,,proceedings ,,of ,,the ,,california ,,academy ,,of ,,natural ,,sciences4 ,,volume ,,iii4 #ahfc-ahfg4 ,,san ,,francisco3 ,,published ,,by ,,the ,,academy4 #ahfh4 ,the date of publication of each sheet will be found at the bottom of pages4 ,the sheets of this volume have been circulated separately1 and also in annual parts1 as follows3 ,part ,i1 p4 #a-if1 for #ahfc1 printed in ,april to ,december1 #ahfc4 0 ,,ii1 p4 #ig-agf1 for #ahfd1 0 ,january to ,december1 #ahfd4 0 ,,iii1 p4 #agg-bgb1 for #ahfe-f1 0 ,january1 #ahfe1 to ,august1 #ahff4 0 ,,iv1 p4 #bgc-cfj1 for #ahff-g1 0 ,january to ,september1 #ahfg4 0 ,v1 p4 #cfa-dja1 for #ahfg1 0 ,may1 #ahfh4 ,a few copies of ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bcf1 remain for sale by the ,corresponding ,secretary4 ,volume ,i is out of print1 but the ,academy intends to reprint it when a sufficient number of copies have been ordered to refund the cost4 ,the following ,memoirs were also published by the ,academy1 in quarto1 in #ahfg4 ,no4 ,i4 ,catalogue of ,pacific ,coast ,mosses1 pp4 #ch1 ,by ,,leo ,,lesquereux4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,natural ,system of ,volcanic ,rocks1 pp4 #ie1 ,by ,f4 ,,baron ,,richthofen1 ,dr4 ,phil4 ,,rooms ,,of ,,the ,,academy1 #fbb ,,clay ,,street1 ,san ,francisco1 ,june1 #ahfh4 ,the ,academy1 desirous of increasing its numbers1 and thus adding to its means of scientific research and diffusion of knowledge1 has this year altered its title to that of 8,,california ,,academy ,,of ,,sciences10 and invites all interested in the increase and spread of any branch of knowledge to join in its work4 ,all gentlemen residing within one hundred and fifty miles of ,san ,francisco are1 by the new ,constitution1 eligible to resident membership1 with all the privileges of those in the city1 including free copies of the proceedings published after their election4 ,a copy of the new ,constitution1 ,annual ,address of the late ,president1 ,prof4 ,j4 ,d4 ,whitney1 and list of members at the commencement of #ahfh1 may be obtained free by addressing the ,corresponding ,secretary4 ,meetings are now held on the first and third ,mondays of each month1 at the rooms of the ,academy1 where lectures are given1 papers read and discussions held on scientific subjects4 ,all desiring to become members may be introduced at the meetings on application to the officers and members4 ,rooms open daily1 from #ab to #a o'clock1 and the ,librarian or other members are usually present4 ,,officers3 ,president1 ,,james ,,blake1 ,m4,d41 ,f4 ,r4 ,c4 ,s41 #bjf ,bush ,street4 ,vice ,president1 ,,james ,g4 ,,cooper1 ,m4,d41 #feb ,howard ,street4 ,secretary1 ,,theodore ,,bradley1 ,principal ,boys' ,high ,school4 ,corresponding ,secretary1 ,,henry ,n4 ,,bolander1 ,principal ,cosmopolitan ,school4 ,treasurer1 ,,edward ,,bosqui1 ,publisher1 #eag ,clay ,street4 ,librarian1 ,a4 ,,kellogg1 ,m4,d41 #fbb ,clay ,st41 ,academy's ,rooms4 ,director of the ,museum1 ,h4 ,,bloomer1 cor4 ,montgomery and ,jackson ,streets4 ,,curators4 ,general ,zoology1 ,e4,f4 ,,lorquin1 #ebb ,pine ,street4 ,conchology1 ,w4 ,g4 ,w4 ,,harford1 #fbb ,clay ,street4 ,radiata1 ,j4 ,b4 ,,trask1 ,m4,d41 #bjf ,kearny ,street4 ,entomology1 ,r4 ,h4 ,,stretch1 ,room #ej1 ,montgomery ,block4 ,geology1 ,w4 ,a4 ,,goodyear1 #fae ,stockton ,street4 ,,proceedings ,,of ,,the ,,california ,,academy ,,of ,,natural ,,sciences4 ,,annual ,,meeting1 ,,january #e,,th1 #ahfc4 ,president in the ,chair4 ,twelve members present4 ,ferdinand1 ,freiherr von ,richthofen1 was elected ,corresponding ,member4 ,the committee on the meteoric iron1 presented to the city by ,general ,carleton1 reported that permission had been obtained by ,professor ,whitney to saw a piece from it for analysis1 and for distribution to some of the most important collections in this country and in ,europe4 ,a piece will be forwarded to ,professor ,brush1 of ,yale ,college1 for analysis1 and a description of the mass published in the ,proceedings of the ,academy1 as soon as the returns of the analysis have been received4 ,the ,annual ,reports of the officers of the ,society for the past year 7#ahfb7 were received1 and the following is an abstract of their contents3 ,the ,report of the ,treasurer was read1 and referred to the ,finance ,committee4 ,the ,curator of ,palontology reported1 that the number of specimens in the collection is #a1jjg1 exclusive of numerous duplicates4 ,they are principally from the cretaceous and tertiary formations of the ,pacific coast4 ,the collection has been rearranged in the course of the past year1 and is now in as good condition as the accommodations of the ,society will admit4 ,the ,curator of ,botany reported1 that #b1afj specimens were added to the collection during the year #ahfb1 making a total of #f1afj specimens in the ,academy's herbarium4 ,about twenty new specimens have been described in the ,proceedings during the past year1 and specimens and drawings of all of them have been placed in the collection4 ,the herbarium is in good condition4 ,the ,curator of ,entomology made a verbal report1 to the effect that the collections in his department1 although small1 are in good order2 but that few additions had been made during the year4 ,in the ,zoological department1 the ,curator stated1 that a few valuable additions had been made to the collection during the year #ahfb2 but that much difficulty was experienced in arranging them1 from the limited space and means of the ,academy4 ,the alcoholic specimens have not been rearranged during the year2 some are in bad condition4 ,all has been done which could be1 towards preserving the specimens in this department1 with the means at the command of the ,curator4 ,in the absence of the ,curator of ,conchology 7,dr4 ,trask7 it was stated1 that the collection of shells had been arranged1 and labeled1 and placed in cases during the year2 the accommodations of the ,academy1 however1 do not admit of their being displayed4 ,the ,curator of ,mineralogy 7,mr4 ,hanks7 has removed from the city since the last annual meeting2 but previous to removing1 he had made considerable progress in rearranging and labeling the collection of minerals and ores1 and it is now in better order than it has ever before been4 ,the ,librarian reported that valuable additions had been made to the ,library during the past year2 chiefly through the instrumentality of the ,smithsonian ,institution4 ,the books are in good order2 but many of them need binding1 and the want of room renders it impossible to place them where they can be easily got at by the members4 ,the committee on nominations reported the following list of officers for the year #ahfc1 which was duly elected3 ,,president4 ,,col4 ,l4 ,,ransom4 ,,vice ,,presidents4 ,j4 ,n4 ,,eckel1 ,m4,d41 ,j4 ,b4 ,,trask1 ,m4,d4 ,,corresponding ,,secretary4 ,w4 ,o4 ,,ayres1 ,m4,d4 ,,recording ,,secretary4 ,prof4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,brewer4 ,,librarian4 ,prof4 ,j4 ,d4 ,,whitney4 ,,treasurer4 ,,william ,,heffley4 ,,curators4 ,g4 ,f4 ,,moore ,of ,mineralogy4 ,w4 ,m4 ,,gabb ,palontology4 ,a4 ,,kellogg1 ,m4,d4 ,botany4 ,j4 ,g4 ,,cooper1 ,m4,d4 ,zoology4 ,j4 ,b4 ,,trask1 ,m4,d4 ,conchology4 ,h4 ,,behr1 ,m4,d4 ,entomology4 ,donations to the ,cabinet were received as follows3 ,by ,dr4 ,cooper--,specimens of ,purpura septentrionalis1 from ,san ,francisco1 and others from ,oakland1 of larger size--the latter not being natives of this ,bay1 but brought from ,shoalwater ,bay1 ,w4 ,t41 in cargoes of oysters4 ,by ,mr4 ,bloomer--,a collection of specimens of wood4 ,dr4 ,cooper exhibited a specimen of coral1 of the genus ,porites1 probably an undescribed species4 ,this mass of coral was drawn up by a fisherman1 from a depth of four fathoms1 at the ,farallones1 and deposited in the office of the ,geological ,survey by ,mr4 ,lawson1 of the ,coast ,survey4 ,the same species had been previously obtained by ,dr4 ,cooper in the ,bay of ,monterey1 but it had never been found so far north before4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,january #ai,,th1 #ahfc4 ,vice ,president1 ,dr4 ,trask1 in the ,chair4 ,present1 eleven members4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,w4 ,hays1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 and ,mr4 ,william ,ashburner were elected ,resident ,members4 ,donations to the ,cabinet were received as follows3 ,a miscellaneous collection of plants1 consisting of from two hundred to three hundred species1 from the ,pacific slope1 by ,h4 ,g4 ,bloomer2 specimens of a ,yucca1 and of ,larrea ,mexicana1 from ,kern river1 by ,j4 ,e4 ,clayton4 ,mr4 ,bolander presented the following paper3 ,description of a ,new ,species of ,melica4 ,,by ,h4 ,n4 ,,bolander4 ,,melica ,l4 ,m4 stricta ,bolander4 ,spikelets very large1 secund1 horizontal1 four to six-flowered2 flowers stipitate1 upper ones imperfect and abortive1 slightly tinged with purple4 ,glumes equal1 oblong1 membranaceous1 five-nerved2 nerves evanescent at about three-quarters the length of the glumes2 scarious margined and pointed1 nearly the length 7one-half inch7 of the flowers4 ,pale very unequal1 chartaceous2 lower oblong1 seven-nerved1 all except the middle one evanescent at about two-thirds the length of the palea2 scabrous1 largely scarious margined and pointed2 upper palea spathulate1 bicarinate1 ciliate1 one-third shorter than the lower4 ,ovary obovate1 contracted near the truncated apex1 sessile1 smooth2 styles terminal1 divergent2 stigmas plumose2 pilis fasciculate1 minutely serrate2 squammul very small1 connate1 entire2 stamens three2 caryopsis8 ,root perennial2 culms upright1 terate1 striate1 one and one-half feet high1 very brittle2 sheaths striate1 scabrous2 ligula exserted1 lacerated2 leaves narrow1 one-sixteenth to two-sixteenths of an inch wide1 acuminate1 outside and margins scabrous1 7four to seven inches long7 striately nerved1 upright1 nearly appressed4 ,raceme upright1 rather simple2 branchlets smooth1 appressed1 few-flowered2 pedicels pubescent at the angle4 ,collected by ,mr4 ,george ,w4 ,dunn1 at ,silver ,city1 ,nevada ,territory4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,february #b;,d1 #ahfc4 ,president in the ,chair4 ,present1 fourteen members4 ,prof4 ,p4 ,p4 ,carpenter1 of ,manchester1 ,england1 was elected a ,corresponding ,member4 ,donations to the ,cabinet were received as follows3 ,three jars of reptiles and fishes1 collected by ,mr4 ,j4 ,xantus1 in ,lower ,california1 and mostly near ,cape ,st4 ,lucas1 were presented by ,mr4 ,samuel ,hubbard4 ,donations to the ,library3 ,volumes #a-bg of the ,edinburgh ,philosophical ,journal1 by ,h4 ,g4 ,bloomer4 ,proceedings of the ,philadelphia ,academy of ,natural ,sciences1 for ,october1 ,november1 and ,december1 #ahfb1 from the ,society4 ,descriptions of shells collected in the ,rocky ,mountains in #ahfj by ,dr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,cooper1 by ,t4 ,bland and ,j4 ,g4 ,cooper4 ,the ,publishing ,committee laid volume two of the ,proceedings of the ,academy1 for the years #aheh-fb1 upon the table3 it was ordered by the ,academy that one hundred copies be sold to the members at one dollar per copy1 and that fifty copies be presented to the ,smithsonian ,institution for foreign distribution4 ,professor ,whitney read the following communication3 ,on the ,inaccuracy of the ,eighth ,census1 so far as it ,relates to the ,metallic and ,mineral ,statistics of the ,united ,states4 ,,by ,j4 ,d4 ,,whitney4 ,it has1 for a long time1 been a subject of regret1 that our ,united ,states ,census returns are so imperfect2 and that1 in all that relates to mining and metallurgy1 they are especially and extraordinarily unreliable4 ,mr4 ,kennedy's 8,preliminary ,report on the ,eighth ,census10 7#ahfj71 recently issued1 is at hand1 and some remarks may here be made in reference to what appears in it1 which is connected with our mineral interests4 ,it will soon appear1 from an examination of this public document1 that the same unfortunate ignorance in regard to one of the most important of the sources of our national wealth1 which has characterized previous ,census ,reports1 still prevails among our officials at ,washington2 and that all which ,mr4 ,kennedy's ,report contains must be taken with many grains of allowance4 ,it is certainly the duty of those who are better posted to give notice of these deficiencies1 and to call public attention to them again and again1 in the hope that something may be done1 hereafter1 to make this department of the ,government less ridiculous in the eyes of those who are acquainted with such matters1 and less liable to mislead those who look on a ,census ,report as something to be blindly quoted1 and relied on as a document which must necessarily be correct4 ,the only metals in regard to which anything is stated in ,mr4 ,kennedy's report are iron1 nickel1 lead1 zinc1 and copper2 thus omitting gold1 silver1 and quicksilver1 of each of which we are large producers4 ,of the mineral productions1 coal is the only one noticed4 ,the first metal mentioned in the text accompanying the tables compiled from the ,census returns is iron1 and the quantity of pig iron produced in #ahfj is given at #hhd1dgd tuns1 valued at #ai1dhg1gij1 and this is stated to be an increase in the value returned by the ,census of #ahej1 of #ddd per cent4 ,here the question arises1 how far are these figures to be relied on as accurate8 ,this can only be decided by comparison with returns known to be approximately accurate1 and of these we have none later than the year #ahef1 in which year the make of pig iron was ascertained1 by the ,iron-,makers' ,association1 to be #hab1iag tuns4 ,either the ,census returns of #ahfj are too low1 as they were in #ahej1 or else the increase in this branch of our industry has been very slight since #ahdi1 when the make of iron was ascertained by the ,pennsylvania ,iron-,masters to be #hjj1jjj tuns4 ,on the other hand1 assuming the ,census returns of #ahfj to be correct1 there is no ground for making the statement1 as is done by ,mr4 ,kennedy1 that there has been an increase of #ddd per cent4 in the value of the iron produced in #ahfj over that of #ahej2 it is evident that the increase has been very slight1 since #ahdf or #ahdg even1 in which years the make of this metal1 on reliable authority1 reached nearly #hjj1jjj tuns4 ,but what shall we say of ,mr4 ,kennedy's method of arriving at the production of iron1 as related to the amount of population in the ,united ,states1 or the number of pounds produced per head8 ,to obtain this1 he adds together the amount of pig iron and the amount of bar and other wrought iron produced1 and thus obtains a result of #ib pounds of iron produced for each inhabitant of the ,united ,states2 which1 as he says1 8speaks volumes for the progress of the nation in all its industrial and material interests40 ,it speaks a volume or two for his own ignorance of the elements of metallurgy2 since1 as everybody1 except the ,superintendent of the ,united ,states ,census1 knows1 the bar and rolled iron is nearly all converted from the pig1 and only a small proportion made direct from the ore2 so that his method of computation is as near correct as it would be1 for instance1 to estimate the amount of beef consumed per head in ,san ,francisco1 by adding the weight of all the cattle slaughtered in the city to that of the beef produced by said slaughtering4 ,as1 in #ahef1 only #bh1dcc tuns of bar iron were made directly from the ore1 to #hab1iag of pig produced2 so1 allowing that #bh1jjj tuns were made direct in #ahfj1 the amount1 per head1 of all the iron made in that year would be #fe pounds1 instead of #ib1 as ,mr4 ,kennedy calculates4#a ,taking the population of the ,united ,states at #bc1jjj1jjj1 in #ahej1 and the make of iron at #hjj1jjj tuns1 as given by the returns of the ,commission of the ,iron-,masters of ,pennsylvania1 the amount produced1 per head1 in that year1 would be #gh pounds2 so that all ,mr4 ,kennedy's glorification goes for naught1 unless we admit that his returns for #ahfj are wrong4 ,in regard to the statistics of the other metals mentioned in the ,census ,report1 it may be said1 with truth1 that they are very defective4 ,no mention is made of gold1 silver1 or mercury1 the value of the first-named of which produced in this country is nearly double that of all the other metals4 ,under zinc1 there is no mention made of ,new ,jersey1 the great zinc-producing ,state4 ,the yield of lead in the ,mississippi ,valley is put down at considerably less than its real amount4 ,but the most important remark to be made1 in this connection1 is in reference to the mode of reporting the results adopted by ,mr4 ,kennedy4 ,instead of giving the amount of metal produced1 the number of tuns of ore is stated1 and no clue given to the yield of the ore4 ,this is something as an assessor's report would be1 which should give the valuation of the individuals he might be called on to appraise1 in pieces of money1 leaving it uncertain whether five cent or twenty dollar pieces were intended4 ,the table given by ,mr4 ,kennedy does not state what amounts of each metal are produced2 and1 if we attempt to arrive at them by examining the columns of values1 it is found to be impossible to decide whether these values are those of the ore as mined before being smelted1 or of the metals produced from them4 ,in short1 the whole matter is left in such obscurity1 that it is much to be wished that the table could be expunged from the ,report1 as it can only serve to mislead and confuse those who resort to ,government documents for information in regard to our metallic and mineral productions4 #a ,in point of fact1 the amount of bar iron made in the bloomery furnaces direct from the ore is growing less every year1 and must be now reduced to a very small figure4 ,dr4 ,cooper remarked that1 since the publication of his paper on ,californian ,mollusca1 read before the ,academy ,november #c;d1 #ahfb1 7see ,proceedings1 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bjb7 he finds the generic name ,,strategus preoccupied1 and he now proposes1 in its place1 the name ,,navarchus4 ,professor ,whitney exhibited a magnificent specimen of auriferous quartz1 in which the gold was associated with ,mispickel1 7,arsenical ,pyrites47 ,the weight of the mass was about five pounds1 and the value of the gold estimated at #a1ejj4 ,it was obtained from the celebrated 8,fellows ,lode10 on the ,middle ,yuba1 in ,sierra ,county4 ,it is stated1 on what is believed to be reliable authority1 that from #bjj1jjj to #bej1jjj has been taken from an excavation on the lode only ten feet long and four feet wide1 by crushing in hand-mortars4 ,the occurrence of gold in connection with mispickel1 in the ,california mines1 seems to be rare1 at least in the southern counties4 ,in the specimen presented1 the gold formed a coherent1 sponge-like mass1 when the mispickel was dissolved4 ,baron ,richthofen remarked1 that gold occurs associated with mispickel in ,silesia4 ,mr4 ,r4 ,l4 ,harris made some remarks on the comparative friction of car-wheels1 on an iron track1 when rolling and sliding1 as shown by experiments made on the street-railroad in ,washington street4 ,here the greatest grade is five hundred and twenty-eight feet per mile1 or one in ten1 and it is found that1 on a wet day1 if the wheels are stopped by the brakes1 they will slide on the track2 while1 if the brakes are not put down so hard but that the wheels can revolve1 the car is entirely under control4 ,this is not the popular opinion1 and the authorities generally state1 that the sliding friction is the greatest2 but experience shows1 that the friction is really greatest when the sliding and rolling motions are combined4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,february #af,,th1 #ahfc4 ,president in the ,chair4 ,fourteen members present4 ,donations to the ,cabinet were received as follows3 ,from ,j4 ,e4 ,clayton1 ,esq41 a set of ores from the ,russ ,district1 ,california4 ,donations to the ,library3 ,proceedings of the ,zoological ,society of ,london for the year #aheg3 from ,dr4 ,cooper4 ,astronomical and ,meteorological ,observations1 made at the ,u4 ,s4 ,naval ,observatory during the year #ahfa3 from the ,u4 ,s4 ,naval ,observatory4 ,dr4 ,kellogg read the following paper3 ,description of two ,new ,species of ,plants from ,nevada ,territory4 ,,by ,a4 ,,kellogg1 ,m4,d4 ,,aplopappus ,cass4 ,a4 ,nevadensis ,kellogg4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,suffrutescent1 caudex branching1 branches three to four inches in height1 somewhat ascending2 rigid1 striate1 scabrous throughout4 ,heads solitary and terminal1 homochromous and many-flowered4 ,leaves alternate1 crowded near the base1 oblanceolate1 very acute1 quite entire1 three-nerved2 the reticulate veins and nerves prominent1 sub-petiolate 7half to one inch in length1 by about one-fourth in breadth72 the lowermost leaves more distinctly petiolate1 spatulate1 obtuse1 or sub-acute2 upper cauline leaves few or solitary1 lanceolate1 very acute or acuminate1 three-nerved4 ,involucre campanulate1 the greenish somewhat foliaceous scales rigid1 many-nerved1 7chiefly three to five7 margins scarious1 cleft-ciliate1 or somewhat fimbriate1 oblanceolate1 acute1 in three series1 often one or two bractoid scales at the base4 ,receptacle flat1 alveolate2 alveoli toothed1 naked4 ,rays 7about eight7 orange-yellow1 oblong-oval1 two or three-toothed1 pistillate1 fertile1 tube slender1 about as long as the achenia1 or one-third to half the length of the ligule4 ,disk corolla cylindrical1 slightly expanding1 five-toothed1 erect1 glabrous4 ,the achenia 7about twenty1 including the ray7 angular1 oblong1 somewhat compressed2 base cuneate1 satiny appressed pubescent 7with white hairs72 pappus of unequal capillary scabrous bristles1 rigid and fragile1 or deciduous4 ,appendages of the style much longer than the stigmatic portion1 lance-subulate1 hispid1 much exsert1 erect-spreading4 ,this plant was brought from ,nevada ,territory by ,mr4 ,herbert ,c4 ,dorr4 ,,mirabilis ,l4 ,m4 ,californica ,gray1 ,var4 villosa ,kellogg4 ,stem about a foot in height1 somewhat ascending1 flexuous1 divaricately branching1 nodose1 internodes slightly curved2 minutely villous throughout4 ,leaves rounded-cordate1 obtuse1 entire1 three to five-nerved2 the uppermost ovate-cordate1 petioles short1 7one-fourth to one-sixth the length of the lamina74 ,flowers pedicellate1 in loose terminal dichotomous panicles1 with a solitary flower in the axils2 perigonium pink1 pedicels recurved in fruit4 ,this plant1 from the interior--,devil's ,gate and ,carson ,river--differs much from the plate of the coast plant of the ,mexican ,boundary ,report4 ,it is not at all 8glabrous10 nor are the flowers 8sub-sessile20 the pairs of leaves are remote1 with a much more open and spreading aspect2 the flowers are pentandrous and deciduous4 ,mr4 ,harris exhibited a section of a pile1 from a wharf at ,rincon ,point1 which fell a few days since1 having been destroyed by the boring of the ,teredo1 7properly a ,xylotrya47 ,the material of the pile is ,oregon pine2 it had been in the water less than six years1 but is now completely perforated in all directions4 ,the subject of the best means of protection for piles1 against attacks of the ,teredo1 was discussed at some length by various members4 ,dr4 ,ayres stated that1 as yet1 no reliable preventive had been discovered1 except that of sheathing the pile with metal4 ,several years ago the same subject came before the ,academy1 and ,drs4 ,ayres and ,trask were appointed a ,committee to investigate the subject4 ,all external applications which have been proposed fail in practice1 from the wearing away of the surface by the waves1 and they are but little better than the natural bark4 ,it has not appeared that the saving in time was equal to the expense incurred by thus protecting the piles4 ,at ,boston1 where there are two species destructive of timber1 they find no preventive1 short of sheathing the piles with copper4 ,in the ,french works on this subject1 it has been stated that the bark affords no protection2 but1 on the contrary1 aids the young animals in introducing themselves into the wood4 ,this has not been found to be the case in this bay1 where the bark does1 on the contrary1 assist in preserving the timber4 ,the fact was also stated1 by one of the members1 that the piles of the wharfs in the southern part of the city suffer much from attacks of the ,teredo2 while those of the northern portion are comparatively exempt4 ,the fact was mentioned1 that piles have been entirely destroyed here in six months from the time they were placed in the water4 ,prof4 ,brewer made some remarks on the method of calculating altitudes by observation with a single barometer4 ,he gave an account of the methods adopted by the ,geological ,survey for computation1 in cases where there was no station barometer nearer than the bay1 or the valley of the ,sacramento4 ,dr4 ,trask mentioned that the weight of the ,honcut meteoric iron presented by him to the ,academy1 at the meeting of ,march #agth1 #ahfb1 was six ounces1 one hundred and twenty-eight grains1 troy4 ,professor ,whitney called attention to the curious errors in a paper published in ,petermann's ,mittheilungen1 #ahfa1 page #acc1 which purports to be a translation into ,german of a portion of a work published by ,mr4 ,j4 ,xantus1 describing his journey in ,lower ,california4 ,he describes a quicksilver mine of great importance as being worked at ,marques2 but the description which he gives of it shows that it is the ,new ,almaden mine which1 in reality1 he visited1 and which1 by some confusion of his notes1 he has located in ,lower1 instead of ,upper ,california4 ,no mercury mine is worked on the ,california peninsula1 so far as can be ascertained4 ,it is evident that ,mr4 ,xantus's notice of rich gold1 lead and copper mines on the peninsula must be taken with many grains of allowance4 ,on motion of ,dr4 ,ayres1 it was ordered1 that twenty-five copies of the second volume of the ,proceedings be placed at the disposal of the ,publishing ,committee for distribution to learned societies1 public libraries1 and distinguished scientific men in the ,atlantic ,states4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,march #b;,d1 #ahfc4 ,president in the ,chair4 ,present1 fifteen members4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,p4 ,kirtland1 of ,cleveland1 ,ohio1 was elected a corresponding member4 ,donations to the ,cabinet4 ,by ,mr4 ,rowlandson1 specimen of the wool of the ,alpacca and ,vicua1 brought from ,peru by ,capt4 ,bissell1 of the ,united ,states sloop-of-war ,cyane4 ,donations to the ,library4 ,the ,american ,journal of ,science1 for ,january1 #ahfc1 from the editors4 ,mr4 ,gabb communicated two papers by ,mr4 ,rmond1 containing descriptions of new fossils from ,california4 ,description of two ,new ,species of ,bivalve ,shells1 from the ,tertiaries of ,contra ,costa ,county4 ,,by ,,auguste ,r,,mond4 ,,cardium ,brug4 ,c4 ,gabbii ,rmond4 ,shell cordate1 ventricose1 nearly equilateral2 posterior side truncated1 direct2 anterior side slightly depressed2 height and length nearly equal4 ,umbones very prominent2 beaks incurved1 approximate2 lunule well marked1 carinated2 surface even1 with fine imbricated lines of growth4 ,hinge 7of the left valve7 comparatively narrow2 anterior fosset small1 shallow1 triangular2 cartilage pit large1 deep1 long2 lateral teeth heavy1 thick1 prominent4 ,locality3 vicinity of ,kirker's ,pass1 south of ,new ,york 7of the ,pacific7 ,plain from a late tertiary deposit4 ,the ,c4 ,gabbii will easily be distinguished from any other species yet discovered1 from its heavy hinge and enormous lateral teeth4 ,i take great pleasure in dedicating this beautiful fossil to ,mr4 ,w4 ,m4 ,gabb1 to whom ,i am indebted for repeated assistance in my palontological studies4 ,this species occurs in shelly sands1 together with ,tapes regularis ,gabb and ,murex ponderosus ,gabb1 two other extinct species4 ,the specimens are in the collection of ,mr4 ,w4 ,m4 ,gabb and my own4 ,,ostrea ,l4 ,o4 ,bourgeoisii ,rmond4 ,the description is from two lower valves1 from the collections of ,mr4 l',abb ,bourgeois 7,pont-,levoy1 ,france7 and ,mr4 ,pioche1 7,san ,francisco47 ,shell sub-oval1 higher than long1 strongly contracted near the cardinal area1 sub-rounded on the ventral margin2 inferior valve comparatively thin1 convex1 irregular exteriorly1 with remote1 somewhat rugose1 plaits of growth4 ,ligament fosset long1 profound1 minutely wrinkled and finely striated1 oblique and turned downwards2 muscular impression very large1 oblique1 and sub-central1 somewhat prominent4 ,locality3 vicinity of ,kirker's ,pass1 from a late tertiary bed4 ,i dedicate this new species to ,mr4 ,bourgeois1 ,professor of ,natural ,history at the ,school of ,pont-,levoy1 7,loir-et-,cher1 ,france7 who was my first teacher in geology4 ,description of two ,species of ,scutella4 ,,by ,,auguste ,r,,mond4 ,,scutella ,lam4 ,s4 ,gibbsii ,rmond4 ,disk oblong-sub-oval1 rounded before and truncated behind1 posteriorly convex above1 slightly depressed in front2 inferior surface flat1 somewhat concave about the mouth4 ,apex about midway between the center and posterior margin2 ambulacral star non-symmetrical2 petals unequal1 open at their extremities4 ,anterior petal straight1 longer than the others2 the lateral ones nearly straight1 diverging from the apex with an angle of about eighty degrees2 posterior petals very short1 sub-oval1 having the anterior side most curved4 ,four rows of pores in each petal2 the inner pores transverse1 the outer ones pointed obliquely inwards4 ,mouth posteriorly sub-central2 anal-aperture small1 submarginal4 ,ambulacral furrows double1 nearly symmetrical1 slightly ramified4 ,each ambulacral and inter-ambulacral space is occupied by two rows of irregular plates1 either pentagonal or hexagonal4 ,tubercles numerous1 crowded in the ambulacral furrows1 but much worn off in the specimens examined4 ,locality3 ,kern ,lake1 ,buena ,vista ,county4 ,the specimens described are in the collection of the ,academy2 they were found by ,dr4 ,gibbs1 to whom the species is dedicated4 ,obs4--,this species1 considered by ,mr4 ,gabb as of probably miocene age1 is closely allied to the ,s4 striatula1 which is found living on the ,californian coast1 and occurs fossil in the faluns 7miocene formation7 of ,bordeaux1 ,france2 but it differs from it in the outlines and the size of the shell1 the former being comparatively small and longer than broad1 while the latter is broader than long4 ,besides1 the apex of the ,s4 ,gibbsii is situated more posteriorly1 and the lateral petals1 in the ,s4 striatula1 diverge from the apex1 with an angle of from one hundred and ten to one hundred and fifteen degrees2 this latter has also its ambulacral furrows more ramified at their extremities4 ,s4 interlineata ,w4 ,p4 ,blake4 ,disk sub-circular1 broad1 upper surface convex towards the middle1 depressed on the margins1 plane beneath2 apex central2 ambulacral star symmetrical2 petals long1 equal1 closed at their extremities1 nearly reaching from the apex to the margin of the shell1 terminated by five or six irregular hexagonal plates4 ,the petals are longitudinally divided into four rows1 which are connected by numerous and regular transverse lines of pores4 ,mouth central2 anus submarginal2 ambulacral furrows symmetrical1 not much ramified4 ,inter-ambulacral areas occupied by two rows of pentagonal plates1 convex1 of equal length1 increasing in size until they unite with the ambulacral plates2 hexagonal from that point and decreasing towards the margin4 ,two sorts of appendages2 spinous processes numerous and crowded1 above and beneath4 ,spines of the superior surface short1 striated1 pyriform1 irregularly pentagonal or hexagonal2 inferior spines slender1 comparatively long1 dentaliform1 striated longitudinally1 tubular and round4 ,obs4--,water-worn fragments of this fine fossil occur in abundance on the beach1 between ,merced ,lake and the ,pacific1 south of ,point ,lobos1 in ,san ,francisco ,county4 ,it was made known to science by ,mr4 ,w4 ,p4 ,blake1 ,geologist of the ,railroad ,survey1 who found it in #ahec1 among the shingles thrown up by the surf1 and first described by ,mr4 ,w4 ,stimpson4 ,at that time the locality whence the scutell were derived had not been discovered1 so that the specimens obtained being imperfect1 no complete description could be made2 this is the reason why ,i offer a new and complete description of the ,scutella interlineata1 from specimens procured in situ4 ,as was suggested by ,mr4 ,w4 ,p4 ,blake1 the rocks bearing these fossils are found a few miles southward1 north of the boundary line between ,san ,mateo and ,san ,francisco ,counties1 where the scutell stick out from conglomeratic sandstones1 which ,mr4 ,gabb considers as belonging to the pliocene or post-pliocene formation2 we find them in a fine state of preservation1 with their spines retained4 ,the ,s4 interlineata is figured in the ,railroad ,reports2 see vol4 ,v1 ,geological ,report1 plate ,,iv1 fig4 #cj2 and for ,mr4 ,blake's remarks and ,mr4 ,stimpson's description1 the same ,report1 chap4 ,,xii1 p4 #aec4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,blake made some remarks on specimens1 presented by him1 of infusoria1 found in the sand-hills1 south of ,point ,lobos1 and which form a kind of concretions1 fixing the sand in its place4 ,dr4 ,ayres made the following remarks in relation to the genus ,,notorhynchus3 ,this genus was defined by me in #ahee 7,proc4 ,cal4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 vol4 ,i1 p4 #gb7 to include a species occurring in the ,bay of ,san ,francisco4 ,in #aheh ,girard refers to the species 7,p4 ,r4 ,r4 ,rep41 vol4 ,x1 p4 #cfg7 under the generic name ,,heptanchus1 of which he considers ,,notorhynchus a synonym4 ,in #ahfa1 ,mr4 ,gill refers it to ,rafinesque's genus ,,heptranchias4 7,annals of the ,lyc4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ,n4 ,y41 vol4 ,,viii1 ,dec47 ,in a more recent paper 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 ,phil41 ,oct41 #ahfb7 ,mr4 ,gill restores my species to the name under which it was originally described4 ,he says3 8,this generic name of ,,notorhynchus was proposed by ,dr4 ,ayres under a misapprehension40 ,my 8misapprehension0 was that ,i regarded the species as the type of a new genus2 a conclusion at which ,mr4 ,gill himself has1 after several changes1 also arrived4 ,he gives as a synonym of ,,notorhynchus only 8,,heptanchus1 ,sp4 ,mller and ,henle1 ,gray1 ,girard1 ,gill10 whereas it is necessary to include also 8,,heptranchias1 ,gill10 as above indicated4 ,i may remark that the description given by ,mr4 ,gill of the teeth of ,notorhynchus maculatus1 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 ,phil41 ,oct41 #ahfb1 p4 #die7 will not bear examination4 ,it represents the individual specimen on which it was founded2 but the species is quite common here1 and ,i find that the number and the forms of the teeth vary so much1 that my original description1 which ,mr4 ,gill says is 8equally applicable to any species of the family10 is fully as close as nature will allow us to draw4 ,i am at a loss to understand how it is possible for him to refer the jaws of a shark1 collected at a point so far removed from us as ,nisqually1 to my species1 when my description is so extremely indefinite4 ,professor ,whitney gave an account of an interesting collection of ,japanese minerals and fossils1 in the possession of ,j4 ,h4 ,van ,reed1 ,esq41 of this city4 ,this collection comprises over one thousand specimens of rocks1 ores1 fossils1 and miscellaneous objects of natural history4 ,it is supposed that they are chiefly of ,japanese origin2 but1 as there is among them a fragment of a ,dutch tobacco-pipe1 carefully labeled1 there may be other objects in the collection from foreign countries4 ,the articles are all labeled1 in the ,japanese language3 they are carefully fastened to the cases in which they are arranged1 with exquisite ,japanese neatness4 ,the small crystals are inclosed in glass receptacles1 having nearly the form of two large watch-crystals1 attached to each other by the edges4 ,in the general character of the specimens in this collection1 a singular resemblance was noticed to the productions of ,california1 especially in the fossils and silicified woods1 of which latter there are a number of beautiful specimens4 ,there are several bivalve shells of pliocene or miocene tertiary age1 and some casts of gasteropods1 exquisitely formed in chalcedony4 ,a number of sharks' teeth1 of the genus ,lamna1 were also noticed4 ,among the fossils is a single shell of palozoic age1 a ,spirifer2 it is not impossible1 however1 that this may have been carried from ,china to ,japan2 at all events1 a ,spirifer from that country resembling this1 and of ,devonian age1 has been described in the ,proceedings of the ,geological ,society of ,london4 ,there are quite a number of specimens of copper ore in the collection2 they are all of the common yellow sulphuret1 7chalcopyrite7 except one or two of erubescite4 ,this would indicate that the principal ore of this metal in ,japan1 as in other countries1 is the sulphuret of copper and iron4 ,native gold in quartz is also present in the collection2 but no ores of silver were noticed1 except one specimen of steel-grained galena1 which is probably argentiferous4 ,there are several specimens of realgar4 ,among the other minerals noticed were3 calcite1 adularia1 chalybite1 in the form of flos ferri1 garnets1 small crystals of pyroxene1 crystals of mica1 pectolite1 and another zeolitic mineral resembling ,thomsonite1 as also native sulphur1 obsidian1 and a variety of volcanic rocks and lavas4 ,the collection is quite interesting1 and would be more so if the labels could be read4 ,the principal inference to be drawn from it1 is the predominance of volcanic formations1 and of the later tertiary strata1 in the region in which this collection was made4 ,dr4 ,ayres called attention to a remarkable turtle1 in the possession of ,mr4 ,van ,reed1 known as the 8,sacred ,turtle0 of the ,japanese4 ,it is a species of ,emys1 closely allied to ,e4 terrapin4 ,its marked peculiarity is1 that its back is covered by a growth of conferva1 which is often several inches long1 and which gives the animal its sacred character among the ,japanese1 who believe this growth to be hair4 ,the species is allied to ,c4 rivularis2 but the cells are more elongated4 ,dr4 ,ayres stated that he had observed a growth of conferva on various aquatic and amphibious animals in ,new ,england1 and that1 in these1 it was always attended by disease1 with more or less ulcerated at the roots4 ,he was satisfied that this was always the case with fishes exhibiting this growth4 ,the turtle in question1 however1 does not show any evidence of disease4 ,dr4 ,ayres made some further remarks on the similarity of the fishes of ,mr4 ,van ,reed's collection to species found in ,california4 ,mr4 ,gabb noticed a resemblance in the fossils to those of this ,state4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,march #af,,th1 #ahfc4 ,president in the ,chair4 ,nine members present4 ,the attention of the ,academy was called to the fact that the names of ,dr4 ,w4 ,newcomb1 of ,oakland1 and of ,mr4 ,h4 ,c4 ,bennett1 of ,columbia1 both ,corresponding ,members of several years' standing1 had been omitted from the published list4 ,donations to the ,cabinet were received as follows3 ,specimen of tree cotton1 from near ,mazatlan1 ,mexico2 presented by ,dr4 ,trask4 ,donations to the ,library3 ,alternate generation of ,annelids1 by ,a4 ,agassiz4 ,proceedings of the ,boston ,natural ,history ,society1 vol4 ,,ix1 sheets #a and #b4 ,report of the ,trustees of the ,state ,lunatic ,asylum for #ahfb4 ,dr4 ,kellogg read the following paper3 ,description of two ,new ,species of ,collomia from ,nevada ,territory4 ,,by ,a4 ,,kellogg1 ,m4,d4 ,,collomia ,nutt4 ,c4 tinctoria ,kellogg4 ,,fig4 #b4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,stem erect1 slender1 one to three inches in height 7often so minute as to appear almost stemless7 villous and pulvurently viscid glandular throughout4 ,leaves opposite1 lower pair oblong-spatulate obtuse1 lamina slightly decurrent down the petioles2 those above1 lanceolate1 petiolate1 acute1 or acuminate1 mucronate1 one-nerved1 quite entire4 ,the minute yellow flowers crowded at the summit in pairs1 from the axils of the much abbreviated branchlets1 short1 pedicellate2 and with the long1 narrowly lanceolate1 acuminate1 bractoid leaves aggregated into a somewhat dense1 subsessile head4 ,calyx obconic1 membranaceously diaphanous at the base2 segments green1 cup prismatic 7or pentangular72 also with five prominent processes1 or folds1 at the clefts1 the semi-lanced segments acute1 or acuminate1 subulate pointed1 three-nerved4 ,the filiform flowers twice the length of the calyx1 border spreading1 tube contracted below1 stamens equal1 or sub-equal1 inserted into the throat2 capsule obovate1 emarginate4 ,a very diminutive species from the western slope of the ,sierra ,nevada ,mountains1 found by ,mr4 ,herbert ,c4 ,dorr4 ,the plant yields a beautiful yellow dye1 hence the specific name4 ,c4 micrantha ,kellogg4 ,,fig4 #c4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,plant upright1 simple1 or branching above2 somewhat viscid-pubescent4 ,lower leaves opposite1 ovate1 obtuse1 petioles very short2 middle cauline leaves ovate-oblong1 obtuse or subacute1 corneously mucronate1 sessile or subsessile1 three to seven-nerved2 upper leaves mostly alternate1 all somewhat silky1 viscid-pubescent4 ,flowers pedicellate1 axillary and terminal in a condensed1 sub-cymose head2 calyx lobes sub-equal1 linear-lanceolate1 often sub-spatulate1 acute1 corneously mucronate1 three-nerved1 ciliate1 cleft to the middle 7membranous between the segments as in ,gillia74 ,flowers filiform1 very minute1 one-third to one-half longer than the calyx2 border blue1 throat slightly swelled1 stamens included1 three long and two short1 style simple1 stigma undivided1 about as long as the tube4 ,capsule oval1 compressed 7871 about three-seeded1 seeds oblong1 cuneate1 flattened4 ,a plant four to six inches in height1 found by ,mr4 ,g4 ,w4 ,dunn1 in the vicinity of ,silver ,city1 ,nevada ,territory4 ,in one of the specimens the first pair of leaves appears to manifest a serrate tendency4 ,dr4 ,trask stated1 that the tree cotton presented by him was said to be the produce of a shrub from four to fifteen feet high4 ,it is described as growing in a pod like a banana1 the shrub forming a high chaparral4 ,the staple is long and fine2 but nothing is known of its commercial value4 ,dr4 ,behr remarked that it closely resembled species of ,,bombax and ,,eriodendron1 abundant in ,south ,america and the ,east ,indies1 but not there considered as of value as a substitute for cotton4 ,dr4 ,trask made some remarks in regard to certain species of ,,conferva1 which appear to be sensitive1 like the species of ,,schrankia4 ,prof4 ,brewer stated that he had recently received a communication from ,professor ,planchon1 of ,south ,france1 in regard to suitable forage plants for dry regions4 ,in that country the ,medicago sativa1 or ,lucerne1 was considered the most valuable1 and next to it the ,sainfoin4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,april #e,,th1 #ahfc4 ,president in the ,chair4 ,present1 ten members2 and ,mr4 ,w4 ,s4 ,moses1 by invitation4 ,donations to the ,library3 ,chart of the oscillations of the ,sacramento ,river1 by ,t4 ,m4 ,logan1 ,m4,d4 ,proceedings of the ,philadelphia ,academy of ,natural ,sciences1 for ,september1 #ahfb4 ,journal of the ,boston ,natural ,history ,society1 volume ,,vii1 ,nos4 #b and #c4 ,dr4 ,kellogg read the following paper3 ,description of a ,new ,genus and ,species of ,plant from ,nevada ,territory4 ,,by ,a4 ,,kellogg1 ,m4,d4 ,,pterostephanus ,kellogg4 ,involucre obconically-companulate2 scales loosely imbricated in about two to three series2 the exterior unequal1 calyculate1 suborbicular1 oval1 or oblong1 obtuse2 the inner series 7of about eight7 sub-equal1 oblong-lanceolate1 obtuse2 scarious margins entire2 7a broad1 diffusely green line marks the centre74 ,receptacle naked1 alveolate1 alveoli1 toothed4 ,achenia 7mature wanting71 oblong1 sub-cuneate1 or sub-obovate1 somewhat compressed 7871 slightly contracted at the crown1 smooth1 sub-pubescent above1 on a short stipe4 ,pappus double2 the exterior coroniform1 persistent--a hyaline crateriform cup1 with an even but minutely crenulate edge2 interior of five 7white7 plumose1 glabrous bristles1 gradually dilating towards the base4 ,californian herbs1 with runcinately1 pinnatifid1 radical leaves1 and numerous naked scapes1 bearing solitary1 tigulate1 yellow flowers2 closely allied to ,malacothrix and ,calycoseris1 but with a plumose pappus4 ,p4 runcinatus ,kellogg4 ,,fig4 #d4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,acaulescent1 several naked scapes1 two to four inches high1 sub-glabrous1 7rarely a few scattering glandular hairs72 leaves radical1 runcinately pinnatifid1 lobes spinulose1 frosty1 or sub-wooly1 pubescent1 three to seven-nerved1 short petioles winged1 dilated at the base2 rosulate1 from a simple perennial somewhat fusiform root4 ,professor ,whitney exhibited a new mass of meteoric iron1 found near ,la ,paz1 on the ,colorado ,river1 in ,new ,mexico1 by ,hermann ,ehrenberg1 ,esq4 ,a description and analysis will be furnished at a future meeting4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,april #bj,,th1 #ahfc4 ,vice ,president1 ,dr4 ,trask1 in the ,chair4 ,present1 seven members4 ,philip ,lutley ,sclater1 ,esq41 of ,london1 ,england1 was elected a ,corresponding ,member4 ,donations to the ,cabinet3 ,three species of ,reptiles from ,san ,mateo1 and one from ,marin ,county1 collected and presented by ,mr4 ,bolander4 ,dr4 ,cooper communicated the following description of a new ,californian ,mollusc1 discovered by ,rev4 ,joseph ,rowell1 at ,marysville1 in the waters of ,feather ,river4 ,,gundlachia ,pfeiffer4 ,g4 ,californica ,rowell4 ,,fig4 #e4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,shell with the aperture sub-oval1 obliquely expanded towards the left1 posteriorly ronaded1 and wider anteriorly4 ,internal shelf reaching forward about one-fifth the length of the shell1 its margin slightly concave and oblique4 ,dorsal surface convex1 becoming somewhat keel-shaped towards the apex1 which is strongly and obliquely deflected so as to make the right border nearly a straight line1 while the expansion on the left projects nearly as far back as the apex1 at an obtuse angle4 ,structure corneous1 with strong concentric lines of growth1 and faint radiating stri4 ,color dark brown1 opaque2 inner surface shining and purplish1 the plate white towards the edge1 and in some specimens showing a thickened1 white semicircle continuous with its margin across the arch of the shell4 ,length about sixteen one-hundredths1 breadth eight one-hundredths1 and height six one-hundredths of an ,english inch4 ,more than fifty specimens were found on water plants in clear stagnant ponds1 two or more often sticking on the back of a larger one4 ,the discovery of this little shell in ,california is of great interest1 the only species hitherto known being found in ,cuba4 ,the generic characters of this shell are strictly parallel with that species1 while those mentioned as specific easily distinguish it4 ,the ,cuban shell is more elongated1 regularly oval1 the apex projecting considerably beyond the margin of the aperture1 which is not obliquely expanded posteriorly4 ,its size is about one-fifth larger than that of ours4 ,according to ,bourguignat1 the young shell is a simple obtuse cone1 with a semicircular aperture formed by the edge of the shelf1 and the thickened dorsal margin2 but as it grows1 the animal changes the form of the aperture until the opening beneath the shelf becomes like the small end of a broad funnel1 which in some of our specimens is still shown by the white semicircular ring4 ,the shell much resembles that of the marine ,crypta 7,crepidula71 and also ,navicella of tropical estuaries2 but the animal is quite different in the ,cuban species1 and will undoubtedly prove so in the ,californian4 ,mr4 ,hanks mentioned that he had collected about two hundred specimens of minerals for the ,academy in ,owen's ,lake ,valley1 and that there were also some bones with them from a well thirty feet deep1 presented by ,mr4 ,h4 ,m4 ,mc,cormick2 all of which would be forwarded to ,san ,francisco as soon as possible4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,may #d,,th1 #ahfc4 ,president in the ,chair4 ,present1 eleven members4 ,donations to the ,cabinet were received as follows3 ,a collection of pine cones1 from ,h4 ,g4 ,bloomer4 ,a specimen of rock1 containing cretaceous fossils1 from the vicinity of ,fort ,tejon 7871 by ,e4 ,t4 ,schenck4 ,two specimens of ,monocentris ,japonicus ,cuv4 from ,dr4 ,ayres4 ,donations to the ,library3 ,commercial ,relations of the ,united ,states for the year ending ,sept4 #cjth1 #ahfa1 from the ,department of the ,interior4 ,classification of the ,coleoptera of ,north ,america1 by ,john ,le ,conte1 ,m4,d41 ,part ,i4 ,smithsonian ,instructions for collecting eggs and nests of ,north ,american birds4 ,smithsonian ,directions for collecting1 preserving1 and transporting specimens of ,natural ,history3 the three last-named volumes were presented by ,dr4 ,ayres4 ,professor ,whitney read the following communication in regard to the progress of the ,state ,geological ,survey of ,california4 ,the ,act of the ,legislature authorizing a geological survey of this ,state was approved ,april #bast1 #ahfj2 but operations were not commenced until about the first of ,december of that year1 consequently the work has been in progress for a little more than two years4 ,the plan of the survey1 according to the requirements of the act by which it was organized1 demands 8an accurate and complete geological survey of the ,state10 and a report containing 8a full and scientific description of its rocks1 fossils1 soils1 and minerals1 and of its botanical and zoological productions40 ,provision is also made for the collection of specimens in all departments of geology and natural history1 which specimens are to be deposited 8in such place as shall be hereafter provided for that purpose by the ,legislature40 ,the following persons have been employed on the survey since it was commenced3 ,professor ,w4 ,h4 ,brewer1 as ,principal ,assistant1 and specially in charge of the department of ,botany and ,agricultural ,geology4 ,professor ,brewer1 however1 up to the present time1 has been chiefly engaged in the geological field work of the ,survey4 ,mr4 ,william ,ashburner was employed from the commencement of the work1 up to the spring of #ahfb1 in the field2 and1 for a considerable portion of the time1 in examining the gold-quartz mines and machinery in the principal mining counties of the ,sierra ,nevada4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,rmond served as volunteer1 in the field work1 during the season of #ahfb4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,m4 ,gabb took the place of ,palontologist to the ,survey at the beginning of the year #ahfb1 which position he still continues to hold4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,averill was connected with the ,survey from its commencement up to the month of ,february last1 as ,clerk1 ,commissary1 and ,barometrical ,observer4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,cooper has been in charge of the department of ,zoology1 and has been employed1 at intervals1 as the financial condition of the ,survey permitted1 since ,july #ast1 #ahfa4 ,in the topographical department1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,f4 ,hoffmann has been employed constantly since ,march1 #ahfa2 and ,mr4 ,v4 ,wackenreuder1 at intervals1 during the past year4 ,the uncertainty peculiar to all undertakings of this kind in the ,united ,states1 arising from the necessity of appealing to each successive ,legislature for the means of carrying on the work1 and the disturbed state of the country during the whole time since we commenced operations1 as also the unfortunate condition of the finances of the ,state1 which has kept the treasury from one to two years behind in the payment of the legislative appropriations1 have combined to render it difficult to arrange and carry out as systematic a plan for the conduct of the work as would1 under more favorable circumstances1 have been practicable4 ,two ideas have1 however1 as far as possible1 governed the survey in its operations3 the first was1 to make1 as rapidly as could be done1 a reconnoissance of the ,state1 with the view of acquiring a knowledge of its general geological structure1 the age of the various formations which occur in it1 and as complete a general idea as possible of their range and extent1 so that a foundation might be laid for the detailed work which would follow the preliminary examination2 the second idea was1 at the same time that the general examination was going on1 to work up in detail certain more important districts1 so that the public might have light on questions of economical interest1 and at the same time be able to form an idea of what the work might be if ever carried to completion4 ,besides this1 the natural history part of the survey was to be carried on1 in connection with the geological work1 as rapidly as possible1 progress in all departments being necessarily proportioned to the varying amounts of the annual appropriations4 ,california is covered by a vast net-work of mountain ranges1 separated by comparatively narrow valleys1 with the exception of those of the ,sacramento and ,san ,joaquin1 which do not1 together1 cover more than one-fifteenth of the area of the ,state4 ,the remaining fourteen-fifteenths may be called mountainous1 as the valleys include but a small portion of its surface4 ,into this mountainous region no accurate surveys have ever been carried2 even the ,general ,land ,office work stops at the base of the mountains4 ,a few ranch lines have been run among the moderately elevated portions of the ,coast ,ranges2 but1 as a general thing1 the genuine ,mexican grants were limited to the plains4 ,without considerable topographical work in connection with the geological survey we should1 then1 be entirely unable to carry on our geological work with any pretense to accuracy1 as we could neither locate our observations nor make our descriptions of the country intelligible4 ,the authority for doing something for the increase of the geographical knowledge of the ,state is found in the clause of the act authorizing the survey1 which requires 8proper maps0 to accompany the reports4 ,what has been done1 up to the present time1 in this department may be briefly recapitulated as follows3 ,a series of maps1 forty-nine in number1 has been compiled by ,mr4 ,hoffmann from the original documents at the ,united ,states ,surveyor-,general's ,office2 the scale of these is half an inch to the mile4 ,they contain a compilation of nearly all that is known at that office in regard to the geography of the ,state4 ,the maps1 as thus blocked out1 have been used by us in the field1 by filling in the topography wherever our route has laid4 ,the maps which have been or are now being prepared for publication are3 #ast4 ,a map of the vicinity of the ,bay of ,san ,francisco1 on a scale of half an inch to the mile1 four feet by three2 it extends from near ,santa ,cruz on the south to ,napa on the north1 and from the ,pacific to ,corral ,hollow1 east and west4 ,the area of land which it covers is #d1bdh square miles1 which is just twice that of the ,state of ,delaware1 and only lacks two hundred square miles of equaling that of ,connecticut4 ,as near as can be ascertained1 it contains one-third of the population of the ,state1 and has about thirty inhabitants to the square mile--the average density of the population of ,california being but little over two to the square mile4 ,this map1 on which all the details of the topography are given1 as minutely as the scale allows1 is nearly completed1 and will be soon ready for the engraver4 #b;d4 ,a detailed map1 on a scale of two inches to the mile1 of the vicinity of ,mount ,diablo2 this is about two and one-half by three feet in dimensions1 and includes the most important coal mining district yet known to exist in the ,state4 ,the map can be made ready for the engraver in a few days4 #c;d4 ,a map of the ,coast ,ranges1 from the ,bay of ,monterey south to ,santa ,barbara4 ,it is about three feet by two and one-half in dimensions1 is on a scale of six miles to the inch1 and embraces about #af1jjj square miles of territory4 ,to complete it will require about another year's work in the field with two sub-parties4 #dth4 ,map of the ,washoe silver-mining region--three and one-half by two and one-half feet in dimensions1 on a scale of two inches to the mile--and extending over all the important mining ground of the district4 ,this map is from an accurate trigonometrical survey by ,v4 ,wackenreuder2 it is nearly completed4 #eth4 ,map of the ,comstock ,lode1 on a scale of four hundred feet to the inch1 completed4 #fth4 ,map of the central portion of the ,sierra ,nevada2 scale not yet determined on4 ,extensive surveys have been made by ,mr4 ,wackenreuder for this part of the work1 and these will be continued during the present season4 ,of the above mentioned maps1 ,nos4 #a and #b will accompany the first volume of the ,report4 ,nos4 #d1 #e1 and probably #f1 the second volume4 ,it is intended1 if the survey is carried to completion1 to construct a final map of the ,state on a scale of six miles to the inch1 in nine sheets1 each about three feet square4 ,in addition to the regular topographical work1 an extensive series of barometrical observation has been made1 for the determination of altitudes1 some two hundred and fifty important points having been ascended and measured4 ,the most interesting operation in this department was the determination of the height of ,mount ,shasta1 which1 by an elaborate series of observations1 we found to be #ad1ddj feet above the sea level4 ,this is the first of the lofty volcanic peaks of the ,sierra ,nevada which has been accurately measured4 ,in the department of geology proper1 our explorations have extended over portions of forty of the forty-six counties into which the ,state is divided2 and when it is remembered that the average size of a county is equal to half that of the ,state of ,massachusetts1 7,california having just twenty-four times the area of that ,state17 some idea of the magnitude of our work may be obtained4 ,the chain of the ,sierra ,nevada may be parallelized with that of the ,alps for extent and average elevation2 while the ,coast ,ranges are nearly as extensive as the ,appalachian chain of mountains4 ,we have obtained a pretty clear idea of the general structure of the ,coast ,ranges from ,los ,angeles to ,clear ,lake2 the vicinity of the ,bay of ,san ,francisco has been worked out in considerable detail1 including all of ,san ,francisco1 ,san ,mateo1 ,santa ,clara1 ,alameda1 ,contra ,costa1 and ,marin ,counties1 with portions of ,santa ,cruz1 ,solano1 ,napa1 and ,sonoma4 ,considerable field-work has been done in the ,sierra ,nevada1 chiefly in the lower portion of the range between ,mariposa and ,shasta ,counties4 ,our observations have also been extended to the ,washoe ,region1 and we have received considerable collections of fossils from the ,humboldt ,mining ,district1 7known by this name on the ,pacific ,coast1 but designated on ,warren's ,map as the 8,west ,humboldt ,river ,range10 and in longitude #ahj7 by which we have been able to fix the age of the formations in that region4 ,mr4 ,gabb has been chiefly occupied1 the past year1 in figuring and describing the cretaceous fossils of the ,coast ,ranges and the foot-hills of the ,sierra1 of which he has nearly two hundred new species ready for publication4 ,he has also described the triassic fossils1 collected by the ,survey at ,washoe1 and by ,gorham ,blake1 ,esq41 in the ,humboldt ,range4 ,the fossils older than the ,trias have been referred to ,mr4 ,meek for investigation4 ,a portion of the fossil plants have been placed in the hands of ,dr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,newberry for description4 ,it is to the department of ,general ,geology that1 up to the present time1 by far the greater portion of our attention has been given1 since the first thing required in a geological survey is a knowledge of the general geological structure of the ,state1 the age of the various formations which occur in it1 and their range and extent1 or the position which they occupy on the surface1 and their relations to each other4 ,each group of strata1 thus determined by its lithological peculiarities1 and by the fossils which it contains1 is then to be laid down upon the map1 in the position in which its outcrop occupies on the surface4 ,the general character of the minerals and ores which occur in each formation or group of strata having been thus determined1 the details of their mode of occurrence1 their relative abundance1 and the facilities which may exist in each separate district for making them economically available must1 after the preliminary general work has been done1 be the object of more special and detailed examinations4 ,it is not1 however1 the business of a geological surveying corps to act1 to any considerable extent1 as a prospecting party2 to do this1 would require that we should confine our operations to a very limited area2 the labors of the whole corps for an entire season would not suffice to thoroughly prospect more than a few hundred square miles in a very rich mineral region1 and we should have often to engage in expensive mining operations to decide what was really of permanent value4 ,it is our task1 rather1 to limit the field of research1 and to show to others where their labors will be best bestowed1 preventing foolish expenditures of time and money in searching for what our general geological investigations have determined not to exist in sufficient quantity1 in certain formations1 to be worth working4 ,especially in the first years of our work1 in a ,state of such an immense area as ,california1 our labors have more the character of a geological reconnoissance than of a detailed survey4 ,already1 however1 during the progress of our work1 a large amount of information has been collected in regard to the mode of occurrence and abundance of the useful ores and minerals of this ,state and the adjoining ,territories4 ,the principal deposits of coal have been carefully examined1 and their geological position ascertained4 ,most of the important quartz mines of the ,state have been visited by ,mr4 ,ashburner1 and a large amount of information has been collected by him1 preparatory to an elaborate investigation and report on this important branch of the industry of the ,pacific ,coast4 ,considerable work has been done1 preliminary to a full report on the geology1 mineralogy1 and metallurgy of the ,washoe region4 ,in the department of botany and agricultural geology1 the work has thus far been chiefly confined to collecting the plants of the ,state4 ,extensive duplicate suites have been preserved both for study and exchange1 the specimens now collected amounting to not less than twelve thousand or fifteen thousand in number1 and embracing probably half of all the species described from the ,state1 besides many new and undescribed ones4 ,the collections have been made by ,professor ,brewer while engaged in geological explorations1 at a very trifling expenditure of time and money4 ,in the department of ,agriculture proper1 less has been done1 owing to limited means4 ,partial preparation was made for investigating the subject of grape culture1 and the production of wines2 but discontinued from the same cause4 ,especial attention has been paid to our native forage plants1 to aid in devising some means of arresting the rapid decrease of forage in this ,state1 and correspondence entered into to obtain all possible information on this subject from other regions whose climates are similar to our own4 ,in the zological department--in charge of ,dr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,cooper1 who has been employed about half the time since the ,survey was commenced--the annexed table gives a succinct idea of what had been accomplished1 up to the close of the year #ahfb1 in the way of collecting4 f ,number of species in the collection4 ---------------------------------------- --- ,of which there are new to ,california4 ------------------------------------- ,believed to be new1 or undescribed4 ----------------------------- ,class4 ,other ,californian species not yet collected4 ----------------------- ,total number credited to ,california4 ----------------- ,of which there are found east the ,mississippi4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,mammalia #cb #aj #c #de #gg #ad ,birds #agj #bh #d787 #aej #cbj #ada ,reptiles #cf #f #c #i #de #j ,fishes #eh #af #af #ge #acc #j ,mollusca #cce #abc #abc #fe #djj #j787 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,of ,articulata and ,radiata no statistics can be given for want of works especially devoted to the ,california species4 ,from this it appears that1 notwithstanding the large collections made by ,government expeditions and by individuals1 during the last ten years1 which have been elaborately described in the ,pacific ,railroad and ,mexican ,boundary ,reports1 the ,smithsonian publications1 and various other works1 we have been able to add materially to the known ,fauna of ,california1 and of the country at large1 even among the highest and best known classes4 ,arrangements have been made for having the collections in natural history referred to the highest authorities in each branch1 and portions of our materials have already been placed at the disposition of eminent men in ,europe and the ,united ,states for examination and description4 ,deferring the fitting up of a laboratory1 and the engaging of a special assistant in the chemical department1 until a suitable permanent place could be provided in the ,state ,museum building1 ,mr4 ,ashburner went ,east in the spring of #ahfb and commenced the examination of some of the ores and minerals of the ,state in the laboratory of the ,sheffield ,scientific ,school of ,yale ,college1 under the direction of ,professor ,brush1 who has charge of the metallurgical department of that institution4 ,the reduction of the appropriation to fifteen thousand 7#ae1jjj7 dollars for the year1 made it necessary to suspend this work soon after it was commenced1 in order that the whole force of the ,survey might be concentrated on the field operations4 ,a small sum has been allowed to ,mr4 ,f4 ,h4 ,storer1 of ,boston1 for a chemical investigation of the bituminous substances found in different parts of the ,state4 ,his researches will probably be embodied in the first or second volume of the annual reports4 ,qualitative examinations1 as well as a few quantitative ones1 have been made at the office of the ,survey1 of specimens which have been collected4 ,a considerable number of coals have been analyzed4 ,information in regard to ores and minerals has been given to a large number of persons who have applied for the same by letter or otherwise1 as will always be done when practicable4 ,if the survey is continued1 it will be necessary to fit up a complete laboratory1 in which the important questions constantly arising1 both in regard to the composition and metallurgic treatment of our ores1 may be carefully and systematically investigated4 ,no provision has yet been made by the ,legislature for the arrangement and exhibition of the collections made by the ,survey4 ,these are already quite extensive1 embracing many thousand specimens of rocks1 fossils1 minerals1 ores1 all of which are of importance in illustrating the ,natural ,history1 the geological structure and the mineral resources of the ,state4 ,such as have not been required for study remain packed in boxes1 and are stored at the office of the ,survey in ,montgomery ,block1 ,san ,francisco4 ,of course it is highly desirable that a permanent1 fire-proof building should be provided for the ,state collections1 the proper disposition of which is a subject of great interest1 not only as connected with the welfare and progress of the survey1 but as influencing the educational and material progress of the ,state4 ,the only official step thus far taken in this matter is the appointment1 by the last ,legislature1 of the ,state ,geologist1 the ,state ,superintendent of ,public ,instruction1 and the ,state ,surveyor-,general as a ,board of ,commissioners 8to report to the ,legislature1 on or before the second ,monday of ,december1 #ahfc1 upon the feasibility of establishing a ,state ,university1 embracing an ,agricultural ,college1 a ,school of ,mines1 and a ,museum1 including the geological collections of the ,state40 ,a considerable number of specimens1 some of them of value1 have been already given to the ,state by individuals2 and there can be no doubt that many interesting and valuable articles would be contributed1 provided it were demonstrated that they would be properly exhibited1 and well taken care of4 ,it is believed1 that when the ,state ,museum is once established1 and a suitable building provided1 the value and importance of it to the people will soon be made so clear1 that it will be sustained and fostered by the ,legislature4 ,by the terms of the ,act of the ,legislature authorizing a ,geological ,survey of the ,state of ,california1 it was made the duty of the ,state ,geologist to present to the ,governor1 to be laid before the ,legislature1 as near as may be to the beginning of each session1 a 8,report of ,progress10 in which the operations of the ,survey during the preceding year should be set forth1 and its more important practical results made public4 ,he is also required to communicate an account of the expenditures1 and to furnish estimates for the continuance of the ,survey4 ,by an ,act of the ,legislature of #ahfb1 however1 the ,state ,geologist was authorized to combine his first and second annual reports into one volume1 to be printed during the winter of #ahfb and #ahfc1 and an appropriation of #c1jjj was made to pay the expenses of printing1 engraving1 etc41 while the size1 form1 and style of the report1 and the place of printing1 were left to the discretion of the ,state ,geologist1 under the advice and with the approval of the ,governor4 ,according to this1 there is a report now due the ,state2 but1 as no part of the appropriation of last year for the continuance of the ,survey has been yet received1 or is likely to be1 for months to come1 and as the appropriation for printing is in the same condition1 the work has been necessarily delayed4 ,as it is presumed that the amount due the ,survey from last year will be available some time next winter1 it is not anticipated that there will be any difficulty in issuing the first volume2 and1 if the ,legislature takes the necessary steps early in the session1 two1 or perhaps three1 volumes can be published in #ahfd4 ,it is intended that they shall be of royal octavo size1 in the best style of typography1 and illustrated with maps1 sections1 plates of fossils1 etc4 ,the maps will be engraved on copper and printed from transfers1 in order the original plates may be preserved1 to be used1 after necessary corrections and revisions1 in the final report1 or otherwise1 as may be found desirable4 ,the maps will be sold separately1 with or without the geological coloring1 as desired4 ,the first volume will be chiefly devoted to the geology of the ,coast ,ranges2 the second to that of the ,sierra ,nevada and the mining districts of the eastern slope4 ,if my plans are not thwarted by the ,legislature1 both these volumes will be issued together next year1 and will form a 8,report of a ,geological ,reconnoissance of the ,state of ,california40 ,by the law1 as it now stands1 the publications of the ,survey are required to be copy-righted1 and sold for the benefit of the ,common ,school ,fund2 hence1 it has been impossible to communicate to the public1 from time to time1 through the medium of the ,academy's publications1 the results which have been obtained4 ,it is proper to say1 in this connection1 that the extent of territory to be examined1 the complexity of the phenomena1 and the bearing which our investigations will have on important questions of economical interest1 make it eminently proper that there should not be an undue haste exhibited1 on the part of the ,survey1 to place its results before the world4 ,we can only hope to influence the mining public1 in this ,state1 by degrees2 and it is necessary1 first of all1 that it should be made clearly to appear1 with the lapse of time1 that our statements are to be relied on as closely approximating to the truth4 ,professor ,whitney communicated the following letter from ,professor ,brush1 giving the results of a chemical investigation of the meteoric iron presented to the city of ,san ,francisco1 by ,general ,carleton3 ,,sheffield ,,laboratory ,,of ,,yale ,,college1 ,,new ,,haven1 ,march #cjth1 #ahfc4 ,professor ,j4 ,d4 ,whitney1 ,state ,geologist1 ,san ,francisco1 ,cal4 ,,dear ,,sir3--,i have examined the specimen of meteoric iron from ,tucson1 which you sent me for analysis1 and herewith communicate to you my results4 ,the density of the mass is #g4bi4 ,when a fragment of it is placed in a solution of neutral sulphate of copper1 it quickly becomes coated with metallic copper1 proving the iron to be 8active40 ,an inspection of the specimen with a lens showed it to be dotted with little cavities1 which on the fresh fracture were lined with a white silicious mineral1 giving the surface a porphyritic1 or pseudo-porphyritic1 appearance4 ,when a fragment was attacked with an acid1 a portion of the iron was dissolved1 leaving the silicious mineral projecting from the surface of the specimen2 and with a magnifier1 black particles of ,schreibersite could be seen4 ,after complete solution of the iron1 a careful microscopic examination was made of the insoluble residue4 ,with a magnifying power of #be diameters1 it appeared to consist chiefly of two substances3 one a milk-white to transparent mineral1 having a fused1 rounded surface1 occurring in little globules1 or elongated1 rounded particles2 while the other constituent was black and angular1 and attractable by the magnet4 ,the first named substance1 when observed with a magnifying power of #ajj diameters1 proved to contain minute specks of the black mineral disseminated through it2 some of the silicious fragments were translucent and of a milk-white color1 and others colorless and transparent2 a large number1 however1 were transparent at one end1 shading into milk-white at the other1 thus seeming to indicate that the transparent and translucent portions were not two distinct minerals4 ,a blowpipe examination of the silicious mineral showed it to have characters very much resembling olivine4 ,the black mineral proved to be ,schreibersite4 ,a minute trace of chromium was also observed in the insoluble residue4 ,the qualitative analysis of the portion soluble in nitric acid indicated the presence of iron1 nickel1 cobalt1 copper1 phosphorus1 lime1 and magnesia with unweighable traces of chlorine1 sulphur1 and alumina4 ,for the quantitative examination of the meteorite a fragment weighing #d4cgfg grammes was treated with nitro-chlorohydric acid 7aqua regia71 and after solution of the iron the whole was evaporated2 on approaching dryness1 gelatinous silica separated1 showing that the silicate had been partially1 at least1 decomposed by the acid4 ,after heating until the silica was rendered insoluble1 it was repeatedly treated with acid and evaporated1 so as to insure the oxydation of all the ,schreibersite1 and finally the soluble part was taken up with chlorohydric acid1 and on dilution separated by filtration from the silica and insoluble residue4 ,the filtrate1 or soluble part1 was accurately measured and divided into four portions for analysis--two portions were used for the determination of the iron1 nickel1 cobalt1 phosphorus1 and alkaline earths2 a third portion was employed to estimate the copper1 and the fourth portion was reserved to answer in case of accident4 ,two methods were used for the separation of the iron from the nickel and cobalt--one by precipitation of the iron as basic acetate1 and the other by precipitation with carbonate of baryta in the presence of an excess of chloride of ammonium2 but in neither case was the separation perfected on the first precipitation1 and traces of nickel remained with the iron even after the second precipitation4 ,the nickel and cobalt were separated by means of nitrite of potash1 and the cobalt was subsequently converted into sulphate and as such weighed4 ,the lime and magnesia were separated by oxalate of ammonia1 care being taken to redissolve and reprecipitate the lime to insure its being free from traces of magnesia4 ,on spectroscopic examination of the precipitate1 it proved to be lime1 free from other alkaline earths4 ,the precipitate of iron1 after being weighed1 was fused with carbonate of soda2 the product of the fusion was dissolved in chlorohydric acid1 and the phosphoric acid precipitated with molybdate of ammonia4 ,this phospho-molybdic precipitate was dissolved in ammonia to free it from possible traces of silica and other impurities1 and the phosphoric acid precipitated from this solution by an ammoniacal mixture of sulphate of magnesia and chloride of ammonium4 ,the copper was precipitated as sulphide by sulphuretted hydrogen gas1 redissolved in nitric acid1 and determined as oxyd4 ,the insoluble residue1 containing free silica and undecomposed silicate1 was perfectly white1 and free from all traces of ,schreibersite4 ,it weighed #j4ahee grm4 equal to #d4bd per cent4 of the specimen analyzed4 ,it was fused with carbonate of soda1 and the silica and bases determined in the usual manner4 ,it contained #j4aei grm4 silica2 #j4jjed protoxyd of iron1 with a minute trace of alumina2 #j4jjbh lime1 and #j4jafh magnesia4 ,the soluble and insoluble portions gave in the analysis the following per centage composition3 ,considering the silica to exist as olivine4 ,iron #ha4ef #gi4dd ,nickel #i4ag #i4ag ,cobalt #j4dd #j4dd ,copper #j4jh #j4jh ,phosphorus #j4di #j4di ,silica #c4fc ,combined with #b4gc ,protoxyd of ,iron with ,protoxyd of ,iron1 #aj4jg trace of ,alumina #j4ab making ,olivine ,lime #a4af ,magnesia #b4dc ,chlorine1 ,sulphur1 minute traces traces ,chromium1 ----- ----- #ii4jh #ii4fi ,if the silica found in this analysis be considered to exist in combination with lime1 magnesia1 and iron1 in the proportions to form olivine1 it will be necessary to deduct #b4ab per cent4 from the amount of metallic iron 7equal to #b4gc per cent4 of protoxyd of iron71 in order to give the silicate the olivine formula1 7#c ,r ,o1 ,si ,o74 ,admitting this to be the correct view1 the mass analyzed contains #aj4jg per cent4 of olivine1 and by the addition of the oxygen of the protoxyd of iron the analysis adds up #ii4fi instead of #ii4jh4 ,the variable composition of ,schreibersite in different specimens of meteoric iron1 and the peculiar character of the insoluble residue of this meteorite1 together with the small amount of material in my possession1 rendered it impracticable to determine the exact amount of this substance contained in the specimen4 ,the composition of this meteorite corresponds very closely with another meteoric-iron from ,tucson1 discovered by ,mr4 ,bartlett1 and described by ,prof4 ,j4 ,lawrence ,smith1 in the ,american ,journal of ,science1 vol4 ,,xix1 page #afa4 ,dr4 ,smith's analysis gives ,iron #he4ed1 ,nickel #h4ee1 ,cobalt #j4fa1 ,copper #j4jc1 ,phosphorus #j4ab1 ,chromic-oxyd #j4ba1 ,magnesia #b4jd1 ,silica #c4jb1 ,alumina1 trace #ajj4ah4 ,he considers it to correspond to ,nickeliferous ,iron #ic4ha1 ,chrome ,iron #j4da1 ,schreibersite #j4hd1 ,olivine #e4jf #ajj4ah4 ,by an evident inadvertence ,dr4 ,smith adds the magnesia and silica together1 and gives the sum as olivine2 these substances are obviously not in the proportions to form the silicate #c ,r ,o1 ,si ,o1 and if we consider the silicate to be olivine1 we must reckon the excess of silica as combined with protoxyd of iron4 ,to do this1 we must deduct #b4gh from the amount of metallic iron 7equal to #b4eh protoxyd of iron71 necessary to be combined with the silica and magnesia to give the olivine formula4 ,the amount of olivine contained in the ,bartlett meteoric-iron will then be #h4fd per cent4 ,thus the two masses of iron will be seen to agree very nearly in composition1 the only trifling difference being1 that ,dr4 ,smith has determined quantitatively the small amount of chromium contained in the ,bartlett meteorite1 while ,i have found a little lime and traces of sulphur and chlorine in the specimen you sent to me4 ,the specific gravity ,i have stated to be #g4ci2 this was taken on about #ab4e grammes of the iron1 and probably is somewhat higher than the portion which ,i analyzed1 as the two surfaces of the larger mass had been rubbed down1 and as thus a considerable portion of the exposed silicate would be mechanically removed1 it would make the density correspondingly higher4 ,i regret that ,i had not more of this interesting meteorite at my command1 in order to have determined more definitely and satisfactorily the character of the insoluble residue4 ,i shall be glad to make a further investigation of this point if you will supply me with more material4 ,very respectfully yours1 ,,geo4 ,j4 ,,brush4 ,after reading the above letter1 ,professor ,whitney added some remarks on the form and locality of the meteoric iron analyzed by ,professor ,brush1 stating the circumstances under which it came in possession of the city of ,san ,francisco4 ,on the twenty-fourth of ,november1 #ahfb1 the ,board of ,supervisors of this city received1 through ,mayor ,teschemacher1 a letter from ,general ,george ,wright1 commanding the ,department of the ,pacific1 stating that he had received a mass of meteoric iron from ,general ,carleton1 commanding the 8,column from ,california10 and which mass he1 in accordance with ,general ,carleton's request1 placed at the disposal of the city authorities4 ,general ,carleton's letter is here appended3 ,,head ,,quarters ,,column ,,from ,,california1 ,tucson1 ,arizona1 ,june #cjth1 #ahfb4 ,,to ,,general ,,george ,,wright1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army1 ,commander ,dep4 of the ,pacific1 ,san ,francisco1 ,cal4 ,,my ,,dear ,,general3--,soon after my arrival at this place ,i sent by a train to ,fort ,yuma1 to be shipped to your address at ,san ,francisco1 a very large and beautiful ,,aerolite1 which ,i found here and which ,i had heard and read of for many years4 ,in ,bartlett's ,explorations1 vol4 #b1 page #big1 it is described as follows3 8,in the afternoon10 ,july #ahth1 #ahec1 8,i called to take leave of ,general ,blanco1 and at the same time examine a remarkable meteorite1 which is used for an anvil in a blacksmith's shop4 ,this mass resembles native iron1 and weighs about six hundred pounds4 ,its greatest length is five feet4 ,its exterior is quite smooth1 while the lower part which projects from the larger leg is very jagged and rough4 ,it was found about twenty miles distant on the road towards ,tubac and about eight miles from the road40 ,i desire that you present this aerolite to the ,city of ,san ,francisco1 to be placed upon the ,,plaza1 there to remain for the inspection of the people and for examination by the youth of the city forever4 ,it will be a durable memento of the march of the ,column from ,california4 ,i am1 ,general1 sincerely and respectfully1 ,your friend and servant1 ,,james ,h4 ,,carleton1 ,brigadier ,general ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,soon after this mass of meteoric iron came into the possession of the city1 ,i obtained permission from the ,board of ,supervisors to have sawn from it a small piece for analysis and for distribution to a few of the principal public institutions in this country and ,europe having collections of aerolites2 this has been done1 and also a fine photograph of it taken by ,mr4 ,c4 ,e4 ,watkins1 of which copies will be forwarded1 with the specimens of the mass itself1 as convenient opportunity offers4 ,the piece intended for analytical examination was sent to ,professor ,brush of ,yale ,college1 and a letter has just been received from him giving the results1 which will be found in the preceding pages1 and which may appropriately be followed by a few remarks on the size and general appearance of the mass1 with such other facts in regard to it as may be of general interest4 ,the weight of the mass of which the analysis is given above was six hundred and thirty-two pounds1 when it arrived in this city1 and about two pounds have been since cut from it4 ,its shape is irregular1 but in general it is that of a flattened elongated slab1 having a length of four feet one inch and an average breadth of about eighteen inches2 its thickness is irregular1 varying from two to five inches4 ,it has evidently been long used as an anvil1 having been partly buried in the ground in an upright position1 having a flat face of about four inches square on the top1 with two holes drilled in the projecting edge for adding to the convenience of its use as a blacksmith's anvil4 ,the mass is now placed in the ,mayor's office1 it having been deemed inadvisable to expose it on the ,plaza1 as desired by the donor1 on account of its liability to rust in the damp atmosphere of ,san ,francisco1 and the difficulty of securing it from injury by careless or mischievous handling4 ,professor ,brush remarks that 8the composition of this meteorite corresponds very closely with that of another meteoric iron from ,tucson0 discovered by ,mr4 ,bartlett and analyzed by ,professor ,j4 ,lawrence ,smith4 ,a comparison of the analyses of ,professors ,brush and ,smith and a reference to ,mr4 ,bartlett's work seem to render it highly probable1 to say the least1 that the two analyses were of pieces cut from the same mass4 ,in this connection ,i will add to ,general ,carleton's quotation from ,mr4 ,bartlett's book a few lines which complete what is said in regard to the meteorites seen by him at ,tucson4 ,mr4 ,bartlett adds1 after stating that the mass was found about twenty miles distant towards ,tubac and about eight miles from the road1 8where we were told are many larger masses4 ,the annexed drawing gives the appearance of this singular mass4 ,there is another large mass within the garrison grounds1 of which ,i did not take a sketch4 ,with much labor ,dr4 ,webb broke off a fragment of this meteorite1 for the purpose of analysis40 ,the wood cut which ,mr4 ,bartlett gives of the meteoric iron1 which he notices as having been used as an anvil1 shows at once1 as does also the description1 that1 contrary to ,general ,carleton's idea1 this mass and the one which is now in ,san ,francisco1 are not the same4 ,the mass figured by ,mr4 ,bartlett is of a very peculiar shape1 well adapting it to use as a common blacksmith's anvil1 as it has a broad1 flat top1 and is supported by two legs4 ,in the absence of evidence to the contrary1 it is reasonable to suppose that the mass forwarded by ,general ,carleton is the one spoken of by ,mr4 ,bartlett as 8another larger mass10 and of which no drawing was made2 while1 on the other hand1 a piece was taken for analysis4 ,this piece is almost certainly the one analyzed by ,dr4 ,smith1 and hence the close agreement in the two analyses--this chemist1 however1 not having apparently made so complete a separation of the nickel as ,prof4 ,brush has done4 ,still it is possible1 of course1 that different portions of the mass may differ slightly in composition4 ,dr4 ,blake read the following paper3 ,infusoria from the ,moving ,sands in the ,neighborhood of ,san ,francisco4 ,,by ,,james ,,blake1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,c4,s4 ,the infusoria to which ,i would call the attention of the ,society1 were collected from the sands in the neighborhood of ,point ,lobos4 ,these sands form a moving surface1 which in dry weather is drifted by the prevailing winds from the shore of the ocean landwards1 and are entirely devoid of any signs of vegetation for some distance from the shore4 ,on walking over these sands when a strong north-west wind was blowing1 a wind that does not bring up any fresh sand from the ocean beach at that part of the sand field1 ,i noticed a number of small sized bodies projecting above the surface of the sand as it was being carried onwards by the wind4 ,a closer examination showed that these bodies were formed of particles of sand1 agglutinated together by some substance which rendered them almost black1 and where dried possessing considerable tenacity4 ,some of these bodies projected as much as an inch and a half above the surface of the sand1 with which however they all remained connected1 forming generally small ridges4 ,on examining a portion of this agglutinated sand under the microscope1 the water with which ,i had moistened it was found to be full of infusoria1 which commenced moving about as soon as the sand was moistened1 although it had been quite dry for some days before being examined4 ,these infusoria probably belong to the genus ,monas1 but they are so extremely minute that it was impossible to resolve them2 they were1 in fact1 the smallest living infusoria ,i had ever examined4 ,with a quarter-inch object glass of ,powell and ,lelands1 they appeared as small globular moving bodies1 although occasionally a movement would present one of them with apparently a narrow edge4 ,nothing much more definite could be made out with the microscope of my friend1 ,dr4 ,trask1 when using an eighth object glass of ,smith and ,beck1 as they could not be resolved into any form sufficiently definite to classify them4 ,they appeared mostly as globular bodies moving about slowly1 and presenting sometimes a longer axis1 one end being larger than the other1 and offering the appearance as if there was a semi-transparent mass attached to the larger end4 ,the size was estimated at from a fifteenth to the twenty-thousandth of an inch4 ,after a careful examination ,i was unable to detect any vegetable or organic nucleus which might have served as a nidus for these masses of infusoria4 ,they would seem to become developed in the pure sand1 or at least in the sand as it was blown up from the beach1 after the salt had been washed out of it by the rain4 ,i would remark that it had been raining some days before ,i collected them4 ,subsequent researches have shown that these infusoria are very generally diffused through the sands that form our drifting sand-hills around the city2 and on examining some sand taken at a depth of fourteen feet from the surface1 where the hills were being cut through1 ,i found it full of well developed infusoria on placing it under the microscope a few minutes after it had been collected1 so that there can be no doubt but that these infusoria were present in the sand at the time it was collected1 where they had probably been in a torpid state for ages4 ,it is possible that they might have been carried there by the infiltrating water during the rains2 but ,i am inclined to think that they had been torpid there1 as the circumstances in which they were placed were not favorable for propagation except by fission1 a process that cannot be carried on indefinitely1 even in these lower organisms4 ,in fact1 these infusoria1 taken from the deep sands1 copulated most extensively the moment they were placed in water4 ,i am not aware that analogous observations have been made as to the office of these lower infusoria in fixing the moving sands1 and thus initiating that series of changes by which they eventually become clothed with verdure2 the first germs of organic life being generally supposed to be established by the lower vegetable organisms4 ,dr4 ,kellogg presented the following paper3 ,description of ,two ,new ,species of ,plants4 ,,by ,a4 ,,kellogg1 ,m4,d4 ,,conyza ,less4 ,c4 salicena ,kellogg4 ,,fig4 #f4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,stem fruticose1 erect1 three to four feet in height2 branches subglabrous or slightly puberulent1 angular2 leaves lanceolate1 short petiolate1 cuneate1 base entire1 triplinerved1 apex acute with few remote teeth on the upper third1 lamina fleshy1 varnished1 subglabrous1 minute glands scattering1 slightly puberulent chiefly beneath 7two to three inches in length1 about half an inch in breadth71 panicle subcorymbose2 heads pedicellate1 mostly subtended by linear nerved bracts2 involucral scales ovate-oblong1 sub-acute1 scarious1 margins irregularly cut-toothed or somewhat erose1 cut-ciliate2 achenia pubescent2 pappus equal1 white1 scabrous2 florets1 teeth villous on the tips and back1 tube short2 anthers not caudate2 receptacle convex1 naked1 punctate4 ,this plant is closely allied to the ,south ,american ,c4 triplinerva1 but differs in the shrubby character of the stem--the leaves also are not 8ovate-lanceolate10 but lanceolate1 and somewhat glandular1 and like the branches puberulent--the heads are subtended by bracts1 the involucral scales are not 8linear lanceolate10 but ovate-oblong and sub-acute1 etc4 ,the white pappus is not short1 but equal if not longer than the florets--the achenia are not 8glabrous10 etc4 ,found at ,clayton1 ,contra ,costa ,county4 ,,collinsia ,nutt4 ,c4 divaricata ,kellogg4 ,,fig4 #g4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,stem erect1 divaricately branching1 one to three inches high1 pubescent1 interspersed with a few short glandular hairs4 ,cotyledons oval or oblong obtuse1 entire1 petioles as long as the lamina2 middle cauline leaves on shorter petioles1 ciliate at the base or subsessile1 ovate or oblong sub-acute1 entire at the base1 coarsely three to five-toothed1 nerves obsolete1 all pubescent above1 glabrous below2 superior pairs1 sessile1 lanceolate1 acute1 entire4 ,flowers small1 axillary1 and solitary on long divaricate ascending peduncles1 articulated at the base by a swelled joint1 purplish pink alike throughout1 twice the length of the calyx1 upper lobes broadest1 margins crenulate1 saccate base of the tube much compressed above1 glabrous within1 throat constricted1 the external expansion purple spotted above1 filaments hirsute1 stigma minutely bilobed4 ,the obconical expanding calyx narrowed and slightly depressed above at the base1 and correspondingly swelled below1 segments ovate acute1 fleshy1 glabrous2 margins minutely ciliate1 somewhat unequal1 or three larger and two smaller2 capsule globose1 pink and purple spotted above1 seeded4 ,flowering in ,march and ,april4 ,this very minute species--often barely an inch or more in height--had hitherto escaped our observation1 until little friend ,george ,bloomer discovered it1 while on a trip with us to the hills in this vicinity4 ,the whole plant at length often assumes a scarlet or purplish hue4 ,it certainly is not the ,c4 violacea of ,d4 ,c4 and appears quite as distinct as any species known to us4 ,mr4 ,bolander made some remarks on the peculiar growth of ,carex decidua1 in ,marin ,county1 not on the borders of the creeks1 but in the middle of them4 ,he also spoke of ,hierochloa fragrans ,r4 ,s41 as a remarkably fragrant plant1 and as furnishing beautiful grass for lawns4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,may #ah,,th1 #ahfc4 ,president in the ,chair4 ,nine members present4 ,messrs4 ,w4 ,s4 ,sullivant1 and ,leo ,lesquereux1 of ,columbus1 ,ohio1 were elected ,corresponding ,members1 and ,rev4 ,t4 ,starr ,king a ,resident ,member4 ,donations to the ,cabinet were received as follows3 ,specimens of copper ore from the ,mammoth ,lode1 ,del ,norte ,county1 by ,dr4 ,trask4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,june #a,,st1 #ahfc4 ,president in the ,chair4 ,ten members present1 and ,dr4 ,hillebrand1 of ,honolulu1 by invitation4 ,dr4 ,kellogg presented the following paper3 ,description of a ,new ,species of ,hosackia4 ,,by ,a4 ,,kellogg1 ,m4,d4 ,,hosackia ,dougl4 ,h4 argentea ,kellogg4 ,,fig4 #h4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,appressed satiny pubescent throughout1 prostrate1 much branching from a perennial crown4 ,leaves short1 very densely set or crowded along the lower stem1 leaflets three1 very small1 rounded1 and scarcely mucronate2 the upper leaves larger1 leaflets four 7only one of the lower pair developed71 obovate obtuse1 very abruptly mucronate-acute2 stipules red1 minute and gland-like1 glabrous4 ,peduncles twice the length of the leaves2 umbels six to ten-flowered1 bract of a single sessile obovate leaf 7a few separate pink glands or embryoid stipules often present74 ,flowers orange yellow throughout2 keel obtuse1 wings and banner equal2 teeth of the calyx about one-third its length1 acuminate1 embryo legume terete1 appressed pubescent1 two-seeded2 mature fruit unknown4 ,from ,kern ,river1 pendent from rocky cliffs4 ,the ,society is indebted to ,mrs4 ,hutchings for this new and very beautiful species4 ,dr4 ,ayres presented a paper by ,dr4 ,t4 ,m4 ,logan1 of ,sacramento1 on the ,physics1 ,hygiene1 and ,thermology of the ,sacramento ,river1 which was read and referred to the ,publishing ,committee4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,june #ae,,th1 #ahfc4 ,dr4 ,ayres in the ,chair4 ,six members present4 ,donations to the ,cabinet3 ,insects from seeds imported from ,germany1 by ,mr4 ,bevans2 plants from ,sonoma1 by ,dr4 ,behr4 ,donations to the ,library3 ,annual ,report of the ,trustees of the ,museum of ,comparative ,zoology for #ahfb4 ,american ,journal of ,science for ,may1 #ahfc1 from the ,editor4 ,dr4 ,kellogg read the following paper3 ,description of a ,new ,species of ,mentzelia4 ,,by ,a4 ,,kellogg1 ,m4,d4 ,,mentzelia ,l4 ,m4 pectinata ,kellogg4 ,,fig4 #i4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,rough1 with a white minutely-barbed pubescence throughout2 stem four to six inches high2 simple1 or slightly branched at the summit2 greenish1 or a little blanched at the base2 leaves pinnatifid1 lower petiolate1 the upper sessile1 three-nerved2 flowers of a shining golden color1 with a lustrous metallic hue1 shading from a deep1 vivid orange to a burnt carmine center2 stamens very numerous1 all filiform1 scarcely half the length of the petals2 anthers white2 style longer1 spirally twisted above at the divisible portion2 petals five1 spreading1 obcordate or obovate cuneate at the base4 ,flowers from three-fourths to one inch in diameter1 clustered at the summit by the short branches2 short pedicellate 7the uppermost often sessile or sub-sessile72 two or three linear-subulate bracts above the pedicel at the base of the capsule2 capsule thickened upwards from a sharp base2 calyx segments lance-subulate acute4 ,root ligneous4 ,found by ,mrs4 ,hutchings on the mountains above ,visalia4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,july #f,,th1 #ahfc4 ,president in the ,chair4 ,twelve members present4 ,professor ,george ,thurber1 of ,new ,york ,city1 and ,f4 ,w4 ,putnam1 ,esq41 of ,cambridge1 ,mass41 were elected ,corresponding ,members4 ,donations to the ,library were received as follows3 ,proceedings of the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences of ,philadelphia for ,october-,december1 #ahfb4 ,transactions of the ,academy of ,science of ,st4 ,louis1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,no4 #a4 ,bulletin of the ,museum of ,comparative ,zoology at ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,proceedings of the ,boston ,society of ,natural ,history1 ,vol4 ,,ix1 ,signatures #aa and #ab4 ,dr4 ,kellogg read the following paper3 ,description of ,three ,new ,plants4 ,,by ,a4 ,,kellogg1 ,m4,d4 ,,linum ,l4 ,l4 trisepalum ,kellogg4 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,stem suffruticose2 base flexuous1 smooth1 cinnamon brown1 numerously branched above2 branches green1 slender1 erect1 subsimple1 stellate pubescent from minute scabrous elevations1 and also simply short pubescent2 plant sub-triangular throughout4 ,leaves erect1 sub-appressed1 small1 linear1 obtuse1 slightly narrowed at the base into a very short petiole1 alternate4 ,flowers small1 yellow1 in sub-terminal racemoid panicles2 pedicels as long1 or twice the length of the flowers2 calyx bi-bracteate 7appendaged872 bracts minute 7about half the length of the sepals71 linear1 foliaceous 7rudimentary sepals72 proper sepals three1 nerveless1 ovate1 acute 7or sub-acute71 imbricated margins glabrous1 as long as the capsule4 ,petals obovate1 sub-cuneate1 scarcely twice the length of the sepals2 stamens ten 7yellow71 shorter than the calyx2 styles one1 short2 stigmas three1 or united the entire length2 capsule spheroid obtuse1 sub-triangular1 three-valved1 each valve two-seeded1 false dissepiment incomplete4 ,a small shrubby species1 six inches to ,transcriber's ,note3 the second measurement was omitted in height1 found by ,mr4 ,bolander on the ,white ,hills back of ,oakland4 ,p4,s4--,from the ripe fruit since obtained1 the capsule is more ovate2 separating invariably into three valves1 only two to three ovules attaining to maturity2 the seeds black1 sub-compressed ovate1 plano-convex or with two plain sides1 the third convex1 surface rough4 ,l4 decurrens ,kellogg4 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,stem annual1 smooth1 somewhat erect1 sparingly branched1 four to six inches of their summits racemed 7the simple branches but slightly diverging from a vertical direction7 much decurrent1 from one to two feet in height4 ,leaves alternate1 narrowly lanceolate1 one-nerved1 sharply acuminate 7the lower-most leaves unknown74 ,flowers secund1 large purplish blue1 unilateral on long much decurrent pedicels1 expansion of the pedicel above the articulation at the base of the calyx quadrangular2 sepals five1 ovate-oblong acute1 margins scarious1 seven-nerved1 rather more than half the length of the capsule4 ,petals obovate1 cuneate1 claw short emarginate or crenate at the apex1 marked by about five deeper blue veins4 ,styles five1 free to the base1 stigmas capitate4 ,stamens five1 short2 anthers oblong1 white4 ,capsule ovate1 very abruptly short pointed1 completely ten-celled4 ,seeds oblong1 hilum slightly narrowed4 ,found by ,mrs4 ,thayer on the head waters of ,feather ,river4 ,,silene ,l4 ,s4 ,dorrii ,kellogg4 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,stem simple or dichotomous above1 minutely velvety glandular pubescent throughout1 upper and cauline leaves lanceolate1 acute or acuminate1 sessile or sub-sessile1 opposite1 erect1 slightly cilliate at base 7radical leaves unknown74 ,flowers white1 very small1 sub-solitary on long peduncles2 calyx tubular-campanulate1 at length inflated1 teeth short1 acute 7tipped with purple71 tube ten-nerved2 petals not crowned1 minute border sub-two-lobed1 lamina expanded1 claws long and very slender2 stamens ten1 longer1 at length shorter1 filaments glabrous1 anthers sagittate2 styles two to three1 separate1 recoiled2 stigmatose along the entire inner face4 ,ovary somewhat globose1 apex slightly contracted2 compressed seeds granular1 stipe of the capsule very short4 ,a plant about three to five inches in height4 ,collected by ,mr4 ,herbert ,c4 ,dorr in ,nevada ,territory4 ,dr4 ,james ,blake read a paper on the gradual elevation of the land in the environs of ,san ,francisco4 ,on the ,gradual ,elevation of the ,land in the ,environs of ,san ,francisco4 ,,by ,,james ,,blake1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,c4,s4 ,the gradual elevation and depression of large portions of the earth's surface has1 within the last few years1 been attracting considerable attention from geologists4 ,it is a vast geological process of which we are the actual spectators1 offering us the most imposing terrestrial phenomenon of which we can be cognizant1 and at the same time affording us some tangible idea of the vast periods that have been required for bringing the surface of the earth to its present shape4 ,it is the general opinion of geologists that the western shore of our continent is gradually rising4 ,this has been proved to be the case as regards the southern portion of the continent2 but the following facts1 observed in the neighborhood of this city1 afford undoubted evidence that at least this portion of the northern continent is being gradually elevated above the level of the ocean4 ,on the northern bank of ,lobos ,creek1 a small stream running from ,mountain ,lake to the ocean1 muscle shells and rolled pebbles are found at an elevation of from eighty to one hundred feet above the present level of the ocean1 and probably at the distance of half a mile from the present beach4 ,these shells and pebbles are exactly analogous to those now being deposited at the mouth of the creek1 and were undoubtedly placed there when the spots at which they are found formed the beach of the ocean4 ,the surface of the country is so much covered by drifting sands1 that it is only in spots that these shore remains show themselves4 ,the deposits first seen contain remains of shells considerably weathered--lower down the creek1 shells and larger pebbles are seen2 still lower down ,i found the same materials mixed with smaller pebbles1 and at an elevation of about fifty feet small bands of black peat earth were found interstratified with the sand and gravel4 ,these small bands of vegetable earth were evidently formed near the level of the ocean by the waves throwing up a barrier of sand which dammed up the waters of the creek1 so as to form a pond in which a layer of vegetable matter was deposited4 ,this process is going on at the present time1 a dam having been thrown up by the heavy storms of the winter of #ahfa-ahfb4 ,another evidence of the recent elevation of the country is seen near the western end of the ,puerta ,suelo1 at a distance of about eight miles from the city4 ,here there is a depression in the hills1 extending from the bay to the ocean1 and forming a narrow neck to the peninsula on which ,san ,francisco stands4 ,even at present1 the distance from the waters of the bay to the ocean is not more than two or three miles at this point1 and it is evident that at no very distant period this depression formed a channel of communication between them4 ,near the western end of this former channel1 and at about a mile inland from the present sea beach1 the skeleton of the head of a whale is found on the surface of the ground4 ,the specimen measures about six feet across1 and must have belonged to an animal fifty or sixty feet long4 ,the bones1 which are not at all mineralised1 are in a good state of preservation4 ,at the time they were carried there1 there must have been eight or ten feet of water over the surface1 and as the place is at present from ten to fifteen feet above the level of the ocean1 a rise of twenty-five or thirty feet must have taken place at this spot since the animal was washed there4 ,another locality at which evidence of the gradual elevation of the land can be obtained is found to the west of ,black ,point1 where abundant remains of our present bay shells are found at a considerable elevation above the level of the sea2 and1 were not the surface of the country1 particularly the lower levels1 so completely covered in by the drifting sands1 no doubt many analogous deposits could be found4 ,to the south and west of the ,mission1 and in all the lower levels between there and the range of hills overlooking the ,puerta ,suelo1 the surface is covered by these recent post tertiary deposits1 through which the older rocks protrude in many places as isolated masses1 the recent argillaceous sandstone being deposited in nearly horizontal strata around their base4 ,these sandstones have given rise1 by their decomposition1 to the extensive surfaces of yellow sandy loam seen between the ,mission and the ,ocean ,house4 ,i think the highest of these beds does not attain a greater elevation than one hundred feet above the present level of the ocean4 ,more recent evidence of the gradual elevation of the land is furnished by the holes made by the marine worms in the rocks on the shores of the bay1 many of these holes being found at elevations which the highest tides do not at present reach4 ,on the age of these deposits it is useless at present to speculate4 ,all that we know for certain is1 that geologically speaking1 they are recent2 but whether it is five hundred1 or five thousand1 or fifty thousand years since the present site of ,mountain ,lake was on a level with the ocean1 our present data do not enable us to form an opinion4 ,all that the facts prove is that this portion of the continent is being gradually raised en masse4 ,from observations ,i have made on the main range of the ,sierra1 ,i am inclined to think that this process of gradual elevation is not confined to the land bordering the sea coast1 but extends far into the interior4 ,the undisturbed position of the post tertiary strata on the western slope of the ,sierra1 would indicate that the same process of gradual elevation must have been going on for hundreds of thousands of years1 so that the original beach of the earlier post tertiary ocean is now at an elevation of four or five thousand feet above the present level of the sea4 ,should subsequent observations confirm the truth of this supposition1 this country would afford a more striking example of the action of existing causes in modifying the surface of the earth1 than is to be found in any other portion of the globe4 ,it is desirable that some means should be taken to ascertain and record accurately the present relative level of the sea and land1 as1 after a few years1 such a determination might furnish some very useful geological data4 ,i have no doubt that it will be found that every shock of an earthquake is accompanied by an elevation of the land4 ,,san ,,francisco1 ,july #fth1 #ahfc4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,july #bj,,th1 #ahfc4 ,dr4 ,ayres in the ,chair4 ,twelve members present4 ,j4 ,b4 ,bayerque1 ,esq41 was elected a ,life ,member4 ,donation to the ,cabinet3 ,a number of birds and quadrupeds were deposited by ,mr4 ,w4 ,w4 ,holder4 ,donations to the ,library3 ,ascent of ,pike's ,peak by ,dr4 ,c4 ,c4 ,parry4 ,biennial ,report of the ,chicago ,historical ,society to the ,governor of ,illinois4 ,the ,corresponding ,secretary read a letter from ,samuel ,h4 ,scudder1 ,esq41 to ,dr4 ,behr1 from which the following extracts are taken3 8,through the kindness of ,mr4 ,edwards1 ,i have had the opportunity of looking at your two recent papers on ,argynnides and on ,danais1 and have been much interested therein4 ,reading the latter article1 ,i instantly had recalled to me some statements in regard to localization of the species at the ,sandwich ,islands by the sons of one or two ,american missionaries long resident there--gentlemen in every way to be depended on for common accuracy--by those statements ,i was led to an opposite conclusion from yours in regard to the means by which it was introduced2 and since ,i have read your paper ,i have met with ,dr4 ,gulick1 for some time a missionary at ,ascension ,island1 one of the ,micronesian group1 now in ,america for his health1 from whom ,i have received some additional facts4 ,they all concur in stating that this butterfly was formerly wanting at the ,sandwich ,islands1 and spread over the ,islands just as fast as did the milk-weed upon which they feed--the two keeping pace with one another4 ,dr4 ,gulick makes some more definite statements2 he says that a gentleman in ,hawaii sent him on ,ascension ,island 7#b1jjj or #c1jjj miles distant7 a large box of plants under glass2 that when they reached ,ascension ,island he found among them the milk-weed1 which was set out with others2 in five or six weeks they reached maturity1 and then they discovered upon them the larv of ,danais which nearly destroyed them--the natives have never before seen them and the butterfly was altogether unknown1 indeed1 no such large and showy butterfly exists there4 ,subsequently and purposely1 as an experiment1 he took some seeds to the opposite side of the ,island1 twenty-five miles distant1 and sowed them1 and was absent some four or five months2 when he returned the larv were there4 ,a gentleman and the natives had been put upon the watch by him for the butterflies but none had been seen1 and these larv changing produced the first they had any of them seen4 8,it seems to me that the appearance of the larv on the transported plant in its early growth leaves but little room to doubt that the eggs of the insect were transported also in the ,wardian case40 ,prof4 ,whitney read the following notice of the large mass of meteoric iron now in this city1 on its way to the ,smithsonian ,institution3 ,by a singular coincidence1 we have now the pleasure of seeing in this city the two great masses of meteoric iron which have been so often spoken of as being at ,tucson1 in ,arizona1 one of which was brought here and presented to the city by ,general ,carleton1 in ,november last1 a notice of which1 with an analysis1 has already appeared in our proceedings4 ,this mass may properly be designated as the 8,carleton 7,tucson7 ,meteoric ,iron10 while the one which is destined for the ,smithsonian ,institution may be called the 8,ainsa 7,tucson7 ,meteoric ,iron10 as it has been rendered accessible for scientific investigation by ,mr4 ,jesus ,m4 ,ainsa1 as will be seen by the following memorandum of the circumstance kindly furnished by his brother1 ,mr4 ,james ,m4 ,ainsa3 8,this aerolite was first discovered by the early ,jesuit ,missionaries in the mountains called the #8,sierra de la ,madera1' near ,tucson4 8,in #agce1 ,el ,capitan de las ,provincias del ,occidente1 ,don ,juan ,bautista ,anza1 induced by the accounts of the science-loving ,jesuits1 ordered the aerolite to be removed from the mountains1 with the intention of sending it to ,spain4 ,however1 through the want of wagon roads and the proper means of conveyance at that time1 to take it to ,san ,blas1 then the nearest port of entry1 the attempt was entirely abandoned4 8,the aerolite was left at ,tucson1 where it continued to attract the attention of the scientific men who visited that country for more than a hundred years4 ,since the acquisition of ,arizona by the ,united ,states1 greater notice has been taken of this aerolite1 it having been mentioned several times in the official reports of the ,government agents4 8,by a singular coincidence1 ,augustin ,ainsa1 the great-grandson of ,don ,juan ,bautista ,anza1 undertook1 in #ahfj1 to transport the aerolite and present it to the ,smithsonian ,institution4 ,with great difficulty it was brought as far as the ,yigo hacienda1 where it remained until ,may1 #ahfc1 when ,jesus ,m4 ,ainsa1 in his late visit to ,sonora1 brought it to this city1 with the intention of forwarding it to the ,smithsonian ,institution at ,washington1 where it will soon be sent40 ,at present the mass in question lies upon the steps of the ,custom ,house1 where it has been most admirably photographed by ,mr4 ,watkins4#b ,it was said by ,mr4 ,ainsa to weigh #a1fjj pounds4 ,the shape of this meteoric mass is very peculiar2 and1 at first1 it would hardly be recognized as the identical specimen figured by ,mr4 ,bartlett at ,tucson1 especially as this gentleman estimated its weight at #fjj pounds only4 ,instead of being1 as ,mr4 ,bartlett supposed1 a mass supported on two legs1 it is1 in reality1 a ring of metal1 of very irregular dimensions1 of which about one-quarter was buried in the ground1 in order to support it in a convenient position for use as an anvil1 when it was seen by him at ,tucson4 ,the dimensions of this ring are as follows3 ,greatest exterior diameter #di inches4 ,least exterior diameter #ch 0 ,greatest width of central opening #bf 0 ,least width of central opening #bc 0 ,greatest thickness at right angles to plane of ring #aj 0 ,width of thickest part of the ring #ag 0 ,width of narrowest part #b 0 ,the weight of the mass corresponds1 taking the specific gravity at #g4b1 with a circle-ring1 having an average width of one foot1 and a thickness of a small fraction less than eight inches--the diameter of the circle represented by the exterior of the ring being assumed as four feet4 ,on examining with a magnifying glass a fractured surface of the mass1 it was seen at once to be different in composition from the ,carleton ,meteoric ,iron1 and my conjecture that ,prof4 ,smith was mistaken in supposing that he analyzed a fragment from the mass figured by ,mr4 ,bartlett1 was confirmed4#c ,it is now almost certain that ,messrs4 ,brush and ,smith did analyze fragments of the same meteoric iron4 ,the ,ainsa ,meteoric ,iron contains a large per centage of a white--almost transparent--silicious mineral1 having a vitreous lustre1 which may be olivine2 but the amount seems larger than that in the ,carleton mass4 ,the ,smithsonian ,institution will undoubtedly cause a chemical investigation to be made of this superb meteoric mass1 and it will be interesting to compare its composition with that of the ,carleton meteorite1 as the two were found so near each other that they may be supposed to have formed portions of the same body1 and to have fallen at the same time4 ,the photograph was taken by ,mr4 ,watkins1 at my request1 partly to be sent abroad as a specimen of the high degree of perfection which has been attained by this gentleman in this department of art1 and partly that an exact representation might be secured of this very remarkable body1 in case it should be lost or captured on its way to ,washington4 ,in concluding this notice1 the following statement is given of all that is known of the size and position of the masses of meteoric iron which have been noticed by various travelers in ,arizona and the adjacent portions of ,mexico and ,new ,mexico4 ,in the ,madera range1 8,sierra de la ,madera10 between ,tucson and ,tubac1 8enormous masses of pure iron1 some of which were transported to ,tucson1 and for many years were to be seen in the ,plaza of that ,presidio40 ,francisco ,velasco1 in ,w4 ,f4 ,nye's ,translation of his work on ,sonora1 p4 #adf1 published at ,san ,francisco in #ahfa4--,two of these masses have been brought to this city1 the one weighing #a1fjj1 the other #fcb pounds2 the question arises1 how many more are left in the ,sierra ,madera8 ,to this1 no answer can be given at present4 8,at the ,hacienda de ,concepcion1 on the road from ,chihuahua to ,rio ,florida10 a mass of meteoric iron estimated to weigh #c1hec lbs4--,bartlett4 ,the exact locality of this hacienda ,i have not been able to ascertain4 8,ninety miles north-west of ,santa ,rosa10 supposed to be the ,santa ,rosa in the province of ,coahuila1 in ,mexico1 lat4 #bh1 long4 #aja #cj'2 ,ass't ,a4 ,schott1 of the ,mexican ,boundary ,survey1 reports a large number of masses of meteoric iron2 see page #cd1 ,part ,,ii1 of ,major ,emory's ,report4 ,this statement needs confirmation4 8,sancha ,estate1 some fifty or sixty miles from ,santa ,rosa1 in the north of ,coahuila40 ,this is the locality of the mass of meteoric iron1 weighing #beb pounds1 and now in the collection of the ,smithsonian ,institution1 figured1 described and analyzed by ,professor ,smith2 see ,smithsonian ,report for #ahee1 p4 #aed1 and ,silliman's ,journal1 7#b7 ,,xix1 #afj4 ,professor ,smith says1 8various accounts were given of the precise locality1 but none seemed very satisfactory40 ,it is not unlikely that this mass is from the same locality mentioned by ,mr4 ,schott4 8,near the ,south-western edge of the ,balson de ,mapimi1 on the route to the ,mines of ,parral1 there is a meteorite1 near the road1 of not less than a ton weight20 on the authority of ,mr4 ,weidner1 of the mines of ,freiberg1 as stated by ,professor ,smith 7,smithsonian ,report for #ahee1 page #aee71 ,mapimi is in lon4 #ajc #cj'2 lat4 #be #de' nearly4 8,at the ,hacienda of ,venagas1 there was 7#ahbg7 a piece of iron that would make a cylinder1 one yard in length1 with a diameter of ten inches4 ,it was said to have been brought from the mountains near the ,hacienda40 ,professor ,smith1 on the authority of ,dr4 ,berlandier 7,smithsonian ,report for #ahee1 p4 #aee71 makes the above statement2 the exact locality of the ,hacienda ,i have been unable to ascertain2 it is probably nearly in lat4 #bd1 lon4 #aja4 ,la ,paz1 ,new ,mexico1 near the ,colorado ,river1 about lat4 #cc #cj'4 ,a mass of meteoric iron1 weighing #aj pounds1 was brought from that locality1 in #ahfb1 by ,mr4 ,h4 ,ehrenberg4 ,a number of other localities of meteoric iron might be added from more southern and central portions of ,mexico2 but as that is a region to which the attention of ,californian explorers and capitalists has not yet been much directed1 it will not be necessary to cite them here4 ,it is hoped that the circulation of the above list may be the means of procuring further information in regard to the masses of iron noticed2 and that1 possibly1 more of them may be brought to ,san ,francisco4 #b ,the mass was shipped on the ,panama steamer1 which sailed from ,san ,francisco on the #c;d of ,august4 #c ,see page #cd1 of this volume4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,august #c;,d1 #ahfc4 ,president in the ,chair4 ,present1 eleven members4 ,f4 ,m4 ,spence1 of ,victoria1 ,v4 ,i41 was elected a ,corresponding ,member4 ,donations to the ,cabinet3 ,two species of grasses collected in ,mariposa ,county1 by ,mr4 ,rowlandson4 ,donations to the ,library3 ,the following foreign journals and scientific works were received through the ,smithsonian ,institution3 ,proceedings of the ,royal ,horticultural ,society1 ,vol4 i1 ,nos4 #f and #g 7#ahei71 #h-ai 7#ahfj71 #bj-ca 7#ahfa71 ,vol4 ii1 ,nos4 #a-ab 7#ahfb72 ,list of the ,fellows for #ahfa and #ahfb2 ,der ,zoologische ,garten1 ,nos4 #a-ab1 #ahfb2 ,bulletins de l',acadmie ,royale de ,belgique1 ,tomes ix-xii1 #ahfj1 #ahfa2 ,mmoires de l',acadmie de ,dijon 7#b7 ix1 x1 #ahfa2 ,annuaire de l',acadmie ,royale de ,belgique1 ,annes #bg et #bh2 ,mmoires de la ,socit ,impriale de ,sciences ,naturelles de ,cherbourg1 ,tome viii1 #ahfa2 ,sitzungsberichte der k4 bayr4 ,akademie der ,wissenschaften zu ,mnchen1 #ahfa1 ii1 ,heft #a-c1 #ahfb1 i1 ,heft #a-d #ahfb1 ii1 #a2 ,abhandlungen der ,math4 ,physik4 ,classe der k4 bayr4 ,akademie der ,wissenschaften1 ,band ix1 ,abtheilung #b1 ,mnchen1 #ahfb2 ,annalen der ,knigl4 ,sternwarte bei ,mnchen1 ,band xi1 #ahfb2 ,nachtrge zu ,maly's ,enumeratio plantarum phanerogamicarum imperii ,austriaci universi1 von ,aug4 ,neilreich1 ,wien #ahfa2 ,verhandlungen der k4 k4 zool4-bot4 ,gesellschaft in ,wien1 #ahfa1 ,bd xi2 ,jahrbuch der k4 k4 geolog4 ,reichsanstalt #ahfa and #ahfb1 ,band xii2 ,untersuchungen ber die ,dichten und ,brechungs-exponente1 von ,dr4 ,ad4 ,weiss und ,ed4 ,weiss2 ,geognostische ,beschreibung der preuss4 ,oberlausitz1 von ,e4 ,f4 ,glocker1 ,grlitz1 #aheg2 ,abhandlungen der ,naturforschenden ,gesellschaft zu ,grlitz1 ,band ii1 #ahfj2 ,mmoires de l',acadmie ,impriale de ,st4 ,petersburg1 ,tome iii1 ,no4 #ab1 iv1 ,nos4 #a-i2 ,schriften der k4 phys4-kon4 ,gesellschaft zu ,knigsberg1 ,jahrgang #a1 ,heft #b 7#ahfa71 ii1 #b1 #ahfb2 ,die ,culturpflanzen ,norwegens1 von ,dr4 ,p4 ,c4 ,schbler1 ,christiana1 #ahfb2 ,meteorologische ,beobachtungen des ,observatoriums zu ,christiana i and ii1 #ahfb2 ,beskrivelse over ,lophogaster typicus1 von ,dr4 ,m4 ,sars1 ,christiana1 #ahfb2 ,geologiske undersgelser af ,dr4 ,theodor ,kierulf1 ,christiana1 #ahfb2 ,zwei ,karten zur geognostischen ,beschreibung der preuss4 ,oberlausitz1 von ,e4 ,p4 ,glocker2 ,mittheilungen der ,naturf4 ,gesellschaft in ,bern1 #aheh1 ,nos4 #djh-dbc1 #ahei1 #dbd-dci1 #ahfj1 #ddj-dfh2 ,verhandlungen der ,schweizerischen ,naturf4 ,gesellschaft1 #dcte ,versammlung1 ,bern1 #ahei2 ,correspondenzblatt des ,naturf4 ,vereins zu ,riga1 #abter ,iahrgang1 #ahfb2 ,bericht ber die ,thtigkeit der ,st4 ,gallischen ,naturwissens4 ,gesellschaft1 #aheh-ahfj2 ,atti della ,societ elvetica delle ,scienze ,naturali riunita in ,lugano1 #ahfj1 #ddth ,session2 ,verhandelingen van het ,bataviaasch ,genootschap1 ,part xxvii1 #ahfj1 xxviii1 #ahfj2 ,tijdschrift voor indische ,taal-,land-en ,volkenkunde1 ,deel vi1 #b-g1 vii1 #a-f1 viii1 #a-f1 ix1 #a-f1 x1 #a-f 7#ahfj72 ,studien aux der ,natur1 von ,dr4 ,ad4 ,weiss und ,j4 ,g4 ,weiss2 ,fluorescenz der ,farbenstoffe1 von ,dr4 ,ad4 ,weiss4 ,mr4 ,gabb presented the following paper by ,mr4 ,rmond3 ,description of ,four ,new ,species of ,echinodermata1 from the ,tertiaries of ,contra ,costa ,county4 ,,by ,,auguste ,r,,mond4 ,,astrodapsis ,conrad4 ,a4 ,whitneyi ,rmond4 ,disk circular1 or sub-pentagonal1 slightly notched at the extremity of the ambulacra4 ,apex central and elevated2 edge depressed4 ,ambulacral star symmetrical1 prominent near the apex2 petals equal1 reaching to the margin of the disk4 ,interambulacral spaces much depressed near the edge4 ,lower surface slightly and gradually concave2 furrows well marked and straight4 ,mouth central1 circular2 anal aperture small1 sub-marginal4 ,papillary tubercles somewhat remote1 smaller above than beneath1 situated in wide and shallow cells2 miliary tubercles very numerous and crowded1 both on the superior and inferior surfaces4 ,greatest diameter #a4h inches ,smallest diameter #a4fe 0 ,height #j4c 0 ,locality3 ,kirker's ,pass formations4 ,found in lower pliocene beds4 ,the genus astrodapsis1 to which ,i have referred the above species1 was indicated by ,mr4 ,conrad1 in the ,pacific ,railroad ,reports1 ,vol4 ,,vii1 ,palontological ,report1 page #aif1 without any generic description4 ,the genus is closely allied to clypeaster1 but differs from it in having the petals of the ambulacral star extending to the edge of the disk1 opened at the extremity1 and in the margin of the disk being slightly notched at the extremity of each petal4 ,the inter-ambulacral spaces are depressed4 ,on the under surface there is a deep groove corresponding to each petal4 ,my collection1 and that of the ,state ,geological ,survey4 ,a4 tumidus ,rmond4 ,disk rounded sub-pentagonal1 thick1 rounded on the edge1 very slightly notched at the end of the ambulacral areas4 ,apex small1 central1 depressed4 ,ambulacral petals symmetrical1 very prominent1 reaching to the margin1 longitudinally grooved by a median line4 ,the outer pores of the petals abruptly depressed on each side4 ,inferior surface slightly concave4 ,mouth central1 small1 rounded4 ,ambulacral furrows straight1 well marked4 ,anus small1 sub-marginal4 ,papillary tubercles numerous1 especially in the ambulacral areas1 and in the center beneath1 not prominent1 situated in comparatively deep and sub-angular cavities4 ,greatest diameter #a4cd inches4 ,shortest diameter #a4bf 0 ,height #j4cd 0 ,locality3 ,kirker's ,pass formations2 occurs as the preceding species2 also two miles west of ,walnut ,creek ,house4 ,from the collections of the ,california ,academy of ,natural ,sciences1 of the ,state ,geological ,survey1 and my own4 ,,echinarachnius van ,phels4 ,e4 ,brewerianus ,rm4 ,disk small1 oval-elongated1 broader behind1 rather thin4 ,upper surface slightly convex2 margin rounded4 ,apex posteriorly sub-central4 ,petals close1 nearly symmetrical1 the anterior and posterior ones the longest1 as wide as or even wider than the inter-ambulacral spaces2 ambulacral areas composed of very narrow plates1 widening on the margin4 ,inferior surface plane4 ,ambulacral furrows not visible in the specimens examined4 ,mouth small1 central4 ,anus very small1 sub-marginal4 ,papillary tubercles numerous1 rounded1 somewhat prominent1 more crowded beneath than above4 ,length #a4bb inches4 ,width #a4jf 0 ,height #j4cj 0 ,locality3 ,two miles east of ,walnut ,creek ,house2 from miocene beds4 ,collection of the ,state ,geological ,survey1 and mine4 ,this species is dedicated to ,prof4 ,w4 ,h4 ,brewer1 ,botanist to the ,survey4 ,,clypeaster ,lamark4 ,c4 ,gabbii ,rm4 ,disk rather small1 comparatively thick1 varying from circular to sub-pentagonal and irregular sub-oval4 ,apex nearly central1 sub-elevated2 margin rounded2 genital apparatus sub-angular4 ,ambulacral star almost symmetrical2 petals about equal in length1 elongated1 open at their extremities4 ,inferior surface flat near the edge1 and gently concave in the center4 ,mouth depressed1 sub-central4 ,ambulacral furrows straight1 slightly marked4 ,anal aperture very small1 marginal4 ,tubercles of the upper surface numerous1 especially in the ambulacra1 round and prominent4 ,greatest diameter #a4af inches4 ,smallest diameter #a4aj 0 ,height #j4bh 0 ,locality3 ,the ,c4 ,gabbii occurs abundantly on the eastern shore of ,san ,pablo ,bay1 south of ,mare ,island1 in soft sand-stones of miocene age4 ,collections of the ,state ,geological ,survey1 and ,academy of ,natural ,sciences2 also ,mr4 ,gabb's1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,l4 ,a4 ,pioche's1 and mine4 ,dr4 ,kellogg read the following paper3 ,description of a ,new ,species of ,allium4 ,,by ,a4 ,,kellogg1 ,m4,d4 ,,allium ,l4 ,allium parvum ,kellogg4 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,scape short1 naked1 narrowly ancipital2 leaves two1 long linear-lanceolate1 acute1 apex recurved1 plain above1 much attenuated towards the subterranean base1 which is somewhat canaliculate2 lamina from five to ten-nerved1 margins remotely subscabrulose2 flowers pale1 purplish1 about eight2 umbel convex1 pedicels triangular1 thickening upwards1 about as long as the flowers1 nerves of the sepals distinctly purple to the tips2 three outer sepals longer and broader1 erect1 entire1 oblong1 somewhat obtuse1 carinate2 the three inner linear-lanceolate sub-acute2 genitals included1 inner stamens slightly longer1 anthers pale1 blueish1 filaments simple1 expanded at the base2 style equal1 stigma acute1 simple 7or obsoletely lobed72 capsule in outline obcordateley trigastric1 embryo granular 7mature fruit not observed71 appears to be somewhat substipitate1 as seen in the figure1 the three cells somewhat grooved on the back2 spathe persistent1 two-parted1 ovate1 sub-acute1 about eleven-nerved1 hyaline1 and lilac purple2 bulb ovate1 oblong1 externally loosely coated with light-colored1 smooth-nerved membranaceous tunics4 ,the scape is often found only an inch above ground1 as in the recent specimens from ,mount ,davidson by ,mr4 ,herbert ,c4 ,dorr4 ,the leaves are two to three times the length of the scape4 ,our figure is from a cultivated specimen furnished by ,mr4 ,h4 ,g4 ,bloomer1 from bulbs sent us some years since by ,mr4 ,andrew ,a4 ,veatch1 from ,washoe4 ,this is the largest form of it we have yet seen4 ,the bulbs1 however1 under culture1 are often three or four times the size here represented4 ,it has none of the garlic odor so common in this genus4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,august #ag,,th1 #ahfc4 ,dr4 ,trask in the ,chair4 ,present1 eleven members4 ,donations to the ,cabinet3 ,three boxes of ores from various localities1 presented by ,dr4 ,trask4 ,mr4 ,lorquin presented a number of land shells collected on the ,philippine ,islands by ,mr4 ,lorquin1 senior4 ,a box of shells from the ,smithsonian ,institution4 ,donations to the ,library3 ,verslagen en ,mededeelingen der ,koninklijke ,akademie van ,wetenschappen2 ,afdeeling ,naturkunde1 ,parts #aj-ad1 #ahfj-ahfb2 ,same1 ,afdeeling ,letterkunde1 ,parts #e-f1 #ahfj-ahfb2 ,jaarboek van de ,koninklijke ,akademie van ,wetenschappen te ,amsterdam1 #ahei1 #ahfj1 #ahfa2 ,proceedings of the ,royal ,horticultural ,society1 ,vol4 iii1 ,nos4 #a-d1 ,jan4 to ,april1 #ahfc2 ,nachrichten von der ,georg-,augusts-,universitt und der ,knigl4 ,gesells4 der ,wissenschaften zu ,gttingen1 #ahfb1 ,nr4 #a-bg4 ,the above were received through the ,smithsonian ,institution4 ,dr4 ,cooper read the following paper3 ,on ,new or ,rare ,mollusca ,inhabiting the ,coast of ,california4--,no4 ,,ii4 ,,by ,j4 ,g4 ,,cooper1 ,m4,d4 ,the following species were collected while exploring for the ,state ,geological ,survey1 along the main land and islands bordering ,santa ,barbara channel1 in ,may1 ,june1 and ,july last4 ,besides those described as new1 ,i obtained additional specimens of some of those described in #ahfb1 confirming the specific characters then given1 and to some extent establishing the generic more accurately4 ,careful notes and drawings from living specimens furnish the basis of most of the descriptions1 together with examination of the specimens in alcohol4 ,with regard to localities1 it must be noticed that 8,santa ,barbara0 and 8,santa ,barbara ,island0 are very distinct both in local characteristics and the groups of animals inhabiting them4 ,the island is about seventy-five miles from the town1 and thirty-five from the nearest main land4 ,catalina ,island is twenty-four miles from the main land1 and very different in its molluscous animals from both the main land and the other islands1 being the richest locality on our shores4 ,i have not been able to compare these species with those from ,south ,america described by ,d',orbigny and others2 but1 like our other littoral mollusca1 they are probably distinct4 ,i have1 however1 found the pelagic species ,ommastrephes giganteus ,d',orb in large numbers1 and 8hundreds0 of a species of ,argonauta washed ashore last spring as far north as ,santa ,cruz ,island1 as ,i was informed by ,dr4 ,shaw1 who presented specimens to the ,state collection4 ,,aplysia ,linn4 ,a4 californica ,cooper4 ,state ,collection1 species #ajde4 ,form and external appearance as usual in the genus4 ,length fifteen inches1 breadth five1 height about the same4 ,color pale gray or greenish1 becoming purplish on the side1 folds of mantle with scattered white specks1 from which an irregular network of brown lines extends over the rest of the body1 interspersed with large brown blotches4 ,inner surface of mantle varied with alternating painted bars of white and dark brown interlocking together4 ,sole of foot black4 ,eyes very minute and black4 ,shell contained in the substance of the mantle cartilaginous1 translucent1 trapezoidal or hatchet-shaped1 margins rounded1 slightly convex above1 the nucleus or centre in old specimens distant from the posterior end or apex4 ,faint radiating lines diverging from the nucleus1 crossed by an irregular network of darker lines1 all ending abruptly at some distance from the margin1 which has thus a wide1 nearly transparent border4 ,an accessory plate arises on the inner surface from the nucleus1 spatulate in form and slightly raised4 ,the two younger specimens have the clear border and accessory plate less developed1 and very young ones do not probably show these characters at all1 but resemble the typical ,aplysia in the form of the shell4 ,on this account ,i am unwilling to constitute it a new genus1 but propose to call it a sub-genus under the name of ,,neaplysia4 ,there was no appearance of a multiplication of shells1 said to occur in old specimens of ,aplysia4 ,not having any full description of the internal anatomy of ,aplysia1 ,i cannot at present determine whether there are many other differences in structure4 ,the stomach was full of large fragments of ,alg4 ,i found three specimens only1 on the beach at ,san ,pedro1 ,july #beth1 just after a heavy blow which occurred at the lowest summer tides4 ,kept in water for some time1 they were very slow and uninteresting in movements1 showing no evidence of any means of defence except the exudation of a beautiful purple fluid from the mantle when handled4 ,this fluid1 common to the ,aplysi1 though formerly supposed to be poisonous and indelible1 possesses no such properties1 though it may be a defence against marine animals which attack them4 ,the figure1 taken from a tracing of the shell1 and electrotyped by ,dr4 ,a4 ,kellogg1 represent the inner surface of the most developed specimen1 of the natural size4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,,navarchus1 ,cooper1 ,proc4 ,cal4 ,acad4 ,ap4 #ahfc4 ,n4 inermis ,cooper4 ,syn4 ,strategus inermis ,cooper1 ,proc4 ,cal4 ,acad4 ,,ii1 #ahfb1 p4 #bjb4 ,one small specimen1 dredged among seaweeds in ten fathoms1 near the eastern shore of the 8,isthmus10 ,catalina ,island1 shows no variation from those obtained at ,san ,diego4 ,,doris1 ,linn4 ,d4 albopunctata ,cooper4 ,state ,coll4 ,species #ajjj4 ,form ovate1 pointed behind1 flattened1 surface shining1 minutely rugose4 ,tentacles club-shaped1 retractile1 branchial plume1 #f-h parted1 bipinnately divided1 situated near the posterior extremity4 ,color yellow or orange brown1 dorsal surface thickly speckled with small white dots1 each forming a slightly raised papilla4 ,beneath paler4 ,dredged from a rocky bottom in twenty fathoms1 a mile from the shore at ,santa ,barbara4 ,also found on rocks at low water mark near the north-west end of ,catalina ,island4 ,length about one inch1 breadth one-third of an inch4 ,doris montereyensis ,cooper1 ,proc4 ,cal4 ,acad4 ,,ii1 #ahfb1 p4 #bjd4 ,found at ,santa ,barbara ,island on rocks at low water1 differing from the original specimens only in larger size and deeper color4 ,the tentacles are club-shaped1 the branchial #g-h parted1 bipinnate and from one opening4 ,doris sanguinea ,cooper1 loc4 cit4 7,asteronotus47 ,four specimens found with the last1 differ from the type only in having the black spots very small4 ,the tentacles are acute1 cylindro-conic1 retractile into a cavity bordered by a toothed membrane4 ,the branchi form an erect chimney-shaped expansion4 ,i cannot discover the stellate valvular structure of the branchial opening1 which characterises the genus ,asteronotus1 in these specimens4 ,doris ,sandiegensis ,cooper1 loc4 cit4 ,two found with the last agree exactly with specimens from ,san ,diego4 ,the tentacles are conical and acute4 ,the branchial orifice does not present the peculiar characters of ,actinocyclus4 ,although all these species differ to some extent1 they have no characters to distinguish them generically from the typical ,doris1 unless anatomical or microscopical examination should reveal them1 or the characters of that genus should be more closely limited4 ,,triopa ,johnston1 #ahch4 ,t4 catalin ,cooper4 ,state coll4 species1 #ajjb4 ,form much elongated1 narrow1 dorsal surface flat1 becoming spatulate posteriously4 ,head expanded laterally and flattened1 wider than the body1 ornamented with #ad cili1 equally distributed around its margin1 so as to form nearly a circle4 ,tentacles long1 conical1 retractile4 ,three pairs of short cili at equal distances apart between the tentacles and middle of the body1 connected by the sharp edges of the dorsal surface4 ,branchial plume five parted1 bipinnately divided1 expanding to nearly twice the width of the body1 situated a little behind the middle of the body4 ,two short cili close together on the medium line1 a little behind the branchi4 ,length #a4ej1 breadth #j4be inch4 ,color yellowish1 speckled with white1 filaments vermilion red4 ,four specimens found on sea weed among rocks at low water near north end of ,catalina ,island1 ,june #afth4 ,,dendronotus ,alder and ,hancock1 #ahde4 ,d4 iris ,cooper4 ,state coll4 species #iei4 ,pale purple1 varying to orange red1 foot narrowly edged with white1 tentacles with white tips and a subterminal orange ring1 branchial processes purple1 the smaller ones sometimes olive near the base4 ,length of largest specimens #c1 breadth #j4ej inch4 ,several found on the beach at ,santa ,barbara1 ,may #eth1 having been washed ashore by an unusually heavy sea1 occurring at a very low stage of the tide4 ,one1 also1 dredged on seaweed1 from a depth of #bh fathoms1 two miles off shore4 ,this species seems more variable in color than the other nudibranchiata of this coast1 but ,i saw no reason for considering them of more than one species4 ,those washed ashore being somewhat injured1 although still alive1 ,i made no drawing of them1 and the more perfect one dredged was too small for this purpose4 ,in the 8,mollusca and ,shells10 of the ,u4 ,s4 ,exploring ,expedition under ,commodore ,wilkes1 ,dr4 ,gould mentions a species of ,dendronotus collected at ,puget ,sound1 but does not name it or give any clue to its characters1 except that the branchi have white tips1 unlike our specimens4 ,it is very probable1 however1 that it belongs to the same species1 as so many of the ,mollusca of this coast have an equally wide range4 ,,olis ,cuvier1 #agih4 4 barbarensis ,cooper4 ,state coll4 species #igh4 ,rose-red1 longer tentacles tipped with yellow1 branchial cili simple1 in six longitudinal rows1 all short1 the middle rows longest and tipped with blue1 anterior tentacles two1 above the mouth1 dorsal tentacles club-shaped1 a white streak extending from the median line between them to the mouth4 ,length nearly an inch4 ,one specimen dredged on a rocky bottom1 in a depth of #af fathoms1 a mile from the shore at ,santa ,barbara4 ,although small1 its characters are too different from those of our other species1 when of the same size1 to allow us to consider it the young of any of them4 ,,flabellina ,cuvier1 #ahcj4 ,f4 opalescens ,cooper4 ,syn4 olis1 7,flabellina87 opalescens1 ,cooper--,proc4 ,cal4 ,acad4 ,,ii1 #ahfb1 p4 #bje4 ,this species1 dredged from the same locality as the last1 presented exactly the same characters as the original specimens from ,san ,diego4 ,i also found a few of them on the rocky shore of ,santa ,barbara ,island1 differing only in having the branchial olive1 tipped with white4 ,,phidania ,gray1 #ahej4 ,p4 iodinea1 ,cooper--,syn4 olis 7,phidania871 iodinea1 ,cooper1 loc4 cit4 sup4 ,i found one of this species on the beach at ,santa ,barbara1 agreeing exactly with those from ,san ,diego4 ,,chior,,ra ,gould1 #ahee4 ,c4 leonina 787 ,gould--,molluscs and ,shells1 ,u4 ,s4 ,expl4 ,exped4 ,wholly translucent1 pale yellow1 the variations marked only by a darker shade4 ,form of head nearly conical1 the apex anterior1 forming an angular roof above the oral opening4 ,bronchial processes five on each side1 larger than represented in ,gould's figure1 imbricated and decumbent4 ,length #b4ge1 height #a inch4 ,otherwise as in the description and figure of ,gould's specimen4 ,a single specimen dredged in #bj fathoms off ,santa ,barbara1 ,may #aeth1 differs in the points above mentioned from the northern animal1 but being much smaller1 the differences may arise from immaturity1 and ,i have therefore preferred to retain the same name for it4 ,the single specimen which formed the type of the genus was dredged in ,puget ,sound1 was over five inches long and of various bright colors1 the head subglobose1 higher than oral opening1 branchi in six pairs1 comparatively smaller and erect1 all of which differences may have arisen from more perfect development1 and from having been observed under more favorable conditions4 ,from its rarity on our southern coast we may expect to find it more abundant northward4 ,dr4 ,kellogg read a paper describing a new species of ,,alsine1 collected by ,mr4 ,bolander1 in the swamp near ,mission and ,howard and ,seventh and ,eighth ,streets1 ,san ,francisco4 ,description of a ,new ,species of ,alsine4 ,,by ,a4 ,,kellogg1 ,m4,d4 ,,alsine ,wahlenb4 ,a4 palustre ,kellogg4 ,plant slender1 somewhat decumbent at the base1 simple or slightly branching at the summit1 glabrous1 sulcate on opposite sides of the stem1 sub-flexuous1 six inches to a foot in height4 ,leaves lance-linear1 acute1 mucronate1 glabrous1 margins scabrous1 sub-connate and slightly sheathing at the membranous base1 shorter than the internodes 7half to more than an inch in length74 ,peduncles slightly compressed1 axillary1 solitary1 long1 naked4 ,sepals ovate-lanceolate1 acute or subacute1 one to three-nerved1 green with scarious margins1 about half the length of the petals4 ,petals white1 oblanceolate1 obtuse1 entire4 ,stamens ten1 subequal1 short4 ,styles three2 stigmas deeply biparted4 ,a plant very abundant in swamps in this vicinity1 known to us for the last ten years1 but as we find no description which we recognize1 we conclude it must be unknown4 ,blossoming in ,july and ,august4 ,specimens by ,mr4 ,bolander4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,september #gth1 #ahfc4 ,president in the ,chair4 ,present1 seven members4 ,donations to ,cabinet3 ,fishes1 crustacea1 and shells from the ,sandwich ,islands1 by ,andrew ,garrett1 ,esq4 ,donations to the ,library3 ,proceedings of the ,boston ,society of ,natural ,history1 ,vol4 ix1 sigs4 #ac and #ad1 ,may and ,june1 #ahfc4 ,proceedings of the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences of ,philadelphia1 for ,april and ,may1 #ahfc4 ,proceedings of the ,royal ,horticultural ,society1 ,vol4 #c1 ,no4 #e1 ,may1 #ahfc4 ,silliman's ,journal1 ,july1 #ahfc4 ,professor ,whitney presented the following paper by ,dr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,cooper3 ,on a ,new ,genus of ,terrestrial ,mollusca ,inhabiting ,california4 ,,by ,j4 ,g4 ,,cooper1 ,m4,d4 ,,binneya ,cooper4#d ,generic characters4--,general form of animal like ,limax1 with a shell resembling that of ,omalonyx or ,lamellaria4 ,body about three times as long as shell1 semicylindrical1 obtuse in front1 forming an acute angle behind2 foot extending the whole length1 somewhat distinct anteriorly1 and carinate behind4 ,mantle shield-like1 covering the back anterior to the shell for about one-fourth its length1 not reflected over the shell4 ,eye-peduncles moderate1 slender1 two short acute tentacles in front of head4 ,lingual teeth resembling those of ,helix in form and arrangement4 ,shell entirely external1 ear-shaped1 nearly flat1 about one-third as long as the animal1 which it does not half cover when retracted4 ,spire flattened1 forming two horizontal volutions1 last whorl enormously expanded and slightly arched4 ,columella distinct1 entire1 hiding the interior of the convolutions4 ,binneya notabilis ,cooper4 ,state ,coll4 ,species #ihh4 ,specific characters4--,animal dark lead-colored1 with black reticulations1 and a wide brown stripe along the median line1 extending from the mantle to the front of head1 about one-fourth of the total length4 ,shell with a pale brown1 smooth and shining epidermis1 extending beyond the margin1 translucent when young1 becoming thickened by an opaque white deposit on the interior when old4 ,first whorl or nucleus ornamented with about thirty delicate parallel revolving ribs1 not concealed by the epidermis1 and ending abruptly at the commencement of the transverse lines of growth in the body whorl4 ,length #j4df1 breadth #j4cd1 height #j4ab inch4 ,this genus resembles ,limax in its shield-like mantle1 but in the more essential characters of the lingual teeth1 appears to belong undoubtedly to the ,helicid4 ,it approaches nearest to the subfamily ,vitrinin1 in having the mantle in front of the shell1 approaching nearest to the ,daudebardia of ,europe2 but differs in the form and opacity of the shell1 which resembles some of the ,succinin1 especially ,omalonyx of ,south ,america1 etc4 ,it differs from these very much in the form of the animal1 and the shell being wholly external1 forming one of those connecting links which make it difficult or impossible to divide the ,helicid into distinct groups4 ,habitat4 ,so far this animal has been found only in ,santa ,barbara ,island1 one of the group within this ,state4 ,it there inhabits but one station1 so far as ,i could discover after very careful search4 ,that is the head of a ravine facing the south-east and about two hundred and fifty feet above the sea4 ,during the wet season there may be a little water springing from this place1 but for at least five months it is not even damp1 while the remainder of the island is entirely destitute of water4 ,myriads of ,helix kelletii and two other species 7probably new7 inhabit it1 but during the dry season retire into a torpid stivation1 not disturbed by the fogs and mists of summer4 ,the ,binneya1 the rarest of all1 and not protected from drought by its shell1 burrows down to the under surface of thick succulent roots1 and contracting to about twice the size of its shell1 covers the rest of its body with a white mucous secretion1 which appears to be impervious to the moisture within1 and dries into a tough leathery shell4#e ,when moistened for a few hours1 the animal separates the edge of this box from that of its true shell1 and becomes active4 ,the figures ,fig4 #ae represent three positions of the shell1 the animal stivating and also crawling4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,i found but three alive1 and eighteen dead shells4 #d ,to all those who have seen the splendid works on the 8,terrestrial ,mollusks of the ,united ,states10 by the late ,dr4 ,amos ,binney1 so ably continued by his son ,w4 ,g4 ,binney1 the appropriateness of the name will be at once evident4 #e ,in this it resembles the ,testacell of ,europe1 which are otherwise very different4 ,dr4 ,trask presented1 in the name of ,mr4 ,garrett1 the following paper3 ,descriptions of ,new ,species of ,fishes4 ,,by ,,andrew ,,garrett1 ,,of ,,honolulu1 ,s4 ,i4 ,,julis ,cuv4 ,julis ornatissimus ,garrett4 ,d4 #i-ac2 ,a4 #b-ac2 ,v4 #a-e2 ,p4 #ab2 ,c4 #b1 #a1 #f1 #f1 #a1 #b4 ,the body of this ,julis is rich green1 which gradually passes into light blue on the breast and belly4 ,the scales on the green ground are margined with vermillion red1 and there is a slight tinge of the latter color on the abdominal scales4 ,four alternate oblique light red and blue vitt pass from the middle of the gill-opening1 and gradually fade away beneath the anterior portion of the abdomen4 ,the head1 which is emerald green1 is ornamented with vermillion red stripes1 which have their margins shaded off with brilliant blue4 ,the stripes are disposed as follows3 one traverses the upper line of profile1 two extend from the upper lip to the eye1 one follows the lower line of the head1 passing up the hinder margin of the gill covers2 two horizontal ones on the cheek1 and1 posteriously to the eye they assume reticulations4 ,irides golden yellow1 with shades of light red2 cornea dusky green4 ,the dorsal1 anal and caudal fins are carmine red1 margined with pale blue4 ,the former with a basal row of large spots1 and an intramarginal band1 dark green4 ,two similar bands mark the outer half of the anal fin1 and spots of the same color may be observed on the caudal4 ,the ventrals are pale1 straw-yellow1 with blue1 anterior margins4 ,pectorals have a pale1 yellow tinge at their base4 ,the greatest depth of the body1 as compared to the entire length of the fish1 is about one to four4 ,the scales are rather large4 ,the head constitutes a little less than a fourth of the total length4 ,in addition to the usual teeth which characterize the genus1 we observe a spiniform tooth projecting obliquely forward from the posterior portion of the branches of the upper jaw4 ,the caudal fin is posteriorly rounded off1 and the ventrals are long and pointed4 ,length1 #d inches4 ,habitat1 ,sandwich ,islands4 ,,remarks4--,we have observed only a single example of this very rare and beautiful fish1 which was captured at the island of ,hawaii in #ahef4 ,its peculiar markings will readily distinguish it from any of the numerous species inhabiting our coasts4 ,in shape and markings of the head it resembles ,julis pcila1 figured in the ,zoology of the ,voyage of the 8,blossom10 but the colors of the body and fins are widely different4 ,,chironectes ,cuv4 ,chironectes rubro-fuscus ,garrett4 ,d4 #c-ac2 ,a4 #i2 ,v4 #f2 ,p4 #aa2 ,c4 #i4 ,a single example of this species now before me has been preserved in spirits several years4 ,it is in fine condition1 though the colors are much faded4 ,the general shape is oblong-oval1 and much compressed4 ,the thickness at the base of the head enters about five and a half times in the total length4 ,the whole surface is covered with crowded minute hispid asperities1 and very small1 remote1 cutaneous1 tuft-like appendages4 ,the head1 as viewed in profile1 is irregularly rounded1 the chin forming the anterior end1 being slightly in advance of the mouth4 ,the eyes are exceedingly small1 elliptically oval in shape1 their greatest diameter being only three-twentieths of an inch4 ,their distance from the margin of the upper jaw is five times their own length4 ,the mouth is vertical4 ,on the top of the snout1 midway between the eyes and the end of the upper jaw1 is a long setaceous appendage1 articulated to a tubercle1 and tufted at the end4 ,on the cranium there are two stout1 curved processes1 which project posteriorly1 the hind one the largest1 and both enveloped in the integuments4 ,the dorsal fin takes its origin at a point corresponding to the middle of the total length of the fish1 caudal exclusive4 ,its height equals the length of its own base4 ,the caudal trunk and fin are slightly oblique to the horizontal axis of the body4 ,the anal fin is small and rounded off along its outer margin4 ,the rays in all the fins have their ends slightly prolonged in little fleshy points4 ,the color1 as noted from the living fish1 is dark red1 with irregular1 cloud-like markings and spots1 dusky gray4 ,everywhere maculated with small1 irregular1 dusky spots1 which are the most numerous on the belly4 ,a few deep black maculations on the vertical fins and scattering ones on the body4 ,the interior of the mouth and tongue are mottled with red and white4 ,irides pale flesh color2 cornea black4 ,the smooth inner surfaces of the pectoral and ventral fins are intensely red4 ,length1 #h inches4 ,habitat1 ,sandwich ,islands4 ,,remarks4--,this fine large species is very rare4 ,as compared with the ,c4 leprosus from the same location1 it is much larger1 more compressed1 the eyes much smaller and the ground color is quite different4 ,in the leporina the eyes are less than twice their own diameter distant from the anterior margin of the upper jaw4 ,in our fish they are five diameters distant from the same point4 ,,ch,,todon ,l4 ,chtodon multicinctus ,garrett4 ,d4 #ac-bd2 ,a4 #c-ai2 ,v4 #a-e2 ,p4 #ad2 ,c4 #c1 #a1 #h1 #g1 #a1 #b4 ,form oval4 ,the head enters about four and a half times in the total length4 ,the upper line of profile from the snout to the dorsal fin is nearly straight1 rising at an angle of #fj4 ,the snout is short4 ,the eye is large1 circular1 its diameter one-third of the length of the head1 and placed just midway between the opercular corner and the end of the snout4 ,the preopercular margin exhibits a few small dentations4 ,the scales are moderate size4 ,the dorsal and anal fins are posteriorly rounded off4 ,the hinder margin of the caudal is truncate4 ,the anterior soft ray of the ventrals is slightly prolonged beyond the margin of the fin4 ,color creamy-yellow4 ,the sides are marked with five vertical1 yellowish-brown1 diffuse stripes1 the two anterior ones terminate on the side of the belly1 and the others at the base of the anal fin4 ,there is a slight indication of a sixth one along the basal half of the soft portion of the dorsal fin4 ,each scale is marked with a faint1 yellowish-brown dot4 ,a yellow line starts from a point above the base of the ventral1 follows the line of the belly1 and unites with a black one which traverses the anal fin4 ,a blue black spot in front of the dorsal fin gradually passes into the ocular fascia1 the latter being brown above and yellow beneath the eye4 ,irides chrome-yellow4 ,upper lip brown4 ,a vertical black stripe1 shaded off anteriorly with vermillion1 marks the middle of the caudal trunk4 ,the dorsal spines and filaments are orange-yellow1 the inter-radial membrane is colorless4 ,the soft portion of the dorsal and anal are ochre-yellow along their middle-third1 the former with a broad yellow and the latter with a pale greenish margin4 ,the two colors on either fin separated by a narrow black and white line4 ,the caudal is colorless1 with a basal vertical luniform bar1 its convex margin anterior4 ,the ventrals are whitish1 and the pectorals colorless4 ,length1 #c inches4 ,habitat1 ,sandwich ,islands4 ,,remarks4--,two examples of this species were procured in ,honolulu market4 ,,ophisurus ,lac4 ,ophisurus ,californiensis ,garrett4 ,this ,ophisurus is more robust than usual in species of this genus4 ,the head is large1 swollen beneath1 and comprises about one-twelfth of the entire length4 ,the depth1 taken at the origin of the anal fin1 enters about twenty-eight times in the total length1 or twice in the length of the head4 ,the pectorals are large1 elliptical in shape1 their tips reaching posteriorly nearly as far as the origin of the dorsal fin4 ,the dorsal and anal fins are well developed1 the latter passing over a base considerably more than half the length of the fish4 ,the color in spirits is brown1 paler on the lower half of the head1 and cinereous along the throat and belly4 ,a dorsal row of large1 roundish1 brownish-black spots extends from the occipital region to the end of the tail2 the spots being intersected by the fin1 and the two anterior ones are saddle shaped4 ,a second row1 disposed alternately to the first1 occupies the upper half of the flanks4 ,the head is irregularly maculated1 the spots becoming paler beneath4 ,the fins are light1 brownish-grey2 the dorsal and anal with a narrow darker margin1 which is articulated with dark brown4 ,length1 #ai inches4 ,habitat1 ,lower ,california4 ,,remarks4--,the specimen described above1 was captured at ,margarita ,bay1 by ,mr4 ,white1 of the whaler ,rambler1 to whom ,i am indebted for a valuable collection of objects of natural history4 ,dr4 ,ayres remarked that he had recently received from ,tomales ,bay specimens of an ichthyic type1 new to this coast1 and probably new to science4 ,the species is closely allied to ,scomberesox1 though the jaws are but moderately elongated4 ,it is judged worthy of record1 even previous to any description1 since no fish of that group has hitherto been found in the waters of ,california4 ,the specimens exhibited to the ,academy were from five to eight inches in length4 ,he also gave notice of the acquisition of a specimen of ,thrasher1 taken in the ,bay of ,san ,francisco4 ,the species is a very close representative of the ,atlantic form ,alopias vulpes1 differing1 however1 in the proportions of the dorsal and anal fins1 and in the position of the branchial apertures2 the tail constitutes decidedly more than half of the entire length4 ,the specimen is about five feet in length4 ,dr4 ,ayres presented a specimen of ,barnacles1 found floating at sea in lat4 #cc #h ,n41 lon4 #abi #ce ,w41 by ,capt4 ,geo4 ,goodrum of ,san ,francisco4 ,they were of the ,anatifa type1 but exhibited the remarkable feature of being attached1 not to some extraneous substance1 as a fragment of wreck1 for instance1 but to a spherical1 fleshy receptacle1 apparently a portion of their own system4 ,this receptacle was of a light1 yellowish color1 about the size of a small orange1 which it somewhat resembled in aspect4 ,to it were attached1 by the usual flexible pedicles1 about a dozen ,barnacles1 allied to ,anatifa1 as above indicated1 but differing from it in the breadth of the dorsal plate1 and in the projection of a strong keel at the base of both dorsal and lateral plates4 ,when this specimen was procured1 myriads like it covered the sea for miles in the track of the vessel4 ,barnacles aggregated in this manner of growth do not appear to have been hitherto reported4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,october #eth1 #ahfc4 ,president in the ,chair4 ,seven members present4 ,a donation to the cabinet of several species of fishes from the ,sandwich ,islands was received from ,mr4 ,andrew ,garrett4 ,donation to the ,library3 ,fragmenta ,phytographi ,australi1 by ,ferdinand ,mueller1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 from the author4 ,mr4 ,bolander stated that he had recently collected two grasses believed not to have been before found on this coast1 though common in the ,atlantic ,states1 viz43 ,paspalum distichum 7,l47 along the shores of ,clear ,lake1 covering large patches of ground1 and ,leersia oryzoides 7,swartz71 along ,cache ,creek1 of much larger size than he had met with in the ,east4 ,he believed ,gastridium australe1 which covers almost every dry hill in the interior1 to be indigenous4 ,dr4 ,behr made some remarks on the date of introduction of some foreign plants1 now becoming very common in this vicinity1 which he intends to make the subject of a future article4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,,mirabilis ,,californica4 ,var4 villosa ,kellogg4 ,for description see page #aj of this volume4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,october #aith1 #ahfc4 ,president in the ,chair4 ,six members present4 ,dr4 ,ferdinand ,mueller was elected an ,honorary member4 ,frederick ,wideman1 of ,sinaloa1 ,alex4 ,drauphing of ,san ,sebastian1 and ,s4 ,w4 ,morrell1 of ,mazatlan1 were elected ,corresponding members4 ,dr4 ,cooper exhibited specimens of ,lagomys princeps1 the 8,little ,chief ,hare10 from the summits of the ,sierra ,nevada4 ,he remarked that this rare animal lived about the limits of perpetual snow1 and was so rarely seen that residents for several years near its resorts had never seen it4 ,he found it quite common in a very limited district1 though difficult to obtain1 from its extreme shyness4 ,though before found in the ,rocky ,mountains near ,south ,pass1 and ,salt ,lake1 where it is called 8,coney10 this was the first record of its occurrence so far to the west and south4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,november #b;d1 #ahfc4 ,president in the ,chair4 ,twelve members present4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,g4 ,binney1 of ,burlington1 ,n4 ,j41 ,george ,n4 ,lawrence1 of ,new ,york1 and ,william ,cooper1 of ,new ,york1 were elected ,corresponding members4 ,mr4 ,lorquin presented two species of ,california ,jays for the ,cabinet4 ,donations to the ,library3 ,annuaire de l',acadmie ,royale de ,belgique1 #ahfc4 ,bulletin de l',acadmie ,royale de ,belgique1 tomes ,,xiii1 ,,xiv4 ,on time boundaries in ,geological ,history1 by ,james ,d4 ,dana4 ,on the higher subdivision in the classification of ,mammals1 by ,james ,d4 ,dana4 ,on ,cephalization1 and on ,megasthenes1 and ,microsthenes in classification1 by ,james ,d4 ,dana4 ,proceedings of the ,natural ,history ,society of ,dublin1 sessions of #ahfj-fb4 ,memoir on ,california ,mosses by ,leo ,lesquereux4 ,dr4 ,cooper presented the following paper3 ,on new ,genera and ,species of ,california ,fishes--,no4 ,i4 ,,by ,j4 ,g4 ,,cooper1 ,m4,d4 ,the fishes described in the following articles were collected by me for the ,state ,geological ,survey1 along the ,southern ,coast of this ,state and among the adjoining islands4 ,while it is possible that some of them may have been described in works not now accessible to us1 the probabilities are entirely in favor of their being new1 as we have very recent lists of all the species described as inhabitants of this ,coast since the report on fishes collected by the ,pacific ,rail ,road ,surveys4 ,for much information and assistance in their determination1 ,i am indebted to ,dr4 ,w4 ,o4 ,ayres1 and also to ,dr4 ,george ,hewston1 for the use of books not contained in any public library in the city4 ,the outline illustrations1 reduced from accurate measurements1 were electrotyped and presented by our industrious collaborator1 ,dr4 ,kellogg4 ,the colors described are in all cases those of the living fish4 ,,dekaya1 n4 g4#f ,generic characters4--,general shape elongated and fusiform1 head small and short1 premaxillaries slightly protractile1 eye large1 situated above the level of mouth1 profile moderately sloping1 snout broad and obtuse4 ,preoperculum serrated behind1 operculum with one obtuse spine2 branchiostegal rays five on each side4 ,opercular openings connected below4 ,front rows of teeth on premaxillaries small1 conical1 acute1 and slightly recurved2 those of upper jaw largest1 their size decreasing from the middle towards each angle1 where there are one or two large canines2 those below hidden by the upper jaw4 ,behind this row in both jaws1 a band of velvet teeth in about six irregular rows near the symphysis1 but ending entirely near the middle of each ramus4 ,tongue and vomer toothless4 ,pharyngeal bones and branchial arches densely crowded with large velvet teeth4 ,infraorbital bone short1 curving up under posterior border of orbit1 and not connected with the operculum4 ,nostrils double1 anterior opening smaller1 lips rather thick and fleshy4 ,scales small1 numerous1 oblong1 subquadrangular1 finely pectinated1 covering the whole body and head as far as front of orbit1 but leaving a bare space around the eye4 ,fins scaleless1 as well as caudal rays4 ,dorsal and anal fins very long at base2 spinous rays few4 ,lateral line normal4 ,,dekaya ,,anomala1 ,cooper1 n4 sp41 ,state coll4 ,no4 #fah4 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,specific characters4--,length of head contained five times in total length4 ,distance from end of snout to orbit one-third the length of head1 and greater than width of orbit4 ,height of head just behind orbit about equal to distance from tip of snout to edge of preoperculum2 breadth one-third to one-half of its length4 ,skin on occiput elevated from the bone by a thick layer of fat1 not by any bony expansions4 ,height of pectoral fin less than length of head2 its width about one-third of its height1 middle rays longest4 ,dorsal arising above pectoral joint1 its length one-third that of the fish2 first spine one-ninth the length of the fin2 the other spines lengthening to the commencement of the soft portion1 of which the longest ray is one-fifth the length of the fin1 and the last ray one-fifteenth2 the entire fin having a gradually arching outline4 ,caudal moderately broad1 deeply forked1 and acutely pointed2 the upper lobe slightly the largest4 ,anal similar in form to dorsal1 arising opposite its eighth soft ray and prolonged a little farther back4 ,it is three-fifths as long as dorsal1 its height about one-fourth its length1 the first 7spinous7 ray and the last each half as long as the longest4 ,ventrals four-fifths the height of pectorals1 arising immediately behind them2 their width one-third of their length4 ,d4 ,,vii1 #bc-b1 ,c #c-a-f-f-a-c1 ,a ,i-#b-ba-b1 ,p #f-a-aa1 ,v1 ,i-#a-a-c4 ,scales #age1 #ac_/cb-aj_/aj4 ,colors4--,pale silvery brown1 white below2 an obscure row of brown spots and mottlings on sides2 fins and tail olive near base2 iris dark brown and gilt4 ,remarks4--,this fish seems to be a very aberrant form of the ,percoid family1 having many of the characters of other orders4 ,its general form and dentition are those of some ,sciaenoids1 while its entire dorsal1 opercular armature and only five branchiostegals separate it both from them and the ,percoids4 ,the very long anal is another character found in few if any members of these families4 ,i can find nothing in the pharyngeal bones to indicate its affinities1 these being closely like those of both the above families as shown in ,seriphus politus and ,paralabrax clathratus1 which on comparison have them almost exactly similar4 ,the genus ,heterognathodon1 of ,bleeker1 has several of the most peculiar characters of this one2 but not having a full description of it1 ,i cannot compare them4 ,there are generic differences at least1 and the habitat is widely different1 being the ,east ,indies4 ,richardson places it with other aberrant genera in the family ,theraponidae--7,datninae1 of ,swainson17 which is probably a mixture of several4 ,the outline figure represents the fish one-third the natural size2 #bb inches4 ,this fish is caught rather plentifully in autumn at ,catalina ,island1 where ,i obtained the one here described1 in ,october1 #ahfa4 ,during my late visit there1 in ,june and ,july1 none would bite1 and ,i have not yet obtained any duplicates4 ,it is called by the very vague name of 8,white-fish40 ,the figure being made from a skin may be a little inaccurate in proportions2 but ,i hope to be able to present a better one in the ,report of the ,geological ,survey4 ,this white-fish is not remarkable for excellence as food4 ,,ayresia1 n4 g4#g ,generic characters4--,form elongated1 suboval2 the outline more curved above than below4 ,scales large1 finely pectinated1 completely covering the body and head1 except in front of orbit2 smaller on head1 and becoming very small where they extend over parts of the fins and tail4 ,teeth numerous1 acute1 entire1 the anterior row largest2 those below larger than above1 and flattened posteriorly4 ,a few smaller ones crowded behind these near symphysis4 ,pharyngeals villiform4 ,premaxillars protractile1 the upper arched1 twice as high as wide1 the lower shutting within it4 ,preoperculum entire1 a very small obtuse spine at angle of operculum4 ,pectorals rather long and pointed4 ,caudal deeply forked1 the lobes acute4 ,dorsal long1 anal moderate4 ,differs from ,pomacentrus 7,lacepede7 chiefly in a more arched dorsal outline1 armed operculum and unarmed preoperculum1 pointed fins and tail1 proportions of fins4 ,the dorsal outline appears to become much more convex with age1 chiefly from deposit of fat on the occiput1 as is the case in some ,labroids1 as for instance1 ,l4 pulcher 7,ayres7 and ,julis modestus 7,girard71 the latter also growing higher in proportion to its length throughout4 ,the dotted line represents the dorsal outline of a specimen one-fourth larger than that figured1 but otherwise closely like it4 ,,ayresia ,,punctipinnis1 ,cooper1 n4 sp41 ,state coll4 ,no4 #eif4 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,specific characters4--,head forming less than a fourth of total length 7#j4ah71 eyes less than one-third the length of head1 and less than its own diameter from end of snout1 height of head behind orbit about equal to its length4 ,greatest thickness of body about one-eighth of total length4 ,height of pectoral equal to one-fourth the distance from snout to fork of tail 7#j4ba74 ,dorsal commencing above pectoral joint1 its spinous portion nearly one-third of its total length1 and one-sixth of its height1 the first spine shortest4 ,soft rays becoming three times as high1 forming an obtuse point behind2 the last ray about as long as the spines 7the first dorsal spine should be one-fourth longer than in the figure74 ,caudal peduncle slightly contracted1 shorter than caudal rays4 ,fork of tail extending half-way to its base1 the upper lobe longest1 being one-fifth of the total length4 ,anal commencing beneath the tenth dorsal spine1 and ending a little anterior to end of soft dorsal1 its base less than one-sixth of total length 7#j4ag74 ,br4 ,v-,v ,d4,,xiii1 #f-a-f1 ,c4 #c-a-f #f-a-c1 ,a4,,ii-#aa1 ,v4 ,i-#h1 ,p-#ai4 ,scales #cj #c_/h #d_/i #c_/c lat4 line ant4 #ai4 ,color4--,bluish or greenish-black2 sides1 paler1 sometimes coppery1 fins smoky1 the dorsal and caudal spotted with black1 iris bronzed brown4 ,beneath whitish in young1 all the hues darker in the old fish4 ,some are also spotted on the body posteriorly4 ,in the winter of #ahfa-b1 ,i caught several in ,san ,diego ,bay1 which bit freely at the usual baits4 ,i did not hear any peculiar name applied1 but they are confounded with 8,perch10 which they little resemble4 ,also found at ,san ,pedro4 ,a larger one1 taken in a net at ,santa ,barbara ,island1 in ,may1 #ahfc1 has the different characters supposed to indicate an older fish1 and is much fatter2 its head is also shorter in proportion1 but as ,i find a similar difference in specimens of ,girella nigricans ,ayres1 as well as in the ,labroids before mentioned1 ,i must consider these as sexual differences1 or in part depending on age and condition4 ,they do not differ more than some specimens of ,embiotoca jacksoni from each other1 and agree closely in the number of spines and rays of their fins4 ,,orcynus1 ,cuvier1 #ahai4 ,,orcynus ,,pacificus1 ,cooper1 n4 sp41 ,state collection1 species #ajcc4 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,specific characters4--,general profile elliptical1 height of body nearly one-quarter its length1 breadth about half the height4 ,head laterally compressed1 somewhat flattened on top1 the nose horizontally rounded1 but laterally pointed4 ,base of tail vertically compressed1 one-third broader than it is high4 ,head half the length of body1 its height behind orbit equal to half its length4 ,diameter of orbit one-sixth the length of head1 its form obliquely oval4 ,jaws equal1 gape of mouth one-third the length of head4 ,pectoral fin1 arising at middle of vertical of side1 nearly half the total length1 its width at base one-eighth of its length1 but suddenly narrowing to one-fifteenth1 which width it retains nearly to the end1 its outer third curving gradually downward1 and becoming pointed4 ,first dorsal commencing directly above pectoral1 its length nearly one-fourth of total length1 and its height in front two-fifths of its length4 ,spines rapidly decreasing in length from the first to the eighth1 the next six about equal1 and a third of the first1 the last one very short4 ,second dorsal immediately behind the first and a little higher1 triangular1 nearly one-third higher than long1 its base lengthened posteriorly1 and one-third the length of the first dorsal4 ,finlets eight above and eight below1 acutely triangular1 those near the middle a little larger4 ,caudal large1 its lobes equal1 their length three times their width1 and one-third that of the pectoral2 posterior outline arcuately concave1 with slightly widened lobes near the middle4 ,anal opposite end of second dorsal1 similar to it in form1 but smaller1 and about twice as high as long1 its position half way between the ventrals and caudal4 ,its first spine is only about one-third as long as the second1 which is two-thirds the height of fin2 both concealed by the skin4 ,ventrals arising opposite second dorsal spine1 about twice as high as wide1 their inner margin with a small pointed lobe4 ,cartilaginous ridge on side of caudal peduncle moderate1 highest anteriorly1 its length half that of caudal lobe4 ,two slight oblique ridges behind the median ridge4 ,lateral line imperceptible in front of fourth dorsal spine1 parallel with outline of back4 ,no scales on head4 ,thoracic corselet of very large consolidated scales above pectoral1 bordered by six rows of large distinct scales1 which grow smaller from before backwards4 ,scales underneath ventrals and around other fins1 similarly consolidated1 and depressed under pectoral and ventral4 ,rest of scales nearly uniform in size4 ,teeth numerous1 very small1 in one row1 the palatine dense and velvety4 ,rays of second dorsal and anal fins nearly hidden by adipose skin4 ,br4 ,,vi-,,vi ,d4,,xiv-#ab--h1 ,p #cb1 ,v1 ,i-#h ,a4,,ii-#h1--h ,c4#aa-a-f-f-a-ab4 ,colors4--,above blackish1 sides steel-blue1 below silvery white1 fins smoky1 iris brown1 finlets yellow edged with blue4 ,the largest ,i saw measured thirty-three inches to fork of tail1 and weighed twenty-five pounds4 ,numerous in summer among the islands off the southern coast of this ,state1 and is said to occur as far north as ,san ,luis ,obispo4 ,it affords excellent sport1 being caught by trolling while sailing very rapidly1 biting voraciously at a white rag4 ,it is in my opinion the best fish for the table that is caught on this coast1 but it is said to be sometimes poisonous4 ,it belongs to the typical ,orcynus of ,cuvier1 distinguished from ,thynnus1 by the very long pectoral1 eight pairs of finlets1 small corselet1 etc4 ,the type of ,orcynus 7,scomber alatunga1 ,linn41 or ,o4 alalonga1 ,duhamel71 is called 8,ala longa0 7,long-wing7 in the ,mediterranean and resembles this species closely1 but is figured as less high and with a smaller pectoral fin4 ,this species is one of several confounded by sailors under the ,spanish names of ,albicore and ,bonito4 ,the ,english name ,tunny is applied to an allied species on the coast of ,europe1 the ,thynnus vulgaris1 ,cuv41 and to its near representative the ,t4 secundi-dorsalis1 ,storer1 of the eastern ,american coast4 ,these1 however1 are evidently of a different genus1 and as ,thynnus is preoccupied in insects1 the name ,orcynus1 applied by ,gill to the same type1 may perhaps be retained1 although founded on a mistake4 ,o4 coretta1 ,cuv4 and ,val41 probably represents our species in the ,gulf of ,mexico4 #f ,named in memory of the distinguished author of the ,zoological portions of the 8,natural ,history of ,new ,york10 ,dr4 ,james ,e4 ,dekay4 #g ,the name of ,dr4 ,w4 ,o4 ,ayres1 is well known in connection with ,ichthyology1 especially that of ,california4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,november #af,,th1 #ahfc4 ,dr4 ,kellogg in the ,chair4 ,six members present4 ,dr4 ,cooper read a letter from ,mr4 ,a4 ,s4 ,taylor1 now of ,santa ,barbara1 complaining that his name had been omitted from the list of corresponding members1 though he was elected several years since4 ,it was resolved that his name be restored1 having been omitted on account of his new address being unknown to the ,secretary4 ,mr4 ,bolander read the following article3 ,enumeration of ,shrubs and ,trees growing in the vicinity of the mouth of ,san ,francisco ,bay4 ,,by ,,henry ,n4 ,,bolander4 ,the territory in question is divided naturally into three parts3 #a4 ,the northern part of the peninsula of ,san ,francisco1 with an undulating and hilly surface1 consists of drifting sand1 with a small per centage of humus mingled with it4 #b4 ,the ,oakland ,hills1 running ,n4 #ed ,w4 mag41 from the ,bay of ,san ,pablo to ,san ,leandro1 a distance of twenty-three miles1 with the adjacent slopes and valleys4 ,heavy clayey soil predominates2 but where shrubs and trees grow it is mostly a loose1 light1 and slightly sandy soil4 #c4 ,that part of ,marin ,county between ,san ,rafael1 the head of ,tomales ,bay and ,bolinas ,bay1 forming a triangle1 with a hilly surface1 the ridges running ,n4 #ed ,w4 mag4 ,soil a heavy clay1 in the valleys and on bare hills2 or a light1 slightly sandy loam among shrubs and trees4 ,in all parts a metamorphic sand-stone underlies the soil4 ,berberis 7,mahonia7 ,aquifolium ,pursh4 ,a low evergreen shrub1 three to four feet high1 not gregarious2 in clay soil on the hill sides2 rare4 ,dendromecon rigidum ,benth4 ,a shrub with slender upright branchlets1 four to six feet high1 rare2 on white sand-stone1 ,oakland hills1 third range eastward1 not gregarious4 ,rhus diversiloba ,torr4 and ,gray4 ,,poison ,,oak4 ,everywhere1 deciduous1 exceedingly variable1 three to eight feet high4 ,negundo ,aceroides ,mnch4 ,,box-,,elder4 ,a medium sized tree1 twenty to thirty feet high2 common among the ,oakland hills1 on banks of creeks4 ,acer macrophyllum ,pursh4 ,,large-,,leaved ,,maple4 ,common on the banks of ,walnut ,creek1 ,n4,w4 of ,mount ,diablo2 fifty to seventy feet high1 and two to five feet in diameter1 in light sandy soil4 sculus ,californica ,nutt4 ,,horse-,,chestnut4 ,mostly a shrub1 seldom a medium sized tree1 largest on the banks of creeks and moist hill sides2 grows commonly in groups4 ,common4 ,euonymus ,occidentalis ,nutt4 ,,spindle-,,tree4 ,a shrub seven to fifteen feet high1 with slender upright branches2 in swampy places1 near the head of ,tomales ,bay2 rare4 ,frangula ,californica ,gray4 ,,california ,,buckthorn4 ,very common1 variable1 four to ten feet high2 evergreen1 gregarious1 in clayey soil4 ,ceanothus thyrsiflorus ,esch4 ,,california ,,lilac4 ,very common1 and variable in size1 sometimes handsome trees2 exceedingly gregarious1 forming dense chaparral1 on the northern and eastern slopes of hills and mountains2 evergreen4 ,much cultivated on account of the profusion of its fragrant flowers1 and the various shapes that may be given it by trimming4 ,ceanothus rigidus ,nutt4 ,low1 straggling1 four to six feet high1 less gregarious than the former2 on the white sand-stone hills1 east of ,oakland4 ,ceanothus ----4 ,a small shrub1 three to four feet high1 with very small glandular leaves2 mostly single or in groups1 on ,mount ,tamal ,pais at #b1gjj feet elevation4 ,lupinus albifrons ,benth4 ,,silver-,,leaved ,,lupine4 ,very common in almost pure sandy soil1 oblong in outline1 two to six feet high2 growing mostly single1 evergreen4 ,lupinus macrocarpus ,hook4 and ,arn4 ,,yellow ,,lupine4 ,large1 spreading1 oval in outline1 evergreen1 with large fragrant flowers2 gregarious in moist gravelly places along the shore of the bay1 and in depressions1 or banks of runs1 where the soil partakes of a clayey nature4 ,pickeringia montana ,nutt4 ,large1 spreading1 four to seven feet high2 evergreen1 and gregarious on the ,oakland white sand-stone hills4 ,cerasus ,ilicifolia ,nutt4 ,,california ,,cherry1 or ,,plum4 ,a small tree1 eight to fifteen feet high1 with thick1 shining1 spinously serrate1 evergreen leaves2 fruit of a yellowish pink color1 with a thin pulpy external portion4 ,hill sides on the peninsula of ,san ,francisco1 growing mostly in groups2 rare4 ,cerasus serotina ,ehrh4 ,,black ,,wild-,,cherry4 ,a group of three or four small trees1 eight to twelve feet high1 near a road in the ,oakland hills4 ,undoubtedly introduced from the ,atlantic ,states4 ,cerasus emarginata8 ,dougl4 ,a small shrub1 three to four feet high1 with very slender reddish and white dotted branchlets1 and deciduous leaves2 rare4 ,tamal ,pais1 #b1gjj feet elevation4 ,nuttallia ,cerasiformis ,torr4 and ,gray4 ,oblong in outline1 four to six feet high1 deciduous2 common on the northern slopes of hills1 in clayey soil4 ,along the bay and ,oakland hills4 ,spira ,opulifolia ,linn4 ,,nine-,,bark4 ,large1 spreading1 eight to fifteen feet high2 common on the banks of creeks among the ,oakland hills4 ,spiraea ,arifolia ,smith4 ,common on banks of creeks and northern slopes of hills1 ,oakland4 ,cercocarpus parvifolius ,nutt4 ,rare1 on the hills in ,marin ,county4 ,its spirally-tailed seeds give the shrub an appearance as if in full blossom4 ,adenostema fasciculata ,hook4 and ,arn4 ,oblong in outline1 four to five feet high2 very gregarious1 forming extensive dense chaparral on the southern and western slopes of the ,oakland bills2 evergreen4 ,rubus ,nutkanus ,lindl4 ,,thimble-,,berry4 ,rubus velutinus ,hook4 and ,arn4 ,rubus macropetalus ,dougl4 ,,blackberry4 ,northern slopes of hills1 ,oakland and ,marin ,county4 ,rosa blanda ,ait4 ,,wild ,,rose4 ,very common on the banks of creeks1 forming thickets4 ,oakland hills and ,walnut ,creek4 ,rosa gymnocarpa ,nutt4 ,hill sides1 ,oakland4 ,a small but beautiful species1 rather rare4 ,photinia ,arbutifolia ,lindl4 ,a handsome evergreen tree of medium size1 in sandy soil4 ,common everywhere in the vicinity of water and springs4 ,amelanchier ,canadensis4 ,var4 ,alnifolia ,torr4 and ,gray4 ,,service-,,berry4 ,northern slopes1 four to twelve feet high2 in clayey soil1 at ,mission ,dolores and ,oakland hills4 ,ribes divaricatum ,dougl4 ,,black ,,gooseberry4 ,ribes glutinosum ,benth4 ,,red ,,gooseberry4 ,ribes malvaceum ,smith4 ,,black ,,currant4 ,banks of creeks and northern slopes4 ,whipplea modesta ,torr4 ,in loose1 light soil1 in the ,redwoods2 one to two feet high1 rare4 ,cornus pubescens ,nutt4 ,,soft-,,leaved ,,dogwood4 ,large1 spreading1 ten to fifteen feet high4 ,banks of creeks1 ,oakland hills4 ,lonicera involucrata ,banks4 ,,twin-,,berry4 ,large1 with slender upright branches1 ten to fifteen feet high4 ,borders of creeks and swamps1 ,bay of ,san ,francisco1 ,oakland1 ,marin ,county4 ,lonicera ,californica ,torr4 and ,gray2 et var4 hispidula4 ,,honeysuckle4 ,slender1 climbing2 borders of streams4 ,l4 hispidula1 on the out-croppings of white sand-stone1 ,oakland hills4 ,symphoricarpus racemosus ,michx4 ,,snow-,,berry4 ,forming thickets in depressions on the ,oakland hills1 at #b1jjj feet elevation1 and along streams in the valleys4 ,clay soil--three to four feet high4 ,sambucus glauca ,nutt4 ,,elder4 ,sambucus pubens ,michx4 ,,red-,,berried ,,elder4 ,dry hill sides and borders of wet places4 ,s4 glauca1 often tree-like and twenty feet high4 ,oakland1 ,marin ,county4 ,aplopappus ,laricifolius ,gray4 ,a low fastigiate-branched shrub1 one to three feet high2 very common in drift-sand on the peninsula of ,san ,francisco4 ,linosyris ----8 ,a beautiful little shrub1 three to five feet high1 with upright branches and long linear leaves1 densely set4 ,branchlets and leaves covered by a resinous exudation4 ,in glades on the northern slopes of ,tamal ,pais1 #a1ejj to #b1jjj feet elevation4 ,grindelia ----8 ,a low shrub1 two to six feet high1 bordering the channels in the salt marshes at ,oakland and ,san ,rafael4 ,baccharis consanguinea ,d4 ,c4 ,b4 pilularis ,d4 ,c4 et ,b4 glomeruliflora ,hooker1 seem to be identical4 ,it is an exceedingly varying shrub2 on sandy soil1 low1 creeping1 with numerous fastigiate branchlets1 the flowers mostly pistillate1 and the heads less crowded2 on clayey soil1 especially on the banks of creeks1 it is often fifteen feet high1 quite tree-like1 oblong in outline1 the flowers mostly staminate1 and the heads very much crowded4 ,all forms are subject to excrescences1 but especially those growing in a sandy soil4 ,evergreen4 ,bahia ,artemisifolia ,less4 ,ovate in outline1 two to three feet high1 evergreen2 common on northern slopes1 shores of the bay1 and ,oakland hills4 ,artemisia filifolia ,torr4 ,,wormwood4 ,large root-stocks with numerous slender branches1 three to four feet high4 ,occupying almost invariably the southern slopes in common with ,diplacus glutinosus4 ,both plants1 on account of the leaden color of their leaves and branches1 give the southern slopes that barren appearance1 contrasting so strongly with the vegetation of the northern slopes4 ,artemisia pachystachya ,d4 ,c4 ,sandy soil1 three to four feet high4 ,peninsula of ,san ,francisco4 ,vaccinium ovatum ,pursh4 ,,evergreen ,,huckleberry4 ,a beautiful shrub1 five to ten feet high1 with slender upright branches2 berries delicious4 ,in light sandy soil1 on the eastern slopes of ,oakland hills4 ,arbutus ,menziesii ,pursh4 ,madroa4 ,evergreen1 twenty to thirty feet high1 on the northern and eastern slopes of the ,oakland hills1 but more common and generally larger and finer on the hill sides near ,san ,rafael4 ,arctostaphylos tomentosa ,dougl4 ,mansaita4 ,low1 straggling1 evergreen1 and gregarious on the out-croppings of white sandstone in the ,oakland hills4 ,arctostaphylos pungens ,h4 ,b4 ,k4 ,mansaita4 ,obovate in outline1 ten to fifteen feet high2 scattered4 ,gaultheria ,shallon ,pursh4 ,,maris4 ,,sallal4 ,low1 creeping1 evergreen1 covering large tracts of land among the hills of ,marin ,county4 ,berries eatable4 ,azalea occidentalis ,torr4 and ,gray4 ,on the banks of creeks in ,marin ,county4 ,quite common2 five to twelve feet high4 ,diplacus glutinosus ,nutt4 ,southern and western slopes4 ,resinous1 eight feet high2 common4 ,sphacele calycina ,benth4 ,mostly gregarious1 five to eight feet high4 ,near the coast1 ,marin ,county2 eastern slopes near ,san ,mateo4 ,eriodiction ,californicum ,benth4 ,very glutinous1 two to four feet high--evergreen4 ,dry hill sides1 ,tamal ,pais4 ,solanum umbelliferum ,esch4 ,a slender evergreen shrub1 two to four feet high on the bluffs of the bay4 ,fraxinus ,oregana ,nutt4 ,,oregon ,,ash4 ,on the banks of creeks1 ,marin ,county2 twenty to thirty feet high4 ,oreodaphne ,californica ,nes4 ,,spice ,,bush1 ,,mountain ,,laurel1 ,,balm ,,of ,,heaven4 ,often a large tree in moist localities1 forty to fifty feet high1 sometimes three to six feet in diameter2 used for ship-building4 ,dirca palustris ,linn4 ,,leatherwood4 ,very common on the eastern slopes of the ,oakland hills1 where its flowers make it very conspicuous in spring2 two to four feet high4 ,croton 7,hendecandra7 procumbens ,hook and ,arn4 ,a very low shrub1 common on the peninsula of ,san ,francisco1 in almost pure sandy soil4 ,garrya elliptica ,lindl4 ,mostly a shrub with slender branches1 but sometimes a small-sized tree2 evergreen1 gregarious1 in sandy soil in this city1 and on the eastern slope of the ,oakland hills4 ,platanus racemosa ,nutt4 ,,sycamore4 ,banks of ,san ,leandro ,creek1 ,oakland hills4 ,alnus viridis ,d4 ,c4 ,a large tree on the banks of creeks1 ,oakland hills4 ,myrica ,californica ,cham4 and ,schl4 ,,wax ,,myrtle4 ,mostly a medium sized tree1 in moist localities and on the eastern slopes of ,oakland hills4 ,juglans rupestris ,engelm4 ,var4 major ,torr4 ,,walnut4 ,a beautiful large tree1 forty to sixty feet high and two to four feet in diameter1 with rather smooth bark and dense1 graceful foliage2 it may well vie with its ,eastern congeners4 ,banks of ,walnut ,creek east of the ,oakland hills4 ,castanea chrysophylla ,dougl4 ,,california ,,chinquapin4 ,a low1 straggling evergreen and gregarious shrub1 occurring only on the outcroppings of the white sandstone in the ,oakland hills4 ,quercus densiflora ,hook and ,arn4 ,tamal ,pais and ,redwoods of ,marin ,county4 ,quercus agrifolia ,nes4 ,,live ,,oak4 ,a shrub as well as a large tree2 everywhere in moderately moist situations4 ,quercus tinctoria var4 ,californica ,torr4 ,,black ,,oak4 ,hill sides1 ,marin ,county4 ,quercus lobata ,nes4 ,,white ,,oak4 ,hill sides ,marin ,county and banks of ,walnut ,creek4 ,quercus acutidens8 ,torr4 ,,scrub ,,oak4 ,evergreen2 forming dense chaparral on ,tamal ,pais4 ,corylus rostrata ,ait4 ,,beaked ,,hazelnut4 ,very common on the eastern slopes of the ,oakland ,hills4 ,a shrub four to six feet high4 ,salix 7four species47 ,,willow4 ,wet grounds everywhere1 six to twenty feet high4 ,populus tremuloides ,michx4 ,,aspen4 ,a medium sized tree on the banks of ,walnut ,creek4 ,torreya ,californica ,torr4 ,,california ,,nutmeg ,,tree4 ,a large tree with long spreading branches1 and rather smooth bark4 ,wood valuable2 rare1 on banks of ,papermill ,creek1 ,marin ,county4 ,sequoia sempervirens ,endl4 ,,redwood4 ,a very large tree1 forming small groves on the northern slopes of hills in ,marin ,county1 and on the eastern slopes of the ,oakland hills4 ,pinus insignis ,dougl4 ,a small tree ten to fifteen feet high1 on the outcroppings of white sandstone in the ,oakland hills1 third ridge eastward2 rare4 ,pinus contorta ,dougl4 ,a medium sized tree1 ovate in outline4 ,hills of ,marin ,county2 rare4 ,abies ,douglasii ,lindl4 ,,oregon ,,pine4 ,a very large tree1 yielding excellent timber4 ,grows with ,s4 sempervirens in small groves on the northern slopes of hills1 ,marin ,county4 ,cupressus ,mac-,nabiana8 ,murray4 ,,cedar4 ,a spreading shrub1 eight to twelve feet high1 on ,tamal ,pais2 rare4 ,dr4 ,behr presented the following article3 ,on ,californian ,lepidoptera--,no4 ,,iii4 ,,by ,h4 ,,behr1 ,m4 ,d4 ,the following species of butterflies were mostly collected by the members of the ,state ,geological ,survey1 among the higher regions of the ,sierra ,nevada2 but some of them are from other portions of ,california4 ,,danais1 ,latr4 #a4 ,danais ,archippus1 ,cramer4 ,this species was found everywhere1 both on the plains and at the highest elevations1 up to the limits of ,lepidopterous life1 #aj1ejj feet above the level of the sea4 ,the specimens caught in the ,sierra were in a poor condition1 and differed remarkably in habits from those found near ,san ,francisco ,bay4 ,like most ,danaids1 ours is rather a lazy and heavy butterfly1 gifted it is true with great power of flight1 which is shown not by swiftness1 but by perseverance4 ,it is however quite easily caught4 ,but according to the statement of ,mr4 ,hoffman1 of the ,geological ,survey1 this same ,danais was on the mountain summits so restless and active that although very common1 only two specimens could be obtained4 ,we consider these specimens as something like 8enfans perdus10 of an otherwise respectable family1 led away by an innate desire to strive against the current4 ,thus they struggle against the mountain breeze until finally they reach the bleak heights of the ,sierra1 where such tropical forms contrast strikingly with the alpine flora4 ,,argynnis1 ,fabr4 #b4 ,argynnis montivaga1 ,behr1 n4 sp4 ,argynnis1 ,no4 #d4 ,proc4 ,cal4 ,acad4 ,,ii1 #ahfb1 p4 #agd4 ,if1 as ,i strongly suspect1 this species is still undescribed1 ,i propose for it the above name4 ,it is not found near this bay1 but seems to be widely spread through the ,sierra from whence ,i have specimens collected at different localities4 ,those obtained by the ,geological ,survey are from an elevation of #aj1ejj feet4 #c4 ,argynnis rupestris1 ,behr1 n4 sp4 ,no4 #f of former article4 ,to the diagnosis formerly given ,i add the following character3 ,margo anterior alarum anteriorum subtus quam disco pallidior4 ,the saturated coloration of the radical half of the hind wings1 is not always equal in its extent beyond the middle macular fascia1 so that the diagnosis of ,no4 #i is in some respects near enough to cause confusion1 if it were not that in ,no4 #i the anterior margin of the forewings is always decidedly darker than the disk1 furnishing a good diagnostic character4 ,in general aspect they differ enough to be recognized at the first glance1 but it is very difficult to describe the other differences4 ,the name ,i propose for ,no4 #f1 is derived from its inhabiting the steep rocky declivities characterizing the lower part of the ,sierra4 ,the specimens were collected by ,prof4 ,brewer at a moderate elevation above the sea4 #d4 ,argynnis monticola1 ,behr1 n4 sp4 ,no4 #h of the former article4 ,this species was found in ,yosemite ,valley and some other localities1 being apparently not rare4 #e4 ,argynnis ,antithore1 ,boisd4 ,one specimen only from ,yosemite ,valley4 ,,melit,a1 ,fabr4 ,it will be necessary to give a monograph of this genus before we go on with the enumeration of the mountain species4 ,we have in ,california eleven well-marked species1 a number far exceeding those of the ,atlantic ,slope1 and about equal to those of the whole of ,europe4 ,in the 8,synopsis of ,north ,american ,lepidoptera10 written for the ,smithsonian ,institution by ,john ,g4 ,morris1 ,i find only two ,californian species mentioned and described1 viz43 ,m4 ,editha and ,m4 ,palla1 the 8,m4 ,zerene0 of the same work being without doubt an ,argynnis4 ,in a catalogue published by the same author in #ahfj1 ,i find besides those just mentioned another1 viz2 ,m4 ,chalcedon4 ,dr4 ,boisduval names several ,melita in his letters to me1 but gives no diagnosis4 ,our ,californian ,melita belong to four types4 ,,type ,i4 ,the first is that of ,m4 ,tharos1 represented by four distinct species in ,california4 ,this type is peculiar to the ,american ,continent1 occurring also in the ,atlantic ,states1 and in the tropics4 ,,type ,,ii4 ,that of ,m4 ,athalia1 represented by ,m4 ,palla1 and several others4 ,it is also abundantly represented in ,europe1 but seems to be wanting in the ,atlantic ,states4 ,,type ,,iii4 ,that of ,m4 ,phaeton1 corresponding exactly to the ,european1 ,m4 ,maturna1 ,m4 ,artemis1 etc41 is represented in ,california by ,m4 ,editha1 ,m4 ,chalcedon1 and others4 ,,type ,,iv4 ,that of ,m4 ,leanira is numerous in the tropics of ,america but seems to be wanting everywhere else except in ,california4 ,,melit,a1 ,type ,i4 #a4 ,m4 montana1 ,behr4 ,syn8 ,m4 ,pyrrha1 ,doubleday4 ,alae supra aurantiacae1 nigro clathratae1 inter secundam et tertiam fasciam nigram magis dilutae2 posticae inter primam et secundam fasciam1 serie punctorum nigrorum signatae1 fascia prima ab angulo anteriori interrupta1 et costam versus quintam tantum denuo cursum ad angulum posteriorem recipiente4 ,alae anticae subtus aurantiacae1 disco fere concolori1 nec maculis pallidiouibus nec fasciis obscurioribus bene distinctis1 apicem versus flavidae1 maculls fasciisque fuscis1 et prope angulum posteriorem macula nigra signatae4 ,alae posticae flavidae signaturis plus minus obscurioribus1 in morem ,argynnidum undulatis1 serie punctorum brunneorum inter primam et secundam fasciam ut supra pertranseunte4 ,insuper inter costam quintam et sextam exstat lunula submarginalis pallidior1 interdum candida pruinaque argentea induta1 quam umbra amplectitur obscurior4 ,altera umbra a margine anteriori prope apicem extenditur4 ,this species is very variable as to the markings of the underside of the hind wings4 ,two specimens1 which ,i received through the kindness of ,mr4 ,lorquin1 have scarcely any markings there4 ,these were collected in the neighborhood of ,los ,angeles4 ,the others1 received from the gentlemen of the survey1 were mostly collected at the headwaters of ,tuolumne ,river1 but some from ,yosemite ,valley4 #b4 ,m4 collina1 ,behr1 n4 sp4 ,alae omnes supra fulvae1 nigro clathratae1 posticae inter fasciam primam et secundam serie punctorum nigrorum instructae4 ,alae anticae subtus fulvae apicem versus gilvescentes1 ubique signaturis fuscis1 marginemque versus aliquot maculis nigris obsitae4 ,alae posticae subtus gilvae1 hinc pruina argentea indutae1 signaturis fuscis in morem ,argynnidum undulatis1 binis semper per umbram quandam connexis1 hinc et illinc confluentibus1 serie punctorum nigrorum halone amplexorum ut supra inter fasciam primam et secundam pertranseunte4 ,lunula submarginalis inter costam quintam et sextam major quam reliquae lunulae submarginales1 et umbra brunnea amplexa4 ,this species is not rare in the vicinity of ,san ,francisco1 and the hills of ,contra ,costa1 especially on the grassy valleys1 along creeks1 and on hillsides with a varied vegetation of herbaceous plants4 ,there must be many generations of these annually1 for the perfect insect is found from spring to autumn4 #c4 ,m4 campestris1 ,behr1 n4 sp4 ,alae supra nigrae fasciis macularibus ochraceis et aurantiacis alternantibus4 ,series punctorum nigrorum in alis posticis in fascia aurantiaca submarginali4 ,alae anticae subtus aurantiacae apicem versus luteae4 ,macula disci et fascia intermedia infracta luteae1 haec intus nigro marginata4 ,alae posticae subtus luteae1 linea transversa undulata divisae2 ,a radice usque ad lineam transversam brunneo signatae et prope mediam lineam transversam umbra obscura indutae2 quae umbra extenditur usque ad seriem punctorum4 ,lunula inter quintam costam et sextam candida1 aucta et umbra amplexa4 ,this species is very common in different localities1 especially on marshy places1 where ,hemizonia abounds4 ,seems to be peculiar to the lower regions1 and produces several annual generations4 #d4 ,m4 pratensis1 ,behr1 n4 sp4 ,alae supra nigrae fasciis macularibus fulvis instructae4 ,maculae fasciae submarginalis alarum posticarum singulae singula puncta nigra gerentes4 ,alae anticae subtus ochraceae maculis pallidioribus hinc et illinc signatae4 ,marginem versus posticam extant aliquot maculae nigrae4 ,alae posticae subtus hepaticae lineis undulatis1 maculis1 umbris serieque punctorum cunctis aeque brunneis instructae4 ,lunula submarginalis vix pallidior et umbra amplectente tantum e reliqua ala discerni potest4 ,this species is found on grassy hillsides and is common enough in some localities near ,san ,francisco4 ,several generations are found from spring to the beginning of the rainy season4 ,before ,i had a sufficient series of these nearly allied species in my possession1 ,i considered them local varieties of one single species4 ,afterwards ,i had an idea that two of them1 ,m4 collina and pratensis might be seasonal varieties or alternating generations1 like for instance ,arachnia ,prorsa1 whose vernal generation ,a4 ,levana was for a long time considered another species4 ,but according to my observations continued through several years1 these species are not confined to certain seasons1 but are to be found throughout the dry season4 ,if they were alternating generations of the same insect the different forms would be found only at certain seasons2 but such is not the case4 ,m4 montana is very variable but never approaches to the characters of the other three species4 ,the rest are as constant as a species can be1 and in a long series of duplicates from different localities ,i do not find anything like an intermediate form4 ,the four species of this type agree in the following points3 #a4 ,a row of dots between the first and second transverse lines of the hindwings1 in the space that represents in these species the submarginal fascia4 ,this row is clearly visible on both sides4 #b4 ,the marginal lunula between the fifth and sixth vein is perceptibly augmented on both sides1 and on the other side is frequently of lighter color and always surrounded by a deeper shade4 ,the most positive characters distinguishing the species is found on the disc of the underside of forewings4 #a4 ,m4 montana1 has the disc uniform fulvous the markings of the upper-side shining through the coloration of the disc4 #b4 ,m4 collina1 has the disc orange color2 markings very perceptible and towards the exterior margin bordered by a series of black spots4 #c4 ,m4 campestris1 has the disc with a yellow spot between the first and second primary costa1 and is bordered towards the exterior margin by an angular row of yellow spots1 which are themselves bordered at the inner side by deep black4 #d4 ,m4 pratensis1 has the disc ochre yellow with irregularly diluted spots and some black marks near the posterior margin4 ,there are plenty of other points of difference1 as may be seen by comparing the diagnoses4 ,but for recognition of any of the species it is sufficient to examine the disc4 ,the other differences are difficult to describe1 as all those who know by their own experience the difficulties of analyzing the complicated markings of the underside of the hindwings in this group will testify4 ,as to the larval state of these insects nothing is known1 and this want of facts regarding their metamorphosis1 is the more to be lamented as the natural affinities of this type are by no means very clear or simple4 ,it seems to constitute a kind of intermediate group between the true ,melitae and the ,arctic type of ,argynnides4 ,the eyes are more prominent than in the typical species of ,melita1 and ,i find a similar conformation of the head in ,m4 ,tharos from the ,atlantic ,states4 ,at the same time the underside of the hindwings of all these species does not represent the well-defined alternate bands of the typical ,melitae1 but the intricate undulations and undefined lights and shadows of the underside of the ,arctic type of ,argynnis4 ,in fact ,m4 montana approaches in this respect very closely to ,a4 ,aphirape4 ,,type ,,ii4 ,this type corresponds to the ,european type of ,m4 ,athalia1 and even in the differential characters of the four species known to me there is a striking parallelism to those of four ,european species1 so that each of them looks as if it was the transposition of a foreign species separated by a peculiarly ,californian character1 afterwards to be pointed out1 from its ,european congener1 and separated amongst themselves by the very same characters that separate the four ,european parallel species from each other4 ,their analogies are as follows3 ,california4 ,europe4 ,m4 ,,palla1 ,m4 ,,dictynna1 ,m4 ,,whitneyi1 ,m4 ,,athalia1 ,m4 ,,gabbii1 ,m4 ,,parthenie1 ,m4 ,,hoffmanni1 ,m4 ,,asteria4 ,the ,californians differ from their ,european analogues in the orange color that fills the space between the margin and the marginal line on the underside4 ,in the ,european species this space always has the same pale tint that forms the ground color4 ,then the two waving lines that inclose the submarginal band on the underside of the hind wings1 are not entirely filled by the orange or fulvous spots as in the ,european1 but have an empty space between the first and second1 and the second and third veins4 #a4 ,melita ,palla1 ,boisd4 ,alae maris supra fulvae nigro clathratae1 feminae nigrae nonnullis fasciis macularibus gilvis instructae4 ,alae posticae subtus gilvae lineis nigris et maculis aurantiacis ordinariis instructae1 necnon serie lunularum fasciae submarginalis fulvarum a vena tertia inchoantium usque ad ultimam decurrentium4 ,quaeque lunula continet ocellum4 ,i repeat the diagnosis for the purpose of adding a character that has been hitherto overlooked but is essential for separating this species from the following4 ,it is the eye-spot contained in each of the orange-colored spots of the submarginal band4 ,it is true that these spots are not in every specimen equally visible1 and often require the help of the glass to make them visible1 but still they are never wanting as in the following species4 ,m4 ,palla is the only one of this type found in the vicinity of ,san ,francisco1 where it is rather common4 ,nevertheless ,i have not yet succeeded in finding the caterpillar1 but have heard from our celebrated entomologist1 ,mr4 ,lorquin1 that he has raised this butterfly from a caterpillar found on a species of ,plantago4 #b4 ,melita ,whitneyi1 ,behr1 n4 sp4 ,alae maris supra rubricantes nigro clathratae feminae1 fere edem1 colore tantum dilutiori hinc et illinc paululum alternantes4 ,alae posticae subtus iis ,m4 ,pallae similes sed lunulae fasciae submarginalis ocellis omnino destitutae4 ,at the first look the difference between this species and ,m4 ,palla is striking enough1 for the coloration of the upperside is quite different and the reticulate black marking runs in much thinner lines and is more regular than in ,m4 ,palla1 where towards the margin the black markings unite more or less and cover the ground color4 ,the striking alteration in the colors of the upper side in the series of ,m4 ,palla does not exist here and the female is sometimes quite like the male4 ,sometimes the ground color alternates transversely with a slightly diluted tint1 and for the female this character would be sufficient4 ,but both sexes differ in the constant absence of the eye-spots of the submarginal band4 ,i received this species from the headwaters of the ,tuolumne ,river where it was collected during the stay of the ,state ,geological ,survey in the elevated and uninhabited regions4 ,i take this opportunity of showing my respect for ,prof4 ,whitney and the other members of that learned party1 to all of whom ,i am under obligations for the kindness with which1 under all kinds of hardships1 they collected materials for a ,fauna of our ,californian ,lepidoptera4 #c4 ,m4 ,gabbii1 ,behr1 n4 sp4 ,alae maris supra ut in ,m4 ,palla1 feminae fasciis transversis alternantibus luteis et fulvis totae nigro clathratae4 ,alae inferiores ut in ,m4 ,palla1 sed maculae radicales candidae pruinaque argentea renitentes ita ut fascia intermedia lunulaeque marginales4 ,fasciae1 maculae1 et margo aurantiacae ordinariae4 ,fasciae submarginalis spatium1 quae non occupatur lunulis aurantiacis1 sulphureum4 ,i received this species from the mountains near ,los ,angeles and have seen a series of specimens constantly showing the same characters4 ,this description ,i made from a pair kindly communicated to me by ,mr4 ,lorquin4 #d4 ,m4 ,hoffmanni1 ,behr1 n4 sp4 ,alae et maris et feminae a radice usque ad medium nigrae hinc et illinc maculis luteis fulvisque obsitae1 a media ala luteae marginem versus fulvescentes plus minus nigro clathratae4 ,alae inferiores subtus ut in ,m4 ,palla1 sed fascia submarginalis inter lineas undulatas nigras1 non lunulis sed punctis omnino rotundis constituta4 ,this species is less rare than the two preceding4 ,nevertheless it has not yet been found near ,san ,francisco and seems peculiar to the higher regions of ,california4 ,,melit,a1 ,type ,,iii4 ,of this type1 we know already as many ,californian as ,european species1 but except ,m4 ,phaeton1 ,i do not know any ,eastern representative of this type4 ,the most robust and gaily colored species belong to this type and it is one of the most predominant of the diurnal types in ,california1 not only from the number of its species but also of its individuals4 #a4 ,melita ,chalcedon1 ,doubleday4 ,this showy species is very common around the ,bay of ,san ,francisco4 ,the caterpillar is somewhat of the coloration of that of ,vanessa ,antiopa1 but short and thick like all the ,melita caterpillars and beset with short fleshy thorns4 ,the dorsal row of spines is brick red and so is the lateral stripe above the feet4 ,all other parts1 both of the body and spines1 are black1 which tint1 being thickly sprinkled with white dots has a bluish luster like the same tint in the caterpillar of ,v4 ,antiopa4 ,most commonly this caterpillar is found on ,scrophularia1 but ,i have found it also on ,diplacus glutinosus and on a ,lonicera1 related to ,l4 ,caprifolium4 ,the chrysalis is white with black and yellow dots4 ,the butterfly is developed towards the end of ,april and is found until the end of ,june4 ,there exists only one generation4 ,the caterpillars grow very slowly through the summer4 ,they are social and weave a kind of nest1 in which they also hibernate4 ,in spring their growth is quick enough1 but they seem to be subject to much disease1 and even in their natural state are frequently found half dried up4 ,the butterfly also is often caught with crippled wings4 #b4 ,m4 ,cooperi1 ,behr1 n4 sp4 ,alae supra ut ,m4 ,chalcedontis1 subtus inferiores sulphureae fasciis et maculis ordinariis fuscis1 maculis fasciae submarginalis fuscis concoloribus1 neque ullo halone cicumdatae4 ,this species is very similar to ,m4 ,chalcedon1 but the want of the yellowish halo around the lunulae of the brown band on the underside1 is a very positive diagnostic character4 ,the brown color of the bands also is always of the same somber hue as that of the underside of the forewings1 and never of the fiery brick red that colors this fascia on the underside of ,m4 ,chalcedon1 forming a perceptible contrast to the somber coloring of the underside of the forewings1 which is the same in ,m4 ,chalcedon and ,m4 ,cooperi4 ,with all these well-marked differences1 the two species look so much alike1 that it would have been a long time before ,m4 ,cooperi would have been recognized as a distinct species1 if it had not been for the striking difference of its caterpillar1 which was discovered by ,mr4 ,lorquin near ,clear ,lake on a species of ,scrophularia4 ,this caterpillar is much more elongated than that of ,chalcedon4 ,it is nearly of the shape and coloration of that of the ,european ,m4 ,artemis1 brimstone yellow1 with a dorsal and a lateral black stripe4 ,we were quite justified in expecting from such a caterpillar something strikingly different from the very common type of ,chalcedon4 ,but to our surprise our chrysalids gave us a series of crippled butterflies1 which could scarcely be distinguished from ,m4 ,chalcedon4 ,since that time ,i have received a well-developed specimen through the kindness of ,baron ,koels1 who caught it with several other insects on an excursion to ,mount ,tamal ,pais4 ,it is pretty certain that ,m4 ,cooperi will be found in many other localities1 as it is only its similarity to our most common vernal butterfly1 the ,m4 ,chalcedon1 that makes it escape our attention4 #c4 ,m4 ,quino1 ,behr1 n4 sp4 ,m4 ,chalcedonti similis sed antennae clava discolor1 fusca nec concolor antennae reliquae aurantiacae4 ,alae supra ut in ,m4 ,chalcedonte sed series macularum submarginalium in anticis rubra et marginalium in posticis flava rubro tincta4 ,series quarta in anticis bifida1 fere tota rubra1 tertia in posticis omnino rubra4 ,alae inferiores subtus ut in ,m4 ,chalcedonte sed fascia flava prope radicem in maculas sex dissecta maculaque flava discalis puncto ejusdem coloris extus aucta4 ,melita ,quino may at once be distinguished by the entirely different and much gayer coloration of the upper side1 which much more resembles that of ,m4 ,anicia than ,m4 ,chalcedon4 ,to the latter species it comes the nearest in the peculiar shape of the wings1 so characteristically different in the two sexes4 ,in ,m4 ,anicia this difference exists but not to the same degree4 ,the yellow part of the underside of the hindwings is much paler than in ,m4 ,chalcedon and ,m4 ,anicia4 ,the yellow radical band is dissolved into six distinct but nearly connected maculae4 ,in ,m4 ,chalcedon the band is not interrupted and only the sixth macula is separated1 making part of the yellow coloration of the anal side of the wing4 ,from ,m4 ,anicia it differs besides1 in the underside of the forewings being nearly all of a reddish-brown color with scarcely any indication of the markings of the upperside1 closely resembling ,m4 ,chalcedon4 ,from both species ,m4 ,quino differs in the coloration of the club of the antenna4 ,this species ,i received from ,dr4 ,cooper1 formerly of the ,state ,geological ,survey1 who collected several specimens near ,san ,diego4 ,i have called it ,quino in remembrance of the ,california ,pioneer1 ,padre ,quino1 the first ,european that ever succeeded in erecting a permanent settlement in ,california1 and at the same time contributed very considerably by his learned writings to a more exact knowledge of these then scarcely discovered regions4 #d4 ,m4 ,anicia1 ,doubleday4 ,this species seems to be restricted to the eastern and more elevated part of the ,state4 ,most of my specimens are from ,mariposa4 #e4 ,m4 nubigena1 ,behr1 n4 sp4 ,m4 ,aniciae similis sed antennarum clava nigrescens1 et subtus in alis posticis fasciae pallidae intermediae bipartitae pars exterior aurantiaca1 ut fascia lunularum quae sequitur eam4 ,this species was caught in considerable numbers by ,mr4 ,hoffman at the headwaters of the ,tuolumne ,river and beyond1 up to elevations of #aa1ejj feet4 ,it evidently stands in the same relation to ,m4 ,anicia as in ,europe ,m4 ,merope does to ,m4 ,artemis4 ,i am not certain if ,m4 nubigena is to be considered an alpine variety of ,m4 ,anicia or an independent species1 nor as far as ,i know is the question yet decided as to the right to distinction of ,m4 ,merope1 a long-known alpine insect of ,europe4 ,nevertheless1 considering the different coloration of the antenna club1 ,i am very much inclined to think ,m4 nubigena more than a mere alpine variety4 #f4 ,m4 ,editha1 ,boisd4 ,this species is found in different localities near ,san ,francisco and ,contra ,costa4 ,nevertheless1 it is much rarer than ,m4 ,chalcedon and of a more restless disposition4 ,it makes its appearance before ,m4 ,chalcedon and is one of our first vernal butterflies4 ,about the caterpillar ,i have not yet succeeded in ascertaining anything4 ,,melit,a1 ,type ,,iv4 ,of this type only one ,californian species is yet known1 but there may be perhaps some other species in the southern parts of the ,state1 as the subtropical territory of ,new ,mexico seems rather to abound in this type4 #a4 ,m4 ,leanira1 ,boisd4 7,in litteris47 ,antennae totae fulvae4 ,alae supra nigrae1 fasciis macularibus duabus et radicem versus maculis tribus quadrangularibus omnibus gilvescentibus instructae4 ,alae anticae prope marginem anticam1 apicem versus et ad marginem externam mediam1 e nigro rubescentes4 ,alae anticae subtus rubrae iisdem maculis ut supra ornatae4 ,fascia macularis externa extus nigro marginata4 ,alae posticae subtus gilvescentes nigro venosae1 et nigro marginatae1 radicem versus nigro signatae2 supra medium fascia nigra instructae1 catenam moniliformem continente punctorum gilvorum4 ,limbus ubique et supra et subtus nigro alboque variegatus4 ,m4 ,leanira is so distinct from all other ,melitae1 that it is impossible to make any error in reference to its diagnosis4 ,it is found in ,june and ,july in valleys of the ,contra ,costa hills1 where ,i collected it myself4 ,i received other specimens from ,yosemite ,valley4 ,i have not succeeded in finding the caterpillar4 ,i have to add a few observations regarding the geographical distribution of the genus ,melita in general and of its different types separately4 ,the genus ,melita spreads from the ,arctic zone to the tropic of ,cancer and some mountain species even farther4 ,unlike the genus ,argynnis in its geographical distribution ,melita has no ,antarctic species4 ,it has its center of abundance in the temperate zone and decreases towards the tropics as well as the arctic zone4 ,according to that peculiarity of the western slope of continents by which the temperate zone is more developed in extent and quality1 than in the eastern slopes1 the greatest number of species are found in ,europe and on our coast4 ,eastern ,asia has very few species1 but the genus is better represented on the ,atlantic side of this continent1 where however1 it appears in the aberrant forms of ,m4 ,tharos1 ,m4 ,pyrrha1 etc1 whose real nature seems still doubtful and which are at least intermediate between ,argynnis and ,melita4 ,the genuine type is very uniform1 and therefore the diagnosis of the ,californian as well as the ,european species is enveloped in many difficulties1 so that even in regard to many ,european species known and described for more than a century1 the limits of the species are frequently more or less doubtful and nearly every ,catalogue gives the series of closely allied species in a different form4 ,california possesses two types wanting to the ,european ,fauna2 ,europe one type wanting to ,california4 ,to us the type of ,m4 ,cinxia is wanting1 to ,europe that most characteristic form of ,m4 ,leanira1 which is a very natural transition to the genus ,synchloe4 ,the other wanting to the old world is that of ,m4 ,pyrrha1 an osculant form peculiar to the new world where it extends nearly as far as the equator4 ,as regards the development of the genus in size and brilliancy of color1 the ,californians have a decided advantage4 ,the giants of the genus are all ,californian and the coloration more bright and more distinct than the somber hues of their less-developed ,european allies4 ,like the ,argynnides the ,melitae are essentially local4 ,there is no ,amphigeic species1 and even the ,polar species 7which in ,argynnis are sometimes ,amphigeic7 are always different in this genus1 never occurring both in ,europe and ,america4 ,in the same way the ,atlantic and ,pacific species seem always to differ4 ,these butterflies not having a very powerful flight are generally confined to circumscribed localities1 in which they are generally plentiful and easily collected4 ,their caterpillars are frequently social like those of the ,vaness1 preferring the family of ,scrophalarineous plants1 7,scrophularia in ,california1 ,linaria and ,veronica in ,europe71 but inclined more to polyphagy than the ,argynnides1 in their predilection for the ,violarineae4 ,besides the ,scrophalarineae the ,melitae live on ,plantago1 ,lonicera1 ,scabiosa1 and some even are found on shrubby trees of ,salix1 ,populus1 and ,fagus4 ,dr4 ,cooper presented a continuation of his descriptions of fishes3 ,on new ,genera and ,species of ,californian ,fishes--,no4 ,,ii4 ,,by ,j4 ,g4 ,,cooper1 ,m4 ,d4 ,,exoc,,tus1 ,,artedi4 ,e4 ,,californicus1 ,cooper1 ,californian ,flying-,fish1 ,state collection1 species #ajab4 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,specific characters4--,height of body one eighth of its length from tip of nose to fork of tail1 length of head almost one fifth of the same 7#jai74 ,width of forehead in front of eyes more than five eighths the length of head 7#jfi72 diameter of eye less than one third of same length 7#jcj74 ,scale between eyes equilateral1 and a little less than half of the width of head4 ,no granulated area in front of orbit1 and but a very narrow one behind it4 ,preoperculum rounded rectangular4 ,pectoral fin extending to halfway between end of dorsal and base of caudal1 #jfj of total length4 ,ventrals inserted nearer operculum than base of caudal1 and extending to middle of anal4 ,dorsal commencing over #cfth scale and extending to #dhth4 ,d4 #ab1 ,p4 #ad1 ,v4 #f1 ,a4 #aj1 ,c4 #c-a-d-e-a-f4 ,scales #eh-g_/a4 ,colors4--,steel-blue1 fins smoky1 below silvery1 iris gilt4 ,general form much elongated1 subcylindrical4 ,top of head perfectly flat1 its width equal to its depth4 ,anterior half of body nearly as broad as high1 compressed above4 ,posterior half compressed laterally1 tapering to tail1 the caudal peduncle three times as high as it is broad4 ,a slight ridge along insertion of dorsal4 ,lateral line prominent1 running close to insertion of ventrals4 ,proportions of fins to total length1 as follows3 ,length of dorsal #jaa ,height of ventrals #jbc ,length of anal #jjg ,length of caudal1 upper lobe #jae ,length of caudal1 lower lobe #jbb ,height of pectoral #jfj ,length of specimen fifteen inches1 the figure representing it half the natural size4 ,one specimen obtained at ,catalina ,island4 ,,remarks4--,in the preceding diagnosis ,i have followed the arrangement of specific characters adopted by ,gill in his description of two new species of ,exoctus from the ,pacific ,coast of ,central ,america4 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,phil41 ,june1 #ahfc1 p4 #afg47 ,by comparison it will be seen that our species is very distinct4 ,this large species of ,flying-,fish is found in great numbers during the summer south of ,point ,conception1 and some wander as far north as ,santa ,cruz at least4 ,they can only be taken when they happen to alight on board of a vessel or in gill-nets1 which ,i was not provided with during my late voyage among the islands4 ,their flight is rarely higher than ten feet above the water1 but sometimes extends nearly a quarter of a mile4 ,,urolophus1 ,mller and ,henle4 ,,urolophus ,,halleri1 ,cooper1 ,state collection1 species #ebb4 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,specific characters4--,disk suborbicular1 obtusely pointed in front1 and with the pectoral fins rounded behind4 ,length anterior to anus a little greater than that of the tail behind it4 ,posterior outline of ventral fins projecting a little behind that of disk4 ,claspers as long as ventrals and projecting entirely behind them4 ,tail #jdg of total length1 gradually tapering from a cylindrical base to the spine1 thence becoming flattened laterally expanding into a fin1 which commences opposite the base of spine below1 and ends opposite to its end above1 broadest near its end1 where its width is #jaj the length of tail4 ,spiracles a little larger than orbits and farther apart1 the distance between them equal to that from snout to orbits4 ,ventrals forming nearly equilateral triangles1 their basal length one fifth that of head and body4 ,caudal spine arising at #jdh of the length of tail1 and not quite one third as long4 ,female more elongated than male but tail and spine shorter2 the ventrals a fourth longer and more acute4 ,colors4--,reddish speckled with yellow1 below white4 ,in some specimens the dark and light colors above are about equally distributed1 the spots having a somewhat marbled arrangement4 ,in others the light spots are very few and widely separated4 ,popular name 8,round ,stingray40 ,the figure is half the natural size4 ,the dots show the principal outlines of the cartilaginous skeleton4 ,,remarks4--,while this fish has the nearly orbicular outline of ,urotrygon 7mundus71 ,gill1 from ,panama 7,proc4 ,phil4 ,acad41 ,june1 #ahfc1 p4 #agc71 it differs generically in having obtusely triangular teeth 7equilateral71 tail shorter than body1 spine nearest to its base1 smooth skin1 etc4 ,it differs from ,urolophus1 as described by ,richardson1 in the upper velum of mouth being entire1 and in having about twenty small tubercles on the surface of lower velum4 ,these however can scarcely be considered generic differences4 ,found abundantly in muddy creeks at ,san ,pedro and ,san ,diego1 those from the former place being more uniform in color4 ,while ,i was at ,san ,diego the little son of ,major ,g4 ,o4 ,haller1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 was wounded in the foot1 probably by one of these fish1 while wading along a muddy shore of the bay4 ,the wound was very painful for some hours1 though small4 ,another large rhomboidal species also abundant there but apparently still undescribed1 inflicts very severe and dangerous wounds1 of which ,i may have more to say hereafter4 ,this fish has great muscular power and can dart very rapidly through the water by lateral vibrations of its tail1 at the same time quickly flapping the edge of its disk1 to keep its level in the water and to regulate its direction4 ,it frequently buries itself slightly under the mud1 and if disturbed obscures the water by stirring the mud1 vanishing in the cloud thus raised to hide itself again4 ,it will allow a boat to pass over its place of concealment1 and may1 if detected1 be easily killed by a blow with the end of an oar4 ,many are also caught in the seines of the fishermen4 ,their food consists of small mollusca1 crustacea and such other animals1 alive or dead1 as they can obtain4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,december #g,,th1 #ahfc4 ,president in the ,chair4 ,present1 ten members4 ,donations to ,cabinet3 ,rock ,salt1 from the ,upper ,colorado ,river1 by ,f4 ,ailing4 ,wood1 from near ,carson ,city4 ,dr4 ,cooper stated that he had received a communication from ,mr4 ,p4 ,p4 ,carpenter1 of ,england1 offering to describe any new species of shells from the collections of the ,state ,geological ,survey or of the ,academy1 and to publish the descriptions in its proceedings4 ,the ,society accepted the proposition4 ,two new sheets of the ,proceedings were laid upon the table4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,december #ba,,st1 #ahfc4 ,president in the ,chair4 ,present1 seven members4 ,messrs4 ,royal ,fisk and ,r4 ,l4 ,d',aumaile were elected resident members4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,,ophisurus ,,californiensis--,garrett4 ,described on p4 #ff of this volume4 ,,annual ,,meeting1 ,,january #d,,th1 #ahfd4 ,president in the ,chair4 ,fifteen members present4 ,e4 ,mathewson1 ,esq41 of ,martinez1 was elected resident member4 ,the following is an abstract of the ,annual ,reports of the officers of the ,society1 for the past year 7#ahfc73 ,the ,financial ,report of the ,trustees was received and accepted4 ,during the year1 #hae4ce have been received from various sources1 besides the balance on hand from #ahfb1 of #ada4bb2 #ijc4ge expended2 and #eb4hb remains in the hands of the ,treasurer4 ,the ,librarian 7,prof4 ,whitney7 reported verbally1 that about fifty volumes have been added to the ,library1 mostly the publications of other ,societies2 that some sets of ,journals have been rendered complete1 by his own donations1 and that the volumes of the 8,american ,journal of ,science0 have been bound4 ,the ,curator of ,mineralogy 7,mr4 ,moore7 reports1 that the collection is in nearly the same condition that it was at the commencement of the last year1 that but few additions have been made1 and that the work of cataloguing and classifying the specimens is in progress4 ,the ,curator of ,palontology 7,mr4 ,gabb7 made no report4 ,the ,curator of ,botany 7,dr4 ,kellogg7 reports1 that some additions have been made2 that the collections are not in good condition for want of suitable cases1 and recommends that new cases be procured1 and that a suite of the specimens described by members of the ,society be sent ,east1 for comparison with specimens in those herbariums to which we have no access4 ,the ,curator of ,zoology 7,dr4 ,cooper7 made a verbal report1 that he has been absent the most of the year1 and that the collection has not materially changed since the last report1 with the exception of an interesting collection of ,birds deposited by ,mr4 ,holder4 ,the ,curator of ,conchology 7,dr4 ,trask7 reported verbally1 that about three hundred species of shells have been added to the collection during the year4 ,also1 that he had received from ,mr4 ,andrew ,garrett1 a collection of one hundred and fifteen species of ,hawaiian ,fishes1 for the ,museum4 ,the ,curator of ,entomology 7,dr4 ,behr7 reported verbally1 that there have been no contributions1 but that he will contribute from his own collection1 and other persons have expressed their desire to do likewise1 when the ,society shall possess the means of accommodating and preserving the specimens4 ,the officers of the preceding year were relected1 with the exception of ,treasurer--,s4 ,hubbard being elected in the place of ,wm4 ,heffley1 resigned4 ,the following resolution1 prepared by ,dr4 ,ayres1 was unanimously adopted3 ,resolved1 ,that hereafter the ,proceedings of the ,academy be distributed gratuitously only to resident members and to such ,societies and individuals as the ,academy shall direct2 and that the price of subscription to others be regulated by the ,publishing ,committee4 ,the ,society authorized the publication of the following ,constitutional amendments1 adopted at the annual meeting1 ,january #fth1 #ahfb1 the publication of which was accidentally omitted in the ,proceedings of that year3 ,amendment to ,art4 ,,ii1 ,sec4 #d--,that the ,membership ,fee1 to be paid by an applicant for ,resident membership1 shall be two dollars1 etc4--the remainder of the section remaining as before4 ,amendment to ,art4 ,,iii1 ,sec4 #b--,this ,association shall hold meetings on the ,first and ,third ,monday evenings of each month1 for the investigation of ,natural ,history1 etc4--the remainder of the section remaining as before4 ,dr4 ,ayres read extracts from letters containing inquiries in regard to the first volume of the ,proceedings of the ,society1 which terminated abruptly1 and was never finished4 ,the supply has long been exhausted1 and the republication has been frequently discussed2 but as yet this is beyond the means of the ,society4 ,prof4 ,brewer communicated the following paper by ,prof4 ,gray1 giving the first installment of a series of descriptions of new plants from the botanical collections made by himself1 while engaged in the ,state ,geological ,survey4 ,these are a portion of the new species collected previous to #ahfc4 ,the remainder will be described in future papers1 along with those from the collection made after that time4 ,descriptions of ,new ,californian ,plants--,no4 ,i4 ,,by ,,prof4 ,,asa ,,gray4 ,,streptanthus ,nutt4 ,s4 ,breweri1 n4 sp4 ,euclisia4 ,wholly glabrous and glaucous1 annual1 branched from near the base2 cauline leaves 7except the lowest7 strongly cordate-clasping1 with a closed sinus1 entire or denticulate1 the uppermost sagittate2 flowers purple1 on very short ascending pedicels1 the lowest often leafy-bracted2 the buds often a quarter of an inch long1 obtuse1 or barely acute2 the sepals with scarious but blunt recurved tips2 siliques narrowly linear1 ascending or erect1 straight or slightly incurved 7#a-b inches long1 less than a line wide17 compressed but torulose1 the nerve of the valves obscure2 seeds wholly marginless4 ,this most resembles ,s4 tortuosus ,kellogg 7which is ,s4 cordatus ,torr41 in ,bot4 ,pacif4 ,r4 ,r4 ,whipple's ,rep4 but evidently not of ,nuttall71 from which the above character indicates the differences4 ,there are three forms in the collection3 #a4 ,a dwarf state1 in flower only1 from ,mt4 ,shasta1 at an altitude of #h1jjj feet4 #b4 ,a very glaucous form1 with more numerous and rather smaller flowers1 and with fruit1 from the top of a dry mountain of the ,mt4 ,diablo ,range1 near head of ,arroyo del ,puerto1 at an altitude of #c1bjj feet4 #c4 ,another1 in flower and fruit1 with more naked and virgate branches1 a foot or two in height1 from ,san ,carlos ,mountain1 near ,new ,idria1 #e1jjj feet altitude4 ,this is remarkable for having the calyx hoary-downy1 but the plant is otherwise glabrous and glaucous4 ,s4 hispidus1 n4 sp4 7 ,euclisia47 ,very dwarf1 7#b-c inches high1 from an annual root17 hispid throughout1 even to the siliques2 leaves cuneate or obovate-oblong1 coarsely toothed or incised1 the cauline-sessile but hardly at all clasping2 raceme short and loosely flowered2 pedicels spreading or at length recurved in flower 7which is red or red-violet7 but the linear compressed siliques 7#a inch long1 a line wide17 are erect2 stigma almost sessile2 immature seeds winged4 ,mt4 ,diablo1 dry places near summit4 ,this ranks next to ,s4 heterophyllus4 ,,viola ,l4 ,v4 ocellata1 ,torr4 and ,gray1 var4 ,glabrous1 smaller2 leaves somewhat thickish2 peduncles elongated4 ,very curious and distinct4 ,from ,tamalpais4 ,,arenaria ,l4 ,a4 brevifolia ,nutt48 var4 ,californica4 ,much branched or diffuse1 cymosely many-flowered2 petals and sepals somewhat narrower4 ,leaves as in ,nuttall's plant1 thickish1 plane1 mostly obtuse and spreading4 ,valves of the capsule entire4 ,filaments opposite and twice the length of the sepals1 more dilated and glandular at the base4 ,seeds minute1 minutely muricate1 turgid4 ,the fruit and seed are known only from ,frmont's specimens communicated to ,dr4 ,torrey 7,no4 #bhd of ,coll4 #ahdf17 from ,california1 a taller and less diffuse form than that now collected by ,prof4 ,brewer1 and more like ,nuttall's1 from ,tatnall ,county1 ,georgia4 ,but my original specimen of the latter little-known plant is too incomplete to make certain the identity2 and the two are widely sundered in geographical station4 ,still no adequate characters yet appear to distinguish specifically4 ,prof4 ,brewer collected his plant ,april #ahth1 in the valleys among high ridges in ,sonoma1 where it abounded4 ,,calandrinia ,h4 ,b4 ,k4 ,c4 ,menziesii1 ,hook4 ,in various forms in southern ,california4 ,capsule slightly if at all exceeding the calyx2 seeds rather turgid1 shining2 petals mostly much exceeding the calyx4 ,c4 ,menziesii1 var4 macrocarpa4 ,stems and racemes at length more elongated and loosely-leaved2 pedicels in fruit much spreading or recurved2 capsule ovoid-fusiform1 projecting beyond the calyx2 seeds smaller1 compressed and opaque4 ,dry hills of the ,santa ,inez mountains1 near ,santa ,barbara4 ,perhaps a distinct species1 but ,i want to see it confirmed by other specimens4 ,,linum ,l4 ,l4 ,breweri1 n4 sp4 ,annual2 glabrous2 stem very small1 not striate1 with few flowers crowded at the apex2 leaves filiform1 smooth1 alternate and opposite2 stipules conspicuously glandular2 pedicels shorter than the calyx2 sepals oblong-ovate1 acute1 one-nerved1 margin not scarious1 glandular1 less than half as long as the bright yellow1 obovate-oblong petals2 anthers elongated-oblong2 sterile filaments almost wanting2 styles three1 distinct2 stigma somewhat acutely pointed4 ,dry hill sides of the ,diablo ,range1 near ,marsh's ,ranch1 ,may #bith4 ,plant barely two to three inches high1 8but seen in the valley larger1 with many flowers1 not yet expanded40 ,this1 like ,l4 ,californicum1 appears to be uniformly tri-carpellary2 flowers about the size of those of that species1 and the anthers elongated-oblong2 but the leaves narrower2 the stigmas not at all capitate or enlarged1 but minute and acute2 fruit not seen4 ,,trifolium1 ,l4 ,t4 bifidum1 n4 sp4 ,somewhat villose or glabrous2 stems from small 7annual87 root1 slender1 spreading2 stipules ovate-lanceolate1 setaceously-acuminate1 entire2 leaflets linear-cuneate1 lateral ones rarely dentate1 bifid or incised at the apex with a mucronate point between the lobes2 peduncles twice or three times as long as the leaves2 heads naked1 six to twelve flowered1 or more2 flowers pedicelled1 at length reflexed2 calyx five-parted1 dentate1 subulate-setaceous1 somewhat hirsute1 and nearly equal to the persistent1 rose-colored scarious corolla4 ,near ,marsh's ,ranch1 between ,monte ,diablo and the ,san ,joaquin1 among grass in a ravine near the water1 ,may #bith4 ,stems six to sixteen inches long4 ,heads and flowers about the size of those of the small form of ,t4 gracilentum1 to which species it is allied4 ,ovary two-ovulate1 seeds single4 ,,astragalus ,l4 ,a4 curtipes1 n4 sp4 7 ,phaca1 99,inflati47 ,minutely canescent1 at length glabrate1 a foot high2 stipules connate1 opposite the leaf2 leaflets twelve to sixteen pairs narrowly oblong1 retuse petiolulate1 glabrous above2 raceme in fruit short2 calyx-teeth slender1 subulate1 slightly shorter than the campanulate tube2 legume membranaceous1 inflated1 glabrate 7#a inches long17 semi-ovoid1 7the ventral suture nearly straight1 the dorsal very gibbous17 scarcely acute at either end1 jointed to a rigid stipe1 which does not exceed the tube of the calyx4 ,dry hill sides1 ,san ,luis ,obispo4 ,corolla not seen4 ,a4 oxyphysus1 n4 sp4 7 ,phaca1 99,inflati47 ,tall1 very softly canescen-villous2 stipules small1 scarious1 distinct2 leaflets #h-aa pairs1 oblong2 peduncles much surpassing the leaf2 raceme elongated2 bracts small and subulate2 teeth of the silky calyx subulate1 half the length of the cylindraceous tube2 corolla white or greenish2 legume obovate-acuminate1 the base attenuate into a recurved stipe which somewhat exceeds the calyx4 ,monte ,diablo ,range1 near ,arroyo ,puerto1 on dry hills4 ,a most distinct and striking new species4 ,a4 ,breweri1 n4 sp4 ,allied to ,a4 tener ,gray1 ,rev4 ,astrag4 7,phaca astragalina1 var48 ,hook4 and ,arn41 and probably ,a4 hypoglottis1 var4 strigosa1 ,kellogg17 but more branched from the annual root1 and with broader leaflets1 7#d-e pairs1 oblong-obcordate72 head #e-g flowered1 compact2 immature legume globose-ovate1 silky-canescent1 not stipulate1 erect1 six-ovulate1 one-celled1 the dorsal suture slightly intruded4 ,fields in ,sonoma ,valley1 ,april4 ,common4 ,dr4 ,ayres read letters from ,mr4 ,a4 ,garrett1 and presented the following paper3 ,descriptions of ,new ,species of ,fishes--,no4 ,,ii4 ,,by ,,andrew ,,garrett1 ,,of ,,honolulu1 ,,sandwich ,,islands4 ,,cheilodactylus ,lacep4 #ahjc4 ,c4 vittatus ,garrett4 ,b4 #f2 ,d4 #ag-cj2 ,a4 #c-h2 ,v4 #a-e2 ,p4 #h-f2 ,c4 #e1 #a1 #g1 #f1 #a1 #d4 ,the height of the body is a trifle less than one-third of the total length4 ,the upper profile rises in a convex line from the snout to the occipital region1 whence it suddenly ascends in a nearly vertical curve1 giving that portion of the fish a strongly gibbous appearance4 ,the body rapidly tapers posteriorly1 though preserving a slightly convex outline4 ,the head enters nearly four and a half times in the entire length4 ,the eyes are large1 sub-circular in shape1 even with the line of profile1 and their greatest diameter is nearly one-third the length of the head4 ,they are placed nearer the origin of the lateral line than the end of the snout4 ,the small maxillary bone extends as far back as the anterior margin of the eye4 ,the dorsal fin takes its origin immediately above the posterior limb of the orbit and terminates within one diameter of the eye of the caudal fin4 ,its three anterior rays are very small1 and the fourth1 which is the tallest1 is one-third as long as the base of the whole fin1 or equal to two-thirds the height of the body4 ,posteriorly the spiny rays rapidly diminish in altitude so that the last one is shorter than the succeeding soft rays4 ,the soft portion of the fin is comparatively low1 gently convex along its upper edge1 and is equally as long as the spiny part4 ,the anal fin is small1 being inserted just in advance of the middle of the soft portion of the dorsal4 ,its extreme margin is slightly concave and the rays rapidly diminish in length posteriorly4 ,the ventrals when laid back reach as far as the anal fin4 ,the second simple pectoral ray extends as far back as the vent4 ,the caudal1 which is deeply forked1 has its lobes rounded off4 ,color greyish-silvery1 and ornamented with five oblique blackish-brown bands which are disposed as follows3 one extends from the snout to the preopercular margin1 the second starts from the eye and terminates on the pectoral base1 the third1 which passes over the occipital region1 extends below the pectoral axilla2 the fourth1 which is much broader1 starts from the origin of the dorsal fin1 curves downward and backward1 becoming wider in its descent1 and passes beneath the abdomen2 the fifth one commences on the upper anterior half of the spiny dorsal1 extending along the back to near the termination of that fin4 ,three irregular1 pale spots may be observed in the dorsal band1 and three large blackish-brown spots on the caudal trunk4 ,the opercular flap and snout tinged with orange-red4 ,the interorbital space is marked with two transverse brownish-red bands4 ,irides yellowish-silvery4 ,that portion of the dorsal fin anterior to the fifth band is white1 the remainder1 together with the anal and caudal1 light-yellowish1 the latter tipped with blackish-brown4 ,the pectorals are orange-red1 and the ventrals are deep blackish-brown4 ,length1 #g inches4 ,habitat1 ,sandwich ,islands4 ,,remarks4--,an extremely rare fish1 of which the solitary specimen now before me is the only example that has come to my notice4 ,it is the more interesting in a geographical point of view1 as being the only species--as near as ,i can ascertain--recorded from the ,polynesian ,seas4 ,sir ,john ,richardson1 in his interesting 8,notices of ,australian ,fish10 published in the 8,proceedings of the ,zoological ,society of ,london10 describes1 and gives a list of thirteen species4 ,nine of those occur in the ,australian ,seas1 one from ,china and ,japan1 two from the ,cape of ,good ,hope1 and one from ,tristan d',acunha4 ,in the number and arrangement of the fasciae1 our fish closely resembles the ,c4 gibbosus1 ,sol41 7,chtodon7 from ,van ,diemen's ,land4 ,the latter species is less gibbous1 the eyes smaller1 the soft portion of the dorsal fin shorter1 and the caudal forks are more pointed than in the ,c4 vittatus4 ,,apogon ,lacep4 #ahjb4 ,a4 maculiferus1 ,garrett4 ,b4 #g2 ,d4 #g-a-i2 ,a4 #b-h ,v4 #a-e2 ,p4 #ac2 ,c4 #d1 #a1 #h1 #g1 #a1 #c4 ,the upper profile of the head is slightly concave2 otherwise the general shape of the fish closely resembles the ,apogon fraenatus1 ,val4 ,the greatest depth of the body1 taken at the commencement of the anterior dorsal fin1 equals the length of the head1 or two-sevenths of the entire length of the fish4 ,the eye is large1 sub-circular in shape1 even with the upper line of profile1 and its diameter nearly one-third as long as the head4 ,the upper jaw is slightly the longest1 and the hinder termination of the maxillary is on a line with the posterior border of the pupil4 ,the margin of the preopercle is finely and regularly dentated1 and its anterior crest or ridge exhibits but few irregular teeth4 ,the lateral line may be traced over twenty-four scales4 ,the first and second dorsal fin are of equal length along their base1 both being higher than long1 and the altitude of the latter1 which exceeds that of the former1 is1 as compared to the entire length of the fish1 one to five4 ,the anal fin is inserted a trifle more posterior than the fin above4 ,the large ventrals1 when laid back1 cover the vent with their tips4 ,the caudal is sub-bifurcate4 ,color brilliant silvery1 with an iridescent reflection in which carnation predominates4 ,the upper two-thirds of the body is ornamented with longitudinal rows of small olivaceous spots1 one on each scale1 and those above the lateral line more or less coalescing1 forming broken bands4 ,the head1 which is more or less tinged with diluted carmine-red1 is marked by a diffuse olivaceous band1 which extends from the end of the snout1 passing through the eye and terminating on the opercle4 ,irides silvery white2 cornea black4 ,the membranes of all the fins are tinged with orange-yellow1 and their rays are red4 ,length1 #e inches4 ,habitat1 ,sandwich ,islands4 ,vernacular1 8,upapalu40 ,,remarks4--,the longitudinal series of maculations will readily determine this species4 ,under the lens the spots assume the appearance of clusters of minute dots1 some of which have blue central points4 ,,scorp,,na ,artedi1 7,l47 ,s4 parvipinnis1 ,garrett4 ,d4 #acaj2 ,a4 #c-e2 ,v4 #a-e2 ,p4 #g-i2 ,c4 #e1 #a1 #f1 #e1 #a1 #c4 ,in this species the upper and lower outlines are quite similar1 being gently arched4 ,the greatest depth of the body falls slightly short of one-third of the total length1 and the greatest thickness at the base of the head1 is a little more than two-thirds of the above mentioned depth4 ,the head constitutes just one-third of the whole fish4 ,the eye is large1 circular1 its diameter being nearly one-fourth of the length of the head4 ,four spines may be seen along the upper edge of the orbit1 and the same number on each side of the occipital region and nape1 the posterior one the larger4 ,two intraorbital spines1 one on the nasal bone1 and a longitudinal row of four along the supratympanic region4 ,two on the opercle1 the lower one long and projecting posterior to the margin of that bone4 ,a stout one may be observed on the humeral region1 one on the infra-orbital1 three on the margin of the preopercle1 and a longitudinal row of irregularly disposed ones along the cheek4 ,the lower jaw is slightly longer than the upper1 and the tip of the maxillary extends as far back as the hinder border of the eye4 ,fine scales envelop the basal portions of all the fins except the ventrals1 and cover all parts of the head except the jaws and the lower half of the maxillary bone4 ,minute filaments are observed on all parts of the fish1 being more numerous on the upper anterior third of the body4 ,the dorsal and anal fins are small1 the former commencing above the origin of the latter line4 ,the spiny portion of the dorsal is very low1 gently arched1 and constitutes nearly two-thirds of the fin4 ,the soft portion of the anal fin is very narrow and rounded off4 ,the head and anterior half of the body is greyish1 passing into light carnation beneath1 and obscurely clouded with dusky4 ,the posterior half of the body is dusky black1 which fades into pink beneath1 maculated with small darker spots4 ,caudal trunk1 pink4 ,two large dusky black spots on the anterior dorsal region4 ,irides greenish-yellow4 ,fins pinky-red1 the spiny dorsal mottled with dusky1 and the other fins dotted with pinky-brown1 and a bar of the same color on the caudal base4 ,length1 #d inches4 ,habitat1 ,sandwich ,islands4 ,,remarks4--,the scaly head1 small dorsal and anal fin will readily distinguish this beautiful species4 ,,crenilabrus1 ,cuv4 ,c4 modestus1 ,garrett4 ,b4 #f2 ,d4 #ab-aj2 ,a4 #c-ab2 ,v4 #a-e2 ,p4 #ag2 ,c4 #b1 #a1 #f1 #f1 #a1 #b4 ,the greatest depth1 which occurs beneath the origin of the dorsal fin1 is about one-fourth of the total length1 and the greatest thickness is just half of the above mentioned depth4 ,the head1 which comprises a little more than one-fourth of the whole fish1 presents a slight concave depression above the eyes4 ,the preopercular serrations are very small4 ,the eyes are sub-circular1 their greatest diameter entering nearly six times in the length of the head1 and twice in advance of their own orbit4 ,the hinder tip of the maxillary reaches a vertical1 passing through the center of the eye4 ,twelve longitudinal rows of scales may be enumerated between the lateral line and the vent1 ten rows on the side of the caudal trunk1 and the median longitudinal row on the body contains thirty scales4 ,the lateral line1 which passes over thirty-three scales1 consists of slightly branched tubes4 ,the dorsal fin extends over a base equal to half the length of the fish1 caudal fin excluded4 ,its soft portion falls slightly short of one-third of the whole fin4 ,the anal fin1 which is nearly half as long as the dorsal1 has its hinder termination slightly more posterior4 ,the acuminately pointed ventrals1 when closely appressed to the abdomen nearly reach the anal fin4 ,the large caudal has its posterior upper and lower angles considerably prolonged and pointed4 ,color purplish-brown1 passing into bluish grey beneath1 and obsoletely lineated longitudinally with darker4 ,a large oblong pale diffuse spot beneath the posterior end of the dorsal fin1 which is directed obliquely downward and forward4 ,irides silvery1 tinged with yellow4 ,the dorsal fin is pale greyish1 marked anteriorly with a large diffuse blue-black spot1 its soft portion being tinged with reddish and margined above with yellow4 ,the anal1 ventrals and caudal are bluish-grey1 the former posteriorly tinged with faded red and edged with yellow4 ,pectorals nearly colorless4 ,length1 #ah inches4 ,habitat1 ,sandwich ,islands4 ,,remarks4--,we have obtained only two individuals of this large species1 both of which were exposed for sale in the ,honolulu fish-market4 ,the colors1 which are no doubt considerably changed1 were taken from the dead fish4 ,,chironectes ,cuv4 #ahag4 ,c4 niger1 ,garrett4 ,d4 #c-ab2 ,a4 #f2 ,v4 #e2 ,p4 #aj2 ,c4 #a1 #g4 #a4 ,the head constitutes about one-third of the total length1 caudal excluded4 ,the eyes are elliptically-oval1 and inserted just once their greatest diameter distant from the margin of the upper jaw4 ,the skin is covered with fine closely set prickly asperities1 which gives it a velvety appearance4 ,the general outline is ovate1 and the greatest thickness equals one-sixth of the entire length4 ,a range of conspicuous pores commences on the upper part of the gill covers1 curving downward and upward to the symphysis of the lower jaw4 ,another row follows the margin of the upper jaw1 passing over the snout1 where it branches off posteriorly1 curving over the eye and disappearing on the posterior portion of the body4 ,each pore is encircled with brush-like appendages1 which gives them a tufted appearance4 ,the dorsal fin extends over a base equal to one-third the length of the fish4 ,its upper margin is arched1 and its height as compared to length is as one to two4 ,the height and length of the anal fin are about equal4 ,color deep black and obsoletely maculated with rather small roundish darker spots4 ,on the basal portion of the dorsal and anal fins may be observed two large ocellations1 with deep black pupils and paler areolae4 ,very minute opaque white points may also be seen scattered along the lower parts4 ,eyes blackish4 ,length1 #c inches4 ,habitat1 ,sandwich ,islands4 ,,remarks4--,this species possesses the nasal tufted bristle and two horn-like processes that we observe in all the species inhabiting these seas4 ,when handled it emits a most disagreeable odor4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,cooper presented the following paper3 ,on ,new ,genera and ,species of ,californian ,fishes--,no4 ,,iii4 ,,by ,j4 ,g4 ,,cooper1 ,m4 ,d4 ,,myxodes ,cuvier1 #ahag4 ,m4 elegans1 ,cooper1 ,state ,collection1 ,no4 #gjg4 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,specific characters4--,form elongated1 high and narrow1 the head wider than the thickest part of body4 ,length of snout equal to diameter of eye1 lower jaw very slightly longest4 ,total length a little more than four and a half times that of head1 which is equal to the greatest height of body4 ,head moderately arched1 rounded above1 the width between eyes a little less than the width of orbit4 ,orbit circular1 contained four and a half times in length of head4 ,anterior lobe of dorsal commencing just behind head1 triangular1 one-twentieth of the length of fin1 equal to the middle lobe in height2 middle lobe gradually arched1 its spines more slender than those of the first lobe2 posterior lobe with soft rays only1 about equal to the first1 in size and form1 extending nearly to the tail4 ,caudal fin quadrangular1 its end obtusely truncate1 nearly twice as long as wide4 ,anal commencing opposite seventeenth dorsal spine1 nearly straight1 its height one-fifth its length1 and ending a little anterior to end of dorsal4 ,ventrals narrow1 the middle ray longest4 ,pectorals arising opposite third dorsal spine1 nearly as wide as long4 ,d4 ,v-xxvii to xxx-#h2 ,c4 #e-e2 ,a4 #bf to #bh2 ,v4 #c2 ,p4 #aa4 ,scales in about #bej rows along middle of side1 in #ah_/ej-ah_/ah vertical rows along lateral line4 ,proportional measurements3 ,length of largest specimen1 #d in4 #ajj4 ,length of head 4#bj ,height of pectoral 4#ae ,length of dorsal 4#gb ,length of caudal 4#ab ,length of anal 4#dd ,height of ventral 4#ji ,height of body 4#bb ,width of body 4#jh ,colors4--,exceedingly variable1 but the general pattern1 as preserved in alcohol1 consists of a series of vertical bands1 alternating with spots of various shapes and sizes1 and often densely mottled with dark and light blotches distributed regularly1 but not describable4 ,the fins have alternating bands1 and in all the specimens the membrane between the third and fourth dorsal spine is as clear as glass1 as if intended to be seen through1 but probably shines in the water as a sort of signal4 ,when fresh the colors of those from ,san ,diego were as follows3 #ast1 dark brown1 a purple lateral stripe1 sides with dark and light brown bars1 having silvery blotches between them2 below yellowish1 top and sides of head blotched with yellow1 a bright red ring with a green centre near pectorals1 and another near caudal4 ,dorsal with alternating bars of olive and yellow2 pectoral yellow at base1 its rays reddish1 barred with purple1 ventrals and anal smoky4 ,another was striped and cross-barred with brown1 and mingled with this pattern were blotches of olive-brown1 yellowish and purple1 but no rings4 ,fins marked like the body1 but paler4 ,it is possible that the rings observed in the first one1 and not seen in any other1 were caused by the growth of vegetable parasites1 which are often found on fish of similar habits4 ,,remarks4--,this is the first instance of a ,myxodes being found on our coast north of the equator1 though a nearly allied genus1 the ,heterostichus1 has been long known4 ,i was in some doubt whether to refer the fish to ,myxodes on account of the meagre descriptions of the genus accessible1 but having sent a copy of the outline to ,mr4 ,gill1 ,i have been confirmed in the correctness of the diagnosis4 ,the following are some of the most important generic characters not shown in the outline of our species3 ,branchi ,,vi-,,vi1 the apertures freely connected below4 ,teeth uniserial in each jaw1 those of lower jaw largest1 some of those along sides larger than the rest4 ,no teeth on vomer4 ,scales minute1 entire1 cycloid1 closely adherent--none on head or fins4 ,the two-lobed form of the spinous dorsal does not apparently exist in some of the species4 ,suspecting that some of the other characters will be found sufficient to distinguish it1 ,i propose for it provisionally the name ,,gibbonsia1 in honor of ,dr4 ,w4 ,p4 ,gibbons1 of ,alameda ,county1 whose descriptions of our viviparous fishes1 published in #ahed1 by the ,academy1 have only of late been awarded the credit they deserve4 ,these beautiful little fish are found at low water in holes among rocks along our coast south of ,point ,conception1 and at the adjoining islands4 ,their varied and elegant coloration would make them beautiful objects for a marine aquarium1 but ,i had nothing suitable for the purpose1 in which ,i could keep them alive long enough to study their habits4 ,i obtained three at ,pt4 ,loma1 ,san ,diego1 three at ,catalina ,i41 and two at ,santa ,barbara ,i41 all manifestly of the same species1 though differing individually in color1 as above mentioned4 ,they have no popular name4 ,,gillichtyhs1 n4 g4#h ,generic characters4--,form moderately elongated1 laterally compressed4 ,head depressed1 broader than body1 forming more than one-fourth of total length4 ,eyes small1 situated far forward1 and obliquely turned upward4 ,mouth moderate1 its gape extending to the vertical of the posterior rim of orbit1 but the angle of lower jaw half way to branchial aperture4 ,upper maxillaries extending back the same distance1 thence prolonged by a cartilaginous expansion which reaches as far back as the opercular opening1 and being there connected to an expansion of the skin of the lower jaw1 forms a channel running back from the mouth and as long as the gape of the mouth itself4 ,this channel is entirely free from the side of head1 but only slightly movable forwards1 so that it cannot serve to widen the mouth when opened4 ,premaxillaries not protractile1 movable at their symphysis1 and only half as long as maxillaries1 with which they are connected by a thin membrane1 ending below orbit4 ,villiform teeth on premaxillaries throughout1 also on lower maxillaries to angle of mouth1 and on pharyngeals2 none on upper maxillaries1 vomer or palate4 ,a minute nasal aperture close behind maxillary and another opening just in front of anterior rim of orbit4 ,preoperculum covered by the skin of the head4 ,branchi four1 all double1 and free1 opercular apertures small1 as wide as base of pectorals1 and separated by the whole width of the base of head4 ,tongue broad and thick4 ,air-bladder small1 liver very large and alimentary canal short4 ,scales small1 cycloid and thin1 imbedded in the skin so as to be scarcely perceptible anterior to dorsal fin1 or on back4 ,none on ventral surface4 ,no lateral line perceptible4 ,dorsal fins two1 situated far back1 and rather large4 ,caudal small1 obtusely rounded4 ,anal opposite to second dorsal4 ,ventrals united into a funnel-shaped disk opposite base of pectorals4 ,pectorals large and rounded4 ,fin rays all soft1 dividing into three or four branches toward their ends4 ,a small 8papilla genitalis0 in front of anal fin4 ,whole fish covered with thick mucous secretion4 ,skin of head rather loose and soft1 and perfectly smooth4 ,,gillichthys ,,mirabilis ,cooper1 ,state ,coll4 ,no4 #fbg4 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,specific characters4 ,scales along middle of side1 about #ij in #bg rows4 ,d4 #f-ac2 ,c4 #ac-ac2 ,a4 #aa2 ,v4 #f #f2 ,p4 #bj4 ,length of largest specimen obtained1 #e inches #ajj4 ,distance from snout to orbit 4#jf ,length of orbit 4#jc ,snout to end of maxillary process 4#bf ,snout to opercular aperture 4#bg ,snout to first dorsal fin 4#cf ,length of base of dorsal fin 4#ae ,height of dorsal fin 4#aj ,from first to second dorsal 4#jc ,length of base of second dorsal 4#ai ,height of second dorsal 4#aj ,length of caudal 4#af ,width of caudal 4#ab ,from caudal to second dorsal and anal 4#aj ,length of base of anal 4#ab ,height of anal 4#jf ,from ventral to anal 4#bf ,height of ventral anteriorly 4#jb ,height of ventral posteriorly 4#jh ,height of pectoral 4#ad ,width of base of pectoral 4#jh ,lower jaw to ventrals 4#bg ,width of head between orbits 4#jb ,width of head at opercula 4#ae ,height of head at opercula 4#af ,width of body at first dorsal 4#ab ,height of body at first dorsal 4#ah ,width of caudal at base 4#jb ,height of caudal at base 4#ji ,distance between ends of maxillary processes 4#eh ,colors4--,when alive mottled with light and dark olive1 paler below1 sides of head reddish4 ,in alcohol black1 pale below1 and scales below middle of sides finely punctate each with #h-aj dots1 only visible under a microscope4 ,hab4--,i found these remarkable fish only in ,san ,diego ,bay1 and in but one station1 which was among seaweed growing on small stones at the wharf of ,newtown the military post1 in ,november1 #ahfa4 ,they were left by the receding of the tide1 and must have been out of the water from three to six hours daily1 though kept moist by the seaweed4 ,the four obtained were all females containing large masses of ova1 and may have come to the spot in order to deposit them4 ,i could not obtain a glass vessel suitable for an aquarium1 so as to keep them alive and observe their habits4 ,the use of the strange maxillary processes or channels is obscure1 nothing analogous being known in other fishes1 the nearest approach to them being apparently the lengthened maxillaries of some ,salmonid and ,clupeid1 fish of entirely different habits and affinities1 this one being evidently one of the ,gobid4 ,the stomach contained small crabs1 apparently swallowed whole4 ,,pteroplatea ,mller and ,henle1 #ahcg4 ,p4 marmorata1 ,cooper1 ,state ,collection1 ,species #fgd4 ,,fig4 #be4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #be4 ,specific characters4--,outline of disk rhomboidal1 the anterior borders forming an obtuse angle in front1 nearly straight in their course to the lateral angles1 which are sub-acute2 the posterior borders rounded4 ,ventrals small1 oblong1 obtuse-angled1 projecting a little behind the disk4 ,tail nearly twice the length of ventrals1 slender and pointed1 flattened laterally behind the spine1 and bordered by a very narrow membrane1 commencing opposite the end of the spine below1 and ending a little farther back above4 ,spine arising at a point one-third the length of the tail from its base1 one-sixteenth of its length1 and less than a fourth as wide as it is long4 ,both surfaces are nearly flat4 ,proportional measurements3 ,total length of specimen1 #i in4 #ajj4 ,from median line to tip of pectoral 4#hj ,from anterior angle to eyes 4#ac ,from anterior angle to ventrals 4#gj ,antero-posterior length of ventrals 4#aj ,length of claspers 4#jd ,length of tail beyond ventrals 4#be ,length of caudal spine 4#jd ,distance between eyes 4#ae ,colors4--,thickly marbled with blackish and grayish mottlings equal in size2 ventrals and tail with a few scattered white spots2 below1 white4 ,it is probable that the colors are variable1 as in the allied ,urolophus4 ,i was doubtful at first whether to consider this fish a ,pteroplatea1 as that genus is described by ,richardson as having the mouth curved1 and the dental plate extending to its corners1 also the teeth lobed4 ,these characters1 however1 may change with its growth1 this being evidently a young specimen4 ,mr4 ,gill1 of the ,smithsonian ,institution1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 to whom ,i sent a figure of it1 agrees with me in referring it to this genus4 ,compared with the ,p4 ,maclura 7,lesueur71 of the ,atlantic coast1 described and figured by ,dekay in the ,nat4 ,history of ,new ,york1 this species is less wide in proportion to its length1 the difference being as #aj to #af4 ,there is also some difference in the markings4 ,the ,p4 ,maclura is said to attain the enormous width of #ah feet4 ,i found but one specimen of this fish at ,san ,diego1 where it was caught in a seine4 ,i have also seen one1 when the steamer was lying at anchor1 at ,san ,pedro1 swimming near the surface of the water1 apparently supporting itself by flapping its wing-like expansions1 while it progressed slowly by lateral motions of its tail4 ,,note4--,by an oversight of the printer1 the proper references to the figures on page #aaj were left out4 ,the reader will however understand from the descriptions that the right hand figure is the ,myxodes 7,fig4 #bc71 and the others the ,gillichthys 7,fig4 #bd74 ,,transcriber',s ,,note4--,this oversight has been addressed6 ,illustrations were relabelled correctly and placed next to the text describing them4 #h ,named in honor of ,mr4 ,,theodore ,,gill1 of the ,smithsonian ,institution1 ,washington ,d4 ,c41 the author of various learned treatises on fishes2 ,,ichthys1 from the ,greek for fish4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,january #ah,,th1 #ahfd4 ,president in the ,chair4 ,present twelve members1 four visitors4 ,donations to the ,cabinet3 ,cone of ,pinus pinea from the south of ,europe1 by ,mr4 ,grosseillier4 ,bottle of ,scorpions and other insects1 by ,mr4 ,dawson4 ,jar of fruits1 and cloth made by the natives of ,hilukukaki ,island1 by ,capt4 ,j4 ,b4 ,edwards3 ,a jar of alcoholic specimens from ,rio ,janeiro1 one from ,panama1 and one from ,acapulco1 by ,s4 ,hubbard4 ,a specimen of ,phasma from ,manzanillo1 ,mex41 by ,col4 ,heintzelman4 ,a specimen of ,gordius from this vicinity1 by ,mr4 ,keith4 ,a box of cretaceous and tertiary fossils from the ,atlantic ,states1 by the ,smithsonian ,institution4 ,donations to the ,library3 ,correspondenzblatt des ,naturforschenden ,vereins zu ,riga1 #acter ,jahrgang2 ,riga #ahfc4 ,verhandlungen der ,k4 ,k4 zoologisch-botanischen ,gesellschaft in ,wien1 ,band ,,xii1 ,heft #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 ,wien #ahfb4 ,personen-,orts-und ,sach-,register der ,sitzungsberichte und ,abhandlungen der ,wiener ,k4 ,k41 ,zool4 bot4 ,gesellschaft1 ,wien #ahfb4 ,oversigt over det ,kongelige danske ,videnskabernes ,selskabs ,forhandlinger ,aaret #ahfa2 #hvo4 ,kibenhavn4 ,der ,zoologische ,garten1 ,,iv ,jahrgang1 ,nr4 #a-f1 #ahfc1 #hvo4 ,frankfurt a ,m4 ,proceedings of the ,royal ,horticultural ,society1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 ,nos4 #f1 #g1 ,june and ,july1 #ahfc4 ,schriften der ,kniglichen physikalish-komischen ,gesellschaft zu ,knigsberg1 ,i,i,iter ,jahrgang1 ,abtheilungen #a1 #b1 #dto1 #ahfb-c4 ,abhandlungen der ,k4 ,k4 geologischen ,reichsanstalt1 ,band ,i-,,iii ,,iv1 #a-b1 #c-d1 #dto1 ,wien #ahee-f4 ,jahrbuch der ,k4 ,k4 ,reichsanstalt1 ,band ,,xii #c1 #d2 ,,xiii1 #a1 #hvo4 ,wien #ahfb-c4 ,general-,register der ersten zehn ,bnde des ,jahrbuchs der ,k4 ,k4 geol4 ,reichsanstalt1 #hvo4 ,wien #ahfc4 ,considerations on the phenomena attending the fall of ,meteorites on the earth1 by ,w4 ,haidinger1 7from the ,philosophical ,magazine for ,nov4 and ,dec41 #ahfa47 ,seven papers on natural ,history1 by ,george ,v4 ,frauenfeld1 extracted from the ,verhandlungen der ,k4 ,k4 ,zool4 bot4 ,gesellschaft in ,wien4 ,also three papers by ,messrs4 ,bck1 ,brunner1 ,v4 ,wattenwyl1 and ,doleschall1 from the same journal1 together with the seven papers mentioned above1 presented by ,g4 ,ritter ,v4 ,frauenfeld4 ,prof4 ,whitney remarked that these donations were of great value1 especially those relating to the ,geological ,survey of ,austria1 obtained through ,baron von ,richthofen4 ,on motion1 the special thanks of the ,academy were tendered to him and to the 8,k4 ,k4 ,geologischen ,reichsanstalt0 for the donation4 ,sheet seven of the ,proceedings of this ,academy1 pps4 #ig-aab1 was received from the printer4 ,committees of ,finance and of ,publication were then elected4 ,dr4 ,cooper1 on behalf of ,dr4 ,newcomb1 corresponding member1 presented the following paper on new ,californian ,helices1 all of which1 except the first species1 were discovered by ,dr4 ,cooper1 while connected with the ,state ,geological ,survey4 ,descriptions of ,nine ,new ,species of ,helix ,inhabiting ,california4 ,,by ,w4 ,,newcomb1 ,m4,d41 ,,of ,,oakland1 ,,cal4 ,,helix ,l4 ,helix ,hillebrandi ,newc4 ,h4 testa supra planulata1 luteo-cornea1 sub-carinata1 fasciis albis bi-cingulata1 sub-lente crebre granulata1 hirsuta2 anfractibus #f undique minute striatis1 striis oblique transversis2 anfr4 ultimo descendente2 umbilico late-aperto2 apertura lunari-ovale2 peristomate tenuo1 albo1 reflexo1 prope umbilicam expanso4 ,lat4 maj4 #j4i1 min4 #j4h pol4 ,alt4 #j4ce pol4 ,hab4 ,tuolumne ,county1 ,california4 ,shell sub-planulate above1 yellowish horn color1 sub-carinate1 under the glass thickly granulate1 hairy7872 whorls #f very finely striate1 stri obliquely transverse2 the last whorl descending2 umbilicus broadly open2 aperture lunate oval2 lip thin1 white and reflected1 near the umbilicus expanded4 ,,remarks4--,but one recent specimen1 with a number in a fossil state1 were collected by ,m4 ,voy and kindly placed in my hands4 ,the granulated surface is confined to the epidermis1 and the summit of many of the granules is marked with a cicatrix indicating a hirsute character4 ,the nearest allied species is ,h4 ,dupetit-,thouarsi1 from which it differs in its more depressed form and surface structure4 ,it is dedicated to ,wm4 ,hillebrand1 ,m4,d41 of ,honolulu1 a well-known naturalist4 ,helix ,tryoni ,newc4 ,state ,collection1 ,species #ajih4 ,h4 testa solida1 depresso-globosa1 anguste obtecte umbilicata1 supra cruleo-cinerea1 infra sordido-alba1 spira sub-turbinata2 anfr4 #f convexi1 ultimus descendens2 stri sub-lente numeros insculpt circum-volut2 apertura sub-rotundata2 columella callosa1 obsolete unidentata2 peristoma vix reflexum1 introrsum callosum4 ,diam4 maj4 #a1 min4 #j4hh pol4 ,alt4 #j4ge pol4 ,var4 b1 anfr4 superiores undis transversis albis4 ,hab4 ,insulis 8,santa ,barbara10 et 8,san ,nicolas10 ,cal4 ,shell solid1 depressly globose1 umbilicus narrow and covered1 above of an ashy sky-blue1 below of a dirty white2 spire sub-turbinate2 suture well impressed1 whorls #f convex2 numerous microscopical stri1 sculptured and revolving with the whorls2 aperture rounded2 columella callous1 obsoletely one 7sometimes two7 toothed2 lip scarcely reflected1 thickened within2 var4 b1 superior whorls with white transverse undulating lines4 ,hab4 ,santa ,barbara1 and ,san ,nicolas ,islands1 ,cal4#i ,this species was found in great abundance alive4 ,the animal is of a deep smoky hue1 almost black1 with sometimes the terminal half-inch of the foot of a dirty white4 ,it is dedicated to a distinguished ,american ,conchologist4 ,helix crebri-striata ,newc4 ,state ,collection1 ,species #ajcf4 ,h4 testa obtecte vel aperte umbilicata1 turbine-depresse-globosa1 translucido-cornea2 anfr4 #e convexiusculi1 ultimo descendente2 apice sub-mamillato2 sutura bene impressa2 stri transvers valde et creberrime insign1 stri longitudinis microscopice incis2 apertura sub-rotunda2 peris4 diverso 7tenue1 acute1 sub-reflexo1 vel crasso intus calloso7 approximato cum callo profuso conjuncto1 vel sine callo2 prope umbilicam expanso4 ,diam4 maj4 #j4ib1 min4 #j-ge pol4 ,alt4 #j-ee ad #j-hj pol4 ,hab4 ,ins4 8,san ,clemente10 ,cal4 ,shell with a covered or open umbilicus1 turbinately depressly globose1 whorls #e a little convex1 the last descending2 suture well impressed2 transverse stri well and densely shown1 longitudinal stri fine and impressed2 aperture rounded2 peristome various 7thin1 acute1 a little reflected1 or heavy1 with an interior thickening7 approximate1 with 7or without7 a profuse callus connecting the outer and inner lips2 near the umbilicus the columellar lip expands so as to partially cover the perforation4 ,hab4 ,san ,clemente ,island1 ,cal4 ,abundant4 ,this shell1 so difficult to describe1 owing to its variable characters in different specimens1 makes the nearest approach to ,h4 ,kelletii ,forbes1 from which it may readily be distinguished by its sculpture and other characters4 ,in size and the elevation of the spire1 it is one of the most variable of the ,california species of ,helix4 ,distinguished from ,h4 intercisa ,w4 ,g4 ,binney1 by its not being solid1 having the umbilicus partially or completely open1 and from the figure referred to1 in being more depressly trochiform in shape4 ,the locality of ,h4 intercisa is given as 8,oregon ,territory40 ,the shell varies in some minor particulars1 as in the want of a rufous apex1 and its not being of the same color2 in other respects it seems to be a closely allied species4 ,helix rufocincta ,newc4 ,state ,collection1 ,species #fbd4 ,h4 testa depresso-globosa1 cornea1 rufo-unifasciata1 umbilicata1 sub-lente decussata-striata2 anfr4 #f ultimus non descendens2 apertura sub-rotundo1 labio reflexo1 albo2 sutura impressa2 columella non callosa4 ,diam4 maj4 #j4gj1 min4 #j4fj pol4 ,alt4 #j4dj pol4 ,hab4 ,san ,diego1 et ,insula 8,santa ,catalina10 ,cal4 ,shell depressly globose1 horny1 red-banded1 umbilicate1 under the lens decussately striate2 whorls #f1 the last not descending2 aperture sub-rotund2 lip white1 reflected2 suture impressed2 columella not callous4 ,the adult of this species is allied in outline to ,h4 ,pytyonesica ,pfr41 but is less elevated1 and bears in other respects no especial relation to that species4 ,the size varies considerably1 and the umbilicus in some specimens is nearly closed1 while in the typical specimens it is quite open4 ,but one dead specimen was found at ,san ,diego2 but on ,catalina ,island it was more common1 #ai adult and mostly living specimens occurring1 stivating on the under surface of stones1 in ,june4 ,helix ,gabbii ,newc4 ,state ,collection1 ,species #ajig4 ,h4 testa sub-obtecte umbilicata1 tenuis1 pallide cornea1 depresso-orbicularis1 fusco obscure zonata2 anfr4 #e convexis ultimus descendens2 sutura bene impressa2 apertura sub-orbiculari2 labro albo non calloso1 reflexo4 ,diam4 maj4 #j4dj1 min4 #j4ce pol4 ,alt4 #j4bj pol4 ,hab4 ,insul4 8,san ,clemente10 ,cal4 ,shell with umbilicus partially covered1 thin1 pale corneous1 depressly orbicular1 with an indistinct brown band2 whorls #e convex1 the last descending2 lip white1 not thickened1 reflected4 ,i have seen but a solitary specimen of this species4 ,the size corresponds nearly with ,h4 facta1 but the thinness of the shell1 the color1 the more rounded whorls1 the deeper suture1 and the thin1 white1 reflected lip1 sufficiently characterize this as a distinct species4 ,helix facta ,newc4 ,state ,collection1 ,species #ajii4 ,h4 testa obtecte rimata1 depresso-orbiculari1 solida1 compacta1 glabra1 albida1 fusco-rubro uni-zonata2 anfr4 #e ad #e convexiusculi1 ultimus descendens2 sutura modice impressa2 apertura ovalis2 labro crasso1 reflexo1 flavido4 ,diam4 maj4 #j4db1 min4 #j4ce pol4 ,alt4 #j4bb pol4 ,hab4 ,insul4 8,santa ,barbara10 et 8,san ,nicolas40 ,shell with perforation covered1 depressed orbicular1 solid1 compact1 smooth1 whitish1 zoned with a brownish red band2 whorls #e to #e somewhat convex1 the last descending2 suture slightly impressed2 aperture oval2 lip thick1 reflected1 yellowish4 ,a sub-fossil variety measures #j4fj by #j4cb inches4 ,very numerous on ,santa ,barbara ,island2 less so on ,san ,nicolas4 ,this species differs so essentially from the ordinary type of ,california ,helices as to suggest a tropical region as its original habitat4 ,one character in common with many of our species may be noticed1 viz43 the colored band cutting the body whorl1 inclosed between two faint light colored cinctures4 ,the shell has a little the aspect of ,h4 ,rothi ,pfr41 from the ,island of ,syra1 but is smaller1 less elevated1 and with a thick reflected yellow lip4 ,helix ,whitneyi ,newc4 ,state ,collection1 ,species #aaab4 ,h4 testa corneo-fumosa1 sub-planulata1 polita umbilico perspectivo2 sutura bene impressa2 apertura lunaris2 labro simplici2 anfr4 #d4 ,diam4 #j4bj pol4 ,alt4 #j4aj pol4 ,hab4 prope 8,lake ,taho10 ,cal41 in montibus 8,sierra ,nevada10 elevatione #fajj ped4 ,angl4 ,shell smoky horn color1 nearly flat above1 smooth1 with a perspective umbilicus2 suture well impressed2 aperture lunate2 lip simple2 whorls four4 ,in the umbilicus resembling ,h4 striatella ,anthony1 with a smooth surface and a dull1 smoky hue4 ,only three specimens were found1 under damp logs and bark along a mountain stream1 together with ,h4 ,breweri1 and chersina4 ,h4 ,breweri ,newc4 ,state ,collection1 ,species #aaac4 ,h4 testa discoidea1 pallide-cornea1 nitida1 lucida2 sutura sub-canaliculata1 late umbilicata2 anfr4 #e4 apertura lunaris2 labro tenue simplici4 ,diam4 #j4bj pol4 ,alt #j4aj pol4 ,hab4 prope 8,lake ,taho10 ,cal41 et montibus septentrionalibus4 ,shell discoidal1 pale corneous1 shining1 transparent1 suture slightly channelled1 broadly umbilicate2 whorls #e2 aperture lunate2 lip thin1 simple4 ,this shell may be compared with ,h4 arborea ,say1 from which it differs by its less elevation1 more polished and lighter colored surface1 and more open umbilicus4 ,eight specimens found2 one from ,northern ,california1 by ,prof4 ,brewer4 ,helix ,duranti ,newc4 ,state ,collection1 ,species #ihg4 ,h4 testa depressa1 discoidea1 pallide-cornea sub-lente minutissime striata1 opaca1 late et perspective umbilicata2 anfr4 #d4 ultimus declivis non descendens2 sutura linearis2 apertura rotundata-lunaris2 peristomate simplici1 approximato4 ,diam4 #j4bj pol4 ,alt4 #j4jg pol4 ,hab4 8,santa ,barbara ,island40 ,shell depressed1 discoidal1 pale corneous1 under the lens minutely striated1 opaque1 broadly and perspectively umbilicated2 whorls #d1 the last shelving but not descending 7at the aperture72 suture linear2 aperture rounded1 lunate1 lip simple1 the external and internal approximating4 ,this pretty little planorboid ,helix bears a striking resemblance to ,planorbis albus ,mller1 7hirsutus ,gould17 especially in its upper aspect4 ,beneath1 the whorls are less distinctly shown than in the ,planorbis4 ,i take pleasure in dedicating this species to ,professor ,henry ,durant1 of the ,college of ,california4 ,in addition to the above1 the ,state ,collection contains the following species of ,californian ,helices3 ,helix arrosa ,gould1 sps4 #heh1 common near mouth of ,s4 ,f4 ,bay4 ,also a yellow variety from ,santa ,cruz1 ,mr4 ,rowell4 ,helix ,californiensis ,lea1 787 sps4 #ifi1 or a var4 of ,h4 nickliniana ,lea8 ,j4 ,g4 ,cooper4 ,helix ,carpenteri ,newc41 sps4 #aacf1 a broken dead shell1 from the head of ,san ,joaquin ,valley1 ,mr4 ,gabb4 ,helix ,columbiana ,lea1 sps4 #ija1 near ,san ,francisco4 ,helix chersina ,say1 sps4 #aabe1 found near ,lake ,taho2 very large4 ,j4 ,g4 ,c4 ,helix ,dupetithouarsi ,desh4 sps4 #dib1 from ,point ,cypress1 ,monterey4 ,j4 ,g4 ,c4 ,helix exarata ,pfeiffer1 sps4 #ibj4 ,mt4 ,diablo1 ,prof4 ,brewer2 ,santa ,cruz1 ,mr4 ,rowell4 ,helix fidelis ,gray1 sps4 #aace1 ,humboldt ,bay1 and mountains near lat4 #db4 ,prof4 ,brewer4 ,a black variety2 ,dr4 ,frick4 ,helix infumata ,gould1 sps4 #hhj1 near ,ballenas ,bay1 ,mr4 ,rowell4 ,helix ,kellettii ,forbes1 sps4 #hef1 ,san ,diego1 and ,catalina ,island2 the latter a very fine variety4 ,j4 ,g4 ,cooper4 ,helix loricata ,gould1 sps4 #hhj1 near ,oakland1 ,dr4 ,newcomb4 ,helix ,newberryana ,w4 ,g4 ,binney1 sps4 #hha1 ,temescal mountains1 near ,los ,angeles1 ,prof4 ,brewer4 ,helix ,nickliniana ,lea1 sps4 #iab1 near ,s4 ,f4 ,bay2 common4 ,j4 ,g4 ,c4 ,helix sportella ,gould1 sps4 #hii1 near ,san ,francisco4 ,j4 ,g4 ,c4 ,helix mormonum ,pfeiffer2 ,san ,joaquin ,valley1 ,mr4 ,gabb2 north to ,mount ,shasta1 ,prof4 ,brewer4 ,helix ,traskii ,newc41 sps4 #hfc1 from mountains near ,santa ,barbara1 ,prof4 ,brewer4 ,may be a variety of ,h4 ,dupetithouarsi4 ,helix tudiculata ,binney1 sps4 #gfh1 near ,san ,diego and ,san ,pedro4 ,j4 ,g4 ,c4 ,helix ,vancouverensis ,lea1 sps4 #ajic1 ,straits of ,fuca1 ,mr4 ,gabb4 ,perhaps extends south to ,humboldt ,bay4 #i ,this is the 8,h4 ,kelletii0 mentioned on page #fc of this volume4--,j4 ,g4 ,c4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,february #a,,st1 #ahfd4 ,president in the ,chair4 ,eleven members present4 ,donation to the ,cabinet3 ,a collection of dried plants from ,arizona1 by ,mr4 ,spence4 ,prof4 ,brewer presented the following papers3 ,description of a ,new ,species of ,virgularia from the ,coast of ,california4 ,,by ,,wm4 ,m4 ,,gabb4 ,,virgularia ,,lam4 ,v4 gracilis ,gabb4 ,polypidom long and very slender4 ,decorticated stem circular or elliptical in section1 smooth on the surface4 ,polypiferous lobes1 slender1 exsert1 lunate1 acute at the tips and broad at the base2 arranged obliquely and alternately on the antero-lateral face of the stem4 ,these lobes occupy the upper half of the polypidom2 retaining their full size to the extreme apex1 but diminishing below1 so that on the middle of the stem they are exceedingly minute2 and an inch or two below1 are only represented by a slight ridge on the sheath1 in which are two or three cells4 ,the lower fourth of the sheath is dilated to about three times the thickness of the rest of the stem4 ,length #ai inches2 diameter of the naked stem 4#jc in42 smallest diameter of stem1 with the sheath1 4#jd2 diameter of expanded base 4#ac in42 length of largest lobes 4#ae in4 ,locality1 ,bay of ,monterey1 #bj fms4 ,collected by ,dr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,cooper1 of the ,state ,geological ,survey4 ,this species can be at once distinguished from ,v4 elongata1 ,g4 7,proc4 ,cal4 ,a4 ,n4 ,s41 vol4 #b1 p4 #afg7 by its more slender form1 its proportionally large polypiferous lobes1 its cylindrical stem1 without any grooves1 and by the comparatively smaller portion of the stem bearing the lobes4 ,notice of ,plants found ,growing in ,hot ,springs in ,california4 ,,by ,,prof4 ,,wm4 ,h4 ,,brewer1 ,,of ,,the ,,state ,,geological ,,survey4 ,more than two years ago ,i laid before this ,society some facts in regard to the growth of plants in the thermal waters of this ,state4 ,since that time we have more observations1 and some of the facts are worthy of record1 although the fact is not new that plants will grow in hot water4 ,at the ,geysers in ,lake ,county1 there are numerous hot springs and steam jets1 in and around which there is an abundant growth of a low form of vegetation 7,nostoc87 growing on the soil and covering it with a bright green coating4 ,in some of the warm springs and streams it accumulates in considerable quantities in the water4 ,the highest temperature of water observed at the time of our visit1 in #ahfa1 was #bjg ,f42 the water of many of the springs boiling violently at temperatures ranging from #aif to that stated4 ,this vegetable flourished in waters of the temperature of #bjj ,f41 but was most abundant where the temperature ranged from #abe to #adj ,f4 ,it coated the soil around the steam jets1 where it would be alternately exposed to the jets of steam issuing at a higher temperature than that of boiling water1 and of the cooler air4 ,in water of the temperatures of #ajj to #abe there are filamentons alg4 ,at the ,little ,geysers similar facts were observed4 ,in ,plumas ,county1 near ,lassens ,peak1 there are three groups of hot springs1 at all of which the same form of vegetation is abundant under similar conditions1 especially around steam jets4 ,various gases1 especially sulphohydric and sulphurous acids1 accompanying the steam in all of these localities1 and the soil is generally impregnated with various saline substances4 ,all the specimens of the plants were unfortunately lost1 so that no microscopic examination has been made1 further than could be done on the spot with a pocket lens4 ,near all of these springs1 the ,panicum thermale ,bolander1 grows on the saline soils1 sometimes where the soil is warm and the grass is subjected to steam2 but its station appears to depend more upon the saline character of the soil than upon its temperature4 ,it was frequently found on soil saturated with sulphates of soda1 lime1 etc41 and having a strongly acid reaction4 ,none of these forms are universally found about all the hot springs of the ,state2 many springs have been visited where neither of them occur1 but where one is found the other is generally found also4 ,dr4 ,cooper presented the following paper for ,dr4 ,newcomb1 corresponding member3 ,description of a ,new ,species of ,pedicularia4 ,,by ,w4 ,,newcomb1 ,m4 ,d4 ,,pedicularia ,,swainson4 ,pedicularia ,californica ,newc4 ,p4 testa depresa-globosa1 coccinea1 minute transverse striata1 supra rotundata1 infra late aperta2 labio expanso1 semi-circulare2 columella crassa1 dilatata1 intus recta2 apertura elongato sub-ovata2 extremitatibus effusis3 ,long4 #j4d pol4 ,lat4 #j4c 0 ,alt4 #j4be 0 ,hab4 ,california4 ,shell depressly globose1 crimson colored1 minutely transversely striated1 above rounded1 below broadly open2 lip expanded1 semicircular2 columella thick1 dilated within1 straight2 aperture elongately sub-ovate2 extremities broadly notched4 ,the ,genus ,pedicularia was established by ,swainson for the reception of a single species 7,p4 sicula7 of that author4 ,during the past year another species has been added by that eminent ,naturalist1 ,g4 ,p4 ,deshayes1 of ,paris4 ,in a work published1 on the shells of the ,isle of ,bourbon1 he describes a beautiful violet-colored species under the name of ,p4 elegantissima4 ,the ,california species 7of which only one specimen has been obtained7 can scarcely be surpassed in brilliancy by its ,indian ,ocean congener1 although bearing the exquisite name of elegantissima4 ,for the specimen of the species here described1 ,i am indebted to the extreme liberality of ,d4 ,n4 ,robinson1 ,esq41 of ,san ,francisco1 who obtained it from a coral growing on a monster crustacean of the genus ,echidnocerus1 which was taken in very deep water at the ,farallones ,islands4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,february #ae,,th1 #ahfd4 ,vice-,president ,trask in the ,chair4 ,present thirteen members4 ,messrs4 ,a4 ,thyark and ,r4 ,e4 ,c4 ,stearns were elected resident members4 ,donations to the ,cabinet3 ,coral1 from the ,aitutaka ,islands1 by ,capt4 ,edwards4 ,botanical specimens from the ,white ,mountains1 ,n4 ,h41 by ,dr4 ,cooper4 ,donations to the ,library3 ,report of the ,committee to prepare a plan for a ,state ,university4 ,journal of the ,society of ,arts and of the ,institutions in ,union1 ,london1 ,eng4 ,american ,journal of ,science and ,arts for ,november1 #ahfc4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,p4 ,blake exhibited specimens of ,coal1 said to have been found on the mountains east of the ,colorado ,river1 about twenty-five miles from ,la ,paz4 ,he stated that it was of very good quality and seemed too brilliant for surface coal1 but that this might perhaps be attributed to the dryness of the climate4 ,he had1 however1 doubts as to the occurrence of coal associated with obsidian1 as was stated to be the case with these specimens4 ,the publishing committee was authorized to furnish copies of the ,proceedings for #ahfc to certain libraries and journals in this ,state4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,march #g,,th1 #ahfd4 ,president in the ,chair4 ,present twelve members2 also ,messrs4 ,turnbull1 ,smith1 ,gardiner1 and ,burgner1 by invitation4 ,donation to the ,cabinet3 ,stuffed skin of a large venomous ,snake1 from the ,sierra ,madre of ,mexico1 east of ,mazatlan1 presented by ,mr4 ,burgner4 ,donations to the ,library3 ,pamphlets on the ,north ,american ,helicid1 by ,thomas ,bland1 extracted from the ,annals of the ,n4 ,y4 ,lyceum of ,natural ,history4 ,american ,journal of ,science and ,arts for ,january1 #ahfd4 ,boston ,journal of ,natural ,history1 ,vol4 ,,vii1 ,no4 #d4 ,dr4 ,behr presented the following paper3 ,on ,californian ,lepidoptera4 ,no4 ,,iv4 ,,by ,h4 ,,behr1 ,m4,d4 ,,fam4 ,,vanessid4 ,,grapta4 ,grapta ,comma ,harris4 ,i possess but one specimen of this ,grapta4 ,it was collected by ,dr4 ,hillebrand1 in ,yosemite ,valley1 during his late visit to ,california4 ,it agrees in all essential points with two other specimens which ,i obtained through the kindness of ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,edwards1 of ,new ,york4 ,the ,california specimen differs by a somewhat lighter coloration on both sides1 especially below where the ground color passes into a yellowish brown1 while in the ,eastern specimen it becomes a bluish gray4 ,on the upper side1 also1 the bluish coloration of the edge of the angulated wings of the ,eastern form is replaced by a yellowish tint4 ,i would be inclined to take ,g4 ,comma for a local variety of ,g4 ,c-album1 were it not for the caterpillar1 which1 according to ,mr4 ,harris1 resembles that of ,g4 interrogationis1 and is entirely without that strangely dimidiate coloration so characteristic in ,g4 ,c-album4 ,in ,g4 ,c-album ,i cannot find any difference between my ,californian and ,european specimens4 ,our vernal generation is larger and somewhat lighter colored than any ,european specimens ,i have ever seen4 ,the caterpillar has a curious dimidiate coloration1 which ,i have never seen except in this species3 the fore part being white1 the abdominal part yellow4 ,i found it on ,urtica1 but it will probably be found on other ,urticaceous plants1 herbaceous as well as arborescent4 ,g4 ,c-album is not common in the immediate neighborhood of ,san ,francisco1 but it is rather abundant in woody and mountainous districts4 ,the ,atlantic ,states are richer in species of this genus than either ,europe or ,california1 the two latter of which possess the same number of species4 ,europe4 ,california4 ,atlantic ,slope4 ,g4 ,c-album4 ,g4 ,c-album4 ,g4 ,c-album4 ,g4 ,triangulum4 ,g4 ,comma4 ,g4 ,comma4 ---- ---- ,g4 ,faunus4 ---- ---- ,g4 ,progne4 ---- ---- ,g4 interrogationis4 ,,vanessa ,fabr4 ,vanessa ,californica ,boisd4 ,the caterpillar of this species feeds on ,ceanothus1 and lives socially like that of ,v4 ,urtic ,l41 from which it differs very little4 ,it is of a velvety black1 and the spines which cover it are also black4 ,v4 ,californica is remarkable from its being one of the few wandering ,lepidoptera yet known4 ,the first migration ,i observed was on ,november #aeth1 #ahef1 when numbers of this butterfly flew over ,san ,francisco in a general direction of south-south-east4 ,they flew singly1 and never crowded into swarms4 ,most of these butterflies passed over our streets at too great a height to permit close inspection--a few alighting here and there on lamp-posts1 sign-boards1 or in the more rural parts1 on flowers4 ,it was from these that ,i obtained the specimens in my collection4 ,they nearly all looked worn and shattered1 and there were no fresh specimens among them3 clearly indicating that they were not raised in the neighborhood of the city1 but had come from distant parts4 ,on the #ahth some of the stragglers were still to be seen1 but on the #aith they had all disappeared4 ,the second migration took place last fall1 but did not reach ,san ,francisco4 ,i received a series of specimens1 caught by ,dr4 ,cooper1 on the road to ,lake ,taho4 ,others ,i received from ,oregon1 where they were collected by ,mr4 ,gabb1 during his geological examination of those northern regions4 ,neither ,dr4 ,cooper nor ,mr4 ,gabb observed any marked direction in the flight of these butterflies2 they agree that the species was strikingly numerous4 ,mr4 ,gabb represents it as settling on the ground in dry arroyos1 very shy1 and when frightened1 always returning to the same spot--a behavior which pretty nearly corresponds with that of the nearest relative1 the ,european ,v4 ,polychloros4 ,both of these authorities prove merely an unusual number of this butterfly at an unusual time of the year4 ,the description of the habits of the insect1 as observed by ,mr4 ,gabb in the ,umpqua ,valley1 show clearly that there it felt at home4 ,by comparing notes received from ,mr4 ,johnson1 of ,marin ,county1 ,i have come to the conclusion that the country to the northward1 crowded with this ,vanessa1 must have sent at least one colony south2 and ,i was told by the above-mentioned gentleman1 the statement being confirmed by several intelligent farmers of the same neighborhood1 that large numbers of a brown butterfly had come from ,san ,quentin1 and crossed over that part of the bay which stretches between ,san ,rafael and ,saucelito4 ,about the same time1 great numbers of the same insect were observed in ,lagunita ,valley1 at the base of ,tamal ,pais1 where the swarms gathered in a great crowd1 and disappeared as suddenly as they came4 ,i trust that my loquacity in regard to the habits of this species will be pardoned4 ,i consider the observation of facts touching the migration of animals1 of the highest importance1 and think it desirable that all observations on these points should be put on record3 so that hereafter1 when a sufficient number of instances may have been collected1 conclusions may be drawn1 and perhaps many hitherto inexplicable points in the geographical distribution of insects1 and of organic life in general1 may be explained4 ,this butterfly is rather rare in common years1 and is1 perhaps1 notwithstanding its name1 ,v4 ,californica1 not exactly an indigenous species1 at least not in the middle counties of our ,state4 ,unlike all other ,vanessid known to me1 it has but one generation1 at least in ,california1 where the imago is always found late in the season4 ,i do not venture to decide whether ,v4 ,californica requires a longer time for development in the larva state than the other ,vanessid1 or whether it has its vernal generations somewhere else in adjacent countries4 ,i have found but one colony of caterpillars4 ,it was in ,july1 and most of the individuals were nearly full grown2 they were rather delicate1 the majority died in the larva state1 seven transformed about the end of the month1 and a single chrysalis produced a crippled butterfly4 ,vanessa ,milberti ,godt4 ,this species is common in woody localities4 ,the caterpillar is very much like that of ,v4 ,californica1 and only a few individuals show a distinguishing mark in the shape of a longitudinal1 lateral stripe of sulphur yellow4 ,it feeds on ,urtica4 ,vanessa ,antiopa ,l4 ,there is nothing to add in regard to this long and well-known species4 ,the caterpillar feeds here1 as everywhere else1 on willows4 ,the true ,vaness have about the same geographical distribution as the ,grapt4 ,they also have a predilection for ,urticaceous plants4 ,only the most northern species is amphigeic4 ,europe4 ,california4 ,atlantic ,slope4 ,v4 ,antiopa4 ,v4 ,antiopa4 ,v4 ,antiopa4 ,v4 ,urtic4 ,v4 ,milberti4 ,v4 ,milberti4 ,v4 ,polychloros4 ,v4 ,californica4 ,v4 ,c-album4 ,there is a balance in favor of the ,old ,world--the beautiful type of ,v4 ,io not being represented on this continent--and also the type of ,v4 ,polychloros1 containing a few species1 as1 for instance1 ,v4 ,xanthomelas1 that make it appear more numerous4 ,,pyrameis ,hubn4 ,pyrameis ,atalanta ,l4 ,larva feeds on ,urtica4 ,pyrameis ,carye4 ,this species is by far the most common butterfly in ,california4 ,the caterpillar is very variable in its coloration1 and is so like that of ,p4 ,atalanta1 in company with which it is frequently found1 that ,i have never succeeded in finding any distinguishing characters4 ,it feeds throughout the year on ,urtica and on several malvaceous plants1 and has the habit of all its congeners1 of hiding itself in a rolled up leaf4 ,pyrameis ,cardui ,l4 ,this most cosmopolitan of all diurnals1 affects here1 in its larva state1 several malvaceous plants1 and also the genus ,gnaphalium1 and its relations2 but the plant for which it shows the greatest predilection is ,silybum ,marianum1 a plant which formerly did not exist here1 and has only spread since #aheb4 ,it now forms thickets in the neighborhood of ,san ,francisco1 as well as near most of our inland towns1 but has never spread to a great distance from settlements4 ,p4 ,cardui frequents the same localities1 and ,i found the same species in ,australia in the same relation to the same immigrated plant1 ,silybum ,marianum4 ,i know very well that ,p4 ,cardui existed here1 as well as in ,australia1 before the immigration of this ,mediterranean plant2 but still1 it is a remarkable fact that this cosmopolitan butterfly1 notwithstanding its ability to adapt itself to plants of the most different families1 still clings with such tenacity to a cosmopolitan plant1 to whose universal distribution it is perhaps much indebted for the wide range which it itself attains4 ,next to the cosmopolitan character of this plant1 ,p4 ,cardui owes its great extent probably to its many generations and certain irregularities in the time of the appearance of the perfect insect2 so that small colonies of the species are not so liable to be destroyed by inclemency of climate or exceptional atmospheric agencies2 for a being that exists at the same time in the four stages of the egg1 larva1 chrysalis1 and imago1 has more chances of escaping cataclysms and deluge than others that are all at one time in the same stage of existence4 ,the extent of the influence exerted by the number of generations1 and the irregularity of period1 can be very clearly recognized by the circumstance that species with one generation are always the most local2 for instance1 certain ,melite1 ,argynnid1 ,thecl1 most of ,sphingid1 etc42 that also the cosmopolitanism develops in proportion to the number of generations1 and attains its maximum in certain ,vanessid1 ,danaid1 ,pyrameis1 etc4 ,pyrameis ,hunteri ,fab4 ,this species seems to have1 in ,california1 but one generation4 ,it is not common4 ,i have found it only in the latter part of the season1 and have not yet succeeded in finding the caterpillar4 ,the genus ,pyrameis has the widest range of all the genera of this family4 ,it extends through all latitudes from the ,arctic regions to the ,cape of ,good ,hope and ,cape ,horn4 ,on the northern hemispheres it is best represented in ,california1 which country possesses one peculiar species in addition to all three of ,europe and the ,eastern ,slope of the ,united ,states4 ,california4 ,eastern ,slope4 ,europe4 ,p4 ,atalanta4 ,p4 ,atalanta4 ,p4 ,atalanta4 ,p4 ,carye4 ---- ---- ,p4 ,cardui4 ,p4 ,cardui4 ,p4 ,cardui4 ,p4 ,hunteri4 ,p4 ,hunteri4 ---- ,,junonia ,hubn4 ,junonia ,cnia ,boisd4 et ,lee4 ,several generations4 ,caterpillar not yet found in ,california4 ,from this enumeration of ,california ,vanessid we find1 #ast4 ,that with the exception of ,v4 ,californica1 there is not yet found any species of this group peculiar to our ,state1 for even ,p4 ,carye exists as well in ,chili as here1 and is also said to have been found in ,brazil4 ,this circumstance is more striking since our ,argynnid and ,melite prove altogether local2 none of them being identical with ,eastern species1 unless a ,melita1 of the type of ,mylitta1 should be found identical with a form found in ,texas4 #b4 ,the genera of this group1 north of the ,tropic of ,cancer1 are essentially amphigeic1 the ,european ,arachnia being almost the sole exception4 ,but1 as it were1 to compensate this1 the tropical amphigeic genus ,junonia1 wanting in ,europe1 extends1 on our continent1 to high latitudes4 #c4 ,as regards the number of specks1 the genus ,grapta predominates at the ,eastern ,slope1 ,vanessa in ,europe1 ,pyrameis in ,california1 and our own ,junonia is counterbalanced in ,europe by our ,arachnia4 ,,fam4 ,,limenitid4 ,,limenitis ,fabr4 ,limenitis ,lorquini ,boisd4 ,like its congeners in other parts of the world1 this species occurs in shady woods1 or on the banks of arroyos4 ,it is peculiar to ,california and ,oregon4 ,limenitis ,eulalia ,doubleday4 ,in localities similar to the preceding species4 ,these two species are1 as yet1 the only ones found in our ,state4 ,they represent a peculiar type1 forming1 in their coloration1 a transition from ,limenitis to the ,south ,american genus ,heterochroa4 ,neither of these ,californians have been found on the ,eastern ,slope4 ,l4 ,eulalia extends to ,mexico4 ,the family ,apaturid as yet1 has not been found in ,california4 ,dr4 ,trask offered the following article3 ,earthquakes in ,california ,during the ,year #ahfc4 ,,by ,,john ,b4 ,,trask1 ,m4,d4 ,during the year #ahfc we have had but five earthquakes1 and as in former years they have been marked by no serious event1 if we except the light degree of fright induced at the time among our people4 ,january #beth4--,a severe shock was experienced at ,san ,diego at #b;h4 #bjm4 ,m41 which lasted five to eight seconds4 ,there was no undulation in this case1 it consisting of a series of sharp jars4 ,it was preceded by a deep rumbling noise4 ,february #ast4--,a very smart shock at the ,mission ,san ,juan1 ,monterey ,county1 at #d;h4 #am4 ,p4,m4 ,this shock was felt at ,gilroys at #d;h4 #aem4 ,this town is twelve miles east of the former4 ,at both places the shock was marked by the undulatory motion4 ,it was not observed at ,monterey1 which is nearly twelve miles west of the ,mission4 ,june----,a smart shock at midnight at ,san ,francisco4 ,august #ast4--,two light shocks at ,san ,francisco1 at #aj;h4 #dhm4 ,p4,m41 and at #aa;h4 #fm4 ,p4,m41 another shock4 ,december #aith4--,at #b;h4 #chm4 ,p4,m4 a smart shock was felt throughout the city2 directly afterwards another and more severe one occurred4 ,the first was a short1 sudden jar1 while the second was undulatory4 ,the accuracy of the telegraph operator at ,santa ,clara has enabled us to form a correct idea of the course of this shock1 and to correct to some extent the popular errors relating to the direction of the seismic wave4 ,his time was #b;h4 #ddm4 #cas41 being within #bi seconds of true time1 which would then be #b4de4 ,this gives us only #f minutes difference in elapsed time1 and gives for the direction of the wave an east course in place of north and south1 as reported1 which corresponds to our measured observations here4 ,i take this opportunity of expressing the thanks of the ,academy to this operator for his accuracy and kindness in furnishing us data in this and other phenomena of scientific and public interest4 ,february and ,march1 #ahfd4 ,during the present year1 #ahfd1 we have had two smart earthquakes at the date of writing this report4 ,february #bfth4--,at ,san ,francisco a light shock at #j;h4 #djm4 ,m41 and another at #b;h4 #ajm4 ,m4 ,these were reported to me by persons who were up in the south and west parts of the city4 ,at #e;h4 #dgm4 a very smart shock occurred1 having three distinct vibrations1 which induced many to rise somewhat earlier than was usual4 ,this earthquake was preceded by a strong electric storm 7so called here71 between this city and ,visalia2 the particulars of which have not as yet all come to hand4 ,it was followed next day by one of those severe 8northers0 with which the people of this ,state are very familiar4 ,barometer very low4 ,this fact is mentioned only on account of the unseasonable period at which the gale occurred4 ,this earthquake was felt more severe at ,san ,jos and ,santa ,clara than at this place1 and occurred at nearly the same hour4 ,march #eth4--,a severe shock of earthquake at ,san ,francisco at #h;h4 #dim4 ,m4 ,the first wave had a north and south direction and continued #a seconds2 nearly #a seconds elapsed before the second shock1 which was at #h;h4 #dim4 #cs41 and continued #a seconds4 ,the second shock was rotatory2 the pendulum swinging north and south from the first shock1 began and continued to describe a short oval or nearly a circle from the effects of the second shock1 and continued thus for more than half an hour1 until stopped and brought to rest4 ,magnetism was not suspended in this earthquake1 nor any other that has occurred since my instrument was suspended4 ,these observations were made at the height of twenty feet four inches from the ground4 ,the total of time included in the shock was nearly five seconds4 ,the farthest point south to which ,i have been able to trace its effects is the ,mission ,san ,juan1 and north to ,sacramento1 a distance inclusive of #agg miles4 ,in an easterly direction we have not traced it east of ,stockton1 about #fj miles4 ,it was felt at ,santa ,clara1 ,santa ,cruz1 ,gilroys1 south of ,san ,francisco1 and at ,santa ,rosa and ,petaluma to the north4 ,since the above was in type1 advices have been received from ,visalia4 ,at that locality the shock was very smart4 ,the first shock took place at #h;h4 #dem4 ,m41 being four minutes earlier than that at ,san ,francisco4 ,this gives for the entire distance1 north and south 7over which the earthquake extended71 #beg miles4 ,this extent of latitude1 and the almost simultaneous period of time at which it was observed along the entire line of distance so far as heard from1 leads to the conclusion that its probable centre was south of ,san ,francisco and nearly in the same longitude4 ,from the violence of its action ,i feel inclined to the belief that its centre was in the neighborhood of ,san ,jos1 for all accounts agree in this one point1 that more turbulence of the earth's surface occurred in this region during its continuance than at any other place yet known4 ,at ,visalia the first shock was a mere tremor1 but was followed by an undulatory movement when the second shock occurred1 which was some three or four seconds later4 ,this wave moved in an east and west direction at that place4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,march #ba,,st1 #ahfd4 ,dr4 ,trask in the ,chair4 ,eleven members present4 ,messrs4 ,j4 ,g4 ,kellogg and ,jacob ,deidesheimer were elected resident members4 ,resolutions were passed in memory of the ,rev4 ,t4 ,starr ,king1 late a member of the ,academy1 and a copy directed to be forwarded to the family of the deceased4 ,donation to the ,library3 8,descriptions of ,new ,species of ,tropical ,american ,birds10 by ,geo4 ,n4 ,lawrence1 extracted from the ,annals of the ,new ,york ,lyceum1 by the author4 ,a discussion was held on the popular error of supposing that thunder and lightning are very rare in ,california1 several members stating from their experience that both are common in the higher and more mountainous portions1 at all seasons of the year1 though rare in the lower regions4 ,dr4 ,behr stated that he had used the root of the ,aspidium argutum ,kaulf41 successfully as an antidote for tape-worm since the year #aheb1 and with better results than attend the use of ,a4 filixmas of ,europe4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,april #d,,th1 #ahfd4 ,president in the ,chair4 ,present1 ten members4 ,professor ,whitney read a paper by ,major ,williamson1 ,u4 ,s4 ,engineer1 giving the methods of determination and results of measurement by barometer of the depression of 8,death ,valley0 below the level of the sea1 made in #ahfj by the ,cal4 and ,u4 ,s4 ,boundary ,commission4 ,death ,valley was found to be the 8sink0 of the ,armagoza ,river1 which runs near the boundary1 east of ,owen's ,lake4 ,the observations1 are sufficient to show that the valley is from one hundred to two hundred feet lower than the level of the sea4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,april #ah,,th1 #ahfd4 ,dr4 ,trask in the ,chair4 ,present1 nine members4 ,w4 ,s4 ,brigham and ,horace ,mann were elected corresponding members1 being about to proceed to the ,sandwich ,islands to make a thorough scientific exploration1 under the auspices of the ,boston ,society of ,natural ,history4 ,the name of ,mr4 ,louis ,janin1 elected in #ahfa but accidentally omitted from the list of members1 was directed to be published in the proceedings4 ,donations to the ,cabinet3 ,about two hundred specimens of rocks and ores from ,humboldt ,river ,district1 by ,mr4 ,highton4 ,dr4 ,trask presented the following paper3 ,earthquakes in ,california from #ahjj to #ahfd4 ,,by ,,john ,b4 ,,trask4 ,as the subject of earthquakes for some years past has engrossed much of the attention of scientific observers1 ,i have1 at the request of several members of the ,academy1 made out a complete report upon the occurrence of those phenomena upon this coast1 as far as personal observation is concerned1 and also so far only as we have authentic records prior to the occupancy of the present ,state of ,california by the ,american ,government4 ,the present paper contains1 probably1 all that can be verified1 and places the subject in a form to which future reference may be made by other observers abroad2 thus enabling them and ourselves also1 to bring together the statistical facts which1 it may be hoped1 will help to form some rational theory in future years relating to the causal agency of those phenomena1 as well as the physical laws governing their action4 ,in this paper ,i have reduced the periods of their occurrence for the thirteen years past to astronomical time1 in all instances where the hour on which the shocks occurred have been known with certainty1 and1 without attempting to combat any theory that has been advanced1 or the suggestion of another relating to their origin1 their history has been left as a record of facts1 which will become useful when others of like character accompany them4 ,our record1 in this ,state alone has reached a little more than one-tenth of the number on which ,m4 ,mallet has founded his theory of their origin1 and which were drawn from all parts of the world1 and although this may seem a large proportion for this district of country alone since #ahej1 it is not to be presumed that a greater frequency of shocks have occurred here than elsewhere1 but that the same attention has not been bestowed in recording their occurrence in other countries where they are known to be much more frequent and severe than upon our coast4 ,it might be asked why1 if such unquestionable frequency occurs within the limits of this ,state we are not subject to momentary destruction from their effects2 the answer to this is found in the preceding paragraph1 from which cause it will be seen that our experience is more apparent than real1 relatively1 and farther still1 we should find a much greater frequency of shocks1 beyond all doubt1 if the instruments for their registry in different parts of the ,state were more plentiful than at present4 ,there is no good reason for the supposition that we are in more danger from these phenomena than upon the ,atlantic border1 for the reason that we are so far removed from the centers of immediate and violent volcanic action1 that it would require dangerous tension of the imagination to place ,california within the range of those physical causes which are so conducive to violent1 repeated1 and destructive earthquakes4 ,this ,state cannot be considered more subject to earthquakes than it is to volcanoes1 relatively1 and this is said too in the face of our own records relating to the former4 ,we need have little fear from these disturbances so long as we are so far removed on either hand from the great centers1 and even from the terminal points of those centers of volcanic disturbance1 from the action of which such disastrous consequences have1 and will again follow to their immediate districts4 ,a moment's consideration will convince the most sceptical of the prevailing fallacy relating to this subject4 ,in the first place1 we are situated between two great termini of active volcanic ranges1 the nearest being ,colima1 #a1bjj miles south1 the other on the coast of ,alaska1 more than #a1cjj miles to the north2 the distance inclusive between the points being nearly or perhaps quite #b1fjj miles1 in which ,,no active volcanic vents abound1 unless we make an exception of ,mounts ,hood and ,st4 ,helen in ,oregon1 of which the testimony is somewhat dubious1 and the nearest of which is #gjj miles4 ,to the east there are no volcanoes for a distance of #b1ejj miles1 and to the west for a much greater distance than in either of the other directions4 ,this1 certainly1 should be sufficient to palliate the fears of the timid1 in some degree at least1 and to silence in part also the sensational articles which appear from time to time in the press of this and the eastern ,states1 as to ,california being an oven within the range of active volcanic action1 and a volcanic country4 ,in preparing this paper ,i have endeavored to obtain1 as far as possible1 the most correct information relating to the history of these phenomena in former years4 ,it is my desire also to correct some of the misrepresentations and statements current relating to the severity of earthquake shocks in this country during the earlier periods of its history4 ,i have at the present time some additional information relating to the great earthquake of #ahab1 which did not appear in my first paper on this subject1 and which must now be placed on record4 ,these facts relate more to the phenomena occurring during that year1 rather than to the destruction of the missions1 all of which will be found in their proper place below4 ,from careful inquiry of the early settlers and residents ,i cannot learn that any more than one earthquake has occurred which was in any considerable degree of a serious character1 and but one which has caused the destruction of either life or property to any extent4 ,this earthquake occurred in the month of ,september1 #ahab1 and destroyed the ,mission ,san ,juan ,capistrano1 in ,los ,angeles ,county1 and the ,mission ,purissima 7,viejo7 in the ,county of ,santa ,barbara4 ,the following is the history of that event as obtained from the older native inhabitants and foreign residents on the coast at that time4 ,the day was clear and uncommonly warm2 it being ,sunday the people had assembled at ,san ,juan ,capistrano for evening service4 ,about half an hour after the opening of service1 an unusual loud1 but distant rushing sound was heard in the atmosphere to the east and also over the water1 which resembled the sound of strong wind1 but as it approached no perceptible breeze accompanied it4 ,the sea was smooth and the air was calm4 ,so distant and loud was this atmospheric sound that several left the building attracted by its noise4 ,immediately following the sound1 the first and heaviest shock of the earthquake occurred1 which was sufficiently severe to prostrate the ,mission ,church of ,san ,capistrano almost in a body1 burying in its ruins the most of those who remained behind1 after the first indication of its approach was heard4 ,the shock was very sudden and almost without warning1 save from the rushing sound above noted1 and to the severity of the first shock at that moment is to be attributed the loss of life that followed4 ,the number reported to have been killed outright1 is variously estimated from thirty to forty-five 7the largest number of persons agree on the smallest number of deaths given71 but in the absence of records such statements should be received with many grains of allowance1 where memory alone is the only means left1 and the term of forty-three years has elapsed before the period at which this account was placed on paper4 ,a considerable number are reported to have been badly injured4 ,there is a universal agreement on this point with those from whom these facts were derived1 viz43 that the first shock threw down the entire building1 and that a large number of persons were in it at that moment1 and under the circumstances it would be most singular if no deaths were caused by such an event4 ,it is now nine years since the above facts were published1 and in ,march1 #ahfd1 a writer to me unknown1 corroborates this statement relating to that ,mission in these words4 8,the church thrown down at ,san ,juan ,capistrano by an earthquake in #ahab1 was a well built-affair of stone and cement4 ,the cupola or short steeple falling over the church completely destroying the building40 ,the motion of the earth is described as having lifted vertically1 attended by a rotatory movement4 ,no undulatory motion is described by any one4 ,dizziness and nausea seized almost every person in the vicinity4 ,a heavy1 loud1 deep rumbling1 accompanied the successive shocks that followed1 which were five in number1 all having the motion above described1 though comparatively light in their effects to the first4 ,the sounds attending the phenomena came apparently from the ,south and ,east4 ,in the valley of ,san ,inez1 to the south and west of ,santa ,barbara1 the church now known as the 8,mission ,viejo0 7,la ,purissima71 was also completely destroyed4 ,at this locality there were also a number of lives lost1 but what number is as yet very uncertain4 ,the distance between ,capistrano and ,san ,inez is about one hundred and seventy miles4 ,the shock which destroyed this building occurred about one hour after the former1 and the greater portion of the inhabitants had left the building but a few minutes before it fell1 service having closed4 ,the first shock felt here prostrated the building1 as in the preceding case4 ,a ,spanish ship which lay at anchor off ,san ,buenaventura1 thirty-eight miles from ,santa ,barbara1 was much injured by the shock1 and leaked to that extent1 that it became necessary to beach her1 and remove the most of her cargo4 ,the writer above quoted corroborates the fact of a ship having been in this vicinity at the time4 ,the distance of this ship from ,santa ,barbara is nearly the same as in my original statement but in a different direction4 ,from the circumstantial details of the writer as to the ship 8,charan10 alias1 8,thomas ,newland10 ,i am inclined to the belief that his statements are more entitled to adoption than my own2 ,i therefore present his statement also and leave the reader to adopt either1 so far as regards the ship and her position4 8,at the same time a ,boston ship the ,thomas ,newland1 known before as the ,charan1 commanded by ,capt4 ,isaac ,whitmore1 was lying off the anchorage not far from the ,gaviota ,pass1 ,santa ,barbara ,county40 ,it is an interesting fact1 and at the same time somewhat remarkable1 that the time which elapsed between the advent of the shocks at ,capistrano and ,san ,inez is widely variant from what we should look for1 when the distance apart and velocity of motion in earthquakes are taken into consideration4 ,if the velocity of the seismic wave in this earthquake was uniform with those of more recent times1 it should have reached ,la ,purissima in twenty-eight minutes and fifty seconds in lieu of an hour2 but all due allowances must be made for a question of time in an event of this nature1 and also for errors in memory of persons after the lapse of so many years4 ,the effect of this earthquake on the sea1 in the ,bay of ,santa ,barbara1 is described as follows3 8,the sea was observed to recede from the shore during the continuance of the shocks1 and left the latter dry for a considerable distance1 when it returned in five or six heavy rollers1 which overflowed the plain on which ,santa ,barbara is built4 ,the inhabitants saw the recession of the sea1 and being aware of the danger on its return1 fled to the adjoining hills near the town to escape the probable deluge40 ,the sea on its return flowed inland a little more than half a mile1 and reached the lower part of the town1 doing but little damage1 destroying only three small adobe buildings4 ,here again ,i take the liberty of quoting the late writer above noticed1 in corroboration of its effects upon the sea4 8,the sea was seen to retire all at once1 and to return in an immense wave1 which came roaring and plunging back1 over the beach4 ,this wave penetrated the low lands and gulches a mile from the shore1 forming one of the most terrific sights possible to conceive40 ,very little damage was done to the houses in town from the effects of the shocks1 while the ,mission at ,san ,inez was prostrated almost instantly4 ,there is no evidence that ,i can find1 that this earthquake was felt in ,san ,luis ,obispo1 though such has been the report4 ,in addition to my former paper ,i will now add some information relating to this and other earthquakes1 touching more particularly a series continuing through a long period for such phenomena1 but preceding the great event of ,september of that year4 ,so far as the archives of the old missions assist us1 it is found that from the foundation of the first mission in #agfi1 up to the year #ahjj1 a period of thirty-one years1 not an entry was made of these phenomena4 ,in the latter year an earthquake is recorded as occurring at ,san ,juan ,bautista1 on the eleventh of ,october4 ,on the eighteenth of the same month1 at supper time another shock was felt1 and another still at about eleven o'clock on the same night4 ,from the records of the ,presidio of ,san ,francisco1 we are able to glean the fact1 that between the twenty-first of ,june and seventeenth of ,july1 #ahjh1 there occurred twenty-one shocks of earthquakes at this post4 ,i will here correct the popular error relating to this earthquake or series of earthquakes during that year4 ,it is generally stated that this was contemporaneous with the earthquake which destroyed ,san ,juan ,capistrano and ,la ,purissima2 by reference to the dates it will be seen that the destruction of those missions did not occur until four years later4 ,the above are the only records of these phenomena that have as yet made their appearance in the archives of the province during the existence of the ,mexican ,government2 and1 from the fact that these archives are all in our possession1 there is no hazard in stating that they constitute all1 of which we have any positive knowledge4 ,as they stand1 they are a sufficient rebuke to the mendacity of sensational itemizers of the public press2 they will find in those records1 no basis on which to indite column articles of such doleful prophecies as the public of late have been surfeited with4 ,during a period of thirty-nine years the records of the country exhibit the fact1 that there were but twenty-three days on which earthquakes occurred and were deemed worthy of record4 ,if we compare these figures with those recorded from #ahej to the close of #ahfc1 we shall find much more ground for prophecy during the latter period than for the eighty-two years of which records were kept on this coast previous to that time4 ,from the above extracts from the archives we are left to infer one of two facts2 either that earthquakes were entirely unknown during the intervals of the record dates1 or that they were of so trivial a character as not to merit the notice of the early padres during this time2 the latter is the probability1 for we can scarcely conceive that nothing of this nature had taken place4 ,if1 however1 such be the fact1 it cannot be looked upon in any other light than a manifest anomaly in the history of this or any other country4 ,it appears from all the testimony on the subject1 that in ,may1 #ahab1 the south part of the ,state was frequently agitated with shocks of greater or less severity1 and their continuance was literally incessant for about four and one-half months4 ,their frequency was not less than one each day or two2 four days seldom elapsing without a shock4 ,as many as thirty shocks occurred in a single day on more than one occasion4 ,so frequent were they1 that the inhabitants abandoned their houses for the greater part of this period1 and lived under trees1 etc41 and slept out of doors at ,santa ,barbara4 ,this period of time seems analogous in some respects to the year #aheb1 and was one of very marked severity on this coast1 as was also the latter year2 it was analogous to other periods of subterranean disturbance in other parts of the earth since the historic era began1 and there is no good reason why we may not look for the recurrence of similar events in future time4 ,but we must not lay too much stress on the destruction of the two mission churches in #ahab1 to guide us in an estimate of the force of this earthquake1 for the construction of those buildings had but little relation to similar structures of modern date1 either in strength or material4 ,from #ahab to #ahej1 the archives are silent on this subject4 ,in the latter year our record began and has continued with little interruption to #ahfc1 a period of thirteen years4 ,within that period there are but few earthquakes occurring north of the thirty-ninth parallel which have escaped notice and have not been made matter of record4 #ahej4 ,during this year the following earthquakes were recorded3 ,march #abth4--,a light shock was felt in ,san ,jos4 ,may #acth4--,a light shock in ,san ,francisco4 ,an eruption of ,mauna ,loa1 ,s4 ,i41 and shock same day4 ,june #bhth4--,a light shock in ,san ,francisco4 ,august #dth4--,a smart shock was felt in ,stockton and ,sacramento4 ,september #adth4--,smart shock at ,san ,francisco and ,san ,jos4 ,total number recorded in #ahej1 five4 #ahea4 ,may #aeth4--,three severe shocks in ,san ,francisco4 ,during this earthquake windows were broken and buildings severely shaken4 ,a large amount of merchandize was thrown down in a store on ,california ,street4 ,the shipping in the harbor rolled heavily4 ,an eruption of ,mauna ,loa and shock in the ,sandwich ,islands same day4 ,may #agth4--,a light shock in ,san ,francisco4 ,may #bhth4--,a light shock on the ,salinas4 ,june #acth4--,a smart shock at ,san ,francisco4 ,this was felt at ,san ,luis ,obispo and ,san ,fernando4 ,december #b;d4--,a shock at ,downieville4 ,december #cast4--,a smart shock at ,downieville4 ,total recorded in #ahea1 six4 #aheb4 ,from the beginning of this year until the middle of its last quarter1 no disturbances of the coast was noted until the month of ,november4 ,in this month the southern portion of the ,state was violently disturbed4 ,november #bfth4--,the number of shocks on this day at ,san ,simeon was eleven1 and at ,los ,angeles and ,san ,gabriel the same number4 ,nearly or quite the same number was also observed by parties having in charge a ,government train in transit from ,fort ,yuma to ,san ,diego4 ,this earthquake or the series was experienced over the entire country1 east and south of ,luis ,obispo to ,san ,diego and the ,colorado ,river1 covering a line of country about three hundred miles in extent4 ,from subsequent accounts we learn that it also reached as far as ,guaymas1 in the province of ,sonora1 ,mexico4 ,for a period of six days subsequent to the twenty-sixth of ,november1 the whole of this region to the ,colorado1 was convulsed1 with slight intermissions4 ,during this time a mud volcano opened on the ,colorado ,desert1 and another south of the river2 one of these was visited by a portion of the ,united ,states command under ,col4 ,hientzelman4 ,december #agth4--,two smart shocks at ,san ,luis ,obispo1 which fractured the walls of two adobe buildings1 and threw down a part of the wall of a house belonging to1 and occupied by ,don ,jesus ,pico and family4 ,during the months of ,november and ,december1 the southern particularly1 and middle portions of ,california were much disturbed2 shocks were experienced in those sections for sixty-five days1 with variable intermissions2 they were noticed as far north as the thirty-seventh parallel1 but generally light in their nature4 ,the latest date of this series was to the fifth of ,january1 #ahec1 on the valley of the ,san ,joaquin4 ,the period of time inclusive between the sixteenth of ,november 7the date of the terrible earthquake at ,banda ,neira in the ,moluccas71 and the twenty-sixth of ,january1 #ahec1 must be regarded as one of the most remarkable and portentious periods of the earth's history during modern times4 ,for in that period a greater proportion of the earth's surface was convulsed by subterranean forces than has been known for many scores of years1 in the same length of time4 ,the area most severely affected by these phenomena is included between the parallels of forty degrees south latitude and thirty-seven degrees north latitude1 and extending from one hundred and twenty degrees east to the forty-fifth degree west longitude1 being nearly equal to three-fifths of the equatorial1 and a little more than one-half the polar circumference of the earth4 ,at this time the coast of eastern ,asia1 the ,islands of the ,south ,indian ,ocean1 ,singapore1 the fated ,moluccas1 the east coast of ,china1 the north1 east1 and south coasts of ,australia1 the coast of ,california1 ,mexico 7west coast17 ,south ,america1 with portions of the ,atlantic coast of the ,united ,states south of the thirty-fourth parallel1 north latitude1 shared in the general disturbance which prevailed on our own shores during this time4 ,with the twenty-sixth of ,january ceased the vibrations on this coast at that time1 but we have positive intelligence that they continued much later on the east coast of ,china and ,australia1 in which countries they did not cease until the month of ,february4 ,with these facts before us we cannot but believe the period included one of the most turbulent in the earth's career during modern times4 #ahec4 ,jan4 #b;d4--,a shock of earthquake was felt in ,mariposa2 this was observed in ,san ,francisco1 ,bodega1 and at ,shasta ,city4 ,jan4 #eth4--,a shock at ,corte ,madeira4 ,feb4 #adth4--,a light shock at ,san ,luis ,obispo4 ,march #ast4--,a smart shock at ,san ,francisco1 which was felt at ,san ,luis ,obispo and ,santa ,barbara4 ,april #bdth4--,a light shock at ,humboldt ,bay4 ,april #beth4--,three shocks in quick succession at ,weaverville1 ,trinity ,county4 ,june #b;d4--,two smart shocks on the plains of the ,san ,joaquin4 ,july #abth4--,a light shock at ,yreka1 ,siskiyou ,county4 ,sept4 #c;d4--,four shocks on the ,salinas and ,san ,joaquin ,plains4 ,oct4 #bc;d4--,three heavy shocks at ,humboldt ,bay4 ,oct4 #beth4--,a light shock at ,humboldt ,bay4 ,nov4 #afth4--,a light shock at ,san ,jos4 ,nov4 #bast4--,a shock at ,san ,francisco4 ,dec4 #aath4--,a light shock at ,san ,francisco and ,mission ,dolores4 ,dec4 #bc;d4--,a light shock at ,shasta4 ,total in #ahec1 #ae4 #ahed4 ,jan4 #c;d4--,two smart shocks in ,mariposa1 felt also in ,shasta4 ,march #b;d4--,a light shock at ,san ,francisco4 ,march #bjth4--,a shock at ,stockton4 ,april #bith4--,a light shock at ,santa ,barbara4 ,may #bc;d4--,a shock at ,crescent ,city4 ,may #cast4--,an earthquake at ,santa ,barbara at #e;h4 #ajm4 ,in this earthquake there were three distinct waves4 ,the first was accompanied by profound rumbling2 the second shock was preceded by a loud1 rushing noise like the approach of a strong wind4 ,about four or five seconds elapsed between each shock4 ,the sea was much disturbed1 and a heavy surf swell came in soon after the second shock passed4 ,this surf-wave rolled inland some thirty feet beyond the old wreck at the embarcadero4 ,i saw the effect of this wave in ,july following4 ,the inhabitants were much frightened and left their beds for the open air4 ,very little damage was sustained4 ,june #bfth4--,two light shocks in ,placer ,county4 ,july #ajth4--,one shock at ,georgetown4 ,july #adth4--,a shock at ,georgetown4 ,sept4 #adth4--,a light shock at ,nevada4 ,oct4 #bast4--,a light shock at ,monterey4 ,oct4 #bfth4--,a smart shock at ,san ,francisco1 near midnight4 ,it was felt at ,benicia4 ,this shock was followed by a swell in the bay1 as vessels at the wharfs swayed heavily on their hawsers4 ,total in #ahed1 #ab4 #ahee4 ,the following is the record of earthquakes for this year1 in the ,state of ,california1 with the date and hour of the day at which they were observed3 ,jan4 #acth1 #ah;h4 #cjm4--,a smart shock occurred at ,san ,benito and ,san ,miguel4 ,it was felt at ,san ,luis ,obispo4 ,jan4 #bdth1 #bb;h4--,a heavy shock of earthquake was felt at ,downieville1 which lasted seven seconds4 ,this earthquake was quite severe at ,gibsonville on the north1 at ,forrest ,city1 ,minnesota1 in ,sierra ,county1 and at ,orleans ,flat1 ,eureka1 in ,nevada ,county1 at ,georgetown and ,nashville in ,el ,dorado ,county on the south1 and at ,keystone ,ranch1 in ,yuba ,county1 on the west4 ,the entire distance north and south affected was ninety-four miles1 and in a westerly line1 thirty miles4 ,the shock was preceded by a deep rumbling1 and the rushing sound of wind in the distance4 ,it shook buildings severely4 ,a large pinnacle of rocks on the summit of the ,downieville ,buttes was thrown down1 and some of the large fragments reached the south branch of the ,north ,yuba1 at the base of the mountain4 ,feb #eth1 #bb;h4--,a light shock was felt at ,wolf ,creek and the north-east part of ,nevada ,county4 ,april #gth1 #ah;h4--,a light shock was felt at ,gibb's ,ferry1 ,trinity ,county1 and was experienced as far north as ,callahan's ,ranch1 at the head of ,scott's ,valley1 ,siskiyou ,county4 ,june #beth1 #ad;h4--,a smart shock was felt at ,santa ,barbara1 and extended northward as far as the valley of ,santa ,maria4 ,this shock was cotemporaneous with one that occurred in ,switzerland4 ,july #ajth1 #i;h4 #cjm4--,a light shock was felt in ,georgetown1 ,el ,dorado ,county1 which lasted about four seconds4 ,july #ajth1 #bj;h4 #aem4--,a severe shock at ,los ,angeles1 which did considerable damage4 ,there were four distinct shocks during the earthquake1 with a period of about two or three seconds elapsing between each vibration4 ,during their continuance the ground opened in several places1 in fissures of one or two inches1 the marks of which remained for several days afterwards4 ,there were some twenty-six buildings in the city more or less injured1 which ,i personally examined1 and among them the church1 the west wall of which was split from top to bottom in two places1 the fissures being from one to two and a half inches in breadth1 running entirely through4 ,the east wall split at a slight angle from the perpendicular1 and had but one fissure4 ,the walls of the ,star ,hotel were split in several places1 and on the west side there appears to have been a decided horizontal motion1 as the wall was displaced on that side horizontally to the depth of about one inch1 and some eight or nine feet in length4 ,the amount of displacement decreased from the west end of the building towards the center4 ,it is a fact worthy of note1 that none of the thin adobe walls of the buildings suffered injury1 while most of the thick-walled buildings were injured to a greater or less extent4 ,during the earthquake1 many articles were thrown down2 those that were standing on shelves against the east end of the buildings were thrown westward on to the floor1 and those on the opposite end of the buildings were thrown back in an inclined position against the walls4 ,these features were noticed in the drug stores of ,doctors ,winston and ,hope1 situated on the main street1 and a short distance west of the church4 ,the meteorological condition of the atmosphere was rather unusual1 and is described as follows3 ,the day was unusually warm and sultry1 attended with a little rain1 7the latter very unusual7 and a sudden change of temperature to unpleasant coldness4 ,at ,point ,san ,juan there was observed considerable commotion in the water1 attended with a strong rushing sound1 and two unusually heavy surf swells1 immediately following the last shock4 ,this shock was felt distinctly at the saw-mill1 some eight miles east of ,san ,bernardino1 about seventy miles east of ,los ,angeles1 and at ,santa ,barbara1 about one hundred miles in a westerly direction4 ,aug #abth1 #i;h4 #cjm4--,a light shock of an earthquake was felt at ,georgetown1 which lasted about three seconds4 ,the vibration apparently came from the north4 ,between this date and the tenth ,july there were four other light shocks1 the dates of which are not recorded4 ,oct4 #bast1 #ai;h4 #dem4--,a smart shock of an earthquake was felt in ,san ,francisco4 ,the buildings situated over the water were violently shaken4 ,there was much commotion in the water of the harbor a few minutes preceding the shock1 which caused several vessels to heave heavily at their hawsers and cables4 ,oct #bgth1 #ae;h4--,a light shock was felt in the valley of ,clear ,lake4 ,on the same day a shock was felt at ,downieville1 which lasted about five seconds4 ,at ,goodyear's ,bar it was more severe than at the preceding locality4 ,dec4 #eth1 #aa;h4 #bjm4--,the shock of an earthquake was felt at ,humboldt ,bay1 which lasted about three seconds4 ,there were two vibrations1 the last being the most severe4 ,dec4 #aath1 #d;h4--,a shock was felt in ,san ,francisco and at the ,mission ,dolores2 at the latter place it is represented as being quite severe4 ,the whole number of which ,i have a record for #ahee1 amounts to twelve only2 but there may be others which have escaped my notice on account of absence from the city4 ,the following table will show the number of shocks for each year1 and each month of the year1 for six years from #ahej to #ahee1 inclusive4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,no4 for each #ahej #ahea #aheb #ahec #ahed #ahee month in six years4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,january1 -- -- -- #b #a #b #e ,february1 -- -- -- #a -- #a #b ,march1 #a -- -- #a #b -- #d ,april1 -- -- -- #b #a #a #d ,may1 #a #c -- -- #b -- #f ,june1 #a #a -- #a #a #a #e ,july1 -- -- -- #a #b #a #c ,august1 #a -- -- -- -- #a #b ,september1 #a -- -- #a #a -- #c ,october1 -- -- -- #b #b #b #f ,november1 -- -- #aa #b -- -- #ac ,december1 -- #b #a #b -- #b #h ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,total each year1 #e #f #ab #ad #ab #aa #ei ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,from the above it will be seen that of the total number of shocks in six years in this ,state1 forty-eight have occurred during the spring1 summer1 and autumn months1 and eleven during the winter months4 ,of the total number noted1 twenty-seven have occurred from ,san ,luis ,obispo south1 and of the thirty-two remaining1 nine have been felt in ,san ,francisco at the same time they were observed at ,san ,luis ,obispo1 while the remaining twenty-three were felt at ,san ,francisco and north of that point4 ,notwithstanding we have had1 what may1 perhaps1 be considered a frequency in the recurrence of these phenomena1 still there are but a very few of the total number that would merit a moment's consideration south of the twenty-fifth parallel of north latitude1 for there they would be regarded as minor affairs entirely4 ,from all the facts in our possession relating to the phenomena on our coast1 it appears that the greatest preponderance in action and severity of effects1 is exerted1 for the most part1 south of ,point ,conception1 for1 from this place1 east1 south and north1 to near the ,colorado1 the most conclusive evidence exists of very recent volcanic action having been exerted on rather an extensive scale1 and is also still persistent in several localities within the area named1 though in a minor degree4 ,it would be interesting to examine the changes of level that have evidently taken place in this ,state within the last five years2 but as more extended observations would greatly assist us in forming conclusions on this subject1 ,i will defer that portion until a future day4 #ahef4 ,at the close of #ahee1 ,i presented to the ,academy a statement of the occurrence of earthquakes in this ,state for that year and a term of years preceding4 ,during the year just passed1 ,i have kept a careful record of these phenomena1 which have been noticed in this city1 and other parts of the ,state1 and which will be found below1 with their date1 and the hour of the day on which they took place2 they comprise all that have occurred1 with perhaps two exceptions1 the dates for which were so obscure as to render it impossible to determine with accuracy the precise period of their occurrence4 ,so far as ,i am informed1 those shocks that have taken place in this ,state during the past year have not been marked with more severity than has been usual in years preceding1 frequently amounting to a slight tremor1 and at other times to more distinct movements2 three only have possessed sufficient intensity as to command general attention during the busy hours of day4 ,very few have been noticed by persons who were standing upon the earth at the period of their occurrence4 ,by far the greater proportion were observed in high situations from the ground1 and in the more retired parts of the city1 or on the alluvial covering of the country to the west and south4 ,the total number for the past year is sixteen1 and of this number thirteen were observed between sunset and sunrise4 ,by reference to the statistics below1 it will be seen that even mountain districts1 where during the day there is much less of turmoil and noise arising from business than in the populous city1 that of all those noticed1 none have been of sufficient intensity to attract the attention of the inhabitants during the hours of daylight4 ,these facts1 though few in themselves1 are of importance1 to disabuse the public mind in relation to the danger to be apprehended from the occurrence of these phenomena4 ,the character which we sustain both at home and abroad1 as being in constant danger of being swallowed up by these occurrences1 and that our country is but a bed of latent volcanoes ready to burst forth at any moment1 spreading devastation over the land1 is one of the greatest fallacies that ever obtained possession of the human brain4 ,our ,state is as primitive as ,massachusetts or ,new ,hampshire1 and the dangers that surround us from the sources above mentioned1 are equally great as in the ,states just named4 ,we should remember that when speaking of ,california as a ,state1 that we include a line of territory equaling that of the seaboard lying between ,cape ,hatteras on the south and the ,british ,possessions on the north1 and including eleven of the seaboard ,states of the ,union2 and when we place our comparative estimates on this basis in matters of this character1 it will become at once evident that the danger of annihilation from the causes under consideration1 are not of that magnitude which at first sight would appear4 ,along the coast of ,mexico and ,central ,america1 to the south of ,california from all the records that are obtainable here there appears to have been a much greater exemption from those phenomena than has been usual in former years2 this seems to have been the fact1 also1 throughout the ,pacific1 ,oceanic1 and most of the ,continental ,islands along the coast of ,china1 while to the north and north-west1 beyond the fifty-fifth parallel1 both volcanic and earthquake phenomena appear to have been greater than usual4 ,this has been observable1 for the most part1 in the neighborhood of the ,aleutian ,archipelago1 along the north-east coast of ,japan1 and in the ,british and ,russian ,possessions of ,north ,america on the ,pacific1 and islands of the ,ochotsk ,sea4 ,it would be interesting to know more of the predominance of these phenomena in those regions1 and such information could be easily obtained from the commanders of the whaling fleet1 if the proper measures were adopted to secure it4 ,below will be found some interesting matter upon this subject1 which took place during the past year near the ,straits of ,ourinach4 ,the earthquakes which have occurred in this ,state during #ahef1 and the period of their occurrence1 is as follows3 ,january #b;d1 #aj;h4 #aem4--,this morning1 a smart shock of an earthquake was felt in ,san ,francisco4 ,the motion of the earth was undulatory1 and came apparently from the northward4 ,a pendulum indicated a motion of about five and a half inches4 ,january #bast1 #af;h4--,quite a smart shock occurred2 it was quite sharp in the south-west part of the city4 ,january #bhth1 #c;h4--,at the town of ,petaluma1 ,sonoma ,county1 a shock of an earthquake occurred4 ,it was sufficiently heavy to awake persons from their sleep4 ,january #bith1 #j;h4 #dem4--,a slight shock was felt in ,san ,francisco4 ,it was observed also at the ,mission ,dolores4 ,there were three distinct tremors1 with short intervals elapsing between4 ,the motion was apparently from the westward4 ,february #aeth1 #e;h4 #bem4--,a severe shock of an earthquake was felt in ,san ,francisco1 the duration of which was about eight seconds4 ,persons sleeping were aroused1 and many persons left their beds and sought the street4 ,there were two distinct shocks1 the second very light and scarcely perceptible4 ,the motion was undulatory and vertical1 and at the end of the first shock a very strong1 profound jar1 with which it ceased4 ,the upper part of a building on ,battery ,street1 for seventy feet in length1 was thrown down1 the whole of which was above the cornice1 very thin1 and the mortar with which it was constructed had not become hardened1 being easily removed by the fingers--it more resembled wet sand than a firm mortar4 ,there appears to have been but little difference in the sensation of persons situated either in upper or basement stories4 ,it was preceded by a deep1 heavy rumbling1 and the motion apparently came from the north-west4 ,a distinct shock was felt at eight minutes past two o'clock the same morning1 by persons who were awake and up at the time4 ,the rotatory movement was shown in the fact that small square bottles and boxes that stood upon a line1 were moved from their position horizontally1 describing an arc of thirty degrees and upwards1 as shown by the dust upon the shelves on which they stood4 ,the first wave came with a force sufficient to project small articles three or four feet on the floor1 from shelves on which they were placed2 they were apparently all thrown in the same direction4 ,several clocks were stopped at precisely #e hours #be minutes4 ,all the cracks in walls and ceilings had a direction nearly north-west and south-east1 and most of them had the appearance of having been produced at the moment of elevation4 ,the earthquake was felt heavily at ,monterey1 at five hours twenty minutes2 it was also felt at ,bodega1 but no time is given4 ,the vessels on the coast1 and ranging from ,san ,pedro on the south to ,southern ,oregon1 and at distances varying from eight to one hundred miles from land1 did not experience any shock4 ,they were twenty-two in number4 ,up to the present date the most northern point of which we have any record of its having been felt1 is at ,santa ,rosa1 which is fifty-three miles north of ,san ,francisco1 and at ,monterey1 ninety miles south of the latter place2 to the east of this city we have no record beyond ,stockton4 ,this would give for its length one hundred and forty-three miles1 and its breadth sixty-six miles4 ,inquiry was made through the ,state line ,telegraph at ,el ,dorado1 ,nevada1 ,downieville1 ,placerville1 ,marysville1 ,sacramento1 ,stockton1 and ,san ,jos2 it was not felt in any of the localities named1 excepting the two last1 and at ,stockton it was quite light4 ,if the time as given at ,monterey was the same as at this city 7,san ,francisco71 the velocity of the earth-wave must have been much slower than that of the great earthquake at ,simoda4 ,march #bdth1 #bb;h4 #bjm4--,a slight shock was felt at ,canal ,gulch1 ,siskiyou ,county1 also at ,yreka4 ,the motion is described as being horizontal4 ,march #cast1 #ac;h4 #bem4--,a light shock was felt in ,san ,francisco4 ,it consisted of three light but distinct tremors4 ,april #fth1 #bc;h4 #cjm4--,a smart shock was felt at ,los ,angeles and the ,monte1 people were aroused from their beds4 ,may #ajth1 #ba;h4 #ajm4--,a light shock was felt in ,san ,francisco4 ,the shock was accompanied by a loud report1 like the discharge of a cannon2 people mistook it for the signal gun of the mail steamer4 ,this was felt at ,monterey1 and in ,contra ,costa ,county4 ,may #b;d1 #j;h4 #ajm4--,a severe shock was felt at ,los ,angeles4 ,it caused much trembling among the buildings1 and considerable alarm among the people1 many leaving their beds4 ,the shock was preceded by two loud reports like the blasting of rock2 it apparently came from the north-west2 no damage was done4 ,august #b;d1 #e;h4 #bjm4--,a light shock was felt in ,san ,francisco4 ,it was sufficiently strong to awaken persons in bed2 it was evidently more severe in ,stockton4 ,august #bgth1 #ba;h4 #aem4--,an earthquake was felt at ,mission ,san ,juan1 ,monterey ,county4 ,there were two distinct shocks with short intervals elapsing1 the second being the heaviest4 ,the motion is described as undulatory and coming from the west4 ,it was felt at ,monterey and at ,santa ,cruz4 ,september #fth1 #c;h4--,a smart shock felt at ,santa ,cruz4 ,it created considerable consternation and many persons left their beds4 ,september #bjth1 #bc;h4 #cjm4--,a very severe shock was felt in different parts of ,san ,diego ,county1 and at that town4 ,at ,santa ,isabel the ceilings of the dwellings were shaken down2 the cattle stampeded and ran bellowing in all directions1 and the ,indians seemed equally terrified4 ,the walls of the adobe buildings were many of them cracked4 ,the motion is described as oscillatory4 ,a light shock occurred on the following ,monday morning4 ,november #abth1 #d;h4--,a smart shock occurred at ,humboldt ,bay4 ,another shock was reported but no date given4 ,from the record before us it will be seen that of fifteen1 the total number of earthquakes recorded during #ahef1 seven have been felt in ,san ,francisco in common with other parts of the ,state2 seven have occurred south of this locality that were not observed here1 and four north of it4 ,of the seven shocks noticed here five only were not observed in any adjacent district1 and may be considered as strictly local4 ,the periods of the year at which the shocks have occurred1 are as follows3 ,during the winter months1 five2 during the autumn1 three2 during the spring and summer1 six4 ,none have taken place between the vernal and autumnal equinoxes4 ,we have records of considerable and violent volcanic phenomena throughout the northern seas1 and islands both to the east and west of ,alaska4 ,the ,russian frigate ,dwina1 while lying at ,shuam ,shu1 brings intelligence of the outburst of a volcano in that vicinity about the twenty-second of ,june1 and on the twenty-fifth of the same month passed through fields of floating pumice2 the latitude by observation being fifty degrees fifty-three minutes1 and longitude one hundred and fifty-eight degrees thirty-two minutes east1 per chronometer4 ,an interesting account of a submarine volcano was reported by the ,captain of the bark ,alice ,frazer1 in latitude fifty-four degrees thirty-six minutes1 longitude one hundred and thirty-five degrees west1 which is as follows3 ,a portion of the whaling fleet1 four in number1 were running through the ,straits of ,ourinack1 on the twenty-sixth of ,july last2 while passing the straits a submarine volcano burst out1 sending a column of water several hundred feet upward2 immediately following this1 immense masses of lava were projected into the air1 and the sea for miles and for days afterward1 was covered with floating fragments of pumice4 ,the ships ,scotland and ,enterprise were nearer the volcano than the ships ,frazer and ,wm4 ,thomson2 on the decks of the two former considerable pumice1 lava1 and ashes fell4 ,there were seven vessels in the straits at the time of the occurrence1 three of which names ,i could not learn4 ,the outburst was accompanied with violent shocks of earthquake4 ,it is the opinion of ,captain ,newell1 of the ,alice ,frazer1 that considerable shoaling has been the result of this submarine action4 ,,on ,,the ,,direction ,,and ,,velocity ,,of ,,the ,,earthquake ,,in ,,california1 ,,january #i1 #aheg--;,,by ,,dr4 ,,john ,b4 ,,trask4 ,the earthquake which occurred in various parts of this ,state1 on the morning of the ninth ,january last excited at the time considerable attention4 ,this arose from two causes4 ,first1 from the varied reports that appeared on the following day through the press of the city1 detailing its occurrence in remote mountain towns1 and for which there was no foundation4 ,secondly1 from the great extent over which the commotion was felt1 as was subsequently proved4 ,immediately following the occurrence of the phenomenon1 letters were addressed to all the principal towns between ,mariposa and ,downieville1 east of the valleys1 for the purpose of learning how far the shocks may have extended eastward of this city4 ,these letters were forwarded by the ,pacific ,express ,company to their agents1 and through them answers were returned in every case but two through the same source4 ,from the facts thus obtained1 it was found that in no locality east of the foothills1 was any shock felt on that day or night4 ,another report1 equally unfounded1 reached us on the arrival of the steamer from the southern coast1 to the effect that several houses had been demolished in ,san ,diego from its violence1 while the facts in the case are that the steamer left that port twenty-four hours before the shock occurred there4 ,this earthquake1 or more properly speaking the series of shocks that began on the night of the eighth in this city1 and which continued in the south part of the ,state during the following day and night of the ninth1 was probably the most extensive of any on record on this portion of the ,pacific coast1 excepting1 perhaps1 that of the wave of the ,simoda earthquake in ,december1 #ahed4 ,the linear distance over which we are able to trace its course1 amounts to six hundred and two miles1 and its breadth1 so far as now ascertained1 is two hundred and ninety miles4 ,it has all the appearance of having been the terminal movement of some more violent commotion at a distance from our coast4 ,from the best evidence obtainable at present1 it seems to have had its origin to the west and traveled in an easterly direction4 ,this is conclusively proved from the fact that it was felt earlier at ,san ,francisco than at any other locality east of this city within the ,state4 ,we have no record as yet of its occurrence along the coast of ,mexico or of ,oregon4 ,i have been able to determine with considerable accuracy the period of time at which the shock between eight and nine o'clock on the morning of the ninth took place1 at four localities east of the ,city of ,san ,francisco1 in this ,state2 as the shock at that hour seems to have been more generally noticed than those which either preceded or followed it here or elsewhere1 though at this city it was much less marked than the shocks at #a;h4 #ccm41 #d;h4 #aem41 and #g;h41 these three latter occurring at those hours of the morning when most persons are sleeping4 ,the shock at #g;h41 produced a circular motion in the pendulum1 the diameter of which was about five inches4 ,the oscillations of the pendulum in all the others were in an easterly and westerly direction4 ,the precise period of time at which the shock took place at ,san ,francisco1 between eight and nine o'clock1 is determined by the stopping of a time-piece belonging to ,j4 ,w4 ,tucker1 whose rate of error was three seconds fast4 ,the time at ,san ,diego was furnished by ,mr4 ,cassidy1 of the army1 and that of the ,tejon ,reserve is by persons at that post4 ,to private gentlemen at ,sacramento and ,stockton we are indebted for the time at those places4 ,the accompanying table of latitudes and longitudes of localities named1 gives the hour at which the shock took place at each2 the difference or elapsed time1 from which the velocity was deduced1 are the mean times corrected for the places named1 the time as given above being taken as the standard at ,san ,francisco4 ,it is proper to state that three minutes four seconds1 was the greatest error in time found1 and the least was twenty-two seconds3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,locality4 ,lat4 ,lon4 ,time of ,elapsed ,velocity4 shock4 ,time4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ h4 m4 s4 m4 s4 miles4 ,san ,francisco #cg #dh #abb #be #h #ac #cj #j #jj #j #j ,sacramento #ch #cb #aba #bc #h #bj #jj #g #cj #f #f ,stockton #cg #eb #aba #cd #h #bc #jj #i #cj #f #e ,tejon #ce #jj #aah #df #h #de #jj #cb #cj #f #j ,san ,diego #cb #db #aag #ac #h #ej #jj #cf #cj #g #j ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,the velocity is given in miles per minute1 and by dividing the sum of the same by their number1 it will be found that the movement of the wave at that time averages a fraction over #f4b miles per minute4 ,the results obtained from the above data approximate closely the deductions of ,prof4 ,bache on the wave which reached our shores and resulting from the earthquake at ,simoda on the twenty-third ,december1 #ahed1 and which will be found in a paper read by that gentleman at the meeting of the ,american ,association for the ,advancement of ,science1 during the early part of last year4 ,from the facts before us1 there can be but little doubt of the direction of the commotion1 and that it proceeded from the west1 or a little south of that point4 ,the motion of the earth1 as described at the different localities at which it was felt1 with the motion of the pendulum--which was slightly south of a west line--leads to that conclusion4 ,time is an important element in aiding us to form correct conclusions regarding these phenomena1 and it is to be hoped that our friends in different parts of the ,state1 in reporting the same1 will be precise in this particular4 ,of the incidents attending the shocks1 many and varied reports have reached us2 it seems to have acted with greater violence in the vicinity of the ,tejon ,reserve and upper ,tulare ,county than at any other place4 ,it is most remarkable that so small an amount of intensity of force was manifested when the area over which it extended is taken into consideration4 ,the effects were felt in ,san ,francisco several hours before they are reported to have been observed at any other place north or south4 ,they began here at twenty minutes past eleven1 on the night of the eighth1 and continued till thirteen minutes past eight the following morning--six shocks occurring in the interval2 while to the south1 the first shock noticed at the ,tejon1 was at six hours thirty minutes1 on the ninth4 ,in ,los ,angeles they continued at long intervals through the day until twenty-three hours thirty minutes of the same date4 ,i have learned from persons who were present in ,los ,angeles at this time1 and also at the shock of the fourteenth ,july1 #ahee1 that the severity of the latter exceeded that of the ninth ,january last past4 #aheg4 ,during the past year there has been rather a frequency in the occurrence of the phenomena of earthquakes2 and1 with the exception of two1 there have been none that were particularly remarkable either for extent of surface affected or severity of action4 ,in one1 that of the ninth of ,january1 the greatest extent of surface1 and greatest intensity of action was manifest4 ,its principal force seems to have been expended in the more southerly portions of our ,state1 and in the immediate vicinity of those volcanic 787 vents found at different localities upon the ,colorado ,desert4 ,it is manifest1 however1 that this shock and those which preceded it on the night of the eighth1 had their origin to the west of our coast1 as the times of occurrence of the shock at different localities most fully prove4 ,this matter was fully discussed in my previous paper1 8,on the direction and velocity of the earthquake of ,january #ith1 #aheg10 read before this ,society ,march #cjth1 which will be found in their proceedings4 ,the other shock of greatest extent1 on the second of ,september1 extended over an area of about two hundred miles1 but was marked by no particular severity or injury1 except that of fright to those who experienced it4 ,the whole number that can be authenticated as occurring during #aheg1 amounts to seventeen1 being greater than the number recorded in #ahec and #ahef2 and it would seem probable from our records that this number is the maximum to which we shall probably be subjected in this ,state4 ,from the ,sandwich ,islands we have no news of earthquakes save one1 which is here inserted3 8,a very severe shock of earthquake was felt at ,kawaihae1 ,hawaii1 on the twenty-fourth of ,february1 the most severe that the residents there have had for many years40 ,the arrival of the whaling fleet from the ,northern seas brings no intelligence of the occurrence of these phenomena1 as was the case of the preceding year2 hence1 the presumption is1 that subterranean action has not been violent in those distant regions during the year just passed4 ,on the coast of ,mexico1 and inclusive between the twenty-fifth and thirty-second parallels1 we have received intelligence of the occurrence of one earthquake1 which appears to have been felt on both shores of the ,gulf of ,california for a distance of nearly two hundred miles1 both north and south4 ,we have no records south of that point4 ,the shocks which we can authenticate within the limits of our own ,state1 are as follows3 ,january #ith4--,this shock was felt from ,sacramento to the southern boundary of the ,state4 ,it was preceded by three smart shocks the night and morning previous4 ,at ,santa ,barbara water was thrown over the surface from a shoal well1 seven feet deep1 the water in which was less than three feet in depth4 ,january #ahth1 #i;h4--,a light shock at ,martinez and ,benicia4 ,january #bjth1 #h;h4 #cjm4--,a smart shock was felt at ,santa ,cruz and ,mission ,san ,juan4 ,january #bast1 #bc;h4--,on the evening of this day a smart shock was felt at ,mariposa4 ,the wave and sound seemed to travel from north-west to south-east4 ,it was accompanied with a report like that of a distant gun4 ,february #eth1 #g;h4--,a smart shock was felt in ,san ,francisco1 which shook the buildings that are situated on made-ground very severely1 while those situated on firmer bottoms were affected4 ,this shock was felt at ,oakland and ,stockton1 but was not felt at ,san ,jos or ,sacramento1 as reported at the time4 ,march #adth1 #ae;h4--,a severe shock was felt at ,santa ,barbara and ,montecito4 ,it was momentary in duration1 attended with a loud report4 ,march #bc;d1 #ab;h4 #bgm4--,a light shock in ,san ,francisco4 ,may #c;d1 #bb;h4--,a smart shock at ,los ,angeles and the ,monte4 ,may #bc;d4--,a light shock at ,los ,angeles2 a report also that a severe shock had been felt at ,fort ,tejon4 ,june #adth4--,a shock was felt at ,humboldt ,bay4 ,on the same day several severe shocks were experienced at the ,penal ,island 7,carmen71 ,gulf of ,california1 and which extended almost ninety miles north and south of the island4 ,august #hth1 #aa;h4--,a smart shock was felt at ,rabbit ,creek1 ,sierra ,county4 ,august #bi4--;,a severe shock at the ,tejon ,reserve4 ,no time is given4 ,september #b;d1 #ai;h4 #dem4--,a light shock at ,san ,francisco4 ,this shock was felt at ,sacramento1 ,marysville1 ,nevada1 ,san ,juan1 ,downieville1 and ,camptonville4 ,september #adth1 #b ,p4,m4--,a light shock in ,san ,francisco4 ,october #aith1 #ah;h4 #cjm4--,a severe shock of an earthquake in ,san ,francisco4 ,october #bjth1 #ab;h4 #hm41 #ab;h4 #cem41 and #ac;h4 #aem4--,three other shocks occurred2 the last was equally severe with that of ,january #ith1 at #h ,a4,m4 ,people were much frightened1 and left their beds4 ,the shock was felt at ,san ,jos1 but not at ,oakland4 ,november #hth1 #h;h4 #dem4--,a shock at ,san ,francisco1 which was felt at ,oakland and ,bodega4 ,december #bc;d1 #g;h4--,a light shock at ,san ,francisco4 ,of the whole number which have occurred during the year1 two only have been felt at ,san ,francisco that were not experienced at other localities1 and four others have occurred which have been felt in common at other portions of the ,state--thus making about one-third of the whole number that were in common here and elsewhere4 ,eight of the aggregate have occurred between the summer and winter solstices4 ,seven have occurred during the spring and summer months1 and ten during the winter and autumn4 ,eight have occurred between the vernal and autumnal equinoxes4 #aheh4 ,during the past year we have had occasion to note the occurrence of eight shocks of earthquake in this ,state4 ,this number is one-half less than that in #aheg1 and one-third less the number in #ahef4 ,the shocks1 with one exception1 have been unmarked by anything like violence1 being little else than mere vibrations or tremors1 not noticeable by the great majority of the people4 ,they are as follows3 ,february #ajth4--,a smart shock at ,kanaka ,flat1 ,sierra ,county4 ,no time noted4 ,february #aeth1 #d;h4 #bjm4--,a light shock in ,san ,francisco4 ,was observed in the ,county of ,san ,mateo ten miles south of the city4 ,august #aith1 #bb;h4 #ajm4--,a light shock in ,san ,francisco4 ,the motion was east to west1 and was undulatory4 ,september #b;d4--,a smart shock at ,santa ,barbara1 no time given4 ,september #c;d1 #j;h4 #djm4--,a smart shock in ,san ,jos4 ,this shock was felt at ,santa ,cruz1 twenty-five miles west1 and was evidently more marked in strength at that locality4 ,no damage4 ,september #abth1 #ai;h4 #djm4--,a smart shock at ,san ,francisco4 ,the motion was from north to south4 ,there were two vibrations with undulatory movements lasting about fifteen seconds4 ,september #bfth1 #a;h4 #bfm4--,a light shock at ,san ,francisco4 ,november #bfth1 #j;h4 #bdm4--,a heavy shock at ,san ,francisco4 ,this shock was by far the heaviest during the year1 it awoke most people from slumber and created no little alarm2 persons left their beds and sought cooler situations with less attire than is usually worn4 ,the iron pillars in the second story of the custom house have separated from the ceiling above about half an inch1 and are supposed to have settled from the effects of the shock2 ,i much doubt the alleged cause of this displacement1 as the pillars below present no indication of similar disturbance4 ,this shock was felt at ,oakland ten miles east of the city1 but was not felt at ,stockton1 ,sacramento1 nor ,marysville4 ,it was evidently confined to an area of ten or twelve miles4 #ahei4 ,january #beth1 #bj;h4 #bjm4--,a heavy shock of earthquake was felt in ,trinity and ,shasta counties4 ,it was felt at ,weaverville1 ,shasta1 and ,horsetown4 ,april #dth1 #ac;h4--,quite a severe shock was felt at ,san ,jos4 ,there were several vibrations1 apparently from north to south4 ,august #ajth1 #bb;h4 #cem4--,a smart shock was felt in this city 7,san ,francisco74 ,september #bfth1 #f;h4 #ajm4--,a smart shock at ,san ,francisco4 ,october #eth1 #ac;h4 #ahm4--,a very smart shock at ,san ,francisco4 ,november #bgth1 #ai;h4 #aem4--,a light shock at ,san ,francisco4 ,december #ast1 #j;h4 #ejm4--,a smart shock at ,san ,francisco4 ,felt at ,oakland and ,benicia4 ,december #ast1 #ad;h4 #ajm4--,several successive shocks were felt at ,san ,bernardino2 several of them were quite heavy1 causing much alarm4 ,no damage was done4 ,whole number of shocks during this year was eight4 #ahfj4 ,during the year last past this portion of the ,pacific coast has been but little disturbed by earthquakes4 ,there have been but three during this period that can be well authenticated1 and one1 viz43 ,december #bast1 whose character is somewhat doubtful4 ,the shocks that have occurred are as follows3 ,march #bgth4--,a severe shock was experienced at ,los ,angeles and vicinity1 which was not productive of any damage to person or property4 ,no time is given in the account4 ,march #aeth1 #aa;h4--,a violent shock was experienced at ,sacramento2 the wave passed through the counties of ,placer1 ,nevada1 ,el ,dorado and ,plumas4 ,at ,iowa ,hill the church bells were rung1 also at ,sacramento4 ,at the latter place and at ,forest ,city1 clocks1 in many of the buildings1 were stopped4 ,this earthquake extended to the eastern base of the ,sierra ,nevada4 ,at ,carson ,city it occurred at #aj;h4 #dem4 and very violent2 goods were shaken off the shelves in many of the stores1 and a general panic and stampede prevailed4 ,november #abth4--,a smart shock was felt at ,humboldt ,bay and its vicinity1 but no damage was done4 ,december #bast1 #f;h4 #cjm4--,at ,san ,francisco a series of light vibrations of the earth occurred1 which continued with but two remissions for the space of half an hour4 ,these vibrations were not perceptible to persons in the building otherwise than by mercurial column1 which was equal to seven inches of the barometer1 and was the mercury gauge of an air pump that had remained stationary at twenty-four inches for the space of four hours4 ,at this time the column in the gauge began to show much disturbance by oscillating up and down in a very rapid manner without any apparent cause2 the stop screws 7,faraday's7 were all tried at the moment and found perfectly tight as they had remained for hours previous4 ,the oscillations were watched carefully by ,mr4 ,j4 ,roach and myself for half an hour1 at which time they ceased4 ,the maximum of the mercury column was a fraction over an inch1 which was attained through vibrations of one-fourth to one-eighth of an inch rapidly repeated and continuous1 and as gradually1 through a series of lighter vibrations1 the displacement would diminish and the column subside to its former level2 this was three times repeated1 the column at no time being at rest4 ,the period of time occupied by the column in reaching its maximum of disturbance each time was from eight to twelve minutes4 ,there was no apparent cause for this disturbance1 unless it be attributable to a series of light vibrations of the earth occurring in a vertical direction1 and to that cause ,i am disposed to assign it4 ,the passing of carriages on the street did not affect these vibrations of the column1 for they continued in the same manner when those vehicles were not passing4 ,while the oscillations were going on1 ,i took a sledge and struck some half a dozen blows on an anvil block in the workshop1 which did not make any perceptible difference in the movements of the column2 after it had come to rest1 the same experiment was repeated1 but the column did not in any manner react to the concussion thus produced4 #ahfa4 ,during #ahfa there has been but one earthquake recorded in the ,state4 ,july #dth1 #af;h4 #aam4--,a severe shock of earthquake occurred at ,san ,francisco4 ,it consisted of three distinct waves following each other in very rapid succession4 ,its effects to the east of the city in the ,san ,ramon ,valley were more severe4 ,near the house of ,mr4 ,larabie it opened a large fissure in the earth4 ,in the vicinity of ,mr4 ,porter's it opened a new spring of water1 and a small running stream was also caused near ,mr4 ,hunt's4 ,for several days after1 light shocks were repeated at intervals4 #ahfb4 ,september #bith1 #ae;h4 #em4--,a very smart shock of earthquake at ,san ,francisco4 ,this was felt at ,petaluma4 ,december #bc;d1 #bj;h4 #aim4--,a smart shock at ,san ,francisco4 #ahfc4 ,during the year #ahfc we have had five earthquakes1 and unmarked by any serious event4 ,january #beth1 #b;h4 #bjm4--,a severe shock was experienced at ,san ,diego1 continuing from five to eight seconds4 ,there was no undulation in this instance1 the shock consisting of a series of sharp jars4 ,it was preceded by a profound rumbling sound4 ,february #ast1 #af;h4 #am4--,a very smart shock at the ,mission ,san ,juan1 ,monterey ,county4 ,at ,gilroys the shock was felt 7or another7 fifteen minutes later4 ,the latter town is near twelve miles east of the ,mission4 ,at both localities the motion was undulatory4 ,the shock was not felt at ,monterey1 twelve miles west of ,san ,juan4 ,june4--,a smart shock at ,san ,francisco4 ,july #aeth1 #aj;h4 #aim4--,a smart shock at ,san ,francisco4 ,august #ast1 #aa;h4 #fm4--,two light shocks at ,san ,francisco about one hour apart4 ,december #aith1 #ab;h4 #chm4--,a very smart shock was felt throughout the city2 directly afterwards another and more severe one occurred4 ,the first was a sharp1 sudden jar1 the second undulatory4 ,the accuracy of the telegraph operator at ,santa ,clara enables us to form a correct idea of the course of this wave4 ,his time was #ad;h4 #ddm4 #cas41 and within twenty-nine seconds of true time4 ,the elapsed time is #gm4 #cas41 and gives for the direction of the seismic wave a course north and south 7in lieu of east and west in my first notice which was thus in error47 ,i take this opportunity to express the thanks of the ,academy to this operator for his accuracy and kindness in furnishing us dates in this and other phenomena of scientific and public interest4 ,the figures derived from our statistics furnish us the following interesting results as to the frequency of shocks in one season of the year more than in another4 ,the tables below furnish the details4 ,it is found from these figures that during the thirteen years ending ,december1 #ahfc3 ,first4 ,the number of days on which earthquakes have occurred1 is one hundred and ten4 ,second4 ,the month in which the greatest number have occurred is ,january1 being sixteen2 and the months in which the least number have occurred1 is ,april and ,february1 the sum of each being six4 ,third4 ,the winter months have given the largest number in the aggregate1 the sum being thirty-four4 ,the summer months the smallest number2 their sum being twenty-three4 ,the spring months have given twenty-four1 and the autumn months twenty-nine4 ,fourth4 ,the number of shocks between the equinoxes foot up thus4 ,between the autumnal and vernal equinoxes the sum is sixty-four2 between the vernal and autumnal equinoxes1 the sum fifty-two4 ,fifth4 ,the number of shocks that have taken place between the solstices stand thus4 ,from the winter to the summer solstice the sum is fifty-four4 ,from the summer to the winter solstice1 the sum is fifty-nine4 ,,table #a4--;,giving the number of shocks in each month of the year1 for thirteen years4 --------------------------------------- ,,table4 #ahejaheaahebahecahedaheeahefaheg --------------------------------------- ,jan4 #a #a #b #e #d ,feb4 #a #a #a #a ,march #a #a #b #b #b ,april #b #a #a #a ,may #a #c #b #b #b ,june #a #a #a #a #a #a ,july #a #a #b ,august #a #a #b #b ,sept4 #a #a #a #b #b ,october #b #b #b #a ,nov4 #a #b #a #a ,dec4 #b #a #a #b #a -------------------------------- ,total4 #e #f #b #ac #aa #ab #af #ag --------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ,,table4 #ahehaheiahfjahfaahfbahfc,total4 ------------------------------------- ,jan4 #a #a #a #af ,feb4 #a #a #f ,march #a #h ,april #a #f ,may #aj ,june #a #g ,july #a #a #g ,august #a #a #a #i ,sept4 #d #a #a #ac ,october #a #h ,nov4 #a #a #a #h ,dec4 #b #a #a #a #ab ------------------------------------- ,total4 #g #h #d #a #b #f #aaa ------------------------------------- ,,table #b4--,number of shocks occurring between the dates of the equinoxes and solstices1 for thirteen years4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,sept4 #bjth to ,march #bjth to ,dec4 #bast to ,june #bast to ,,table4 ,march #bjth4 ,sept4 #bjth4 ,june #bast4 ,dec4 #bast4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #ahej #a #d #b #c #ahea #b #d #e #a #aheb #b #b #ahec #aj #e #h #g #ahed #e #g #f #f #ahee #h #d #d #h #ahef #g #i #i #g #aheg #i #h #h #i #aheh #d #c #c #e #ahei #f #b #b #f #ahfj #d #c #a #ahfa #a #a #ahfb #a #a #a #a #ahfc #c #c #c #c ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,total #fd #eb #ed #fj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,i regret that my records of the occurrence of earthquakes upon the east coast of the ,united ,states is not more complete than it is1 and also that it does not extend through an equivalent period of time as our own1 from #ahej to date2 but ,i have no authentic records of their occurrence on the other side later than #ahed2 my business at that time1 and the subsequent period that has elapsed1 being such that ,i was not able to maintain their continuation4 ,in order to prove the statement made on a preceding page correct as to our relative immunity on this coast over equal extent of territory1 ,i here subjoin the totals on both coasts during that period of time4 ,this statement will also include those shocks which were matters of record belonging to the ,west ,india ,islands1 and which properly belong to the eastern-coast series4 ,the figures relating to this matter1 stands thus3 ,in ,california during #ahej1 five shocks2 #ahea1 six shocks2 #aheb1 two shocks2 #ahec1 thirteen shocks2 #ahed1 eleven shocks4 ,total1 thirty-seven shocks4 ,in ,united ,states1 east coast4 #ahej1 three shocks2 #ahea1 seven shocks2 #aheb1 ten shocks2 #ahec1 thirteen shocks2 #ahed1 eleven shocks4 ,total1 forty-four shocks4 ,balance against east coast1 seven shocks4 ,west ,india ,islands4 #aheb1 seven shocks2 #ahec1 three shocks2 #ahed1 one shock4 ,total1 eleven shocks4 ,these inclusive with the continental series foot up eighteen days on which shocks occurred in excess of this coast during the same period of time1 and thus shows a margin of greater frequency of little more than thirty per cent4 ,,erratum4 ,page #aca1 line #af from bottom1 for 8an oven0 read 8or even40 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,may #b;,d1 #ahfd4 ,dr4 ,trask in the ,chair4 ,eleven members present4 ,donations to the ,cabinet3 ,specimens of dried plants1 the types of species lately described in these proceedings by ,prof4 ,gray4 ,mr4 ,brewer presented for ,mr4 ,gabb the following paper3 ,on ,cretaceous ,fossils from ,sahuaripa ,valley1 ,state of ,sonora1 ,mexico1 discovered by ,august ,rmond ,,by ,w4 ,m4 ,,gabb4 ,mr4 ,rmond announced in a letter to me1 the discovery of fossiliferous rocks about a league and a half east of ,arivechi1 ,sahuaripa ,valley1 ,sonora1 ,mexico4 ,the fossils occur in a clay slate1 and are in a fine state of preservation4 ,he says3 8,the shales rest on sandstones1 barren of fossils2 feldspathic porphyries protrude through them1 but no alteration of the beds were observed at the points of contact4 ,even the lamination of the fossiliferous strata has not been disturbed1 and shells are found but a few millimetres from the porphyry40 ,he adds that the fossil bearing strata may attain a thickness of four or five hundred feet4 ,the shales are overlaid by thick strata of compact blueish limestone4 ,the strata dip to the south-east with an inclination of from thirty to fifty degrees1 and form the first range of foot-bills of the ,sierra ,madre4 ,i have identified the following species on a hasty examination1 proving conclusively the cretaceous age of the formation4 ,it is an interesting fact1 that the fossils indicate a closer relationship to the eastern deposits than to those of ,california4 ,turritella seriatim-granulata ,roem4 ,cardium ,tippanum8 ,con4 ,chemnitzia 787 gloriosa ,roem4 ,trigonia ,evansii8 ,meek4 ,neithea quadricostata ,sow4 ,exogyra ,texana ,roem4 ,turbinolia ,texana ,con4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,may #af,,th1 #ahfd4 ,president in the ,chair4 ,fourteen members present4 ,rev4 ,mr4 ,neri1 of ,santa ,clara1 was elected a corresponding member4 ,donations to the ,cabinet3 ,volcanic cement1 from ,sierra ,county1 containing fossil wood2 also a magnesian mineral1 from a cavity in a quartz vein near ,nebraska1 ,sierra ,county4 ,mr4 ,clayton stated that when found it was gelatinous1 semi-transparent1 and mixed with loose quartz crystals2 but on drying it shrank greatly in bulk and became fibrous1 like fine ,asbestos4 ,the miners say that it is not uncommon in that locality4 ,seeds of a large ,melon ,cactus1 from the ,colorado deserts2 also seeds of a fine nutritious 8bunch grass10 from the dry foot hills near ,fresno river1 by ,mr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,clayton4 ,mr4 ,brewer stated that he had obtained further information regarding the coal brought before the ,academy ,feb4 #aeth1 by ,prof4 ,blake4 ,on the authority of ,j4 ,ross ,browne and another gentleman1 he had learned that no coal occurs in the locality near the ,colorado ,river then mentioned1 and that the specimens were ,english coal carried up the river by speculators for the purpose of swindling the public by selling stock in a fictitious coal mine4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,june #f,,th1 #ahfd4 ,president in the ,chair4 ,nine members present4 ,donations to the ,cabinet3 ,a piece of sandstone resembling in shape a human foot1 by ,mr4 ,ed4 ,webber4 ,donations to the ,library3 ,american ,journal of ,science and ,arts for ,march1 #ahfd1 from the editors4 ,observations on the ,genus ,unio1 by ,isaac ,lea1 ,l4,l4,d41 ,vol4 #aj4 ,how to collect and observe ,insects1 by ,h4 ,s4 ,packard1 ,jr4 ,plants of ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 and its vicinity1 by ,g4 ,w4 ,clinton4 ,bulletin of the ,museum of ,zology of ,cambridge1 ,mass4 pp4 #bi--fj4 ,report of contributions to the ,pennsylvania ,relief ,association for ,east ,tennessee4 ,proc4 of the ,acad4 ,natural ,sciences of ,philadelphia from ,october to ,december1 #ahfc1 and ,january and ,february1 #ahfd4 ,contributions to the ,physics1 etc4 of the ,sacramento ,river1 by ,thos4 ,w4 ,logan1 ,m4,d41 extracted from the ,pacific ,medical and ,surgical ,journal1 ,vol4 #g1 #ahfd1--;from the author4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,june #bj,,th1 #ahfd4 ,president in the ,chair4 ,eleven members present4 ,c4 ,w4 ,m4 ,smith and ,dr4 ,mc,clure1 of ,redwood ,city1 were elected resident members4 ,donations to the ,cabinet3 ,a large crab1 from the west coast of ,mexico1 by ,g4 ,o4 ,haller1 through ,dr4 ,cooper4 ,donations to the ,library3 ,report of the ,smithsonian ,institution for #ahfb4 ,,adjourned ,,meeting1 ,,july #aa,,th1 #ahfd4 ,dr4 ,trask in the ,chair4 ,seven members present4 ,the following paper was received from the author1 in accordance with the proposition accepted by the ,academy ,dec4 #gth1 #ahfc4 ,descriptions of ,new ,marine ,shells from the ,coast of ,california4 ,,part ,i4 ,,by ,,philip ,p4 ,,carpenter1 ,b4,a41 ,,ph4,d4 ,corresponding ,member of the ,acadmies of ,philadelphia and ,california1 etc4 ,,warrington1 ,,england1 ,may #dth1 #ahfd4 ,the shells to be described in these papers were collected by ,dr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,cooper1 for the ,state ,geological ,survey of ,california4 ,being aware that ,i was engaged in preparing descriptions of the shells of the ,smithsonian collections1 to serve as a handbook on the ,mollusca of the western coast1 and also 7at the present time71 a 8,supplementary ,report on the present state of our knowledge of the ,mollusca of the west coast of ,north ,america10 for the ,british ,association2 he has very obligingly transmitted to me such duplicates as could be spared from the ,state collection for identification4 ,,calliostoma ,,swainson1 #ahdj4 ,calliostoma formosum ,carp4 n4 sp4 ,state ,collection1 ,species #fae a4 ,c4 t4 subelevat1 brunnescens1 fusco-purpureo nebulosa1 anfr4 vii4 valde tumentibus1 suturis impressis2 carinis majoribus in spir duabus1 gemmatis1 interdum brunneo huc et illuc tinctis2 serie granulorum minorum prope suturam2 serie quart minimorum inter duas carinas2 lirulis basalibus circ4 ix41 fusco maculatis2 interstitiis lineis incrementi corrugatis2 apertur subquadrat4 ,long4 #j4dg1 long4 spir4 #j4cd1 lat4 #j4dc1 div4 #fh4 ,hab4 ,san ,pedro five2 ,san ,diego four dead on beach at low water--very rare4 ,it is well distinguished by the two principal necklaces1 with smaller rows intercalating4 ,in coloring it resembles ,c4 eximium ,reeve1 7versicolor ,menke1 ,mazatlan ,catal471 from the ,gulf of ,california4 ,calliostoma splendens ,carp4 n4 sp4 ,state ,collection1 ,species #ecj a4 ,c4 t4 parv1 latiore1 tenuiore2 exquisit rufo-castaneo et purpureo1 interdum intensioribus1 et livido1 varie nebulos et punctat2 anfractu primo nucleoso diaphano1 granuloso1 apice mamillato2 dein iv4 normalibus1 subtabulatis2 primo costibus spiralibus ii4 acutis1 valde expressis1 alter parv suturali2 anfr4 penult4 costis iii4 quarum media extantior1 superior subgranulosa2 anfr4 ult4 aliis intercalantibus1 supra peripheriam v4 quarum tertia magis extans2 interstitiis lineis incrementi vix decussatis2 cost circa peripheriam angulatam conspicu2 basi costulis rotundatis1 haud extantibus1 peripheriam et axim versus conspicuis1 medio spe obsoletis2 basi nitid1 subplanat2 apertur subquadrat1 intus carneo-nacre1 valde splendente3 operculo tenuissimo1 levissimo1 pallido1 diaphano1 concavo2 anfr4 circ4 x4 crebris1 parum definitis4 ,long4 #j4bc1 long4 spir4 #j4ae1 lat4 #j4bd1 div4 #hg4 ,hab4 ,monterey1 #bj fms4 dredged #b1 dead2 ,santa ,barbara1 in roots of kelp growing in about #aj fms4 #ac1 dredged in #af fms4 #b1 dead2 ,s4 ,b4 ,island1 #b1 dead1 on beach2 ,catalina ,island1 #cj-dj fms4 #b1 alive2 ,san ,diego1 #a1 dead4 ,the specimens here described are probably mature1 and are well marked in character4 ,the painting is richly lustrous1 of a fleshy nacre inside2 outside1 of a rich orange-chestnut or red1 variously laid on a light ground1 sometimes with streaks of nacreous purple1 often with dots on the ribs4 ,the operculum is extremely thin and transparent4 ,,solariella ,searles ,wood1 #ahdc4 ,solariella peramabilis ,carp4 n4 sp4 ,state ,collection1 ,species #ajbe4 ,s4 t4 tenuissim1 elegantissime sculpt1 livid1 rufo-fusco pallide maculat2 anfr4 nucl4 ii4 valde tumidis1 lvibus1 apice mamillato2 dein anfr4 norm4 iv4 tabulatis1 suturis fere rectangulatis1 supra spiram bi-seu tri-carinatis1 carinulis aliis postea intercalantibus2 tot superficie elegantissime et creberrime radiatim lirulat1 lirulis acutissimis1 extantibus1 supra carinas subgranulosis1 interstitia anfr4 primis fenestrantibus1 postea decussantibus2 basi valde rotundat2 carinulis circ4 v41 antic granulos1 sculpt2 umbilico maximo1 anfractus intus monstrante1 lineis spiralibus circ4 iii4 distantibus1 et lirulis radiantibus basi continuis1 concinne ornato2 apertur rotundat1 carinulis indentat1 vix parieti attingente1 intus iridescente1 nacre3 operculo tenuissimo1 multispirali1 anfr4 circ4 x41 radiatim eleganter rugulosis4 ,long4 #j4ch1 long4 spir4 #j4ai1 lat4 #j4db1 div4 #he4 ,hab4 ,catalina ,island1 #cj-abj fms4 #bj1 both alive and dead4 ,the name ,solariella1 given to a crag fossil 7tertiary7 species by ,searles ,wood1 which he afterwards reunited to ,margarita1 is here used as a subgenus1 in the author's sense1 for ,margarit with large crenated umbilicus4 ,this is one of the many instances in which the ,north ,pacific fauna carries out the ideas of the ,english crag4 ,unfortunately1 the name appears in ,add4 ,gen4 ,i1 #dca1 for a subgenus of ,monilea1 with which these shells have only a limited affinity2 and1 accordingly1 the true ,solariell have been reconstituted as part of ,minolia1 ,a4 ,ad4 ,that gentleman1 however1 fully accords with the present arrangement4 ,the ,solariell are known from ,trochiscus1 and from all forms of ,solariad1 by the normal 7not inverted7 nuclear whirls2 and from the ,solarids1 by the nacreous texture4 ,dr4 ,cooper's very lovely species of a very lovely group may possibly prove to be a variety of the ,japanese 8,minolia aspecta ,a4 ,ad40 ms4 in ,mus4 ,cuming2 but1 until more specimens from each district have been compared1 it is more prudent to keep them separate4 ,it seems to have exhausted the powers of sculpture on its graceful habitation4 ,under the microscope1 the sharp transverse lirul1 mounting over the keels1 dividing the interspaces1 and even ascending the wide umbilicus1 are eminently beautiful4 ,even the operculum is sculptured with delicate waved radiating lines4 ,it has the aspect of an extremely thin ,torinia1 with a funnel-shaped umbilicus4 ,this is not only bounded by a granular keel1 but has three other distant spiral lines crossing the lirul4 ,the radiating sculpture is more distant on the upper whirls1 where first two1 then three keels appear1 fenestrated by the lirul1 which afterwards become much closer1 and are sometimes worn away behind the labrum4 ,,margarita ,leach1 #ahai4 ,margarita acuticostata ,carp4 n4 sp4 ,state ,collection1 ,species #ced4 ,m4 t4 ,m4 lirulat simili2 parv1 tenui1 albido-cinere1 olivaceo-fusco varie maculat1 seu punctulat2 anfr4 nucleosis ii4 lvibus1 tumidis1 fuscis1 apice mamillato2 anfr4 norm4 iii4 tumidis1 tabulatis1 suturis rectangulatis2 carinis acutis in spir iii41 quart peripheriali1 quidistantibus2 interstitiis spiraliter striatis2 in spir et circ basim radiatim creberrime striulatis2 basi subrotundat1 lirulis distantibus circ4 ix4 ornat2 umbilico magno1 infundibuliformi1 vix angulato1 intus interdum striis spiralibus paucis sculpto2 apertur subrotundat1 pariete parum attingente3 operculo anfr4 paucioribus1 circ4 vi4 suturis subelevatis4 ,long4 #j4ah1 long4 spir4 #j4ab1 lat4 #j4ai1 div4 #hg4 ,hab4 ,santa ,barbara1 in kelp-root1 #b1 dead2 ,catalina ,island1 #h-aj fms4 #bj1 some alive2 ,monterey1 #bj fms4 #d1 dead4 ,this shell might be taken for a delicate form of ,gibbula parcipicta1 which in painting it exactly resembles4 ,it is known from the ,vancouver ,m4 lirulata by the three sharp keels on the spire1 between which there are no others intercalating1 and by the details of sculpture4 ,the patches of color are very variable1 sometimes scarcely appearing2 and are generally deeper tinted on the keels1 giving a false appearance of granulation4 ,margarita salmonea ,carp4 78 var47 ,state ,collection1 ,species #ceb4 ,m4 t4 inter ,m4 undulat et ,m4 pupill intermedi2 minore1 spir satis elevat2 anfr4 nucl4 iii4 purpureis2 dein iv4 normalibus1 colore salmoneo2 liris spiralibus in spir viii41 quarum ii4 suturales1 minim2 suturis haud undulatis2 interstitiis lineis incrementi creberrimis1 haud elevatis1 sculptis2 basi lirulis creberrimis1 qualibus1 circ4 xviii4 ornat2 apertur subquadrat2 umbilico minore1 angulato3 operculo tenuissimo1 diaphano1 anfr4 circ4 x4 vix definitis4 ,long4 #j4bb1 long4 spir4 #j4ad1 lat4 #j4bb1 div4 #hj4 ,hab4 ,monterey1 #f-bj fms4 #e1 alive2 ,catalina ,island1 #cj-dj fms4 #b1 alive4 ,this shell differs from the common ,margarita of the ,vancouver district 7,m4 pupilla ,gld4 calliostoma ,a4 ,ad471 in its much deeper and salmon-tinted hue2 its finer sculpture1 absence of decussation1 and want of distant lir round the umbilicus4 ,from the ,norwegian specimens of ,m4 undulata it is known by the absence of sutural waves1 and by the finer basal riblets1 of which the interstices are minutely sculptured across4 ,the operculum differs from both1 in its great thinness and smoothness4 ,additional specimens may better display its true relations4#aj ,,liotia ,,gray1 #ahdb4 ,liotia fenestrata ,carp4 n4 sp4 ,state ,collection1 ,species #ajjf4 ,l4 t4 parv1 primum subdiscoide1 postea variante1 albido-cinere2 anfr4 nucl4 lvibus1 planatis1 apice depresso2 anfr4 norm4 ii4 et dimidio1 convexis2 clathris validis distantibus circ4 xv4 radiantibus1 et vii4 spiralibus1 subquantibus1 conspicue fenestrat2 apertur circulari1 spius plus minusve declivi1 parieti vix attingente2 umbilico maximo1 anfractus monstrante2 labio1 regione umbilicari1 sinuato4 ,long4 #j4ji1 long4 spir4 #j4jd1 lat4 #j4ab1 div4 #agj4 ,hab4 ,catalina ,island2 beach to #dj fms4 #bj1 dead4 ,this strongly sculptured species varies greatly 7in the two specimens sent to the ,smithsonian ,institution71 in the declivity of the mouth and consequent size of the umbilicus1 where the labium is1 as it were1 scooped out4 ,liotia acuticostata ,carp4 n4 sp4 ,state ,collection1 ,species #eai a4 ,l4 t4 parv1 subglobos1 alb2 anfr4 nucl4 ii4 lvibus1 apice satis extante2 anfr4 normalibus iii41 carinis in spir maxime extantibus ii41 anfr4 ult4 vi42 suturis subrectangulatis2 apertur circulari2 labro extus parum contracto2 labio conspicuo2 umbilico haud magno4 ,long4 #j4ab1 long4 spir4 #j4jf1 lat4 #j4aj1 div4 #ie4 ,hab4 ,catalina ,island1 #aj-bj fms4 #d1 alive2 ,monterey1 #d1 dead1 dredged8 ,this pretty little ,cyclostomoid species is easily recognized by the sharp revolving keels1 and absence of radiating sculpture4 ,,amycla ,h4 ,a4 ,adams1 #aheh4 ,amycla undata ,carp4 n4 sp4 ,state ,collection1 ,species #ajfg4 ,a4 t4 parv rufo-fusc1 turrit1 epidermide tenui indut2 marginibus spir subrectis2 anfr4 nucleosis iv4 lvibus1 tumidis1 apice mamillato2 anfr4 normalibus v4 valde tumidis1 suturis impressis2 costis radiantibus ix4 valde tumidis1 latis1 antice et postice obsoletis2 interstitiis undatis2 liris spiralibus acutioribus1 distantibus1 costas superantibus1 secundum interstitia eleganter undulatis1 quarum vi4--viii4 in spir monstrantur2 apertur ovali1 in canalem brevem rectam product1 intus haud lirat2 labro acuto1 labio acuto extanti ad suturam juncto2 columell planat3 operculo nassoideo4 8 ,long4 #j4dd1 long4 spir4 #j4bj1 lat4 #j4bj1 div4 #de4 ,hab4 ,catalina ,island1 not rare1 #cj-dj fm4 #aj1 some alive4 ,the nuclear whirls in this shell resemble a minute ,paludina4 ,the only operculum in the specimens sent was broken in extraction1 but appeared to be ,nassoid4 ,the sculpture consists of elongate knobs swelling in the middle2 with spiral lines hanging as it were from pier to pier1 as in a suspension bridge4 ,the aperture is somewhat ,columbelloid1 the inner and outer lips joining at the suture2 but neither are lirate within1 although they have that appearance from the outside sculpture showing through4 #aj ,specimens from ,monterey1 and one from the beach of the ,farallone ,islands1 are intermediate between that described by ,mr4 ,carpenter 7,catalina ,island specimen7 and the northern ,m4 pupilla4 ,j4 ,g4 ,,cooper4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,july #ah,,th1 #ahfd4 ,president in the ,chair4 ,nine members present4 ,donation to the ,cabinet3 ,specimens of native ,sulphur from ,san ,buenaventura1 by ,mr4 ,spence4 ,donations to the ,library3 ,annual ,report of ,harvard ,college1 ,mass4 ,report of the ,insane ,asylum of ,california4 ,prospectus of the ,santa ,clara ,college4 ,proceedings of the ,essex ,institute1 ,vol4 #d1 ,no4 #a4 ,american ,journal of ,science and ,arts1 ,may1 #ahfd4 ,public ,documents from ,senator ,conness4 ,gographie ,botanique ,raisone1 by ,alph4 ,de,candolle1 from the author4 ,dr4 ,cooper stated that he had lately learned from ,mr4 ,gill1 of the ,smithsonian ,museum1 that the genus ,,ayresia1 lately described in these ,proceedings1 is identical with ,,chromis1 of ,cuvier1 though not ,chromis of ,richardson1 with which ,dr4 ,c4 had compared it4 ,the name of the fish must therefore be changed to ,,chromis ,,punctipinnis1 ,cooper4 ,col4 ,ransom presented1 on behalf of ,mr4 ,john ,wilson of this city1 some ,indian relics1 from the ,state of ,chihuahua1 ,mexico1 accompanied by a letter of which the following is an abstract3 ,the relics consist of part of a foot and hair from different mummies1 a string of beads made of bone1 with a few of blue stone1 also part of a belt and tassel1 and a piece of very strong cloth of vegetable material4 ,these were found by ,mr4 ,wilson in a cave situated on the western slope of a very high mountain of the ,sierra ,madre1 which seems almost to hang over the ancient ,pueblo of ,chiricahui--a name signifying the ,mountain of ,bones4 ,this ,pueblo was occupied by the ,spaniards soon after the conquest by ,cortez2 and from previous traditions it is supposed by the inhabitants that this cave1 and another on the opposite side of the valley1 had been used as a place of burial by the natives for several hundred years4 ,it is supposed that no bodies have been deposited there for the past hundred and fifty years1 and perhaps longer4 ,on visiting the cave1 ,mr4 ,wilson found an excavation in the floor made three or four years since by some persons digging for saltpetre-earth1 partly filled in1 but still several feet deep2 and exposed at the sides of this pit were several rows of bodies placed in regular order one above another1 in a remarkable state of preservation4 ,they were in a compact position1 the knees bent up to the chin1 and the face drawn back close to the buttocks1 then securely sewed up in the remarkably strong and well-woven cloth here presented1 which1 on all of the four or five bodies examined1 showed the same degree of strength and perfection4 ,over this was another covering of palm-leaves also sewn closely together4 ,the bodies were dried and shrunken1 but retained their form and integuments4 ,under each body were two small sticks1 on which the body was laid on its back1 the feet towards the mouth of the cave4 ,the circumference of the cave was about a hundred feet1 and the height above the floor1 thirty or forty feet4 ,mr4 ,wilson and his companions 8came to the very decided conclusion10 that the floor of the cave1 for a depth of twenty feet or more1 was formed of bodies similarly arranged in layers which had been placed there from time to time1 as they died1 and covered with earth and pebbles from the sides of the mountains4 ,there can be no doubt that a thorough exploration of these relics would reveal very much of the lost history of the ,indian tribes of ,mexico1 and richly reward the labors of the antiquarian4 ,the excellent material of the cloth in which the bodies were sewn up1 surpassing in texture and strength anything now manufactured in ,mexico1 is worthy of investigation1 as it may still be found valuable for making bags1 sails1 etc4 ,there was no sign of any embalming substance by which the bodies and cloth could have been preserved1 and the only explanation suggested by ,mr4 ,wilson is that it is due to the dryness of the atmosphere1 and the saltpetre contained in the earth4 ,he also suggested that the fibres of the cloth may have been derived from the 8,maguey10 7,agave ,americana7 or some allied plant4 ,dr4 ,cooper remarked that the condition of the foot was very similar to those of the ,indian ,mummy presented to the ,academy by ,dr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,stout1 ,january #bast1 #ahef1 and which had been dried by the action of the air1 while protected from the weather by a cedar canoe inverted over another containing the body4 ,that was in the moist climate of ,shoalwater ,bay1 north of the ,columbia river1 and ,dr4 ,cooper who was present at the time the body was removed by ,capt4 ,russell in #ahed1 was a witness of the fact that no preservatives had been found with it4 ,he also stated that the ,indians of the vicinity could not tell how long it had been there1 though certainly not a hundred years4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,august #a,,st1 #ahfd4 ,president in the ,chair4 ,eleven members present4 ,donations to the ,cabinet3 ,a box of fossils from ,eureka1 ,humboldt ,bay1 by ,dr4 ,chamberlin4 ,fossils from ,catalina ,island1 by ,mr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,clayton4 ,donations to the ,library3 ,silliman's ,journal for ,july1 #ahfd1 by the ,editors4 ,a ,description of ,adiantum ,jordani1 ,c4 ,muell of ,halle1 by ,r4 ,jordan1 of ,halle1 ,prussia4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,august #ae,,th1 #ahfd4 ,president in the ,chair4 ,three members present4 ,mr4 ,miller as a visitor4 ,donations to the ,cabinet3 ,california ,mosses1 lichens and liver-mosses1 by ,mr4 ,h4 ,n4 ,bolander4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,september #e,,th1 #ahfd4 ,vice-,president1 ,dr4 ,eckel in the ,chair4 ,nine members present4 ,prof4 ,b4 ,silliman1 ,jr41 ,dr4 ,eichler1 and ,mr4 ,ehrenberg as visitors4 ,donations to the ,cabinet3 ,a specimen of a wild cherry from ,catalina ,island1 by ,mr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,clayton4 ,a collection of plants from ,washoe1 by ,mr4 ,bloomer4 ,prof4 ,b4 ,silliman remarked that in his recent visit to ,arizona1 east of the ,mohave1 he had seen what he presumed were the morains of former glaciers on the eastern flanks of some of the mountain ranges4 ,they consist of rudely stratified materials both angular and round1 mingled confusedly together and forming terrace-like spurs or embankments radiating outwards from the curved range and appearing to have been left there by glaciers1 though no glacial polishing and scratching of the rocks could be seen as in the ,sierra ,nevada opposite ,mono ,lake and elsewhere4 ,these evidences of glaciers in ,arizona were nearly under the #ceth parallel of latitude1 and he believed that no evidence of glacial action had before been observed on the ,pacific slope at a point so far south4 ,prof4 ,w4 ,p4 ,blake observed that this was certainly the first observation upon glacial phenomena in ,arizona1 and that he had noted evidences of former glaciers in the ,sierra ,nevada1 as far south as the ,tejon ,pass1 lat4 #ce1 where there were large blocks of granite deposited for miles beyond the opening of the valley4 ,prof4 ,silliman described the peculiar character of the outcrops of the veins in the regions of the ,el ,dorado ,caon4 ,he found that nearly all vestiges of the sulphurets were removed from the outcrops1 while they abounded below4 ,the outcrops gave little indication of the metal-bearing character of the veins4 ,he had observed as he believed1 at least three distinct periods of volcanic activity in that region of the ,colorado and ,mohave1 two of which periods were sub-aqueous1 and the last sub-aerial4 ,the lava-streams generally appeared to have been poured out after the face of the country had already assumed its present form4 ,the volcanic outflows though extensive had not materially modified the topography of the country4 ,mr4 ,ehrenberg stated that the copper ores in the vicinity of ,la ,paz1 and ,mineral ,city1 ,arizona1 were generally argentiferous1 sometimes giving results by assay as high as #bjj per ton4 ,the ores beyond that district did not appear to contain much4 ,the quicksilver ore at the ,eugenie vein contained both silver and copper4 ,doctor ,behr presented the following paper3 ,notes on ,californian ,satyrides4 ,,by ,,herman ,,behr1 ,m4 ,d4 ,,chionobas ,,nevadensis4 ,boisduval1 in litteris4 ,a few specimens of this new and as yet undescribed ,chionobas1 were caught by ,mr4 ,lorquin1 the discoverer of the species1 and named by ,dr4 ,boisduval4 ,not possessing a single specimen of this rare species1 ,i am not able to give a diagnosis1 and have only an indistinct recollection1 that the species bore most resemblance to the ,gerontogeic1 ,ch4 ,tarpeja1 a ,siberian species that has also been found on the summit of the ,appenines1 in ,italy1 but that in size it is superior to any ,chionobas known to me4 ,,satyrus ,,sthenele ,boisd4 ,is rather common near ,san ,francisco1 where it is found in ,june4 ,only one generation annually4 ,,satyrus ,,sylvestris ,edwards4 ,edwards' description shows very clearly the marks by which ,s4 ,sylvestris can be recognized from ,s4 ,sthenele4 ,this species is found on grassy hills thinly covered with live-oak1 where its habits show a very marked difference from those of its relations1 by preferring the underside of oak branches to any other seat1 while ,sthenele and ,boopis almost exclusively settle on the ground4 ,,satyrus ,,boopis ,behr4 ,sthenele similis at limbus non tesselatus1 sed linea transversa distincte partitus et fmin ocelli alarum superiorum in fascia dilutiori positi4 ,alae subtusdimidiat pars radicalis brunnea1 marginalis grisea1 marginem versus brunnescens4 ,utraque marmorata1 halone ocellorum in alis anticis solo excepto dilutiori et concolori4 ,this ,satyrus is the biggest of our ,californian species1 the male being nearly double the size of the female of ,s4 ,sylvestris4 ,i find this ,satyrus in ,july in ,contra ,costa1 on the hills as well as on the plains4 ,in regard to the diagnosis of these three closely allied species1 ,i would mention1 that the presence or absence of one or two more or less distinct eye-marks1 on the upper or under side near the anal angle of the hind wings1 is of no diagnostic importance4 ,s4 ,,ariane ,boisd4 ,i confess ,i can not find any constant mark of difference between this species and ,s4 ,alope1 ,nephele1 and ,pegala1 however different at first glance their forms may appear4 ,i am very much inclined to consider them local aberrations of one far spread species1 that gradually slopes from ,s4 ,pegala ,fabr41 through ,s4 ,ariane ,boisd4 to ,s4 ,nephele and ,s4 ,alope ,fabr41 in a similar way as the ,gerontogeic ,p4 ,egeria ,l4 looks very different from its ,african form ,p4 ,xiphia ,fabr41 with which1 nevertheless1 it is insensibly united by its intermediate form ,p4 ,meone4 ,all my ,californian specimens agree perfectly with ,dr4 ,boisduval's diagnosis of ,s4 ,ariane2 with the exception of one that approaches to ,s4 ,pegala1 by its having only one eye-mark on the upper side of the anterior wings1 but differs by the entire absence of the wide rusty band on the same4 ,the specimen was among several undoubted ,s4 ,ariane1 caught near ,mono ,lake1 by ,prof4 ,brewer1 of the ,state ,geological ,survey4 ,besides the above mentioned locality1 ,i received specimens from ,san ,diego and ,santa ,cruz4 ,near ,san ,francisco the species is wanting4 ,as to ,s4 ,sthenele and ,s4 ,sylvestris1 ,i entertain no doubts regarding their rights as distinct species1 but ,s4 ,boopis being only distinguished by the absence of the series of eyes on the under side of the hind wings from ,s4 ,nephele1 may1 perhaps1 prove a local variety or aberration of that most polymorphous and far spread species ,s4 ,alope4 ,in the mean time1 until the connecting forms are found1 ,i consider it to be specifically distinct4 ,,coenonympha ,hubner4 ,c4 ,galactina4 ,boisd4 ,i consider this species as identical with ,c4 ,californica ,dbld4 ,at least ,i find in a long series of specimens1 no point where ,californica ends and ,galactina begins4 ,c4 ,galactina1 according to ,boisduval1 exists also in ,kamtschatka4 ,in ,california it is one of the commonest species of ,diurnals1 and is found in the most different localities1 in several generations throughout the year4 ,there exists a second ,cnonympha in some sequestered valleys of the ,northern ,sierra1 that approaches in its coloration1 the ,european ,c4 ,pamphilas4 ,i have only seen one pair of this species1 and not possessing it1 ,i can not give a diagnosis4 ,it may be that it is identical with ,c4 ,inornata1 ,edw41 or ,c4 ,ochracea1 ,edw41 or some other ,northern species4 ,extratropical ,america is not rich in ,satyrides1 if compared to the same latitudes in ,europe or ,asia1 and ,california is especially poor4 ,,europe4 ,,california4 ,arge1 ---- ,erebia1 ---- ,chionobas1 ,chionabas1 ,satyrus1 ,satyrus1 ,pararga1 ---- ,epinephele1 ---- ,cnonympha1 ,cnonympha4 ,there are seven ,european genera1 each of them represented by a whole series of species connecting different types4 ,in ,california there are only three of which none is known to contain more than four species4 ,the ,atlantic ,states add some tropical genera to the three genera already obtained in ,california1 viz43 ,neonympha ,hubner1 ,hyphthima ,hubner1 ,debis ,dbld41 and ,calisto ,hubner4 ,the genus ,calisto seems to be confined to subtropical ,north ,america2 the genus ,neonympha spreads in numerous species through the tropics of ,america1 and trespasses only in a few species the ,cancer2 ,hyphthima is found in many species in the tropics of the ,old ,world1 and it is a very curious circumstance1 that one species of this essentially ,gerontogeic genus should be found in the ,southern ,states4 ,but the two ,american species of the genus ,debis1 are even more interesting1 for all other species of this genus1 are confined to the ,indian ,archipelago4 ,the metamorphoses of the ,satyrides1 are only with difficulty to be investigated4 ,they feed as far as they are known1 on ,monocotyledoneous plants1 the extra-tropical ones1 with one exception perhaps1 exclusively on ,graminaceous plants4 ,the ,caterpillars shun the sunlight and hide themselves in the grass4 ,some of them bury themselves in the daytime in the ground and feed only at night4 ,the tropical species feeding on ,scitaminaceous1 ,aroideous plants1 palms1 and arborescent grasses1 sport the shady thickets of tropical forests1 in whose twilight depths1 most of the species are also found in their imago state4 ,other ones like some of the ,morphonides1 and even some ,nymphalides of the tropics1 spend their days hidden under the luxuriant foliage of primeval forests and begin their flight only after sunset4 ,in a most interesting treatise on the characteristics of the insect fauna of the 8,white ,mountains10 by ,samuel ,h4 ,scudder1 7,boston ,journal1 ,vol4 ,,vii1 ,part ,,iv71 ,i find the description of the ,caterpillar of ,chionobas ,semidea1 ,edw41 with a notice that it was found on ,lichen4 ,this would prove a most remarkable exception1 as all the other ,satyrides feed on ,monocotyledoneous plants4 ,nevertheless1 larv of ,artic types are generally polyphagous1 and adapted to some degree1 to accommodate themselves to circumstances1 and so ,i would not entertain any doubts about the feeding plant of the ,chionobas1 if it were not for the circumstance that ,mr4 ,scudder confesses that he did not succeed in bringing the ,caterpillar1 with ,lichen1 to perfection4 ,perhaps the ,caterpillar fed on grass1 or perhaps some ,carex1 and was only1 by some accident1 compelled to crawl to the lichen-covered stone1 where that gentleman found it4 ,i hope to hear very soon about this most interesting object1 for ,i consider the discovery of the metamorphoses of one insect1 a more valuable fact than the diagnoses of ten new species1 of which we do not know more than the external appearance4 ,prof4 ,wm4 ,p4 ,blake presented the following papers3 ,note on a large lump of ,gold found on the ,middle fork of the ,american ,river4 ,,by ,,prof4 ,,wm4 ,p4 ,,blake4 ,in ,july last1 a mass of gold nearly free from quartz1 was taken out of a placer on the ,middle ,fork of the ,american ,river1 about two miles above ,michegan ,bluffs4 ,it weighed1 as taken out1 #ahg ounces troy1 and sold for #ag4ej per ounce1 netting the finder #c1bgb4ej4 ,in melting1 a loss of six ounces was experienced4 ,there was a further loss to the purchaser1 from the poor quality of the gold1 the assay return of which ,i have not yet been able to obtain4 ,the ordinary gold of the claim is worth #ag4ej4 ,it is a singular fact1 often remarked by dealers1 that the large lumps of gold are almost always poorer in quality than the smaller ordinary grains from the same placers4 ,note on the ,fossil remains of the ,horse and ,elephant1 mingled1 at ,mare ,island1 ,san ,francisco ,bay4 ,,by ,,prof4 ,,wm4 ,p4 ,,blake4 ,the entire lower jaw and teeth of a horse1 the fragments of which ,i exhibit to the ,academy1 were taken by me from the face of the shore cliff of ,mare ,island1 together with broken pieces of bones of other large quadrupeds4 ,the teeth of an ,elephas had been found in the same place1 a few weeks before1 by ,mr4 ,brown1 the ,naval ,engineer1 by whom my attention was directed to the place4 ,the fossils occur in a stiff sandy loam1 which rests on the eroded surface of the ,tertiary or ,cretaceous beds below4 ,near the surface is a layer of oyster shells1 apparently an upraised bed1 most of the shells being entire4 ,the fact that the ,horse and ,elephant roamed together over our hills and plains1 at the dawn of1 or before the human period1 is certainly not without interest4 ,ammonites or ,ceratites from ,oregon ,bar1 ,middle ,fork of the ,american ,river4 ,,by ,,prof4 ,,wm4 ,p4 ,,blake4 ,the specimen which ,i exhibit to the ,society this evening1 is from the collection of ,j4 ,j4 ,spear1 of this city4 ,it was kindly loaned to me by that gentleman for examination4 ,not wishing to risk the specimen1 by sending it to a paleontologist at the ,east1 ,i had it photographed1 and sent a copy to ,f4 ,b4 ,meek1 ,esq41 of ,washington4 ,it is not possible to determine from the specimen1 whether these fossils are new or not1 or even1 whether they are ,ammonites or ,ceratites4 ,they appear to be not unlike the fossils described by ,dr4 ,trask1 under the name of ,a4 ,chiceonsis1 ,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,cal42 but it is not safe to identify them1 without the sept can be clearly made out4 ,there are several casts in an argillaceous1 somewhat micaceous slate4 ,this locality is about #ae miles from ,coloma4 ,it is not certain1 whether the specimen was taken from the slates in place1 or broken from a loose mass4 ,mr4 ,moore presented the following paper3 ,on ,brushite1 a new mineral occurring in ,phosphatic ,guano4 ,,by ,,gideon ,e4 ,,moore1 ,,ph4 ,b4 ,in the spring of the present year1 ,i received through the kindness of ,wm4 ,e4 ,brown1 ,esq41 of ,mare ,island1 in this ,state1 a specimen of a mineral discovered by him in a cargo of phosphatic guano1 at ,camden1 ,n4 ,j4 ,the locality from which it was derived1 is not known1 and though letters of enquiry have been sent to the parties to whom the cargo was originally consigned1 no reply has been received up to this date4 ,the texture and appearance of the guano would1 however1 point to some one of the ,caribbean ,islands1 and more particularly1 to the ,island of ,sombrero1 as its probable source4 ,it is very probable that the mineral may be recognized among the crystallized products occurring in other guano deposits4 ,in the specimen in my possession1 the mineral occurs filling seams in the guano1 varying from to of an inch in width4 ,the matrix itself is of the variety known as rock guano4 ,it possesses an oolitic structure and a brownish white color1 interspersed with small spots of pure white4 ,the mineral is in the form of small but very perfect and brilliant crystals with a cleavage in the direction of their greatest length1 nearly equal to that of selenite2 the lamin1 being also slightly flexible1 as in the case of the latter species4 ,hardness1 #b4be 7,moh's scale74 ,specific gravity1 #b4bjh1 7mean of two determinations74 ,color1 yellowish white4 ,transparent4 ,lustre1 vitreous splendent1 inclining to pearly on the cleavage faces4 ,when heated in a closed tube before the blowpipe1 it whitens and gives off water1 at an incipient red heat4 ,in the platina forceps1 it fuses with intumescence1 at about #b4 of ,von ,kobbell's scale1 tinging the flame with the peculiar green characteristic of phosphoric acid4 ,the button formed by fusion1 crystallizes on cooling1 showing numerous brilliant facets4 ,readily soluble1 even in coarse crystals1 in dilute nitric and hydrochloric acids4 ,a qualitative analysis1 revealed the presence of ,lime1 ,phosphoric acid1 and water1 with barely discernable traces of ,magnesia and ,alumina4 ,the quantity of mineral at my disposal was very small1 scarcely exceeding one gramme in weight4 ,in each of the following analyses1 the water was determined in #j4b grammes1 the remaining #j4c grammes being employed in the determination of the ,lime and ,phosphoric acid4 ,the results were as follows3 #a4 #b4 ,lime #cb4fe #cb4gc ,phosphoric acid #da4ej #da4cb ,water #bf4cc #bf4dj ------ ------ #ajj4dh #ajj4de ,these figures agree exactly with the composition of the neutral tri-basic phosphate of lime 7#b ,ca,o41 ,h ,o1 ,p ,o71 with the addition of four equivalents of water of crystallization1 7#b ,ca,o1 ,h ,o1 ,p ,o #d aq47 viz43 #b ,ca,o #ef4bf #cb4ei ,p ,o #ga4cf #da4cd ,h ,o #i4jj #bf4jg #d ,aq #cf4jj ------ ------ #agb4fb #ajj4jj ,in the polarizing microscope1 the mineral shows a vivid succession of colors4 ,a sample has been sent to ,prof4 ,j4 ,d4 ,dana1 who has kindly undertaken the study of its crystallographic characters1 and ,i hope1 in a short time1 to be able to communicate the results of his investigations to the ,academy4 ,it is with very great pleasure1 that ,i dedicate this species to ,prof4 ,geo4 ,j4 ,brush1 of ,yale ,college1 to whose unwearied zeal and efficient labors1 ,american ,mineralogy stands so deeply indebted4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,sept4 #ai,,th1 #ahfd4 ,president in the ,chair4 ,seven members present4 ,prof4 ,rudolpho ,h4 ,philippi1 of ,santiago1 was duly elected an honorary member1 and ,mr4 ,w4 ,b4 ,ewer1 of this city1 a resident member of the ,academy4 ,donations to the ,cabinet3 ,a box of shells1 containing #abj species1 from ,panama1 by the ,smithsonian ,institution4 ,another box1 marked ,c4 ,s4 ,l41 containing #hf species of shells4 ,donations to the ,library3 ,smithsonian ,contribution to ,knowledge1 ,vol #ac4 ,nachrichten von der ,georg-,augusts-,universitt of ,gttingen1 ,nos4 #a and #b1 #ahfc4 ,verhandlungen der ,r4 ,r4 ,zoologisch-botanischen ,gesellschaft in ,wien4 ,jahrgang #ahfc ,hefte ,i1 ,,ii1 ,,iii1 ,,iv von ,bd4 ,,xiii4 ,verhandlungen des ,natur'h ,vereins der ,preuss4 ,rheinlande und ,westphalens #bjstr4 ,jahrgang1 ,bog4 #a-aj und ,bog4 #aa-dc1 #ahfc4 ,smithsonian ,miscellaneous ,collections1 ,vol #e1 #ahfc4 ,glossaria ,linguarum ,brasiliensium1 von ,dr4 ,c4 ,f4 ,phil4 von ,martius1 ,erlangen #ahfc4 ,monographie der ,oestriden von ,f4 ,brauer1 #c vol4 ,ofversicht of ,r4 ,vetenskaps-,akademiens ,frhandlingar4 ,stockholm1 #ahfj1 #ahfa1 #ahfb4 ,sitzungsberichte der ,k4 ,bavarian ,acad4 der ,wissenschaften zu ,mnchen #ahfc1 ,hefte ,i1 ,,ii1 ,,iii1 und doppelheft ,,iv1 #ahfc4 ,rede von ,j4 ,freiherrn von ,liebig #ahfe4 ,proceedings of the ,royal ,horticult4 ,society1 #ahfc4 ,hypsometrie von ,mhren und str4 ,schlesien1 von ,carl ,koristka ,brn1 #ahfc4 ,abhandlungen der ,math-phys4 classe der ,k4 ,bayer4 ,acad4 der ,vissenschaften ,abtheil4 #aaa1 ,bd4 #i1 #ahfc4 ,von dem ,rechts ,zustande unter den ,ureinwohnern ,brasiliens von ,dr4 von ,martius4 ,jahrbuch der ,geol4 ,reichsanstalt1 ,bd4 #ac1 ,nm4 #b1 #c1 #d1 #ahfc4 ,eilfter ,jahres-,bericht des ,wiener ,vereins1 #ahfa4 ,zwlfter ,jahres-,bericht des ,wiener ,vereins1 #ahfb4 ,kongliga ,svenska ,vetenskaps ,acadmiens ,frhandlingar1 ,bd4 #c1 #ahei1 ,bd4 #c1 #ahfj1 ,bd4 #d1 #ahfa4 ,nederlandsch4 ,meteorol4 ,yaarboek1 #ahfb4 ,annals of the ,lyceum of ,nat4 ,history of ,new ,york1 ,vol4 #g1 #ahfb1 ,vol4 #h1 part ,i1 #ahfc4 ,der ,zoolog4 ,garten ,frankfurt1 ,jahrg4 #d1 ,nrs4 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 ,jahrg4 #e1 ,nr4 #a4 ,bericht ber einige im ,niederen ,gesenke und im ,hartzgebirge ausgefhrte ,hhenmessungen1 ,wien1 #ahfa4 ,das ,geograph4 ,system der ,winde von ,dr4 ,m4 ,h4 ,f4 ,prestel ,emden1 #ahfc4 ,mmoires de l',acad4 ,imp4 des ,sciences de ,st4 ,petersbourg1 ,,vii ,srie1 ,tome #d1 ,no4 #aj et #aa1 ,tome #d1 feuilles #bf #cf1 ,tome #e1 feuilles #a #h4 ,dr4 ,winslow1 a former member of the ,academy1 was introduced by ,mr4 ,boynton1 and made some interesting remarks upon his travels in ,south ,america4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,oct4 #c;,d1 #ahfd4 ,president in the ,chair4 ,eight members present4 ,mr4 ,hinsmann and ,baron ,thurlow as visitors4 ,donations to the ,library3 ,a supplement to the ,terrestrial air-breathing ,mollusks of the ,u4 ,s41 by ,w4 ,g4 ,binney4 ,prof4 ,brewer gave an account of recent explorations in the ,sierra ,nevada1 by the party connected with the ,state ,geological ,survey4 ,the exploration extended from ,kern ,river to the ,yosemite ,valley1 and was peculiarly rich in scientific results4 ,the crest of the chain is very high2 along the whole of this distance1 the high peaks1 rising to above #ac1jjj feet1 the culmination being between the sources of the ,kern and ,kings ,rivers1 where there are a number of peaks over #ad1jjj feet1 and one about #ae1jjj feet in height4 ,along the whole of this1 there are abundant traces of glaciers1 some of the morains of which are truly gigantic1 far surpassing anything else of the kind yet found in the ,state4 ,the caons of all the principal streams are very deep and abrupt4 ,the ,big ,trees or ,sequoias1 were found over a large area1 extending perhaps #be miles along the western slope1 along the tributaries of the ,san ,joaquin1 ,kings1 ,kaweah1 ,tule and ,kern ,rivers4 ,the amount of snow in this part of the sierras1 is apparently very much less than usually occurs4 ,prof4 ,wm4 ,p4 ,blake1 read the following3 ,note on the discovery of ,fossils in the ,auriferous ,slate formation of the ,mariposa ,estate1 ,california1 and the probable geological age4 ,,by ,,prof4 ,,wm4 ,p4 ,,blake4 ,during a recent visit to the ,mariposa ,estate1 ,mariposa ,county1 my attention was called to some organic remains in the slates1 near ,bear ,valley1 by ,miss ,errington1 a lady who takes an enthusiastic interest in the sciences of geology and mineralogy1 and has for some time past1 been seeking for fossils in the gold formation of that neighborhood4 ,one of the specimens was the cast of a bivalve shell1 and appeared to me to be a ,plagiostoma4 ,on further search1 we found other specimens1 some of which much resemble ,inoceramus1 to which ,i am inclined to refer them4 ,certain long tubular cavities in the slates1 marked with heavy lines1 and slightly converging1 seemed to be casts of long1 nearly cylindrical shells1 possibly ,nerina4 ,these forms would indicate a ,jurassic or ,cretaceous age for the formation4 ,i propose to submit these specimens to a competent ,palontologist1 at the ,east1 for examination1 and to dedicate one of the species1 if new1 to ,miss ,errington4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,oct4 #ag,,th1 #ahfd4 ,president in the ,chair4 ,seven members present4 ,donations to the ,cabinet2 ,a fossil tooth of ,elephant1 and several fossil teeth of ,horse1 from ,wellington's ,station1 on the road from ,carson ,valley to ,aurora1 by ,mr4 ,clayton4 ,specimens of silver ore from the ,osceola ,lode1 ,montgomery ,district1 #fj miles ,s4,e4 of ,aurora1 and specimens of silver ore from ,bear ,mountain1 ,calaveras ,county1 by ,mr4 ,clayton4 ,donations to the ,library3 ,fragmenta ,phytographi ,australis1 ,vols4 #a1 #b1 #c1 and part of ,vol4 #d4 ,transactions of the ,philosophical ,society of ,victoria1 ,vols #a to #e4 ,the plants indigenous to the ,colony of ,victoria1 ,vol4 #a4 ,all donated by ,dr4 ,ferdinand ,mueller1 ,director of the ,botanical ,garden at ,melbourne4 ,mr4 ,clayton made the following remarks in regard to his donations above mentioned3 ,the teeth were found near ,walkers ,river1 about one mile below the residence of ,mr4 ,g4 ,e4 ,wellington1 on the ,carson ,river and ,aurora ,road4 ,this river cuts through a high range of hills immediately west of ,wellington's1 and enters a large basin or valley1 which is some thirty miles long1 from north to south1 by twenty miles wide1 from west to east4 ,after passing through this valley to the eastward1 the river enters another caon of considerable extent1 and then empties into ,walkers ,lake1 in the southwest portion of the great basin4 ,the banks of the river are formed of gravel1 sand1 and clay cement1 containing soda and calcareous matter1 which forms a white crust on the surface of the stones and pebbles4 ,the cement bluffs along the river1 are from #f or #h to #bj feet high1 and are cut out by changes in the channel during high water4 ,in one of these recent cuttings1 the large tooth was found1 with part of the upper jaw and other portions of the skeleton4 ,there has been no excavation made1 as yet1 to uncover other portions of the skeleton1 but ,mr4 ,wellington has promised to have it done1 and to secure as much of the skeleton as possible1 for the ,society's collections4 ,the small teeth were found about five feet below the surface in the solid cement1 by some parties that were digging a grave4 ,quite a number of teeth were found1 but with the exception of the two just presented to the ,society1 they were not preserved4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,nov4 #ba,,st1 #ahfd4 ,president in the ,chair4 ,seven members present4 ,rev4 ,horatio ,stebbins was duly elected a resident member1 ,mr4 ,edward ,bosqui a life member1 and ,mr4 ,g4 ,e4 ,wellington1 of ,nevada1 a corresponding member1 of the ,academy4 ,donations to the ,cabinet3 ,specimens of ,corals from the ,hiton group of ,islands1 also a photograph of a ,fungus ,agaricus1 from the ,society ,islands1 by ,mr4 ,hubbard1 on behalf of ,mr4 ,andrew ,garrett4 ,two specimens of ,inoceramus1 from ,seattle1 ,puget ,sound1 by ,mr4 ,hubbard4 ,mr4 ,gabb presented the following papers3 ,notes on some ,fossils from the ,gold ,bearing ,slates of ,mariposa1 with description of some new species4 ,,by ,,wm4 ,m4 ,,gabb4 ,through the kindness of ,miss ,errington1 of ,bear ,valley1 ,mariposa ,county1 ,i have had the opportunity of examining a series of fossils1 discovered by that lady on the ,mariposa ,estate4 ,the shells appear to be of ,jurassic age4 ,the genera so far recognized1 are ,belemnites1 ,nucula or ,leda1 ,lima1 ,pecten1 and ,pholadomya4 ,the following are sufficiently perfect for description4 ,fuller descriptions and figures will be published hereafter in the ,geological ,report of the ,state4 ,,lima1 ,brug4 ,l4 ,erringtoni ,g4 ,shell very oblique1 sides subparallel2 beaks small2 anterior end prominently rounded1 sloping with a broad curve below to the base2 posterior side nearly straight1 continuing upwards in a long narrow ear2 anterior ear obsolete 7874 ,surface marked by strong concentric undulations1 crossed on the upper and posterior portions by fine radiating lines4 ,length1 #b4be inches2 width1 #a inch4 ,the specimens are all very much compressed1 and may be somewhat distorted in form1 though the outlines are very nearly uniform in all of the specimens4 ,,pholadomya1 ,sow4 ,p4 orbiculata ,g4 ,compressed1 sub-circular2 beaks rather prominent1 nearly central2 anterior end and base regularly rounded2 posterior end slightly produced1 more prominent below than above4 ,surface ornamented by concentric ribs1 irregular in size1 crossed by undulating1 radiating lines on the anterior half of the shell4 ,these lines become gradually obsolete and disappear on or about the middle of all of the specimens1 although more perfect examples might show them continuing further4 ,height1 from a slightly distorted specimen1 #a4a inch2 width1 #a4c inch4 ,like the preceding species1 all of the specimens have suffered considerably by compression2 and had we perfect specimens1 the shell would be found to be quite convex4 ,,belemnites4 ,b4 ,pacificus ,g4 ,long1 slender1 tapering very gradually and with a slight convexity to the tip4 ,section1 sub-elliptical2 alveolus deep and narrow4 ,a specimen #c inches long1 measures 4#ce in4 in diameter in the middle4 ,one cast has been found with a diameter of 4#i inch at the broadest part4 ,i first discovered this species1 as imperfect casts1 in the slates near ,spanish ,flat1 ,el ,dorado ,county4 ,since then1 numerous fragments and casts have been found at ,mariposa1 by ,mr4 ,c4 ,r4 ,king and ,miss ,errington4 ,communication on the ,san ,luis ,obispo ,quicksilver ,fossils4 ,,by ,,wm4 ,m4 ,,gabb4 ,mr4 ,attwood has recently presented to the collection of the ,state ,geological ,survey1 a series of ,fossils collected by himself1 in the formation in which the ,san ,luis ,obispo cinnabar deposits occur4 ,through the kindness of ,prof4 ,b4 ,silliman1 ,jr4 ,i have had the opportunity of examining another small collection1 made by that gentleman1 at the same locality4 ,i consider the result of sufficient interest to warrant a special communication on the subject4 ,the ,fossils1 though few in number of species1 point unequivocally to the ,miocene formation1 the species being among the most familiar forms in the middle deposit of that formation in ,california4 ,they were3 ,dosinia ponderosa1 ,saxidomus aratus1 ,conus ravus ,c4 ,californicus ,reeve1 ,turritella ,ocoyana ,con41 ,natica1 probably ,n4 ,recluziana1 ,pecten ,pabloensis ,con41 ,pallium ,estrellanum ,con41 ,carcharodon rectus ,agas4 a ,balanus and one or two small shells too imperfect for determination4 ,mr4 ,moore presented on behalf of ,prof4 ,dana1 the following paper3 ,on the ,crystallization of ,brushite4 ,,by ,,james ,d4 ,,dana1 ,l4,l4,d41 ,,professor ,,of ,,mineralogy ,,in ,,yale ,,college4 ,the specimens of the mineral ,brushite1 which ,i have had under crystallographic examination1 were received from ,mr4 ,g4 ,e4 ,moore1 the discoverer of the species4 ,the crystals are slender prisms1 not over a third of an inch in length4 ,a common form 7containing all the observed planes71 is shown in the annexed figure4 ,the prisms are monoclinic1 and are often flattened1 parallel to the clinodiagonal1 as here represented4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bf4 ,cleavage is perfect1 parallel of the clinodiagonal section1 or the plane i2 also distinct parallel to the line cl1 as apparent often in the cross fractures of the crystals1 and by occasional stri4 ,this plane of cleavage may be taken as the basal plane ,o4 ,the planes ,i and l are brilliant1 especially the former4 ,the oblique plane situated on the back side in the figure1 and which may be called r1 is quite rough1 owing to the oscillatory combination between two hemi-octahedral planes4 ,in many of the crystals1 only the right one of the two planes ,i is present1 and also only the left one of the two planes l4 ,the prisms frequently terminate above in an irregular edge1 made by the meeting of the one1 or two1 planes ,i1 and the rough plane r1 and this edge is sometimes cut off1 more or less deeply1 by a single oblique plane1 which is one of the planes l4 ,according to measurements with the reflective goniometer2 ,i 3 ,i #adb #bf' ,i 3 i #ajh #dg' l 3 i #aja #dj' ,i 3 l #aef #bj' 7approximately47 ,the inclination of the ,i on l could not be accurately measured1 on account of the minuteness of the planes in the crystals1 in which both planes occur1 and the want of perfection in the reflection4 ,the angle obtained for l3i would give1 for l3l1 #aef #dj'4 ,by measurement with a goniometer attached to a compound microscope1 the plane angle between the lines of cross cleavage1 or cl1 and the edge ,i3,i 7which equals the inclination of ,o on the orthodiagonal section1 or a plane ii7 was found to be #aag-aag2 and that between edge ,i3,i and edge l3l 7which equals ii on li1 both unobserved planes7 #ie-ie3 whence ,o3li would equal approximately #adg #cj'4 ,the inclination of the rough plane r on the edge l3l is about #aaj1 but varies much4 ,the results of calculation1 taking as data the above mentioned angles ,i3,i and l3ii1 along with the inclination of ,o to ii #aag #ae'1 and that of the edge l3l 7or l7 to ii #ie #ae' are as follows3 ,c 7 ,o 3 i7 #aag #ae' and #fb #de' a 7vert4 axis7 3 ,o 7clinodiag47 3 c #j4ecif 3 #a 3 #b4fad l 3 l #aef #df' -l 3 -l 7unobserved planes7 #afd #bb' ,the species is related in form to ,vivianite1 in which a 3 b 3 #b;c #a4jgib 3 #a 3 #b4fad4 ,the crystals of the two species are also alike in the perfect and pearly clinodiagonal cleavage4 ,on new ,californian ,marine ,shells4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,,by ,,philip ,p4 ,,carpenter1 ,,ph4 ,d41 ,,of ,,warrington1 ,,england4 ,genus ,,collonia1 ,gray1 #aheb4 ,this genus was established 7in ,english7 by ,dr4 ,gray1 for ,turbinate shells having an 8operculum circular1 with many gradually enlarged whirls1 with a convex external rib and central pit40 ,the type 7still appearing as such in the ,b4 ,m4 ,col47 is a smooth fossil from ,grignon1 ,delphinula marginata1 ,lam41 with a keeled and crenated umbilicus1 like ,phillippia4 ,another 7,african7 shell is joined to the diagnosis1 with the following brief description3 8,c4 striata1 ,gray4 ,shell red1 white marbled1 striated40 ,it is quoted by ,phillippi1 ,handb4 ,conch4 p4 #bjf1 who assigns as a type ,t4 sanguineus1 ,linn4 ,for this species and its congeners1 we now propose a subgenus ,,leptonyx1 as they do not agree with the type4 ,the genus was reconstituted by ,messrs4 ,adams1 ,gen4 i4 #cif for shells with 8imperforate axis and contracted aperture30 the description of the operculum being copied from ,gray4 ,the type is now 8,c4 marginata1 ,nutt40 pl4 #dd1 f4 #b1 the operculum of which is figured as with few whirls4 ,the same description and figure are given in ,chenu1 ,manuel i4 #cdh1 f4 #befj4 ,the error seems to have arisen thus4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,adams 7who acted for the #8firm' during his brother's long absence in ,japan17 probably took ,gray's ,c4 marginata to be the #8,turbo marginatus1 ,nutt4' of ,reeve1 and from this species as type1 described the genus to be imperforate1 etc4 ,unfortunately1 ,dr4 ,gray did not observe the error1 which had arisen from confounding two different shells called marginatus2 and in his guide to ,mollusca 7in loco7 he adopts the description of ,messrs4 ,adams2 so that ,collonia1 ,gray1 7hodie7 ,collonia1 ,add41 but not ,collonia1 ,gray1 7olim74 ,of the species arranged by ,mr4 ,h4 ,adams under ,collonia1 some may belong to the original genus3 some are included under ,cynisca1 ,a4 ,ad42 and one 7,turbo phasianella1 ,c4 ,b4 ,ad47 appears to be ,eucosmia4 ,they appear in the ,br4 ,mus4 ,col4 distributed between ,gibbula and ,photinula4 ,the true ,turbo marginatus of ,nutt4 is the ordinary black ,californian ,chlorostoma1 like mstus1 and well named from its frilled margin near the suture4 ,but the label having become affixed to the ,t4 marginatus ,rve4 7which must stand as ,reeve's species and not ,nuttall's7 the ,californian shell was left without name1 and was described by ,mr4 ,a4 ,adams as ,chl4 funebrale1 under which name it must stand as ,nuttal's prior name was 7unfortunately7 in ,,ms4 only4 ,the name ,collonia marginata must stand for the original fossil of ,lamarck4 ,it is probable that ,reeve's shell belongs to another group2 else it must1 according to the usual custom of honoring error1 be called ,c4 ,reevei4 ,for the ,californian species1 which are imperforate and have a thin1 smooth operculum1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,adams and ,i propose to form a subgenus ,leptonyx2 a diagnosis of which will appear in the next paper1 after the foreign species have been examined4 ,the following are the ,californian forms4 ,leptonyx sanguineus1 ,linn4 ,h4 t4 parv1 solid1 rubr1 anfr4 ,v4 subtumentibus1 suturis plus minusve impressis2 costulis spiralibus plus minusve rotundatis cinct1 quarum iv4-viii4 in spir monstrantur2 apertur subcirculari2 columell t4 adolescente fove basali et dente ut in #8,modulo' munit2 adult1 callositate tenui labiali1 foveam tegente1 obscure bidentat2 labio tenui1 continuo2 umbilico nullo4 ,hab4 ,mediterranean1 ,phillippi1 ,hanley4 ,japan1 ,a4 ,adams4 ,monterey1 ,jewett1 ,taylor1 ,cooper4 ,neeah ,bay1 ,w4,t41 ,swan4 ,turbo sanguineus1 ,ln4 ,syst4 ,nat4 ,ed4 #ab1 p4 #abce3--,phil4 ,moll4 ,sic4 in loco3 ,hanl4 ,ips4 ,lin4 ,conch1 in loco4 ,t4 ,bellii1 ,michaud in ,mus4 ,paris3 teste ,hanl4 ,non 8,turbo sanguineus1 ,linn40 ,rve4 ,conch4 ,ic4 sp4 #ee3 ,t4 coccineus1 ,desh4 ,globulus roseus1 ,chem4 teste ,rve4 ,nec 7,gibbula7 sanguinea1 ,risso4 ,reeve says of his shell4 8,i am not quite sure that this is the ,t4 sanguineus of ,linnus1 but have every reason to believe it is40 ,that is1 every reason except the one only convincing proof1 which was so easy to a ,london naturalist1 an inspection of the original type in the ,linnan ,collection4 ,a mere glance at this would have exposed his error4 ,reeve's shell is whitish1 with blood-red spots1 and is probably a ,s4 ,african species4 ,whether ,linnus described from ,mediterranean or ,japanese specimens1 cannot be told from his rubbed shells2 nor as yet have sufficiently perfect specimens been compared from the two oceans2 but no character has been observed by which they can be separated4 ,the great author obtained his ,algerine and his ,philippine shells from the ,swedish consuls2 and ,japanese species may have been mixed with the latter4 ,it is very rare in the ,mediterranean2 common in ,japan2 common also at ,vancouver2 but rare further south4 ,it is1 we believe1 the only ,californian shell described by the father of modern ,natural ,history4 ,the specimens vary very greatly in strength of sculpture4 ,there is also a purple variety4 ,leptonyx 7sanguineus1 var47 purpureum4 ,h4 t4 #8,h4 sanguineo' simili1 sed purpureo fusc2 lirulis spiralibus crebioribus1 interstitiis parvis1 labio obsoleto4 ,hab4 ,sta4 ,cruz1 ,rowell4 ,monterey1 ,cooper4 ,neeah ,bay1 ,swan4 ,leptonyx bacula1 ,carp4 ,l4 t4 8,l4 sanguineo1 jun40 simili2 sed rufocinere1 sculptur obsolet2 anfr4 iv4 planatis1 suturis vix distinctis1 marginibus spir valde excurvatis2 lirulis obsoletis latioribus1 et circa basim striis crebris1 vix sculpt2 apertura rotundat1 declivi2 columell vix callos4 ,long4 #j4jh1 long4 spir4 #j4jf2 lat4 #j4ad4 ,hab4 ,catalina ,is41 dead on beach2 ,cooper1 ,no4 #ajef4 ,this unpretending little shell resembles on the back one of the small ,helicin4 ,it differs from ,l4 sanguineus in its small size1 ashy color1 flattened sutures1 and nearly obsolete sculpture4 ,a groove in the somewhat callous columella1 continued slightly round the labrum1 seems intended for the broad-margined operculum of the genus4 ,,annual ,,meeting1 ,,jan4 #i,,th1 #ahfe4 ,president1 ,col4 ,ransom1 in the chair4 ,twelve members present4 ,theodore ,bloomer was elected a resident member4 ,the ,annual reports of the officers were received1 as follows3 ,the report of the ,treasurer was referred to the ,finance ,committee4 ,the reports of the ,curators were received and accepted4 ,the ,committee on nominations reported the following list of officers for the year #ahfe1 which was duly elected4 ,,president4 ,,col4 ,l4 ,,ransom4 ,,vice-,,presidents4 ,j4 ,n4 ,,eckel1 ,m4 ,d41 ,j4 ,b4 ,,trask1 ,m4 ,d4 ,,corresponding ,,secretary4 ,w4 ,o4 ,,ayres1 ,m4 ,d4 ,,recording ,,secretary4 ,t4 ,h4 ,,bloomer4 ,,librarian4 ,,prof4 ,j4 ,d4 ,,whitney4 ,,treasurer4 ,,samuel ,,hubbard4 ,,curators4 ,mineralogy ,g4 ,e4 ,,moore ,palontology ,,wm4 ,m4 ,,gabb ,botany ,h4 ,n4 ,,bolander ,zoology ,e4 ,f4 ,,lorquin ,conchology ,r4 ,e4 ,c4 ,,stearns ,entomology ,,dr4 ,h4 ,,behr ,donations to the ,cabinet were received as follows3 from ,dr4 ,c4 ,t4 ,jackson1 specimen of ,corundum and ,margarite4 ,mr4 ,gabb presented1 on behalf of the authors1 the following papers3 ,on ,californian ,lepidoptera4 ,,by ,,herman ,,behr1 ,m4 ,d4 ,,erycinid ,,nemeobius ,boisd4 ,n4 ,dumeti ,behr4 ,al supra nigr1 fasciis duabus albis signat1 altera medias per alas transgrediente1 altera per spatium inter fasciam mediam et marginem1 utraque hinc interrupta vel macalari4 ,al anteriores a radice ad fasciam mediam fulv1 maculis quatuor quadrangularibus nigro marginatis signat4 ,al subtus grisescentes1 marginem versus dilutiores4 ,anteriores a radice ad fasciam mediam fulv1 ceterum ut supra signat1 posteriores fascias demonstrant ut supra1 sed confluentes1 et hinc coufusas4 ,this species is found in some parts of ,california1 and always in localities that are covered by the peculiar vegetation called ,chaparral4 ,n ,virgulti1 ,behr4 ,al supra nigr1 fulvo mixt1 fasciis duabus signat1 altera medias per alas transgrediente1 colore fulvo fere ubique obducta1 altera per spatium inter fasciam mediam et marginem ad punctorum alborum seriem reducta4 ,al anteriores usque ad marginem fere fulv1 fascia intermedia maculisque disci albis1 nigro marginatis4 ,margo alarum anteriorum1 alque posteriores tot grisescentes punctis maculisque albis1 nigro marginatis variegat4 ,this species was found near ,los ,angeles1 by ,mr4 ,lorquin1 who gave me several specimens4 ,in the male the black color is more predominating1 in the female the fulvous coloration4 ,for the sake of completing this series of diagnoses1 ,i give here the description of a third species1 that ,i received1 by the kindness of ,dr4 ,dinklage1 from the ,sierra ,madre1 in the neighborhood of ,mazatlan4 ,i think it indispensable to give the marks of this closely allied ,nemeobius1 as ,i am of the opinion that thus errors will most effectually be avoided4 ,n4 ,mejicanus1 ,behr4 ,al supra fulv1 marginem versus brunne1 fasciis maculisque ordinariis omnibus albis nigro marginatis instruct4 ,subtus al anteriores fulv1 apice et margine grisescentes1 fasciis et maculis ut supra4 ,al posteriores grisescentes1 macalis albis et nigro marginatis et confluentibus cum colore universali irregulariter variegat4 ,the most positive and striking points of difference would be thus3 #a4 ,n4 ,dumeti4 ,fore wings alone show a fulvous coloration on the upperside4 ,bands and spots perfectly white4 #b4 ,n4 ,mejicanus4 ,all wings are occupied with it1 till beyond the second band1 where the brownish coloration of the margin begins4 ,bands and spots perfectly white4 #c4 ,n4 ,virgulti4 ,extension of the fulvous as in the preceding1 but all the space more or less occupied by black4 ,middle band nearly altogether fulvous1 other bands and spots white4 ,as much as we know1 the type of this genus ,n4 ,lucina ,l1 was the only species known heretofore1 and it is another proof of the various repetition of types on occidental coasts1 that we have to add three ,pacific representatives of a genus first discerned in a single ,european species4 ,the group of the ,erycinides belongs essentially to tropical ,america4 ,the beforementioned ,nemeobius ,lucina is the only ,european representative of this numerous and polymorphous group4 ,besides this1 there exist some few ,asiatic members of this family1 very aberrant in their type1 scarcely known and insufficiently examined1 so that possibly they may belong somewhere else4 ,in ,america the tropical genera ,nymphidia and ,lemonias1 extend beyond the ,cancer on the ,atlantic side2 but on the ,pacific side reappears the ,european genus ,nemeobius1 extending into the ,tropics1 and seems to find here its very centre4 ,description of ,new ,species of ,land ,shells4 ,,by ,w4 ,,newcomb1 ,m4,d4 ,helix ,blakeana1 ,newc4 ,hel4 testa unicolor flavido-alba1 rotundato1 semi-globosa1 nitida1 translucida2 umbilico amplo1 profundo et parum obtecto2 apice obtuso2 anfractibus sex1 convexis1 tribus superioribus sub-planis1 reliquiis rapide accrescentibus1 ultimo inflato2 sutura bene impressa2 apertur rotundato-lunare2 peristomate tenue1 ex panso-reflexo cum columell sub-late dilatat1 non adnat4 ,alt4 #g pol41 ,diam maj4 #aa pol41 min4 #a pol4 ,hab4 ,insula ,niphon--,japan1 7teste ,blake74 ,shell uniformly yellowish white1 rounded1 half globular1 shining1 translucent2 umbilicus large1 deep and slightly covered2 apex obtuse2 whorls six1 convex1 the three first nearly on the same plane1 the balance rapidly increasing1 the last swollen2 suture well marked2 aperture roundly lunar2 lip thin1 flatly reflected1 at the columella broadly dilated but not adherent4 ,,note4--,in general form and color1 this species makes a nearer approach to ,h4 candida1 ,moricand1 than to any species with which ,i am acquainted4 ,it varies in the less elevation1 in the form of the spire1 and in some other respects4 ,professor ,blake had remarkable facilities for collecting in ,japan1 but unfortunately the mice proved so destructive to his terrestrial shells1 as to leave him but few specimens as the result of his labor4 ,helix declivis1 ,newc4 ,hel4 testa perspectivo-umbilicata1 lenticulare1 oblique striata1 tenue1 pallide-cornea2 anfr4 ,,iv1 planulatis1 ultimo declivi1 in medio sub-carinato2 sutura sub-canuliculata2 peris4 fragile1 simplici3 apertura obliquo-sub-rotundata4 ,alt4 #a pol41 ,diam4 maj4 #c pol41 min4 #b pol4 ,hab4 ,insula ,niphon1 7,japan74 ,shell perspectively umbilicate1 lenticular1 obliquely striate1 thin1 pale horn color2 whorls four1 planulate1 the last shelving down to the centre1 which is obscurely keeled2 suture channelled2 lip fragile1 simple2 aperture oblique1 almost round4 ,,remarks4--,bears some resemblance to ,h4 ruderata1 ,stud41 a species common in ,europe1 from which it may readily be distinguished by comparison4 ,,note4--,the ,japanese species herein described1 were collected by ,professor ,blake1 in the interior of the ,island of ,niphon1 out of the range permitted to foreign travel4 ,the ,professor1 who was employed by the ,japanese ,government as a special geologist1 had the privilege of penetrating districts not before visited by any scientific or mercantile foreigner4 ,the following species of ,helices were also among those collected3 ,helix peliomphala1 ,pfr41 7,mon4 ,hel4 viv4 ,vol4 #d1 ,sp4 #agfd74 ,h4 quesita1 ,deshayes1 7,reeve's ,mon4 fig4 #acee74 ,h4 ,perryi1 ,jay1 7,perry's ,exped4 ,vol4 #b1 page #bid1 ,plate #e1 fig4 #g1 #h1 #i74 ,h4 ,simoda1 ,jay1 7do4 fig4 #a to #f74 ,some doubt may exist as to the ,h4 quesita being identical with ,h4 ,perryi4 ,but one specimen was preserved1 and this fully agrees with the description and figure of the first named1 but the locality for the species is given as the 8,moluccas40 ,it also agrees 7except in colour7 with ,dr4 ,jay's description1 and also in the very poor figures illustrating the species of ,h4 ,perryi4 ,the only question in my mind is one regarding locality4 ,helix ,cronkhitei1 ,newc4 ,hel4 testa aperta umbilicata1 depressa1 luteo-cornea sub-lente regulariter costulato-striata2 spira depressa-convexa2 sutura excavata2 anfractibus quatuor1 sub-cylindraceis2 umbilica ampla1 sub-perspectiva2 apertura rotundata2 peristomate simplici1 acuto1 marginibus conniventibus4 ,alt4 #ae pol41 ,diam4 maj4 #b pol41 min4 #ae pol4 ,hab4 ,klamath ,valley1 ,oregon1 7,gabb74 ,shell openly umbilicate1 depressed1 yellowish horn colour1 under the glass regularly rib striated2 spire depressed1 a little convex2 suture wide and deep2 whorls four1 rather cylindrical2 umbilicus large1 indistinctly perspective2 aperture rounded2 lip simple1 acute1 margins approximating4 ,,remarks4--,mr4 ,bland may possibly refer to this species as ,h4 striatella1 ,anthony1 which was obtained by ,dr4 ,cooper on the ,pacific side of the ,rocky ,mountains4 7,see addenda to 8,remarks on ,classification1 etc410 #ahfc74 ,this species is certainly distinct from striatella1 by its smaller size1 rib-like costa1 and almost channelled suture4 ,a few specimens were obtained by ,mr4 ,gabb1 of the ,state ,geological ,survey1 in ,klamath ,valley1 which were collected jointly by himself and ,dr4 ,cronkhite1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army4 ,helix ,rowelli1 ,newc4 ,hel4 testa aperta-umbilicata1 orbiculato depressa1 alba1 opaca1 polita1 minutissimo-oblique striata2 anfractibus quatuor vel quinque convexis1 ultimo magno antice deflexo2 spira vix elevata1 apice sub-mamillato2 sutura modice impressa2 apertura fere circulari2 labro tenui1 reflexiusculo1 marginibus continuis ad juncturam2 anfr4 ultimo adnato4 ,alt4 #d pol41 ,diam4 maj4 #f pol41 min4 #e pol4 ,hab4 ,arizona1 7dicto ,frick74 ,shell with open umbilicus1 orbicular1 depressed1 opaque white1 polished1 very finely obliquely striate2 whorls four and a half1 convex1 the last large1 anteriorly descending2 spire but little elevated1 at the apex projecting like a nipple2 suture moderately marked2 aperture truly circular2 lip thin1 slightly reflected1 margins continued1 adhering to the last whirl4 ,,remarks4--,this is another of the ,cyclostomoid species of which ,h4 ,carpenteri1 ,newc41 ,h4 ,crulano1 ,muhl41 and ,h4 ,angasiana1 ,pfr4 form striking examples4 ,our species approaches nearer in lightness of substance and in its depressed form to ,muhlfeldt's shell1 than to either the others4 ,i take pleasure in dedicating this species to the ,rev4 ,m4 ,rowell1 of ,san ,francisco4 ,succinea ,japonica1 ,newc4 ,s4 testa ovato-conica1 flavido-cornea1 lvissima1 striatula1 nitida1 pellucida2 anfractibus ,,iii1 nucleo sane mamillato1 ultimo #de longitudinis fere quante2 apertura elongato-ovali2 peristomate simplici2 columell regulariter arcuata ad juncturam labro superiorem acuto-angulata4 ,long4 #ee1 ,diam4 #ce1 ,apert4 long4 #d1 lata4 #bcc pol4 ,hab4 ,japan1 7,prof4 ,blake74 ,shell ovately-conic1 yellowish horn color1 very smooth1 finely striate1 shining1 pellucid2 whirls three1 nucleus truly mamillate1 the last four-fifths of the entire length2 aperture elongately ovate2 lip simple2 columella regularly arched2 at the juncture of the lip above1 acutely angular4 ,remarks on ,helix ,hillebrandi1 ,newc4 ,at the time of publication of this species1 but a single recent specimen had been obtained1 and that was freed from the epidermis4 ,the statement that the shell was hirsute1 was founded upon the cicatrices observed upon the surface1 ,mr4 ,gabb1 who has recently returned from a trip to ,mariposa1 was successful in finding a few specimens1 by which the diagnosis may be enlarged1 and conjecture resolved into certainty4 ,the whole surface is covered with an epidermis1 of a yellowish brown colour1 thickly studded with slightly curved rigid hairs about one-twentieth of an inch in length4 ,the animal is of a reddish brown color1 with the tentacles of a smoky hue2 tentacular sheaths darker than the body1 which is small1 slender1 finely granulated and unusually long and tapering behind4 ,the shell bears the same relations to ,h4 ,dupetit ,thouarsi1 ,deshayes1 that ,helix infumata1 ,gould1 bear to ,h4 fidelis1 ,gray4 ,in the description of infumata1 an important omission occurs1 owing doubtless to the imperfect condition of the type specimen4 ,in good specimens1 all of the last whirl1 except a circle round the umbilicus1 is covered with very short and thickly studded soft hairs1 feeling harsh when dry1 but velvety to the touch when moistened4 ,achatinella ,alexandri1 ,newc4 ,ach4 testa perforata1 sinistrorsa1 elongato sub-cylindracea1 nitida1 rufo-brunnea1 nigro-elongato-venulato-inosculante picta2 anfr4 ,,vi convexis1 regulariter accrescentibus2 apice obtusiusculo2 sutura modice impressa1 non emarginata2 apertura parva1 sub-ovata2 labro acuto2 columella alba breve1 sub-recta1 truncata1 infra in plicam tortam terminante4 ,long4 #f pol41 ,diam4 #be pol41 ,aper4 long4 #b pol4 #a lata4 ,hab4 ,insula ,sandwich1 7,maui74 ,shell perforated1 left handed1 elongately sub-cylindrical1 shining1 reddish-brown1 with painting of elongate1 inosculating black veins2 whirls six convex1 regularly 7but slowly7 increasing2 apex a little obtuse2 suture moderately impressed1 not emarginate2 aperture small1 sub-ovate2 lip acute2 columella white1 short1 almost straight1 truncate1 terminating by a twisted plait passing within4 ,this species is more cylindrical than any of its congeners1 resembling most ,a4 ,renyi1 ,newc41 which is longer1 not umbilicate1 more pointed at the apex1 with a twisted1 not truncate columella4 ,from venusta and citrina1 ,mighels1 it varies both in form and color4 ,with some varieties of picta it claims analogy only in the general plan of painting4 ,its striking characteristics are its blunt apex1 slightly rounded whorls1 small aperture1 short and white columella1 umbilicus1 and general plan of coloring4 ,a few specimens were collected at an elevation of #g1ejj feet1 on ,west ,maui1 by the ,rev4 ,m4 ,alexander1 to whom the species is dedicated4 ,description of ,new ,species of ,marine ,shells from the ,coast of ,california4 ,,by ,,wm4 ,m4 ,,gabb4 ,the following are a few of the shells collected by ,dr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,cooper1 of the ,state ,geological ,survey1 during his explorations along the coast of this ,state4 ,the specimens are preserved in the collection of the ,survey2 most of them appear to be very rare in a living state1 though ,i have encountered several of them in the later ,tertiary deposits1 especially in the ,post ,pliocene4 ,,murex1 ,linn4 ,s4 ,g4 ,muricidea1 ,swains4 ,m4 ,,barbarensis1 ,g4 ,m4 t4 unicolor1 fusca2 varicibus ,v-,,ix1 haud magnis ad angulum auctis2 varix ultima prlata2 anfractu primo lvi1 anfractibus ,v supra recte truncatis1 infra parum convexis2 tota superficie liris spiralibus et squamosis induta2 apertura subelliptica1 intus lactea2 labio incrassato1 polito2 labro extante1 tuberculis intus ornata2 canali interdum recto1 interdum recurvato4 ,long4 #gg1 lat4 #df1 long4 aper4 #b1 long4 canal #bd4 ,shell small1 brown2 whorl six1 the first smooth1 the remainder angulated1 horizontally or a little concavely truncated above and very slightly convex below the angle2 varices variable1 from five to nine1 usually about six or seven to a whorl1 angular but not very prominent1 except on the angle1 where they are sometimes prolonged into long recurved processes1 in other cases only making a prominent angular tubercle2 the whole surface is covered with strong revolving ribs1 crossed by fine squamose plates2 aperture sub-elliptical1 lips prominent1 white within1 the outer lip with five or six tubercles internally1 last varix forming a broad lateral expansion to the lip2 canal closed1 straight1 or more usually a little recurved4 ,hab4 ,catalina ,island1 #dj fms41 and ,santa ,barbara ,channel1 #bj-cj fms4 ,dr4 ,cooper4 ,nos4 #eae b1 c and d1 ,mollusca1 ,survey ,cabinet4 ,,pleurotoma1 ,lam4 #agii4 ,turris1 ,bolt4 #agih1 not ,turris1 ,hump1 #agig4 ,s4 ,gen4 ,surcula1 ,h4 ,a4 ,ad4 ,p4 ,,perversa1 ,g4 ,p4 t4 sinistra1 unicolor1 rufo-brunnea2 sub-fusiformis2 anfractibus ,,xi vel ,,xii lvibus rotundato-compressis2 apertura angusta1 labio tenui1 acuto4 ,long4 #ab1 lat4 #ce1 long4 aper4 #de4 ,shell sinistral1 elongate sub-fusiform1 apex acute1 sometimes slightly bent1 nuclear whorls two1 very convex1 loosely twisted and white2 whorls1 eleven or twelve1 slightly convex2 color a light reddish brown1 somewhat lighter on the middle of the whorl2 aperture narrow1 canal short1 inner lip moderately encrusted with a white callus1 brown on the outer margin2 columella twisted2 outer lip acute1 sinus rounded1 shallow1 broad and adjoining the suture4 ,hab4 ,catalina ,island1 #fj fms41 ,dr4 ,cooper4 ,also fossil1 not rare1 in the ,p4 ,pliocene at ,san ,pedro4 ,one specimen from that locality is two inches long4 ,no4 #ajbj1 ,mollusca1 ,survey ,cabinet4 ,p4 7,s47 ,,carpenteriana1 ,g4 ,p4 t4 fusiformis2 anfractibus ,,viii1 prope suturam concavis2 tota superficie confertim et spiralitur costulata2 colore aurantiaco1 lineis rufo-brunneis interruptis induta2 apertura angusta2 sinu postico lato1 haud profundo4 ,long4 #b1 lat4 #g1 long4 aper4 #aa4 ,fusiform1 spire high1 acute1 whorls eight1 slightly concave near the suture1 convex below4 ,surface marked by numerous rounded revolving ribs1 sometimes alternating in size1 especially on the lower part of the body whorl4 ,color1 orange with broken revolving bands of a bright reddish brown2 these lines or bands usually occupy the larger ribs1 and are more distant on the middle of the whorl and more closely placed above and below2 they average about a tenth of an inch apart4 ,aperture narrow1 growing proportionally broader in older shells2 canal moderate1 slightly twisted1 inner lip lightly encrusted2 outer lip acute1 sinus broad and shallow4 ,hab4 ,a beach specimen retaining color1 from ,san ,diego1 and a younger dead shell dredged from #abj fms4 by ,dr4 ,cooper4 ,also1 two fossil specimens from ,p4 ,pliocene1 ,santa ,barbara4 ,the finest of these measures long4 #c1 lat4 #aa2 long4 spir4 #af4 ,nos4 #hai and #ajba ,survey ,moll4 ,,clathurella1 ,carpenter4 ,defrancia ,millet1 non ,mll4 ,c4 ,,constricta1 ,g4 ,c4 t4 albida1 solida1 lvis1 sub-fusiformis2 anfr4 ,,vii2 regione infra-suturali haud constricta2 apertura lata1 labio parum incrassato1 labro sub-acuto2 sinu posteriore profundo1 suturam attingente4 ,shell white1 solid1 smooth1 sub-fusiform2 whorls seven1 suddenly constricted at the upper portion1 near the suture2 suture impressed2 body whorls rapidly expanded below the constriction2 aperture wide1 columellar lip encrusted2 canal short2 outer lip acute1 prominent in the middle2 posterior sinus deep1 angular above and adjoining the suture4 ,hab4 ,santa ,catalina ,island1 #hj fms4 ,dr4 ,cooper4 ,no4 #ajee ,mollusca1 ,survey ,cabinet4 ,c4 ,,crystallina1 ,g4 ,c4 t4 parva1 fusiformis2 anfr4 ,,ii lvibus2 anfr4 normalibus ,,iv1 supra oblique planulatis1 infra1 convexiusculis2 superficie minutis et confertim concentricis costulis instructa1 media parte sola excepta1 in qua sunt ,,iii vel ,,iv cost moniliformes2 apertura lata2 labio parum incrassato2 labro crasso1 margine sub-acuto2 sinu postico profundo lato2 colore candidissimo1 nitente4 ,long4 #ce1 lat4 #ac1 long4 aper4 #af4 ,shell small1 fusiform2 nuclear whorls two1 smooth1 normal whorls four1 obliquely truncated above1 angulated1 below the angle somewhat convex2 surface marked by numerous small revolving ribs1 except on the middle of the whorls1 where they are larger1 more distant and ornamented by small nodes2 aperture rather broad2 inner lip lightly encrusted2 outer lip thickened behind1 sub-acute on the margin2 posterior sinus moderately deep1 round and with a polished and thicked margin1 placed close to the suture2 canal very slightly twisted2 color1 a pure white1 polished4 ,hab4 ,catalina ,island1 #dj fms4 ,dr4 ,cooper4 ,no4 #ajeb1 ,mollusca1 ,survey ,cabinet4 ,,daphnella1 ,,hinds4 ,d4 ,,clathrata1 ,g4 ,d4 t4 parva1 fusiformis1 tenuis2 anfr4 ,,iii nucleosis1 lvibus2 anfr4 normalibus ,,iii supra oblique truncatis2 superficie confertim clathrata2 striis radiantibus obsoletis circa basim2 apertura magna2 columella parum tortuosa2 labio parum incrassato2 labro acuto2 sinu postico sub-profundo1 supra acuto1 ad suturam attingente2 colore albido1 sparsim brunueo punctato4 ,long4 #cg1 lat4 #ad1 long4 aper4 #bb4 ,shell small1 fusiform1 thin1 aperture longer than the spire2 nuclear whorls three1 smooth2 normal whorls three or more1 obliquely truncated above1 convex below1 this truncation is partially obsolete on the last whorl2 surface closely clathrate1 except on the lower part of the last whorl where the radiating lines become obsolete2 aperture large1 columella somewhat twisted1 slightly encrusted2 outer lip thin1 acute1 posterior sinus moderately deep and narrow1 adjoining the suture and angular at its upper corner2 color1 brownish white with minute brown spots sparsely scattered1 usually placed on the larger of the revolving ribs4 ,hab4 ,santa ,catalina ,island1 #fj fms4 ,dr4 ,cooper4 ,this little shell looks not unlike the young of ,pleurotoma ,carpenteriana1 supra1 but on a critical comparison1 shows several characters incompatible with such a reference2 the strongest of these is the peculiar shape of the posterior sinus4 ,in addition to this1 the whorls of the present species are much more numerous in proportion to the size1 the first six whorls of ,p4 ,carpenteriana making a shell three or four times the diameter of this one4 ,no4 #ajec1 ,mollusca1 ,survey ,cabinet4 ,,mangelia1 ,,leach4 ,m4 ,,hexagona1 ,g4 ,m4 t4 parva1 fusiformis1 gracilis2 apice sub-acuto2 anfr4 ,,ii lvibus2 anfr4 norma libus ,v1 costis radiantibus ,,vi acutis induta2 tota superficie minute et confertim clathrata2 colore albido1 lineis rufo-brunneis spiralibus fasciato2 apertura angusta2 columella vix tortuosa1 labro acuto2 sinu postico lato1 haud profundo4 ,long4 #cd1 lat4 #a1 long4 aper4 #ae4 ,shells small1 slender1 fusiformis2 spire sub-acute1 nuclear whorls two1 smooth1 normal whorls five1 slightly sub-angular and ornamented by six large acute radiating ribs with broad concave interspaces2 besides these1 the whole surface is cancellated by minute raised lines2 color brownish white ornamented by a few reddish brown revolving bands1 one much larger than the rest1 in the middle of the whorl2 aperture narrow1 columella very slightly twisted2 outer lip acute1 sinus almost obsolete4 ,hab4 one specimen from ,catalina ,island1 #dj fms41 another from the beach at ,monterey4 ,dr4 ,cooper4 ,no4 #dbe1 ,mollusca1 ,survey ,cabinet4 ,,turbonilla1 ,,risso4 ,chemnitzia1 d',orb4 ,t4 ,,gracillima1 ,g4 ,c4 t4 elongata1 gracili1 albida vertice82 anfractibus ,,xi787 subplanatis2 sutura impressa2 costis radiantibus1 circiter ,,xxiii obtusis1 sub-obliquis1 ad basin evanidis2 apertura sub-rotunda2 columella incrassata4 ,long4 #cb81 lat4 #jf1 long aper4 #jd4 ,shell small1 very slender1 long1 white2 vertex broken2 whorls eleven or more1 flattened on the sides2 suture strongly impressed2 ribs about twenty-three1 large1 obtuse1 running from the suture to the margin of the base2 base convexly subtruncated1 smooth2 aperture subcircular2 columella thick4 ,hab4 ,monterey2 a single specimen4 ,dr4 ,cooper4 ,this shell can be readily distinguished by its extremely slender form and the strong1 slightly oblique ribs4 ,,cancellaria1 ,lam4 ,s4 ,gen4 ,narona1 ,h and ,a4 ,ad4 ,c4 7,n47 ,,cooperii1 ,g4 ,c4 t4 subfusiformi2 anfractibus ,,ii lvibus2 anfr4 ,,vii sub-angulatis2 regione infrasuturali excavata1 angulo coronato2 regione infra-angulari oblique costata2 costis circiter ,,xii2 tota superficie concentrice et confertim lirata2 colore luteo lineis fuscis regulariter et concentrice lirato2 canali elongato2 columella vix tortuosa2 plicis ,,ii2 umbilico nullo2 labio parum incrassato2 labro acuto4 ,long4 #bd1 lat4 #aje1 long4 aper4 #abe4 ,broadly subfusiform1 nuclear whorls two1 smooth1 round2 normal whorls seven1 subangulated1 concavely excavated above the angle2 angle acutely tuberculated2 below the angle the surface is ornamented by about twelve slightly oblique ribs1 each rib ending in a tubercle at the upper angle2 the whole surface is ornamented1 besides these ribs1 by small1 closely placed1 revolving ribs2 color yellowish brown crossed by about a dozen brown revolving bands2 these bands usually cover the larger of the concentric ribs2 canal elongate1 columella but slightly twisted2 umbilicus obsolete2 inner lip but slightly encrusted1 bearing two sharp oblique folds2 outer lip acute1 simple4 ,hab4 ,one beach specimen1 ,san ,diego2 another inhabited by a crab1 ,monterey1 #aj fms41 and a fragment much larger than the others1 ,monterey1 #af fms4 ,all collected by ,dr4 ,cooper4 ,no4 #dfc1 ,mollusca1 ,survey ,cabinet4 ,,calliostoma1 ,,swains4 ,zizyphinus1 ,gray4 ,c4 ,,tricolor1 ,g4 ,c4 t4 conica1 spira vix elevata2 anfr4 ,i nucleari1 lvi2 anfr4 ,,vi ad marginem truncatis1 supra declivibus1 infra planulatis2 tota superficie confertim costata2 costis minute granulatis2 colore fulvo1 lineis purpureis albo maculatis1 spiraliter fasciato2 apertura subquadrata1 intus margaritacea2 labio crasso1 labro acuto2 umbilico albo4 ,long4 #de1 lat4 #e1 long4 aper4 #ai1 lat4 aper4 #bd4 ,shell conical1 spire somewhat elevated1 nuclear whorls smooth2 other whorl sloping above1 truncated on the margin1 nearly flat below2 surface marked by numerous1 finely granulated1 revolving ribs2 color yellowish brown1 banded by a variable number of spiral purple lines1 interrupted by white spots2 aperture subquadrate1 nacreous within2 inner lip heavy1 outer lip and base acute1 umbilicus white4 ,hab4 ,san ,pedro1 five alive on the sand shoal2 and ,half ,moon ,bay1 beach2 also ,san ,diego4 ,dr4 ,cooper4 ,also fossil in the ,post ,pliocene1 ,san ,pedro4 ,no4 #fjb1 ,mollusca1 ,survey ,cabinet4 ,the brown lines are variable in number1 the under side of one specimen showing two and of another six of these lines4 ,the granulation of the ribs is arranged in the lines of growth4 ,n4 ,gen4 ,,ptychostylis1 ,g4 ,testa ,calliostomati similis1 conoidea2 spira elevata2 apertura subquadrata2 columella antice truncata1 plicis obliquis duabus induta1 labro acuto1 umbilico nullo4 ,shell resembling ,calliostoma1 ,swains1 7,zizyphinus1 ,gray17 conical not umbilicate1 internally pearly1 spire moderately elevated2 aperture subquadrate2 columella bearing two oblique folds1 the lower of which ends abruptly at the end of the columella2 outer lip and base acute1 smooth or internally striate2 operculum unknown4 ,p4 ,,caffea1 ,g4 ,t4 conoidea1 tenui2 spira elevata2 anfr4 ,i nucleari1 lvi1 anfr4 ,v ad marginem subangulatis1 supra recte declivis1 ultimo infra sub-planato2 sutura valde impressa2 tota superficie concentrice tuberculato costata2 costis circitur ,,xviii ad ult4 anfr42 epidermide flavida2 apertura oblique sub-quadrata1 intus albida4 ,long4 #ee1 lat4 #eh1 long4 aper4 #bf1 lat4 aper4 #bh1 ang4 diverg4 #eh4 ,shell conical1 thin2 spire elevated2 one nuclear whorl1 smooth1 five perfect whorls1 subangulated at the margin1 obliquely flat above2 body whorl very slightly convex at the base2 suture strongly impressed2 surface marked by revolving tubercular ribs1 about eighteen on the body whorl1 one broad one on the margin and about eight or nine on the under side2 these ribs are less numerous on the preceding volutions1 only four can be counted on the upper side of the penultimate whorl2 the tubercles are arranged so as to present an irregular quincunx2 epidermis a rich coffee brown1 darker between the tubercules than on their summits2 aperture obliquely quadrangular1 outer lip and base acute1 internally pearly white1 columella bearing two strong folds1 the lower one of which borders the truncated end and terminates in a faint tubercular enlargement2 behind the columella is a slight groove running from the base to the end of the upper columellar fold4 ,hab4 ,monterey1 #bj fms4 ,dr4 ,cooper4 ,also fossil1 not rare1 in the ,post ,pliocene of ,san ,pedro and ,santa ,barbara1 where some specimens have been found an inch in height4 ,no4 #cee1 ,mollusca1 ,survey ,collection4 ,this shell appears to be allied to the genera ,calliostoma and ,thalotia1 from which it is separated by the peculiar mouth4 ,in the absence of the operculum1 it is impossible to define its position certainly4 ,,emarginula1 ,lam4 ,e4 ,,bella1 ,g4 ,e4 t4 alba1 oblongo-ovalis1 subelevata1 antice parum convexa1 postice excavata1 parte anteriori angustiori2 apice excentrico1 prominente1 parum recurvato2 sinu mediocri2 costis radiantibus circiter ,,xix cum costis minoribus interstitialibus irregularitur alternantibus1 per lineas concentricas clathratis4 ,long4 #ee1 lat4 #cf1 alt4 #bb4 ,shell oblong oval1 somewhat elevated1 narrowest anteriorly2 apex excentric1 posterior1 prominent and somewhat recurved2 outline in front of the apex slightly convex1 from the apex to the posterior margin slightly excavated1 sides descending nearly straight2 sinus moderate1 variable1 situated at the extremity of a strong rib2 surface ornamented by about nineteen large radiating ribs1 with smaller ones interposed1 all crossed by moderately prominent concentric ridges2 color white4 ,locality ,monterey1 ,dr4 ,cooper4 8,two dredged dead40 ,no4 #dff1 ,survey ,mollusca4 ,,gadinia1 ,gray4 ,s4 ,gen4 ,rowellia1 ,cooper4 ,animal tentaculis ultra testam porrectis1 latis1 compressis1 margine anteriori rotundato1 pectinato2 pes mediocris1 circularis4 ,testa ,gadini similis4 ,animal with broad flat tentacles1 rounded and pectinated in front1 projecting beyond the shell2 foot moderate1 round4 ,shell as in ,gadinia4 ,g4 7,r47 ,,radiata1 ,cooper4 ,animal album2 testa sub-circularis2 apex centralis2 color albus vel ex albo virens2 superficies ,,xxx costis radiantibus dichotmis induta1 per lineas concentricas cruciatis2 intus alba vel livida1 margine crenulato2 fovea siphonalis bene impressa1 margo prope extremam foveam parum incisus4 ,long4 #ij1 lat4 #he1 alt4 #de4 ,animal white2 shell sub-circular2 apex central or sub-central2 color white to greenish externally1 internally white1 livid or various shades of a light purple2 surface marked by about thirty radiating and sometimes dichotomous ribs crossed by irregular concentric lines2 internal margin crenulated1 the teeth corresponding to the external ribs2 muscular scar horseshoe-shaped with a little supplementary scar adjoining the left limb2 siponal groove rather strongly impressed1 producing a very faint emargination on the edge of the shell4 ,localities1 ,farallone ,islands1 ,half ,moon ,bay1 ,new ,year's ,point1 ,santa ,barbara and ,santa ,catalina ,islands4 ,cooper and ,rowell4 ,no4 #hbf1 ,mollusca1 ,survey ,cabinet4 ,,tylodina1 ,raf4 8 ,t4 ,,fungina1 ,g4 ,t4 testa sub-elliptica1 elevata2 apice sub-centrali2 epidermide rufo-brunnea1 prope apicem lutea1 ultra marginem test projecta2 intus lutea1 prope marginem crulescens4 ,long4 #ac1 lat4 #aa1 alt4 #e4 ,animal unknown1 shell sub-elliptical1 elevated2 apex sub-central1 blunt2 epidermis reddish brown1 yellowish on and near the apex1 projecting beyond the margin of the shell2 color internally straw yellow1 shading towards the margin into a bluish white4 ,the above measurements are approximate1 making allowance for the epidermis which in the dry specimen is contracted and incurved around the margins to a width of about a tenth of an inch4 ,a single specimen1 fresh1 though without the animal1 was found by ,dr4 ,cooper on the shore of ,santa ,barbara ,island4 ,no4 #iid1 ,mollusca1 ,survey ,cabinet4 ,,circe1 ,schum4 ,s4 ,g4 ,lioconcha1 ,morch4 ,c4 7,l47 ,,newcombiana1 ,g4 ,c4 t4 tenui1 trigono-ventricosa1 polita1 minute et concentrice striata2 apicibus magnis1 subcentralibus2 lunula haud profunda1 cordata1 margine arata2 colore gilvo1 lineis angulatis1 rufis pieto2 intus pallida4 ,long4 #ab1 lat4 #acg1 alt4 #de4 ,shell thin1 trigonally ventricose1 polished1 marked by minute concentric stri2 beaks large1 subcentral2 anterior end prominent1 narrowly rounded1 posterior a little the widest1 base convex2 lunule not excavated1 bounded by an impressed line2 color yellowish white1 variously lined with brown angular lines2 interior whitish2 internal margin smooth2 hinge teeth delicate4 ,hab4 two valves1 ,catalina ,island1 #abj fms4 ,dr4 ,cooper4 ,no4 #ajeh1 ,mollusca1 ,survey ,cabinet4 ,the relative length and width of the two specimens is different1 the smaller specimen not being so convex at the base as the one measured4 ,,yoldia4 ,y4 ,,cooperii1 ,g4 ,y4 t4 tenui1 compressiuscula1 valde inquilaterali1 antice angusta1 postice expansa2 umbonibus minutis1 per positionem anteriorem excentricis2 epidermide olivacea1 nitida2 concentrice et confertim lirata2 liris minutis1 sub lamellosis2 intus lactea2 cicatricibus muscularibus magnis4 ,long4 #abe1 lat4 #bf1 alt4 #be4 ,shell thin1 somewhat compressed1 very inequilateral1 beaks placed about a third of the length from the anterior end1 minute2 anterior end narrow1 sub-acuminate1 posterior end broadly rounded2 base most prominent just posterior to the middle of the shell2 surface sculptured by numerous small concentric ribs1 rarely dichotomous or anastomosing on the widest part of the shell2 these ribs are flat and abruptly truncated on the side nearest the beak1 giving the surface1 under a glass1 the appearance of an overlapping4 ,epidermis shining1 olivaceous2 internally a bluish white2 muscular scars large1 the anterior triangular1 posterior a third the largest1 broadly suboval4 ,a single fresh valve was found on the beach at ,santa ,cruz1 ,cal41 by ,dr4 ,cooper4 ,earthquakes in ,california during #ahfd4 ,,by ,,dr4 ,,john ,b4 ,,trask4 ,,feb4 #bf,,th1 #j h4 #dj m4--,a light shock of earthquake at ,san ,francisco4 ,at #e h4 #de m4 a smart shock1 having three distinct vibrations4 ,on the day previous1 an 8,electric ,storm0 prevailed between ,visalia1 ,tulare ,co41 and ,los ,angeles1 which was very violent in its effects on the telegraph lines4 ,on the #bgth1 a heavy 8,norther0 commenced and continued till the eve of the #bhth4 ,this earthquake was felt at ,san ,jos1 fifty miles south1 at the same hour1 and was marked by two very smart shocks following each other in quick succession4 ,,march #e,,th1 #h h4 #di m4--,a smart shock of earthquake at ,san ,francisco4 ,the earthquake began at the above hour4 ,the first wave was in a direction north and south1 and lasted one and three-fourths seconds4 ,nearly one and a half seconds elapsed before the second shock1 which occurred at forty-nine minutes1 three seconds past eight o'clock1 and had a duration of one and one-half seconds4 ,the motion in this shock was rotatory4 ,magnetism was not suspended in this nor either of the other shocks1 this year4 ,the total length of time included in this earthquake1 was nearly #e seconds4 ,these observations were made at the height of #bj feet #d inches above the ground1 but persons situated at a greater height felt the vibrations longer and more severely4 ,we have brief details of this earthquake from ,santa ,rosa1 at the north1 to ,santa ,cruz at the south1 and from ,stockton at the east1 for which we acknowledge our obligations to the ,telegraph ,company4 ,at ,santa ,rosa it occurred at #h h4 #ej m4 the shock was light4 ,at ,petaluma #h h4 #ej m41 also light4 ,at ,stockton about #i h41 shock was severe4 ,at ,santa ,clara #h h4 #dj m41 the shocks were very severe4 ,the church spires waved to and fro1 and the earthquake is reported to have continued over two minutes1 with light vibrations between the heavier waves4 ,at ,santa ,cruz no time is given4 ,,march #aj,,th1 #ad h4 #h m4--,a light shock was felt in ,san ,francisco4 0 0 #af h4 #cj m4--,another shock at ,san ,francisco1 marked by two distinct vibrations and lasting three and one-half seconds4 ,,march #bj,,th1 #bc h4 #de m4--,a light shock of earthquake having four distinct tremors1 and occupying a little more than three seconds4 ,,march #bb;,d1 #ac h4 #j m4--,a smart shock was felt at ,stockton1 causing some little commotion4 ,,may #bj,,th1 #ah h4 #a m4--,a light shock of earthquake at ,san ,francisco4 ,at ,stockton the shock was quite severe and occurred nine minutes later4 ,at ,san ,jos it also was very sharp4 ,at ,napa the earthquake1 which was quite severe at this place1 occurred at #ah h4 #eg m4 ,at ,sacramento the shocks occurred at #ah h43 and was very severe4 ,there were two distinct waves felt at this locality4 ,this earthquake was felt as far north as ,long ,valley1 in ,mendocino ,county1 and was followed by two loud reports like artillery1 almost instantly4 ,,june #f,,th1 #aa h4 #g m4--,a light shock of earthquake at ,san ,francisco4 ,,june #bb;,d1 #bj h4 #ec m4--,a smart shock of earthquake at ,san ,francisco1 consisting of three distinct waves and a profound low rumbling sound4 ,each of the shocks were marked by a peculiar abruptness1 like sudden sharp jolts4 ,they were followed by a series of lessening tremors which gradually died away4 ,this earthquake was felt as far north as ,healdsburg1 7about #hj miles distant71 at ,napa1 at ,pacheco1 at ,stockton1 and at ,san ,jos1 south of this city fifty-two miles1 making a distance of one hundred and thirty-two miles1 north and south1 over which its influence was well marked4 ,,july #e,,th1 #bj h4 #c m4--,an earthquake at ,san ,francisco1 not severe2 this consisted of four distinct vibrations occurring during a period of seven minutes4 ,the second vibration and the longest lasted nineteen seconds4 ,the shortest vibration was six seconds in length4 ,the elapsed time between the waves varied from forty seconds to one and one-fourth minutes4 ,,july #ba,,st1 #b h4 #g m4--,a smart shock was felt at ,san ,francisco4 0 0 #bb h4 #dj m4 #ch s4--,a very smart shock of earthquake at ,san ,francisco1 consisting of two waves at four seconds apart4 ,the direction of the motion was north thirteen degrees east4 ,the displacement was one and a fourth inches1 at twenty feet four inches from the ground4 ,pendulum suspension eighteen inches4 ,the earthquake was experienced at ,san ,jos at the same hour1 and consisted of four strong shocks4 ,at ,stockton the earthquake was severe1 and took place twelve minutes later than at this city4 ,the earthquake was felt at ,los ,angeles1 but was not very heavy4 ,no time is given from this latter locality4 ,,july #be,,th1 #bc h4 #ef m4--,a shock of earthquake at ,los ,angeles4 ,,aug4 #ag,,th1 #bb h4 #ci m4--,a light shock of earthquake at ,nevada and vicinity4 ,,aug4 #ah,,th1 #e h4 #ah m4--,a very strong shock of earthquake was experienced at ,grass ,valley and ,nevada1 which threw down a wall of stone and brick in the well of ,dr4 ,fellows4 ,this earthquake was felt at ,gibsonville at the north and at ,marysville to the west2 at the latter locality it was twelve minutes later than at ,grass ,valley4 ,,sept4 #f,,th1 #aj h4 #c m4--,a shock of earthquake at ,san ,francisco4 ,,sept4 #bj,,th1 #aa h4 #j m4--,a light shock of earthquake at ,san ,jos2 it was observed at the ,mission ,dolores4 ,,sept4 #bg,,th1 #aj h4 #cb m4--,a heavy shock at ,mission ,san ,juan1 ,monterey ,co4 ,,oct4 #f,,th1 #ba h4 #i m4--,a smart shock of earthquake at ,san ,francisco4 ,,oct4 #ad,,th1 #a h4 #h m4--,two heavy shocks of earthquake were felt at ,mission ,san ,juan1 and another severe shock at #aj h4 #be m41 the movement was from west to east4 ,,dec4 #aa,,th1 #bj h4 #eb m4--,a shock of earthquake at ,san ,francisco4 ,this shock was felt at ,san ,jos at #bj h4 #ea m41 and was evidently more severe there than at ,san ,francisco4 ,during #ahfd1 we have had twenty-one days on which earthquakes have occurred1 and of at number there have been two days1 7,march #ajth and ,july #bast7 in which more than one shock has taken place within the twenty-four hours of each day4 ,the ,british ,colonist1 of ,victoria1 ,vancouver ,island1 furnishes the following statement3 ,from a gentleman who has resided on ,vancouver ,island for #ae years1 we learn that slight earthquakes have occurred annually1 with one or two exceptions1 during the entire period4 ,only on one occasion 7#aheh7 does he remember experiencing a shock at all approaching in severity that of ,saturday morning1 ,october #bith #ahfd4 ,the oscillation1 as on this last occasion1 has almost invariably been from west to east3 and he accounts for this1 by supposing that the internal convulsion of the earth beneath1 has to find vent in the crater of ,mount ,baker1 situated to the east of us4 ,this volcano has not had any visible eruption for several years4 ,on the last occasion1 it sent up a dense volume of smoke1 and occasionally a bright flame was seen to issue from the fiery furnace4 ,another old resident informs us1 that the appearance of the summit of ,mount ,baker has undergone a material change within late years1 giving room for the conjecture that large portions have crumbled away and descended into the yawning abyss of the crater which lies between the two highest peaks4 ,relating to earthquakes at ,san ,francisco and its immediate vicinity1 we have an item of interesting information relating to their effects at the ,farrallones ,islands1 situated some fifteen miles to the west of the city4 ,it appears1 upon the testimony of the lighthouse-keeper at these ,islands1 and who has resided there for several years1 7seven or eight71 that but two of the whole number occurring at this city1 have been felt at the ,islands1 and of these he made an official record4 ,the first was the shock of ,dec4 #bc;d1 #ahfb1 and that of ,june #bb;d1 #ahfd4 ,from #aheg to date1 we have seven years1 during which time twenty-five shocks have been authenticated at ,san ,francisco1 while two only of the number have been felt at the above locality west of the city4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,jan4 #af,,th1 #ahfe4 ,dr4 ,kellogg in the chair4 ,twelve members present4 ,mr4 ,melville ,attwood was elected a resident member4 ,a communication was read from ,rev4 ,j4 ,m4 ,neri1 acknowledging his election2 also one from ,m4 ,le ,normand4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,feb4 #f,,th1 #ahfe4 ,president in the chair4 ,fourteen members present4 ,mr4 ,charles ,f4 ,hoffman was elected a resident member4 ,prof4 ,j4 ,d4 ,dana1 of ,yale ,college1 was elected a ,corresponding member4 ,prof4 ,w4 ,p4 ,blake communicated the following3 ,new ,mineral ,oil ,regions in the ,tulare ,valley4 ,,by ,,william ,p4 ,,blake4 ,recent examinations of prospecting parties1 have added largely to the well-known oil-bearing portions of the ,state4 ,a district some sixty miles in length1 on the inner slopes of the ,coast mountains1 towards the ,tulare ,valley1 has been found to abound in oil springs1 or indications of oil4 ,oil exudes from the surface in large quantities1 and collects rapidly in small pits sunk by prospectors4 ,the soil about these pits is very black and saturated with oil4 ,the gases escaping from this soil are inflammable1 and many of the prospectors have been startled to see flames spreading over the ground1 beyond their camp fires4 ,in digging pits about these springs1 large quantities of bones of various kinds have been thrown out1 and all are wonderfully well preserved4 ,these bones appear chiefly those of the horse1 deer1 and elk1 though there are many others which ,i have not been able to recognize4 ,the teeth of the horse1 sent to me1 are of unusual size1 and induce the question1 whether they are not of greater antiquity than the present race of horses4 ,i am assured that the variety of bones and teeth of many kinds is very great4 ,the oil found gives an excellent article for lubricating purposes1 and must be very similar to the oil found near ,zanesville1 ,ohio1 according to the descriptions given of the latter4 ,note upon the occurrence of ,sphene in the ,granite of the ,sierra ,nevada4 ,,by ,,william ,p4 ,,blake4 ,sphene1 in small hair-brown or amber-colored crystals1 appears to be abundantly distributed in the granite of the ,sierra ,nevada4 ,it may be found at the sources of the ,american ,river1 in the exposures of granite about ,slippery ,ford1 and other points1 and upon the ,mokelumne ,river1 further south4 ,the crystals are seldom more than the thirty second part of an inch in diameter1 and are not conspicuous1 but may be found in almost any specimen of the rocks4 ,it appears1 that this mineral is also of common occurrence in the granite of the ,british ,islands4 ,in a report to the ,british ,association1 7#ahfc7 upon the composition of the granite of ,donegal1 it is stated1 that the rock contains1 almost universally1 small crystals of sphene1 in some varieties so abundantly1 as to induce the authors of the ,report to term it 8sphene granite40 ,it is also observed that this mineral has long been known to exist in the granite of parts of ,scotland1 and in that of ,galway4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,february #bj,,th1 #ahfe4 ,dr4 ,kellogg in the chair4 ,ten members present4 ,discussion as to various matters pertaining to ,natural ,history4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,march #f,,th1 #ahfe4 ,president in the chair4 ,twelve members present4 ,william ,hillebrand1 ,m4 ,d41 of ,honolulu1 ,s4 ,i41 was elected a corresponding member4 ,donations to the ,cabinet3 ,dr4 ,behr1 in behalf of ,mr4 ,smith1 presented a curiously formed chicken1 having four legs4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,march #bj,,th1 #ahfe4 ,president in the chair4 ,twelve members present4 ,mr4 ,otto ,schmidt and ,dr4 ,e4 ,cohn were elected resident members4 ,donations to the ,library3 ,descriptions of new species of ,birds2 presented by the author1 ,mr4 ,george ,n4 ,lawrence4 ,catalogue of the ,college of ,california1 #ahfd-e2 ,proceedings of the ,essex ,institute1 ,vol4 #d1 ,no4 #d2 ,supplementary ,catalogue of the ,library ,company at ,philadelphia2 ,proceedings of the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences of ,philadelphia1 for ,september and ,october1 #ahfd4 ,dr4 ,behr read the following letters from ,major ,preiss1 of ,mazatlan1 as to the efficacy of the ,euphorbia prostrata1 as a remedy for the bite of the rattlesnake and venomous insects3 ,euphorbia ,prostrata as a remedy for the bite of venomous animals4 ,,by ,,major ,,edward ,,preiss4 ,mazatlan1 ,january #gth1 #ahfe4 444,i send you herewith a sample of ,gollindrinera1 7,spanish17 ,euphorbia prostrata1 7,linn47 ,it is found growing in the territories of ,new ,mexico and ,arizona1 in the ,united ,states1 and the provinces of ,sonora and ,sinaloa1 in ,mexico4 ,in ,jalisco this plant is more scarce1 and occurs mostly in a poor condition4 ,it thrives in hard1 sandy or stony soil1 and therefore is most frequently found on roadsides1 in the streets of villages and in house-yards4 ,in ,mazatlan ,i found a plant with branches1 measuring two feet4 ,it is a remedy against the bites of snakes and other venomous animals4 ,during my voyage in ,new ,mexico1 ,i camped on the #eth of ,june1 #ahfd1 at noon1 between ,cubera and ,pawate1 near a waterhole4 ,a ,pueblo-,indian approached me1 and entered into a conversation4 ,he could read and write ,spanish1 and was very well versed on the map of the country4 ,noticing a snake in the waterhole1 ,i asked him whether there were many rattlesnakes in those parts1 to which he gave an affirmative answer4 ,on questioning him whether ,indians frequently died from snake-bites1 he answered3 8,no1 as they have an antidote against the poison40 ,at my request1 accompanied by a gift of some cigarritos1 he brought me a plant1 which he gathered from the roadside1 and which he called 8,gollindrinera40 ,he told me that nobody ever died1 not even from the bite of a rattlesnake1 if this plant was applied in time4 ,at the same time he told how it was used4 ,in ,mexico ,i also found the country people well acquainted with the property of this plant4 ,they apply it when their domestic animals are injured by venomous amphibia or insects4 ,the branches and roots of this plant contain a quantity of a milky sap4 ,this is obtained by pounding and squeezing the plant1 and is given to the patient in doses of about one drachm4 ,the remaining fibres of the pressed-out plant are externally applied on the wound4 ,the dose is repeated every hour1--or in aggravated cases1 every half hour1--until the patient feels relieved2 which will occur in a few hours4 ,the external application must be frequently renewed4 ,i ascertained from reliable authority1 that two dogs1 being bitten by rattlesnakes1 were cured1 one after four1 and the other after six repetitions of the dose4 ,the poultice was frequently changed4 ,both dogs were perfectly restored within twenty-four hours4 ,tepic1 ,march #bhth1 #ahfe4 444,myself and companion arrived on the #adth of ,march1 #ahfe1 at #c o'clock ,p4 ,m41 at ,san ,blas4 ,in the evening1 our faces1 necks and hands were badly bitten by myriads of sandflies4 ,the sting of these flies is exceedingly painful1 and the effects of them last for several days4 ,every person visiting ,san ,blas will not easily forget these insects2 each sting produces a reddish swelling1 which hardens after awhile1 and sometimes remains for eight days and more4 ,we left ,san ,blas on the #aeth of ,march1 at #a4cj ,a4 ,m41 and arrived at #e ,p4 ,m4 at ,tepic4 ,the fly-bites were excruciatingly painful4 ,on the #afth we used liquid ammoniac to allay our suffering1 but without result4 ,in the forenoon of the #agth ,i found two small ,gollindrinera plants in the streets of ,tepic2 ,i pulled it1 roots and all1 from the ground1 broke them into several parts1 and rubbed the milky juice over my sores4 ,in half an hour all the pain had left4 ,not being able to find any more of the plants1 my companion had to suffer for several days longer2 which proves1 however1 that my relief from the tormenting pain was directly to be credited to the medical virtue of the ,gollindrinera4 ,during my lengthened stay among the natives of ,australia1 ,i observed that no black man ever died from the bite of a venomous reptile1--excepting always the dead-adder1 7bothrops7--while a white man seldom escaped death4 ,the remedy of the blacks is very simple1 consisting merely in sucking out the wound1 and in keeping awake the patient for at least twenty-four to forty-eight hours4 ,the dead adder 7bothrops7 of ,australia is probably the most poisonous reptile4 ,a black man1 if bitten by this snake1 will be abandoned to death by his friends1 they being sure that help is out of the question4 ,i witnessed once the death of a victim of the dead-adder4 ,i read in an ,australian paper1 that a white boy1 who was bitten in the finger by a dead-adder1 had so much presence of mind1 as to chop it off with his pocket-knife4 ,the finger had afterwards to be regularly amputated1 but the boy's life was saved4 ,an interesting discussion occurred as to the characteristics of various species of trees4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,april #c;,d1 #ahfe4 ,president in the chair4 ,nine members present4 ,donations to the ,library3 ,col4 ,ransom presented a bound copy of ,vols4 ,i and ,,ii of the ,society's ,proceedings4 ,dr4 ,kellogg exhibited from the ,academy's herbarium1 accompanied by a drawing and description1 a new species of ,pentachta1 very abundant on the dry hills of ,marin ,county--,pentachta purpurea of ,kellogg4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,april #ag,,th1 #ahfe4 ,dr4 ,behr in the chair4 ,seven members present4 ,mr4 ,stearns made some remarks1 and offered an appropriate resolution on the death of ,president ,lincoln1 which was ordered to be spread upon the ,minutes1 after which the meeting adjourned4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,may #a,,st1 #ahfe4 ,president in the chair4 ,ten members present3 ,messrs4 ,kennicott1 ,dall and other gentlemen connected with the ,russian ,american ,telegraph ,expedition as visitors4 ,donations to the ,cabinet3 ,specimens of native copper and native silver from the ,copper ,falls ,mine1 ,keewenaw ,point1 ,lake ,superior1 presented by ,mr4 ,stearns4 ,donations to the ,library3 ,four volumes of the ,congressional ,globe3 ,finance ,report1 #ahfd2 ,report on the ,foreign and ,domestic ,commerce of the ,united ,states2 ,patent ,office ,report1 7,agriculture17 #ahfc2 from the ,hon4 ,john ,conness4 ,embryology of the ,star ,fish1 by ,alexander ,agassiz1 presented by the author2 ,annual ,report of the ,museum of ,comparative ,zoology of ,cambridge2 ,proceedings of the ,essex ,institute1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 #ahfj-fc2 ,silliman's ,journal for ,march1 #ahfe2 ,proceedings of the ,american ,academy of ,arts and ,sciences4 ,the following was received from ,prof4 ,w4 ,h4 ,brewer1 in reference to the occurrence of fossils in the auriferous slates of ,california3 ,occurrence of ,fossils in the ,auriferous ,slates of ,california4 ,,by ,,prof4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,brewer4 ,i find in published ,proceedings of the ,academy1 just received1 that some remarks ,i made at the meeting of ,october #c;d1 #ahfd1 were not published1 that ,i wish recorded4 ,in the discussion on the occurrence of fossils in the auriferous rocks of ,california1 ,i stated that fossils had been found by the ,geological ,survey1 in the rocks associated with gold1 along a line nearly #cjj miles in length1 extending from ,pitt ,river to the ,mariposa ,estate2 that the associated rocks of similar age1 bearing gold1 had been traced upwards of #eej miles in the ,sierra ,nevadas1 and that ,jurassic fossils had been found in the 8auriferous slates10 along a belt of #bjj miles of this distance1 and that both ,jurassic and ,triassic fossils had been found in considerable numbers near and in ,genesee ,valley1 ,plumas ,co4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,may #ae,,th1 #ahfe4 ,president in the chair4 ,eight members present4 ,mr4 ,john ,klippart1 of ,columbus1 ,ohio1 was elected a corresponding member4 ,dr4 ,kellogg called the attention of the ,academy to the nother graciliflora1 with a variety of the same4 ,mr4 ,bolander made some remarks upon the isolated position of the ,red-woods upon the hills back of ,oakland4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,june #e,,th1 #ahfe4 ,president in the chair4 ,eleven members present4 ,dr4 ,c4 ,t4 ,jackson1 ,r4 ,kennicott1 and ,w4 ,h4 ,dall1 visitors4 ,donations to the ,cabinet3 ,marine shells from the neighborhood of ,hong ,kong1 by ,mr4 ,stearns4 ,donations to the ,library3 ,notes on the habits of some species of ,humble ,bees1 and the ,humble ,bees of ,new ,england1 by ,f4 ,w4 ,putnam and ,a4 ,s4 ,packard1 ,jr41 presented by the authors2 ,proceedings of the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences of ,philadelphia1 for ,november and ,december1 #ahfd4 ,messrs4 ,kennicott and ,dall made some remarks on the workings of the ,essex ,institute4 ,dr4 ,jackson spoke of the progress and condition of the ,boston ,society of ,natural ,history4 ,dr4 ,jackson also mentioned the discovery by him1 in the ,mammoth ,mining ,district1 near ,austin1 ,nevada1 of ,tungstate of manganese and ,tungstate of lime4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,june #ai,,th1 #ahfe4 ,president in the chair4 ,nine members present4 ,donations to the ,cabinet3 ,specimen of coral from the ,farallone ,islands1 by ,mr4 ,hubbard2 ,specimens of silver and copper ores and cinnibar from ,mexico1 by the ,editor of ,la ,voz de ,mejico2 ,skull of the ,sea-otter1 7dug out of the sand near the ,cliff ,house17 by ,mr4 ,daniel ,e4 ,webb2 ,fibrous bark from ,china1 by ,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,mc,nulty4 ,donations to the ,library3 ,notes on the ,genus ,gundlachia and of the fossil crab of ,gay ,head1 by ,dr4 ,wm4 ,stimpson2 ,proceedings of the ,philadelphia ,academy of ,natural ,sciences for ,january1 ,february and ,march1 #ahfe2 ,silliman's ,journal1 ,may1 #ahfe2 ,annual ,report of the ,museum of ,comparative ,zoology of ,cambridge2 ,report of the ninth census ,of the ,u4,s4 ,mr4 ,hubbard presented the following paper from ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,pease1 of ,honolulu3 ,on the existence of an ,atoll near the west coast of ,america1 and proof of its elevation4 ,,by ,w4 ,,harper ,,pease1 ,,of ,,honolulu1 ,h4 ,i4 ,having read an interesting paper by ,dr4 ,blake1 in a late number of the ,proceedings ,california ,academy1 on the proofs of a recent elevation of the coast of ,california1 it occurred to me that ,i had in my note book1 information unpublished on the same subject4 ,as it lies within the field occupied by your ,academy1 ,i furnish it herewith for publication4 ,my information was gathered from a ,journal kept by ,lieut4 ,griswold1#aa 7a young gentleman of scientific taste1 and a close and accurate observer17 during a cruise off the west coast of ,mexico1 in search of guano4 ,among the islands visited1 was 8,clipperton ,rock10 which is the locality ,i refer to4 ,before giving any extract1 ,i will state what was known of the island4 ,it is situated in ,lat4 #aj #ag' ,n41 ,long4 #aji #ai' ,w41 and was discovered by ,capt4 ,clipperton1 in #agje4 ,he appears to have sighted only the tall volcanic rock1 which stands near the south end of the island1 and passed on without learning of the existence of the island4 ,it appears not to have been noticed again for more than a century1 so that its position1 and even its existence was doubted4 ,the only published account of its having been visited since1 are those by ,capt4 ,benj4 ,morrell#ab and ,sir ,edward ,belcher4#ac ,the former called there during a sealing voyage1 in #ahbe1 and gives a meagre account of it in a few lines1 remarking1 that 8it produces a little shrubbery and some coarse grass1 among which1 ,i think1 fresh water might be found by digging4 ,among the few vegetable productions of this island1 we found a plant resembling sarsaparilla1 which badly poisoned several of the crew who handled it40 ,sir ,edward ,belcher1 during his surveying expedition1 wishing to verify the existence and position of the island1 searched and found it4 ,he did not land1 but gives the result of his examination from the mast-head4 ,with other remarks1 he states that 8it is a coral lagoon island1 three miles long ,n4 and ,s41 and the same ,e4 and ,w4 ,there are two entrances1 both on the weather side1 which at high-water may be safe1 but at the moment we passed1 the surf was too heavy and the reflux showed the rocks bare4 ,on the beach several large trees were observed1 but no living trees were seen40 7,may #h1 #ahci47 ,lieutenant ,griswold notes in his journal1 as follows3 8,on the #fth of ,august1 #ahfa1 we lay on our oars1 just outside the breakers on the ,n4 ,e4 side4 ,at half past six we were ashore1 shooting in on a high roller1 which left us high and dry upon the beach1 with a hole stove in our bow4 ,the beach was covered with drift wood1 and while the crew were collecting it1 ,i started to examine the island4 8,upon every side it is girdled by a broad barrier of coral1 about fifteen feet above the level of the ocean4 ,there is no entrance to the lagoon1 neither does it communicate with the ocean by subterranean passages1 as the water inside is fresh and potable4 ,it is slightly brackish1 but will appease thirst4 ,the #8,,rock' is a ragged pile of volcanic formation1 on the south end of the island1 gray and splashed over with the deposit of the birds4 ,it is cracked and split in every possible direction1 here and there shooting into tottering pinnacles4 ,as you wander through the caverns and clefts1 with which it is perforated1 there is an incessant splashing and dropping of water4 ,on the very topmost pinnacle1 which ,i reached after a hard climb1 ,i found a little basin containing a couple of buckets full4 ,the caverns were dreary looking places1 dark and wet1 and echoing to the hoarse cries of the sea-birds4 ,the rock1 on its sides1 is rounded and smoothed by the action of the waves1 at some long past time1 and in many places #8the walls are crusted with coral4' 8,the highest pinnacle of the rock is about #abj feet high1 and it covers1 ,i should think1 about two acres4 ,it stands on the edge of the lagoon1 or rather within it1 being connected with the coral barrier only by a narrow isthmus of coral clinker4 ,between this rock and the sea1 however1 the barrier1 instead of being as elsewhere1 a solid platform of coral1 is only a heap of fragments1 piled in winrows by the waves1 #bej or #cjj yards in width4 ,the lagoon is a quiet fresh water pond1 two miles long and about one broad1 with a long spit of mud running out into the middle of it1 but elsewhere of a light green color1 which seemed to indicate a considerable depth4 ,its shores are abrupt1 the coral platform in most places projecting out over water of a considerable depth4 ,i did not find the least sign of vegetable life upon the island4 8,the only plant#ad seen1 grew in considerable quantities in the lagoon1 which ,i pulled out of the water1 where it was growing4 ,there is nothing but a coral platform1 coral clinker and coral sand4 ,we found nothing to detain us and left the island on the afternoon of the day on which we landed40 ,mr4 ,darwin1 on his remarks on the geographical distribution of reef-building corals1 states that he could find no evidence of their living on or near the west coast of ,america1 and consequently discredits the statement made by ,sir ,edward ,belcher2 for after examining a ,ms4 chart of ,clipperton ,rock1 at the ,admiralty ,office1 drawn by ,sir ,edward1 came to the conclusion that it was more of the shape of a crater4 ,the ,island is1 however1 a true ,atoll and has been elevated at least #ajj feet4 ,it must have been closed since #ahci1 and the freshening of the water has probably been caused by rain4 ,we may also add1 that it stands within the limits of reef building corals1 as deduced by ,mr4 ,dana1 from tables of the temperature of the sea1 and consequently is confirmatory of his opinion4 ,we might add other facts in support of ,mr4 ,dana's theory1 but from other parts of the ,pacific4 #aa ,lieut4 ,griswold was killed at the head of his regiment1 gallantly leading them into action1 at the battle of ,antietam4 #ab ,a narrative of four voyages to the ,south ,seas1 c41 by ,capt4 ,benj4 ,morrell4 ,n4 ,y41 #ahcb1 page #bai4 #ac ,narrative of a voyage round the world in ,h4 ,m4 ,s4 ,sulphur1 by ,capt4 ,sir ,edward ,belcher4 ,london1 #ahdc4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 page #bai4 #ad ,specimens of the plant referred to by ,mr4 ,pease1 were received by the ,academy4 ,discussion as to the adaptation of certain semi-tropical plants to the climate of ,california4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,july #c1 #ahfe4 ,president in the chair4 ,eight members present4 ,prof4 ,john ,torrey1 ,r4 ,kennicott ,w4 ,h4 ,dall1 ,horace ,mann1 and ,capt4 ,wright1 visitors4 ,donations to the ,cabinet3 ,a collection of ,rocky ,mountain plants1 by ,mr4 ,bolander4 ,general discussion as to the motions of the ,flying-fish4 ,remarks by ,mr4 ,kennicott and ,dr4 ,behr upon the relation of the ,esquimaux to the ,north ,american ,indians4 ,dr4 ,behr stated that the ,esquimaux could be considered only as a kind of ,indians1 their language being of the same structure1 and their different habits were owing to physical influences4 ,he further stated1 that the ,esquimaux lived formerly farther south4 ,mr4 ,kennicott remarked1 that from his observations and information derived from ,madam ,roshkin and from ,st4 ,zagoshins' ,report1 he believed the natives1 for some hundreds of miles up the ,kvichpak or ,yonkon ,river1 were ,esquimaux rather than ,indians4 ,dr4 ,torrey stated1 that he found on a trip to the ,yosemite ,valley1 a plant that he described twenty years ago1 and which he had not since seen in the collections examined by him4 ,he named the plant1 finding it to be a new genus ,kelloggia2 the plant is quite common in the valley and vicinity1 and belongs to the family of ,rubiace2 the aspect of the plant is1 in regard to its ramification1 much like that of a ,galium1 while its leaves and their arrangement resemble an ,epilobium4 ,it was first discovered by some member of ,com4 ,wilke's ,expedition1 somewhere along or near the ,sacramento ,river4 ,dr4 ,torrey also stated that he found ,sarcodes ,sanguinea1 7,torrey71 the ,snow-plant of the ,californians1 to be apparently indifferent as to what plant it fixes itself or derives its nourishment from2 he found its fibre penetrating into the root of a ,rumex1 and not as has been supposed into the roots of ,sequoia gigantea4 ,he also spoke of the great beauty and fragrance of the ,california ,white ,lily1 7,lilium ,washingtonianum17 and of its being quite common in the vicinity of the ,yosemite ,valley4 ,its habits are much like that of the common white lily1 7,lilium candidum74 ,this evening1 at #g o'clock1 a magnificent rainbow was observed1 the colors of which were unusually vivid4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,july #ag,,th1 #ahfe4 ,president in the chair4 ,ten members present4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,august #g,,th1 #ahfe4 ,president in the chair4 ,nine members present3 ,dr4 ,c4 ,t4 ,jackson1 visitor4 ,donations to the ,cabinet3 ,three boxes of shells2 ,duplicate fossils of the ,u4 ,s4 ,exploring ,expedition2 ,types of ,dana's ,geology2 ,fossils from the ,upper ,missouri2 ,miscellaneous fossils of the ,united ,states1 received from the ,smithsonian ,institution2 ,trachytic porphyry from the 8,basalt0 ,cliff1 three miles from the ,big ,tree ,grove1 ,calaveras1 presented by ,dr4 ,jackson4 ,donations to the ,library3 ,annual ,report of the ,museum of ,comparative ,zoology of ,cambridge1 #ahfd2 ,proceedings of the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences of ,philadelphia1 for ,january1 ,february and ,march1 #ahfe2 ,proceedings of the ,american ,academy of ,arts and ,sciences1 ,june-,september1 #ahfd2 ,review of ,american ,birds1 by ,prof4 ,s4 ,f4 ,baird2 ,proceedings of ,albany ,institute2 ,the ,law of ,increase and the ,structure of ,man1 by ,f4 ,a4 ,liharyik2 ,oration and ,poem delivered at the ,commencement of the ,college of ,california2 ,proceedings of the ,royal ,horticultural ,society of ,london2 ,meteorological ,results1 ,toronto1 #ahfj-b2 ,magnetical ,abstracts1 ,toronto1 #ahed-fj1 #ahef-fb4 ,dr4 ,ayres remarked the appearance of a species of ,barracouta1 7,sphyrena ,argentea17 on the coast of ,california1 off ,point ,conception4 ,dr4 ,c4 ,t4 ,jackson read the following paper1 relative to the ,big ,trees of ,calaveras ,county4 ,,measurements ,,of ,,the ,,height ,,and ,,circumference ,,of ,,twenty-,,five ,,of ,,the 8,,big ,,trees10 7,,sequoia ,,gigantea17 ,,in ,,calaveras ,,county1 ,,by ,,dr4 ,,charles ,t4 ,,jackson ,,and ,,mr4 ,,joseph ,b4 ,,meader1 ,,august #b;,d ,,and #c;,d1 #ahfe4 ,instruments made use of3-- #a4 ,sir ,h4 ,douglass' ,reflecting ,semicircle2 7,cary74 #b4 ,a ,reflecting ,level2 made by ,j4 ,h4 ,temple1 of ,boston4 #c4 ,a common ,measuring ,tape4 ,the horizontal point was fixed upon each tree1 and the angle measured by the ,reflecting ,semicircle1 and protracted by it4 ,the circumference of the trees was measured above the swell of the roots1 about six feet1 where the stem takes its proper form4 ,several measurements1 originally made with too high an angle1 were taken over again with a longer base1 so as to avoid the error of refraction in the glasses of the mirrors4 ,we trust1 therefore1 that the following measurements will be found to be correct4 ,,height4 ,,circum4 ,,name ,,of ,,tree4 ,feet4 ,feet4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,arbor ,vit ,queen #beh #ca ,pride of the ,forest #bfj #ej ,andrew ,johnson #bgc #cb ,bay ,state #bhj #dh ,edward ,everett #bfe #df ,henry ,w4 ,beecher #bia #de ,william ,c4 ,bryant #cje #di ,abraham ,lincoln #bha #dd ,mother of the ,forest#ae #cje #fc ,daniel ,webster #bgj #di ,general ,jackson #cbj #db ,general ,scott #cbg #de ,general ,washington #bhd #eb ,beauty of the ,forest #beh -- ,two ,sentinels #cae -- ,old ,kentucky #bgg #de ,mother and ,son #bfi #fd ,t4 ,starr ,king #cff #ej ,trinity #cjh #dh ,salem ,witch #caj -- ,henry ,clay #bda #dd ,empire ,state #bge #ej ,vermont #bei #dd ,granite ,state #bhf #ej ,john ,torrey1 7,nobis7 -- #ej 7,all the above-named trees are the ,sequoia ,gigantea47 ,a ,sugar ,pine1 7,p4 ,lambertiana7 #afe -- ,a ,yellow ,pine1 7,p4 ,engelmann7 #bcb #bg ,another of same species #bbj #ai #ae ,bark off ,mother of the ,forest to the height of #aba feet4 ,the stump of the 8,original ,big ,tree0 measured in six diameters1 gives for mean1 #bc ft4 #a in41 diameter inside of the bark1--which was two feet thick4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,august #ba,,st1 #ahfe4 ,mr4 ,fisk in the chair4 ,nine members present4 ,donations to the ,cabinet3 ,specimen of ,chromic ,iron1 from ,tuolumne ,county1 by ,mr4 ,hanks4 ,mr4 ,bolander submitted a paper on the ,grasses of ,arizona1 with the following remarks3 ,the following ,list of ,grasses1 accompanied by the very judicious and practical observations of the ,corresponding ,member of our ,natural ,history ,society1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,j4 ,croft1 of the #ast ,cavalry ,california ,volunteers1 was received by mail from ,fort ,goodwin1 ,arizona ,territory1 some little time since4 ,from the same intelligent source1 we have1 from time to time1 received many valuable specimens1 preserved with uncommon care1 and reaching us in a state quite unusual1 even from localities far more favorably situated4 ,we are very hopeful1 we shall shortly be placed in possession of specimens of the seed of the ,white ,layia ,mexicana1 for ornamental culture1 as also of a species of native ,potato1 from the same indefatigable individual1 who has also furnished us with a very interesting account of numerous species of the ,cactus family1 of that ,district4 ,the ,grasses of ,arizona4 ,,by ,c4 ,j4 ,,croft1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,the grasses of this ,territory1 principally consist of four varieties3 ,no4 #a4 7,pleuraphis ,jamesii1 ,torr417 is the lowland ,grama which grows in great profusion along the valley of the ,gila1 and constitutes the principal feed for our animals1 which do quite well upon it1 moderately worked4 ,no4 #b4 7,aristida purpurea1 ,nutt47 ,the highland ,grama1 growing upon the sand 8mesas10 or highlands1 seems to differ but little1 if any1 from that found in some portions of ,california4 ,no4 #c4 7,muhlenbergia pungeus1 ,thurb47 ,black ,grama1 or1 8,grama ,china10 as vulgarly called by the natives1 is the most valuable as feed2 upon it animals will fatten4 ,it grows on the highlands in sandy arid soil4 ,i have never met any of this variety in the valley of the ,colorado1 and but very little in the territory of ,new ,mexico4 ,at this post we have had as many as #gjj animals1 and the scarcity of forage required us to herd our stock upon this grass during the winter4 ,we were often obliged to make rapid and distant marches in pursuit of ,indians1 over a country almost impassable1 yet our horses stood it well1 fed only upon this grass4 ,our cavalry here had no grain during the entire winter4 ,this ,grama1 like the other species1 grows in bunches several feet apart1 and the lower stalks are green during the winter season4 ,no4 #d4 7,sporobolus airoides1 ,trin47 ,this grows in the valleys4 ,a great portion of the ,gila ,valley is covered with it4 ,animals eat it readily when green2 it is however a powerful diuretic4 ,as a winter grass it is of no account4 ,besides these four enumerated grasses1 the letter contained three others from the same locality3 #a4 ,panicum capillare1 ,l4 #b4 ,tricuspis pulchella1 ,kunth4 #c4 ,a ,poa1 much of the habitat of ,poa sudetica4 ,vivid green2 leaves plane1 rather large2 spikelets four-flowered1 oval2 lower glume one1 and the upper three nerved2 lower palea distinctly three-nerved1 scabrous on the ,red nerve4 ,the nerves of the glumes1 as well as of the lower palea1 are of a vivid green color1 and exceedingly prominent4 ,the whole aspect of the plant sent1 would rather suggest that it is not indigenous to that section of the country4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,september #d,,th1 #ahfe4 ,mr4 ,minns in the ,chair4 ,eight members present4 ,donations to the ,library3 ,a paper on the origin and formation of ,prairies1 by ,leo ,lesquereux2 ,report of the ,vancouver ,island ,exploration1 #ahfd2 ,review of ,american ,birds1 by ,prof4 ,s4 ,f4 ,baird2 ,silliman's ,journal for ,july2 ,proceedings of the ,essex ,institute1 ,january1 ,february and ,march1 #ahfe2 ,illustrated ,catalogue of the ,museum of ,comparative ,zoology of ,cambridge2 ,the ,naturalists' ,directory1 ,part ,i4 ,dr4 ,ayres presented the following paper from ,prof4 ,w4 ,p4 ,blake3 ,note on the abundance of ,iron ,ore in ,northern ,arizona4 ,,by ,,wm4 ,p4 ,,blake4 ,in #ahfc ,i observed an iron formation of considerable extent and interest upon and near the ,william's ,fork of the ,colorado1 near its mouth4 ,the ore is chiefly the micaceous variety of ,hematite1 or 8specular iron10 and occurs in thick beds and in thin sheets1 in a ferruginous limestone or dolomite1 evidently metamorphic1 and tilted up at a high angle4 ,it forms a belt of peculiar appearance1 that may be traced by the eye for miles across the country1 in a direction a few degrees south of west4 ,this rock and iron ore is inter-stratified with chloritic and talcose slates and granite1 and the series also bears copper ores and gold4 ,from the collections made by ,lieut4 ,whipple's party1 in #ahec1 in the mountains north1 it would appear1 that similar rocks exist in the ,cerbat and ,aquarius ,mountains1 the extreme geological antiquity of which1 was commented on by me in the ,pacific ,r4 ,r4 ,reports1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #ei4 ,it is possible that this ferriferous formation is connected with the extensive iron formation of the coast of ,mexico1 south of ,acapulco1 described by ,mr4 ,manross1 7,am4 ,journ4 ,sci41 ,,xxxix1 #ceh17 and it may be of pre-,silurian date4 ,descriptions of ,new ,marine ,shells from the ,coast of ,california4 ,,part ,,iii4 ,,by ,,philip ,p4 ,,carpenter1 ,b4 ,a41 ,,ph4 ,d41 ,,of ,,warrington1 ,,eng4 ,genus ,,corbula1 ,lam4 7,auct47 ,corbula luteola1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,state ,collection1 ,no4 #ehg4 ,c4 t4 8,c4 biradiat10 form simulante1 sed multo minore2 haud obes1 transvers1 luteo-cinere1 dorsum versum interdum obscure biradiat2 angulo plus minusve carinato1 postice definito2 antice rotundat1 expans2 concentrice crebre sed obtuse lirulat2 umbonibus obtusis2 intus1 dentibus minoribus2 linea pallii angulat1 haud sinuat2 cicatricibus adductoribus callosis2 margine t4 adult postice altero alterum amplectante4 ,long4 #jdb1 lat4 #jbh1 alt4 #jaf4 ,hab4 ,san ,diego1 ,san ,pedro1 #ej1 alive1 at low water4 ,genus ,,plectodon4#af ,cpr4 ,testa tenuis1 scaber1 rostrata1 haud inflata3 margo dorsalis sub umbones intus nexa1 dentem cardinalem formans3 dentes laterales longi1 laminati3 cartilago foss minut1 sub umbones celat1 dente laterali postico contigu1 sita3 sinus pallii parvus4 ,plectodon scaber1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,state ,collection1 ,no4 #ajfb4 ,pl4 t4 led-formi1 tenui1 subdiaphan1 pallid2 tot superficie minute pustulos2 marginibus dorsalibus rectis1 ad angulum #aej2 antice et ventraliter product1 marginibus excurvatis2 postice valde rostrat1 truncat3 intus1 margine sub umbones interrupto2 plic ex apice oblique usque ad marginem dorsalem anticum excurrente2 dentibus lateralibus laminatis1 extantibus1 postico longiore2 cicatricibus adductoribus parvis1 subrotundatis1 ad extremitates dentium lateralium sitis2 sinu palii lato1 haud impresso4 ,long4 #jfb1 lat4 #jcd1 alt4 #jbj4 ,hab4 ,catalina ,island1 two right valves1 #dj-fj fms1 ,cp4 ,this very distinct genus has the aspect of ,theora1 and appears allied to ,nera4 ,it is probable that the cartilage was strengthened by an ossicle4 ,the great peculiarity is the twisting-in of the dorsal margin1 which ascends the umbo in a very loose spiral4 ,genus ,,macoma1 ,leach4 ,macoma indentata1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,state ,collection1 ,no4 #cfe4 ,m4 t4 8,m4 sect0 simili2 sed postice valde rostrat1 sinu inter plicam et regionem ventralem valde expansam indentato4 ,long4 #bbj1 lat4 #adj1 alt4 #jef4 ,hab4 ,san ,pedro1 7young1 living1 ,palmer27 large dead valves1 ,cooper4 ,differs from ,m4 umbonella1 ,lam41 in its secta-like post-ligamental wing4 ,this being rubbed off in the large dead valves1 the shell has the aspect of a very distinct species4 ,,genus ,,dalina1 ,,cpr4 dalia1 ,cpr41 ,brit4 ,ass4 ,rep41 #ahfd4 7pre-occup47 ,subgenus ,,cooperella1 ,cpr4 dalina2 cartilagine foss semi-intern1 ligamento externo contigu1 sit2 dentibus cardinalibus laminatis1 haud bifidis1 sen uno bifido4 ,dedicated to the memory of ,judge ,cooper1 of ,hoboken1 ,n4,j41 author of the ,report on the ,mollusca of the ,pacific ,railway ,expeditions4 ,cooperella scintillformis1 ,cpr4 n4 sp4 ,state ,collection1 ,no4 #ecc a4 ,c4 t4 tenuissim1 subdiaphan1 latiore2 forma 8,scintil ,cummingii0 simulante2 extus argenteo-iridescente1 striulis incrementi exillimis interdum uudat2 parte postic paullum majore rotundat2 intus1 valv dextr dent4 ii4 laminatis1 arcuatim divergentibus1 extantibus1 quorum anticus major1 ventraliter sulcatus2 v4 sinistr4 iii41 quorum ant4 et post4 laminati1 arcuati1 centralis triangularis1 bifidus2 foss cartilaginali parv1 semi-intern1 sub umbones angustiores1 satis prominentes1 sit2 lamin ligamentali null1 nymphis longioribus2 sinu pallii oblongo1 lato2 line pallii antic minus declivi4 ,long4 #jfj1 lat4 #jdh1 alt4 #jcb4 ,hab4 ,san ,diego2 ,san ,pedro1 #b dredged in #h-bj fms4 ,cooper4 ,genus ,,semele1 ,schum4 ,semele incungrua1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,state ,collection1 ,no4 #ajfa4 ,s4 t4 form et indole 8,s4 pulchr0 simili1 sed sculptur divers2 transvers1 tenuii1 subplanat1 umbonibus prominentibus2 pallide carne1 radiis intensioribus ornat2 tot superficie minute et creberrime radiatim striulat2 marginibus dorsalibus postico rectiore1 antico parum incurvato2 reliquis regulariter excurvatis1 parte antic diagonaliter valde product2 v4 sinistr4 liris crebris subacutis concentricis1 antice spe irregulariter interruptis1 postice circiter quaternis solum conspicuis1 extantibus2 v4 dextr4 liris pancioribus1 acutis1 antice vix interruptis1 postice alternantibus1 extantibus3 intus2 dent1 card4 parvis1 foss cartilaginali angust elongat2 dent4 lat41 v4 dextr1 elongatis1 regione cardinali purpureo tinctis2 cicatr4 adduct4 subrotundatis2 sinu pallii maximo1 ovali1 ascendente1 per quintas inter sex totius interstitii partes porrecto2 colore secundum paginam externam tinct et radiat4 ,long4 #jeh1 lat4 #jdj1 alt4 #jaf4 ,hab4 ,santa ,barbara1 #af fm4 #a valve2 ,catalina ,island1 #dj-fj fm41 not uncommon2 ,cooper4 ,genus8 ,,venus1 ,ln4 ,subgenus ,,psephis1 ,cpr4 #ahfd4 ,psephis salmonea1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,state ,collection1 ,no4 #ajfh4 ,ps4 t4 ,parv1 subinflat1 subquilaterali1 subtrigon2 colore salmoneo2 extus nitid minutissime et creberrime concentrice striat2 margine ventrali excurvato2 dorsalibus antico et postico subrectis3 intus1 dent4 card4 iii4-iii41 quorum utrque valv anticus porrectus1 quasi lateralis1 centrales parvi2 v4 dextr4 dente postico in marginem sulcatum decurrente2 cicatr4 adduct4 satis conspicuis1 subrotundatis2 line pallii satis intern1 vix obsolete sinuat4 ,long4 #jab1 lat4 #jaa1 alt4 #jjf4 ,hab4 ,catalina ,island1 #cj-dj fm41 rare42 ,cooper4 ,placed under ,psephis by analogy2 whether the animal be ovoviviparous has not yet been ascertained4 ,genus ,,astarte1 ,j4 ,sby4 ,astarte fluctuata1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,state ,collection1 ,no4 #ajfj4 ,a4 t4 valde planat1 ovoide1 costis concentricis valde distantibus1 angustis1 undulatis1 ornat2 marg4 dors4 post4 subrecto1 ant4 concavo1 lunul long1 parum impress2 ventr4 satis rotundato2 ant4 valde rotundato2 post4 subquadrato2 intus1 v4 dextr41 lamin cardinali planat2 dent4 card4 i4 inter fossas ant4 parvam1 post4 triangularem1 extante2 dent4 lat4 ant4 acutiore1 satis elongato1 post4 nullo2 cicatr4 adduct4 ovalibus1 postic callo definit2 margine haud crenato2 sulco ligamenti externi elongato4 ,long4 #jcc1 lat4 #jbf1 #jaj4 ,hab4 ,catalina ,island1 #cj-dj fm4 ,cooper4 ,only dead right valves having been found1 it is not known whether this species be an ,astarte 7according to ,messrs4 ,adams and ,hanley7 or an abnormal ,crassatella4 ,it scarcely differs from the young of ,astarte omalia1 from the ,coralline ,crag4 ,genus ,,cardium1 ,ln4 ,subg4 ,,fulvia1 ,gray1 #ahdg1 or ,lvicardium8 ,sw41 #ahdj4 ,cardium 78 modestum1 var7 centifilosum1 ,cpr4 ,state ,collection #cha4 ,c4 t4 parv1 tenuissim1 inflat1 subquadratim rotundat2 umbonibus angustis1 tumidioribus2 marginibus1 dorsalibus subalatis1 antico et ventrali qualiter rotundatis1 postico vix truncato2 tot superficie1 7nisi umbonibus et dorsum versus utroque latere lvibus17 tenue lirat2 liris circ4 centum1 quoad magnitudinem extantibus1 angustis2 interstitiis subqualibus1 subquadratis1 interdum punctato-decus satis2 parte postic line definit1 lirulis minus conspicuis1 laminis concentricis extantibus1 crebrioribus eleganter exasperata2 intus1 dent4 card4 validioribus1 lat4 subdistantibus2 cic4 adduct4 ovalibus1 haud impressis4 ,long4 #jea1 lat4 #jdh1 alt4 #jcd4 ,hab4 7modestum47 ,quelpart ,island1 ,china ,seas1 and ,japan2 ,a4 ,adams4 7,centifilosum47 ,monterey1 #bj fms4 alive2 ,santa ,barbara #a1 ,catalina ,island1 #dj fm4 ,cooper4 ,rounder than ,c4 modestum1 ,ad4 ,rve41 with fewer and sharper ribs2 but the ,eastern shells vary1 and ,mr4 ,adams considers them conspecific4 ,genus ,,lepton1 ,turton4 ,lepton meroum1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,l4 t4 parv1 subplanat1 ,mero-formi2 transvers1 marginibus omnino excurvatis2 antice valde product2 umbonibus acutis1 prominentibus2 dent4 card4 7v4 sinistr47 uno1 celato2 lat4 ant4 prominente1 post4 subobsoleto2 foss cartilaginali angusta2 cic4 adduct4 remotis4 ,long4 #jaa1 lat4 #jjh1 alt4 #jjc4 ,hab4 ,san ,diego1 #a broken valve among shell washings4 ,cooper4 ,genus ,,pristiphora1 ,cpr4#ag n4 g4 ,syn4 ,pristes1 ,cpr4 ,rep4 ,brit4 ,ass4 #ahfd1 7pre-occupied47 ,testa 8,tellimy ,adamsiorum0 similis2 dentibus cardinalibus nullis2 lateralibus utrque valv conspicuis1 postice elongatis1 antice curtioribus1 cardinem versus transversim sulcatis2 foss cartilaginali inter eos sit4 ,pristiphora oblonga1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,p4 t4 oblong1 parv1 subquadrat1 valde inquilaterali2 parte antic fere null2 marginibus1 dorsalibus subrectis1 fere rectangulatis1 ventrali parum excurvato1 postico rotundato2 umbonibus antice flectis2 lunul parv1 concav3 intus1 v4 sinistr41 dent4 lat4 post4 per totam longitudinem dorsalem decurrente1 parte cardinali acut1 alte transversim sulcat2 ant4 secundum lunulam incurvato curto1 serrato2 cicatr4 adduct4 sub fines dentium sitis4 ,long4 #jad1 lat4 #jaj1 alt4 #jjf4 ,hab4 ,san ,diego2 #a worn valve among shell washings4 ,cooper4 ,genus ,,leda1 ,schumacher4 ,leda hamata1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,state ,collection1 ,no4 #ihd4 ,l4 t4 8,l4 caudat0 simili1 sed valde hamat2 planat1 valde inquilaterali2 umbonibus angustioribus1 lvibus1 ad trientem sitis2 marginibus1 dors4 post4 maxime incurvato1 ant4 parum1 ventr4 valde excurvatis2 parte postic valde rostrat1 rostro biangulato1 curvato1 angustiore1 biangulat2 sulcis et costis validis1 concentricis1 supra rostrum continuis1 dorsum versus postice obsoletis4 ,long4 #jcg1 lat4 #jaj1 alt4 #jaj4 ,genus ,,acanthochites1 ,risso8 7,leach1 #ahbf74 ,acanthochites avicula1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,state ,collection1 ,no4 #ajgb4 ,a4 t4 8,a4 arragonitei0 form magnitudine1 pallio1 et indole simillim2 sed sculptur et laminis terminalibus divers2 jugo longitudinaliter sulculis circ4 vi4 instructis1 interstitiis quasi planato-squamosis1 umbonibus latis2 areis diagonalibus haud definitis2 lateribus1 squamis 7quoad magnitudinem7 maximis1 planatis1 ovalibus ornatis1 seriebus indistinctis divergentibus instructis2 mucrone parvo1 antice sito2 colore livido et olivaceo-fusco varie tincto2 laminis insertionis valv4 lat4 ut in ,a4 arragonite2 antic1 fissuris v4 ,long4 #jaf1 lat4 #jaj4 ,hab4 ,catalina ,island1 #aj-bj fm41 rare2 ,cooper4 ,genus ,,acanthopleura1 ,guilding4 ,acanthopleura fluxa1 ,cpr48 n4 s4 ,a4 t4 8,a4 scabr0 simili1 sed latiore1 pallidiore2 viridi1 rubro-aurantio conspers2 valvis rectangulatis2 suturis marginalibus haud conspicuis2 areis diagonalibus satis distinctis2 radiis obtusis fluxis ii41 alter diagonali1 alter suturali2 tot superficie conspicue granulos1 granulis acutioribus prsertim albidis2 jugo obtuso1 vix vallato3 laminis insertionis ut in ,a4 scabr instructis4 ,long4 #jfj1 lat4 #jdj1 div4 #aaj4 ,hab4 ,santa ,barbara ,island1 ,cooper4 ,foot1 in the only dried specimen seen1 extremely thin1 flat1 and narrow4 ,genus ,,ischnochiton1 ,gray4 ,ischnochiton veredentiens1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,state ,collection1 ,no4 #eah a 7bis74 ,i4 t4 parv1 albid1 rosaceo tinct2 valvis gothice arcuatis1 jugo subacuto2 tot superficie minute granulos2 areis lateralibus conspicue definitis1 minoribus1 costis diagonali et suturali validis instructis1 bullis valde expressis munitis2 valv4 term4 costulis subobsoletis radiantibus2 areis centralibus clathris longitudinalibus utroque latere circ4 viii4 distantibus1 expressis1 subgranulosis1 supra jugum obsoletis2 interstitiis costulis subradiantibus decussatis2 umbonibus conspicuis2 marginibus umbonalibus costis bulliferis valde indentatis1 dentibus viii4-x4 jugum versus obsoletis1 marginibus haud intortis2 mucrone submediano1 vix extante2 marginibus lobatis eleganter clathris pectinatis3 intus1 sinu maximo1 planato1 interdum serrato2 laminis insertionis acutis1 late unifissatis1 valv4 term4 circ4 viii-fissatis1 subgrundis conspicuis2 limbo pallii squamis majoribus1 planatis1 tenuibus1 vix striatis4 ,long4 #jbe1 lat4 #jaj1 div4 #ij4 ,hab4 ,catalina ,island1 #bj-cj fm41 ,cooper4 ,subgenus ,,lepidopleurus1 ,risso4 ,isch4 squamis magnis1 ut in ,chitone 7,lophyro7 instructis1 striatis4 ,lepidopleurus pectinatus1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,state ,collection1 ,no4 #ajgc4 ,l4 t4 8,l4 ,mertensii0 simili1 sed omnino olivaceo2 areis diagonalibus radiis plerumque iv4 dense tuberculiferis1 radioque altero suturali tuberculis inflexis1 margines valvarum pectinantibus2 costis transversis crebris validis2 costulis longitudinalibus acutis distantibus superantibus1 quarum margines suturas anticas pectinant2 valv4 term4 ut in areis diag4 sculptis1 seriebus tuberculorum creberrimis2 tot superficie minutissime tuberculat3 intus1 valvis centralibus unifissatis1 terminalibus xi4-xv4-fissatis3 scalis pallii irregularibus1 confertis1 minutissime longitudinaliter striatis4 ,long4 #jhe1 lat4 #jej1 div4 #aaj4 ,variat3 interdum aurantio nebulos4 ,hab4 ,catalina ,island1 ,santa ,barbara ,island1 beach1 ,cooper4 ,lepidopleurus scabricostatus1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,state ,collection1 ,no4 #ajga c4 ,l4 t4 parv1 auranti1 elevat2 valvis gothice arcuatis1 jugo acuto2 tot superficie conspicue et creberrime granulata3 areis lateralibus majoribus1 conspicue definitis2 seriebus granulorum majorum iii4 radiantibus1 subobsoletis2 umbonibus haud conspicuis2 marginibus umbonalibus colore intensiore pseudodentatis1 parum intortis2 areis centralibus seriebus costularum angustarum subobsoletarum longitudinalibus1 valde distantibus1 granulis majoribus instructis2 valv4 term41 costulis granulosis similibus radiantibus2 mucrone vix mediano1 parum conspicuo3 intus1 lobis suturalibus separatis1 sinu maximo1 planato2 laminis insertionis lat4 unifissatis1 term4 x4-xii4-fissatis1 subobtusis2 subgrundis modicis1 subconspicuis3 limbo pallii latiore1 squamis imbricatis1 elongatis1 transversim striatis1 crebris ornat4 ,long4 #jcj2 lat4 #jag2 div4 #ajj4 ,hab4 ,catalina ,island2 #aj-bj fm41 ,cooper4 ,subgenus ,,trachydermon1#ah ,cpr4 ,ischnochiton3 squamis pallii minimis1 confertis4 ,trachydermon ,gothicus1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,state ,collection1 #eah;a4 ,tr4 t4 parv valde elevat1 viridi1 rosaceo et olivaceo eleganter tinct2 valvis gothice arcuatis1 jugo acuto2 areis lateralibus parvis1 arcuatim distincte definitis1 granulosis2 umbonibus prominentibus2 marginibus umbonalibus colore tessellatis1 intortis2 areis centralibus longitudinaliter costatis1 costis rotundatis1 crebris1 haud valde expressis1 interstitiis parvis1 vix interdum decussatis2 valv4 term4 ut in ar4 lat4 sculptis1 postic mucrone mediano1 subelevato3 intus1 lobis suturalibus haud separatis1 medio latissime sinuatis2 laminis insertionis1 lat4 unifissatis1 term4 viii4-x4-fissatis1 obtusis1 subgrundis haud elevatis3 limbo pallii minutissime squamuloso1 granulis confertissimis1 subrotundatis1 lvibus2 circa marginem pilulis suberectis4 ,long4 #jbj1 lat4 #jaj2 div4 #hj4 ,hab4 ,catalina ,island1 #h-bj fm41 ,cooper4 ,genus ,,leptochiton1 ,gray4 ,leptochiton nexus1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,state ,collection1 #ajga;a4 ,l4 t4 parv1 albocinere1 valvice gothis arcuatis2 areis lateralibus vix definitis2 tot superficie squamulis subquadratis seriatim ornata2 seriebus ar4 centr4 longitudinalibus1 ar4 lat4 et valv4 term4 radiantibus1 creberrimis1 haud interruptis2 jugo elevato1 sub-acuto2 umbonibus inconspicuis2 marginibus umbonalibus vix inflectis1 lateralibus vix squamulis serrulatis2 mucrone conspicuo1 mediano3 intus1 laminis centralibus valde lobatis1 sinu maximo1 planato2 lam4 insertionis obsoletis3 pallio1 squamulis paleatis1 striatis1 confertis instructo2 pilis elatioribus aciculinis1 crystallinis1 huc et illuc et circa marginem ornato4 ,long4 #jcj1 lat4 #jah2 div4 #ij4 ,hab4 ,catalina ,island1 #aj-bj fm41 ,cooper4 ,the appearance of this northern genus among the ,mopali and ,ischnochitons is very remarkable2 as is the character of the mantle-margin4 ,genus ,,nacella1 ,schumacher4 ,nacella 78 palleacea1 var47 triangularis1 ,cpr4 ,state ,coll4 ,no4 #daf;c4 ,n4 t4 8,n4 palleacea0 simili1 sed multo minus elongat2 apice elato1 marginibus rectangulatim divergentibus2 albid1 maculis fuscis perpaucis ornat2 striulis subobsoletis4 ,long4 #jbh1 lat4 #jab1 alt4 #jah1 div4 #ij4 ,hab4 ,monterey1 #d dredged dead1 ,cooper4 ,probably a distinct species4 ,the solitary shell sent by ,dr4 ,cooper is shaped like a right-angled triangle1 with five large brown spots near the base4 8 ,nacella subspiralis1 ,cpr48 n4 s4 ,state ,collection1 #daf;b4 8 ,n4 t4 parv1 carne1 lvi1 tenuissim2 vertice 8,emarginul0 simulante1 subspirali1 sed apice patelloideo1 adunco2 t4 adult valde elevat2 margine laterali antico subrecto1 apice projiciente1 valde remoto2 postico maxime fornicato2 apertur margine antice et postice prolongato4 ,long4 #jbf1 lat4 #jai1 alt4 #jbj1 div4 #hj4 ,hab4 ,catalina ,island1 #aj-bj fm41 #d dead1 ,cooper4 ,this may be the young of the long-lost ,patella calyptra1 ,mart4 ,it may be a ,scutellina4 ,even the genus cannot be predicated from the shell alone4 ,genus ,,acm,a1 ,eschholtz4 ,acma 78 pileolus1 var47 rosacea1 ,cpr4 ,a4 t4 parv1 conic1 tenui1 lvi2 t4 jun4 pallide rosace1 elegantissime maculis albis et fuscis subradiatim sparsis2 t4 adulta strigis fusco-rosaceis et albidis pict2 apice elevato1 parum antico2 intus rosaceo4 ,long4 #jbj1 lat4 #jaf1 alt4 #jjh1 div4 #ajj4 ,hab4 ,san ,diego1 #a sp4 jun4 7,palmer73 ,monterey1 #a dead sp4 ,cooper4 ,the absence of stri1 very thin texture1 and regularly conical growth1 distinguish this shell from ,a4 patina1 a rare variety of which has a pinkish tinge4 ,specimens in ,mus4 ,cuming are marked 8pileolus1 ,midd410 but do not accord with the diagnosis4 ,it is almost exactly like ,herm#ai specimens of ,a4 virginea4 ,col4 ,jewett's similar shells1 marked 8,panama10 were perhaps ,west ,indian4 ,genus ,,scurria 7871 ,gray4 ,scurria 787 funiculata1 ,cpr4 787 n4 s4 ,state ,collection1 ,no4 #dff;d4 8 ,sc4 t4 parv1 albid1 regulariter conic1 apice acuto1 elevato1 parum antrorsum sito2 liris validis1 rotundatis1 interdum vix nodulosis1 irregulariter1 huc et illuc duplo vel tripliciter dispositis2 margine costis extus undato2 cicatrice haud conspicuo4 ,long4 #jej1 lat4 #jch1 alt4 #jbf1 div4 #hj4 ,hab4 ,monterey1 #f dredged dead1 ,cooper4 ,so different from the most strongly marked young specimens of ,sc4 mitra that ,i presume it to be distinct4 ,the genus depends on the animal1 which has not yet been seen4 ,genus ,,puncturella1 ,lowe4 ,puncturella ,cooperi1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,state ,collection ,no4 #ajbi4 ,p4 t4 8,p4 galeat10 fere exacte simulante2 sed lamin intern solid1 planat1 haud antice sinuat1 haud suffult4 ,long4 #jcj1 lat4 #jba1 alt4 #jbd1 div4 #gj4 ,hab4 ,catalina ,island1 not rare1 #dj to #bj fms41 ,cooper1 alive4 ,outside like ,p4 noachina2 but with the lamina like ,p4 cucullata1 without eye-holes4 ,the latter species is extremely variable in sculpture1 but never so fine as this2 and the shape is less conical4 ,genus ,,gibbula1 ,leach4 ,gibbula optabilis1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,g4 t4 parv1 pulcherrim1 subconic2 lurida1 fusco-purpureo maculat2 anfr4 v4 subquadratis1 suturis distinctis2 carinis principalibus in spir ii41 ali intercalante2 carin fortiori peripheriali1 et lirulis circ4 vi4 basalibus1 regulariter colore punctatis2 lir postic subobsolete suturam attingente2 aliis minoribus intercalantibus2 interstitiis ubique tenerrime et creberrime decussatis2 basi subtumente1 ad carinam peripherialem fere rectangulato2 apertur subquadrat1 columell parum arcuata2 umbilico magno1 infundibuliformi1 angulato2 liris ii4 intus spiraliter ascendentibus4 ,long4 #jai1 long4 spir4 #jaj1 lat4 #jai1 div4 #hj4 ,hab4 ,san ,pedro1 ,palmer1 one specimen4 ,genus ,,calliostoma1 ,swainson4 ,the names ,calliostoma and ,ziziphinus having been published in the same year1 ,i have no hesitation in preferring the generic to the specific4 ,calliostoma supragranosum1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,c4 t4 parv2 anfr4 v4 tumentibus2 liris acutis cincta1 quarum medi lves1 postic granos1 basales ix4 minores4 ,hab4 ,san ,diego2 ,cooper4 ,the single specimen sent differs as above from the young of the next species4 ,calliostoma gemmulatum1 ,cpr4 ,br4 ,assoc4 ,rep4 #ahfc1 pp4 #fab1 #fec4 ,syn4 ,c4 formosum1 ,cpr4 ,proc4 ,cal4 ,ac4 #ahfd1 #aee3 non ,forbes4 ,while the sheets of the ,report were passing through the press1 it was found that the name had been preoccupied by ,forbes4 ,as it happened the ,californian sheet was being printed simultaneously1 and there was no time to make the alteration4 ,genus ,,ethalia1 ,adams4 ,ethalia supravallata1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,e4 t4 parv1 albid1 nitente1 subdiaphan1 planat2 anfr4 nucl4 ii4 et dimidio1 lvis1 diaphanis2 norm4 uno et dimidio1 rotundatis2 postice carin valde extante1 et foss concav contigu suturam tenus1 supra spiram vix planatam ascendente2 in medio basis rotundat carin alter plus minusve extante2 inter eas1 circa peripheriam1 lirulis radiantibus minimis1 haud expressis1 sub lente vix conspicuis2 regione umbilicari parum concavo2 apertur circulari2 labro carinis angulato2 columell1 valde callos1 porrecta2 callositate pyriformi regionem umbilicarem circumambiente4 ,long4 #jjc1 long1 spir4 #j4 787 lat4 #jde1 div4 #ahj4 ,hab4 ,san ,diego1 ,cooper1 shell-washings4 ,typical among the ,vitrinelloid ,ethali described in ,maz4 ,cat41 ,nos4 #caj1 #cah4 ,remarkable for the small number of turns in the mature shell as compared with the nucleus4 ,ethalia var4 invallata1 ,cpr4 ,e4 t4 8,e4 supravallat10 aliter exacte simili2 sed vallo spirali omnino carente2 basi angulat1 haud carinat4 ,hab4 ,san ,diego1 shell-washings1 ,cooper4 ,these shells would certainly have been regarded as distinct1 but for one specimen which began smoothly1 yet after a fracture suddenly commenced a 7not prominent7 keel3 an instructive lesson on variations in sculpture4 ,genus ,,galerus1 ,humphreys4 ,galerus contortus1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,state ,collection1 ,no4 #cfi4 ,g4 t4 parv1 tenui1 albid2 vertice nucleoso planato1 extante1 minimo1 anfr4 uno et dimidio planorbi-formibus1 apice conspicuo2 dein conoide1 elevata1 solute spirali1 suturis impressis2 superficie rudi1 laminis incrementi interdum conspicuis2 lamin intern4 ,long4 #jbf1 lat4 #jbd1 alt4 #jae1 div4 #hj4 ,hab4 ,monterey1 #bj-dj fm42 ,santa ,barbara1 #af-bj fm42 ,catalina ,island1 #cj-dj fm42 ,cooper4 ,the vertex stands out like a tiny ,planorbis1 and is more minute than in any species ,i have examined4 ,genus ,c,,cum1 ,fleming4 ,ccum crebricinctum1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,state ,collection1 ,no4 #chh4 ,c4 7,anellum7 t41 quoad genus1 magn1 tereti1 solidiore1 rufofusca1 interdum radiis intensioribus longitudinalibus ornat2 annulis gracillimis1 creberrimis1 rotundatis1 haud elevatis circ4 lxxx4 cinct2 interstitiis nullis2 sculptur longitudinali null2 apertur acut1 vix contract1 vix declivi2 septo subungulato1 submucronato2 margine laterali recto2 apice acuto1 ad angulum circ4 #de1 maxime elevato2 operculo vix concavo1 lir spirali elevat4 ,long4 #jad1 lat4 #jjd4 ,hab4 ,san ,diego1 #h-aj fms41 #ab2 ,monterey1 #bj fms41 #bj1 some alive2 ,santa ,barbara1 #bj fms41 #c1 ,cooper4 ,has the aspect1 but not the sculpture1 of an ,elephantulum4 ,ccum ,cooperi1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,state ,collection1 ,no4 #ffg;a4 ,c4 7,anellum7 t4 parv1 satis tereti1 alb2 annulis crebris acutioribus1 angustis1 circ4 xxxiv4-xxxviii41 interstitiis subconcavis2 septo subungulato2 apice obtuso1 haud elevato1 margine laterali recto2 apertur declivi1 parum contracto et postice expanso2 operculo8 ,long4 #jji1 lat4 #jjbe4 ,hab4 ,san ,diego and ,catalina ,island1 #h-aj fms41 #ah1 ,cooper4 ,known from similar ,mazatlan species by the very numerous but separated and somewhat sharp ribs4 ,genus ,,turritella1 ,lamarck4 ,turritella ,cooperi1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,state ,collection1 ,no4 #efd4 ,t4 t4 valde tereti1 tenuiore1 cinere1 rufofusco tinct2 anf4 plurimis1 angustis1 subplanatis1 suturis distinctis2 liris ii4 et striulis crebris spiraliter ornat2 basi angulat2 apertur subquadrat2 labro valde sinuato4 ,long4 #ahj1 long4 spir4 #aej1 lat4 #jde4 ,hab4 ,san ,pedro1 #fj2 ,san ,diego1 #af dead on beach2 ,santa ,barbara1 #d dead1 in #af-bj fms4 ,cooper4 ,as ,i have seen no complete list of the very numerous fossil species of this genus1 it appears allowable1 rather than risk a synonym1 to name this graceful shell after its discoverer4 ,genus8 ,,mesalia1 ,gray4 8 ,mesalia tenuisculpta1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,state ,collection1 ,no4 #fff a4 8 ,m4 t4 tenui1 regulariter turrit1 fusco-cinere2 anfr4 nucl4 lvibus1 normalibus1 apice acuto2 norm4 viii4 rotundatis1 suturis impressis2 lirulis spiralibus2 haud extantibus1 plus minusve distantibus1 irregularibus cinct quarum anfr4 primis du antic majores2 lirulis circa basim rotundatam obtusis1 subregularibus2 rugulis incrementi irregularibus1 interdum decussantibus2 apertur subrotundat1 peritremati haud continu2 labro acuto1 postice flexuoso2 labio tenui4 ,long4 #jbh1 long4 spir4 #jah1 lat4 #jaj1 div4 #ae4 ,hab4 ,s4 ,diego2 #d-f fms41 #ae1 alive4 ,cooper4 ,intermediate in character between ,mesalia and ,fenella4 ,genus ,,isapis1 ,h4 ,a4 ,adams4 ,isapis obtusa1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,state ,collection1 ,no4 #fhb4 ,i4 t4 8,i4 fenestrat0 indole simili1 sed magis elongat1 subnitente1 pallide rosacea2 vertice nucleoso decliviter immerso1 celato2 anfr4 norm4 postice subplanatis1 suturis obtusis2 costis tumentibus rotundatis circ4 vii41 suturas et umbilicum minorem versus obsoletis1 plus minusve extantibus2 interstitiis parvis1 irregularibus1 haud decussatis2 peritremati continuo1 labro tenui1 secundum costas variantes undulato2 labio medio calloso4 ,long4 #jbc1 long4 spir4 #jji1 lat4 #jaf1 div4 #fj4 ,hab4 ,s4 ,diego1 #aj fm42 ,sta4 ,barbara1 #bj fm42 ,cooper4 ,the fortunate discovery of some perfect young specimens displays a nucleus so like ,odostomia that1 despite the resemblance of the shell to ,fossarus1 which has a tuberoid nucleus1 it most probably belongs to ,pyramidellid4 ,genus ,,rissoina1 ,d',orbigny4 ,rissoina interfossa1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,state ,collection1 ,no4 #chg1 b4 ,r4 t4 satis magn1 crass1 alb1 satis turrit1 conspicue sculpt2 marginibus spir rectis1 vertice mamillato2 anfr4 nucl4 844 detritis2 norm4 vii4 tumidis1 angulatis1 suturis angulatim impressis2 carinis spiralibus validis1 in spir ii42 alter postic interdum intercalante2 anfr4 ultimo duabus quoque peripherialibus1 quint axim circumeunte2 costis radiantibus validis1 extantibus1 circ4 xiv41 ad suturas contiguis1 liris regularibus spiram ascendentibus1 ad intersectiones carinarum nodulosis1 ad peripheriam continuis2 interstitiis quadratis1 alte infossatis2 apertur ovat4 ,long4 #jbf1 long4 spir4 #jah1 lat4 #jaj2 div4 #bh4 ,hab4 ,catalina ,is4 #h-aj fm4 #d2 ,san ,diego #a2 ,monterey1 7var47 ,cooper4 ,genus ,,rissoa1 ,freminville4 ,rissoa acutelirata1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,r4 t4 tenui1 satis turrit1 rufocinere1 marginibus spir parum excurvatis2 anfr4 nucl4 iii4 normalibus lvibus1 vertice parum mamillato2 norm4 iii4 subrotundatis1 suturis valde impressis2 liris radiantibus circ4 xviii4 acutis1 distantibus1 ad peripheriam evanidis2 lirulis acutis spiralibus distantibus circ4 xv41 quarum vi4 in spir monstrantur1 liris radiantibus et interstitiis latis1 undatis1 eleganter superantibus1 haud nodulosis2 basi rotundat1 haud umbilicat2 apertur ovat1 peritremati continuo4 ,long4 #jji1 long4 spir4 #jje1 lat4 #jje1 div4 #ce4 ,hab4 ,s4 ,diego2 #a sp4 and fragment in shell-washings4 ,cooper4 ,genus ,,fenella1 ,h4 ,a4 ,adams4 ,fenella pupoidea1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,state ,collection1 ,no4 #chi4 ,f4 t4 ,truncatellformi1 sed apice haud decollato2 colore maxime variante2 seu unicolori1 albido1 cinereo1 viridescente1 rufofusco1 seu splendide rubro2 seu varie fusco maculato2 anfr4 nucl4 iii4 lvibus1 globosis1 vertice mamillato2 norm4 v4 rotundatis1 fere qualibus1 plus minusve solutis1 suturis subimpressis2 tot superficie tenue spiraliter striat2 striis in spir majoribus1 circ4 viii4 distantibus1 minoribus creberrimis intercalantibus2 circa basim rotundatam circ4 x4 majoribus1 contiguis1 minoribus paucis2 apertur circulari1 peritremati continuo1 solido1 ad suturam parum callosam appresso2 umbilico nullo4 ,long4 #jbc1 long4 spir4 #jaf1 lat4 #jji1 div4 #ab4 ,hab4 ,monterey1 #bj fm4 #de1 dead4 ,cooper4 ,genus ,,amphithalamus1#bj ,cpr4 ,testa ,rissoidea2 nucleo magno2 apertura labio producto1 labro subpostice juncto1 subito in adult contracta4 ,type4 ,amphithalamus inclusus1 ,cpr4 ,br4 ,assoc4 ,rep4 #ahfc1 p4 #fef2 ,ann4 ,nat4 ,hist4 ,jan4 #ahfe4 ,hab4 ,santa ,barbara1 ,jewett2 ,s4 ,diego1 in shell-washings4 ,cooper4 8 ,amphithalamus lacunatus1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 8 ,a4 t4 adolescente 8,a4 incluso0 simili2 nucleo similiter minutissime et confertissime spiraliter et radiatim striulato2 sed majore1 latiore1 anfr4 subplanatis2 basi late lacunat1 haud carinat2 adult 844 ,long4 #jjf1 long4 spir4 #jjc1 lat4 #jjc1 div4 #ej4 ,hab4 ,san ,pedro4 ,cooper4 ,two dead specimens in the shell-washings of ,dr4 ,palmer's consignment to the ,smithsonian ,institute might have been passed over as the young of ,barleeia subtenuis1 but for the possession of exactly the same remarkable nucleus as ,a4 inclusus4 ,it is presumed1 therefore1 that they are congeneric2 if so1 the adult has not been seen4 ,genus ,,diala1 ,h4 ,a4 ,adams4 ,diala acuta1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,state ,collection1 ,no4 #cij4 ,d4 t4 parv1 turrito-conic1 cerin1 polit1 nitente2 anfr4 nucl4 ii4 naticoideis1 vertice mamillato1 apice indistincto2 norm4 v41 omnino planatis1 suturis indistinctis2 peripheri acute angulat1 vix carinat2 basi omnino planat2 apertur subquadrat2 peritremati continuo2 labro postice paullum contracto2 labio appresso2 columell antice angulat1 vix sinuat4 ,long4 #jae1 long4 spir4 #jji1 lat4 #jjg1 div4 #bi4 ,hab4 ,catalina ,is4 #h-aj fm42 on beach to ,monterey4 ,cooper4 ,diala marmorea1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,d4 t4 solid1 exacte conic1 lvi1 nitente2 subdiaphane pallid1 rufo maculat2 anfr4 nucl4 rotundatis1 planorbeis1 sub-oblique sitis1 apice celato2 norm4 vi4 planatis1 suturis indistinctis2 basi planat1 sub-angulat2 apertur ovali1 peritremati continuo1 haud varicoso4 ,long4 #jag1 long4 spir4 #jaa1 lat4 #jjh1 div4 #ca4 ,hab4 ,monterey1 ,s4 ,pedro2 ,cooper4 ,lower ,california1 off ,haliotis4 ,rowell4 ,the description is written from a single perfect specimen in ,mr4 ,rowell's collection1 and some fragments from the shell-washings of ,dr4 ,cooper's4 ,genus ,,styliferina1 ,a4 ,adams4 ,styliferina turrita1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,st4 t4 minim1 albid1 solidiore1 lvi1 turrit2 anfr4 nud4 iii4 subnaticoideis1 apice mamillato2 norm4 v4 planatis1 angustis1 suturis parum impressis2 basi subito rotundat1 haud umbilicat2 apertur subrotundat2 labro postice parum contracto4 ,long4 #jjf1 long4 spir4 #jjd1 lat4 #jjb1 div4 #bj4 ,hab4 ,s4 ,pedro4 ,cooper4 ,a single specimen of this tiny shell was found in the shell-washings of ,dr4 ,palmer's consignment4 ,the mouth is unfortunately choked up with a grain of coarse sand which ,i have not been able to extract4 ,genus8 ,,jeffreysia1 ,alder4 8 ,jeffreysia translucens1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 8 ,j4 t4 8,barleei subtenui0 simili1 sed tenuiore1 tumidiore2 corne1 pallide fulv1 lvi1 nitente1 satis diaphan2 anfr4 nucl4 normalibus1 apice submamillato2 norm4 iv4 subconvexis1 suturis distinctis2 basi rotundat1 haud umbilicat2 apertur ovat1 peritremati vix continuo2 labro acuto2 labio appresso1 regione umbilicari parum calloso4 ,long4 #jjh1 long4 spir4 #jjde1 lat4 #jjf1 div4 #ee4 ,hab4 ,s4 ,diego2 in shell-washings4 ,cooper4 ,only one specimen having been seen1 without animal or even operculum1 the genus is doubtful4 ,in its slight labial deposit it resembles 8,litiopa0 dubiosa1 ,c4 ,b4 ,adams4 ,genus ,,cythna1 ,a4 ,adams4 ,cythna albida1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,c4 t4 minut1 albid1 lvi1 diaphan1 lat2 anfr4 nucl4 normalibus1 vertice mamillato2 norm4 iii4 tumidis1 rotundatis1 rapide augentibus1 suturis valde impressis2 basi rotundat1 valde umbilicat2 umbilico subangulato2 apertur subrotundat2 peritremati continuo1 acuto1 t4 adult nonnunquam pariete separato4 ,long4 #jjc1 long4 spir4 #jjae1 lat4 #jjbe1 div4 #hj4 ,hab4 ,s4 ,pedro2 in shell-washings4 ,cooper4 ,known from ,c4 tumens1 ,maz4 ,cat4 ,no4 #dba1 by the non-keeling of the umbilicus4 ,genus ,,chrysallida1 ,cpr4 ,chrysallida pumila1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,chr4 t4 minut1 angust1 alb2 vert4 nucl4 subito immerso1 dimidium truncationis tegente2 marginibus spir parum excurvatis2 anfr4 norm4 iv4 planatis1 suturis vix distinctis2 clathris radiantibus rectis1 validis1 planatis1 circ4 xx41 marginibus spir utroque latere parallelis1 spius attingentibus1 circa basim elongatam1 rotundatam continuis2 interstitiis lirulis acutis distantibus1 haud extantibus1 circ4 x4 decussatis1 quarum iv4 v4 in spir monstrantur2 apertur ovali1 peritremati vix continuo2 plic parietem tenus acut1 haud celat1 declivi4 ,long4 #jjf1 long4 spir4 #jjc1 lat4 #jjbe1 div4 #ab4 ,hab4 ,s4 ,pedro4 ,cooper4 ,one specimen and a few fragments were found in the shell-washings of ,dr4 ,palmer's consignment4 ,differs from ,chr4 ovulum1 in its slender shape and delicate spiral sculpture4 ,chrysallida cincta1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,chr4 t4 satis regulari1 alb1 marginibus spir vix excurvatis2 vert4 nucl4 parvo1 celato1 dimidium truncationis vix superante2 anfr4 norm4 iv4 parum excurvatis1 suturis distinctis2 costis spiralibus obtusis circ4 x1 cinct1 quarum iv4 in spir monstrantur2 costis iii4 posticis radiatim subgranulosis1 seriebus circ4 xv41 marginibus spir utrinque parallelis1 supra quartam subobsoletis2 interstitiis latis1 delicatim decussatis2 basi satis prolongat2 columell antice valde effus2 plic parv1 median4 ,long4 #jaa1 long4 spir4 #jjg1 lat4 #jje1 div4 #ce4 ,hab4 ,santa ,barbara group of islands4 ,cooper4 ,the solitary specimen is probably immature4 ,intermediate between ,chrysallida proper and ,mumiola4 ,genus ,,chemnitzia1 ,d',orbigny4 ,chemnitzia chocolata1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,state ,collection1 ,no4 #dbh4 ,ch4 t4 8,c4 tridentat0 magnitudine et indole simili2 sed teretiore1 dense castane1 fasciis pallidioribus sub epidermide adhrente ornat2 anfr4 primis gracillimis2 vert4 nucl4 anfr4 iii1 helicoideis1 valde decliviter sito1 marginibus spir rectis1 angustis1 haud superante2 anfr4 norm4 xii4 planatis1 primis tumidioribus1 suturis impressis2 costis circ4 xxviii4 rotundatis1 validis1 circa basim prolongatam haud subito evanidis1 anfr4 ult4 spe obsoletis2 interstitiis haud quantibus1 haud undatis1 haud sulcatis2 tot superficie sub lente minutissime et creberrime spiraliter striulat2 apertur ovali1 columell parum contort1 labro intus tenui1 haud dentato4 ,long4 #jee1 long4 spir4 #jdc1 lat4 #jac1 div4 #ag4 ,hab4 ,s4 ,pedro1 ,s4 ,diego1 ,monterey2 rare4 ,cooper4 ,one specimen1 in ,dr4 ,palmer's consignment1 is known from ,ch4 tridentata by the very effuse spire1 prolonged base1 and crowded ribs without waved sculpture between4 ,chemnitzia subcuspidata1 ,cpr4 ,state ,collection1 ,no4 #fgj1 a4 ,ch4 t4 parv1 minus tereti1 cerin seu purpureo-fusc2 anfr4 nud4 ii4 et dimidio1 valde decliviter sitis1 marginibus spir parum excurvatis superantibus2 norm4 viii4 planatis1 suturis excavatis2 costis radiantibus circ4 xviii4 acutis1 circa basim prolongatam vix continuis1 ad suturas valde elevatis1 subcuspidatis2 interstitiis latioribus1 undulatis2 sulcis spiralibus creberrimis1 altis1 in spir circ4 x41 costas vix secantibus1 circa basim impressis2 peritremati vix continuo1 labio distincto2 columell vix tort4 ,long4 #jbc1 long4 spir4 #jaf1 lat4 #jjf1 div4 #be4 ,hab4 ,s4 ,diego2 #be dredged in shoal water4 ,cooper4 ,differs from the figure of ,ch4 tenuicula 7which represents a shell with more numerous ribs than the diagnosis7 in its more distant ribs with broader interstices2 closer and deeper spiral sculpture2 impressed sutures2 and especially by the elegant murication of the tops of the ribs1 with projecting1 curved lines between4 ,this is best seen in the young shells1 when the ribs are distinct over the base4 ,genus ,,eulima1 ,risso4 ,eulima 78 var47 compacta1 ,cpr4 ,eu4 t4 8,eu4 micanti10 jun4 simili1 sed multo minus tereti2 marginibus spir parum excurvatis2 anfr4 nucl4 8441 detritis1 norm4 vii42 basi et apertur elongatis2 labro parum sinuato4 ,long4 #jbe1 long4 spir4 #jae1 lat4 #jji1 div4 #bb4 ,hab4 ,san ,pedro2 ,cooper4 ,a single dead shell was found in ,dr4 ,palmer's consignment4 ,eulima 78 var47 rutila1 ,cpr4 ,eu4 t4 8,eu4 micanti0 jun4 simili1 sed magis tereti2 valde nitente1 rosaceo et livido tinct2 anfr4 nucl4 ut in 8,eu4 micante20 norm4 x4 elongatis1 gracillimis2 basi et apertur valde prolongatis2 columell magis tort2 labro valde sinuato1 supra suturam retrorsum calloso2 labio angusto4 ,long4 #jbf1 long4 spir4 #jai1 lat4 #jjg1 div4 #bj4 ,hab4 ,monterey2 ,cooper4 ,closely allied to ,leiostraca producta1 ,cpr4 ,maz4 ,cat4 ,no4 #eea1 but displays no varices4 ,the ,eulimid are very difficult to distinguish1 from a few shells alone4 ,genus ,,scalaria1 ,lam4 ,scalaria bellastriata1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,state ,collection1 ,no4 #cic1 b4 ,s4 t4 curt tenuissim1 albid2 anfr4 vii4 valde tumentibus1 haud nisi per costas attingentibus2 costis circ4 xvii4 acutis extantibus1 reflexis1 haud semper in spir attingentibus1 postice angulatis1 parum spinosis2 interstitiis circa spiram basimque dense spiraliter lirulatis1 lirulis rotundatis1 super varicum angulum obsoletis2 apertur ovat1 umbilico magno4 ,long4 #jgh1 long4 spir4 #jee1 lat4 #jch2 div4 #dj4 ,hab4 ,monterey1 a fragment2 ,san ,diego1 #a2 ,san ,pedro1 #c2 ,cooper4 ,so different in sculpture from ,s4 pretiosa and other species with which it agrees in shape1 that there will be no difficulty in recognizing perfect specimens4 ,scalaria subcoronata1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,state ,collection1 ,no4 #cic1 a4 ,s4 t4 compact1 haud elevat1 alb2 anfr4 x4 rotundatis1 parum attingentibus2 costis circ4 xiii4 acutissimis1 expansis1 vix reflexis1 postice attingentibus1 lineis margini spir dextro parallelis spiram1 ascendentibus1 t4 adolesc4 postice vix coronatis1 adult simplicibus2 apertur subcirculari1 umbilico nullo2 sculptur spirali null4 ,long4 #jde1 long4 spir4 #jbi1 lat4 #jbb1 div4 #ch4 ,hab4 ,monterey2 ,cooper4 ,like ,s4 communis1 jun41 but with the upper whorls slightly coronated4 ,scalaria crebricostata1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,state ,collection1 #cic4 ,s4 t4 gracili1 tenui1 alb2 anfr4 x4 rotundatis1 haud attingentibus2 costis circ4 xv41 acutis1 reflexis1 vix attingentibus1 lineis irregulariter spiralibus ascendentibus2 costis juxta suturam eleganter coronatis2 sculptur spirali1 nisi striulis interdum exillimis1 null2 apertur rotundat2 umbilico nullo2 operculo normali1 dense corneo4 ,long4 #jgj2 long4 spir4 #jeb1 lat4 #jah1 div4 #bf ,hab4 ,monterey1 ,san ,pedro1 ,cooper1 common4 8,scalaria1 unique0 ,mus4 ,cum4 ,no4 #cb4 ,somewhat resembles ,s4 tenuis1 ,sby41 but is not so turrited4 ,genus ,,opalia1 ,h4 ,a4 ,adams4 ,opalia spongiosa1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,o4 t4 turrit1 parv1 albid1 marginibus spir rectis2 anfr4 ix4 subplanatis1 suturis impressis2 costis undulantibus circ4 xiii41 plerumque 7nisi ad suturas crenulatas7 obsoletis2 tot superficie lineis punctorum creberrimis1 spiralibus1 punctis creberrimis1 minutis1 altissimis2 circa basim imperforatam costa antic latissim1 spirali2 apertur ovat1 valde callos2 operculo aurantiaco1 paucispirali4 ,long4 #jcf1 long4 spir4 #jbf1 lat4 #jab1 div4 #bj4 ,hab4 ,monterey1 ,cooper4 ,from shell washings4 ,the solitary specimen has the general aspect of ,o4 granulosa on a very small scale4 ,opalia retiporosa1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,state ,collection1 ,no4 #ajad4 ,o4 t4 8,o4 bullat0 form simulante1 sed sculptur omnino divers2 anfr4 nucl4 8444 7decollatis72 norm4 vii4 subrotundatis1 suturis impressis2 costis radiantibus rotundatis1 subarcuatis1 haud varicosis1 circ4 xiv41 super suturas tenue continuis2 anfr4 ult4 seriebus nodulorum spiralibus irregularibus1 vice costarum1 instruct1 peripheri tuberculos2 tot superficie retiporos1 interstitiis alte interpunctatis1 punctulis minutissimis1 confertissimis2 basi vix costat1 serie nodulorum angulat2 apertur rotundat2 peritremati continuo1 varicoso2 labro haud sinuato2 operculo8 paucispirali4 ,long4 #jbh1 long4 spir4 #jbj2 lat4 #jaj2 div4 #bj4 ,hab4 ,catalina ,island2 #c dead in #dj fm42 ,cooper4 ,the texture has a rotten appearance2 yet one of the specimens was stained with purple1 and contained the dried remains of the animal1 with its operculum4 ,in the endeavor to extract this1 the shell gave way4 ,genus ,,nassa1 ,lam4 ,nassa insculpta1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,state ,collection1 ,no4 #ajjh4 ,n4 t4 satis elevat1 compact1 tenuiore1 elegantissim1 marginibus spir subrectis2 albescente1 rufo-carneo varie maculat2 anfr4 nucl4 iv4 lvibus1 normaliter augentibus1 apice minuto1 satis extante2 norm4 v4 subrotundatis1 suturis satis impressis2 apertur subrotundat1 canali acute reflex2 tot superficie sulculis quidistantibus1 quarum x4 anfr4 penult4 apparent1 insculpt2 anfr4 norm4 ii4 primis costulis quoque radiantibus circ4 xvi4 haud expressis ornat2 labro rotundato1 extus varicoso1 intus sulcidentato2 labio valde calloso1 supra basim seu parietem expanso1 haud extante1 intus ruguloso4 ,long4 #jhj1 long4 spir4 #jdc1 lat4 #jdf1 div4 #de4 ,hab4 ,catalina ,island1 #cj-dj fm42 #ae mostly alive1 but few mature2 animal white2 ,cooper4 ,this singularly beautiful species probably belongs to the section ,zeuxis1 ,h4 ,a4 ,adams4 ,the callus is slightly reflexed in the best specimen4 ,genus ,,amycla1 ,h4 ,a4 ,adams1 #aheh4 7auctum47 8 ,amycla chrysalloidea1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,state ,collection1 ,no4 #fac4 8 ,a4 t4 parv1 eleganter effus1 marginibus spir utrinque excurvatis2 albid1 rufofusco concinne punctat seu tinct2 interdum strig albida subsuturali1 rufofusco tesselat2 anfr4 nucl4 iii4 lvibus1 haud tumidis1 apice declivi2 norm4 v41 t4 adolescente planatis1 dein tumidioribus1 suturis distinctis2 tot superficie elegantissime tenuiter sulcat1 sulcis quidistantibus1 anfr4 penult4 circ4 xx42 apertur flexuos subpyriformi2 canali oblique sinistrorsum truncat1 axi quasi umbilicat2 labro intus acuto1 postice sinuato1 deorsum quasi tumidiore1 intus vii-dentato2 columell tort2 labio antice rugis paucioribus interdum munito4 ,long4 #jcg1 long4 spir4 #jbb2 lat4 #jad2 div4 #be4 ,hab4 ,san ,pedro1 #a on beach2 ,san ,diego1 #cj1 some alive in #h fms4 on sand1 in upper part of bay4 ,cooper4 ,this is one of the most beautiful1 but 7without a knowledge of either animal1 or operculum7 most puzzling of the small shells of ,california4 ,it has relations with ,euryta1 ,truncaria1 ,metula1 and ,daphnella4 ,genus ,,anachis1 ,h4 ,a4 ,adams4 ,anachis subturrita1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,a4 t4 minuta1 angusta1 ,rissoinoide1 pallide purpureofusc1 albido maculos2 anfr4 nucl4 8 7decollatis72 norm4 v4 subplanatis1 suturis distinctis2 costulis radiantibus circ4 xx4 angustis1 vix extantibus1 parum flexuosis2 sculptur spirali null2 apertur quadrat2 labro acuto deorsum tumente1 postice sinuato2 labio conspicuo2 columell tort1 truncat4 ,long4 #jac1 long4 spir4 #jji1 lat4 #jje1 div4 #cj4 ,hab4 ,san ,diego1 ,cooper4 ,from shell washings4 ,the only specimen seen of this tiny species is not quite mature1 and has formed no labral teeth4 ,genus ,,trophon1 ,montfort4 ,trophon triangulatus1 ,cpr4 n4 s4 ,state ,collection1 ,no4 #ehj1 a4 ,t4 t4 parv1 tenui1 alb1 postice lat1 antice attenuat2 anfr4 nucl4 ii4 minutis1 lvibus1 attenuatis1 vertice declivi1 celato2 norm4 7t4 adolescente7 iv4 subtriangulatis1 postice tabulatis1 axi fere rectangulatis2 suturis acute impressis2 antice rapidissime angustatis1 canali long1 arcuat2 varicibus circ4 vii4 laminalis1 acutis1 ad angulum in spinam apertam compressis1 spinis radiantibus1 parum superne arcuatis2 line seu angulo obsoleto peripheriali1 suturam continuante2 apertur pyriformi2 labro antice haud indentato4 ,long4 #jce1 long4 spir4 #jae1 lat4 #jae1 div4 #gj4 ,hab4 ,catalina ,island1 #fj fm42 #d alive1 of equal size1 ,cooper4 ,resembles the young of ,murex centrifuga1 ,hds41 and is related to ,trophon muricatus1 ,hds4 ,besides the above species1 which were entirely new to science1 the fresh and perfect specimens collected by ,dr4 ,cooper1 on the ,survey1 from authentic localities have enabled me to make out and complete the diagnoses of many species first found indeed by other naturalists1 but in such poor condition1 or with such uncertainty of habitat1 that it would have been unsafe to have ventured on their description4 #af ,from the ,greek1 for twisted tooth4 #ag ,from the ,greek for a sawyer2 from the serration of the teeth1 which is unique in the family4 #ah ,from the ,greek for rough skin4 #ai ,a small island in the ,british ,channel4 #bj ,from the ,greek for chamber on both sides4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,september #ah,,th1 #ahfe4 ,president in the chair4 ,seven members present4 ,mr4 ,p4 ,m4 ,randall was elected a resident member4 ,donation to the ,cabinet3 ,specimen of ,aplodontia leporina1 shot near ,lake ,tahoe1 by ,mr4 ,j4 ,m4 ,m',donald4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,october #b;,d1 #ahfe4 ,mr4 ,fisk in the chair4 ,seven members present4 ,donations to the ,library3 ,proceedings of the ,royal ,horticultural ,society1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 ,no4 #ab--;,correspondenzblatt des ,naturf4 ,vereins zu ,riga1 #adte ,jahrgang4 ,mittheilungen aus dem ,osterlande #a ,sept4 #a-d1 #ahfj-ahfd2 ,kongliga ,svenska ,vetenskaps-,akademiens ,handlingar1 #ahfb2 ,ofversigt of ,k4 ,v4 ,ak4 ,frhandlingar1 #a-aj1 #ahfc2 ,meteorologiska ,iaktagelser1 #ahfb2 ,mmoires de l',acadmie ,impriale des ,sciences de ,st4 ,petersbourg1 ,tome ,v1 ,nos4 #b-i2 ,,vi2 #a-ab4 ,bulletin de l',acadmie de ,st4 ,petersbourg1 ,tome ,v1 #c-h2 ,,vi1 #a-e2 ,,vii1 #a-b2 ,verhandlingen van het ,bataviaasch ,genootschap1 ,deel ,,xxix1 #ahfb4 ,tijdschrift voor indesche ,taal-,land-en ,volkenkunde1 ,deel ,,xi1 #dth ,serie1 ,deel ,,iii1 ,afl4 #a-f2 ,sitzungsberichte der ,k4 bay4 ,ak4 der ,wissenschaften1 zu ,mnchen1 #ahfc1 ,,ii1 ,heft #b-d2 #ahfd1 ,i1 ,heft #a-d1 ,supp4 #e2 #ahfd1 ,,ii2 ,heft #a-b4 ,annalen der ,k4 ,sternwarte bei ,mnchen1 ,band ,,xiii1 ,supplementband1 ,,iv4 ,botanisk ,reise of ,axel ,blytt1 #ahfd4 ,beretning af ,g4 ,p4 ,sars1 #ahfd4 ,meteorologische ,beobachtungen auf ,christiania's ,observatorium1 ,lieferung #a-d4 ,monatsberichte der k4 preuss4 ,ak4 der ,wissenschaften zu ,berlin1 #ahfd4 ,journal d',agriculture1 #ahfb4 ,mmoires de l',acadmie imp4 de ,dijon1 ,ser #b1 ,tomes #aj1 #aa1 #ahfb1 #ahfc4 ,socit imp4 des ,sciences ,naturelles de ,cherbourg1 ,tomes ,,ix1 ,x4 ,the above-named volumes were presented by the different societies named1 through the ,smithsonian ,institution4 ,mr4 ,stearns announced that ,helix infumata had been found as far south as ,cape ,mendocino4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,october #af,,th1 #ahfe4 ,president in the chair4 ,five members present4 ,the following paper was presented by ,mr4 ,bolander4 ,remarks on ,california ,trees4 ,,by ,,henry ,n4 ,,bolander4 ,,note4--,localities given with two 66 ,i have not visited myself4 ,i would also further remark that ,i am by no means sure of having correctly determined the two oaks--,quercus ,douglasii and ,garryana4 ,it may not be altogether amiss to offer some observations on the distribution and value1 as specimens1 of some of our trees which ,i have met with on my various trips over a portion of this ,state4 #a4 ,pinus ,sabiniana1 ,dougl4 7,digger ,pine47 ,invariably disposed over south-hillsides of the interior1 occupying the driest expositions--,mount ,diablo6 ,russian ,river ,valley6 ,geysers6 ,auburn and ,forest ,hill6 ,san ,jos ,valley6 ,near ,mission ,san ,antonio66 ,mountains east of ,san ,diego66 ,as to its value there are a great many contradictory assertions made by farmers2 some assert it yields an excellent wood for yokes and similar objects1 while others denounce it as entirely useless4 #b4 ,pinus ,lambertiana1 ,dougl4 7,sugar ,pine47 ,pine ,mountains near ,geysers6 ,near ,cloverdale6 ,forest ,hill6 ,mountains east of ,san ,diego66 ,generally with ,pinus ponderosa in groves1 occupying the damper localities4 #c4 ,pinus ponderosa1 ,dougl4 7,yellow ,pine47 ,russian ,river ,valley6 south of ,clear ,lake6 ,geysers6 ,auburn and ,forest ,hill6 ,san ,jos ,valley6 ,blue ,mountains66 7,mr4 ,dunn7 ,rocky ,mountains66 ,new ,mexico66 #d4 ,pinus insignis4 ,dougl4 7,monterey ,pine47 ,monterey6 ,carmelo ,valley6 ,this species covers many thousand acres of land near and by ,monterey and ,carmelo1 forming quite an extensive forest along the coast between these two places4 ,height1 sixty to one hundred feet1 and one to three feet diameter2 outline very irregular1 consisting often of only a few rigid spreading branches2 foliage dense and of a vivid green color2 cones persistent1 often from ten to nineteen whorls2 bark very thick and rimose4 ,wood extremely resinous and rather coarse-grained2 excellent for street planks1 bridges1 and floors4 ,at present it is no more in the market as lumber2 the good timber has been all cut1 and the saw-mill removed4 ,considering that there is1 besides this species1 only ,pinus muricata growing in that forest1 which could not be confounded with the species in question--it is certainly most singular to meet with so many synonyms for it4 ,pinus radiata1 ,don42 ,pinus ,sinclairii and ,pinus tuberculata1 provided this last should not prove to be a good species4 ,it is the more astonishing since trees and cones are of great conformity throughout the entire forest4 #e4 ,pinus tuberculata1 ,don4 ,santa ,cruz6 ,ukiah6 ,oakland hills6 ,forest ,hill6 ,eureka66 ,in all these localities1 it is a small tree1 from twenty to thirty feet high1 and from six to fourteen inches in diameter4 ,it retains its lowest branches1 which spread generally very much1 often horizontally4 ,the foliage seems to me less dense and less vivid-green1 than that of the preceding4 ,young trees raised here1 side by side1 show the same differential characters4 ,the cones from all these different localities are very uniform1 and differ essentially from those of ,pinus insignis at ,monterey4 ,the seeds1 however1 resemble each other very much4 ,both species grow near the coast1 but on different soil4 ,pinus insignis1 on a soil produced by the disintegration of a bituminous slate and granite2 ,pinus tuberculata1 in all the above-mentioned localities1 on a soil derived from metamorphosed sandstone4 ,should these two species be definitely united1 after a thorough investigation1 they would afford a most striking example of the influence of a different soil4 ,it is certainly singular to find such a well-characterized form restricted to one locality only4 ,this fact1 however1 would not stand isolated with us here2 ,abies bracteata1 we find similarly confined to one locality only in ,california4 ,isolation is more or less a characteristic feature with all our trees1 and there is probably no country where the influences of soil1 climate1 and exposition are so well and abruptly marked and unmistakably defined4 #f4 ,pinus muricata1 ,don4 ,monterey6 ,mendocino ,city6 ,in a moist depression at ,monterey1 ,i found a small group of this species1 averaging about fifteen feet in height1 and five to six inches in diameter4 ,bark reddish and nearly smooth2 branches almost at a right angle with the main axis and generally from five to seven in a whorl2 leaves of a darker vivid green1 and more succulent and longer1 than those of ,pinus insignis1 of which there were trees of the same size by the side of it2 cones from three to seven1 in a whorl very much aggregated and clustered4 ,i counted seventeen whorls on a tree fifteen feet high4 ,the lower portion of the trunk was clad with dead leaves4 ,at the same distance 7about two miles7 from the ocean1 and scarcely a mile from the above-mentioned depression1 ,i found another group 7mixed with ,cupressus macrocarpa7 in a deeper but drier locality4 ,here the tree was altogether of a different aspect1 inferior in all its parts4 ,this very transition suggested strongly1 that this pine and the one previously seen on the plains near ,mendocino ,city1 on a similar soil1 might be of the same species4 ,near ,mendocino ,city1 on the so-called plains1 ,i found in great abundance a small pine tree1 which ,i refer for the present to this species4 ,height1 five to twenty feet1 but the greater number averaged only from five to fifteen feet4 ,only one tree which ,i noticed which was fifty-five inches in circumference1 and twenty to twenty-five feet in height4 ,it had a flattish top with the branches very much imbricated and so completely covered with cones1 that it was really difficult to discover its foliage4 ,but this tree was very exceptional1 compared with the mass of little trees covering the plains4 ,these had in general upright branches with numerous and slender branchlets2 leaves shorter1 denser1 and of a darker green than ,pinus contorta8 which grows with it and is a larger tree altogether2 bark reddish1 very thin1 exhaling a strong resinous odor1 and but slightly rimose2 cones two to four inches long 7curved when long7 and scarcely an inch thick1 mostly in pairs1 but sometimes in threes1 reflexed4 ,i counted fifteen sets of cones on a tree fifteen feet high4 #g4 ,pinus contorta1 ,dougl48 ,head of ,tomales ,bay6 ,mendocino ,city6 ,its manner of growth resembles that of ,pinus insignis very much4 ,it attains the same height1 has the same irregular spreading branches1 the same thick rimose bark and very resinous wood4 ,the leaves are invariably in pairs and slightly silvery on the lower surface4 ,the cones are scarcely two inches long with mostly reflex pedicles 7umbo7 on the slightly gibbous side and persistent for a great number of years4 ,from the ,river ,albin to ,mendocino ,city1 it grows quite near the coast on a fertile and undulating plain1 gently descending towards the ocean4 ,at ,mendocino ,city ,i found it to extend all over the plains about eight miles eastward4 ,whether this species is identical with ,pinus contorta or not ,i am unable to decide4 ,observations made by ,mr4 ,geo4 ,wm4 ,dunn1 on his recent travels through the ,blue and ,siskiyou mountains1 have rather a tendency to show that ,pinus contorta is altogether a different tree4 ,i can state1 however1 most positively that this species cannot be confounded with ,pinus muricata4 ,both species are two-leaved1 but in every other respect they differ widely4 ,the object of these remarks is only to point out the different species1 met in my travels1 and not to decide which name should have precedence4 ,murray's discussion on the distribution of our ,pines1 in his 8,notes on ,california ,trees10 has not 8struck0 me as being so very correct4 ,endlicher1 in his ,synopsis ,coniferarum1 makes ,pinus muricata a ,taeda1 which is also incorrect2 it is a true ,pinaster4 ,it remains to decide only1 whether the species at ,mendocino ,city is ,p4 contorta1 or ,p4 ,murrayana1 ,balf4 #h4 ,libocedrus decurrens1 ,torr4 7,california ,white ,cedar47 ,forest ,hill6 7forming quite a large woods there74 ,rancheria ,creek6 ,mendocino ,county4 ,east of ,salinas ,river1 ,monterey ,county4 ,dr4 ,canfield4 ,east of ,san ,diego66 ,on the banks of ,rancheria ,creek1 in the south-western part of ,mendocino ,county1 ,i found a small colony of this handsome tree4 ,the largest were about forty to sixty feet high and two to three feet in diameter4 ,judging from the young after-growth1 the tree seems likely to spread4 ,i was informed that this is the only place in the county where it is to be found4 ,in the latter part of ,september 7#ahfe7 the tree had its aments strongly developed4 ,cones decidedly pendulous4 #i4 ,cupressus macrocarpa1 ,hartw4 7,monterey ,cypress47 ,monterey6 ,tamal ,pais 7#b1gjj feet76 ,mendocino ,city6 and south-east of ,clear ,lake6 ,this species seems to be extremely variable4 ,at ,monterey1 about two miles from the coast1 ,i saw1 upon exposed granite rocks1 but slightly disintegrated1 specimens only six inches high1 bearing perfect cones4 ,going westward1 at the same distance from the ocean1 ,i found specimens in a depression associated with ,pinus muricata1 from ten to fifteen feet high1 full with cones2 and extending my walk to ,cypress ,point1 a distance of three to four miles1 ,i was surprised to find a large grove of this species1 containing mostly large trees of great beauty and perfection4 ,the average height may be from forty to sixty feet1 and as they were 7right at the point7 almost all alike in thickness1 ,i measured but three1 finding their circumference to be one hundred and nineteen1 one hundred and four1 and one hundred and twenty inches1 about four feet above the ground4 ,at this point these trees are almost daily enveloped in a dense fog4 ,their branches are very densely imbricated and depressed1 retaining the moisture to such an extent that the thick clusters of cones are quite mouldy4 ,between the cones and little dense branchlets settles a great deal of rubbish1 which is almost dripping wet4 ,it is undoubtedly owing to this very fact that so many seeds of this species1 collected there1 prove abortive4 ,seeing so great a variation at ,monterey1 ,i do not hesitate to refer all specimens1 seen at the other localities mentioned above1 to this species at present4 ,on the plain near ,mendocino ,city1 that species exhibited about the same gradations1 although not so strikingly as at ,monterey4 #aj4 ,torreya ,californica1 ,torr4 7,california ,nutmeg47 ,paper ,mill6 ,marin ,county4 ,ukiah6 ,mendocino ,city6 ,forest ,hill6 ,generally dispersed1 only at ,ukiah ,i found quite a group of this species4 ,wood valuable4 #aa4 ,taxus brevifolia1 ,nutt4 7,california ,yew-,tree47 ,devil's ,caon1 near ,forest ,hill6 ,a handsome tree1 twenty to thirty feet high1 with extremely slender and drooping branches4 ,dispersed but plenty4 ,wood valuable4 #ab4 ,quercus agrifolia1 ,nes4 7,live ,oak47 ,oakland6 ,banks of ,sacramento ,river6 ,clear ,lake6 ,russian ,river ,valley6 ,anderson ,valley6 ,monterey6 ,foliage extremely variable4 ,on river banks and in expositions close to the coast1 where it is almost daily enveloped in fogs1 this species exhibits quite a uniformity2 the figure of ,quercus oxyadenia in ,sitgreaves' ,report represents this form of it very well4 ,in the valleys of the interior the shape of the leaves of one and the same tree is very different4 ,some have entire margins1 while others have them pretty deeply dentated1 often one side is entire and the other dentate4 ,some trees occur of which the young shoots have the leaves 8coarsely sinuate-toothed1 or obliquely sinuate-toothed2 teeth very sharply acute with a broad base1 cuspidate-awned10 and thus agree with ,dr4 ,kellogg's ,quercus ,morehus--while the older branches have much smaller and entire leaves4 ,in ,anderson ,valley ,i saw several trees whose entire foliage agrees admirably with ,dr4 ,kellogg's4 ,had ,i not seen that tree on the shore of ,borax ,lake exhibiting both forms1 ,i should be inclined to call it a good species4 ,the cups of the acorns of these trees have the scales long and loosely imbricated1 and the acorn is almost entirely immerged2 but this is also the case with those of some trees that have a far different foliage4 ,thus far ,i have not been able to find good1 distinctive1 reliable characters4 ,there are transitions in all parts1 even on the same tree4 ,as the tree has the habit of growing in groups1 one might suppose that trees of one group1 at least1 should show a uniformity in botanical characters2 this is not so3 just the very extremes may be found in one and the same group4 ,this phenomenon ,i observed throughout the whole length of ,anderson ,valley1 a distance of some eighteen miles4 ,on dry gravelly hillsides in the interior this tree presents still another form3 ,quercus ,wislizeni1 ,englm4 ,the acorns ripen annually and differ also essentially in shape and size4 ,soil1 climate1 and exposition1 offer in this case no satisfactory explanation for so great a variation in one species4 ,should it not be attributed to intrinsic peculiarities8 #ac4 ,quercus ,garryana1 ,hook4 7,white ,oak47 ,on dry easterly hillsides and in valleys on a poor buff-colored clay4 ,santa ,rosa ,valley6 ,clear ,lake6 ,searsville6 ,anderson ,valley6 ,san ,jos ,valley6 ,exposition and soil agree in all these localities4 ,the bark of this tree is rather thin1 whitish1 and less coarsely rimose than any other of the ,californian oaks4 ,it is always a flat-topped1 middle-sized tree1 apparently of a very slow1 almost stunted1 growth4 ,the whitish bark of trunk and branches1 the glaucous foliage1 and the light-green color of the acorns1 which it yields1 however1 quite sparingly1 give this tree1 compared with other oaks especially1 quite a pale and hoary appearance4 ,farmers consider the fine-grained wood of this oak very valuable for many farming implements4 ,it ranks highest among our oaks4 #ad4 ,quercus ,douglasii1 ,hook4 7,pale ,oak47 ,anderson ,valley6 ,the general aspect and habit of this tree resembles very much that of ,quercus lobata1 with which it grows in the low1 flat portions of ,anderson ,valley4 ,its branchlets1 however1 are short1 rigid1 and erect1 while those of ,qu4 lobata are mostly drooping4 ,in fall1 when laden with acorns1 it presents a very striking difference by having its rather pale acorns densely aggregated and clustered at the extremities of the branchlets1 resting1 as it were1 on the dark-green leaves4 ,at a distance it may be mistaken for a full-bearing apple tree4 ,it increases rapidly in number in ,anderson ,valley from south to north1 outnumbering almost every other oak at the lower end of the valley4 ,its wood ranks next to that of ,quercus ,douglasii4 #ae4 ,quercus lobata1 ,nes4 7,burr-,oak47 ,the most common and largest oak in all the valleys of the interior of ,california4 ,thus far1 ,i never found it on a hillside4 ,it is this mighty oak1 with its peculiar1 gracefully-drooping branchlets1 that gives character to the landscape of the ,californian valleys4 ,it is especially noted for its very long acorns2 but they do not always attain that large size1 and are never so conspicuously arranged as those of ,qu4 ,garryana2 they are usually in pairs4 ,it may also be stated that this tree forms1 on an average1 about the longest trunk of ,californian foliaceous trees4 ,the acorns of this species form a principal part of the food of the ,indians4 ,on the ,coast ,range they seem to give1 however1 preference to those of ,quercus ,sonomensis4 ,the wood ranks next to that of the preceding species4 ,these above-mentioned three species of oaks1 belonging to the section of white oaks1 are surely distinct4 ,i met with no transitions thus far4 ,they may be distinguished at a distance2 every farmer distinguishes them1 for there is quite a difference in the quality of the wood4 #af4 ,quercus ,sonomensis1 ,benth4 7,black ,oak47 ,san ,diego66 ,anderson ,valley6 ,auburn6 ,eastern and northern hillsides in the ,coast ,ranges4 ,it also occupies the more easterly-situated flats1 among the redwoods1 wherever they are too dry for redwood4 ,very seldom it is found in the valley2 and when found1 it occupies that portion of it which is adjacent to the hillsides1 where there is generally a gravelly soil4 ,it is always a middle-sized tree1 having mostly numerous erect branches arranged like those of ,acer saccharinum4 ,in fall it sheds its leaves1 which become buff-colored1 before any other of our deciduous oaks4 ,the wood of this tree is of a poor quality2 used for fuel only4 #ag4 ,quercus chrysolepis1 ,liebm4 7,drooping ,live ,oak47 ,the most rare of all our oaks2 it bears acorns but seldom1 and even then very sparingly4 ,i have not been able to satisfy myself whether they are biannual or not1 but ,i am rather inclined to believe they are4 ,northern slopes near ,cloverdale6 in ,anderson ,valley6 and near ,forest ,hill6 ,tree #cj-dj feet high1 with a rather smooth whitish bark1 and mostly long1 slender1 drooping branches2 evergreen4 ,of the quality of its wood ,i could not learn anything from settlers4 ,the tree being rare1 and occupying always moist slopes along gulches1 it is not often cut down4 #ah4 ,quercus densiflora1 ,hook4 7,chestnut ,oak47 ,along the ,coast ,range1 associated with the redwood1 increasing northwards2 from ,santa ,cruz to ,mendocino ,city1 at least1 it occurs only in or close by the redwoods4 ,this tree attains rather a large height in dense woods1 and is then but sparingly branched4 ,leaves and acorns very considerable4 ,its wood is absolutely useless2 it is very coarse grained1 and like the redwood wet like a sponge when cut2 it is extremely perishable4 ,at ,mendocino ,city log-men call it ,water ,oak4 #ai4 ,castanea chrysophylla1 ,dougl4 7,chestnut47 ,on the ,oakland hills this species is but #c-f feet high2 blooms about the fourth of ,july1 like the ,eastern ,castanea vesca1 and bears perfect fruit4 ,on the so-called plains at ,mendocino ,city1 however1 it is a large tree1 averaging from #ej-abe feet in height1 and #b-c feet in diameter4 ,those trees were completely covered with blossoms on the twenty-third of ,september1 #ahfe2 settlers say they never found its fruit4 ,here1 on the ,oakland hills1 it grows only on the outcropping of a white friable slate1 destitute of all vegetable remains2 at the ,mendocino plains it is found to grow on a cemented gravel1 upon which the water rests for some months after the rainy season4 ,the supply of an aerial moisture during the dry season is in favor of the ,oakland hills1 judging by the lichenose vegetation of the two localities4 #bj4 ,sequoia sempervirens1 ,endl4 7,redwood47 ,this mighty tree belongs exclusively to the foggy regions of the ,coast ,ranges and the underlying metamorphic sandstone1 for wherever either of these conditions is wanting1 this tree does not exist4 ,from the northern boundary line of the ,state down to the head of ,tomales ,bay it forms a continual forest1 increasing in width northward4 ,at ,tomales ,bay the chain is interrupted by a small bed of lime-rock4 ,the interruption extending from the lower foot-hills of ,tamalpais down to ,belmont1 is undoubtedly owing to the lowness of the hills4 ,a connecting link is found1 however1 on the ,oakland hills4 ,that grove of redwoods1 now almost entirely destroyed1 affords the strongest evidences of the dependency of that species on the prevalence of heavy mists4 ,from ,belmont to a few miles below ,santa ,cruz is another narrow continuous chain1 occupying mainly the leesides of the most western ranges and the deeper gulches eastward4 ,from near the mouth of ,salinas ,river to the head of ,carmelo ,valley1 another long interruption is caused by a bituminous slate4 ,the absence of redwood in this long interval can hardly be ascribed to any other cause1 for it is known that ,monterey and the adjacent regions are subject to heavier fogs than ,santa ,cruz4 ,pinus insignis and ,cupressus macrocarpa occupy here those portions naturally belonging to the redwood and ,tsuga ,douglasii4 ,further south1 from the head of ,carmelo ,valley to ,san ,luis ,obispo1 the most southern limit1 redwood occurs but sparingly1 forming nowhere extensive groves4 ,associated with the redwood we find ,tsuga ,douglasii1 a tree of a wide range1 ,torreya ,californica1 ,arbutus ,menziesii1 ,quercus densiflora1 and in ,mendocino ,county ,abies grandis ,dougl4 ,there are also some shrubs and herbaceous plants truly characteristic to them1 the shrubs increasing as underwood northward1 belong mostly to the ,ericaceous family4 ,it is a noteworthy fact that the arborescent growth of the leeside of the first range of hills generally consists1 almost exclusively1 of ,tsuga ,douglasii1 and that this tree forms the outskirt east and particularly westward4 ,in ,mendocino ,county ,abies grandis unites with it for the same cause2 there both trees form a dense belt1 facing the ocean1 and are encroaching fast on the redwood4 ,in fact1 the western portion of those redwoods show this encroachment most strikingly by a total absence of young redwood1 and a dense1 almost impenetrable1 undergrowth of the two-mentioned species4 ,the order of things is1 however1 reversed wherever the redwood has been cut4 ,its roots are imperishable1 and as soon as the tree is cut they sprout and cover the soil rapidly to the exclusion of every other species--none being of so rapid a growth4 ,the indestructibility of the roots prevents the clearing of such land2 even large trunks cut down cover themselves1 within two or three years1 so completely with sprouts that they are hardly seen4 ,the entire after growth now found on the ,oakland hills1 is owing solely to the indestructibility of its roots and stumps4 ,the tenacity of life in this species1 which is rather of rare occurrence in coniferous trees1 shows itself also in the resistance it offers to fire1 so frequent in those woods4 ,trees that have been bereft completely of their branches by fire1 covered themselves in a few years entirely with young sprouts1 giving the trunks the appearance of a pillar1 or remind one of those old trunks covered with ,rhus toxicodendron in the ,east4 ,fire is destructive to the young trees only2 after they have obtained a thickness of two or three feet they are not liable to perish4 ,another great beneficial feature in this species is the great power it possesses in condensing fogs and mists4 ,a heavy fog is always turned into a rain1 wetting the soil and supplying springs with water during the dry season4 ,springs in and near the redwoods are never in want of a good supply of water1 and crops on the ,coast ,ranges are not liable to fail4 ,the year of #ahfd has proved my assertion beyond doubt2 this fact is generally known--a great deal of land has been taken up since4 ,it is my firm conviction that if the redwoods are destroyed--and they necessarily will be1 if not protected by a wise action of our ,government--,california will become a desert1 in the true sense of the word4 ,in their safety depends the future welfare of the ,state2 they are our safeguard4 ,it remains to be seen whether we shall be benefited or not by the horrible experience such countries as ,asia ,minor1 ,greece1 ,spain1 and ,france have made1 by having barbarously destroyed their woods and forests4 ,but with us here it is even of a more serious nature2 wise governments would be able to replace them in those countries1 but no power on earth can restore the woods of ,california when once completely destroyed6 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,november #f,,th1 #ahfe4 ,dr4 ,kellogg in the chair4 ,eight members present4 ,donations to the ,cabinet3 ,specimen of ,pinus ponderosa1 ,abies ,douglasii1 ,taxus brevifolia1 ,larix occidentalis1 ,pteris aquilina1 and ,abies ,menziesii2 presented by ,mr4 ,dunn4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,december #d,,th1 #ahfe4 ,president in the chair4 ,seven members present1 and ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,dall as a visitor4 ,major ,edward ,preiss and ,count ,oswald ,thun were elected ,corresponding ,members4 ,mr4 ,bolander made some remarks on a wild ,california ,grape 7,vitis ,californica7 growing near ,oakland4 ,professor ,whitney gave an account of the explorations of ,professor ,pumpelly in ,japan and ,china4 ,an elaborate memoir1 by this gentleman1 containing a full account of his very important geological discoveries1 will appear in the second volume of the ,memoirs of the ,national ,academy of ,sciences4 ,mr4 ,dall made some observations on the progress of the ,russian ,american ,overland ,telegraph ,expedition1 and gave an interesting description of the region which had been traversed by the party4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,december #ah,,th1 #ahfe4 ,dr4 ,kellogg in the chair4 ,six members present4 ,dr4 ,ferdinand ,stoliczka1 ,palontologist to the ,geological ,survey of ,india1 was elected a ,corresponding ,member4 ,donations to the ,cabinet3 ,one box of shells and two of fishes1 collected at ,tahiti1 by ,mr4 ,andrew ,garrett4 ,the following papers were presented4 ,notice of a peculiar ,astringent ,gum or ,coloring ,substance in the ,cones of the ,sequoia gigantea4 ,,by ,,william ,p4 ,,blake4 ,i am not aware that any notice has yet been taken by scientific chemists of a peculiar substance1 apparently a gum1 which accompanies the seeds of the great trees1 and may be shaken out of the dried cones4 ,about twenty cones yielded me an ounce of the material4 ,it does not adhere to either the seeds or the cone1 but appears to have shrunk from both in drying4 ,it falls out in loose broken grains with brilliant conchoidal fractured surfaces1 and looks a little like dried blood4 ,the color is purplish-red1 nearly black by reflected light1 and a brilliant carmine-red by transmitted4 ,the taste is strongly astringent1 and suggests tannin2 it is somewhat bitter1 and is similar also to that of very strong black tea4 ,it softens and becomes gummy between the teeth4 ,it dissolves completely in water and in ordinary alcohol1 giving a brilliant claret-colored solution which gradually darkens by exposure to the air4 ,the addition of carbonate of soda darkens the solution and lime-water turns it black1 giving a black scaly precipitate4 ,dilute sulphuric acid reddens the solution and causes a red precipitate4 ,it is in many respects similar to the kino of the shops1 but has a brighter colored powder and streaks4 ,the kino that ,i have seen has a brownish-red streak2 this substance gives a purplish-red4 ,the reactions with alkalies and acids in respect to color are similar to those of green redwood boards1 which may be stained as dark as rosewood by alkalies and red by acids4 ,this substance may be found to have some peculiar value in pharmacy1 or as a coloring matter for tinctures or wine4 ,i hope that this notice will induce a thorough investigation of its nature and properties4 ,if it proves to be new1 ,i suggest that it shall be known as ,sequonin4 ,ammonites in the ,auriferous ,slates of ,california4 ,,by ,,william ,p4 ,,blake4 ,ammonites occur in the gold-bearing slates of ,bear ,valley1 ,mariposa ,county1 in addition to belemnites and other fossils already noted4 ,the specimen ,i have seen is a cast1 somewhat distorted by pressure1 but apparently similar to the species from the slates on the ,american ,river1 which ,i brought to the notice of the academy last year4 ,,adjourned ,,annual ,,meeting1 ,,january #h,,th1 #ahff4 ,president in the chair4 ,twelve members present4 ,the ,curator of ,conchology and the ,librarian made verbal reports4 ,the academy then proceeded to the election of officers for the year1 and the following persons were chosen4 ,,president4 ,,leander ,,ransom4 ,,vice ,,presidents4 ,r4 ,e4 ,c4 ,,stearns4 ,w4 ,o4 ,,ayres1 ,m4,d4 ,,treasurer4 ,,samuel ,,hubbard4 ,,recording ,,sec',y4 ,t4 ,h4 ,,bloomer4 ,,corresponding ,,sec',y4 ,,henry ,n4 ,,bolander4 ,,librarian4 ,j4 ,d4 ,,whitney4 ,,curators4 ,h4 ,s4 ,,hanks ,,mineralogy4 ,e4 ,f4 ,,lorquin ,,zoology4 ,h4 ,n4 ,,bolander ,,botany4 ,r4 ,e4 ,c4 ,,stearns ,,conchology4 ,w4 ,m4 ,,gabb ,,pal,,ontology4 ,h4 ,,behr1 ,m4,d4 ,,entomology4 ,,committee ,,on ,,finance4 ,,messrs4 ,,hubbard1 ,,stearns1 ,,and ,,fisk4 ,,committee ,,on ,,publication4 ,,messrs4 ,,whitney1 ,,minns1 ,,and ,,stearns4 ,donations to the ,library3 ,american ,journal of ,science1 ,september1 #ahfe1 from the editors4 ,annals of the ,lyceum of ,natural ,history of ,new ,york1 ,vol4 ,,viii1 ,nos4 #b-e4 ,journal de ,conchyliogie1 7#c7 ,v1 #a1 #b4 ,sea-,side ,studies in ,natural ,history1 from ,alex4 ,agassiz4 ,proceedings of the ,boston ,society of ,natural ,history1 #ahfd1 ,sheet #a4 ,astronomical and ,meteorological ,observations made at the ,u4 ,s4 ,naval ,observatory during the year #ahfc4 ,check ,list of the ,fossils of ,california and ,nevada1 by ,w4 ,m4 ,gabb4 ,the following biographical sketch of ,thomas ,bridges was read by ,mr4 ,dall4 ,memorial ,sketch of ,thomas ,bridges1 ,esq41 ,f4,l4,s41 ,f4,z4,s41 and ,member of the ,cala4 ,acad4 ,sci4 ,,by ,w4 ,h4 ,,dall1 ,,acting ,,director ,,sci4 ,,corps1 ,w4 ,u4 ,t4 ,,ex4 ,mr4 ,bridges was born at ,lilly in ,hertfordshire1 ,england1 on the twenty-second of ,may1 #ahjg4 ,at an early age he became interested in ,natural ,history1 and when about nineteen or twenty--having previously studied for some three years under ,sir ,william ,hooker1 at ,kew ,gardens--he sailed for ,valparaiso4 ,he remained here or passed the time in some of the adjoining provinces1 from #ahbg to #ahdd1 when he returned to ,england on a short visit4 ,on again reaching ,south ,america1 he undertook the explorations in ,bolivia1 so well known to naturalists1 through their magnificent results4 ,during the course of this journey1 in ,june1 #ahde1 he discovered and obtained seeds of the great ,south ,american ,water ,lily1 the ,victoria ,regia1 ,lindley4 ,although the plant had previously been detected1 to ,mr4 ,bridges belonged the honor of first introducing it into the old world1 by transporting seeds which subsequently germinated at ,kew4 ,in #ahdf1 he returned to ,england1 where for many months he was prostrated by severe illness contracted in his arduous explorations4 ,in #ahdg1 he was married to ,miss ,mary ,benson1 of ,bristol1 ,england1 a niece of the eminent collector1 the late ,hugh ,cuming4 ,soon after he proceeded again to ,valparaiso4 ,in #ahea1 he visited and explored the island of ,juan ,fernandez4 ,in the report of ,lieut4 ,herndon1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n41 on his explorations of the ,amazon1 he acknowledges his obligations to ,mr4 ,bridges1 for invaluable information furnished1 in regard to the head-waters of that river4 ,in #ahee1 he proceeded to ,panama1 remaining there some six months2 and from thence to ,england1 subsequently to ,france1 and finally to ,california1 where he arrived in ,november1 #ahef4 ,about #aheg1 he went to ,british ,columbia1 and remained nearly two years1 collecting and exploring4 ,in the winter of #aheh1 his family1 hitherto in ,europe1 rejoined him4 ,since then ,san ,francisco has been his home1 though travelling in many parts of ,california4 ,in ,april1 #ahfe1 he undertook his ill-starred journey to ,nicaragua4 ,his explorations here were limited principally to the lake country1 where he passed some five months exploring the dense and tangled jungles of the vicinity2 ascending the volcanoes of ,mombacho and ,ometepec1 and visiting ,leon and ,granada4 ,in ,june1 he met at ,san ,juan del ,sur1 our well-known botanist1 ,dr4 ,torry1 on his way to ,san ,francisco4 ,these two kindred spirits passed several pleasant days together4 ,he left ,nicaragua on the steamship ,moses ,taylor1 ,capt ,blethen1 on the third of ,september1 #ahfe1 apparently in perfect health4 ,on the fifth1 the effects of the insidious malaria of the country were evident4 ,on the ninth1 he died2 being fifty-eight years old4 ,on the seventeenth1 the body arrived in ,san ,francisco1 and was afterwards interred at ,lone ,mountain ,cemetery4 ,he leaves a widow1 two daughters1 and three sons4 ,mr4 ,bridges was of a singularly retiring and modest disposition1 and very few publications of his own remain to attest his devotion to ,natural ,science4 ,but works in every branch of study1 particularly of ,professor ,lindley1 and ,sir ,william ,hooker1 in the department of ,botany1 bear abundant evidence of his untiring industry and unusual success4 ,that he died a martyr to his love for ,natural ,history1 there is no room for doubt2 and his most appropriate memorials are the magnificent evergreens now adorning1 through his agency1 the groves and avenues of the old world4 ,with all impartial naturalists1 ,mr4 ,bridges and such as he1 8who bear the burden and heat of the day10 are entitled to honors2 if not precisely of the same character as those due to the students who in their comfortable libraries work up the results of the collector1 still to honors quite as high4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,january #ae,,th1 #ahff4 ,president in the chair4 ,eight members present4 ,mr4 ,bolander presented his report1 as ,curator of ,botany1 for the year #ahfe1 as follows4 ,during the past year the ,herbarium of the ,academy has been increased-- #ast4 ,by a set of ,hall's ,rocky ,mountain ,plants4 #b;d4 ,by a collection of plants from the ,western ,states1 made by ,mr4 ,elihu ,hall4 #c;d4 ,by a large collection made by ,mr4 ,canby at ,wilmington1 ,del4 #dth4 ,by a small collection from ,m4 ,s4 ,bebb1 ,esq41 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,to the above-mentioned collections1 ,i have added specimens of each plant collected by myself during the past year4 ,dr4 ,kellogg and myself have presented to the ,academy quite a number of ,australian plants1 and both ,dr4 ,kellogg and ,mr4 ,bloomer have assisted me in arranging and classifying our collections4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,february #e,,th1 #ahff4 ,president in the chair4 ,five members present4 ,mr4 ,dall presented the following paper by ,dr4 ,canfield4 ,notes on ,antilocapra ,americana1 ,ord4 ,,by ,,dr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,,canfield1 ,,of ,,monterey4 ,the following notes were taken from #ahee to #aheh1 in ,monterey ,county1 ,california1 and were communicated to ,prof4 ,baird in #ahei4 ,about the first of ,january the old bucks all shed their horns4 ,a few days after1 one was shot1 with two hairy stumps or horn-cores1 several inches long1 just tipped with growing horn4 ,this was observed to spread upward and downward till the whole of the process of the frontal bone was covered with horn4 ,the 8prong0 commenced the same process at its tip1 and gradually coalesced with the main horn1 leaving no suture4 ,as the horn increases in length it curves forward and inward4 ,it takes several months to perfect the new horn4 ,the females possess small curved horns1 one to three inches long1 sometimes recurving to the skull1 which were not proved to be deciduous4 ,the horn1 when shed1 leaves a process of the frontal bone1 covered with hair1 soon replaced as above by horn at the tip4 ,these facts were more minutely observed in two young bucks1 reared by hand to the age respectively of one and two years4 ,these facts would tend to separate the genus ,antilocapra from the family ,cavicornia1 and it may possibly form a family by itself4 ,prof4 ,w4 ,p4 ,blake read a portion of a letter from ,dr4 ,c4 ,t4 ,jackson of ,boston1 containing a notice of a remarkable spider brought from ,georgia by ,dr4 ,wilder1 an account of which has been published in the ,proceedings of the ,american ,academy and of the ,boston ,natural ,history ,society4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,february #ai,,th1 #ahff4 ,president in the chair4 ,nine members present4 ,dr4 ,colbert ,a4 ,canfield1 of ,monterey1 was chosen a ,corresponding ,member1 and ,dr4 ,henry ,gibbons and ,mr4 ,henry ,janin1 ,resident ,members4 ,donations to the ,library3 ,u4 ,s4 ,census1 #ahfj--;,agriculture2 ,american ,journal of ,science1 ,november1 #ahfe1 and ,january1 #ahff2 ,proceedings of the ,phila4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 ,april to ,october1 #ahfe2 ,theory of ,parallels1 by ,matthew ,ryan2 ,description of ,new ,species of ,pupid1 by ,e4 ,s4 ,morse2 ,proceedings of ,boston ,nat4 ,hist4 ,soc41 ,vol4 ,x1 ,sheet #b4 ,the following paper was presented4 ,earthquakes in ,california during #ahfe4 ,,by ,,dr4 ,,john ,b4 ,,trask4 ,as in the preceding year we have had much frequency in shocks of earthquake1 with but trifling damage4 ,,january #ith1 #g h4--,a smart shock at ,santa ,rosa1 ,sonoma ,county4 ,,january #aith1 #h h4 #h m4--,a light shock at ,san ,francisco4 ,,march #eth1 #h h4 #de m4--,a light shock at ,visalia1 consisting of a tremulous motion1 succeeded by a roll or wave after an interval of about four seconds4 ,,march #gth1 #bc h4--,a smart shock at ,san ,francisco4 ,,march #hth1 #f h4 #bb m4--,a smart shock at ,san ,francisco4 ,,march #cjth1 #g h4 #bh m4--,a very smart shock at ,san ,francisco2 this was felt at ,oakland4 ,,april #aeth1 #j h4 #dj m4--,a severe shock occurred at ,san ,diego1 consisting of three waves1 following each other in quick succession2 the shock was preceded with a loud rushing sound4 ,,april #ahth1 #ac h4 #ca m4--,a light shock at ,san ,francisco1 and noticed at ,angel ,island and ,oakland4 ,this shock was severe at ,san ,juan 7south71 and felt at precisely the same hour4 ,,april #bgth1 #ae h4 #ef m4--,a shock at ,san ,francisco4 ,,may #bdth1 #c h4 #ba m4--,a smart shock at ,san ,francisco1 consisting of a single wave4 ,at ,san ,juan 7south7 the earthquake consisted of two sharp shocks1 and at ,santa ,cruz of one only4 ,at the latter localities it was three and four minutes later than at this city4 ,,september #bb;d 7no hour74--,a smart shock occurred at ,yreka4 ,,october #ast1 #i h4 #ae m4--,a very smart shock was felt at ,fort ,humboldt1 and throughout the district of ,humboldt ,bay4 ,,october #hth1 #ab h4 #df m4--,a severe shock at ,san ,francisco4 ,this earthquake was the most violent of any occurring on this peninsula since the ,american occupancy1 but was not sufficiently heavy to do serious damage2 all the injuries sustained to property were of a trivial nature1 the principal being the demolition of parts of the parapet walls erected above the roofs1 to shield the latter in cases of fire in adjoining buildings2 the fracture of walls in every instance occurred in insecure buildings1 and heavy buildings erected on the made lands of the city front4 ,at ,san ,jos1 ,santa ,clara1 and ,santa ,cruz1 the earthquake appears to have been equally severe as in this city4 ,at ,petaluma1 on the north1 it was also quite severe4 ,at ,sacramento the shock was not marked by the same severity as at the other localities mentioned4 ,at ,stockton the shock was heavy1 but no damage done1 nor was there any damage at ,sacramento4 ,the shock was severe at ,grass ,valley4 ,the direction of the wave in this earthquake was north fifty degrees west2 the limited area over which it extended has not furnished sufficient data to calculate its velocity4 ,this earthquake differs from all others that have occurred in this locality in this particular3 the earth continued to vibrate with increasing and again decreasing degrees of force for ten hours1 at no time entirely ceasing during this period4 #bb h4 #a m41 another light shock1 consisting of a single vibration4 #bc h4 #ej m41 another shock4 ,after this shock the vibrations of the earth ceased to be noticeable4 ,october #ith1 #aj h4 #cd m4--,another light shock4 #aa h4 #cb m41 another shock4 ,after this shock the earth continued to vibrate at intervals till noon of the tenth4 ,,october #acth1 #b h4 #e m4--,a smart shock at ,san ,francisco2 felt at ,oakland and ,santa ,clara2 also at ,angel ,island4 ,,october #adth1 #bc h4 #de m4--,another shock at ,san ,francisco4 ,,october #aeth1 #c h4 #dj m4--,another shock at ,san ,francisco4 ,,november #bdth1 #c h4 #de m4--,a smart shock at ,watsonville1 ,santa ,cruz ,co4 ,,december #gth1 #a h4 #ae m4--,a light shock at ,san ,francisco4 ,professor ,whitney presented the plate published by ,mr4 ,haidinger1 the distinguished ,chief of the ,austrian ,geological ,survey1 to exhibit the structure of the ,carleton meteoric iron4 ,this plate1 together with an elaborate article describing the appearance and structure of this meteorite1 is published in the proceedings of the ,vienna ,academy of ,science1 ,vol4 ,,xlviii1 page #cja4 ,professor ,whitney also made some remarks on the nature and distribution of the meteorites which have1 up to the present time1 been discovered on the ,pacific ,coast and in ,mexico2 of these remarks the following is an abstract4 ,it is remarkable that no meteoric stones have ever been discovered1 either near the ,pacific coast or1 indeed1 so far as we know1 anywhere on this side of the ,rocky ,mountains4 ,masses of meteoric iron1 on the other hand1 are known to exist in quite a number of localities1 and many of these masses are of very large size4 ,on page eleven1 of the third volume of the ,academy's ,proceedings1 ,i have given a list of the localities of meteoric iron known in ,arizona and ,northern ,mexico4 ,this was done in order to attract the attention of explorers and prospectors to these remarkable masses1 and in the hope of getting more definite information in regard to some of them4 ,indeed1 some additional items have already been obtained in reference to the masses there noticed4 ,it is stated by several persons who have visited ,southern ,arizona1 among whom ,dr4 ,horn may especially be mentioned1 that it is universally believed1 and vouched for by apparently trustworthy explorers1 that there are many large masses of iron near the summit of the range next east of ,tucson4 ,this is called on the latest map of ,arizona1 7that published by ,mr4 ,gird7 the 8,sierra de la ,santa ,caterina40 ,whether this is the same as the 8,sierra de la ,madera10 mentioned by ,velasco1 as the locality of 8enormous masses of pure iron1 between ,tucson and ,tubac10 ,i have been unable to ascertain4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,trask saw1 in ,august1 #ahdi1 a large mass of meteoric iron1 at the village of ,rio ,florida1 partly buried in the ground at the corner of the plaza4 ,this may1 perhaps1 be the same mass mentioned by ,mr4 ,bartlett1 as existing 8at the ,hacienda de ,concepcion1 on the road from ,chihuahua to ,rio ,florida40 ,dr4 ,trask1 however1 has a distinct recollection that the mass he saw was at the village of ,rio ,florida1 and not at the ,hacienda4 ,dr4 ,veatch saw1 in #ahdi1 a large mass of iron at ,santa ,rosa1 ,coahuila1 which was then in use as an anvil1 at a blacksmith's shop1 and was informed that many pieces of native iron had been used there for various purposes4 ,the mass which ,dr4 ,veatch saw1 was of about the size of an ordinary anvil4 ,it was said to have been brought from the mountains northwest of the town4 ,this statement corroborates that of ,schott1 in the ,mexican ,boundary ,report4 7,vol4 ,i1 ,part #b1 page #cd47 ,it is a remarkable fact1 considering the abundance of meteoric iron near our borders1 that no meteorite1 either stony or metallic1 has yet been found within the limits of ,california4 ,the piece of iron from ,honcut ,creek1 found by ,dr4 ,trask1 and supposed to be of celestial origin1 proved1 on careful examination1 to be ordinary cast iron4 ,a fragment of the mass was referred to ,professor ,brush1 and pronounced by him not to be meteoric4 ,the existence of a piece of cast iron1 in the locality where this was discovered1 is not easily explained4 ,in connection with what has just been said of the existence of meteoric iron in ,california1 it should be added1 that ,dr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,cooper thinks that he observed some small pieces of native iron on the ,mohave ,river1 a little above its sink4 ,by accident no specimen of this supposed meteorite were saved1 so that it is not possible to say that ,dr4 ,cooper may not have been mistaken4 ,the attention of explorers in that region is invited to this supposed locality4 ,an additional reason for believing ,dr4 ,cooper's observations to be correct is1 that the locality lies in the prolongation of the path or belt in which a considerable number of masses of meteoric iron have already been found4 ,it is certainly either a very interesting fact1 or else a remarkable coincidence1 that the localities of meteoric iron in ,arizona and northern ,mexico1 lie nearly in a straight line with each other1 which line extends from northwest to southeast1 for a distance of twelve hundred and fifty miles1 or from the ,colorado ,river1 at ,la ,paz1 to the province of ,san ,luis ,potosi1 in ,mexico4 ,along this line1 at points from two hundred to two hundred and fifty miles apart1 in some places one mass of iron1 and in others quite a number of them1 have fallen1 indicating very strongly a common origin for the whole1 or that they may all be fragments of one immense meteor which passed diagonally across the continent1 throwing off masses in its progress4 ,the large mass of iron discovered by ,dr4 ,evans1 on ,bald ,mountain1 near ,port ,orford1 in ,oregon1 is in a locality not far distant from the path of the supposed meteor4 ,the belt of meteoric iron masses may also be prolonged much farther to the south1 through ,mexico1 and in the same general southeasterly direction1 as far as the province of ,oaxaca4 ,the localities in the provinces of ,durango1 ,zacatecas1 ,mexico1 and ,oaxaca lie very nearly in the same northwest-southeast direction from each other2 but are in a line a little to the west of the main belt which has been traced down from the ,colorado ,river4 ,it is certain that the central part of ,mexico has been highly favored in respect to the distribution of meteoric iron masses1 which are not only of frequent occurrence1 but often of large size4 ,perhaps it may be not too wild a speculation to suggest1 that the grand disruption of the meteor may have taken place in this part of its course1 and that the fragments were scattered far and wide in all directions4 ,it certainly seems difficult to account for the peculiar position of the masses of iron found on the ,pacific side of the continent1 and their great abundance in central ,mexico1 on any other theory than the one which has here been suggested4 ,authorities are not at hand for comparing the chemical composition of all the masses belonging to this series1 or belt1 which have been analyzed2 but it is my impression that those meteoric irons which have been examined do resemble each other sufficiently1 in the nature and proportion of the ingredients they contain1 to add to the probability of their having had a common origin4 ,the specimens thus far analyzed do not represent more than half the localities known to exist4 ,a farther and more complete investigation of the physical and chemical character of all the meteoric masses of ,arizona and ,mexico1 with reference to the possibility of their being originally parts of one body1 is suggested as an interesting subject for those specially devoted to this class of researches4 ,the following resolution1 introduced by ,professor ,whitney1 at a previous meeting1 in accordance with the ,constitution1 was adopted4 ,resolved1 ,that any ,corresponding ,member who may take up his residence in this city1 may become a ,resident ,member1 on notifying the ,recording ,secretary that such is his wish4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,dall was elected a ,resident ,member1 ,december #dth1 #ahfe4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,march #e,,th1 #ahff4 ,president in the chair4 ,eleven members present4 ,donations to the ,library3 ,socit de ,gographie de ,genve2 ,mmoires et ,bulletin1 ,tomes ,i-,,iii2 ,from ,f4 ,berton4 ,the following papers were presented4 ,note on ,octopus punctatus1 ,gabb4 ,,by ,w4 ,h4 ,,dall1 ,,acting ,,director ,,sci4 ,,corps ,w4 ,u4 ,t4 ,,ex4 ,a half-decayed specimen of this species1 7described by ,mr4 ,gabb1 in ,proc4 ,cal4 ,acad41 ,ap4 #gth1 #ahfb7 discovered in some alcoholic miscellanea1 recently1 afforded the following observations4 ,the buccal plates or mandibles1 resemble those of ,o4 tuberculatus1 ,blainv4 ,woodw4 ,man4 ,pl4 ,i4 ,fig4 #b but are more produced longitudinally4 ,they are black and very brittle4 ,illustration3 7,fig4 #bg47 ,dental formula1 #ccc 7,fig4 #bg1 ,a71 or #a_/7aa7ba ,rhachis armed with one central quinquedentate tooth1 and two lateral1 simple1 denticles2 the insertion of all is broadly arcuate4 ,the pleur are provided each with two simple recurved uncini and one rhomboidal plate with a small recurved hook4 ,the central rhachidian tooth is occasionally irregular4 7,fig4 #bg1 ,l1 ,x74 ,when immature1 the dental lamin are without color1 more slender1 compressed1 and the dentations are less distinct4 7,fig4 #bg1 ,l47 ,immature rows1 about #ae1 perfect #fj1 worn and broken #be1 total #ajj4 ,mag4 #ajj diameters4 ,length of specimen #c feet4 ,locality1 near ,san ,francisco4 ,from the market4 ,professor ,whitney communicated the following abstract of the results obtained by ,m4 ,rmond in his geological explorations of ,northern ,mexico1 made in #ahfc to #ahfe1 and drawn up from his notes and specimens1 after reference of the fossils obtained to ,mr4 ,gabb and ,dr4 ,newberry4 ,m4 ,rmond has gone to ,chili to continue his geological investigations1 if his health permits2 and he expects to write out a more detailed account of his ,mexican work1 whenever he has an opportunity of doing so4 ,in the mean time1 however1 it is his desire that this abstract should be drawn up and published1 that at least the more important results may be placed as soon as possible in the hands of those interested in the development of the geological structure of those countries which border on the ,pacific coast4 ,in presenting this paper1 ,professor ,whitney desired to express his admiration of the courage and endurance with which ,m4 ,rmond had prosecuted his investigations in ,mexico1 where he had to contend with every kind of difficulty and danger1 but where1 however1 he had obtained results of great value1 throwing the first rays of light on the age of the formations of a very interesting and economically important mining region--a region which has been often visited1 but where1 previous to ,m4 ,rmond's examinations1 no positive evidence of the geological position of any of the stratified rocks had been obtained1 and no clue given to the relations of the metalliferous veins to each other1 or to the rocks in which they are inclosed4 ,notice of ,geological ,explorations in ,northern ,mexico4 ,,by ,a4 ,r,,mond4 ,compiled from his notes1 and prepared for publication1 by ,j4 ,d4 ,whitney4 #a4 ,,preliminary ,,remarks4 ,the mountainous region comprising the central and western portion of ,northern ,mexico1 belongs to the four ,states of ,durango1 ,chihuahua1 ,sinaloa1 and ,sonora4 ,considering how celebrated this portion of ,mexico has become for its mines and metalliferous veins1 and how much has been written about it1 it is surprising how little exact information has hitherto been obtained with regard to either its geography or geology4 ,on comparing the principal published maps#ba of the region in question1 it will be seen at once how much they differ from each other in their delineations of even its main topographical features1 while the details are entirely wanting4 ,the name of the 8,sierra ,madre0 is usually applied to the main range of mountains of this country1 or the western border of the plateau which stretches north through the territories of the ,united ,states1 forming what may be called the great orographical feature of the continent4 ,in ,northwestern ,mexico this crumpled border of the great plateau comprises an extensive mountainous region1 by no means forming a continuous single chain1 but rather several central ranges1 with associated groups of parallel ridges1 all having the same general course1 which is approximately north-northwest1 and south-southeast4 ,as the breadth of the chain widens as we go towards the north1 so1 too1 that of the valleys increases in that direction1 the whole system of mountains and valleys spreading out in something like a fan shape4 ,going north1 the chain appears to sink gradually1 although determinations of altitude in ,northern ,mexico are extremely few in number4 ,it is certain that there is1 in about latitude #cb1 a depression of the mountain ranges which extends entirely across the continent1 and which would enable the traveler to cross from the ,atlantic to the ,pacific1 without necessarily surmounting any elevation greater than four thousand feet4#bb ,the southeastern range is the highest1 and the culminating point is said to be the ,cerro de ,cuiteco1 sixty leagues northeast of ,jesus ,maria1 on the western border of ,chihuahua4 ,the approximate altitude of the ,cumbre de ,basascachic is seven thousand four hundred and twenty-nine feet1 and that of ,guadalupe y ,calvo1 seven thousand eight hundred and twenty-five feet4 ,to the north1 the ranges east of ,sahuaripa are also very high2 but they have never been measured4 ,no peaks or ridges1 however1 in this portion of ,mexico attain anything like the elevation of the higher portion of the ,sierra ,nevada1 few if any points exceeding ten thousand feet in altitude4 ,the direction of the sierra is nearly that of a line connecting some of the best mining districts in ,mexico1 which are situated on or very near the summit of the mountains4 ,these districts are the following1 enumerating them in their geographical order from the south towards the north3 ,in ,durango1 ,san ,antonio de las ,ventanas1 ,guarisamey1 and ,san ,dimas1 remarkable for their auriferous silver ores1 and sixty-two ,mexican leagues northeast of ,mazatlan2 in ,chihuahua1 ,guadalupe y ,calvo1 and ,san ,pedro de ,batopilas1 yielding fine specimens of native silver2 also1 ,jesus ,maria1 in the same ,state1 and the ,real del la ,cieneguita1 ,sonora1 with silver and gold mines4 #b4 ,,general ,,geology4 ,the geological structure of the occidental slope of the ,sierra ,madre1 as well as that of the other parts of this great chain1 is exceedingly interesting1 and1 as yet but very little known1 notwithstanding the valuable investigations of ,humboldt and other eminent men2 for1 up to the present time1 the age of the different formations has never been fixed with any degree of accuracy1 from want of materials and of sufficient observations4 ,in #ahfc1 #ahfd1 and #ahfe1 however1 ,i explored quite a number of localities in northwestern ,mexico1 and was thus enabled to obtain a pretty good general idea of the geology of that region2 and1 in ,sonora1 to which my attention was especially devoted1 ,i succeeded in finding fossils in sufficient quantity to allow of the determination of the age of the principal formations of the northern ,sierra ,madre4 ,by tracing the connection of these rocks with those of ,central ,mexico1 additional light will be thrown on those districts of which1 at present1 but little is definitely known4 ,the igneous rocks1 which occur more abundantly on the ,pacific slope1 are granites1 either fine or very coarse-grained2 porphyries1 more or less feldspathic2 and greenstones1 all of which are cut by numerous dykes of extremely varied character4 ,the granites1 however1 are very poor in veins of the precious metals1 while the porphyries are highly metalliferous4 ,in ,sinaloa 7,candelero7 and ,durango 7,san ,dimas7 we see that the granites underlie the metalliferous porphyries1 and that the greenstones1 in ,sonora1 7near ,hermosillo and in the vicinity of ,la ,haciendita7 penetrate through them4 ,the oldest sedimentary rocks1 which ,i have observed1 belong to the ,carboniferous series2 this is represented in the eastern part of ,sonora1 by heavy masses of limestone1 forming very high and rugged ridges1 running a little west of north4 ,the upturned strata are seen1 in many places1 to rest on granite4 ,argentiferous veins occur throughout this formation4 ,the next group of sedimentary rocks1 in order1 is the ,triassic2 this forms isolated mountain groups in ,sonora1 and offers an interesting field for investigation4 ,instead of limestones1 it is made up of heavy beds of quartzites and conglomerates1 with coal-bearing clay shales2 all of these are disturbed and elevated1 and rest on greenstones1 feldspathic porphyries1 or granite4 ,wherever metamorphosed1 the ,triassic rocks are auriferous and contain veins of silver ores4 ,the metamorphic slates and limestones of the ,altar and ,magdalena districts1 which include the richest gold placers of ,sonora1 may possibly be of ,triassic age2 but the fossils collected are too imperfect to admit of this being determined4 ,there are some reasons for believing those rocks to be rather of ,jurassic than of ,triassic age1 as they differ in lithological characters from both the ,triassic and ,carboniferous of ,northern ,mexico1 resembling1 rather1 the ,jurassic gold-bearing slates of the ,sierra ,nevada1 in ,california2 besides1 they lie outside and to the west of the ,sierra ,madre4 ,it may also be noticed that the gold which they furnish does not resemble that obtained from the ,triassic strata4 ,the ,cretaceous period is also represented at the foot of the ,sierra ,madre1 at ,arivechi1 in ,sonora4 ,the strata belonging to this series are chiefly argillaceous shales1 and they rest upon porphyries and ,carboniferous limestone4 ,they have been disturbed and elevated since their deposition4 ,the fossils1 which they contain in great number and in a fine state of preservation1 will be noticed farther on4 ,all the above mentioned formations were already in existence before the first eruption of the volcanic rocks took place4 ,these latter are found scattered along the whole ,pacific coast1 and extend from the ,gulf of ,california up to the very summit of the sierra4 ,it is very interesting to see the volcanic formations spread over so extensive a region1 especially as there are no active volcanoes known in ,northern ,mexico1 and not even any indications of ancient craters or vents4 ,the lithological character of the eruptive materials is extremely varied1 and there seem to have been several periods of igneous action preceded by as many disturbances of the strata1 all of which took place after the close of the ,cretaceous epoch4 ,three different series of volcanic rocks may be observed in ,sinaloa and ,sonora1 unconformable with each other2 and these may again be subdivided into groups1 after a thorough examination has been made of the extensive suite of specimens which has been collected4 ,the lower1 or oldest series1 affords several hundred varieties of porphyries1 characterized by crystals of feldspar or augite4 ,there are also very peculiar trachytic rocks1 resembling granite in appearance4 ,these volcanic materials occur in beds or in masses1 and are frequently cut by dykes2 but they are quite destitute of veins containing gold or silver1 the only metalliferous ores they contain being those of copper 787 and iron1 and these in small quantity4 ,various volcanic ridges in ,sonora belong to this class4 ,the second series consists of extensive beds of micaceous1 trachytic tufas1 and breccias1 all more or less uplifted since their deposition1 and covering the different igneous and sedimentary formations as well as the older volcanic porphyries4 ,these attain a great thickness1 between ,san ,dimas and ,san ,ignacio1 in ,durango and ,sinaloa4 ,above these formations occur ancient alluvial deposits1 with bones of extinct animals 7elephants7 at two localities2 near ,la ,noria1 northeast of ,mazatlan1 and in the ,arroya de la ,palma1 two leagues east of ,la ,casita1 in ,sonora4 ,sheets of basaltic lavas1 somewhat similar to those of ,california1 and probably of the same age1 forming with tufas the upper volcanic series1 overlie the other formations1 occupying a nearly horizontal position4 ,the most recent formation is that of the terrace deposits of sand and gravel1 which occur in ,sonora4 ,having thus given a general sketch of the principal groups of rocks developed in the region in question1 ,i pass to a more detailed description of the different formations4 ,,granites4 ,underlying all the rocks in ,durango and ,sinaloa1 and probably posterior to the ,carboniferous limestones1 which they have in places extensively metamorphosed1 are masses of granite4 ,these may be seen in many places between the coast and ,san ,dimas1 either occupying the bottoms of the valleys1 or forming independent hills4 ,there are two well-marked varieties3 ,of these the first are syenites1 more or less fine-grained1 and consisting of a mixture of feldspar1 variously colored1 quartz1 black or green hornblende1 and black or brown mica1 the latter usually in hexagonal plates4 ,localities of this variety are3 ,haval1 ,las ,higueras1 ,san ,ignacio1 ,santa ,apolonia1 ,candelero1 ,la ,noria1 ,zaragoza1 etc41 in ,sinaloa2 ,san ,marcial and ,tecoripa valleys1 ,hermosillo1 in ,sonora4 ,the other variety is either very coarse-grained1 consisting of white feldspar1 gray quartz1 and plates of silvery mica1 or else finer grained1 and chiefly made up of feldspar2 these occur1 forming mountains and ridges in ,sonora1 in the ,sierra del ,amol1 near ,la ,magdalena1 ,sierra del ,espinaso ,prieto1 near ,hermosillo1 and the ,sierra de ,mazatan1 south of ,ures4 ,the fine-grained granites contain argentiferous veins at ,zaragoza1 in ,sinaloa1 and east of ,topisco1 in ,sonora4 ,these are traversed by numerous intersecting dykes of diorite1 feldspar1 and quartziferous and feldspathic porphyries1 especially well seen near ,hermosillo1 and the ,cajon de los ,carrisos1 east of ,san ,antonio de la ,huerta4 ,there are no metalliferous veins where the granite is thus intersected by dykes4 ,,metalliferous ,,porphyries4 ,these may be divided into two groups4 ,the first consists of a rock occurring in large irregular masses or beds1 and having a dark colored argillaceous base1 through which are disseminated small crystals of whitish feldspar4 ,this variety1 which is probably older than the granites1 includes some of the richest mines of the ,sierra ,madre2 as those of ,candelaria1 ,bolaos1 ,cinco ,seores1 etc41 near ,san ,dimas1 in ,durango2 and which have yielded over #bj1jjj1jjj4 ,there are also rich veins in this kind of rock at ,candelero1 fifty-two leagues northeast of ,mazatlan1 in ,sinaloa4 ,all these veins run northeast and southwest1 and are cut at right angles by dykes4 ,the second variety of porphyry is a gray feldspathic rock1 apparently made up of labradorite and magnetic iron ore2 this overlies the greenstones1 and is covered by the ,triassic beds at ,los ,bronces and ,san ,javier1 where there are three systems of argentiferous veins4 ,the ,nahuila mine1 one of the best in ,sonora1 is in this rock4 ,,metamorphic ,,rocks4 ,heavy masses of metamorphic rocks may be seen at various localities in ,sinaloa and ,durango 7,tecomate1 ,tenchoquelite1 ,arroyo del ,ciruelo1 ,arroyo de ,san ,vincente7 resting either on the granites or the metalliferous porphyries4 ,these rocks occur in masses or beds1 sometimes distinctly stratified1 and sometimes without any traces of the original bedding4 ,they are always much altered and broken up4 ,their lithological characters are not well marked1 although the series is easily recognized4 ,the rocks referred to in this division1 are usually fine-grained1 of a greenish or bluish color1 when not too much decomposed1 and somewhat argillaceous in composition4 ,at the base they pass into porphyries4 ,the argentiferous veins cut both the metamorphic and the porphyritic rocks at ,tecomate1 on the ,rio de ,san ,ignacio1 where the dip of the formation is to the northeast1 at an angle of #gj4 ,between ,la ,puerta and ,el ,pilar1 ,arroyo de ,san ,dimas1 they occur in jaspery layers1 ribboned with green and brown hues1 and resemble some of the metamorphic ,triassic rocks of ,sonora4 ,near ,candelero1 the metamorphic rocks are associated with whitish1 semi-crystalline limestone4 ,the formation in question may be observed in many other localities in ,sinaloa1 always resting on granite and passing into porphyry2 it is also sometimes associated with metamorphic slates4 ,,greenstones4 ,these rocks occur in heavy masses or in beds1 and are made up of a fine-grained1 compact mixture of hornblende and feldspar1 often containing mica1 and having a greenish color4 ,the greenstone underlies the ,triassic rocks1 and in many places it protrudes through the granite4 ,this rock is highly metalliferous at ,copla1 ,sinaloa1 and also at ,los ,bronces and ,san ,javier1 in ,sonora4 ,the greenstones or diorites which occur in the granite1 appear to be anterior to the metalliferous greenstones1 and the latter are posterior to the ,triassic4 ,,carboniferous ,,limestones4 ,the ,carboniferous limestones form high ridges parallel with the general course of the ,sierra ,madre1 from ,hermosillo1 north of ,guaymas1 east of ,sahuaripa4 ,these ridges become more elevated as we approach the crest of the ,sierra4 ,the rocks of this formation are fine-grained and bluish in color1 and form heavy beds with intercalated schistose layers2 they contain nodules and beds of flint4 ,there are some clay slates at the base of the formation4 ,the thickness of the whole series is probably over five thousand feet4 ,the principal localities where these ,carboniferous rocks may be observed are as follows1 naming them in order from west to east3 #ast4 ,hermosillo1 where they rest on syenitic granite and are highly metamorphosed1 the limestones being converted into white saccharoidal marble1 and the slates into garnet and epidote rock4 ,dykes of green porphyry cut through the beds of sedimentary rock1 which beds have a strike of about ,n4 #fe ,w41 and stand nearly vertical4 #b;d4 ,five leagues from ,hermosillo1 at ,la ,cruz2 in the ,cerro de ,santa ,teresa on the south1 and the ,sierra de ,las ,animas on the north4 ,here the limestones contain crinoids4 #c;d4 ,four leagues farther on1 between ,la ,noria and ,el ,aguajito2 here are high granite ridges with a granite axis4 #dth4 ,twenty leagues from ,hermosillo1 south of ,ures2 ,carboniferous rocks upheaved on the southwest side of the granitic ,sierra de ,mazatan4 ,the direction of this range is from northwest to southeast1 and its height sixteen hundred varas1 according to ,m4 ,de ,fleury2 here are a few silver mines4 #eth4 ,haciendita1 nine leagues farther northeast4 ,the beds here are metamorphosed and much disturbed1 dipping northeast2 these outcrops form low hills4 #fth4 ,between ,mtape and ,batuco2 a very high ridge of granite1 running in a northerly direction1 with limestone resting upon it4 ,to the north and east of ,topisco the limestones attain a great thickness and afford fine fossils4 ,at the ,cerro de la ,bonacina1 one of the highest points of the range1 a variety of corals1 crinoids1 and brachiopods may be seen weathered out from the surface of several beds of hard1 compact limestone1 of various colors2 these beds are near the summit of the mountain4 ,this locality was first discovered by ,don ,antonio ,moreno1 ,engineer of the ,bronces mine4 ,the strata here are much disturbed1 and appear to have been folded into a mass with a synclinal structure4#bc ,,triassic ,,rocks4 ,this formation is usually highly metamorphosed1 and passes into porphyries at its base4 ,the strata are more or less inclined1 and the lower beds are very much contorted and disturbed4 ,the rocks referred to the ,trias extend from ,soyopa to ,san ,javier2 but they are developed on a more extensive scale between ,san ,antonio de la ,huerta and ,los ,bronces1 forty-two leagues northeast of ,guaymas4 ,the ,triassic rocks form a chain of high and rugged mountains extending from south-southeast to north-northwest4 ,the isolated mining districts of ,tecoripa and ,san ,marcial 7between ,los ,bronces and ,guaymas7 are in the same formation2 it also crops out from under the stratified volcanic rocks at the ,punta de ,agua1 between ,san ,marcial and ,guaymas4 ,the metalliferous greenstones and porphyries1 previously noticed1 form the nucleus around which the ,triassic beds have been upheaved4 ,these beds are seen near ,san ,javier and ,los ,bronces1 two mining towns which are situated on greenstone1 but which skirt the foot of a small ridge of feldspathic porphyry1 much less elevated than the metamorphic rocks themselves4 ,they are also seen overlying granite1 near the ,cerro ,colorado1 between ,soyopa and ,los ,bronces1 and south of ,tecoripa4 ,the ,cerro de la ,nahuila1 the highest point but one in the district1 lies southeast of the ,sierra de ,mazatan4 ,there are three principal divisions of the ,triassic1 which occur in the following order1 the first mentioned being the lowest3 ,quartzites and clay slates2 ,black1 jaspery schistose layers2 #a4 or1 where the rocks are less altered3 ,black clay shales with beds of coal2 ,argillaceous sandstones4 #b4 ,quartzites1 in great thickness4 #c4 ,heavy beds of conglomerate4 ,the interstratified clay shales and grits of the lower member1 crop out in several places along the ,caada de ,santa ,maria1 at the bottom of the ravines below ,los ,bronces4 ,here1 there are three or four beds of good anthracite coal1 with a considerable number of well-preserved plants occurring in the associated clay shales1 both above and below the coal4 ,a portion of these plants were referred by me to ,dr4 ,newberry for examination1 and he has given the following list of them4 #a4 ,strangerites magnifolia1 ,rogers2 ,trans4 ,assoc4 ,am4 ,geologists1 p4 #cjf1 ,pl4 xiv4 ,a species occurring in the ,trias 787 of ,virginia and ,north ,carolina4 #b4 ,pecopteris falcatus1 ,emmons2 ,geol4 of ,n4 ,car41 ,pl4 iv1 fig4 #i4 ,the specimens are too imperfect to decide on the identity of this plant with ,saccopteris germinans4 8#c4 ,pecopteris bullatus1 ,bunbury2 only in fruit2 nervation obscure2 identity not certain1 but very probable4 #d4 ,otozamites ,macombii1 ,newb4 ,at top of 8red beds0 or 8gypsum formation10 at the base of the ,cretaceous rocks1 copper mines near ,abiquiu1 ,new ,mexico4 ,there is no doubt about this species1 and it forms an important connecting link4 8#e4 ,pterozamites decussatus1 ,emmons2 specimens very imperfect4 #f4 ,pecopteris1 n4 sp42 a very neat and peculiar species as yet undescribed4 ,it may be the same as one badly figured by ,emmons 7,pl4 ,,ii1 fig4 #a47 #g4 ,alethopteris1 n4 sp42 small fragments of the frond of a splendid new species4 ,from this enumeration it will be seen that there can be but little doubt of the ,triassic age of the formation in which these plants occur4 ,a large lot of these plants1 collected by ,m4 ,rmond1 has been recently received1 and among them are much better specimens of some of the species noticed by ,dr4 ,newberry1 and several quite new ones4 ,these will also be examined1 described1 and figured within a short time4 ,j4 ,d4 ,w4 ,the strike and dip of the clay shales in the different ravines vary considerably1 but the dip is usually to the southeast4 ,the superincumbent quartzites are more regular in their inclination4 ,there are dykes of feldspathic rock cutting through both the coal and the shales4 ,the following section represents1 in an ascending order1 the position of the coal-bearing strata in the ,caon del ,retiro1 near ,los ,bronces4 #a4 ,coarse quartzites with conglomerates4 #b4 ,conglomerate1 #h feet4 #c4 ,argillaceous and schistose grits1 #c feet4 #d4 ,clay shales1 with impressions of plants1 #h feet4 #e4 ,gray grits1 #d feet4 #f4 ,bluish clay shales with ferns1 #ab feet4 #g4 ,coal1 #b feet4 #h4 ,compact black clay shales1 #e inches4 #i4 ,coal1 #b feet #f inches4 #aj4 ,clay shales with leaves1 several feet4 #aa4 ,coarse grits4 ,another section1 measured at the foot of the ,cerro de la ,aguja1 was as follows4 #a4 ,compact gray grits4 #b4 ,gray clay shales with seams of coal and plants1 #d feet #f inches4 #c4 ,bluish argillaceous grits1 #b feet #f inches4 #d4 ,contorted black clay shales1 with seams of coal1 #e feet #f inches4 #e4 ,coal1 #b feet #f inches4 #f4 ,black1 compact clay shales1 #c feet4 #g4 ,coal1 #g inches4 #h4 ,carbonaceous clay shales1 #h inches4 #i4 ,coal1 #c inches4 #aj4 ,clay shales and argillaceous grits4 ,specimens of the coal brought to ,san ,francisco by ,m4 ,rmond1 are anthracite1 evidently of superior quality4 ,j4 ,d4 ,w4 ,the middle member of the ,triassic series consists of quartzites1 or metamorphic sandstones2 these are both coarse and fine grained1 and sometimes brecciated4 ,they vary in color1 from white to red1 and are often much altered in the vicinity of the metalliferous veins4 ,the upper member of the series1 as seen in the ,caada de la ,tinta1 is made up of rounded pebbles of black jasper and gray quartzite2 in the ,caada de los ,mimbres1 below ,los ,bronces pebbles of specular iron are included in the mass4 ,the dip of the formation is very irregular1 both in direction and amount4 ,at ,san ,antonio de la ,huerta1 ,tecoripa1 and ,san ,marcial1 argentiferous veins of various ages occur in the lower and middle members of the ,trias4 ,at ,san ,marcial1 marine 787 shells are found in the clay slates1 near the silver mines2 but those which have been obtained1 are too imperfect for recognition2 they were referred to ,mr4 ,meek for examination4 ,j4 ,d4 ,w4 ,at ,san ,marcos1 between ,san ,antonio de la ,huerta and the ,real ,viejo1 metamorphic jaspery slates occur in connection with the carboniferous limestones2 they are probably of ,triassic age4 ,gold is found in the gulches between the quartzite ridges1 as in the ,caada de la ,higuera1 near ,los ,bronces in the ,caada de la ,iglesia1 between the latter place and ,san ,antonio de la ,huerta1 and generally where the quartzites occur4 ,,jurassic 787 ,,rocks4 ,in the eastern part of the ,magdalena and ,altar districts1 are valleys with low hills and ridges of auriferous clay slates1 with interstratified beds of porphyry and diorite4 ,localities of these rocks are ,cerros de la ,barajita1 between ,querobabi and ,santa ,ana2 ,cerritos de la ,tierra ,colorada1 where the formation contains beds of variously colored limestones1 entirely made up of fossils1 ,south of ,la ,magdalena this formation rests on metamorphic sandstones and shales4 ,the reasons for referring these rocks1 with doubt1 to the ,jurassic formation1 have been already given2 see page #bdf4 ,,cretaceous ,,rocks4 ,in the ,sahuaripa ,valley1 four miles east of ,arivechi1 and seventy-two leagues northeast of ,guaymas1 is a locality of ,cretaceous ,fossils of great interest4 ,the hill in which they occur is called 8,cerro de las ,conchas10 or 8,shell ,mountain40 ,the rocks exposed are unfossiliferous strata of coarse-grained sandstone at the base1 overlain by clay shales and argillaceous limestone filled with fossils4 ,the exposure is very limited in extent3 the shales are a few hundred feet thick1 and they dip to the east1 as do also the beds of carboniferous limestone on which the ,cretaceous deposits rest4 ,masses of porphyry crop out from under the shales1 without there being any peculiar indication of metamorphism or disturbance in their vicinity4 ,other patches of shelly rock are said to occur in the valley on the eastern side1 at the foot of the sierra4 ,a small lot of fossils collected here by ,m4 ,rmond were referred to ,mr4 ,gabb for examination2 and since that1 a considerable number of additional specimens have been received1 but have not yet been investigated4 ,several species were identified as already described from ,texas1 and figured by ,roemer in 8,die ,kreidebildungen von ,texas20 these are1 ,ammonites pedernalis1 von ,buch2 ,natica pedernalis1 ,roem42 ,turritella seriatim-granulata1 ,roem42 ,grypha navis1 ,hall2 ,cyphosoma ,texanum1 ,roem42 ,eulima ,texana1 ,roem4 ,besides these1 two other species are identified1 namely2 ,cardium multistriatum1 ,shum41 and ,turbinolia ,texana1 ,con4 ,there is a considerable number of new species among the specimens from this locality1 among which the following genera are represented3 ,turritella1 ,chemnitzia1 ,avellana1 ,cardium1 ,trigonia1 ,panopa1 ,pinna1 ,cuculla1 etc4 ,these will be described and figured by ,mr4 ,gabb1 who also remarks that the character of the fossils indicates a closer relationship of the formation to the eastern ,cretaceous than to that of ,california4--,j4 ,d4 ,w4 ,,volcanic ,,rocks4 ,stratified volcanic deposits cover a broad area of the surface between ,san ,ignacio and ,san ,dimas 7,sinaloa and ,durango72 they dip to the west4 ,on the other side of ,durango they dip in the opposite direction4 ,the serrated edges of the strata may be seen from a great distance1 and are extremely picturesque1 towering up like old ruins1 their peculiar forms being due to erosion4 ,they are well seen in the ,cerro de los ,frayles1 near ,guarisamey1 in ,durango2 visible from ,mazatlan4 ,these belong to the second series of volcanic rocks4 ,in ,sonora there are three different series of volcanic deposits which form serrated1 picturesque1 parallel ridges1 running north from ,guaymas as far as ,la ,magdalena1 or over eighty leagues in a straight line4 ,the three main ridges1 enumerated from west to east1 are1 #a1 ,las ,tetas de ,cabra2 #b1 ,guaymas de ,zaragosa2 #c1 ,range north of the mouth of the ,yaqui ,river4 ,the description of the various volcanic deposits of ,northern ,mexico may be reserved for a separate memoir1 as the number of them is very great4 ,,mines4 ,the richest and widest veins are those northeast of ,mazatlan1 near ,san ,dimas1 ,guarisamey1 etc41 in ,durango4 ,these veins cut all the rocks older than the ,cretaceous1 whether igneous or sedimentary4 ,the mines of ,sinaloa are richer than those of ,sonora4 ,in the former ,state the ore-bearing portion of the veins is from a few feet to several yards in width3 in the latter1 generally from one to two feet4 ,in ,durango and ,sinaloa gold1 native silver1 and sulphuret of silver occur associated with galena1 yellow blende1 and iron pyrites4 ,in ,sonora the principal ores are argentiferous gray copper1 with galena1 black blende1 copper pyrites1 arsenical pyrites1 carbonate of lead1 ruby silver1 arsenical silver1 and gold4 ,each mining district is characterized by a peculiar system of veins2 in all as many as twenty different systems have been observed4 ,the most abundant vein stones are quartz1 either chalcedonic1 crystalline1 or massive2 brown spar2 heavy spar2 oxide of iron4 ,the veins occurring in the metamorphic ,triassic rocks1 are usually parallel with the stratification1 so that they lie nearly horizontal where the formation has been but little disturbed4 ,as to the yield of the silver ores1 it varies extremely1 and it would be necessary to enter into a full description of all the different districts to give an idea of it4 ,it may be noticed1 however1 that the arsenical pyrites1 which is auriferous in the ,sierra ,nevada1 becomes argentiferous in the ,sierra ,madre4 ,the veins vary in their direction from a little east to a little west of north2 the richest ores near ,san ,dimas run northeast and southwest4 ,there are but few rich mines in ,sonora1 a state of which the mineral wealth has been much exaggerated4 ,there are1 however1 some deposits of variegated copper1 and veins of magnetic and specular iron4 ,the annexed tabular statement will give the principal facts obtained with regard to the mines examined in ,northern ,mexico4 ,,tabular ,,statement1 ,,showing ,,the ,,position ,,and ,,character ,,of ,,the ,,principal ,,mines ,,of ,,northern ,,mexico4 ,,by ,a4 ,r,,mond4--#ahfc-ahfe4 ,mines4 ,location4 ,country4 ,strike4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,naghuila ,near ,san ,javier ,labrador porphyry ,n4 #ce ,w4 ,,eureka ,bet4 ,s4 ,miguelito ,greenstone ,n4 #de ,w4 ,los ,bronces ,,pleiteada ,near ,san ,javier ,labrador porphyry ,n4 #cj ,w4 ,,san ,,juan ,near ,san ,javier ,quartzite 7triassic7 ,n4 #fe ,e4 ,,ceballos ,near ,los ,bronces ,labrador porphyry ,n4 #be ,e4 ,,higuera ,near ,los ,bronces ,greenstone ,n4 #e ,e4 ,,la ,,blanca ,near ,san ,antonio ,q'tzite and conglom'e,n4 and ,s4 de la ,huerta 7triassic7 ,,san ,,luis ,near ,san ,antonio ,quartzite 7triassic7 ,n4 #dj ,w4 de la ,huerta ,,santa ,,barbara ,near ,corral ,viejo ,quartzite ,n4,e4-,s4,w4 ,,la ,,sierra ,near ,san ,javier ,labrador porphyry ,n4 #fj ,e4 ,,san ,,jos ,near ,los ,bronces ,labrador porphyry ,n4 #bg ,e4 ,,el ,,secorro ,near ,los ,bronces ,labrador porphyry ,n4 #be ,e4 ,,zaragoza ,near ,los ,bronces ,labrador porphyry ,n4 #bc ,e4 ,,san ,,luis ,,gonzaga,near ,san ,javier ,labrador porphyry ,n4 #cj ,w4 ,,la ,,colorada ,near ,los ,bronces ,altered sandst4 ,n4 #ej ,e4 slate 7triassic7 ,,aguajito ,near ,san ,javier ,labrador porphyry ,n4 #bd ,e4 ,,santa ,,edubigen ,la ,barranca ,quartzite 7triassic7 ,n4,e4-,s4,w4 ,,la ,,cuadra ,near ,san ,javier ,labrador porphyry ,n4 #aj ,w4 ,,el ,,rosario ,near ,san ,javier ,labrador porphyry ,n4 #aj ,w4 ,,el ,,escritorio ,near ,san ,javier ,labrador porphyry ,n4,w4-,s4,e4 ,,santa ,,rosa ,bet4 ,los ,bronces ,quartzite 7triassic7 ,n4 #aj ,e4 and ,san ,javier ,,soledad ,candelero ,porphyry 7metam47 ,n4 #ee ,e4 ,,carmen ,candelero ,porphyry 7metam47 ,n4 #he ,e4 ,,atocha ,candelero ,porphyry 7metam47 ,n4 #de ,e4 ,,rosario ,candelero ,porphyry 7metam47 ,n4 #ej ,e4 ,,contrestaca ,near ,la ,puerta ,metamorphic rocks ,n4 #fc ,e4 ,,descubridora ,near ,la ,puerta ,metamorphic rocks ,n4 #ce ,e4 ,,soledad ,bet4 ,la ,puerta and ,metamorphic rocks ,n4 #fe ,e4 ,san ,dimas ,,candelaria ,near ,san ,dimas ,porphyry 7metam47 ,n4 #fc ,e4 ,,bolanos ,near ,san ,dimas ,porphyry 7metam47 ,n4 #de ,e4 ,,cinco ,,de ,,mayo ,near ,zaragoza ,syenitic granite ,n4 #eb ,e4 ,,cinco ,,se,,ores ,near ,copla ,greenstone ,n4 #bj ,w4 ,,napoleon ,near ,copla ,greenstone ,n4 #aj ,w4 ,,rosario ,near ,copla ,greenstone ,n4 #ej ,w4 ,,patino ,near ,copla ,greenstone ,n4 #bb ,w4 ,,haval ,a few leagues from ,syenitic granite ,n4 #hj ,e4 ,mazatlan ,,mina ,,grande ,near ,san ,marcial ,metamorphic slates ,n4 and ,s4 7triassic7 ,,las ,,cruzecitas ,near ,san ,marcial ,metamorphic slates ,n4 #ae ,e4 7triassic7 ,,guijosita ,,vieja ,near ,san ,javier ,labrador porphyry ,,la ,,antimonia ,near ,san ,javier ,labrador porphyry ,,dios ,,padre ,trinidad ,labrador porphyry ,,agua ,,grande #i miles from ,san ,porphyry 7volcanic7 ,n4 #ch- ,marcial #dj ,e4 ,,la ,,colorada ,near ,copla ,greenstone ,n4 and ,s4 ,,algodona ,near ,san ,marcial ,metamorphic slates ,n4 and ,s4 7triassic7 ,,los ,,bronces ,los ,bronces ,greenstone ,e4 of ,n4 ,,la ,,prieta ,los ,bronces ,greenstone ,n4 #dj ,e4 ,,alta ,,gracia ,near ,san ,antonio ,quartzite 7triassic7 ,n4 and ,s4 de la ,huerta ,,rosario ,,de ,san ,javier ,greenstone ,n4 #gj ,e4 ,,guadalupe ,,aurora ,near ,los ,bronces ,greenstone ,n4 #aj ,e4 ,,el ,,taste ,near ,san ,javier ,greenstone ,n4 #ae ,e4 ,,providencia ,near ,tecoripa ,quartzite 7triassic7 ,n4 #aj ,e4 ,,la ,,bojorque,a ,near ,tecoripa ,quartzite 7triassic7 ,n4 #bj ,e4 ,,la ,,chipio,,ena ,near ,topisco ,granite ,,mina ,,prieta ,near ,san ,antonio ,quartzite 7triassic7 de la ,huerta ,,el ,,tesoro ,cacachilas ,granite ,n4,w4-,s4,e4 ,,rosario ,caada de la ,quartzite 7triassic7 ,n4,e4-,s4,w4 ,iglesia1 near ,san ,antonio ,,babicanora ,limestone ,n4,e4-,s4,w4 7carboniferous7 ,mines4 ,dip4 ,width4 ,matrix4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,naghuila #ej ,n4,e4 #a ft4 ,crystalline quartz ,,eureka #ce-dj ,n4,e4 ,quartz ,,pleiteada #de ,n4,e4 #a ft4 ,quartz ,,san ,,juan #ej ,s4,s4,e4 #d ft4 ,quartz and iron ore ,,ceballos #he ,s4,s4,e4 #b ft4 ,magnetic iron ,,higuera #hj ,e4 #b ft4 ,magnetic iron ,,la ,,blanca #ae ,e4 ,vesicular quartz ,,san ,,luis #ce ,n4,e4 #a ft4 ,decomp4 quartz and sulfate of baryta ,,santa ,,barbara #cj ,s4,e4 #a ft4 ,quartz ,,la ,,sierra #hj ,n4,n4,w4 #c ft4 ,magnetic iron ,,san ,,jos #a ft4 ,sulphate of baryta ,,el ,,secorro ,,zaragoza ,magnetic iron ,,san ,,luis ,,gonzaga#cj-dj ,n4,e4#h inches ,white quartz ,,la ,,colorada #hj ,s4 #e ft4 ,iron ore and quartz ,,aguajito ,magnetic iron ,,santa ,,edubigen #cj ,n4,w4 #b ft4 ,quartz ,,la ,,cuadra #bj-be ,e4 #a ft4 ,quartz ,,el ,,rosario #bj-be ,e4 ,crystalline quartz ,,el ,,escritorio ,n4,e4 #a ft4 ,white quartz ,,santa ,,rosa #ee ,s4 #c ft4 ,quartz and iron ore ,,soledad #he ,s4,e4 #cj ft4 ,quartz ,,carmen #he ,n4 #bh ft4 ,quartz ,,atocha #he ,n4 #ad ft4 ,quartz ,,rosario #gj-hj ,n4,w4#ag ft4 ,,contrestaca #gf ,n4,w4 ,white quartz ,,descubridora #fi ,n4,w4 ,white quartz ,,soledad ,perp4 ,white quartz ,,candelaria #fc ,n4,n4,w4 ,white quartz ,,bolanos #ge ,s4,e4 #bj ft4 ,white quartz ,,cinco ,,de ,,mayo #ge ,n4,w4 #d ft4 ,white quartz ,,cinco ,,se,,ores #de ,e4,n4,e4 #a to #d ft4 ,quartz ,,napoleon #hj ,e4 #b to #h ft4 ,chalcedonic quartz ,,rosario #he ,e4 ,chalcedonic quartz ,,patino ,perp4 #d ft4 ,chalcedonic quartz ,,haval #hj ,n4 ,quartz ,,mina ,,grande #cj ,w4 #b ft4 ,quartz ,,las ,,cruzecitas #fe ,e4 #d ft4 ,heavy spar ,,guijosita ,,vieja ,quartz ,,la ,,antimonia ,crystalline quartz ,,dios ,,padre #i to #ab ft4 of ore ,,agua ,,grande #hj ,n4,w4 #a ft4 ,white quartz ,,la ,,colorada #bj ,w4 #dj ft4 ,chalcedonic quartz ,,algodona #cj ,w4 #h inches ,rotten quartz and iron ore ,,los ,,bronces #he ,e4 ,heavy spar ,,la ,,prieta #hj ,n4,w4 ,heavy spar ,,alta ,,gracia #cj ,e4 #d ft4 ,brown spar ,,rosario ,,de #fj ,s4,s4,e4 #b ft4 ,quartz ,,guadalupe ,,aurora #de-ej ,e4 #b ft4 ,magnetic iron ,,el ,,taste #ej-ee ,e4 #e ft4 ,quartz ,,providencia #fe ,e4 #a ft4 #b in4,quartz ,,la ,,bojorque,a #fe ,e4 ,quartz 7ferruginous7 ,,la ,,chipio,,ena ,,mina ,,prieta ,brown spar ,,el ,,tesoro #ge ,s4,w4 #d ft4 ,,rosario #he ,n4,w4 #b ft4 ,,babicanora #ge ,n4,w4 #e ft4 ,quartz ,mines4 ,ores4 ,yield4 7,per ,ton47 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,,naghuila ,sulph'ts of zinc1 lead1 iron #ast class #abjj arsenical copper pyrites2 ruby #bnd class #abe silver native silver ,,eureka ,mispickel1 blende1 galena ,,pleiteada ,,san ,,juan ,galena1 zinc1 carbonate of lead1 iron pyrites ,,ceballos ,,higuera ,copper pyrites and gray copper ore ,,la ,,blanca ,gold and chloro-bromide of silver #dc ,,san ,,luis ,blende1 galena1 mispickel1 sulphuret #ast class #ghg of iron1 native silver #bnd class #abe ,,santa ,,barbara ,galena1 carbonate of lead1 iron #fg4ge pyrites1 gold ,,la ,,sierra ,gray copper1 iron pyrites ,,san ,,jos ,magnetic iron iron pyrites ,,el ,,secorro ,,zaragoza ,,san ,,luis ,,gonzaga,galena1 blende1 mispickel1 iron pyrites ,,la ,,colorada ,,aguajito ,,santa ,,edubigen ,,la ,,cuadra ,arsenical pyrites1 blende1 and galena ,,el ,,rosario ,,el ,,escritorio ,,santa ,,rosa ,carbonate of lead1 iron ore1 galena1 blende1 iron pyrites ,,soledad #bff4fe ,,carmen ,silver and gold1 sulph4 of silver #ahf4fe ,,atocha ,silver and gold1 sulph4 of silver #bac4ce ,,rosario ,silver and gold1 sulph4 of silver #afj ,,contrestaca ,blende1 galena1 sulph4 of silver ,,descubridora ,blende1 galena1 sulph4 of silver ,,soledad ,blende1 galena1 sulph4 of silver ,,candelaria #ast class #cbaj #b;d class #acc ,,bolanos ,galena ,,cinco ,,de ,,mayo ,galena1 blende1 iron pyrites1 brittle #ast class #hjj silver glance1 native silver #b;d class #ahj ,,cinco ,,se,,ores ,galena1 blende1 iron pyrites ,,napoleon ,galena1 blende1 copper pyrites1 etc4 ,,rosario ,,patino ,galena1 blende1 copper pyrites ,,haval ,oxide of lead1 native silver ,,mina ,,grande ,sulphuret of antimony1 mispickel1 copper pyrites1 blende1 iron pyrites ,,las ,,cruzecitas ,tepustete with copper and iron #ast cl4 #ij-ajj pyrites1 and gray copper ore #b;d cl4 #ce-dj ,,guijosita ,,vieja ,galena1 arsenical pyrites1 blende1 copper pyrites ,,la ,,antimonia ,sulphuret of antimony and lead ,,dios ,,padre ,gray copper ore1 galena1 iron pyrites1 native silver ,,agua ,,grande ,indigo copper1 chrysocolla1 chalkosine1 chalcopyrite ,,la ,,colorada ,,algodona ,chlorobromide of silver ,,los ,,bronces ,magnetic iron1 gray copper1 copper #ast class #cej and iron pyrites #b;d class #dj-fj ,,la ,,prieta ,magnetic iron1 gray copper1 copper and iron pyrites ,,alta ,,gracia ,copper pyrites and gray copper ,,rosario ,,de ,black blende1 iron pyrites and galena ,,guadalupe ,,aurora ,gray copper ore and copper pyrites ,,el ,,taste ,galena1 blende1 copper and iron #ajj pyrites 7petanque7 ,,providencia #ast class #bjj #b;d cl4 #ce-dj ,,la ,,bojorque,a ,black blende1 iron pyrites1 galena1 copper pyrites ,,la ,,chipio,,ena ,,mina ,,prieta ,copper pyrites1 gray copper ,,el ,,tesoro #ast class #bbj #b;d class #ij ,,rosario ,galena and blende #fj ,,babicanora ,galena1 iron pyrites1 fahlerz1 ruby #cd4fe silver ore2 gold and silver #ba ,the best map of ,northern ,mexico is that of ,m4 de ,fleury1 published in ,san ,francisco1 in #ahfd2 but this makes little pretense to a delineation of the topography2 the courses of the principal streams and the position of the larger mining towns are often very far from being correct1 as must be expected on a map constructed without a basis of instrumental surveys4 ,j4 ,d4 ,w4 #bb ,see ,emory1 in ,mexican ,boundary ,report1 vol4 #a1 page #da4 #bc ,only a few specimens of the ,carboniferous fossils collected by ,m4 ,rmond have ever been received1 owing to circumstances connected with the present political condition of ,mexico4 ,it is hoped1 however1 that they are not lost1 and that they may yet be recovered4 ,among the few specimens received is a coral1 not to be distinguished from the ,lithostrotion 7,l4 mamillare7 found near ,bass's ,ranch1 in ,shasta ,county1 ,california4 ,j4 ,d4 ,w4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,march #ai,,th1 #ahff4 ,president in the ,chair4 ,twelve members present4 ,donations to the ,cabinet3 ,sections of the ,sequoia gigantea and a roll showing the annual growth of the 8,old ,maid10 one of the trees in the ,calaveras grove of ,big ,trees2 from ,mr4 ,henry ,hentsch4 ,mr4 ,dall stated that ,dr4 ,cooper had discovered1 in the vicinity of ,santa ,cruz1 ,helix redemita1 ,h4 ,vancouverensis1 ,h4 ,columbiana1 and ,h4 arrosa2 also1 in the small rivulets near the town1 ,margaritana falcata1 besides several univalves1 and also an undetermined ,helix1 which may prove to be new4 ,mr4 ,dall also remarked that ,rev4 ,j4 ,rowell had obtained at ,hayward's1 ,alameda ,county1 a number of specimens of ,helix ,cronkhitei1 which is a new locality for that species4 ,mr4 ,dall remarked that in dissecting a specimen of ,trochiscus ,norrissii1 the position of which has for some time been doubtful1 sufficient evidence was obtained to decide that it did not belong with the ,proboscidians1 to which group it had been doubtfully referred by several naturalists4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,april #b;,d1 #ahff4 ,mr4 ,stearns in the ,chair4 ,five members present4 ,mr4 ,bloomer presented some ,diatoms1 from the coast of ,california1 supposed to belong to the genera ,melissa and ,meridion2 they were both found growing upon calcareous sea weeds4 ,the genus ,meridion has not heretofore been recorded as occurring in ,california4 ,mr4 ,dall presented1 in the name of ,dr4 ,cooper1 the following paper3 ,description of a new ,california ,helix1 with notes on others already described4 ,,by ,j4 ,g4 ,,cooper1 ,m4,d4 ,,helix 7,arianta7 ,,sequoicola1 ,cooper4 ,sp4 ch4 ,h4 testa rotundata1 umbilicata1 spira depressa1 anfr4 ult4 nonnunquam subangulata2 anfr4 vi ad vii et dimidium1 perist4 obliqua superne parum deflecta2 labio tenui1 reflexo1 infra crassiore1 acuta4 ,colore atrobrunnea1 vel olivacea1 zona nigra1 lata1 inter duabus ochraceis sita1 in spira semicelata1 labio albo2 intus lte purpureo1 zonis duabus albis4 ,epidermide nitente1 infra polita1 striis incrementis lve perspicuis1 interdum tenuissime malleata1 rugis spiralibus2 supra punctis piliferis creberrime induta2 pilis brevissimis junioris deciduis4 ,animal schisto-colore2 corpore cylindraceo rugosa1 tentaculis longis1 pede postice elongata1 cuneata4 ,test lat41 major1 #j4ic ad #a4bj2 minor #j4gf ad #j4if2 alt4 #j4db ad #j4ed poll4 ,angl4 ,hab4 ,santa ,cruz1 ,california1 in ligno carioso1 locis humidissimis4 ,specific characters4 ,shell rounded1 umbilicate1 spire depressed1 last whorl sometimes subangulate1 whorls #f to #f1 peristome oblique1 little deflected above2 labium thin1 reflexed1 thickest below2 acute4 ,color dark brown or olivaceous1 with a broad black band between two yellow ones1 half hidden on the spire1 lips white2 within a fine purple with two white bands4 ,epidermis shining1 polished below1 the lines of growth faintly visible1 sometimes very lightly malleated1 and with spiral ridges2 above with crowded scars bearing very short bristles in the young shell which fall off in the adult4 ,animal slate colored1 body cylindrical1 rugose1 tentacles moderate2 foot elongated1 behind wedge-shaped4 ,shell--large diameter #j4if to #a4bj2 smaller diameter #j4gf to #j4if2 height #j4db to #j4ed hundredths of an inch4 ,hab4 ,santa ,cruz1 ,cal41 among decayed trees in the dampest places4 ,this beautiful species is quite rare1 only three adult and twelve young specimens having been found after long searching4 ,it will probably occur more commonly in some part of the redwood forests which ,i have been unable to explore4 ,it approaches nearest to ,h4 ,dupetithouarsi and ,h4 fidelis1 being between them in form and size as well as colors1 but the pilosity at once distinguishes it4 ,its distinct bands and rounded whorls separate it from ,h4 infumata and ,hillebrandii1 the latter when perfect having also much longer hairs4 ,the animal is lighter colored than those of ,h4 arrosa1 ,nickliniana1 redimita1 ramentosa1 tudiculata1 7which are all very similar7 but much darker than that of ,dupetithouarsi1 and ,i believe also of fidelis and infumata4 ,the form of the shell is a link connecting these with ,mormonum4 ,in the tabular arrangement adopted in my ,state ,survey ,report1 it would come in as the pilose analogue of ,h4 ,dupetithouarsi1 and ,h4 exarata1 which are also its nearest geographical neighbors1 as follows3 ,a4 ,shining2 ,b4 ,dark2 ,c4 ,brown2 band triple1 hirsute in band single1 not rugose1 the young1 rugose1 sculptured1 l4 whorls #f to #h4 l4 whorls #f to #f4 l4 whorls #f to #g4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,h4 fidelis4 ,h4 infumata4#bd ,h4 arrosa4 ,h4 ,traskii4#be ,h4 sequoicola4 ,h4 exarata4 ,h4 ,dupetithouarsi4 ,h4 ,hillebrandii4 ,h4 ,ayresiana4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,judging from the form of ,h4 ,mormonum1 it is possible that the young will be found to be hirsute4 ,the table referred to includes twelve other banded species of ,california1 arranged under the same headings4 ,it is interesting to observe that the ,a #a and ,b #a groups inhabit coniferous forests1 and probably feed chiefly on fungi found in decaying wood while ,c1 including also ,h4 ,nickliniana1 ,bridgesii1 redimita1 ramentosa1 tudiculata1 ,californiensis 7and ,carpenteri87 are found in woods of oak1 etc4 ,another group which ,i place in ,a 7as not being rugose7 are found in dry1 treeless localities where they seem to represent those last mentioned1 the size1 form1 and number of whorls furnishing parallels1 but being usually less in size1 as might be expected of species from arid regions1 and often with the band single or obscured2 these are ,h4 ,tryoni#be1 rufocincta1 ,kellettii1 crebristriata1 ,gabbii1 facta4#be ,the bandless species1 of which there are few on this coast1 present analogous sections as to surface characters1 and exhibit much greater varieties in the form of their apertures1 by which they can be arranged in groups1 having a greater development of species in the ,atlantic ,states and more distinguishable by form than by surface4 ,h4 ,townsendiana alone approaches ,c in its rugose sculpture1 but otherwise differs greatly from the usual types of ,california4 ,from the shells alone1 five subgenera may be established out of the banded group1 which ,i will describe in a future article4 ,,note4--,there is a single specimen of ,helix in the ,state ,collection1 supposed to have been obtained in the ,mount ,diablo range by ,prof4 ,brewer1 which closely resembles the small form of ,h4 ,sequoicola in shape1 but being nearly bleached is too imperfect to describe minutely1 though very likely a new species4 ,it is remarkable for having seven whorls1 while the former and ,h4 ,mormonum of the same size have but six2 it is also less compressed than the latter1 and the umbilicus is less covered4 ,the color where remaining is shining gamboge yellow 7faded87 with a single very narrow band above the middle1 not showing the pale band on each side of it that is so marked in others of the group4 ,the sculpture seems to have been very slightly malleated1 and with the faint lines of growth cut by smooth depressed waved grooves transversely1 and thus obliquely to the sutures 7while those of ,h4 ,traskii are parallel74 ,diam4 maj4 #j4ie2 alt4 #j4dj inch4 ,a region so near ,san ,francisco ought to furnish more and better specimens4 ,there is a form referred to ,h4 fidelis1 from ,humboldt ,bay1 which may also prove a new species4 ,it is entirely purplish black1 without bands1 the lips white inside1 and differs from infumata chiefly in great elevation and thicker lips1 having even the subcarinate body whorl of the latter1 and the same number of whorls 7#f74 ,there is1 however1 no trace of bristle marks1 and some specimens appear to connect it with fidelis1 suggesting a possibility of its being a hybrid4 ,the ,state ,collection contains one specimen1 obtained from the late ,dr4 ,frick4 ,diam4 maj4 #a4bd2 min4 #a4ji2 alt4 #j4gj inch4 #bd ,in this the band seems obscured in the general blackness of the shell2 occasional varieties of several others are found without the band1 as if from disease1 as in ,h4 anachoreta4 #be ,these species have parallel spiral grooves1 not rug4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,april #af,,th1 #ahff4 ,president in the chair4 ,five members present4 ,mr4 ,horace ,f4 ,cutter was elected a ,resident ,member4 ,the ,committee on rooms reported that two rooms had been hired for the ,academy on the southeast corner of ,montgomery and ,sacramento streets4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,may #g,,th1 #ahff4 ,president in the chair4 ,eight members present4 ,mr4 ,harford presented some ivory nuts from ,panama4 ,dr4 ,gibbons made some remarks explanatory of a series of tables which he exhibited1 showing the variations of rain fall at ,san ,francisco1 and their relation to the phases of the moon4 ,he showed that the greatest amount of rain fell immediately before the time of full moon1 and that1 following the day of the full1 the diminution in quantity was very rapid4 ,the series of observations from which the tables were prepared extended over a period of fifteen years4 ,dr4 ,gibbons remarked that he proposed continuing the investigation of the subject of the connection of the moon's phases with the fall of rain1 and that he would prepare a paper on the subject4 ,considerable discussion followed on the subject of the weather of this coast1 in which nearly all the members present took part4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,may #ba,,st1 #ahff4 ,mr4 ,stearns in the chair4 ,the ,academy met for the first time in its new rooms on the corner of ,montgomery and ,sacramento streets2 twelve members were present4 ,donations to the cabinet3 ,two boxes of shells1 from the ,smithsonian ,institution4 ,donations to the ,library3 ,bulletins de l',acadmie ,royale des ,sciences de ,belgique 7#b7 ,,xviii1 ,,xix1 #ahfd-e4 ,annuaire de l',acadmie ,royale de ,belgique1 #ahfe2 #came ,anne4 ,sitzungsberichte der knigl4 bayer4 ,akademie der ,wissenschaften zu ,mnchen1 #ahfd1 ,,ii1 #c1 #d2 #ahfe1 ,i1 #a-d2 ,,ii1 #a-d4 ,annalen der kniglichen ,sternwarte bei ,mnchen1 ,band ,,xiv4 ,entstehung und ,begriff der naturhistorischen ,art1 von ,dr4 ,carl ,ngeli1 #bte auflage2 ,mnchen1 #ahfe1 #hvo4 pamphlet4 ,induction and ,deduction1 von ,justus von ,liebig2 ,mnchen1 #ahfe1 #hvo4 pamphlet4 ,vortrge ber die ,florenreiche1 von ,dr4 ,c4 ,f4 ,ph4 von ,martius2 ,mnchen1 #ahfe1 #hvo pamphlet4 ,elfter ,bericht der ,oberhessischen ,gesellschaft fr ,natur-und ,heilkunde2 ,giessen1 #ahfe4 ,verslagen en ,mededeelingen der koninklijke ,akademie van ,wetenschappen2 ,afdeeling ,naturkunde1 #ag;de ,deel2 ,amsterdam1 #ahfe3 same2 ,afdeeling ,letterkunde1 #hste ,deel1 #ahfe3 same2 ,iarboek1 #ahfc1 #ahfd4 ,musee ,vrolik1 ,catalogue de la ,collection d' ,anatomie1 etc4 de ,m4 ,m4 ,ger4 et ,w4 ,vrolik2 #a vol4 #hvo4 ,amsterdam1 #ahfe4 ,meteorologische ,waarnemingen1 #ahfd2 #a vol4 long #dto ,utrecht1 #ahfe4 ,kongliga ,svenska ,vetenskaps-,akademiens ,handlingar2 ,ny ,fljd1 #ete ,bandet1 #asta ,hftet1 #ahfc4 ,ofversigt of ,kongl4 ,vetenskaps-,akademiens ,frhandlingar1 #basta ,argangen2 #a vol4 #hvo4 ,stockholm1 #ahfe4 ,meteorologiska ,jaktagelser i ,sverige1 utgifna af ,kongl4 ,svenska ,vetenskaps-,akademiens3 #ete ,bandet1 #ahfc4 ,meteorologiske ,jagttagelser paa ,christiania ,observatorium1 #ahfd2 ,christiania1 #ahfe4 ,meteorologische ,beobachtungen1 aufgezeichnet auf ,christiania ,observatorium2 #a1 ,band1 ,letzte ,lieferung1 #ahcg-fc1 ,christiania1 #ahfe4 ,oversigt af ,norges ,echinodermer ved ,dr4 ,michel ,sars2 #a vol4 #hvo ,christiania1 #ahfa4 ,zologisk-,botaniske ,observationer fra ,gudbrandsdalen og ,dovre1 af ,r4 ,collett2 #hvo4 pamphlet1 ,christiania1 #ahfe4 ,beretning om en botanisk ,reise i ,valders1 foretagen i ,sommeren #ahfd1 af ,h4 ,c4 ,printz2 #hvo4 pamphlet1 ,christiana1 #ahfe4 ,oversigt af ,christiania ,omegns ornithologiske ,fauna1 af ,r4 ,collett2 #hvo4 pamphlet1 ,christiania1 #ahfd4 ,norges ,ferskvandskrebsdyr3 ,frste afsnit1 ,branchiopoda1 #a1 ,cladocera ctenopoda1 af ,g4 ,o4 ,sars2 #dto pamphlet1 ,christiania1 #ahfe4 ,hesti ,planet ,minoris ,,xlvi1 ,elementa ,nova1 deduxit ,f4 ,m4 ,karlinski1 ,cracovi1 #ahfe4 ,jahrbcher des ,vereins fr ,naturkunde im ,herzogthum ,nassau1 #agtes and #ahtes ,heft1 #a vol4 #hvo4 ,wiesbaden1 #ahfb-c4 ,jahrbuch der k4 k4 geologischen ,gesellschaft1 #ahfe1 ,band ,,xv #a1 #b1 #c4 ,der ,zoologische ,garten2 ,,vi ,jahrgang1 ,nos4 #a-ab1 #hvo4 ,frankfort a4 m41 #ahfe4 ,flora1 oder allgemeine botanische ,zeitung2 ,neue ,reihe1 ,,xxiii ,jahrgang1 #hvo4 ,regensburg1 #ahfe4 ,sitzungs-,berichte der naturw4 ,gesellschaft ,isis zu ,dresden2 ,jahrgang1 #ahfd1 #hvo4 ,dresden1 #ahfe4 ,verhandlungen des naturhistorischen ,vereins der preuss4 ,rheinlande und ,westphalens2 #bater ,jahrgang1 #a volume in two parts1 #hvo4 ,bonn1 #ahfd4 ,verhandlungen der k4 k4 zool-bot4 ,gesellschaft in ,wien2 ,,xiv ,band1 #hvo4 ,wien1 #ahfd4 ,mmoires de l',acadmie ,impriale des ,sciences de ,st4 ,petersbourg2 ,tome ,v1 #a1 ,,vii #a-g 7complete71 ,,viii1 #a-af 7complete71 #dto1 ,st4 ,petersburg1 #ahfd-e4 ,bulletin de l',acadmie ,impriale des ,sciences de ,st4 ,petersbourg2 ,tome ,,vii1 ,feuilles #ab-cf1 ,,viii #a-cf4 ,royal ,horticultural ,society's ,proceedings2 vol4 ,,iv1 ,no4 #aj1 vol4 ,v1 ,nos4 #d-i1 #hvo4 ,london1 #ahfe4 ,journal of the ,royal ,horticultural ,society2 new series1 vol4 #a1 part #a41 #hvo4 ,london1 #ahff4 ,defense des ,colonies1 ,,iii1 par ,joachim ,barrande2 #hvo4 ,prague1 #ahfe4 ,fragmenta ,phytographi ,australi1 ,f4 ,mller2 vol4 ,,iv4 #hvo1 ,melbourne1 #ahfc-d4 ,vegetation of ,chatham ,islands1 ,f4 ,mller1 #hvo4 ,melbourne1 #ahfd4 ,analytical drawings of ,australian ,mosses1 edited by ,f4 ,mller1 #a ,fascicle1 #hvo4 ,melbourne1 #ahfd4 ,plants indigenous to the ,colony of ,victoria1 ,lithograms1 by ,f4 ,mller1 #dto1 #ahfd-e4 ,review of ,american ,birds in the ,museum of the ,smithsonian ,institution1 by ,s4 ,f4 ,baird2 ,part #a1 ,middle and ,north ,america1 #hvo4 ,washington4 ,illustrated ,catalogue of the ,museum of ,comparative ,zoology1 ,no4 ,,ii1 ,north ,american ,acaleph1 by ,a4 ,agassiz2 #dto1 ,cambridge1 #ahfe4 ,all of the above publications were presented by the authors or the ,societies publishing the same2 those published in ,europe were forwarded and received through the medium of the ,smithsonian ,institution4 ,mr4 ,dall presented the following paper3 ,on a ,new ,subfamily of ,fluviatile ,mollusca4 ,,by ,w4 ,h4 ,,dall1 ,,acting ,,director ,,sci4 ,,corps1 ,w4 ,u4 ,t4 ,,ex4 ,a paper was read by ,dr4 ,isaac ,lea1 before the ,philadelphia ,academy of ,natural ,sciences1 ,april #ast1 #ahef1 in which he described a new genus 7,pompholyx7 and species 7,p4 effusa1 ,lea7 of fluviatile mollusca1 from ,california4 ,he placed it in the ,family ,,lymn,,ana without remark4 ,in the 8,genera of ,recent mollusca10 by ,h4 ,a4 ,adams1 it is referred to 7,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #fde1 ,pl4 ,,cxxxviii1 fig4 #aa7 as the only species of the genus and is placed in the ,family ,,limn,,id4 ,it is not mentioned by ,chenu1 in the 8,manuel de ,conchyliologie40 ,in the 8,supplementary ,report to the ,british ,association10 by ,dr4 ,p4 ,p4 ,carpenter 7page #fgd71 are given the views of ,mr4 ,w4 ,g4 ,binney1 one of the most eminent of ,american conchologists and particularly devoted to the ,pulmonates4 ,he places the mollusk in question1 between the genera ,limna and ,physa1 in the ,subfamily ,,limn,,in1 of the ,family ,,limn,,id4 ,investigations as to the animal1 however1 suggest the propriety of separating it1 if not 7as a ,family ,pompholid7 entirely from the ,family ,,limn,,id1 at least in a subfamily by itself4 ,in the few specimens which ,i have been able to examine with regard to the dentition1 the dried animal has not yielded very satisfactory results1 and ,i do not1 therefore1 feel justified in entirely separating it until more is known4 ,in the following table1 a ,west ,coast species is given as a type of each genus3 ,,class ,,pulmonata4 ,family ,,limn,,id1 ,h4 ,a4 ,ads4 ,subfamily ,,limn,,in1 ,h4 ,a4 ,ads4 ,west ,coast ,genera3 ,limna1 ,lam4 ,subgenera3 ,limna1 ,type ,l4 stagnalis1 ,lin4 ,limnophysa1 ,fitz41 ,type ,l4 palustris1 ,mll4 ,physa1 ,drap4 ,subgenera3 ,physa1 ,type ,p4 heterostropha1 ,say4 ,bulinus1 ,h4 ,a4 ,ads41 ,type ,b4 hypnorum1 ,lin4 ,subfamily ,,planorbin4 ,w4 ,c4 ,genera3 ,planorbis1 ,guett4 ,subgenera3 ,planorbis1 ,type ,p4 subcrenatus1 ,cpr4 ,helisoma1 ,sw41 ,type ,h4 ammon1 ,gld4 ,menetus1 ,h4 ,a4 ,ads41 ,type ,m4 opercularis1 ,gld4 ,carinifex1 ,w4 ,g4 ,binney4 ,type ,c4 ,newberryi1 ,lea4 ,subfamily ,,ancylin4 ,w4 ,c4 ,genera3 ,ancylus1 ,geoffr4 ,type ,a4 ,newberryi1 ,lea4 ,acroloxus1 ,beck4 ,type ,a4 ,nuttallii1 ,lea4 ,gundlachia1 ,pfr4 ,type ,g4 ,californica1 ,rowell4 ,subfamily ,,pompholin1 ,dall4 ,testa depressa1 paucis spiralis1 anf4 ult4 maxima4 ,columella recta1 sine plica4 ,animalis tentaculis longis1 oculiferis1 et alius par oculorum1 in bases interiores tentaculorum4 ,characters1 ,shell2 depressed1 few whorled1 last whorl the largest1 without fold on the columella4 ,inoperculate4 ,soft parts2 foot rounded1 tentacles long1 bearing eyes2 another pair of eyes situated on the inner bases of the tentacles4 ,fluviatile1 phytophagous4 ,genus ,pompholyx1 ,lea4 ,proc4 ,phil4 ,acad41 ,ap4 #ast1 #ahef4 ,type ,p4 effusa ,lea1 sp4 unica4 ,,fig4 #bh4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bh4 ,shell2 small1 swollen1 with three whorls1 the last much the largest4 ,above1 rounded planulate1 suture deep but not channelled4 ,below1 not umbilicated1 rounded convex4 ,aperture large1 effuse1 internally shining4 ,columella flattened1 not folded2 externally1 in fresh specimens1 greenish horn color2 dead ones nearly white or waxy brown4 ,alt4 #j4ad in41 major diam4 #j4b1 min4 diam4 #j4af in4 ,soft parts4 ,foot rounded truncate2 short1 bluish-ash color1 darker on the margin4 ,lips broad1 semilunar4 ,tentacles long1 eyebearing2 tips pale yellow1 eyes black2 a second pair sessile on the inner bases of the tentacles4 ,body delicate brownish olive green2 a light streak just behind and outside of base of each tentacle4 ,localities3 ,sacramento ,river 7,trask71 ,lea2 ,eagle ,lake1 ,horn2 ,klamath ,valley and ,frazer ,spring1 ,gabb4 ,i am indebted to ,mr4 ,wm4 ,m4 ,gabb1 of the ,state ,geological ,survey1 for notes and drawings1 confirmatory of previous doubts in regard to this rare and interesting mollusk4 ,they were taken from the living animal1 and coming from a distinguished ,palontologist may be relied on as correct4 ,n4,b4--,through inadvertence in drawing1 the shell is represented as reversed in the figure4 ,professor ,whitney made some remarks on the geology of the ,state of ,nevada1 of which the following is an abstract4 ,having recently received a small but very interesting collection of fossils1 made in ,nevada by ,mr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,clayton1 the examination of which has added considerably to our scanty stock of information in regard to the geology of an extensive region comprised between the meridians of #aae and #abj1 and the parallels of #ch and #da1 ,i take this occasion to set forth1 in a very concise manner1 the information which ,i have collected1 up to the present time1 in regard to the age of the sedimentary formations of the regions in question4 ,the ,state of ,nevada occupies a portion of the continent which1 during the last few years1 has received a large share of attention from the public and excited the greatest interest among scientific men2 but where1 up to the present time1 detailed geological work has been impossible1 owing to the absence of any geographical map of the ,state approaching even to accuracy4 ,the ,u4 ,s4 ,pacific ,railroad ,surveys furnished no geological information whatever in regard to the territory embraced within the present area of the ,state of ,nevada4 ,the route from ,salt ,lake to ,humboldt ,river1 at ,lassen's ,meadows1 was hastily explored by ,captain ,beckwith1 in ,may1 #ahed1 and he was accompanied by ,mr4 ,schiel as ,geologist2 but no information of any value is given in regard to the geological structure of the region traversed by the party1 nor were any fossils discovered1 although portions of the rocks along their route have since been proved to be prolific in organic remains4 ,on all the geological maps of the whole territory of the ,united ,states which have been published up to the present time1 the region west of the ,rocky ,mountains has been so misrepresented that it is quite impossible to trace any approximation1 or first hinting1 at either the age or the outline of the principal formations4 ,on these maps the region lying between the ,salt ,lake and the ,sierra ,nevada is usually left uncolored1 or vaguely designated as 8metamorphic0 with patches of 8volcanic0 and 8desert quaternary0 scattered through it at random4#bf ,the first paper or publication issued1 in which any definite information in regard to the geology of ,nevada was given1 was that of ,messrs4 ,meek and ,engelmann1 published in the ,proceedings of the ,philadelphia ,academy of ,natural ,sciences1 for ,april1 #ahfj4 ,this paper gives the results of the examination by ,mr4 ,meek1 of the fossils obtained by ,mr4 ,h4 ,engelmann1 who accompanied ,capt4 ,j4 ,h4 ,simpson on his explorations of #aheh-ei1 or what is generally known as 8,simpson's ,wagon ,road ,expedition40 ,as the full report of this expedition has never been published1 we have no other information in regard to the geology of the region traversed by ,capt4 ,simpson's party than that given in the paper above alluded to4 ,the route followed on this survey was one near the present ,overland ,stage ,road1 passing through a region then entirely uninhabited by white men1 but now dotted with mining camps and even towns of considerable size--a region which has been proved to contain a large number of argentiferous veins1 and where mining operations have been carried on most energetically and extensively during the last two or three years4 ,the localities of fossils mentioned by ,messrs4 ,meek and ,engelmann1 and included within the limits of ,nevada1 are as follows3 ,long4 #aad #de1 ,lat #ci #de1 near what is now called ,egan ,caon1 fragments of ,trilobites1 either of ,upper ,silurian or ,devonian ,age1 and 8closely resembling ,hamilton ,group ,forms30--,long4 #aae #eh1 ,lat4 #ci #cc1 and ,long4 #aae #cf1 ,lat4 #ci #cj2 at these two localities1 situated in what are now the ,eureka and ,white ,pine ,mining ,districts1 a 8group of fossils of decided ,devonian type0 was found4 ,this group consisted of ,atrypa reticularis1 ,a4 aspera1 or a closely allied species1 a small ,productus1 and three new species of ,spirifer4 ,this is the most westerly point1 on our territory1 at which any fossils belonging to formations older than the ,carboniferous have1 up to the present time1 been discovered1 so far at least as any published record shows4 ,between ,lon4 #aae and #aae #cj and ,lat4 #dj #aj and #ci #bj1 is a group or series of hills1 trending nearly north and south1 and made up 8of light yellowish gray1 more or less argillaceous and arenaceous subcrystalline limestones and slates40 ,from these hills fossils were collected which are referred by ,mr4 ,meek to the ,upper ,carboniferous series4 ,most of the species were new2 among them were three species of ,productus1 two new species of ,spirifer1 and another apparently identical with ,s4 cameratus2 also1 ,athyris subtilita and a new species of ,chonetes closely allied to ,c4 ,verneuiliana2 these localities are near what is now known as ,ruby ,valley and ,fort ,ruby4 ,the above are all the localities of fossils1 in ,nevada1 known to have been published up to this time1 excepting those which have been described or noticed in the publications of the ,geological ,survey of ,california4 ,messrs4 ,meek and ,engelmann state1 at the end of their paper1 that igneous rocks predominate west of the #aafth degree of longitude as far as the ,sierra ,nevada1 and that only a few traces of stratified rock were found in that district in none of which any organic remains were observed4 ,the exploration of this region1 supposed to be destitute of fossiliferous rocks1 has proved1 however1 that it contains immense ranges of stratified beds which1 in a considerable number of localities at least1 are highly prolific in well preserved fossils4 ,as soon as the ,humboldt mining region began to be resorted to by miners1 which was in #ahfa and #ahfb1 fossils were discovered by several persons1 who about the same time furnished us with collections of value and interest4 ,the most important of these collections were those of ,mr4 ,gorham ,blake and of ,mr4 ,r4 ,homfray4 ,the specimens obtained by these gentlemen1 as well as others of the same age obtained by the ,survey1 near ,dayton1 ,nevada1 and also in ,genesee ,valley1 ,california1 were figured and described by ,mr4 ,gabb in the first volume of the ,palontology of ,california1 forming a part of the series of publications of the ,geological ,survey4 ,the geological age of the formation is that of the ,hallstadt ,limestone of the ,austrian ,alps1 or the ,upper ,trias1 there being several species at the above cited localities which are identical with ,european species from this geological position1 as determined by ,mr4 ,gabb1 and confirmed by ,von ,hauer1 the eminent palontologist of the ,austrian ,geological ,survey4#bg ,since the publication of the ,palontology of ,california1 ,vol4 ,i1 our stock of information with regard to the range and extent of the ,upper ,trias1 in ,nevada1 has been considerably increased by the explorations of members of the ,survey1 and other persons who have furnished us with specimens from their collections1 or given us information as to the character of the rocks noticed by them on their lines of travel4 ,we now know that the ,triassic rocks occupy a broad belt of country extending from the #aagth meridian west to the line dividing the ,states of ,nevada and ,california1 and lying between the parallels of #ch and #dj4 ,within the area thus designated1 ,triassic fossils have been found at several localities1 some of which are remarkable for the number and good state of preservation of the various species4 ,among these localities that of the ,volcano ,district is remarkable for the size and beauty of the ,ammonites found there4 ,this is about thirty miles east of the south end of ,walker's ,lake4 ,new ,pass ,district1 twenty miles west of ,austin1 is also a rich locality of ,triassic fossils ,at two or three points within this ,triassic area there are indications of the existence of fossiliferous rocks occupying a higher position than the ,trias1 and perhaps of ,liassic ,age2 but the collections have not yet been sufficiently studied to justify a positive opinion on this point4 ,the sedimentary strata in this region are much broken up and metamorphosed by intrusive rocks1 of which there is a great variety1 granite being one of the most abundant4 ,in the southern portion of the area designated above as including stratified rocks of ,triassic age1 a very large part of the surface is occupied by volcanic materials1 apparently a continuation of the very recent volcanic masses near ,mono ,lake4 ,lava is said to be the predominating rock over the region to the southeast of ,walker's ,lake1 and as far in that direction as the ,state line between ,nevada and ,arizona4 ,the same is true of the region to the north and northwest of ,humboldt ,river1 where granitic and volcanic rocks are reported as occurring1 and where1 so far as known1 no fossils have yet been obtained4 ,this1 however1 is a region as yet but little explored1 on account of the number and warlike disposition of the ,indians4 ,between the #aafth and #aagth meridians is a region of granitic and volcanic rocks1 including two principal north and south ranges1 and many spurs and side ranges4 ,the ,toiyabe range1 in which are the mines of ,austin1 or the ,reese ,river mines1 and which is a little east of the #aagth meridian1 is mostly granitic4 ,stratified but highly metamorphosed rocks are said by ,mr4 ,blatchley to occur on its east flank1 a few miles south of ,austin2 these rocks contain fossils1 which1 however1 are nearly obliterated by metamorphism4 ,a box of these1 forwarded some time since1 has never been received1 so that no positive statement can be made as to the age of the formation4 ,from ,mr4 ,blatchley's description of the forms observed by him1 it would appear that we may have here rocks older than the ,carboniferous4 ,east of the #aafth meridian1 our collections indicate the existence of a broad area covered chiefly by rocks of ,carboniferous age1 which seem to occupy most of the space between the #aaeth and #aafth meridians4 ,the most western locality of ,carboniferous fossils known to us is that on the west side of ,diamond ,valley1 about #gj miles east of ,austin1 and in lon4 #aaf4 ,here1 in a dark1 crystalline limestone1 a variety of species have been obtained by ,mr4 ,clayton1 all in a poor state of preservation1 but of which the ,carboniferous age may be without difficulty made out4 ,among the genera represented at this locality are ,productus--two species1 one of which is ,p4 semireticulatus--,spirifer1 and ,fusulina1 probably ,f4 gracilis1 besides some indistinctly marked corals4 ,the indications are that these beds are of ,lower ,carboniferous age4 ,on the east side of ,diamond ,valley some imperfectly preserved corals have been found1 probably ,devonian1 or possibly belonging to a still older group4 ,the collections from the region included between the #aaeth and #aafth meridians indicate the association of rocks of both ,devonian and ,carboniferous age in the outcrops4 ,here our collections do not enable us to do anything more than to corroborate the previously published statements of ,messrs4 ,meek and ,engelmann in regard to the age of the formations4 ,from the ,silver ,peak ,district1 near lon4 #aag #bj1 and lat4 #ch1 an interesting collection of fossils has been brought by ,mr4 ,clayton4 ,the specimens are unfortunately in a very imperfect and fragmentary condition1 but they contain the first trilobites which have been brought to our office from any of the ,pacific ,states or ,territories4 ,the rock in which they occur is a dark yellowish brown limestone1 with intercalated layers of light grey argillaceous shales4 ,some of them appear to belong to the genus ,dalmania1 and1 if so1 the formation is probably of ,upper ,silurian age1 although possibly ,devonian4 ,the careful examination of the corals which have been obtained in this district by ,mr4 ,clayton1 and also by ,mr4 ,blatchley1 will probably throw some additional light on the geological position of these rocks4 #bf ,on ,professor ,hall's ,map 8illustrating the general geological features of the country west of the ,mississippi ,river10 which accompanied ,emory's ,mexican ,boundary ,report1 and was published in #aheg1 all of a broad central strip running along the parallel of #dj through the center of ,nevada1 is colored as 8lava and other igneous rocks10 while the western portion of the ,state has several broad belts of 8,upper ,carboniferous ,limestone10 running north and south across it from ,walker's ,lake to ,goose ,lake4 ,so far as ,i know1 no ,carboniferous fossils have yet been found in that part of ,nevada4 #bg ,see ,jahrbuch der ,k4 ,k4 ,geologischen ,reichsanstalt1 #ahfe1 page #bcc of the ,proceedings4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,june #d,,th1 #ahff4 ,president in the chair4 ,eleven members were present4 ,the following named persons were elected ,resident ,members3 ,c4 ,r4 ,king1 ,frederick ,gutzkow1 ,theodore ,blake1 ,w4 ,a4 ,goodyear1 ,charles ,bonner1 ,c4 ,w4 ,lightner1 ,hugo ,hochholzer1 ,james ,t4 ,gardner4 ,donations to the ,cabinet3 ,copper ,ore1 from ,yarrow mine1 near ,lexington1 ,santa ,clara county1 and ,molybdenite1 from ,coloma1 ,el ,dorado county1 from ,mr4 ,hanks4 ,land1 river1 and marine shells collected in ,central and ,south ,america by the late ,thomas ,bridges2 presented by ,mrs4 ,bridges4 ,two birds from ,mr4 ,lorquin4 ,a collection of ,australian plants1 from ,dr4 ,ferdinand ,mller4 ,lichens from ,plover ,bay1 collected and presented by ,mr4 ,dall4 ,donations to the ,library3 ,verhandlungen der kaiserlich en ,leopoldino-,carolinischen deutschen ,akademie der ,naturforscher1 ,band ,,xxxii1 #aste ,abtheilung2 #dto ,dresden1 #ahfe4 ,amtlicher ,bericht ber die #cite ,versammlung ,deutscher ,naturforscher und ,aerzte in ,giessen im ,september1 #ahfd2 #dto1 ,giessen1 #ahfe4 ,jahrbuch der k4 k4 geolgischen ,reichsanstalt2 #ahfe1 ,band ,,xv4 ,no4 #d1 roy4 #hvo4 ,wien4 ,nachrichten von der k4 ,gesellschaft und der ,georg-,augusts-,universitt1 aus dem ,jahre #ahfe2 #abmo4 ,gttingen4 ,the above were presented by the different ,societies named1 and forwarded through the ,smithsonian ,institution4 ,mr4 ,dall made some remarks on the shells which have been collected by various naturalists at and near ,monterey4 ,he remarked that he himself had collected in two weeks no less than two hundred and nineteen species1 which number1 added to forty-four which have been previously reported as occurring there1 but which he did not obtain1 gives two hundred and sixty-three as the whole number of species of shells now known to have been found at ,monterey4 ,of these were previously obtained only to the south of ,monterey1 twenty-four2 previously obtained only to the north of ,monterey1 forty-two2 previously obtained to north and south1 but not at ,monterey1 twenty-nine2 previously obtained at ,monterey1 one hundred and one2 not obtained by ,mr4 ,dall1 forty-four2 new1 or not reported1 twenty-three4 ,collections of shells are greatly needed from points between ,san ,francisco and the mouth of the ,columbia river1 and also from points between ,san ,diego and ,cape ,st4 ,lucas1 in order to determine questions of geographical distribution4 ,a curious fact was noticed in ,chiton scabra1 of ,reeve1 which1 although belonging to a class of strictly marine animals1 was observed clinging to the rocks beyond the reach1 except in storms1 of the highest spray4 ,that it does not migrate is proved by the fact that1 living in nooks and crevices of the rocks1 it grows into the very form of the hole in which it lives4 ,mr4 ,dall also mentioned that1 having visited and thoroughly searched the original locality for ,helix ,californiensis1 a small island off ,point ,cypress1 accessible only at low tide1 this species was found to be nearly exterminated4 ,a letter received from ,dr4 ,canfield of ,monterey since the visit of ,mr4 ,dall1 confirms the fact of the extinction4 ,this has been caused apparently by a large millipede1 which exists in great numbers1 and is extremely voracious4 ,several of the shells found commonly at ,monterey1 are identical with others collected during the past season on the coast of ,russian ,north ,america4 ,professor ,whitney made some remarks on the absence of the ,northern ,drift formation from the western coast of ,north ,america and from the interior of the continent1 throughout the region to the southwest of the ,missouri ,river4 ,the term 8,northern ,drift0 is understood to include the masses of unstratified detrital materials and boulders which have been transported and distributed by some general cause independent1 in a great degree1 of the present conformation of the surface and of the direction of the existing river courses4 ,the investigations of geologists have shown that the surface of ,canada1 ,new ,england1 and the ,states north of the ,ohio and north of the parallel of #ci1 as far west as the ,mississippi1 and even for some distance beyond it in that direction1 are covered by detrital materials which have been carried from the ,north towards the ,south1 and often for a great distance and in immense masses4 ,the explorations of the ,geological ,survey of ,california have demonstrated however1 that there is no true ,northern ,drift within the limits of this ,state4 ,our detrital materials1 which often form deposits of great extent and thickness1 are invariably found to have been dependent for their origin and present position on causes similar to those now in action1 and to have been deposited on the flanks and at the bases of the nearest mountain ranges by currents of water rushing down their slopes4 ,while we have abundant evidence of the former existence of extensive glaciers in the ,sierra ,nevada1 there is no reason to suppose that this ice was to any extent an effective agent in the transportation of the superficial detritus now resting on the flanks of the mountains4 ,the glaciers were confined to the most elevated portions of the mountains1 and although the moraines which they have left as evidences of their former extension are often large and conspicuous1 they are insignificant in comparison with the detrital masses formed by aqueous erosion4 ,there is nothing anywhere in ,california which indicates a general glacial epoch during which ice covered the whole country and moved bodies of detritus over the surface1 independently of its present configuration1 as is seen throughout the ,northeastern ,states4 ,the same condition of things prevails in ,nevada and through ,oregon1 as far as explored by the members of the ,survey4 ,the detritus seems always to be accumulated at the base of the mountains--gravel1 boulders1 and sand lying below and not far distant from the beds of rock of which these materials once formed a part1 and from which they appear to have been detached by weathering and aqueous erosion4 ,from the observations of ,messrs4 ,ashburner and ,dall1 it would appear that no evidences of ,northern ,drift have yet been detected on this ,coast1 even as far north as ,british ,columbia or ,russian ,america4 ,neither of these gentlemen has observed any indication of a transportation of drift materials from the north towards the south1 or of any condition of things similar to that which must have existed in the ,eastern ,states during the diluvial epoch4 ,on examining the published records of explorers in the central portion of the ,continent1 it will be noticed that there is strong reason to believe that the absence of the ,northern drift formation is not peculiar to the ,states along the ,pacific ,coast2 but that the whole region west of the ,rocky ,mountains is also destitute of any indications of a detrital formation moved over the surface in one direction by any great general cause4 ,judging from our present stock of evidence1 ,i am inclined to draw the line which limits the ,northern ,drift formation on the south and west approximately from the mouth of the ,ohio to the headwaters of the ,saskatchewan ,river4 ,it is evident that these facts should be taken into account in theorizing on the origin and cause of the drift4 ,if1 as stated above1 the transporting agent has been limited in its field of action to the eastern and northeastern portion of our ,continent1 the phenomenon is seen at once to have become1 in a measure1 a local one--at least much more local than has hitherto been usually assumed by those geologists who have adopted the glacier theory of the drift4 ,professor ,whitney remarked that he was particularly desirous of introducing the subject on this occasion1 in order that he might have an opportunity of impressing on ,mr4 ,dall1 who is about to leave for the ,northern ,coast1 on the ,telegraph ,expedition1 the importance of making a thorough examination of the detrital formations and surface geology of the country he may traverse4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,june #ah,,th1 #ahff4 ,mr4 ,stearns in the ,chair4 ,thirteen members present4 ,the following named gentlemen were elected ,resident ,members3 ,baron ,f4 von ,richthofen1 ,e4 ,b4 ,dorsey1 ,w4 ,w4 ,palmer1 ,w4 ,s4 ,keyes1 ,m4 ,l4 ,stangroom1 ,j4 ,t4 ,watkins1 ,jr41 ,w4 ,g4 ,w4 ,harford1 ,louis ,falkenau4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,g4 ,bloomer stated that he had identified the plant commonly known as the ,pepper ,tree1 as ,schinus mollis4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,dall called attention to several errors in geography made in a short chapter on geographical distribution of marine forms1 forming the conclusion of ,agassiz' 8,sea ,side ,studies in ,natural ,history10 recently published4 ,the errors were in regard to the ,coast of ,california4 ,mr4 ,stearns mentioned that in an hour and a half at ,baulines ,bay he had collected about fifty species of mollusca4 ,dr4 ,gibbons spoke of the progress of his observations on the connection of the phases of the moon and the weather4 ,his remarks were followed by an animated discussion4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,july #b;,d1 #ahff4 ,president in the ,chair4 ,ten members present1 and ,dr4 ,hillebrand1 of ,honolulu1 a visitor4 ,the following gentlemen were elected ,resident ,members3 ,vitus ,wackenreuder1 ,sherman ,day1 ,thomas ,price1 ,e4 ,wertheman4 ,donations to the ,cabinet3 ,ores from the ,eureka ,mine1 ,grass ,valley1 and from the ,othello ,mine1 ,pahranagat ,district1 by ,mr4 ,hanks2 ,steatite from ,baulines1 by ,capt4 ,morgan2 ,fungi from timber in the mines of ,nevada1 by ,mr4 ,ewer4 ,donations to the ,library3 ,congressional ,documents1 from ,hon4 ,john ,conness4 ,transactions of the ,royal ,society of ,victoria1 #ahfa-ahfd1 vol4 vi1 #hvo41 ,melbourne1 #ahfe2 ,fragmenta ,phytographi ,australi1 ,nos4 xxxi-xxxiv1 #hvo42 ,third and ,fourth ,annual ,reports of the ,acclimatisation ,society of ,victoria1 #b #hvo4 pamphlets1 ,melbourne1 #ahfd3 from ,f4 ,mller1 ,m4,d4 ,dr4 ,gibbons called attention to the experiments and deductions of ,dr4 ,salisbury1 of ,ohio1 in regard to malarial diseases and their supposed vegetable origin4 ,a discussion followed1 in which ,drs4 ,behr and ,blake took part4 ,dr4 ,hillebrand gave an account of the ,botanical ,garden of ,batavia4 ,it contains1 among other plants1 two hundred and sixty-two species of ,palms4 ,he also gave an account of the introduction of the ,cinchona1 of various species1 into ,india and ,java4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,july #afth1 #ahff4 ,mr4 ,stearns in the ,chair4 ,twelve members present1 and ,mr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,hittell and ,dr4 ,macgowan as visitors4 ,dr4 ,p4 ,comrie was elected a ,corresponding ,member1 and ,dr4 ,s4 ,pawlicki a ,resident ,member4 ,donations to the ,cabinet3 ,land and ,marine ,shells from the ,east ,indies and the ,pacific ,islands1 by ,dr4 ,eckel4 ,mr4 ,stearns presented the following paper3 ,list of ,shells collected at ,baulines ,bay1 ,california1 ,june1 #ahff4 ,,by ,,robt4 ,e4 ,c4 ,,stearns1 ,,curator ,,of ,,conchology1 ,,cab4 ,,acad4 ,,nat4 ,,sciences4 ,the comparative scantiness of molluscan life in the immediate vicinity of ,san ,francisco1 and of the coast for many miles in a southerly direction1 led me to believe that an exploration of the small bays to the north of the ,golden ,gate would reveal a very considerable increase both of species and individuals2 accordingly1 upon the #adth1 #bc;d1 and #bdth of last ,june1 ,i visited the small inlet known as ,baulines ,bay1 and made an examination of the sandspit which makes out from its southerly shore1 also the beach inside of and as far north as ,duxbury reef1 which latter connects with the coast at a point about a mile above the entrance to the bay4 ,the unfavorable condition of the tides prevented an exploration of the reef2 as most of the specimens were obtained from the drift1 without doubt the following list can be largely increased by a more thorough examination of the locality1 especially the reef1 at extreme low water and at different seasons of the year4 ,all of the specimens were in a condition sufficiently perfect to make identification easy2 a few forms1 of which ,i had some doubt1 were submitted to ,dr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,cooper4 ,species marked with a 99 one specimen2 thus two specimens2 of the remainder from three specimens upwards were collected4 #a4 ,zirphea crispata1 ,linn499 #b4 ,pholadidea ovoidea1 ,gould4 #c4 ,parapholas ,californica1 ,conr499 #d4 ,saxicava pholadis1 ,linn4 #e4 ,platyodon cancellatus1 ,conr4 #f4 ,cryptomya ,californica1 ,conr4 #g4 ,schizothrus ,nuttalli1 ,conr4 #h4 ,clidiophora punctata1 ,conr4 #i4 ,solen sicarius1 ,gould499 #aj4 ,machra patula1 ,dixon4 #aa4 ,macoma secta1 ,conr4 #ab4 ,macoma var4 edulis1 ,nutt4 #ac4 ,macoma nasuta1 ,conr4 #ad4 ,tellina ,bodegensis1 ,hds4 #ae4 ,semele rubro-lineata1 auct4 non ,conr499 #af4 ,tapes staminea1 ,conr4 #ag4 ,tapes var4 diversa1 ,sby4 #ah4 ,tapes var4 ruderata1 ,desh4 #ai4 ,saxidomus aratus1 ,gould4 #bj4 ,petricola carditoides1 ,conr4 #ba4 ,rupellaria lamellifera1 ,conr499 #bb4 ,chama exogyra1 ,conr499 #bc4 ,cardium corbis1 ,mart4 #bd4 ,lazaria sub-quadrata1 ,carp4 #be4 ,mytilus ,californianus1 ,conr4 #bf4 ,mytilus edulis1 ,linn4 #bg4 ,adula stylina1 ,carp4 #bh4 ,pecten hastatus1 ,sby499 #bi4 ,hinnites giganteus1 ,gray4 #cj4 ,placunanomia macroschisma1--,desh4 #ca4 ,cryptochiton ,stelleri1 ,midd4 #cb4 ,tonicia lineata1 ,wood499 #cc4 ,mopalia muscosa1 ,gould4 #cd4 ,mopalia vespertina1 ,gould499 #ce4 ,trachydermon ,nuttallii1 ,carp4 #cf4 ,nacella insessa1 ,hds4 #cg4 ,nacella instabilis1 ,gould499 #ch4 ,nacella 8 var4 triangularis1 ,carp4 #ci4 ,acma persona1 ,esch4 #dj4 ,acma spectrum1 ,rve4 #da4 ,acma pelta1 ,esch4 #db4 ,acma var4 asmi1 ,midd4 #dc4 ,acma patina1 ,esch4 #dd4 ,acma scabra1 ,rve4 7var47 #de4 ,scurria mitra1 ,esch4 #df4 ,clypidella 7bimaculata1 ,dall1 ms4799 #dg4 ,glyphis aspera1 ,esch4 #dh4 ,glyphis densiclathrata1 ,rve4 #di4 ,haliotis rufescens1 ,swains499 #ej4 ,chlorostoma funebrale1 ,a4 ,ad4 #ea4 ,chlorostoma brunneum1 ,phil4 #eb4 ,chlorostoma ,pfeifferi1 ,phil4 #ec4 ,calliostoma costatum1 ,mart4 #ed4 ,phorcus pulligo1 ,mart4 #ee4 ,margarita acuticostata1 ,carp499 #ef4 ,crepidula adunca1 ,sby4 #eg4 ,hipponyx cranioides1 ,carp4 #eh4 ,cerithidea sacrata1 ,gould4 #ei4 ,bittium filosum1 ,gould4 #fj4 ,bittium armillatum1 ,carp499 #fa4 ,littorina scutulata1 ,gould4 #fb4 ,lacuna unifasciata1 ,carp4 #fc4 ,lacuna solidula1 ,lov4 #fd4 ,scalaria indianorum1 ,carp4 #fe4 ,opalia borealis1 ,gould4 #ff4 ,lunatia ,lewisii1 ,gould499 #fg4 ,olivella biplicata1 ,sby4 #fh4 ,olivella intorta1 ,carp4 #fi4 ,nassa fossata1 ,gould4 #gj4 ,nassa mendica1 ,gould4 #ga4 ,nassa ,cooperi1 ,fbs499 #gb4 ,amycla carinata1 ,hds4 #gc4 ,amphissa corrugata1 ,rve4 #gd4 ,purpura crispata1 ,chem1 7smooth var47 #ge4 ,purpura var4 ostrina1 ,gould4 #gf4 ,monoceras engonatum1 ,conr4 #gg4 ,ocinebra lurida1 ,midd4 #gh4 ,ocinebra var4 aspera1 ,baird4 #gi4 ,ocinebra var4 munda1 ,carp4 #hj4 ,ocinebra interfossa1 ,carp4 #ha4 ,cerastoma foliatum1 ,gmel4 #hb4 ,cerastoma ,nuttallii4 ,conr499 #hc4 787 ,muricidea ,californica1 ,hinds499 #hd4 ,chrysodomus dirus1 ,rve4 ,of ,no4 #h1 two odd valves1 and of ,no4 #i1 a single perfect specimen on sandspit2 #ae1 an odd valve1 one perfect specimen found by ,col4 ,jewett1 who accompanied me2 #di1 one specimen2 7,i am informed by the residents of the town that this species is abundant at a point about ten miles up the coast72 #ej and #ea1 very common 7young specimens frequently and mature shells sometimes umbilicated72 #fh1 frequent2 a well-marked species2 7often confounded with the young shells of #fg2 the young shells of #fg are sometimes adorned with zigzag brown markings upon a light ground1 otherwise1 no resemblance between them2 #fh is in shape between #fg and ,o4 btica1 of ,carpenter72 #ga is but an extreme form of #gj1 as ,i am convinced by an examination of not less than one thousand specimens1 received by me from ,monterey2 #gb--;if 8gausapata0 and 8,californiana0 belong to 8,amycla10 this certainly should be placed with them2 #gf1 particularly abundant 7some #bjjj living specimens collected2 ,june #bc;d1 this species had just commenced depositing their pink-tinted eggs1 a few of which were obtained72 #hc1 the immature shells of this species closely resemble some specimens of #gh4 ,professor ,whitney exhibited a portion of a human skull recently deposited at the office of the ,state ,geological ,survey1 by ,dr4 ,thomas ,jones1 of ,murphy's ,camp1 ,calaveras ,county4 ,he read the following3 ,notice of a ,human ,skull1 recently taken from a ,shaft near ,angel's1 ,calaveras ,county4 ,,by ,j4 ,d4 ,,whitney4 ,this skull was taken from a shaft sunk on a mining claim at ,altaville1 near ,angel's1 in ,calaveras ,county1 by ,mr4 ,james ,matson4 ,by him it was given to ,mr4 ,scribner1 of ,angel's1 and by ,mr4 ,scribner to ,dr4 ,jones4 ,mr4 ,matson states that the skull was found at a depth of about one hundred and thirty feet1 in a bed of gravel five feet in thickness1 above which are four beds of consolidated volcanic ash1 locally known as 8lava02 these volcanic beds are separated from each other by layers of gravel1 and ,mr4 ,matson gives the following as the section of the various deposits passed through in sinking the shaft1 which is one hundred and fifty-three feet deep1 to the bed rock3 #a4 ,black lava #dj feet4 #b4 ,gravel #c 0 #c4 ,light lava #cj 0 #d4 ,gravel #e 0 #e4 ,light lava #ae 0 #f4 ,gravel #be 0 #g4 ,dark brown lava #i 0 #h4 ,gravel #e 0 #i4 ,red lava #d 0 #aj4 ,red ,gravel #ag 0 --- #aec feet4 ,the skull was found1 according to ,mr4 ,matson1 in bed number #h1 just above the lowest stratum of lava4 ,with the skull were found fragments of silicified wood1 the whole being covered and partly incrusted with stony matter1 so that the fact of its being a skull was not recognized until after it had passed into ,mr4 ,scribner's hands1 by whom it was cleaned and presented to ,dr4 ,jones4 ,the skull is said by ,mr4 ,matson to have been taken from the shaft ,february #beth1 #ahff1 and it came into my hands in the ,july following1 when ,i immediately proceeded to the locality2 but found the shaft temporarily abandoned and partly filled with water1 so that it was impossible at that time to make any farther search in the bed from which the skull was procured4 ,a careful inquiry into all the circumstances of the alleged discovery1 and an interview with all the persons who had been in any way connected with it1 impressed upon my mind the conviction that the facts were as stated above1 and that there was every reason to believe that the skull really came from the position assigned to it by ,mr4 ,matson4 ,still1 as it is evidently highly desirable that as large an amount of evidence as possible should be accumulated in regard to a discovery of so much importance1 ,i made arrangements that ,i should be notified whenever the shaft was reopened and the water taken out1 and hope at a future meeting to be able to lay before the ,academy the results of a personal examination of this interesting locality1 and of further excavations in the bed from which the skull was taken4 ,assuming the correctness of ,mr4 ,matson's statements1 this relic of human antiquity is easily seen to be an object of the greatest interest to the ethnologist as well as the geologist4 ,the previous investigations of the ,geological ,survey have clearly demonstrated the fact that man was contemporaneous with the mastodon and elephant1 since the works of his hands have been repeatedly found in such connection with the bones of these animals that it would be impossible to account for the facts observed on any other theory4 7,see ,geology of ,california1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #beb47 ,but in the case of the skull now laid before the ,academy1 the geological position to which it must be assigned is1 apparently1 still lower than that of the mastodon1 since the remains of this animal1 as well as the elephant1 which are so abundantly scattered over this ,state1 are always 7so far as our observations yet extend7 limited in their position to the superficial deposits1 and have never been found at any considerable depth below the surface4 ,there is every reason to believe that these great proboscidians lived at a very recent date1 7geologically speaking7 and posterior to the epoch of the existence of glaciers in the ,sierra ,nevada1 and also after the close of the period of activity of the now extinct volcanoes of that great chain4 ,in fact1 they belong to the present epoch4 ,the bed1 on the other hand1 in which this skull was found1 must have been deposited at a time when the volcanoes of the ,sierra were still in vigorous action1 and1 as seems to us highly probable from a careful consideration of the geological structure of the region1 previous to the glacial epoch of the ,sierra1 and also previous to the erosion of the caons of the present rivers4 ,no pains will be spared1 however1 to investigate all the conditions of the occurrence of this skull1 and they will be fully reported on at a future time4 ,the portions of the skull which are preserved are1 the frontal bone1 the nasal bone1 the superior maxillary bone of the right side1 the malar bones1 a part of the temporal bone of the left side1 with the mastoid process and the zygomatic process1 and the whole of the orbits of both eyes4 ,the base of the skull is embedded in a mass of bone breccia and small pebbles of volcanic rock1 incrusted with a thin layer of carbonate of lime1 which appears once to have extended over the whole surface of the skull and of which a considerable portion still remains1 the rest having been removed apparently in the process of cleaning4 ,under the malar bone of the left side1 a snail shell is lodged1 and partly concealed by the breccia of bone wedged in the cavity4 ,this shell is the ,helix ,mormonum1 according to ,dr4 ,cooper1 a species now living in the region where the skull was obtained4 ,although not competent to express a decided opinion on the subject of the ethnological relations of this skull1 ,i should suppose that it belonged to the type of the ,indians now inhabiting the foot-hills of the ,sierra4 ,it is certain that the facial angle is not one indicating a low order of intellect4 ,the skull1 however1 seems to have been very thick and solid4 ,it will be placed in the hands of competent craniologists for examination and description1 as soon as reliable information has been obtained with regard to its occurrence1 or whenever all has been ascertained that can be4 ,dr4 ,macgowan made some remarks on the occurrence of earthquakes on the coast of ,china4 ,he stated that1 since the historic period1 no great damage has been done by them4 ,dr4 ,kellogg stated1 that on a trip from ,san ,rafael to ,baulines ,bay he had discovered a species of oak said to be equal to the live-oak for ship building4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,august #f,,th1 #ahff4 ,president in the chair4 ,twenty members present4 ,dr4 ,d4 ,j4 ,macgowan was elected a ,corresponding ,member4 ,dr4 ,behr presented the following paper3 ,enumeration of the ,californian species of ,lycna4 ,,by ,h4 ,,behr1 ,m4,d4 ,the genus ,lycna is much more extensively represented in ,california than in the ,atlantic ,states1 where1 with the exception of a few ,arctic species1 only the most cosmopolitan types are represented1 such as that of ,argiolus and that of ,amyntas4 ,california has about the same number of species as a corresponding area in the ,mediterranean basin4 ,the species are never identical with gerontogeic forms2 but there is scarcely a single ,european type that does not find its analogue on the ,pacific coast3 a circumstance of which the celebrated lepidopterologist1 ,dr4 ,boisduval1 has made good use in naming many ,californian species with reference to the best known ,european species of the same type1 thus3 ,europe4 ,california4 ,pheretes1 ,pheres1 ,acis1 ,antiacis1 ,aegon1 ,antgon1 ,icarius1 ,icarioides4 #a4 ,lycna ,pardalis1 ,behr4 ,al ris superne omnes crule1 marginem versus fuscescentes1 limbo albido cinct4 ,al n superne omnino fusc1 marginem versus magis obscur1 antic linea discoidali instructae4 ,al subtus cinere1 linea discoidali serieque punctorum atrorum1 halone parum distincto cinctorum signat4 ,postic marginem versus lunulas exhibent pallidiores quam puncta seriei et line discoidalis4 ,this species is the only ,californian yet known that approaches the type of the ,european species ,l4 ,arion1 ,l4 ,euphemus1 ,l4 ,iolas1 ,l4 ,alcon1 ,l4 ,erebus4 ,it approaches most nearly to ,l4 ,alcon of ,europe1 and is intermediate between that and the ,european ,l4 ,acis4 ,the only habitat of this species yet known to me1 is in the ,contra ,costa ,coast ,range1 in the vicinity of ,san ,antonio1 where it frequents steep1 grassy hill-sides4 ,it is found at the end of ,may and beginning of ,june1 and is rather rare4 #b4 ,l4 ,antiacis1 ,boisd4 ,may4 ,different localities4 #c4 ,l4 ,xerxes1 ,boisd4 ,may4 ,lone ,mountain1 near ,san ,francisco2 rather rare4 ,there exists no ,european analogue to this very peculiar type4 #d4 ,l4 ,piasus1 ,boisd4 ,very common throughout middle ,california4 ,it replaces the ,atlantic ,l4 ,pseudargiolus1 and ,l4 neglecta1 ,edw41 as well as the ,european ,l4 ,argiolus2 and belongs to one of the most cosmopolitan types of the genus4 ,the caterpillar feeds on the flowers of the ,pavia1 unlike its ,european representative1 which feeds on the leaves of ,rhamnus frangula4 #e4 ,l4 ,pheres1 ,boisd4 ,may and ,june4 ,lone ,mountain1 near ,san ,francisco4 ,i do not know of any other locality4 #f4 ,l4 ,heteronea1 ,boisd4 ,several localities4 ,may and ,june4 ,likes to repose on ,eriogonum1 and is only to be found where some species of this genus is abundant4 ,probably the caterpillar feeds on the flower of this plant4 ,this species is a very fine analogue of the ,l4 ,daphnis of ,europe4 #g4 ,l4 ,lorquini1 ,behr4 ,al ris et n superne fusc1 a radice ultra medium pruina crulea obtect1 limbo tessellato4 ,al n vitta marginali pallide fulvescenti instruct4 ,al subtus cinere1 antic puncto duplici radicali1 linea discoidali serieque punctorum necnon lunulis marginalibus instruct2 postic macula alba pro linea discoidali signat vittaque alba qu occupat spatium inter seriem punctorum et lunulas marginales4 ,i possess a pair of this ,lycna1 through the kindness of our celebrated entomologist1 ,mr4 ,lorquin1 who caught the species in the higher ,sierra ,nevada4 #h4 ,l4 ,icarioides1 ,boisd4 ,may and ,june1 ,marin ,county4 #i4 ,l4 ,ddalus1 ,behr4 ,icarioidi similis sed subtus1 qu puncta in ,icarioide sunt rotundissima1 in ,ddalo sunt transverse producta1 lineaque discoidalis alarum posticarum1 qu in ,icarioide deest et pro qua macula alba subtriquetra militat1 hac in specie linea transversa distinctissime nigra vindicatur4 ,the three specimens in my collection1 ,i received through the kindness of ,mr4 ,chas4 ,hoffman1 of the ,geological ,survey1 who collected them in the ,alpine regions around the head waters of the ,tuolumne ,river4 #aj4 ,l4 ,spiolus1 ,boisd4 #aa4 ,l4 ,aehaja1 ,behr4 ,al utriusque sexus supra fusc1 margine lineaque discoidali nigriscente1 vittaque fulva marginali signat n magis obscur4 ,al subtus cinere1 linea discoidali serieque punctorum nigrorum dilutius cinctorum refracta signat4 ,postic punctis tribus nigris dilutius cinctis radicalibus insuper instruct4 ,lunularum series duplex1 interior nigra exterior dilutior1 apicem versus analem puncta nonnulla aurantiaca amplectens4 ,this species ,i received also from ,mr4 ,hoffmann1 who found it associated with ,l4 ,ddalus4 ,it is the ,californian analogue of the ,european ,agestis1 and produces on one somewhat the impression of a ,polyommatus4 #ab4 ,l4 ,cilia1 ,behr4 ,al supra argenteo glauc1 antic margine fusca lata1 postic angusta instruct2 antic linea discoidali postic serie punctorum marginali1 cui intus lunul submarginales prcedunt signat4 ,limbus subtessellatus4 ,al n fusc que ac ris signat4 ,limbus distincte tessellatus4 ,al ris antic subtus albid linea discoidali1 serie punctorum necnon puncto radicali duplici ornat2 lunul marginales duplices2 postic a radice ad seriem punctorum cinere1 punctis tribus radicalibus1 serieque punctorum nigrorum lactea cinctorum1 maculaque discoidali lactea ornat2 a serie punctorum usque ad marginem al postic lacte1 serie lunularum duplici versus angulum analem luteo tincta instruct4 n al subtus que signat ac ris sed antic que ad postic dimidiat et qu pars est cinerea in colore fusco obtegitur4 ,this species ,i also received from the ,geological ,survey4 ,it was found at an elevation of #aa1jjj feet and over1 on the snowy heights surrounding the headwaters of the ,tuolumne ,river4 ,it belongs to the type of the ,european ,orbitulus1 which is found in similar regions of the ,alps4 #ac4 ,l4 ,argyrotoxus1 ,behr4 ,al cinct supra lilacin fusco marginat albo limbat1 n supra fusc1 in anticis fascia in posticis lunulis marginalibus fulvis signat4 ,al ris subtus albid1 n lacte4 ,linea discoidalis parum distincta4 ,series punctorum vix halone cinctorum in anticis stricta1 in posticis refracta4 ,pars radicalis anticarum concolor1 posticarum nonnullis punctis minimis sed distincte halone cinctis signata2 lunularum series marginalium duplex sed parum distincta1 spatia fulva amplectens1 qu tamen non semper distingui possunt1 in posticis lunul exteriores seriei splendore metallico micantes4 ,al n subtus magis distincte signat2 spatia fulva submarginalia nec non splendor metallicus lunularum distinctius videtur4 ,this species is found in the ,sierra ,nevada4 ,it is very similar to ,l4 ,scudderi of the ,atlantic coast1 and may prove to be only a local variety of that species1 from which it differs chiefly in the shape and arrangement of the submarginal markings1 which1 however1 in the ,atlantic coast specimens1 are much more distinct than in those from ,california4 #ad4 ,l4 ,calchas4 8 ,al n supra fusc radicem versus pruina crulea abduct1 antic linea discoidali1 postic punctis marginalibus nigrescentibus1 lunulisque submarginalibus fulvis signat4 ,al subtus cinere1 linea discoidali1 serieque punctorum quadrangularium albo marginatorum signat4 ,lunularum series submarginalis duplex1 lunulas fulvas includens1 in posticis intus triangulis albis suffulta4 ,lunulas marginales in posticis metallice micant4 ,of this species ,i possess only one specimen2 but this differs so much from the other ,california ,lycn1 that ,i consider myself justified in giving a diagnosis of it1 although1 as a rule1 descriptions of ,lepidoptera belonging to complicated and difficult groups should not be given without ample material on which to base them4 ,this specimen is from ,mono ,lake1 and was collected by the ,geological ,survey4 #ae4 ,l4 ,battoides4 ,al ris supra azure1 late nigro marginat tessellato limbat1 n fusc1 postic lunulis nonnullis fulvis submarginalibus instruct1 omnium limbus tessellatus4 ,al utriusque sexus subtus albid1 punctis radicalibus duobus1 in anticis in fasciam transversam valde refractam nigram confluentibus1 linea discoidali1 serie punctorum ordinariorum quadrangularium nigrorum1 duplici serie submarginali1 necnon margine nigro instruct4 ,al postic tribus punctis radicalibus nigris et ad seriem punctorum submarginalium internam fascia fulva ornat1 qu nec seriem punctorum externam neque apicem anteriorem attingit4 ,this species was collected at an elevation of eleven thousand feet1 on the head-waters of the ,san ,joaquin ,river1 by the ,geological ,survey4 ,it represents the ,european ,l4 ,battus4 #af4 ,l4 ,enoptes1 ,boisd4 ,hills near the ,mission ,dolores1 and in the ,san ,bruno ,hills4 ,this species is rather rare4 ,it represents the ,european ,l4 ,aegon4 #ag4 ,l4 ,antgon1 ,boisd4 ,the most common species near ,san ,francisco1 and found nearly everywhere through ,central ,california4 ,there are several generations succeeding each other through the year4 ,a specimen ,i received from the head-waters of the ,san ,joaquin ,river differs somewhat from this2 but as ,i have only one of this variety1 ,i will not venture to express a decided opinion in regard to it4 ,it is1 perhaps1 an ,alpine variety1 and corresponding with a similar one of ,l4 ,spiolus1 of which ,i received several specimens forming a series of transitions from the common type4 #ah4 ,there is a species approaching the ,european ,l4 ,agestis1 and which ,i received from the head-waters of the ,san ,joaquin ,river2 but the specimens in my possession are too imperfect to allow of an accurate description being given4 #ai4 ,l4 ,amyntula1 ,boisd4 ,from the ,contra ,costa hills1 where1 in ,may and ,june1 it frequents the flowers of the ,pavia1 on which the caterpillar probably feeds1 as does that of ,l4 ,piasus4 #bj4 ,l4 exilis1 ,boisd4 ,this species is rare1 and so small that it might easily be overlooked4 ,it frequents low meadows and salt marshes1 where it loves to repose on the succulent stems of ,salicornia1 and on the flowers of ,frankenia4 ,at present it seems to be the only ,californian representative of ,l4 ,telicanus and ,boeticus of ,europe2 but ,i think that several species of this type will be found in ,southern ,california1 when that part of the ,state has been better examined4 ,i have a specimen of ,l4 exilis1 collected by ,baron de ,terloo1 in the ,sierra ,madre1 between ,mazatlan and ,durango2 and ,i received1 from the same gentleman1 several species of the same type from that locality4 ,it is this type which is so numerously represented in the tropical regions of the old world1 and also in extra-tropical ,australia4 ,our depauperated species1 ,l4 exilis1 with its two ,european congeners1 are1 so far as ,i know1 the only ones of this type which are found in the northern hemisphere beyond the tropics4 ,all the other ,californian species belong to types of the temperate zone1 and are such as are rarely met with in tropical countries1 or in the southern hemisphere even out of the tropics4 ,the type of ,amyntula is the only one which has a series of species in tropical ,asia2 but1 as far as ,i know1 none in tropical ,america4 ,the type of ,piasus1 also1 has some representatives in the tropics of both continents1 one of them being even identified with a species of ,southern ,europe4 ,as to the other types1 these species are essentially endemic2 and even among the ,arctic species there seems not to be any amphigeic one4 ,as the males vary very little1 and the females only on their upper side1 there is little difficulty in transcribing and recognizing them4 ,if among our species there is any one which is identical with an ,atlantic one1 it is probably ,argyrotoxus1 which may be a local modification of ,l4 ,scudderi1 ,edw4 ,mr4 ,stearns read the following paper3 ,list of ,shells collected at ,santa ,barbara and ,san ,diego by ,mr4 ,j4 ,hepburn1 in ,february-,march1 #ahff4 ,,with ,,remarks ,,upon ,,some ,,of ,,the ,,species1 ,,by ,,robt4 ,e4 ,c4 ,,stearns1 ,,curator ,,of ,,conchology1 ,,cal4 ,,acad4 ,,nat4 ,,sciences4 ,through the kindness of ,mr4 ,hepburn1 well known as an enthusiastic and intelligent collector1 ,i have been permitted to examine the collections made by him at the localities referred to1 from which ,i have compiled the following list4 ,the remarks in connection with a few of the species are not wholly based upon the specimens obtained by ,mr4 ,hepburn1 but rather upon specimens received by me from various sources1 and forming a portion of my private collection4 ,the figures in the left hand column refer to the numbers in ,mr4 ,p4 ,p4 ,carpenter's ,supplementary ,report 7#ahfc7 to the ,british ,association4 #ab4 ,pholadidea penita2 ,san ,diego4 #ac4 ,pholadidea ovoidea1 ,gld42 ,santa ,barbara4 #ag4 ,saxicava pholadis1 ,linn42 ,santa ,barbara4 #bj4 ,platyodon cancellatus4 ,conr42 ,santa ,barbara4 #ba4 ,cryptomya ,californica1 ,conr42 ,san ,diego and ,santa ,barbara4 #bb4 ,schizothrus ,nuttallii1 ,conr42 ,santa ,barbara4 #ce4 ,mytilimeria ,nuttallii1 ,cour42 ,santa ,barbara4 #dc4 ,macoma secta1 ,conr42 ,san ,diego4 #ed4 ,tellina ,bodegensis1 ,hinds42 ,san ,diego and ,santa ,barbara4 #ei4 ,semele decisa1 ,conr42 ,san ,diego4 #fd4 ,cumingia ,californica1 ,conr42 ,santa ,barbara4 #fe4 ,donax ,californicus1 ,conr42 ,san ,diego4 #gd4 ,amiantis callosa1 ,conr42 ,san ,diego4 #ge4 ,pachydesma crassatelloides1 ,conr42 ,san ,diego4 #gg4 ,psephis ,lordi1 ,baird2 ,san ,diego4 #ha4 ,chione succincta1 ,val42 ,san ,diego4 #hb4 ,chione excavata1 ,carp42 ,san ,diego4 #hd4 ,chione fluctifragra1 ,sby42 ,san ,diego4 #he4 ,tapes tenerrima1 ,carp42 ,santa ,barbara4 #hh4 ,saxidomus aratus1 ,gld42 ,san ,diego and ,santa ,barbara4 #ic4 ,petricola carditoides1 ,conr42 ,san ,diego and ,santa ,barbara4 #ig4 ,cardium corbis1 ,mart42 ,santa ,barbara4 #ajc4 ,liocardium elatum1 ,sby42 ,san ,diego4 #aaj4 ,lazaria subquadrata1 ,carp42 ,santa ,barbara4 #aab4 ,lucina ,californica1 ,conr42 ,santa ,barbara4 #aah4 ,diplodonta orbella1 ,gld42 ,san ,diego4 #aai4 ,kellia ,laperouseii1 ,desh42 ,santa ,barbara4 #acd4 ,adula falcata1 ,gld42 ,santa ,barbara4 8#afj4 ,pecten ventricosus1 ,sby42 ,san ,diego4 #afb;b4 ,pecten latiauratus1 ,conr42 ,san ,diego and ,santa ,barbara4 #afb4 ,pecten monotimeris1 ,conr42 ,santa ,barbara4 #afe4 ,hinnites giganteus1 ,gray2 ,santa ,barbara4 #aff;c4 ,ostrea var rufoides1 ,gld4 #aga4 ,bulla nebulosa1 ,gld42 ,san ,diego and ,santa ,barbara4 #age4 ,haminea virescens1 ,sby42 ,san ,diego4 #aii4 ,melampus olivaceus1 ,carp42 ,san ,diego4 #bdc4 ,acma patina1 ,esch42 ,santa ,barbara4 #bdg4 ,acma spectrum1 ,rve42 ,san ,diego and ,santa ,barbara4 #bde4 ,acma persona1 ,esch42 ,santa ,barbara4 ,nacella vernalis1 7,dall ,ms472 ,santa ,barbara4 #bdi4 ,lottia gigantea1 ,gray2 ,santa ,barbara4 #bej4 ,scurria mitra1 ,esch42 ,santa ,barbara4 #beb4 ,rowellia radiata1 ,cooper2 ,santa ,barbara4 #bec4 ,fissurella volcano1 ,rve42 ,san ,diego and ,santa ,barbara4 #bfa4 ,haliotis splendens1 ,rve42 ,san ,diego4 #bfe4 ,phasianella compta1 ,gld42 ,san ,diego4 #bff4 ,pomaulax undosus1 ,wood2 ,santa ,barbara4 #bfi4 ,leptothyra sanguinea1 ,carp42 ,santa ,barbara4 #bge4 ,trochiscus ,norrissii1 ,sby42 ,santa ,barbara4 #bgg4 ,chlorostoma funebrale1 ,a4 ,ad42 ,santa ,barbara4 #bgi4 ,chlorostoma brunneum1 ,phil42 ,santa ,barbara4 #bha4 ,chlorostoma aureotinctum1 ,fbs42 ,santa ,barbara4 #bhb4 ,omphalius fuscescens1 ,phil42 ,san ,diego4 #bhc4 ,calliostoma canaliculatum1 ,mart42 ,san ,diego and ,santa ,barbara4 #cje4 ,crucibulum spinosum1 ,sby42 ,san ,diego4 #bhcjf4 ,crepidula aculcata1 ,gmel42 ,santa ,barbara4 #bhcjg4 ---- 8dorsata1 ,brod42 ,santa ,barbara4 #bhcjh4 ---- excavata1 ,brod42 ,santa ,barbara4 #bhcaa4 ---- navicelloides1 ,nutt42 ,santa ,barbara4 #bhcaa4 ---- var4 nummaria1 ,gld42 ,santa ,barbara4 #bhcaa4 ---- var4 explanata1 ,gld42 ,santa ,barbara4 #bhcad4 ,hipponyx cranioides1 ,carp42 ,santa ,barbara4 #cbh4 ,cerithidea sacrata1 ,gld42 ,san ,diego and ,santa ,barbara4 #cbi4 ,bittium filosum1 ,gld42 ,santa ,barbara4 #cbi;b4 ---- var4 esuriens1 ,carp42 ,santa ,barbara4 #ccc4 ---- armillatum1 ,carp42 ,santa ,barbara4 #ccg4 ,littorina scutulata1 ,gld42 ,santa ,barbara4 #cff4 ,trivia ,californica1 ,gray2 ,santa ,barbara4 #cfg4 ---- ,solandri1 ,gray2 ,santa ,barbara4 #cfh4 ,erato vitellina1 ,hinds2 ,santa ,barbara4 #cga4 ,drillia inermis1 ,hds42 ,san ,diego and ,santa ,barbara4 #cgd4 ,drillia torosa1 ,carp42 ,santa ,barbara4 #chh4 ,conus ,californicus1 ,hds42 ,santa ,barbara4 #dji4 ,scalaria ,indianorum1 ,carp42 ,san ,diego4 #dbd4 ,cerithiopsis assimilata1 ,c4 ,b4 ,ad42 ,santa ,barbara4 #dcf4 ,ranella ,californica1 ,hds42 ,santa ,barbara4 ,a ,surcula ,carpenteriana1 ,gabb42 ,santa ,barbara4 #dcg4 ,mitra maura1 ,swains2 ,santa ,barbara4 #ddb4 ,volvarina varia1 ,sby42 ,santa ,barbara4 #ddc4 ,olivella biplicata1 ,sby42 ,san ,diego and ,santa ,barbara4 #ddd4 ---- btica1 ,carp42 ,san ,diego4 #dde4 ,nassa fossata1 ,gld42 ,santa ,barbara4 #ddf4 ---- perpinguis1 ,hds42 ,san ,diego and ,santa ,barbara4 #ddh4 ---- mendica1 ,gld42 ,santa ,barbara4 #ddi4 ---- ,cooperi1 ,fbs42 ,santa ,barbara4 #dej4 ---- tegula1 ,rve42 ,san ,diego4 #deg4 ,amycla carinata1 ,hds42 ,santa ,barbara4 #def4 ,amphissa corrugata1 ,rve42 ,santa ,barbara4 #dfj;d4 ,purpura saxicola1 ,val41 var4 ostrina1 ,gld42 ,santa ,barbara4 ,purpura triserialis1 ,blainv42 ,santa ,barbara4 #dfa4 ,monoceras engonatum1 ,conr42 ,santa ,barbara4 #dff4 ,cerastoma foliatum1 ,gmel2 ,santa ,barbara4 #dfg4 ---- ,nuttalli1 ,conr42 ,san ,diego and ,santa ,barbara4 #dgc4 ,muricidea ,californica1 ,hds42 ,san ,diego4 #dhc4 ,fusus ambustus1 ,gld42 ,santa ,barbara4 ,,remarks4 #bfi4 ,leptothyra sanguinea1 ,carp4 ,common at ,monterey2 all shades of color from light red to very dark purple2 sometimes broadly banded with white2 another variety is marked with irregular whitish streaks1 causing a resemblance to the young shells of #bhb1 ,omphalius fuscescens4 #bge4 ,trochiscus ,norrisii1 ,sby4 ,the apex whorls of the young shells have a spiral band tesselated with white and red4 #chh4 ,conus ,californicus1 ,hds4 ,when young1 the shells of this species are ornamented with yellowish brown markings upon a light bluish ground4 ,a ,surcula ,carpenteriana1 ,gabb4 ,the most perfect recent specimen of this rare species that ,i have seen 7described by ,mr4 ,gabb in ,vol4 ,,iii1 ,cal4 ,acad4 ,pro4 p4 #ahc7 was obtained by ,mr4 ,hepburn2 when perfect1 one of the finest shells of the upper ,californian province2 the specimen referred to is of a clear light salmon color1 traversed spirally by narrow bands or broad lines of reddish brown1 and resembling in its general coloring that equally fine shell ,narona ,cooperi1 ,gabb1 described as above1 p4 #ahf4 #dfj;d4 ,purpura var4 ostrina1 ,gld4 ,deposits its yellowish eggs on the rocks at ,black ,point and the ,cliff ,house near ,san ,francisco1 in the latter part of ,june 7#ahfe7 and the middle of ,july 7#ahff74 #ge4 ,pachydesma crassatelloides1 ,conr4 ,valves frequently marked with broad radiating bands of light brown4 #bff4 ,pomaulax undosus1 ,wood4 ,young shells approach closely to the immature form of ,pachypoma gibberosum1 ,chemn4 #bha4 ,mr4 ,carpenter remarks in his supplementary ,report to the ,b4 ,a41 in connection with ,chlorostoma aureotinctum1 ,fbs43 8mouth orange spotted40 ,i should amend this so as to read umbilicus stained with orange4 #def4 ,amphissa corrugata1 ,rve4 ,this species assumes nearly every shade of color and an innumerable variety of markings2 the latter being generally some shade of brown upon a lighter colored ground4 #gd4 ,amiantis callosa1 ,conr4 ,an aberrant form of this species in my collection suggests1 in outline1 ,dosinia4 #hh4 ,saxidomus aratus1 ,gld4 ,a single specimen of a young shell of this species 7,coll4 ,stearns7 is prettily marked with brown upon the posterior dorsal portion of the valves4 #bh ,compared and agree with ,smithsonian ,inst4 types in ,cal4 ,acad4 ,collection4 ,professor ,whitney read the following3 ,notice of the ,occurrence of a ,tungstate of ,lime and ,copper in ,lower ,california4 ,,by ,j4 ,d4 ,,whitney4 ,among some specimens brought from the vicinity of ,la ,paz1 ,lower ,california1 by ,mr4 ,rmond1 about three years since1 was one which attracted my attention1 as it seemed to contain an undescribed mineral4 ,i therefore made an analysis of it and found it to consist of tungstic acid1 oxide of copper1 and lime1 with a small quantity of water1 probably not essential to its composition4 ,the results of the analysis were as follows3 ,tungstic ,acid #gi4fi ,oxide of ,copper #f4gg ,lime #aj4ie ,protoxide of ,iron 4#ca ,water #a4dj ----- #ii4ab ,on examining to ascertain if there was any known mineral having a composition similar to this1 ,i found that a tungstate of lime containing copper had been described by ,domeyko as occurring in the copper mines of ,llamuco1 near ,chuapa1 in the province of ,coquimbo1 in ,chili1 where it was discovered by ,m4 ,gay 7,annales des ,mines 7#d7 iii1 #ae74 ,that mineral1 however1 only contained #c4c per cent4 of oxide of copper1 while the one of which the analysis is given above contains #f4gg per cent4 of that substance4 ,m4 ,domeyko calls the mineral analyzed by him 8,scheelin calcaire cuivreux10 but does not attempt to give a formula for it1 or to decide whether it is entitled to rank as a distinct species4 ,the ,lower ,california mineral1 of which the analysis is given above1 occurs in a red metamorphic rock1 associated with black tourmaline4 ,it is crystalline-granular in structure1 with a distinct cleavage in one direction1 and seems to be homogeneous throughout4 ,its hardness is about that of ,scheelite2 luster1 highly vitreous2 streak1 very light greenish-gray2 color1 pistachio green1 passing to olive and leek green4 ,before the blowpipe in the glass tube it blackens1 and gives off a little water4 ,on charcoal it blackens instantly1 becomes rounded on the edges1 with a little intumescence1 and gradually acquires the appearance of a slag1 in which numerous fine points of metallic copper are seen4 ,with the fluxes it gives the reactions of tungstic acid and copper4 ,it is easily dissolved by chlorohydric acid1 with separation of tungstic acid4 ,from the appearance of the mineral1 ,i am inclined to regard it as having a definite composition1 represented by the formula ,cu,o ,,wo#b 7,ca,o ,,wo72 this formula would require the following composition3 ,tungstic ,acid #gh4dc ,oxide of ,copper #h4ie ,lime #ab4fb ------ #ajj4jj ,this agrees pretty well with the results of the analysis1 although it is desirable that more specimens should be examined1 and if possible from other localities4 ,i am informed by ,mr4 ,ashburner that he has noticed this mineral at more than one mine in ,lower ,california4 ,at all events1 ,i would suggest for the mineral in question the name of ,cuproscheelite1 as convenient for designating it1 and as expressing its chemical and mineralogical relations1 whether it be considered as a mineral substance having a distinct and fixed composition1 or only as a variety of ,scheelite1 containing a large but uncertain amount of oxide of copper4 ,dr4 ,ayres called attention to the fact that a carcase of a ,black fish could be procured at the ,potrero1 at a small expense1 and a subscription was raised for its purchase4 ,professor ,whitney exhibited a branch of ,sequoia sempervirens1 taken from a small tree growing near ,san ,rafael1 of which the leaves are entirely white4 ,the tree presents a very singular appearance1 surrounded as it is by other redwoods of the usual color4 ,the fact was elicited that similar blanched redwoods exist in other localities in the ,coast ,ranges2 but no explanation or theory was offered to account for this curious1 abnormal blanching of the foliage of a single species--a similar condition of things not having been noticed1 so far as known1 in any other species than the redwood4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,august #bj,,th1 #ahff4 ,dr4 ,kellogg in the chair4 ,ten members present4 ,messrs4 ,w4 ,h4 ,knight and ,a4 ,godefroy were elected ,resident ,members4 ,donations to the ,library3 ,bibliography of ,north ,american ,conchology previous to the year #ahfj2 by ,w4 ,g4 ,binney1 ,parts #a and #b1 #hvo41 ,washington1 #ahfd4 ,cretaceous ,reptiles of the ,united ,states1 by ,j4 ,leidy1 #dto41 ,washington1 #ahff4 ,palontology of the ,upper ,missouri2 ,invertebrates1 by ,f4 ,b4 ,meek and ,f4 ,v4 ,hayden1 ,part #a1 #dto41 ,washington1 #ahfe4 ,list of the ,coleoptera of ,north ,america1 by ,j4 ,l4 ,leconte1 ,m4,d4 ,part #a1 #hvo41 ,washington1 #ahfc4 ,researches upon the ,hydrobiin and allied forms1 by ,dr4 ,w4 ,stimpson1 #hvo41 ,washington1 #ahfe4 ,monograph of ,american ,corbiculad1 recent and fossil1 by ,temple ,prime1 #hvo41 ,washington4 ,catalogue of ,minerals1 with their formulas1 etc41 by ,t4 ,egleston1 #hvo41 ,washington1 #ahfc4 ,land and ,fresh-water ,shells of ,north ,america1 by ,w4 ,g4 ,binney1 ,parts #b and #c1 #hvo41 ,washington1 #ahfe4 ,check list of the ,invertebrate ,fossils of ,north ,america2 ,eocene and ,oligocene1 by ,t4 ,a4 ,conrad2 ,cretaceous and ,jurassic1 by ,f4 ,b4 ,meek1 two #hvo4 pamphlets1 ,washington1 #ahfd-f4 ,all of the above were published and presented by the ,smithsonian ,institution4 ,prof4 ,w4 ,p4 ,blake presented the following communication3 ,miscellaneous ,notices4 ,,by ,,william ,p4 ,,blake1 ,professor of ,mineralogy1 ,geology1 and ,mining1 ,dept4 ,sci4 ,coll4 of ,california4 ,i4 ,,new ,,locality ,,of ,,fossils ,,in ,,the ,,gold-,,bearing ,,rocks ,,of ,,california4 ,i have obtained specimens of ,ammonites from the cut in the rocks on the line of the ,central ,pacific ,railroad1 about two miles below ,colfax1 and in the heart of the main gold belt of the ,state4 ,the rock is a compact argillite1 somewhat altered and much discolored by the peroxydation of iron4 ,the strata are boldly flexed and are interstratified with coarse grits and a thick bed of conglomerate1 so much altered that the pebbles are homogeneously cemented4 ,the substance of the fossils has been removed by percolating waters1 but very perfect casts of them remain and show the details of the external form1 but do not permit the sept to be seen4 ,it is thus not possible1 perhaps1 to determine the specific characters2 and considering1 also1 the absence of a typical collection and works of reference1 ,i do not attempt a minute description1 preferring to refer the specimens to a palontologist4 ,it may1 however1 be observed that the fossils are undoubtedly of the secondary period2 and that they are apparently specifically identical with those from the ,american river1 in the same vicinity1 of which ,i sent photographs to ,mr4 ,meek1 at the ,smithsonian ,institution1 in #ahfc1 and afterwards noticed at one of the meetings of this ,academy1 in ,september1 #ahfd4 ,they are1 also1 apparently identical with the species found in the ,bear ,valley1 ,mariposa1 slates4 ,if this species has not been already named1 ,i desire to connect with it the name of ,mr4 ,spear1 in whose cabinet at ,georgetown1 the earliest specimen was carefully preserved4 ,i obtained one specimen at the locality1 and another was presented to me by ,mr4 ,richard ,carroll1 it having been saved by the quarry-men1 under the impression that it was a petrified rattlesnake4 ,it is about six inches in its longest diameter1 being elliptical and evidently distorted by lateral pressure4 ,,ii4 ,,tooth ,,of ,,the ,,extinct ,,elephant1 ,,placer ,,county4 ,i have received from ,mr4 ,baker and ,mr4 ,thompson1 through the hands of ,mr4 ,e4 ,tyler1 all of ,placer ,county1 a single molar tooth of ,elephas found in the auriferous gravel near ,michigan ,bluffs1 thus adding another locality to the list showing the former general distribution of the ancient elephants over this coast4 ,,iii4 ,,shark ,,teeth ,,and ,,other ,,marine ,,remains1 ,,tulare ,,county4 ,when at ,ocoya or ,posa ,creek1 in #ahec1 ,i collected a great number of shark teeth from the tops of the hills1 at the base of the ,sierra ,nevada1 on the east side of the ,tulare ,lake4 ,these were described and figured in my ,report to the ,u4 ,s4 ,government4 ,having recently revisited that region1 ,i found other localities1 and made another collection1 a part of which ,i now exhibit to the ,academy4 ,the following genera and species are represented3 ,oxyrhina plana1 ,o4 tumula1 ,lamna clavata1 ,galeocerdo productus1 ,prionodon antiquus1 ,hemipristis heteropleurus1 ,notidanus1 7,nov4 ,sp487 and ,zygobates1 a genus of the family of ,skates1 having pavement-like teeth4 ,vertebrat1 apparently of the whale1 are abundant1 and some fragments of the head4 ,these remains are now at least twelve hundred feet above the sea1 and being in unbroken horizontal strata1 show a very great and general uplift of the region in comparative late times4 ,the strata were referred to the ,miocene in my ,report1 but ,i am now inclined to regard them as ,post-,pliocene4 ,it is interesting to note that these strata rest undisturbed upon granite1 which is traversed by gold-bearing veins1 not over five miles from the point where the fossils are found1 and so low that the veins must have been covered by the sea prior to the elevation of the region4 ,,iv4 ,,quarry ,,of ,,gold-,,bearing ,,rock4 ,the ,baker or ,whiskey ,hill ,mine of ,placer ,county1 a few miles from ,lincoln1 presents the novelty of profitable gold mining from a quarry in the slates without any well defined quartz vein4 ,a hill with a rounded outline is covered with rough outcrops of rusty slate1 over a breadth of two hundred feet or more4 ,a quarry at one end exposes the slate1 with a great variety of colors1 from white to brown and red and black1 the whole of it being soft and ochraceous1 and in places stained green and blue with carbonate of copper4 ,these variegated slates are like those commonly known1 among ,california copper prospectors1 as 8calico rocks10 and the ground was first located and prospected for copper4 ,it is evident that the formation consists of beds of iron pyrites 7mundic7 with a small but variable portion of copper pyrites1 and that the rusty1 upper portions are due to the gradual decomposition of the sulphurets above the permanent water-line1 or where the atmosphere has had access4 ,below the water-line we may not expect to find the rusty ochrey slates4 ,this is shown1 also1 at a shaft which has reached the water4 ,blocks of mundic1 taken out of that shaft1 are interstratified with talcose slate4 ,at one point1 in the bottom of the quarry1 a layer of green and blue carbonate of copper is found1 and this is evidently the result of a gradual concentration of the copper from the decomposed ground above4 ,the soft slate1 as quarried1 is trammed to a five-stamp mill1 with very coarse grates1 and nearly forty tons are run through it daily4 ,the pay is said to vary from two to twenty dollars1 but the average is reported to be from five to six dollars per ton4 ,mr4 ,stearns read the following3 ,since my communication to the ,academy of date ,july #afth last1 on the ,shells of ,baulines ,bay1 additional specimens 7#d7 of ,haliotis rufescens have been found by ,mr4 ,harford and ,dr4 ,kellogg2 also many specimens of ,katherina tunicata1 and one of ,mopalia ,hindsii2 from between the umbos of very large specimens of ,mytilus ,californianus1 collected by the same gentlemen1 several specimens of ,barleia8 subtenuis ,carp4 ,in addition to the above marine forms1 the following species were found by the same parties in a gulch at ,belvidere ,ranch1 not far from ,capt4 ,morgan's house1 south side of ,baulines ,bay3 ,helix ,nickliniana1 ,h4 arrosa1 ,h4 infumata1 ,h4 ,columbiana 7hirsute var47 and ,h4 ,vancouverensis4 ,also1 near a small stream on the same ranch1 ,bythinella ,binneyi1 ,tryon4 ,the last named species had previously been found in this neighborhood by ,rev4 ,j4 ,rowell4 ,prof4 ,blake mentioned that a tooth of a mastodon had been found about three miles from ,antioch1 near ,monte ,diablo1 by ,capt4 ,stevens4 ,mr4 ,stearns gave an account of the ,helix1 its anatomy1 geographical distribution1 and use as an article of food and for medicinal purposes1 in both ancient and modern times4 ,prof4 ,blake stated that he had in his possession a portion of a human skull said to have been taken from a depth of #bej feet below the surface1 near ,columbia1 in ,tuolumne ,county4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,september #c;,d1 #ahff4 ,president in the chair4 ,twelve members present1 and ,mr4 ,a4 ,wood as a visitor4 ,mr4 ,john ,swett was elected a ,resident ,member4 ,donations to the ,cabinet3 ,two specimens of fishes from ,dr4 ,kellogg and ,dr4 ,behr2 specimen of a fungus1 ,polyporus igniarius1 from ,dr4 ,kellogg4 ,dr4 ,kellogg called the attention of the ,academy to the remarkable specimen of fungus presented by him1 ,polyporus igniarius1 which was found growing upon the ,bay tree1 ,oreodaphne ,californica2 and gave a description of ,fungi in general2 alluding particularly to the destructive effect of many species1 some producing the dry rot in ships1 others destroying buildings1 producing the disintegration of mortar in masonry1 and seriously affecting the health1 or destroying animal life4 ,dr4 ,kellogg also remarked on the use of some species of ,fungi for food1 particularly by the natives of ,australia1 who regard them with especial favor for that purpose4 ,the rapid growth and poisonous effect of certain species of ,fungi were mentioned1 also the use made of some species in the arts4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,wood1 who has recently returned from a botanical exploration of ,oregon1 being present as a visitor1 was invited to speak1 and gave the following narrative of the recent ascent of ,mount ,hood1 by himself and a party of gentlemen3 ,on the #bjth of ,august last1 in company with ,dr4 ,atkinson1 of ,portland1 and the ,rev4 ,j4 ,deardorff1 of ,walla ,walla1 and three others1 ,i stood upon the summit of ,mount ,hood in ,oregon4 ,from our last camp on the summit of the ,cascade ,range to this point1 the summit of ,mount ,hood is eleven miles of constant and weary ascent1 at angles about as follows3 ,five miles in the first1 #ab to #ae2 two miles to eternal snow1 #be to #cj2 one and one-half miles to the gap in the rim of the crater1 about #de2 the remaining ascent traversing the ancient crater1 nearly or quite #fj6 ,the day was cloudless2 a strong1 warm wind from the southeast softened the surface of the snow and favored our ascent1 although it gave us much anxiety lest it should loosen some of the tremendous acclivities of snow and overhanging drifts from above us4 ,starting from camp at daylight1 on horseback four miles1 we arrived at the top at a quarter past two ,p4,m41 in nine and a half hours4 ,our apparatus for measuring the heights consisted of two barometers1 7aneroid7 a thermometer1 a tin cup1 and a spirit lamp4 ,both barometers failed us1 the index ceasing to turn after something more than a complete revolution on the dial4 ,they were not made for such heights4 ,but we made good use of our thermometer4 ,the ascent was exceedingly difficult1 and not without danger4 ,the long summer heat had undermined the snows1 causing their surface to conform more to the ruggedness of the mountains1 and the slides had opened chasms of invisible depths across our path4 ,we looked down into several of these chasms and saw that the massive walls below consisted of solid1 blue ice1 and terminated at length in the blackness of darkness4 ,we could hear the noise of running water1 apparently in torrents4 ,one of these chasms was unavoidable--and must be crossed4 ,its transverse length was nearly a mile1 and its width from ten to one hundred feet4 ,by the aid of a rope1 forty-five yards in length1 and five pike-poles1 each eight feet1 we crossed1 7of course at the narrowest place7 and afterward by rope and poles1 tugging1 panting1 dizzy1 we dragged ourselves up to the terrific crest of this ,mountain ,monarch4 ,the summit area is of very limited dimensions--a crescent in shape1 half a mile in length1 and three to forty or fifty feet in width4 ,it is a fearful place1 as it is the imminent brow of a precipice on the north1 sheer down not less than a vertical mile of bare columnar rock6 ,this height is lifted so far above all other heights 7except the four distant snow-clad peaks to the north and ,mount ,jefferson on the south7 that the country beneath seemed depressed to a uniform level1 and the horizon retreated to the distance of more than two hundred miles1 including nearly all ,oregon and ,washington ,territory4 ,the sublimity and grandeur of that view ,i must leave to the imagination of the reader4 ,a caon of enormous depth plunges down along the southeast flank1 and is filled in part by a glacier evidently in motion1 and having below a very abrupt termination4 ,terminal and lateral moraines mark its course1 and a torrent of water issues from beneath4 ,while we delayed here1 an avalanche of rocks1 an immense mass1 started by the wind1 thundered down the left wall of this caon several thousand feet1 and its track was marked by a trail of white smoke4 ,on the west side of the ancient crater1 at the base of a vast craggy pinnacle of rocks1 7a portion of the ancient rim of the crater7 is still an open abyss1 whence issue constantly volumes of a strongly sulphurous smoke4 ,that there is also heat there is evident from the immense depression of the snow about this place--depressed not less than a thousand feet below the snows which fill to the brim other portions of the ancient crater4 ,as ,i have already stated1 we found our barometers useless in these vast heights1 and were reduced to the use of the thermometer alone4 ,by this we learned the boiling point of water at four several stations1 as follows3 ,at the camp1 the summit of the ,cascade ,range1 it stood in boiling water at #bjd ,fah4 ,at the upper verge of the forest1 it indicated #aie4 ,at the highest reach of all apparent vegetation1 #aib2 and finally at the summit1 where1 after the most persevering and determined efforts1 7on account of the violence of the wind7 we at length1 by means of a spirit lamp1 changed a portion of snow to a cup of boiling water1 the mercury stood firm in the cup at #ahj6 ,these several results being changed to feet of elevation1 according to the rule universally approved in such cases1 indicate heights as follows1 viz3 ,at the summit of the ,cascade ,range1 and foot of ,mt4 ,hood proper1 #d1djj feet2 at the limit of forest trees1 about #i1jjj feet2 at the highest limit of vegetation1 #aa1jjj feet2 at the summit of the mountain1 #ag1fjj feet4 ,we earnestly hope that these results may be hereafter tested by the barometer2 and by triangulation4 ,until then1 we must adopt the estimate here made1 as the height of that sublime peak1 and accord to ,mount ,hood the distinction of being the highest land in the ,united ,states1 if not the highest upon the ,north ,american continent4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,september #ag,,th1 #ahff4 ,mr4 ,stearns in the chair4 ,ten members present4 ,messrs4 ,b4 ,p4 ,avery1 ,james ,spiers1 and ,b4 ,r4 ,norton were elected ,resident ,members4 ,donations to the ,library3 ,proceedings of the ,mannheim ,academy1 from ,dr4 ,behr4 ,the following paper was presented by ,dr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,cooper3 ,on a ,new ,species of ,pedipes1 inhabiting the ,coast of ,california4 ,,by ,j4 ,g4 ,,cooper1 ,m4,d4 ,,pedipes ,,unisulcata1 ,cp4 ,fig4 #bi4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bi4 ,sp4 ch4 ,p4 t4 ,lacunoida1 oblique ovata1 peripheria laterali subrhomboidea1 translucente succineo-brunnescente1 spira producta1 apice obtusa1 anfr4 iv et dim42 tertio tumido1 sulcis iv1 posteriori solum valde impresso1 in ultimo evanescente2 ult4 lineis incrementis irregularibus sulco undulatis2 punctis impressis numerosis sparsim ornato2 apertura ovata1 labro acuto purpurescente intus callo duplicato medio subtuberculoso2 labio columellari albo1 calloso1 in piano apertur expanso2 margine interno subverticali dentibus duobus subacutis1 superiori majore2 callo tenui expanso in parietem interno1 dente lamellari valido in plano parietis externi expanso1 dimidium latitudinis apertur transeunte2 intervallis dentium parietumque equalibus4 ,specific ,characters4--,shell like a ,lacuna1 obliquely ovate1 the lateral outline subrhomboid1 translucent1 amber-brown1 the spire produced1 apex obtuse1 whorls #d1 the third swollen1 with four shallow grooves1 the posterior one only much impressed1 but vanishing on the last whorl2 body with irregular lines of growth undulating across the groove2 numerous scattered impressed points2 aperture ovate1 the outer lip acute1 purplish1 with a double callus within slightly tuberculate at the middle2 columellar lip white1 callous1 expanded in the plane of the aperture2 its inner margin subvertical1 with two subacute teeth1 the upper largest2 a thin callus expanded over the inner wall1 with a strong lamellar tooth expanded in the plane of the outer wall1 and crossing half the width of the aperture2 intervals between the teeth and walls equal4 ,long4 #j4cb unc4 #h mill4 ,lat4 #j4bb 0 ,long4 spir #j4ab #c 0 ,long4 apert4 #j4be unc4 ,lat4 0 #j4ai unc4 ,div4 #dj and #de4 ,hab4--,san ,pedro1 ,cal41 estuaries4 ,only four specimens were found dead near the old landing1 close to the mouth of the bay1 in ,october1 #ahfa4 ,i supposed them to be ,p4 brata ,binn1 but they are nearly three times as large1 not lirate1 etc4 ,that species is catalogued by ,carpenter as among the collections from ,san ,diego1 in the ,supp4 ,rep4 etc41 #ahfc1 pp4 #fab1 #fdg1 #fgc1 but ,i do not find it in the ,state collection4 ,those described are fresh and shining in the mouth--dull1 but not much worn1 outside4 ,this is a very interesting shell1 being one of the links between the land and marine mollusca--the species of the genus being chiefly tropical1 occurring at ,cape ,st4 ,lucas1 ,panama1 ,west ,indies1 ,africa1 and ,isle of ,france1 according to ,binney1 who says that they inhabit crevices of rocks1 especially those exposed to the full force of the tide2 but being pulmonate1 they can probably live long with but little moisture4 ,on the rocks the living shell would be mistaken for a ,lacuna or ,littorina1 and the form of our species reminds one strongly of ,succinea ,oregonensis4 ,a communication was received from ,dr4 ,canfield of ,monterey1 giving an account of the discovery in ,monterey ,bay1 of a fish1 pronounced by the naturalists of the ,smithsonian ,institution to be a new species of ,bdellostoma1 a genus not previously known to exist nearer than the coast of ,chili4 ,mr4 ,falkenau made some remarks on the use and value of the spectroscope in chemical analysis and in other scientific investigations4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,october #a,,st1 #ahff4 ,president in the chair4 ,fourteen members present4 ,messrs4 ,a4 ,winslow ,boynton1 and ,t4 ,c4 ,leonard were elected ,resident ,members4 ,the resignation of ,royal ,fisk1 ,resident ,member1 was received and accepted4 ,donations to the ,cabinet3 ,a specimen of black oxide of manganese from ,red ,rock1 by ,mr4 ,stearns2 fossils from near ,nanaimo1 by ,dr4 ,comrie4 ,dr4 ,behr made some remarks upon the ,lepidoptera and the four different stages of their development1 noticing the fact that the length of time of the egg state in some species1 for instance the ,chinese silkworm1 admits of the transportation of the same to foreign countries1 while in the ,californian silkworm1 ,saturnia ceanothi1 the period of the egg state is so brief as to render it impossible to transport the eggs either to ,new ,york or ,europe4 ,dr4 ,behr also explained the difference between the larva state in the ,lepidoptera and other classes of insects1 and referred to the importance of the larva condition in insects as a basis for classification1 and mentioned many interesting proofs of the tenacity of life during the chrysalis or pupa state2 alluding to the different classes of moths in which wingless females occur1 a peculiarity that is unknown to the butterflies4 ,mr4 ,bolander stated that in his 8,remarks on ,california ,trees10 made at the meeting of ,october #afth1 #ahfe1 and published in the current volume1 7p4 #bbe7 he had referred a small pine growing on the plains between ,mendocino ,city and ,noyo1 to ,pinus murcata2 but he could now state positively that it is the true ,pinus contorta of ,douglas4 ,he stated also1 that ,no4 #g1 noticed on page #bbg of that article1 is ,p4 muricata4 ,farther1 on page #bbi1 ,quercus ,wislizeni1 ,englm4 is wrongfully referred to ,q4 agrifolia4 ,q4 ,wislizeni is a well characterized species with biennial fruit2 the fruit of ,q4 agrifolia1 on the other hand1 is annual4 ,these two oaks differ also materially in their distribution4 ,q4 ,wislizeni is found chiefly in the lower ,sierra1 and in the small valleys east of the redwoods in ,mendocino ,county4 ,q4 agrifolia occurs almost exclusively in the vicinity of ,san ,francisco ,bay1 and on the banks of streams emptying into it4 ,it extends also southward1 approaching the coast more nearly as we reach ,monterey4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,october #ae,,th1 #ahff4 ,dr4 ,kellogg in the chair4 ,eleven members present4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,l4 ,bancroft was elected a ,resident ,member4 ,donations to the ,library3 ,bodemann and ,kerl's ,treatise on ,assaying1 translated by ,w4 ,a4 ,goodyear1 presented by the translator4 ,prof4 ,w4 ,p4 ,blake read the following3 ,mineralogical ,notices4--,no4 ,,ii4 ,,by ,,wm4 ,p4 ,,blake4 ,kerargyrite4--,chloride of silver in remarkably fine specimens occurs in the 8,poorman lode10 ,idaho1 associated with ,proustite 7light red silver ore71 native silver and native gold4 ,sheets of the chloride are taken out of the soft clay of the vein1 and are from one-eighth to one-quarter of an inch in thickness4 ,it is also found in irregular massive aggregations of crystals1 in cubes1 without any modification1 and over an eighth of an inch square4 ,the color of my specimens is brown1 passing into violet blue in some portions4 ,proustite4--,the 8ruby silver0 which occurs with the chloride in the ,poorman lode1 as above1 is often in masses of several ounces1 or even pounds1 in weight1 and it is reported to be occasionally seen in beautiful crystals1 but none have yet come under my observation4 ,copper ,glance1 ,red ,oxide of ,copper1 ,native ,copper4--,these species are found together in the 8,red ,cap claim10 ,klamath ,county1 ,california1 in serpentine4 ,the metallic copper is seen in points throughout the massive sulphuret1 and is sometimes enveloped in red oxide4 ,both copper and oxide are most abundant in the outer portions of the ore1 as found1 and they are apparently formed by the gradual decomposition of the sulphuret4 ,danaite4--,a cobaltic variety of mispickel is found associated with iron and copper pyrites at ,meadow ,lake1 ,nevada ,county1 ,california4 ,it is in distinct1 well formed1 brilliant crystals1 of a tin-white color1 and about a quarter of an inch in diameter4 ,they are modified nearly as in fig4 #bhi1 ,dana's ,min4 ,this mineral gives cobalt reactions before the blowpipe1 and appears to contain a large per centage of this metal4 ,the ore is said to contain nickel1 also1 and is being mined for shipment4 ,cinnabar in ,calcite4--,cinnabar of a beautiful vermilion color is found in an unusual form in ,idaho1 being abundantly spread through a gangue of massive1 compact limestone or marble4 ,it is so compact and homogeneous that specimens may be cut and polished like marble4 ,there are no evidences in the ore that ,i have received of the presence of other minerals1 not even of quartz4 ,,college ,,of ,,california1 ,nov4 #ag1 #ahff4 ,mr4 ,stearns read the following3 ,it is my painful duty to inform the ,academy of the decease of ,robert ,kennicott4 ,the meager information received furnishes no particulars1 further than that he died suddenly1 in the month of ,may last1 at ,nulato ,bay1 in ,russian ,america4 ,the services rendered to science by ,mr4 ,kennicott are worthy of something more than a passing notice4 ,in the month of ,may1 in the year #ahei1 we find him starting upon a prolonged exploration of ,russian ,america1 under the auspices of the ,smithsonian ,institute1 assisted by the ,university of ,michigan1 the ,audubon ,club of ,chicago1 and the ,academy of ,sciences of the same city4 ,this exploration1 including also a portion of the territory held by the ,hudson's ,bay ,company1 extended from ,may1 #ahei1 to the date of his return in ,october1 #ahfb4 ,from the ,annual ,report of the ,smithsonian ,institute we learn that 8the route traversed by ,mr4 ,kennicott was from ,lake ,superior along the ,kamenistiquoy ,river and ,rainy and ,winnipeg ,lakes1 up the ,saskatchewan ,river to ,cumberland ,house2 thence nearly north to ,fort ,churchill1 on ,english ,river1 up the latter to ,methy portage1 at which point he first reached the head waters of the streams flowing into the ,arctic ocean2 thence along the ,clear ,water ,river and ,athabasca ,lake1 down ,peace ,river into ,great ,slave ,lake1 and along the ,mackenzie ,river to ,fort ,simpson4 ,at this place ,mr4 ,kennicott spent a part of the first winter1 making excursions up the ,liard ,river to ,fort ,liard in autumn1 and again on snowshoes in ,january4 ,before the close of the same winter he went up the ,mackenzie to ,big ,island1 and thence northwest to ,fort ,rae1 near the site of old ,fort ,providence4 ,from this point he traveled on the ice across ,great ,slave ,lake to ,fort ,resolution1 at the mouth of ,peace ,river1 where he spent the summer of #ahfj4 ,he next descended the ,mackenzie to ,peel's ,river1 and thence proceeded westward across the ,rocky ,mountains and down the ,porcupine ,river to the ,youkon1 in the vicinity of which he spent the winter of #ahfj-fa and the summer of the latter year4 ,the winter of #ahfa-b was spent at ,peel's ,river and ,la,pierre's house in the ,rocky ,mountains1 and in traveling from this point to ,fort ,simpson and back to ,fort ,good ,hope1 on the ,mackenzie4 ,he left the last mentioned place on the first of ,june1 #ahfb1 and reached home in ,october4 ,this enterprise terminated favorably1 the explorer having returned richly laden with specimens1 after making a series of observations on the physical geography1 ethnology1 and the habits of animals of the regions visited1 furnishing materials of great interest to science40 ,aside from the extensive collections in every department of natural history1 the geographical information acquired by ,mr4 ,kennicott was of the greatest importance4 ,in #ahfe1 the ,western ,union ,telegraph ,company having determined to extend their wires so as to connect the old world and the new by an overland line passing through ,russian ,america across ,behring's ,sea to ,russia in ,asia1 and thence to the central cities of ,europe1 ,mr4 ,kennicott's knowledge of the territory through which the proposed line was to pass made his services indispensable to the ,company4 ,he was sought out1 and his cooperation at once secured4 ,he entered upon this new labor1 hoping not only to do whatever lay in his power to make this enterprise a success1 but hoping also still further to serve the great cause that was so dear to him2 and while thus engaged in the enthusiastic performance of this self-imposed duty1 in the prime of life1 he has passed away4 ,dr4 ,gibbons made some remarks on the relations of our climate to that of the ,great ,basin1 and the ,eastern ,states4 ,he also made some observations on ,zirphea crispata1 living in the bay near ,alameda4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,november #e,,th1 #ahff4 ,president in the chair4 ,fourteen members present4 ,rev4 ,s4 ,d4 ,simonds and ,dr4 ,j4 ,morrison were elected ,resident ,members1 and ,dr4 ,w4 ,p4 ,gibbons1 of ,alameda1 a ,corresponding ,member4 ,mr4 ,bolander presented a curiously fruited specimen of ,quercus densiflora1 the acorns being only about one-third of the ordinary diameter1 although nearly the usual length1 and having a peculiar constriction near the apex4 ,it was collected by ,mr4 ,wertheman1 near ,coarse ,gold ,gulch1 ,fresno ,county4 ,mr4 ,stearns exhibited a specimen of an ,astrophyton1 caught in the ,ochotsk ,sea1 off ,cape ,lepatka1 ,kamschatka1 by the crew of the fishing brig ,angenette4 ,dr4 ,h4 ,gibbons called the attention of the ,academy to the near approach of the season during which we might look for the recurrence of the 8meteoric shower10 which he witnessed in the year #ahcc4 ,some remarks were made by ,messrs4 ,gibbons1 ,keyes1 ,kellogg and others in reference to the phenomena of meteors1 and considerable discussion followed as to the various ideas and theories advanced in regard to them by different authors4 ,mr4 ,stearns exhibited several specimens of ,acma asmi1 ,midd41 collected by him at ,baulines ,bay2 remarking that upon a recent trip to the locality named1 he found this species exceedingly numerous1 attached to ,chlorostoma funebrale1 ,a4 ,ad42 that he had not seen in a single instance this ,acma upon the rocks4 ,mr4 ,stearns further submitted for the inspection of the ,academy1 a specimen of ,haliotis ,cracherodii1 which he had collected alive last month1 on the rocks near the outlet of ,lobitas ,creek into the ocean4 ,the ,haliotis had been attacked by a pholad1 probably ,navea ,newcombii1 and had defended itself by adding coating upon coating of nacre1 as the ,navea progressed1 until a large knob or protuberance had been created in the interior of the shell4 ,from a partial examination of the borer1 a specimen of which he had dug out from another portion of the same ,haliotis1 he believed it to belong to the species recently described by ,mr4 ,tryon1 viz3 ,navea ,newcombii4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,november #ai,,th1 #ahff4 ,president in the ,chair4 ,thirteen members present4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,russell and ,dr4 ,e4 ,belle were elected ,resident ,members4 ,donation to the ,cabinet3 ,specimens of ,copper ore from ,chihuahua1 by ,mr4 ,r4 ,c4 ,jacobs4 ,donation to the ,library3 ,on the ,corals and ,polyps of ,panama1 with descriptions of new species1 by ,a4 ,e4 ,verrill1 #hvo4 pamphlet4 ,prof4 ,whitney presented the following communication from ,wm4 ,m4 ,gabb3 ,on the ,subdivisions of the ,cretaceous ,formation in ,california4 ,,by ,,wm4 ,m4 ,,gabb4 ,the recent appearance of a check list published by the ,smithsonian ,institute1 and entitled 8,check ,list of the ,invertebrate ,fossils of ,north ,america--,eocene and ,oligocene--by ,t4 ,a4 ,conrad10 renders it necessary that ,i should state more clearly than has been done heretofore1 the relations between the two members of the ,californian ,cretaceous rocks2 and should give all of the proofs that have yet presented themselves1 in support of my views4 ,in #ahef1 ,mr4 ,conrad published a paper in ,vol4 #e1 ,pacific ,railroad ,reports1 pages #cbj1 et seq41 in which he described fifteen shells from the 8,eocene0 rocks of the ,caada de las ,uvas1 near the present site of ,fort ,tejon4 ,of these1 eleven were considered by that author as being new to science4 ,the other four were referred to previously described ,eocene forms4 ,these specimens were procured by ,mr4 ,wm4 ,p4 ,blake1 geologist of the expedition4 ,they were obtained from a single boulder1 the only one found by that gentleman4 ,in consideration of the scanty material1 it is by no means surprising that ,mr4 ,conrad should have made the determination that he did4 ,the fossils of this locality1 and1 in fact1 of this member of our ,californian rocks1 have a marked ,tertiary aspect4 ,this holds good1 both as applied to the appearance of the specimens and also to the grouping of the genera4 ,mr4 ,conrad's reference of these fossils to an ,eocene age was perfectly justified by the light that he then possessed4 ,any other palontologist1 with the same specimens1 would no doubt have done as he did4 ,but ,i propose to prove that1 after having studied this formation for five years1 both in the field and in the closet--both palontologically and stratigraphically--after having traced it upwards of four hundred miles1 and after having collected fossils from it at a dozen localities1 ,i1 on the other hand1 am perfectly justified in pronouncing it most unequivocally ,cretaceous4 ,it is1 to use a mild term1 rather surprising that ,mr4 ,blake1 from whom ,mr4 ,conrad obtained his material1 should not have collected more specimens4 ,according to his report1 ,mr4 ,blake reached the dept camp at ,tejon1 on the third of ,september1 #ahec1 and did not leave that vicinity until ,october #ajth4 ,during that time he traversed the distance between ,tejon and the ,caada de las ,uvas1 four times4 ,i am familiar with every foot of the ground on which he camped or on which he travelled2 and ,i speak from personal observation1 when ,i say that in going from one point to the other he could not avoid passing thousands of boulders and pebbles1 full of fossils1 similar to the single one sent to ,mr4 ,conrad4 ,in riding from the ,ranch house of ,tejon to ,fort ,tejon1 on ,mr4 ,blake's trail1 ,professor ,brewer and myself collected upward of forty species of mollusca in less than one hour1 and without diverging ten feet from our route6 ,the ,californian ,cretaceous formation is easily separable into two main divisions4 ,the older of these1 designated in the ,report as 8,division ,a10 is the equivalent of the upper portions1 ,nos4 #d and #e1 of ,meek and ,hayden's section in ,nebraska1 and the later beds of ,new ,jersey and the ,gulf ,states4 ,it is possible that this group may be separated hereafter into two sub-groups2 but that has no bearing on the question at issue4 ,the upper or more modern member1 found overlying the lower one conformably in various places1 as about ,monte ,diablo and at ,martinez1 has no apparent equivalent in ,america4 ,it is probably1 however1 the ,american representative of the ,maestricht beds1 the #8,danien' of ,french authors4 ,it is not a transition from ,cretaceous to ,tertiary1 but is the most modern member of the former formation4 ,it has many points in common with the ,maestricht beds of ,europe4 ,it contains but a single species1 so far as known1 of the complex-chambered group of ,cephalopods4 ,a solitary ammonite1 represented by half a dozen specimens1 has been found by myself1 in place1 even to the very top of the formation4 ,of #bhj species of fossils recognized and named in the ,californian ,cretaceous rocks1 #ajg are found in this upper member4 ,of these1 #hd are peculiar1 and #bc are found in common between undoubted members of this group and undoubted members of the older group4 ,besides this1 ,i was fortunate enough to discover a locality near ,clear ,lake1 this fall1 where1 within a space of two feet1 ,i found an admixture of upper and lower forms1 proving the existence of a transitionary bed or perhaps group of beds4 ,the following table will exhibit at a glance the grouping of species at each of the principal localities2 showing at the same time which species are found in the intermediate deposit1 and which exist in common in both the upper and lower divisions4 ,the various localities are designated by letters1 as follows3 ,m1 ,martinez2 ,c1 ,clayton to ,marsh's2 ,t1 vicinity of ,fort ,tejon2 ,g1 a locality #aj miles west of ,griswold's near ,new ,idria2 ,i1 ,new ,idria2 ,d1 ,san ,diego2 ,,ll1 ,lower ,lake ,village1 #a mile ,s4,e4 of the town4 ,,table ,,of ,,subdivisions ,,of ,,cretaceous ,,formation4 ,inter- ,upper mediate ,lower ,division1 ,division4 ,beds4 and ,remarks4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,callianassa ,stimpsonii ,c4 ,t4 ,chico4 ,aturia ,mathewsonii ,m4 ,c4 ,t4 ,martinez4 ,nautilus ,texanus ,c4 ,shasta ,co4 ,ammonites1 n4s4 ,c4 ,m4 ,curry's2 ,benicia2 ,martinez4 ,typhis antiquus ,m4 ,t4 ,fusus ,martinez ,m4 ,t4 ,f4 ,mathewsonii ,m4 ,c4 ,curry's4 ,f4 ,diaboli ,c4 ,f4 aratus ,m4 ,f4 ,californicus ,c4 ,t4 ,,ll4 ,hemifusus ,hornii ,t4 ,h4 ,cooperii ,c4 ,d4 ,h4 ,remondii ,m4 ,c4 ,t4 ,g4 8 ,neptunea supraplicata ,c4 ,d4 ,n4 gracilis ,m4 ,perissolax brevirostris ,,ll ,many localities4 ,p4 ,blakei ,m4 ,c4 ,t4 ,turris ,claytonensis ,c4 ,t4 ,turris raricostata ,c4 7varicostata by error in ,rep47 ,cordiera microptygma ,t4 ,tritonium ,hornii ,c4 ,t4 ,t4 ,diegoensis ,d4 ,t4 paucivaricatum ,t4 ,t4 ,whitneyi ,t4 ,d4 ,buccinum liratum ,m4 ,,ll ,nassa cretacea ,m4 ,t4 ,g4 ,pseudoliva lineata ,m4 ,pseudoliva volutformis ,t4 ,olivella ,mathewsonii ,m4 ,t4 ,g4 ,c4 ,ancillaria elongata ,c4 ,d4 ,fasciolaria lviuscula ,c4 ,,ll ,f4 sinuata ,t4 ,d4 ,f4 ,io ,t4 ,mitra cretacea ,m4 ,whitneya ficus ,t4 ,ficus mamillatus ,t4 ,natica ,uvasana ,t4 ,lunatia ,shumardiana ,,ll ,martinez and elsewhere4#bi ,l4 ,hornii ,t4 ,l4 nuciformis ,c4 ,t4 7,d487 ,gyrodes expansa ,,ll ,almost everywhere4 ,neverita secta ,t4 ,n4 n4s4 ,g4 ,i4 ,naticina obliqua ,m4 ,t4 ,amauropsis alveata ,m4 ,c4 ,t4 ,g4 ,d4,,ll ,curry's2 ,s4 of ,mt4 ,diablo4 ,morio tuberculatus ,m4 ,t4 ,c4 ,g4 ,d4 ,scalaria 7,opalia7 ,mathewsonii ,m4 ,niso polita ,m4 ,t4 ,cerithiopsis alternata ,m4 ,c4 ,architectonica cognata ,m4 ,c4 ,t4 ,a4 ,hornii ,t4 ,margaritella crenulata ,d4 ,conus ,remondii ,m4 ,c4 ,t4 ,d4 ,c4 ,hornii ,t4 ,c4 sinuatus ,t4 ,rimella canalifera ,m4 ,t4 ,r4 simplex ,c4 ,d4 ,aporrhais angulata ,m4 ,cypra ,bayerquei ,m4 ,c4 ,turitella ,uvasana ,m4 ,c4 ,t4 ,g4 ,t4 ,saffordii ,,ll ,m4 and ,solano ,co4 ,t4 infragranulata ,m4 ,galerus excentricus ,m4 ,c4 ,t4 ,d4 ,i4,,ll ,spirocrypta pileum ,t4 ,i4 ,,ll ,gadus pusillus ,m4 ,t4 ,dentalium ,cooperii ,m4 ,d4 ,curry's2 ,s4 of ,mt4 ,diablo4 ,d4 stramineum ,m4 ,d4 ,curry's2 ,s4 of ,mt4 ,diablo4 ,bulla ,hornii ,t4 ,cylichna costata ,m4 ,c4 ,t4 ,d4 ,m41 ,texas ,flat1 and many other localities4 ,megistostoma striata ,m4 ,martesia clausa ,g4 ,pence's1 ,texas ,flat1 etc4 ,solen parallelus ,m4 ,c4 ,t4 ,solena ,diegoensis ,d4 ,corbula ,hornii ,t4 ,c4 parilis ,g4 ,m4 ,d4 ,nera dolabrformis ,m4 ,mactra ,ashburnerii ,m4 ,c4 ,t4 ,nearly everywhere in both ,divisions4 ,gari texta ,m4 ,tellina longa ,m4 ,c4 ,t4 ,tellina ,remondii ,c4 ,t4 ,t4 ,hoffmanniana ,g4 ,m41 ,pence's1 and elsewhere4 ,t4 ,hornii ,t4 ,t4 ,californica ,c4 ,t4 ,meretrix ,uvasana ,m4 ,c4 ,t4 ,i4 ,g4 ,d4 ,m4 ,hornii ,t4 ,m4 ovalis ,t4 ,dosinia elevata ,t4 ,d4 gyrata ,m4 ,c4 ,t4 ,g4 ,tapes ,conradiana ,g4 ,m4 ,t4 ,,ll ,t4 quadrata ,m4 ,t4 ,cardium ,cooperii ,m4 ,t4 ,d4 ,c4 ,brewerii ,m4 ,c4 ,t4 ,g4 ,cardita ,hornii ,m4 ,c4 ,t4 ,i4 ,g4 ,lucina cumulata ,t4 ,l4 cretacea ,c4 ,mysia polita ,m4 ,c4 ,i4 ,crassatella grandis ,m4 ,t4 ,,ll ,c4 ,uvasana ,t4 ,mytilus ascia ,t4 ,modiola ornata ,m4 ,c4 ,t4 ,i4 ,septifer dichotomus ,t4 ,crenella concentrica ,m4 ,avicula pellucida ,m4 ,g4 ,,ll ,s4 ,louis ,gonzaga4 ,arca ,hornii ,t4 ,cuculla ,mathewsonii ,c4 ,,ll ,m4 ,barbatia ,morsei ,d4 ,axina sagittata ,m4 ,t4 ,g4 ,a4 ,veatchii ,,ll ,m41 ,tuscan ,springs1 etc4 ,nucula 7,acila7 truncata ,m4 ,t4 ,everywhere4 ,leda protexta ,m4 ,c4 ,t4 ,g4 ,m4 ,placunanomia inornata ,d4 ,flabellum ,remondianum ,c4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,on studying the foregoing table1 the following deductions present themselves3 #ast1 that the rocks of the upper division1 at the various localities quoted1 are all of the same geological age2 and #b;d1 that they are intimately connected with the older groups by a passage of nearly a fifth of all the contained species of fossils from this1 either into the intermediate beds1 or into the lower group itself4 ,in anticipation of a possible objection that may be raised here1 it will probably be as well1 before going further1 to state that in the ,division ,b1 there has been no confounding of two groups4 ,the same grouping of species extends to the extreme upper limits of the fossiliferous rocks1 which are everywhere overlain by an immense deposit of non-fossiliferous sandstones4 ,another objection1 which has already been raised1 that the acknowledged ,cretaceous fossils have become mixed with more modern species by the breaking up and re-cementing of an older formation1 ,i shall not even attempt to refute4 ,had such been the case1 ,i would ere this1 in common honesty1 have acknowledged it4 ,in support of the two conclusions arrived at above1 we have the following synopsis of the table3 ,of the #ajg species of fossils found in ,division ,b1 #dd are found at ,clayton1 #fg at ,tejon1 #ed at ,martinez1 #bb at ,san ,diego1 #ah near ,griswold's1 and #g near ,new ,idria4 ,it is not intended to be understood that these are all of the species found at these localities2 but that1 up to the present time1 these are all that have been identified or described4 ,future work will undoubtedly change the above figures4 ,of the species found at the above localities1 #ej are peculiar to one or another locality2 #bi are found at two localities only1 #ad at three localities1 and #ad at four localities or more4 ,taking the three typical localities1 ,martinez1 ,clayton and ,tejon1 #ba species are common to ,martinez and ,clayton1 #cj to ,martinez and ,tejon1 #be to ,clayton and ,tejon1 and #bj are found at all three localities4 ,now1 having given what ,i believe ought to be considered proof conclusive to any candid mind in support of my first proposition1 ,i shall endeavor to establish the second4 ,it will be seen that #af species1 found in the upper member1 also extend into the older group1 ,division ,a4 ,in addition to this1 at the locality near ,lower ,lake ,village1 ,lake ,county1 besides several species encountered for the first time1 ,i found #ae species in the same bed1 within a superficial area of two feet4 ,of these1 #c were previously known to be common to the upper and lower division4 ,besides these #c1 #g of them were common to this locality1 and localities of ,division ,b1 and the remaining #e were1 before this discovery1 considered peculiar to the lower member4 ,one of these #e is found in the ,mississippi ,valley1 in the 8,ripley ,group10 and another belongs to a peculiarly ,cretaceous genus4 ,as to the species found at the several typical localities1 independent of each other1 and which would serve to show their individual relations to the older formation without corroborative evidence1 ,clayton has #aj species in common with ,division ,a1 ,tejon has #g1 and ,martinez #aa4 ,with the ,lower ,lake bed1 ,clayton has #e species in common1 ,tejon #e1 and ,martinez #f4 ,in glancing over ,mr4 ,conrad's 8check list10 ,i find that out of the #ajg species found in his 8,older ,eocene of ,california10 he has only included #gd in his enumeration4 ,he has omitted ,callianassa ,stimpsonii1 ,ammonites n4 s41 ,nautilus ,texanus1 ,cylichna costata1 ,mactra ,ashburnerii1 ,cuculla ,mathewsonii1 ,nucula truncata1 and ,leda protexta2 eight species1 which ,i mentioned in the ,journal of ,conchology1 7,vol4 #b1 p4 #hh7 as being found in common in the two members of the ,cal4 cretaceous1 stating distinctly the localities in which they had been found4 ,at the same time he includes five other species1 from the same list1 in his ,eocene catalogue4 ,whether this be carelessness1 or an unfair avoidance of a difficulty1 ,i leave to others to decide4 ,it is far easier to ignore such a difficulty than it is to explain it away4 ,in regard to the distribution of the genera and species in this and the associated rocks4 ,all of the species are peculiar to this group1 or to this and underlying rocks2 not one has been found associated either with living forms1 or with species known to occur in the recognized ,tertiaries of ,california4 ,five of the genera are peculiar to the ,secondary4 ,an ,ammonite ranges entirely through the group to the top of the highest fossiliferous strata4 ,the genera ,perissolax1 ,gyrodes1 ,margaritella1 and the sub-genus ,anchura1 of the genus ,aporrhais1 are all recognized as strictly characteristic of the ,cretaceous2 so much so1 that the presence of a single undoubted representative of either of these genera would be strong presumptive evidence of the ,cretaceous age of any rocks in which it might be found4 ,on the other hand1 the presence of such genera as those in the list given below1 would point to a very modern era in the ,cretaceous1 to say the least4 ,it must be borne in mind that we have much to learn yet in palontology1 especially in the matter of the vertical range of genera4 ,every year we find genera1 nay1 whole families1 extending themselves beyond what had been fixed by previous authors as their limits4 ,a few years ago1 the presence of mammalian remains was considered characteristic of the ,tertiaries4 ,now we know of ,marsupials in the ,trias1 and who dare say that we cannot find mammals in palozoic rocks8 ,i therefore maintain1 that though we have here such genera as ,aturia1 ,typhis1 ,cordiera1 ,pseudoliva1 ,nassa1 ,mitra1 ,ficus1 ,morio1 ,cerithiopsis1 ,cypra and ,galerus1 still1 the only inference that can be drawn is1 that the group is on or near the verge of the formation1 a sort of prophetic member1 presaging by some of its genera the formations to come1 but indissolubly bound by specific ties with the eras preceding4 #bi ,this species was referred by inadvertence to ,div4 ,b4 instead of ,a4 ,this is the first time it has been found beyond the limits of the lower member4 ,prof4 ,blake stated that he considered the collections made by him1 in and near the ,caada de las ,uvas1 as not meager4 ,there was a sufficient number of species to make a quarto plate of figures4 ,prof4 ,blake read the following notice3 ,fossil ,fish in the ,great ,basin1 ,nevada4 ,,by ,,wm4 ,p4 ,,blake4 ,fossilized fish are found in a light-colored clay shale1 in the mountains a few miles north of ,silver ,peak1 a mining district in the ,red ,mountain or ,salt ,basin region1 about one hundred and fifty miles south of ,austin4 ,the vertebral columns1 ribs and fins are very distinctly shown1 and the specimens are exceedingly interesting4 ,they remind me of the specimens from the famous locality of ,mount ,bolca1 in ,europe4 ,the specimen that ,i have here1 does not appear to belong to an ancient period1 but ,i will not venture to refer it without an opportunity of making comparisons1 or submitting it to a competent ichthyologist1 which ,i propose to do4 ,,college ,,of ,,california1 ,nov4 #ai4 #ahff4 ,prof4 ,blake also directed the attention of the ,academy to specimens of fossil vertebr1 collected by him in ,tulare ,county4 ,these specimens are about twenty in number1 and are from two to six inches in length1 and two to three inches in diameter4 ,he believed them to belong to large marine saurians1 like crocodiles1 but wished to make further study and comparison previous to making a more formal communication to the ,academy4 ,if correct in his opinion1 it was1 he believed1 the first instance of the discovery of saurian remains on the ,pacific ,coast of the ,united ,states1 and the discovery will be rendered still more interesting by the fact that the remains occur in strata reputed to be miocene1 associated with sharks' teeth and numerous marine remains1 at least fifteen hundred feet above the present ocean level4 ,professor ,whitney remarked that the remains of the crocodile1 and ichthyosaurus had been discovered on this coast by the ,geological ,survey1 and the fact published a year ago4 ,professor ,whitney read the following communication3 ,notice of the occurrence of the ,silurian ,series in ,nevada4 ,,by ,j4 ,d4 ,,whitney4 ,at a meeting of the ,academy in ,may last1 ,i gave some account of the geology of the ,state of ,nevada1 with particular reference to the age of the stratified deposits occurring there1 as determined from the collections of fossils brought from that region to the office of the ,geological ,survey1 by ,j4 ,e4 ,clayton1 and various members of our corps4 ,in that communication ,i spoke of the probable future discovery of rocks older than the ,carboniferous or ,devonian1 in the mountain ranges near ,austin4 ,this expectation has been realized1 and we are now in possession of a very interesting collection of fossils1 obtained by ,mr4 ,a4 ,blatchley1 in the vicinity of the ,hot ,creek ,mining ,district about one hundred miles southeast of ,austin4 ,this collection enables us to state positively that both ,upper and ,lower ,silurian rocks occur in that district1 and that they are well filled with fossils2 not less so indeed1 to judge from the specimens received1 than the strata of the same age in ,new ,york1 ,ohio1 ,iowa1 and ,wisconsin1 which they resemble in a most marked degree1 both lithologically and palontologically4 ,the fossils from the ,hot ,creek ,district are mostly weathered out on the surfaces of thin slabs of bluish-gray argillaceous limestones1 and are crowded together in the same profusion with which they have often been noticed by myself and others as occurring in the ,lower ,silurian shales and limestones of the ,wisconsin ,lead ,region1 around ,big ,bay des ,noquets1 and in many other localities in the country bordering on the ,great ,lakes4 ,both the upper and lower divisions of the ,silurian appear to be represented by the fossils of the ,hot ,creek ,district2 but the lower ,silurian seems to be much the most prolific in fossils1 as is the case in ,wisconsin and ,iowa4 ,the particular period to which these lower ,silurian forms may be referred is the ,trenton1 including the ,chazy1 ,birdseye1 ,black ,river and ,trenton limestones of the ,new ,york ,geologists1 and the ,buff and ,blue limestones of the ,western surveys4 ,nearly all the prevailing types of the ,eastern rocks of this age1 are represented in the ,hot ,creek collection1 namely3 ,brachiopods1 ,gasteropods1 ,cephalopods1 ,crinoids1 ,trilobites1 and ,corals2 and there are among them several of the most widely-distributed and most characteristic species of the ,lower ,silurian4 ,the following have been identified3 ,maclurea magna1 a characteristic ,chazy species1 and ,pleurotoma lenticularis1 ,orthis testudinaria and ,chtetes lycoperdon1 all of which are abundant in the ,trenton limestone of ,new ,york1 and the rocks of the same age farther ,west4 ,among the fragments of ,trilobites1 two or three different genera may be recognized1 especially ,asaphus1 which is represented by a species apparently new4 ,there are also fragments of crinoids or cystids closely resembling the species figured by ,hall1 in the ,palontology of ,new ,york1 ,vol4 ,i1 as ,echino-encrinites anatiformis4 ,the rocks containing the above mentioned fossils crop out in the sides of a deep caon2 and overlying them1 at a perpendicular distance of about a thousand feet1 is a series of beds containing numerous fragments of corals and crinoids1 silicified and weathered out from the surface of a bluish-gray limestone1 which ,i refer without much doubt to the age of the ,niagara limestone of ,new ,york4 ,among the corals1 ,heliolites spinipora and ,syringopora are recognizable2 and among the crinoidal fragments are stems of what appears to be ,caryocrinus ornatus4 ,with the exception of the ,potsdam sandstone fossils1 described by ,meek and ,hayden as occurring at the base of the fossiliferous series1 in the ,black ,hills1 no recognizable ,silurian forms have been observed by geologists1 in the ,rocky ,mountains1 or anywhere to the west of them1 unless possibly in ,new ,mexico4 ,the ,silurian ,series1 with the possible exception of the ,potsdam sandstone1 seems to be entirely wanting in the ,rocky ,mountains proper1 the ,black ,hills being a sort of outlier of the main ranges1 and lying as far east as the one hundred and third to the one hundred and fifth meridian4 ,dr4 ,hayden says1 in his paper1 on the ,geology and ,natural ,history of the ,upper ,missouri1 published in #ahfb1 that 8hitherto no indications of the existence of any other member 7than the ,potsdam sandstone7 of the ,silurian period has been discovered along the eastern slope of the ,rocky ,mountains within the boundary of the ,united ,states40 ,he considers it probable that the ,potsdam sandstone is represented in the ,rocky ,mountains1 although no fossils of that member of the series has been as yet discovered anywhere to the west of the ,black ,hills4 ,on the ,mexican ,boundary ,survey1 a few fragments of fossils were found in the superficial detritus1 near ,el ,paso1 7,longitude1 one hundred and six degrees7 which indicated the existence of ,silurian rocks in that vicinity2 but none appear to have been found in place4 ,professor ,hall remarks that 8the specimens referable to strata of this age 7,devonian and ,silurian7 are few1 and they are in such condition as to give little satisfactory information regarding the rocks in place40 ,the specimens obtained are figured in the ,mexican ,boundary ,report1 but not described1 nor is their locality accurately stated4 ,dr4 ,newberry1 in his ,report in the ,geology of the ,colorado ,river region1 refers the lower portion of the strata exposed in the grand caons of that river to the ,devonian and ,silurian ,series2 but as no recognizable fossils were discovered by the ,ives' ,expedition from any rocks lower than the ,carboniferous1 this reference can only be taken as expressing a conviction based on lithological characters and stratigraphical considerations4 ,in view of the above cited facts1 it will be seen at once how interesting this discovery is of undoubted ,silurian rocks west of the ,rocky ,mountains2 and the more so1 since we have in this remote region a recurrence of conditions and forms of animal life so closely allied to those with which we are familiar in the ,states east of the ,mississippi4 ,it is a very remarkable fact that these rocks have not been discovered in the ,rocky ,mountains2 and should farther explorations fail to reveal their presence1 it will throw a new light on the history of the physical development of the central and western portions of this continent4 ,taking into view what has now been communicated1 and what was stated in my previous paper in regard to the existence of the older stratified rocks in the ,silver ,peak ,district1 it will appear that ,dr4 ,newberry's generalizations were1 in all probability1 correct1 and that we may expect to find in southern and southwestern ,nevada the outcropping fossiliferous edges of the strata underlying the ,carboniferous of the great ,arizona or ,colorado plateau1 and that they will be proved to occupy an extensive area1 and to yield a profusion of organic remains4 ,among the specimens collected by ,mr4 ,blatchley1 as also by ,mr4 ,clayton1 ,mr4 ,melville ,attwood1 and ,dr4 ,c4 ,l4 ,anderson1 and now at our office1 there is a considerable number which demonstrate the existence of an extensive fresh-water ,tertiary deposit in ,nevada4 ,this formation1 which belongs to a very late ,tertiary epoch1 evidently occupies a considerable area1 as our specimens come from localities hundreds of miles distant from each other4 ,the existence of any marine formation more recent than the ,jurassic1 in ,nevada1 has not yet been proved2 but1 as ,mr4 ,gabb obtained evidence1 in #ahfd1 of the occurrence of rocks of ,cretaceous age on ,crooked ,river1 in ,oregon1 east of the ,cascade ,range1 it is possible that this member of the series may yet be discovered in ,nevada4 ,all the fossils referred to in this and my previous communication on the geology of ,nevada1 will receive1 in due time1 thorough investigation at the hands of ,messrs4 ,meek and ,gabb1 or other competent palontologists2 and we expect that our collections from that ,state will be largely increased during the present year4 ,the death of the eminent naturalist1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,a4 ,gould1 of ,boston1 was announced by ,dr4 ,gibbons4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,december #c;,d1 #ahff4 ,president in the chair4 ,nineteen members present4 ,donations to the ,library3 ,sechster ,bericht des ,offenbacher ,vereins fr ,naturkunde1 #hvo41 #ahfe4 ,jahrbuch der k4 k4 geologischen ,reichsanstalt1 xvi ,band1 ,no4 #a41 #hvo41 ,wien1 #ahff4 ,monatsbericht der kniglichen ,preussischen ,akademie der ,wissenschaften zu ,berlin1 ,jan4-,mai1 #ahff1 #e parts1 #hvo41 ,berlin1 #ahff4 ,acta ,universitatis ,lundensis1 #ahfd1 #b parts1 #dto41 ,lund4 #ahfd-e4 ,transactions of the ,connecticut ,academy of ,arts and ,sciences1 ,vol4 #a1 ,part #a1 #hvo41 ,new ,haven1 #ahff4 ,memoirs of the ,boston ,society of ,natural ,history1 #dto41 ,vol4 #a1 ,part #a1 ,boston1 #ahff4 ,proceedings of the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences of ,philadelphia1 ,nos4 #b and #c1 #ahff1 #hvo41 ,phil41 #ahff4 ,proceedings of the ,essex ,institute1 vol4 #e1 ,no4 #a1 #hvo41 ,salem1 #ahff4 ,proceedings of the ,boston ,society of ,natural ,history1 vol4 #aj1 ,sheets #d-bc1 #hvo41 ,boston1 #ahff4 ,annals of the ,lyceum of ,natural ,history of ,new ,york1 vol4 #h1 ,nos4 #f-ab1 #hvo41 ,new ,york1 #ahfe-f4 ,proceedings of the ,chicago ,academy of ,sciences1 vol4 #a1 ,sheets #a-c1 #hvo41 ,chicago1 #ahff4 ,proceedings of the ,american ,academy of ,arts and ,sciences1 vol4 #g1 #hvo41 ,boston1 #ahfe-f4 ,all the above were presented by the societies or authors named2 and the foreign publications were received through the ,smithsonian ,institution4 ,mr4 ,stearns exhibited specimens of ,petricola carditoides and ,pholadidea ovoidea1 in unusually hard serpentine1 collected by himself at ,fort ,point1 ,san ,francisco4 ,professor ,whitney read some extracts from letters just received from ,mr4 ,rmond1 giving an account of his geological explorations in ,peru and ,chile4 ,mr4 ,rmond has obtained a suite of plants from the coal-bearing formation of ,northern ,chile1 sufficient in number to fix its age as ,triassic4 ,two species1 one a ,pecopteris1 the other a ,pterophyllum1 are apparently identical with those found with the coal near ,los ,bronces1 in ,sonora1 ,mexico1 by ,mr4 ,rmond4 ,above the coal-bearing conglomerates and sandstones1 there are stratified porphyries1 and above these1 fossiliferous limestones of ,liassic age4 ,the fossils in this last mentioned formation are1 in general1 similar to those found by ,domeyko and ,darwin1 at ,las ,juntas and ,tres ,cruces2 but ,mr4 ,rmond obtained several new species4 ,he also collected a large number of species in the ,tertiaries of ,coquimbo and ,caldera4 ,farther1 he obtained fossils in sufficient numbers from the rocks in which are the famous silver mines of ,chaarcillo and ,tres ,puntas1 to fix their age as belonging to the ,lower ,cretaceous4 ,professor ,whitney commented on the importance of these investigations1 especially that concerning the age of the ,chile coal4 ,it is very interesting to know that the same formation carries coal in ,chile which has been found to bear that indispensable material in ,northern ,mexico4 ,the vast extent over which ,triassic rocks occur in ,arizona1 ,new ,mexico1 and ,nevada1 gives a peculiar interest to every discovery of this kind4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,december #ag,,th1 #ahff4 ,president in the chair4 ,twelve members present4 ,dr4 ,f4 ,hansen was elected a ,resident ,member4 ,donation to the ,cabinet3 ,skeleton of a ,beaver1 presented by ,mr4 ,s4 ,hubbard4 ,donation to the ,library3 ,ninety-six volumes and pamphlets chiefly on various branches of natural history1 from the library of the late ,william ,cooper1 of ,new ,york1 presented by ,j4 ,g4 ,cooper1 ,m4,d4 ,,annual ,,meeting1 ,,january #g,,th1 #ahfg4 ,mr4 ,stearns in the chair4 ,twenty-nine members present4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,trask was elected ,life ,member1 and ,dr4 ,george ,d4 ,cleveland and ,mr4 ,george ,o4 ,whitney1 ,resident ,members4 ,the ,treasurer made a verbal ,report4 ,the ,librarian and the ,chairman of the ,publication ,committee made written reports1 which were accepted and placed on file4 ,the ,curators of the various departments reported verbally4 ,the ,academy having moved twice during the past year1 and the last time within a few days1 the collections are of course in great disorder4 ,the rooms now taken are those formerly occupied by the ,academy1 at #fbb ,clay street1 and from which they were obliged to remove on account of the damage done to the building1 by the earthquake of ,october #hth1 #ahfe4 ,the following officers were elected for the year #ahfg3 ,,president4 ,j4 ,d4 ,,whitney4 ,,vice ,,presidents4 ,,leander ,,ransom4 ,r4 ,e4 ,c4 ,,stearns4 ,,treasurer4 ,,samuel ,,hubbard4 ,,corresponding ,,sec',y4 ,w4 ,b4 ,,ewer4 ,,recording ,,sec',y4 ,,theodore ,,bradley4 ,,librarian4 ,h4 ,,kellogg1 ,m4,d4 ,,curators4 ,w4 ,s4 ,,keyes ,,mineralogy4 ,h4 ,n4 ,,bolander ,,botany4 ,w4 ,m4 ,,gabb ,,pal,,ontology4 ,e4 ,f4 ,,lorquin ,,zoology4 ,w4 ,g4 ,w4 ,,harford ,,conchology4 ,h4 ,,behr1 ,m4,d4 ,,entomology4 ,,committee ,,on ,,finance4 ,,messrs4 ,,whitney1 ,,hubbard1 ,,ashburner1 ,,and ,,stearns4 ,,committee ,,of ,,publication4 ,,messrs4 ,,whitney1 ,,ayres1 ,,and ,,stearns4 ,,committee ,,on ,,the ,,library4 ,,messrs4 ,,janin1 ,,gibbons1 ,,and ,,kellogg4 ,,committee ,,on ,,proceedings4 ,,messrs4 ,,keyes1 ,,bolander1 ,,and ,,bosqui4 ,dr4 ,behr submitted specimens of microscopic crustaceans1 of a brilliant red color1 found upon the surface of a lake in ,marin ,county2 he remarked that they might be of some use in the arts1 if they could be obtained in sufficient quantity4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,january #ba,,st1 #ahfg4 ,president in the ,chair4 ,twenty-three members present4 ,governor ,r4 ,c4 ,mc,cormick1 of ,arizona1 and ,r4 ,c4 ,jacobs1 of ,chihuahua1 were elected ,corresponding ,members1 and ,messrs4 ,j4 ,w4 ,kidwell1 ,a4 ,sutro1 ,a4 ,t4 ,mason1 ,h4 ,c4 ,bidwell and ,h4 ,p4 ,carlton were elected ,resident ,members4 ,donations to the ,library3 ,oversigt over det ,kongelige danske ,videnskabernes ,selskabs ,frhandlingar i ,aaret #ahfd1 #a ,vol41 #hvo41 ,copenhagen4 ,the same1 #ahff1 ,nos4 #b-d4 #cb;er ,jahresbericht des ,mannheimer ,vereins fr ,naturkunde1 #a ,vol4 #abmo41 #ahff1 7#b copies47 ,mittheilungen aus dem ,osterlande1 #ag;er ,band1 #c und #d ,heft1 ,altenburg1 #ahff4 ,jahreshefte des ,naturwissenschaftlichen ,vereins fr das ,frstenthum ,lneburg1 ,i41 #ahfe1 #hvo4 ,der ,zoologische ,garten1 vii ,jahrgang1 ,nos4 #g1 #i1 #aa1 #ab1 #hvo41 ,frankfurt1 #ahff4 ,bericht ber die ,,xiv ,versammlung der ,deutschen ,ornithologen-,gesells41 #hvo41 #ahfb4 ,sitzungs-,berichte der ,naturw4 ,gesells4 ,isis in ,dresden1 ,jahrg4 #ahff1 #hvo41 ,dresden4 ,jahrbuch der k4 k4 ,geolog4 ,reichsanstalt1 ,jahrg4 #ahff1 ,no4 #c1 #hvo41 ,wien4 ,abhandlungen herausgegeben vom ,naturw4 ,vereine zu ,bremen1 ,i ,bd4 #a ,heft1 #hvo41 ,bremen1 #ahff4 ,journal de ,conchyliologie1 #cme ,srie1 ,tome vi41 ,nos4 #c1 #d1 #hvo41 ,paris1 #ahff4 ,on the ,osteology and ,myology of ,colymbus ,torquatus1 by ,r4 ,elliot ,coues1 7,mem4 ,bost4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ,vol4 #a1 ,part ii47 #dto41 ,cambridge1 #ahff4 ,journal of the ,royal ,hortic4 ,society of ,london1 ,vol4 #a1 ,part #d1 #abmo41 #ahfg4 ,same1 ,proceedings1 ,vol4 #a1 ,n4 ,s41 ,no4 #f1 ,aug41 #ahff1 ,jan41 #ahfg1 #abmo41 ,london4 ,zeitschrift der ,oesterreichischen ,gesells4 der ,meteorologie1 #a ,band1 #ahff4 ,sitzungsberichte der ,knigl4 bayer4 ,akademie der ,wissenschaften zu ,mnchen1 #ahfe1 ,,ii1 #c-d2 #ahff1 ,i1 #a-d2 ,,ii1 #a1 #hvo41 ,munich4 ,die ,bedeutung moderner ,gradmessungen1 von ,bauernfeind1 #dto41 pamphlet1 ,mnchen1 #ahff4 ,verzeichniss von #idab1 quatorial-,sternen1 ein ,sup4 ,band zu der ,ann4 der ,mnch4 ,sternwarte1 #hvo41 ,munich1 #ahff4 ,resultate ,magnetischer1 etc41 ,beobachtungen auf einer ,reise nach dem stlichen ,sibirien #ahbh-cj1 von ,prof4 ,c4 ,hansteen and ,lieut4 ,due1 #dto41 ,christiania1 #ahfc4 ,hansteen1 ,magnetismus der ,erde1 #a ,theil1 #dto41 ,christiania1 #ahai1 with plates separate4 ,meteorologiske ,iagttagelser paa ,christiania ,observatorium1 #ahfe1 long #dto41 ,christiania1 #ahff4 ,mrker efter en ,jistid i ,omegn af ,hardangerfjorden1 af ,s4 ,a4 ,sexe1 #dto41 pamphlet1 ,christiania1 #ahff4 ,bidrag til ,bygningskikkens ,udvikling paa ,landet i ,norge1 #aste ,hefte1 #dto41 pamphlet1 ,christiania1 #ahfe4 ,dr4 ,kellogg exhibited specimens of ,thaspium cordatum1 7,heart-leaf ,meadow ,parsnip7 a plant which has become somewhat known in cases of chronic rheumatism1 and which is common on this coast4 ,he remarked that it might be mistaken for ,sanicula1 7,sanicle7 or possibly for ,conium maculatum 7,poison ,hemlock74 ,dr4 ,kellogg also presented specimens of a beautiful ,alpine willow-herb collected by ,mr4 ,blanchard1 of ,brooklyn1 ,alameda ,county2 it was found in the mountains west of ,owen's ,lake1 near the ,kearsarge mines1 at an altitude of #h1jjj feet4 ,he considered it a variety of ,epilobium obcordatum1 ,gray4 ,this plant is described in the ,proc4 ,am4 ,acad4 of ,arts and ,sciences for ,may1 #ahfe4 ,dr4 ,james ,blake read the following communication3 ,on the ,nourishment of the ,ftus in the ,embiotocoid ,fishes4 ,,by ,,james ,,blake1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,c4,s4 ,i am not aware that the process by which the embryo of the ,embiotocoid fishes receive the nourishment necessary for its growth1 has ever been pointed out4 ,it certainly differs from the three most common forms in which the embryo of other animals is nourished1 as there is nothing like a placenta by which they can receive nourishment from the mother2 there is no supply of nutriment surrounding the embryo1 as in the case of most oviparous animals1 nor is the embryo brought into direct contact with the water1 so as to derive nourishment by absorption from the surrounding medium1 as is the case in oviparous fishes generally and in most of the lower forms of animal life4 ,the young fish is contained in a uterus which1 in the undeveloped state1 resembles very much the ovaries of the common oviparous fishes1 except that its walls are thicker1 and that the number of ova it contains is very much smaller4 ,in the interior of the uterus1 projecting from its sides1 are a number of processes analogous to those to which the ova are usually attached4 ,these processes vary in number in different examples1 but they are so arranged that each ftal fish is in contact on every side with a surface of one of these processes4 ,they consist apparently of a membrane composed of a cellular tissue1 and scattered over their surface are a number of small mammillary elevations with an orifice in the center1 and which are probably the organs by which the peculiar secretion of the uterus1 to be hereafter noticed1 is poured out4 ,in an example ,i examined1 in which impregnation had apparently just taken place1 numerous ova were found adhering to these processes1 although not at all in such numbers as in the ordinary fishes4 ,i counted thirty-eight in about the space of an inch2 of these1 however1 but few can be developed1 as the number of ftuses seldom exceeds forty1 and sometimes is only eight4 ,in the whole of the uterus there probably were from one hundred to one hundred and fifty ova4 ,of the earlier stages of development1 however1 it is not my object to treat in the present memoir1 as ,i did not commence my investigations sufficiently early to be able fully to make it out4 ,as soon1 however1 as the embryo has advanced sufficiently for the fins to be formed1 these appendages are found to be terminated by a number of digitations1 which project from the free edges of the fin1 and are usually found situated1 one between each ray or spine4 ,they are composed almost entirely of fine capillary blood-vessels1 united apparently by a very delicate and structureless membrane4 ,they are so delicate that unless great care is taken in removing the specimen from the uterus1 they are destroyed2 nor have ,i ever been able to discover them in specimens that have been preserved in alcohol4 ,these processes seem continuous with the membrane extended between the rays of the fins1 but are much more delicate2 they project from the free edge of the fin1 sometimes as much as the eighth of an inch1 and are1 in the fully developed embryo1 the fifteenth of an inch broad4 ,on the free margin of each digitation1 a larger capillary can be observed1 which appears to be continuous all around2 it is about the 4#jjc in4 in diameter1 the intermediate space being filled with a net-work of smaller capillaries4 ,this system of digitations projects from the entire edge of the dorsal1 ventral and caudal fins1 but not from the pectorals4 ,they in fact form a fringe round the entire body1 with the exception of the head and that part of the abdomen in front of the anus4 ,such is the structure of the organ that evidently has some connection with the nourishment of the ftus1 resembling as it does so closely the early formation of the vascular villi and the placental tufts that proceed from the chorion of the mammiferous embryo1 and through which it derives its nourishment before the placenta is fully formed4 ,the question now presents itself as to how nourishment is conveyed from the parent to the ftus through these tufts8 ,as before stated1 the lining membrane of the uterus sends off processes which surround each ftus1 without however forming sheet sacks2 but although these processes are very freely supplied with blood-vessels1 yet the finest injection failed to show any more vascular spots where the ftal digitations might have been brought into more immediate contact with the blood of the parent4 ,i however was fortunate enough to obtain a fish1 in the uterus of which ,i discovered a considerable quantity of fluid1 and on collecting it1 and submitting it to chemical tests1 ,i found that this fluid contained a considerable quantity of an animal substance1 resembling1 to a certain extent1 some of the compounds that are formed from albumen during the process of digestion4 ,the fluid was of yellowish color1 translucent1 deposited on standing some small globules which under the microscope strongly refracted the light1 were not altered by acetic acid1 but dissolved in ether2 probably fat globules2 when heated1 there was no coagulation1 although the fluid was not quite so clear2 solution of ,hg ,cl caused no precipitate2 tannin in solution caused a yellowish precipitate4 ,in adding ether to a portion of the fluid1 there was a free disengagement of gas1 a white flocculent precipitate was formed1 and on allowing the vessel to stand1 the fluid separated itself into three portions3 the upper portion consisting of pure ether apparently1 then a layer containing white flocculi1 which occupied about the fourth part of the fluid1 and below this the remains of the original fluid1 but little altered in appearance4 ,there can1 ,i think1 be little doubt but that it is through the medium of this fluid that the ftus obtains its nourishment4 ,the considerable portion of animal matter it contains1 and that too in a state particularly fitted for absorption and for conversion into tissue1 fits it for furnishing the ftus with the elements necessary for its growth by absorption through the large surface of capillary vessels which are found in the vascular digitations that surround the ftus1 and which are constantly bathed in the fluid4 ,the difficulty that up to the present time has attended every attempt to trace the connection between the parent and ftus in these embiotocoid fishes1 is owing1 in the first place1 to the extreme delicacy of the vascular digitations of the ftus1 which prevents their being observed in preserved specimens1 and also to the fact that in almost every case the fluid secreted by the uterus is entirely expelled by the violent struggles of the fish when removed from the water1 so that it was almost by a rare accident that ,i succeeded in obtaining any4 ,i hope1 however1 during the coming season1 to be able more fully to carry out these researches4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cj4 ,a ,ftal ,fish1 about two-thirds grown1 slightly enlarged4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ca4 ,a portion of ,dorsal ,fin of an almost mature ftal fish1 about double the natural size4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cb4 ,a portion of a ,digitation1 magnified about #aej diameters1 showing capillaries4 ,,san ,,francisco1 ,january #bast1 #ahfg4 ,mr4 ,bolander exhibited the cones of many species of pines growing in this ,state1 and stated what was known concerning the peculiarities of the different species1 and their geographical distribution4 ,he stated that the pines of ,california comprise sixteen true species1 which he described briefly4 ,there are twenty synonyms for these species1 which have created some confusion as to their real name and number4 ,the correct names of all1 with the popular characteristics of the most striking1 and their distribution1 are given herewith4 ,the names marked thus 99 are those of trees having persistent cones1 which they retain from ten to twenty years in some instances4 ,those marked thus retain their cones but two years4 ,those marked thus retain them but one year3 ,pinus insignis499--,well known as the ornamental ,monterey pine1 which is much cultivated in ,san ,francisco4 ,p4 muricata499--,not remarkable4 ,p4 contorta499--,small and bushy1 but valuable as shelter against wind4 ,grows abundantly near ,fort ,bragg1 in the ,mendocino country1 where it makes the stoutest wind-proof hedge known4 ,ought to be tried in ,san ,francisco4 ,p4 tuberculata499--,always small1 seldom higher than #ae to #cj feet4 ,p4 ponderosa4--,the well known yellow pine4 ,attains a height of #bbe feet and more1 and a circumference of #bc or #bd feet4 ,p4 ,lambertiana499--,the equally well known1 larger and handsome 8sugar pine10 or 8long-cone pine0 of ,frmont4 ,usually grows at great altitudes2 exceedingly valuable for timber1 and affords the principal supplies4 ,p4 ,coulteri4--,found in the lower eastern slope of the ,coast ,range4 ,not very large2 sometimes attains a height of #ge feet2 knotty1 but ornamental4 ,it is remarkable for having the largest cone of all the pines1 and specimens of its cone1 when first known1 brought five guineas in ,england4 ,p4 ,sabiniana4--,this is the nut pine of the foothills1 sometimes called the 8scrub pine10 or 8silver pine40 ,the ,digger ,indians gather the nuts from its cone as a favorite article of food4 ,it is found on the foothills of both ,coast ,ranges and ,sierra ,nevada4 ,mr4 ,bolander mentioned several species in the group of coast pines which he had not seen1 viz3 ,p4 ,llaveana1 east of ,san ,diego2 ,p4 deflexa1 on the summit of the ,california ,mountains2 ,p4 ,torreyana199 near ,san ,diego4 ,p4 monticola4--,a tall tree and affording fine timber2 said to be hardier than the sugar pine1 and might be preferred if its position near the summit did not make it difficult of access4 ,p4 flexilis4--,this grows on windy heights in the form of a low shrub1 so stout and thick that a man can stand on its top4 ,in low altitudes it reaches a height of a hundred feet4 ,it is useful only for firewood4 ,p4 monophylla4--,this is a stunted1 twisted tree1 which grows on the eastern slope of the ,sierra1 where it corresponds to the nut-pine on the western slope4 ,at a distance it resembles in shape the live oak4 ,its cone is ill shapen and has an offensive odor1 but yields a sweet nut4 ,p4 ,balfouriana4--,this species is found near ,scott's ,valley1 in ,northern ,california4 ,five species in the above list--insignis1 muricata1 ,llaveana1 deflexa and ,torreyana--are peculiar to the sea coast4 ,five species--the contorta1 ponderosa1 ,lambertiana1 ,sabiniana1 tuberculata--are found both in the ,coast ,ranges and ,sierra ,nevada4 ,the ,coulteri is found only in the ,coast ,range1 eastern slope2 the monticola only high in the ,sierra2 the flexilis only on the upper ,sierra and western slope of the same2 and the monophylla only on the eastern slope4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,february #d,,th1 #ahfg4 ,president in the ,chair4 ,twenty-eight members present4 ,messrs4 ,joseph ,p4 ,le,count1 ,c4 ,von ,liebenau1 ,amory ,f4 ,bell1 ,w4 ,c4 ,walker1 ,george ,h4 ,powers1 ,thomas ,bennett1 ,m4,d41 ,l4 ,gilson1 ,delos ,j4 ,howe1 ,r4 ,s4 ,williamson1 ,u4 ,s4 ,engineers1 ,r4 ,d',heureuse1 ,rev4 ,john ,f4 ,harrington1 ,h4 ,c4 ,hyde1 ,g4 ,b4 ,hitchcock and ,jacob ,bacon were elected ,resident ,members4 ,donations to ,library3 ,review of the ,mining1 ,agricultural and ,commercial ,interests of the ,pacific ,states1 from ,j4 ,h4 ,carmany4 ,essai ,politique sur la ,nouvelle ,espagne1 by ,a4 de ,humboldt1 #b ,vols41 #dto41 and atlas folio1 ,paris1 #ahaa1 presented by ,a4 ,sutro4 ,professor ,whitney read the following communication3 ,on the ,fresh ,water ,infusorial ,deposits of the ,pacific ,coast1 and their ,connection with the ,volcanic ,rocks4 ,,by ,j4 ,d4 ,,whitney4 ,the microscopic discoveries of the last few years have immensely extended the range and importance of the minute1 and1 to the naked eye1 invisible organisms1 which1 under the general designation of 8,infusoria10 are recognized as a part of the kingdom of nature4 ,it is especially to ,ehrenberg that we are indebted for a demonstration of the geological importance of the ,diatoms1 those microscopic organisms which so long puzzled naturalists to decide whether they were animal or vegetable in their nature1 but which are now1 by the majority of zologists1 referred to as plants4 ,in ,ehrenberg's great work1 the 8,mikrogeologie10 or geology in little1 this eminent naturalist has given the results of the examination1 by himself1 of specimens of infusorial rocks1 soils1 ashes1 dust1 and other accumulations or masses of matter from every quarter of the globe3 these investigations show most conclusively that deposits of vast extent--of such magnitude1 indeed1 as to form no inconsiderable portion of the earth's crust--are the result of organic agencies1 and that what seems to the eye an unorganized mass1 may in reality be made up of the delicately wrought and almost infinitely minute remains of plant or animal life4 ,that animals1 or plants1 so minute that a hundred millions of distinct individuals will scarcely weigh a single grain1 should form accumulations hundreds of feet in thickness and extending over thousands of square miles1 seems a hardly credible statement2 but a fact still more difficult to believe and comprehend is one which is thoroughly established by abundant evidence1 namely3 that immense deposits of volcanic materials1 or1 at least1 of materials closely connected in their origin and nature with volcanic action1 and spread over vast tracts of country in different parts of the world1 are also1 to a large extent1 made up of these microscopic organisms1 the existence of which seems dependent on the presence of water1 and so utterly at variance with a condition of volcanic activity4 ,throughout this volcanic region of ,california1 ,oregon1 ,nevada1 and probably as far north as the igneous masses extend1 which are well known to cover a vast area on the western side of our continent1 there are found deposits1 which are usually called 8fire-clay10 8kaolin10 8pipe-clay10 or simply 8clay20#cj these masses are1 however1 not at all of the nature of kaolin1 nor are they proper clay1 although they may1 in places1 pass into clay or shale4 ,the material of which this deposit is made up is exceedingly fine-grained1 seemingly an impalpable powder1 usually perfectly white and more or less distinctly stratified4 ,it is extremely light1 and resembles commercial magnesia more than anything else4 ,in its geological position1 it is found underlying the basaltic masses1 or the products of the last great eruptive action of the ,sierra ,nevada4 ,it is often associated with1 or intercalated among beds of gravel1 fine or coarse-grained sandstone and shales1 and bears the evident marks of being a sedimentary deposit made along the sides of a gently-descending broad valley1 or lake-like expansion of a valley4 ,this is its character in the ,sierra ,nevada2 but as we go north and northeast1 and come on to the great volcanic table lands of ,northern ,california and ,southern and ,eastern ,oregon1 we find the thickness of the deposits of this kind of material increasing1 and the area occupied by them more considerable4 ,the following localities are especially worthy of notice3 ,north of ,virginia ,city1 ,nevada2 ,surprise ,valley2 ,pit ,river1 near mouth of ,canoe ,creek2 ,klamath ,basin1 or in the vicinity of ,wright1 ,rhett and ,klamath ,lakes2 the ,des ,chutes ,basin4 ,of all the localities1 the last mentioned would seem to be the most remarkable for the extent and thickness of the deposits in question4 ,it was from here that the first specimens examined by ,ehrenberg1 in #ahdi1 were brought by ,frmont1 who represented the deposit as #ejj feet thick4 ,this region has since been examined by ,dr4 ,newberry1 who describes the caons of the tributaries of the ,des ,chutes as in places #b1jjj feet deep1 the plateaux between which caons are covered by basaltic lava1 and this is seen1 in the magnificent sections thus presented1 to rest on a thickness of hundreds of feet of tufaceous strata interstratified with a variety of beds of volcanic conglomerates1 pumice sand1 ashes1 etc4 ,dr4 ,newberry speaks of tufaceous strata #a1bjj feet in thickness1 in the caon near the mouth of the ,mptolyas ,river4 ,the white material1 of which some of the more prominent localities have been indicated above1 and which is well known to explorers under so many names1 as already mentioned1 is in reality chiefly of a silicious character1 and made up1 to a large extent1 of organic bodies of microscopic dimensions1 infusoria1 or ,diatomace4 ,this fact was first recognized in the case of the specimens collected by ,frmont on the ,des ,chutes ,river1 and examined by ,bailey and ,ehrenberg4 ,specimens collected by ,dr4 ,newberry1 on the ,pacific ,railroad ,survey1 were also examined by ,professor ,bailey1 but ,i am not aware that any detailed description of the results was ever published4 ,among the collection of the ,geological ,survey are a large number of specimens of the white infusorial deposit1 underlying the lava at various localities4 ,of these a preliminary examination has been made by ,professor ,brewer1 and a large supply of material is now in the hands of ,mr4 ,a4 ,m4 ,edwards1 of ,new ,york1 for a detailed examination and report4 ,the fact has been already well demonstrated that all or nearly all these fine1 white1 light masses are made up1 to a large extent1 of the silicious remains of the diatomace1 and in all cases of forms peculiar to fresh water4 ,the geological position of these beds is extremely recent4 ,they extend from the latter portion of the ,pliocene into the ,post-pliocene epoch1 and seem to have continued their existence nearly1 if not quite1 down to the present day4 ,so far the facts are very simple1 and the principal results of our detailed microscopic examination of these infusorial deposits will be1 the knowledge of the range of the different species which occur in them1 and the relations of the various forms to those now living1 either in this region or in other parts of the world4 ,this the extent of our collections will give us better opportunities to do than others have yet had4 ,there is a point1 however1 of great interest connected with these deposits1 in regard to which ,i desire to make some remarks at this present time1 and on which ,i consider that our explorations are capable of throwing some light4 ,ehrenberg has recently#ca examined a specimen collected many years ago1 in the ,toluca ,valley1 ,mexico1 by the well-known mining engineer ,burkart1 of what he denominates a 8,phytolitharien ,tuff0 or phytolithic tufa1 and which came to him labeled 8,trachytic ,tufa1 from ,toluca ,valley1 quere1 whether pumice-like or infusorial40 ,of this1 ,ehrenberg says3 8,it is a silver-gray1 easily crumbled1 gritty tufa1 which does not effervesce with acids1 and which1 when heated1 becomes darker1 but not black1 and then assumes a light-brownish color40 ,the microscopic analysis of it showed that it was made up to a large extent of phytolitharia1 which probably belong chiefly to the grasses1 and between them lie scattered a comparatively small number of bacillaria4 ,all are fresh-water forms4 ,in his remarks on this material1 ,ehrenberg recalls the other specimens of infusorial tufas1 which have been examined by him1 at various times1 since #ahci4 ,he mentions particularly the rock from the ,des ,chutes ,river1 collected by ,frmont2 also trachytic tufa1 with organic remains1 from ,honduras2 trachytic tufa from the volcano ,maibu1 in ,chile2 the mud-ejections 787 of the volcanoes near ,quito2 the ejections 787 of the volcano ,imbabaru1 as well as those from the island of ,guadaloupe4 ,in regard to the ,des ,chutes ,river deposit1 it may be incidentally remarked that the eminent microscopist seems to assign to it a much greater geological age than it really deserves2 it is1 unquestionably1 as recent as the latter part of the ,pliocene4 ,it would appear from what ,ehrenberg has published1 that he considers this occurrence of organic forms1 in connection with reputed volcanic masses1 to be something extremely difficult to explain1 as indeed it is1 if we adopt the view taken by him1 namely1 that these so-called tufaceous materials are the direct products of volcanic action2 that is to say1 that they have been ejected from craters1 either in the form of showers of ashes or of mud out-flows4 ,it would be1 indeed1 to my comprehension1 something entirely inexplicable1 that such vast masses of matter1 made up to a large extent of organic forms1 should be poured forth from the interior of the earth4 ,this would be the case1 as it appears to me1 no matter what theory of volcanic action one might choose to adopt2 since1 whatever may be the cause1 no one will deny that a high temperature is1 at least1 one of the results4 ,that ,ehrenberg really considers these infusorial deposits to be of eruptive origin1 is evident from a remark in his last communication1 7that in reference to the specimen from the ,toluca ,valley7 to the effect that the occurrence of fresh-water forms1 exclusively1 in these infusorial masses is evidence that volcanic phenomena are not dependent on1 or connected with1 the presence of sea-water1 as is generally supposed1 from the fact that volcanoes are situated1 in most cases1 near the sea coast4 ,not having the necessary works of reference at hand to be able to see1 in all the cases cited by ,ehrenberg1 exactly what the evidence is1 on which his theory of the origin of these infusorial deposits is founded1 ,i will not attempt to give an authoritative statement in regard to any others than those which belong to this coast2 but ,i cannot avoid drawing the inference1 that the same conditions which are so easily traced here will1 on future examination1 be found existing in all the other localities cited by him4 ,the mode of occurrence of these fresh-water infusorial deposits in ,california1 and on the ,pacific coast in general1 is very simple4 ,they are accumulations of organisms which have been collected at the bottom of the lakes1 or in the lake-like shallow expansions of rivers1 in which they grew4 ,this growth took place at a time when volcanic agencies were busily at work1 giving rise to accumulations of ashes1 pumice1 and other materials4 ,the rapidity with which these infusorial deposits form1 at the present time even1 the vast extent over which they are distributed1 and the general importance in the geological history of the earth1 are now matters which are well understood1 of the masses thus accumulated and in regard to which the store of facts has been rapidly growing in magnitude during the past few years4 ,the mud deposits and deltas of rivers1 the bottoms of lakes and swamps1 and the bed of the ocean itself1 are the repositories of these forms4 ,heat and stagnant water seem to be what is required for their rapid reproduction and the consequent rapid accumulation of their remains4 ,the infusorial deposits of ,central ,california--,i refer now to those of fresh water origin1 and connected with volcanic masses--are all situated in such positions as to show1 that they were formed and deposited in shallow water2 that1 through the various alternations of calm and convulsion in the ,sierra1 they were at one time allowed to accumulate in quiet1 then swept over by masses of gravel and sand1 indicating a furious rush of water1 then covered with a shower of ashes and pumice from the neighboring volcanoes of the ,sierra then in active operation2 and finally1 at the grand finale of the basaltic lava overflow of the chain1 capped with this indestructible material1 which has effectually prevented the washing away of the otherwise easily removed infusorial deposits4 ,this is the connection between the volcanic and the infusorial masses2 by their absolute indestructibility the former have protected the latter from denudation1 and consequently we see them always accompanying each other3 for where the cover did not exist1 there the denuding forces have swept away every vestige of the soft and easily yielding material1 or else it remains concealed under the water4 ,to form an idea of the extent of the erosion which has taken place since these infusorial beds were deposited1 and the consequent change in the configuration of the country1 we must bear in mind that the whole of the present river caons on the west slope of the ,sierra have been excavated since that time1 and that1 in many places1 the strata have been removed to a vertical depth of between two and three thousand feet4 ,everything shows that the surface covered by fresh water in the region east of the crest of the ,sierra was1 at a not very distant epoch1 much greater in extent than it now is4 ,there existed1 probably during or immediately after the glacial epoch1 a chain of great lakes occupying a large portion of the country from ,walker's ,lake to the ,des ,chutes ,river1 a distance of about four hundred miles1 and extending over a breadth of not less than one hundred4 ,a large portion of this region is now a volcanic plateau2 and1 where cut into by the force of running water1 the deposits of infusorial strata may be seen1 sometimes thin and unimportant1 but often of great thickness4 ,observations and measurements of terraces and determination of the altitude of all these old lake deposits will enable us at some future time to indicate on the map the area once occupied by this great chain of inland seas4 ,the vast extent of the lacustrine infusorial formations on the east side of the ,sierra is thus accounted for1 as well as the comparatively small area which they cover on the western slope4 ,in addition to the stratigraphical reason given above why the infusorial strata should occur connected with eruptive masses1 there may be a chemical one which shall1 in part1 account for the apparent great development of the diatomace in volcanic regions4 ,these organisms require an amount of silica1 infinitesimally small for each individual1 but in reality enormous for the number of organisms required to develop themselves over the vast area and with the thickness which they occupy4 ,that a volcanic region should supply a larger amount of silica in the state in which it can be appropriated by the diatomace1 is extremely probable4 ,we know that silicification of all organic matters occurring in these volcanic regions of our coast proceeds with the greatest rapidity1 and has taken place on an extensive scale4 ,the thermal springs contain a great amount of free silica1 and it is in the vicinity of such springs that large infusorial deposits are frequently found4 ,it seems that it could only be in regions particularly favorable for the secretion of their silicious coverings1 that these infusoria could be accumulated with such rapidity as to form what may be called1 without exaggeration1 mountain masses4 ,it is also possible that temperature may have something to do with this rapid development1 and that volcanic regions may on this account be favorable to it4 ,to my apprehension1 the phenomena of infusorial deposits in connection with volcanic masses admit of an easy explanation on this coast1 at least2 and ,i can hardly believe that any of the localities of diatomace1 if closely examined1 would present any such difficulties as to make the assumption necessary that they have been ejected from the interior of the earth4 ,in cases where infusoria seem to have been actually ejected from craters1 as is said to have been the case in some of the ,south ,american volcanoes1 it is not difficult to understand that an ancient crater may have become filled up and temporarily converted into a lake2 and that1 after the growth and deposition of an infusorial deposit at the bottom1 a new eruption may have broken out in the same place as a previous one1 or in its immediate neighborhood4 ,in such a case1 among the ejected material1 a large quantity of the infusoria would be found mingled with the ashes1 which must pass through the material collected in the bottom of the crater as they rise from the interior of the earth4 ,the bursting of lakes at the bases of volcanic cones1 caused by the rapid melting of the snows above them1 have often given rise to torrents of volcanic mud1 called 8,moya0 in ,south ,america1 in which both animal and vegetable remains are often inclosed in great quantity2 but the connection between the organic and inorganic phenomena1 in such cases1 is perfectly evident4 ,in fact1 ,i see no reason for suspecting any connection between the infusorial deposits and the volcanic masses of this coast1 or of any other part of the world1 which should influence the geologist in forming an opinion with regard to the cause or the locality of volcanic action4 ,in conclusion1 it may be remarked that the marine infusorial rocks of the ,pacific coast1 and especially of ,california1 are of great extent and importance4 ,they occur in the ,coast ,ranges1 from ,clear ,lake to ,los ,angeles4 ,they are of no little economical1 as well as scientific1 interest2 since1 as ,i conceive1 the existence of bituminous materials in this ,state1 in all their forms1 from the most liquid to the most dense1 is due to the presence of infusoria--the proofs of which statement ,i will1 at some future time1 endeavor to set before the ,academy4 #cj ,they are also frequently called 8magnesia10 and have been repeatedly stated by 8assayers0 in ,san ,francisco to be made up of that earth4 #ca ,see ,monatsbericht der ,kn4 ,preuss4 ,akad4 zu ,berlin1 #ahff1 page #aeh4 ,dr4 ,kellogg read a paper on 8,fungi10 in which he gave a full account of their nature1 distribution1 and uses4 ,mr4 ,lorquin exhibited two ducks1 and made some remarks in regard to them4 ,one of them he considered a hybrid between the ,pintail and the ,mallard1 and the other between the ,pintail and the ,teal4 ,mr4 ,falkenau gave an account of the chemical reactions of the red matter exhibited by ,dr4 ,behr to the ,academy1 at the meeting of ,january #gth4 ,the quantity was too small for a satisfactory result4 ,dr4 ,stivers made some remarks on the ,nereocystes ,ltkeana1 one of the ,alg1 and remarkable for its absorptive power4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,february #ah,,th1 #ahfg4 ,president in the ,chair4 ,twenty-five members present4 ,messrs4 ,i4 ,w4 ,raymond1 ,rodmond ,gibbons1 ,thomas ,h4 ,selby1 ,daniel ,knight1 ,f4 ,a4 ,holman1 ,m4 ,d41 ,edmund ,scott1 ,henry ,edwards1 ,john ,melville1 ,george ,daly1 ,robinson ,gibbons1 ,gregory ,yale1 ,james ,howden1 ,george ,h4 ,fillmore1 ,marshall ,hastings1 ,john ,l4 ,eckley and ,lee ,j4 ,ransom were elected ,resident ,members1 and ,j4 ,g4 ,cooper1 ,m4,d41 a ,life ,member4 ,donation to the ,cabinet3 ,a skull of a ,california ,indian1 taken from a burial place in ,alameda ,county1 near ,centreville1 by ,mr4 ,l4 ,g4 ,yates4 ,donation to the ,library3 ,the ,pacific ,medical and ,surgical ,journal for #ahfe and #ahff1 by ,dr4 ,h4 ,gibbons4 ,prof4 ,w4 ,p4 ,blake read the following communication3 ,notice of ,fossil ,elephants' ,teeth from the ,northwest ,coast4 ,,by ,w4 ,p4 ,,blake4 ,the two molar teeth of the extinct elephant which ,i exhibit this evening were presented to me by ,col4 ,bulkley1 ,superintendent of the ,american and ,russian ,telegraph4 ,one is from the mouth of the ,yukon ,river1 and the other from ,st4 ,paul's ,island1 near the middle of ,behring's ,sea4 ,the remains of elephants are abundant in both places4 ,tusks are sometimes found1 and one has been sent by ,col4 ,bulkley to the ,smithsonian ,institution4 ,these new localities may be regarded as forming a connecting link between those of ,siberia and ,america1 and indicate the former continuous distribution of the ancient elephant upon the two continents4 ,the following list of localities1 known to me1 of similar fossils in ,california1 will show that the elephant must have been frequently seen here in very early times3 ,at ,mare ,island2 in ,placer ,county1 near ,forest ,hill2 in ,tuolumne ,county1 at ,columbia1 ,shaw's ,flat1 ,texas ,flat and near ,sonora2 in ,calaveras ,county1 at ,knight's ,ferry2 in ,los ,angeles ,county1 at ,san ,pedro4 ,the last is1 ,i believe1 the most southern point at which such remains have been found in this ,state4 ,mr4 ,falkenau read a paper on ,peat1 in which he gave an account of the origin1 distribution and uses of this material4 ,in the discussion which followed the reading of this communication1 it was stated by ,mr4 ,bolander that no valuable beds of peat had yet been discovered on this coast4 ,messrs4 ,keyes and ,behr also commented on supposed discoveries of this material in ,california4 ,the peculiar climate of this region was noticed as unfavorable to the development of this material4 ,dr4 ,h4 ,gibbon made some remarks on the simultaneity of storms on both sides of this continent4 ,prof4 ,whitney made some remarks supplementary to his communication to the ,academy in #ahfb1 on the question--8,which is the highest mountain in the ,united ,states1 and which in ,north ,america80 ,he remarked that but little had been done1 outside of ,california1 during the last five years1 towards improving our knowledge of the topography of the western part of our continent4 ,some valuable contributions to the physical geography of the central portion of the eastern edge of the ,rocky ,mountains1 have been published by ,drs4 ,c4 ,c4 ,parry and ,engelmann in the ,transactions of the ,st4 ,louis ,academy1 7#ahfc and #ahff7 and several peaks were measured by ,dr4 ,parry2 but of these only two are located on any map1 namely3 ,long's and ,pike's4 ,of these ,long's ,peak is #ac1def feet1 and ,pike's1 #ad1bae2 this latter being the highest summit in the ,rocky ,mountain range1 at least within the borders of our own territory4 ,of the continuation of the ,rocky ,mountains north into ,british ,columbia1 but little is known4 ,some peaks are said to be #af1jjj feet and over in height2 but it is believed that no accurate measurements have been made in that region2 and1 further1 it is not at all in accordance with what we have learned of the relation of peaks to passes in other mountain chains1 to suppose that when the passes are as low as #e1jjj feet1 the mountains on either hand should rise to an altitude of #af1jjj feet4 ,this would be more probable were the high points volcanic cones2 but this they are not supposed to be4 ,lord ,milton and ,dr4 ,cheadle's book1 recently published1 gives no information as to the height of the peaks near the pass traversed by their party1 7the ,leather ,head ,pass7 except a statement that one point1 far exceeding all others in elevation1 was 8from #aj1jjj to #ae1jjj feet high40 ,professor ,whitney referred again to the fact that the height of ,mt4 ,st4 ,elias1 as given on the ,british ,admiralty charts1 and probably from ,sir ,edward ,belcher's measurement1 namely1 #ad1igj feet1 was still ignored by all compilers of gazetteers and geographies1 even down to ,ansted's latest work1 published in #ahfg4 ,the old figures1 #ag1hed feet1 obtained from an old ,spanish document found in ,mexico by ,humboldt1 have been shown to be grossly exaggerated by two separate measurements of more modern times4 ,the recent measurement of ,mt4 ,hood by ,mr4 ,a4 ,wood1 was mentioned1 and several reasons given why little weight should be attached to it4 ,if ,mr4 ,wood's measurement were correct1 the height of ,mt4 ,hood must be nearly #d1jjj feet greater than that of ,mt4 ,shasta1 and so notable a fact would have been clearly recognized by explorers1 as it always has been that ,mt4 ,shasta itself is nearly that much higher than ,lassen's ,peak4 ,but1 on the other hand1 experienced observers have stated that ,mt4 ,hood was not as high as ,mt4 ,shasta1 nor as ,mt4 ,adams1 or ,mt4 ,rainier1 this last-named peak being1 according to ,wilkes1 only #ab1cjj feet4 ,again1 ,mt4 ,hood was roughly measured by ,dr4 ,vansant1 and his result 7#aa1icd feet7 gives the height of that mountain as less than that of ,mt4 ,adams1 also measured by him with the same instrument1 and this instrument could hardly have been so rough and liable to error as the one employed by ,mr4 ,wood4 ,further1 this last-named gentleman gives the limit of forest vegetation on ,mt4 ,hood as #i1jjj feet1 while our careful observations on ,mt4 ,shasta place it on that mountain1 at #h1jjj feet4 ,it is certainly contrary to what we have everywhere on this coast observed1 to suppose that the limit to which arboreal growth reaches1 should not fall considerably in going north three hundred miles1 rather than rise #a1jjj feet1 as would be the case if ,mr4 ,wood's measurements were correct4 ,finally1 that ,mr4 ,wood's figures are not very reliable is shown by the fact1 that on plotting his estimates of distances traveled and the angles of the slopes as given by him1 it was found that1 to correspond with his statements1 the mountain must be no less than #cc1djj feet high4 ,finally1 ,professor ,whitney concluded that we have as yet no satisfactory evidence to invalidate the statement previously made by him1 that we have in ,california the highest mountains in the ,united ,states1 and the grandest and largest mountain mass in ,north ,america1 although one or two of the volcanic cones of ,mexico rise to higher altitudes than any of our peaks4 ,prof4 ,whitney also exhibited one of the short barometers made for the ,geological ,survey1 by ,james ,green1 of ,new ,york4 ,having had occasion to work at high elevations--the party being sometimes1 for weeks together1 camped at from #h1jjj to #aj1jjj feet above the sea--it has been found that the vacuum in the ordinary barometer tubes soon becomes deteriorated1 and the mercury dirty from the constant lowering and raising of the column1 which is required when a large number of observations are taken at so great an elevation4 ,by having the barometer tube made only long enough to commence the reading at about twenty-four inches1 or at an elevation of #f1jjj or #g1jjj feet1 the difficulty above specified is to a great degree avoided1 and the instrument made much more portable and convenient to carry1 especially on peaks so steep that both hands are needed to aid in climbing4 ,two of these short barometers have been used in the high mountain work of the ,california ,survey1 and found extremely convenient4 ,of course the short barometer must be compared with a long one at some station camp of sufficiently great elevation to allow this to be done4 ,dr4 ,gibbons made some remarks on the inferior quality of the macadamizing material employed in this city4 ,he inquired if any person knew of the existence of any better stone for this purpose1 in the vicinity of ,san ,francisco4 ,prof4 ,whitney replied that an excellent basaltic rock was to be had in great abundance near ,petaluma1 at a point convenient for shipment1 and that there was no really valuable rock for macadamizing to be had nearer than this point4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,march #d,,th1 #ahfg4 ,president in the ,chair4 ,twenty-nine members present4 ,messrs4 ,j4 ,m4 ,sibley1 ,william ,norris1 ,henry ,pickel1 ,john ,w4 ,nystrom1 ,ross ,e4 ,brown1 ,cornelius ,b4 ,miller and ,theodore ,p4 ,painter were elected ,resident ,members4 ,donations to the ,cabinet3 8,electro-,silicon10 7,infusorial ,silica7 from ,six-,mile ,caon1 near ,virginia ,city1 ,nevada1 from ,dr4 ,lanszweert2 ,fossil ,fruit1 from ,long ,valley1 ,mendocino ,county1 from ,c4 ,beottie2 ,fossil ,shells1 from the line of the ,erie 7,steuben ,county1 ,n4 ,y47 ,railroad1 by ,a4 ,t4 ,beardsley2 ,magnesium ,wire1 by ,c4 ,z4 ,wilson2 ,fragment from the 8,pyramid of ,cheops10 by ,mr4 ,elliott2 ,two ,specimens of ,petrified ,wood1 from ,sonoma ,county1 ,package of ,coffee ,seed and ,specimen of ,nest of ,trap-,door ,spider1 from ,dr4 ,kellogg4 ,prof4 ,whitney announced the death of ,alexander ,dallas ,bache1 and read a notice of his life and eminent scientific services4 ,mr4 ,stearns read the following communication1 prefacing it with some remarks on the hibernation and stivation of land shells3 ,remarkable ,instance of ,vitality in a ,snail4 ,in that invaluable work to the conchological student1 entitled 8,recent and ,fossil ,shells10 by ,s4 ,p4 ,woodward1 pp4 #ah and #ai1 reference is made to certain genera and species of land shells1 and several instances are cited proving the remarkable vitality of these comparatively insignificant animals1 and their ability to exist for great lengths of time without food4 ,particular mention is made of a specimen of the snail ,helix desertorum1 which was affixed to a tablet in the ,british ,museum1 ,march #beth1 #ahdf1 and upon the #gth of ,march1 #ahej1 it was observed that the animal must have come out of the shell1 as the paper was discolored in the attempt to get away1 but finding escape impossible1 it had withdrawn inside of the shell and closed the aperture with the usual glistening film1 which led to its immersion in tepid water and marvelous recovery4 ,it will be noticed that this period embraced nearly four years4 ,a more remarkable case has come under my observation1 which is worthy of mention4 ,dr4 ,veatch1 a member of this ,academy1 visited ,cerros or ,cedros ,island1 opposite the west coast of ,lower ,california1 and upon his return1 in the year #ahei1 brought home1 among other shells1 a species of ,helix1 supposed to be new1 described by ,dr4 ,newcomb1 of ,oakland1 and to which the latter gave the name of ,helix ,veatchii2 many specimens of this species were obtained1 and some of them were given by ,dr4 ,veatch to the late ,thomas ,bridges4 ,mr4 ,bridges died in ,september1 #ahfe1 and in ,december of the same year a portion of his collection passed into my hands1 including the same specimens of ,helix ,veatchii to which ,i have before alluded4 ,judge of my surprise1 when one day1 upon a careful examination1 ,i detected a living specimen1 which1 after being placed in a box of moist earth1 in a short time commenced crawling about1 apparently as well as ever4 ,fearing from its activity that by some accident it might crawl away1 and ,i might thus lose it1 after a fortnight's furlough from its long imprisonment1 ,i placed it in a pill-box1 marking the date of its reimprisonment upon the cover1 in order that at some future time ,i may examine it1 and ascertain possibly1 if it does not outlive me1 how long a snail can live without rations4 ,here is an instance of a snail living at least six years--in ,californian parlance1 without a single 8square meal40 ,mr4 ,bolander made some remarks in regard to the botanical collections of ,mr4 ,alphonso ,wood1 in ,california and ,oregon1 in #ahff4 ,mr4 ,wood claims to have collected in five months1 in ,california1 #a1dij species of flowering plants1 as appears by a letter over his own signature in the ,san ,francisco ,bulletin2 furthermore1 he also asserts1 that during his whole journey in ,california and ,oregon he collected #ae1jjj specimens1 representing #b1gid species of plants4 ,this journey occupied about eleven months1 including the time spent in coming from and returning to the ,east4 ,the route of ,mr4 ,wood was from ,san ,diego north1 through the regions which have been most thoroughly collected over and studied by botanists1 namely1 along the stage road to ,los ,angeles and ,san ,bernardino1 then to ,san ,louis ,obispo1 ,santa ,cruz1 and north through the ,sacramento ,valley1 past the base of ,mount ,shasta1 and along the stage road to the ,columbia ,river4 ,mr4 ,bolander considered it probable that there were not over #ejj species of flowering plants actually existing in that part of ,california explored by ,mr4 ,wood1 and in which he professes to have collected #a1dij species4 ,according to ,professor ,brewer's careful investigations1 it appears that over fifty botanists have collected in ,california and ,oregon1 during a period extending back for more than seventy years4 ,some of these collectors were engaged for years in the business1 and had far greater facilities at their command than those enjoyed by ,mr4 ,wood1 and they have jointly thoroughly explored a far greater area than that even hastily passed over by him4 ,yet1 the sum total of all the species obtained1 up to the time of ,mr4 ,wood's visit1 is only about #a1hjj species1 while he claims to have found #b1gid2 that is to say1 nearly #a1jjj species more than had been brought to light by fifty persons in seventy years4 ,the absurdity of ,mr4 ,wood's claims is self-evident4 ,but1 a comparison of his figures with those of ,eastern botanists will throw still further light on this subject4 ,professor ,gray enumerates1 in his manual1 only #b1dbf species of plants as occurring in the eighteen ,northern ,united ,states and ,canada ,east1 embracing an area of no less than #fjj1jjj square miles4 ,the whole of ,california and ,oregon includes only about #bej1jjj square miles1 only a very small portion of which could have been thoroughly explored by ,mr4 ,wood2 how unlikely1 then1 that he should have actually obtained1 in nine months1 #cfh species more on #bej1jjj square miles1 than all the botanists of the ,east have found on more than double that area4 ,mr4 ,bolander also brought forward ample evidence to show that ,mr4 ,wood was not competent to determine how many new species he had collected1 proving by the written statements of ,dr4 ,kellogg1 and others1 that he was not acquainted with some of the most common and easily recognized genera of this coast4 ,dr4 ,gibbons made some remarks on the rain-fall of this region during the last seventeen years4 ,mr4 ,gutzkow exhibited a sheet of metallic silver of three feet in diameter1 and about three ounces ,troy weight1 which had the appearance and consistency of white writing paper4 ,it was taken from the surface of a lead-lined tank1 in which a solution of protoxide of iron was saturated1 near the boiling point1 with sulphate of silver4 ,if the temperature of the solution is maintained at a certain height1 sheet after sheet can be stripped off from the surface4 ,the silver thus obtained1 is1 after washing with muriatic acid to free it from the iron solution1 chemically pure1 and by its peculiar shape and purity1 well adapted to serve as proof silver for assaying purposes4 ,the experiment will work only when operating on a rather large scale1 so as to prevent the too sudden cooling of the solution4 ,the chemical action to which it is due is the oxydation of the protoxide of iron into sesquioxide at the expense of the oxygen combined with the silver4 ,this oxydation1 which is known to precipitate the silver as a whitish powder1 begins to take place only at a certain temperature below the boiling point1 and is made1 in the above experiment1 to act on the crystals of sulphate of silver separating on the surface of the slowly cooling solution4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,march #ah,,th1 #ahfg4 ,president in the ,chair4 ,twenty-six members present4 ,messrs4 ,elisha ,brooks1 ,ellis ,h4 ,holmes1 ,l4 ,c4 ,lane1 ,m4,d41 ,john ,c4 ,pelton1 ,j4 ,m4 ,sharkey1 ,m4,d41 ,j4 ,a4 ,bauer1 and ,robert ,hagen1 were elected ,resident ,members1 and ,w4 ,h4 ,dall a ,corresponding ,member4 ,donations to the ,cabinet3 ,crystal of ,borax1 from ,borax ,lake1 by ,mr4 ,lightner2 a ,bald ,eagle1 by ,dr4 ,ayres2 a specimen of ,wallapi ,food1 by ,frank ,s4 ,alling1 ,el ,dorado ,caon2 gold-bearing ,quartz1 from ,south ,carolina1 by ,gregory ,yale2 ,wolf ,fish1 from ,frank ,johnson2 specimen of ,bdellostoma1 from ,dr4 ,canfield4 ,dr4 ,cooper presented the following paper3 ,the ,west ,coast ,helicoid ,land ,shells4 ,,by ,j4 ,g4 ,,cooper1 ,m4,d4 ,in the article on p4 #bei1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 of these ,proceedings for ,april #b;d1 #ahff1 ,i suggested a division of the ,californian ,banded ,helices into five subgenera1 founded on the shells alone4 ,since then1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,w4 ,tryon has published a synopsis of all of them except ,h4 facta in his 8,journal of ,conchology10 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,part #d1 for ,october1 #ahff1 arranging them in the 8genera0 ,aglaia1 ,arianta and ,polymita1 but differing essentially from ,albers and other authors in the species he assigns to these groups4 ,the types of these subgenera1 however1 differ so much from our species that it is easy to separate the shells by good subgeneric characters2 and as they inhabit respectively ,south ,america1 ,europe1 and ,cuba1 it is very probable that the animals differ still more4 ,until these have been compared1 we may well hesitate in referring ours to the same groups1 and must for the present be guided by the shells alone4 ,in examining these1 the most striking and almost universal character we find is the presence of a dark band1 generally pale margined1 on one or both sides1 and situated at or close to the breathing aperture in the animal's mantle1 apparently having some physiological connection with this opening4 ,it is too uniform and general to be merely an ornamental marking1 such as we find in many species1 especially the tropical1 which usually show no uniformity in the arrangement of their bands4 ,the next most constant characters are those derived from the nature of the surface1 whether hirsute1 with revolving grooves1 smooth or variously sculptured1 with wrinkles1 zigzag or oblique patterns4 ,although colors alone are usually unreliable as subgeneric characters1 ,i am inclined to consider them as such in the case of these and some allied species1 from their apparent connection with important organs4 ,in fact the band1 so constant in this large series of species1 takes precedence of considerable variety of form1 for the variations in outline1 umbilicus1 and peristome1 though great in the extremes1 are so gradually shaded and blended together in the whole series that no well-defined generic divisions can be founded on them1 though useful for the minor grouping4 ,the umbilicus especially is variable even in specimens of the same species1 those from southern and arid regions being often nearly imperforate1 and more conical than others4 ,several ,mexican species belong to the same series1 such as ,h4 ,,remondii ,tryon1 ,h4 ,,griseola ,pfeiff1 and ,h4 ,,berlandieriana ,moric41 the two last extending to ,texas4 ,others1 as ,h4 ,,humboldtiana ,val41 scarcely differ from the typical ,pomatia in form4 ,i would1 however1 exclude the true ,hygromias associated with these by ,tryon4 ,i would also exclude the plain or variegated species of ,lower ,california1 which approach nearer to ,polymita4 ,it must be observed that many of our species approach in form to others of allied groups1 so that if we overlook characters of color and surface1 we will be inclined to place in the same groups1 ,nos4 #dj and #eb1 #bd and #cb1 #bi and #dg1 etc4 ,even in color ,nos4 #cb to #ce show an approach to the group of ,lower ,california1 but seem more closely allied to our series1 having merely a geographical affinity to the former4 ,size is of little value1 even as a specific character among the land shells1 nearly all the species furnishing specimens twice as large as others of the same kind4 ,the proportions of height to breadth are more reliable1 but not constant4 ,the subgenus or division characterized by the band is scarcely distinguishable as a whole from the typical ,helix1 7type pomatia7 of ,europe1 though the extremes vary greatly1 simulating the three or more foreign genera to which various authors have attached them4#cb ,our species are distinct enough among themselves when the true specific characters here given are noted1 though occasionally hybrids undoubtedly occur4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,newcomb has raised many specimens in his garden in ,oakland1 combining the characters of ,nos4 #bd1 #be1 #bi1 #ca1 and #dc1 in such manner that it is often impossible to determine which they belong to4 ,yet their natural locations are usually so widely separated that only occasionally can hybrids occur in a state of nature1 and where several do inhabit one locality1 as #bd1 #bg1 #bh1 #df do at ,santa ,cruz1 though nearly allied1 intermediate forms are not found4 ,some of the so-called species are1 however1 scarcely more than hybrids or varieties1 but the names are retained as indicating their differences1 though almost every species is divisible into varieties as well marked or better4 ,thus the specimen described on p4 #bfj of this volume 7from ,mount ,diablo7 seems to be a hybrid between mormonum and ramentosa1 and we also find specimens connecting the latter with #be1 #bf1 and perhaps others4 ,occasional links also occur1 connecting many others of the banded species together4 ,a similar intermixing of species1 where nearly allied1 occurs among our marine shells wherever two or more encroach on each other's limits2 but the comparative rarity of the intermediate forms seems to indicate hybridity rather than specific identity of their allies4 ,it is probable that groups ,x and ,,xi and ,,xiii and ,,xiv should be united1 as the distinctive characters between them are not of first importance1 and species of each are very closely similar otherwise4 ,parallel columns may be formed1 as indicated on p4 #bfj1 in which close resemblances in form1 number of whorls1 etc41 between species of the different groups may be shown1 and this may be extended so as to show analogous parallels with those of other sub-families1 or even families1 but these resemblances do not indicate affinity1 though very likely to mislead4 ,a geographical arrangement of some groups is also indicated1 though imperfectly1 as there are no impassable limits between them4 ,for special localities of many species1 see vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #fb1 #aae1 #ahj1 #bei1 and ,,ii1 #ia1 #ajc4cc ,the ,darwinian theory of development might be very beautifully illustrated by these banded snails1 if we could find evidence that their various forms had all originated from a common stock 7which might be the ramentosa1 as that species now occupies a nearly central locality74 ,but though fossil forms have been found differing considerably from their present representatives1 there are others apparently as old1 which show no such differences1 and none of them show a tendency towards any common original type4 ,the one referred to by ,professor ,whitney on p4 #bgh1 as found with the human skull of supposed pliocene 787 age1 does not differ perceptibly from specimens of mormonum1 now living near the locality4 ,it retains even its band of color1 which is soon lost in specimens imbedded near the surface1 and this 7if not preserved by its deep burial or incrustation7 is strong evidence against a great antiquity of the skull4 ,all other fossil ,helicoids are considered postpliocene1 at least so far as known in this ,state1 though extinct species occur in ,europe as far back as the ,eocene4 ,the bandless species of the west coast slope1 from lat4 #cc to #di1 are added to the synopsis1 to show their relations and analogies with the banded4 ,the arrangement followed is essentially that of ,tryon1 except the addition of some he has omitted1 or not yet published4 ,the generic divisions are also reduced to groups1 as the true generic characters are not yet settled4 ,the lip is entirely wanting in the first family1 but in the bandless ,helicid of this coast1 it becomes of great importance for grouping of species1 7#di to #ee7 of which we have very few1 while east of the ,rocky ,mountains there are more than fifty4 ,group ,,iii is also largely developed on the ,atlantic slopes4 ,the tendency now is to divide too much1 which is as unnatural as to unite all under genus ,,helix1 as many still do4 ,it is probable that the divisions here called subfamilies1 answer more nearly to the true genera than any others1 though they require modification1 and the selection of names applicable to them as genera1 is a difficult task4 ,to undertake to distinguish genera by the lingual teeth1 mucous pores1 or any other single character of the soft parts1 is less practicable than to do it by the shells alone1 and little if any more reliable4 ,there may1 however1 be foreign shells closely resembling ours in form1 which must still be separated on account of the animal4 ,i have omitted most of the compound terms used by authors to describe the forms or shells1 as they are not used with any uniform system1 and do not well define the differences between the various species of the same group4 ,the dimensions are more reliable for separating allied forms4 8,stri0 is also an indefinite term1 used by various authors for lines of growth1 revolving grooves or stripes of color1 and is therefore never used alone in this article4 ,it is remarkable that no reversed species or variety has yet been found west of the ,rocky ,mountains4 ,order ,,pulmonifera4 ,mollusca with or without shells1 breathing by lungs1 inhabiting the land1 fresh or salt waters4 ,subord4 ,,geophila4 ,terrestrial ,molluscs4 ,section with external rounded shells4 ,,note4--,the 99 indicates the original measurement of authors1 in hundredths of an inch4 ,a4 ,shell with edge of mouth sharp4 ,fam4 ,helicellid4 ,shell corneous1 thin1 polished1 translucent1 sometimes with internal teeth4 ,subfam4 ,vitrinin4 ,shell very fragile1 whorls #b or #c1 the last greatly expanded1 not covering the animal4 ,i ,genus ,,binneya ,cp4 ,ear-shaped1 nearly flat1 one-third the length of animal1 spire none1 corneous4 #a notabilis ,cp4 ,whorls #b1 pale brown1 first with #cj delicate revolving ribs1 epidermis expanded2 diam4 99#j4df1 alt4 #j4ab in4 ,,ii ,genus ,,vitrina ,drap4 ,depressed subglobose1 last whorl very large1 swollen1 imperforate1 shining4 #b ,pfeifferi ,newc4 ,wh4 #c1 greenish white1 suture finely margined1 columella arched1 spire flattened1 diam4 99#j4ai1 axis #j4ji4 ,subfam4 ,helicellin4 ,shell thin1 translucent1 whorls #d to #f1 mouth moderate1 surface smooth1 pitted below or perforated4 ,,iii ,group4 ,,hyalina ,feruss4 ,depressed globose1 moderately umbilicate1 or pitted1 vitreous1 shining1 whorls uniform4 #c ,breweri ,newc4 ,wh4 #e1 pale corneous1 umbilicus large1 suture slightly channeled1 aperture lunar2 diam4 99#j4bj1 axis #j4aj4 ,,iv ,group4 ,,macrocyclis ,beck4 ,discoid1 widely umbilicate1 growth lines often coarse1 last whorl usually deflexed4 #d ,newberryana ,w4 ,g4 ,binn4 ,wh4 #f1 reddish-brown1 flattened1 mouth not deflexed1 fine revolving stri2 diam4 #a4dc1 axis #j4ej4 #e ,vancouverensis ,lea4 ,wh4 #e1 yellowish-green1 shining1 very slight revolving grooves2 diam4 #a4aj to 99#a4be1 axis #j4dj4 #f sportella ,gould4 ,wh4 #e1 pale-greenish1 growth lines coarse1 crossed by revolving grooves2 diam4 99#j4ej to #j4gj1 axis #j4bj to #j4be4 #g ,voyana ,newc4 ,wh4 #e1 pale corneous1 mouth much sinuated above1 body whorl crossed by a thick callus2 diam4 99#j4ej1 axis #j4ae to #j4bj4 ,subfam4 ,gastrodontin4 ,generally depressed conic1 and lamellarly toothed inside1 growth lines distinct1 small4 ,v ,group4 ,,conulus ,fitz4 minute1 conoid1 whorls #d to #f1 narrow1 aperture basal1 transverse1 perforate or not1 without teeth4 #h chersina ,say4 ,wh4 #e-f1 amber-yellow1 imperforate1 base indurated1 smooth1 shining2 diam4 #j4aj to #j4ab1 axis1 #j4jh4 #i chersinella ,dall4 ,wh4 #d to #e1 yellowish1 narrowly perforate1 mouth oblique1 growth ribs distinct2 diam4 99#j4ad1 axis #j4ji4 ,subfam4 ,patulin4 ,thickish1 epidermis opaque1 form discoidal to subglobose1 umbilicate1 often striped or hirsute4 ,,vi ,group4 ,,pseudohyalina ,morse4 ,minute1 convex discoid1 nearly smooth1 umbilicate1 unicolor1 whorls #c to #e4 #aj milium ,morse4 ,wh4 #c1 greenish white1 plano-convex1 translucent1 minute revolving grooves2 diam4 #j4je1 axis #j4jb4 ,nevada ,co4 and ,angel ,island1 ,rowell1 ,monterey1 ,canfield1 ,san ,francisco and ,santa ,cruz1 rare4 ,no revolving grooves seen4 #aa minuscula ,binn4 ,wh4 #d1 whitish1 nearly flat1 mouth sub-oval1 whorls narrow1 smooth1 a parietal callus2 diam4 #j4ji1 axis #j4ja4 #ab conspecta ,bland4 ,wh4 #d1 dark corneous1 obtuse convex1 smooth1 mouth sub-circular1 oblique2 diam4 #j4jh to #j4aj1 axis #j4jd to #j4je4 ,,vii ,group4 ,,patula ,held4 ,size moderate1 convex-discoid1 concave below1 umbilicus showing all the whorls1 unicolor4 #ac ,hornii ,gabb4 ,wh4 #d1 opaque1 brown1 sparsely hirsute1 spire flattened1 umbilicus a little contracted2 diam4 99#j4af1 axis #j4ji4 #ad ,whitneyi ,newc4 ,wh4 #d1 smoky-brown1 smooth1 nearly flat1 umbilicus plainly perspective2 diam4 99#j4bj1 axis #j4aj4 #ae ,cronkhitei ,newc4 ,wh4 #d1 yellowish corneous1 a little convex1 growth-ribs distinct1 not plainly perspective2 diam4 99#j4bj1 axis #j4ae4 #af striatella ,anth4 ,wh4 #c-d1 pale corneous1 depressed convex1 umbilicus large1 shallow1 growth-ribs faint2 diam4 #j4bj1 axis #j4ae4 ,the west slope specimens may be all of last species4 #ag ,durantii ,newc4 ,wh4 #d1 light corneous1 flat above1 nearly smooth1 umbilicus perspective1 opaque2 diam4 99#j4bj1 axis #j4jg4 ,,viii ,group4 ,,helicodiscus8 ,morse4 ,planorboid1 whorls visible below1 several sets of internal teeth4 78,,polygyra0 ,tryon1 part47 #ah polygyrella ,bland4 ,wh4 #g to #h1 yellowish horn color1 #c teeth opposite mouth1 #c nearer mouth1 #a parietal2 diam4 99#j4dd1 axis #j4ai4 ,,ix ,group4 ,,anguispira ,morse4 ,large1 rather heavy1 subturbinate1 strongly ribbed1 grooved or striped1 umbilicate4 #ai ,idahoensis ,newc4 ,wh4 #e1 ashy corneous1 very convex1 #bj to #be strong ribs on last whorl1 fewer above2 diam4 99#j4eb1 axis #j4de4 #bj ,cooperii ,w4 ,g4 ,binn4 ,wh4 #e to #f1 white1 #a or #b brown distant bands or mottlings1 fine revolving grooves2 diam4 #j4eh to #j4ih1 axis #j4ce to #j4cg4 #cd #ba solitaria ,say4 ,wh4 #f1 white to dark brown1 #a to #d brown bands1 or a var4 787 brown1 with #a pale band2 diam4 #a4jj1 axis #j4hj4 #bb strigosa ,gould4 ,wh4 #e1 ashy to brown1 usually #e to #h banded below middle1 angled or carinate1 revolving grooves2 diam4 #j4ge to #a4jj1 axis #j4bh to #j4ej4 ,n4,b4 ,nos4 #ac1 #af1 #ah1 and ,group ,,ix are found only east of ,california4 ,b4 ,shell with a distinct thickened lip4 ,fam4 ,helicid4 ,epidermis thickish1 opaque1 colored1 lip thickened1 expanded1 reflected or toothed4 ,large or moderate4 ,genus ,,helix ,linn4 ,form globose--conic to depressed carinate2 umbilicus wide to very small or covered2 lip thickened1 sometimes a little expanded1 and rarely tuberculate below1 or continuous across body whorl4 ,color1 7in our species7 yellowish brown to black1 with a darker band around the periphery and sutural region1 generally margined on each side 7at least when young7 by a pale one4 ,band triple in young and thin specimens1 7wanting in varieties4 ,bandless specimens of ,nos4 #bd1 #be1 #bg1 #bh1 #cc1 have been noticed47 ,colors1 uniform brown or olivaceous1 sometimes mottled4 ,obliquely reticulate grooved1 or wrinkled-malleated4 ,from forests of oak1 etc41 in middle regions1 or moderate elevations southward4 ,x ,group4 78,,arianta0 ,albers1 ,no4 #bc4 8,,polymita0 ,tryon1 ,no4 #bd47 ,form resembling ,h4 pomatia1 sculpture in zigzag or divaricate grooves4 ,subimperforate4 #bc ,californiensis ,lea4 ,wh4 #e1 yellowish-olive1 thin1 band pale-margined1 sculpture faint1 subglobose2 diam4 #j4ge to #j4hh1 axis #j4ef to #j4fb4 #bd redimita ,w4 ,g4 ,binn4 ,wh4 7#d7 #e to #f1 reddish brown1 band single1 umbil4 small or none2 7var4 of #be87 diameter #j4hj1 axis #j4dh4 ,,xi ,group4 7,,arianta and ,,aglaia part41 auct47 ,form much like ,arianta arbustorum1 sculpture like last4 ,umbilicate4 #be ,nickliniana ,lea4 ,wh4 #f to #g1 yellowish-brown1 oblique grooved1 wrinkled or malleated1 umbil4 small2 diam4 #j4gb to #a4je1 axis #j4db to #j4hj4 #bf ,bridgesii ,newc4 7,not of ,tryon1 #ahff47 ,wh4 #f1 grayish corneous1 thinner1 band broader1 umbil4 wider than #be 7a var4872 diam4 99#a4jj1 axis #j4gc4 #bg arrosa ,gld4 ,wh4 #e to #g1 brown1 mottled yellow1 7vars4 yellow or olive1 bandless7 wrinkled malleate2 diam4 #a4aj to 99#a4fj1 axis #j4ei to #j4ij4 #bh exarata ,pfeiff4 7,not of ,weigm4 clatura ,fer47 ,wh4 #f to #g1 yellow1 or olive and brown mixed1 strongly wrinkled1 faintly malleate2 diam4 #j4ge to #a4ae1 axis #j4dj to #j4fb4 #bi ramentosa ,gld4 ,wh4 #e to #f1 yellowish brown1 thin1 oblique grooved1 sometimes wrinkled2 diam4 #j4gj to #a4cj1 axis #j4eg to #j4ij4 #cj reticulata ,pfeiff4 8,wh4 #e1 reddish brown1 band single1 sculpture like #bi10 7probably a var472 diam4 99#j4he1 axis #j4dg4 #ca tudiculata ,binn4 ,wh4 #e to #e1 brown or olive1 band wide1 paler margined1 malleate1 body whorl swollen2 diam4 #j4ij to #a4dj1 axis #j4de to #j4hj4 ,,xii ,group4 78,,polymita0 ,tryon1 part1 8,,arianta0 ,albers4 part47 ,sub-globose conic2 axis1 #j4f to #j4h diam42 band single1 obscure1 or none1 often mottled2 smooth or with revolving grooves1 sub-imperforate4 ,usually paler below4 #cb ,kellettii ,forbes4 ,wh4 #e1 reddish with pale mottling in bands1 faint revolving or oblique grooves2 diam4 #j4gb to #a4bj1 axis #j4dh to #j4fh4 #cc crebristriata ,newc4 ,wh4 #e1 dark corneous1 band obscure or none1 lip sometimes continuous2 diam4 99#j4ib1 axis #j4ee to #j4hj4 #cd intercisa ,w4 ,g4 ,binn4 ,wh4 #e1 grayish or brown1 band obscure1 deeply grooved1 lip thick1 continuous1 tubercled2 7 #cc var487 diam4 99#j4hd1 axis #j4eg4 8,hab4 probably ,san ,miguel ,i40 ,newcomb1 from worn specimens in his museum1 not 8,oregon40 #ce ,tryoni ,newc4 ,wh4 #e to #f1 bluish or mottled1 pale below1 band faint1 lower lip sometimes tubercled2 diam4 99#j4hj1 axis #j4ee4 #cf ,carpenteri ,newc4 ,wh4 #e1 brownish white1 band faint1 fine revolving grooves1 mouth subcircular2 diam4 99#j4ij1 axis #j4fd4 #cg8 ,rowellii ,newc4 8,wh4 #d1 opaque white1 no band1 or sculpture0 7bleached871 mouth subcircular1 umbilicate2 diam4 99#j4fj1 axis #j4dj4 7,unique specimen1 and may be of the ,mexican group1 like lvis1 etc47 8,arianta0 ,remondii ,tryon1 and 8,galaxias0 griseola and ,berlandieriana1 of ,mexico1 seem to connect this group with the next4 ,band triple1 colors strongly defined4 ,,xiii ,group4 7,,aglaia ,alb4 part47 ,generally lower than group ,,xii1 and lip more expanded1 umbilicus large or moderate1 with revolving grooves1 or smooth4 ,colors light1 often palest below4 ,inhabit dry or treeless regions1 from lat4 #cb to #cf4 #ch facta ,newc4 ,wh4 #e to #e1 white1 or brownish above1 lip yellow1 umbil4 nearly covered2 diam4 99#j4db1 axis #j4bb4 #ci ,gabbii ,newc4 ,wh4 #e1 band margins and grooves obsolete2 7unique1 between #ch and #dj27 diam4 99#j4dj1 axis #j4bj4 #dj rufocincta ,newc4 ,wh4 #e to #f1 pale brown1 depressed1 umbil4 moderate1 lip broad2 diam4 #j4ej to #j4he1 axis #j4bb to #j4de4 #da ,traskii ,newc4 ,wh4 #f to #f1 like last1 but umbil4 larger1 lip thinner1 usually higher2 diam4 #j4ij to #a4jj1 axis #j4dj to #j4fb4 #db ,ayresiana ,newc4 ,wh4 #f to #g1 yellowish1 paler below1 strongly grooved1 spire elevated2 diam4 99#j4hj1 axis #j4ee4 8,santa ,cruz ,i41 ,cal40 ,newcomb coll4 ,colors dark1 often paler above4 ,inhabit damp coniferous forests1 lat4 #cg to #ej4 #dc ,dupetithouarsii ,desh4 ,wh4 #g to #h1 brown or olive1 band margins whitish1 grooves obsolete1 often submalleate2 diam4 #j4ij to 99#a4bj1 axis #j4ed to 99#j4fj4 #dd fidelis ,gray4 ,wh4 #f to #g1 band and beneath black1 band margins and above red or yellow 7a hybrid8 var41 black1 and becoming slightly angled72 diam4 #a4ab to #a4ej1 axis #j4fj to #j4ij4 8,oregonensis0 ,lea1 may be #dd jun4 ,,xiv ,group4 7,,aglaia ,albers1 part47 ,depressed1 usually subangled1 hirsute or bristle marked1 umbil4 large4 #de infumata ,gld4 ,chestnut to black1 a single band sometimes visible1 angled1 lip thin1 bristles deciduous2 7closely allied to black var4 of #dd27 diam4 #a4dj to 99#a4ej1 axis #j4ed to #j4fj4 #df sequoicola ,cp4 ,wh4 #f1 dark brown1 rounded1 bristles only in young1 leaving marks2 diam4 99#a4jh to #a4bj1 axis #j4ej to #j4ed4 #dg ,mormonum ,pfeiff4 ,wh4 #f to #f1 brown1 depressed1 sometimes subangled1 sometimes bristle marked2 diam4 #j4ie to #a4cj1 axis #j4ej to #j4ed4 #dh ,hillebrandi ,newc4 ,wh4 #f1 yellowish brown1 bands hid by persistent long bristles1 subcarinate1 lip broad2 diam4 #j4hj to #j4if1 axis #j4ce to #j4dj4 ,c4 ,bandless2 lip more developed1 reflected1 often toothed at the base4 ,genus ,,mesodon ,raf4 ,lip broadly expanded1 often #a-c toothed1 or with parietal tooth only1 sometimes none2 corneous4 ,,xv ,group4 78,,arianta407 ,toothless1 umbilicus large1 surface coarsely wrinkled or granulate1 lip broad1 reflexed4 #di ,townsendiana ,lea4 ,wh4 #e1 to #f1 mixed yellow and brown1 body whorl coarsely wrinkled1 fine revolving grooves2 diam4 #j4fh to #a4ch1 axis #j4ce to #j4ee4ce #ej anachoreta ,w4 ,g4 ,binn4 8,wh4 #f1 reddish ashen1 granulated and sparsely indented20 diam4 99#a4jj1 axis #j4ed4 ,,xvi ,group4 ,,odotropis ,raf4 8,tooth upon columella1 umbilicus covered40 ,lower lip tuberculate1 and a parietal tooth4 #ea devia ,gld4 ,wh4 #f1 brown or olive1 no sculpture except distinct lines of growth2 diam4 #j4hj1 axis #j4de4 ,,xvii ,group4 ,,aplodon ,raf4 ,one parietal tooth1 7or none7 perforate or imperforate1 hirsute or smooth1 lip simple4 #eb ,columbiana ,lea4 ,wh4 #e to #f1 corneous brown1 with or without hairs1 umbilicate2 diam4 #j4ej to #j4gj1 axis #j4be to #j4ce4 ,the small imperforate and toothed form usually classed with this species may better be considered a rounded var4 of germana1 the subangled form of which is very rare4 #ec germana ,gld4 8,wh4 #e1 reddish corneous1 hirsute1 subangled1 one parietal tooth1 imperforate20 diam4 99#j4cj1 axis #j4bj4 ,,xviii ,group4 ,,triodopsis ,raf4 8,umbil4 large1 a tooth on each lip1 and one parietal40 ,sometimes hirsute1 hairs deciduous4 #ed ,mullani ,bld4 ,wh4 #e to #f1 brownish corneous1 microscopic spiral lines and tubercles2 7hairy87 diameter 99#j4ec1 axis #j4bi4 #ee loricata ,gld4 ,wh4 #e1 brown or greenish1 scale-like wrinkles quincuncially arranged2 diam4 99#j4be to #j4ce1 axis 99#j4aj to #j4bj4 ,i am indebted to ,dr4 ,newcomb and ,mr4 ,r4 ,e4 ,c4 ,stearns for much assistance in preparing this paper4 ,though not offered as a final arrangement of the species1 it is hoped that this synopsis may aid in their determination1 and thus make a step towards a correct systematizing of this difficult series4 ,there are four or five other subgenera among the #ej species of this family in the ,atlantic ,states1 divided by ,bland into fifteen groups4 ,he places ,nos4 #ea1 #ed1 and #ec in his #hth1 #ith1 and #aeth groups respectively4--7,ann4 ,n4 ,y4 ,lyc4 ,n4 ,h4 #ahfd47 #cb ,extreme specimens of ,h4 arrosa found by ,mr4 ,gabb in ,mendocino ,county1 ,cal41 its northern limit1 and also one of ,h4 redimita found in ,alameda ,county by ,mr4 ,holder1 have exactly the form of ,h4 pomatia1 and in each case have one and a half whorls less than the types1 indicating perhaps that the usual forms found here are higher developed than the type of the genus4 7,a genus ,pomatia has also been founded on this type of the ,linnan genus ,helix47 ,aglaia was used by ,escholtz1 #ahbe1 in ,acaleph1 by ,swainson1 #ahbg1 in ,birds1 and by ,renier ,philinid1 before ,albers adopted it in this order66 #cc ,see1 also1 the 8,geographical ,catalogue of ,west ,coast ,mollusca10 published by the ,state ,geological ,survey1 ,april1 #ahfg4 #cd ,the west slope specimens may be all of species #bj4 #ce ,a specimen figured by ,mr4 ,tryon in the last number of the 8,journal0 just received1 7,may1 #ahfg71 as 8var4 minor10 from ,idaho and ,nebraska1 seems to have an obscure band1 which1 together with its form and want of wrinkles1 indicate entire distinctness from ,townsendiana4 ,the small form of the latter found by me in ,montana has no band1 and seems close to ,binney's anachoreta1 of which supposed specimens from 8,oregon0 are in ,mr4 ,rowell's collection4 ,the ,eastern ,mesodon clausa1 elevata and perhaps others1 have been found banded occasionally1 but without the paler margins1 and only as an exception4 ,prof4 ,w4 ,p4 ,blake read the following3 ,origin of the ,submerged ,forests in the ,columbia ,river1 ,oregon4 ,,by ,,wm4 ,p4 ,,blake4 ,the submerged forests of fir trees1 extending about twenty-five miles along the ,columbia ,river1 above the ,cascades1 have long excited the curiosity of travelers upon that stream4 ,the trees stand erect as they grew1 but the tops have decayed and broken off1 leaving only those portions of the trees that have been protected from the air by the covering of water4 ,at extreme high-water very few of these old trunks can be seen1 but at low-water they appear in great numbers1 and project a few inches or feet above the surface1 and in some places they extend far out into the stream4 ,these trees are not petrified1 as is supposed by many4 ,the outer portions are much softened and partly decayed1 but towards the heart the wood is sound1 and appears to be identical in character with the fir which covers the mountains around4 ,some cedar stumps are also found4 ,it is well known that fir trees will not grow below the high-water mark of our streams1 or where the roots would be subject to overflows4 ,flooding the roots of the fir even for a few days is sufficient to destroy its life4 ,it is thus clear that there has been a change in the level of the water since the forests grew4 ,either the land has sunk or the water has been raised3 the latter appears to have been the fact4 ,the river at the ,cascades1 just below the submerged forests1 plunges over great masses of a hard volcanic conglomerate1 which forms the base of the cliffs on each side4 ,this conglomerate1 which is #aej to #bjj feet thick1 rests upon a stratum of sandy clay4 ,this stratum is much softer than the conglomerate1 and yields more rapidly to the action of running water4 ,it may be seen when the water is low1 at the foot of the ,cascades1 with the hard conglomerate overhanging it in large masses4 ,from all these facts1 it appears that the river1 in cutting its way downwards through the ,cascade ,range1 reached this soft substratum1 and for a long time flowed in a comparatively unobstructed channel at a much lower level than now1 thus permitting the forests to grow along its banks4 ,the extensive undermining of the conglomerate caused it at length to fall into the stream1 and this1 together with the sliding in of the banks upon this soft foundation1 ,i regard as forming the obstruction which dammed the waters and caused the overflow of the forests above4 ,the mountains rise on each side to a height of #b1ejj or #c1jjj feet1 and are composed of nearly horizontal beds of lava4 ,one of these mountains on the right bank1 or ,washington ,territory side1 presents vertical cliffs towards the ,cascades1 and these cliffs have a freshly broken appearance1 as if a large part of the mountain had broken off at no very remote period4 ,the surface of the country between this cliff and the ,cascades is very much broken1 and the railroad which traverses it1 exposes enormous masses of the conglomerate1 piled confusedly together as if they had been hurled down by a land-slide4 ,mr4 ,brazee1 the engineer of the ,oregon ,steam ,navigation ,company1 informs me that the ground is in constant motion toward the river1 and it has necessitated the relaying of the track within the past year4 ,the same phenomena have been observed on the left bank1 or ,oregon side4 ,the bank is in constant motion there1 and at low-water a fine blue clay may be seen rising in the channel1 as if crowded out by the pressure of the rocks above4 ,as there has not been any perceptible change of level in the stream for years past1 we may conclude that the erosive action of the current is fully equal to the encroachment of the banks4 ,the ,indians of the ,columbia have a tradition of a great convulsion at the ,cascades4 ,they assert that the ,chinook canoes formerly ascended the river as far as a water-fall at the ,dalles1 passing1 at the ,cascades1 under a bridge of rock4 ,this bridge1 or arch of rock1 they say1 fell in at the time of a quarrel between the two mountains1 ,mt4 ,hood and ,st4 ,helen's1 and at the same time the waterfall at the ,dalles was destroyed1 so that salmon could ascend to the ,upper ,columbia4 ,before that the fall was so high that salmon could not get up1 and all the upper country ,indians were obliged to go to the ,dalles for their supply4 ,the general accuracy of this tradition seems highly probable4 ,the ,dalles are now a succession of rapids and low falls1 in a narrow channel1 between vertical walls of basaltic lava4 ,there is very little fall or current in the river below the ,dalles to the ,cascades1 and the elevation of the water by an obstruction at the latter point would in all probability affect the height of the lower fall at the ,dalles4 ,the sandy substratum of the coarse conglomerate at the ,cascades is evidently an old river or beach deposit4 ,it is accompanied by layers of round water-worn rocks1 and is filled with trunks of trees lying prostrate4 ,these trees are fossilized4 ,some of them are half coal and half stone4 ,the central portions are usually coal-like or carbonized1 and the outer parts silicified4 ,they vary in size1 from a few inches to six feet in diameter1 and are nearly all flattened by pressure4 ,this stratum is evidently the source of the great quantities of silicified wood which are found about the ,cascades4 ,mr4 ,stearns read the following note on a large specimen of ,orthagoriscus analis1 ,ayres3 ,in passing through the ,italian ,fish ,market in this ,city1 in the month of ,october1 #ahff1 ,i noticed an unusually large specimen of ,orthagoriscus analis1 commonly called 8,sun ,fish10 described by ,dr4 ,ayres on page #ca of ,vol4 ,,ii of the ,academy ,proceedings4 ,curiosity led me to make a measurement1 which ,i find in my note-book as follows3 length from snout to extreme caudal point1 #e feet #h inches2 from tip of dorsal to tip of anal fin1 #g feet #f inches4 ,i found the anal and dorsal fins to be nearly the same length1 measuring from the tip to junction with body #bc inches4 ,weight1 as stated by the fishermen1 #fcb pounds4 ,it will be seen that the measurement from tip to tip of fins as above1 exceeds the length by #ba inches4 ,mr4 ,stearns made the following remarks as to the true habitat of ,helix ,ayresiana1 ,newc43 ,on page #ajc1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 of the ,academy's ,proceedings1 may be found1 under date of ,march #ahth1 #ahfa1 the description by ,dr4 ,w4 ,newcomb of a ,helix ,h4 ,ayresiana1 the habitat of which was1 as ,i learn from ,dr4 ,n41 doubtfully assigned at that time to 8,northern ,oregon40 ,recently ,dr4 ,newcomb has himself detected it on ,santa ,cruz ,island1 off the ,coast of ,california1 near ,santa ,barbara4 ,professor ,whitney exhibited a sample of the coal used at ,salt ,lake ,city1 taken by ,mr4 ,ives1 chief of one of the ,central ,pacific ,railroad surveying parties1 from a wagon on its way from the mines to the city4 ,the locality from which it was obtained is in ,webber ,caon1 and the geological age of the deposit is supposed to be cretaceous4 ,the quality of the coal seems to be good2 but nothing very definite could be communicated in regard to the extent or geological position of the bed4 ,professor ,whitney also exhibited a specimen of very pure rock salt1 obtained from the ,salt ,mountain on the ,muddy ,river1 a branch of the ,virgin1 nearly a hundred miles south of ,pahranagat1 by ,major ,s4 ,s4 ,lyon1 formerly of the ,kentucky ,geological ,survey4 ,major ,lyon being present1 at the request of the ,president1 gave an account of this interesting locality1 which is one long known to explorers4 ,he stated that the ,salt ,mountain lies on both sides of the ,muddy ,river1 and rises #djj feet above that stream4 ,the locality is about thirty miles northeast of ,colville1 and twenty from the ,colorado4 ,major ,lyon also gave some facts in regard to the geology of the vicinity of ,pahranagat1 where he had been residing for some months past4 ,professor ,whitney presented two analyses of ores from the ,comstock ,lode1 ,virginia ,city1 ,nevada1 made by ,professor ,domeyko1 of ,santiago1 ,chile1 and communicated by ,mr4 ,rmond1 who is now residing in that place4 ,they are as follows3 ,i4 ,,ii4 ,gold1 #a4aj #j4ah ,silver1 #ae4ij #h4ij ,lead1 #bg4cj #aj4jj ,zinc1 #bc4dj #ba4gj ,iron1 #b4hj #ab4jj ,copper1 #b4jj -- ,antimony1 #a4cj -- ,sulphur1 #ah4gj #bf4ij ,matrix1 #g4ej #bj4cb ------ ------ #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ,the name of the mine from which they were taken was not given4 ,mr4 ,yale brought up the subject of the gold mines in ,africa1 supposed to be worked by the ,emperor ,napoleon ,,iii1 and kept secret from the world in general4 ,a discussion ensued1 in the course of which ,professor ,whitney and ,mr4 ,ashburner expressed their doubts as to the possibility of the locality of any extensive mining operations being long concealed1 and their disbelief in the truth of newspaper statements to this effect4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,april #a,,st1 #ahfg4 ,prof4 ,w4 ,p4 ,blake in the ,chair4 ,thirty-two members present4 ,messrs4 ,samuel ,i4 ,c4 ,swezey1 ,j4 ,d4 ,farwell1 ,frederick ,madge1 ,d4 ,j4 ,littlefield1 ,archibald ,cooper1 ,samuel ,pillsbury1 ,arthur ,w4 ,saxe1 ,m4,d41 and ,bernhard ,marks1 were elected ,resident ,members4 ,donations to the ,cabinet3 ,a case of ,butterflies1 from the ,east ,india ,islands and ,brazil1 collected and presented by ,mr4 ,lorquin2 ,california ,snow ,plant1 7,sarcodes sanguinea7 by ,dr4 ,kellogg4 ,mr4 ,stearns presented the following papers3 ,shells collected at ,santa ,barbara by ,w4 ,newcomb1 ,m4,d41 in ,january1 #ahfg4 ,,by ,,robert ,e4 ,c4 ,,stearns4 #a4 ,pholadidea penita1 ,conr4 #b4 ---- ovoidea1 ,gould4 #c4 ,saxicava pholadis1 ,linn4 #d4 ,platyodon cancellatum1 ,conr4 #e4 ,cryptomya ,californica1 ,conr4 #f4 ,schizothrus ,nuttalli1 ,conr4 #g4 ,nera pectinata1 ,carp4 #h4 ,clidiophora punctata1 ,conr4 #i4 ,thracia curta1 ,conr4 #aj4 ,lyonsia ,californica1 ,conr4 #aa4 ,mytilimeria ,nuttalli1 ,conr4 #ab4 ,solen sicarius1 ,gould4 #ac4 ,solecurtus ,californianus1 ,conr4 #ad4 ,machra patula1 ,dixon4 #ae4 ,sanguinolaria ,nuttalli1 ,conr4 #af4 ,macoma secta1 ,conr4 #ag4 ---- yoldiformis1 ,carp4 #ah4 ---- nasuta1 ,conr4 #ai4 ---- inconspicua1 ,br4 ,sby4 #bj4 ,mera modesta1 ,carp4 #ba4 ,tellina ,bodegensis1 ,hds4 #bb4 ,cooperella scintillformis1 ,carp4 #bc4 ,semele decisa1 ,conr4 #bd4 ---- rupium1 ,sby4 #be4 ,cumingia ,californica1 ,conr4 #bf4 ,donax ,californicus1 ,conr4 #bg4 ,standella planulata1 ,conr4 #bh4 ,amiantis callosa1 ,conr4 #bi4 ,pachydesma crassatelloides1 ,conr4 #cj4 ,psephis tantilla1 ,gould4 #ca4 ,chione succincta1 ,val4 #cb4 ,tapes staminea1 ,conr4 #cc4 ,saxidomus aratus1 ,gould4 #cd4 ,rupellaria lamellifera1 ,conr4 #ce4 ,petricola carditoides1 ,conr4 #cf4 ,chama exogyra1 ,conr4 #cg4 ,cardium quadragenarium1 ,conr4 #ch4 ,lazaria subquadrata1 ,carp4 #ci4 ,lucina ,californica1 ,conr4 #dj4 ,diplodonta orbella1 ,gould4 #da4 ,kellia ,laperousii1 ,desh4 #db4 ,mytilus ,californianus1 ,conr4 #dc4 ,modiola capax1 ,conr4 #dd4 ---- recta1 ,conr4 #de4 ,adula falcata1 ,gould4 #df4 ---- stylina1 ,carp4 #dg4 ,pecten latiauritus1 ,conr4 #dh4 ,janira dentata1 ,sby4 #di4 ,hinnites giganteus1 ,gray4 #ej4 ,ostrea lurida var4 rufoides1 ,gould4 #ea4 ---- ---- var4 expansa1 ,carp4 #eb4 ,bulla nebulosa1 ,gould4 #ec4 ,haminea virescens1 ,sby4 #ed4 ,tornatina cerealis1 ,gould4 #ee4 ,dentalium hexagonum1 ,sby4 #ef4 ,mopalia muscosa1 ,gould4 #eg4 ---- ---- 8 #eh4 ,acanthopleura scabra1 ,rve4 #ei4 ,ischnochiton ,magdalensis1 ,hds4 #fj4 ,nacella insessa1 ,hds4 #fa4 ---- depicta1 ,hds4 #fb4 ---- paleacea1 ,gould4 #fc4 ---- vernalis1 ,dall 7mss47 #fd4 ,acma patina1 ,esch4 #fe4 ---- persona1 ,esch4 #ff4 ---- scabra1 ,nutt1 ,rve4 #fg4 ---- spectrum1 ,nutt1 ,rve4 #fh4 ,lottia gigantea1 ,gray4 #fi4 ,scurria mitra1 ,esch4 #gj4 ,rowellia radiata1 ,cooper4 #ga4 ,clypidella bimaculata1 ,dall 7mss47 #gb4 ,fissurella volcano1 ,rve4 #gc4 ,glyphis aspera1 ,esch4 #gd4 ,lucapina crenulata1 ,sby4 #ge4 ,haliotis ,cracherodii1 ,leach4 #gf4 ,phasianella compta1 ,gould4 #gg4 ---- pulloides1 ,carp4 #gh4 ,pomaulax undosus1 ,wood4 #gi4 ,trochiscus ,norrisii1 ,sby4 #hj4 ,chlorostoma funebrale1 ,a4 ,ad4 #ha4 ---- aureotinctum1 ,fbs4 #hb4 ,calliostoma canaliculatum1 ,mart4 #hc4 ---- costatum1 ,mart4 #hd4 ,crepidula lingulata1 ,gould4 #he4 ---- excavata1 ,brod4 #hf4 ---- navicelloides1 ,nutt4 #hg4 ---- ---- var4 nummaria1 ,gould4 #hh4 ---- ---- var4 explanata1 ,gould4 #hi4 ,hipponyx cranioides1 ,carp4 #ij4 ---- tumens1 ,carp4 #ia4 ---- serratus1 ,carp4 #ib4 ,serpulorbis squamigerus1 ,carp4 #ic4 ,turritella ,cooperi1 ,carp4 #id4 ,cerithidea sacrata1 ,gould4 #ie4 ,bittium filosum1 ,gould4 #if4 ,litorina planaxis1 ,nutt4 #ig4 ---- scutulata1 ,gould4 #ih4 ,lacuna variegata1 ,carp4 #ii4 ---- unifasciata1 ,carp4 #ajj4 ---- solidula1 ,loven4 #aja4 ,rissoa acutelirata1 ,carp4 #ajb4 ,luponia spadicea1 ,gray4 #ajc4 ,trivia ,californica1 ,gray4 #ajd4 ---- ,solandri1 ,gray4 #aje4 ,erato vitellina1 ,hds4 #ajf4 ,surcula ,carpenteriana1 ,gabb4 #ajg4 ,drillia inermis1 ,hds4 #ajh4 ---- torosa1 ,carp4 #aji4 ---- msta1 ,carp4 #aaj4 ,conus ,californicus1 ,hds4 #aaa4 ,odostomia sp4 #aab4 ,chemnitzia torquata1 ,gould4 #aac4 ,scalaria ,indianorum1 ,carp4 #aad4 ---- subcoronata1 ,carp4 #aae4 ,cerithiopsis assimilata1 ,c4 ,b4 ,ad4 #aaf4 ,lunatia ,lewisii1 ,gould4 #aag4 ,ranella ,californica1 ,hds4 #aah4 ,mitra maura1 ,swains4 #aai4 ,volvarina varia1 ,sby4 #abj4 ,olivella biplicata1 ,sby4 #aba4 ,nassa fossata1 ,gould4 #abb4 ---- perpinguis1 ,hds4 #abc4 ---- mendica1 ,gould4 #abd4 ---- ,cooperi1 ,fbs4 #abe4 ---- tegula1 ,rve4 #abf4 ,amycla carinata1 ,hds4 #abg4 ---- tuberosa1 ,carp4 #abh4 ,amphissa corrugata1 ,rve4 #abi4 ,purpura crispata1 ,esch4 #acj4 ---- triserialis1 ,blve4 #aca4 ---- saxicola1 ,val4 #acb4 ,monoceros engonatum1 ,conr4 #acc4 ,ocinebra interfossa1 ,carp4 #acd4 ,cerastoma ,nuttalli1 ,conr4 #ace4 ,muricidea ,barbarensis1 ,gabb4 ,dr4 ,newcomb also visited ,santa ,cruz ,island1 and collected the following species3 #a4 ,waldheimia ,grayi1 ,davidson4 #b4 ,saxicava pholadis1 ,linn4 #c4 ,semele decisa1 ,conr4 #d4 ,acma scabra1 ,nutt4 #e4 ,lottia gigantea1 ,gray4 #f4 ,rowellia radiata1 ,cooper4 #g4 ,haliotis ,cracherodii1 ,leach4 #h4 ---- corrugata1 ,gray4 #i4 ,pomaulax undosus1 ,wood4 #aj4 ,trochiscus ,norrisii1 ,sby4 #aa4 ,chlorostoma gallina1 ,fbs4 #ab4 ---- funebrale1 ,a4 ,ad4 #ac4 ,chlorostoma aureotinctum1 ,fbs4 #ad4 ,trivia ,californica1 ,gray4 #ae4 ,conus ,californicus1 ,hds4 #af4 ,amycla tuberosa1 ,carp4 #ag4 ,monoceros engonatum1 ,conr4 #ah4 ,cerastoma ,nuttalli1 ,conr4 #ai4 ,muricidea incisus1 ,brod4 #bj4 ,trophon triangulatus1 ,carp4 #ba4 ,fusus ambustus1 ,gould4 #bb4 ,argonauta ,argo1 ,linn4 #bc4 ,helix ,ayresiana1 ,newc4 ,list of ,shells collected at ,purissima and ,lobitas1 ,california1 ,october1 #ahff4 ,,by ,,robert ,e4 ,c4 ,,stearns1 ,,curator ,,of ,,conchology1 ,,cal4 ,,acad4 ,,nat4 ,,sciences4 8,purissima0 and 8,lobitas0 are the names of two creeks situated a few miles south of ,spanish ,town1 in ,san ,mateo ,county4 ,near the points where these streams empty into the ocean are small beaches and groups of flat rocks left bare at low tide1 limited1 however1 in extent1 as the shore in the neighborhood is for the most part exceedingly bold and precipitous1 the ocean at ordinary high water beating against the base of the cliffs4 ,dr4 ,newcomb and myself visited the localities at the period above mentioned1 and collected the following species from among the drift or upon the rocks3 #a4 ,waldheimia ,grayi1 ,davidson4 #b4 ,navea ,newcombii1 ,tryon4 #c4 ,zirpha crispata1 ,linn4 #d4 ,pholadidea penita1 ,conr4 #e4 ---- ovoidea1 ,gould4 #f4 ,netastomella ,darwinii1 ,sby4 #g4 ,parapholas ,californica1 ,conr4 #h4 ,saxicava pholadis1 ,linn4 #i4 ,platyodon cancellatum1 ,conr4 #aj4 ,schizothrus ,nuttalli1 ,conr4 #aa4 ,lyonsia ,californica1 ,conr4 #ab4 ,mytilimeria ,nuttalli1 ,conr4 #ac4 ,macoma inconspicua1 ,br4 ,sby4 #ad4 ,standella falcata1 ,gld4 #ae4 ,tapes staminea1 ,conr4 #af4 ---- ruderata1 ,desh4 #ag4 ,tapes diversa1 ,sby4 #ah4 ,rupellaria lamellifera1 ,conr4 #ai4 ,petricola carditoides1 ,conr4 #bj4 ,lazaria subquadrata1 ,cpr4 #ba4 ,kellia ,laperousii1 ,desh4 #bb4 ,mytilus ,californianus1 ,conr4 #bc4 ---- edulis1 ,linn4 #bd4 ,modiola fornicata1 ,gld4 #be4 ,adula falcata1 ,gld4 #bf4 ---- stylina1 ,cpr4 #bg4 ,hinnites giganteus1 ,gray4 #bh4 ,placunanomia macroschisma1 ,desh4 #bi4 ,doris albopunctata1 ,cooper4 #cj4 ,cryptochiton ,stelleri1 ,midd4 #ca4 ,katherina tunicata1 ,wood4 #cb4 ,tonicia lineata1 ,wood4 #cc4 ,mopalia muscosa1 ,gld4 #cd4 ---- ,hindsii1 ,gray4 #ce4 ---- lignosa1 ,gld4 #cf4 ,acanthopleura scabra1 ,rve4 #cg4 ,nacella vernalis1 ,dall 7mss47 #ch4 ---- instabilis1 ,gld4 #ci4 ,acma patina1 ,esch4 #dj4 ---- pelta1 ,esch4 #da4 ---- ,asmi1 ,midd4 #db4 ---- persona1 ,esch4 #dc4 ---- spectrum1 ,nutt4 #dd4 ,lottia gigantea1 ,gray4 #de4 ,scurria mitra1 ,esch4 #df4 ,glyphis aspera1 ,esch4 #dg4 ,clypidella callomarginata1 ,cpr4 #dh4 ---- bimaculata1 ,dall 7mss47 #di4 ,haliotis ,cracherodii1 ,leach4 #ej4 ---- rufescens1 ,swains4 #ea4 ,chlorostoma funebrale1 ,a4 ,ad4 #eb4 ---- brunneum1 ,phil4 #ec4 ---- ,pfeifferi1 ,phil4 #ed4 ,calliostoma canaliculatum1 ,mart4 #ee4 ---- costatum1 ,mart4 #ef4 ,margarita pupilla1 ,gould4 #eg4 ,crepidula adunca1 ,sby4 #eh4 ---- navicelloides1 ,nutt4 #ei4 ---- var4 nummaria1 ,gld4 #fj4 ---- var4 explanata1 ,gld4 #fa4 ,hipponyx cranioides1 ,cpr4 #fb4 ,litorina planaxis1 ,nutt4 #fc4 ---- scutulata1 ,gld4 #fd4 ,lacuna porrecta1 ,cpr4 #fe4 ---- unifasciata1 ,cpr4 #ff4 ,isapis obtusa1 ,cpr4 #fg4 ,erato vitellina1 ,hinds4 #fh4 ,drillia torosa1 ,cpr4 #fi4 ,scalaria ,indianorum1 ,cpr4 #gj4 ---- subcoronata1 ,cpr4 #ga4 ,opalia borealis1 ,gld4 #gb4 ,velutina prolongata1 ,cpr4 #gc4 ,olivella biplicata1 ,sby4 #gd4 ---- intorta1 ,cpr4 #ge4 ,nassa fossata1 ,gld4 #gf4 ---- perpinguis1 ,hds4 8 #gg4 ---- mendica1 ,gld4 #gh4 ,amycla gausapata1 ,gld4 #gi4 ,amphissa corrugata1 ,rve4 #hj4 ,purpura crispata1 ,chem4 #ha4 ---- var4 septentrionalis1 ,rve4 #hb4 ,purpura saxicola1 var4 ostrina1 ,gld4 #hc4 ,monoceros engonatum1 ,conr4 #hd4 ,ocinebra lurida1 ,midd4 #he4 ---- var4 aspera1 ,baird4 #hf4 ---- var4 munda1 ,cpr4 #hg4 ---- interfossa1 ,cpr4 #hh4 ,cerostoma foliatum4 #hi4 ,octopus ---- 7n4 s487 ,navea ,newcombii1 alive in ,haliotis ,cracherodii4 ,nos4 #d1 #e1 #f1 #be1 and #bf alive in soft shale between tide marks4 ,doris albopunctata1 two specimens alive on rocks near low water mark4 ,of the ,chitons1 ,nos4 #ca and #cf1 particularly abundant2 of the others named several specimens obtained1 also one or two species undetermined4 #da1 common1 alive1 on ,chlorostoma funebrale4 #de and #df1 several living specimens between tide marks4 #dg and #dh1 ,i think1 are distinct species2 suggest ,lucapina1 but foramen nearly twice as large as in shells of the latter of same size1 differing also in sculpture and weight of shell4 #di1 animal lives for a long time1 and affixes itself tenaciously to the rocks after the shell is removed4 #fc and #fe1 together living on rocks near high-water mark1 and on eel grass in pools left by the tide4 #hi1 perhaps young of ,mr4 ,gabb's species ,o4 punctatus2 two living specimens1 as yet undetermined1 probably a new species4 ,professor ,silliman read a paper 8,on ,naphtha and ,illuminating ,oil from ,heavy ,california ,tar 7,maltha71 and on the probable ,origin of ,petroleum40 ,this paper is omitted by the ,publication ,committee1 as it had already been published in the ,american ,journal of ,science at the time it was read before the ,california ,academy4 ,prof4 ,w4 ,p4 ,blake read the following communications3 ,note upon the ,brown ,coal ,formation of ,washington ,territory and ,oregon4 ,,by ,,wm4 ,p4 ,,blake4 ,openings recently made in the coal formations along the ,cowlitz ,river have shown the existence of several seams of brown coal1 ranging from two to seven feet in thickness4 ,they are separated by layers of sandstone1 and are underlaid by a pebbly conglomerate4 ,the seven-foot seam contains a few partings of clay about six inches thick1 but is chiefly a very compact coal1 which breaks out in large blocks with a conchoidal fracture4 ,it is very tough1 and is not easily broken4 ,it has the appearance of cannel or splint coal4 ,exposure to the sun and air causes it to shrink and crack4 ,it burns freely1 giving a luminous flame1 and a light smoke1 similar to that from wood4 ,the ignited coals hold fire in a remarkable manner1 and with a strong draught or blast give an intense heat4 ,a single fragment1 when ignited1 will continue to burn slowly to the center under an envelope of ash4 ,a sun-dried sample gave me #ej4h per cent4 of volatile matter1 chiefly gas4 ,the residue was a brilliant coke1 the fragments of which were slightly adherent1 thus showing a tendency to cake4 ,trials of the coal in quantity in open grates failed1 however1 to show any caking qualities4 ,some portions of the coal expand when burning and give a porous coke1 which in many respects resembles ordinary charcoal4 ,this deposit appears to be formed in great part of trunks of exogenous trees4 ,one trunk has been cut through that was over four feet in thickness3 a part of this was compact coal1 and another portion was in a half silicified state4 ,lines of annual growth may be seen in some of the samples4 ,this combustible partakes of the characters of both coal and wood1 and is in fact a highly condensed wood1 carbonized1 without the loss of its volatile portions4 ,fossil plants are found in abundance in the adjoining sandy beds4 ,they are chiefly leaves of deciduous trees1 but there are some very distinct impressions of palms4 ,this is significant of a warmer climate4 ,the same formation of brown coal appears to extend along the ,columbia1 back of ,st4 ,helen's1 where it is in close proximity to beds of iron ore1 and the coal may perhaps be used to great advantage in the production of that metal4 ,analysis of ,mt4 ,diablo 7,california7 ,coal4 ,,by ,w4 ,p4 ,,blake4 ,a sample of ,mt4 ,diablo coal1 from the ,pittsburg mine1 was analyzed by me in ,january last1 with the following results3 ,water #c4bh ,bituminous substances #dg4je ,fixed carbon #dd4ij ,ash #d4ga ,the sample was very pure1 and apparently free from sulphur4 ,color black4 ,fracture sub-conchoidal1 giving brilliant shining surfaces4 ,it is very brittle1 and is easily reduced to powder in a mortar4 ,streak1 dark brown4 ,this coal does not fuse so as to cake and make a compact mass of coke4 ,it is not therefore an economical coal for gas production4 ,it gives a long flame in burning2 parts with its gas rapidly and breaks up into small fragments1 thus necessitating the use of grate-bars with narrow openings4 ,the above analysis differs from those hitherto published1 chiefly in the amount of water and gas4 ,former analyses give from thirteen to fourteen per cent4 of water4 ,mr4 ,hanks presented an analysis of the rock-salt collected by ,major ,lyon on the ,muddy ,river1 as mentioned in the proceedings of the last meeting4 ,on ,saturday1 ,april #fth1 the ,academy made a field excursion to ,angel ,island1 about fifteen members participating in the meeting4 ,facilities were afforded for the excursion by ,major ,james ,t4 ,hoyt and ,general ,john ,a4 ,king2 and to these gentlemen the thanks of the ,academy were ordered to be returned by the ,secretary4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,april #ae,,th1 #ahfg4 ,vice ,president ,ransom in the ,chair4 ,thirty-three members present4 ,the collections made during the field meeting on ,angel ,island were exhibited and commented on4 ,professor ,silliman read the following paper3 ,notice of a peculiar mode of the occurrence of ,gold and ,silver in the ,foot-,hills of the ,sierra ,nevada1 and especially at ,whisky ,hill1 in ,placer ,county1 and ,quail ,hill1 in ,calaveras ,county1 ,california4 ,,by ,b4 ,,silliman4 ,in the search for ores of copper which occurred in ,california in what is now known as the 8,copper ,belt0 of the ,lower ,sierras1 deposits of 8,iron ,rust10 as they were called by the miners1 were observed at numerous points far below the range of the main gold belt of the ,sierras4 ,several of these ochraceous deposits had been previously 8located0 by prospecting miners for gold1 before there was any knowledge1 or suspicion even1 of the existence of ores of copper in connection with them4 ,it was a matter of common observation that certain gulches1 or watercourses in the neighborhood of these rusty deposits1 were rich in placer gold1 having been worked for gold from an early date4 ,the search for copper in this kind of deposit was not commercially successful1 although there were shipments of green and blue carbonates of copper1 red oxide and metallic copper1 to a limited extent from both the localities here referred to1 the metal from which was known to contain a notable value of gold and silver1 stated to be about fifty dollars to the ton of ore4 ,this search for copper has1 however1 opened up these deposits so as to display their character in a conspicuous manner4 ,the rocks appear to have been originally talcose and chloritic schists1 sometimes micaceous1 inclosing masses of argillite1 and of quartz which appears to have been massive enough at certain points to assume the character of a vein1 and parallel to the stratification which has the usual north-western strike and easterly dip of the region4 ,all this mass of material which at ,quail ,hill is certainly three hundred feet wide1 and possibly twice that1 and with a linear extent exceeding one thousand feet1 appears to have been very highly impregnated or mineralized by sulphurets1 chiefly of iron1 with a portion of copper1 zinc and lead4 ,the sulphurets have undergone almost total decomposition throughout the entire mass1 leaving soft ochraceous deposits of a rusty red and yellow color1 and staining the rocks with brilliant colors1 a peculiarity which the miners have characterized by the name of 8,calico rocks40 ,this decomposition or oxidation of the sulphurets1 has extended to a point as low as atmospheric influences extend1 or probably to a point where water is permanently found1 which at ,quail ,hill is assumed to be about #agj feet below the outcrop of the mass1 or crest of the hill4 ,dykes of porphyry and of other rocks1 commonly called intrusive1 are seen dividing these great ore channels in a direction conformable to the line of strike4 ,but the decomposition which has affected other portions of the ore channel1 appears also to have changed them1 for they are found to be reduced completely to the condition of kaolin and lithomarge1 or kindred alterations of feldspathic rocks4 ,the outlines of the feldspar crystals are still easily distinguished1 although the mass of the dykes is completely friable4 ,the zinc blende which is found in small quantities at ,whisky ,hill1 and the vitreous copper also to some extent1 appear to have escaped decomposition4 ,the copper ores appear to have been confined to a portion of the deposit1 as is indicated in the section exhibited1 while the auriferous sulphuret of iron has been co-extensive with the ore channel1 the cubical cavities left by the decay of its crystals being found in all the outcrops both in the quartz and in the #8calico rocks1' resulting from the decomposition of feldspathic and talcose or chloritic constituents4 ,accompanying the entire mass of decomposition at both localities1 occur both gold and silver1 disseminated with remarkable uniformity in all parts of the orey ground4 ,at ,whisky ,hill1 films of metallic silver are visible upon the talcose masses stained green by malachite or chrysocolla2 the gold is rarely seen in situ1 being mostly obscured by the very rusty and highly-stained character of the associated materials4 ,but it is rare that on washing a small quantity of any of the contents of these great deposits1 gold is not found in angular grains or small ragged masses1 from the size of a few grains' weight1 to impalpable dust4 ,nuggets of several pennyweights occur occasionally4 ,this gold has evidently accompanied the sulphurets and been left in its present position and condition by their decomposition4 ,there can be little doubt that the gold of the gulches adjoining these deposits has been derived from them4 ,at ,whisky ,hill1 the gulch gold ceases to be found as soon as the limits of this deposit are passed1 and the same is true at ,quail ,hill4 ,the occurrence of deposits of this nature throughout the range of the foot-hills1 seems to offer the best solution which has suggested itself of the origin of the placer gold which is found in situations so far removed from the gold belt of the upper ,sierras1 and away from sources usually recognized as those to which placer gold may be referred4 ,experiments made by myself and by others on a considerable scale1 the details of which will appear elsewhere1 show that the amount of the precious metals disseminated in the average mass of vein stuff and decomposed materials of every name at ,quail ,hill1 is considerably in excess of the general average tenor of gold veins in ,california4 ,the mean of my own trials gave to the ton of #b1jjj lbs4 by assay3 ,gold #ce4ad ,silver #ae4jh ------ #ej4bb ,while from the working of carefully prepared averages in considerable quantity by milling process1 the tenor of the precious metals was3 ,gold #bi4ah ,silver #e4ia ------ #ce4ji ,the extremely friable condition of the entire mass of these auriferous materials renders their extraction and treatment easy and comparatively inexpensive4 ,at ,whisky ,hill1 a mill of forty stamps has been set up which is now running with satisfactory returns4 ,the cost by contract of delivery of the ores to the mill1 being stated at forty cents 7#dj;c47 per ton1 the cost of mining and treatment in mill being considerably less1 it is said1 than one dollar per ton1 the amount treated being five tons to each stamp4 ,the chemical results of the extensive decomposition of metallic sulphids which has in former times occurred at these localities1 offer an interesting problem in chemical geology4 ,the sulphur has been removed chiefly as sulphuric acid beyond doubt1 which has combined with iron and copper to form sulphates of these metals4 ,these have for the most part disappeared1 being washed out by the atmospheric waters1 and have followed the drainage of the country4 ,at ,whisky ,hill ,i found the sulphate of iron1 7,coquimbite7 sulphate of copper1 7,cyanosite7 and alum4 ,the water of the shaft contains copper enough to redden the iron tools4 ,at ,quail ,hill considerable masses of heavy spar are found1 formed probably from the action of soluble sulphates upon witherite4 ,no gypsum was observed at either locality4 ,the mineral species observed at ,whisky ,hill1 are as follows3 ,metallic ,gold4 ,metallic ,copper4 ,metallic ,silver4 ,red ,copper4 ,malachite 7,green ,carbonate of ,copper74 ,azurite 7,blue ,carbonate of ,copper74 ,chrysocolla 7,silicate of ,copper74 ,cyanosite 7,blue ,vitriol74 ,copper ,glance 7,vitreous ,copper74 ,zinc blende4 ,galena4 ,iron pyrites4 ,alum4 ,coquimbite4 ,heavy ,spar4 ,hematite 7chiefly the earthy varieties74 ,kaolin4 ,lithomarge and various aluminous and magnesian silicates resulting from the decomposition of the chloritic and talcose rocks4 ,the list of species is about the same for the deposit at ,quail ,hill4 ,the line of division between the ore-bearing ground in these great ore channels1 and the country rock is quite distinctly seen on both the eastern and western outcrop at ,quail ,hill1 and on the western at ,whisky ,hill4 ,at the former place it is a dark bluish porphyritic rock1 probably metamorphic1 of a sandstone or silicious sediment4 ,the outcroppings resemble those of many quartz veins1 and ,i find the moss-covered portions of this quartzose matter full of cavities1 resulting from the decay of pyrites1 and yielding1 by assay1 three to five dollars to the ton in bullion4 ,from all the evidence presented1 we seem justified in regarding these remarkable metallic deposits as segregated veins1 holding a pretty uniform and high tenor of gold and silver1 associated with and derived from the decomposition of extended masses of metallic sulphurets and quartzose matter1 and carrying at times1 ores of copper1 the commercial value of which is1 however1 entirely subordinate to that of the precious metals which are found to characterize these veins or ore channels4 ,,san ,,francisco1 ,april #aeth1 #ahfg4 ,mr4 ,falkenau read a communication 8,on the ,spirit of the ,age and its ,influence in the ,department of the ,natural ,sciences40 ,mr4 ,bolander exhibited specimens of the ,apocynum found in ,round ,valley1 on moist land subject to overflow4 ,the ,indians make extensive use of it for fish-lines and other purposes4 ,the specimens presented were collected by ,mr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,silver1 of ,humboldt ,valley1 ,nevada4 ,a field excursion of the ,academy was made1 on ,saturday1 ,april #bjth1 to the hills near the ,twelve-,mile ,house1 on the ,san ,jos ,railroad4 ,by the courtesy of ,richard ,p4 ,hammond1 ,esq41 ,general ,superintendent of the road1 free passes to go and return were furnished to the members participating in this excursion4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,may #f,,th1 #ahfg4 ,president in the ,chair4 ,thirty-two members present4 ,messrs4 ,f4 ,f4 ,thomas1 ,silas ,a4 ,white1 ,b4 ,smith1 ,m4 ,j4 ,mc,donald1 ,wm4 ,patten and ,philip ,prior1 were elected ,resident ,members1 and ,dr4 ,c4 ,l4 ,anderson1 of ,santa ,cruz1 ,cal41 ,henry ,walter ,bates1 ,assistant ,secretary ,royal ,geographical ,society of ,london1 ,prof4 ,j4 ,h4 ,balfour1 of ,edinburgh ,university1 ,dr4 ,john ,alexander ,smith1 ,f4,r4,s41 of ,edinburgh1 ,james ,haswell1 ,m4,a41 of the ,geological ,society of ,edinburgh1 ,capt4 ,j4 ,b4 ,caldbeck1 ,f4,r4,g4,s41 of ,singapore1 and ,sir ,roderick ,i4 ,murchison1 ,president of the ,royal ,geographical ,society of ,london1 were elected ,corresponding ,members4 ,donations to the ,library3 ,gold and ,silver ,tables1 by ,l4 ,garnett2 ,catalogue of ,casts of ,fossils for sale by ,prof4 ,h4 ,a4 ,ward1 of ,rochester ,university4 ,the ,committee on ,field ,meetings reported on that of ,april #bjth1 near the ,twelve-,mile ,house4 ,specimens of the fossils collected at the locality visited were exhibited by ,mr4 ,yale1 and remarks were made on the position and age of the strata there exposed1 by ,prof4 ,whitney1 ,dr4 ,cooper and ,mr4 ,stearns4 ,mr4 ,lorquin mentioned the species of birds seen and collected during the excursion4 ,mr4 ,stearns presented1 in behalf of ,mr4 ,rowell1 the following description of a new species of ,pisidium1 collected during the field excursion to ,angel ,island3 ,description of a ,new ,species of ,pisidium4 ,,by ,j4 ,,rowell4 ,pisidium angelicum1 ,rowell4 ,shell rounded oval1 nearly equilateral1 very convex2 margin well rounded2 beaks very slightly raised and very approximate2 surface subgranulate1 marked with from one to six very decided stri or lines of growth2 teeth too minute for observation4 ,long4 7of largest7 #b mill41 ,lat4 #a4e mill42 ,diam4 #a mill4 ,habitat3 ,angel ,island4 ,of ,california species1 it is most like ,p4 abditum1 but differs in its sculpture1 its less prominent beaks and its more globular and equilateral form4 ,most specimens are covered by an exceedingly persistent coat of jet black mud1 making examination of them very difficult2 but some are perfectly clean4 ,mr4 ,stearns read the following note upon a recent ,exhibition of ,parhelia4 ,on ,wednesday1 the #agth day of 7,april7 last month1 at about #e o'clock in the afternoon1 my attention was attracted towards the heavens by an exhibition of the rather unusual phenomena 7unusual in this latitude7 known as ,parhelia4 ,the sky in the west at the time was somewhat cloudy1 and the atmosphere hazy4 ,i was unable to determine the exact position of the sun1 but its altitude was approximately #bb above the horizon2 the diameter of the circle or halo was about #bd4 ,a horizontal line1 drawn through the sun and projected sufficiently in a northerly and southerly direction to intersect the halo1 displayed at each point of intersection1 a parhelion or mock sun of very considerable brilliancy1 and continued for upwards of half an hour4 ,a much more extensive display of these phenomena was witnessed by me in the month of ,april1 #aheh1 while residing near ,boston1 ,massachusetts4 ,the sun was not far from the zenith1 surrounded by a single broad halo1 which latter was in turn inclosed by an outer circle of many halos all intersecting with each other and with the central halo--each of the numerous points of intersection gemmed with a parhelion4 ,so extensive was the display1 owing to the number of halos and the attendant parhelia1 that the whole heavens from the zenith to within apparently #cj of the horizon1 seemed covered with brilliant circles or rings1 and resplendent with numberless suns4 ,the sky1 at the time1 was obscured by a haze of considerable density1 and a chilling wind was blowing from the south4 ,some remarks followed upon sun and moon halos1 during which ,dr4 ,gibbons combated the popular notion that halos about the moon were infallible signs of rain4 ,his observations proved that1 in some seasons1 these signs invariably failed in ,california1 and at the ,east2 he thought no rule could be established on the subject4 ,mr4 ,goodyear presented the following paper in behalf of ,professor ,silliman3 ,notice of ,new ,localities of ,diamonds in ,california4 ,,by ,b4 ,,silliman4 ,every well-authenticated instance of the existence of the diamond in the ,united ,states is of interest1 since it serves to enlarge our knowledge of the geographical and geological distribution of this much esteemed gem4 ,i have the pleasure of exhibiting to the ,academy four diamonds1 obtained from separate localities in this ,state4 ,three of them are crystals1 having the form of an icositetrahedron2 the other has been cut1 and is set as a ring stone4 ,the ,first ,specimen--,is from ,forest ,hill1 in ,el ,dorado ,county4 ,its weight is #j4cfi gramme1 or #e4fgc grains--equal to rather less than #a carats4 ,its color is good1 but it has a small cavity and discoloration on one of the solid angles1 and it is less symmetrical than the second specimen4 ,this crystal was found at a great depth from the surface in a tunnel run into the auriferous gravel at ,forest ,hill4 ,i procured this stone from ,mr4 ,tucker1 the well-known jeweler4 ,the ,second ,specimen--,is from ,french ,corral1 in ,nevada ,county4 ,it weighs #j4ccge grammes1 or #e4aad grains--equal to about #a carats4 ,its form is symmetrical1 color slightly yellowish4 ,its lustre has been dimmed slightly by having been subjected to a red heat as a test of its authenticity4 ,the auto da f is hardly the test a chemist would select for pure carbon6 ,it is remarkably destitute of flaws4 ,this crystal was washed out from the cement in the deep gravel washings for gold at ,french ,corral1 and was found in the sluice boxes4 ,it belongs to ,mr4 ,egbert ,judson1 of ,san ,francisco1 from whom ,i derive this information4 ,the ,third ,specimen--,is smaller and less perfect than either of the preceding4 ,it was found at ,fiddletown1 in ,amador ,county4 ,it weighs #j4bcde gramme1 or #c4fai grains--a little less than one carat4 ,this crystal is distorted1 and has several rentering angles and cavities4 ,mr4 ,m4 ,w4 ,belshaw1 to whom it belongs1 informs me that since #ahee1 five diamonds have1 to his knowledge1 been found at ,fiddletown1 where he then resided2 none of them weighing much over one carat4 ,all these specimens were found in a gray cemented gravel underlying a stratum of 8lava0 or compact volcanic ashes1 and were found in searching for gold4 ,the ,fourth ,specimen--,is from ,cherokee ,flat1 in ,butte ,county1 and has been cut and set in a ring4 ,mr4 ,geo4 ,e4 ,smith1 of #fje ,montgomery ,street1 ,san ,francisco1 who is an expert in diamonds and owns the specimen exhibited1 informs me that he has seen fifteen crystals from this locality1 and has authentic advices of at least forty1 all of which have been found in deep gravel washings1 and are believed to come from a stratum of about three feet thick1 forming part of a mass of twenty-five to fifty feet of superincumbent material4 ,when this special stratum of sandy materials is washed1 the diamonds have been found4 ,i have taken steps to obtain an authentic crystal from this place1 which appears to be the most prolific locality of the diamond yet observed in ,california4 ,in the first volume of the ,geology of ,california1 page #bgf1 ,mr4 ,rmond is quoted as authority for the existence of diamonds at ,volcano4 ,if this locality is distinct from that at ,fiddletown1 near ,volcano1 we have at present1 five authenticated localities of the diamond in ,california1 from which specimens have been identified by mineralogists4 ,if a knowledge of the characteristics of this remarkable species was more common among the miners who work in the deep gravel diggings1 no doubt this gem would be found to be more abundant and in more numerous places than is now suspected4 ,,san ,,francisco1 ,may #fth1 #ahfg4 ,professor ,whitney1 in reply to various inquiries made by members1 remarked that there were probably some fifteen or twenty different localities in ,california where diamonds had been found2 but these were all of small size1 the largest which had come under his notice weighing only #g grains3 this was found at ,french ,corral1 near ,san ,juan ,north4 ,it was difficult to give any directions by which miners could infallibly recognize the diamond when they happened to meet with this gem4 ,the crystalline form is very different from that of quartz1 which is now1 however1 much less frequently mistaken for the diamond than it was formerly4 ,most of the crystals found in ,california1 up to this time1 have been twenty-four sided4 ,the fact that the faces of the crystals are usually curved instead of being plane surfaces1 is also characteristic of the gem in question4 ,the hardness and specific gravity are also sure guides2 but miners rarely have the means of getting at either of these characters accurately4 ,it is commonly believed that the diamond can be struck a heavy blow1 on an anvil1 without breaking2 but this is a mistake1 resulting from confounding toughness with hardness4 ,it is extremely doubtful whether washing the gravel for diamonds in ,california would pay1 under any circumstances2 and it is believed that such washings are not remunerative anywhere1 except when performed by slave or convict labor4 ,professor ,whitney read a paper on the geological position of coal4 ,the object of this paper was to show how completely the results of modern geological explorations and discoveries had done away with the old idea that valuable beds of coal are confined to any one member of the series of geological formations4 ,the recent investigations of geologists in ,india1 ,china1 ,australia1 ,new ,zealand1 ,south ,america1 and on the ,pacific coast of ,north ,america1 were noticed and commented on4 ,it was shown that while the important coal fields of ,eastern ,europe and the ,eastern ,united ,states are of palozoic age1 those of ,india1 ,china and ,australia1 on the other hand1 belong to the mesozoic series chiefly1 although there are important deposits even as recent as the cainozoic or tertiary4 ,professor ,whitney remarked on the distribution of the principal coal fields of the world into two great groups1 on opposite sides of the globe3 one of these is of palozoic1 and the other of mesozoic age4 ,he referred particularly to the coal of the ,pacific coast of ,north ,america1 and gave a brief account of its geographical distribution and geological age1 noticing particularly the fact that most of the valuable fields of that region belong to the cretaceous series1 a geological formation which1 in other parts of the world1 has been found to be one of the most barren in combustible materials4 ,in conclusion1 the importance of coal discoveries in the region between the ,rocky ,mountains and ,california to the successful operation of the ,pacific ,railroad was explained1 and the hope expressed that the geological expedition recently set on foot by the ,general ,government1 at the head of which is ,mr4 ,king1 late of the ,california ,survey1 might be the means of giving to the world reliable information in regard to the coal resources of that region1 of which we now know so little4 ,prof4 ,whitney presented an elaborate paper 8,on the ,natural ,system of the ,igneous ,rocks10 by ,baron ,richthofen2 he advised its reference to the ,publication ,committee1 and that it should be made one of the 8,memoirs0 which the ,academy contemplates publishing4 ,it was so referred1 and the committee was instructed to report on the feasibility of commencing the publication of a series of quarto ,memoirs4 ,prof4 ,whitney exhibited a canine tooth1 obtained from the deep gravel deposits at ,douglas ,flat1 near ,murphy's1 in ,calaveras ,county2 it appears to be different from the teeth of any animal yet found on this coast1 either living or fossil4 ,he considered it as probably belonging to the hyna2 if so1 this was the first notice of the occurrence of this animal on the ,american continent4 ,dr4 ,cooper stated that ,mr4 ,ridgeway1 the zologist appointed to accompany the ,government exploration of ,russian ,america1 when on that coast1 a few years since1 had found birds nearly identical with living species in ,asia--a fact of much interest1 since none of the same species are found on the eastern coast of ,america4 ,there is here another suggestion of the former intimate relations between ,western ,america and ,eastern ,asia4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,may #bj,,th1 #ahfg4 ,vice ,president ,ransom in the ,chair4 ,twenty-nine members present4 ,messrs4 ,john ,p4 ,cairns1 ,j4 ,w4 ,c4 ,maxwell1 ,constantine ,heusch1 ,william ,fischel1 ,e4 ,w4 ,burr1 ,archibald ,c4 ,peachy1 ,j4 ,p4 ,h4 ,wentworth1 ,c4 ,p4 ,stanford1 ,henry ,gibbons1 ,jr41 ,m4,d41 and ,p4 ,m4 ,randall1 ,m4,d41 were elected ,resident ,members4 ,donations to the ,cabinet3 ,fossils from ,mission ,peak1 ,alameda ,county1 by ,mr4 ,bosqui2 and from ,japan1 by ,mr4 ,lorquin4 ,donations to the ,library3 ,jahrbuch der k4 k4 geologischen ,reichsanstalt1 ,band ,,xvi1 ,no4 #b1 #ahff4 ,bulletins de l',acadmie ,royale de ,belgique1 7#b7 ,,xx1 ,,xxi1 #ahfe-f4 ,annuaire1 7of the same7 #ahff4 ,meteorologisch ,jaarboek1 uitgegeven door het kn4 ,nederlandsch ,meteorologisch ,instituut1 #ahfe2 two parts1 long #dto1 ,utrecht1 #ahff4 ,die ,regenverhltnisse des ,knigreichs ,hannover1 c41 von ,dr4 ,m4 ,a4 ,f4 ,prestel1 ,emden1 #ahfd4 ,festschrift der naturforschenden ,gesellschaft zu ,emden1 #dto pamphlet1 ,emden4 ,einundfnfzigster ,jahresbericht der naturf4 ,gesells4 zu ,emden1 #ahfe2 #hvo pamphlet1 #ahff4 ,schriften der ,gesells4 zur ,befrderung der gesammten ,naturwissenschaften zu ,marburg1 ,supplement ,heft1 7,claus1 die ,copepoden ,fauna von ,nizza7 #dto1 #ahff4 ,monatsbericht der kn4 ,preuss4 ,akademie der ,wiss4 zu ,berlin1 #ahfe4 ,bulletin de l',acadmie ,impriale des ,sciences de ,st4 ,petersbourg1 ,tome ,,ix1 ,feuilles #a-cf4 ,mmoires de l',acadmie ,impriale des ,sciences de ,st4 ,petersbourg1 ,tome ,,ix1 7complete7 ,x1 #a4 ,sur l',etat de l',atmosphere ,bruxelles1 pendant l',anne #ahfe1 par ,m4 ,ernest ,quetelet4 ,geographical ,catalogue of the ,mollusca found west of the ,rocky ,mountains1 prepared for the ,state ,geological ,survey1 by ,j4 ,g4 ,cooper1 ,m4,d4 ,burton's ,city of the ,saints1 presented by ,gregory ,yale1 ,esq4 ,mr4 ,stearns read a paper entitled 8,ancient ,mining on ,lake ,superior10 which reading was followed by a discussion on that subject1 in which ,dr4 ,cooper1 ,mr4 ,yale1 ,mr4 ,stearns and ,mr4 ,white took part4 ,mr4 ,bolander exhibited a portion of a branch of ,pinus tuberculata1 and commented on the fact that two whorls of cones had been formed in last year's growth4 ,drs4 ,behr1 ,kellogg and ,gibbons discussed various questions suggested by ,mr4 ,bolander's remarks4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,june #c;,d1 #ahfg4 ,vice ,president ,stearns in the ,chair4 ,twenty-five members present4 ,messrs4 ,tryon ,reakirt1 of ,philadelphia1 and ,lorenzo ,g4 ,yates1 of ,alameda ,county1 were elected ,corresponding ,members2 and ,messrs4 ,g4 ,h4 ,mumford and ,a4 ,s4 ,gould1 ,resident ,members4 ,donations to the ,cabinet3 ,a ,horned ,frog1 by ,g4 ,yale1 ,esq42 ,specimen of ,cladophorus from ,fort ,point1 by ,dr4 ,stivers2 ,section of the bark of ,sequoia sempervirens1 by ,dr4 ,w4 ,p4 ,gibbons4 ,mr4 ,stearns announced the death of ,m4 ,auguste ,rmond1 a member of the ,academy1 and formerly of the ,state ,geological ,survey4 ,mr4 ,bosqui presented a communication from ,mr4 ,l4 ,g4 ,yates1 in regard to the remains of an elephant found near ,mission ,san ,jos4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,p4 ,gibbons read a communication on the remains of a redwood forest in the ,coast ,range east of ,san ,francisco4 ,the subject of this paper was discussed by several of the members present4 ,mr4 ,nystrom presented a paper on the origin of the ,table ,mountain in ,tuolumne and ,calaveras counties4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,june #ag,,th1 #ahfg4 ,vice ,president ,ransom in the ,chair4 ,twenty members present4 ,donation to the ,cabinet3 ,specimens obtained in excavating on the ,beideman tract1 by ,g4 ,yale4 ,mr4 ,gabb presented a communication on the 8,geology of ,lower ,california10 which was referred to the ,publication ,committee1 and ordered printed as one of the ,memoirs of the ,academy4 ,mr4 ,gabb also communicated the following translation of part of a letter received by him from ,sr4 ,don ,antonio ,raimondi1 of ,lima1 ,peru1 with reference to some geological features of that country3 ,i have just received a letter from ,professor ,raimondi1 accompanying a very interesting collection of fossils1 sent through my lamented friend ,mr4 ,rmond1 but which ,i have not yet received4 ,after remarking that he had not time to write a detailed account of the country to assist me in my determinations of the geological ages1 he gives the following condensed but interesting description of the country1 which ,i have considered of sufficient value to warrant its immediate publication4 ,i translate this portion of the letter in full4 8,peru1 or at least the great chain of the ,cordillera which divides the whole of ,america into two parts1 comprises various smaller chains1 often very high1 and here consisting of four1 nearly parallel4 ,the principal of these are two1 one of which is the dividing line between the waters emptying into the ,pacific on one side1 and the tributaries of the ,amazon on the other4 ,this is what is properly called the ,cordillera of the ,andes1 or the ,western ,cordillera4 ,the other chain is called the ,eastern ,cordillera1 and in some points is as elevated or even surpasses in height the true ,cordillera4 ,in the southern part of ,peru1 for example1 it is entirely covered with perpetual snow1 and contains very elevated peaks1 including1 in that part which is prolonged into ,bolivia1 the two colossi called ,sorata1 or ,illampu and ,illimani4 ,the ,eastern ,cordillera is of the greater geological age1 appearing to be entirely composed of micaceous and talcose schists which have been metamorphosed by the elevation of the granites1 those which have also introduced into these schists numerous veins of quartz1 which in some places are quite rich in gold4 ,this elevated chain has been cut very deeply by numerous rivers1 which1 taking their origin in the ,western ,cordillera1 traverse these immense formations of schists and granite through narrow gorges1 and unite to form the large affluents of the ,amazon4 8,the ,western ,cordillera or true chain of the ,andes is made up in nearly the whole of its length of rocks of a much more recent age4 ,the principal formations are ,cretaceous1 ,jurassic1 ,lias and ,trias4 ,another group of rocks1 probably ,carboniferous1 form the great basin of ,lake ,titicaca and a small spot on the heights of ,huanta4 ,this ,cordillera has been metamorphosed by various eruptive rocks1 the principal of which are porphyries and diorites4 ,these have introduced innumerable metalliferous veins1 rich in lead1 copper and silver1 and which have been worked in many places4 8,the volcanic rocks are strongly developed in ,peru1 especially in the southern part1 and have never been well studied4 ,according to my opinion1 they once formed an extensive chain1 which1 from its being composed of rocks easily disintegrated1 has been in great part destroyed by the action of water1 so that it is separated mostly by isolated hills2 but from all that ,i have been able to see1 it must have formed at one time an uninterrupted chain1 as it appears in the central part of ,peru1 at a little distance from the ,pacific ,ocean1 and afterwards it approaches almost insensibly the true ,cordilleras2 so that1 near ,arequipa1 it is more than twenty leagues from the sea1 but in following it to the south it nears the ,cordillera1 extending to ,cruzalia1 in the broken country of ,moqueque and ,tacna4 8,along the whole length of the coast1 at a distance of one or two leagues from the margin of the ocean1 rises a small chain of hills formed of granite1 syenites and porphyries4 ,this chain is called #8the ,hills' 7,lomas7 and contains in places scattered spots of copper and a very little gold4 ,on the same coast and on the adjacent islands1 sedimentary rocks are rare1 though they are nevertheless found at rare intervals4 ,to the north1 sedimentary rocks extend from ,tumbes to the south of ,payta1 at the little cove of ,tortugas1 where there are many springs of fresh water in a hardened claystone1 alternating with calcareous strata1 which contain little seams of coal4 8,from ,secharra1 to near ,lima there is no sedimentary formation4 ,near the port of ,ancon1 five leagues from ,lima1 in the island of ,san ,lorenzo1 near ,callao1 and in ,chorillo1 three leagues south of ,lima1 there are some stratified sandstones with a very few fossils4 ,these formations appear to us to be either ,jurassic or ,liassic1 but the study of the few fossils found will determine better their age4 8,near ,arica1 and three leagues to the interior from ,iquique1 where are the celebrated silver mines of ,huantapaya1 there have also been noticed sedimentary rocks belonging to the ,oolite and ,lias4 8,in the elevated regions of the ,cordillera are many traces of stone coal which1 unlike those in the formation about ,lake ,titicaca1 which ,i have already said belong to the true ,carboniferous1 are all of more recent age1 belonging to the ,jurassic and ,liassic1 as you will see by specimens from the ,springs of ,pariatambo40 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,july #a,,st1 #ahfg4 ,vice ,president ,ransom in the ,chair4 ,twenty members present4 ,donations to the ,cabinet3 ,native oysters1 7,o4 laticaudata71 also varieties of ,purpura lactuca1 from ,dr4 ,cooper2 cone of ,pinus contorta1 and branch and fruit of ,garrya elliptica from ,port ,trinidad2 eggs1 cocoon1 and animal of the ,california silkworm1 7,saturnia ,californica7 by ,dr4 ,lanszweert2 ,aristolochia ,californica1 from ,angel ,island1 by ,mr4 ,e4 ,brooks4 ,mr4 ,stearns read a note from ,professor ,w4 ,p4 ,blake1 stating that the fossil vertebr which he exhibited at the meeting of ,november #ahth1 #ahff1 were not those of saurians1 as he had supposed1 but of one of the larger forms of ,delphinid4 ,mr4 ,stearns exhibited specimens of ,haliotis from ,monterey1 which were evidently hybrid forms4 ,some remarks on the peculiarities and geographical distribution of these mollusks were made by ,messrs4 ,stearns and ,cooper4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,p4 ,gibbons made some additional remarks1 supplementary to his communication1 at a previous meeting1 on the extinct redwood forests of the ,coast ,ranges on the east side of the ,bay of ,san ,francisco4 ,these remarks were followed by a discussion in which ,messrs4 ,cooper1 ,kellogg1 ,bolander1 ,veatch1 and ,stearns took part4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,july #ae,,th1 #ahfg4 ,vice ,president ,ransom in the ,chair4 ,twenty-five members present4 ,messrs4 ,w4 ,a4 ,s4 ,nicholson1 ,a4 ,b4 ,stout1 ,m4,d41 and ,c4 ,w4 ,mc,cormick1 ,m4,d41 were elected ,resident ,members4 ,donation to the ,cabinet3 ,specimen of asbestos1 from ,l4 ,ransom1 ,esq4 ,a collection of the shells of ,california1 comprising in part the specimens belonging to the ,academy and which had been sent to ,mr4 ,carpenter to be named1 was exhibited by ,dr4 ,cooper1 by whom they had been arranged for the ,museum4 ,dr4 ,gibbons made some remarks on the effects of the earthquake of ,october #fth1 at ,watsonville4 ,he also spoke of the absence of worms from ,california fruit2 and his remarks were followed by a discussion of the subject1 in which ,drs4 ,cooper and ,behr took part4 ,messrs4 ,stearns and ,yale made some remarks on the ancient mines of the ,lake ,superior region1 and the race by which they had probably been worked4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,august #e,,th1 #ahfg4 ,vice ,president ,ransom in the ,chair4 ,twenty-three members present4 ,donations to the ,cabinet3 ,a specimen of a ,sole1 from ,dr4 ,behr2 four hundred specimens of ,chilean ,plants1 from ,mr4 ,bolander4 ,mr4 ,bolander gave an account of a recent visit made by himself to ,humboldt ,county1 and of his botanical observations in that region4 ,the subject of the geographical range of the forest trees on this coast was discussed by ,messrs4 ,behr1 ,cooper1 ,yale1 ,bloomer1 and ,williamson4 ,dr4 ,gibbons called attention to the meteoric display to be expected about the tenth of the current month4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,august #ai,,th1 #ahfg4 ,vice ,president ,ransom in the chair4 ,twenty members present4 ,donations to the ,cabinet3 ,fossils from ,purissima1 by ,mr4 ,yale4 ,donations to the ,library3 ,memoirs of the ,national ,academy of ,sciences1 ,vol4 ,i1 #dto1 ,washington1 #ahff1 and ,annuals of the same for #ahfc1 #ahfd1 #ahfe1 and #ahff4 ,the subject of the distribution of forest vegetation was discussed by ,messrs4 ,bloomer and ,cooper4 ,dr4 ,h4 ,gibbons made some remarks on the distribution of clear and cloudy days throughout the year at ,san ,francisco4 ,mr4 ,stearns exhibited a species of ,pholas1 and made some remarks on its methods of boring4 ,dr4 ,cooper made some observations on the same subject4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,september #b;,d1 #ahfg4 ,president in the chair4 ,twenty members present4 ,donations to the ,library3 ,washington ,astronomical ,observations for #ahfd1 #dto1 ,washington1 #ahfg4 ,report on ,interoceanic ,canals and ,railroads between the ,atlantic and ,pacific ,oceans1 #hvo1 #ahfg4 ,speech of ,hon4 ,charles ,sumner on the ,cession of ,russian ,america4 ,a letter from ,george ,gibbs1 ,esq41 transmitted through the ,smithsonian1 and urging the importance of collecting ,indian crania on this coast1 was read and commented on by ,professor ,whitney4 ,he also exhibited a part of a jaw of ,oreodon1 sent from ,montana1 by ,mr4 ,keyes4 ,the precise locality where it was said to have been found is about twenty miles northeast of ,bannock ,city1 on ,rattlesnake ,creek1 a branch of the ,beaver ,head4 ,if there is no mistake in the locality1 this is a very interesting occurrence1 as the existence of these tertiary deposits characterized by bones of extinct mammalia 7the ,white ,river beds7 was not before known as far west1 or at as high an elevation1 as this4 ,professor ,whitney gave an account of his recent visit to ,oregon1 ,washington ,territory1 ,vancouver ,island1 and ,british ,columbia4 ,he spoke particularly of the volcanoes of that region1 and remarked that he had ascertained1 by rough trigonometrical measurements1 that ,mount ,hood was at least two thousand feet lower than ,mount ,shasta4 ,he was about to ascend the first-named peak1 in order to measure it barometrically2 but1 on learning that ,colonel ,williamson was intending to do the same thing1 during the present season1 he proposed to await that gentleman's measurement1 the result of which could not fail to be accepted by all as eminently trustworthy4 ,professor ,whitney remarked that his journey had been undertaken chiefly with a view to the study of the 8surface-geology10 and that he would1 on a future occasion1 bring before the ,academy the results of his observations4 ,mr4 ,bolander made some remarks on the distribution of the redwoods and ,big ,trees in ,california1 and exhibited a map1 prepared at the office of the ,geological ,survey1 on which the extent and position of the regions occupied by these two species of ,sequoia were shown by colors4 ,dr4 ,ayres remarked on explosive sounds heard by him recently1 during perfectly clear weather1 in the vicinity of ,borax ,lake4 ,they seemed to come from beneath the surface1 and recalled the subterranean explosions or noises mentioned in the ,geology of ,california1 ,vol4 ,i1 as having been heard in the vicinity of ,mount ,helena4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,september #af,,th1 #ahfg4 ,vice ,president ,ransom in the chair4 ,twelve members present4 ,donation to the ,cabinet3 ,twenty-eight mineralogical specimens from ,dr4 ,a4 ,b4 ,stout2 mineralogical specimens from ,mount ,hood1 by ,col4 ,r4 ,s4 ,williamson4 ,the following paper was read3 ,on the ,height of ,mt4 ,hood4 ,,by ,r4 ,s4 ,,williamson4 ,having recently formed a party and visited ,mt4 ,hood for the purpose of ascertaining its altitude1 and as my determination of its height is much less than previous parties have made it1 ,i think it proper to state somewhat in detail the nature of the observations and the method ,i have pursued to arrive at the number ,i adopt as a close approximation to its true height4 ,by the kindness of ,gen4 ,f4 ,steele1 commanding the ,department of the ,columbia1 the necessary transportation was furnished for the party1 consisting of twelve persons1 of whom my two assistants1 ,lieut4 ,w4 ,h4 ,heuer1 ,u4 ,s4 ,engineers1 and ,mr4 ,john ,t4 ,best1 were specially charged with the observations on the summit4 ,we left ,portland1 ,oregon1 ,august #bjth1 and on the evening of the twenty-second arrived at a place on the slope of the mountain1 where we camped1 and from which1 the next day1 the ascent was made2 seven of the party attempting to reach1 and six reaching1 the summit1 where they remained from one and a-half to three hours4 ,from this camp to the summit and back ten hours were occupied1 starting at #g3cj1 ,a4,m4 ,the weather was clear and pleasant1 and had been so for several days before1 and was so for several days after4 ,the instruments used at all the stations were made by ,james ,green1 of ,new ,york1 were in perfect order1 and most of them new4 ,they consisted of cistern barometers reading to two thousandths of an inch1 with attached thermometer1 and open air thermometer1 7dry and wet7 with large divisions1 so that they were easily read to tenths of a degree4 ,all the barometers had been adjusted to or compared with the standard1 and all agreed with it except the one at ,astoria1 which required a plus correction of three thousandths of an inch4 ,the stations used were ,astoria1 ,fort ,vancouver1 ,fort ,dalles1 camp on slope of ,mt4 ,hood1 and summit of ,mt4 ,hood4 ,observations had been taken for several years at ,astoria for me by ,louis ,wilson1 ,u4 ,s4 ,tidal ,observer1 at #g1 ,a4,m41 #b1 ,p4,m41 and #i1 ,p4,m41 of every day1 besides hourly observations for ten days or more of each month4 ,the cistern of this barometer is fifty-three feet above mean low tide4 ,at ,fort ,vancouver observations of the same character were commenced ,july #ast of this year1 and are still going on4 ,at ,fort ,dalles similar observations have been made since ,july #ajth4 ,the observations at the camp on the mountain slope were commenced at #g1 ,p4,m41 on ,august #bb;d1 and continued hourly 7with few omissions7 until #h1 ,a4,m41 on the twenty-fourth4 ,the barometer at the summit was hung up at #a3cj1 ,p4,m41 and allowed to stand a half hour in free air1 but protected from the direct rays of the sun4 ,it was then adjusted and observed at #b1 ,p4,m41 #b3ae1 ,p4,m41 and #b3cj1 ,p4,m41 by ,mr4 ,heuer and ,mr4 ,best1 independently1 and the two records as shown to me were essentially the same4 ,the mean reading of the barometer reduced to #cb ,fahrenheit1 was #ai1ida inches1 with an observed air temperature of #da4g1 and wet bulb of #ca4c4 ,the height of ,fort ,vancouver above ,astoria was computed from the mean of the simultaneous observations taken during the months of ,july and ,august4 ,the height of the ,dalles above ,fort ,vancouver was deduced from the corresponding observations during twenty-one days in ,july1 together with those for the month of ,august4 ,the height of the camp on the mountain slope above ,fort ,vancouver1 and also the height of that camp above ,fort ,dalles1 were then separately computed from the daily means of the observations taken at the three stations during ,august #bc;d4 ,the difference between the two should give the same result as by the direct calculations between ,fort ,vancouver and ,fort ,dalles2 but on account of the short period observed on the mountain camp1 a plus correction of a little over eight feet was found necessary to the estimated height of that camp to make the three results agree4 ,it then remained only to calculate the height of the summit of ,mount ,hood above the mountain camp4 ,the mean of the three observations of the barometer was assumed as the nearest approximation we can have to the mean pressure for that day1 as the horary oscillation at the summit is unknown4 ,with regard to the mean temperature for that day1 we have no positive data to determine it4 ,we cannot take the observed temperature1 as the observations were taken during the hottest part of the day4 ,by consulting the hourly observations of the thermometer at the camp1 ,i find the range there is between #fc and #dc4g1 or nearly #bj2 and supposing nearly as great a range of temperature on the summit1 ,i have assumed the mean temperature then for that day to be #cd4 ,the following is the final result of the computations3 ,,stations4 ,,inter4 ,,alts4 ,,sea ,,line4 ,sea level at mean low tide -- #j ,astoria #ec #ec ,fort ,vancouver #gi #acb ,camp on mountain slope #e1hbj #e1ieb ,summit of ,mount ,hood #e1bgc #aa1bbe ,the computations are made with new tables which will shortly be published1 and which give results similar to ,plantamour's formula1 based on ,regnault's constants4 ,they give results somewhat higher than if ,guyot's tables had been used1 the latter giving the height of the summit1 #aa1ahe feet4 ,on our return ,i took a single observation at what is called 8,government ,camp10 about four miles below the camp on the mountain slope1 and another at a place called ,stumpville1 some eight miles further on the road towards ,portland4 ,the results give for the former place #c1hfd feet1 and for the latter #a1hcj feet above the sea level4 ,the instruments used on the mountain have been returned in excellent order1 and compared with the one at ,fort ,vancouver with most satisfactory results4 ,it may be asked3 ,why is it that the results here given differ so widely from some previous estimates8 ,mount ,hood is said to be1 by ,mitchell's ,school ,atlas1 #ah1cfa feet1 and the ,rev4 ,geo4 ,h4 ,atkinson with a party1 ascended to the summit in ,august of last year1 boiled water with a spirit-lamp1 found that the thermometer read #ahj1 and therefore concludes the mountain is #ag1fjj feet1 and ,government ,camp #d1djj feet above the sea4 ,the reason is1 that the instruments used are unreliable1 and this method of computing the altitude defective4 ,with a boiling point apparatus 7or thermo-barometer as it is called7 of the most approved kind1 the results by boiling water are far inferior to those by the cistern barometer2 but if the observations are made with a common thermometer1 with small spaces for degrees1 as was the case in this instance1 and the instrument not protected from drafts of air1 the results are utterly unreliable1 and therefore worse than worthless4 ,apart from the observations here described1 there are other evidences to show that the determination of the height of this mountain here given is not underestimated4 ,col4 ,b4 ,c4 ,smith1 one of our party who reached the summit1 had this year ascended ,mount ,shasta1 a mountain measured by ,prof4 ,whitney to be #ad1ddj feet4 ,the ,colonel states that he feels confident1 from the comparative ease with which he ascended ,mount ,hood1 that it is of much less altitude than ,mount ,shasta4 ,on ,mount ,hood butterflies were found within a thousand feet of the summit4 ,finally1 ,prof4 ,whitney and others1 from rough triangulations1 have estimated it be about #ab1jjj feet4 ,it is to be hoped that other parties with good instruments will take further observations on this mountain4 ,as the height of ,fort ,vancouver and ,fort ,dalles are known1 and as these are now permanent meteorological stations1 further observations on ,mount ,hood can be referred to one of these stations as a base1 and good results obtained4 ,while another set of such observations may produce slightly different results1 ,i think they will not differ one hundred feet from the estimate here given4 ,dr4 ,gibbons exhibited a specimen of ,euphorbia lathyris1 and remarked upon its distinguishing characters4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,october #g,,th1 #ahfg4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,cooper in the chair4 ,twelve members present4 ,donation to the ,cabinet3 ,salt from a manufactory on the ,columbia ,river1 near ,portland1 ,oregon1 by ,mr4 ,victor4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,october #ba,,st1 #ahfg4 ,president in the ,chair4 ,twenty-three members present4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,burt was elected a ,resident1 and ,professor ,w4 ,d4 ,alexander1 of ,honolulu1 ,hawaiian ,islands1 a ,corresponding ,member4 ,donation to the ,cabinet3 ,a large number of ,californian plants1 collected and presented by ,messrs4 ,bolander and ,kellogg4 ,donations to the ,library3 ,humboldt and ,bonpland's ,botanical ,observations in ,south ,america1 four vols4 #hvo41 ,paris1 #ahbb1 by ,mr4 ,bolander4 ,professor ,whitney read extracts from letters recently received from ,mr4 ,dall1 dated at 8,st4 ,michael's1 ,russian ,america1 ,august #adth1 #ahfg10 and addressed to the ,academy and to himself4 ,the following are some extracts from these letters3 8,i have traveled on snow shoes1 with the thermometer from #h to #dj below zero1 about four hundred miles4 ,i have paddled in open canoes up stream six hundred and fifty miles1 and down #a1cjj miles4 ,i have obtained #d1eej specimens1 including a set of the rocks from ,fort ,youkon to the sea1 sufficient to determine the geological formations for #a1cjj miles4 ,the only fossiliferous beds are on the ,youkon1 and they extend about sixty miles4 ,they are brown sandstones1 containing bivalve mollusca and vegetable remains4 ,there is a small seam of coal thirty miles below the bend1 and thin shale above and below4 ,the coal is of good quality2 but there is so little of it that it is worthless4 ,these are the only fossiliferous strata ,i have thus far found4 ,the rocks above and below are all azoic and nonstratified1 excepting a little hard blue or black slate4 ,granite1 and especially mica1 are very rare4 ,i found a pebble containing the well known fossils of the ,niagara limestone on the beach near ,fort ,youkon4 ,fossil wood and bones and teeth of ,elephas and ,ovibos moschatus are common over the country4 ,there is a broad patch of volcanic eruptive rock on the river near the lower bend1 and it extends to the sea4 ,the islands of ,st4 ,michael and ,stuart are formed of it1 and it is roughly columnar on the former near the ,fort40 8,i have looked carefully for glacial traces1 and so far have found absolutely none40 ,mr4 ,dall adds that it is his intention to spend another year in ,russian ,america1 working at his own expense1 in order to finish the explorations commenced by himself1 and which the failure of the ,telegraph ,company rendered it impossible for him to continue officially4 ,dr4 ,cooper and ,professor ,whitney discussed the question whether the volcanoes of ,oregon and ,washington ,territory were to be classed as active4 ,the evidence on this point seemed very conflicting1 so far as showers of ashes are concerned4 ,there is no doubt1 however1 of the existence of solfataric action on ,mount ,hood1 ,mount ,st4 ,helens1 and probably on ,rainier and ,baker4 ,professor ,whitney exhibited some photographs and stereographs1 taken for the ,geological ,survey by ,mr4 ,w4 ,harris1 in the ,upper ,tuolumne ,valley1 near ,soda ,springs1 ,mount ,dana1 ,mount ,hoffmann1 and ,mount ,lyell4 ,he also presented the following account of a remarkable portion of the ,tuolumne ,valley1 which forms almost an exact counterpart of the ,yosemite4 ,it is by ,mr4 ,hoffmann1 the head of a party of the ,geological ,survey1 by which it was explored last summer3 ,notes on ,hetch-,hetchy ,valley4 ,,by ,c4 ,f4 ,,hoffmann4 ,tuolumne ,valley1 or ,hetch-,hetchy1 as it is called by the ,indians 7the meaning of this word ,i was unable to ascertain7 is situated on ,tuolumne ,river about fifteen miles in a straight line below ,tuolumne ,meadows and ,soda ,springs1 and about twelve miles north of ,yosemite ,valley4 ,its elevation above the sea is from #c1hjj to #c1ijj feet1 a little less than that of ,yosemite4 ,the valley is three miles long running nearly east and west1 with but little fall in this distance4 ,near its center it is cut in two by a low spur of shelving granite coming from the south4 ,the lower part forms a large open meadow with excellent grass1 one mile in length1 and gradually increasing from ten chains to a little over half a mile in width1 and only timbered along the edges4 ,the lower part of this meadow terminates in a very narrow caon1 the hills sloping down to the river at an angle of from #dj to #fj1 only leaving a channel from six to ten feet wide2 the river in the valley having an average width of about fifty feet4 ,this is the principal cause of the overflow in spring time of the lower part of the valley1 and probably also has given rise to the report of there being a large lake in the valley4 ,below this caon is another small meadow1 with a pond4 ,the upper part of ,hetch-,hetchy1 east of the granite spur1 forms a meadow one and three-fourths miles in length1 varying from ten to thirty chains in width1 well timbered and affording good grazing4 ,the scenery resembles very much that of the ,yosemite1 although the bluffs are not as high1 nor do they extend as far4 ,on the north side of the valley1 opposite the granite spur we first have a perpendicular bluff1 the top of which is #a1hjj feet above the valley2 the talus at the base is about five hundred feet above the valley1 leaving a precipice of about #a1cjj feet4 ,in the spring when the snows are melting a large creek precipitates itself over the western part of this bluff4 ,i was told that this fall is one of the grandest features of the valley1 sending its spray all over its lower portion4 ,it was dry1 however1 at the time of my visit4 ,the fall is #a1jjj feet perpendicular1 after which it strikes the debris and loses itself among the rocks4 ,about thirty chains further east we come to the ,hetch-,hetchy fall2 its height above the valley is #a1gjj feet4 ,this fall is not perpendicular1 although it appears so from the front1 as may be seen from the photograph by ,mr4 ,harris4 ,it falls in a series of cascades at an angle of about #gj4 ,at the time of my visit the volume of water was much greater than that of ,yosemite fall1 and ,i was told that in the spring its roarings can be heard for miles4 ,still further east we have two peaks1 shaped very much like 8,the ,three ,brothers10 in the ,yosemite4 ,their base forms a large1 naked and sloping granite wall on the north side of the valley1 broken by two timbered shelves1 which run horizontally the whole length of the wall4 ,up to the lower shelf or bend1 about eight hundred feet high1 the wall1 which slopes at an angle of from #de to #gj1 is polished by glaciers1 and probably these markings extend still higher up1 as on entering the valley the trail followed back of and along a moraine for several miles1 the height of which was about #a1bjj feet above the valley4 ,the same polish shows itself in places all along the bluffs on both sides1 and particularly fine on the granite spur crossing the valley4 ,there is no doubt that the largest branch of the great glacier which originated near ,mt4 ,dana and ,mount ,lyell1 made its way by ,soda ,springs to this valley4 ,a singular feature of this valley is the total absence of talus or debris at the base of the bluffs1 excepting at one place in front of the falls4 ,another remarkable rock1 corresponding with ,cathedral ,rock in the ,yosemite1 stands on the south side of the valley1 directly opposite ,hetch-,hetchy fall2 its height is #b1bgj feet above the valley4 ,the photograph by ,mr4 ,harris will give some idea of this rock4 ,at the upper end of the valley the river forks1 one branch1 nearly as large as the main river1 coming from near ,castle ,peak1 the main river itself from ,soda ,springs4 ,about half a mile up the main caon1 the river forms some cascades1 the highest being about thirty feet4 ,the valley was first visited1 in #ahej1 by ,mr4 ,joseph ,screech1 a mountaineer of this region1 who found it occupied by ,indians4 ,this gentleman informed me that1 up to a very recent date1 this valley was disputed ground between the ,pah ,utah ,indians from the eastern slope and the ,big ,creek ,indians from the western slope of the ,sierras2 they had several fights1 in which the ,pah ,utahs proved victorious4 ,the latter still visit the valley every fall to gather acorns1 which abound in this locality4 ,here ,i may also mention that the ,indians speak of a lake of very salt water on their trail from here to ,castle ,peak4 ,mr4 ,screech also informed me of the existence of a fall1 about a hundred feet high1 on the ,tuolumne ,river1 about four miles below this valley1 and which prevents fish from coming up any higher4 ,the climate is said to be milder in winter than that of the ,yosemite ,valley1 as is also indicated by a larger number of oaks and a great number of ,pinus ,sabiniana4 ,the principal tree of the valley is ,pinus ponderosa2 besides this we have ,p4 ,sabiniana1 ,cedar1 ,q4 ,sonomensis1 ,q4 crassipocula2 also poplar and cottonwood4 ,the valley can be reached easily from ,big ,oak ,flat by taking the regular ,yosemite trail1 by ,sprague's ,ranch and ,big ,flume1 as far as ,mr4 ,hardin's fence1 between south and middle fork of ,tuolumne ,river1 about eighteen miles from ,big ,oak ,flat4 ,here the trail turns off to the left1 going to ,wade's ,meadows or ,big ,meadows1 sometimes called ,reservoir ,meadows1 the distance being about seven miles4 ,from ,wade's ,ranch the trail crosses the middle fork of ,tuolumne and goes to the ,hog ,ranch1 five miles2 thence up divide between the middle fork and main river1 about two miles1 to another little ranch called 8,the ,caon40 ,from here the trail winds down through rocks for six miles to ,tuolumne ,caon4 ,this trail is well blazed1 and was made by ,mr4 ,screech and others1 for the purpose of driving sheep and cattle to the valley4 ,the whole distance from ,big ,oak ,flat is thirty-eight miles4 ,another trail equally good1 but a little longer1 leaves the ,yosemite trail about half a mile beyond the crossing of the south fork1 thence crosses the middle fork within about one and a half miles of the south fork crossing1 and follows up the divide between the middle fork and the main river1 joining the first-named trail at the ,hog ,ranch4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,november #d,,th1 #ahfg4 ,president in the ,chair4 ,thirty members present4 ,george ,c4 ,johnson was elected a ,resident ,member4 ,donations to the ,cabinet3 ,two packages of plants from ,france and ,australia1 by ,mr4 ,bolander2 these plants were collected by ,dr4 ,f4 ,mller1 ,director of the ,botanical ,garden at ,melbourne1 and by ,rn ,le ,normand1 of ,vire1 ,france1 and sent to ,mr4 ,bolander in exchange for ,californian plants4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,blake read the following3 ,on the ,organs of ,copulation in the ,male of the ,embiotocoid ,fishes4 ,,by ,,james ,,blake1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,c4,s4 ,some months since ,i presented a communication to the ,academy pointing out the manner in which the ftus of the embiotocoid fishes was nourished whilst it was being developed within the ovisac4 7,see p4 #cad47 ,i there stated that the ingress of water into the ovisac would not take place at all freely1 as the organ communicated with the surface by a narrow canal surrounded by muscular fibres4 ,this structure of the oviduct would evidently oppose an obstacle to the entrance of the semen into the ovisac for the purpose of impregnation1 unless some means exist by which the ventral surfaces of the fish can be maintained in contact during the act of copulation1 as the penis consists of a slightly developed tubercle which cannot penetrate for any distance into the oviduct4 ,from the direction of the orifices of the penis and oviduct it is evident that anything like a perfect contact of these organs can only be maintained whilst the fishes are in a reversed position1 so that the head of one fish is towards the tail of the other4 ,in order that contact may be maintained whilst in this position1 we find the caudal fin of the male fish furnished with certain appendages which enable it to give a firm hold to the ventral fins of the female1 so that close contact of the ventral surfaces can be maintained4 ,these appendages are of two kinds4 ,in ,embiotoca1 ,damolichthys and some other genera1 we find a well developed mammary elevation situated near the anterior part of the anal fin on both sides1 terminating in front by a teat-like process4 ,in ,amphisticus1 ,holconotus and some other genera1 this mammary appendage is wanting2 but its place is supplied by a bony transverse plate with serrated edges1 inserted in the fin some distance farther back and parallel to the fin rays4 ,in addition to these plates there are also found cartilaginous ridges with roughened borders1 placed in front of the plates1 and running parallel with the edge of the fin4 ,i think there can be no doubt but that these fin appendages serve the purpose ,i have assigned to them1 for on placing the fish in the reversed position1 with the orifice of the oviduct and penis in contact1 it will be seen that they enable the ventral fins of the female to secure a firm hold on the anal fin of the male1 so as to keep the fish in contact during the process of copulation4 ,at the season of copulation1 the anterior surface of the anal fin in the male becomes covered with a thick layer of firm epithelium4 ,as this commences at a short distance from the ventral attachment of the fin1 a well marked groove is formed at the base of the fin1 which affords an additional hold for the ventral fin of the female4 ,after the season of copulation is over1 and the testicles regain their quiescent state1 this epithelium almost disappears4 ,at the same time the mammary sack diminishes very much in size1 so that when the testicles are reduced to their smallest size1 hardly a trace of the sack remains4 ,one or the other of these forms of appendages have been found on the anal fin of the male in all the species of embiotocoid fishes ,i have examined4 ,mr4 ,stearns exhibited some fossils collected by ,mr4 ,schmidt near ,orleans ,bar1 ,klamath ,county4 ,professor ,whitney exhibited some peculiar ores from ,nevada and ,mexico4 ,those from ,nevada were antimoniate of lead1 containing considerable silver4 ,this occurs in ,humboldt ,county1 and in sufficiently large quantities to be mined and smelted1 with success as is stated1 the value of the silver being about #ajj per ton4 ,the ,mexican ore is a pure oxide of antimony1 which will be more fully described hereafter4 ,it occurs in several mines in the northern provinces4 ,professor ,whitney made some remarks on the mineral species occurring in ,california and on the ,pacific ,coast of ,america in general4 ,the following is an abstract of these remarks3 ,he stated that the number of minerals occurring in ,california1 and on the ,pacific coast in general1 taking the country from ,northern ,mexico to ,british ,columbia1 was quite small in proportion to the area of the region4 ,especially among the silicates is there a great deficiency in species1 and very few of those which do occur are found of sufficiently well crystallized form to be valuable as cabinet specimens4 ,the total number of species 7following the fourth edition of ,dana's ,mineralogy for names1 etc47 believed to exist on the ,pacific coast1 including ,northern ,mexico1 ,arizona1 ,california1 ,nevada and ,oregon1 is one hundred and ten1 of which1 however1 thirteen are somewhat doubtful4 ,of the one hundred and ten1 there are eighty-nine which occur in ,california4 ,some of the mineral species most common in other parts of the world1 and especially in mining regions1 are either entirely unknown here1 or else exceedingly rare4 ,thus barytes1 which is so abundant a veinstone in ,england and ,germany1 is almost unknown in the ,sierra ,nevada1 having been only found in one or two localities1 and there in small quantity4 ,fluor is entirely wanting in the ,sierra ,nevada1 although found in some quantity in ,arizona and ,nevada4 ,not a trace of this elsewhere so common mineral has been found1 so far as known1 in ,california4 ,among the silicates most universally diffused1 but which are up to this time entirely unknown in ,california1 the following may be mentioned as some of the most prominent3 beryl1 topaz1 zircon1 ,wollastonite1 scapolite1 spodumene1 ,allanite1 iolite1 staurotide1 kyanite1 spinel1 nepheline1 datholite and all the zeolites1 in other countries so abundant where volcanic rocks occur4 ,not a well defined specimen of a zeolite has yet been found within the borders of ,california4 ,another curious fact in the mineralogy of ,california is the occurrence of some mineral species which are common as ores in other mining countries1 and which in ,california1 or at least in the mining region of the ,sierra ,nevada1 are disseminated through a great number of localities1 but nowhere exist in workable quantity4 ,galena and blende may be particularly referred to as occurring in this way4 ,there is hardly a gold-bearing vein in the ,sierra which has not some galena and blende in fine particles in the veinstone2 but not a locality is known where the quantity of either of these ores is anything like sufficient to justify mining1 even were the other conditions as favorable as in the ,eastern ,states or in ,europe4 ,galena occurs in considerable quantity in the extreme south-eastern portion of the ,state1 or just over the borders1 in ,arizona and ,nevada2 but no considerable deposit of zinc blende has yet been made known anywhere in the ,pacific ,states or ,territories2 nor is any other ore of zinc known to occur in workable quantity on this coast4 ,the mineral region with which ours most nearly agrees1 in the character of its ores and mineral substances1 is that of the ,south ,american ,andes1 especially of ,chile4 ,in ,mr4 ,david ,forbes' recent catalogue of the ,chilean minerals1 there are about two hundred species enumerated1 of which about sixty have hitherto been discovered in ,california and the other ,pacific ,states and ,territories4 ,the ,chilean mineral list1 like that of ,california1 is remarkable for the absence of many of the almost universally distributed silicates mentioned above as wanting in the ,pacific ,states1 namely3 beryl1 topaz1 zircon1 ,wollastonite1 ,allanite1 iolite1 staurotide1 kyanite1 spodumene1 spinel and datholite4 ,many other silicates1 abundantly distributed throughout other portions of the world1 might be mentioned as entirely wanting along the whole ,pacific ,coast4 ,several of the more common zeolites are found in the ,chilean list1 which are wanting in ,california2 while several others are equally wanting in both countries4 ,among the common zeolites found in ,chile which have not yet been discovered in ,california are ,prehnite1 stilbite1 ,laumontite and scolecite2 while analcime1 harmotome1 ,thomsonite1 natrolite and ,heulandite are wanting there as well as here4 ,it is evident1 from a comparison of the mineral lists of the ,states situated along the ,pacific ,coast of ,north and ,south ,america1 that there has been a most remarkable resemblance in the conditions which have influenced the formation and segregation of the accidental minerals now found accompanying the stratified and eruptive masses throughout the whole vast extent of the regions in question4 ,this is another of the facts which go to show the unity of the ,cordilleras of ,north and ,south ,america as a geological result4 ,mr4 ,bolander stated that the absence of many mineral species from this coast found its parallel in a similar absence of many botanical groups4 ,dr4 ,cooper did not think there was any poverty with respect to animal species on this coast1 and suggested that the absence of certain groups of plants might be due to the absence of certain appropriate mineral constituents from the soil4 ,dr4 ,behr thought that the ,californian lepidoptera more nearly conformed to ,european and ,mexican types than to those of the ,eastern ,states4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,november #ah,,th1 #ahfg4 ,president in the chair4 ,twenty-six members present4 ,messrs4 ,r4 ,h4 ,stretch and ,gustav ,holland1 ,m4,d41 were elected ,resident ,members1 and ,mr4 ,l4 ,c4 ,schmidt of ,eureka1 ,humboldt ,county1 a ,corresponding ,member4 ,donations to the ,cabinet3 ,a specimen of ,coral from ,mr4 ,eckley4 ,donation to the ,library3 ,mining ,claims and ,water ,rights1 #hvo1 ,san ,francisco1 #ahfg1 by ,gregory ,yale4 ,professor ,whitney read the following communication1 supplementary to the one presented at the previous meeting4 ,the subject of the relation of the accidental minerals occurring on the ,pacific coast was brought forward by me at the last meeting1 and ,i wish now to add a few words in regard to the elementary substances occurring in ,california1 an inquiry which will also afford us some interesting data for comparing the geological and chemical conditions prevailing through the great chain of the ,cordilleras of ,north and ,south ,america4 ,i find on carefully tabulating the facts observed by the ,geological ,survey1 in regard to the mineral combinations existing on the coast1 that of the sixty-four elementary substances existing in nature1 so far as yet known to chemists1 there are only thirty-six which have been proven to occur in ,california1 in mineral combinations4 ,those which are wanting here are the following3 bromine1 glucinum1 cadmium1 csium1 cerium1 didymium1 erbium1 fluorine1 iodine1 indium1 lanthanum1 lithium1 niobium1 norium1 palladium1 ruthenium1 rubidium1 strontium1 tantalum1 terbium1 thallium1 thorium1 uranium1 vanadium1 bismuth1 tungsten1 yttrium1 zirconium 7#bh47 ,of elementary substances occurring in the adjacent ,states1 and not yet detected in ,california1 there are1 so far as ,i know1 only three1 namely3 bismuth1 fluorine and tungsten4 ,this would make twenty-three elements wanting on the ,pacific ,coast of ,north ,america4 ,of these a few are extremely rare1 in general1 and would hardly be expected to occur here4 ,among these are didymium1 erbium1 indium1 lanthanum1 norium1 thorium4 ,but there are others1 the absence of which is indeed quite surprising4 ,fluorine1 for instance1 is an element of extremely wide distribution1 and one which occurs in great quantity in most mineral countries4 ,here it will probably hereafter be detected in our micas1 and perhaps in other combinations1 and also in mineral and sea water2 but its most abundant source1 fluor-spar1 seems entirely wanting in this ,state4 ,bismuth is another element of common occurrence in various combinations1 but it has not yet been detected in ,california4 ,a few minute scales of a mineral that ,i determined to be bismuth-silver1 from the ,twin ,ophir mine1 ,nevada1 is the only authentic instance ,i know of thus far1 of the occurrence of this element on the ,pacific coast4 ,tungsten1 uranium and vanadium1 are tolerably widely disseminated2 the latter1 however1 less so than the former4 ,no trace of either has yet been found on this coast north of ,mexico2 of strontium1 zirconium1 and glucinum1 the same may be said4 ,if we now compare the distribution of the elements in the ,south ,american ,andes with that on this coast1 we shall find some striking points of resemblance2 and to a large extent1 either the absence1 or else the great rarity of several of the elementary substances not seen in other mineral regions1 is a fact which holds good along the whole extent of the ,american ,continent on the ,pacific side4 ,fluorine1 in combination with calcium1 is almost as rare in ,peru1 ,bolivia1 and ,chile1 as on this coast4 ,indeed1 it was formerly supposed by ,domeyko not to occur at all in ,chile1 but recently one or two localities1 where it is found in small quantity1 have been made known4 ,tungsten occurs in ,peru at one locality in the form of wolfram1 and in ,chile in one or two localities1 also in ,lower ,california1 but its combinations are extremely rare along the whole coast4 ,the same may be said of uranium4 ,strontium and zirconium have not yet been discovered in ,chile or ,peru1 although the former occurs in one locality in ,new ,grenada1 and glucinum has only recently been found in ,chile in very minute quantity in one locality4 ,no combination of lithium is yet known on the ,pacific coast4 ,among the leading facts connected with the occurrence of mineral substances and the elementary bodies on the ,pacific coast1 and especially in the ,cordilleras of ,north and ,south ,america1 the following may be mentioned as generally applicable to the whole of the vast region extending from ,british ,columbia to ,chile3 #ast4 ,the paucity of species considering the extent of the region as compared with other parts of the world1 and especially with other mineral regions4 #b;d4 ,the remarkable absence of the prominent silicates1 and especially of the zeolites4 #c;d4 ,the absence of a large number of the elementary substances1 and the paucity of several others of very common occurrence in other mineral regions4 #dth4 ,the very wide spread and abundant occurrence of the precious metals1 gold and silver1 and the not uncommon occurrence of platina4 #eth4 ,the great abundance of ores of copper1 and the comparative absence of tin1 lead1 and zinc4 #fth4 ,the similarity in the mineralized condition of the silver--antimony and chlorine being prominent mineralizers of this metal--while in ,chile the rarer combinations of iodine1 bromine1 and selenium occur1 these latter being as yet unknown north of ,mexico4 #gth4 ,the absence or paucity as veinstone1 or gangue1 of one of the most prominent minerals occurring as such in other mineral regions1 namely1 fluor2 to which it may be added1 that both calcite and barytes are extremely rare as veinstones in ,california1 and to judge from all the ,mexican and ,chilean collections that ,i have seen1 well crystallized specimens are very rare in those countries4 #hth4 ,there is no elementary substance1 and but few mineral species peculiar to the ,pacific coast1 so far as yet ascertained4 ,professor ,whitney remarked on the depression of ,death ,valley1 the sink of the ,amargosa ,river1 below the level of the sea4 ,recently it has been repeatedly stated in the newspapers that no such depression really existed1 and that1 in point of fact1 the valley in question was several thousand feet above the sea level1 ,mr4 ,gabb being cited as authority4 ,the valley visited by ,mr4 ,gabb1 however1 was not1 it appears1 the real ,death ,valley1 but one to which that name was given by an explorer by mistake4 ,the true ,death ,valley is the sink of the ,amargosa1 while the one visited by ,mr4 ,gabb is near the head of that river4 ,the barometrical observations on which the statement of the depression of the real ,death ,valley is based were taken1 in #ahfa1 by a party of the ,california ,boundary ,survey4 ,the observations were made with a barometer1 which was compared before and after being used1 with a standard1 by ,colonel ,r4 ,s4 ,williamson1 by whom also the computations and reductions of the observations were made2 there was also a station barometer at the time on the ,colorado1 at no great distance1 and this instrument was in good order4 ,thus it will be seen that the conditions were1 in most respects1 exceptionably favorable for a correct measure of the altitude of the valley1 and it may be safely assumed that its depression below the sea level is not far from one hundred and seventy-five feet1 as stated on ,colonel ,williamson's authority1 in the ,geology of ,california1 ,vol4 ,i4 ,to secure a more reliable result1 it would be necessary to have a long series of observations taken there with a well-adjusted instrument1 and it would be desirable also to have a station barometer on the ,colorado1 or at some other not too distant point4 ,it will probably be a long time before these favorable conditions are secured2 and1 in the meantime1 ,col4 ,williamson's result must be received as a close approximation to the actual amount of the depression of this very remarkable locality4 ,mr4 ,bolander1 referring to a previous enumeration of pine species in ,california1 submitted by him1 stated that he must now reduce the number of true species by one1 leaving the total at only fifteen4 ,he also remarked upon the species of fir in this ,state1 enumerating four only as being strongly marked4 ,he showed the leaves and seeds of two species1 and commented upon the mistake of ,murray in asserting that there is a fifth species1 which he calls ,picea magnifica1 but which is really ,picea amabilis4 ,mr4 ,bolander thought the tendency to multiply species erroneously was attributable to a desire to make a market for seeds1 those of new species being always in demand at good prices4 ,,special ,,meeting1 ,,november #bgth1 #ahfg4 ,president in the ,chair4 ,this meeting was called for the purpose of hearing from ,mr4 ,george ,davidson1 ,assistant ,u4 ,s4 ,coast ,survey1 an account of his recent trip to ,alaska1 at the head of a party organized by ,professor ,peirce1 ,superintendent ,u4 ,s4 ,coast ,survey1 to make a partial scientific reconnoissance of that region4 ,mr4 ,davidson gave an interesting account of the operations of the party1 and a synopsis of their observations4 ,these will be found at length in his official report1 to be printed by order of ,congress4 ,at the conclusion of ,mr4 ,davidson's remarks1 the ,academy passed a vote of thanks to ,mr4 ,davidson and ,professor ,peirce1 ,superintendent of the ,coast ,survey1 for the opportunity which had thus been afforded of hearing the results of an expedition of so much interest to the scientific world4 ,dr4 ,kellogg1 who accompanied the party as botanist1 added some remarks on the ,flora of the northwestern coast of ,america4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,december #b;,d1 #ahfg4 ,president in the ,chair4 ,thirty-five members present4 ,messrs4 ,s4 ,w4 ,holladay1 ,henry ,r4 ,goddard1 and ,henry ,k4 ,moore1 were elected resident members4 ,donations to the ,library3 ,bulletin de la ,socit ,imperial des ,naturalistes de ,moscow1 #hvo41 ,moscow1 #ahff4 ,professor ,silliman read the following notices3 ,note on three new ,localities of ,tellurium ,minerals in ,california1 and on some ,mineralogical ,features of the ,mother ,vein4 ,,by ,b4 ,,silliman4 7a47 ,,tellurium ,,minerals4--,it is well known to mineralogists and others that in the ,melones ,mine1 on ,carson ,hill1 there occurs1 in considerable abundance1 a tellurium compound which has been called ,sylvanite by some mineralogists1 but apparently without sufficient authority4 ,it occurs in one of the veins on the ,melones property1 associated with ,dolomite and quartz1 in what appears to be a gneissic rock2 but the mine being under water ,i am dependent on the specimens kindly furnished me by the intelligent proprietor1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,k4 ,,stevenot1 for my knowledge of the gangue4 ,at the 8,golden ,rule0 ,mine1 on the mother lode near ,poverty ,hill1 in ,tuolumne ,county1 ,i detected in ,august last the same tellurium minerals which are found at ,carson ,hill in the ,melones4 ,the veinstone here is an argillite1 with thread-like veins of quartz crossing the cleavages of the slate1 and in these filons of quartz gold is seen in beautiful specimens4 ,it was in this association that ,i detected two or three small groups of brilliant crystalline plates1 identical in appearance and physical characters with the ,melones mineral1 which has been called ,sylvanite1 and affording the same blowpipe reactions4 ,at the ,rawhide ,rancho1 a mine near ,jamestown1 on the mother lode1 of which ,i have had occasion to make a careful study1 there occurs a deposit or shoot of very rich sulphides containing copper1 antimony1 iron1 arsenic1 with gold1 silver and tellurium4 ,this ore has in general a bronzy1 blackish appearance2 shows often free gold in scales of a blackish yellow color1 and appears to be a kind of fahlerz1 or gray-copper ore1 the value of which in silver and gold rises to one thousand dollars per ton1 7#b1jjj lbs47 or even higher4 ,associated with this ore are brilliant sectile1 flexible scales of the same tellurium compound which occurs at ,stanislaus and ,golden ,rule1 but in the ,rawhide ,mine intimately blended with the blackish sulphides before-named--occasionally in nests or small bunches with metallic gold4 ,the blowpipe readily detects in this ore antimony1 arsenic1 tellurium1 copper1 iron1 manganese1 lime1 magnesia1 chromium1 aluminum1 gold and silver4 ,it is only in portions containing dolomite and the peculiar greenish mineral1 so characteristic of the mother lode1 that lime1 magnesia1 alumina1 and chromium are detected4 ,in portions of the fahlerz-like mineral which appear nearly pure1 the blowpipe detects only antimony1 arsenic1 copper1 iron1 and manganese4 ,having transmitted characteristic specimens of these ores1 with other interesting ,california species1 to ,professors ,dana and ,brush1 at ,new ,haven1 these mineralogists inform me1 by letter just received1 that the tellurids above-named appear to be referable to a new species hitherto undescribed1 and ,prof4 ,brush proposes to undertake an analysis of it upon the specimens transmitted by me1 which are barely sufficient for the purpose4 ,it is a tellurid of silver and gold1 containing more silver than gold4 ,associated with it is a white cleavable mineral which ,prof4 ,brush thinks may prove to be native tellurium2 this is in the ,melones and ,golden ,rule specimens4 ,hessite4 ,i obtained from the ,reist ,mine1 on the northeasterly end of ,whisky ,hill1 ,tuolumne ,county1 a very small crystal corresponding in its physical characters to the extremely rare telluric silver1 known to mineralogists as ,hessite4 ,it occurs in the auriferous slates to the east of the main vein2 the slates being opened here for a width of seventy-five feet as an open cut4 ,my attention was called to the existence of this species at the ,reist ,mine by ,mr4 ,d4 ,t4 ,hughes1 of ,tuolumne ,county1 who informed me that there was an interesting mineral species there containing1 as he believed1 tellurium1 and that masses of it1 half an ounce in weight1 had been obtained some years since4 ,unfortunately these specimens fell into ignorant hands1 and were destroyed in idle attempts to determine the nature of the substance4 ,on visiting the locality1 which is within one mile of the ,rawhide ,rancho1 and on the opposite side of ,table ,mountain1 ,i found that the proprietor was exploring in a different part of the open cut from that where this species was found1 the place being under water4 ,fortunately in a collection of minerals from ,whisky ,hill1 formed by ,mr4 ,williams1 one of the proprietors1 and preserved in his house there1 ,i was able to detect one small mass of the ,hessite which ,mr4 ,williams divided with me4 ,this ,mr4 ,hughes recognized as identical with the larger masses he had obtained at this mine some years since4 ,prof4 ,bush1 in his letter to ,prof4 ,silliman1 of ,october #bith1 recognizes this species as ,hessite4 ,the specimen was associated with native gold which had been amalgamated and heated1 but the constitution of the ,hessite did not seem to be affected thereby4 8,tellurid of ,silver0 is mentioned by ,blake1 in his list of ,california species1 as found by him near ,georgetown1 in ,el ,dorado ,county1 in #ahed1 washed from the gold drift1 but the parent vein had never been found4--,ross ,browne's ,report1 #ahfg1 p4 #bji4 ,it appears therefore1 from the present state of our knowledge1 that a compound of gold and silver tellurium belonging probably to a new species has been detected in three localities upon the mother vein1 and associated with it in two of these1 probably also native tellurium2 and that ,hessite 7the tellurid of silver7 has been found in place in one locality and in the drift in another4 ,i have also detected the foliated tellurium in extremely minute quantity in one of the mines at ,angels1 and ,i mentioned in a publication1 in #ahfd1 its probable occurrence among the ores of the ,josephine and ,pine ,tree ,mines of ,mariposa4 ,a careful scrutiny will probably detect those compounds of tellurium at other points when the mother vein is opened1 as at ,blue ,gulch1 ,quartz ,mountain1 and ,whisky ,hill4 ,i have already recognized the blackish antimonial copper sulphides at the ,app ,mine and ,silver's ,mine1 and in the croppings on the surface of ,whisky ,hill4 ,indeed it may not be too much to state that these ores appear to be somewhat characteristic of those portions of the mother vein occurring south of ,angels1 and especially wherever it is inclosed in magnesian rocks4 ,genth has named a species ,melonite1 from ,melones ,mine1 which he says is a tellurid of nickel4 ,i have not been able to recognize this compound among those ores of the ,melones1 which ,i have seen4 7b47 ,,some ,,mineralogical ,,features ,,of ,,the ,,mother ,,vein4--,from the opportunity ,i have had of studying the mother vein1 ,i arrive at the general conclusion that its mineralogical characteristics vary greatly with the chemical constitution of the rocks which inclose it4 ,wherever the serpentine or talcose and calcareous rocks from the inclosing walls1 or are near it1 the mineral contents of the vein are essentially different from those observed where the inclosing rocks are argillites1 or syenites and diorites4 ,these we find at ,mariposa1 in the ,josephine and ,pine ,tree ,mines1 at ,peon ,blanco1 ,maxwell ,creek1 ,blue ,gulch1 ,quartz ,mountain1 ,silver's1 ,whisky ,hill1 ,rawhide1 ,chapavele ,hill1 ,carson ,hill1 ,angels1 and ,placerville--at all which places ,i have examined the mother lode with more or less care--a peculiar light apple-green mineral1 occurring in scales1 associated with iron pyrites in small and brilliant pentagonal dodecahedrons and implanted in a gangue of dolomite mingled with quartz4 ,the dolomite is of the variety known as ankerite1 and by its decomposition1 which seems hastened by the oxidation of the associated pyrites1 gives origin to those highly characteristic masses of brown and reddish-yellow iron gossan which form the characteristic feature of the outcroppings of those portions of the mother vein just enumerated4 ,these gossans always retain the bright green mineral before alluded to unchanged1 as also cellular quartz which discloses in its rhombic cavities the form of the decomposed crystals of dolomite or ankerite whose removal has left the vacant spaces4 ,before decomposition this triple carbonate of lime1 magnesia1 and iron is brilliantly white1 and its real chemical character would never be suspected4 ,the green mineral1 so far as ,i can ascertain1 has never been described1 although it has often been noticed4 ,it has been called by some1 nickel gymnite1 and ,i have once distinguished it by this name in a mining report4 ,but this is a misnomer which ,i take this occasion to correct2 nickel gymnite of ,genth1 found at ,texas1 ,penna41 is a hydrous silicate of magnesia1 lime1 and nickel4 ,the species so characteristic of certain portions of the mother vein is anhydrous1 and contains no nickel4 ,,mariposite 7,provisional ,name74 ,before the blowpipe it yields evidence of the presence of the protoxides of iron1 lime1 magnesia1 and potassium2 of the sesquioxides of chromium and aluminum with carbonic1 silicic1 and sulphuric acids4 ,the oxide of manganese and sulphuric acid exist only as traces4 ,the mineral is probably new1 and must be referred to the mica section of an hydrous silicate4 ,should it1 on a careful chemical examination1 prove to be new1 ,i would suggest the name ,mariposite as an appropriate name for it1 as it was on the ,mariposa estate that it first attracted my attention1 and where it exists in great abundance4 ,this species which is so characteristic of the mother vein1 in connection with magnesian or chloritic rocks1 occurs nowhere so far as ,i have observed in this vein when it is inclosed in argillites or syenites4 ,of sulphides occurring in the mother lode there are two classes which deserve special mention1 beside the ordinarily occurring pyrites of iron and copper4 ,these are the 7#a7 antimonial copper sulphides1 and the 7#b7 antimonial lead sulphides2 both are arsenical and are rich in both gold and silver4 ,to the first class allusion has already been made in the former part of this paper4 ,besides the ,rawhide ,mine1 they are found in most of the openings on ,whisky ,hill1 in ,tuolumne ,county1 in the ,silver1 ,app and ,josephine1 and ,pine ,tree ,mines4 ,the lively stains of blue malachite1 seen at ,williams' ,mine1 on ,whisky ,hill1 and occasionally elsewhere1 are derived from atmospheric decomposition of the antimonial copper sulphides4 ,the blowpipe detects the presence of iron1 antimony1 arsenic1 copper1 sulphur1 tellurium 7in certain cases7 sulphur1 gold and silver4 ,the vein is so abundant as to give to the raw ore1 in some cases1 magnetic properties2 and the button from the blowpipe assay becomes strongly magnetic4 ,the antimonial lead sulphides occur in considerable abundance at the ,trio ,claims1 on ,whisky ,hill4 ,the appearance of this ore recalls that of granular galena4 ,the gold and silver value of this ore is very high1 but no portion of it can be saved by the ordinary mechanical treatment with mercury4 ,the blowpipe detects the presence of antimony1 lead1 iron1 arsenic1 sulphur1 gold and silver4 ,there is no trace of copper1 and the quantity of arsenic present is slight4 ,the ore is therefore essentially an antimonial lead sulphide1 rich in gold and silver4 ,there is good reason to believe1 that as this remarkable vein becomes more thoroughly explored1 it will disclose other new or rare compounds containing gold1 and that these already noticed will be found to be more widely diffused when proper care is applied to the study of the mineralogy of the lode4 ,in ,amador ,county the mother lode is found in connection with argillaceous slates and syenite4 ,thus at the ,eureka ,mine1 of ,hayward1 known as the ,amador ,mining ,co41 the vein has a soft1 black slate for its foot wall and a heavy1 firm syenite or greenstone 7called granite by the miners7 for the hanging wall4 ,the mineralogy of the vein is extremely simple1 being in fact nothing more than iron and copper sulphurets1 chiefly the former1 with rarely galena or blende4 ,i sought in vain for any of the species mentioned in the former part of this paper4 ,there are no magnesian minerals1 and the ,mariposite is entirely absent4 ,the other mines of that range1 as far as ,i examined them1 all partake of the same simplicity in mineralogical character4 ,there can be but little doubt1 as it appears to me1 that the inclosing rocks in each case exercise an important influence on the mineral contents of the vein4 ,,san ,,francisco1 ,december #b;d1 #ahfg4 ,mr4 ,stearns read the following3 ,list of ,shells collected at ,bodega ,bay1 ,california1 ,june1 #ahfg4 ,,by ,,robert ,e4 ,c4 ,,stearns4 ,in pursuance of the idea mentioned in my paper on the shells of ,baulines ,bay1 of examining the bays and coast to the north of ,san ,francisco1 ,i made a brief trip to ,bodega ,bay in company with my friend ,dr4 ,newcomb1 on the thirteenth of ,june1 #ahfg4 ,most of the species enumerated were collected within a very limited area1 between tide marks1 at the extreme point of ,bodega ,head1 as the arm of land is called1 which extending in a southerly direction from the general line of the coast1 incloses what is known as ,bodega ,bay4 ,the bay itself is1 for the greater part1 left bare at low tide1 and the flats then exposed1 composed of sandy mud1 contain abundance of the common bivalves of the coast1 principally ,macoma1 7two species7 and ,tapes1 in all its varieties3 ,saxidomus gracilis may also be found here in considerable quantities1 and is at certain seasons dug by the ,indians1 together with the other so called 8clams40 ,at the spot where the principal portion of this collection was made1 the outcropping rock is a coarse granite1 upon which ,litorina planaxis is found in great numbers4 ,the limited time at my disposal1 at the season when the trip was made1 was only sufficient to admit of a brief1 and therefore unsatisfactory reconnoissance2 nevertheless1 at least seventeen species were detected which have not heretofore been found 7or reported7 so far to the north4 ,many of these species ,i failed to find at ,baulines1 and some of them have not been reported north of the ,bay of ,monterey4 ,at ,baulines1 the rocks are principally shales1 and contain many species of pholads1 which as will be seen by a glance at this list1 if not entirely absent1 must be rare at ,bodega2 the various 8nestlers0 which are found associated with the borers are also wanting2 ,haliotis rufescens is abundant upon the rocky islets off the coast1 but not even a fragment of ,h4 ,cracherodii was met with4 #a4 ,cryptomya ,californica1 ,conr4 #b4 ,schizothrus ,nuttalli1 ,conr4 #c4 ,entodesma saxicola1 ,baird4 #d4 ,mytilimeria ,nuttalli1 ,conr4 #e4 ,machra patula1 ,dixon4 #f4 ,macoma secta1 ,conr499 #g4 ---- nasuta1 ,conr4 #h4 ,tellina ,bodegensis1 ,hds4 #i4 ,tapes staminea1 ,conr4 #aj4 ---- ---- var4 ,petitii1 ,desh4 #aa4 ---- ---- var4 ruderata1 ,desh4 #ab4 ---- ---- var4 diversa1 ,sby4 #ac4 ,saxidomus gracilis1 ,gould499 #ad4 ,chama exogyra1 ,conr499 #ae4 ,cardium corbis1 ,mart4 #af4 ,lazaria sub-quadrata1 ,cpr4 #ag4 ,kellia ,laperousii1 ,desh4 #ah4 ,lasea rubra1 ,mont4 #ai4 ,mytilus ,californianus1 ,conr4 #bj4 ---- edulis1 ,linn4 #ba4 ,modiola fornicata1 ,cpr499 #bb4 ---- recta1 ,cour499 #bc4 ,axina subobsoleta1 ,cpr4 #bd4 ,pecten hastatus1 ,sby4 #be4 ,hinnites giganteus1 ,gray4 #bf4 ,placunanomia machrochisma1 ,desh4 #bg4 ,helix ,nickliniana1 ,lea4 #bh4 ---- ,columbiana1 ,lea4 #bi4 ,cryptochiton ,stelleri1 ,midd4 #cj4 ,tonicia lineata1 ,wood4 #ca4 ,mopalia ,wossnessenskii1 ,midd4 #cb4 ---- ,merckii1 ,midd4 #cc4 ,kennerlyi var4 ,swanii1 ,cpr4 #cd4 ,trachydermon fallax1 ,cpr4 7,mss47 #ce4 ,nacella instabilis1 ,gould4 #cf4 ,acma patina1 ,esch4 #cg4 ---- pelta1 ,esch4 #ch4 ---- persona1 ,esch4 #ci4 ---- scabra1 ,nutt499 #dj4 ---- spectrum1 ,nutt4 #da4 ,scurria mitra1 ,esch4 #db4 ,rowellia radiata1 ,cp499 #dc4 ,glyphis aspera1 ,esch4 #dd4 ,clypidella callomarginata1 ,cpr499 #de4 ---- bimaculata1 ,dall1 7,mss4799 #df4 ,haliotis rufescens1 ,swains499 #dg4 ,leptothyra sanguinea1 ,cpr4 #dh4 ,chlorostoma funebrale1 ,a4 ,ad4 #di4 ---- brunneum1 ,phil4 #ej4 ,calliostoma costatum1 ,mart4 #ea4 ---- annulatum1 ,mart4 #eb4 ,phorcus pulligo1 ,mart4 #ec4 ,margarita pupilla1 ,gould4 #ed4 ---- acuticostata1 ,cpr499 #ee4 ,crepidula adunca1 ,sby4 #ef4 ,hipponyx cranioides1 ,cpr4 #eg4 ---- antiquatus1 ,linn499 #eh4 ,bivonia compacta1 ,cpr4 #ei4 ,bittium filosum1 ,gould4 #fj4 ,littorina planaxis1 ,nutt4 #fa4 ---- scutulata1 ,gould4 #fb4 ,lacuna porrecta1 ,cpr4 #fc4 ,trivia ,californiana1 ,gray499 #fd4 ,erato vitellina1 ,hds499 #fe4 ,drillia incisa1 ,cpr4 #ff4 ,mangelia levidensis1 ,cpr4 #fg4 ,odostomia gravida1 ,gould499 #fh4 ,scalaria subcoronata1 ,cpr499 #fi4 ,opalia borealis1 ,gould4 #gj4 ,velutina lvigata1 ,linn4 #ga4 ,lunatia ,lewisii1 ,gould4 #gb4 ,olivella biplicata1 ,sby4 #gc4 ---- btica1 ,cpr4 #gd4 ---- intorta1 ,cpr499 #ge4 ,nassa fossata1 ,gould4 #gf4 ---- mendica1 ,gould4 #gg4 ,amycla carinata var4 ,hindsii1 ,rve4 #gh4 ---- gausapata1 ,gould4 #gi4 ,amphissa corrugata1 ,rve4 #hj4 ,purpura crispata1 ,chem4 #ha4 ---- canaliculata1 ,duel4 #hb4 ---- saxicola var4 ostrina1 ,gld4 #hc4 ,ocinebra lurida1 ,midd4 #hd4 ---- ---- var4 aspera1 ,baird4 #he4 ---- interfossa1 ,cpr4 #hf4 ---- ---- var4 atropurpurea1 ,cpr4 #hg4 ,cerostoma foliatum1 ,gmel4 99 ,the species marked with an asterisk1 seventeen in number1 have never before been reported from a locality so far north4 ,mangelia levidensis 7teste ,j4 ,g4 ,cooper7 has not previously been detected at a point so far south2 it has heretofore been credited to 8,straits of ,fuca1 ,w4 ,t40 vide ,geo4 ,survey ,cat4 #ahfg1 by ,j4 ,g4 ,c4 ,tapes staminea and vars4 were obtained at low water by digging from twelve to twenty inches deep1 and together with ,macoma secta and ,m4 nasuta1 were found in the same holes4 ,the ,chitons above enumerated1 have been compared with specimens recently 7,march1 #ahfh7 received labeled1 from ,dr4 ,carpenter of ,montreal4 ,no4 #ci1 ,acma scabra2 elevated dark colored specimens of this species with the characteristic sculpture sharply and well defined1 were obtained in considerable numbers4 ,subsequently at ,monterey ,i found occasional specimens displaying nearly the same elevation and of the same color as those from ,bodega4 ,shells collected by the ,u4 ,s4 ,coast ,survey ,expedition to ,alaska1 in the year #ahfg4 ,,by ,,robert ,e4 ,c4 ,,stearns4 ,george ,davidson1 ,esq41 connected with the ,coast ,survey service of the ,united ,states1 who commanded the scientific department of the ,alaska ,expedition1 very kindly tendered positions on his staff to the following members of the ,academy3 ,dr4 ,a4 ,kellogg1 as ,surgeon and ,botanist2 ,theodore ,a4 ,blake1 as ,geologist2 and ,w4 ,g4 ,w4 ,harford1 as ,general ,collector1 by whom the species here enumerated were collected4 ,my acknowledgments are due to ,dr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,cooper1 of ,san ,francisco1 for assistance in determining species2 also to ,dr4 ,william ,stimpson of ,chicago1 for similar service in reference to the ,buccinid4 #a4 ,saxicava pholadis1 ,linn4 var4 arctica2 ,sitka1 ,bella ,bella1 ,kodiak1 ,ounalaska4 #b4 ,mya arenaria1 ,linn42 ,kodiak4 #c4 ,schizothrus ,nuttalli1 ,conr42 ,sitka1 ,kodiak4 #d4 ,machra patula1 ,dixon2 ,kodiak1 ,ounalaska4 #e4 ,macoma nasuta1 ,conr42 ,kodiak4 #f4 ,macoma inquinata1 ,desh42 ,fort ,simpson1 ,bella ,bella1 ,kodiak1 ,spruce ,isl4 #g4 ,macoma inconspicua1 ,br4 ,sby42 ,fort ,simpson1 ,chilchat1 ,kodiak1 ,spruce ,isl4 #h4 ,mera salmonea1 ,cpr42 ,kodiak4 #i4 ,standella planulata1 ,conr42 ,kodiak1 ,ounalaska4 #aj4 ,tapes staminea1 var4 ,petitii1 ,desh42 ,fort ,simpson1 ,chatham ,sound4 #aa4 ,tapes staminea1 var4 ruderata1 ,desh42 ,fort ,simpson1 ,carter's ,bay1 ,sitka1 ,bella ,bella1 ,kodiak1 ,spruce ,isl41 ,ounalaska4 #ab4 ,saxidomus ,nuttalli1 ,conr42 ,ft4 ,simpson1 ,sitka1 ,carter's ,bay1 ,kodiak4 #ac4 ,cardium corbis1 ,mart42 ,sitka1 ,bella ,bella1 ,carter's ,bay1 ,kodiak4 #ad4 ,cardium blandum1 ,gould2 ,sitka1 ,kodiak1 ,ounalaska4 #ae4 ,serripes ,grnlandicus1 ,chem42 ,kodiak1 ,ounalaska4 #af4 ,kellia ,laperousii1 ,desh42 ,ounalaska4 #ag4 ,lasea rubra1 ,mont42 ,sitka4 #ah4 ,mytilus edulis1 ,linn42 ,ft4 ,simpson1 ,carter's ,bay1 ,bella ,bella1 ,sitka1 ,kodiak1 ,spruce ,isl4 #ai4 ,modiola modiolus1 ,linn42 ,sitka1 ,ounalaska4 #bj4 ,modiolaria lvigata1 ,gray2 ,ounalaska4 #ba4 ,axina septentrionalis1 ,midd42 ,bella ,bella4 #bb4 ,yoldia1 n4 s482 ,stomach of ,halibut1 ,kodiak4 #bc4 ,acila castrensis1 ,hinds2 ,sitka4 #bd4 ,placunanomia macroschisma1 ,desh42 ,kodiak1 ,ounalaska4 #be4 ,helix ,columbiana1 ,lea42 ,sitka1 ,chilchat ,river1 #ei #i ,n4 #bf4 ,helix ,vancouverensis1 ,lea42 ,sitka1 ,v4 ,island4 #bg4 ,helix ruderata1 ,stud42 ,ounalaska4 #bh4 ,helix fulva1 ,drap42 ,sitka1 ,ounalaska4 #bi4 ,vitrina pellucida1 ,mll482 ,ounalaska4 #cj4 ,zua lubrica1 ,mll42 ,sitka1 ,kodiak4 #ca4 ,siphonaria thersites1 ,cpr42 ,fort ,simpson4 #cb4 ,katherina tunicata1 ,wood2 ,sitka4 #cc4 ,tonicia lineata1 ,wood2 ,fort ,simpson4 #cd4 ,tonicia submarmorea1 ,midd42 ,fort ,simpson4 #ce4 ,mopalia muscosa1 ,gould2 ,vancouver ,island4 #cf4 ,mopalia ,wossnessenskii1 ,midd42 ,fort ,simpson4 #cg4 ,mopalia ,merckii1 ,midd42 ,fort ,simpson4 #ch4 ,acma patina1 ,esch42 ,fort ,simpson1 ,kodiak1 ,ounalaska1 ,sitka4 #ci4 ,acma pelta1 ,esch42 ,sitka1 ,kodiak1 ,ounalaska4 #dj4 ,scurria mitra1 ,esch42 ,sitka4 #da4 ,glyphis aspera1 ,esch42 ,sitka4 #db4 ,haliotis ,kamschatkana1 ,jonas2 ,sitka4 #dc4 ,calliostoma costatum1 ,mart42 ,sitka4 #dd4 ,margarita pupilla1 ,gould2 ,ft4 ,simpson1 ,bella ,bella1 ,sitka1 ,ounalaska4 #de4 ,margarita helicina1 ,mont42 ,ounalaska4 #df4 ,phorcus pulligo1 ,mart42 ,sitka4 #dg4 ,crepidula navicelloides1 ,nutt42 ,bella ,bella4 #dh4 ,crepidula grandis1 ,midd42 ,captain's ,harbor1 ,kodiak1 ,ounalaska4 #di4 ,bittium filosum1 ,gould2 ,ft4 ,simpson1 ,carter's ,bay1 ,bella ,bella1 ,sitka4 #ej4 ,littorina scutulata1 ,gould2 ,sitka4 #ea4 ,littorina ,sitkana1 ,phil42 ,chatham ,s'nd1 ,carter's ,bay1 ,bella ,bella1 ,sitka1 ,kodiak4 #eb4 ,lacuna solidula1 ,loven42 ,ounalaska4 #ec4 ,isapis fenestrata1 ,cpr42 ,ounalaska4 #ed4 ,trichotropis cancellata1 ,hds42 ,fort ,simpson1 ,sitka4 #ee4 ,natica clausa1 ,brod4 ,shy42 ,ft4 ,simpson1 ,kodiak1 ,ounalaska4 #ef4 ,lunatia pallida1 ,brod4 ,sby42 ,captain's ,harbor1 ,ounalaska4 #eg4 ,priene ,oregonensis1 ,redf42 ,ounalaska4 #eh4 ,olivella btica1 ,cpr42 ,sitka4 #ei4 ,nassa mendica1 ,gould2 ,sitka4 #fj4 ,amycla gausapata1 ,gould2 ,ft4 ,simpson4 #fa4 ,amphissa corrugata1 ,rve42 ,ft4 ,simpson1 ,carter's ,bay4 #fb4 ,purpura crispata1 ,chem42 ,fort ,simpson1 ,bella ,bella1 ,lawson's ,harbor1 ,carter's ,bay1 ,sitka4 #fc4 ,purpura canaliculata1 ,duel42 ,chatham ,sound1 ,carter's ,bay1 ,bella ,bella1 ,sitka1 ,kodiak1 ,spruce ,isl41 ,ounalaska4 #fd4 ,purpura saxicola1 ,val42 ,ounalaska4 #fe4 ,purpura saxicola var4 fuscata1 ,fbs42 ,fort ,simpson1 ,carter's ,bay1 ,bella ,bella1 ,sitka4 #ff4 ,ocinebra interfossa1 ,cpr42 ,carter's ,bay1 ,bella ,bella1 ,sitka4 #fg4 ,cerastoma foliatum1 ,gmel42 ,bella ,bella1 ,sitka4 #fh4 ,trophon multicostatus1 ,esch42 ,ounalaska4 #fi4 ,trophon orpheus1 ,gould2 ,sitka4 #gj4 ,chrysodomus dirus1 ,rve42 ,chatham ,sound1 ,ft4 ,simpson1 ,carter's ,bay1 ,bella ,bella1 ,sitka4 #ga4 ,chrysodomus liratus1 ,mart42 ,chilchat1 ,kodiak1 ,ounalaska4 #gb4 ,buccinum glaciale1 ,linn42 ,ounalaska4 #gc4 ,buccinum polare1 ,gray2 ,captain's ,harbor1 ,ounalaska4 #gd4 #cf;,buccinum cyancum1 ,brug42 ,kodiak4 #ge4 ,volutharpa ampullacea1 ,midd42 ,fort ,simpson1 ,bella ,bella1 ,sitka1 ,kodiak1 ,ounalaska4 #cf ,in a note from ,dr4 ,stimpson1 he remarks in reference to this species3 it 8has not1 as far as ,i am aware1 as yet been reported from the ,pacific40 ,mr4 ,bolander presented a paper by ,mr4 ,lesquereux1 entitled 8,a ,catalogue of the species of ,mosses found up to the present time on the ,northwest coast of the ,united ,states of ,america1 and especially in ,california10 which was referred to the ,publication ,committee and ordered printed in the ,memoirs of the ,academy4 ,professor ,whitney exhibited several of the maps in preparation at the office of the ,state ,geological ,survey1 and gave a somewhat detailed account of the operation of the survey during the year #ahff and #ahfg1 and of the progress in the publication department of that work4 ,the statement made was in the main identical with that contained in the biennial letter of the ,state ,geologist to the ,governor1 published by order of the ,legislature then in session4 ,dr4 ,h4 ,gibbons exhibited a piece of pork erroneously supposed to contain trichin2 he believed the entozoa in question were really ,cysticerci4 ,they have the appearance of soaked peas1 and are not injurious when cooked4 ,mr4 ,r4 ,l4 ,harris mentioned the fact that the railroad surveys conducted by himself1 for connecting ,vallejo and ,sacramento1 indicated that the latter place was not so much above the sea level as had generally been assumed from barometrical observations1 and he believed that the top of the present levee at ,sacramento was about twenty-one feet above mean high tide at ,vallejo1 instead of fifty-six1 as previously supposed4 ,if this was true1 then the lowlands in the vicinity of ,sacramento were in fact1 only about one and a half feet above the sea level4 ,the surveys of the coming season would probably enable him to fix this important point with accuracy4 ,dr4 ,gibbons suggested that if the ,tule lands in the ,sacramento and ,san ,joaquin ,valleys were permitted to undergo the natural processes of growth and decay1 instead of being annually burned over1 the land in question might in time become sufficiently elevated to be inhabited4 ,mr4 ,goodale1 who had recently visited ,russian ,america1 exhibited a number of implements and weapons of the natives of that region1 and gave an account of their use4 ,he also remarked on some of the topographical and geological features of that country4 ,,regular ,,meeting1 ,,december #af,,th1 #ahfg4 ,vice ,president ,ransom in the ,chair4 ,thirty-seven members present4 ,the following gentlemen were elected ,resident ,members3 ,messrs4 ,william ,hamel1 ,p4 ,b4 ,cornwall1 ,horace ,d4 ,dunn and ,w4 ,b4 ,rising4 ,donations to the ,cabinet3 seven specimens of ores from ,gregory ,yale1 ,esq41 also1 a series of samples in bottles1 illustrating the chlorination process of extracting gold from the sulphurets1 by the same4 ,mr4 ,goodyear read the following paper3 ,salt ,spring ,valley and the adjacent region in ,calaveras ,county4 ,,by ,w4 ,a4 ,,goodyear4 ,having spent some time during the past summer in ,copperopolis1 and the region lying west and northwest from it1 ,i offer the following observations respecting its topography and geology4 ,i will first notice the ,,topography4 ,for a general description of the topography1 etc41 of ,calaveras ,county1 including the main features of the region in question1 reference may be made to ,prof4 ,j4 ,d4 ,whitney's ,report upon the ,geology of ,california1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #bec4 ,in addition1 however1 to what is there stated1 ,i will say that ,copperopolis lies at the southwestern base of ,bear ,mountain1 the summits of which rise to an altitude of something more than #b1jjj feet above the sea4 ,the ,gopher ,hills1 also mentioned in the report1 form a well defined and connected1 though subordinate range1 lying to the southwest of1 and nearly parallel with the general course of ,bear ,mountain4 ,this range forms a prominent feature in the topography of the region for a distance of at least fifteen or eighteen miles southeasterly from the ,calaveras river4 ,its summits are probably #a1djj feet above the sea1 and the lowest break or gap within the distance named is that through which ,rock ,creek finds its way to the plains below4 ,the valley or depression between the ,gopher ,hills and ,bear ,mountain1 whose average width is four to six miles1 has received the name of ,salt ,spring ,valley4 ,its general altitude is little less than #a1jjj feet above the sea1 that of the town of ,copperopolis being nine hundred feet according to ,h4 ,p4 ,handy's survey of a railroad route from ,copperopolis to ,stockton4 ,i should mention that for several miles northwesterly from ,copperopolis1 ,bear ,mountain has an outlier along its southwestern base1 in the form of a low but tolerably well marked hilly ridge1 between which and the base of the mountain is a narrow but continuous valley2 and it is in this valley that the copper-bearing belt of ,copperopolis is found4 ,southwest of this outlier1 and for a distance of three or four miles northwesterly from ,copperopolis1 ,salt ,spring ,valley consists mainly of a region of low hills1 traversed by a net-work of steep and narrow gulches4 ,farther northwest the surface of the valley for three or four miles is more uniform1 and here we find the nearly level area of 8,tower's ,ranch10 and the gently sloping basin of the 8,salt ,spring ,valley reservoir40 ,beyond this1 the country is again hilly to the ,calaveras river4 ,southeast and south of ,copperopolis1 the surface is everywhere hilly4 ,the slope of the ,gopher ,hills towards the southwest is rapid until we reach the low rolling country which forms the border of the ,san ,joaquin ,valley4 ,black ,creek debouches from ,bear ,mountain a mile or so southeast of ,copperopolis1 and flows to the ,stanislaus4 ,littlejohn's ,creek takes its rise in the hilly regions of the valley west of ,copperopolis1 and flowing southwesterly1 finds its way through the hills into ,rock ,creek4 ,the latter rises in ,bear ,mountain1 five or six miles northwesterly from ,copperopolis1 and flowing southwest across ,salt ,spring ,valley1 breaks through the ,gopher ,hills1 and continues its course through the lower country to ,french ,camp ,slough1 a branch of the ,san ,joaquin4 ,all these creeks become dry in the summer1 though in winter they often carry very large volumes of water4 ,at the point where ,rock ,creek breaks through the ,gopher ,hills is the substantial dam of the ,salt ,spring ,valley ,reservoir4 ,,geology4 ,the strike and dip of the rocks are more or less variable2 but1 so far as my observations extend in the region described1 they have everywhere the same general northwesterly trend and high northeasterly dip which characterize so large a portion of the gold-bearing slates of central ,california4 ,the strike is usually from ,n4 #ej ,w4 to ,n4 #gj ,w41 7magnetic7 and the dip from #ej northeast to vertical4 ,i have seen no case here of a decided southwesterly dip1 nor of a low one to the northeast4 ,it is somewhat remarkable1 by the way1 that this high northeasterly dip should be so general as it is in the great mass of auriferous slates which forms the southwestern flank of the ,sierra ,nevada4 ,it is towards the granite axis of the chain1 instead of from it1 as would seem more natural4 ,the causes of this are by no means as yet fully explained4 ,it is a circumstance1 however1 which would lose none of its interest in the future1 if1 as certain facts mentioned in the ,geological ,report1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #bhf1 might possibly seem to indicate1 further explorations should prove it to be in general a great inversion of the strata--their upper portions having been 8forced back by immense pressure from above1 producing a condition of things similar to that so often observed in the ,alps1 which is known as the #8fan structure1' and has so much perplexed geologists40 ,when we take into account the enormous denudation1 amounting to thousands of feet in perpendicular depth1 which is known to have taken place in the ,sierras within the most recent geological periods1 and the whole of which1 in this case1 must also have belonged to the inverted portion of the strata--unless indeed the inversion were produced by a peculiar sliding and bending of the strata by their own weight1 the upper flexure having been since entirely removed--and when1 in addition to this we consider the hundreds of miles in length1 and the great thickness of the strata in question1 we can perhaps begin to appreciate the magnitude of the movements and forces which would be involved in producing such an effect4 ,it would indeed1 if true1 be a striking illustration of the grandeur of the scale upon which many of the physical features of this country have been cast1 as compared with those of other and better known regions4 ,but it is hardly worth while to speculate further upon probabilities like this in the present state of our knowledge1 and ,i return to my subject4 ,in ,salt ,spring ,valley1 the rocks consist almost entirely of slates1 with little variety of character1 generally thin-bedded1 fine-grained and argillaceous1 sometimes magnesian or chloritic1 and often splitting with facility into very thin sheets4 ,the thinnest bedded varieties are usually fragile1 and the structure is often wavy2 but sometimes the cleavage is regular and thin enough1 and the rock possesses sufficient strength to furnish a tolerable material for roofing purposes2 although no attempts have been made1 so far as ,i know1 to thus apply it2--and1 in fact1 the expense attendant upon its excavation and transportation would preclude any extensive use of it1 even if its quality were unsurpassed1 which it is not4 ,the earthy covering of the rocks throughout the valley is usually very shallow and the soil poor1 7,tower's ranch is1 however1 an exception7 and in many places the thin sharp edges of the slates project in such a way as to form an exceedingly jagged surface1 though the projections are low1 generally not exceeding two or three feet in height4 ,much of the surface is strewn with float quartz1 usually in the shape of small but partially rounded pebbles4 ,quartz veins of small or moderate size1 parallel with the stratification1 are not uncommon4 ,iron pyrites is of frequent occurrence1 with a little gold in the quartz4 ,some of the veins have been more or less worked1 but none of them to any great extent4 ,about three or four miles westerly from ,copperopolis1 in the hilly portion of the valley1 is a ten-stamp quartz mill1 and a short distance from this1 on ,littlejohn's ,creek1 is the site of an older one1 which was burned down4 ,neither of these mills ever yielded much profit1 so far as ,i can learn1 nor does the present one seem likely to do so4 ,several of the gulches in this vicinity are said to have yielded gold enough in the past to pay for working1 although the diggings were not rich or extensive4 ,it is stated also that some years since1 in one of these gulches1 a quartz boulder was found1 weighing about one hundred pounds1 which yielded between two and three thousand dollars' worth of gold4 ,there are three or four quartz veins near here1 from which more or less rock has been crushed4 ,portions of the rock from one of these veins1 the ,winnemucca1 a prettily-shaped vein of three to four feet in thickness1 are very cellular in structure1 and some of it shows fine gold quite freely to the naked eye4 ,the metal however1 must be very irregular in its distribution1 or the ore would have paid better in the mill than the three or four dollars per ton which ,i am told it yielded2 and in fact1 the general character of the float quartz of the region1 when taken in connection with the probable origin of the valley itself1 and the fact that no important placer 8diggings0 have been found here1 does not seem to favor the probability that these quartz veins will ever prove of much value4 ,between the present mill and the site of the old one1 as well as certain other localities in the valley1 are springs containing various alkaline salts1 from which the name 8,salt ,spring ,valley0 is derived4 ,accompanying the copper formation of ,copperopolis1 and just west of it1 is an immense body of serpentine1 lying parallel with the general stratification of the slates1 and traceable for miles along the valley by the openings made in it in the workings for copper4 ,opposite a point #a1jjj or #a1bjj feet northwest of the upper shaft of the ,keystone claim1 but on the southwest flank of the outlier of ,bear ,mountain1 already noticed1 is another heavy mass of serpentine4 ,how far this extends in a northwest and a southeast direction ,i do not know1 as ,i have not followed its line of outcrop1 but it is certainly not less than #a1jjj feet in length4 ,the lithological character of the ,gopher ,hills is entirely different from that of ,salt ,spring ,valley4 ,they consist mainly of a pretty hard and tough1 more or less coarsely crystalline1 and dark-colored hornblendic or pyroxenic rock1 which is evidently metamorphic1 probably of a grit or sandstone4 ,epidote is not uncommon in this rock1 and calcite is occasionally found1 though rare4 ,through most of this region the original stratification has been largely obscured1 or nearly obliterated4 ,its general course1 however1 can still be traced without difficulty in the more or less elongated and flattened form1 and the general trend which the rocky outcrops frequently assume when viewed from a little distance4 ,the texture of the rock varies considerably4 ,in general it is rather coarsely crystalline2 but not unfrequently it is much finer1 or even compact2 sometimes it is jointed4 ,at one locality1 in particular1 78,goodwin's10 or 8,sheep ,ranch0 ,gulch7 ,i noticed this jointed structure so well developed that a compact and very tough1 almost imperishable rock could be quarried with facility1 if desired1 in nearly rectangular blocks and slabs4 ,it is not uncommon to find among these hills those peculiar holes in the rock which were hollowed out and used by the ,indians as mortars in which to grind their food4 ,i observed a number of similar holes in the hard rock1 precisely in the bed of ,rock ,creek1 in the ravine a short distance below the dam of the ,salt ,spring ,valley ,reservoir4 ,it may be a question here1 whether they owe their origin to the ,indians or to the action of the stream1 though from the peculiar deep and narrow form1 ,i am inclined to ascribe them to the former4 ,heavy masses of flinty rock or hornstone also occur1 particularly upon the southwest flanks of the range4 ,this rock usually exhibits a much more distinct bedding than the ordinary mass of the hills4 ,its stratification is often perfectly regular1 and sometimes the layers are beautifully thin and delicate4 ,there is a very heavy outcrop of this finely banded rock in the ravine a short distance below the dam at ,rock ,creek4 ,higher up the hill1 upon the road known as 8,black's ,grade10 another outcrop of the same formation has been cut across in building the road1 and here a portion of the same flinty rock is thickly filled with fossils1 which appear to belong either to some species of crinoids or fucoids1 though the structure is too much obliterated1 and the specimens too much distorted to admit of definite recognition4 ,they are apparently flattened in a direction parallel with the banding of the rock4 ,from the general mode of occurrence of this hornstone1 and from the frequent sharp and distinct lines of demarcation between it and the adjacent hornblendic rock1 it might be inferred that the former traversed the latter as veins1 and the delicate banding of the rock1 although parallel to the general stratification of the country1 would not preclude such an assumption4 ,but the fossils speak decidedly against it1 and it is probable that the hornstone is a metamorphic form of fine sedimentary deposits1 and that the banding is the result of the original stratification4 ,quartz veins occur here occasionally1 and some of them at least are auriferous1 though ,i know of none having been worked with profit hitherto4 ,it is not improbable1 however1 that some of them may be found remunerative in the future1 since many of the gulches among the hills here1 in the early days of mining1 were rich in placer gold4 ,the degree of metamorphism throughout these hills has been very high2 but ,i have seen no evidence of any direct igneous action--at least no rock that ,i could identify as eruptive1 with the single exception1 perhaps1 of a small and apparently completely isolated body of well characterized granite1 which occurs near the base of the ,gopher ,range1 and between its highly metamorphosed rocks and the ,san ,joaquin ,valley1 which is overlaid with tertiary and other recent formations4 ,the occurrence of this patch of granite here1 isolated as it seems from any other similar rock1 is certainly a point of much interest2 but ,i have not been able to study its relations4 ,its stratigraphical and topographical position is similar to that of the ,folsom granite1 and it may be connected with it in origin4 ,if it should hereafter appear that there is a well characterized1 though more or less interrupted line of granitic outcrops traceable throughout central ,california1 along the lower foothills of the mountains1 and west of the great belt of auriferous slates1 it would have a most important bearing upon the theory of the general structure of the ,sierra ,nevada4 ,the existence of such a line1 indeed1 might point to a very different1 and perhaps more probable1 modus operandi than that already suggested1 by which the auriferous slates themselves may have reached their present position1 and received their easterly dip4 ,one of the most interesting points connected with the geology of the ,gopher ,hills1 is the auriferous belt in which occurs the 8,quail ,hill0 ,mine1 and of which ,i shall speak further presently4 ,of the geology of ,bear ,mountain ,i know but little1 having crossed it by but a single route4 ,where ,i have seen it1 however1 it consists largely of a similar rock to that which forms the mass of the ,gopher ,hills4 ,chromic iron is said to occur in considerable quantity at a certain locality in ,bear ,mountain1 the exact whereabouts of which ,i could not learn4 ,the slates of the valley extend1 in general1 completely up to the base of the ,gopher and ,bear ,mountain ranges on either side1 and sometimes a short distance up their flanks2 but here the transition to the harder crystalline rock is usually quick and well marked4 ,salt ,spring ,valley probably owes its existence1 as such1 entirely to inequality of denudation2 the comparatively friable slates yielding much more readily to mechanical action than the harder and more highly metamorphosed rock on either side1 which has thus been left in the form of mountain ridges1 projecting many hundreds of feet above the adjacent region1 while the intervening and surrounding rock has been swept away to the plains below4 ,a partial description of the copper mines of ,copperopolis will be found in the 8,geology of ,california10 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #bed-beg4 ,the depth of the main shaft in the 8,union0 is now stated to be a little over five hundred feet1 and the greatest depth reached in the 8,keystone10 is said to be five hundred and sixty feet4 ,all the deposits of ore here worked lie parallel with the strike and dip of the inclosing strata4 ,the great ore mass of the 8,union0 ,mine forks or divides into two branches towards the northwest2 and at the lowest depth now reached1 its width or thickness1 after having reached a maximum1 is again diminishing4 ,in the 8,keystone0 ,mine there have been two separate and nearly parallel bodies of ore worked to a considerable extent1 and a third one was struck last spring previous to the suspension of work in the mine4 ,the two main bodies of ore in this mine have 8pinched out0 or disappeared in various directions in their lines of strike and dip4 ,they seem to have an irregular lenticular form1 and together with the great mass of the 8,union0 appear to lie in what are called 8shoots10 which pitch at an angle of #ej or #fj in the direction of the strike towards the northwest4 ,the northwesterly prolongation of the strike of the great 8,union0 deposit does not coincide with either of the 8,keystone0 deposits1 but passes east of them4 ,there have been other and smaller deposits in the 8,union0 ground1 more or less worked1 lying west of the main body1 some of which may possibly connect with the 8,keystone0 shoots1 though the best information ,i could obtain leads me to think otherwise1 and that they were probably isolated lenticular masses4 ,the mass of the great deposit in the 8,union0 ,mine consists of an intimate mixture of chalcopyrite and iron pyrites1 containing on an average sixteen to seventeen per cent4 of copper4 ,well defined selvages are not to be seen at ,copperopolis1 and the country rock is impregnated in all directions1 sometimes to a considerable distance from the purer ore1 with more or less finely disseminated copper and iron pyrites4 ,in ,europe it would pay to crush and work much of the wall rock itself for the copper which it contains2 but here it is entirely worthless1 as even ten to twelve per cent4 ore is not worth mining and shipping at present prices4 ,it will be seen that the more recent and deeper developements in the ,copperopolis mines have only served to confirm the opinion expressed two years ago by the ,state ,geologist 7,geol4 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #bbe7 that 8the deposits of copper ore in this region1 like nearly all the others in ,california1 do not appear to be included in regular fissure veins1 but rather to form independent masses the italics are mine lying in the direction of the strike of the inclosing rocks1 and dipping with them40 ,it seems1 further1 that they are here arranged in some sort en chelon4 ,there is no evidence whatever of the existence here of a regular and continuous vein of copper ore1 stretching for miles through the country1 as some have supposed4 7,see ,ross ,browne's ,report1 p4 #add47 ,the finding of 8copper indications10 i4e41 of small and isolated bodies of ore1 distributed with some constancy through a narrow belt of country1 for no matter how many miles in length1 is anything but conclusive evidence of the existence beneath of a regular vein of corresponding length 7which1 by the way1 if it existed1 would be an anomaly in the mining world7--especially when all the developments of the most extensive workings hitherto made point so decidedly and strongly to the opinion that there is no true vein at all4 ,such 8indications0 are however evidences1 so far as they go 7and they go a good way in this direction7 of the probable existence of other large bodies of ore distributed here and there along the belt in question4 ,it is not improbable that such may be found in the future1 and it would not be strange even if some of them should surpass in magnitude and value the great deposit of the 8,union10 which has already yielded such enormous quantities of copper1 and is yet far from being worked out4 ,a description of the auriferous deposit of ,quail ,hill1 in the ,gopher ,range1 together with a similar one at ,whisky ,hill 7called also the 8,harpending ,mine07 in ,placer ,county1 by ,prof4 ,b4 ,silliman1 was read before the ,california ,academy of ,natural ,sciences1 at their meeting of ,april #aeth1 #ahfg1 and will be found in their published 8,proceedings10 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #cdi-cea4 ,this paper describes well the particular deposits in question1 as well as the general appearance and character of the formation in which they occur4 ,such deposits1 however1 are not confined to one or two localities2 but there are other points in ,calaveras ,county at which gold is known to exist in considerable quantity1 and with similar mode of occurrence4 ,among these ,i may mention ,quail ,hill ,no4 #b1 near the ,napoleon ,copper ,mine1 two or three miles southeast of ,quail ,hill ,no4 #a1 and the 8,plymouth ,rock10 or 8,austin and ,hathaway0 claim1 at ,rich ,gulch1 near the ,calaveras ,river4 ,moreover1 the geological causes and the peculiar chemical decomposition of the rock1 which have been involved in the formation of the deposits in question1 are by no means confined to the localities where gold is known to occur4 ,on the contrary1 they may be traced with considerable constancy through a narrow belt of country along the southwest flank of the ,gopher ,hills1 and stretching from the ,calaveras ,river southeast for a distance of at least fifteen miles1 and perhaps farther4 ,towards the northwest1 the same belt crosses the ,calaveras2 but how much farther it extends in this direction ,i have no present means of knowing4 ,it is not unlikely that a similar formation may be found to exist1 here and there at least1 in the same general line of strike1 nearly parallel with the stratification of the country1 through ,amador and ,el ,dorado ,counties to ,placer1 and perhaps beyond4 ,the possibility of this at least is worth remembering4 ,throughout this belt1 in the ,gopher ,range1 surface cuts and shafts1 of greater or less depth1 made and sunk in prospecting for copper1 are of frequent occurrence4 ,in fact1 this is the same belt that has been so often mentioned as 8the second important copper-bearing belt of ,calaveras ,county10 and located some six or seven miles southwest of the main copper belt of ,copperopolis4 ,the 8importance0 of this belt1 on account of the copper ores which it contains1 has been most grossly exaggerated4 ,an amusing illustration of this fact is to be seen in a 8map of the copper mines in ,calaveras ,county10 published a few years since1 which represents the whole region in question as literally covered for miles with highly colored 8locations0 or 8copper claims10 the whole of which1 with few exceptions--and these due not to copper but to gold--have served no further end than that of rendering their locators and owners sadder and wiser men4 ,at one locality1 indeed1 viz1 the 8,napoleon ,mine10 a body of copper ore was found which in many countries would have been remunerative1 and was worked to a considerable extent2 but the working here was attended only with loss1 and was some time since entirely discontinued4 ,it should be remembered1 however1 in speaking of the copper mines of ,california1 that not only have they had to contend with the general ignorance of copper mining1 and especially of copper metallurgy which has existed throughout the ,state1 and with extremely high prices for labor and transportation2 but also that1 for a year or two past1 the largely increased supply of ore from the mines of ,chili in ,south ,america1 and elsewhere--together with the diminished demand and consequent low price for metallic copper1 reacting with increased effect upon the value of the ore--have told with crushing weight even upon the best mines4 ,there are certainly not more than one or two1 perhaps not even a single deposit of copper ore in the known world1 which surpasses or equals1 in magnitude and intrinsic richness combined1 that of the 8,union0 ,mine of ,copperopolis2 and yet it is said that even the 8,union0 itself1 which is the only mine now active at ,copperopolis1 is hardly more than paying expenses at present rates4 ,so far then as my observations extend1 there is simply nothing whatever in this 8second copper belt0 which can for some time to come justify the expenditure of money in searching for copper here2 though it is not impossible that1 besides the 8,napoleon0 ,mine1 other deposits of ore may exist within the belt1 which at some future time1 and under more favorable circumstances of labor1 fuel1 and transportation1 may become of value for the copper which they contain4 ,it has been already remarked that the zone or belt of surface decomposition in which the 8,quail ,hill0 and other similar mines occur1 may be traced with considerable constancy for at least fifteen or eighteen miles1 and that it is not improbable that it is much longer than this4 ,we cannot1 however1 infer from our present knowledge that the decomposed or 8calico0 rock is continuous throughout the belt1 or even for any considerable portion of its length4 ,on the contrary1 its distribution within the belt appears capricious and local1 i4e41 it seems to occur in more or less detached and isolated masses1 which vary largely in form and size1 and are irregular and indefinite in outline2 so that little more can be predicated of their occurrence in general1 than that they are mostly confined within a comparatively narrow belt1 and that their longest dimension exhibits a general tendency to approximate parallelism with the axis of the belt1 and the stratification of the inclosing country4 ,sometimes1 as for instance1 along the northeastern side of the ,quail ,hill formation1 this tendency is so strongly developed1 and the passage from the decomposed to the undecomposed rock is so rapid1 as to form for some little distance a tolerably straight and well defined 8wall0 or line of demarcation1 parallel1 or nearly so1 with the stratification of the country4 ,but the change or passage from the decomposed or 8calico0 rock to the surrounding undecomposed country1 though sometimes rapid is always gradual1 so far as ,i have seen2 and though we cannot yet speak much from underground explorations1 the surface appearances throughout the country would indicate decidedly that so regular a line of demarcation as this at ,quail ,hill is the exception1 and not the rule4 ,the southwestern limit of the decomposed mass of ,quail ,hill has been found at several points2 but here the change from the decomposed to the undecomposed rock is not so rapid2 and though the explorations here1 being shallow and limited1 are insufficient to determine this point with certainty1 it is not probable that any such regularity of demarcation exists here as upon the opposite side4 ,most of the 8calico rock0 of this belt still retains distinctly the structure of the undecomposed rock from which it was formed4 ,the crystalline hornblendic rock is thus seen to have been largely altered by the decomposing agency1 and even the hornstone1 which lay in its track1 seems to have been more or less affected by it4 ,the decomposition has been purely an oxidation1 accompanied by such mechanical and chemical changes as filtering mineral waters might produce4 ,it is probably superficial1 both in origin and character1 extending to no great depth1 although the main level at ,quail ,hill is nearly one hundred and twenty feet beneath the summit of the hill1 and the decomposition of most of the rock at this depth1 so far as exploration has gone1 is as perfect as at any higher level4 ,it is certainly long subsequent in date to the metamorphism of the surrounding country1 and is unquestionably largely due to the action of the products of the oxidation of metallic sulphurets 7chiefly those of iron and copper7 which were originally distributed through the rock4 ,at the same time it is not easy to account for the whole of it in this way alone1 since at certain localities undecomposed sulphurets are seen near the surface1 and in rock which is apparently much more permeable to atmospheric influences than was much of that which has been more deeply decomposed2 and again1 much of the decomposed rock1 though retaining well its original structure1 shows far too little traces of sulphurets to readily account for so general and thorough a decomposition as has taken place4 ,it is all indeed more or less colored by oxide of iron1 but much of it is not deeply colored1 and the undecomposed hornblendic rock itself1 in the absence of all sulphurets1 contains sufficient iron in the state of protoxide to impart a strong coloring when the rock is decomposed and the iron passes to the state of sesquioxide4 ,much of the iron originally present has undoubtedly been removed in a soluble form1 as sulphate1 etc4 ,but in rock which preserves its original structure1 as well as most of this does1 pyrites1 if originally present1 would have left traces of its existence in the form of casts or cavities in the decomposed mass1 which might or might not have been filled with ferric oxide or other matter4 ,in certain localities the decomposed rock is in fact filled with such cavities1 often cubical in form1 attesting the former presence of large quantities of disseminated sulphurets4 ,but in other localities they are few and far between1 and here accordingly the decomposition can hardly be supposed to have been due to the local presence of sulphurets alone4 ,the exact methods by which the general and local decomposition has been effected1 and those by which the rock was originally impregnated with metallic ores--as well as the manner in which certain substances1 as barytes1 now found as sulphate1 and true porphyry1 now found as kaoline or lithomarge1 have found their present situation in the belt in question--all these would possess both interest and importance in a high degree1 could they be more definitely known4 ,such questions1 however1 cannot be answered with certainty1 and their discussion here would lead us too far into the doubtful realm of chemical geology4 ,but whatever may have been the agencies at work1 it is evident that there is nothing in all this to remind us of a true vein formation4 ,it appears that the zone in question is neither a vein1 nor generally speaking a system of veins4 ,on the other hand1 it possesses emphatically in general the characteristics of what the ,germans style an impregnation--an impregnation indeed which exhibits a certain regularity as being mostly confined within a narrow zone1 and stretching through a considerable extent of country1 but which within these limits shows the greatest irregularity of form1 and much variety of character4 ,veins of quartz occur here and there within the belt2 but they are not more frequent here than elsewhere1 and their occurrence has probably little or no direct connection with the peculiar character of the belt itself4 ,there is very little that deserves the name of quartz at ,quail ,hill1 though much of the surface rock is pretty highly silicious in character4 ,the impregnation of the rock with metallic sulphurets1 particularly with sulphurets containing copper1 has in certain localities been sufficiently powerful and concentrated to assume1 in greater or less degree1 the characteristics of segregated veins of limited extent4 ,this has been the case at the ,napoleon mine1 and also at ,quail ,hill1 where there is1 or was1 a band of oxidized ores of copper traversing the decomposed rock in a direction parallel with the general stratification4 ,this band consisted chiefly of the green and blue carbonates of copper1 mingled with ferruginous and earthy matter1 and accompanied by barytes4 ,the last named mineral1 so common a veinstone in other parts of the world1 but hitherto so rare in ,california1 occurs here in considerable quantity4 ,its form is granular compact1 sometimes quite pure1 but usually contaminated and intermingled with other matters4 ,crystallized specimens of it have not been found here to my knowledge4 ,it is hardly probable that the barytes itself contains either gold or silver2 yet it certainly occurs here in the most intimate contact with both1 as ,i have seen respectable particles of gold in place upon the immediate surface of compact specimens of barytes--and a sample of heavy concentrated barytic sand from the tailings of the mill1 of sufficient fineness to pass through a sieve of one hundred holes to the linear inch1 yielded to the assay over eleven dollars per ton in gold and silver4 ,the thickness of the copper band varied from one to three or four feet4 ,its outlines were indefinite1 and its original characteristics of form1 etc41 much obscured by the complete decomposition both of itself and the surrounding rock4 ,it was without doubt originally a segregated mass of sulphurets2 and though it seems now to have nearly or quite run out and disappeared1 it may be found to come in again as such1 in depth1 unaltered below the line of surface decomposition4 ,other bands of similar character may perhaps exist in the yet undeveloped portions of the mine4 ,but the great mass of decomposed material which forms ,quail ,hill as a whole1 retaining as it does to so great an extent the original structure of the country rock from which it was formed1 can in no proper sense be called a vein2 although its extent1 when considered as a repository of the precious metals1 is something far transcending the size of ordinary veins4 ,the gold and silver of these formations which have recently attracted so much attention1 and have become the object of extensive mining operations at ,quail ,hill1 seem to be distributed at the latter place1 to a greater or less extent1 throughout the whole mass of the decomposed rock4 ,the surface earth of the hill1 also1 everywhere contains gold1 which may be discovered by washing it in the pan2 but this ceases to be the case on the hillsides as soon as the limits of the decomposed rock are passed4 ,some of the gold1 as stated by ,prof4 ,silliman in his communication to the ,california ,academy1 already referred to1 is quite coarse2 but much of it is exceedingly fine and difficult to save in the mill4 ,it is a noticeable fact in the distribution of the precious metals at ,quail ,hill1 that the cupreous ores and the material in their vicinity have hitherto been found to be always rich in gold and silver1 and to contain chiefly1 if not exclusively1 the coarsest gold4 ,the distribution of the gold at ,quail ,hill is not uniform1 the more slaty and ferruginous portion of the decomposed rock being generally the richest in ore1 while the compact porphyritic kaoline contains but traces of gold1 if any1 and some of the other and more compact rock is comparatively poor4 ,the original distribution of the sulphurets here seems also to have followed approximately the same law--the kaoline containing in general but little trace of their existence1 while the more slaty rock is often full of their cavities4 ,hematite1 as well as the hydrated sesquioxide of iron1 occurs here in small quantities2 and a curious point in this connection is the fact that1 while much of the best ore is very highly charged with the hydrated sesquioxide1 the hematite has been found hitherto to contain little or no gold4 ,the origin of the decomposed porphyry at ,quail ,hill is a point of much interest1 and it may be a question whether it is not the remnant of an intrusive igneous dyke4 ,the arguments in favor of this supposition consist in the entire dissimilarity in character and structure between it and the surrounding material1 as well as in the rarity of porphyry in the region round about4 ,in fact1 ,i have nowhere else in this portion of the country seen anything deserving of the name1 while the whole texture and appearance of this mass at ,quail ,hill are precisely such as would have resulted from the decomposition in place of a true feldspathic porphyry4 ,but however strongly these facts may seem to argue in favor of an igneous origin1 it is not easy to reconcile such a supposition with its mode of occurrence here4 ,other masses of similar character may exist within the hill2 but so far as existing developments have cut or uncovered the one of which ,i speak1 the indications are that it is irregular in outline1 quite limited in extent1 and of approximate lenticular shape4 ,moreover1 in certain places1 it seems to pass gradually into the eastern country rock1 without any distinct line of demarcation1 the change in the texture of the rock being even more gradual than the passage from the decomposed to undecomposed material4 ,at certain points1 but a few feet from the eastern 8wall10 the kaoline is as perfectly porphyritic in its texture and appearance as in any portion of the mass1 while between the two is every grade of passage from the one to the other--the country rock being neither distinctly porphyritic in texture1 nor chiefly feldspathic in composition4 ,i am strongly inclined to think1 therefore1 in spite of its peculiar and distinctive character1 that this porphyritic mass is but a local result of the metamorphism of sedimentary strata1 which1 in many portions of this region1 seems to have been as varied in character as it has been high in degree4 ,the degradation of such formations as this at ,quail ,hill1 has undoubtedly furnished some of the placer gold of the region2 but the evidence does not by any means justify us in supposing that it has furnished the whole of it4 ,gopher ,gulch1 which runs at the foot of ,quail ,hill1 and its branches1 for a mile above this point1 or nearly to the summit of the ,gopher ,range1 and hundreds of feet above the level of the ,quail ,hill formation1 were in early days rich in placer gold1 much of which was very coarse4 ,other gulches in the vicinity have also furnished more or less gold high up towards the summit of the range4 ,moreover1 the quartz veins1 which here and there occur in the hard metamorphic rock1 are known1 some of them at least1 to contain gold1 and such have probably played their part in the formation of the placers4 ,i have already mentioned the fact of the prominent association of the precious metals with ores of copper at the ,quail ,hill mine2 but this fact derives still further interest from what follows4 ,as far as my observations have extended in ,calaveras ,county1 and also at ,whisky ,hill1 in ,placer ,county1 wherever gold and silver have yet been found in paying quantities in the decomposed rock formation1 there also1 or close at hand1 are found the oxidized ores of copper1 carbonates and silicates2 and conversely1 ,i have nowhere seen oxidized ores of copper in this decomposed rock which were not1 comparatively at least1 rich in gold and silver4 ,it is true that sufficient developments have not yet been made to enable us to state whether this is the general fact or not4 ,it is possible that the association of these ores may be to a certain extent accidental2 but it is not unlikely that it may be otherwise2--and at all events this is a point well worthy of attention and further investigation4 ,as this finishes my remarks upon the 8calico rock0 formation4 ,i will close by simply mentioning a point relating to the lower country of ,calaveras ,county1 that ,i have not yet seen publicly noticed elsewhere4 ,the low1 rolling hills which form the eastern border of the ,san ,joaquin plain between the ,stanislaus and ,calaveras ,rivers1 contain extensive beds of horizontally stratified material1 which is probably sedimentary-volcanic in origin4 ,the color of these beds is usually varying shades of gray4 ,they contain no pebbles1 so far as ,i have seen2 they generally crumble easily1 and resemble in appearance a friable sandstone4 ,but their grain or grit1 which is pretty fine1 is also quite clean and sharp as well as hard1 and rough-polishes rapidly the hardest steel when rubbed upon it4 ,these beds are of considerable thickness1 and cover many square miles of country4 ,their stratification has evidently not been disturbed since they were deposited1 though they have been largely eroded4 ,the frequent flat tops of the hills1 and the level benches1 which these beds have produced along their sides1 by irregularities of wear1 impart a peculiar aspect to the scenery4 ,professor ,silliman read the following3 ,on the ,occurrence of ,glauberite at ,borax ,lake1 ,california4 ,,by ,b4 ,,silliman4 ,glauberite1 a species not before recognised as occurring in ,north ,america occurs at ,borax ,lake1 where it has lately been obtained in blue clay1 brought up from a depth of forty feet by an artesian boring4 ,no other crystallized1 species was detected in the masses of clay examined4 ,glauberite is a sulphate of lime and soda1 half an atom of each base in combination with an atom of sulphuric acid4 ,it is usually associated with rock salt1 as at ,villa ,rubia1 in ,new ,castile1 and also at ,ausee1 in ,bavaria1 and in the salt mines of ,vic1 in ,france4 ,in the ,atacama desert in ,peru1 it is associated with a fibrous borate of lime called ,hagesine4 ,mr4 ,stretch1 the ,state ,mineralogist of ,nevada1 in his catalogue of minerals found in that ,state1 mentions borate of lime 7,hagesine7 as occurring in globular masses and in layers from two to five inches thick1 alternating with layers of salt in a salt marsh in the ,columbus mining ,district1 ,esmeralda ,county4 ,it is quite possible that a careful scrutiny would detect glauberite also in this association so analagous to that of ,atacama4 ,reference was also made to the occurrence of the species laghassite detected by ,prof4 ,s4 in #ahfd1 at the little ,salt ,lake near ,rag ,town in ,nevada1 as illustrating in an interesting manner1 the chemistry of these bodies of saline water4 ,the latter species is a hydrous1 carbonate of lime and sodium1 while glauberite is a sulphate of the same bases4 ,both salts undoubtedly result from the reaction of the respective elements pre-existing in solution in the saline waters4 ,the crystals of glauberite from ,borax ,lake occur in very thin flattened tables1 derived apparently from the great extension of the faces ,o of the ,monactinic prism4 ,mr ,bloomer read the following3 ,on the ,scientific ,name of the 8,big ,trees40 ,,by ,h4 ,g4 ,,bloomer1 ,,curator ,,of ,,botany4 ,early in #ahec1 specimens of the 8,big ,trees0 were presented to this ,academy2 ,dr4 ,kellogg and other botanists1 members of the ,academy1 at once pronounced them to belong to the genus ,taxodium1 to which the common 8,redwood0 of ,california was referred at that time4 ,endlicher's work upon the ,conifer1 in which the genus ,sequoia 7named after an ,indian ,chief7 was instituted1 had not at that time reached us4 ,our ,california ,redwood1 ,taxodium sempervirens was included in the new genus of ,endlicher4 ,so then1 the true scientific position of the ,big ,trees was first determined by members of the ,california ,academy of ,natural ,sciences4 ,at the time of the presentation of these specimens1 an ,english collector of plants and seeds1 ,mr4 ,william ,lobb1 saw them1 and having experience enough to know that they belonged to a species new to the gardeners1 immediately started for the grove and obtained cones1 wood and foliage1 which he carried with him to ,england in the fall of #ahec4 ,dr4 ,lindley hastily described these as ,wellingtonia gigantea in the ,gardener's ,chronicle for ,december #ahec4 ,in the meantime ,drs4 ,kellogg and ,behr pursued their studies of the great tree1 and at length being convinced that there was no generic difference between it and the ,taxodium sempervirens 7now ,sequoia sempervirens7 instituted the species ,taxodium giganteum1 described in the ,proceedings of the ,cal4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sciences1 ,may #gth1 #ahee1 ,vol4 ,i1 page #ec4 ,previous to this1 however1 ,seemann1 in ,bonplandia1 #c1 p4 #bg1 ,january #aeth1 #ahee1 described it under the term of ,sequoia ,wellingtonia4 ,mr4 ,seemann gives his reasons at length in the ,magazine of ,natural ,history1 #c;d ,series1 ,vol4 #c1 p4 #afd1 for discarding the genus ,wellingtonia of ,lindley1 and says3 8,dr4 ,torrey was undoubtedly the first who determined the true systematic position of the tree40 ,now this is an error1 for ,dr4 ,torrey's publication is dated in ,august1 #ahee2 whereas ,drs4 ,kellogg and ,behr's appeared ,may #gth1 #ahee4 ,the principal thing to be determined in this matter now is1 as to the name and author1 for these must accompany each other2 shall it be3 ,sequoia gigantea ,endlicher1 ,may1 #ahdg2 ,wellingtonia gigantea ,lindley1 ,december1 #ahec2 ,sequoia ,wellingtonia ,seemann1 ,january #aeth1 #ahee2 ,taxodium giganteum ,kellogg and ,behr1 ,may #gth1 #ahee2 or ,sequoia gigantea ,torrey1 ,august1 #ahee8 ,there are a number of other names made use of and referred to by ,seemann1 ,murray and others2 but as they come to us without the least scientific authority1 they ought not to be considered4 ,dr4 ,lindley's genus falls to the ground almost by common consent4 ,i will refer here to a communication from ,prof4 ,brewer1 late of the geological survey of this ,state4 ,before he left ,san ,francisco1 he sent ,dr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,hooker one of the large photographs of the 8,grizzly ,giant10 one of the big trees in the ,mariposa grove2 he had written to ,prof4 ,brewer1 asking about 8the ,wellingtonia1 ,washingtonia1 ,i care not what you call it40 ,in ,prof4 ,brewer's answer1 he told him that he 7the ,prof47 did care what he called it1 and also that it was not a new genus1 but a ,sequoia4 ,dr4 ,hooker1 in his answer to this1 says3 8,i heartily agree with you in all you say about the big tree2 it has now produced good fruit in our gardens1 and is as true a ,sequoia as can be1 and should have no other name40 ,so here we have high authority for discarding ,lindley's ,wellingtonia4 ,yet this only settles the question as to the generic term2 ,dr4 ,hooker's opinion thus far has only given us ,sequoia4 ,the next claimant in point of priority is ,dr4 ,seemann1 who rightly refers it to ,sequoia1 and adds the specific term ,wellingtonia1 giving sufficient reasons for discarding ,endlicher's specific term gigantea1 as that was shown by ,hooker to be founded upon ,abies 7,picea7 bracteata4 ,in recent publications of ,american botanists1 we find the term ,sequoia gigantea of ,torrey used to designate the species2 to show that this is not the true nomenclature1 ,i need but to say that ,dr4 ,torrey never described it at all in any book or proceedings4 ,the reference is to the ,american ,journal of ,science and ,art1 ,vol4 #ah1 p4 #bhf1 ,august1 #ahee1 where it says3 8,dr4 ,torrey made to the ,american ,association for the ,advancement of ,science a communication in reference to the ,big ,tree of ,california20 also ,vol4 #ag1 p4 #ddc1 but no description4 ,now here is no sufficient ground for ,dr4 ,torrey's ,sequoia gigantea1 for there is absolutely no description at all1 but a mere reference2 and this reference is published three months after ,drs4 ,kellogg and ,behr have described the tree as ,taxodium giganteum4 ,i think now that ,endlicher's1 ,lindley's1 and ,torrey's claims have been refuted2 the controversy is narrowed down as between ,seemann and ,drs4 ,kellogg and ,behr4 ,by strict usage1 and without the usual courtesy of scientific men1 the nomenclature of the 8,big ,tree0 should be ,sequoia ,wellingtonia of ,seemann4 ,but if courtesy is to be shown at all1 it should be to those students who are entitled to it2 that ,drs4 ,kellogg and ,behr are justly entitled to this honor1 ,i cannot for one moment doubt4 ,specimens of this gigantic tree were in their possession many months before any other botanist had directed his attention to the subject2 studying indeed under every disadvantage1 for our botanical literature at that time was very meagre1 not even ,endlicher's work on the ,conifer1 in which was to be found the then newly instituted ,sequoia1 to which was referred our common ,taxodium sempervirens of ,lambert1 being available4 ,had they access to this work they would have given us ,sequoia gigantea2 mark1 that this was three months before ,torrey's reference4 ,they therefore are in truth and reality1 if not technically1 the first scientific discoverers of the true position of the great tree4 ,the terms they used were ,taxodium giganteum1 meaning by this that it was a congener with ,taxodium sempervirens1 which it was4 ,if ,seemann's technical claims are set aside1 then by courtesy ,sequoia gigantea ,kellogg and ,behr1 ought to be written as the true name of the 8,big ,tree40 ,for the advancement of science1 we hope the final closing of this and other questions pertaining to the ,conifer of this coast will be left to the able monographer of this order1 ,dr4 ,george ,engelmann1 of ,st4 ,louis1 who is now in ,europe1 having the notes and observations of recent botanists1 and who will there have access to all the literature and material necessary to establish scientific accuracy and unity in this important family of plants4 ,,index ,,of ,,authors4--#ahfc-ahfh4 ,,ayres1 ,,dr4 ,w4 ,o4--,remarks on ,notorhynchus1 etc41 #ae ,on the ,sacred ,turtle of ,japan1 #af ,,behr1 ,,dr4 ,h4--,on ,californian ,lepidoptera1 #hd1 #abc1 #afc1 #agh1 #bgi1 #bif ,,blake1 ,,dr4 ,j4--,infusoria from the moving sands near ,san ,francisco1 #ce ,on the ,gradual ,elevation of the ,land in the vicinity of ,san ,francisco1 #de ,on ,ftus of ,embiotocoid ,fishes1 #cad1 #cga ,,blake1 ,,prof4 ,w4 ,p4--,gold from ,american ,river1 #aff ,fossils from ,mare ,island1 #aff ,fossils from ,oregon ,bar1 #afg ,fossils from ,mariposa1 #agj ,oil ,regions of ,tulare ,valley1 #aic ,sphene in the ,sierra ,nevada1 #aic ,iron ,ore in ,northern ,arizona1 #bjf ,gum of ,sequoia gigantea1 #bcd ,ammonites in ,mariposa ,county1 #bce ,miscellaneous ,notices1 #bhi ,mineralogical ,notices1 #big ,fossil ,fish from ,nevada1 #cjf ,fossil ,saurians of ,california1 #cjg1 #cfa ,fossil ,elephants ,teeth1 #cbe ,submerged ,forests of ,oregon1 #cci ,brown ,coal of ,oregon1 #cdg ,analysis of ,mt4 ,diablo ,coal1 #cdh ,,bloomer1 ,h4 ,g4--,on the scientific names of the ,big ,trees1 #cii ,,bolander1 ,,prof4 ,h4 ,n4--,description of a new species of ,melica1 #d ,shrubs and ,trees growing near ,san ,francisco1 #gh1 #bif ,grasses of ,arizona1 #bje ,remarks on ,californian ,trees1 #bbe1 #cgg ,botanical ,collections of ,prof4 ,a4 ,wood1 in #ahff1 #cbi ,,brewer1 ,,prof4 ,w4 ,h4--,plants growing in ,hot ,springs of ,california1 #aba ,explorations in ,sierra ,nevada1 #agj ,fossils of the ,auriferous ,slates1 #aih ,,brush1 ,,prof4 ,g4 ,j4--,analysis of ,meteoric ,iron from ,arizona1 #cj ,,canfield1 ,,dr4 ,c4 ,a4--,notes on ,antilocapra ,americana1 #bch ,,carleton1 ,,gen4 ,j4 ,h4--,on ,meteoric ,iron from ,arizona1 #cc ,,carpenter1 ,,dr4 ,p4 ,p4--,new ,marine ,shells of ,california1 #aee1 #age1 #bjg ,,clayton1 ,j4 ,e4--,fossils from ,nevada1 #aga ,,cooper1 ,,dr4 ,j4 ,g4--,on ,new or ,rare ,mollusca inhabiting ,california1 #ef ,on a ,new ,genus of ,terrestrial ,mollusca inhabiting ,california1 #fb ,on ,new ,genera and ,species of ,californian ,fishes1 #gj1 #ic1 #ajh ,a ,new ,californian ,helix1 etc41 #bei ,a ,new ,species of ,pedipes1 #bid ,west ,coast ,helicoid ,land ,shells1 #cca ,,croft1 ,c4 ,j4--,the ,grasses of ,arizona1 #bje ,,dall1 ,w4 ,h4--,memorial of ,t4 ,bridges1 #bcf ,notes on ,octopus punctatus1 #bdc ,notes on ,shells of ,santa ,cruz1 etc41 #beh ,new ,subfamily of ,mollusca1 #bfd ,on ,shells of ,monterey1 #bga ,on ,errors in ,geography of ,california1 #bgc ,letter from ,alaska1 #cfg ,,dana1 ,,prof4 ,j4 ,d4--,on ,crystallization of ,brushite1 #agd ,,gabb1 ,w4 ,m4--,a ,new ,species of ,virgularia from the ,coast of ,california1 #abj ,cretaceous ,fossils from ,sonora1 ,mexico1 #aec ,fossils from ,mariposa1 #agb ,fossils from ,san ,luis ,obispo1 #agc ,new ,marine ,shells from ,coast of ,california1 #ahb ,cretaceous ,formation of ,california1 #cja ,geology of ,peru1 #cei ,,garrett1 ,,andrew4--,descriptions of ,new ,species of ,fishes1 #fc1 #ajc ,,gibbons1 ,,dr4 ,h4--,on ,rains at ,san ,francisco1 #bfa ,,goodyear1 ,w4 ,a4--,on ,salt ,spring ,valley1 ,calaveras ,county1 #chg ,,gray1 ,,prof4 ,,asa4--,descriptions of new ,californian ,plants1 #aja ,,hoffman1 ,c4 ,f4--,on ,hetch-,hetchy ,valley1 #cfh ,,jackson1 ,,dr4 ,c4 ,t4--,the ,big ,trees of ,calaveras ,county1 #bjd ,,kellogg1 ,a41 ,m4,d4--,description of two ,new ,species of ,plants from ,nevada1 #i ,on two ,new ,species of ,collomia from ,nevada ,territory1 #ag ,a ,new ,genus and ,species of ,plant from ,nev4 ,territory1 7,pterostephanus71 #bj ,descriptions of two ,new ,plants1 7,conyza1 ,collinsia471 #cf ,a ,new ,species of ,hosackia1 #ch ,a ,new ,species of ,mentzelia1 #dj ,description of three ,new ,plants1 #db ,a ,new ,species of ,allium1 #ed ,a ,new ,species of ,alsine1 #fa ,thaspium cordatum and ,epilobium obcordatum1 #cad ,,moore1 ,g4 ,e4--,on ,brushite1 #afg ,,newcomb1 ,,dr4 ,w4--,new ,species of ,helix inhabiting ,california1 #aae ,a ,new ,species of ,pedicularia1 #aba ,new ,species of ,land ,shells1 #agi ,,pease1 ,w4 ,h4--,on an ,atoll near the coast of ,mexico1 #bjj ,,preiss1 ,,maj4 ,e4--,on ,euphorbia prostrata as a remedy for ,snake-,bites1 #aie ,,raimondi1 ,,don ,a4--,on ,geology of ,peru1 #cei ,r,,mond1 ,a4--,description of two ,new ,species of ,bivalve ,shells from the ,tertiaries of ,contra ,costa ,county1 #ac ,description of two ,species of ,scutella1 #ac ,four ,new ,species of fossil ,echinodermata1 #eb ,geological ,explorations in ,mexico1 #bdd ,,richthofen1 ,,baron ,f4--,on ,natural ,system of ,volcanic ,rocks1 #cef ,,rowell1 ,,rev4 ,j4--,description of ,gundlachia ,californica1 #ba ,on ,pisidium angelicum1 #cec ,,scudder1 ,s4 ,h4--,letter concerning ,californian ,butterflies1 #dg ,,sharkey1 ,,dr4 ,j4 ,m4--,on fibrous ,plants of ,nicaragua1 #dja ,,silliman1 ,,prof4 ,b4--,gold and ,silver of ,whisky and ,quail ,hills1 #cdi ,localities of ,diamonds in ,california1 #ced ,localities of ,tellurids in ,california1 #cgh ,glauberite at ,borax ,lake1 #cii ,,stearns1 ,r4 ,e4 ,c4--,shells of ,baulines ,bay1 #bge ,shells of ,santa ,barbara and ,san ,diego1 #bhc ,obituary of ,r4 ,kennicott1 #bih ,vitality of a ,snail1 #cbh ,on ,orthagoriscus analis1 #cda ,on ,helix ,ayresiana1 #cda ,shells of ,santa ,barbara1 etc41 #cdc ,shells of ,purissima1 and ,lobitas1 #cde ,on ,exhibition of ,parhelia1 #cec ,shells of ,bodega ,bay1 #chb ,shells of ,alaska1 #chd ,,trask1 ,,dr4 ,j4 ,b4--,earthquakes in ,california during #ahfc1 #ahfd1 #abg ,earthquakes in ,california from #ahjj to #ahfd1 #aca ,earthquakes in ,california during #ahfd1 #aij ,earthquakes in ,california during #ahfe1 #bci ,,whitney1 ,,prof4 ,j4 ,d4--,on the inaccuracy of the ,eighth ,census1 so far as it relates to the ,metallic and ,mineral ,statistics of the ,united ,states1 #f ,remarks on ,japanese ,minerals and ,fossils1 #ae ,on the ,progress of the ,geological ,survey of ,california1 #bc ,analysis of ,meteoric ,iron1 7,brush71 #cj1 #cd ,on ,meteoric ,iron from ,arizona1 #dh1 #bdj ,on ,meteorites of ,pacific ,coast1 #bdj ,on ,rmond's ,explorations in ,northern ,mexico1 #bdc ,on ,geology of ,nevada1 #bff ,on ,absence of ,drift in ,california1 #bga ,human ,skull from ,calaveras ,county1 #bgg ,tungstate of ,lime and ,copper1 #bhg ,silurian ,series of ,nevada1 #cjg ,tertiary ,fossils of ,nevada1 #cji ,triassic ,fossils of ,chili1 #caa ,liassic ,fossils of ,chili1 #caa ,tertiary ,fossils of ,chili1 #caa ,cretaceous ,fossils of ,chili1 #caa ,infusorial ,deposits1 #cai ,the ,highest ,mountain of ,north ,america1 #cbe ,on ,coal of ,webber ,caon1 #cda ,on ,salt from ,muddy ,river1 #cda ,on ,ores from ,comstock ,lode1 #cdb ,on ,geological ,position of ,coal1 #cef ,on ,fossil ,tooth from ,douglas ,flat1 #cef ,on ,oreodon ,jaw1 #cfc ,on ,visit to ,oregon1 etc41 #cfc ,on ,ores from ,nevada and ,mexico1 #cgb ,on ,minerals of ,pacific ,coast1 #cgb1 #cgd ,on ,depression of ,death ,valley1 #abi1 #cgf ,on ,maps of ,california1 #chf ,,williamson1 ,,col4 ,r4 ,s4--,on the ,height of ,mount ,hood1 #cfd ,on ,depression of ,death ,valley1 #abi1 #cgf ,,wilson1 ,,john4--,indian ,relics from ,chihuahua1 #afj ,,wood1 ,,prof4 ,a4--,ascent of ,mount ,hood1 #bib ,botanical ,collections1 #cbi ,,general ,,index4 ,,page4 ,abies1 #bcb ,acanthochites1 #baa ,acanthopleura1 #baa ,achatinella1 #ahb ,acma1 #bac1 #cjj olis1 #ei ,allium1 #ed ,alsine1 #fa ,altitude of ,sacramento1 #chf ,american ,satyrides1 #afe ,amiantis callosa1 #bhf ,ammonites1 #bce1 #bhi ,amphissa1 #bhf ,amphithalamus1 #bah ,amycla1 #aei1 #bbc ,anachis1 #bbc ,analysis of ,coal1 #cdh 0 of ,salt1 #cdh 0 of ,ores1 #cdb ,angel ,island1 #cdh1 #cec ,antilocapra1 #bch ,antimoniate of ,lead1 #cgb ,aplodontia1 #bbd ,aplopappus1 #i ,aplysia1 #eg ,apocynum1 #ceb ,apogon1 #aje ,arbutus1 #bcb ,arenaria1 #aja ,argynnis1 #hd ,aristida1 #bje ,ascent of ,mt4 ,hood1 #bib1 #cfd ,aspidium1 #abi ,astarte1 #bji ,astragalus1 #ajc ,astringent ,gum1 #bcd ,astrodapsis1 #eb ,astrophyton1 #cjj ,ayresia1 #gc ,barometers1 #cbg ,baulines ,bay ,shells1 #bge1 #bia ,bdellostoma1 #bie1 #cca ,belemnites1 #agc ,big ,trees1 #cii ,binneya1 #fb ,botanical ,collections1 #cbi ,brown ,coal1 #cdg ,brushite1 #afg ,buccinum1 #che ,calandrinia1 #ajb ,calliostoma1 #aef1 #ahf1 #bad ,cancellaria1 #ahf ,carcharodon1 #agd ,cardium1 #ac1 #aed1 #bji ,carex1 #ch ,castanea1 #bca ,catalogue of ,mosses1 #chf ,census1 ,eighth1 #f ,ceratites1 #afg ,chtodon1 #fe ,cheilodactylus1 #ajc ,chemnitzia1 #aed1 #bbj ,chionobas1 #afc ,chironectes1 #fd1 #ajg ,chiorra1 #fj ,chlorostoma1 #bhf ,chromis1 #afj ,chrysallida1 #bai ,cinnabar1 #bih ,circe1 #ahi ,clathurella1 #ahd ,clypeaster1 #ec ,coal1 ,geology of1 #cef 0 of ,arizona1 #abb 0 of ,mexico1 #bea 0 of ,mt4 ,diablo1 #cdh 0 of ,oregon1 #cdg 0 of ,utah1 #cda ,ccum1 #bae ,cnonympha1 #afd ,collinsia1 #cf ,collomia1 #ag ,collonia1 #age ,comstock ,lode1 #cdb ,conus1 #agd1 #bhf ,conyza1 #cf ,cooperella1 #bjh ,copper ,glance1 #big ,corbula1 #bjg ,crenilabrus1 #ajf ,crepidula1 #che ,cretaceous ,formation1 #cja ,crustacea1 #cac ,cupressus1 #bbh ,curator's ,reports1 #b1 #ii1 #bce1 #bcg1 #cab ,cysticerci1 #chf ,cythna1 #bai ,danais1 #hd ,danaite1 #big ,daphnella1 #ahe ,dekaya1 #gj ,delphinula1 #age ,dendronotus1 #ei ,depression of ,death ,valley1 #abi1 #cgf ,diala1 #bah ,diamonds in ,california1 #ced ,diatomace1 #beh1 #cbj ,doris1 #eh1 #cdf ,dosinia1 #agd ,drift ,formation1 #bga ,earthquakes in ,china1 #bgh 0 in ,california1 #abg1 #aca1 #aij1 #bci ,echinarachnius1 #ec ,echinoderms1 fossil1 #eb ,eighth ,census1 #f ,elephant's ,teeth1 #cbe ,elevation of ,land1 #de ,emarginula1 #ahh ,embiotocoids1 #cad1 #cga ,eocene formation1 #cja ,epilobium1 #cad ,esquimaux1 #bjb ,ethalia1 #bae ,eulima1 #bba ,euphorbia1 #aie1 #cfg ,european ,satyrides1 #afe ,excursion in ,field1 #cdh1 #ceb ,exoctus1 #ic ,exogyra1 #aed ,exploration of ,alaska1 #cfg1 #cgg ,explosions under ground1 #cfd ,family ,limnid1 #bfd ,fenella1 #bag ,fibrous plants1 #dja ,field ,excursions1 #cdh1 #ceb ,flabellina1 #fj ,ftus of ,fishes1 #cad ,fossils of ,alaska1 #cfg 0 cretaceous1 #cja 0 ,elephant1 #aff1 #aga1 #bij1 #cbe1 #cfg 0 ,horse1 #aff1 #aga 0 canine ,tooth1 #cef 0 ,delphinid1 #cfa 0 in ,gold ,formations1 #bhi 0 from ,mexico1 #bdg1 #bdi1 #bej1 #beb 0 from ,nevada1 #bff 0 skull1 #bgg1 #bia 0 fish1 #cjf 0 bones1 #cjg 0 ,saurians1 #cjg 0 ,silurian1 #cjg 0 tertiary1 #cjg ,fungi as ,food1 etc41 #bib ,gadinia1 #ahh ,galerus1 #bae ,gastridium1 #fg ,geological ,survey1 #bc1 #agj ,geology of ,coal1 #cef 0 of ,mexico1 #bdc ,geology of ,peru1 #cei ,gibbonsia1 #aji ,gibbula1 #aeh1 #agf1 #bad ,gillichthys1 #aji ,glaciers in ,arizona1 #afb ,glauberite1 #cii ,globulus1 #agf ,gold of ,whisky ,hill1 #cdi 0 ,quail ,hill1 #cdi ,grapta1 #abc ,gundlachia1 #ba ,hagesine1 #cii ,haliotis1 #cjj1 #cfa ,height of ,mt4 ,hood1 #bid1 #cbf1 #cfc1 #cfd 0 ,sacramento1 #chf 0 ,mountains1 #cbf ,helices of ,santa ,cruz1 #beh1 #bfj ,helicoid ,land ,shells1 #cca ,helix1 #aae1 #agi1 #bbe1 #beh1 #bia1 #cbh1 #ccd1 #chd ,hepburn's ,shells1 #bhc ,hetch-hetchy ,valley1 #cfh ,hosackia1 #ch ,hybrid ,ducks1 #cbd 0 ,haliotis1 #cfa ,indian ,hemp1 #ceb ,infusoria1 #ce1 #cai ,iron ,ore in ,arizona1 #bjf ,isapis1 #bag ,ischnochiton1 #baa ,jeffreysia1 #bji ,julis1 #fc ,junonia1 #abf 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