ,m>iposa1 9 ! ,joseph9e & ,p9e ,tree ,m9es1 at ,peon ,blanco1 ,maxwell ,creek1 ,blue ,gul*1 ,qu>tz ,m\nta91 ,silv]'s1 ,:isky ,hill1 ,ra:ide1 ,*apavele ,hill1 ,c>son ,hill1 ,angels1 & ,plac]ville--at all :i* places ,i h exam9$ ! "m lode ) m or less c>e--a peculi> light apple-gre5 m9]al1 occurr+ 9 scales1 associat$ ) iron pyrites 9 small & brilliant p5tagonal dodecah$rons & implant$ 9 a gangue ( dolomite m+l$ ) qu>tz4 ,! dolomite is ( ! v>iety kn[n z ank]ite1 & by its decomposition1 :i* seems ha/5$ by ! oxidation ( ! associat$ pyrites1 gives orig9 to ^? highly *>act]i/ic masses ( br[n & r$di%-yell[ iron gossan :i* =m ! *>act]i/ic feature ( ! outcropp+s ( ^? portions ( ! "m ve9 j enum]at$4 ,^! gossans always reta9 ! bright gre5 m9]al be=e allud$ to un*ang$1 z also cellul> qu>tz :i* discloses 9 its rhombic cavities ! =m ( ! decompos$ cry/als ( dolomite or ank]ite ^: removal has left ! vacant spaces4 ,be=e decomposition ?is triple c>bonate ( lime1 magnesia1 & iron is brilliantly :ite1 & its real *emical "* w\ld nev] be suspect$4 ,! gre5 m9]al1 s f> z ,i c asc]ta91 has nev] be5 describ$1 al?\gh x has (t5 be5 notic$4 ,x has be5 call$ by "s1 nickel gymnite1 & ,i h once di/+ui%$ x by ?is "n 9 a m9+ report4 ,b ?is is a misnom] :i* ,i take ?is occasion to correct2 nickel gymnite ( ,g5?1 f\nd at ,texas1 ,p5na41 is a hydr\s silicate ( magnesia1 lime1 & nickel4 ,! species s *>act]i/ic ( c]ta9 portions ( ! "m ve9 is anhydr\s1 & conta9s no nickel4 ,,m>iposite 7,provisional ,"n74 ,be=e ! bl[pipe x yields evid5ce ( ! pres5ce ( ! protoxides ( iron1 lime1 magnesia1 & potassium2 ( ! sesquioxides ( *romium & alum9um ) c>bonic1 silicic1 & sulphuric acids4 ,! oxide ( manganese & sulphuric acid exi/ only z traces4 ,! m9]al is probably new1 & mu/ be ref]r$ to ! mica section ( an hydr\s silicate4 ,%\ld x1 on a c>eful *emical exam9ation1 prove to be new1 ,i w\ld sugge/ ! "n ,m>iposite z an appropriate "n = x1 z x 0 on ! ,m>iposa e/ate t x fir/ attract$ my att5tion1 & :]e x exi/s 9 great abundance4 ,?is species :i* is s *>act]i/ic ( ! "m ve91 9 connection ) magnesian or *loritic rocks1 occurs n[h]e s f> z ,i h obs]v$ 9 ?is ve9 :5 x is inclos$ 9 argillites or sy5ites4 ,( sulphides occurr+ 9 ! "m lode !re are two classes :i* des]ve special m5tion1 beside ! ord9>ily occurr+ pyrites ( iron & copp]4 ,^! are ! 7#a7 antimonial copp] sulphides1 & ! 7#b7 antimonial lead sulphides2 bo? are ars5ical & are ri* 9 bo? gold & silv]4 ,to ! fir/ class allusion has already be5 made 9 ! =m] "p ( ?is pap]4 ,besides ! ,ra:ide ,m9e1 !y are f\nd 9 mo/ ( ! op5+s on ,:isky ,hill1 9 ,tuolumne ,c\nty1 9 ! ,silv]1 ,app & ,joseph9e1 & ,p9e ,tree ,m9es4 ,! lively /a9s ( blue mala*ite1 se5 at ,williams' ,m9e1 on ,:isky ,hill1 & occasionally else:]e1 are d]iv$ f atmosph]ic decomposition ( ! antimonial copp] sulphides4 ,! bl[pipe detects ! pres5ce ( iron1 antimony1 ars5ic1 copp]1 sulphur1 tellurium 79 c]ta9 cases7 sulphur1 gold & silv]4 ,! ve9 is s abundant z to give to ! raw ore1 9 "s cases1 magnetic prop]ties2 & ! button f ! bl[pipe assay becomes /rongly magnetic4 ,! antimonial lead sulphides occur 9 consid]able abundance at ! ,trio ,claims1 on ,:isky ,hill4 ,! appe>ance ( ?is ore recalls t ( granul> gal5a4 ,! gold & silv] value ( ?is ore is v high1 b no portion ( x c be sav$ by ! ord9>y me*anical treatm5t ) m]cury4 ,! bl[pipe detects ! pres5ce ( antimony1 lead1 iron1 ars5ic1 sulphur1 gold & silv]4 ,!re is no trace ( copp]1 & ! quantity ( ars5ic pres5t is slight4 ,! ore is !re=e ess5tially an antimonial lead sulphide1 ri* 9 gold & silv]4 ,!re is good reason to believe1 t z ?is rem>kable ve9 becomes m ?or\ghly explor$1 x w disclose o!r new or r>e comp\nds conta9+ gold1 & t ^! already notic$ w be f\nd to be m widely diffus$ :5 prop] c>e is appli$ to ! /udy ( ! m9]alogy ( ! lode4 ,9 ,amador ,c\nty ! "m lode is f\nd 9 connection ) argillace\s slates & sy5ite4 ,?us at ! ,eureka ,m9e1 ( ,hayw>d1 kn[n z ! ,amador ,m9+ ,co41 ! ve9 has a s(t1 black slate = its foot wall & a heavy1 firm sy5ite or gre5/one 7call$ granite by ! m9]s7 = ! hang+ wall4 ,! m9]alogy ( ! ve9 is extremely simple1 be+ 9 fact no?+ m ?an iron & copp] sulphurets1 *iefly ! =m]1 ) r>ely gal5a or bl5de4 ,i s\ght 9 va9 = any ( ! species m5tion$ 9 ! =m] "p ( ?is pap]4 ,!re are no magnesian m9]als1 & ! ,m>iposite is entirely abs5t4 ,! o!r m9es ( t range1 z f> z ,i exam9$ !m1 all p>take ( ! same simplicity 9 m9]alogical "*4 ,!re c be b little d\bt1 z x appe>s to me1 t ! inclos+ rocks 9 ea* case ex]cise an important influ5ce on ! m9]al cont5ts ( ! ve94 ,,san ,,francisco1 ,decemb] #b;d1 #ahfg4 ,mr4 ,/e>ns read ! foll[+3 ,li/ ( ,%ells collect$ at ,bodega ,bay1 ,cali=nia1 ,june1 #ahfg4 ,,by ,,rob]t ,e4 ,c4 ,,/e>ns4 ,9 pursuance ( ! idea m5tion$ 9 my pap] on ! %ells ( ,baul9es ,bay1 ( exam9+ ! bays & coa/ to ! nor? ( ,san ,francisco1 ,i made a brief trip to ,bodega ,bay 9 company ) my fri5d ,dr4 ,newcomb1 on ! ?irte5? ( ,june1 #ahfg4 ,mo/ ( ! species enum]at$ 7 collect$ )9 a v limit$ area1 betwe5 tide m>ks1 at ! extreme po9t ( ,bodega ,head1 z ! arm ( l& is call$1 :i* ext5d+ 9 a s\!rly direction f ! g5]al l9e ( ! coa/1 incloses :at is kn[n z ,bodega ,bay4 ,! bay itself is1 = ! great] "p1 left b>e at l[ tide1 & ! flats !n expos$1 compos$ ( s&y mud1 conta9 abundance ( ! common bivalves ( ! coa/1 pr9cipally ,macoma1 7two species7 & ,tapes1 9 all its v>ieties3 ,saxidomus gracilis may also be f\nd "h 9 consid]able quantities1 & is at c]ta9 seasons dug by ! ,indians1 toge!r ) ! o!r s call$ 8clams40 ,at ! spot :]e ! pr9cipal portion ( ?is collection 0 made1 ! outcropp+ rock is a co>se granite1 ^u :i* ,litor9a planaxis is f\nd 9 great numb]s4 ,! limit$ "t at my disposal1 at ! season :5 ! trip 0 made1 0 only suffici5t to admit ( a brief1 & !re=e unsatisfactory reconnoissance2 nev]!less1 at lea/ sev5te5 species 7 detect$ :i* h n h]et(ore be5 f\nd 7or report$7 s f> to ! nor?4 ,_m ( ^! species ,i fail$ to f9d at ,baul9es1 & "s ( !m h n be5 report$ nor? ( ! ,bay ( ,mont]ey4 ,at ,baul9es1 ! rocks are pr9cipally %ales1 & conta9 _m species ( pholads1 :i* z w be se5 by a glance at ?is li/1 if n entirely abs5t1 mu/ be r>e at ,bodega2 ! v>i\s 8ne/l]s0 :i* are f\nd associat$ ) ! bor]s are also want+2 ,haliotis rufesc5s is abundant ^u ! rocky islets (f ! coa/1 b n ev5 a fragm5t ( ,h4 ,cra*]odii 0 met )4 #a4 ,cryptomya ,cali=nica1 ,conr4 #b4 ,s*izo?rus ,nuttalli1 ,conr4 #c4 ,entodesma saxicola1 ,baird4 #d4 ,mytilim]ia ,nuttalli1 ,conr4 #e4 ,ma*ra patula1 ,dixon4 #f4 ,macoma secta1 ,conr499 #g4 ---- nasuta1 ,conr4 #h4 ,tell9a ,bodeg5sis1 ,hds4 #i4 ,tapes /am9ea1 ,conr4 #aj4 ---- ---- v>4 ,petitii1 ,de%4 #aa4 ---- ---- v>4 rud]ata1 ,de%4 #ab4 ---- ---- v>4 div]sa1 ,sby4 #ac4 ,saxidomus gracilis1 ,g\ld499 #ad4 ,*ama exogyra1 ,conr499 #ae4 ,c>dium corbis1 ,m>t4 #af4 ,laz>ia sub-quadrata1 ,cpr4 #ag4 ,kellia ,lap]\sii1 ,de%4 #ah4 ,lasea rubra1 ,mont4 #ai4 ,mytilus ,cali=nianus1 ,conr4 #bj4 ---- edulis1 ,l9n4 #ba4 ,modiola =nicata1 ,cpr499 #bb4 ---- recta1 ,c\r499 #bc4 ,ax9a subobsoleta1 ,cpr4 #bd4 ,pect5 ha/atus1 ,sby4 #be4 ,h9nites giganteus1 ,gray4 #bf4 ,placunanomia ma*ro*isma1 ,de%4 #bg4 ,helix ,nickl9iana1 ,lea4 #bh4 ---- ,columbiana1 ,lea4 #bi4 ,crypto*iton ,/ell]i1 ,midd4 #cj4 ,tonicia l9eata1 ,wood4 #ca4 ,mopalia ,wossness5skii1 ,midd4 #cb4 ---- ,m]ckii1 ,midd4 #cc4 ,k5n]lyi v>4 ,swanii1 ,cpr4 #cd4 ,tra*yd]mon fallax1 ,cpr4 7,mss47 #ce4 ,nacella in/abilis1 ,g\ld4 #cf4 ,acma pat9a1 ,es*4 #cg4 ---- pelta1 ,es*4 #ch4 ---- p]sona1 ,es*4 #ci4 ---- scabra1 ,nutt499 #dj4 ---- spectrum1 ,nutt4 #da4 ,scurria mitra1 ,es*4 #db4 ,r[ellia radiata1 ,cp499 #dc4 ,glyphis asp]a1 ,es*4 #dd4 ,clypidella callom>g9ata1 ,cpr499 #de4 ---- bimaculata1 ,dall1 7,mss4799 #df4 ,haliotis rufesc5s1 ,swa9s499 #dg4 ,lepto?yra sangu9ea1 ,cpr4 #dh4 ,*loro/oma funebrale1 ,a4 ,ad4 #di4 ---- brunneum1 ,phil4 #ej4 ,callio/oma co/atum1 ,m>t4 #ea4 ---- annulatum1 ,m>t4 #eb4 ,phorcus pulligo1 ,m>t4 #ec4 ,m>g>ita pupilla1 ,g\ld4 #ed4 ---- acutico/ata1 ,cpr499 #ee4 ,crepidula adunca1 ,sby4 #ef4 ,hipponyx cranioides1 ,cpr4 #eg4 ---- antiquatus1 ,l9n499 #eh4 ,bivonia compacta1 ,cpr4 #ei4 ,bittium filosum1 ,g\ld4 #fj4 ,littor9a planaxis1 ,nutt4 #fa4 ---- scutulata1 ,g\ld4 #fb4 ,lacuna porrecta1 ,cpr4 #fc4 ,trivia ,cali=niana1 ,gray499 #fd4 ,erato vitell9a1 ,hds499 #fe4 ,drillia incisa1 ,cpr4 #ff4 ,mangelia levid5sis1 ,cpr4 #fg4 ,odo/omia gravida1 ,g\ld499 #fh4 ,scal>ia subcoronata1 ,cpr499 #fi4 ,opalia borealis1 ,g\ld4 #gj4 ,velut9a lvigata1 ,l9n4 #ga4 ,lunatia ,lewisii1 ,g\ld4 #gb4 ,olivella biplicata1 ,sby4 #gc4 ---- btica1 ,cpr4 #gd4 ---- intorta1 ,cpr499 #ge4 ,nassa fossata1 ,g\ld4 #gf4 ---- m5dica1 ,g\ld4 #gg4 ,amycla c>9ata v>4 ,h9dsii1 ,rve4 #gh4 ---- gausapata1 ,g\ld4 #gi4 ,amphissa corrugata1 ,rve4 #hj4 ,purpura crispata1 ,*em4 #ha4 ---- canaliculata1 ,duel4 #hb4 ---- saxicola v>4 o/r9a1 ,gld4 #hc4 ,oc9ebra lurida1 ,midd4 #hd4 ---- ---- v>4 asp]a1 ,baird4 #he4 ---- int]fossa1 ,cpr4 #hf4 ---- ---- v>4 atropurpurea1 ,cpr4 #hg4 ,c]o/oma foliatum1 ,gmel4 99 ,! species m>k$ ) an a/]isk1 sev5te5 9 numb]1 h nev] be=e be5 report$ f a locality s f> nor?4 ,mangelia levid5sis 7te/e ,j4 ,g4 ,coop]7 has n previ\sly be5 detect$ at a po9t s f> s\?2 x has h]et(ore be5 cr$it$ to 8,/raits ( ,fuca1 ,w4 ,t40 vide ,geo4 ,survey ,cat4 #ahfg1 by ,j4 ,g4 ,c4 ,tapes /am9ea & v>s4 7 obta9$ at l[ wat] by digg+ f twelve to tw5ty in*es deep1 & toge!r ) ,macoma secta & ,m4 nasuta1 7 f\nd 9 ! same holes4 ,! ,*itons above enum]at$1 h be5 comp>$ ) specim5s rec5tly 7,m>*1 #ahfh7 receiv$ label$1 f ,dr4 ,c>p5t] ( ,montreal4 ,no4 #ci1 ,acma scabra2 elevat$ d>k color$ specim5s ( ?is species ) ! *>act]i/ic sculpture %>ply & well def9$1 7 obta9$ 9 consid]able numb]s4 ,subsequ5tly at ,mont]ey ,i f\nd occasional specim5s display+ ne>ly ! same elevation & ( ! same color z ^? f ,bodega4 ,%ells collect$ by ! ,u4 ,s4 ,coa/ ,survey ,exp$ition to ,alaska1 9 ! ye> #ahfg4 ,,by ,,rob]t ,e4 ,c4 ,,/e>ns4 ,george ,davidson1 ,esq41 connect$ ) ! ,coa/ ,survey s]vice ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :o comm&$ ! sci5tific dep>tm5t ( ! ,alaska ,exp$ition1 v k9dly t5d]$ positions on 8 /aff to ! foll[+ memb]s ( ! ,academy3 ,dr4 ,a4 ,kellogg1 z ,surgeon & ,botani/2 ,!odore ,a4 ,blake1 z ,geologi/2 & ,w4 ,g4 ,w4 ,h>=d1 z ,g5]al ,collector1 by :om ! species "h enum]at$ 7 collect$4 ,my ackn[l$gm5ts are due to ,dr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,coop]1 ( ,san ,francisco1 = assi/ance 9 det]m9+ species2 also to ,dr4 ,william ,/impson ( ,*icago1 = simil> s]vice 9 ref]5ce to ! ,bucc9id4 #a4 ,saxicava pholadis1 ,l9n4 v>4 arctica2 ,sitka1 ,bella ,bella1 ,kodiak1 ,ounalaska4 #b4 ,mya ar5>ia1 ,l9n42 ,kodiak4 #c4 ,s*izo?rus ,nuttalli1 ,conr42 ,sitka1 ,kodiak4 #d4 ,ma*ra patula1 ,dixon2 ,kodiak1 ,ounalaska4 #e4 ,macoma nasuta1 ,conr42 ,kodiak4 #f4 ,macoma inqu9ata1 ,de%42 ,=t ,simpson1 ,bella ,bella1 ,kodiak1 ,spruce ,isl4 #g4 ,macoma inconspicua1 ,br4 ,sby42 ,=t ,simpson1 ,*il*at1 ,kodiak1 ,spruce ,isl4 #h4 ,m]a salmonea1 ,cpr42 ,kodiak4 #i4 ,/&ella planulata1 ,conr42 ,kodiak1 ,ounalaska4 #aj4 ,tapes /am9ea1 v>4 ,petitii1 ,de%42 ,=t ,simpson1 ,*a?am ,s\nd4 #aa4 ,tapes /am9ea1 v>4 rud]ata1 ,de%42 ,=t ,simpson1 ,c>t]'s ,bay1 ,sitka1 ,bella ,bella1 ,kodiak1 ,spruce ,isl41 ,ounalaska4 #ab4 ,saxidomus ,nuttalli1 ,conr42 ,ft4 ,simpson1 ,sitka1 ,c>t]'s ,bay1 ,kodiak4 #ac4 ,c>dium corbis1 ,m>t42 ,sitka1 ,bella ,bella1 ,c>t]'s ,bay1 ,kodiak4 #ad4 ,c>dium bl&um1 ,g\ld2 ,sitka1 ,kodiak1 ,ounalaska4 #ae4 ,s]ripes ,grnl&icus1 ,*em42 ,kodiak1 ,ounalaska4 #af4 ,kellia ,lap]\sii1 ,de%42 ,ounalaska4 #ag4 ,lasea rubra1 ,mont42 ,sitka4 #ah4 ,mytilus edulis1 ,l9n42 ,ft4 ,simpson1 ,c>t]'s ,bay1 ,bella ,bella1 ,sitka1 ,kodiak1 ,spruce ,isl4 #ai4 ,modiola modiolus1 ,l9n42 ,sitka1 ,ounalaska4 #bj4 ,modiol>ia lvigata1 ,gray2 ,ounalaska4 #ba4 ,ax9a sept5trionalis1 ,midd42 ,bella ,bella4 #bb4 ,yoldia1 n4 s482 ,/oma* ( ,halibut1 ,kodiak4 #bc4 ,acila ca/r5sis1 ,h9ds2 ,sitka4 #bd4 ,placunanomia macros*isma1 ,de%42 ,kodiak1 ,ounalaska4 #be4 ,helix ,columbiana1 ,lea42 ,sitka1 ,*il*at ,riv]1 #ei #i ,n4 #bf4 ,helix ,vanc\v]5sis1 ,lea42 ,sitka1 ,v4 ,isl&4 #bg4 ,helix rud]ata1 ,/ud42 ,ounalaska4 #bh4 ,helix fulva1 ,drap42 ,sitka1 ,ounalaska4 #bi4 ,vitr9a pellucida1 ,mll482 ,ounalaska4 #cj4 ,zua lubrica1 ,mll42 ,sitka1 ,kodiak4 #ca4 ,siphon>ia !rsites1 ,cpr42 ,=t ,simpson4 #cb4 ,ka!r9a tunicata1 ,wood2 ,sitka4 #cc4 ,tonicia l9eata1 ,wood2 ,=t ,simpson4 #cd4 ,tonicia subm>morea1 ,midd42 ,=t ,simpson4 #ce4 ,mopalia muscosa1 ,g\ld2 ,vanc\v] ,isl&4 #cf4 ,mopalia ,wossness5skii1 ,midd42 ,=t ,simpson4 #cg4 ,mopalia ,m]ckii1 ,midd42 ,=t ,simpson4 #ch4 ,acma pat9a1 ,es*42 ,=t ,simpson1 ,kodiak1 ,ounalaska1 ,sitka4 #ci4 ,acma pelta1 ,es*42 ,sitka1 ,kodiak1 ,ounalaska4 #dj4 ,scurria mitra1 ,es*42 ,sitka4 #da4 ,glyphis asp]a1 ,es*42 ,sitka4 #db4 ,haliotis ,kams*atkana1 ,jonas2 ,sitka4 #dc4 ,callio/oma co/atum1 ,m>t42 ,sitka4 #dd4 ,m>g>ita pupilla1 ,g\ld2 ,ft4 ,simpson1 ,bella ,bella1 ,sitka1 ,ounalaska4 #de4 ,m>g>ita helic9a1 ,mont42 ,ounalaska4 #df4 ,phorcus pulligo1 ,m>t42 ,sitka4 #dg4 ,crepidula navicelloides1 ,nutt42 ,bella ,bella4 #dh4 ,crepidula gr&is1 ,midd42 ,capta9's ,h>bor1 ,kodiak1 ,ounalaska4 #di4 ,bittium filosum1 ,g\ld2 ,ft4 ,simpson1 ,c>t]'s ,bay1 ,bella ,bella1 ,sitka4 #ej4 ,littor9a scutulata1 ,g\ld2 ,sitka4 #ea4 ,littor9a ,sitkana1 ,phil42 ,*a?am ,s'nd1 ,c>t]'s ,bay1 ,bella ,bella1 ,sitka1 ,kodiak4 #eb4 ,lacuna solidula1 ,lov542 ,ounalaska4 #ec4 ,isapis f5e/rata1 ,cpr42 ,ounalaska4 #ed4 ,tri*otropis cancellata1 ,hds42 ,=t ,simpson1 ,sitka4 #ee4 ,natica clausa1 ,brod4 ,%y42 ,ft4 ,simpson1 ,kodiak1 ,ounalaska4 #ef4 ,lunatia pallida1 ,brod4 ,sby42 ,capta9's ,h>bor1 ,ounalaska4 #eg4 ,pri5e ,oregon5sis1 ,r$f42 ,ounalaska4 #eh4 ,olivella btica1 ,cpr42 ,sitka4 #ei4 ,nassa m5dica1 ,g\ld2 ,sitka4 #fj4 ,amycla gausapata1 ,g\ld2 ,ft4 ,simpson4 #fa4 ,amphissa corrugata1 ,rve42 ,ft4 ,simpson1 ,c>t]'s ,bay4 #fb4 ,purpura crispata1 ,*em42 ,=t ,simpson1 ,bella ,bella1 ,lawson's ,h>bor1 ,c>t]'s ,bay1 ,sitka4 #fc4 ,purpura canaliculata1 ,duel42 ,*a?am ,s\nd1 ,c>t]'s ,bay1 ,bella ,bella1 ,sitka1 ,kodiak1 ,spruce ,isl41 ,ounalaska4 #fd4 ,purpura saxicola1 ,val42 ,ounalaska4 #fe4 ,purpura saxicola v>4 fuscata1 ,fbs42 ,=t ,simpson1 ,c>t]'s ,bay1 ,bella ,bella1 ,sitka4 #ff4 ,oc9ebra int]fossa1 ,cpr42 ,c>t]'s ,bay1 ,bella ,bella1 ,sitka4 #fg4 ,c]a/oma foliatum1 ,gmel42 ,bella ,bella1 ,sitka4 #fh4 ,trophon multico/atus1 ,es*42 ,ounalaska4 #fi4 ,trophon orpheus1 ,g\ld2 ,sitka4 #gj4 ,*rysodomus dirus1 ,rve42 ,*a?am ,s\nd1 ,ft4 ,simpson1 ,c>t]'s ,bay1 ,bella ,bella1 ,sitka4 #ga4 ,*rysodomus liratus1 ,m>t42 ,*il*at1 ,kodiak1 ,ounalaska4 #gb4 ,bucc9um glaciale1 ,l9n42 ,ounalaska4 #gc4 ,bucc9um pol>e1 ,gray2 ,capta9's ,h>bor1 ,ounalaska4 #gd4 #cf;,bucc9um cyancum1 ,brug42 ,kodiak4 #ge4 ,volu?>pa ampullacea1 ,midd42 ,=t ,simpson1 ,bella ,bella1 ,sitka1 ,kodiak1 ,ounalaska4 #cf ,9 a note f ,dr4 ,/impson1 he rem>ks 9 ref]5ce to ?is species3 x 8has n1 z f> z ,i am aw>e1 z yet be5 report$ f ! ,pacific40 ,mr4 ,bol&] pres5t$ a pap] by ,mr4 ,lesqu]eux1 entitl$ 8,a ,catalogue ( ! species ( ,mosses f\nd up to ! pres5t "t on ! ,nor?we/ coa/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 & especially 9 ,cali=nia10 :i* 0 ref]r$ to ! ,publication ,committee & ord]$ pr9t$ 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy4 ,pr(essor ,:itney exhibit$ sev]al ( ! maps 9 prep>ation at ! (fice ( ! ,/ate ,geological ,survey1 & gave a some:at detail$ acc\nt ( ! op]ation ( ! survey dur+ ! ye> #ahff & #ahfg1 & ( ! progress 9 ! publication dep>tm5t ( t "w4 ,! /atem5t made 0 9 ! ma9 id5tical ) t conta9$ 9 ! bi5nial lett] ( ! ,/ate ,geologi/ to ! ,gov]nor1 publi%$ by ord] ( ! ,legislature !n 9 session4 ,dr4 ,h4 ,gibbons exhibit$ a piece ( pork errone\sly suppos$ to conta9 tri*92 he believ$ ! entozoa 9 "q 7 really ,cy/ic]ci4 ,!y h ! appe>ance ( soak$ peas1 & are n injuri\s :5 cook$4 ,mr4 ,r4 ,l4 ,h>ris m5tion$ ! fact t ! railroad surveys conduct$ by himself1 = connect+ ,vallejo & ,sacram5to1 indicat$ t ! latt] place 0 n s mu* above ! sea level z _h g5]ally be5 assum$ f b>ometrical obs]vations1 & he believ$ t ! top ( ! pres5t levee at ,sacram5to 0 ab\t tw5ty-"o feet above mean high tide at ,vallejo1 in/ead ( fifty-six1 z previ\sly suppos$4 ,if ?is 0 true1 !n ! l[l&s 9 ! vic9ity ( ,sacram5to 7 9 fact1 only ab\t "o & a half feet above ! sea level4 ,! surveys ( ! com+ season w\ld probably enable him to fix ?is important po9t ) accuracy4 ,dr4 ,gibbons sugge/$ t if ! ,tule l&s 9 ! ,sacram5to & ,san ,joaqu9 ,valleys 7 p]mitt$ to und]go ! natural processes ( gr[? & decay1 in/ead ( be+ annually burn$ ov]1 ! l& 9 "q might 9 "t become suffici5tly elevat$ to be inhabit$4 ,mr4 ,goodale1 :o _h rec5tly visit$ ,russian ,am]ica1 exhibit$ a numb] ( implem5ts & weapons ( ! natives ( t region1 & gave an acc\nt ( _! use4 ,he also rem>k$ on "s ( ! topographical & geological features ( t c\ntry4 ,,regul> ,,meet+1 ,,decemb] #af,,?1 #ahfg4 ,vice ,presid5t ,ransom 9 ! ,*air4 ,?irty-sev5 memb]s pres5t4 ,! foll[+ g5tlem5 7 elect$ ,resid5t ,memb]s3 ,messrs4 ,william ,hamel1 ,p4 ,b4 ,cornwall1 ,horace ,d4 ,dunn & ,w4 ,b4 ,ris+4 ,donations to ! ,cab9et3 sev5 specim5s ( ores f ,gregory ,yale1 ,esq41 also1 a s]ies ( samples 9 bottles1 illu/rat+ ! *lor9ation process ( extract+ gold f ! sulphurets1 by ! same4 ,mr4 ,goodye> read ! foll[+ pap]3 ,salt ,spr+ ,valley & ! adjac5t region 9 ,calav]as ,c\nty4 ,,by ,w4 ,a4 ,,goodye>4 ,hav+ sp5t "s "t dur+ ! pa/ summ] 9 ,copp]opolis1 & ! region ly+ we/ & nor?we/ f x1 ,i (f] ! foll[+ obs]vations respect+ its topography & geology4 ,i w fir/ notice ! ,,topography4 ,= a g5]al description ( ! topography1 etc41 ( ,calav]as ,c\nty1 includ+ ! ma9 features ( ! region 9 "q1 ref]5ce may be made to ,pr(4 ,j4 ,d4 ,:itney's ,report ^u ! ,geology ( ,cali=nia1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #bec4 ,9 addition1 h[ev]1 to :at is !re /at$1 ,i w say t ,copp]opolis lies at ! s\?we/]n base ( ,be> ,m\nta91 ! summits ( :i* rise to an altitude ( some?+ m ?an #b1jjj feet above ! sea4 ,! ,goph] ,hills1 also m5tion$ 9 ! report1 =m a well def9$ & connect$1 ?\gh subord9ate range1 ly+ to ! s\?we/ (1 & ne>ly p>allel ) ! g5]al c\rse ( ,be> ,m\nta94 ,?is range =ms a prom95t feature 9 ! topography ( ! region = a di/ance ( at lea/ fifte5 or eighte5 miles s\!a/]ly f ! ,calav]as riv]4 ,its summits are probably #a1djj feet above ! sea1 & ! l[e/ break or gap )9 ! di/ance nam$ is t ?r\gh :i* ,rock ,creek f9ds its way to ! pla9s bel[4 ,! valley or depression betwe5 ! ,goph] ,hills & ,be> ,m\nta91 ^: av]age wid? is f\r to six miles1 has receiv$ ! "n ( ,salt ,spr+ ,valley4 ,its g5]al altitude is little less ?an #a1jjj feet above ! sea1 t ( ! t[n ( ,copp]opolis be+ n9e hundr$ feet accord+ to ,h4 ,p4 ,h&y's survey ( a railroad r\te f ,copp]opolis to ,/ockton4 ,i %\ld m5tion t = sev]al miles nor?we/]ly f ,copp]opolis1 ,be> ,m\nta9 has an outli] along its s\?we/]n base1 9 ! =m ( a l[ b tol]ably well m>k$ hilly ridge1 betwe5 :i* & ! base ( ! m\nta9 is a n>r[ b cont9u\s valley2 & x is 9 ?is valley t ! copp]-be>+ belt ( ,copp]opolis is f\nd4 ,s\?we/ ( ?is outli]1 & = a di/ance ( ?ree or f\r miles nor?we/]ly f ,copp]opolis1 ,salt ,spr+ ,valley consi/s ma9ly ( a region ( l[ hills1 trav]s$ by a net-"w ( /eep & n>r[ gul*es4 ,f>!r nor?we/ ! surface ( ! valley = ?ree or f\r miles is m uni=m1 & "h we f9d ! ne>ly level area ( 8,t[]'s ,ran*10 & ! g5tly slop+ bas9 ( ! 8,salt ,spr+ ,valley res]voir40 ,beyond ?is1 ! c\ntry is aga9 hilly to ! ,calav]as riv]4 ,s\!a/ & s\? ( ,copp]opolis1 ! surface is ev]y:]e hilly4 ,! slope ( ! ,goph] ,hills t[>ds ! s\?we/ is rapid until we rea* ! l[ roll+ c\ntry :i* =ms ! bord] ( ! ,san ,joaqu9 ,valley4 ,black ,creek deb\*es f ,be> ,m\nta9 a mile or s s\!a/ ( ,copp]opolis1 & fl[s to ! ,/anislaus4 ,littlejohn's ,creek takes its rise 9 ! hilly regions ( ! valley we/ ( ,copp]opolis1 & fl[+ s\?we/]ly1 f9ds its way ?r\gh ! hills into ,rock ,creek4 ,! latt] rises 9 ,be> ,m\nta91 five or six miles nor?we/]ly f ,copp]opolis1 & fl[+ s\?we/ across ,salt ,spr+ ,valley1 breaks ?r\gh ! ,goph] ,hills1 & cont9ues its c\rse ?r\gh ! l[] c\ntry to ,fr5* ,camp ,sl\gh1 a bran* ( ! ,san ,joaqu94 ,all ^! creeks become dry 9 ! summ]1 ?\gh 9 w9t] !y (t5 c>ry v l>ge volumes ( wat]4 ,at ! po9t :]e ,rock ,creek breaks ?r\gh ! ,goph] ,hills is ! sub/antial dam ( ! ,salt ,spr+ ,valley ,res]voir4 ,,geology4 ,! /rike & dip ( ! rocks are m or less v>iable2 b1 s f> z my obs]vations ext5d 9 ! region describ$1 !y h ev]y:]e ! same g5]al nor?we/]ly tr5d & high nor!a/]ly dip :i* *>act]ize s l>ge a portion ( ! gold-be>+ slates ( c5tral ,cali=nia4 ,! /rike is usually f ,n4 #ej ,w4 to ,n4 #gj ,w41 7magnetic7 & ! dip f #ej nor!a/ to v]tical4 ,i h se5 no case "h ( a decid$ s\?we/]ly dip1 nor ( a l[ "o to ! nor!a/4 ,x is some:at rem>kable1 by ! way1 t ?is high nor!a/]ly dip %\ld be s g5]al z x is 9 ! great mass ( aurif]\s slates :i* =ms ! s\?we/]n flank ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada4 ,x is t[>ds ! granite axis ( ! *a91 in/ead ( f x1 z w\ld seem m natural4 ,! causes ( ?is are by no means z yet fully expla9$4 ,x is a circum/ance1 h[ev]1 :i* w\ld lose none ( its int]e/ 9 ! future1 if1 z c]ta9 facts m5tion$ 9 ! ,geological ,report1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #bhf1 might possibly seem to indicate1 fur!r explorations %\ld prove x to be 9 g5]al a great inv]sion ( ! /rata--_! upp] portions hav+ be5 8=c$ back by imm5se pressure f above1 produc+ a condition ( ?+s simil> to t s (t5 obs]v$ 9 ! ,alps1 :i* is kn[n z ! #8fan /ructure1' & has s mu* p]plex$ geologi/s40 ,:5 we take into acc\nt ! enorm\s d5udation1 am\nt+ to ?\s&s ( feet 9 p]p5dicul> dep?1 :i* is kn[n to h tak5 place 9 ! ,si]ras )9 ! mo/ rec5t geological p]iods1 & ! :ole ( :i*1 9 ?is case1 mu/ also h belong$ to ! inv]t$ portion ( ! /rata--unless inde$ ! inv]sion 7 produc$ by a peculi> slid+ & b5d+ ( ! /rata by _! own weight1 ! upp] flexure hav+ be5 s9ce entirely remov$--& :51 9 addition to ?is we consid] ! hundr$s ( miles 9 l5g?1 & ! great ?ickness ( ! /rata 9 "q1 we c p]haps beg9 to appreciate ! magnitude ( ! movem5ts & =ces :i* w\ld be involv$ 9 produc+ su* an effect4 ,x w\ld inde$1 if true1 be a /rik+ illu/ration ( ! gr&eur ( ! scale ^u :i* _m ( ! physical features ( ?is c\ntry h be5 ca/1 z comp>$ ) ^? ( o!r & bett] kn[n regions4 ,b x is h>dly wor? :ile to speculate fur!r ^u probabilities l ?is 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k1 & ,i return to my subject4 ,9 ,salt ,spr+ ,valley1 ! rocks consi/ almo/ entirely ( slates1 ) little v>iety ( "*1 g5]ally ?9-b$d$1 f9e-gra9$ & argillace\s1 sometimes magnesian or *loritic1 & (t5 splitt+ ) facility into v ?9 %eets4 ,! ?9ne/ b$d$ v>ieties are usually fragile1 & ! /ructure is (t5 wavy2 b sometimes ! cleavage is regul> & ?9 en\gh1 & ! rock possesses suffici5t /r5g? to furni% a tol]able mat]ial = ro(+ purposes2 al?\gh no attempts h be5 made1 s f> z ,i "k1 to ?us apply x2--&1 9 fact1 ! exp5se att5dant ^u its excavation & transportation w\ld preclude any ext5sive use ( x1 ev5 if its quality 7 unsurpass$1 :i* x is n4 ,! e>?y cov]+ ( ! rocks ?r\gh\t ! valley is usually v %all[ & ! soil poor1 7,t[]'s ran* is1 h[ev]1 an exception7 & 9 _m places ! ?9 %>p edges ( ! slates project 9 su* a way z to =m an exce$+ly jagg$ surface1 ?\gh ! projections are l[1 g5]ally n exce$+ two or ?ree feet 9 height4 ,mu* ( ! surface is /rewn ) float qu>tz1 usually 9 ! %ape ( small b p>tially r\nd$ pebbles4 ,qu>tz ve9s ( small or mod]ate size1 p>allel ) ! /ratification1 are n uncommon4 ,iron pyrites is ( frequ5t occurr5ce1 ) a little gold 9 ! qu>tz4 ,"s ( ! ve9s h be5 m or less work$1 b none ( !m to any great ext5t4 ,ab\t ?ree or f\r miles we/]ly f ,copp]opolis1 9 ! hilly portion ( ! valley1 is a t5-/amp qu>tz mill1 & a %ort di/ance f ?is1 on ,littlejohn's ,creek1 is ! site ( an old] "o1 :i* 0 burn$ d[n4 ,nei!r ( ^! mills ev] yield$ mu* pr(it1 s f> z ,i c le>n1 nor does ! pres5t "o seem likely to d s4 ,sev]al ( ! gul*es 9 ?is vic9ity are said to h yield$ gold en\gh 9 ! pa/ to pay = work+1 al?\gh ! digg+s 7 n ri* or ext5sive4 ,x is /at$ also t "s ye>s s9ce1 9 "o ( ^! gul*es1 a qu>tz b\ld] 0 f\nd1 weigh+ ab\t "o hundr$ p\nds1 :i* yield$ betwe5 two & ?ree ?\s& doll>s' wor? ( gold4 ,!re are ?ree or f\r qu>tz ve9s ne> "h1 f :i* m or less rock has be5 cru%$4 ,portions ( ! rock f "o ( ^! ve9s1 ! ,w9nemucca1 a prettily-%ap$ ve9 ( ?ree to f\r feet 9 ?ickness1 are v cellul> 9 /ructure1 & "s ( x %[s f9e gold q freely to ! nak$ eye4 ,! metal h[ev]1 mu/ be v irregul> 9 its di/ribution1 or ! ore w\ld h paid bett] 9 ! mill ?an ! ?ree or f\r doll>s p] ton :i* ,i am told x yield$2 & 9 fact1 ! g5]al "* ( ! float qu>tz ( ! region1 :5 tak5 9 connection ) ! probable orig9 ( ! valley itself1 & ! fact t no important plac] 8digg+s0 h be5 f\nd "h1 does n seem to favor ! probability t ^! qu>tz ve9s w ev] prove ( mu* value4 ,betwe5 ! pres5t mill & ! site ( ! old "o1 z well z c]ta9 o!r localities 9 ! valley1 are spr+s conta9+ v>i\s alkal9e salts1 f :i* ! "n 8,salt ,spr+ ,valley0 is d]iv$4 ,accompany+ ! copp] =mation ( ,copp]opolis1 & j we/ ( x1 is an imm5se body ( s]p5t9e1 ly+ p>allel ) ! g5]al /ratification ( ! slates1 & traceable = miles along ! valley by ! op5+s made 9 x 9 ! work+s = copp]4 ,opposite a po9t #a1jjj or #a1bjj feet nor?we/ ( ! upp] %aft ( ! ,key/one claim1 b on ! s\?we/ flank ( ! outli] ( ,be> ,m\nta91 already notic$1 is ano!r heavy mass ( s]p5t9e4 ,h[ f> ?is ext5ds 9 a nor?we/ & a s\!a/ direction ,i d n "k1 z ,i h n foll[$ its l9e ( outcrop1 b x is c]ta9ly n less ?an #a1jjj feet 9 l5g?4 ,! li?ological "* ( ! ,goph] ,hills is entirely diff]5t f t ( ,salt ,spr+ ,valley4 ,!y consi/ ma9ly ( a pretty h>d & t\gh1 m or less co>sely cry/all9e1 & d>k-color$ hornbl5dic or pyrox5ic rock1 :i* is evid5tly metamorphic1 probably ( a grit or s&/one4 ,epidote is n uncommon 9 ?is rock1 & calcite is occasionally f\nd1 ?\gh r>e4 ,?r\gh mo/ ( ?is region ! orig9al /ratification has be5 l>gely obscur$1 or ne>ly oblit]at$4 ,its g5]al c\rse1 h[ev]1 c /ill be trac$ )\t difficulty 9 ! m or less elongat$ & flatt5$ =m1 & ! g5]al tr5d :i* ! rocky outcrops frequ5tly assume :5 view$ f a little di/ance4 ,! texture ( ! rock v>ies consid]ably4 ,9 g5]al x is r co>sely cry/all9e2 b n unfrequ5tly x is mu* f9]1 or ev5 compact2 sometimes x is jo9t$4 ,at "o locality1 9 p>ticul>1 78,goodw9's10 or 8,%eep ,ran*0 ,gul*7 ,i notic$ ?is jo9t$ /ructure s well develop$ t a compact & v t\gh1 almo/ imp]i%able rock c\ld be qu>ri$ ) facility1 if desir$1 9 ne>ly rectangul> blocks & slabs4 ,x is n uncommon to f9d among ^! hills ^? peculi> holes 9 ! rock :i* 7 holl[$ out & us$ by ! ,indians z mort>s 9 :i* to gr9d _! food4 ,i obs]v$ a numb] ( simil> holes 9 ! h>d rock1 precisely 9 ! b$ ( ,rock ,creek1 9 ! rav9e a %ort di/ance bel[ ! dam ( ! ,salt ,spr+ ,valley ,res]voir4 ,x may be a "q "h1 :e!r !y owe _! orig9 to ! ,indians or to ! action ( ! /ream1 ?\gh f ! peculi> deep & n>r[ =m1 ,i am incl9$ to ascribe !m to ! =m]4 ,heavy masses ( fl9ty rock or horn/one also occur1 p>ticul>ly ^u ! s\?we/ flanks ( ! range4 ,?is rock usually exhibits a mu* m di/9ct b$d+ ?an ! ord9>y mass ( ! hills4 ,its /ratification is (t5 p]fectly regul>1 & sometimes ! lay]s are beautifully ?9 & delicate4 ,!re is a v heavy outcrop ( ?is f9ely b&$ rock 9 ! rav9e a %ort di/ance bel[ ! dam at ,rock ,creek4 ,high] up ! hill1 ^u ! road kn[n z 8,black's ,grade10 ano!r outcrop ( ! same =mation has be5 cut across 9 build+ ! road1 & "h a portion ( ! same fl9ty rock is ?ickly fill$ ) fossils1 :i* appe> to belong ei!r to "s species ( cr9oids or fucoids1 ?\gh ! /ructure is too mu* oblit]at$1 & ! specim5s too mu* di/ort$ to admit ( def9ite recognition4 ,!y are app>5tly flatt5$ 9 a direction p>allel ) ! b&+ ( ! rock4 ,f ! g5]al mode ( occurr5ce ( ?is horn/one1 & f ! frequ5t %>p & di/9ct l9es ( dem>cation betwe5 x & ! adjac5t hornbl5dic rock1 x might be inf]r$ t ! =m] trav]s$ ! latt] z ve9s1 & ! delicate b&+ ( ! rock1 al?\gh p>allel to ! g5]al /ratification ( ! c\ntry1 w\ld n preclude su* an assumption4 ,b ! fossils speak decid$ly aga9/ x1 & x is probable t ! horn/one is a metamorphic =m ( f9e s$im5t>y deposits1 & t ! b&+ is ! result ( ! orig9al /ratification4 ,qu>tz ve9s occur "h occasionally1 & "s ( !m at lea/ are aurif]\s1 ?\gh ,i "k ( none hav+ be5 work$ ) pr(it hi!rto4 ,x is n improbable1 h[ev]1 t "s ( !m may be f\nd remun]ative 9 ! future1 s9ce _m ( ! gul*es among ! hills "h1 9 ! e>ly days ( m9+1 7 ri* 9 plac] gold4 ,! degree ( metamorphism ?r\gh\t ^! hills has be5 v high2 b ,i h se5 no evid5ce ( any direct igne\s action--at lea/ no rock t ,i c\ld id5tify z eruptive1 ) ! s+le exception1 p]haps1 ( a small & app>5tly completely isolat$ body ( well *>act]iz$ granite1 :i* occurs ne> ! base ( ! ,goph] ,range1 & betwe5 its highly metamorphos$ rocks & ! ,san ,joaqu9 ,valley1 :i* is ov]laid ) t]ti>y & o!r rec5t =mations4 ,! occurr5ce ( ?is pat* ( granite "h1 isolat$ z x seems f any o!r simil> rock1 is c]ta9ly a po9t ( mu* int]e/2 b ,i h n be5 able to /udy its relations4 ,its /ratigraphical & topographical position is simil> to t ( ! ,folsom granite1 & x may be connect$ ) x 9 orig94 ,if x %\ld h]eaft] appe> t !re is a well *>act]iz$1 ?\gh m or less int]rupt$ l9e ( granitic outcrops traceable ?r\gh\t c5tral ,cali=nia1 along ! l[] foo?ills ( ! m\nta9s1 & we/ ( ! great belt ( aurif]\s slates1 x w\ld h a mo/ important be>+ ^u ! !ory ( ! g5]al /ructure ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada4 ,! exi/5ce ( su* a l9e1 inde$1 might po9t to a v diff]5t1 & p]haps m probable1 modus op]&i ?an t already sugge/$1 by :i* ! aurif]\s slates !mselves may h rea*$ _! pres5t position1 & receiv$ _! ea/]ly dip4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ po9ts connect$ ) ! geology ( ! ,goph] ,hills1 is ! aurif]\s belt 9 :i* occurs ! 8,quail ,hill0 ,m9e1 & ( :i* ,i %all speak fur!r pres5tly4 ,( ! geology ( ,be> ,m\nta9 ,i "k b little1 hav+ cross$ x by b a s+le r\te4 ,:]e ,i h se5 x1 h[ev]1 x consi/s l>gely ( a simil> rock to t :i* =ms ! mass ( ! ,goph] ,hills4 ,*romic iron is said to occur 9 consid]able quantity at a c]ta9 locality 9 ,be> ,m\nta91 ! exact :]eab\ts ( :i* ,i c\ld n le>n4 ,! slates ( ! valley ext5d1 9 g5]al1 completely up to ! base ( ! ,goph] & ,be> ,m\nta9 ranges on ei!r side1 & sometimes a %ort di/ance up _! flanks2 b "h ! transition to ! h>d] cry/all9e rock is usually quick & well m>k$4 ,salt ,spr+ ,valley probably owes its exi/5ce1 z su*1 entirely to inequality ( d5udation2 ! comp>atively friable slates yield+ mu* m readily to me*anical action ?an ! h>d] & m highly metamorphos$ rock on ei!r side1 :i* has ?us be5 left 9 ! =m ( m\nta9 ridges1 project+ _m hundr$s ( feet above ! adjac5t region1 :ile ! int]v5+ & surr\nd+ rock has be5 swept away to ! pla9s bel[4 ,a p>tial description ( ! copp] m9es ( ,copp]opolis w be f\nd 9 ! 8,geology ( ,cali=nia10 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #bed-beg4 ,! dep? ( ! ma9 %aft 9 ! 8,union0 is n[ /at$ to be a little ov] five hundr$ feet1 & ! greate/ dep? rea*$ 9 ! 8,key/one10 is said to be five hundr$ & sixty feet4 ,all ! deposits ( ore "h work$ lie p>allel ) ! /rike & dip ( ! inclos+ /rata4 ,! great ore mass ( ! 8,union0 ,m9e =ks or divides into two bran*es t[>ds ! nor?we/2 & at ! l[e/ dep? n[ rea*$1 its wid? or ?ickness1 aft] hav+ rea*$ a maximum1 is aga9 dim9i%+4 ,9 ! 8,key/one0 ,m9e !re h be5 two sep>ate & ne>ly p>allel bodies ( ore work$ to a consid]able ext5t1 & a ?ird "o 0 /ruck la/ spr+ previ\s to ! susp5sion ( "w 9 ! m9e4 ,! two ma9 bodies ( ore 9 ?is m9e h 8p9*$ out0 or disappe>$ 9 v>i\s directions 9 _! l9es ( /rike & dip4 ,!y seem to h an irregul> l5ticul> =m1 & toge!r ) ! great mass ( ! 8,union0 appe> to lie 9 :at are call$ 8%oots10 :i* pit* at an angle ( #ej or #fj 9 ! direction ( ! /rike t[>ds ! nor?we/4 ,! nor?we/]ly prolongation ( ! /rike ( ! great 8,union0 deposit does n co9cide ) ei!r ( ! 8,key/one0 deposits1 b passes ea/ ( !m4 ,!re h be5 o!r & small] deposits 9 ! 8,union0 gr\nd1 m or less work$1 ly+ we/ ( ! ma9 body1 "s ( :i* may possibly connect ) ! 8,key/one0 %oots1 ?\gh ! be/ in=mation ,i c\ld obta9 leads me to ?9k o!rwise1 & t !y 7 probably isolat$ l5ticul> masses4 ,! mass ( ! great deposit 9 ! 8,union0 ,m9e consi/s ( an intimate mixture ( *alcopyrite & iron pyrites1 conta9+ on an av]age sixte5 to sev5te5 p] c5t4 ( copp]4 ,well def9$ selvages are n to be se5 at ,copp]opolis1 & ! c\ntry rock is impregnat$ 9 all directions1 sometimes to a consid]able di/ance f ! pur] ore1 ) m or less f9ely dissem9at$ copp] & iron pyrites4 ,9 ,europe x w\ld pay to cru% & "w mu* ( ! wall rock itself = ! copp] :i* x conta9s2 b "h x is entirely wor?less1 z ev5 t5 to twelve p] c5t4 ore is n wor? m9+ & %ipp+ at pres5t prices4 ,x w be se5 t ! m rec5t & deep] developem5ts 9 ! ,copp]opolis m9es h only s]v$ to confirm ! op9ion express$ two ye>s ago by ! ,/ate ,geologi/ 7,geol4 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #bbe7 t 8! deposits ( copp] ore 9 ?is region1 l ne>ly all ! o!rs 9 ,cali=nia1 d n appe> to be includ$ 9 regul> fissure ve9s1 b r to =m indep5d5t masses ! italics are m9e ly+ 9 ! direction ( ! /rike ( ! inclos+ rocks1 & dipp+ ) !m40 ,x seems1 fur!r1 t !y are "h arrang$ 9 "s sort en *elon4 ,!re is no evid5ce :atev] ( ! exi/5ce "h ( a regul> & cont9u\s ve9 ( copp] ore1 /ret*+ = miles ?r\gh ! c\ntry1 z "s h suppos$4 7,see ,ross ,br[ne's ,report1 p4 #add47 ,! f9d+ ( 8copp] indications10 i4e41 ( small & isolat$ bodies ( ore1 di/ribut$ ) "s con/ancy ?r\gh a n>r[ belt ( c\ntry1 = no matt] h[ _m miles 9 l5g?1 is any?+ b conclusive evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce b5ea? ( a regul> ve9 ( correspond+ l5g? 7:i*1 by ! way1 if x exi/$1 w\ld be an anomaly 9 ! m9+ _w7--especially :5 all ! developm5ts ( ! mo/ ext5sive work+s hi!rto made po9t s decid$ly & /rongly to ! op9ion t !re is no true ve9 at all4 ,su* 8indications0 are h[ev] evid5ces1 s f> z !y g 7& !y g a good way 9 ?is direction7 ( ! probable exi/5ce ( o!r l>ge bodies ( ore di/ribut$ "h & !re along ! belt 9 "q4 ,x is n improbable t su* may be f\nd 9 ! future1 & x w\ld n be /range ev5 if "s ( !m %\ld surpass 9 magnitude & value ! great deposit ( ! 8,union10 :i* has already yield$ su* enorm\s quantities ( copp]1 & is yet f> f be+ work$ out4 ,a description ( ! aurif]\s deposit ( ,quail ,hill1 9 ! ,goph] ,range1 toge!r ) a simil> "o at ,:isky ,hill 7call$ also ! 8,h>p5d+ ,m9e07 9 ,plac] ,c\nty1 by ,pr(4 ,b4 ,silliman1 0 read be=e ! ,cali=nia ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces1 at _! meet+ ( ,april #ae?1 #ahfg1 & w be f\nd 9 _! publi%$ 8,proce$+s10 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #cdi-cea4 ,?is pap] describes well ! p>ticul> deposits 9 "q1 z well z ! g5]al appe>ance & "* ( ! =mation 9 :i* !y occur4 ,su* deposits1 h[ev]1 are n conf9$ to "o or two localities2 b !re are o!r po9ts 9 ,calav]as ,c\nty at :i* gold is kn[n to exi/ 9 consid]able quantity1 & ) simil> mode ( occurr5ce4 ,among ^! ,i may m5tion ,quail ,hill ,no4 #b1 ne> ! ,napoleon ,copp] ,m9e1 two or ?ree miles s\!a/ ( ,quail ,hill ,no4 #a1 & ! 8,plym\? ,rock10 or 8,au/9 & ,ha?away0 claim1 at ,ri* ,gul*1 ne> ! ,calav]as ,riv]4 ,moreov]1 ! geological causes & ! peculi> *emical decomposition ( ! rock1 :i* h be5 involv$ 9 ! =mation ( ! deposits 9 "q1 are by no means conf9$ to ! localities :]e gold is kn[n to occur4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y may be trac$ ) consid]able con/ancy ?r\gh a n>r[ belt ( c\ntry along ! s\?we/ flank ( ! ,goph] ,hills1 & /ret*+ f ! ,calav]as ,riv] s\!a/ = a di/ance ( at lea/ fifte5 miles1 & p]haps f>!r4 ,t[>ds ! nor?we/1 ! same belt crosses ! ,calav]as2 b h[ mu* f>!r x ext5ds 9 ?is direction ,i h no pres5t means ( kn[+4 ,x is n unlikely t a simil> =mation may be f\nd to exi/1 "h & !re at lea/1 9 ! same g5]al l9e ( /rike1 ne>ly p>allel ) ! /ratification ( ! c\ntry1 ?r\gh ,amador & ,el ,dorado ,c\nties to ,plac]1 & p]haps beyond4 ,! possibility ( ?is at lea/ is wor? rememb]+4 ,?r\gh\t ?is belt1 9 ! ,goph] ,range1 surface cuts & %afts1 ( great] or less dep?1 made & sunk 9 prospect+ = copp]1 are ( frequ5t occurr5ce4 ,9 fact1 ?is is ! same belt t has be5 s (t5 m5tion$ z 8! second important copp]-be>+ belt ( ,calav]as ,c\nty10 & locat$ "s six or sev5 miles s\?we/ ( ! ma9 copp] belt ( ,copp]opolis4 ,! 8importance0 ( ?is belt1 on acc\nt ( ! copp] ores :i* x conta9s1 has be5 mo/ grossly exagg]at$4 ,an amus+ illu/ration ( ?is fact is to be se5 9 a 8map ( ! copp] m9es 9 ,calav]as ,c\nty10 publi%$ a few ye>s s9ce1 :i* repres5ts ! :ole region 9 "q z lit]ally cov]$ = miles ) highly color$ 8locations0 or 8copp] claims10 ! :ole ( :i*1 ) few exceptions--& ^! due n to copp] b to gold--h s]v$ no fur!r end ?an t ( r5d]+ _! locators & own]s sadd] & wis] m54 ,at "o locality1 inde$1 viz1 ! 8,napoleon ,m9e10 a body ( copp] ore 0 f\nd :i* 9 _m c\ntries w\ld h be5 remun]ative1 & 0 work$ to a consid]able ext5t2 b ! work+ "h 0 att5d$ only ) loss1 & 0 "s "t s9ce entirely discont9u$4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 9 speak+ ( ! copp] m9es ( ,cali=nia1 t n only h !y _h to cont5d ) ! g5]al ignorance ( copp] m9+1 & especially ( copp] metallurgy :i* has exi/$ ?r\gh\t ! ,/ate1 & ) extremely high prices = labor & transportation2 b also t1 = a ye> or two pa/1 ! l>gely increas$ supply ( ore f ! m9es ( ,*ili 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 & else:]e--toge!r ) ! dim9i%$ dem& & consequ5t l[ price = metallic copp]1 react+ ) increas$ effect ^u ! value ( ! ore--h told ) cru%+ weight ev5 ^u ! be/ m9es4 ,!re are c]ta9ly n m ?an "o or two1 p]haps n ev5 a s+le deposit ( copp] ore 9 ! kn[n _w1 :i* surpasses or equals1 9 magnitude & intr9sic ri*ness comb9$1 t ( ! 8,union0 ,m9e ( ,copp]opolis2 & yet x is said t ev5 ! 8,union0 itself1 :i* is ! only m9e n[ active at ,copp]opolis1 is h>dly m ?an pay+ exp5ses at pres5t rates4 ,s f> !n z my obs]vations ext5d1 !re is simply no?+ :atev] 9 ?is 8second copp] belt0 :i* c = "s "t to come ju/ify ! exp5diture ( money 9 se>*+ = copp] "h2 ?\gh x is n impossible t1 besides ! 8,napoleon0 ,m9e1 o!r deposits ( ore may exi/ )9 ! belt1 :i* at "s future "t1 & "u m favorable circum/ances ( labor1 fuel1 & transportation1 may become ( value = ! copp] :i* !y conta94 ,x has be5 already rem>k$ t ! zone or belt ( surface decomposition 9 :i* ! 8,quail ,hill0 & o!r simil> m9es occur1 may be trac$ ) consid]able con/ancy = at lea/ fifte5 or eighte5 miles1 & t x is n improbable t x is mu* long] ?an ?is4 ,we _c1 h[ev]1 inf] f our pres5t k t ! decompos$ or 8calico0 rock is cont9u\s ?r\gh\t ! belt1 or ev5 = any consid]able portion ( its l5g?4 ,on ! contr>y1 its di/ribution )9 ! belt appe>s caprici\s & local1 i4e41 x seems to occur 9 m or less deta*$ & isolat$ masses1 :i* v>y l>gely 9 =m & size1 & are irregul> & indef9ite 9 outl9e2 s t little m c be pr$icat$ ( _! occurr5ce 9 g5]al1 ?an t !y are mo/ly conf9$ )9 a comp>atively n>r[ belt1 & t _! longe/ dim5sion exhibits a g5]al t5d5cy to approximate p>allelism ) ! axis ( ! belt1 & ! /ratification ( ! inclos+ c\ntry4 ,sometimes1 z = in/ance1 along ! nor!a/]n side ( ! ,quail ,hill =mation1 ?is t5d5cy is s /rongly develop$1 & ! passage f ! decompos$ to ! undecompos$ rock is s rapid1 z to =m = "s little di/ance a tol]ably /raight & well def9$ 8wall0 or l9e ( dem>cation1 p>allel1 or ne>ly s1 ) ! /ratification ( ! c\ntry4 ,b ! *ange or passage f ! decompos$ or 8calico0 rock to ! surr\nd+ undecompos$ c\ntry1 ?\gh sometimes rapid is always gradual1 s f> z ,i h se52 & ?\gh we _c yet speak mu* f und]gr\nd explorations1 ! surface appe>ances ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry w\ld indicate decid$ly t s regul> a l9e ( dem>cation z ?is at ,quail ,hill is ! exception1 & n ! rule4 ,! s\?we/]n limit ( ! decompos$ mass ( ,quail ,hill has be5 f\nd at sev]al po9ts2 b "h ! *ange f ! decompos$ to ! undecompos$ rock is n s rapid2 & ?\gh ! explorations "h1 be+ %all[ & limit$1 are insuffici5t to det]m9e ?is po9t ) c]ta9ty1 x is n probable t any su* regul>ity ( dem>cation exi/s "h z ^u ! opposite side4 ,mo/ ( ! 8calico rock0 ( ?is belt /ill reta9s di/9ctly ! /ructure ( ! undecompos$ rock f :i* x 0 =m$4 ,! cry/all9e hornbl5dic rock is ?us se5 to h be5 l>gely alt]$ by ! decompos+ ag5cy1 & ev5 ! horn/one1 :i* lay 9 its track1 seems to h be5 m or less affect$ by x4 ,! decomposition has be5 purely an oxidation1 accompani$ by su* me*anical & *emical *anges z filt]+ m9]al wat]s might produce4 ,x is probably sup]ficial1 bo? 9 orig9 & "*1 ext5d+ to no great dep?1 al?\gh ! ma9 level at ,quail ,hill is ne>ly "o hundr$ & tw5ty feet b5ea? ! summit ( ! hill1 & ! decomposition ( mo/ ( ! rock at ?is dep?1 s f> z exploration has gone1 is z p]fect z at any high] level4 ,x is c]ta9ly long subsequ5t 9 date to ! metamorphism ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry1 & is unque/ionably l>gely due to ! action ( ! products ( ! oxidation ( metallic sulphurets 7*iefly ^? ( iron & copp]7 :i* 7 orig9ally di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! rock4 ,at ! same "t x is n easy to acc\nt = ! :ole ( x 9 ?is way alone1 s9ce at c]ta9 localities undecompos$ sulphurets are se5 ne> ! surface1 & 9 rock :i* is app>5tly mu* m p]meable to atmosph]ic influ5ces ?an 0 mu* ( t :i* has be5 m deeply decompos$2 & aga91 mu* ( ! decompos$ rock1 ?\gh reta9+ well its orig9al /ructure1 %[s f> too little traces ( sulphurets to readily acc\nt = s g5]al & ?or\gh a decomposition z has tak5 place4 ,x is all inde$ m or less color$ by oxide ( iron1 b mu* ( x is n deeply color$1 & ! undecompos$ hornbl5dic rock itself1 9 ! abs5ce ( all sulphurets1 conta9s suffici5t iron 9 ! /ate ( protoxide to imp>t a /rong color+ :5 ! rock is decompos$ & ! iron passes to ! /ate ( sesquioxide4 ,mu* ( ! iron orig9ally pres5t has und\bt$ly be5 remov$ 9 a soluble =m1 z sulphate1 etc4 ,b 9 rock :i* pres]ves its orig9al /ructure1 z well z mo/ ( ?is does1 pyrites1 if orig9ally pres5t1 w\ld h left traces ( its exi/5ce 9 ! =m ( ca/s or cavities 9 ! decompos$ mass1 :i* might or might n h be5 fill$ ) f]ric oxide or o!r matt]4 ,9 c]ta9 localities ! decompos$ rock is 9 fact fill$ ) su* cavities1 (t5 cubical 9 =m1 atte/+ ! =m] pres5ce ( l>ge quantities ( dissem9at$ sulphurets4 ,b 9 o!r localities !y are few & f> betwe51 & "h accord+ly ! decomposition c h>dly be suppos$ to h be5 due to ! local pres5ce ( sulphurets alone4 ,! exact me?ods by :i* ! g5]al & local decomposition has be5 effect$1 & ^? by :i* ! rock 0 orig9ally impregnat$ ) metallic ores--z well z ! mann] 9 :i* c]ta9 sub/ances1 z b>ytes1 n[ f\nd z sulphate1 & true porphyry1 n[ f\nd z kaol9e or li?om>ge1 h f\nd _! pres5t situation 9 ! belt 9 "q--all ^! w\ld possess bo? int]e/ & importance 9 a high degree1 c\ld !y be m def9itely kn[n4 ,su* que/ions1 h[ev]1 _c be answ]$ ) c]ta9ty1 & _! discussion "h w\ld lead u too f> into ! d\btful realm ( *emical geology4 ,b :atev] may h be5 ! ag5cies at "w1 x is evid5t t !re is no?+ 9 all ?is to rem9d u ( a true ve9 =mation4 ,x appe>s t ! zone 9 "q is nei!r a ve91 nor g5]ally speak+ a sy/em ( ve9s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x possesses emphatically 9 g5]al ! *>act]i/ics ( :at ! ,g]mans /yle an impregnation--an impregnation inde$ :i* exhibits a c]ta9 regul>ity z be+ mo/ly conf9$ )9 a n>r[ zone1 & /ret*+ ?r\gh a consid]able ext5t ( c\ntry1 b :i* )9 ^! limits %[s ! greate/ irregul>ity ( =m1 & mu* v>iety ( "*4 ,ve9s ( qu>tz occur "h & !re )9 ! belt2 b !y are n m frequ5t "h ?an else:]e1 & _! occurr5ce has probably little or no direct connection ) ! peculi> "* ( ! belt itself4 ,!re is v little t des]ves ! "n ( qu>tz at ,quail ,hill1 ?\gh mu* ( ! surface rock is pretty highly silici\s 9 "*4 ,! impregnation ( ! rock ) metallic sulphurets1 p>ticul>ly ) sulphurets conta9+ copp]1 has 9 c]ta9 localities be5 suffici5tly p[]ful & conc5trat$ to assume1 9 great] or less degree1 ! *>act]i/ics ( segregat$ ve9s ( limit$ ext5t4 ,?is has be5 ! case at ! ,napoleon m9e1 & also at ,quail ,hill1 :]e !re is1 or 01 a b& ( oxidiz$ ores ( copp] trav]s+ ! decompos$ rock 9 a direction p>allel ) ! g5]al /ratification4 ,?is b& consi/$ *iefly ( ! gre5 & blue c>bonates ( copp]1 m+l$ ) f]rug9\s & e>?y matt]1 & accompani$ by b>ytes4 ,! la/ nam$ m9]al1 s common a ve9/one 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w1 b hi!rto s r>e 9 ,cali=nia1 occurs "h 9 consid]able quantity4 ,its =m is granul> compact1 sometimes q pure1 b usually contam9at$ & int]m+l$ ) o!r matt]s4 ,cry/alliz$ specim5s ( x h n be5 f\nd "h to my k4 ,x is h>dly probable t ! b>ytes itself conta9s ei!r gold or silv]2 yet x c]ta9ly occurs "h 9 ! mo/ intimate contact ) bo?1 z ,i h se5 respectable p>ticles ( gold 9 place ^u ! imm$iate surface ( compact specim5s ( b>ytes--& a sample ( heavy conc5trat$ b>ytic s& f ! tail+s ( ! mill1 ( suffici5t f95ess to pass ?r\gh a sieve ( "o hundr$ holes to ! l9e> in*1 yield$ to ! assay ov] elev5 doll>s p] ton 9 gold & silv]4 ,! ?ickness ( ! copp] b& v>i$ f "o to ?ree or f\r feet4 ,its outl9es 7 indef9ite1 & its orig9al *>act]i/ics ( =m1 etc41 mu* obscur$ by ! complete decomposition bo? ( itself & ! surr\nd+ rock4 ,x 0 )\t d\bt orig9ally a segregat$ mass ( sulphurets2 & ?\gh x seems n[ to h ne>ly or q run out & disappe>$1 x may be f\nd to come 9 aga9 z su*1 9 dep?1 unalt]$ bel[ ! l9e ( surface decomposition4 ,o!r b&s ( simil> "* may p]haps exi/ 9 ! yet undevelop$ portions ( ! m9e4 ,b ! great mass ( decompos$ mat]ial :i* =ms ,quail ,hill z a :ole1 reta9+ z x does to s great an ext5t ! orig9al /ructure ( ! c\ntry rock f :i* x 0 =m$1 c 9 no prop] s5se be call$ a ve92 al?\gh its ext5t1 :5 consid]$ z a repository ( ! preci\s metals1 is some?+ f> transc5d+ ! size ( ord9>y ve9s4 ,! gold & silv] ( ^! =mations :i* h rec5tly attract$ s mu* att5tion1 & h become ! object ( ext5sive m9+ op]ations at ,quail ,hill1 seem to be di/ribut$ at ! latt] place1 to a great] or less ext5t1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole mass ( ! decompos$ rock4 ,! surface e>? ( ! hill1 also1 ev]y:]e conta9s gold1 :i* may be discov]$ by wa%+ x 9 ! pan2 b ?is ceases to be ! case on ! hillsides z soon z ! limits ( ! decompos$ rock are pass$4 ,"s ( ! gold1 z /at$ by ,pr(4 ,silliman 9 8 communication to ! ,cali=nia ,academy1 already ref]r$ to1 is q co>se2 b mu* ( x is exce$+ly f9e & difficult to save 9 ! mill4 ,x is a noticeable fact 9 ! di/ribution ( ! preci\s metals at ,quail ,hill1 t ! cupre\s ores & ! mat]ial 9 _! vic9ity h hi!rto be5 f\nd to be always ri* 9 gold & silv]1 & to conta9 *iefly1 if n exclusively1 ! co>se/ gold4 ,! di/ribution ( ! gold at ,quail ,hill is n uni=m1 ! m slaty & f]rug9\s portion ( ! decompos$ rock be+ g5]ally ! ri*e/ 9 ore1 :ile ! compact porphyritic kaol9e conta9s b traces ( gold1 if any1 & "s ( ! o!r & m compact rock is comp>atively poor4 ,! orig9al di/ribution ( ! sulphurets "h seems also to h foll[$ approximately ! same law--! kaol9e conta9+ 9 g5]al b little trace ( _! exi/5ce1 :ile ! m slaty rock is (t5 full ( _! cavities4 ,hematite1 z well z ! hydrat$ sesquioxide ( iron1 occurs "h 9 small quantities2 & a curi\s po9t 9 ?is connection is ! fact t1 :ile mu* ( ! be/ ore is v highly *>g$ ) ! hydrat$ sesquioxide1 ! hematite has be5 f\nd hi!rto to conta9 little or no gold4 ,! orig9 ( ! decompos$ porphyry at ,quail ,hill is a po9t ( mu* int]e/1 & x may be a "q :e!r x is n ! remnant ( an intrusive igne\s dyke4 ,! argum5ts 9 favor ( ?is supposition consi/ 9 ! entire dissimil>ity 9 "* & /ructure betwe5 x & ! surr\nd+ mat]ial1 z well z 9 ! r>ity ( porphyry 9 ! region r\nd ab\t4 ,9 fact1 ,i h n[h]e else 9 ?is portion ( ! c\ntry se5 any?+ des]v+ ( ! "n1 :ile ! :ole texture & appe>ance ( ?is mass at ,quail ,hill are precisely su* z w\ld h result$ f ! decomposition 9 place ( a true feldspa?ic porphyry4 ,b h[ev] /rongly ^! facts may seem to argue 9 favor ( an igne\s orig91 x is n easy to reconcile su* a supposition ) its mode ( occurr5ce "h4 ,o!r masses ( simil> "* may exi/ )9 ! hill2 b s f> z exi/+ developm5ts h cut or uncov]$ ! "o ( :i* ,i speak1 ! indications are t x is irregul> 9 outl9e1 q limit$ 9 ext5t1 & ( approximate l5ticul> %ape4 ,moreov]1 9 c]ta9 places1 x seems to pass gradually into ! ea/]n c\ntry rock1 )\t any di/9ct l9e ( dem>cation1 ! *ange 9 ! texture ( ! rock be+ ev5 m gradual ?an ! passage f ! decompos$ to undecompos$ mat]ial4 ,at c]ta9 po9ts1 b a few feet f ! ea/]n 8wall10 ! kaol9e is z p]fectly porphyritic 9 its texture & appe>ance z 9 any portion ( ! mass1 :ile betwe5 ! two is e grade ( passage f ! "o to ! o!r--! c\ntry rock be+ nei!r di/9ctly porphyritic 9 texture1 nor *iefly feldspa?ic 9 composition4 ,i am /rongly incl9$ to ?9k1 !re=e1 9 spite ( its peculi> & di/9ctive "*1 t ?is porphyritic mass is b a local result ( ! metamorphism ( s$im5t>y /rata1 :i*1 9 _m portions ( ?is region1 seems to h be5 z v>i$ 9 "* z x has be5 high 9 degree4 ,! degradation ( su* =mations z ?is at ,quail ,hill1 has und\bt$ly furni%$ "s ( ! plac] gold ( ! region2 b ! evid5ce does n by any means ju/ify u 9 suppos+ t x has furni%$ ! :ole ( x4 ,goph] ,gul*1 :i* runs at ! foot ( ,quail ,hill1 & its bran*es1 = a mile above ?is po9t1 or ne>ly to ! summit ( ! ,goph] ,range1 & hundr$s ( feet above ! level ( ! ,quail ,hill =mation1 7 9 e>ly days ri* 9 plac] gold1 mu* ( :i* 0 v co>se4 ,o!r gul*es 9 ! vic9ity h also furni%$ m or less gold high up t[>ds ! summit ( ! range4 ,moreov]1 ! qu>tz ve9s1 :i* "h & !re occur 9 ! h>d metamorphic rock1 are kn[n1 "s ( !m at lea/1 to conta9 gold1 & su* h probably play$ _! "p 9 ! =mation ( ! plac]s4 ,i h already m5tion$ ! fact ( ! prom95t association ( ! preci\s metals ) ores ( copp] at ! ,quail ,hill m9e2 b ?is fact d]ives /ill fur!r int]e/ f :at foll[s4 ,z f> z my obs]vations h ext5d$ 9 ,calav]as ,c\nty1 & also at ,:isky ,hill1 9 ,plac] ,c\nty1 :]ev] gold & silv] h yet be5 f\nd 9 pay+ quantities 9 ! decompos$ rock =mation1 !re also1 or close at h&1 are f\nd ! oxidiz$ ores ( copp]1 c>bonates & silicates2 & conv]sely1 ,i h n[h]e se5 oxidiz$ ores ( copp] 9 ?is decompos$ rock :i* 7 n1 comp>atively at lea/1 ri* 9 gold & silv]4 ,x is true t suffici5t developm5ts h n yet be5 made to enable u to /ate :e!r ?is is ! g5]al fact or n4 ,x is possible t ! association ( ^! ores may be to a c]ta9 ext5t accid5tal2 b x is n unlikely t x may be o!rwise2--& at all ev5ts ?is is a po9t well wor?y ( att5tion & fur!r inve/igation4 ,z ?is f9i%es my rem>ks ^u ! 8calico rock0 =mation4 ,i w close by simply m5tion+ a po9t relat+ to ! l[] c\ntry ( ,calav]as ,c\nty1 t ,i h n yet se5 publicly notic$ else:]e4 ,! l[1 roll+ hills :i* =m ! ea/]n bord] ( ! ,san ,joaqu9 pla9 betwe5 ! ,/anislaus & ,calav]as ,riv]s1 conta9 ext5sive b$s ( horizontally /ratifi$ mat]ial1 :i* is probably s$im5t>y-volcanic 9 orig94 ,! color ( ^! b$s is usually v>y+ %ades ( gray4 ,!y conta9 no pebbles1 s f> z ,i h se52 !y g5]ally crumble easily1 & resemble 9 appe>ance a friable s&/one4 ,b _! gra9 or grit1 :i* is pretty f9e1 is also q clean & %>p z well z h>d1 & r\gh-poli%es rapidly ! h>de/ /eel :5 rubb$ ^u x4 ,^! b$s are ( consid]able ?ickness1 & cov] _m squ>e miles ( c\ntry4 ,_! /ratification has evid5tly n be5 di/urb$ s9ce !y 7 deposit$1 ?\gh !y h be5 l>gely erod$4 ,! frequ5t flat tops ( ! hills1 & ! level b5*es1 :i* ^! b$s h produc$ along _! sides1 by irregul>ities ( we>1 imp>t a peculi> aspect to ! sc5]y4 ,pr(essor ,silliman read ! foll[+3 ,on ! ,occurr5ce ( ,glaub]ite at ,borax ,lake1 ,cali=nia4 ,,by ,b4 ,,silliman4 ,glaub]ite1 a species n be=e recognis$ z occurr+ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica occurs at ,borax ,lake1 :]e x has lately be5 obta9$ 9 blue clay1 br\ght up f a dep? ( =ty feet by an artesian bor+4 ,no o!r cry/alliz$1 species 0 detect$ 9 ! masses ( clay exam9$4 ,glaub]ite is a sulphate ( lime & soda1 half an atom ( ea* base 9 comb9ation ) an atom ( sulphuric acid4 ,x is usually associat$ ) rock salt1 z at ,villa ,rubia1 9 ,new ,ca/ile1 & also at ,ausee1 9 ,bav>ia1 & 9 ! salt m9es ( ,vic1 9 ,france4 ,9 ! ,atacama des]t 9 ,p]u1 x is associat$ ) a fibr\s borate ( lime call$ ,hages9e4 ,mr4 ,/ret*1 ! ,/ate ,m9]alogi/ ( ,nevada1 9 8 catalogue ( m9]als f\nd 9 t ,/ate1 m5tions borate ( lime 7,hages9e7 z occurr+ 9 globul> masses & 9 lay]s f two to five in*es ?ick1 alt]nat+ ) lay]s ( salt 9 a salt m>% 9 ! ,columbus m9+ ,di/rict1 ,esm]alda ,c\nty4 ,x is q possible t a c>eful scrut9y w\ld detect glaub]ite also 9 ?is association s analag\s to t ( ,atacama4 ,ref]5ce 0 also made to ! occurr5ce ( ! species laghassite detect$ by ,pr(4 ,s4 9 #ahfd1 at ! little ,salt ,lake ne> ,rag ,t[n 9 ,nevada1 z illu/rat+ 9 an int]e/+ mann]1 ! *emi/ry ( ^! bodies ( sal9e wat]4 ,! latt] species is a hydr\s1 c>bonate ( lime & sodium1 :ile glaub]ite is a sulphate ( ! same bases4 ,bo? salts und\bt$ly result f ! reaction ( ! respective elem5ts pre-exi/+ 9 solution 9 ! sal9e wat]s4 ,! cry/als ( glaub]ite f ,borax ,lake occur 9 v ?9 flatt5$ tables1 d]iv$ app>5tly f ! great ext5sion ( ! faces ,o ( ! ,monact9ic prism4 ,mr ,bloom] read ! foll[+3 ,on ! ,sci5tific ,"n ( ! 8,big ,trees40 ,,by ,h4 ,g4 ,,bloom]1 ,,curator ,,( ,,botany4 ,e>ly 9 #ahec1 specim5s ( ! 8,big ,trees0 7 pres5t$ to ?is ,academy2 ,dr4 ,kellogg & o!r botani/s1 memb]s ( ! ,academy1 at once pron\nc$ !m to belong to ! g5us ,taxodium1 to :i* ! common 8,r$wood0 ( ,cali=nia 0 ref]r$ at t "t4 ,endli*]'s "w ^u ! ,conif]1 9 :i* ! g5us ,sequoia 7nam$ aft] an ,indian ,*ief7 0 in/itut$1 _h n at t "t rea*$ u4 ,our ,cali=nia ,r$wood1 ,taxodium semp]vir5s 0 includ$ 9 ! new g5us ( ,endli*]4 ,s !n1 ! true sci5tific position ( ! ,big ,trees 0 fir/ det]m9$ by memb]s ( ! ,cali=nia ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces4 ,at ! "t ( ! pres5tation ( ^! specim5s1 an ,engli% collector ( plants & se$s1 ,mr4 ,william ,lobb1 saw !m1 & hav+ exp]i5ce en\gh to "k t !y belong$ to a species new to ! g>d5]s1 imm$iately />t$ = ! grove & obta9$ cones1 wood & foliage1 :i* he c>ri$ ) him to ,engl& 9 ! fall ( #ahec4 ,dr4 ,l9dley ha/ily describ$ ^! z ,well+tonia gigantea 9 ! ,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle = ,decemb] #ahec4 ,9 ! meantime ,drs4 ,kellogg & ,behr pursu$ _! /udies ( ! great tree1 & at l5g? be+ conv9c$ t !re 0 no g5]ic diff]5ce betwe5 x & ! ,taxodium semp]vir5s 7n[ ,sequoia semp]vir5s7 in/itut$ ! species ,taxodium giganteum1 describ$ 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,cal4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci5ces1 ,may #g?1 #ahee1 ,vol4 ,i1 page #ec4 ,previ\s to ?is1 h[ev]1 ,seemann1 9 ,bonpl&ia1 #c1 p4 #bg1 ,janu>y #ae?1 #ahee1 describ$ x "u ! t]m ( ,sequoia ,well+tonia4 ,mr4 ,seemann gives 8 reasons at l5g? 9 ! ,magaz9e ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 #c;d ,s]ies1 ,vol4 #c1 p4 #afd1 = disc>d+ ! g5us ,well+tonia ( ,l9dley1 & says3 8,dr4 ,torrey 0 und\bt$ly ! fir/ :o det]m9$ ! true sy/ematic position ( ! tree40 ,n[ ?is is an error1 = ,dr4 ,torrey's publication is dat$ 9 ,augu/1 #ahee2 :]eas ,drs4 ,kellogg & ,behr's appe>$ ,may #g?1 #ahee4 ,! pr9cipal ?+ to be det]m9$ 9 ?is matt] n[ is1 z to ! "n & au?or1 = ^! mu/ accompany ea* o!r2 %all x be3 ,sequoia gigantea ,endli*]1 ,may1 #ahdg2 ,well+tonia gigantea ,l9dley1 ,decemb]1 #ahec2 ,sequoia ,well+tonia ,seemann1 ,janu>y #ae?1 #ahee2 ,taxodium giganteum ,kellogg & ,behr1 ,may #g?1 #ahee2 or ,sequoia gigantea ,torrey1 ,augu/1 #ahee8 ,!re are a numb] ( o!r names made use ( & ref]r$ to by ,seemann1 ,murray & o!rs2 b z !y come to u )\t ! lea/ sci5tific au?ority1 !y ought n to be consid]$4 ,dr4 ,l9dley's g5us falls to ! gr\nd almo/ by common cons5t4 ,i w ref] "h to a communication f ,pr(4 ,brew]1 late ( ! geological survey ( ?is ,/ate4 ,be=e he left ,san ,francisco1 he s5t ,dr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,hook] "o ( ! l>ge photographs ( ! 8,grizzly ,giant10 "o ( ! big trees 9 ! ,m>iposa grove2 he _h writt5 to ,pr(4 ,brew]1 ask+ ab\t 8! ,well+tonia1 ,wa%+tonia1 ,i c>e n :at y call x40 ,9 ,pr(4 ,brew]'s answ]1 he told him t he 7! ,pr(47 did c>e :at he call$ x1 & also t x 0 n a new g5us1 b a ,sequoia4 ,dr4 ,hook]1 9 8 answ] to ?is1 says3 8,i he>tily agree ) y 9 all y say ab\t ! big tree2 x has n[ produc$ good fruit 9 our g>d5s1 & is z true a ,sequoia z c be1 & %\ld h no o!r "n40 ,s "h we h high au?ority = disc>d+ ,l9dley's ,well+tonia4 ,yet ?is only settles ! "q z to ! g5]ic t]m2 ,dr4 ,hook]'s op9ion ?us f> has only giv5 u ,sequoia4 ,! next claimant 9 po9t ( priority is ,dr4 ,seemann1 :o rightly ref]s x to ,sequoia1 & adds ! specific t]m ,well+tonia1 giv+ suffici5t reasons = disc>d+ ,endli*]'s specific t]m gigantea1 z t 0 %[n by ,hook] to be f\nd$ ^u ,abies 7,picea7 bracteata4 ,9 rec5t publications ( ,am]ican botani/s1 we f9d ! t]m ,sequoia gigantea ( ,torrey us$ to designate ! species2 to %[ t ?is is n ! true nom5clature1 ,i ne$ b to say t ,dr4 ,torrey nev] describ$ x at all 9 any book or proce$+s4 ,! ref]5ce is to ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce & ,art1 ,vol4 #ah1 p4 #bhf1 ,augu/1 #ahee1 :]e x says3 8,dr4 ,torrey made to ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce a communication 9 ref]5ce to ! ,big ,tree ( ,cali=nia20 also ,vol4 #ag1 p4 #ddc1 b no description4 ,n[ "h is no suffici5t gr\nd = ,dr4 ,torrey's ,sequoia gigantea1 = !re is absolutely no description at all1 b a m]e ref]5ce2 & ?is ref]5ce is publi%$ ?ree mon?s aft] ,drs4 ,kellogg & ,behr h describ$ ! tree z ,taxodium giganteum4 ,i ?9k n[ t ,endli*]'s1 ,l9dley's1 & ,torrey's claims h be5 refut$2 ! controv]sy is n>r[$ d[n z betwe5 ,seemann & ,drs4 ,kellogg & ,behr4 ,by /rict usage1 & )\t ! usual c\rtesy ( sci5tific m51 ! nom5clature ( ! 8,big ,tree0 %\ld be ,sequoia ,well+tonia ( ,seemann4 ,b if c\rtesy is to be %[n at all1 x %\ld be to ^? /ud5ts :o are entitl$ to x2 t ,drs4 ,kellogg & ,behr are ju/ly entitl$ to ?is honor1 ,i _c = "o mom5t d\bt4 ,specim5s ( ?is gigantic tree 7 9 _! possession _m mon?s be=e any o!r botani/ _h direct$ 8 att5tion to ! subject2 /udy+ inde$ "u e disadvantage1 = our botanical lit]ature at t "t 0 v meagre1 n ev5 ,endli*]'s "w on ! ,conif]1 9 :i* 0 to be f\nd ! !n newly in/itut$ ,sequoia1 to :i* 0 ref]r$ our common ,taxodium semp]vir5s ( ,lamb]t1 be+ available4 ,_h !y access to ?is "w !y w\ld h giv5 u ,sequoia gigantea2 m>k1 t ?is 0 ?ree mon?s be=e ,torrey's ref]5ce4 ,!y !re=e are 9 tru? & reality1 if n te*nically1 ! fir/ sci5tific discov]]s ( ! true position ( ! great tree4 ,! t]ms !y us$ 7 ,taxodium giganteum1 mean+ by ?is t x 0 a cong5] ) ,taxodium semp]vir5s1 :i* x 04 ,if ,seemann's te*nical claims are set aside1 !n by c\rtesy ,sequoia gigantea ,kellogg & ,behr1 ought to be writt5 z ! true "n ( ! 8,big ,tree40 ,= ! advancem5t ( sci5ce1 we hope ! f9al clos+ ( ?is & o!r que/ions p]ta9+ to ! ,conif] ( ?is coa/ w be left to ! able monograph] ( ?is ord]1 ,dr4 ,george ,engelmann1 ( ,/4 ,l\is1 :o is n[ 9 ,europe1 hav+ ! notes & obs]vations ( rec5t botani/s1 & :o w !re h access to all ! lit]ature & mat]ial necess>y to e/abli% sci5tific accuracy & unity 9 ?is important family ( plants4 ,,index ,,( ,,au?ors4--#ahfc-ahfh4 ,,ayres1 ,,dr4 ,w4 ,o4--,rem>ks on ,notorhyn*us1 etc41 #ae ,on ! ,sacr$ ,turtle ( ,japan1 #af ,,behr1 ,,dr4 ,h4--,on ,cali=nian ,lepidopt]a1 #hd1 #abc1 #afc1 #agh1 #bgi1 #bif ,,blake1 ,,dr4 ,j4--,infusoria f ! mov+ s&s ne> ,san ,francisco1 #ce ,on ! ,gradual ,elevation ( ! ,l& 9 ! vic9ity ( ,san ,francisco1 #de ,on ,ftus ( ,embiotocoid ,fi%es1 #cad1 #cga ,,blake1 ,,pr(4 ,w4 ,p4--,gold f ,am]ican ,riv]1 #aff ,fossils f ,m>e ,isl&1 #aff ,fossils f ,oregon ,b>1 #afg ,fossils f ,m>iposa1 #agj ,oil ,regions ( ,tul>e ,valley1 #aic ,sph5e 9 ! ,si]ra ,nevada1 #aic ,iron ,ore 9 ,nor!rn ,arizona1 #bjf ,gum ( ,sequoia gigantea1 #bcd ,ammonites 9 ,m>iposa ,c\nty1 #bce ,miscellane\s ,notices1 #bhi ,m9]alogical ,notices1 #big ,fossil ,fi% f ,nevada1 #cjf ,fossil ,saurians ( ,cali=nia1 #cjg1 #cfa ,fossil ,elephants ,tee?1 #cbe ,subm]g$ ,=e/s ( ,oregon1 #cci ,br[n ,coal ( ,oregon1 #cdg ,analysis ( ,mt4 ,diablo ,coal1 #cdh ,,bloom]1 ,h4 ,g4--,on ! sci5tific names ( ! ,big ,trees1 #cii ,,bol&]1 ,,pr(4 ,h4 ,n4--,description ( a new species ( ,melica1 #d ,%rubs & ,trees gr[+ ne> ,san ,francisco1 #gh1 #bif ,grasses ( ,arizona1 #bje ,rem>ks on ,cali=nian ,trees1 #bbe1 #cgg ,botanical ,collections ( ,pr(4 ,a4 ,wood1 9 #ahff1 #cbi ,,brew]1 ,,pr(4 ,w4 ,h4--,plants gr[+ 9 ,hot ,spr+s ( ,cali=nia1 #aba ,explorations 9 ,si]ra ,nevada1 #agj ,fossils ( ! ,aurif]\s ,slates1 #aih ,,bru%1 ,,pr(4 ,g4 ,j4--,analysis ( ,meteoric ,iron f ,arizona1 #cj ,,canfield1 ,,dr4 ,c4 ,a4--,notes on ,antilocapra ,am]icana1 #bch ,,c>leton1 ,,g54 ,j4 ,h4--,on ,meteoric ,iron f ,arizona1 #cc ,,c>p5t]1 ,,dr4 ,p4 ,p4--,new ,m>9e ,%ells ( ,cali=nia1 #aee1 #age1 #bjg ,,clayton1 ,j4 ,e4--,fossils f ,nevada1 #aga ,,coop]1 ,,dr4 ,j4 ,g4--,on ,new or ,r>e ,mollusca inhabit+ ,cali=nia1 #ef ,on a ,new ,g5us ( ,t]re/rial ,mollusca inhabit+ ,cali=nia1 #fb ,on ,new ,g5]a & ,species ( ,cali=nian ,fi%es1 #gj1 #ic1 #ajh ,a ,new ,cali=nian ,helix1 etc41 #bei ,a ,new ,species ( ,p$ipes1 #bid ,we/ ,coa/ ,helicoid ,l& ,%ells1 #cca ,,cr(t1 ,c4 ,j4--,! ,grasses ( ,arizona1 #bje ,,dall1 ,w4 ,h4--,memorial ( ,t4 ,bridges1 #bcf ,notes on ,octopus punctatus1 #bdc ,notes on ,%ells ( ,santa ,cruz1 etc41 #beh ,new ,subfamily ( ,mollusca1 #bfd ,on ,%ells ( ,mont]ey1 #bga ,on ,errors 9 ,geography ( ,cali=nia1 #bgc ,lett] f ,alaska1 #cfg ,,dana1 ,,pr(4 ,j4 ,d4--,on ,cry/allization ( ,bru%ite1 #agd ,,gabb1 ,w4 ,m4--,a ,new ,species ( ,virgul>ia f ! ,coa/ ( ,cali=nia1 #abj ,cretace\s ,fossils f ,sonora1 ,mexico1 #aec ,fossils f ,m>iposa1 #agb ,fossils f ,san ,luis ,obispo1 #agc ,new ,m>9e ,%ells f ,coa/ ( ,cali=nia1 #ahb ,cretace\s ,=mation ( ,cali=nia1 #cja ,geology ( ,p]u1 #cei ,,g>rett1 ,,&rew4--,descriptions ( ,new ,species ( ,fi%es1 #fc1 #ajc ,,gibbons1 ,,dr4 ,h4--,on ,ra9s at ,san ,francisco1 #bfa ,,goodye>1 ,w4 ,a4--,on ,salt ,spr+ ,valley1 ,calav]as ,c\nty1 #chg ,,gray1 ,,pr(4 ,,asa4--,descriptions ( new ,cali=nian ,plants1 #aja ,,h(fman1 ,c4 ,f4--,on ,het*-,het*y ,valley1 #cfh ,,jackson1 ,,dr4 ,c4 ,t4--,! ,big ,trees ( ,calav]as ,c\nty1 #bjd ,,kellogg1 ,a41 ,m4,d4--,description ( two ,new ,species ( ,plants f ,nevada1 #i ,on two ,new ,species ( ,collomia f ,nevada ,t]ritory1 #ag ,a ,new ,g5us & ,species ( ,plant f ,nev4 ,t]ritory1 7,pt]o/ephanus71 #bj ,descriptions ( two ,new ,plants1 7,conyza1 ,coll9sia471 #cf ,a ,new ,species ( ,hosackia1 #ch ,a ,new ,species ( ,m5tzelia1 #dj ,description ( ?ree ,new ,plants1 #db ,a ,new ,species ( ,allium1 #ed ,a ,new ,species ( ,als9e1 #fa ,?aspium cordatum & ,epilobium obcordatum1 #cad ,,moore1 ,g4 ,e4--,on ,bru%ite1 #afg ,,newcomb1 ,,dr4 ,w4--,new ,species ( ,helix inhabit+ ,cali=nia1 #aae ,a ,new ,species ( ,p$icul>ia1 #aba ,new ,species ( ,l& ,%ells1 #agi ,,pease1 ,w4 ,h4--,on an ,atoll ne> ! coa/ ( ,mexico1 #bjj ,,preiss1 ,,maj4 ,e4--,on ,euphorbia pro/rata z a rem$y = ,snake-,bites1 #aie ,,raimondi1 ,,don ,a4--,on ,geology ( ,p]u1 #cei ,r,,mond1 ,a4--,description ( two ,new ,species ( ,bivalve ,%ells f ! ,t]ti>ies ( ,contra ,co/a ,c\nty1 #ac ,description ( two ,species ( ,scutella1 #ac ,f\r ,new ,species ( fossil ,e*9od]mata1 #eb ,geological ,explorations 9 ,mexico1 #bdd ,,ri*?(51 ,,b>on ,f4--,on ,natural ,sy/em ( ,volcanic ,rocks1 #cef ,,r[ell1 ,,rev4 ,j4--,description ( ,gundla*ia ,cali=nica1 #ba ,on ,pisidium angelicum1 #cec ,,scudd]1 ,s4 ,h4--,lett] conc]n+ ,cali=nian ,butt]flies1 #dg ,,%>key1 ,,dr4 ,j4 ,m4--,on fibr\s ,plants ( ,nic>agua1 #dja ,,silliman1 ,,pr(4 ,b4--,gold & ,silv] ( ,:isky & ,quail ,hills1 #cdi ,localities ( ,diamonds 9 ,cali=nia1 #ced ,localities ( ,tellurids 9 ,cali=nia1 #cgh ,glaub]ite at ,borax ,lake1 #cii ,,/e>ns1 ,r4 ,e4 ,c4--,%ells ( ,baul9es ,bay1 #bge ,%ells ( ,santa ,b>b>a & ,san ,diego1 #bhc ,obitu>y ( ,r4 ,k5nicott1 #bih ,vitality ( a ,snail1 #cbh ,on ,or?agoriscus analis1 #cda ,on ,helix ,ayresiana1 #cda ,%ells ( ,santa ,b>b>a1 etc41 #cdc ,%ells ( ,purissima1 & ,lobitas1 #cde ,on ,exhibition ( ,p>helia1 #cec ,%ells ( ,bodega ,bay1 #chb ,%ells ( ,alaska1 #chd ,,trask1 ,,dr4 ,j4 ,b4--,e>?quakes 9 ,cali=nia dur+ #ahfc1 #ahfd1 #abg ,e>?quakes 9 ,cali=nia f #ahjj to #ahfd1 #aca ,e>?quakes 9 ,cali=nia dur+ #ahfd1 #aij ,e>?quakes 9 ,cali=nia dur+ #ahfe1 #bci ,,:itney1 ,,pr(4 ,j4 ,d4--,on ! inaccuracy ( ! ,eigh? ,c5sus1 s f> z x relates to ! ,metallic & ,m9]al ,/ati/ics ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #f ,rem>ks on ,japanese ,m9]als & ,fossils1 #ae ,on ! ,progress ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,cali=nia1 #bc ,analysis ( ,meteoric ,iron1 7,bru%71 #cj1 #cd ,on ,meteoric ,iron f ,arizona1 #dh1 #bdj ,on ,meteorites ( ,pacific ,coa/1 #bdj ,on ,rmond's ,explorations 9 ,nor!rn ,mexico1 #bdc ,on ,geology ( ,nevada1 #bff ,on ,abs5ce ( ,drift 9 ,cali=nia1 #bga ,human ,skull f ,calav]as ,c\nty1 #bgg ,tung/ate ( ,lime & ,copp]1 #bhg ,silurian ,s]ies ( ,nevada1 #cjg ,t]ti>y ,fossils ( ,nevada1 #cji ,triassic ,fossils ( ,*ili1 #caa ,liassic ,fossils ( ,*ili1 #caa ,t]ti>y ,fossils ( ,*ili1 #caa ,cretace\s ,fossils ( ,*ili1 #caa ,infusorial ,deposits1 #cai ,! ,highe/ ,m\nta9 ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 #cbe ,on ,coal ( ,webb] ,caon1 #cda ,on ,salt f ,muddy ,riv]1 #cda ,on ,ores f ,com/ock ,lode1 #cdb ,on ,geological ,position ( ,coal1 #cef ,on ,fossil ,too? f ,d\glas ,flat1 #cef ,on ,oreodon ,jaw1 #cfc ,on ,visit to ,oregon1 etc41 #cfc ,on ,ores f ,nevada & ,mexico1 #cgb ,on ,m9]als ( ,pacific ,coa/1 #cgb1 #cgd ,on 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