,transcrib]'s ,notes ,text pr9t$ 9 italics has be5 transcrib$ betwe5 und]scores4 ,small capitals h be5 replac$ ) ,,all ,,capitals4 text repres5ts sup]script text4 ,m ,transcrib]'s ,notes may be f\nd at ! end ( ?is text4 ,,essays ,,on ,,! ,,microscope4 ,illu/ration3 ,t4,s4 ,du* p9xit ,tru? discov]+ to ,"t1 ,sci5ce in/ruct+ h] ,*ildr5 9 ! ,improvem5ts on ! ,microscope4 ,london1 ,publi%$ ,july #a4/ #aghg1 by ,geo4e ,adams1 ,n4o #fj ,fleet ,/reet4 ,,essays ,,on ,,! ,,microscope2 ,,conta9+ ,a ,,practical ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,mo/ ,,improv$ ,,microscopes2 ,a ,,g5]al ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,insects1 ,,_! ,,trans=mations1 ,,peculi> ,,habits1 ,,& ,,conomy3 ,,an ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,v>i\s ,,species1 ,,& ,,s+ul> ,,prop]ties1 ,,( ,,! ,,hydr ,,& ,,vorticell3 ,a ,,description ,,( ,,?ree ,,hundr$ ,,& ,,eighty-,,?ree ,,animalcula3 ,,) ,a ,,concise ,,catalogue ,,( ,,int]e/+ ,,objects3 ,a ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,organization ,,( ,,timb]1 ,,& ,,! ,,configuration ,,( ,,salts1 ,,:5 ,,"u ,,! ,,microscope4 ,,illu/rat$ ,,) ,,?irty-,,two ,,folio ,,plates ,,by ,,! ,,late ,,george ,,adams1 ,,ma!matical ,,in/rum5t ,,mak] ,,to ,,8 ,,maje/y1 c4 ,,! ,,second ,,edition1 ,,) ,,consid]able ,,additions ,,& ,,improvem5ts1 ,,by ,,fr$]ick ,,kanma*]1 ,f4 ,l4 ,s4 ,,london3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,dillon ,,& ,,keat+1 ,,= ,,! ,,editor2 ,,& ,,= ,w4 ,,& ,s4 ,,jones1 ,,holborn4 ,,mdccxcviii4 ,,price #al4 #hs4 ,,9 ,,bo>ds4 ,,to ,,! ,,k+4 ,,sir1 ,e "w t t5ds to enl>ge ! b\nd>ies ( sci5ce has a peculi> claim to ! protection ( ,k+s4 ,he t diffuses sci5ce1 civilizes man1 op5s ! inlets to 8 happ9ess1 & co-op]ates ) ! ,f\nta9 & ,s\rce ( all k4 ,by sci5ce tru? is advanc$2 & ( ,,div9e ,,tru? ,k+s are ! repres5tatives4 ,! "w :i* ,i h n[ ! hon\r to pres5t to ,,y\r ,,maje/y1 calls ! att5tion ( ! read] to ^? laws ( ,div9e ord] by :i* ! univ]se is gov]n$ & support$2 9 x we f9d t ! m9ute/ be+s %>e 9 ! protection1 & triumph 9 ! b\nty ( ! ,sov]eign ( all ?+s3 t ! inf9itely small manife/ to ! a/oni%$ eye ! same proportion1 regul>ity & design1 :i* are conspicu\s to ! unassi/$ sight 9 ! l>g] p>ts ( creation4 ,by f9d+ all ?+s =m$ 9 beauty1 & produc$ = use1 ! m9d is rais$ f ! fleet+ & evanesc5t appe>ances ( matt]1 to contemplate ! p]man5t pr9ciples ( tru?1 & ackn[l$ge t ! :ole proce$s f ! wisdom t orig9ates 9 love4 ,x 0 by ,,y\r ,,maje/y',s goodness & graci\s patronage t ,i 0 fir/ induc$ to und]take a description ( ma!matical & philosophical in/rum5ts1 t ,i might !reby facilitate ! atta9m5t ( ^? sci5ces t are connect$ ) !m1 & by %ew+ :at 0 already obta9$1 excite emulation1 & quick5 inv5tion4 ,x is to ! same goodness t ,i am indebt$ = ?is opportunity ( subscrib+ myself1 ,,sir1 ,,y\r ,,maje/y',s ,mo/ humble1 ,mo/ ob$i5t1 & mo/ dutiful ,subject & ,s]vant1 ,,george ,,adams4 ,,preface4 ,9 ! preface to my ,,essays ,,on ,,electricity ,,& ,,magnetism1 ,i in=m$ ! public t x 0 my int5tion to publi%1 f "t to "t1 essays describ+ ! con/ruction & expla9+ ! use ( ma!matical & philosophical in/rum5ts1 9 _! pres5t /ate ( improvem5t4 ,?is "w w1 ,i hope1 be consid]$ z a p]=mance ( my promise1 z f> z relates to ! subject "h treat$ (4#a #a ,t[>ds ! completion ( ?is design1 our au?or aft]w>ds publi%$1 #a4 ,a/ronomical & ,geographical ,essays2 #b4 ,geometrical & ,graphical ,essays2 #c4 ,an ,essay on ,vision2 #d4 ,lectures on ,natural & ,exp]im5tal ,philosophy4 ,he _h project$ o!r compilations1 & 0 prep>+ a new edition ( ?is "w2 b1 alas6 h[ unc]ta9 are all human projects6 con/ant att5tion to an ext5sive bus9ess & to lit]ature1 prey$ on a con/itution f> f robu/1 & at l5g? rapidly accel]at$ 8 dissolution1 :i* happ5$ at ,s\?ampton1 on ! #ad? ( ,augu/1 #agie2 ag$ #de4 ,by ?is ev5t1 ! _w 0 prematurely depriv$ ( ! b5eficial effects ( 8 f>!r lab\rs1 & 8 fri5ds ( ! conv]sation ( a man1 ^: amiable & communicative disposition ende>$ him to all ^? :o _h ! pleasure ( kn[+ him4 ,8 life _h be5 devot$ to religi\s & moral duties1 to ! acquisition ( sci5ce1 & its diffusion = ! b5efit ( mank9d4 ,to ^? :o _h no p]sonal k ( ,mr4 ,,adams1 8 works w cont9ue to display 8 m]its z an au?or1 & 8 virtues z a valuable memb] ( society4 ,,edit4 ,! fir/ *apt] conta9s a %ort hi/ory ( ! inv5tion & improvem5ts t h be5 made on ! microscope1 & ,fa!r ,di ,torre's me?od ( mak+ 8 celebrat$ glass globules4 ,! second treats ( vision1 9 :i* ,i h endeav\r$ to expla9 9 a famili> mann] ! reason ( ^? advantages :i* are obta9$ by ! use ( magnify+ l5ses2 b z ! read] is suppos$ to be unacqua9t$ ) ! elem5ts ( ?is sci5ce1 s _m int]m$iate ideas h be5 necess>ily omitt$1 z mu/ 9 "s degree less5 ! =ce1 & weak5 ! p]ception ( ! tru?s int5d$ to be inculcat$3 to h giv5 ^!1 w\ld h requir$ a treatise on optics4 ,9 ! ?ird *apt]1 ! mo/ improv$ microscopes1 & "s o!rs :i* are 9 g5]al use1 are p>ticul>ly describ$2 no pa9s h be5 sp>$ to less5 ! difficulty ( obs]vation1 & remove obscurity f description2 ! relative advantages ( ea* in/rum5t are briefly po9t$ out1 to enable ! read] to select t :i* is be/ adapt$ to 8 pursuits4 ,! me?od ( prep>+ diff]5t objects = obs]vation1 & ! cautions necess>y to be obs]v$ 9 ! use ( ! microscope1 are ! subjects ( ! f\r? *apt]4 ,:5 ,i fir/ und]took ! pres5t essays1 ,i _h conf9$ myself to a re-publication ( my fa!rs "w1 entitl$1 ,micrographia ,illu/rata2 b ,i soon f\nd t bo? 8 & ,mr4 ,bak]'s tracts on ! microscope 7 v imp]fect4 ,natural hi/ory _h n be5 s mu* cultivat$ at ! p]iod :5 !y wrote1 z x is 9 ! pres5t day4 ,to ! want ( t in=mation :i* is n[ easily obta9$1 we may ) propriety impute _! errors & imp]fections4 ,i h1 !re=e1 9 ! fif? *apt]1 aft] "s g5]al obs]vations on ! utility ( natural hi/ory1 endeav\r$ to rem$y _! defects1 by arrang+ ! subject 9 sy/ematic ord]1 & by introduc+ ! microscopic read] to ! sy/em ( ,l9nu1 z f> z relates to insects3 by ?is he w le>n to discrim9ate "o insect f ano!r1 to *>act]ize _! diff]5t p>ts1 & ?us be bett] enabl$ to avoid error himself1 & to convey in/ruction to o!rs4 ,z ! trans=mations :i* insects und]go1 con/itute a pr9cipal bran* ( _! hi/ory1 & furni% _m objects = ! microscope1 ,i h giv5 a v ample description ( !m2 ! m s1 z _m microscopic writ]s1 by n consid]+ ^! *anges ) att5tion1 h fall5 into a v>iety ( mi/akes4 ,"h ,i int5d$ to /op2 b ! *>ms ( natural hi/ory are s s$uc+1 t ,i 0 l$ on to describe ! peculi> & /rik+ m>ks 9 ! conomy ( ^! little creatures4 ,& %\ld ! pur*as] ( ^! essays receive z mu* pleasure 9 read+ ?is "p z ,i did 9 compil+ x2 %\ld x induce him to /udy ?is "p ( natural hi/ory2 nay1 %\ld x only lead him to read ! /up5d\s "w ( ! mo/ excell5t ,swamm]dam1 he w h no reason to regret 8 pur*ase1 & "o ( my w>me/ wi%es w be gratifi$4 ,9 ! next *apt] ,i h endeav\r$ to give ! read] "s idea ( ! int]nal p>ts ( insects1 pr9cipally f ,m4 ,lyonet's ,anatomical & ,microscopical ,description ( ! ,cat]pill> ( ! ,cossus or ,goat-mo?4 ,z ?is book is b little kn[n 9 our c\ntry1 ,i conclud$ t a specim5 ( ! indefatigable lab\r ( ?is pati5t & humane anatomi/ w\ld be acceptable to all lov]s ( ! microscope2 & ,i h1 !re=e1 appropriat$ a plate1 :i*1 :il/ x %ews :at may be effect$ :5 microscopic obs]vation is accompani$ by pati5ce & indu/ry1 displays also ! wond]ful organization ( ?is insect4 ,?is is foll[$ by a description ( sev]al miscellane\s objects1 ( :i* no prop] idea c\ld be =m$ )\t ! assi/ance ( glasses4 ,to describe ! fre%-wat] polype or hydra2 to give a %ort hi/ory ( ! discov]y ( ^! curi\s animals1 & "s acc\nt ( _! s+ul> prop]ties1 is ! bus9ess ( ! succe$+ *apt]4 ,! prop]ties ( ^! animals are s extraord9>y1 t !y 7 consid]$ at fir/ to be z contr>y to ! common c\rse ( nature1 z !y really 7 to ! receiv$ op9ions ( animal life4 ,inde$1 :o c ev5 n[ contemplate )\t a/oni%m5t animals t multiply by slips & %oots l a plant8 t may be graft$ toge!r z "o tree to ano!r1 t may be turn$ inside out l a glove1 & yet live1 act1 & p]=m all ! v>i\s functions ( _! contract$ sph]es8 ,z ne>ly alli$ to ^!1 ! *apt] f9i%es ) an acc\nt ( ^? vorticell :i* h be5 enum]at$ by ,l9nu4 ,x has be5 my endeav\r to dissipate confusion by ! introduction ( ord]1 to dispose into me?od1 & select "u prop] heads ! sub/ance ( all t is kn[n relative to ^! little creatures1 & 9 ! compass ( a few pages to give ! read] ! in=mation t is disp]s$ ?r\gh volumes4 ,f ! hydr & vorticell1 x 0 natural to proce$ to ! animalcula :i* are to be f\nd 9 vegetable infusions2 microscopic be+s1 t seem z x 7 to bord] on ! inf9itely small1 t leave no space de/itute ( inhabitants1 & are ( great] importance 9 ! imm5se scale ( be+s ?an our contract$ imag9ation c conceive2 yet1 small z !y are1 ea* ( !m possesses all t beauty & proportion ( organiz$ texture :i* is necess>y to its well-be+1 & suit$ to ! happ9ess x is call$ =? to enjoy4 ,a %ort acc\nt ( ?ree hundr$ & sev5ty-sev5#b ( ^! m9ute be+s is !n giv51 agreeable to ! sy/em ( ! labori\s ,mll]1 enl>g+ consid]ably 8 description ( ^? animalcula t are mo/ easily met )1 bett] kn[n1 & consequ5tly m int]e/+ to ! g5]ality ( read]s4 #b ,to ^!1 six m are n[ add$1 mak+ ! :ole ?ree hundr$ & eighty ?ree4 ,,edit4 ,! con/ruction ( timb]1 & ! disposition ( its compon5t p>ts1 z se5 by ! microscope1 is ! subject ( ! next *apt]2 a subject confess$ly obscure4 ,) :at degree ( success ?is attempt has be5 prosecut$1 mu/ be left to ! judgm5t ( ! read]4 ,! be/ treatise on ?is "p ( vegetation is t ( ,m4 ,du ,hamel du ,monceau sur la ,physique des ,arbres4 ,if ei!r my "t or situation 9 life w\ld h p]mitt$ x1 ,i %\ld h foll[$ 8 plan2 b be+ conf9$ to bus9ess & to ,london1 ,i c only recomm5d x to ^? lov]s ( ! works ( ! ,almighty1 :o live 9 ! c\ntry1 to pursue ?is important bran* ( natural hi/ory4 ,!re is no d\bt b t new views ( ! op]ations 9 nature1 & ( ! wisdom ) :i* all ?+s are contriv$1 w\ld amply repay ! lab\r ( inve/igation4 ,e "p ( ! vegetable k+dom is ri* 9 microscopic beauties1 f ! /atelie/ tree ( ! =e/1 f ! c$> ( ,lebanon1 to ! l[lie/ moss & ! hyssop t spr+e? out ( ! wall2 all conspir+ to say h[ mu* is hid f ! natural sight ( man1 h[ little c be kn[n till x receives assi/ance1 & is b5efit$ by adv5titi\s aid4 ,f ! wond]ful organization ( animals1 & ! curi\s texture ( vegetables1 we proce$ to ! m9]al k+dom1 & take a cursory view ( ! configuration ( salts & sal9e sub/ances1 exhibit+ a few specim5s ( ! beautiful ord] 9 :i* !y arrange !mselves "u ! eye1 aft] hav+ be5 sep>at$ by dissolution2 e species work+ z x 7 ^u a diff]5t plan1 & produc+ cubes1 pyramids1 hexagons1 or "s o!r figure peculi> to itself1 ) a con/ant regul>ity amid/ b\ndless v>iety4 ,?\gh all nature teems ) objects = ! microscopic obs]v]1 yet su* is ! indol5ce ( ! human m9d1 or su* its inatt5tion to :at is obvi\s1 t among ! pur*as]s ( microscopes _m h compla9$ t !y knew n :at subjects to apply to _! in/rum5t1 or :]e to f9d objects = exam9ation4 ,to obviate ?is compla9t1 a catalogue is "h giv51 :i* is int]sp]s$ ) ! description ( a few insects1 & o!r objects1 :i* c\ld n be conv5i5tly introduc$ 9 ! =ego+ *apt]s4 ,by ?is catalogue x is hop$ t ! use ( ! microscope w be ext5d$1 & ! pa? ( obs]vation facilitat$4 ,to avoid ! =mal p>ade ( quotation1 & ! fa/idi\s *>ge ( plagi>ism1 ,i h subjo9$ to ?is preface a li/ ( ! au?ors :i* h be5 consult$4 ,z my extracts 7 made at v di/ant p]iods1 x w\ld h be5 impossible = me to recollect to :om ,i 0 indebt$ = e new fact or +5i\s obs]vation4 ,! plates 7 drawn & engrav$ ) a view to be fold$ up ) ! "w2 b z x is ! op9ion ( _m ( my fri5ds t !y w\ld1 by ?is mean1 be mat]ially injur$1 ,i h be5 advis$ to h !m /it*$ 9 /rong blue pap]1 & leave x to ! pur*as] to dispose ( !m to 8 own m9d4 ,a ,,li/ ,,( ,,! ,,au?ors ,,:i* ,,h ,,be5 ,,consult$ ,,9 ,,! ,,compilation ,,( ,,! ,,=m] ,,& ,,pres5t ,,edition ,,( ,,^! ,,essays4 ,,adams4 ,micrographia ,illu/rata1 or ! ,microscope ,expla9$4 ,london1 #agdf & #agha4 ,,addison4 ,spectator4 ,,bak]4 ,an ,attempt t[>ds ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,polype4 ,london1 #agdc4 ,,bak]4 ,! ,microscope made ,easy4 ,london1 #agdd4 ,,bak]4 ,employm5t = ! ,microscope4 ,london1 #agec4 ,,b>but4 ,g5]a ,insectorum ( ,l9nu4 #dto4 ,london1 #agha4 ,,b]k5h\t4 ,botanical ,lexicon4 #hvo4 ,london1 #agfd4 ,,b]k5h\t4 ,synopsis ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 #b vols4 #hvo4 ,london1 #aghi4 ,,bir*4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,royal ,society4 #dto4 #d vols4 ,london1 #agef4 ,,blair4 ,s]mons4 ,london1 #agib4 ,,bonnani4 ,obs]vationes circa ,viv5tia1 qu 9 ,rebus non ,viv5tibus rep]iuntur1 c4 #dto4 #afia4 ,,bonnet4 ,oeuvres d',hi/oire ,naturelle et de ,philosophie4 #i tom4 #dto4 ,neuf*atel1 #aggi4 ,,borellus4 ,de v]o ,telescopii ,inv5tore4 ,,br&4 ,select ,diss]tations f ! ,amnitates ,academic1 c4 #hvo4 ,london1 #agha4 ,,curtis4 ,in/ructions = ,collect+ & ,pres]v+ ,insects4 #hvo4 ,london1 #agga4 ,,curtis4 ,translation ( ! ,fundam5ta ,entomologi4 #hvo4 ,london1 #aggb4 ,,curtis4 ,flora ,lond95sis4 ,folio4 ,london1 #aggg1 c4 ,,curtis4 ,botanical ,magaz9e4 #hvo4 ,london1 #aghg1 c4 ,,cyclop,,dia4 ,by ,dr4 ,rees4 #d vols4 ,folio4 ,london1 #aghf4 ,,de ,,ge]4 ,memoires p\r s]vir a l',hi/oire des ,insectes4 #dto4 #g tom4 #ageb4 ,,delleb>re4 ,memoires sur les ,diff]5ces de la ,con/ruction et des ,effects du ,microscope4 #aggg4 ,,d]ham4 ,physico-,!ology4 #hvo4 ,london1 #agcb4 ,,donovan4 ,hi/ory ( ,briti% ,insects4 #hvo4 ,london1 #agib1 c4 ,,donovan4 ,treatise on ! ,managem5t ( ,insects4 #hvo4 ,london1 #agid4 ,,du ,,hamel ,,du ,,monceau4 ,la ,physique des ,arbres4 ,p>is1 #ageg4 ,,ellis4 ,essay t[>ds a ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,corall9es4 #dto4 #agee4 ,,ellis4 ,zoophytes1 by ,dr4 ,sol&]4 #dto4 ,london1 #aghf4 ,,encyclop,,dia ,,britannica4 #dto4 #ah vols4 ,ed9burgh1 #agig4 ,,ep9us4 ,description des ,n\veaux ,microscopes4 ,,fabricius4 ,philosophia ,entomologica4 #hvo4 #aggh4 ,,ge(froy4 ,hi/oire ,abregee des ,insectes4 #b tom4 #dto4 ,p>is1 #agfd4 ,,glei*54 ,les plus ,n\velles ,deuc\v]ts dans le ,regne ,vegetal1 c4 ,folio4 #aggj4 ,,goldsmi?4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,e>? & ,animat$ ,nature4 #hvo4 ,london1 #aggd4 ,,grew4 ,anatomy ( ,plants4 ,folio4 ,london1 #afhb4 ,,hall]4 ,physiologia4 ,,h$wig4 ,!oria ,g5]ationis et ,fructificationis de ,plant>um ,cryptogamic>um4 ,pet]sb4 #aghd4 ,,hill4 ,review ( ! ,royal ,society4 #dto4 ,london1 #agea4 ,,hill4 ,hi/ory ( ,animals4 ,folio4 ,london1 #ageb4 ,,hill4 ,essays 9 ,natural ,hi/ory4 #hvo4 ,london1 #ageb4 ,,hill4 ,! ,con/ruction ( ,timb] expla9$ by ! ,microscope4 #hvo4 ,london1 #aggj4 ,,hill4 ,inspector4 ,,home4 ,treatise on ,ulc]s1 c4 #hvo4 ,london1 #agig4 ,,hooke4 ,micrographia4 ,folio4 ,london1 #affe4 ,,hooke4 ,lectures & ,collections4 #dto4 ,london1 #afgh4 ,,hoop]4 ,economy ( ,plants4 #hvo4 ,ox=d1 #agig4 ,,joblot4 ,obs]vations d',hi/oire ,naturelle faites avec le ,microscope4 #dto4 #b tom4 ,p>is4 ,,j\rnal ,,de ,,physique1 ,,p> ,,rozi]1 c4 ,,jones4 ,a ,c\rse ( ,lectures on ! ,figurative ,language ( ! ,holy ,scriptures4 #hvo4 #aghg4 ,,kippis4 ,biographia ,britannica4 ,folio4 #aggh1 c4 ,,l$]mull]4 ,microscopis*e ,ergtzung54 #d !ile4 #dto4 ,,leeuw5hoek4 ,arcana ,natur4 #dto4 ,lugd4 ,bat4 #agbb4 ,,leeuw5hoek4 ,op]a ,omnia4 #dto4 ,ibid4 #agbb4 ,,lettsom4 ,naturali/'s ,companion4 #hvo4 ,london1 #aggd4 ,,l9nean ,,society4 ,transactions4 #c vols4 #dto4 ,london1 #agia1 c4 ,,l9n,,u4 ,sy/ema ,natur4 #hvo4 edit4 #abmo4 ,holmi1 #agff4 ,,lyonet4 ,!ologie des ,insectes de ,less]4 #b tom4 #hvo4 ,la ,haye1 #agdb4 ,,lyonet4 ,traite ,anatomique de la ,*5ille qui ronge le ,bois de ,saule4 #dto4 ,,macqu]4 ,diction>y ( ,*emi/ry4 ,london1 #aggg4 ,,magny4 ,j\rnal d',economie4 #agec4 ,,malpighi4 ,op]a4 #dto4 ,lugduni ,bat4 #afhg4 ,,m>t94 ,micrographia ,nova4 #dto4 ,read+1 #agdb4 ,,m>t94 ,optical ,essays4 #hvo4 ,london4 ,,mull]4 ,animalcula ,infusoria ,fluviatilia et ,m>9a4 #dto4 ,hauni1 #aghf4 ,,ni*olson4 ,introduction to ,natural ,philosophy4 #b vols4 #hvo4 #aghg4 ,,ni*olson4 ,j\rnal ( ,natural ,philosophy1 c4 #agig4 ,,ne$ham4 ,new ,microscopical ,discov]ies4 #hvo4 ,london1 #agde4 ,,neu]e ,,ges*i*te ,,d] ,,missions ,,an/alt54 #dto4 ,halle1 #agif4 ,,pallas4 ,el5*us ,zoophytorum4 #hvo4 ,hag ,comit4 #agff4 ,,p>sons4 ,microscopic ,!atre ( ,se$s4 #dto4 ,london1 #agde4 ,,p[]4 ,microscopical ,obs]vations4 #dto4 #affd4 ,,prie/ley4 ,on ,light1 ,vision1 & ,col\rs4 #dto4 #aggb4 ,,reaumur4 ,memoires p\r s]vir a l',hi/oire des ,insectes4 #hvo4 ,am/]dam1 #agcg4 ,,r$i4 ,de ,insectis4 #afga4 ,,reid4 ,on ! ,intellectual ,p[]s ( ,man4 ,nrnb]g1 #agdf1 c4 ,,rosel4 ,insect5 ,belu/igung4 #d !ile4 #dto4 ,,royal ,,society4 ,philosophical ,transactions4 ,,ru!r=?4 ,natural ,philosophy4 #b vols4 #dto4 ,cambridge1 #agdh4 ,,s*ira*4 ,hi/oire ,naturelle de la ,re9e des ,abeilles4 ,a la ,haye1 #agga4 ,,%aw4 ,naturali/'s ,miscellany4 #hvo4 ,london1 #agij1 c4 ,,smi?1 ,r4 ,optics4 #b vols4 #dto4 ,cambridge1 #agch4 ,,smi?1 ,i4 ,e4 ,engli% ,botany4 #hvo4 ,london1 #agij1 c4 ,,spalanzani4 ,opuscules de ,physiques ,animale et ,vegetale4 ,g5eva1 #aggg4 ,,/ill+fleet4 ,miscellane\s ,tracts4 #hvo4 ,london1 #agfb4 ,,swamm]dam4 ,! ,book ( ,nature1 revis$ by ,hill4 ,folio4 ,london1 #ageh4 ,,sw$5borg4 conomia ,regni ,animalis1 cui acc$it ,introductio ad ,psy*ologiam ,rationalem4 #dto4 ,am/]dam1 #agdc4 ,,sw$5borg4 ,regnum ,animale1 ,anatomice1 ,physice et ,philosophice ,p]lu/ratum4 #dto4 ,hag ,comit4 #agdd4 ,,trembley4 ,memoires p\r s]vir a l',hi/oire des ,polypes d'eau d\ce4 ,p>is1 #agdd4 ,,valmont ,,de ,,bom>e4 ,dictionnaire ,raisonne univ]sal d',hi/oire ,naturelle4 ,lyon1 #aggf4 ,,walk]4 ,a ,collection ( ,m9ute & ,r>e ,%ells4 #dto4 ,london1 #aghd4 ,,yeats4 ,in/itutions ( ,entomology4 #hvo4 ,ibid4 #aggc4 ,,london1 ,dec4 #ab1 #agig4 ,! ,public are h]eby respectfully in=m$1 t ! ,,/ock & ,,copyright ( ! foll[+ ,works by ! same ,,au?or1 lately deceas$1 h be5 pur*as$ by ,w4 & ,s4 ,,jones1 ,opticians1 c4 & t !y are n[ to be _h at _! ,%op 9 ,holborn4 ,i4 ,,geometrical ,,& ,,graphical ,,essays4 ,?is ,"w conta9s1 #a4 ,a select ,set ( ,geometrical ,problems1 _m ( :i* are new1 & n conta9$ 9 any o!r ,"w4 #b4 ,! ,description & ,use ( ^? ,ma!matical ,in/rum5ts t are usually put into a ,case ( ,draw+ ,in/rum5ts4 ,besides ^!1 !re are also describ$ sev]al ,new & ,useful ,in/rum5ts = ,geometrical ,purposes4 #c4 ,a complete & concise ,sy/em ( ,,survey+1 ) an ,acc\nt ( "s v ess5tial ,improvem5ts 9 t useful ,art4 ,to :i* is add$1 a ,description ( ! mo/ improv$ ,,!odolites1 ,,plane ,,tables1 & o!r ,in/rum5ts us$ 9 ,survey+2 & mo/ accurate ,me?ods ( adju/+ !m4 #d4 ,! ,me?ods ( ,,levell+1 = ! ,purpose ( convey+ ,wat] f "o ,place to ano!r2 ) a ,description ( ! mo/ improv$ ,_s ,level4 #e4 ,a ,c\rse ( ,,practical ,,milit>y ,,geometry1 z taught at ,woolwi*4 #f4 ,a %ort ,essay on ,p]spective4 ,! ,second ,edition1 correct$1 & enl>g$ ) ! ,descriptions ( sev]al ,in/rum5ts unnotic$ 9 ! =m] ,edition1 by ,w4 ,,jones1 ,ma?4 ,in/4 ,mak]2 illu/rat$ by #ce ,copp]-plates1 9 #b vols4 #hvo4 ,price #ads4 9 ,bo>ds4 ,,ii4 ,,an ,,essay ,,on ,,electricity1 expla9+ cle>ly & fully ! ,pr9ciples ( t useful ,sci5ce1 describ+ ! v>i\s ,in/rum5ts t h be5 contriv$1 ei!r to illu/rate ! ,!ory1 or r5d] ! ,practice ( x ent]ta9+4 ,to :i* is add$1 ,a ,,lett] to ! ,,au?or1 f ,mr4 ,,john ,,bir*1 ,surgeon1 on ,,m$ical ,,electricity4 ,f\r? ,edition1 #hvo4 ,price #fs4 illu/rat$ ) six ,plates4 ,,iii4 ,,an ,,essay ,,on ,,vision1 briefly expla9+ ! ,fabric ( ! ,eye1 & ! ,nature ( ,vision2 int5d$ = ! ,s]vice ( ^? ^: ,eyes are weak & impair$1 enabl+ !m to =m an accurate ,idea ( ! ,/ate ( _! ,sight1 ! ,means ( pres]v+ x1 toge!r ) prop] ,rules = asc]ta9+ :5 ,spectacles are necess>y1 & h[ to *oose !m )\t injur+ ! ,sight4 #hvo4 ,second ,edition4 ,illu/rat$ ) ,figures4 ,price #cs4 9 ,bo>ds4 ,,iv4 ,,a/ronomical ,,& ,,geographical ,,essays1 conta9+1 #a4 ,a full & compreh5sive ,view ( ! g5]al ,pr9ciples ( ,a/ronomy1 ) a l>ge ,acc\nt ( ! ,discov]ies ( ,dr4 ,h]s*el1 c4 #b4 ,! ,use ( ! ,globes1 exemplifi$ 9 a great] ,v>iety ( ,problems ?an are to be f\nd 9 any o!r ,"w2 arrang$ "u di/9ct ,heads1 & int]sp]s$ ) mu* curi\s b relative ,in=mation4 #c4 ,! ,description & ,use ( ,orr]ies & ,planet>ia1 c4 #d4 ,an ,introduction to ,practical ,a/ronomy1 by a ,set ( easy & ent]ta9+ ,problems4 ,?ird ,edition1 #hvo4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 9 ,bo>ds1 illu/rat$ ) sixte5 ,plates4 ,v4 ,,an ,,introduction ,,to ,,practical ,,a/ronomy1 or ! ,use ( ! ,quadrant & ,equatorial1 be+ extract$ f ! prec$+ ,"w4 ,sew$1 ) two ,plates1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,vi4 ,,an ,,app5dix to ! ,,geometrical ,,& ,,graphical ,,essays1 conta9+ ! foll[+ ,table by ,mr4 ,,john ,,gale1 viz4 a ,table ( ! ,nor?+s1 ,s\?+s1 ,ea/+s1 & ,we/+s to e ,degree & fifte5? ,m9ute ( ! ,quadrant1 ,radius f #a to #ajj1 ) all ! int]m$iate ,numb]s1 comput$ to ! ?ree ,places ( ,decimals4 ,price #bs4 ,9 ! ,press1 & spe$ily w be ,publi%$1 ,,lectures ,,on ,,natural ,,& ,,exp]im5tal ,,philosophy1 ,9 ,five ,volumes #hvo4 ,! ,second ,edition1 ) upw>ds ( ,=ty l>ge ,plates1 consid]able ,alt]ations & ,improvem5ts2 conta9+ m complete ,explanations ( ! ,in/rum5ts1 ,ma*9es1 c4 & ! ,description ( _m o!rs n ins]t$ 9 ! =m] ,edition4 ,,by ,w4 ,,jones1 ,,ma!matical ,,& ,,philosophical ,,in/rum5t ,,mak]4 ,,adv]tisem5t4 ,! editor e/eems x 8 indisp5sable duty1 to po9t out ! sev]al improvem5ts :i* h be5 made 9 ?is "w1 9 ord] to r5d] x /ill m acceptable to ! public4 ,! :ole has be5 c>efully revis$--_m typographical errors correct$--num]\s additions & em5dations f ! au?or's own copy incorporat$1 & "s sup]fluities reject$4 ,:]ev] any ambiguity occurr$1 ! editor has endeav\r$ to elucidate ! passage1 obs]v+ due caution n to misconceive ! idea :i* ! au?or meant to inculcate4 ,a m regul> arrangem5t has be5 attempt$1 & occasional notes subjo9$3 9 ^!1 & 9 o!r p>ts ( ! "w1 x has be5 ! editor's prim>y object to asc]ta9 facts1 n to decide p]emptorily4 ,%\ld he 9 any in/ance h err$1 he c assure ! c&id critic1 t he %all exp]i5ce a mo/ s5sible pleasure 9 conviction4 ,! pr9cipal additions are1 ,acc\nts ( ! late/ improvem5ts :i* h be5 made 9 ! con/ruction ( microscopes1 p>ticul>ly ! luc]nal4 ,a description ( ! glass1 pe>l1 c4 micromet]s1 z made by ,mr4 ,cov5try1 & o!rs4 ,an arrangem5t & description ( m9ute & r>e %ells4 ,a descriptive li/ ( a v>iety ( vegetable se$s4 ,in/ructions = collect+ & pres]v+ insects1 toge!r ) directions = =m+ a cab9et4 ,a copi\s li/ ( objects = ! microscope4 ,a li/ ( ,mr4 ,cu/ance's f9e vegetable cutt+s4 ,) respect to ! plates1 ?ree new engrav+s are introduc$1 viz4 ,,plate ,,iv4 ,exhibit+ ! mo/ improv$ comp\nd microscopes1 ) _! app>atus4 ,,plate ,,xiv4 ,microscopical figures ( m9ute & r>e %ells4 ,,plate ,,xv4 ,microscopical figures ( a v>iety ( vegetable se$s4 ,_m additional figures h be5 ins]t$ 9 o!r plates1 & a numb] ( errors 9 ! ref]5ces correct$4 ,a complete li/ ( ! plates & a m ext5sive index are also add$4 ,x has be5 g5]ally und]/ood1 t ! au?or int5d$ to h publi%$ ?is edition 9 octavo2 b1 ! impropriety ( adopt+ t mode mu/ appe> evid5t1 = ! v reason assign$ by ! au?or himself 9 ! conclud+ "p ( 8 preface4 ,if ! plates are liable to su/a9 damage by fold+ !m into a qu>to1 !y w\ld h be5 subject$ to f> great] injury by be+ d\bl$ into an octavo size1 besides1 be+ extremely incommodi\s = ref]5ce4 ,z ! "w n[ appe>s1 ! pur*as] may ei!r reta9 ! plates 9 ! sep>ate volume1 or1 )\t mu* inconv5i5ce1 if prop]ly gu>d$1 h !m b\nd ) ! lett] press4 ,x af=ds ! editor a pleas+ satisfaction to m5tion1 t not)/&+ ! additional heavy exp5se incurr$ 9 ! article ( pap]1 c4 yet1 by some:at enl>g+ ! page1 & o!r economical regulations 9 ! mode ( pr9t+1 ?is edition is (f]$ to ! public at a trifl+ advance on ! orig9al price1 ?\gh ! improvem5ts n[ made occupy consid]ably m ?an "o-hundr$ pages4 ,anxi\s1 le/ ! reputation :i* ! "w has already acquir$1 %\ld be dim9i%$ by any defici5cy on 8 "p1 ! editor has s$ul\sly appli$ himself to r5d] x ext5sively useful to ! s]i\s admir] ( ! wond]s ( ! creation2 :e!r he has succe$$1 is n[ submitt$ to ! decision ( ! intellig5t "p ( ! public4 ,he %all only add1 t consci\s ( ! purity ( 8 int5tions1 & conv9c$ ( ! in/ability ( all t]re/rial atta9m5ts1 he tru/s t he is equally secur$ f ! weakness ( be+ elevat$ by success1 or depress$ by disappo9tm5t4 ,apo!c>ies ,hall1 ,london1 ,jan4 #a1 #agih4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,a concise ,hi/ory ( ! ,inv5tion & ,improvem5ts :i* h be5 made ^u ! ,in/rum5t call$ a ,microscope4 p4 #a4 ,,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,( ,vision2 ( ! optical ,effects ( ,microscopes1 & ( ! ,mann] ( e/imat+ _! magnify+ ,p[]s4 p4 #bf4 ,,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,a ,description ( ! mo/ improv$ ,microscopes1 & ! ,me?od ( us+ !m4 p4 #fd4 ,,*ap4 ,,iv4 ,g5]al ,in/ructions = us+ ! ,microscope1 & prep>+ ! ,objects4 p4 #abi4 ,,*ap4 ,v4 ,! ,importance ( ,natural ,hi/ory2 ( ,insects 9 g5]al1 & ( _! con/itu5t ,p>ts4 p4 #afg4 ,,*ap4 ,,vi4 ,a g5]al ,view ( ! int]nal ,p>ts ( ,insects1 & m p>ticul>ly ( ! ,cat]pill> ( ! ,phalna ,cossus4 ,a ,description ( sundry miscellane\s ,objects4 p4 #ccd4 ,,*ap4 ,,vii4 ,! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,hydra1 or ,fre% ,wat] ,polype4 p4 #ceg4 ,,*ap4 ,,viii4 ,( ! ,animalcula ,infusoria4 p4 #dae4 ,,*ap4 ,,ix4 ,on ! ,organization or ,con/ruction ( ,timb]1 z view$ by ! ,microscope4 p4 #egd4 ,,*ap4 ,x4 ,( ! ,cry/allization ( ,salts1 z se5 by ! ,microscope2 toge!r ) a concise ,li/ ( ,objects4 p4 #fjj4 ,,*ap4 ,,xi4 ,an ,arrangem5t & ,description ( m9ute & r>e ,%ells4 ,a descriptive ,li/ ( a ,v>iety ( vegetable ,se$s1 z !y appe> :5 view$ by ! ,microscope4 ,by ! ,editor4 p4 #fbi4 ,,*ap4 ,,xii4 ,in/ructions = collect+ & pres]v+ ,insects4 ,a copi\s ,li/ ( microscopic ,objects4 ,by ! ,editor4 p4 #ffe4 ,,additions4 p4 #gac4 ,,errata4 ,page #af1 l9e #bb1 = lead read l$ ,page #bj1 l9e #f1 = ,fig4 ,t read ,fig4 #a ,page #di1 la/ l9e1 = usefully read successfully ,page #fb1 la/ b "o1 = /op read /age ,page #hj1 l9e #bb1 aft] microscope add by ,page #hh1 ?ree l9es f bottom1 = improv5t read improvem5t ,page #ie1 l9e #b1 = ,r read ,k ,page #aaa1 two l9es f bottom1 = ,,vk read ,,vx ,page #aae1 l9e #ab1 = g read q ,page #abe1 note1 = ,fig4 #ac read ,fig4 #ac99 ,page #ade1 l9e #ag1 = ca/ ( read ca/-(f ,page #aec1 l9e #ba1 = unk[n read unkn[n ,page #afi1 eight l9es f bottom1 = is read are ,page #ahh1 note l9e #i1 = prev5tatives read prev5tives ,page #aie1 l9e #g1 = exagon read hexagon ,page #bch1 l9e #af1 = sc>c read sc>ce ,page #cai1 l9e #ai1 = rise read raise ,page #cdf1 l9e #ah1 = bread read br$ ,page #ced1 ?ree l9es f bottom1 = ,fig4 #a & #b read ,fig4 #a & #c ,page #dde1 l9e #ah1 = imm$iate read int]m$iate ,,li/ ,,( ,,! ,,plates1 ,,) ,,ref]5ces ,,to ,,! ,,pages ,,:]e ,,! ,,sev]al ,,figures ,,are ,,describ$4 ,plate ,page ,i4 ,v>i\s diagrams illu/rative ( vision & ! optical effect ( microscopes #bi ,,ii4 ,a4 ,ibid4--,ne$le micromet]1 #ed4--;,cov5try's pe>l1 c4 micromet]s #ei ,b4 ,fig4 #a4 ,wilson's microscope & app>atus1 #aae4--;,fig4 #b4 ,ditto ) a scroll #aag ,fig4 #c1 #d4 ,small opake microscope & app>atus #aah ,,iii4 ,fig4 #a1 #b1 & #d4 ,adams's luc]nal microscope & app>atus #fd ,fig4 #c4 ,arg&'s pat5t lamp #fi ,,iv4 ,fig4 #a4 ,jones's improv$ comp\nd microscope & app>atus #ib ,fig4 #b4 ,jones's mo/ improv$ ditto1 ditto #ii ,fig4 #c4 ,culpep]'s ?ree-pill>$ microscope & app>atus #ajd ,v4 ,m>t9's improv$ sol> opake & transp>5t microscope #ajf ,,vi4 ,fig4 ,i4 ,)]+'s botanical microscope1 #abc4--;,fig4 #b4 ,pocket botanical & univ]sal microscope #abd ,fig4 #c4 ,lyonet's anatomical microscope #abb ,fig4 #d4 ,transp>5t sol> microscope & app>atus #aac ,fig4 #e4 ,too? & p9ion microscope ibid4 ,fig4 #ad4 ,common fl[] & insect microscope note #abe ,,vii4 ,a4 ,cuff's d\ble con/ruct$ microscope & app>atus #hi ,b4 ,ellis's aquatic microscope #aai ,,viii4 ,fig4 #a-f4 ,portable microscope & telescope ) app>atus #abe ,fig4 #g1 #h4 ,botanical magnifi]s ibid4 ,,ix4 ,fig4 #a1 #b4 ,eng9e = cutt+ sections ( wood1 & app5dage #abg ,fig4 #c1 #d4 ,jones's improv$ luc]nal microscope & app>atus #hj ,fig4 #e1 #g4 ,! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,pr9ce's & ,mr4 ,hill's improvem5ts on ! illum9at+ l5ses & lamp ( ! luc]nal microscope #hd ,fig4 #f4 ,lan?orn microscope & scre5 #hh ,x4 ,fig4 #a1 #b4 ,ne/ ( ! phalna neu/ria4--,fig4 #c1 #d4 ,v]tical section ( ditto4 ,fig4 #e1 #f4 ,horizontal section #bhg ,fig4 #g1 #h4 ,scales ( ! p>rot fi%1 #cee4--;,fig4 #i1 #aj4 ,scales ( sea p]* #cef ,,xi4 ,fig4 #a1 #b1 #c4 ,l>va ( ! musca *amleon #bdh ,fig4 #d1 #e4 ,eels 9 blight$ :eat #dfi ,fig4 #f1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #aa4 ,pa/e eel #dfb ,fig4 #g4 ,v9eg> eel #dfa ,,xii4 ,fig4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d4 ,dissection ( ! cat]pill> ( ! phalna cossus #ccf ,fig4 #e1 #f1 #g4 ,dissection ( ! head ( ! cat]pill> #ccg ,,xiii4 ,fig4 #a1 #b4 ,be>d ( ! lepas anatif]a #cdd ,fig4 #c1 #d4 ,collector ( ! bee #ahb ,,xiv4 ,fig4 #a1 #b4 ,w+ ( ! =ficula auricul>ia #adc & #bje ,fig4 #b to #dg4 ,magnifi$ figures ( m9ute & r>e %ells #fbi ,,xv4 ,fig4 #a1 #b4 ,w+ ( ! hem]obius p]la #bjf ,fig4 #a to #df4 ,microscopic views ( a v>iety ( vegetable se$s #fde ,,xvi4 ,fig4 #a1 #b1 & ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 ,e4 ,proboscis ( ! tabanus #ahh ,fig4 #c1 #d4 ,cornea ( ! libellula #aig ,fig4 #e1 #f4 ,cornea ( ! lob/] ibid4 ,fig4 #g1 #h1 ,e1 ,f1 ,h1 ,i4 ,fea!rs ( ! w+s ( ! sph9x /ellat>um #bjh & #fbg ,,xvii4 ,fig4 #a1 #b1 #c4 ,leucopsis dorsig]a #cdg ,,xviii4 ,fig4 #a & #f4 ,! lob/] insect #cdh ,fig4 #b & #g4 ,sk9 ( ! lump-suck] #ceb ,fig4 #c1 #d1 #e4 ,?rips physapus #cej ,,xix4 ,fig4 #a-d4 ,feet ( ! monoculus apus #ced ,fig4 #e & #f4 ,sk9 ( ! sole fi%4--,fig4 #g1 #h4 ,scale ( ! haddock4--,fig4 #i1 #aj4 ,scale ( ,we/ ,indian p]*4--,fig4 #aa1 #ab4 ,scale ( sole fi% #cef ,,xx4 ,fig4 #a & ,a4 ,cimex /riatus1 #ceb4--;,fig4 #b & ,b4 ,*rysomela asp>agi #cec ,fig4 #c & ,c4 ,meloe monoc]os #ced ,,xxi4 ,fig4 #a-bd4 ,v>i\s hydr & vorticell #cfd ,,xxii4 ,fig4 #bf-dj4 ,ditto #cib ,,xxiii4 ,a4 ,fig4 #a-ac4 ,v>i\s hydr1 #cfe4 ,b4 ,fig4 #ad-bi4 ,ditto #chb ,,xxiv4 ,a4 ,fig4 #a-aj4 & ,b4 ,fig4 #aa-bd4 ,ditto #cgf ,,xxv4 ,fig4 #a-fh4 ,a v>iety ( animalcula infusoria #dca ,,xxvi4 ,fig4 #a-bc4 ,ditto #edh ,,xxvii4 ,fig4 #a-ff4 ,ditto #eai ,,xxviii4 ,fig4 #a1 #b4 ,transv]se section ( *5opodium #eii ,fig4 #c1 #d4 ,transv]se section ( a re$ f ,portugal ibid4 ,,xxix4 ,fig4 #a1 #b4 ,transv]se section ( al?a frutex ibid4 ,fig4 #c1 #d4 ,transv]se section ( hazel ibid4 ,fig4 #e1 #f4 ,transv]se section bran* ( lime tree ibid4 ,,xxx4 ,fig4 #a1 #b4 ,transv]se section ( sug>cane4 ibid4 ,fig4 #c1 #d4 ,transv]se section ( bamboo cane ibid4 ,fig4 #e1 #f4 ,transv]se section ( common cane ibid4 ,,xxxi4 ,fig4 #a1 #b4 ,cry/als ( nitre #fjf ,fig4 #c1 #d4 ,di/ill$ v]digrise ibid4 ,,xxxii4 ,fig4 #a4 ,microscopical cry/als ( salt ( wormwood #fjg ,fig4 #b4 ,microscopical cry/als ( salt ( amb] ibid4 ,fig4 #c4 ,microscopical cry/als ( salt ( h>t%orn ibid4 ,fig4 #d4 ,microscopical cry/als ( salt ( sal ammoniac ibid4 ,n4 ,b4 ,! read] w f9d no ref]5ces to ! sev]al lett]s :i* appe> 9 ! bodies ( ^! figures1 = reasons assign$ by ! au?or z above2 9 ord] n to deface ! plate1 !y 7 suff]$ to rema94 ,,essays ,,on ,,! ,,microscope4 ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,a ,,concise ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,inv5tion ,,& ,,improvem5ts ,,:i* ,,h ,,be5 ,,made ,,^u ,,! ,,in/rum5t ,,call$ ,a ,,microscope4 ,x is g5]ally suppos$ t microscopes#c 7 inv5t$ ab\t ! ye> #aehj1 a p]iod fruitful 9 discov]ies2 a "t :5 ! m9d began to emancipate itself f ^? errors & prejudices by :i* x _h be5 too long enslav$1 to ass]t its rights1 ext5d its p[]s1 & foll[ ! pa?s :i* lead to tru?4 ,! honor ( ! inv5tion is claim$ by ! ,italians & ! ,dut*2 ! "n ( ! inv5tor1 h[ev]1 is lo/2 probably ! discov]y did n at fir/ appe> suffici5tly important1 to engage ! att5tion ( ^? m51 :o1 by _! reputation 9 sci5ce1 7 able to e/abli% an op9ion ( its m]it ) ! re/ ( ! _w1 & h& d[n ! "n ( ! inv5tor to succe$+ ages4 ,m5 ( great lit]>y abilities are too apt to despise ! fir/ dawn+s ( inv5tion1 n consid]+ t all real k is progressive1 & t :at !y deem trifl+1 may be ! fir/ & necess>y l9k to a new bran* ( sci5ce4 #c ,! t]m microscope is d]iv$ f ! ,greek little1 & to view2 x is a dioptric in/rum5t1 by means ( :i* objects invisible to ! nak$ eye1 or v m9ute1 are by ! assi/ance ( l5ses1 or mirrors1 repres5t$ exce$+ l>ge & v di/9ct4 ,,edit4 ,! microscope ext5ds ! b\nd>ies ( ! organs ( vision2 enables u to exam9e ! /ructure ( plants & animals2 pres5ts to ! eye myriads ( be+s1 ( ^: exi/5ce we _h be=e =m$ no idea2 op5s to ! curi\s an exhau/less s\rce ( in=mation & pleasure2 & furni%es ! philosoph] ) an unlimit$ field ( inve/igation4 8,x leads10 to use ! words ( an +5i\s writ]1 8to ! discov]y ( a ?\s& wond]s 9 ! works ( 8 h&1 :o creat$ ourselves1 z well z ! objects ( our admiration2 x improves ! faculties1 exalts ! compreh5sion1 & multiplies ! inlets to happ9ess2 is a new s\rce ( praise to him1 to :om all we pay is no?+ ( :at we owe2 &1 :ile x pleases ! imag9ation ) ! unb\nd$ treasures x (f]s to ! view1 x t5ds to make ! :ole life "o cont9u$ act ( admiration40 ,x is n difficult to fix ! p]iod :5 ! microscope fir/ began to be g5]ally kn[n1 & 0 us$ = ! purpose ( exam9+ m9ute objects2 =1 ?\gh we are ignorant ( ! "n ( ! fir/ inv5tor1 we are acqua9t$ ) ! names ( ^? :o introduc$ x to ! public1 & engag$ _! att5tion to x1 by exhibit+ "s ( its wond]ful effects4 ,za*>ias ,jans5s & 8 son _h made microscopes be=e ! ye> #afai1 = 9 t ye> ! +5i\s ,cornelius ,drebell br\ght "o1 :i* 0 made by !m1 ) him into ,engl&1 & %ew$ x to ,william ,borel1 & o!rs4 ,x is possible1 ?is in/rum5t ( ,drebell's 0 n /rictly :at is n[ meant by a microscope1 b 0 r a k9d ( microscopic telescope1#d some?+ simil> 9 pr9ciple to t lately describ$ by ,mr4 p9us1 9 a lett] to ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces at ,pet]sburgh4 ,x 0 =m$ ( a copp] tube six feet long & "o in* diamet]1 support$ by ?ree brass pill>s 9 ! %ape ( dolph9s2 ^! 7 fix$ to a base ( ebony1 on :i* ! objects to be view$ by ! microscope 7 also plac$4 ,9 contradiction to ?is1 ,fontana1 9 a "w :i* he publi%$ 9 #afdf1 says1 t he _h made microscopes 9 ! ye> #afah3 ?is may be also v true1 )\t d]ogat+ f ! m]it ( ! ,jans5s1 = we h _m in/ances 9 our own times ( m ?an "o p]son hav+ execut$ ! same contrivance1 ne>ly at ! same "t1 )\t any communication f "o to ! o!r4#e ,9 #afhe1 ,/elluti publi%$ a description ( ! p>ts ( a bee1 :i* he _h exam9$ ) a microscope4 #d ,vide ,borellum de v]o ,telescopii ,inv5tore4 #e ,9 #affd ,dr4 ,p[] publi%$ 8 8,exp]im5tal ,philosophy10 ! fir/ "p ( :i* consi/s ( a v>iety ( microscopical obs]vations2 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> ,dr4 ,hooke produc$ 8 8,micrographia10 illu/rat$ ) a numb] ( elegant figures ( ! diff]5t objects4 ,,edit4 ,if we consid] ! microscope z an in/rum5t consi/+ ( "o l5s only1 x is n at all improbable t x 0 kn[n to ! anci5ts mu* soon] ?an ! la/ c5tury2 nay1 ev5 9 a degree to ! ,greeks & ,romans3 = x is c]ta91 t spectacles 7 9 use long be=e ! above-m5tion$ p]iod3 n[1 z ! glasses ( ^! 7 made ( diff]5t convexities1 & consequ5tly ( diff]5t magnify+ p[]s1 x is natural to suppose1 t small] & m convex l5ses 7 made1 & appli$ to ! exam9ation ( m9ute objects4 ,9 ?is s5se1 !re is also "s gr\nd = ?9k+ ! anci5ts 7 n ignorant ( ! use ( l5ses1 or at lea/ ( :at approa*$ ne>ly to1 & might 9 "s in/ances be sub/itut$ = !m4 ,! two pr9cipal reasons :i* support ?is op9ion are1 fir/1 ! m9ut5ess ( "s anci5t pieces ( workman%ip1 :i* are to be met ) 9 ! cab9ets ( ! curi\s3 ! p>ts ( "s ( ^! are s small1 t x does n appe> at pres5t h[ !y c\ld h be5 execut$ )\t ! use ( magnify+ glasses1 or ( :at use !y c\ld h be5 :5 execut$1 unless !y 7 9 possession ( glasses to exam9e !m )4 ,a rem>kable piece ( ?is k9d1 a seal ) v m9ute "w1 & :i* to ! nak$ eye appe>s v confus$ & indi/9ct1 b beautiful :5 exam9$ ) a prop] l5se1 is describ$ 8,dans l',hi/oire de l',academie des ,inscriptions10 tom4 #a1 p4 #ccc4 ,! second argum5t is f\nd$ on a great v>iety ( passages1 t are to be se5 9 ! works ( ,jambli*us1 ,pl9y1 ,plut>*1 ,s5eca1 ,agellius1 ,pisidias1 c4 ,f ^! passages x is evid5t t !y 7 enabl$ by "s in/rum5t1 or o!r means1 n only to view di/ant objects1 b also to magnify small ones2 =1 if ?is is n admitt$1 ! passages appe> absurd1 & n capable ( hav+ a rational mean+ appli$ to !m4 ,i %all only adduce a %ort passage f ,pisidias1 a *ri/ian writ] ( ! sev5? c5tury1 3 8,y see ?+s future by a dioptrum30 n[ we "k ( no?+ b a p]spective glass or small telescope1 :]eby ?+s at a di/ance may be se5 z if !y 7 ne> at h&1 ! circum/ance on :i* ! simile 0 f\nd$4 ,x is also cle>1 t !y 7 acqua9t$ )1 & did make use ( t k9d ( microscope1 :i* is ev5 at ?is day commonly sold 9 our /reets by ! ,italian p$l>s1 namely1 a glass bubble fill$ ) wat]4 ,s5eca pla9ly affirms x1 ,lit]1 quamvis m9ut et obscur1 p] vitream pilam aqua pl5am majores cl>ioresque c]nuntur4 ,nat4 ,qu/4 lib4 #a1 cap4 #g4 8,lett]s1 ?\gh m9ute & obscure1 appe> l>g] & cle>] ?r\gh a glass bubble fill$ ) wat]40 ,^? :o wi% to see fur!r evid5ce conc]n+ ! k ( ! anci5ts 9 optics1 may consult ,smi?'s ,optics1 ,dr4 ,prie/ley's ,hi/ory ( ,light & ,col\rs1 ! ,app5dix to an ,essay on ! fir/ ,pr9ciples ( ,natural ,philosophy by ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,jones1 ,dr4 ,rog]s's ,diss]tation on ! ,k ( ! ,anci5ts1 & ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,dut5s's ,enquiry into ! ,orig9 ( ! ,discov]ies attribut$ to ! ,mod]ns4#f #f ,a new edition 9 ,fr5* ( ?is le>n$ & valuable "w1 ) _m & useful notes1 is j publi%$4 ,,edit4 ,! hi/ory ( ! microscope1 l t ( nations & arts1 has _h its brilliant p]iods1 9 :i* x has %one ) uncommon spl5dor1 & be5 cultivat$ ) extraord9>y ard\r2 ^! h be5 succe$$ by int]vals m>k$ ) no discov]y1 & 9 :i* ! sci5ce seem$ to fade away1 or at lea/ lie dormant1 till "s fav\rable circum/ance1 ! discov]y ( a new object1 or "s new improvem5t 9 ! in/rum5ts ( obs]vation1 awak5$ ! att5tion ( ! curi\s1 & animat$ _! rese>*es4 ,?us1 soon aft] ! inv5tion ( ! microscope1 ! field x pres5t$ to obs]vation 0 cultivat$ by m5 ( ! fir/ rank 9 sci5ce1 :o enri*$ almo/ e bran* ( natural hi/ory by ! discov]ies !y made ) ?is in/rum5t3 !re is inde$ sc>ce any object s inconsid]able1 t has n some?+ to invite ! curi\s eye to exam9e x2 nor is !re any1 :i*1 :5 prop]ly exam9$1 w n amply repay ! tr\ble ( inve/igation4 ,i %all fir/ speak ( ! ,,s+le ,,microscope1 n only z x is ! mo/ simple1 b because1 z we h already obs]v$1 x 0 inv5t$ & us$ long be=e ! d\ble or comp\nd microscope4 ,:5 ! l5ses ( ! s+le microscope are v convex1 & consequ5tly ! magnify+ p[] v great1 ! field ( view is s small1 & x is s difficult to adju/ ) accuracy _! focal di/ance1 t x requires "s practice to r5d] ! use !re( famili>2 at ! same "t1 ! smallness ( ! ap]ture to ^! l5ses has be5 f\nd injuri\s to ! eyes ( "s obs]v]s3 not)/&+1 h[ev]1 ^! defects1 ! great magnify+ p[]1 z well z ! di/9ct vision :i* is obta9$ by ! use ( a deep s+le l5s1 m ?an c\nt]balances e difficulty & disadvantage4 ,x 0 ) ?is in/rum5t t ,leeuw5hoek & ,swamm]dam1 ,lyonet & ,ellis exam9$ ! m9ima ( nature1 laid op5 "s ( h] hidd5 recesses1 & by _! example /imulat$ o!rs to ! same pursuit4 ,! con/ruction ( ! s+le microscope is s simple1 t x is susceptible ( b little improvem5t1 & has !re=e und]gone b few alt]ations2 & ^! h be5 *iefly conf9$ to ! mode ( m\nt+ x1 or ! additions to its app>atus4 ,! greate/ improvem5t ?is in/rum5t has receiv$1 0 made by ,dr4 ,lieb]khn1 ab\t ! ye> #agdj2 x consi/$ 9 plac+ ! small l5s 9 ! c5t] ( a highly poli%$ concave speculum ( silv]1 by :i* means he 0 enabl$ to reflect a /rong light ^u ! upp] surface ( an object1 & ?us exam9e x ) great ease & pleasure4 ,be=e ?is contrivance1 x 0 almo/ impossible to exam9e small opake objects ) any degree ( exactness & satisfaction2 = ! d>k side ( ! object be+ next ! eye1 & also ov]%ad[$ by ! proximity ( ! in/rum5t1 its appe>ance 0 necess>ily obscure & indi/9ct4 ,dr4 ,lieb]khn adapt$ a microscope to e object2 x consi/$ ( a %ort brass tube1 at ! eye end ( :i* a concave silv] speculum 0 fix$1 & 9 ! c5t] ( ! speculum a magnify+ l5s3 ! object 0 plac$ 9 ! middle ( ! tube1 & _h a small adju/m5t to regulate x to ! focus2 at ! o!r end ( ! tube !re 0 a plano convex l5s1 to cond5se & r5d] m uni=m ! light :i* 0 reflect$ f ! mirror4 ,b all ^! pa9s 7 n be/[$ ^u trifl+ objects2 8 7 g5]ally ! mo/ curi\s anatomical prep>ations1 a few ( :i*1 ) _! microscopes1 are1 ,i believe1 deposit$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,x w be prop]1 9 ?is place1 to give "s acc\nt ( ,mr4 ,leeuw5hoek's microscopes1 :i* 7 r5d]$ fam\s ?r\gh\t all ,europe1 on acc\nt ( ! num]\s discov]ies he _h made ) !m1 z well z f 8 aft]w>ds bequea?+ a "p ( !m to ! ,royal ,society4 ,! microscopes he us$ 7 all s+le1 & fitt$ up 9 a conv5i5t simple mann]2 ea* ( !m consi/$ ( a v small d\ble convex l5s1 let into a socket betwe5 two plates rivett$ toge!r1 & pi]c$ ) a small hole2 ! object 0 plac$ on a silv] po9t or ne$le1 :i*1 by means ( screws adapt$ = t purpose1 might be turn$ ab\t1 rais$ or depress$ at pleasure1 & ?us be br\ght ne>] to1 or be remov$ f>!r f ! glass1 z ! eye ( ! obs]v]1 ! nature ( ! object1 & ! conv5i5t exam9ation ( its p>ts requir$4 ,mr4 ,leeuw5hoek fix$ 8 objects1 if !y 7 solid1 to ! =ego+ po9t ) glue2 if !y 7 fluid1 he fitt$ !m on a little plate ( talc1 or exce$+ ?9 bl[n glass1 :i* he aft]w>ds glu$ to ! ne$le1 9 ! same mann] z 8 o!r objects4 ,! glasses 7 all exce$+ cle>1 & ( diff]5t magnify+ p[]s1 :i* 7 proportion$ to ! nature ( ! object1 & ! p>ts design$ to be exam9$4 ,b none ( ^?1 :i* 7 pres5t$ to ! ,royal ,society1 magnify s mu* z ! glass globules1 :i* h be5 us$ 9 o!r microscopes4 ,he _h obs]v$1 9 a lett] ( 8 to ! ,royal ,society1 t f upw>ds ( =ty ye>s exp]i5ce1 he f\nd t ! mo/ consid]able discov]ies 7 to be made ) su* glasses1 z magnify+ b mod]ately1 exhibit$ ! object ) ! mo/ p]fect brightness & di/9ctness4 ,ea* in/rum5t 0 devot$ to "o or two objects3 h5ce he _h always "s hundr$s by him4#g ,!re is "s reason = suppos+1 t ,leeuw5hoek 0 acqua9t$ ) a mode ( view+ opake objects1 simil> to t inv5t$ by ,dr4 ,lieb]khn4#h #g ,philosophical ,transactions1 ,no4 #ihj1 ,no4 #deh4 #h ,prie/ley's ,hi/ory ( ,optics1 p4 #bbj4 ,ab\t ! ye> #affe1 small glass globules began to be occasionally appli$ to ! s+le microscope1 in/ead ( convex l5ses4 ,by ^! globules1 an imm5se magnify+ p[] is obta9$4 ,! inv5tion ( !m has be5 g5]ally attribut$ to ,m4 ,h>tsoek]2 x appe>s1 h[ev]1 to me1 t we are indebt$ to ! celebrat$ ,dr4 ,hooke = ?is discov]y2 = he describ$ ! mann] ( mak+ !m 9 ! preface to 8 8,micrographia10 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 ! ye> #affe4 ,n[ ! fir/ acc\nt we h ( any microscopical discov]y by ,m4 ,h>tsoek]1 0 t ( ! sp]matic animalcul1 made by him :5 he 0 eighte5 ye>s old2 :i* br+s u d[n to ! ye> #afgd1 long aft] ,dr4 ,hooke's publication4 ,z ^! glass globules h be5 v useful 9 ! h&s ( exp]i5c$ obs]v]s1 ,i %all lay be=e my read]s ! diff]5t modes :i* h be5 describ$ = mak+ !m1 t ! read] may be enabl$ !reby to asc]ta9 ! reality ( ! discov]ies t h be5 said to be made ) !m4 ,take a small rod#i ( ! cle>e/ & cleane/ glass y c procure1 free1 if possible f blebs1 ve9s1 or s&y p>ticles2 !n by melt+ x 9 a lamp ) _s ( w9e1 or ! pure/ & cle>e/ sallad oil1 draw x out into exce$+ f9e & small ?reads2 take a small piece ( ^! ?reads1 & melt ! end !re( 9 ! same flame1 till y p]ceive x run into a small drop1 or globule1 ( ! desir$ size2 let ?is globule cool1 !n fix x ^u a ?9 plate ( brass or silv]1 s t ! middle ( x may be directly ov] ! c5t] ( a v small hole made 9 ?is plate1 turn+ x till x is fix$ by ! be=e-m5tion$ ?read ( glass4 ,:5 ! plate is prop]ly fix$ to y\r microscope1 & ! object adju/$ to ! focal di/ance ( ! globule1 y w p]ceive ! object di/9ctly & imm5sely magnifi$4 8,by ^! means10 says ,dr4 ,hooke1 8,i h be5 able to di/+ui% ! p>ticles ( bodies n only a million times small] ?an a visible po9t1 b ev5 to make ^? visible :]e( a million ( millions w\ld h>dly make up ! bulk ( ! smalle/ visible gra9 ( s&2 s prodigi\sly d ^! exce$+ small globules enl>ge our prospect into ! m hidd5 recesses ( nature40 #i ,lectures & ,collections by ,dr4 ,hooke4 ,mr4 ,butt]field1 9 mak+ ( ! globules1 us$ a lamp ) _s ( w9e2 b in/ead ( a cotton wick1 he us$ f9e silv] wire1 d\bl$ up & d[n l a ska9 ( ?read4#aj ,he prep>$ 8 glass by beat+ x to p[d]1 & wa%+ x v clean2 he !n took a little ( ?is glass ^u ! %>p po9t ( a silv] ne$le1 wett$ ) spittle1 & held x 9 ! flame1 turn+ x ab\t till a glass ball 0 =m$2 !n tak+ x f ! flame1 he aft]w>ds clean$ x ) s(t lea!r1 & set x 9 a brass cell4 #aj ,philos4 ,trans4 ,no4 #ada4 ,no p]son has c>ri$ ! use ( ^! globules s f> z ,fa!r ,di ,torre1 ( ,naples1 nor be5 s dext]\s 9 ! execution ( !m2 & if o!rs h n be5 able to foll[ him 9 ! same l9e1 x may be fairly attribut$ to a want ( t delicacy ( t\* = adju/+ ! objects to _! focus1 & t acut5ess ( vision :i* c only be acquir$ by long practice4 ,di ,torre has also describ$1 m m9utely ?an any o!r au?or1 ! mode ( execut+ ^! globules1 :i*1 z x ?r[s mu* light ^u ! prec$+ description by ,dr4 ,hooke1 w n1 x is presum$1 be unacceptable to ! read]4 ,?ree ?+s are necess>y = =m+ ( ^! globules3 #a4 ,a lamp & bell[s1 su* z are us$ by ! glass-bl[]s4 #b4 ,a piece ( p]fect tripoli4 #c4 ,a v>iety ( small glass rods4 ,:5 ! flame ( ! lamp is bl[n 9 an horizontal direction1 x w be f\nd to consi/ ( two p>ts2 f ! base to ab\t two ?irds ( its l5g?1 x is ( a :ite col\r2 beyond ?is1 x is transp>5t & col\rless4 ,x is ?is transp>5t "p :i* is to be us$ = melt+ ! glass1 because by ?is x w n be 9 ! lea/ sulli$2 b x w be imm$iately soil$1 if x t\* ! :ite "p ( ! flame4 ,! "p ( ! glass :i* is pres5t$ to ! flame1 ought to be exce$+ clean1 & great c>e %\ld be tak5 t x be n t\*$ by ! f+]s4 ,if ! glass rod has contract$ any spots1 x mu/ ei!r be ?r[n away1 or ! p>ts t are spott$ mu/ be cut (f4 ,! piece ( tripoli :i* is to be us$ 9 =m+ ! globules1 %\ld be flat on "o side1 & s l>ge t x may be h&l$ conv5i5tly1 & protect ! f+]s f ! flame4 ,a piece f\r or five in*es long1 & ?ree or f\r in*es ?ick1 w answ] v well4 ,! be/ tripoli = ?is purpose is ( a :ite col\r1 ) a f9e gra91 heavy & compact1 & :i*1 aft] x has be5 calc9$1 is ( a r$ col\r4 ,?is k9d resi/s ! fire be/1 is n apt to break :5 calc9$1 & ! melt$ glass does n adh]e to x4 ,to calc9e ?is tripoli1 cov] x well all r\nd ) *>coal ne>ly r$ hot1 leav+ x ?us till ! *>coal is q cold2 x may !n be tak5 out4 ,let sev]al hemisph]ical cavities be made on ! flat side ( ! tripoli2 !y %\ld be ( diff]5t sizes1 nicely poli%$1 & neatly r\nd$ at ! edges1 9 ord] to facilitate ! entrance ( ! flame4 ,! l>ge globules are to be plac$ 9 ! l>ge cavities1 & ! m9ut] ones1 9 ! small cavities4 ,! holes 9 ! tripoli mu/ nev] be t\*$ ) ! f+]4 ,if x be necess>y to clean !m1 x %\ld be done ) :ite pap]2 ! l>g] globules may be clean$ ) wa% lea!r4 ,! glass rods %\ld be ( v>i\s sizes1 z ( ?1 ?1 ? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 z clean & free f specks & bubbles z possible4 ,,to ,,make ,,small ,,glass ,,microscopic ,,globules4 ,take two rods ( glass1 "o 9 ea* h&1 place _! extremities close to ea* o!r1 & 9 ! pure/ "p ( ! flame2 :5 y p]ceive ! ends to be fus$1 sep>ate !m f ea* o!r2 ! heat$ glass foll[+ ea* rod1 w be f9]1 9 proportion to ! l5g? x is drawn to1 & ! smallness ( ! rod2 9 ?is mann] y may procure ?reads ( glass ( any degree ( f95ess4 ,direct ! flame to ! middle ( ! ?read1 & x w be in/antly divid$ into two p>ts4 ,:5 "o ( ! ?reads is p]fectly cool1 place x at ! extremity ( ! flame1 by :i* x w be r5d]$ r\nd2 &1 if ! ?read ( glass be v f9e1 an exce$+ small globule w be =m$4 ,?is ?read may n[ be broke (f f ! rod1 & a new "o may be aga9 drawn out z be=e1 by ! assi/ance ( ! o!r glass rod4 ,! small ball is n[ to be sep>at$ f ! ?read ( glass2 ?is is easily effect$ by ! %>p edge ( a piece ( fl9t4 ,! ball %\ld be plac$ 9 a groove ( pap]1 & ano!r piece ( pap] be held ov] x1 to prev5t ! ball f fly+ ab\t & be+ lo/4 ,a quantity ( globules ought to be prep>$ 9 ?is mann]2 !y are !n to be clean$1 & aft]w>ds plac$ 9 ! cavities ( ! tripoli1 by means ( a delicate pair ( nipp]s4 ,! globules are n[ to be melt$ a second "t1 9 ord] to r5d] !m completely sph]ical2 = ?is purpose1 br+ "o ( ! cavities ne> ! extremity ( ! flame1 direct+ ?is t[>ds ! tripoli1 :i* mu/ be fir/ heat$2 ! cavity is !n to be l[]$1 s t ! flame may t\* ! glass1 :i*1 :5 x is r$ hot1 w assume a p]fect globul> =m2 x mu/ !n be remov$ f ! flame1 & laid by2 :5 cold1 x %\ld be clean$1 by rubb+ betwe5 two pieces ( :ite pap]4 ,let x n[ be set 9 a brass cap1 to try :e!r ! figure be p]fect4 ,if ! object be n well def9$1 ! globule mu/ be ?r[n away4 ,?\gh1 if x be l>ge1 x may be expos$ two or ?ree times to ! flame4 ,:5 a l>ge globule is =m+1 x %\ld be g5tly agitat$ by %ak+ ! tripoli1 :i* w prev5t its becom+ flat on "o side4 ,by att5d+ to ^! directions1 ! great] "p ( ! globules w be r\nd & fit = use4 ,9 damp wea!r1 not)/&+ e precaution1 x w (t5 happ51 t out ( =ty globules1 f\r or five only w be fit = use4 ,mr4 ,/eph5 ,gray1 ( ! ,*>t]-,h\se1 hav+ obs]v$ "s irregul> p>ticles )9 a glass globule1 & f9d+ t !y appe>$ di/9ct & prodigi\sly magnifi$ :5 held close to 8 eye1 conclud$1 t if he plac$ a globule ( wat]1 9 :i* !re 7 any p>ticles m opake ?an ! wat]1 ne> 8 eye1 he %\ld see ^? p>ticles di/9ctly & highly magnifi$4 ,?is idea1 :5 realiz$1 f> exce$$ 8 expectation4 ,8 me?od 01 to take on a p9 a small portion ( wat] :i* he knew _h 9 x "s m9ute animalcul2 ?is he laid on ! end ( a small piece ( brass wire1 till !re 0 =m$ some:at m ?an an hemisph]e ( wat]2 on apply+ x !n to ! eye1 he f\nd ! animalcul mo/ enorm\sly magnifi$2 = ^? :i* 7 sc>ce disc]nible ) 8 glass globules1 ) ?is appe>$ z l>ge z ord9>y siz$ peas4 ,!y _c be se5 9 day-"t1 except ! room be d>k5$1 b are se5 to ! greate/ advantage by c&le-light4 ,montucla obs]ves1 t :5 any objects are inclos$ )9 ?is transp>5t globule1 ! h9d] "p ( x acts l a concave mirror1 provid$ !y be situat$ betwe5 t surface & ! focus2 & t by ^! means !y are magnifi$ ?ree times & an half m ?an !y w\ld be 9 ! usual way4 ,an extempore microscope may be =m$1 by tak+ up a small drop ( wat] on ! po9t ( a p91 & plac+ x ov] a f9e hole made 9 a piece ( metal2 b z ! refractive p[] ( wat] is less ?an t ( glass1 ^! globules d n magnify s mu* z ^? ( ! same size :i* are made ( glass3 ?is 0 also contriv$ by ,mr4 ,gray4 ,! same +5i\s au?or inv5t$ ano!r wat] microscope1 consi/+ ( two drops ( wat]1 sep>at$ 9 "p by a ?9 brass plate1 b t\*+ ne> ! c5t]2 :i* 7 ?us r5d]$ equival5t to a d\ble convex l5s ( unequal convexities4 ,dr4 ,hooke describes a me?od ( us+ ! s+le microscope1 :i* seems to h a great analogy to ! =ego+ me?ods ( ,mr4 ,gray4 8,if y are desir\s10 says he1 8( obta9+ a microscope ) "o s+le refraction1 & consequ5tly capable ( procur+ ! greate/ cle>ness & brightness any "o k9d ( microscope is susceptible (2 spread a little ( ! fluid y int5d to exam9e1 on a glass plate1 br+ ?is "u "o ( y\r microscopic globules1 !n move x g5tly upw>ds1 till ! fluid t\* ! globule1 to :i* x w soon adh]e1 & t s firmly1 z to be> be+ mov$ a little backw>ds or =w>ds4 ,by look+ ?r\gh ! globule1 y w !n h a p]fect view ( ! animalcul 9 ! drop40#aa #aa ,hooke's ,lectures & ,conjectures1 p4 #ih4 ,hav+ laid be=e ! read] ! pr9cipal improvem5ts t h be5 sugge/$1 or made 9 ! s+le microscope1 x rema9s only to po9t out ^? in/rum5ts ( ?is k9d1 :i*1 f ! mode 9 :i* !y are fitt$ up1 seem be/ adapt$ = g5]al use2 ! peculi> advantages ( :i*1 z well z ! mann] ( us+ !m1 w be describ$ 9 ! ?ird *apt] ( ?is "w4 ,fig4 #a4 ,plate ,,vi4 ,a botanical microscope1 contriv$ by ,dr4 ,)]+4 ,fig4 #b4 ,plate ,,vi4 ,a botanical microscope1 by ,mr4 ,b4 ,m>t91 be+ ! mo/ univ]sal pocket microscope4 ,fig4 #c4 ,plate ,,vi1 repres5ts t :i* 0 us$ by ,m4 ,lyonnet = dissect+ ! cossus4 ,fig4 #e4 ,plate ,,vi4 ,! too? & p9ion microscope1 :i* is n[ g5]ally sub/itut$ 9 ! room ( ,wilson's4 ,fig4 #a4 ,plate ,,ii4 ,b4 ,fig4 #a4 ,plate ,,vii4 ,b4 ,! aquatic microscope us$ by ,mr4 ,ellis = inve/igat+ ! nature ( corall9e1 & recomm5d$ to botani/s by ,mr4 ,curtis1 9 8 valuable publication1 ! 8,flora ,lond95sis40 ,fig4 #g4 ,plate ,,viii4 ,a botanical magnifi]1 or h& megalascope1 :i* by ! diff]5t comb9ations ( its ?ree l5ses produces sev5 diff]5t magnify+ p[]s2 :5 ! ?ree are us$ toge!r1 !y are turn$ 91 & ! object view$ ?r\gh ! ap]tures 9 ! sides4 ,fig4 #h4 ,plate ,,viii4 ,a botanical magnifi]1 hav+ "o l>ge l5s & two small ones1 b n admitt+ ( m ?an ?ree p[]s4 ,a ,,comp\nd ,,microscope1 z x consi/s ( two1 ?ree1 or m glasses1 is m easily v>i$1 & is susceptible ( great] *anges 9 its con/ruction1 ?an ! s+le microscope4 ,! numb] ( ! l5ses1 ( :i* x is =m$1 may be increas$ or dim9i%$1 _! respective positions may be v>i$1 & ! =m 9 :i* !y are m\nt$ be alt]$ almo/ ad inf9itum4 ,b among ^! v>ieties1 "s w be f\nd m des]v+ ( att5tion ?an o!rs2 we %all "h treat ( ^! only4 ,! ?ree fir/ comp\nd microscopes des]v+ ( notice1 are ^? ( ,dr4 ,hooke1 ,eu/a*io ,div9is1 & ,philip ,bonnani4 ,dr4 ,hooke gives an acc\nt ( 8 9 ! preface to 8 ,micrographia1 :i* has be5 already cit$2 x 0 ab\t ?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 sev5 long1 & furni%$ ) f\r draw-out tubes1 by :i* x might be l5g!n$ z occasion requir$3 x _h ?ree glasses--a small object glass1 a middle glass1 & a deep eye glass4 ,dr4 ,hooke us$ all ! glasses :5 he want$ to take 9 a consid]able "p ( an object at once1 z by ! middle glass a numb] ( radiat+ p5cils 7 convey$ to ! eye1 :i* w\ld o!rwise h be5 lo/3 b :5 he want$ to exam9e ) accuracy ! small p>ts ( any sub/ance1 he took out ! middle glass1 & only made use ( ! eye & object l5ses2 = ! few] ! refractions are1 ! cle>] & m bright ! object appe>s4 ,an acc\nt ( ,eu/a*io ,div9is's microscope 0 read at ! ,royal ,society1 9 #affh4ab ,x consi/$ ( an object l5s1 a middle glass1 & two eye glasses1 :i* 7 plano convex l5ses1 & 7 plac$ s t !y t\*$ ea* o!r 9 ! c5t] ( _! convex surfaces2 by :i* means ! glass takes 9 m ( an object1 ! field is l>g]1 ! extremities ( x less curv$1 & ! magnify+ p[] great]4 ,! tube1 9 :i* ! glasses 7 inclos$1 0 z l>ge z a man's leg1 & ! eye glasses z broad z ! palm ( ! h&4 ,x _h f\r sev]al l5g?s2 :5 %ut up1 x 0 sixte5 in*es long1 & magnifi$ ! diamet] ( an object =ty-"o times2 at ! second l5g?1 n9ety times2 at ! ?ird l5g?1 "o hundr$ & elev5 times2 at ! f\r? l5g?1 "o hundr$ & =ty-?ree times4 ,x does n appe> t ,e4 ,div9is v>i$ ! object l5ses4 #ab ,philos4 ,trans4 ,no4 #db4 ,philip ,bonnani publi%$ an acc\nt ( 8 two microscopes 9 #afih2ac bo? 7 comp\nd2 ! fir/ 0 simil> to t :i* ,mr4 ,m>t9 publi%$ z new1 9 8 ,micrographia ,nova1#ad 9 #agdb4 ,8 second 0 l ! =m]1 compos$ ( ?ree glasses1 "o = ! eye1 a middle glass1 & an object l5s2 !y 7 m\nt$ 9 a cyl9drical tube1 :i* 0 plac$ 9 an horizontal position2 beh9d ! /age 0 a small tube1 ) a convex l5s at ea* end2 beyond ?is 0 a lamp2 ! :ole capable ( v>i\s adju/m5ts1 & regulat$ by a p9ion & rack2 ! small tube 0 us$ to cond5se ! light on ! object1 & spread x uni=mly ov] x accord+ to its nature1 & ! magnify+ p[] t 0 us$4 #ac ,bonnani ,obs]vationes circa ,viv5tia4 #ad ,micrographia ,nova1 by ,b4 ,m>t91 #dto4 ,if ! read] att5tively consid] ! con/ruction ( ! =ego+ microscopes1 & comp>e !m ) m mod]n ones1 he w be l$ to ?9k ) me1 t ! comp\nd microscope has receiv$ v little improvem5t s9ce ! "t ( ,bonnani4 ,tak5 sep>ately1 ! =ego+ con/ructions are equal to "s ( ! mo/ fam$ mod]n microscopes4 ,if _! advantages be comb9$1 !y are f> sup]ior to t ( ,m4 ,delleb>re1 not)/&+ ! pomp\s eulogium affix$ !reto by ,mess4 ,de ,l',academie ,royale des ,sci5ces4#ae #ae ,memoires sur les ,diff]5ces de la ,con/ruction et des ,effets du ,microscope1 de ,m4 ,l4 ,f4 ,delleb>re1 #aggg4 ,f ?is p]iod1 to ! ye> #agcf1 ! microscope appe>s n to h receiv$ any consid]able alt]ation1 b ! sci5ce itself to h be5 at a /&4 ,! improvem5ts :i* 7 mak+ 9 ! reflect+ telescope1 naturally l$ ^? :o _h consid]$ ! subject1 to expect a simil> advantage w\ld accrue to microscopes on ! same pr9ciples3 accord+ly we f9d two plans ( ?is k9d2 ! fir/ 0 t ( ,dr4 ,rob]t ,b>k]4 ,?is in/rum5t is entirely ! same z ! reflect+ telescope1 except+ ! di/ance ( ! two speculums1 :i* is l5g!n$1 9 ord] to adapt x to ^? p5cils ( rays :i* ent] ! telescope div]g+2 :]eas1 f v di/ant objects1 !y come 9 a direction ne>ly p>allel4 ,b ?is 0 soon laid aside1 n only z x 0 m difficult to manage1 b also because x 0 unfit = any b v small or transp>5t objects3 = ! object be+ betwe5 ! speculum & ! image1 w\ld1 if x 7 l>ge & opake1 prev5t a due reflection ( light on ! object4 ,! second 0 contriv$ by ,dr4 ,smi?4#af ,9 ?is !re 7 two reflect+ mirrors1 "o concave & ! o!r convex2 ! image 0 view$ by a l5s4 ,?is microscope1 ?\gh f> f be+ execut$ 9 ! be/ mann]1 p]=m$1 says ,dr4 ,smi?1 v well1 s t he did n d\bt b t x w\ld h excell$ o!rs1 if x _h be5 prop]ly f9i%$4 #af ,dr4 ,smi?'s ,optics1 ,rem>ks1 p4 #id4 ,z "s ye>s are m fav\rable to ! fruits ( ! e>?1 s also "s p]iods are m fav\rable to p>ticul> sci5ces1 be+ ri* 9 discov]y1 & cultivat$ ) ardor4 ,?us1 9 ! ye> #agch1 ,dr4 ,lieb]khn's inv5tion ( ! sol> microscope 0 communicat$ to ! public3 ! va/ magnify+ p[] :i* 0 obta9$ by ?is in/rum5t1 ! colossal gr&eur ) :i* x exhibit$ ! m9ima ( nature1 ! pleasure :i* arose f be+ able to display ! same object to a numb] ( obs]v]s at ! same "t1 by af=d+ a new s\rce ( rational amusem5t1 increas$ ! numb] ( microscopic obs]v]s1 :o 7 fur!r /imulat$ to ! same pursuits by ,mr4 ,trembley's fam\s discov]y ( ! polype3 ! wond]ful prop]ties ( ?is little animal1 toge!r ) ! works ( ,mr4 ,trembley1 ,bak]1 & my fa!r1 reviv$ ! reputation ( ?is in/rum5t4#ag #ag ,trembley ,memoires sur les ,polypes4 ,bak]'s ,microscope made ,easy2 ,attempt t[>ds an ,hi/ory ( ! ,polype2 ,employm5t = ! ,microscope4 ,adams's ,micrographia ,illu/rata4 ,joblot's ,obs]vations d',hi/oire ,naturelle4 ,e optician n[ ex]cis$ 8 tal5ts 9 improv+1 z he call$ x1 ! microscope2 9 o!r words1 9 v>y+ its con/ruction1 & r5d]+ x diff]5t f t sold by 8 neighb\r4 ,_! pr9cipal object seem$ to be1 only to subdivide ! in/rum5t1 & make x lie 9 z small a compass z possible2 by :i* means1 !y n only r5d]$ x complex & tr\blesome 9 use1 b lo/ sight also ( ! ext5sive field1 great light1 & o!r excell5t prop]ties ( ! m anci5t in/rum5ts2 &1 9 "s measure1 %ut !mselves out f fur!r improvem5ts on ! microscope4 ,e me*anical in/rum5t is susceptible ( almo/ inf9ite comb9ations & *anges1 :i* are att5d$ ) _! relative advantages & disadvantages3 ?us1 :at is ga9$ 9 p[]1 is lo/ 9 "t2 8he t loves to be conf9$ to a small h\se1 mu/ lose ! b5efit ( air & ex]cise40 ,! microscope1 ne>ly at ! same p]iod1 gave rise to ,m4 ,buffon's fam\s sy/em ( organic molecules1 & ,m4 ,ne$ham's incompreh5sible ideas conc]n+ a vegetable =ce & ! vitality ( matt]4 ,m4 ,buffon has dress$ up 8 sy/em ) all ! *>ms ( eloqu5ce1 pres5t+ x to ! m9d 9 ! mo/ agreeable & lively col\rs1 ex]t+ ! dep?s ( erudition 9 ! mo/ int]e/+ & s$uc+ mann] to e/abli% 8 hypo!sis1 mak+ u almo/ ready to adopt x aga9/ ! dictates ( reason1 & ! evid5ce ( facts4 ,b :e!r ?is great man 0 misl$ by ! w>m? ( 8 imag9ation1 8 atta*m5t to a fav\rite sy/em1 or ! use ( imp]fect in/rum5ts1 x appe>s b too evid5t1 t he 0 n acqua9t$ ) ! objects ^: nature he attempt$ to inve/igate2 & x is probable1 t he nev] saw#ah ^? :i* he suppos$ he 0 describ+1 cont9ually conf\nd+ ! animalcul produc$ f ! putrify+ decomposition ( animal sub/ances1 ) ! sp]matic animalcul1 al?\gh !y are two k9ds ( be+s1 diff]+ 9 =m & nature2 s t ! beautiful fabric attempt$ to be rais$ on 8 hypo!sis1 vani%es be=e ! light ( tru? & well conduct$ exp]im5ts4 #ah ,porro ,buffonius1 ut cum illu/ris viri v5ia dicam1 omn9o non videtur v]miculos sem9ales vidisse4 ,diuturnitas enim vit quam suis corpusculis tribuit1 o/5dit non esse no/ra animalcula 7id e/1 sp]matica7 quibus brevis et pauc>um hor>um vita e/4 ,hall] ,physiol4 tom4 #g4 ,aft] ?is p]iod1 ! m9d1 ei!r satisfi$ ) ! discov]ies already made1 :i* w be p>ticul>ly describ$ h]eaft]1 or tir$ by its own ex]tions1 s\ght = repose 9 o!r pursuits2 s t = sev]al ye>s ?is in/rum5t 0 aga91 9 "s measure1 laid aside4 ,9 #aggj1 ,dr4 ,hill#ai publi%$ a treatise1 9 :i* he endeav\r$ to expla9 ! con/ruction ( timb] by ! microscope1 & %ew ! numb]1 ! nature1 & (fice ( its sev]al p>ts1 _! v>i\s arrangem5ts & proportions 9 ! diff]5t k9ds2 & po9t out a way ( judg+1 f ! /ructure ( trees1 ! uses !y w be/ s]ve 9 ! affairs ( life4 ,s important a subject soon reviv$ ! ardor = microscopic pursuits1 :i* seems to h be5 increas+ ev] s9ce4 ,ab\t ! same "t1 my fa!r contriv$ an in/rum5t = cutt+ ! transv]se sections ( wood1 9 ord] t ! texture !re( might be r5d]$ m visible 9 ! microscope1 & consequ5tly be bett] und]/ood2 ?is in/rum5t 0 aft]w>ds improv$ by ,mr4 ,cumm+4 ,ano!r in/rum5t = ! same purpose1 m c]ta9 9 its effects1 & m easily manag$1 is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,plate ,,ix2 & w be describ$ 9 "o ( ! foll[+ *apt]s4 ,dr4 ,hill & ,mr4 ,cu/ance n[ endeav\r$ to br+ back ! microscope ne>] to ! old /&>d1 to increase ! field by ! multiplication ( ! eye glasses1 & to augm5t ! light on ! object1 by cond5s+ l5ses2 & 9 ?is !y happily succe$$3 ,mr4 ,cu/ance 0 unrivall$ 9 8 dext]ity 9 prep>+1 & accuracy 9 cutt+ ?9 transv]se sections ( wood4 #ai ,dr4 ,hill on ! ,con/ruction ( ,timb]4 ,9 #agga1 my fa!r publi%$ a f\r? edition ( 8 ,micrographia1 9 :i* he describ$ ! pr9cipal inv5tions !n 9 use2 p>ticul>ly a contrivance ( 8 own1 = apply+ ! sol> microscope to ! cam]a obscura1 & illum9at+ x at night by a lamp1 by :i* means a picture ( microscopic objects might be exhibit$ 9 w9t] ev5+s4 ,x appe>s#bj f ! te/imony ( ,m4 p9us1 t ,dr4 ,lieb]khn _h consid]ably improv$ ! sol> microscope1 by adapt+ x to view opake objects4 ,?is contrivance 0 by "s means lo/4 ,! k1 h[ev]1 t su* an effect _h be5 produc$1 l$ p9us to att5d to ! subject himself1 9 :i* he 9 "s measure succe$$1 & w\ld1 no d\bt1 h br\ght x to p]fection1 if he _h increas$ ! size ( 8 illum9at+ mirror4 ,"s fur!r improvem5ts 7 made on ?is in/rum5t by ,m4 ,ziehr2 b ! mo/ p]fect in/rum5t ( ! k9d1 is t ( ,mr4 ,b4 ,m>t91 :o publi%$ an acc\nt ( x 9 ! ye> #aggd4ba ,! common sol> microscope does n %ew ! surface ( any object1 :]eas ! opake sol> microscope n only magnifies ! object1 b exhibits on a scre5 an exp&$ picture ( its surface1 ) all its col\rs1 9 a mo/ beautiful mann]4 #bj ,prie/ley's ,hi/4 ( ,optics1 p4 #gdc4 #ba ,m>t9's ,description & ,use ( an ,opake ,sol> ,microscope4 ,! m]its & +5uity 9 con/ruct+ & improv+ microscopes by ?is le>n$ optician1 seem to be unnotic$ by our late au?or4 ,! foll[+ pamphlets by ,mr4 ,b4 ,m>t9 are1 among o!rs ( 8 valuable publications1 in/ances ( 8 indefatigable indu/ry4 ,description & ,use ( a ,pocket ,reflect+ ,microscope1 ) a ,micromet]2 #agci4 ,micrographia ,nova1 or a ,new ,treatise on ! ,microscope2 #agdb4 ,description ( a ,new ,univ]sal ,microscope2 a ,po/script to 8 ,new ,elem5ts ( ,optics2 #agei4 ,description ( sev]al ,sorts ( ,microscopes1 & ! ,use ( ! ,reflect+ ,telescope1 z an univ]sal ,p]spective = view+ e ,sort ( ,objects4 ,optical ,essays2 #aggj4 ,a ,description & ,use ( a ,proportional ,cam]a ,obscura1 ) a ,sol> ,microscope adapt$ !reto1 annex$ to 8 ,description ( ! ,opake ,sol> ,microscope above-m5tion$4 ,description ( a ,new ,univ]sal ,microscope2 #aggf4 ,description & ,use ( a ,graphical ,p]spective & ,microscope2 #agga4 ,microscopium ,polydynamicum1 or a ,new ,con/ruction ( a ,microscope2 #agga4 ,an ,essay on ! g5u9e ,con/ruction ( a /&>d ,microscope & ,telescope2 #aggf4 ,microscopium ,pantometricum1 or a new ,con/ruction ( a ,micromet] adapt$ to ! ,microscope4 ,! mo/ ess5tial articles 9 ! above works w be h]eaft] describ$4 ,,edit4 ,ab\t ! ye> #aggd1 ,i inv5t$ ! improv$ luc]nal microscope2 ?is in/rum5t does n 9 ! lea/ fatigue ! eye3 x %ews all opake objects 9 a mo/ beautiful mann]2 & transp>5t objects may be exam9$ by x 9 v>i\s ways1 s t no "p ( an object is left unexplor$2 & ! outl9es ( all may be tak5 ) ease1 ev5 by ^? :o are mo/ unskill$ 9 draw+4 ,m4 ,l4 ,f4 ,delleb>re publi%$ an acc\nt ( 8 microscope 9 ! ye> #aggg4 ,x does n appe> f ?is1 t x 0 sup]ior 9 any respect to ^? t 7 made 9 ,engl&1 b 0 inf]ior 9 o!rs2 = ^? publi%$ by my fa!r 9 #agga possess$ all ! advantages ( ,delleb>re's 9 a high] degree1 except t ( *ang+ ! eye glasses4 ,9 #aghd1 ,m4 p9us publi%$ a description ( :at he t]m$ new-inv5t$ microscopes1 9 a lett] to ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces at ,pet]sburgh2#bb !y are no?+ m ?an an application ( ! a*romatic p]spective to microscopic purposes4 ,n[ x has be5 long kn[n to e "o :o is ! lea/ v]s$ 9 optics1 t any telescope is easily conv]t$ into a microscope1 by remov+ ! object glass to a great] di/ance f ! eye glasses2 & t ! di/ance ( ! image v>ies ) ! di/ance ( ! object f ! focus1 & is magnifi$ m z its di/ance f ! object is great]3 ! same telescope may1 !re=e be successively turn$ into a microscope1 ) diff]5t magnify+ p[]s4 ,mr4 ,m>t9 _h also %ewn1 9 8 description & use ( a polydynamic microscope1 h[ easily ! small a*romatic p]spective may be appli$ to ?is purpose4 ,botani/s might f9d "s advantage 9 att5d+ to ?is in/rum5t2 x w\ld assi/ !m 9 discov]+ small plants at a di/ance1 & ?us (t5 save !m f ! ?orns ( ! h$ge1 & ! dirt ( a dit*4 #bb ,description des ,n\veaux ,microscopes inv5tes p> ,m4 p9us4 ,fig4 #a4 ,plate ,,iii1 repres5ts ! improv$ luc]nal microscope4 ,fig4 #a4 ,plate ,,iv4 ,! improv$ comp\nd & s+le microscope4 ,fig4 #b4 ,plate ,,iv4 ,! be/ univ]sal comp\nd microscope4 ,fig4 #c4 ,plate ,,iv1 is :at is usually call$ ,culpep]'s1 or ! common ?ree pill>$ comp\nd microscope4 ,fig4 #a4 ,plate ,v1 repres5ts ,m>t9's sol> opake microscope4 ,fig4 #d4 ,plate ,,vi1 is a picture ( ! common sol> microscope4 ,fig4 #a4 ,plate ,,vii4 ,a1 is ,cuff's common comp\nd microscope4 ,fig4 #c4 ,plate ,,viii4 ,m>t9's new microscopic telescope1 or conv5i5t portable app>atus = a travell]4 ,we _c conclude ?is *apt] bett] ?an ) ! foll[+ obs]vations on ! microscope4 ,we are indebt$ to x = _m discov]ies 9 natural hi/ory2 b let u n suppose t ! ,creator int5d$ to hide ^! objects f our obs]vation4 ,x is true1 ?is in/rum5t discov]s to u z x 7 a new creation1 new s]ies ( animals1 new =e/s ( vegetables2 b he :o gave be+ to ^!1 gave u an und]/&+ capable ( inv5t+ means to assi/ our organs 9 ! discov]y ( _! hidd5 beauties4 ,he gave u eyes adapt$ to enl>ge our ideas1 & capable ( compreh5d+ a univ]se at "o view1 & consequ5tly incapable ( disc]n+ ^? m9ute be+s1 ) :i* he has peopl$ e atom ( ! univ]se4 ,b !n he gave prop]ties & qualities to matt] ( a p>ticul> k9d1 by :i* x w\ld procure u ?is advantage1 & at ! same "t elevat$ ! und]/&+ f "o degree ( k to ano!r1 till x 0 able to discov] ^! assi/ances = our sight4 ,x is ?us we %\ld consid] ! discov]ies made by ^? in/rum5ts1 :i* h receiv$ _! bir? f an ex]tion ( our faculties4 ,x is to ! same p[]1 :o creat$ ! objects ( our admiration1 t we are ultimately to ref] ! means ( discov]+ !m4 ,let no "o1 !re=e1 accuse u ( pry+ deep] into ! wond]s ( nature1 ?an 0 int5d$ by ! great au?or ( ! univ]se4 ,!re is no?+ we discov] by _! assi/ance1 :i* is n a fre% s\rce ( praise2 & x does n appe> t our faculties c be bett] employ$1 ?an 9 f9d+ means to inve/igate ! works ( ,god4 ,f a p>tial consid]ation ( ^! ?+s1 we are v apt to criticise :at we ought to admire2 to look ^u z useless :at p]haps we %\ld own to be ( inf9ite advantage to u1 did we see a little f>!r2 to be peevi% :]e we ought to give ?anks2 & at ! same "t to ridicule ^? :o employ _! "t & ?\ghts 9 exam9+ :at we 71 i4 e4 "s ( u mo/ assur$ly 7 creat$ & appo9t$ to /udy4 ,9 %ort1 we are too apt to treat ! ,almighty worse ?an a rational man w\ld treat a good me*anic1 ^: works he w\ld ei!r ?or\ghly exam9e1 or be a%am$ to f9d any fault ) !m4 ,?is is ! effect ( a p>tial consid]ation ( nature2 b he :o has c&or ( m9d1 & leisure to look f>!r1 w be incl9$ to cry out3 ,h[ wond'r\s is ?is sc5e6 :]e all is =m'd ,) numb]1 weight1 & measure6 all design'd ,= "s great end6 :]e n alone ! plant ,( /ately gr[?2 ! h]b ( glori\s hue1 ,or food-full sub/ance6 n ! labor+ /e$1 ,! h]d1 & flock t fe$ u2 n ! m9e ,t yields u /ores = elegance & use2 ,! sea t loads our table1 & conveys ,! w&]] man f clime to clime1 ) all ,^? roll+ sph]es1 t f on high %$ d[n ,_! k9dly influ5ce2 n ^! alone1 ,:i* /rike ev'n eyes incuri\s1 b ea* moss1 ,ea* %ell1 ea* crawl+ insect1 holds a rank ,important 9 ! plan ( ,him1 :o fram'd ,?is scale ( be+s2 holds a rank1 :i* lo/1 ,w\ld break ! *a91 & leave beh9d a gap ,:i* nature's self w\ld rue4 ,almighty ,be+1 ,cause & support ( all ?+s1 c ,i view ,^! objects ( my wond]2 c ,i feel ,^! f9e s5sations1 & n ?9k ( !e8 ,?\ :o do/ ?ro' ?' et]nal r\nd ( "t1 ,do/ ?ro' ?' imm5sity ( space exi/ ,alone1 %alt ?\ alone exclud$ be ,f ?is ?y univ]se8 ,%all feeble man ,?9k x b5ea? 8 pr\d philosophy ,to call = ?y assi/ance1 & pret5d ,to frame a _w1 :o _c frame a clod8-- ,n to "k !e1 is n to "k ourselves-- ,is to "k no?+--no?+ wor? ! c>e ,( man's exalt$ _s3--all becomes1 ,)\t ?y ray div9e1 "o dre>y gloom1 ,:]e lurk ! mon/]s ( phanta/ic bra9s1 ,ord] b]eft ( ?\ght1 uncaus'd effects1 ,fate freely act+1 & un]r+ *ance4 ,:]e meanless matt] to a *aos s9ks1 ,or some?+ l[] /ill1 = )\t !e ,x crumbles into atoms void ( =ce1 ,void ( resi/ance--x eludes our ?\ght4 ,:]e laws et]nal to ! v>y+ code ,( self-love dw9dle4 ,int]e/1 passion1 :im1 ,take place ( "r & wrong1 ! gold5 *a9 ,( be+s melts away1 & ! m9d's eye ,sees no?+ b ! pres5t4 ,all beyond ,is vision>y guess--is dream--is dea?4#bc #bc ,/ill+fleet's ,miscellane\s ,tracts4 ,,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,,( ,,vision2 ,,( ,,! ,,optical ,,effect ,,( ,,microscopes1 ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,mann] ,,( ,,e/imat+ ,,_! ,,magnify+ ,,p[]s4 ,! progress t has be5 made 9 ! sci5ce ( optics1 9 ! la/ & pres5t c5tury1 p>ticul>ly by ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 may ) propriety be rank$ among ! greate/ acquisitions ( human k4 ,& ,mess4 ,delaval & ,h]s*el h %ewn by _! discov]ies1 t ! b\nd>ies ( ?is sci5ce may be consid]ably enl>g$4 ,! rays ( light1 :i* m9i/] to ! s5se ( sight1 are ! mo/ wond]ful & a/oni%+ "p ( ! inanimate creation2 ( :i* we %all soon be conv9c$1 if we consid] _! extreme m9ut5ess1 _! inconceivable velocity1 ! regul> v>iety ( col\rs !y exhibit1 ! inv>iable laws accord+ to :i* !y are act$ ^u by o!r sub/ances1 9 _! reflections1 inflections1 & refractions1 )\t ! lea/ *ange ( _! orig9al prop]ties2 & ! facility ) :i* !y p]vade bodies ( ! greate/ d5sity & close/ texture1 )\t resi/ance1 )\t cr\d+ or di/urb+ ea* o!r4 ,^!1 ,i believe1 w be deem$ suffici5t pro(s ( ! wond]ful nature ( ^! rays2 )\t add+1 t x is by a peculi> modification ( !m1 t we are indebt$ = ! advantages obta9$ by ! microscope4 ,! sci5ce ( optics1 :i* expla9s & treats ( _m ( ! prop]ties ( ^? rays ( light1 is d$uc$ f exp]im5ts1 on :i* all philosoph]s are agre$4 ,x is impossible to give an adequate idea ( ! nature ( vision1 )\t a k ( ^! exp]im5ts1 & ! ma!matical reason+ gr\nd$ ^u !m2 b z to d ?is w\ld alone fill a l>ge volume1 ,i %all only endeav\r to r5d] "s ( ! m g5]al pr9ciples cle>1 t ! read]1 :o is unacqua9t$ ) ! sci5ce ( optics1 may nev]!less be enabl$ to compreh5d ! nature ( vision by ! microscope4 ,"s ( ! mo/ important ( ^! pr9ciples may be d$uc$ f ! foll[+ v int]e/+ exp]im5t4 ,d>k5 a room1 & let ! light be admitt$ !re9 only by a small hole2 !n1 if ! wea!r be f9e1 y w see on ! wall1 :i* is fac+ ! hole1 a picture ( all ^? ext]ior objects :i* are opposite !reto1 ) all _! col\rs1 ?\gh ^! w be b fa9tly se54 ,! image ( ! objects t are /ation>y1 z trees1 h\ses1 c4 w appe> fix$2 :ile ! images ( ^? t are 9 motion1 w be se5 to move4 ,! image ( e object w appe> inv]t$1 because ! rays cross ea* o!r 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! small hole4 ,if ! sun %9e on ! hole1 we %all see a lum9\s ray proce$ 9 a /rait l9e1 & t]m9ate on ! wall4 ,if ! eye be plac$ 9 ?is ray1 x w be 9 a "r l9e ) ! hole & ! sun3 x is ! same ) e o!r object :i* is pa9t$ on ! wall4 ,! images ( ! objects exhibit$ on ! same plane1 are small] 9 proportion z ! objects are fur!r f ! hole4 ,_m & important are ! inf]5ces :i* may be d$uc$ f ! =ego+ exp]im5t1 among :i* are ! foll[+3 #a4 ,t light fl[s 9 a "r l9e4 #b4 ,t a lum9\s po9t may be se5 f all ^? places to :i* a /rait l9e c be drawn f ! po9t1 )\t meet+ ) any ob/acle2 & consequ5tly1 #c4 ,t a lum9\s po9t1 by "s unkn[n p[]1 s5ds =? rays ( light 9 all directions1 & is ! c5t] ( a sph]e ( light1 :i* ext5ds indef9itely on all sides2 & if we conceive "s ( ^! rays to be int]cept$ by a plane1 !n is ! lum9\s po9t ! summit ( a pyramid1 ^: body is =m$ by ! rays1 & its base by ! int]cept+ plane4 ,! image ( ! surface ( an object1 :i* is pa9t$ on ! wall1 is also ! base ( a pyramid ( light1 ! apex ( :i* is ! hole2 ! rays :i* =m ?is pyramid1 by cross+ at ! hole1 =m ano!r1 simil> & opposite to ?is1 ( :i* ! hole is also ! summit1 & ! surface ( ! object ! base4 #d4 ,t an object is visible1 because all its po9ts are radiant po9ts4 #e4 ,t ! p>ticles ( light are indef9itely small2 = ! rays1 :i* proce$ f ! po9ts ( all ! objects opposite to ! hole1 pass ?r\gh x1 ?\gh extremely small1 )\t emb>rass+ or conf\nd+ ea* o!r4 #f4 ,t e ray ( light c>ries ) x ! image ( ! object f :i* x 0 emitt$4 ,! nature ( vision 9 ! eye may be imp]fectly illu/rat$ by ! exp]im5t ( ! d>k5$ room2 ! pupil ( ! eye be+ consid]$ z ! hole ?r\gh :i* ! rays ( light pass1 & cross ea* o!r1 to pa9t on ! ret9a1 at ! bottom ( ! eye1 ! inv]t$ images ( all ^? objects :i* are expos$ to ! sight1 s t ! diamet]s ( ! images ( ! same object are great]1 9 proportion to ! angles =m$ at ! pupil1 by ! cross+ rays :i* proce$ f ! extremities ( ! object2 t is1 ! diamet] ( ! image is great]1 9 proportion z ! di/ance is less2 or1 9 o!r words1 ! app>5t magnitude ( an object is 9 "s degree measur$ by ! angle "u :i* x is se51 & ?is angle increases or dim9i%es1 accord+ z ! object is ne>] to1 or f>!r f ! eye2 & consequ5tly1 ! less ! di/ance is betwe5 ! eye & ! object1 ! l>g] ! latt] w appe>4 ,f h5ce x foll[s1 t ! app>5t diamet] ( an object se5 by ! nak$ eye1 may be magnifi$ 9 any proportion we please2 =1 z ! app>5t diamet] is increas$1 9 proportion z ! di/ance f ! eye is less5n$1 we h only to less5 ! di/ance ( ! object f ! eye1 9 ord] to increase ! app>5t diamet] !re(4#bd ,?us1 suppose !re is an object1 ,a ,b1 ,plate ,i4 ,fig4 #a1 :i* to an eye at ,e subt5ds or appe>s "u ! angle ,a ,e ,b1 we may magnify ! app>5t diamet] 9 :at proportion we please1 by br++ our eye ne>] to x4 ,if1 = in/ance1 we w\ld magnify x 9 ! proportion ( ,f ,g to ,a ,b2 t is1 if we w\ld see ! object "u an angle z l>ge z ,f ,e ,g1 or w\ld make x appe> ! same l5g? t an object z long z ,f ,g w\ld appe>1 x may be done by com+ ne>] to ! object4 ,= ! app>5t diamet] is z ! di/ance inv]sely2 !re=e1 if ,c ,d is z mu* less ?an ,c ,e1 z ,f ,g is great] ?an ,a ,b1 by br++ ! eye ne>] to ! object 9 ! proportion ( ,c ,d to ,e ,d1 ! app>5t diamet] w be magnifi$ 9 ! proportion ( ,f ,g to ,a ,b2 s t ! object ,a ,b1 to ! eye at ,d1 w appe> z long z an object ,f ,g w\ld appe> to ! eye at ,e4 ,9 ! same mann] we might %ew1 t ! app>5t diamet] ( an object1 :5 se5 by ! nak$ eye1 may be inf9ite4 ,= s9ce ! app>5t diamet] is reciprocally z ! di/ance ( ! eye1 :5 ! di/ance ( ! eye is no?+ or :5 ! eye is close to ! object at ,c1 ! app>5t diamet] w be ! reciprocal ( no?+1 or inf9ite4 #bd ,ru!r=?'s ,sy/em ( ,natural ,philosophy1 p4 #ccj4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o great inconv5i5ce 9 ?us magnify+ an object1 )\t ! help ( glasses1 by plac+ ! eye ne>] to x4 ,! inconv5i5ce is1 t we _c see an object di/9ctly1 unless ! eye is ab\t five or six in*es f x2 !re=e1 if we br+ x ne>] to our eye ?an five or six in*es1 h[ev] x may be magnifi$1 x w be se5 confus$ly4 ,^u ?is acc\nt1 ! greate/ app>5t magnitude ( an object t we are us$ to1 is ! app>5t magnitude :5 ! eye is ab\t five or six in*es f x3 & we nev] place an object mu* )9 t di/ance2 because1 ?\gh x might be magnifi$ by ^! means1 yet ! confusion w\ld prev5t our d]iv+ any advantage f see+ x s l>ge4 ,! size ( an object seems extraord9>y1 :5 view$ ?r\gh a convex l5s2 n because x is impossible to make x appe> ( ! same size to ! nak$ eye1 b because at ! di/ance f ! eye :i* w\ld be necess>y = ?is purpose1 x w\ld appe> exce$+ly confus$2 = :i* reason1 we nev] br+ our eye s ne> to x1 & consequ5tly1 z we h n be5 accu/om$ to see ! object ( ?is size1 x appe>s an extraord9>y "o4 ,on acc\nt ( ! extreme m9ut5ess ( ! atoms ( light1 x is cle>1 a s+le ray1 or ev5 a small numb] ( rays1 _c make a s5sible impression on ! organ ( sight1 ^: fibres are v gross1 :5 comp>$ to ^! atoms2 x is necess>y1 !re=e1 t a great numb] %\ld proce$ f ! surface ( an object1 to r5d] x visible4 ,b z ! rays ( light1 :i* proce$ f an object1 are cont9ually div]g+1 diff]5t me?ods h be5 contriv$1 ei!r ( unit+ !m 9 a giv5 po9t1 or ( sep>at+ !m at pleasure3 ! mann] ( do+ ?is is ! subject ( dioptrics & catoptrics4 ,by ! help ( glasses1 we unite 9 ! same s5sible po9t a great numb] or rays1 proce$+ f "o po9t ( an object2 & z ea* ray c>ries ) x ! image ( ! po9t f :5ce x proce$$1 all ! rays unit$ mu/ =m an image ( ! object f :5ce !y 7 emitt$4 ,?is image is bright]1 9 proportion z !re are m rays unit$2 & m di/9ct1 9 proportion z ! ord]1 9 :i* !y proce$$1 is bett] pres]v$ 9 _! union4 ,?is may be r5d]$ evid5t2 =1 if a :ite & poli%$ plane be plac$ :]e ! union is =m$1 we %all see ! image ( ! object pa9t$ 9 all its col\rs on ?is plane2 :i* image w be bright]1 if all adv5titi\s light be exclud$ f ! plane on :i* x is receiv$4 ,! po9t ( union ( ! rays ( light1 =m$ by means ( a glass l5s1 c4 is call$ ! ,,focus4 ,n[1 z ea* ray c>ries ) x ! image ( ! object f :5ce x proce$$1 x foll[s1 t if ^? rays1 aft] int]sect+ ea* o!r1 & hav+ =m$ an image at _! int]section1 are aga9 unit$ by a refraction or reflection1 !y w =m a new image1 & t repeat$ly1 z long z _! ord] is n conf\nd$ or di/urb$4 ,x foll[s also1 t :5 ! progress ( ! lum9\s ray is "u consid]ation1 we may look on ! image z ! object1 & ! object z ! image2 & consid] ! second image z if x _h be5 produc$ by ! fir/ z an object1 & s on4 ,9 ord] to ga9 a cle> idea ( ! wond]ful effects produc$ by glasses1 we mu/ proce$ to say some?+ ( ! pr9ciples ( refraction4 ,any body1 :i* is s con/itut$ z to yield a passage to ! rays ( light1 is call$ a ,,m$ium4 ,air1 wat]1 glass1 c4 are m$iums ( light4 ,if any m$ium af=d an easy passage to ! rays ( light1 x is call$ a ,,r>e ,,m$ium2 b if x d n af=d an easy passage to ^! rays1 x is call$ a ,,d5se ,,m$ium4 ,let ,z1 ,fig4 #b4 ,plate ,i4 be a r>e m$ium1 & ,y a d5se "o2 & let !m be sep>at$ by ! plane surface ,g ,h4 ,let ,i ,k be a p]p5dicul> to x1 & cutt+ x 9 ,c4 ,) ! c5t] ,c1 & any di/ance1 let a circle be describ$4 ,!n let ,a ,c be a ray ( light1 fall+ ^u ! d5se m$ium4 ,?is ray1 if no?+ prev5t$1 w\ld g =w>d to ,l2 b because ! m$ium ,y is suppos$ to be d5s] ?an ,z1 x w be b5t d[nw>d t[>d ! p]p5dicul> ,i ,k1 & describe ! l9e ,c ,b4 ,! ray ,a ,c is call$ ! ,,incid5t ,,ray2 & ! ray ,c ,b1 ! ,,refract$ ,,ray4 ,! angle ,a ,c ,i is call$ ! ,,angle ,,( ,,incid5ce1 & ! angle ,b ,c ,k is call$ ! ,,angle ,,( ,,refraction4 ,if f ! po9t ,a ^u ! "r l9e ,c ,i1 !re be let fall ! p]p5dicul> ,a ,d1 t l9e is call$ ! s9e ( ! angle ( incid5ce4 ,9 ! same mann]1 if f ! po9t ,b1 ^u ! "r l9e ,i ,k1 !re be let fall ! p]p5dicul> ,b ,e1 t l9e w be ! s9e ( ! angle ( refraction4 ,! s9es ( ! angles are ! measures ( ! refractions1 & ?is measure is con/ant2 t is1 :atev] is ! s9e ( ! angle ( incid5ce1 x w be 9 a con/ant proportion to ! s9e ( ! angle ( refraction1 :5 ! m$iums cont9ue ! same4 ,a g5]al idea ( refraction may be =m$ f ! foll[+ exp]im5ts4 ,,exp]im5t #a4 ,let ,a ,b ,c ,d1 ,fig4 #c4 ,plate ,i4 repres5t a vessel s plac$1 ) respect to ! c&le ,e1 t ! %ad[ ( ! side ,a ,c may fall at ,d4 ,suppose ! vessel to be n[ fill$ ) wat]1 & ! %ad[ w )draw to d2 ! ray ( light1 in/ead ( proce$+ to ,d1 be+ refract$ or b5t to d4 ,& !re is no d\bt b t an eye1 plac$ at d1 w\ld see ! c&le at e1 9 ! direction ( ! refract$ ray d ,a4 ,?is is also confirm$ by ! foll[+ pleas+ exp]im5t4 #b4 ,lay a %ill+1 or any piece ( money1 at ! bottom ( a bason2 !n )draw f ! bason1 till y lose sight ( ! %ill+2 fill ! bason ne>ly ) wat]1 & ! %ill+ w be se5 v pla9ly1 ?\gh y are at ! same di/ance f x4 #c4 ,place a /ick ov] a bason :i* is fill$ ) wat]2 !n reflect ! sun's rays1 s t !y may fall p]p5dicul>ly on ! surface ( ! wat]2 ! %ad[ ( ! /ick w fall on ! same place1 :e!r ! vessel be empty or full4 ,:at has be5 said ( wat]1 may be appli$ to any transp>5t m$ium1 only ! p[] ( refraction is great] 9 "s ?an 9 o!rs4 ,x is f ?is wond]ful prop]ty1 t we d]ive all ! curi\s effects ( glass1 :i* make x ! subject ( optics4 ,x is to ?is we owe ! p[]s ( ! microscope & ! telescope4 ,to produce ^! effects1 pieces ( glass are =m$ into giv5 figures1 :i*1 :5 s =m$1 are call$ l5ses4 ,! six foll[+ figures are ^? :i* are mo/ 9 use = optical purposes4 #a4 ,a ,,plane ,,glass1 "o t is flat on ea* side1 & ( an equal ?ickness ?r\gh\t4 ,f1 ,fig4 #ac4 ,plate ,i4 #b4 ,a ,,d\ble ,,convex ,,glass1 "o t is m elevat$ t[>ds ! middle ?an ! edge4 ,b1 ,fig4 #ac4 ,plate ,i4 #c4 ,a ,,d\ble ,,concave is holl[ on bo? sides1 or ?9n] 9 ! middle ?an at ! edges4 ,d1 ,fig4 #ac4 ,plate ,i4 #d4 ,a ,,plano ,,convex1 flat on "o side1 & convex on ! o!r4 ,a1 ,fig4 #ac4 ,plate ,i4 #e4 ,a ,,plano ,,concave1 flat on "o side1 & concave on ! o!r4 ,c1 ,fig4 #ac4 ,plate ,i4 #f4 ,a ,,m5iscus1 convex on "o side1 concave on ! o!r4 ,e1 ,fig4 #ac4 ,plate ,i4 ,x has be5 already obs]v$1 t light proce$s inv>iably f a lum9\s body1 9 /rait l9es1 )\t ! lea/ deviation2 b if x happ5 to pass f "o m$ium to ano!r1 x always leaves ! direction x _h be=e1 & assumes a new "o4 ,aft] hav+ tak5 ?is new direction1 x proce$s 9 a /rait l9e1 till x meets ) a diff]5t m$ium1 :i* aga9 turns x out ( its c\rse4 ,a ray ( light pass+ obliquely ?r\gh a plane glass1 w g out 9 ! same direction x ent]$1 ?\gh n precisely 9 ! same l9e4 ,! ray ,c ,d1 ,fig4#d4 ,plate ,i4 fall+ obliquely ^u ! surface ( ! plane glass ,a ,b1 w be refract$ t[>ds ! glass 9 ! direction ,d ,e2 b :5 x comes to ,e1 x w be z mu* refract$ ! contr>y way4 ,if ! ray ( light _h fall5 p]p5dicul>ly on ! surface ( ! plane glass1 x w\ld h pass$ ?r\gh x 9 a /rait l9e1 & n h be5 refract$ at all4 ,if p>allel rays ( light1 z a b c d e f g1 ,fig4 #f4 ,plate ,i4 fall directly ^u a convex l5s ,a ,b1 !y w be s b5t1 z to unite 9 a po9t ,c beh9d x4 ,= ! ray d ,d :i* falls p]p5dicul>ly ^u ! middle ( ! glass1 w g ?r\gh x )\t suff]+ any refraction3 b ^? :i* g ?r\gh ! sides ( ! l5s1 fall+ obliquely on its surface1 w be s b5t1 z to meet ! c5tral ray at ,c4 ,! fur!r ! ray a is f ! axis ( ! l5s1 ! m obliquely x w fall ^u x4 ,! rays a b c d e f g w be s refract$1 z to meet or be collect$ 9 ! po9t ,c1 call$ ! pr9cipal focus1 ^: di/ance1 9 a d\ble convex l5s1 is equal to ! radius or semi-diamet] ( ! sph]e ( ! convexity ( ! l5s4 ,all ! rays cross ! middle ray at ,c1 & !n div]ge f x to ! contr>y side1 9 ! same mann] z !y 7 be=e conv]g$4 ,if ano!r l5s1 ( ! same convexity1 z ,a ,b1 ,fig4 #f4 ,plate ,i4 be plac$ 9 ! rays1 & at ! same di/ance f ! focus1 x w refract !m1 s t aft] go+ out ( x1 !y w all be p>allel aga91 & g on 9 ! same mann] z !y came to ! fir/ glass ,a ,b1 b on ! contr>y sides ( ! middle ray4 ,! rays div]ge f any radiant po9t1 z f a pr9cipal focus3 !re=e1 if a c&le be plac$ at ,c1 9 ! focus ( ! convex l5s ,a ,b1 ,fig4 #f4 ,plate ,i4 ! rays div]g+ f x w be s refract$ by ! l5s1 t aft] go+ out ( x1 !y w become p>allel4 ,if ! c&le be plac$ ne>] ! l5s ?an its focal di/ance1 ! rays w div]ge m or less1 z ! c&le is m or less di/ant f ! focus4 ,if any object1 ,a ,b1 ,fig4 #g4 ,plate ,i4 be plac$ beyond ! focus ( ! convex l5s ,e ,f1 "s ( ! rays :i* fl[ f e po9t ( ! object1 on ! side next ! glass1 w fall ^u x1 & aft] pass+ ?r\gh x1 !y w be conv]g$ into z _m po9ts on ! opposite side ( ! glass2 = ! rays a b1 :i* fl[ f ! po9t ,a1 w conv]ge into a b1 & meet at ,c4 ,! rays c d1 fl[+ f ! po9t ,g1 w be conv]g$ into c d1 & meet at g2 & ! rays :i* fl[ f ,b1 w meet ea* o!r aga9 at ,d2 & s ( ! rays :i* fl[ f any ( ! int]m$iate po9ts3 = !re w be z _m focal po9ts =m$1 z !re are radiant po9ts 9 ! object1 & consequ5tly !y w depict on a %eet ( pap]1 or any o!r light-col\r$ body1 plac$ at ,d g ,c1 an inv]t$ image ( ! object4 ,if ! object be br\ght ne>] ! l5s1 ! picture w be =m$ fur!r (f4 ,if x be plac$ at ! pr9cipal focus1 ! rays w g out p>allel1 & consequ5tly =m no picture beh9d ! glass4 ,to r5d] ?is /ill pla9]1 let u dive/ :at has be5 said ( ! ,a's & ,b's1 & ( ! ref]5ces to figures4 ,:5 objects are view$ ?r\gh a flat or plane glass1 ! rays ( light 9 pass+ ?r\gh x1 f ! object to ! eye1 proce$ 9 a /rait direction & p>allel to ea* o!r1 & consequ5tly ! object appe>$ at ! same di/ance z to ! nak$ eye1 nei!r enl>g$ or dim9i%$4 ,b if ! glass be ( a convex =m1 ! rays ( light *ange _! direction 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! glass1 & incl9e f ! circumf]5ce t[>ds ! c5t] ( convexity1 9 an angle proportional to ! convexity1 & meet at a po9t at a less or great] di/ance f ! glass1 z x is m or less convex4 ,! po9t :]e ! rays ?us meet is call$ ! focus2 :51 !re=e1 ! convexity is small1 ! focus is at a great di/ance1 b :5 x is consid]able1 ! focus is ne>2 ! magnify+ p[] is 9 proportion to ! *ange made 9 ! rays1 or ! degree ( convexity1 by :i* we are enabl$ to see an object ne>] ?an we o!rwise c\ld2 & ! ne>] x is br\ght to ! eye1 ! l>g] w be ! angle "u :i* x appe>s1 & consequ5tly ! m x w be magnifi$4 ,! human eye is s con/itut$1 t x c only h di/9ct vision1 :5 ! rays :i* fall on x are p>allel1 or ne>ly s2 because ! ret9a1 on :i* ! image is pa9t$1 is plac$ 9 ! focus ( ! cry/all9e humor1 :i* p]=ms ! (fice ( a l5s 9 collect+ rays1 & =m+ ! image 9 ! bottom ( ! eye4 ,z an object becomes p]ceptible to u1 by means ( ! image !re( :i* is =m$ on ! ret9a1 x w1 !re=e1 be se5 9 t direction1 9 :i* ! rays ent] ! eye to =m ! image1 & w always be f\nd 9 ! l9e1 9 :i* ! axis ( a p5cil ( rays fl[+ f x ent]s ! eye4 ,we f h5ce acquire a habit ( judg+ ! object to be situat$ 9 t l9e4 ,note2 z ! m9d is unacqua9t$ ) ! refraction ! rays suff] be=e !y ent] ! eye1 x judges !m to be 9 ! l9e produc$ back1 9 :i* ! axis ( a p5cil ( rays fl[+ f x is situat$1 & n 9 t 9 :i* x 0 be=e ! refraction4 ,if ! rays1 !re=e1 t proce$ f an object1 are refract$ & reflect$ sev]al times be=e !y ent] ! eye1 & ^! refractions or reflections *ange consid]ably ! orig9al direction ( ! rays :i* proce$ f ! object1 x is cle>1 t x w n be se5 9 t l9e1 :i* w\ld come /rait f x to ! eye2 b x w be se5 9 ! direction ( ^? rays :i* ent] ! eye1 & =m ! image !re( on x4 ,we p]ceive ! pres5ce & figure ( objects1 by ! impression ea* respective image makes on ! ret9a2 ! m9d1 9 consequ5ce ( ^! impressions1 =ms conclusions conc]n+ ! size1 position1 & motion ( ! object4 ,x mu/ h[ev] be obs]v$1 t ^! conclusions are (t5 rectifi$ or *ang$ by ! m9d1 9 consequ5ce ( ! effects ( m habitual impressions4 ,= example1 !re is a c]ta9 di/ance1 at :i*1 9 ! g5]al bus9ess ( life1 we are accu/om$ to see objects3 n[1 ?\gh ! measure ( ! image ( ^! objects *anges consid]ably :5 !y move f1 or approa* ne>] to u1 yet we d n p]ceive t _! size is mu* alt]$2 b beyond ?is di/ance1 we f9d ! objects appe> to be dim9i%$1 or increas$1 9 proportion z !y are m or less di/ant f u4 ,= in/ance1 if ,i place my eye successively at two1 at f\r1 & at six feet f ! same p]son1 ! dim5sions ( ! image on ! ret9a w be ne>ly 9 ! proportion ( #a1 ( 1 ( 1 & consequ5tly !y %\ld appe> to be dim9i%$ 9 ! same proportion2 b we d n p]ceive ?is dim9ution1 because ! m9d has rectifi$ ! impression receiv$ on ! ret9a4 ,to prove ?is1 we ne$ only consid]1 t if we see a p]son at #abj feet di/ance1 he w n appe> s /rik+ly small1 z if ! same p]son %\ld be view$ f ! top ( a t[]1 or o!r build+ #abj feet high1 a situation to :i* we _h n be5 accu/om$4 ,f h5ce1 also1 x is cle>1 t :5 we place a glass betwe5 ! object & ! eye1 :i* f its figure *anges ! direction ( ! rays ( light f ! object1 ?is object ought n to be judg$ z if x 7 plac$ at ! ord9>y rea* ( ! sight1 9 :i* case we judge ( its size m by habit ?an by ! dim5sions ( ! images =m$ on ! ret9a2 b x mu/ be e/imat$ by ! size ( ! image 9 ! eye1 or by ! angle =m$ at ! eye1 by ! two rays :i* come f ! extremity ( ! object4 ,if ! image ( an object1 =m$ aft] refraction1 be great] or less ?an ! angle =m$ at ! eye1 by ! rays proce$+ f ! extremities ( ! object itself1 ! object w appe> also proportionably enl>g$ or dim9i%$2 s t if ! eye approa* to or remove f ! la/ image1 ! object w appe> to increase or dim9i%1 ?\gh ! eye %\ld 9 reality remove f x 9 "o case1 or approa* t[>d x 9 ! o!r2 because ! image takes place ( ! object1 & is consid]$ in/ead ( x4 ,! app>5t di/ance ( an object f ! eye1 is n measur$ by ! real di/ance f ! la/ image2 =1 z ! app>5t di/ance is e/imat$ pr9cipally by ! ideas we h ( _! size1 x foll[s1 t :5 we see objects1 ^: images are increas$ or dim9i%$ by refraction1 we naturally judge !m to be ne>] or fur!r f ! eye1 9 proportion to ! size !re(1 :5 comp>$ to t ) :i* we are acqua9t$4 ,! app>5t di/ance ( an object is consid]ably affect$ by ! brightness1 di/9ctness1 & magnitude !re(4 ,n[ z ^! circum/ances are1 9 a c]ta9 degree1 alt]$ by ! refraction ( ! rays1 9 _! pass+ ?r\gh diff]5t m$iums1 !y w also1 9 "s measure1 affect ! e/imation ( ! app>5t di/ance4 ,9 ! !ory ( vision x is necess>y to be cauti\s n to conf\nd ! organs ( vision ) ! be+ t p]ceives1 or ) ! p]spective faculty4 ,! eye is n t :i* sees1 x is only ! organ by :i* we see4 ,a man _c see ! satellites ( ,jupit] b by a telescope4 ,does he conclude f ?is1 t x is ! telescope t sees ^? />s8 ,by no means2 su* a conclusion w\ld be absurd4 ,x is no less absurd to conclude1 t x is ! eye t sees4 ,! telescope is an artificial organ ( sight1 b x sees n4 ,! eye is a natural organ ( sight1 by :i* we see2 b ! natural organ sees z little z ! artificial4 ,! eye is a ma*9e1 mo/ admirably contriv$ = refract+ ! rays ( light1 & =m+ a di/9ct picture ( objects ^u ! ret9a2 b x sees nei!r ! object nor ! picture4 ,x c =m ! picture aft] x is tak5 out ( ! head1 b no vision ensues4 ,ev5 :5 x is 9 its prop] place1 & p]fectly s\nd1 x is well kn[n1 t an ob/ruction 9 ! optic n]ve takes away vision1 ?\gh ! eye has p]=m$ all t belongs to x4#be #be ,reid on ! ,intellectual ,p[]s ( ,man1 p4 #gh4 ,,( ,,! ,,s+le ,,microscope4 ,! s+le microscope r5d]s m9ute objects visible1 by means ( a small glass globule1 or convex l5s1 ( a %ort focus4 ,let ,e ,y1 ,fig4 #aa4 ,plate ,i4 repres5t ! eye2 & ,o ,b a small object1 situat$ v ne> to x2 consequ5tly1 ! angle ( its app>5t magnitude v l>ge4 ,let ! convex l5s ,r ,s be int]pos$ betwe5 ! eye & ! object1 s t ! di/ance betwe5 x & ! object may be equal to ! focal l5g?2 & ! rays :i* div]ge f ! object1 & pass ?r\gh ! l5s1 w aft]w>ds proce$1 & consequ5tly ent] ! eye p>allel3 aft] :i*1 !y w be conv]g$1 & =m an inv]t$ picture on ! ret9a1 & ! object w be cle>ly se52 ?\gh1 if remov$ to ! di/ance ( six in*es1 its smallness w\ld r5d] x invisible4 ,:5 ! l5s is n held close to ! eye1 ! object is some:at m magnifi$2 because ! p5cils1 :i* pass at a di/ance f ! c5t] ( ! l5s1 are refract$ inw>d t[>d ! axis1 & consequ5tly seem to come f po9ts m remote f ! c5t] ( ! object1 z may be se5 9 ,fig4 #ab4 ,plate ,i4 :]e ! p5cils :i* proce$ f ,o & ,b are refract$ inw>ds1 & seem to come f ! po9t i & m4 ,fig4 #h4 ,plate ,i4 may1 p]haps give ! read] a /ill cle>] view1 :y a convex l5s increases ! angle ( vision4 ,)\t a l5s1 z ,f ,g1 ! eye at ,a w\ld see ! d>t ,b ,c "u ! angle b ,a c2 b ! rays ,b ,f & ,c ,g f ! extremities ( ! d>t 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! l5s1 are refract$ to ! eye 9 ! directions f ,a & g ,a1 :i* causes ! d>t to be se5 "u ! mu* l>g] angle ,d ,a ,e 7! same z ! angle f ,a g47 ,& !re=e ! d>t ,b ,c w appe> s mu* magnifi$1 z to ext5d 9 l5g? f ,d to ,e4 ,! object1 :5 ?us se5 di/9ctly1 by means ( a small l5s1 appe>s to be magnifi$ ne>ly 9 ! proportion :i* ! focal di/ance ( ! glass be>s to ! di/ance ( ! objects1 :5 view$ by ! nak$ eye4 ,to expla9 ?is fur!r1 place ! eye close to ! glass1 t z mu* ( ! object may be se5 at "o view z is possible2 !n remove ! object to & fro1 till x appe> p]fectly di/9ct1 & well def9$2 n[ remove ! l5s1 & sub/itute 9 its place a ?9 plate1 ) a v small hole 9 x1 & ! object w appe> z di/9ct1 & z mu* magnifi$1 z ) ! l5s1 ?\gh n q s bright2 & x appe>s z mu* m magnifi$ 9 ?is case1 ?an x does :5 view$ ) ! nak$ eye1 z ! di/ance ( ! object f ! hole1 or l5s1 is less ?an ! di/ance at :i* x may be se5 di/9ctly ) ! nak$ eye4 ,f h5ce we see1 t ! :ole effect ( ! l5s is to r5d] ! object di/9ct1 :i* x does by assi/+ ! eye to increase ! refraction ( ! rays 9 ea* p5cil2 & t ! app>5t magnitude is entirely ow+ to ! object be+ se5 s mu* ne>] ! eye ?an x c\ld be view$ )\t x4 ,s+le microscopes magnify ! diamet] ( ! object1#bf z we h already %ewn1 9 ! proportion ( ! focal di/ance 7to ! limits ( di/9ct vision ) ! nak$ eye7 to eight in*es4 ,= example1 if ! semi-diamet] ( a l5s1 equally convex on bo? sides1 be half an in*1 :i* is also equal to its focal di/ance1 we %all h z is to #h1 s is #a to #af2 t is1 ! diamet] ( ! object 9 ! proportion ( sixte5 to "o4 #b4 ,z ! di/ance ( eight in*es is always ! same1 x foll[s1 t by h[ mu* ! focal di/ance is small]1 !re w be a great] diff]5ce betwe5 x & ! eight in*es2 & consequ5tly1 ! diamet] ( ! object w be s mu* ! m magnifi$1 9 proportion z ! l5ses are segm5ts ( small] sph]es4 #c4 ,if ! object be plac$ 9 ! focus ( a glass globule or sph]e1 & ! eye be beh9d x 9 ! focus1 ! object w be se5 di/9ct 9 an erect situation1 & magnifi$ z to its diamet]1 9 ! proportion ( ( ! diamet] ( ! globule to eight in*es2 ?us suppose ! diamet] ( ! sph]e to be ( an in*1 !n ( ?is w be equal to 2 consequ5tly1 ! real diamet] ( ! object to ! app>5t "o1 z to #h1 or z #c to #cbj1 or z #a to #ajf ne>ly4 #bf ,cyclop$ia1 ,article ,microscope4 ,,( ,,! ,,d\ble ,,or ,,comp\nd ,,microscope4 ,9 ! comp\nd microscope1 ! image is view$ in/ead ( ! object1 :i* image is magnifi$ by a s+le l5s1 z ! object is 9 a s+le microscope4 ,x consi/s ( an object l5s ,n ,l1 ,fig4 #e4 ,plate ,i4 & an eye glass ,f ,g4 ,! object ,b ,o is plac$ a little fur!r f ! l5s ?an its pr9cipal focal di/ance1 s t ! p5cils ( rays proce$+ f ! diff]5t po9ts ( ! object ?r\gh ! l5s1 may conv]ge to _! respective foci1 & =m an inv]t$ image ( ! object at ,q ,p2 :i* image is view$ by ! eye ?r\gh ! eye glass ,f ,g1 :i* is s plac$1 t ! image may be 9 its focus on "o side1 & ! eye at ! same di/ance on ! o!r4 ,! rays ( ea* p5cil w be p>allel1 aft] pass+ out ( ! glass1 till !y rea* ! eye at ,e1 :]e !y w beg9 to conv]ge by ! refractive p[]s ( ! hum\rs2 & aft] hav+ cross$ ea* o!r 9 ! pupil1 & pass$ ?r\gh ! cry/all9e & vitre\s hum\rs1 !y w be collect$ 9 po9ts on ! ret9a1 & =m a l>ge inv]t$ image !reon4 ,x w be easy1 f :at has be5 already expla9$1 to und]/& ! reason ( ! magnify+ p[] ( a comp\nd microscope4 ,! object is magnifi$ ^u two acc\nts2 fir/1 because if we view$ ! image ) ! nak$ eye1 x w\ld appe> z mu* l>g] ?an ! object1 z ! image is really l>g] ?an x1 or z ! di/ance f ,r is great] ?an ! di/ance f b2 & secondly1 because ?is picture is aga9 magnifi$ by ! eye glass1 ^u ! pr9ciple expla9$ 9 ! =ego+ article on vision1 by s+le microscopes4 ,b x is to be not$1 t ! image =m$ 9 ! focus ( a l5s1 z is ! case 9 ! comp\nd microscope1 diff]s f ! real object 9 a v ess5tial p>ticul>2 t is to say1 ! light be+ emitt$ f ! object 9 e direction1 r5d]s x visible to an eye plac$ 9 any position2 b ! po9ts ( ! image =m$ by a l5s1 emitt+ no m ?an a small conical body ( rays1 :i* arrives f ! glass1 c be visible only :5 ! eye is situate )9 its conf9e4 ,?us1 ! p5cil1 :i* emanates f o 9 ! object1 & is conv]g$ by ! l5s to ,d1 proce$s aft]w>ds div]g+ t[>ds ,h1 &1 !re=e1 nev] arrives at ! l5s ,f ,g1 nor ent]s ! eye at ,e4 ,b ! p5cils :i* proce$ f ! po9ts o & b1 w be receiv$ on ! l5s ,f ,g1 & by x c>ri$ p>allel to ! eye2 consequ5tly1 ! correspond5t po9ts ( ! image ,q ,p w be visible2 & ^? :i* are situate f>!r out t[>ds ,h & ,i1 w n be se54 ,?is quantity ( ! image ,q ,p1 or visible area1 is call$ ! field ( view4 ,h5ce x appe>s1 t if ! image be l>ge1 a v small "p ( x w be visible2 because ! p5cils ( rays w = ! mo/ "p fall )\t ! eye glass ,f ,g4 ,& x is likewise pla91 t a rem$y :i* w\ld cause ! p5cils1 :i* proce$ f ! extremes ,b & ,o ( ! object1 to arrive at ! eye1 w r5d] a great] "p ( x visible3 or1 9 o!r words1 enl>ge ! field ( view4 ,?is is effect$ by ! int]position ( a broad l5s ,d ,e1 ,fig4 #e1 ( a prop] curvature1 at a small di/ance f ! focal image4 ,=1 by ^? means1 ! p5cil ,d ,n1 :i* w\ld o!rwise h proce$$ t[>ds ,h1 is refract$ to ! eye1 z del9eat$ 9 ! figure1 & ! m9d conceives f !nce ! exi/5ce ( a radiant po9t at ,q1 f :i* ! rays la/ proce$$4 ,9 l mann]1 & by a p>ity ( reason1 ! o!r extreme ( ! image is se5 at ,p1 & ! int]m$iate po9ts are also r5d]$ visible4 ,on ^! consid]ations x is1 t comp\nd microscopes are usually made to consi/ ( an object l5s ,n ,l1 by :i* ! image is =m$1 enl>g$1 & inv]t$2 an amplify+ l5s ,d ,e1 by :i* ! field ( view is enl>g$1 & an eye glass or l5s1 by :i* ! eye is all[$ to approa* v ne>1 & consequ5tly to view ! image "u a v great angle ( app>5t magnitude4 ,x is n[ cu/om>y to comb9e two or m l5ses toge!r at ! eye glass1 9 ! mann] ( ,eu/a*io ,div9is & ,m4 ,joblot2 by :i* means ! ab]ration ( light f ! figure is 9 "s measure correct$1 & ! app>5t field increas$4 ,,( ,,! ,,sol> ,,microscope4 ,9 ?is in/rum5t1 ! image ( ! object is refract$ ^u a scre5 9 a d>k5$ room4 ,x may be consid]$ "u two di/9ct heads3 #a/1 ! mirror & l5s1 :i* are int5d$ to reflect & transmit ! light ( ! sun ^u ! object2 & #b;dly1 t "p :i* con/itutes ! microscope1 or :i* produces ! magnifi$ image ( ! object1 ,fig4 #aj4 ,plate ,i4 ,let ,n ,o repres5t ! side ( a d>k5$ *amb]1 ,g ,h a small convex l5s1 fix$ opposite to a p]=ation 9 ! side ,n ,o1 ,a ,b a plane mirror or look+ glass1 plac$ )\t ! room to reflect ! sol> rays on ! l5s ,c ,d1 by :i* !y are conv]g$ & conc5trat$ on ! object fix$ at ,e ,f4 #b4 ,! object be+ ?us illum9at$1 ! ray :i* proce$s f ,e w be conv]g$ by ! l5s ,g ,h to a focus ,k1 on ! scre5 ,l ,m2 & ! ray :i* comes f ,f w be conv]g$ to ,i1 & ! int]m$iate po9ts w be del9eat$ betwe5 ,i & ,k2 ?us =m+ a picture1 :i* w be z mu* l>g] ?an ! object1 9 proportion z ! di/ance ( ! scre5 exce$s t ( ! image f ! object2 a small object1 su* z a mite1 c4 may be ?us magnifi$ to eight or t5 feet 9 diamet]4 ,f :at has be5 said1 x appe>s pla9ly1 ! advantages we ga9 by microscopes are d]iv$1 fir/1 f _! magnify+ p[]1 by :i* ! eye is enabl$ to view m di/9ctly ! p>ts ( m9ute objects3 secondly1 t by _! assi/ance1 m light is ?r[n into ! pupil ( ! eye1 ?an is done )\t !m4 ,! advantages procur$ by ! magnify+ p[]1 w\ld be exce$+ly circumscrib$1 if !y 7 n accompani$ by ! latt]3 = if ! same quantity ( light be diffus$ ov] a mu* l>g] surface1 its =ce is proportionably dim9i%$2 & !re=e ! object1 ?\gh magnifi$1 w be d>k & obscure4 ,?us1 suppose ! diamet] ( ! object to be enl>g$ t5 times1 & consequ5tly ! surface "o-hundr$ times1 yet1 if ! focal di/ance ( ! glass 7 eight in*es1 provid$ ?is 7 possible1 & its diamet] only ab\t ! size ( ! pupil ( ! eye1 ! object w\ld appe> "o-hundr$ times m obscure :5 view$ ?r\gh ! glass1 ?an :5 x 0 se5 by ! nak$ eye2 & ?is ev5 on ! supposition t ! glass transmitt$ all ! light :i* fell ^u x1 :i* no glass c d4 ,b if ! glass 7 only f\r in*es focal di/ance1 & its diamet] rema9$ z be=e1 ! inconv5i5ce w\ld be va/ly dim9i%$1 because ! glass c\ld be plac$ twice z ne> ! object z be=e1 & w\ld consequ5tly receive f\r times z _m rays z 9 ! =m] case1 & we %\ld1 !re=e1 see x mu* bright] ?an be=e4 ,by go+ on ?us1 dim9i%+ ! focal di/ance ( ! glass1 & keep+ its diamet] z l>ge z possible1 we %all p]ceive ! object proportionably magnifi$1 & yet rema9 bright & di/9ct4 ,?\gh ?is is ! case 9 !ory1 yet !re is a limit 9 optical in/rum5ts1 :i* is soon arriv$ at1 b :i* _c be pass$4 ,?is arises f ! foll[+ circum/ances4#bg #bg ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 la/ edition1 vol4 xiii1 p4 #ceg4 #a4 ,! quantity ( light lo/ 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! glass4 #b4 ,! dim9ution 9 ! diamet] ( ! glass or l5s itself1 by :i* x receives only a small quantity ( rays4 #c4 ,! extreme %ortness ( ! focal di/ance ( great magnifi]s1 :]eby ! free access ( ! light to ! object we wi% to view is imp$$1 & consequ5tly ! reflection ( ! light f x is weak5$4 #d4 ,! ab]ration ( ! rays1 occasion$ by _! diff]5t refrangibility4 ,to make ?is m cle>1 let u suppose a l5s made ( su* dull k9d ( glass1 t x transmits only "o half ! light t falls ^u x4 ,x is evid5t1 t suppos+ ?is l5s to be ( f\r in*es focus1 & to magnify ! diamet] ( ! object twice1 & its own bread? equal to t ( ! pupil ( ! eye1 ! object w be f\r times magnifi$ 9 surface1 b only half z bright z if x 0 se5 by ! nak$ eye at ! usual di/ance2 = ! light :i* falls ^u ! eye f ! object at eight in*es di/ance1 & likewise ! surface ( ! object 9 its natural size1 be+ bo? repres5t$ by #a1 ! surface ( ! magnifi$ object w be #d1 & ! light :i* makes x visible only #b2 because1 ?\gh ! glass receives f\r times z mu* light z ! nak$ eye does at ! usual di/ance ( di/9ct vision1 yet "o half is lo/ 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! glass4 ,! inconv5i5ce1 9 ?is respect1 c only be remov$ s f> z x is possible to increase ! transp>5cy ( ! glass1 t x may transmit ne>ly all ! rays :i* fall ^u x2 & h[ f> ?is c be done1 has n be5 yet asc]ta9$4 ,! second ob/acle to ! p]fection ( microscopic glasses1 is ! small size ( great magnifi]s2 by :i* means1 not)/&+ _! ne> approa* to ! object1 !y receive a small] quantity ( light ?an might be expect$4 ,?us1 suppose a glass ( only "o-t5? ( an in* focal di/ance1 su* a glass w\ld increase ! visible diamet] eighty times1 & ! surface #fdjj times4 ,if ! bread? ( ! glass c\ld at ! same "t be pres]v$ z great z ! pupil ( ! eye1 :i* we %all suppose "o-t5? ( an in*1 ! object w\ld appe> magnifi$ #fdjj times1 & e "p w\ld be z bright z x appe>s to ! nak$ eye4 ,b if we suppose ! l5s to be only ( an in* diamet]1 x w !n only receive "o-f\r? ( ! light :i* w\ld o!rwise h fall5 ^u x2 !re=e1 in/ead ( communicat+ to ! magnifi$ object a quantity ( light equal to #fdjj1 x w\ld communicate an illum9ation suit$ only to #afjj1 & ! magnifi$ object w\ld appe> f\r times z dim z x does to ! nak$ eye4 ,?is inconv5i5ce c1 h[ev]1 9 a great degree be remov$1 by ?r[+ a mu* l>g] quantity ( light on ! object4 ,v>i\s me?ods ( effect+ ?is purpose w be po9t$ out 9 ! c\rse ( ?is "w4 ,! ?ird ob/acle arises f ! %ortness ( ! focal di/ance 9 l>ge magnifi]s2 ?is inconv5i5ce c1 l ! =m]1 be rem$i$ 9 "s degree1 by artificial means ( accumulat+ light2 b /ill ! eye is /ra9$1 z x mu/ be br\ght ne>] ! glass ?an x c well be>1 :i* 9 "s measure sup]s$es ! use ( v deep l5ses1 or su* z are capable ( magnify+ beyond a c]ta9 degree4 ,! f\r? ob/acle arises f ! diff]5t refrangibility ( ! rays ( light1 :i* frequ5tly causes su* deviations f tru? 9 ! appe>ance ( ?+s1 t _m h imag9$ !mselves to h made surpris+ discov]ies1 & h communicat$ !m z su* to ! _w2 :51 9 fact1 !y h be5 only s _m optical deceptions1 ow+ to ! unequal refraction ( ! rays4 ,9 telescopes1 ?is error has be5 happily correct$ by ! late ,mr4 ,dollond's valuable discov]y ( a*romatic glasses2 b h[ f> ?is inv5tion is applicable to ! improvem5t ( microscopes1 has n yet be5 asc]ta9$2 &1 inde$1 f "s few trials made1 !re is reason = suppos+ !y _c be successfully appli$ to microscopes ) high p[]s2 s t ?is improvem5t is yet a desid]atum 9 ! con/ruction ( microscopes1 & !y may be consid]$ z be+ yet f> f _! ultimate degree ( p]fection4#bh #bh ,h[ _m useful & +5i\s discov]ies h aris5 f accid5tal circum/ances8 ,to adduce "o rec5t in/ance only--,a]o/ation1 a sci5ce1 :i* aft] hav+ baffl$ ! skill & +5uity ( philosoph]s = a s]ies ( ye>s1 & by _m illit]ate p]sons deem$ an idea bord]+ on absurdity1 has be5 ( late discov]$1 & successfully appli$ to practice4 ,,edit4 ,,( ,,! ,,magnify+ ,,p[]s ,,( ,,! ,,microscope4 ,we h already treat$ ( ! app>5t magnitude ( objects1 & %ewn t !y are measur$ by ! angles "u :i* !y are se51 & t ?is angle is great] or small] accord+ z ! object is ne>] to1 or fur!r f1 ! eye2 &1 consequ5tly1 ! less ! di/ance at :i* x c be view$1 ! l>g] x w appe>3 b f ! limits ( natural vision1 ! nak$ eye _c di/+ui% an object t is v ne> to x2 yet1 :5 assi/$ by a convex l5s1 di/9ct vision is obta9$1 h[ev] %ort ! focus ( ! l5s1 &1 consequ5tly1 h[ ne> soev] ! object is to ! eye2 & ! %ort] ! focus ( ! l5s is1 ! great] w be ! magnify+ p[] !re(4 ,f ^! consid]ations1 x w n be difficult to e/imate ! magnify+ p[] ( any l5s us$ z a s+le microscope2 = ?is w be 9 ! same proportion t ! limits ( natural sight be> to ! focus ( ! l5s4 ,if1 = in/ance1 ! convex l5s is ( "o in* focus1 & ! natural sight ( eight in*es1 an object se5 ?r\gh t l5s w h its diamet] app>5tly increas$ eight times2 b1 z ! object is increas$ 9 e direction1 we mu/ squ>e ?is app>5t diamet]1 to "k h[ mu* ! object is really magnifi$2 & ?us multiply+ #h by #h1 we f9d ! sup]ficies is magnifi$ #fd times4 ,f ^! pr9ciples1 ! foll[+ g5]al rule = asc]ta9+ ! magnify+ p[] ( s+le l5ses1 is d$uc$4 ,place a small ?9 transp>5t object on ! /age ( ! microscope1 adju/ ! l5s till ! object appe>s p]fectly di/9ct1 !n measure ! di/ance accurately betwe5 ! l5s & ! object1 r$uce ! measure ?us f\nd to ! hundr$?s ( an in*1 & calculate h[ _m times ?is measure is conta9$ 9 eight in*es1 fir/ r$uc+ ! eight in*es into hundr$?s1 :i* w give y ! numb] ( times ! diamet] ( ! object is magnifi$2 :i* numb] multipli$ into itself1 or squ>$1 gives ! app>5t sup]ficial magnitude ( ! object4 ,z only "o side ( an object c be view$ at a "t1 x is suffici5t1 9 g5]al1 to "k h[ mu* ! surface !re( is magnifi$3 b :5 x is necess>y to "k h[ _m m9ute objects are conta9$ 9 a l>g]1 z = in/ance1 h[ _m giv5 animalcul are conta9$ 9 ! bulk ( a gra9 ( s&1 !n we mu/ cube ! fir/ numb]1 by :i* means we %all obta9 ! solidity or magnifi$ bulk4 ,! =ego+ rule has be5 also appli$ to e/imate ! magnify+ p[] ( ! comp\nd microscope4 ,to ?is application1 ,mr4 ,magny1 9 ! 8,j\rnal d',economie p\r le mois d',a\t #agec10 has made sev]al objections3 "o or two ( ^! ,i %all j m5tion2 ! fir/ is ! difficulty ( asc]ta9+ ) accuracy ! precise focus ( a small l5s2 ! second is ! want ( a fix$ or kn[n measure1 ) :i* to comp>e ! focus :5 asc]ta9$4 ,^! consid]ations1 ?\gh app>5tly trifl+1 w be f\nd ( importance 9 ! calculations :i* are relative to deep magnifi]s4 ,to ?is x may be fur!r add$1 t ! same /&>d or fix$ measure _c be assum$ = a %ort-sight$1 t is us$ = a well-con/itut$ eye4 ,to obviate ^! difficulties1 & "s errors 9 ! me?ods :i* 7 recomm5d$ by ,mess4 ,bak] & ,ne$ham1 ,mr4 ,magny (f]s ! foll[+ ,,proposition4 ,all convex l5ses ( :atsoev] foci1 d\ble ! app>5t diamet] ( an object1 provid$ t ! object be at ! focus ( ! glass on "o side1 & ! eye be at ! same di/ance1 or on ! focus ( ! glass1 at ! opposite side4 ,,exp]im5t4 ,take a d\ble convex l5s1 ( six or eight in*es focus1 & fix x z at ,a1 ,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,ii4 ,a1 into ! piece ,a1 :i* is fix$ p]p5dicul> to ! rule ,f ,g1 & may be slid along x by means ( its socket3 ! rule is divid$ into in*es & p>ts4 ,pa/e a piece ( :ite pap]1 two or ?ree t5?s ( an in* broad1 & ?ree in*es long1 on ! bo>d ,d2 draw ?ree l9es ) ink on ?is piece ( pap]1 s z to divide x into f\r equal p>ts1 tak+ c>e t ! middle ( ! pap] corresponds ) ! c5t] ( ! l5s4 ,!re is also a slid+ eye-piece1 :i* is repres5t$ at e4 ,take ?is app>atus into ! d>ke/ "p ( ! room1 b opposite to ! w9d[2 direct ! glass t[>ds any rem>kable & di/ant object :i* is out ( doors1 & move ! slid+ piece ,b1 until ! image ( ! object on ! pap] be %>p & cle>4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! face ( ! pap] & ! l5s 7:i* is %ewn on ! side ( ! rule by ! divisions !reon7 is ! focus ( ! glass2 n[ set ! eye-piece e ,e to ! same di/ance on ! o!r side ( ! glass1 !n ) "o eye close to ! sight at e1 look at ! magnifi$ image ( ! l9es1 & ) ! o!r eye at ! l9es !mselves3 ! image1 se5 by means ( ! glass1 & express$ 9 ! figure by ! dott$ l9es1 w be d\ble ! bread? ( ! same object se5 by ! natural eye4 ,?is w be f\nd to be true1 :atsoev] is ! focus ( ! l5s ) :i* ! exp]im5t is made4 ,?is exp]im5t is r5d]$ m simple to ^? :o are n accu/om$ to obs]ve ) bo? eyes at ! same "t1 by mak+ use ( half a l5s1 & plac+ ! diamet] p]p5dicul> to ! rule1 z !y may !n readily view ! magnifi$ image & real object ) ! same glance ( ! eye1 & ?us comp>e !m toge!r ) ease & accuracy4 ,let ! angle ,a ,f ,b1 ,fig4 #c4 ,plate ,,ii4 ,a1 repres5t t :i* is =m$ at ! nak$ eye1 by ! rays ( light :i* pass f ! extremities ( ! object1 & unite at ! eye 9 ! po9t ,f4 ,! angle ,d ,f ,e is =m$ ( ! two rays1 :i* at fir/ proce$$ p>allel to ea* o!r f ! extremities ( ! object1 b t 7 aft]w>ds s refract$1 or b5t1 by pass+ ?r\gh ! glass1 z to unite at its focal po9t ,f4 ,c ,o is equal to ! focal di/ance ( ! l5s on ! side next ! object1 ,c ,f equal !reto on ! side next ! eye1 ,f ,o ! di/ance ( ! eye4 ,f ! all[$ pr9ciples ( optics1 x is evid5t1 t ! object w\ld appe> d\ble ! size to ! eye at ,c1 ?an x w\ld to ! eye :5 plac$ at ,f2 because ! di/ance ,f ,o is d\ble ! di/ance ,c ,o4 ,we h only to prove !n1 t ! angle ,a ,c ,b is equal to ! angle ,i ,f ,k1 9 ord] to e/abli% ! proposition4 ,! optical axis is p]p5dicul> to ! glass & ! surface ( ! object4 ,! rays ,a ,i1 ,b ,k1 :i* fl[ f ! po9ts ,a ,b are p>allel to ea* o!r1 & p]p5dicul> to ! glass1 till !y arrive at x2 !y are !n refract$ & proce$ to ,f1 :]e !y =m ! triangle ,i ,f ,k1 re/+ on ! base ,i ,k3 n[ z ,c ,f is equal to ,c ,o1 & ,i ,k is equal to ,a ,b1 ! two triangles ,a ,c ,b1 ,i ,f ,k are simil>1 & consequ5tly ! angle at ,c is equal to ! angle ,f4 ,if ! visual rays are cont9u$ to ! surface ( ! object1 !y w =m ! triangle ,d ,f ,e1 equiangl$ to ! triangle ,a ,b ,c2 & !re=e1 z ,c ,o is to ,a ,b1 s is ,f ,d to ,d ,e2 & consequ5tly1 ! app>5t diamet] ( ! object se5 ?r\gh ! l5s is d\ble ! size t x is :5 view$ by ! nak$ eye4 ,no notice is "h tak5 ( ! d\ble refraction ( ! rays1 z x does n affect ! demon/ration4 ,if y advance t[>ds ,m1 half ! focal di/ance1 ! app>5t diamet] w be only increas$ "o-?ird4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 ! po9t ( sight is l5g!n$ to d\ble ! di/ance ( its focus1 !n ! magnifi$ diamet] w appe> to be ?ree times t ( ! real object4 ,mr4 ,magny concludes f h5ce1 t !re is an impropriety 9 e/imat+ ! magnify+ p[] ( ! eye glass ( comp\nd microscopes1 by see+ h[ (t5 its focus is conta9$ 9 eight or t5 in*es2 & to obviate ^! defects1 he recomm5ds two me?ods to be us$1 :i* reciprocally confirm ea* o!r4 ,! fir/ & mo/ simple me?od to f9d h[ mu* any comp\nd microscope magnifies an object1 is ! same :i* is describ$ by ,dr4 ,hooke 9 8 ,micrographia1 & is z foll[s3 place an accurate scale1 :i* is divid$ into v m9ute p>ts ( an in*1 on ! /age ( y\r microscope2 adju/ ! microscope1 till ^! divisions appe> di/9ct2 !n obs]ve ) ! o!r eye h[ _m divisions ( a rule1 simil>ly divid$ & held at ! /age1 are includ$ 9 "o ( ! magnifi$ divisions3 = if "o division1 z se5 ) "o eye ?r\gh ! microscope1 ext5d to ?irty divisions on ! rule1 :i* is se5 by ! nak$ eye1 x is evid5t1 t ! diamet] ( ! object is increas$ or magnifi$ ?irty times4 ,= ?is purpose1 we (t5 use a small black ebony rule1 7see ,fig4 #d4 ,plate ,,ii4 ,a17 ?ree or f\r t5?s ( an in* broad1 & ab\t sev5 in*es long2 at ea* in* is fix$ a piece ( ivory1 ! fir/ in* is entirely ( ivory1 & subdivid$ into t5 equal p>ts4 #b4 ,a piece ( glass1 ,fig4 #b1 fix$ 9 a brass or ivory slid]2 on ! diamet] ( ?is are drawn two p>allel l9es1 ab\t ?ree-t5?s ( an in* long2 ea* t5? be+ divid$1 "o into ?ree1 ! second into f\r1 ! ?ird into five p>ts4 ,to use ?is1 place ! glass1 ,fig4 #b1 on ! middle ( ! /age1 & ! rule1 ,fig4 #d1 on "o side1 b p>allel to x2 !n look into ! microscope ) "o eye1 keep+ ! o!r op51 & obs]ve h[ _m p>ts "o-t5? ( a l9e 9 ! microscope takes 9 ^u ! p>ts ( ! rule se5 by ! nak$ eye4 ,= in/ance1 suppose ) a f\r? magnifi] t "o-t5? ( an in* magnifi$ answ]s 9 l5g? to =ty-t5?s or p>ts on ! rule1 :5 se5 by ! nak$ eye1 !n ?is magnifi] increases ! diamet] ( ! object =ty times4 ,?is mode ( actual admeasurem5t is1 )\t d\bt1 ! mo/ simple t c be us$2 by x we compreh5d1 z x 71 at "o glance1 ! diff]5t effects ( comb9$ glasses2 x saves ! tr\ble1 & avoids ! obscurity t att5ds ! usual modes ( calculation2 b _m p]sons f9d x exce$+ly difficult to adopt ?is me?od1 because !y h n be5 accu/om$ to obs]ve ) bo? eyes at once4 ,we %all !re=e proce$ to describe ano!r me?od1 :i* has n ?is inconv5i5ce4 ,,( ,,! ,,ne$le ,,micromet]4 ,fig4 #h4 ,plate ,,ii4 ,a1 repres5ts ?is micromet]4 ,! fir/ ( ?is k9d 0 made by my fa!r1 & 0 describ$ by him 9 8 ,micrographia ,illu/rata4 ,x consi/s ( a screw1 :i* has fifty ?reads to an in*2 ?is screw c>ries an index1 :i* po9ts to ! divisions on a circul> plate1 :i* is fix$ at "r angles to ! axis ( ! screw4 ,! revolutions ( ! screw are c\nt$ on a scale1 :i* is an in* divid$ into fifty p>ts2 ! index to ^! divisions is a fl[] de luce m>k$ ^u ! slid]1 :i* c>ries ! ne$le po9t across ! field ( ! microscope4 ,e revolution ( ! micromet] screw measures "p ( an in*1 :i* is aga9 subdivid$ by means ( ! divisions on ! circul> plate1 z ?is is divid$ into tw5ty equal p>ts1 ov] :i* ! index passes at e revolution ( ! screw2 by :i* means1 we obta9 ) ease ! measure ( "o-?\s&? "p ( an in*2 = #ej1 ! numb] ( ?reads on ! screw 9 "o in*1 be+ multipli$ by #bj1 ! divisions on ! circul> plate1 are equal to #ajjj2 s t ea* division on ! circul> plate %ews t ! ne$le has ei!r advanc$ or rec$$ "o-?\s&? "p ( an in*4 ,to place ?is micromet] on ! body ( ! microscope1 op5 ! circul> "p ,f ,k ,h1 ,fig4 #h4 ,plate ,,ii4 ,a1 by tak+ out ! screw ,g1 ?r[ back ! semicircle ,f ,k :i* moves ^u a jo9t at ,k1 !n turn ! slid+ tube ( ! body ( ! microscope1 s t ! small holes :i* are 9 bo? tubes may exactly co9cide1 & let ! ne$le g ( ! micromet] h a free passage ?r\gh !m2 aft] ?is1 screw x fa/ ^u ! body by ! screw ,g4 ,! ne$le w n[ trav]se ! field ( ! microscope1 & measure ! l5g? & bread? ( ! image ( any object t is appli$ to x4 ,b fur!r assi/ance mu/ be _h1 9 ord] to measure ! object itself1 :i* is a subject ( real importance2 = ?\gh we h asc]ta9$ ! p[] ( ! microscope1 & "k t x is s _m ?\s& times1 yet ?is w be ( little assi/ance t[>ds asc]ta9+ an accurate idea ( its real size2 = our ideas ( bulk be+ =m$ by ! comp>ison ( "o object ) ano!r1 we c only judge ( t ( any p>ticul> body1 by comp>+ x ) ano!r ^: size is kn[n3 ! same ?+ is necess>y1 9 ord] to =m an e/imate by ! microscope2 !re=e1 to asc]ta9 ! real measure ( ! object1 we mu/ make ! po9t ( ! ne$le pass ov] ! image ( a kn[n "p ( an in* plac$ on ! /age1 & write d[n ! revolutions made by ! screw1 :ile ! ne$le pass$ ov] ! image ( ?is kn[n measure2 by :i* means we asc]ta9 ! numb] ( revolutions on ! screw1 :i* are adequate to a real & kn[n measure on ! /age4 ,z x requires an att5tive eye to wat* ! motion ( ! ne$le po9t1 z x passes ov] ! image ( a kn[n "p ( an in* on ! /age1 we ought n to tru/ to "o s+le measurem5t ( ! image1 b ought to repeat x at lea/ six times2 !n add ! six measures ?us obta9$ toge!r1 & divide _! sum by six1 or ! numb] ( trials2 ! quoti5t w be ! mean ( all ! trials4 ,?is result is to be plac$ 9 a column ( a table1 next to t :i* conta9s ! numb] ( ! magnifi]s4 ,by ! assi/ance ( ! sectoral scale1 we obta9 ) ease a small "p ( an in*4 ,?is scale is %ewn at ,fig4 #e1 #f1 #g4 ,plate ,,ii4 ,a1 9 :i* ! two l9es c a c b1 ) ! side a b1 =m an isosceles triangle2 ea* ( ! sides is two in*es long1 & ! base "o-t5? ( an in*4 ,! long] sides may be ( any giv5 l5g?1 & ! base /ill only ( "o-t5? ( an in*4 ,! long] l9es may be consid]$ z ! l9e ( l9es ^u a sector op5$ to "o-t5? ( an in*4 ,h5ce1 :atev] numb] ( equal p>ts ca cb are divid$ into1 _! transv]se measure w be su* a "p ( "o-t5? z is express$ by _! divisions4 ,?us1 if x be divid$ into t5 equal p>ts1 ?is w divide ! in* into "o-hundr$ equal p>ts2 ! fir/ division next c w be equal to "o-hundr$? "p ( an in*1 because x is ! t5? "p ( "o-t5? ( an in*4 ,if ^! l9es be divid$ into tw5ty equal p>ts1 ! in* w be by ^? means divid$ into two hundr$ equal p>ts4 ,la/ly1 if a b c a be made ?ree in*es long1 & divid$ into "o-hundr$ equal p>ts1 we obta9 ) ease ! "o-?\s&? "p4 ,! scale is repres5t$ z solid at ,fig4 #f1 b z p]=at$ at ,fig4 #e & #g2 s t ! light passes ?r\gh ! ap]ture1 :5 ! sectoral "p is plac$ on ! /age4 ,to use ?is scale1 fir/ fix ! micromet]1 ,fig4 #h4 ,plate ,,ii4 ,a1 to ! body ( ! microscope2 !n fit ! sectoral scale1 ,fig4 #g1 9 ! /age1 & adju/ ! microscope to its prop] focus or di/ance f ! scale1 :i* is to be mov$ till ! base appe>s 9 ! middle ( ! field ( view2 !n br+ ! ne$le po9t g1 ,fig4 #h1 by turn+ ! screw ,l1 to t\* "o ( ! l9es c a exactly at ! po9t answ]+ to #bj on ! sectoral scale4 ,! index a ( ! micromet]1 ,fig4 #h1 is to be set to ! fir/ division1 & t on ! dial plate to #bj1 :i* is bo? ! beg9n+ & end ( its divisions2 we are !n prep>$ to f9d ! magnify+ p[] ( e magnifi] 9 ! comp\nd microscope :i* we are us+4 ,,example4 ,e ?+ be+ prep>$ agreeable to ! =ego+ directions1 suppose y are desir\s ( asc]ta9+ ! magnify+ p[] ( ! l5s m>k$ ,no4 #d2 turn ! micromet] screw1 until ! po9t ( ! ne$le has pass$ ov] ! magnifi$ image ( ! t5? "p ( "o in*2 !n ! division1 :]e ! two indices rema91 w %ew h[ _m revolutions1 & p>ts ( a revolution1 ! screw has made1 :ile ! ne$le po9t trav]s$ ! magnifi$ image ( ! "o-t5? ( an in*2 suppose ! result to be tw5ty-six revolutions ( ! screw1 & f\rte5 p>ts ( ano!r revolution1 ?is is equal to #bf multipli$ by #bj1 add$ to #ad2 t is1 #ecd ?\s&? p>ts ( an in*4 ,! tw5ty-six divisions f\nd on ! /rait scale ( ! micromet]1 :ile ! po9t ( ! ne$le pass$ ov] ! magnifi$ image ( "o-t5? "p ( an in*1 7 multipli$ by #bj1 because ! circul> plate ,c ,d1 ,fig4 #h1 is divid$ into tw5ty equal p>ts2 ?is produc$ #ebj2 !n add+ ! f\rte5 p>ts ( ! next revolution1 we obta9 #ecd ?\s&? p>ts ( an in*1 or #e-t5?s & #cd-;hundr$? p>ts ( ano!r t5?1 :i* is ! measure ( ! magnifi$ image ( #a-t5? ( an in*1 at ! ap]ture ( ! eye glasses1 or at _! foci4 ,n[ if we suppose ! focus ( ! two eye-glasses to be "o in*1 ! d\ble !re( is two in*es2 or if we reckon 9 ! ?\s&? "p ( an in*1 we h two ?\s& p>ts = ! di/ance ( ! eye f ! ne$le po9t ( ! micromet]4 ,aga91 if we take ! di/ance ( ! image f ! object at ! /age at six in*es1 or six ?\s&?s1 & add !reto two ?\s&1 d\ble ! di/ance ( ! focus ( ! eye glass1 we %all h eight ?\s& p>ts ( an in* = ! di/ance ( ! eye f ! object2 & z f ! proposition1 page #ea1 we ga!r t ! glasses d\ble ! image1 we mu/ d\ble ! numb] #ecd f\nd ^u ! micromet]1 :i* !n makes #ajfh3 !n1 by ! foll[+ analogy1 we %all obta9 ! numb] ( times ! microscope magnifies ! diamet] ( ! object2 say1 z #bdj1 ! di/ance ( ! eye f ! image ( ! object1 is to #hjj1 ! di/ance ( ! eye f ! object1 s is #ajfh1 d\ble ! measure f\nd on ! micromet]1 to #cefc1 or ! numb] ( times ! microscope magnifies ! diamet] ( ! object4 ,by work+ 9 ?is mann]1 ! magnify+ p[] ( ea* l5s us$ ) ! comp\nd microscope may be easily f\nd1 ?\gh ! result w be diff]5t 9 diff]5t comp\nd microscopes1 v>y+1 accord+ to ! comb9ation ( ! l5ses1 _! di/ance f ! object1 & "o ano!r1 c4 ,hav+ discov]$ ! magnify+ p[] ( ! microscope1 ) ! diff]5t object l5ses t are us$ !re)1 our next subject is to f9d out ! real size ( ! objects !mselves1 & _! diff]5t p>ts2 ?is is easily effect$1 by f9d+ h[ _m revolutions ( ! micromet]-screw answ] to a kn[n measure on ! sectoral scale1 or o!r object plac$ on ! /age2 f ! numb] ?us f\nd1 a table %\ld be con/ruct$1 express+ ! value ( ! diff]5t revolutions ( ! micromet] ) t object l5s1 by :i* ! prim>y numb] 0 obta9$4 ,simil> tables mu/ be con/ruct$ = ea* object l5s4 ,by a set ( tables ( ?is k9d1 ! obs]v] may readily f9d ! measure ( any object he is exam9+2 = he has only to make ! ne$le po9t trav]se ov] ?is object1 & obs]ve ! numb] ( revolutions ! screw has made 9 its passage1 & !n look into 8 table = ! real measure :i* corresponds to ?is numb] ( revolutions1 :i* is ! measure requir$4 ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,glass1 ,,pe>l1 c4 ,,micromet]s1 ,,by ,,! ,,editor4 ,hav+ se5 "s glass1 c4 micromet]s ) exquisite f9e divisions1 = ! purposes ( apply+ to microscopes & telescopes2 & 9 accuracy1 be+ equival5t to ! micromet] j describ$ by our au?or1 ,i judge1 "s acc\nt ( _! application & uses "h w be v acceptable to ! curi\s & inquisitive read]4 ,a p>ticul> description ( ^! z made by ! +5i\s ,mr4 ,cov5try1 has be5 already giv5 9 ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 ,vol4 ,,xi4 p4 #gjh4 ,! s+ul> dext]ity :i* ,mr4 ,cov5try & o!rs n[ possess1 ( cutt+ by an eng9e f9e p>allel l9es ^u glass1 pe>l1 ivory1 & brass1 at su* m9ute di/ances z1 by means ( a microscope1 are prov$ to be f ! #ajj? to ! #ejjj;d? "p ( an in*1 r5d] ?is sort ( micromet] ! easie/ & mo/ accurate means ( obta9+ ! exact natural size ( ! object to be magnifi$1 & h[ _m times t object is magnifi$4 ,mr4 ,b4 ,m>t91 & o!r opticians1 _m ye>s ago appli$ divid$ slips ( glass1 ivory1 & horn to ! body1 9 ! focus ( ! eye glass ( microscopes2 b ! ?ickness ( ! :ole m$ium ( ! glass 0 f\nd to dim9i% ! di/9ct view ( ! object3 ivory & horn1 f _! v>iable texture1 7 f\nd to exp& & contract too readily to be commodi\s4 ,x is !re=e to ,mr4 ,cavallo t we are indebt$ = ! happy ?\ght ( adapt+ slips ( divid$ pe>l to telescopes1 to asc]ta9 _! p[]1 c4 :i* sub/ance ! opticians n[ f9d to be ! be/ = microscopical micromet]s4 ,x possesses a suffici5t degree ( transp>5cy1 :5 made ab\t ! ?ickness ( writ+ pap]2 is a /eady sub/ance2 admits v easily ( ! f9e/ graduations1 & is g5]ally made 9 bread? ab\t ! #bj? "p ( an in*4 ,fig4 #i4 ,plate ,,ii4 ,a1 is a repres5tation ( ?is scale1 ) divisions ( ! #bjj?s ( an in*1 e fif? & t5? division be+ left long] ?an ! o!rs1 :i* only g to ab\t ! middle4 ,if ! eye glass ( ! microscope or telescope1 to :i* ?is micromet] is to be appli$1 magnify v mu*1 its divisions may be proportionably m9ute4 ,to measure by ?is micromet] ! size ( an object 9 a s+le microscope1 no?+ m is requir$ ?an to lay x on ! micromet]1 & adju/ x to ! focus ( ! magnifi]1 notic+ h[ _m divisions x cov]s or co9cides )4 ,suppos+ ! p>allel l9es to be ! #ajjj;d?s ( an in*1 & ! object cov]s two divisions1 its real size is ! #ejj? ( an in*2 if five1 #bjj? ( an in*1 c4 ,to f9d h[ mu* ! object is magnifi$1 is n s easily done by ! s+le1 z by ! comp\nd microscope1 z has be5 be=e expla9$4 ,! foll[+ simple me?od has be5 adopt$ by ,mr4 ,cov5try1 & :i* may be consid]$ tol]ably accurate4 ,adju/ a micromet] "u ! microscope1 suppose #ajj? ( an in* ( divisions1 ) a small object on x1 if squ>e1 ! bett]2 notice h[ _m divisions "o side ( ! object cov]s1 suppose t52 !n cut a piece ( :ite pap] some?+ l>g] ?an ! magnifi$ appe>ance ( ! object2 fix "o eye on ! object ?r\gh ! microscope1 & ! o!r at ! same "t on ! pap]1 l[]+ x d[n till ! object & ! pap] appe> level & di/9ct3 !n cut ! pap] till x appe> exactly ! size ( ! magnifi$ object2 ! pap] be+ !n measur$1 suppose an in* squ>e3 n[1 z ! object "u ! magnifi]1 :i* appe>$ to be "o in* squ>e1 0 9 reality only t5 hundr$?s1 or ! t5? ( an in*1 ! exp]im5t proves t x is magnifi$ t5 times 9 l5g?1 "o hundr$ times 9 sup]ficies1 & "o ?\s& times 9 cube1 :i* is ! magnify+ p[] ( ! glass2 & 9 ! same mann] a table may be made ( ! p[] ( all ! o!r glasses4 ,9 us+ ! comp\nd microscope1 ! real size ( ! object is f\nd by ! same me?od z 9 ! s+le2 b to demon/rate ! magnify+ p[] to great] c]ta9ty1 adopt ! foll[+ me?od4 ,lay a two-feet rule on ! /age1 & a micromet] level ) its surface1 7an in* suppose1 divid$ into #ajj p>ts37 ) "o eye see h[ _m ( ^? p>ts are conta9$ 9 ! field ( ! microscope1 suppose #ej2 & ) ! o!r1 at ! same "t1 look = ! circle ( light 9 ! field ( ! microscope1 :i* ) a little practice w soon appe> di/9ct2 m>k h[ mu* ( ! rule1 f ! c5t] ( ! /age1 is int]sect$ by ! circle ( light1 :i* w be half ! diamet] ( ! field4 ,suppose eight in*es2 consequ5tly ! :ole diamet] w be sixte54 ,n[1 z ! real size ( ! field by ! micromet]s appe>$ to be only #ej hundr$?s1 or half an in*1 & z half an in* is only "o #cb;d "p ( #af in*es1 x %ews ! magnify+ p[] to be #cb times 9 l5g?1 #ajbd sup]ficies1 & #cbgfh 9 cube or bulk4 ,= accuracy1 z well z = comp>ative obs]vations1 ! rule %\ld always be a c]ta9 di/ance f ! eye2 eight in*es 9 g5]al is a prop] di/ance4 ,ano!r way1 & ! mo/ easy = f9d+ ! magnify+ p[] ( comp\nd microscopes1 is by us+ two micromet]s ( ! same divisions2 "o adju/$ "u ! magnifi]1 ! o!r fix$ 9 ! body ( ! microscope 9 ! focus ( ! eye glass4 ,notice h[ _m divisions ( ! micromet] 9 ! body are se5 9 "o division ( ! micromet] "u ! magnifi]1 :i* aga9 mu/ be multipli$ by ! p[] ( ! eye glass4 ,example3 ,t5 divisions ( ! micromet] 9 ! body are conta9$ 9 "o division "u ! magnifi]2 s f> ! p[] is increas$ t5 times3 n[1 if ! eye glass be "o in* focus1 su* glass w ( itself magnify ab\t eight times 9 l5g?1 :i*1 ) ! t5 times magnifi$ be=e1 w be eight times t51 or #hj times 9 l5g?1 #fdjj sup]ficies1 & #eabjjj cube4 ,fig4 #aj4 ,plate ,,ii4 ,a1 repres5ts ! field ( view ( ! comp\nd microscope1 ) ! pe>l micromet]1 z appli$ to ! ap]ture 9 ! body1 call$ ! eye /op2 & a magnifi$ micromet] t is laid on ! /age1 %ew+ t "o ( ! latt] conta9s t5 ( ! =m]4 ,a set ( ivory & glass micromet]s1 ab\t six 9 numb]1 besides "o or two pe>l ones = ! eye /ops1 are g5]ally pack$ up ) ! be/ sort ( microscopes made by ,messrs4 ,w4 & ,s4 ,jones1 ,opticians1 ,holborn4 ,!y are divid$ into l9es & squ>es1 f ! #ajj? to ! #ajjj;d? p>ts ( an in*2 &1 besides measur+ ! magnify+ p[]s ( microscopes1 are g5]ally f\nd useful 9 measur+ ! diamet]s1 proportions1 c4 ( opake & transp>5t objects1 ev5 ( ! m9ute/ k9d4 ,! smalle/ divisions ( ! glass micromet] to be useful1 are ^? divid$ into ! #djjj;d? "p ( an in*2 & z ^! may be cross$ aga9 ) an equal numb] ( l9es 9 ! same mann]1 !y =m squ>es ( ! ,,sixte5 ,,million? "p ( an in* surface1 ea* squ>e ( :i* appe>+ "u ! microscope true & di/9ct4 ,&1 ev5 small z ?is is1 animalcul are f\nd s m9ute z to be conta9$ 9 "o ( ^! squ>es6 ,glass micromet]s ) squ>es1 appli$ to ! sol> microscope1 divide ! objects into squ>es on ! scre5 9 su* a mann]1 z to r5d] a draw+ f x v easy2 & are employ$ ) great advantage 9 ! luc]nal microscope4 ,! micromet]s are con/ruct$ ) moveable frames or tubes1 s z to be ei!r appli$ or tak5 away 9 ! readie/ mann]4 ,= ! uses ( ! pe>l micromet] z appli$ to ! telescope1 see ,mr4 ,cavallo's pamphlet descriptive ( its use1 #hvo4 #agic1 & ! ,philosophical ,transactions = #agia4 ,,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,a ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,mo/ ,,approv$ ,,microscopes1 ,,& ,,! ,,me?od ,,( ,,us+ ,,!m4 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt] ,i h endeav\r$ to give a compreh5sive view ( ! !ory ( ! microscope1 & ! pr9ciples on :i* ! wond]ful effects ( ?is in/rum5t dep5d4 ,i %all n[ proce$ to describe ! v>i\s in/rum5ts !mselves1 _! app>atus1 & ! mo/ easy & ready mode ( apply+ !m to use2 select+ = description ^? t1 f "s peculi> advantage 9 _! con/ruction1 or f ! reputation ( ! au?ors :o h recomm5d$ & us$ !m1 are 9 mo/ g5]al use4 ,:at is said ( ^! w1 ,i hope1 be suffici5t to enable ! read] to manage any o!r k9d t may fall 9 8 way4 ,,description ,,( ,,adams',s ,,improv$ ,,& ,,univ]sal ,,luc]nal ,,microscope4 ,fig4 #a4 ,plate ,,iii4 ,?is microscope 0 orig9ally ?\ght (1 & 9 "p execut$ by my fa!r2 ,i h1 h[ev]1 s improv$ & alt]$ x1 bo? 9 con/ruction & =m1 z to r5d] x altoge!r a diff]5t in/rum5t4 ,! approbation x has receiv$ f ! mo/ exp]i5c$ microscopic obs]v]s1 z well z ! great dem& ,i h _h = !m1 has fully repaid my pa9s & exp5ses1 9 br++ x to its pres5t /ate ( p]fection4 ,z ! f> great] "p ( ! objects :i* surr\nd u are opake1 & v few suffici5tly transp>5t to be exam9$ by ! common microscopes1 an in/rum5t t c\ld be readily appli$ to ! exam9ation ( opake objects1 has always be5 a desid]atum4 ,ev5 9 ! exam9ation ( transp>5t objects1 _m ( ! f9e & m curi\s portions are lo/1 & dr[n$ z x 7 9 ! light :i* mu/ be transmitt$ ?r\gh !m2 :ile diff]5t p>ts ( ! same object appe> only z d>k l9es or spots1 because !y are s opake1 z n to p]mit any light to pass ?r\gh !m4 ,^! difficulties1 z well z _m m1 are obviat$ 9 ! luc]nal microscope2 by :i* opake objects ( v>i\s sizes may be se5 ) ease & di/9ctness2 ! beautiful col\rs ) :i* mo/ ( !m are adorn$1 are r5d]$ m brilliant1 )\t 9 ! lea/ *ang+ _! natural te9ts4 ,! concave & convex p>ts ( an object reta9 also _! prop] =m4 ,! facility ) :i* all opake objects are appli$ to ?is in/rum5t is ano!r consid]able advantage1 & almo/ peculi> to itself2 z ! texture & configuration ( ! m t5d] p>ts are (t5 hurt by previ\s prep>ation1 e object may be exam9$ by ?is in/rum5t1 fir/ z opake1 & aft]w>ds1 if ! texture w admit ( x1 z transp>5t4 ,! luc]nal microscope does n 9 ! lea/ fatigue ! eye2 ! object appe>s l nature itself1 giv+ ease to ! sight1 & pleasure to ! m9d3 !re is also 9 ! use ( ?is in/rum5t1 no occasion to %ut t eye :i* is n direct$ to ! object4 ,a fur!r advantage peculi> to ?is microscope is1 t by x ! outl9es ( e object may be tak51 ev5 by ^? :o are n accu/om$ to draw2 :ile ^? :o c draw well1 w receive great assi/ance1 & execute _! "w ) m accuracy1 & 9 less "t ?an !y w\ld o!rwise h be5 able to h p]=m$ x 94 ,mo/ ( ! designs = ?is "w 7 tak5 ) ! luc]nal microscope2 & ,i hope ! accuracy ) :i* !y are execut$1 w be deem$ a suffici5t te/imony 9 fav\r ( ! in/rum5t4 ,9 ?is po9t ( view x w1 ,i ?9k1 be f\nd ( great use to ! anatomi/1 ! botani/1 ! entomologi/1 c4 z x w enable !m n only to inve/igate ! object ( _! rese>*es1 b to convey to o!rs accurate del9eations ( ! subject !y wi% to describe4 ,by ! addition ( a t9 lan?orn1 transp>5t objects may be %ewn on a scre51 z by ! sol> microscope4 ,transp>5t objects may be exam9$ ) ?is in/rum5t 9 ?ree or f\r diff]5t modes2 f a blaze ( light almo/ too great = ! eye to be>1 to t :i* is p]fectly easy to x4 ,:5 ?is in/rum5t is fitt$ up 9 ! be/ way1 x is g5]ally accompani$ ) a small d\ble & s+le microscope4 ,fig4 #a4 ,plate ,,iii4 repres5ts ! ,,improv$ ,,luc]nal ,,microscope1 m\nt$ to view opake objects2 ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e is a l>ge mahogany pyramidical box1 ab\t f\rte5 in*es long1 & six in*es squ>e at its l>g] end1 :i* =ms ! body ( ! microscope2 x is support$ firmly on ! brass pill> ,f ,g1 by means ( ! socket ,h1 & ! curv$ piece ,i ,k4 ,l ,m ,n is a guide = ! eye1 9 ord] to direct x 9 ! axis ( ! l5ses2 x consi/s ( two brass tubes1 "o slid+ )9 ! o!r1 & a v]tical flat piece1 at ! top ( :i* is ! hole = ! eye4 ,! out] tube is se5 at ,m ,n1 ! v]tical piece is repres5t$ at ,l ,m4 ,! inn] tube may be pull$ out1 or pu%$ 91 to adju/ x to ! focus ( ! glasses4 ,! v]tical piece may be rais$ or depress$1 t ! hole1 ?r\gh :i* ! object is to be view$1 may co9cide ) ! c5t] ( ! field ( view2 x is fix$ by a mill$ screw at ,m1 :i* c\ld n be %ewn 9 ?is figure4 ,at ,n is a dove-tail$ piece ( brass1 made to receive ! dove-tail at ! end ( ! tubes ,m ,n1 by :i* x is affix$ to ! wood5 box ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e4 ,! tubes ,m ,n may be remov$ f ?is box occasionally1 = ! conv5i5ce ( pack+ x up 9 a less compass4 ,o ,p a small tube on :i* ! magnifi]s are screw$4 ,o "o ( ! magnifi]s2 x is screw$ into ! end ( a tube1 :i* slides )9 ! tube ,p2 ! tube ,p may be unscrew$ occasionally f ! wood5 body4 ,q ,r ,s ,t ,v ,x a long squ>e b>1 :i* passes ?r\gh ! sockets ,y ,z1 & c>ries ! /age or frame t holds ! objects2 ?is b> may be mov$ backw>d or =w>d1 9 ord] to adju/ x to ! focus1 by means ( ! p9ion :i* is at a4 b e is a h&le furni%$ ) an univ]sal jo9t1 = m conv5i5tly turn+ ! p9ion4 ,:5 ! h&le is remov$1 ! nut1 ,fig4 #b1 may be us$ 9 its /ead4 d e is a brass b>1 to support ! curv$ piece ,k ,i1 & keep ! body ,a ,b firm & /eady4 f g h i is ! /age = opake objects2 x fits ^u ! b> ,q ,r ,s ,t by means ( ! socket h i1 & is br\ght ne>] to1 or remov$ f>!r f ! magnify+ l5s1 by turn+ ! p9ion a2 ! objects are plac$ 9 ! front side ( ! /age1 :i* _c be se5 9 ?is figure1 betwe5 f\r small brass plates2 ! edges ( two ( ^! are se5 at k l4 ,! two upp] pieces ( brass are moveable2 !y are fix$ to a plate1 :i* is act$ on by a spiral spr+ t presses !m d[n1 & conf9es ! slid] ) ! objects2 ?is plate1 & ! two upp] pieces ( brass1 are lift$ up by ! small nut m4 ,at ! l[] "p ( ! /age1 !re is a glass semiglobe n1 :i* is design$ to receive ! light f ! lamp1 ,fig4 #c1 & to collect & convey x to ! concave mirror o1 f :5ce x is to be reflect$ on ! object4 ,! upp] "p1 f g r ,s1 ( ! opake /age takes out1 t ! /age = transp>5t objects may be ins]t$ 9 its place4 ,fig4 #d4 repres5ts ! /age = transp>5t objects2 ! two legs #e & #f1 fit into ! "u "p r ,s ( ! /age = opake objects2 #g is ! "p :i* conf9es or holds ! slid]s1 & ?r\gh :i* !y are to be mov$2 #i & #aj a brass tube1 :i* conta9s ! l5ses = cond5s+ ! light1 & ?r[+ x ^u ! object2 !re is a second tube )9 t1 m>k$ #i & #aj1 :i* may be plac$ at diff]5t di/ances f ! object by ! p9 #aa4 ,:5 ?is /age is us$ z a s+le microscope1 )\t any ref]5ce to ! luc]nal1 ! magnifi]s or object l5ses are to be screw$ into ! hole #ab1 & to be adju/$ to a prop] focus by ! nut #ac4 ,n4 ,b4 ,at ! end ,a ,b ( ! wood5 body !re is a slid]1 :i* is repres5t$ z p>tly drawn out at ,a2 :5 q tak5 out1 ?ree grooves w be p]ceiv$1 "o ( :i* conta9s a bo>d t =ms ! end ( ! box1 ! next conta9s a frame ) a grey$ glass2 ! ?ird1 or t f>!/ f ! end ,a ,b1 two l>ge convex l5ses4 ,,( ,,! ,,lamp4 ,fig4 #c1 repres5ts "o ( ,arg&'s lamps1 :i* is ! mo/ suitable = microscopic purposes1 on acc\nt ( ! cle>ness1 ! int5sity1 & ! /ead9ess ( ! light4 ,! foll[+ me?od ( manag+ x1 ) o!r obs]vations1 is copi$ f an acc\nt giv5 by ,mr4 ,p>k]1 ) ^? he sells4 ,! pr9ciple on :i* ! lamp acts1 consi/s 9 dispos+ ! wick 9 ?9 p>ts1 s t ! air may come into contact ) all ! burn+ fuel1 by :i* means1 toge!r ) an increase ( ! curr5t ( air occasion$ by r>efaction 9 ! glass tube1 ! :ole ( ! fuel is conv]t$ into flame4 ,! wicks are circul>1 &1 ! m readily to regulate ! quantity ( light1 are fix$ on a brass coll> ) a wire h&le1 by means ( :i* !y are rais$ or depress$ at pleasure4 ,to fix ! wick on1 a wood m&ril is contriv$1 :i* is tap]$ at "o end1 & has a groove turn$ at ! o!r4 ,! wick has a selvage at "o end1 :i* is to be put =emo/ on ! m&ril1 & mov$ up to ! groove2 !n putt+ ! groove into ! coll> ( ! wick-hold]1 ! wick is easily pu%$ =w>d ^u x4 ,! wick-hold] & wick be+ put q d[n 9 _! place1 ! sp>e "p ( ! wick %\ld1 :ile dry1 be set alight1 & suff]$ to burn to ! edge ( ! tubes2 ?is w leave x m ev5 ?an by cutt+1 &1 be+ black by burn+1 w be mu* easi] light$3 = ?is reason1 ! black %\ld nev] be intirely cut (f4 ,! lamp %\ld be fill$ an h\r or two be=e x is want$1 t ! cotton may imbibe ! oil1 & draw ! bett]4 ,! lamps :i* h a res]voir & valve1 ne$ no o!r direction = fill+1 ?an to d x ) a prop] trimm+ pot1 c>efully obs]v+ :5 !y are full2 !n pull+ up ! valve by ! po9t1 ! res]voir be+ turn$ by ! o!r h&1 may be replac$ )\t spill+ a drop4 ,^? lamps :i* fill 9 ! front l a bird-f\nta91 mu/ be recl9$ on ! back to fill1 & ?is %\ld be done g5tly1 t ! oil 9 ! burn] may return into ! body :5 s plac$ & fill$2 if1 by be+ too full1 any oil appe> above ! gu>d1 only move ! lamp a little1 & ! oil w disappe>2 ! lamp may !n be plac$ erect1 & ! oil w fl[ to its prop] level4 ,! oil mu/ be ( ! sp]maceti k9d1 commonly call$ *amb] oil1 :i* may g5]ally be di/+ui%$ by its pal5ess1 transp>5cy1 & in(f5sive sc5t2 all ^? oils :i* are ( a r$ & br[n col\r1 & ( an (f5sive smell1 %\ld be c>efully avoid$1 z _! glut9\s p>ts clog ! lamp1 & ! impurities 9 su* oil n be+ inflammable1 w accumulate & rema9 9 ! =m ( a cru/ on ! wick4 ,seal oil is ne>ly z pale & sweet z *amb] oil1 b be+ ( a heavy sluggi% quality1 is n prop] = lamps ) f9e wicks4 ,:5ev] bad oil has be5 us$1 on *ang+ x1 ! wick mu/ also be *ang$1 because1 aft] hav+ imbib$ ! co>se p>ticles 9 its capill>y tubes1 x w n draw up ! f9e oil4 ,to obta9 ! greate/ degree ( light1 ! wick %\ld be trimm$ exactly ev51 ! flame w !n be completely equal4 ,!re w be a great advantage 9 keep+ ! lamp clean1 especially ! burn] & air tubes2 ! neglect ( cleanl9ess 9 lamps is too common3 a c&le/ick is g5]ally clean$ e "t x is us$1 s %\ld a lamp2 & if a c&le/ick is n to be object$ to1 because x does n give light aft] ! c&le is exhau/$1 s a lamp %\ld n be ?\ght ill (1 if x does n give light :5 x wants oil or cotton2 b ?is la/ has (t5 happ5$1 because ! defici5cy is less visible4 ,! glass tubes are be/ clean$ ) a piece ( wa% lea!r4 ,if a f\nta9 lamp be left p>tly fill$ ) oil1 x may be liable to ov]fl[2 ?is happ5s by ! contraction ( ! air :5 cold1 & its expansion by ! w>m? ( a room1 ! rays ( ! sun1 or ! heat ( ! lamp :5 re-light$3 ?is accid5t may be effectually prev5t$ by keep+ ! res]voir fill$1 ! oil n be+ subject to expansion l air4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 ^? ) a common res]voir are be/ adapt$ = microscopic purposes4 ,,to ,,exam9e ,,opake ,,objects ,,) ,,! ,,luc]nal ,,microscope4 ,! microscope is repres5t$ z m\nt$1 & entirely ready = ?is purpose1 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,plate ,,iii4 ,to r5d] ! use ( ?is in/rum5t easy1 x is usually pack$ ) z _m ( ! p>ts toge!r z possible2 x occupies on ?is acc\nt r m room1 b is mu* less emb>rass+ to ! obs]v]1 :o has only ?ree p>ts to put on aft] x is tak5 out ( its box1 namely1 ! guide = ! eye1 ! /age1 & ! tube ) its magnifi]4 ,b to be m p>ticul>1 take out ! wood5 slide ,a1 !n lift out ! cov] & ! grey glass f _! respective grooves "u ! slide ,a4 ,put ! end ,n ( ! guide = ! eye ,l ,m ,n into its place1 s t x may /& 9 ! position :i* is repres5t$ 9 ?is figure4 ,place ! socket1 :i* is at ! bottom ( ! opake /age1 on ! b> ,q ,x ,t1 s t ! concave mirror o may be next ! end ,d ,e ( ! wood5 body4 ,screw ! tubes ,p ,o into ! end ,d ,e4 ,! magnifi] y int5d to use is to be screw$ on ! end o ( ^! tubes4 ,! h&le ,g b1 or mill$ nut1 ,fig4 #b1 mu/ be plac$ on ! squ>e end ( ! p9ion a4 ,place ! lamp light$ be=e ! glass lump n1 & ! object y int5d to exam9e betwe5 ! spr+ plates ( ! /age1 & ! in/rum5t is ready = use4 ,9 all microscopes1 !re are two circum/ances :i* mu/ be p>ticul>ly att5d$ to2 ! modification ( ! light1 or ! prop] quantity to illum9ate ! object2 secondly1 ! adju/m5t ( ! in/rum5t to ! focus ( ! glasses & ! eye ( ! obs]v]4 ,9 ! use ( ! luc]nal microscope !re is a ?ird circum/ance1 :i* is ! regulation ( ! guide ( ! eye1 ea* ( :i* ,i %all consid] by itself4 #a4 ,to ?r[ ! light ^u ! object4 ,! flame ( ! lamp is to be plac$ r bel[ ! c5t] ( ! glass semiglobe n1 & z ne> x z possible2 ! concave mirror o mu/ be s incl9$ & turn$1 z to receive ! light f ! semiglobe2 & reflect x !nce ^u ! object2 ! be/ situation ( ! concave mirror1 & ! flame ( ! lamp1 dep5ds on a comb9ation ( circum/ances1 :i* a little practice w be/ po9t out4 #b4 ,to regulate ! guide = ! eye1 or to place ! c5t] ( ! eye piece ,l1 s t x may co9cide ) ! focal po9t ( ! l5ses1 & ! axis ( vision4 ,l5g!n & %ort5 ! tubes ,m ,n by draw+ out or pu%+ 9 ! inn] tube1 & rais+ or depress+ ! eye-piece ,m ,l1 till y f9d ! l>ge l5s1 :i* is plac$ at ! end ,a ,b ( ! wood5 body1 fill$ by an uni=m field ( light1 )\t any prismatic col\rs r\nd ! edge2 =1 till ?is piece be prop]ly fix$1 ! circle ( light w be v small1 & only occupy a "p ( ! l5s2 ! eye mu/ be kept at ! c5t] ( ! eye-piece ,l1 dur+ ! :ole ( ! op]ation2 :i* may be r5d]$ some:at easi] to ! obs]v]1 on ! fir/ use ( ! in/rum5t1 if he hold a piece ( :ite pap] p>allel to ! l>ge l5ses1 remov+ x f or br++ x ne>] to !m1 till he f9ds ! place :]e a lucid circle1 :i* he w p]ceive on ! pap]1 is brighte/ & mo/ di/9ct1 !n to fix ! c5t] ( ! eye-piece to co9cide ) t spot2 aft] :i* a v small adju/m5t w set x p]fectly "r4 #c4 ,to adju/ ! l5ses to _! focal di/ance4 ,?is is effect$ by turn+ ! p9ion a1 ! eye be+ at ! same "t at ! eye-piece ,l4 ,i (t5 place ! grey glass be=e ! l>ge l5ses1 :ile ,i am regulat+ ! guide = ! eye1 & adju/+ = ! focal di/ance4 ,if ! obs]v]1 9 ! process ( 8 exam9ation ( an object1 advance rapidly f a %all[ to a deep magnifi]1 he w save himself "s lab\r by pull+ out ! int]nal tube at ,o4 ,! upp] "p f g r s ( ! /age1 is to be rais$ or l[]$ occasionally1 9 ord] to make ! c5t] ( ! object co9cide ) ! c5t] ( ! l5s at ,o4 ,to del9eate objects1 ! grey or r\gh gr\nd glass mu/ be plac$ be=e ! l>ge l5ses2 ! picture ( ! object w be =m$ on ?is glass1 & ! outl9e may be accurately tak51 by go+ ov] ! picture ) a p5cil4 ,! opake "p may be us$ 9 ! day-"t )\t a lamp1 provid$ ! l>ge l5ses at ,a ,b be scre5$ f ! light4 ,,to ,,use ,,! ,,luc]nal ,,microscope ,,9 ,,! ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,transp>5t ,,objects4 ,! microscope is to rema9 z be=e3 ! upp] "p f g r s ( ! opake /age mu/ be remov$1 & ! /age = transp>5t objects1 repres5t$ at ,fig4 #d1 put 9 its place2 ! end1 ,fig4 #i & #aj1 to be next ! lamp4 ,place ! r\gh glass 9 its groove at ! end ,a ,b1 & ! objects 9 ! slid]-hold] at ! front ( ! /age2 !n transmit z /rong a light z y are able on ! object1 :i* y w easily d1 by rais+ or l[]+ ! lamp4 ,! object w be beautifully depict$ on ! r\gh glass3 x mu/ be regulat$ to ! focus ( ! magnifi]1 by turn+ ! p9ion a4 ,! object may be view$ ei!r ) or )\t ! guide = ! eye2 a s+le obs]v] w see an object to ! greate/ advantage by us+ ?is guide1 :i* is to be adju/$ z we h describ$1 page #gc4 ,if two or ?ree wi% to exam9e ! object at ! same "t1 ! guide = ! eye mu/ be laid aside4 ,take ! l>ge l5s out ( ! groove1 & receive ! image on ! r\gh glass2 9 ?is case ! guide = ! eye is ( no use3 if ! r\gh glass be tak5 away1 ! image ( ! object may be repres5t$ on a pap] scre54#bi #bi ,a t9 cov] is sometimes made to g ov] ! glass *imney ( ! lamp1 ,fig4 #c1 ) only a small squ>e ap]ture 9 front1 suffici5t to suff] ! rays to pass into ! microscope3 ?is1 by exclud+ all extrane\s rays1 adds 9 _m cases mo/ mat]ially to ! effect1 p>ticul>ly by day1 & :5 objects are to be repres5t$ on ! r\gh glass or scre5 only4 ,,edit4 ,take out ! r\gh glass1 replace ! l>ge l5ses1 & use ! guide = ! eye2 att5d to ! =ego+ directions1 & adju/ ! object to its prop] focus4 ,y w !n see ! object 9 a blaze ( light almo/ too great = ! eye1 a circum/ance t w be f\nd v useful 9 ! exam9ation ( p>ticul> objects2 ! edges ( ! object 9 ?is mode w be some:at col\r$1 b z x is only us$ 9 ?is full light = occasional purposes1 x has be5 ?\ght bett] to leave ?is small imp]fection1 ?an by rem$y+ x1 to sacrifice great] advantages2 ! m s1 z ?is fault is easily correct$1 & a new & int]e/+ view ( ! object is obta9$1 by turn+ ! in/rum5t out ( ! direct rays ( light1 & p]mitt+ !m to pass ?r\gh only 9 an oblique direction1 by :i* ! upp] surface is 9 "s degree illum9at$1 & ! object is se5 p>tly z opake1 p>tly z transp>5t4 ,x has be5 already obs]v$1 t ! transp>5t objects might be plac$ betwe5 ! slid]-hold]s kl ( ! /age = opake objects1 & !n be exam9$ z if opake4 ,"s transp>5t objects appe> to ! greate/ advantage :5 ! l5s at #i & #aj is tak5 away2 z1 by giv+ too great a quantity ( light1 x r5d]s ! edges less %>p4 ,! v>iety ( views :i* may be tak5 ( e object1 by means ( ! improv$ luc]nal microscope1 w be f\nd to be ( great use to an accurate obs]v]3 x w give him an opportunity ( correct+ or confirm+ 8 discov]ies1 & inve/igat+ ^? p>ts 9 "o mode1 :i* are invisible 9 ano!r4 ,,to ,,transmit ,,! ,,image ,,( ,,transp>5t ,,objects ,,on ,a ,,scre51 ,,z ,,by ,,! ,,sol> ,,microscope4 ,x has be5 long a microscopical desid]atum1 to h an in/rum5t by :i* ! image ( transp>5t objects might be %ewn on a scre51 z by ! common sol> microscope2 & ?is n only because ! sun is s unc]ta9 9 ?is climate1 & ! use ( ! sol> microscope requires conf9em5t 9 ! f9e/ "p ( ! day1 :5 "t seldom hangs heavy on ! rational m9d1 b z x also af=ds an increase ( pleasure1 by display+ its wond]s to sev]al p]sons at ! same in/ant1 )\t ! lea/ fatigue to ! eye4 ,?is purpose is n[ effectually answ]$1 by affix+ ! transp>5t /age1 ,fig4 #d1 ( ! luc]nal to a lan?orn conta9+ "o ( ,arg&'s lamps4 ,! lamp is plac$ )9 ! lan?orn1 & ! end #i1 #aj ( ! transp>5t /age is screw$ into a female screw1 :i* is rivett$ 9 ! slid+ "p ( ! front ( ! lan?orn2 ! magnify+ l5ses are to be screw$ into ! hole repres5t$ at #ab2 !y are adju/$ by turn+ ! mill$ nut4 ,! quantity ( light is to be regulat$1 by rais+ & l[]+ ! slid+ plate1 or ! lamp4 ,n4 ,b4 ,?is "p1 ) its lan?orn & lamp1 may be _h sep>ate f ! luc]nal microscope4#cj #cj ,?is effect by ! lan?orn & lamp is subject to mu* limitation 9 ! field ( view1 or circle ( light ?r[n ^u ! scre54 ,a circle ( n m ?an f #ab to ab\t #ae in*es c ev] be obta9$ ) any tol]able /r5g? ( light1 to %ew ! mo/ transp>5t sort ( objects t c be f\nd1 su* z ! scale ( a sole fi%1 a fly's w+1 c4 ,! great diff]5ce betwe5 ! light ( ! sun & a lamp is a natural ob/acle to great p]=mances 9 ?is way1 & r5d]s !m f> %ort ( ! effects ( ! sol> microscope4 ,! exhibition1 h[ev]1 is consid]able1 & mu* des]v+ ( ! notice ( any obs]v] dispos$ to ?is sort ( app>atus4 ,probably1 subsequ5t exp]im5ts may yet produce m light on ?is in/rum5t4 ,! be/ sort ( app>atus = ?is purpose hi!rto made1 ,i %all describe 9 a foll[+ section4 ,,edit4 ,,app>atus ,,:i* ,,usually ,,accompanies ,,! ,,improv$ ,,luc]nal ,,microscope4 ,! /age1 ,fig4 #a1 f g h i1 = opake objects1 ) its glass semiglobe1 & concave mirror1 :i* is moveable ^u ! b> ,q ,r ,s ,t1 & set readily to any di/ance by ! screw at a4 ,! glasses o & n are also moveable ^u ! b> = regulat+ & adju/+ ! light ^u ! object4 ,! /age1 ,fig4 #d1 = transp>5t objects1 :i* fits on ! upp] "p ,p ,s ( ! =ego+ /age4 ,:5 ?is is to be appli$ occasionally to a lan?orn = %ew+ transp>5t objects on a scre51 c4 x is made ( a mu* l>g] diamet]1 to admit ( ! illum9at+ l5ses at #i1 #aj1 & #aa1 ( great] p[] ( cond5s+ ! rays f ! lamp4 ,! slid+ tube ,o ,p1 to :i* ! magnifi]s are to be affix$2 "o end ( ?is is to be screw$ on ! end ,b ( ! wood5 body2 ! magnifi] 9 use is to be screw$ to ! o!r end on ! inn] tube4 ,?is tube slides inw>ds or outw>ds2 x is fir/ us$ to set ! magnifi] at ne>ly ! "r di/ance f ! object1 be=e ! exact adju/m5t = ! focus is made1 by turn+ ! p9ion at a ) ,hook's jo9t & h&le b e4 ,eight magnify+ l5ses 9 brass cells1 ,fig4 #e4 ,plate ,,iii4 ^! are s con/ruct$ t any two ( !m may be comb9$ toge!r1 & ?us produce a v great v>iety ( magnify+ p[]s4 ,! cells unscrew to admit ( ! glasses be+ clean$4 ,a fi%-pan1 su* z is repres5t$ at ,fig4 #f1 :]eon a small fi% may be fa/5$ 9 ord] to view ! circulation ( its blood2 its tail is to be spread across ! oblong hole at ! smalle/ end1 & ti$ fa/ by means ( ! atta*$ ribbon4 ,! knob on its back is to be put ?r\gh a slit hole on ! brass piece1 ,no4 #e1 ( ,fig4 #d4 ,! tail ( ! fi% is to be br\ght !n imm$iately be=e ! magnifi]4 ,a /eel wire1 ,fig4 #g1 ) a pair ( nipp]s at "o end1 & a /eel po9t at ! o!r2 ! wire slides backw>ds or =w>ds1 9 a spr+ tube :i* is affix$ to a jo9t at ! bottom1 on :i* is a p9 to fit ! hole 9 ! leg1 ,no4 #f1 ,fig4 #d4 ,?is is us$ to conf9e small objects4 ,a slid] ( brass1 ,fig4 #h1 conta9+ a flat glass slid] & a brass slid]1 into :i* are fitt$ "s small concave glasses4 ,x is = conf9+ small liv+ objects1 & :5 us$ is plac$ betwe5 ! two plates1 ,no4 #g1 ,fig4 #d4 ,a pair ( =ceps1 ,fig4 #i1 by :i* any occasional small object may be conv5i5tly tak5 up4 ,six l>ge ivory slid]s1 ) transp>5t objects plac$ betwe5 two plates ( talc1 & conf9$ by brass r+s1 & six small ditto ) ditto4 ,fig4 #aj4 ,! l>g] ones usually conta9 a set ( ,cu/ance's f9e vegetable cutt+s4 ,f\rte5 wood slid]s1 conta9+ on ea* f\r opake objects1 & two sp>e slid]s = occasional objects2 all fitt$ to ! *eeks kl ( ! /age4 ,fig4 #aa4 ,"s capill>y tubes1 ,fig4 #ab1 to receive small fi%1 & = view+ small animalcula4 ,!y are to be plac$ betwe5 ! two plates ( ! /age ,no4 #g1 ,fig4 #d4 ,a small ivory d\ble box1 conta9+ sp>e plates ( talc & brass r+s1 = replac+ any 9 ! small ivory slid]s1 :5 necess>y4 ,a s+le l5s m\nt$ 9 a tortoise%ell case1 to exam9e m9ute objects previ\s to _! be+ appli$ to ! slid]s4 ,opake objects are easily put on ! sp>e slid]s by a wett$ waf]2 &1 = good security1 gum wat] may be add$4 ,= ! prices ( ! luc]nal1 z well z all ! o!r sorts ( microscopes1 see ! li/ annex$ to ^! ,essays4 ,a ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,sev]al ,,improvem5ts ,,made ,,^u ,,mr4 ,,adams',s ,,luc]nal ,,microscope4 ,,by ,,! ,,editor4 ,! luc]nal microscope be+ unque/ionably ! only in/rum5t = exhibit+ all sorts ( opake objects "u a brilliant & magnifi$ appe>ance1 01 z =m]ly con/ruct$ by ! late ,mr4 ,g4 ,adams1 att5d$ ) "s inconv5i5ces & imp]fections4 ,^u a prop] inquiry into v>i\s improvem5ts1 & f "s obs]vations made by myself1 ,i c recomm5d1 z a complete in/rum5t1 "o ) ! foll[+ em5dations1 be+1 9 my op9ion1 ! be/ ( any hi!rto made kn[n4 ,! luc]nal microscope1 :5 plac$ up = use1 z repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,plate ,,iii4 is ( "s consid]able l5g?4 ,:5 ! eye at ,l is view+ ! image ( ! object ^u ! glasses1 ! objects !mselves 9 ! slid]s plac$ at kl at ! /age1 are )\t ! rea* ( ! h&2 s t ! indisp5sible *ange ( ! p>ts ( an object1 or ( "o object to ano!r1 c only be obta9$ by ! obs]v]'s mov+ himself f ! object to ! eye-piece1 & vice v]sa4 ,?is adju/m5t1 !re=e1 proves unc]ta9 & tr\blesome4 ,! application ( rack-"w motion to ! /age has be5 contriv$ & appli$ to ! luc]nal microscope by ,mr4 ,w4 ,jones1 ( ,holborn1 accompani$ ) ,hooke's jo9t & h&le1 & a lev] rod2 s t1 )\t alt]+ 8 position1 ! obs]v] may *ange bo? ! horizontal & v]tical position ( ! slid]s1 & !reby readily inve/igate all ! v>iety ( ! objects1 & _! p>ts1 & ) ! same exactness z by o!r microscopes4 ,= p]sons :o may n wi% to be at ! exp5se ( ! luc]nal1 z =m]ly m\nt$ by ,mr4 ,adams1 ,mr4 ,jones has alt]$ ! mann] ( its support2 :i*1 z well z ! o!r p>ticul>s1 & ! me?od ( us+ x1 may be und]/ood f ! foll[+ description4 ,plate ,,ix4 ,fig4 #c1 is a repres5tation ( ! in/rum5t z plac$ up = use4 ,,aa1 ! top ( a mahogany *e/1 ab\t two feet long1 ?irte5 in*es & an half high1 & eight in*es broad1 :i* s]ves bo? z a case to conta9 ! in/rum5t1 & to support & pres]ve x /eady :5 9 use4 ,a groove is cut 9 ! top ( ! box1 & ano!r 9 ! inside at ! bottom1 9 bo? ( :i* ! base ( ! in/rum5t is made to slide4 ,:5 ! in/rum5t is plac$ inside1 a long slip ( mahogany slides 9 at ! top1 to secure ! groove1 & make ! top p]fect4 ,?us ! in/rum5t may be mo/ readily slid out ( its case1 & !n into ! groove at top = use1 & 9 mu* less "t ?an by ! brass frame & jo9t$ /& adopt$ by ,mr4 ,adams4 ,fig4 #c ,b1 is ! /age = ! objects1 ) ! cond5s+ l5s a1 & concave mirror b1 ! same z 9 ,mr4 ,adams's4 ,c1 ! brass slid] case = opake objects1 ) a rack cut into its l[] edge1 & :i* is turn$ by a p9ion4 ,to ?is p9ion is appli$ an h&le1 ,d1 ) ,hooke's univ]sal jo9t2 ?is contrivance gives a c]ta9 horizontal motion to ! objects :ile view+4 ,! /age at ,c is also made to slide v]tically1 & a lev]-rod or h&le1 ,e1 to apply ?r\gh ! top1 to br+ ! objects to a j height4 ,h5ce1 by apply+ ! left h& to ! h&le1 ,e1 & ! "r to ! rod ,d1 ! adju/m5t or ! *ang+ ( ! objects1 :ile "u exhibition on ! l>ge l5ses at ,f1 is produc$ 9 ! mo/ conv5i5t & accurate mann]1 & ! obs]v] has no occasion1 = "o slid]1 to %ift f 8 seat or position4 ,rack-"w might be appli$ to ! v]tical motion1 b x is n ess5tially necess>y2 = :5 once ! c5t] ( ! slid] is obs]v$1 !re requires v little *ange f t position = ! complete exhibition ( ! objects4 ,! :ole ( ! /age1 ) ! l5se & mirror1 is fix$ to a brass dove-tail$ slid] at ,g1 :i* slides 9 ano!r brass piece fix$ to ! wood5 slid] or base ( ! in/rum5t4 ,a long brass rod1 ,h1 ) an adju/+ screw at its end1 passes ?r\gh ! two brass pill>s1 ,k1 ,k1 to ! /age at f1 ^u :i* x acts2 & accord+ z x is turn$ to ! "r or left h& :ile exam9+ ! objects1 moves ! objects ne>] to or f>!r f ! magnifi]s screw$ on at ,l1 & produces ! j di/ance = r5d]+ ! appe>ance ( ! objects ! mo/ di/9ct & brilliant ^u ! glasses at ,f4 ,! managem5t ( ! light f ! lamp1 ?r\gh ! l5s1 a1 & f ! concave mirror1 b1 to ! objects1 is exactly ! same z be=e direct$ by ,mr4 ,adams4 ,= ! exhibit+ ( transp>5t objects1 ! /age1 ,c1 is to be slid away1 & ! body1 ,fig4 #d1 appli$ 9 its place1 9 t position1 ) ! l>ge l5s outw>ds next ! lamp4 ,! slid] ) ! objects passes ?r\gh at a1 & ! focus = ! diff]5t magnifi]s is adju/$ by turn+ ! long rod1 ,d1 to ! "r or left1 z ) ! opake objects4 ,9 ?is case ! lamp is to be rais$ to ! c5t] ( ! body ( ! microscope1 or ev5 ) ! magnifi]s at ,l4 ,! image ( ! objects may also1 z 9 ,mr4 ,adams's1 be be/ receiv$ on ! r\gh glass plac$ at ,f1 = ! simple reflect$ light ?r\gh ! body w sometimes be s /rong1 z to irritate ! eye2 ! op]ator mu/1 !re=e1 bo? modify t f ! lamp1 & place ! r\gh$ glass to 8 own ease & pleasure4 ,! guide = ! eye1 ,n1 9 ?is in/ance is n necess>y4 ,c>e be+ tak5 t ! r\gh$ glass at ,f be kept 9 z d>k a situation z possible1 !re w be a c]ta9ty ( a cle> & well-def9$ view ( ! object4 ,a t9 *imney plac$ ov] ! glass ( ! lamp ab\t t5 in*es long1 ) a suitable ap]ture to admit ! light to pass ?r\gh x to ! glasses1 is ( mat]ial s]vice2 x excludes all sup]flu\s light f ! eye ( ! obs]v]1 keeps ! room suffici5tly d>k5$1 & enables ! obs]v] to view 8 object ) ! prop] brilliancy4 ,z a pleas+ relief to ! eye1 ! int]position ( a small piece ( blue or gre5 glass at ! sight hole1 ,n1 ,mr4 ,jones has sometimes f\nd necess>y1 b x gives r a false te9t to ! col\r ( ! objects4 ,9 ! ye> #aghi ! same arti/ appli$ a brass screw pill> & arm to ! top ( ! box at ,o1 on :i* is occasionally slid ! cond5s+ l5s1 a4 ,! lamp be+ !n appli$ at ! side ( ! box at ,o1 in/ead ( ! end1 & ! l5s1 a1 mov$ to su* a di/ance z to give ! /ronge/ possible light ^u ! opake objects at ,c2 !y 7 f\nd to be m /rongly illum9at$ by ?is simple refract$ light ?an by ! refract$ & reflect$ light be=e us$4 ,light is always some:at dim9i%$ by reflection1 al?\gh cond5s$2 !re=e1 z x is sometimes be/ to view ! objects f oblique reflect$ light1 & sometimes f direct refract$1 he con/ructs ! app>atus s z to give ! op]ator ! means ( easily us+ ei!r4 ,! dott$ l9es1 ,o ,p1 %ew ! mann] t ! glass semiglobe1 a1 is occasionally appli$ to refract or conv]ge directly ! light f ! lamp to ! objects on ! /age4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to obs]ve to ! read]1 ! propriety ( all ! glasses ( ! app>atus be+ p]fectly clean be=e ! obs]vations2 = if1 aft] be+ laid aside "s "t1 or by du/1 c4 !y %\ld appe> soil$1 x w be necess>y to wipe !m previ\sly ) a piece ( s(t %ammy lea!r usually s5t 9 ! box = t purpose1 or a clean s(t clo?4 ,! two l>ge l5ses at ,f1 ,fig4 #c1 may be readily sep>at$ by turn+ aside ! two brass screws t act ^u a brass r+4 ,f ! v>i\s +5i\s admir]s ( ?is sort ( in/rum5t1 _m improvem5ts & alt]ations h be5 sugge/$2 among sev]al t h be5 communicat$1 ^? by ! two foll[+ g5tlem5 appe> to me ! mo/ des]v+ ( notice1 & :i* ,i %all leave to ! read]'s judgm5t & exp]i5ce4 ,! ,rev4 ,john ,pr9ce1 ,,ll4 ,d4 n[ ( ,salem1 ,massa*uset's ,/ates1 ,nor? ,am]ica1 a valuable correspond5t & fri5d ( our late au?or1 transmitt$ to him an alt]ation 9 ! con/ruction2 & ( :i* ,i "h ins]t ! brief acc\nt1 9 ne>ly ! words giv5 by ,mr4 ,adams4 ,dr4 ,pr9ce applies a /rong jo9t simil> to t ( a telescope at ab\t ! middle ( ! c5t] "p ( ! pyramidical box1 & a sort ( adju/+ screw at ! l>ge end4 ,! jo9t is ne>ly 9 ! c5t] ( gravity1 s t a v small motion is suffici5t to br+ any object less ?an an in* 9 diamet] into ! field ( view4 ,?is motion is effect$ by two screws at "r angles to ea* o!r2 "o screw rais+ or levell+ ! body1 ! o!r mov+ x sidewise1 ! screw at ! same "t =m+ a d\ble jo9t to accommodate ! p>ts to ! movem5t4#ca #ca ,a figure ( ?is1 ) an explanation1 z recomm5d$ by ,mr4 ,john ,hill1 ,wells1 9 ,norfolk1 may be se5 9 ! ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e1 ,vol4 ,,lxvi4 #b;d "p1 page #hig4 ,9 ?is p>ticul>1 z well z 9 ! deviation f ! p>allel position ( ! glasses to ! surfaces ( ! objects1 ,i ?9k ! con/ruction n s simple & p]fect1 z t by rack-"w & p9ion appli$ by ,mr4 ,jones4 ,probably1 ,dr4 ,pr9ce _h n1 at ! "t ( 8 contriv+ ! jo9t-"w to ! box1 se5 or he>d ( ! o!r me?od4 ,8 subsequ5t contrivances %ew real +5uity2 & to ! inquisitive 9 ?is in/rum5t1 w af=d mu* useful ent]ta9m5t & advantage4 ,to secure ! image =m$ ^u ! r\gh glass m completely f ! light1 at times ess5tially necess>y1 !re is a pyramidical mahogany box1 ( ! same size1 to pack1 :5 n us$1 9 ! body ( ! microscope2 :5 9 use1 ! broad end ( ?is scre5 box is to be slid into ! groove1 f :i* ! ext]ior cov] at ! end has be5 tak54 ,?is me?od is peculi>ly useful 9 ! day-"t2 z1 by scre5+ ! l>ge l5ses f ! light1 x may ev5 !n be us$ ) satisfaction4 ,"o ( ! l>ge l5ses may occasionally be plac$ on ! out] edge ( ! scre5 box1 ! o!r l5s be+ tak5 out2 ! view on ! r\gh glass is by ^! means magnifi$1 & appe>s to great] advantage4 ,b1 besides ! grey glass us$ 9 ! =m] con/ruction1 !re is a second 9 ?is1 plac$ f>!r )9 ! body1 ab\t half way2 &1 :5 ! l>ge l5s is 9 ! scre5 box1 objects appe> bett] 9 ?is ?an 9 ! =m] way4 ,x has a /ill great] effect ^u ^? :o are unacqua9t$ ) ! nature ( l5ses1 z x makes !m judge ! di/ance & magnitude mu* great] ?an !y really are1 & is !re=e m pleas+ ?an ! grey glass 9 front4 ,only "o grey glass c be us$ at a "t2 bo? be+ remov$ :5 opake objects are view$4 ,! /age1 ,f1 ,fig4 #e1 is consid]ably diff]5t f t at ,c1 ,fig4 #c2 x is judg$ m conv5i5t & commodi\s ?an ! o!r1 & s]ves1 ) a small alt]ation1 = bo? transp>5t & opake objects4 ,a truncat$ cone c also be "h appli$ = cutt+ (f sup]flu\s rays ( light occasionally4 ,! me?od ( illum9at+ ! objects is also diff]5t4 ,! mode n[ adopt$ answ]s bett] = opake & transp>5t objects1 ?r[s a /rong] light1 & is m conv5i5t 9 application4 ,x consi/s ( two l5ses1 #a & #b1 ,fig4 #e2 ! l>g] "o is to be plac$ at ! end ( ! b> next ! lamp4 ,! small] "o to be adju/$ s z to give a /rong light4 ,a ?ird is also add$1 to be us$ occasionally ) opake objects2 x is to be appli$ close to ! l>ge l5s4 ,exp]i5ce w %ew :5 x is to be us$1 or n4 ,by mov+ ! b>1 ,g1 on :i* ^! l5ses are plac$ r\nd ! /age pill>1 ,m1 y br+ x s mu* front+ ! /age z effectually to enlight5 opake objects by means ( ! lamp4 ,! light ?us af=d$ is receiv$ directly1 & none lo/ by reflection4 ,! objects are fix$ on circul> :eels ( wood1 see ,fig4 #g1 ! brass c5t]s ( :i*1 are fitt$ to ! hole1 b1 ( ! /age1 ,fig4 #e2 & ab\t ?is c5t] !y are to be turn$ by ! h& = ! *ang+ ( ! objects4 ,z "s objects1 su* z sections ( wood1 are se5 to advantage bo? z transp>5t & opake1 a frame conta9+ a plane & a concave mirror is add$ to ?is in/rum5t1 s]v+ two purposes3 by br++ ! b> to ! front ( ! /age1 remov+ ! l>ge l5s1 & putt+ ! mirror 9 its place1 ! object may be view$ ei!r way1 )\t mov+ f ! seat1 by turn+ ! in/rum5t a little r\nd4 ,?is exp]i5ce w discov]4 ,! light ( ! sun may be ?r[n by ! plane mirror on ! cond5s+ l5s1 s z to produce a /rong full field ( light on ! grey glass4 ,?is has a gr& effect :5 ! l>ge l5s is at ! end ( ! scre5 box1 & c\ld n be appli$ 9 ?is mann] 9 =m] con/ructions4 ,x becomes also an opake sol> microscope1 by turn+ ! b> r\nd to enlight5 opake objects4 ,by br++ ! concave mirror to a focus t w burn objects1 a set ( v curi\s & ent]ta9+ exp]im5ts may be made & exhibit$ on ! grey glass4 ,! object = combu/ion %\ld be put 9 ! nipp]s1 & a piece ( slate ti$ z a gr\nd on ! /age4 ,! ebullition ( a piece ( alum view$ 9 ?is mann] is v beautiful2 ! bubbles1 z !y rise & pass (f rapidly1 appe> t+$ ) all ! col\rs ( ! ra9b[4 ,!re are l>ge-siz$ magnifi]s = ! purpose ( ?r[+ transp>5t objects on a scre51 9 imitation ( ! sol> microscope4 ,by remov+ ! l>ge l5ses 9 front & ! grey glass1 & plac+ ! black t9 cyl9d] repres5t$ 9 ! draw+ by dott$ m>ks1 ov] ! lamp1 !y may be %ewn 9 t mann] to sev]al p]sons2 ?us1 ?is in/rum5t 9 a great degree sup]s$es ! use ( a lan?orn4 ,! image may be contract$ occasionally by "o ( ! l>ge l5ses4 ,! foll[+ improvem5t consi/s 9 ! mann] ( apply+ ! lamp1 by ,mr4 ,hill4 ,by atta*+ x to ! in/rum5t1 x r5d]s ! light m p]man5t & /eady1 & r$uces consid]ably ! bulk z well z ! tr\ble ( ?is app5dage1 & is to be pref]r$ :5 ! lamp is n want$ sep>ately = o!r uses or exp]im5ts4 ,h1 a brass support to ! arm1 ,g1 = su/a9+ ! weight ( ! lamp2 x turns r\nd ) ! b> on ! pill>1 ,m4 ,at ab\t ,i is a brass cap sold]$ to ! above support1 & :i* slips ov] ! slid] c>ry+ ! l>g] l5s1 #b4 ,at ,k1 is a /rong jo9t connect$ ) ! said cap1 & by :i* an horizontal motion ( ! cap is giv51 :5 an oblique light is requir$4 ,to ! end ( ?is ! lamp is fix$1 & 9 su* a mann] z to admit ( its be+ easily slid upw>ds or d[nw>ds 9 a p]p5dicul> direction1 to procure ! j height ( ! flame4 ,l is a squ>e brass rod to be occasionally screw$ into ! res]voir ( ! lamp1 = support+ ! t9 cyl9d] scre51 :5 transp>5t objects are to be repres5t$ on a scre5 9 a d>k5$ room4 ,! transp>5t microscope1 "p ( ! luc]nal1 is sometimes adapt$ to a l>ge japann$ t9 lan?orn1 su* z repres5t$ at ,fig4 #f4 ,a brass female screw is sold]$ to ! front ( ! lan?orn1 :i* has a motion upw>ds or d[nw>ds1 fitt$ to ! male screw ( ! transp>5t microscope4 ,a tall *imney is plac$ at ! top ( ! lan?orn to conduct ! heat$ air f an ,arg&'s lamp )9side4 ,! transp>5t objects 9 ! slid]s are magnifi$ by ! l5ses screw$ on at a1 & %ewn on ! scre5 ,a2 ?is scre5 may be ab\t ?ree feet squ>e1 ( :ite pap]1 ! objects on :i*1 if repres5t$ 9 a field l>g] ?an twelve or eighte5 in*es1 w n be suffici5tly vivid4 ,mr4 ,jones has f\nd t a l>ge squ>e glass1 f twelve to sixte5 in*es 9 ! side1 r\gh gr\nd on "o ( its surfaces1 exhibits ! objects ! be/ ( any o!r contrivance2 answ]s tol]ably well = opake objects1 & gives ! arti/ ! means ( trac+ _! figure mo/ correctly on its surface4 ,su* sort ( objects he fixes ^u slips ( glass = t purpose1 or applies !m to a pair ( nipp]s %ewn at b1 s5t ) ! microscope4 ,a concave silv] speculum screws on at c1 be=e ! magnifi]s1 :i* reflects ^u ! objects ! light t issues f ! lamp ?r\gh ! body ( ! microscope4 ,! lea/ dim5sions ( ! lan?orn are ab\t t5 in*es squ>e1 & f\rte5 in*es high4 ,?is microscope & lan?orn1 :5 made z a sep>ate app>atus f ! luc]nal1 is call$ ! ,,lan?orn ,,microscope4 ,its effect is consid]ably %ort ( :at is produc$ by ! sol> microscope1 & n equal to :at is mu* wi%$ = 9 ?is mann] ( magnify+ m9ute objects2 see note1 page #gg4 ,p>tly f ! improvem5ts j describ$1 ,mr4 ,jones is n[ con/ruct+ a luc]nal microscope t he conceives w be ! mo/ simple & p]fect yet made4 ,x c\ld n be complet$ 9 "t to be describ$ 9 ?is "w2 b its improvem5t & advantages w be q evid5t to any read] :o has att5d$ to ! description :i* ,i h j giv54 ,,description ,,( ,,cuff',s ,,d\ble-,,con/ruct$ ,,microscope1 ,,repres5t$ ,,at ,fig4 #a4 ,plate ,,vii4 ,a4#cb #cb ,! comp\nd or d\ble microscope is 9 m g5]al use ?an any o!r sort4 ,besides its be+ less exp5sive ?an ! luc]nal or complete sol>1 x is f\nd commodi\s & portable 9 ! obs]v]'s ap>tm5t1 :5 only a conf9$ degree ( microscopical pursuit is int5d$1 & t *iefly = a few h\rs amusem5t2 x may be us$ bo? by day & night4 ,9 ! mo/ improv$ ( ?is k9d ! objects appe> magnifi$ 9 a field ( view f ab\t #ab to #ae in*es 9 diamet]4 ,x is bett] adapt$ to transp>5t ?an to opake objects1 yet ! latt] may (t5 be view$ to great advantage by ! assi/ance ( ! sun's rays or ! light ( a c&le cond5s$ on !m4 ,! intellig5t read]1 by att5d+ to ! acc\nts ( ! diff]5t microscopes describ$ 9 ?is "w1 w be enabl$ to select t be/ adapt$ to ! k9d ( objects he wi%es to explore1 & ! mann] 9 :i* he is desir\s ( hav+ !m exhibit$4 ,,edit4 ,?is in/rum5t 0 fir/ describ$ by ,mr4 ,bak]1 & recomm5d$ by him4 ,x 0 also describ$ by my fa!r 9 ! f\r? edition ( 8 ,micrographia ,illu/rata1 page xix4 ,a ,b ,c repres5ts ! body ( ?is microscope2 x conta9s an eye-glass at ,a1 a l>ge l5s at ,b1 & a magnifi] :i* is screw$ on at ,c1 "o ( :i* is repres5t$ at ,q4 ,! body ( ! microscope is support$ by ! arm ,d ,e1 f :i* x may be remov$ at pleasure4 ,! arm ,d ,e is fix$ on ! slid+ b> ,f1 & may be rais$ or depress$ to any height )9 its limits4 ,! ma9 pill> a b is fix$ 9 ! box b e1 & by means ( ! brass foot d is screw$ to ! mahogany p$e/al ,x ,y1 9 :i* is a draw] conta9+ all ! app>atus4 ,o1 a mill$-head$ screw1 to tight5 ! b> ,f :5 ! adju/+ screw c g is us$4 p q is ! /age or plate :i* c>ries ! objects2 x has a hole at ! c5t] n4 ,g1 a concave mirror1 t may be turn$ 9 any direction1 to reflect ! light ( ! c&le1 or ! sky1 ^u ! object4 ,a ,,li/ ,,( ,,! ,,app>atus ,,to ,,cuff',s ,,d\ble-,,con/ruct$ ,,microscope4#cc #cc ,?is microscope is made (t5times ) a jo9t at ! bottom ( ! ma9 pill> at e1 to admit plac+ ! in/rum5t into any oblique situation1 & connect$ to ! bottom ( a mahogany *e/2 on :i* acc\nt1 x is by "s ( ! in/rum5t mak]s call$ ! ,*e/ ,comp\nd ,microscope4 ,,edit4 ,h1 a convex l5s1 to collect ! rays ( light f ! sun or a c&le1 & cond5se !m on ! object1 or to magnify a fl[] or o!r l>ge object plac$ ^u ! /age4 ,l1 a cyl9drical tube1 op5 at ea* side1 ) a concave silv] speculum screw$ to ! l[] end h4 ,p1 ! slid]-hold]2 x consi/s ( a cyl9drical tube1 9 :i* an inn] tube is =c$ upw>ds by a spiral spr+1 x is us$ to receive an ivory slid] ,k1 :i* is to be slid betwe5 ! plates h & i4 ,! cyl9d] ,p fits ! hole n 9 ! /age3 ! holl[ "p at k is design$ to receive a glass tube ,n4 ,r is a brass cone1 to be put "u ! bottom ( ! cyl9d] ,p1 to int]cept occasionally "s ( ! rays ( light4 ,s1 a box conta9+ a concave & a flat glass1 betwe5 :i* a small liv+ insect may be conf9$2 x is to be plac$ ov] ! hole n4 ,t1 a flat glass to lay any occasional object ^u2 !re is also a concave "o u1 = fluids4 ,o1 a long /eel wire1 ) a small pair ( pli]s at "o end1 & a po9t at ! o!r1 design$ to /ick or hold objects2 x slips backw>ds & =w>ds 9 ! %ort tube o2 ! p9 p fits into an hole m1 9 ! /age = t purpose4 ,w1 a little r\nd ivory box1 to hold a supply ( talc & r+s = ! slid]s4 ,z1 a hair bru%1 to wipe any du/ (f ! glasses1 or to take up by ! o!r end a drop ( any liquid4 ,v1 a small ivory cyl9d]1 t fits on ! po9t$ end ( ! /eel wire ,o2 x is design$ = opake objects4 ,light-col\r$ ones are to be /uck ^u ! d>k side1 & vice v]sa4 ,y1 a common magnify+ glass = any occasional purpose4 ,m1 a fi%-pan :]eon to fa/5 a small fi%1 to view ! circulation ( ! blood3 ! tail is to be spread across ! oblong hole at ! small end k1 & ti$ fa/ by means ( a ribb& fix$ !reto2 ! knob l is to be put ?r\gh ! slit made 9 ! /age1 & ! tail may be br\ght "u ! magnifi]4 ,x is a wire to clean ! glass tubes by4 ,,to ,,use ,,?is ,,microscope4 ,screw ! magnifi] y int5d to use to ! end ,c ( ! body1 place ! slid]-hold] ,p 9 ! hole n1 & ! ivory slid] ,k ) ! object1 betwe5 ! plates h i ( ! slid]-hold]2 set ! upp] edge ( ! b> ,d ,e to co9cide ) ! division :i* corresponds to ! magnifi] y h 9 use1 & tight5 x by ! mill$ nut ,o2 n[ reflect a prop] quantity ( light ^u ! object1 by means ( ! concave mirror ,g1 & regulate ! body exactly to ! eye & ! focus ( ! glasses by ! adju/+ screw c g1 at ! same "t y are view+ ! object4 ,to view opake objects1 take away ! slid]-hold] ,p1 & place ! object on a flat glass u1 "u ! c5t] ( ! body1 or on "o end ( ! jo9t$ nipp]s o4 ,!n screw ! silv] concave speculum to ! end ( ! cyl9d] ,l1 & slide ?is cyl9d] on ! l[] "p ( ! body1 s t ! upp] edge !re( may co9cide ) ! l9e :i* has ! same m>k ) ! magnifi] t is !n us$2 reflect ! light f ! concave mirror ,g to ! silv] speculum1 f :i* x w be aga9 reflect$ on ! object4 ,! glasses are to be adju/$ to _! focal di/ance z be=e direct$4 ,,! ,,description ,,& ,,use ,,( ,,jones',s ,,improv$ ,,comp\nd ,,or ,,d\ble ,,microscopes1 ,,repres5t$ ,,9 ,fig4 #a ,,& #b4 ,plate ,,iv4 ,,by ,,! ,,editor4 ,! *ief imp]fections ( ,cuff's microscope1 z well z ( o!rs =m]ly made1 are1 _! con/ruction r5d]+ !m only comp\nd microscopes1 ! body ( ! in/rum5t hav+ b a fix$ position ov] ! object1 & ! smallness ( ! field ( view by ! old con/ruction ( ! glasses 9 ! body4 ,to obviate ^! defects1 z well z = ! application ( mat]ial improvem5ts1 ! late ,messrs4 ,m>t9 & ,adams1 & ! pres5t ,messrs4 ,w4 & ,s4 ,jones1 h con/ruct$ ?is k9d ( microscope 9 v>i\s ways4 ,two microscopes by ! latt] arti/s1 :i* ,i am n[ go+ to describe1 appe> to me to be ! be/ ( any hi!rto inv5t$4 ,fig4 #a is a repres5tation ( ! second be/ sort ( comp\nd microscopes4 ,! improvem5ts1 ?\gh few 9 numb]1 are ess5tial to ! use !re(4 ,! field ( view is consid]ably l>g] ?an 9 ! =m] microscope4 ,! /age & ! mirrors are bo? moveable1 s t _! respective di/ances may be easily v>i$4 ,! magnifi]s may be mov$ ab\t ov] ! object4 ,!re is also a cond5s+ glass1 = increas+ ! d5sity ( ! light1 :5 x is reflect$ by ! mirror f a c&le or lamp4 ,x is furni%$ ) two mirrors1 "o plane & ! o!r concave1 & may likewise be us$ z a complete s+le microscope4 ,a ,b1 ,fig4 #a4 repres5ts ! body ( ! microscope1 conta9+ a d\ble eye glass1 & a body glass2 x is "h %ewn z screw$ to ! arm ,c ,d1 f :5ce x may be occasionally remov$1 ei!r = ! conv5i5ce ( pack+1 or :5 ! in/rum5t is to be us$ z a s+le microscope4 ,! eye glasses & ! body glasses are conta9$ 9 a tube :i* fits into ! ext]ior tube ,a ,b2 by pull+ out a little ?is tube1 :5 ! microscope is 9 use1 ! magnify+ p[] ( ea* l5s is increas$4 ,! body ,a ,b ( ! microscope is support$ by ! arm ,c ,d2 ?is arm is moveable 9 a squ>e socket cut 9 ! head t is connect$ to ! ma9 pill> ,e ,f1 :i* is screw$ firmly to ! mahogany p$e/al ,g ,h2 !re is a draw] to ?is p$e/al1 :i* holds ! app>atus4 ,?is arm may be slid backw>ds & =w>ds 9 its socket1 c>ry+ ! magnifi]s & ! body ( glasses1 & also turn$ horizontally q r\nd ^u ! pill>1 giv+ a g5]al motion all ov] ! object on ! /age bel[2 :i* is a mat]ial improvem5t & advantage ( ?is microscope ov] a simil> "o describ$ 9 ! =m] edition ( ?is "w1 z any unavoidable motion ( ! liv+ object to be view$ may be foll[$1 by ! obs]v]'s h& mov+ ! arm ,c ,d z ! object *anges its place4 ,n ,i ,s is ! plate or /age :i* c>ries ! slid]-hold] ,k1 ?is /age is mov$ up or d[n ! pill> ,e ,f1 by turn+ ! mill$ nut ,m2 ?is nut is fix$ to a p9ion1 t works 9 a too!d rack cut on "o side ( ! pill>4 ,by means ( ?is p9ion ! /age may be gradually rais$ or depress$1 & ! object adju/$ to ! focus ( ! diff]5t l5ses4 ,k is ! slid]-hold]1 :i* fits into a hole t is 9 ! middle ( ! /age ,n ,i ,s2 x is us$ to conf9e & guide ei!r ! motion ( ! slid]s :i* conta9 ! objects1 or ! glass tubes t are design$ to conf9e small fi%es1 = view+ ! circulation ( ! blood4 ,! slid]s & tubes are to be pass$ betwe5 ! two upp] plates4 ,l is a brass tube1 9 ! upp] "p ( :i* is fix$ ! cond5s+ l5s be=e spok5 (2 x screws into ! wire arm a1 :i* is plac$ 9 ! hole ,i ( ! /age1 ) ! glass und]nea?1 & may be set at diff]5t di/ances f ! object1 accord+ to its di/ance f ! mirror or ! c&le4 ,o is ! frame :i* holds ! two reflect+ mirrors1 "o ( :i* is plane1 ! o!r concave4 ,^! mirrors may be mov$ 9 v>i\s directions1 9 ord] to reflect ! light prop]ly1 by means ( ! pivots on :i* !y move1 9 ! semicircle ,q1 & ! motion ( ! semicircle itself on ! p9 ,r2 ! concave mirror g5]ally answ]s be/ 9 ! day-"t2 ! plane mirror comb9es bett] ) ! cond5s+ l5s 9 ,l1 & a lamp or c&le at night4 ,at ,s is a hole & slit = receiv+ ei!r ! nipp]s b1 or ! fi%-pan c2 :5 ^! are us$1 ! slid]-hold] ,k mu/ be remov$4 ,t1 a hole to receive ! p9 ( ! convex l5s & illum9ator d4 ,!re are six magnify+ l5ses conta9$ 9 a brass :eel screw$ 9 a circul> brass box ,p2 ?is :eel is moveable ab\t its c5t] ) ! f+]1 & /ops by a click :5 ! magnifi]s are ea* c5trally "u ! body ,a ,b above1 or ! hole 9 ! arm ,c ,d4 ,!y are m>k$ f ,no4 #a1 to #f1 & ! prop] numb] %ewn 9 a small op5+ made 9 ! side ( ! brass box4 ,?is :eel ,p screws into ! arm ,c ,d1 & may occasionally be tak5 (f to admit ( ! silv] speculum1 or a s+le magnifi]1 h]eaft] to be describ$4 ,!re is a small l9e cut on ! edge ( ! arm ,c ,d1 :i* mu/ be br\ght to ! "r h& edge ( its socket1 9 ord] to c5t] ! magnifi] to ! body & ! /age4 ,by unscrew+ ! body ,a ,b1 ! s+le magnifi]s 9 ! :eel ,p be+ !n only left1 ! in/rum5t readily =ms a s+le microscope4 ,a small pocket h& s+le or opake microscope may easily be extract$ f ?is app>atus4 ,:5 ! body ,a ,b is screw$ (f1 & ! arm ,c ,d slipt away f its frame ) ! :eel ( magnifi]s1 & ! =ceps1 wire1 & jo9t b appli$ to x1 by a hole made 9 ! arm = t purpose1 z repres5t$ at ,v1 x is !n ready = ! exam9ation ( any small object t may pres5t itself 9 ! g>d51 c4 & w be f\nd v conv5i5t :5ev] ! :ole in/rum5t is n requir$4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,app>atus ,,g5]ally ,,made ,,to ,,?is ,,microscope4 ,! :eel1 ) ! magnifi]s1 ,p4 ,fig4 #a4 ,! body ( ! microscope1 ,a ,b4 ,! slid]-hold]1 ,k4 ,! tube1 ) ! cond5s+ l5s ,l1 to be us$ by c&le-light4 ,! p9 & arm a1 ei!r = ! above l5s1 or = ! silv] concave speculum e4 ,! silv] concave speculum e1 fitt$ to ! arm above1 & us$ common to all ! magnifi]s 9 ! :eel & body ,a ,b1 x is to reflect ! light f ! concave or plane mirror ,o bel[1 ^u ! opake objects1 !n call$ ! comp\nd opake microscope4 ,a silv] concave speculum f1 ) a s+le magnifi]2 x screws to ! "u "p ( ! arm ,c ,d 9 room ( ! :eel ( magnifi]s1 & =ms !n ! s+le opake microscope4 ,a brass cone g1 to place "u ! /age ,n ,i ,s1 & s]ves to dim9i% ! reflect$ light :5 necess>y4 ,! jo9t$ nipp]s b1 fitt$ to ! /age1 to hold any small insect1 or o!r opake object4 ,a cyl9d] ( ivory h1 to fix on ! po9t$ end ( ! nipp]s1 black on "o side & :ite on ! o!r1 to make a contra/ to ! opake object us$4 ,six ivory slid]s1 i1 ea* hav+ f\r holes1 & objects conta9$ betwe5 two talcs conf9$ toge!r by brass circul> wires4 ,"o ( ! slid]s is usually s5t )\t objects1 to be suppli$ at pleasure4 ,:5 us$1 !y are plac$ betwe5 ! p]=at$ plates ( ! slid]-hold] ,k2 :]e also is to be appli$ ! brass frame slid] k1 conta9+ 9 "o brass piece f\r small concave glasses fix$2 a n>r[ slip ( glass slides ov] ^!1 all )9 ! frame2 s t any v small liv+ object1 z a mite1 c41 may be view$ ) ! prop] security4 ,a set ( glass tubes1 l1 ?ree 9 numb]1 to conta9 tadpoles1 wat] newts1 small frogs1 eels1 c4 :i* are curi\s objects = af=d+ a f9e view ( ! circulation ( ! blood1 c4 ,!y are also to be plac$ 9 ! slid]-hold] ,k4 ,!re is a small hole at "o end to admit air1 ! o!r end is to be /opp$ ) cork1 to conta9 ! fluid & prev5t ! escape ( ! animal4 ,a brass twi/$ wire is s5t1 to assi/ 9 ! clean+ ( ^! tubes4 ,a small ivory box1 m1 conta9+ talcs & wires to supply ! ivory slid]s )1 %\ld any be lo/ or damag$4 ,a l5s set 9 a brass cell1 n1 ( su* a focus z to view objects "u a magnify+ p[] suffici5t = ! apply+ !m to ! in/rum5t = fur!r inspection2 h5ce x has be5 call$ ! explorator4 ,x may occasionally be screw$ to ! arm ,c ,d1 & is !n well adapt$ = view+ objects ( ! l>g] k9d1 or ! :ole ( an insect1 c4 be=e ! obs]v+ ( x 9 "p "u ! regul> magnifi]s4 ,a concave1 or a circul> plane glass1 o1 = transp>5t objects1 or animalcula 9 fluids1 c4 x is fitt$ to ! side1 ,i1 ( ! /age4 ,x is necess>y to describe ! l5s & frame1 d1 notic$ at page #ie2 x is ei!r = conv]g+ ! sun's rays ^u opake objects laid ^u ! /age1 or = magnify+ a fl[]1 or o!r l>ge objects appli$ to ! /age1 or on ! nipp]s or po9t1 b4 ,by its p9 & spr+ socket x is easily rais$ to any height1 = ! sun1 c&le1 or ! eye ( ! obs]v]4 ,a brass insect box1 h1 consi/+ ( a concave & plane glass t screw close toge!r2 by means ( :i* a l\se1 flea1 c4 may be secur$1 view$ alive1 & reta9$ = any "t4 ,x is appli$ to ! hole ,i1 ( ! /age1 ,fig4 #a4 ,a pair ( small brass =ceps1 q1 by :i* any small object may be conv5i5tly tak5 up or mov$4 ,?is microscope packs into a mahogany pyramidical %ap$ case1 ab\t sev5 in*es squ>e at its base1 & f\rte5 in*es 9 height4 ,= its price1 see ! g5]al li/ annex$ to ?is "w4 ,,to ,,use ,,?is ,,microscope4 ,x w be obvi\s to ! read] f ! prec$+ description t x mu/ be put toge!r z repres5t$ 9 ! figure2 t he has to place ! slid]-hold]1 ,k1 to ! /age1 ,n ,i ,s1 ) "o slid] ( objects2 to reflect z /rong a light z possible f ! concave mirror1 ,o1 bel[1 by turn+ x into ! be/ position1 & mov+ x upw>ds or d[nw>ds all ! :ile he is look+ d[n ! body1 ,a ,b4 ,!n1 = a di/9ct view ( ! object1 to turn ! p9ion1 ,m1 9 a sl[ & g5tle mann]4 ,a small degree ( practice w r5d] ! managem5t v famili>4 ,= opake objects1 ! slid]-hold]1 ,k1 is to be remov$2 ! silv] speculum1 e1 screw$ to ! arm1 a1 & by its p9 plac$ 9 ! hole1 ,i1 ( ! /age1 ) ! concave "p d[nw>d above ! /age2 ! glass1 o1 or ! nipp]s1 b1 ) ivory1 h1 plac$ at ! /age3 !n ! light reflect$ f ! mirror1 ,o1 up to ! speculum above1 :i* w aga9 reflect ! light v /rongly ^u ! object4 ,practice also 9 ?is case c make x easy to ! beg9n]4 ,! use ( ! re/ ( ! app>atus has be5 suffici5tly expla9$4 ,,( ,,! ,,mo/ ,,improv$ ,,comp\nd ,,microscope1 ,,be+ ,,univ]sal ,,9 ,,its ,,uses1 ,,& ,,=m+ ,,! ,,s+le1 ,,comp\nd1 ,,opake1 ,,& ,,aquatic ,,microscopes4 ,a p]son mu* accu/om$ to obs]vations by ! microscope1 w readily disc]n ! sev]al advantages ( ?is in/rum5t ov] ! prec$+ "o4 ,besides its conta9+ an additional quantity ( useful app>atus1 x is m commodi\s & complete = ! managem5t :ile obs]v+1 z x may in/antly be plac$ 9 a v]tical1 oblique1 or horizontal situation1 turn$ lat]ally at ! ease ( ! obs]v]1 & ! objects view$ by ! prim>y direct light1 or reflect$ z usual1 at pleasure4 ,^! p>ticul>s ! foll[+ description w cle>ly %ew4 ,i %all n aga9 s fully describe ! same app>atus1 z ! read] mu/ already und]/& _! uses f ! prec$+ ref]5ces4 ,fig4 #b is a repres5tation ( ?is in/rum5t z plac$ up = use4 ,a ,b is ! comp\nd body4 ,! eye-glasses are conta9$ 9 an inn] tube t slides outw>ds or inw>ds1 ?us alt]+ its di/ance f a glass at ,b1 & !reby increas+ or dim9i%+ ! magnify+ p[]1 :5 ?\ght necess>y4 ,?is body may be screw$ on or (f to ! arm ,c ,d1 z 9 ! microscope j describ$2 ! arm ,c ,d may also be mov$ 9 any direction ov] ! object4 ,e ,f is ! squ>e /em or b>1 on :i* is mov$ by ! rack-"w & p9ion ,m1 ! /age ,n ,i ,s1 to adju/ a di/9ct view to any ( ! magnifi]s1 or app>atus us$4 ,v is a /rong brass pill> ) a jo9t-piece at top1 connect$ to ! /em ,e ,f2 by means ( ?is jo9t ! position ( ! microscope is readily alt]$ f a v]tical to an oblique or horizontal "o1 z may be desir$ or f\nd mo/ easy & conv5i5t to ! obs]v]1 :ile sitt+ or /&+2 x w also enable him to view objects by direct unreflect$ light2 =1 :5 ! /em1 ,e ,f1 is put into an horizontal position1 ! mirrors1 ,o1 ,r1 may be drawn (f & laid aside4 ,aga9/ or be=e ! cond5s+ l5s1 ,u1 ! common day-light or ! light ( a c&le may !n be direct$4 ,at ! /age ,n ,i ,s1 is a slid+ brass spr+1 ,n1 s]v+ to conf9e d[n slips ( glass or l>ge slid]s1 :5 objects plac$ !reon are int5d$ to be view$ out ( ! horizontal position ( ! /age4 ,a l5s1 ,u1 call$ ! cond5s+ l5s1 fix$ 9 a frame connect$ to a socket1 is = cond5s+ & modify+ ! rays ( light reflect$ f ! concave or plane mirror1 ,o1 bel[2 x may be set to a prop] di/ance by rais+ x up by two little screws1 "o ( :i* is %ewn at u4 ,?is l5s is ( consid]able use by c&le-light1 z x s]ves to fill ! :ole body1 ,a ,b1 beautifully ) light on ! object4 ,x is turn$ aside on a jo9t p91 :5 n 9 use4 ,six magnifi]s are conta9$ 9 ! :eel at ,p1 z 9 ! =m] microscope4 ,! mirrors1 ,o1 bel[ may also be slid upw>ds or d[nw>ds on ! /em1 by pu%+ aga9/ ! screws at r4 ,?us ! /age1 l5s ,u1 & mirrors bel[1 be+ all 9 "o axis ( motion1 admit ! adju/m5t ( ! di/9ct view1 light1 c4 9 ! mo/ accurate & pleas+ mann]4 ,:5 ! in/rum5t is pack$ into its case1 ! feet1 ,g ,g ,h1 may all be fold$ toge!r z "o1 & ! body ,a ,b1 screw$ (f1 = ! advantage ( be+ portable4 ,! body1 z screw$ (f1 leaves ! in/rum5t a s+le microscope4 ,,! ,,g5]al ,,app>atus ,,to ,,?is ,,microscope ,,is ,,z ,,foll[s4 ,fir/1 su* z accompany ! prec$+ microscope4 ,! brass :eel ) magnifi]s1 ,p1 ,fig4 #b4 ,! slid]-hold]1 ,k4 ,! brass p9 & arm1 a1 = receiv+ ! concave speculum1 e1 :i* is appli$ to ! upp] side ( ! /age1 & us$ common to all ! magnifi]s4 ,! silv] concave speculum1 f1 ) a magnifi] set !re91 us$ by itself 9 ! arm ,c ,d4 ,^! two speculums =m ! in/rum5t into :at is call$ an ,,opake ,,microscope4 ,a brass cone1 g1 fitt+ ! "u side ( ! /age1 ,n ,i ,s1 to exclude sup]flu\s light4 ,! illum9ator1 or convex l5s1 d1 ,fig4 #a1 fitt$ to ,t ( ! /age4 ,! jo9t$ nipp]s1 b1 fitt$ to ! /age1 & ei!r on ! po9t or nipp]s to hold any small insect1 or o!r opake object4 ,an ivory black & :ite piece1 h1 is also fitt$ to ! po9t to contra/ ! col\r ( any object laid !reon2 ! light ^u ?is is reflect$ f ! silv] concaves plac$ above1 :i* reflect ! light d[nw>ds receiv$ f ! mirrors at ,o4 ,six ivory slid]s z %ewn at i1 conta9+ a selection ( objects1 plac$ betwe5 ,muscovy talc1 & fa/5$ by spr+ wires2 & a brass frame slid]1 k3 all = ! /age1 ,k1 :5 9 use4 ,a set ( glass tubes = fi% or liquids1 l1 to be fill$ ) wat] & /opp$ ) cork1 = ! slid]-hold] ,k4 ,a pan1 c1 = fi% or frogs1 fitt$ to ! /age at ,s4 ,a small ivory box1 m1 ) sp>e talcs & wires4 ,! explorator1 n1 a l5s set 9 a brass cell1 = view+ ! l>g] sort ( objects ei!r by ! h&1 or f ! arm ,c ,d1 ,fig4 #b4 ,a plane glass1 o1 & a concave ditto1 s1 bo? fitt$ to ! hole ( ! /age1 ,n ,i ,s1 = view+ fluids1 & conf9+ ! animalcula1 c4 betwe5 !m1 & s =m+ :at is call$ ! ,,aquatic ,,microscope4 ,a brass box1 p1 ) a concave & plane glass1 = insects & o!r objects1 fitt$ to ! /age ,n ,i ,s1 :5 !y are to be exam9$ by ! in/rum5t4 ,a pair ( brass =ceps1 q1 to take or hold any object by4 ,a camel hair bru%1 t4 ,,additional ,,app>atus ,,to ,,?is ,,be/ ,,microscope4 ,?ree l>ge wood slid]s1 z %ewn at ,x1 ) talcs & wires1 = ! l>g] sort ( w+s ( flies1 & o!r objects :i* are too l>ge = ! small ivory slid]s1 i2 !y are to be plac$ 9 ! slid]-hold] ,k1 :5 on ! /age ,n ,i ,s1 & ! objects to be magnifi$ ei!r by ! magnifi]s 9 ! :eel ,p1 or ! l5s %ewn at n1 screw$ on ! arm ,c ,d4 ,a brass cell1 y1 ) a v small globule or l5s1 or an extraord9>y great magnifi]1 usually ab\t ! #cj? or #dj? ( an in* focus2 x is to be screw$ into ! arm ,c ,d1 :5 ! :eel1 ,p1 is fir/ unscrew$ away4 ,x is = ! purpose ( view+ extreme m9ute objects1 :i* may be s small z to elude ! p[] ( ! magnifi]s 9 ! :eel1 ,p4 ,a moveable /age1 ,w1 :i* by ! p91 a1 is appli$ to ! hole1 ,s1 ( ! /age ,fig4 #b1 & !reby has an horizontal motion "u ! :ole field ( view1 )\t di/urb+ any o!r "p ( ! in/rum5t4 ,to ! l>ge hole ( ?is /age are fitt$ a deep concave glass1 r1 & ! concave & plane glasses1 s & o2 & to ! small holes1 x x1 a black & :ite piece ( ivory1 w1 = opake objects1 & a concave & plane glass simil> to o & s4 ,an extra concave silv] speculum ) a less magnifi] ?an ! o!r1 z %ewn at f1 us$ = ! l>g] k9d ( opake objects1 l ! o!r1 fitt$ to ! arm ,c ,d1 & us$ in/ead ( ! magnifi]s 9 ! :eel1 ,p4 ,rack-"w is sometimes cut 9 ! arm ,c ,d1 to turn ! p9ion above1 s z to move ! magnifi]s 9 a l9e> direction ov] ! objects 9 ! mo/ accurate degree2 & also ! /age ,n ,i ,s jo9t$1 to turn by a screw & tee? 9 an horizontal direction at "r angles to ! above1 !reby r5d]+ a sl[ & accurate motion1 p]fectly suitable to ! v>i\s positions ( any liv+ animal "u exam9ation4 ,six or m l>g] ivory slid]s1 ) cutt+s ( diff]5t woods1 c4 are also frequ5tly add$2 b z ^! enhance ! exp5se1 & may be ext5d$ to ! desire ( ! pur*as]1 8 *oice1 & n my description "h1 w det]m9e ! ext5t ( ! app>atus to ! microscope4 ,:5 pack$ up into its mahogany1 or black %agre5 case1 ! outside dim5sions are ab\t twelve in*es & an half long1 n9e in*es broad1 & ?ree in*es ?ree-qu>t]s deep4 ,a microscope f ?is plan is frequ5tly made ( small] dim5sions1 = ! conv5i5ce ( p]sons :o frequ5tly travel1 & is conta9$ 9 a fi%-sk9 case ab\t sev5 in*es long1 f\r in*es & an half broad1 & two in*es deep1 & is ! mo/ complete in/rum5t ( ! sort4 ,,to ,,use ,,?is ,,microscope4 ,z 9 ! =m] "o1 place ! slid]-hold] ,k1 ) a slid] ( objects 9 x1 9 ! /age ,n ,i ,s2 move ! arm ,c ,d1 9 its socket1 s t a m>k on ! side is br\ght to ! edge ( ! socket2 !n turn ! arm till ! magnifi] is directly c5tral ov] ! object2 look d[n ! tube ,a ,b1 & dur+ t "t1 reflect ! light /rongly & cle>ly up into x f ! mirror ,o bel[2 & !n1 :ile y are look+ ?r\gh ! body1 g5tly turn ! p9ion at ,m to ! "r or left1 till y see ! object magnifi$ 9 ! mo/ di/9ct & well-def9$ mann]4 ,att5d+ prop]ly to ?is mode is ! only c>e necess>y to use any microscope :atsoev]2 & = want ( do+ :i*1 _m a beg9n] f9ds a difficulty 9 us+ prop]ly 8 in/rum5t4 ,= price1 see ! li/ at ! end4 ,= opake objects1 y take away ! slid]-hold]1 ,k2 place on ! /age ei!r ! concave glass1 s1 or ! nipp]s1 b2 screw ! concave speculum1 e1 to ! arm1 a1 :i* place on ! /age ) ! arm 9 ! hole1 ,i4 ,! light is n[ to be reflect$ into ?is concave di% f "o ( ! mirrors1 ,o1 bel[1 & x w ?us be /rongly cond5s$ ^u ! object4 ,) ?is concave speculum any ( ! magnifi]s 9 ! :eel1 ,p1 may be us$4 ,:5 ! s+le silv] concave1 f1 is us$1 x is screw$ to ! arm ,c ,d1 & ! "o1 e1 & arm1 a1 are n !n appli$4 ,= fur!r directions = ! managem5t ( microscopes1 ! light1 c4 see ,*ap4 ,,iv4 p4 #abi1 & sequel4 ,a ,,description ,,( ,,culpep]',s1 ,,or ,,! ,,common ,,?ree-,,pill>$ ,,microscope4 ,plate ,,iv4 ,fig4 #c4 ,! only recomm5dations ( ?is orig9al in/rum5t are1 its simple con/ruction & l[ness ( price4 ,x gives a pleas+ view ( ! object4 ,x is preclud$ by its =m f "s ( ! advantages ( ! two =ego+ in/rum5ts1 because bo? ! /age & ! mirror are conf9$4 ,?is microscope consi/s ( a l>ge ext]ior brass body1 ,a ,b1 support$ on ?ree brass scrolls1 :i* are fix$ to ! /age ,f2 ! /age is support$ by ?ree l>g] scrolls t are screw$ to ! mahogany p$e/al ,g ,h4 ,!re is a draw] 9 ! p$e/al :i* holds ! app>atus4 ,! concave mirror1 ,i1 is fitt$ to a socket 9 ! c5t] ( ! p$e/al4 ,! l[] "p1 ,b1 ( ! body =ms an ext]ior tube1 into :i* ! upp] "p ( ! body1 ,c1 slides1 & may be mov$ up or d[n by ! h&1 s z to br+ ! magnifi]s :i* are screw$ on at ,d1 ne>] to1 or fur!r f ! object4 ,a ,,li/ ,,( ,,! ,,app>atus ,,to ,,culpep]',s ,,microscope4 ,five magnifi]s1 ea* fitt$ 9 a brass cell2 "o ( ^! is se5 screw$ on at ,d4 ,six ivory slid]s1 k1 five ( !m ) objects2 & a small ivory box1 m1 conta9+ "s sp>e talcs1 & wires = !m4 ,a brass tube1 ,n1 to hold ! concave speculum4 ,a brass box1 ,m1 = ! same speculum4 ,a fi%-pan1 c4 ,a set ( glass tubes1 b4 ,a flat & a concave glass1 bo? fitt$ to ! /age4 ,a brass cone1 g1 to exclude sup]flu\s light2 x applies at ! "u side ( ! /age1 ,f4 ,a brass box1 p1 ) plane & concave glasses = liv+ objects4 ,a pair ( =ceps1 q4 ,a /eel wire1 b1 ) a pair ( nipp]s at "o end1 a po9t at ! o!r1 & a small ivory cyl9d]1 h1 to fit on ! po9t$ end ( ! nipp]s4 ,a convex l5s1 ,e1 moveable 9 a brass semicircle2 ?is is affix$ to a long brass p91 :i* fits into a hole1 ,f1 on ! /age4 ,! uses ( ! above app>atus h be5 suffici5tly describ$ 9 ! prec$+ pages4 ,,to ,,use ,,?is ,,microscope4 ,screw "o ( ! five cells1 :i* conta9s a magnify+ l5s1 to ! end1 ,d1 ( ! body2 place ! slid] i or k1 ) ! objects1 betwe5 ! plates ( ! slid]-hold]1 ,k4 ,!n1 to atta9 di/9ct vision & a pleas+ view ( ! object1 adju/ ! slid+ body to ! focus ( ! l5s y are us+1 by mov+ ! upp] "p1 ,c1 g5tly up & d[n :ile y are look+ at ! object1 & regulate ! light by ! concave mirror1 ,i1 bel[4 ,! image ( ! objects 9 ?is microscope is se5 9 a field ( view ( ab\t six in*es 9 diamet]2 b1 9 ! improv$ ones be=e describ$1 x is f ab\t twelve to fifte5 in*es4 ,= opake objects1 two additional pieces mu/ be us$2 ! fir/ is a cyl9drical tube ( brass1 repres5t$ at ,n1 :i* fits on ! cyl9drical sn\t above ,d ( ! body3 ! second piece is ! concave speculum1 ,l2 ?is is to be screw$ to ! l[] end ( ! a=esaid tube4 ,! upp] edge ( ?is tube %\ld be made to co9cide ) ! l9e :i* has ! same numb] affix$ to x z ! magnifi] y are us+2 t is1 if y are mak+ use ( ! magnifi] m>k$ #e1 slide ! tube to ! circul> l9e on ! tube above ,d1 t is m>k$ also ) ,no4 #e4 ,! slid]-hold]1 ,k1 %\ld be remov$ :5 y are go+ to view opake objects1 & a plane glass %\ld be plac$ on ! /age 9 its /ead to receive ! object2 or x may be plac$ on ! nipp]s1 b1 ! p9 ( :i* fits into ! hole 9 ! /age4 ,a ,,description ,,( ,,m>t9',s ,,improv$ ,,sol> ,,microscope1 ,,:i* ,,is ,,con/ruct$ ,,to ,,exhibit ,,transp>5t ,,& ,,opake ,,objects4 ,plate ,v4 ,! sol> microscope is g5]ally suppos$ to af=d ! mo/ ent]ta9m5t1 on acc\nt ( ! wond]ful ext5t ( its magnify+ p[]1 & ! ease ) :i* sev]al p]sons may view ea* s+le object at ! same "t4 ,! use ( x 01 h[ev]1 conf9$ = _m ye>s only to transp>5t objects4 ,ab\t ! ye> #aggd1 ,mr4 ,b4 ,m>t9 s f> improv$ ?is in/rum5t1 z to r5d] x applicable to opake1 z well z to transp>5t objects1 exhibit+ ! magnifi$ image ( ei!r k9d on a l>ge scre54 ,treat+ ( x himself1 he says#cd1 8,) ?is in/rum5t all opake objects1 :e!r ( ! animal1 vegetable1 or m9]al k+dom1 may be exhibit$ 9 great p]fection1 9 all _! native beauty2 ! lights & %ades1 ! prom95ces & cavities1 & all ! v>ieties ( diff]5t hues1 te9ts1 & col\rs1 height5$ by ! reflection ( ! sol> rays cond5s$ ^u !m40 ,f its enl>g$ dim5sions1 transp>5t objects are also %ewn ) great] p]fection ?an 9 ! common sol> microscope4 #cd ,description & ,use ( an ,opake ,sol> ,microscope4 #hvo4 #aggd4 ,plate ,v4 ,fig4 #a1 repres5ts ! sol> opake microscope1 plac$ toge!r = exhibit+ opake objects4 ,fig4 #b1 is t "p call$ ! s+le too? & p9ion microscope1 :i* is us$ = %ew+ transp>5t objects2 ! cyl9drical tube1 ,y1 !re(1 be+ made to fit into ! tube ,e ,f1 ,fig4 #a4 ,x may be occasionally us$ z a h& s+le1 or ,wilson's microscope1 & = :i* purpose1 ! h&le1 c1 is fitt$ by a screw to ! body at g1 & ! tube1 ,y1 screw$ away4 ,fig4 #c1 ! slid] :i* conta9s ! six magnifi]s2 x fits into a dove-tail "u ,p1 ,fig4 #b1 at ! upp] "p ( ! microscope4 ,fig4 #d repres5ts a brass dove-tail slid]1 conta9+ a small l5s3 x is call$ a cond5s]4 ,!re are ?ree 9 numb]1 m>k$ #a & #b1 c4 correspond+ to ! numb] ( ! magnifi]s us$3 !y s]ve to cond5se ! sun's rays /rongly ^u ! object1 & enl>ge ! circle ( light4 ,!y slide 9 at h1 ,fig4 #b4 ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f1 ,fig4 #a1 repres5ts ! body ( ! sol> microscope2 "o "p !re(1 ,a ,b ,c ,d1 is conical1 ! o!r1 ,c ,d ,e ,f1 is cyl9drical4 ,! cyl9drical "p receives ! tube1 ,g1 ( ! opake object box1 or ! tube1 ,y1 ( ! s+le microscope1 ,fig4 #b4 ,at ! l>ge end1 ,a ,b1 ( ! conical "p !re is a convex l5s to receive ! rays f ! mirror1 & refract !m conv]g+ly into ! box1 ,h ,i ,k ,l4 ,n ,o ,p is a brass frame :i* is fix$ to ! moveable circul> plate1 a b c2 9 ?is frame !re is a plane mirror1 to reflect ! sol> rays ?r\gh ! a=e-m5tion$ l5s4 ,?is mirror may be mov$ into ! prop] positions = reflect+ ! sol> rays1 by means ( rack-"w turn$ by ! nuts ,q & ,r4 ,by ! nut ,q1 x may be mov$ f "r to left2 x maybe elevat$ or depress$ by ! nut1 ,r4 d e1 two screws to fa/5 ! microscope to a w9d[-%utt]1 or a bo>d fitt$ entirely be=e ! w9d[4 ,! box = opake objects is repres5t$ z op5 at ,h ,i ,k ,l2 x conta9s a plane mirror1 ,m1 = reflect+ ! light t x receives f ! l>ge l5s to ! object1 & !reby illum9at+ x2 ,s is a screw to adju/ ?is mirror to its prop] angle = reflect+ ! light4 ,v ,x1 two tubes ( brass1 "o slid+ )9 ! o!r1 ! ext]ior "o 9 ! box1 ,h ,i ,k ,l2 ^! c>ry two magnify+ l5ses3 ! int]ior tube is sometimes tak5 out1 & ! ext]ior "o is !n us$ by itself4 ,"p ( ?is tube may be se5 9 ! plate z )9 ! box1 ,h ,i ,k ,l4 ,at ,h1 is a brass plate1 ! back "p ( :i* is fix$ to a tube1 h1 conta9+ a spiral wire1 :i* keeps ! plate always be>+ aga9/ ! side1 ,h1 ( ! brass box ,h ,i ,k ,l4 ,! slid]s1 ) ! opake objects1 ,fig4 #e1 pass betwe5 ?is plate & ! side ( ! box2 to apply :i*1 ! plate is to be drawn back by means ( ! nut1 g4 k i1 a door to "o side ( ! opake box1 to be op5$ :5 adju/+ ! mirror1 ,m4 ,! =ego+ pieces con/itute ! sev]al p>ts necess>y = view+ opake objects4 ,we %all n[ proce$ to describe ! s+le microscope1 :i* is us$ = transp>5t objects2 b1 9 ord] to exam9e ^!1 ! box1 ,h ,i ,k ,l1 mu/ be fir/ remov$1 & 9 its place we mu/ ins]t ! tube1 ,y1 ( ! s+le microscope1 ,fig4 #b1 n[ to be expla9$4 ,fig4 #b repres5ts a l>ge too? & p9ion microscope2 at m1 )9 ! body ( ?is microscope1 are two ?9 plates t are to be sep>at$1 9 ord] to let ! ivory slid]s1 ,fig4 #g1 pass betwe5 !m2 !y are press$ toge!r by a spiral spr+1 :i* be>s up ! "u plate1 & =ces x aga9/ ! upp] "o4 ,! slid]1 ,fig4 #c1 t conta9s ! magnifi]s1 fits into a hole at n2 any ( ! magnifi]s may be plac$ be=e ! object1 by mov+ ! a=esaid slid]3 :5 ! magnifi] is at ! c5t] ( ! hole ,p1 a small spr+ falls into "o ( ! not*es :i* is on ! side ( ! slid]1 ,fig4 #c4 ,at h1 slides a cond5s]1 ,fig4 #d1 = cond5s+ ! sun's rays1 & enl>g+ ! field ( view on ! scre53 ! numb] mu/ correspond ) t ( ! magnifi] us$4 ,?is microscope is adju/$ to ! focus1 :ile exhibit+ ! object1 by turn+ ! mill$ nut ,o4 ,,app>atus ,,to ,,! ,,opake ,,sol> ,,microscope4 ,! mirror ,o ,p1 ,fig4 #a1 & squ>e plate1 & ! tubul> body ( ! microscope1 ,a ,f4 ,! opake box & its tube1 ,i ,k ,g4 ,! too? & p9ion or s+le microscope1 ,fig4 #b4 ,! slid] ( magnifi]s1 ,fig4 #c4 ,! megalascope magnifi]1 ,fig4 #f1 fitt$ to ,p ( ,fig4 #b4 ,six ivory slid]s ) transp>5t objects1 ,fig4 #g4 ,twelve wood slid]s ) opake objects1 & a brass frame to hold !m1 ,fig4 #e4 ,a brass squ>e-=m$ slid] case1 ,fig4 #h1 to hold any animal1 piece ( ore1 or o!r opake object1 & is to be plac$ l ! o!r slid] at ,h1 ,fig4 #a4 ,a pair ( nipp]s & po9t1 ,fig4 #i1 ! p91 a1 ( :i* fits into ! hole ( ! slid]1 ,fig4 #d1 & holds be=e ! magnifi]s at ,p1 ,fig4 #b1 any small fly or o!r complete object to be magnifi$4 ,a f\r-glass slid] 9 a brass frame1 ,fig4 #aj1 = any animalcula1 c4 to be plac$ betwe5 ! plates at m1 ,fig4 #b4 ,a set ( glass fi% tubes1 ,fig4 #aa4 ,a pair ( =ceps1 ,fig4 #ab4 ,two brass nuts = ! w9d[-%utt] or bo>d1 ,fig4 #ac2 & ! two brass fa/5+ screws1 d e1 ,fig4 #a1 :i* may be ei!r us$ ) or )\t ! above two nuts4 ,! figures on ! plate are ab\t half ! orig9al size1 & ! app>atus n[ made by ,messrs4 ,jones packs into a case ?irte5 in*es long1 n9e in*es broad1 & f\r in*es deep4 ,= price1 see ! li/ at ! end4 ,,to ,,use ,,! ,,sol> ,,microscope4 ,make a r\nd hole 9 a w9d[-%utt] or w9d[-bo>d1 t is opposite to ! m]idian sun1 or z ne>ly s z possible1 a little l>g] ?an ! circle a b c2 pass ! mirror1 ,n ,o ,p1 ?r\gh ?is hole1 & apply ! squ>e plate to ! %utt]2 !n m>k ) a p5cil ! places :i* correspond to ! two holes ?r\gh :i* ! screws are to pass2 take away ! microscope1 & bore two holes at ! m>k$ places1 l>ge en\gh to admit ! mill$ screws1 d e1 to pass ?r\gh !m4 ,^! screws are to pass f ! outside ( ! %utt]1 to g ?r\gh x1 & be+ !n screw$ into _! respective holes 9 ! squ>e plate1 !y w1 :5 screw$ home1 hold x fa/ aga9/ ! inside ( ! %utt]1 & ?us support ! microscope4 ,ano!r way1 & p]haps m conv5i5t1 is to previ\sly screw ! two brass nuts1 ,fig4 #ac1 to ! %utt] or w9d[-bo>d1 at ! inside at a suitable di/ance1 to receive ! two mill$ screws2 ^! nuts w always be ready = use1 & ! op]ator may 9 a m9ute1 )9 8 room1 fa/5 ! plate1 a b c1 to ! %utt] by ! two mill$ screws1 be+ plac$ contr>ywise4 ,screw ! conical tube1 ,a ,b ,c ,d1 to ! circle1 a b c1 & !n slide ! tube1 ,g1 ( ! opake box into ! cyl9drical "p1 ,c ,d ,e ,f1 ( ! body1 if opake objects are to be exam9$2 b if transp>5t objects are int5d$ to be %ewn1 !n place ! tube ,y1 ,fig4 #b1 )9 ! tube ,c ,d ,e ,f4 ,! room is to be d>k5$ z mu* z possible1 t no light may ent] b :at passes ?r\gh ! body ( ! microscope2 =1 on ?is circum/ance1 toge!r ) ! brightness ( ! sun1 ! p]fection & di/9ctness ( ! image 9 a great measure dep5d4 ,we %all fir/ consid] ! microscope z go+ ,,to ,,be ,,us$ ,,= ,,opake ,,objects4 ,adju/ ! mirror1 ,n ,o ,p1 s z to receive ! sol> rays1 by means ( ! two f+]-screws or nuts1 ,q1 ,r2 ! fir/1 ,q1 turns ! mirror to ! "r or left2 ! second1 ,r1 raises or depresses x3 ?is y are to d1 till y h reflect$ ! sun's light ?r\gh ! l5s at ,a ,b1 /rongly ^u a :ite-pap] scre5 or clo?1 f f\r to eight feet squ>e 7ab\t ! latt] dim5sions = transp>5t objects7 plac$ f ab\t five to eight feet di/ance f ! w9d[1 & =m$ !reon a r\nd spot ( light3 a :ite wa9scot or wall at a suitable di/ance answ]s v well4 ,an unexp]i5c$ obs]v] w f9d x m conv5i5t to obta9 ! light by fir/ =m+ ?is spot1 be=e he puts on ei!r ! opake box1 or ! too? & p9ion microscope1 ,fig4 #b4 ,n[ apply ! opake box1 & place ! object betwe5 ! plates at ,h2 op5 ! door1 k i1 & adju/ ! mirror1 ,m1 till y see y h illum9at$ ! object /rongly4 ,if y _c effect ?is by ! screw ,s1 y mu/ move ! screws ,q1 ,r1 9 ord] to get ! light reflect$ /rongly f ! mirror1 ,n ,o ,p1 on ! mirror ,m2 )\t :i* ! latt] _c illum9ate ! object4 ,! object be+ /rongly illum9at$1 %ut ! door1 k i1 & a di/9ct view ( ! object w soon be obta9$ on y\r scre51 by adju/+ ! tubes ,v ,x1 ) ! magnifi]s1 :i* is effect$ by mov+ !m backw>ds or =w>ds4 ,a p]fectly r\nd spot ( light _c always be procur$ 9 nor!rn latitudes1 ! altitude ( ! sun be+ (t5 too l[2 nei!r c x be obta9$ :5 ! sun is directly p]p5dicul> to ! front ( ! room4 ,z ! sun is cont9ually *ang+ its place1 x w be necess>y1 9 ord] to keep 8 rays full ^u ! object1 to keep !m cont9ually direct$ ?r\gh ! axis ( ! in/rum5t1 by turn+ ! two screws ,q & ,r4 ,to view transp>5t objects1 remove ! opake box1 & ins]t ! tube1 ,y1 ( ,fig4 #b1 9 its place2 put ! slid]1 ,fig4 #c1 into its place at n1 a cond5s]1 ,fig4 #d1 at h1 & ! slid] ) ! objects betwe5 ! plates at m2 !n adju/ ! mirror1 ,n ,o ,p1 z be=e direct$1 by ! screws1 ,q1 ,r1 s t ! light may pass ?r\gh ! object2 regulate ! focus ( ! magnifi] by ! p9ion1 ,o4 ,! mo/ pleas+ magnifi]s 9 use are ! f\r? & fif?4 ,! size ( ! object is g5]ally f f\r to eight feet1 & may be increas$ or dim9i%$ by alt]+ ! di/ance ( ! scre5 f ! microscope2 five or six feet is a conv5i5t di/ance4 ,! effect by ?is sort ( microscope is /up5d\s1 & nev] fails to excite wond] 9 an obs]v] at ! fir/ view1 9 see+ a flea1 c4 augm5t$ 9 appe>ance to ,,sev51 ,,eight1 or ev5 ,,t5 ,,feet 9 l5g?1 ) all its col\rs1 motions1 & animal functions1 di/9ctly & beautifully exhibit$4 ,,to ,,exam9e ,,transp>5t ,,objects ,,( ,a ,,l>g] ,,size1 or to r5d] ! in/rum5t :at is usually call$ a megalascope1 take out ! slid]1 ,fig4 #c1 f its place at n2 screw ! cell & l5s1 ,fig4 #f1 into ! hole at ,p1 ,fig4 #b2 remove ! glass :i* is plac$ at h1 & regulate ! light & focus agreeable to ! =ego+ directions4 ,at ,c ,d1 is plac$ a l5s = increas+ ! d5sity ( ! rays1 = ! purpose ( burn+ or melt+ any fusible sub/ance2 ?is l5s mu/ be remov$ 9 mo/ cases1 le/ ! objects %\ld be burnt4 ,! int5sity ( ! light is also v>i$ by mov+ ! tube ,g1 & ,fig4 #b1 ,y1 inw>ds or outw>ds4 ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,transp>5t ,,sol> ,,microscope ,,& ,,app>atus4 ,plate ,,vi4 ,fig4 #d1 to #ad4 ,! =ego+ description w1 9 great "p1 answ] = ?is microscope2 b1 ! dim5sions1 app>atus1 c4 v>y+ 9 a small degree f ! prec$+1 a di/9ct description "h1 may be acceptable to ^?1 :o possess ?is sort ( microscope only4 ,a ,b ,c ,d1 ,fig4 #d1 repres5ts ! body ( ! microscope1 consi/+ ( two brass tubes4 ,e ,f is ! end ( ! inn] moveable tube2 e f1 t ( ! s+le too? & p9ion microscope4 ,fig4 #e1 screws into ! end ( ?is inn] tube2 at ! end1 ,a ,b1 ( ! ext]nal tube !re is a convex l5s1 to receive ! sun's rays f ! mirror1 ,k ,l1 & to cond5se !m on ! object2 ! end1 ,a ,b1 screws into ! circul> plate1 ,g ,h ,i4 ,?is "p may also be us$ z a s+le microscope1 & may h at m ! h&le1 c1 screw$ to x4 ,k ,l1 a long frame fix$ to ! moveable circul> plate1 ) a plane mirror1 to reflect ! rays ( ! sun on ! l5s at ,a ,b4 ,an endless worm or screw1 :i* is cut on ! l[] "p ( ! nut1 ,m1 works 9 a small :eel :i* is fix$ to ! frame1 ,k ,l1 s t by turn+ ! nut1 ! frame1 ,k ,l1 is mov$ up or d[n3 ! nut1 ,n1 moves ! mirror to ! "r or left4 ,o1 ,p1 two screws to fa/5 ! squ>e plate to ! w9d[-%utt]4 ,fig4 #e1 ! s+le microscope2 e f1 ! end :i* screws on to ! "p1 ,e ,f1 ,fig4 #d1 ( ! int]nal tube ( ! body2 q1 ! dove-tail$ slit = receiv+ ! slid]1 ,fig4 #h2 g1 ! hole 9 :i* ! megalascope magnifi]1 ,fig4 #f1 is to be screw$1 :5 ! slid]1 ,fig4 #h1 is remov$4 ,at h1 are ! moveable plates1 betwe5 :i* ! object slid]s are plac$2 "u ! l[]mo/ ( ^!1 ! l5s repres5t$ at ,fig4 #aa is to be plac$1 :5 ! magnifi]s 9 ! slid]1 ,fig4 #h1 are to be us$1 a k is a small piece ( rack-"w1 :i* is mov$ backw>ds & =w>ds by ! p9ion fix$ to ! mill$ nut1 b2 by ! gradual motion ( ?is rack1 ! objects are adju/$ to ! foci ( ! diff]5t l5ses4 ,fig4 #h is a brass slid]1 ) six l5ses1 or magnify+ glasses2 x is to be ins]t$ into ! hole at q2 ei!r ( ! magnifi]s may be plac$ be=e ! object1 by slid+ x "o way or ! o!r3 y may p]ceive :5 ! glass is 9 ! c5t] ( ! eye-hole by a small spr+ act+ ^u a not* :i* is made on ! side ( ! slid] opposite to ea* l5s4 ,,app>atus ,,belong+ ,,to ,,?is ,,sol> ,,microscope4 ,squ>e plate & mirror4 ,! body1 ,a ,d1 consi/+ ( two tubes1 "o )9 ! o!r4 ,! s+le microscope1 ,fig4 #e4 ,! megalascope l5s1 ,fig4 #f4 ,! slid]1 ,fig4 #h1 ) six l5ses4 ,! two screws ,o1 ,p4 ,six ivory slid]s & a talc box1 ,fig4 #g & #ac4 ,"s glass tubes1 ,fig4 #i4 ,a slid] or brass case1 ,fig4 #aj1 conta9+ a plane piece ( glass1 & a brass slid] ) holes1 into :i* are cem5t$ small concave glasses1 design$ = conf9+ m9ute insects betwe5 ! plane & concave glasses1 :i* are ?us pres]v$ f be+ cru%$1 or f mov+ out ( ! field ( view4 ,?ree cond5s+ l5ses to enl>ge ! field ( view1 su* z ,fig4 #aa1 t are fitt$ to ! hole1 l1 ( ,fig4 #e4 ,_! numb]s correspond ) ! numb]s us$4 ,fig4 #ab1 two brass nuts = ! w9d[-%utt] or bo>d1 to receive ! two screws1 ,o & ,p4 ,,to ,,use ,,! ,,transp>5t ,,sol> ,,microscope4 ,fa/5 ! squ>e plate aga9/ ! inside ( a w9d[-%utt]1 by ! two screws ,o1 ,p1 :i* are to g f ! outside ( ! w9d[-%utt] ?r\gh x1 & !n be screw$ into _! respective holes 9 ! squ>e plate at ,g ,h ,i4 ,! mirror is to be on ! outside ( ! %utt]1 pass+ ?r\gh a hole made = t purpose4 ,d>k5 ! room2 !n place a scre5 at ab\t six or eight feet di/ance f ! w9d[1 ! f>!r x is f x ! l>g] is ! image3 n[ move ! mirror1 ,k ,l1 by ! two nuts ,m ,n1 till ! sun's rays come ?r\gh ! in/rum5t 9 an horizontal direction to ! scre51 =m+ a r\nd spot !reon2 screw ! microscope1 ,fig4 #e1 into its place ,e ,f2 put ! slid] ) ! l5ses1 ,fig4 #h1 at q1 ,fig4 #e1 & ! object slid] betwe5 ! plates at h2 adju/ ! object to ! focus ( ! magnify+ l5s by ! screw b1 till ! object appe>s di/9ct & cle> on ! scre54 ,by mov+ ! int]nal tube ( ! body1 ! object may be plac$ at diff]5t di/ances f ! l5s :i* is fix$ at ,a ,b1 s z to be suffici5tly illum9at$1 & n burnt by ! sol> rays4 ,if ! screws ,o1 ,p1 are to pass inside ! room1 ! two nuts1 ,fig4 #ab1 mu/ be previ\sly fix$4 ,,! ,,screw ,,b>rel1 ,,or ,,wilson',s ,,s+le ,,pocket ,,microscope4 ,plate ,,ii4 ,b4 ,fig4 #a & #b4 ,?is microscope ( ,mr4 ,wilson's is an inv5tion ( _m ye>s /&+1 & 0 9 "s measure laid aside1 till ,dr4 ,lieb]khn introduc$ ! sol> app>atus to :i* he appli$ x1 !re be+ no o!r in/rum5t at t "t :i* w\ld answ] 8 purpose s well2 x is mu* e/eem$ 9 p>ticul> cases4 ,! body ( ! microscope is repres5t$ at ,a ,b1 ,fig4 #a1 & is made ei!r ( silv]1 brass1 or ivory4 ,c ,c is a long f9e-?read$ male screw1 t turns into ! body ( ! microscope4 ,d1 a convex glass at ! end ( ! said screw1 on :i* may be plac$1 z occasion requires1 "o ( ! two concave ap]tures ( ?9 brass to cov] ! said glass1 & !reby dim9i% ! ap]ture :5 ! greate/ magnifi]s are us$4 ,e1 ?ree ?9 plates ( brass )9 ! body ( ! microscope1 "o :]e( is b5t to an ar*$ cavity = ! reception ( a tube ( glass4 ,f1 a piece ( wood or brass1 curv$ 9 ! mann] ( ! said plate1 & fa/5$ !reto4 ,g1 ! o!r end ( ! microscope1 :]e a female screw is adapt$ to receive ! diff]5t magnifi]s4 ,h1 a spiral spr+ ( /eel1 betwe5 ! said end1 ,g1 & ! plates ( brass1 ,e1 int5d$ to keep ! plates 9 a due position1 & c\nt]act aga9/ ! long screw1 ,c4 ,i1 a small ivory h&le4 ,to ?is microscope belong sev5 diff]5t magnify+ glasses1 six ( :i* are set 9 cells1 z 9 ,fig4 ,k1 & are m>k$ f #a1 to #f3 ! l[e/ numb]s to ! greate/ magnifi]s4 ,l is ! sev5? magnifi]1 set 9 ! mann] ( a little b>rel1 to be held 9 ! h& = view+ any l>ge object4 ,m is an ivory slid] ) ! objects4 ,six ( ^!1 & "o ( brass1 are usually sold ) ?is microscope4 ,!re is also a brass slid] n %ewn 9 ! figure1 to conf9e any small object1 t x may be view$ )\t cra%+ or de/roy+ x4 ,n1 a pair ( =ceps1 or pli]s1 = ! tak+ up ( insects or o!r objects1 & apply+ !m to ! slid]s or glasses4 ,o1 a camel hair bru%1 to take up & exam9e a small drop ( liquid1 bru% ! du/ away1 c4 ,p is a glass tube to conf9e liv+ objects1 su* z frogs1 fi%es1 c4 ,:5 y view an object1 pu% ! ivory slid]1 9 :i* ! said object is plac$1 betwe5 ! two flat brass plates1 obs]v+ always to put t side ( ! slid]1 :]e ! brass r+s are1 f>!/ f ! eye2 !n screw 9 ! magnify+ glass y int5d to use at ! end ( ! in/rum5t ,g1 & look+ ?r\gh x aga9/ ! light1 turn ! long screw1 ,c ,c1 till y\r object is br\ght to appe> di/9ct1 or to ! true focal di/ance4 ,to exam9e any object accurately1 view x fir/ ?r\gh a magnifi] t w %ew ! :ole at once1 & aft]w>ds inspect ! sev]al p>ts m p>ticul>ly ) "o ( ! greate/ magnifi]s2 = ?us y w ga9 a true idea ( ! :ole1 & all its p>ts3 &1 ?\gh ! greate/ magnifi]s c %ew b a m9ute portion ( any object at once1 su* z ! claw ( a flea1 ! horn ( a l\se1 c4 yet by g5tly mov+ ! slid] t conta9s y\r object1 ! eye w gradually see ! :ole2 & if any "p %\ld be out ( ! focal di/ance1 ! screw1 ,c ,c1 w easily br+ x to ! true focus4 ,z objects mu/ be br\ght v ne> ! glass1 :5 ! greate/ magnifi]s are us$1 be p>ticul>ly c>eful n to rub ! slid] aga9/ ! glasses z y move x 9 or out4 ,a few turns ( ! screw1 ,c ,c1 w easily obviate ?is4 ,,description ,,( ,a ,,scroll ,,= ,,fix+ ,,wilson',s ,,pocket ,,microscope1 ,,& ,a ,,mirror ,,= ,,reflect+ ,,light ,,into ,,x4 ,a ,b ,c1 ,fig4 #b1 is a brass scroll1 :i*1 = ! bett] conv5i5cy ( c>riage1 is made to unscrew into ?ree p>ts1 & may be put into ! draw] ^u :i* x /&s1 ) its reflect+ mirror ,d1 & ,wilson's pocket microscope1 ,g4 ,! upp] "p ( ! scroll is tak5 (f at ,b1 by unscrew+ half a turn ( ! screw2 !n1 if lift$ up1 x w come out ( ! socket4 ,! l[] "p unscrews at ,c1 & ! base at ,e4 ,! mirror lifts out at ,f1 :i*1 ) ! scroll1 lies 9 "o p>tition ( ! box4 ,to apply ?is scroll = use1 fix ! body ( ! microscope to ! top !re( by ! screw1 ,a1 z 9 ,fig4 #b1 by screw+ x 9 ! same hole z ! ivory h&le 0 appli$ to be=e4 ,! brass or ivory slid] be+ fix$ z be=e describ$1 & ! microscope plac$ 9 a p]p5dicul> position1 move ! mirror1 ,d1 9 su* a mann] z to reflect ! light ( ! sky1 ( ! sun1 or a c&le1 directly upw>ds ?r\gh ! microscope2 by :i* means ! object w be mo/ conv5i5tly view$4 ,x is fur!r useful = view+ opake objects1 by screw+ ! arm1 ,q ,r1 ,fig4 #a1 into ! body ( ! microscope at ,g2 !n screw+ into ! r\nd hole1 ,r1 t magnifi] :i* y ?9k w be/ suit y\r object1 & putt+ ! concave speculum1 ,s1 on ! outside ( ! r+1 ,r1 y w obs]ve 9 ! body ( ! microscope1 betwe5 ! wood or brass1 ,f1 & ! end ( ! male screw1 ,c ,c1 a small hole1 u1 ?r\gh :i* slides ! long wire1 ,t1 :i* has a po9t at "o end1 & =ceps at ! o!r1 t may be us$ occasionally z y\r objects require4 ,:5 y h fix$ ?is1 & y\r object on x1 turn ! arm1 ,r1 till ! magnifi] is br\ght ov] ! object2 x may be !n adju/$ to ! true focus1 by turn+ ! screw1 z be=e4 ,x mu/ also be br\ght exactly ov] ! speculum1 by turn+ ! upp] "p ( ! scroll to "o side1 till y\r object & ! two specula are 9 "o l9e1 z w be f\nd by trial2 & !n fix x by ! screw1 ,b1 at :i* "t ! upp] surface ( ! object w be enlight5$ by ! light reflect$ f ! mirror1 ,d1 to ! concave speculum4 ,,description ,,( ,a ,,small ,,microscope ,,= ,,opake ,,objects4 ,plate ,,ii4 ,b4 ,fig4 #c & #d4 ,a1 ,fig4 #c1 is a fix$ arm1 ?r\gh :i* passes a screw1 ,b1 ! o!r end is fa/5$ to ! moveable arm1 ,c4 ,d1 a nut fitt$ to ! said screw1 :i*1 :5 turn$1 w ei!r sep>ate or br+ toge!r ! two arms1 ,a ,c4 ,e1 a /eel spr+1 t sep>ates ! two sides :5 ! nut is unscrew$4 ,f1 a piece ( brass turn+ r\nd 9 a spr+ socket1 mov+ on a rivet1 9 :i* moves a /eel wire po9t$ at ! end ,g1 & ! o!r end a pair ( pli]s1 ,h3 ^! are ei!r to ?ru/ into1 or take up & hold any object1 & may be turn$ r\nd z requir$4 ,i1 a r+ ( brass1 ) a female screw fix$ on an upright piece ( ! same metal1 turn+ on a rivet1 t x may be set at a due di/ance :5 ! lea/ magnifi]s are us$1 & is adapt$ to ! screws ( all ! magnifi]s4 ,fig4 #d1 ,k1 a concave speculum ( poli%$ silv]1 9 ! c5t] ( :i* a l5s is plac$4 ,on ! back ( ?is speculum a male screw1 ,l1 is made to fit ! brass r+ ,i1 ,fig4 #c4 ,f\r ( ^! specula ( diff]5t concavities1 ) f\r glasses ( diff]5t magnify+ p[]s1 z ! objects may require4 ,! greate/ magnifi]s h ! lea/ ap]tures4 ,m1 a r\nd object plate1 "o side :ite & ! o!r black1 int5d$ to r5d] objects ! m visible1 by plac+ !m1 if black1 ^u ! :ite1 & if :ite1 on ! black side4 ,a /eel spr+1 ,n1 turns d[n on ea* side1 to secure any object2 f ! object plate !re is a holl[ pipe1 to screw x on ! ne$le's po9t ,g1 ,fig4 #c4 ,o1 a small box ( brass1 ) a glass on ea* side1 to conf9e any liv+ object 9 ord] to exam9e x1 hav+ a pipe to screw ^u ! end ( ! ne$le at ,g4 ,p1 an ivory h&le4 ,q1 a pair ( pli]s to take up any object4 ,r1 a s(t hair bru%4 ,to view any object1 screw ! speculum1 ) ! magnifi] y int5d to use1 into ! brass r+1 ,i2 place y\r object ei!r on ! ne$le ,g1 9 ! pli]s ,h1 on ! object plate ,m1 or 9 ! brass holl[ box ,o1 z may be mo/ conv5i5t2 !n hold+ up y\r in/rum5t by ! h&le ,p1 look aga9/ ! light ?r\gh ! magnify+ l5s1 & by means ( ! nut1 ,d1 toge!r ) mov+ ( ! ne$le at its l[] end1 ! object may be turn$ ab\t1 rais$ or depress$1 br\ght ne>] ! glass1 or put f>!r f x1 till y h ! true focal di/ance1 & ! light be se5 reflect$ f ! speculum /rongly ^u ! object4#ce #ce ,opake microscopes are n[ con/ruct$ m elegantly & simply4 ,! *ief m]it ( ,wilson's microscope appe>s1 9 be+ p>ticul>ly adapt$ to m9ute objects1 & ^! pr9cipally ( ! transp>5t k9d2 ! b>rel =m is useful = exclud+ adv5titi\s light4 ,except+ ^! peculi>ities1 its g5]al utility is consid]$ f> %ort ( ! univ]sal pocket microscope h]eaft] to be describ$4 ,,edit4 ,,( ,,ellis',s ,,s+le ,,or ,,aquatic ,,microscope4 ,plate ,,vii4 ,b4 ,?is in/rum5t takes its "n f ,mr4 ,john ,ellis1 au?or ( 8,an ,essay t[>ds a ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,corall9es10 & ( ! 8,natural ,hi/ory ( _m curi\s & uncommon ,zoophytes40 ,by ?is in/rum5t he 0 enabl$ to expla9 _m s+ul>ities 9 ! conomy & con/ruction ( ^! wond]ful productions ( nature4 ,to ! practical botani/ ?is in/rum5t is recomm5d$ by ! respectable au?ority ( ,mr4 ,curtis1 au?or ( ! ,flora ,lond95sis1 a "w :i* does cr$it to ! au?or & ! nation4 ,?is microscope is simple 9 its con/ruction1 easy 9 its use1 & v portable2 ^! advantages1 z well z "s o!rs :i* x also has ov] o!r portable microscopes1 h accel]at$ ! sale !re(1 & caus$ x to be v mu* adopt$4 ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,v>i\s ,,p>ts ,,( ,,! ,,microscope4 ,k1 ! box :i* conta9s ! :ole app>atus2 x is g5]ally made ( fi%-sk92 on ! top ( ! box !re is a female screw1 = receiv+ ! screw :i* is at ! bottom ( ! brass pill> ,a1 & :i* is to be screw$ on ! top ( ! box1 ,k4 ,d1 a brass p9 :i* fits into ! pill>2 on ! top ( ?is p9 is a holl[ socket to receive ! arm :i* c>ries ! magnifi]s2 ! p9 is to be mov$ up & d[n1 9 ord] to adju/ ! l5ses to _! focal or prop] di/ance f ! object4 ,9 ! repres5tation ( ?is microscope1 ,plate ,,vii4 ,b4 ,fig4 #a1 ! p91 ,d1 is del9eat$ z pass+ ?r\gh a socket at "o side ( ! pill>1 ,a2 x is n[ usual to make x pass d[n a hole bor$ ?r\gh ! middle ( ! pill>4 ,e1 ! b> :i* c>ries ! magnify+ l5s2 x fits into ! socket1 ,x1 :i* is at ! top ( ! pill>1 ,d4 ,?is arm may be mov$ backw>ds & =w>ds 9 ! socket ,x1 & sidewise by ! p91 ,d2 s t ! magnifi]1 :i* is screw$ into ! r+ at ! end1 ,e1 ( ?is b>1 may be easily made to trav]se ov] any "p ( ! object ly+ on ! /age or plate ,b4 ,f is a poli%$ silv] speculum1 ) a magnify+ l5s plac$ at ! c5t] !re(1 :i* is p]=at$ = ?is purpose4 ,! silv] speculum screws into ! arm ,e1 z at ,f4 ,g1 ano!r speculum ( a diff]5t concavity f ! =m]1 ) its l5s4 ,h1 ! brass semicircle :i* supports ! mirror1 ,i2 ! p91 ,r1 affix$ to ! semicircle1 ,h1 passes ?r\gh ! hole :i* is t[>ds ! bottom ( ! pill>1 ,a4 ,b1 ! /age or ! plane on :i* ! objects are to be plac$2 x fits into a small dove-tail$ arm :i* is at ! upp] end ( ! pill>1 ,a4 ,c1 a plane glass1 ) a small piece ( black silk /uck on x2 ?is glass is fitt$ to a groove made 9 ! /age1 ,b4 ,m1 a deep concave glass1 to be laid occasionally on ! /age in/ead ( ! plane glass1 ,c4 ,l1 a pair ( nipp]s2 ^! are fix$ to ! hole ( ! /age1 a1 by ! p9 ,k2 ! /eel wire ( ^! nipp]s slides backw>ds & =w>ds 9 ! socket1 & ?is socket is moveable upw>ds & d[nw>ds by means ( ! jo9t1 s t ! position ( ! object may be v>i$ at pleasure4 ,! object may be fix$ 9 ! nipp]s1 /uck on ! po9t1 or affix$ by a little gum-wat]1 c4 to ! ivory cyl9d]1 ,n4 ,o1 a small pair ( brass =ceps to take up m9ute objects by4 ,p1 a bru% to clean ! glasses4 ,to use ?is microscope2 beg9 by screw+ ! pill>1 ,a1 to ! cov] !re(2 pass ! p91 ,r1 ( ! semicircle :i* c>ries ! mirror ?r\gh ! hole t is ne> ! bottom ( ! pill>1 ,a2 pu% ! /age into ! dove-tail at ,b2 slide ! p9 into ! pill>1 !n pass ! b>1 ,e1 ?r\gh ! socket1 ,x1 :i* is at ! top ( ! p9 ,d1 & screw "o ( ! magnify+ l5ses into ! r+ at ,f4 ,n[ place ! object ei!r on ! /age1 or 9 ! nipp]s ,l1 & 9 su* a mann]1 t x may be z ne>ly z possible ov] ! c5t] ( ! /age2 br+ ! speculum1 ,f1 ov] ! "p y mean to obs]ve2 !n get z mu* light on ! speculum z y c1 by means ( ! mirror1 ,i2 ! light receiv$ on ! speculum is reflect$ by x on ! object4 ,! di/ance ( ! l5s1 ,f1 f ! object is regulat$ by mov+ ! p91 ,d1 up & d[n1 until a di/9ct view ( x is obta9$4 ,! rule usually obs]v$ is1 to place ! l5s beyond its focal di/ance f ! object1 & !n gradually slide x d[n1 till ! object appe>s %>p & well def9$4 ,! adju/m5t ( ! l5ses to _! foci1 & ! di/ribution ( ! light on ! object1 are :at require ! mo/ att5tion4 ,^! microscopes are sometimes fitt$ up ) a rack & p9ion to ! pill> ,a1 & p9 ,d1 = ! m ready adju/m5t ( ! glasses to _! prop] foci4 ,,description ,,( ,,lyonet',s ,,anatomical ,,microscope4 ,plate ,,vi4 ,fig4 #c4 ,fig4 #c repres5ts ! in/rum5t ) :i* ,m4 ,lyonet made 8 microscopical & wond]ful dissection ( ! *5ille de saule or cat]pill> ( ! goat mo?1#cf ( :i* a specim5 is giv5 9 ,plate ,,xii4 ,fig4 #a1 c4 ( ?is "w4 ,?is portable in/rum5t ne$s no fur!r recomm5dation4 ,by x1 o!r obs]v]s may be enabl$ to dissect insects 9 g5]al ) ! same accuracy z ,m4 ,lyonet1 & ?us advance ! k ( comp>ative anatomy1 by :i* alone ! *>act]i/ic1 nature1 & rank ( animals1 c be truly asc]ta9$4 #cf ,phalna cossus4 ,l9n4 #fc4 ,a ,b is ! anatomical table1 :i* is support$ by ! pill> ,o ,n2 ?is is screw$ on ! mahogany foot1 ,d ,c4 ,! table ,a ,b1 is prev5t$ f turn+ r\nd by means ( two /eady p9s2 9 ?is table or bo>d !re is a hole1 ,g1 :i* is exactly ov] ! c5t] ( ! mirror1 ,f ,e1 t is to reflect ! light on ! object2 ! hole1 ,g1 is1 design$ to receive a flat or a concave glass1 on :i* ! objects are to be plac$ t y design to exam9e or dissect4 ,r ,x ,z is an arm =m$ ( sev]al balls & sockets1 by :i* means x may be mov$ 9 e possible position2 x is fix$ to ! bo>d by means ( ! screw1 ,h2 ! la/ arm1 ,i ,z1 has a female screw1 into :i* a magnifi] may be screw$1 z at ,z4 ,by means ( ! screw1 ,h1 a small motion may be occasionally giv5 to ! arm ,i ,z1 = adju/+ ! l5s ) accuracy to its focal di/ance f ! object4 ,ano!r *a9 ( balls is sometimes us$1 c>ry+ a l5s to ?r[ light ^u ! object2 ! mirror is also s m\nt$1 z to be tak5 f its place at ,k1 & fitt$ on a clamp1 by :i* x may be fix$ to any "p ( ! table1 ,a ,b4 ,,to ,,use ,,! ,,dissect+ ,,table4 ,let ! op]ator sit ) 8 left side ne> a light w9d[2 ! in/rum5t be+ plac$ on a firm table1 ! side1 ,d ,l1 t[>ds 8 brea/1 ! obs]vations %\ld be made ) ! left eye3 ?is position is well adapt$ = obs]v+1 draw+1 or writ+4 ,9 dissect+1 ! two elb[s are to be support$ by ! table on :i* ! in/rum5t re/s1 ! h&s re/+ aga9/ ! bo>d1 ,a ,b1 9 ord] to give x great] /ability1 z a small %ake1 ?\gh imp]ceptible to ! nak$ eye1 is v visible 9 ! microscope2 ! dissect+ in/rum5ts are to be held "o 9 ea* h&1 betwe5 ! ?umb & two =e-f+]s4 ,f>!r directions are giv5 on ! mode ( dissect+ small objects 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,,dr4 ,,)]+',s ,,botanical ,,microscope4 ,plate ,,vi4 ,fig4 #a4 ,?is small in/rum5t consi/s ( ?ree brass p>allel plates1 ,a1 ,b1 ,c2 two wires1 ,d & ,e1 are rivett$ into ! upp] & l[] plate2 ! middle plate or /age is moveable on ! a=esaid wires1 by two little sockets :i* are fix$ to x4 ,! two upp] plates ea* conta9 a magnify+ l5s1 b ( diff]5t p[]s2 "o ( ^! conf9es & keeps 9 _! places ! f9e po9t ,f1 ! =ceps ,g1 & ! small knife ,h4 ,to use ?is in/rum5t1 unscrew ! upp] l5s1 & take out ! po9t1 ! knife1 & ! =ceps2 !n screw ! l5s on aga91 place ! object on ! /age1 & !n move x up or d[n till y h ga9$ a di/9ct view ( ! object1 z "o l5s is made ( a %ort] focus ?an ! o!r2 & sp>e l5ses ( a /ill deep] focus are sometimes add$4 ,! pr9cipal m]it ( ?is microscope is its simplicity4 ,,! ,,pocket ,,botanical ,,& ,,univ]sal ,,microscope4 ,?is pocket in/rum5t is repres5t$ at ,plate ,,vi4 ,fig4 #b4 ,x is by mo/ naturali/s deem$ pref]able to ,dr4 ,)]+'s1 be+ equally simple1 m ext5sive 9 its application1 & ! /age un9cumb]$2 ?\gh t ( ,m4 ,lyonet seems bett] adapt$ ?an ei!r to ! purposes ( dissection only4 ,a ,b1 a small arm1 c>ry+ ?ree magnifi]s1 two fix$ to ! upp] "p1 z at ,b1 ! o!r to ! l[] "p ( ! arm1 at ,c2 ^! may be us$ sep>ately or comb9$ toge!r1 by :i* y h sev5 p[]s4 ,! arm1 ,a ,b1 is support$ by ! squ>e pill> ,i ,k1 ! l[] end ( :i* fits into ! socket1 ,e1 ( ! foot1 ,f ,g2 ! /age1 ,d ,l1 is made to slide up & d[n ! squ>e pill>4 ,h1 a mirror = reflect+ light on ! object4 ,to use ?is microscope1 place ! object on ! /age1 ,l1 reflect ! light on x f ! mirror ,h1 & regulate x to ! focus1 by mov+ ! /age ne>] to or fur!r f ! l5ses at ,b ,c4 ,! ivory slid]s pass "u ! /age1 ,l2 o!r objects may be fix$ 9 ! nipp]s1 ,m ,n1 & !n br\ght "u ! magnifi]s2 or !y may be laid on "o ( ! glasses fitt$ to ! /age4 ,! app>atus to ?is in/rum5t consi/s ( ?ree ivory slid]s1 a pair ( nipp]s1 a pair ( =ceps1 a flat glass1 & a concave ditto1 all fitt$ to ! /age1 ,l4 ,by tak+ out ! p91 ,m1 ! pill>1 ,i ,k1 may be turn$ half r\nd1 & ! foot1 ,f ,g1 made to answ] z an h&le4#cg #cg ,an adju/+ screw1 ,fig4 #ac991 to move ! /age1 ) o!r additions1 are made by ,messrs4 ,jones2 & :i* !n1 9 my op9ion1 con/itute ! mo/ complete pocket microscope hi!rto made2 = ! p>ticul>s ( :i*1 ,i ref] ! read] to _! pr9t$ description4 ,fig4 #ad1 repres5ts ! common fl[] or insect microscope4 ,!re are two l5ses1 a & b1 t are us$ sep>ately or conjo9tly4 ,,edit4 ,,botanical ,,magnifi]s4 ,s9ce botany has be5 cultivat$ ) s mu* ardor1 x has be5 f\nd necess>y to contrive "s v portable in/rum5t1 by :i* ! botani/ might inve/igate ! object ( 8 pursuits z x rises be=e him4 ,plate ,,viii4 ,fig4 #g & #h1 repres5t two ( ! mo/ conv5i5t sort4 ,9 ! tortoise%ell case1 ,fig4 #g1 ?ree l5ses are conta9$1 d1 e1 f1 ( diff]5t foci1 :i* are all made to turn into ! case1 & may be us$ comb9$ or sep>ately4 ,! ?ree l5ses 9 !mselves af=d ?ree diff]5t magnify+ p[]s2 by comb9+ two & two1 we make ?ree m2 & ! ?ree toge!r make1 a sev5? magnify+ p[]4 ,:5 ! ?ree l5ses are us$ toge!r1 x is be/ to turn !m into ! case1 & look ?r\gh ! hole1 = m di/9ctness1 & ! exclusion ( sup]flu\s light4 ,9 ! case1 ,fig4 #h1 are also ?ree l5ses1 g1 h1 i1 ( diff]5t magnify+ p[]s1 t all turn up1 & %ut into ! case2 b ^! are n capable ( comb9ation4 ,,description ,,( ,a ,,portable ,,microscope ,,& ,,telescope4 ,plate ,,viii4 ,fig4 #a1 to #f4 ,! telescope is "o ( ^? :i* are compos$ ( sev]al slid+ draw]s or tubes1 = ! conv5i5ce ( be+ put into ! pocket2 ! slid+ tubes are made ( ?9 brass1 ! outside tube ( mahogany4 ,! slid+ tubes are contriv$ to /op1 :5 drawn out to a prop] l5g?1 s t by apply+ "o h& to ! outside tube1 & ! o!r h& to ! end ( ! smalle/ tube1 ! telescope may at "o pull be drawn out to its full l5g?2 !n any ( ! tubes 7t next ! eye is mo/ g5]ally us$7 may be pu%$ 9 gradually1 :ile y are look+ ?r\gh x1 till ! object is r5d]$ di/9ct to ! eye4 ,to make ! tubes slide prop]ly1 !y all pass ?r\gh %ort spr+s or tubes2 ^! spr+s may be unscrew$ f ! ends ( ! slid+ tubes1 by means ( ! mill$ edges :i* project above ! tubes1 & ! tubes tak5 f ea* o!r if requir$1 & ! spr+s set clos] if at any "t !y be too weak4 ,fig4 #e repres5ts ! ext]ior tube ( ! telescope1 :i* is to be unscrew$ f ! re/1 at m l1 z x does n make any "p ( ! microscope2 ! cov]1 k1 :i* protects ! object-glass1 s]ves also z a box to conta9 two ivory :eels1 ,fig4 #a & #b1 ) ! objects1 & a small mirror1 ,fig4 #f4 ,fig4 #d is a view ( ?is cov] :5 tak5 (f3 unscrew ! top "p ( x1 & ! mirror1 ,fig4 #f1 may be tak5 out2 unscrew ! cov] ( ! l[] "p1 & y w f9d !re9 ! two circul> object-:eels above m5tion$4 ,fig4 #c repres5ts ! ?ree int]nal tubes ( ! telescope1 :i* con/itute ! microscopic "p !re(4 ,draw ! tubes out 9 ! mann] z %ewn 9 ! figure2 !n at ! inside1 b at ! l[] end ( ! ext]ior tube1 a1 y w f9d a %ort tube1 :i* s]ves z a /age to hold ! object & support ! mirror2 pull ?is tube p>tly out1 & turn x1 s t a circul> hole :i* is pi]c$ 9 x may co9cide ) a simil> hole 9 ! ext]ior tube4 ,?is tube is repres5t$ z drawn out at ,fig4 #c1 ! mirror1 ,fig4 #f1 plac$ !re9 at b c1 & ! transp>5t object-:eel fix$ at a4 ,fig4 #a repres5ts ! slid] ) transp>5t objects4 ,fig4 #b1 t ) ! opake4 ,!y are made ( ivory1 & turn on a p9 at ! c5t]2 ! slit end ( ?is p9 fits on ! edge ( ! tube1 :i* is !n to be pu%$ up1 s t ! l[] end ( ! ext]ior tube may be> lightly on ! upp] side ( ! slid]1 agreeable to ! view :i* is giv5 at a1 ,fig4 #c4 ,n[ pu% d[n ! second tube till ! mill$ "p falls on ! mill$ edge ( ! extreme tube1 be+ c>eful ( ! circul> hole 9 ! ext]ior "o4 ,no?+ n[ rema9s to be done b to adju/ = ! focus1 :i* is effect$ by pu%+ 9 ! tube ,r1 & mov+ only ! fir/1 n4 ,! in/rum5t may be us$ 9 two ways = transp>5t objects3 fir/1 9 a v]tical position1 :5 ! light is to be ?r[n on ! object by ! mirror1 b c2 or x may be exam9$ by look+ up directly at ! light2 9 ! latt] case ! mirror mu/ be tak5 away4 ,9 view+ opake objects ! mirror is n us$2 z mu* light z possible mu/ be admitt$ on !m ?r\gh ! circul> holes ( ! tubes4 ,any object may be view$ by fir/ pu%+ 9 ! tube1 ,r1 & !n br++ ! tube1 n1 to its focal di/ance f ! object4 ,! telescope1 :5 %ut up1 is ab\t eight in*es 9 l5g?1 & :5 drawn out1 is ab\t tw5ty in*es4 ,x is ( ! a*romatic con/ruction4 ,,description ,,( ,,an ,,in/rum5t ,,= ,,cutt+ ,,?9 ,,transv]se ,,sections ,,( ,,wood1 ,plate ,,ix4 ,fig4 #a4 ,x consi/s ( a wood5 base1 :i* supports f\r brass pill>s2 on ! top ( ! pill>s is plac$ a flat piece ( brass1 ne> ! middle ( :i* !re is a triangul> hole4 ,a %>p knife :i* moves 9 a diagonal direction1 is fix$ on ! upp] side ( ! a=e-m5tion$ plate1 & 9 su* a mann]1 t ! edge always co9cides ) ! surface !re(4 ,! knife is mov$ backw>ds & =w>ds by means ( ! h&le1 a4 ,! piece ( wood is plac$ 9 ! triangul> tr\gh1 :i* is "u ! brass plate1 & is to be kept /eady !re9 by a mill$ screw :i* is fitt$ to ! tr\gh2 ! wood is to be press$ =w>d = cutt+1 by ! micromet] screw1 b4 ,! pieces ( wood %\ld be appli$ to ?is in/rum5t imm$iately on be+ tak5 out ( ! gr\nd1 or else !y %\ld be soak$ = "s "t 9 wat]1 to s(t5 !m1 s t !y may n hurt ! edge ( ! knife4 ,:5 ! edge ( ! knife is br\ght 9 contact ) ! piece ( wood1 a small quantity ( _s ( w9e %\ld be p\r$ on ! surface ( ! wood1 to prev5t its curl+ up2 x w also make x adh]e to ! knife1 f :i* x may be remov$ by press+ a piece ( blott+ pap] on x4 ,fig4 #b1 is an app5dage to ! cutt+ eng9e1 :i* may be us$ in/ead ( ! micromet] screw1 be+ by "s practition]s pref]r$ to x4 ,x is plac$ ov] ! triangul> hole1 & kept flat d[n ^u ! surface ( ! brass plate1 :ile ! piece ( wood is press$ aga9/ a circul> piece ( brass :i* is on ! "u side ( x4 ,?is circul> piece ( brass is fix$ to a screw1 by :i* its di/ance f ! flat plate on :i* ! knife moves may be regulat$4#ch #ch ,_m o!r k9ds ( cutt+ eng9es h be5 con/ruct$1 b ! specim5s f !m h n yet appe>$ ) t p]fection :i* is requisite to ?is sort ( objects2 :e!r x lies 9 ! prep>ation ( ! woods1 or eng9e1 ,i d n take ^u me to det]m9e4 ,mr4 ,cu/ance has c]ta9ly produc$ ! mo/ exquisite4 ,,edit4 ,,*ap4 ,,iv4 ,,g5]al ,,in/ructions ,,= ,,us+ ,,! ,,microscope ,,& ,,prep>+ ,,! ,,objects4 ,z ! advantages :i* are obta9$ f any in/rum5t are consid]ably increas$1 if x be us$ by a p]son :o is ma/] ( its prop]ties1 att5tive to its adju/m5ts1 & habituat$ by practice to ! m9uti ( managem5t1 x is ! design ( ?is *apt] to po9t out ^? circum/ances :i* m peculi>ly require ! att5tion ( ! obs]v]1 & to give su* pla9 directions1 z may enable him to exam9e any object ) ease2 to %ew h[ he may place x 9 ! be/ po9t ( view1 & if necess>y1 prep>e x = obs]vation4 ,a small degree ( dilig5ce w r5d] ! obs]v] ma/] ( e necess>y rule1 & a little practice w make !m famili> & habitual3 ! pa9s he takes to acquire ^! habits w be rew>d$ by an increas+ atta*m5t to 8 in/rum5t1 & ! wond]s x displays4 ,let him only p]sev]e till he has ov]come ! natural indol5ce t opposes ! advancem5t ( e k9d ( k1 & he w mo/ assur$ly f9d himself v amply recomp5s$1 by ! gratification aris+ f ! acquisition ( a sci5ce t has ! unlimit$ treasures ( ,,inf9ite ,,wisdom = ! object ( its rese>*es3 & 8 m9d be+ /r5g!n$ by ! victory x has ga9$1 w be m ke5 9 p]ceiv+1 & m pati5t 9 ! inve/igation ( tru?4 ,x has long be5 a compla9t1#ci t _m ( ^? :o pur*ase microscopes are s little acqua9t$ ) _! g5]al & ext5sive usefulness1 & s mu* at a loss = objects to exam9e by !m1 t aft] div]t+ !mselves & _! fri5ds "s few times ) :at !y f9d 9 ! slid]s1 :i* g5]ally accompany ! in/rum5t1 or p]haps two or ?ree common objects1 ! microscope is laid aside z ( little fur!r value3 :]eas no in/rum5t has yet appe>$ 9 ! _w capable ( af=d+ s con/ant1 v>i\s1 & satisfactory an ent]ta9m5t to ! m9d4 ,?is compla9t w1 ,i hope1 be obviat$ by ^! ,essays1 9 :i* ,i h endeav\r$ to make ! use ( ! microscope easy1 po9t out an imm5se v>iety ( objects1 & direct ! obs]v] h[ to prep>e !m = exam9ation4 #ci ,bak]'s ,microscope made ,easy1 p4 #ea4 ,! subject treat$ ( 9 ?is *apt] naturally divides itself into ?ree heads3 ! fir/ describes ! necess>y prep>ation & adju/m5t ( ! microscope2 ! second treats ( ! prop] quantity ( ! light1 & ! be/ me?od ( adapt+ x to ! objects "u exam9ation2 & ! ?ird %ews h[ to prep>e & pres]ve ! v>i\s objects1 t _! nature1 organization1 & texture1 may be prop]ly und]/ood4 ,,( ,,! ,,necess>y ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,! ,,microscope ,,= ,,obs]vation4 ,we h 9 ! la/ *apt] expla9$ ^? p>ticul>s t con/itute ! diff]5ce ( "o microscope f ano!r1 & %ewn ! mann] ( us+ ea* in/rum5t1 & h[ ! sev]al p>ts are to be appli$ to x4 ,we %all n[ proce$ to give "s g5]al directions applicable to e microscope4 ,! obs]v] is !re=e suppos$ to h made himself ma/] ( 8 in/rum5t1 & to "k h[ to adapt ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! app>atus to _! prop] places4 ,! fir/ circum/ance necess>y to be exam9$ into1 is1 :e!r ! diff]5t glasses belong+ to ! microscope are p]fectly clean or n2 if !y be n clean1 !y mu/ be tak5 out & wip$ ) a piece ( wa% lea!r1 tak+ c>e at ! same "t n to soil ! surface ( ! glass ) ! f+]s3 9 replac+ ! glasses1 y mu/ also be c>eful n to lay !m 9 an oblique situation1 to place ! convex sides z be=e1 & if "o glass be tak5 out1 wip$1 & replac$ be=e ! next1 x may prev5t ! misplac+ ( !m by an unskilful h&4 ,! object %\ld be br\ght z ne> ! c5t] ( ! field ( view z possible1 = !re only w x be exhibit$ 9 ! greate/ p]fection4 ,! eye %\ld be mov$ up & d[n f ! eye-glass ( a comp\nd microscope1 till y f9d t situation :]e ! l>ge/ field1 & mo/ di/9ct view ( ! object is obta9$2 & z ! sight diff]s v mu* 9 diff]5t p]sons1 & ev5 9 ! same p]son1 we frequ5tly f9d ea* eye to h a diff]5t sight f ! o!r1 p>ticul>ly 9 ^? call$ myopes1 or %ort-sight$1 e "o ought to adju/ ! microscope to 8 own eye1 & n dep5d ^u ! situation 9 :i* x 0 plac$ by ano!r4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 n to let ! brea? fall ^u ! eye-glass1 nor to hold t "p ( ! body ( ! microscope :]e ! glasses are plac$ ) a w>m h&1 because ! damp t is expell$ f ! metal by ! heat w be attract$ & cond5s$ by ! glasses1 & ob/ruct ! sight ( ! object4 ,! obs]v] %\ld always beg9 ) a small magnify+ p[]2 ) ?is he w ga9 an accurate idea ( ! situation & connection ( ! :ole1 & w !re=e be less liable to =m any errone\s op9ion1 :5 ! p>ts are view$ sep>ately by a deep] l5s4 ,by a %all[ magnifi] he w also discov] ^? p>ts :i* m]it a fur!r inve/igation4 ,objects t are transp>5t w be> a mu* great] magnify+ p[] ?an ^? t are opake4 ,e object %\ld1 if possible1 be exam9$ fir/ 9 t position :i* is mo/ natural to x3 if ?is circum/ance be neglect$1 v inadequate ideas ( ! /ructure ( ! :ole1 z well z ( ! connection & use ( ! p>ts1 w be =m$4 ,if x be a liv+ animal1 c>e mu/ be tak5 n to squeeze1 hurt1 or discompose x4 ,!re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 m]ely view+ an object by ! microscope1 & inve/igat+ its nature3 9 ! fir/1 we only consid] ! magnifi$ repres5tation !re(2 9 ! second1 we endeav\r to analyse & discov] its nature & relation to o!r objects4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 we receive ! impression ( an image =m$ by ! action ( ! glasses2 9 ! second1 we =m our judgm5t by inve/igat+ ?is image4 ,x is easy to view ! image :i* is (f]$ to ! eye1 b n s easy to =m a judgm5t ( ! ?+s t are se52 an ext5sive k ( ! subject1 great pati5ce1 & _m exp]im5ts1 w be f\nd necess>y = ?is purpose3 = !re are _m circum/ances :]e ! images se5 may be v simil>1 ?\gh orig9at+ f sub/ances totally diff]5t2 x is "h ! p5etration ( ! obs]v] w be ex]cis$1 to discov] ! diff]5ce1 & avoid error4#dj #dj ,fontana sur les ,poisons1 vol4 ii1 p4 #bde4 ,h5ce ,mr4 ,bak] cautions u aga9/ =m+ too sudd5ly an op9ion ( any microscopic object1 & n to draw our inf]5ces till aft] repeat$ exp]im5ts & exam9ations ( ! objects1 9 all lights & v>i\s positions2 to pass no judgm5t ^u ?+s ext5d$ by =ce1 or contract$ by dryness1 or 9 any mann] out ( a natural /ate1 )\t mak+ suitable all[ances4 ,! true col\r ( objects _c be prop]ly det]m9$ :5 view$ ?r\gh ! deepe/ magnifi]s2 =1 z ! pores & int]/ices ( an object are enl>g$1 accord+ to ! magnify+ p[] ( ! glasses made use (1 ! compon5t p>ts ( its sub/ance w appe> sep>at$ _m ?\s& times f>!r asund] ?an !y d to ! nak$ eye2 x is1 !re=e1 v probable1 t ! reflection ( ! light f ^! p>ticles w be v diff]5t1 & exhibit diff]5t col\rs4 ,"s consid]ation is also necess>y 9 =m+ a judgm5t ( ! motion ( liv+ creatures1 or ev5 ( fluids1 :5 se5 ?r\gh ! microscope2 = z ! mov+ body1 & ! space :]e9 x moves1 are magnifi$1 ! motion w also be increas$4 ,if an object be s opake z n to suff] any light to pass ?r\gh x1 z mu* z possible mu/ be ?r[n on its upp] surface1 by t "p ( ! app>atus :i* is peculi>ly adapt$ to opake objects4 ,z ! ap]tures ( deep magnifi]s are b small1 & consequ5tly admit b little light1 !y are n prop] = ! exam9ation ( opake objects3 ?is1 h[ev]1 naturally leads u to our second head4 ,,( ,,! ,,managem5t ,,( ,,! ,,light4 ,! pleasure aris+ f a j view ( a microscopic object1 ! di/9ctness ( vision1 c4 dep5d on a due managem5t ( ! light1 & adapt+ ! quantity ( x to ! nature ( ! object1 & ! focus ( ! magnifi]2 !re=e1 an object %\ld always be view$ 9 v>i\s degrees ( light4 ,x is difficult to di/+ui% 9 "s objects betwe5 a prom95cy & a depression1 betwe5 a %ad[ & a black /a92 & 9 col\r1 betwe5 a reflection & a :it5ess2 a tru? :i* ! read] w f9d fully exemplifi$ 9 ! exam9ation ( ! eye ( ! libellula1 & o!r flies1 :i* w be f\nd to appe> exce$+ly diff]5t 9 "o position ( ! light f :at !y d 9 ano!r4 ,! brightness ( an object dep5ds on ! quantity ( light2 ! di/9ctness ( vision1 on regulat+ ! quantity to ! object2 = "s w be lo/ & dr[n$1 z x 71 9 a quantity ( light t is sc>ce suffici5t to r5d] ano!r visible1 z a diff]5t portion ( light "u ! same app>atus w (t5 exhibit 9 p]fection1 or totally conceal an object 9 ! sub/ance to be exam9$4 ,?is is m p>ticul>ly ! case ) ! animalcul infusori1 ^: ?9 & transp>5t =m bl5d z x 7 ) ! wat] 9 :i* !y swim2 ! degree ( light mu/ !re=e be suit$ to ! object1 :i*1 if d>k1 w be se5 be/ 9 a /rong & full light1 b if v transp>5t1 x %\ld be exam9$ 9 a fa9t]4 ,a /rong light may be ?r[n on an object v>i\s ways3 fir/1 by means ( ! sun & a convex l5s2 = ?is purpose1 place ! microscope ab\t ?ree feet f a s\!rn w9d[2 take a deep convex l5s1 t is m\nt$ 9 a semicircle & fix$ on a /&1 s t its position may be easily v>i$2 place ?is l5s betwe5 ! object & ! w9d[1 s t x may collect a consid]able numb] ( ! sol> rays1 & refract !m on ! object1 or ! mirror ( ! microscope4 ,if ! light ?us collect$ f ! sun be too p[]ful1 x may be temp]$ by plac+ a piece ( oil pap]1 or a glass lightly grey$1 betwe5 ! object & ! l5s3 by ^! means1 a conv5i5t degree ( light may be obta9$1 & diffus$ 9 an equal mann] ov] ! :ole surface ( an object1 a circum/ance t %\ld be p>ticul>ly att5d$ to2 = if ! light be ?r[n 9 an irregul> mann]1 t is1 l>g] portions ( x on "s p>ts ?an on o!rs1 x w n be di/9ctly exhibit$4 ,:]e ! sol> light is pref]r$1 x w be f\nd v conv5i5t to d>k5 ! room1 & to reflect ! rays ( ! sun on ! above m5tion$ l5s1 by means ( ! mirror ( a sol> microscope fitt$ to ! w9d[-%utt]2 =1 by ?is app>atus1 ! obs]v] w be enabl$ to pres]ve ! light on 8 object1 not)/&+ ! motion ( ! sun4 ,cutt+ (f ! adv5titi\s light z mu* z possible1 by d>k5+ ! room :]e y are us+ ! microscope1 & admitt+ ! light only ?r\gh a hole 9 ! w9d[-%utt]1 or at mo/1 keep+ "o w9d[ only op51 w also be f\nd v conducive t[>ds produc+ a di/9ct view ( ! object4 ,z ! motion ( ! sun1 & ! v>iable /ate ( our atmosph]e1 r5d] sol> obs]vations bo? t$i\s & inconv5i5t1 x w be prop] = ! obs]v] to be furni%$ ) a l>ge t9 lan?orn1 made some?+ l ! common magic lan?orn1 fit to conta9 "o ( ,arg&'s lamps4#da ,! lan?orn %\ld h an ap]ture 9 front1 t may be mov$ up & d[n1 & capable ( hold+ a l5s2 by ?is a pleas+ uni=m d5se light may be easily procur$4 ,! lamp %\ld move on a rod1 t x may be readily elevat$ or depress$4 ,! lan?orn may be us$ = _m o!r purposes1 z = view+ ( pictures1 exhibit+ microscopic objects on a scre51 c4 #da ,! lamp %\ld n be ( ! f\nta9 k9d1 because ! r>efaction ( ! air 9 ! lan?orn w (t5 =ce ! oil ov]4 ,_m transp>5t objects are se5 be/ 9 a weak light2 among ^! we may place ! prep>$ eyes ( flies & animalcul 9 fluids2 ! quantity ( light f a lamp or c&le may be less5$ by remov+ ! microscope to a great] di/ance f !m1 or x may be m effectually less5$ by cutt+ (f a "p ( ! cone ( rays t fall on ! object1 ei!r by plac+ ! cone1 z already describ$ ) ! app>atus to diff]5t microscopes1 "u ! /age1 or by =m+ circul> ap]tures ( black pap] ( diff]5t sizes1 & plac+ ei!r a l>ge or small "o on ! reflect+ mirror1 z occasion may require4 ,!re is an oblique position ( ! mirrors1 & consequ5tly ( ! light1 :i* is easily acquir$ by practice1 b = :i* no g5]al rule c be giv51 t w exhibit an object m beautifully & m di/9ctly ?an any o!r situation1 %ew+ ! surface1 z well z ^? p>ts ?r\gh :i* ! light is transmitt$4 ,a bett] view ( mo/ objects is obta9$ by a c&le or lamp ?an by day-light2 x is m easy to modify ! =m] ?an ! latt]1 & to ?r[ x on ! object ) diff]5t degrees ( d5sity4 ,f :at has be5 said1 ! read] w h obs]v$ ! importance ( be+ able to exam9e ! object 9 ! greate/ v>iety ( positions & appe>ances1 :i* _c be effect$ ) equal conv5i5ce by any microscope1 b ! improv$ luc]nal4 ,,( ,,! ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,objects ,,= ,,! ,,microscope4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( objects1 no man 0 m successful or m indefatigable ?an ,swamm]dam4 ,9 m9utely anatomiz+1 9 pati5tly inve/igat+1 & 9 curi\sly exhibit+ ! m9ute wond]s ( ! creation1 he /&s unrivall$1 f> exce$+ all ^? t prec$$1 z well z ^? :i* h succe$$ him4 ,deeply impress$ & w>mly animat$ by ! amaz+ sc5es t he cont9ually discov]$1 8 zeal 9 pursuit ( tru? 0 n to be abat$ by disappo9tm5t1 or al>m$ by difficulty2 & he 0 nev] satisfi$ till he _h atta9$ a rational & cle> idea ( ! organization ( ! object1 ^: /ructure he wi%$ to explore2 8 8,book ( ,nature10 ( :i* a translation 0 publi%$ by ,dr4 ,hill1 is a "w ( su* va/ ext5t ( k1 & s excell5t 9 execution1 z to raise ! highe/ admiration 9 ev5 a sup]ficial obs]v]4 ,x is mu* to be regrett$1 t we are ignorant ( ! me?ods he employ$ 9 8 inve/igations4 ,to discov] ^!1 ! great ,bo]haave exam9$ ) a scrupul\s att5tion all ! lett]s & manuscripts ( ,swamm]dam1 & has communicat$ ! result ( 8 rese>*es1 :i*1 ?\gh b small1 may enable u to =m "s idea ( 8 imm5se lab\rs 9 ! field ( sci5ce4 ,= dissect+ ( small insects he _h a brass table1 :i* 0 made by t excell5t arti/1 ,s4 ,muss*5broeck2 to ?is table 7 affix$ two brass arms1 moveable at pleasure to any "p ( x4 ,! upp] portion ( ^! arms 0 con/ruct$ s z to h a sl[ v]tical motion1 by :i* means ! op]ator c\ld readily alt] _! height1 z he saw mo/ conv5i5t to 8 purpose2 ! (fice ( "o ( ^! arms 0 to hold ! m9ute bodies1 & t ( ! o!r to apply ! l5s or microscope4 ,8 microscopes or l5ses 7 ( v>i\s foci1 diamet]s1 & sizes1 f ! lea/ to ! greate/1 & ! be/ t c\ld be procur$ 9 reg>d to ! exactness ( ! workman%ip1 & transp>5cy ( ! sub/ance4 ,8 mode 01 to beg9 8 obs]vations ) ! smalle/ magnifi]s1 & f !nce proce$ by degrees to ! greate/4 ,=m$ by nature1 & habituat$ by exp]i5ce1 he 0 s incomp>ably dext]\s 9 ! managem5t ( ^! in/rum5ts1 t he made e obs]vation subs]vi5t to ! next1 & all t5d to confirm ea* o!r1 & complete ! description4 ,8 *ief art seems to h be5 9 con/ruct+ v f9e sciss>s1 & giv+ !m an extreme %>pness3 ^! he made use ( to cut v m9ute objects1 because !y dissect$ !m equally2 :]eas knives & lancets1 let !m be ev] s f9e & %>p1 are apt to disord] delicate sub/ances1 z 9 go+ ?r\gh !m1 !y g5]ally draw aft] & displace "s ( ! filam5ts4 ,8 knives1 lancets & /yles1 7 s v f9e1 t he c\ld n see to %>p5 !m )\t ! assi/ance ( a magnify+ glass2 b ) !m he c\ld dissect ! inte/9es ( bees ) ! same accuracy & di/9ctness t ! mo/ celebrat$ anatomi/ does ^? ( l>ge animals4 ,he 0 p>ticul>ly exp]t 9 ! managem5t ( small glass tubes1 :i* 7 no ?ick] ?an a bri/le1 & drawn to a v f9e po9t at "o end1 b ?ick] at ! o!r4 ,^! he made use ( to %ew & bl[ up ! smalle/ vessels discov]$ by ! microscope1 to trace1 di/+ui%1 & sep>ate _! c\rses & communications1 or to inject !m ) v subtil col\r$ liquors4 ,he us$ to suffocate ! insects 9 _s ( w9e1 9 wat]1 or _s ( turp5t9e1 & likewise pres]v$ !m = "s "t 9 ^! liquids2 by :i* means he kept ! p>ts f putrefaction1 & consequ5tly f collaps+ & mix+ toge!r2 & add$ to !m besides su* /r5g? & firmness1 z r5d]$ ! dissections m easy & agreeable4 ,:5 he _h divid$ transv]sely ) 8 f9e sciss>s ! little creature he int5d$ to exam9e1 & _h c>efully not$ e ?+ t appe>$ )\t fur!r dissection1 he !n proce$$ to extract ! visc]a 9 a v cauti\s & delib]ate mann]1 ) o!r in/rum5ts ( great f95ess2 fir/ tak+ c>e to wa% away & sep>ate ) v f9e p5cils1 ! fat ) :i* insects are v pl5tifully suppli$1 & :i* always prejudices ! int]nal p>ts be=e x c be extract$4 ,?is op]ation is be/ p]=m$ ^u insects :ile 9 ! nympha /ate4 ,sometimes he put into wat] ! delicate visc]a ( ! insects he _h suffocat$2 & !n %ak+ !m g5tly he procur$ himself an opportunity ( exam9+ !m1 especially ! air vessels1 :i* by ^! means he c\ld sep>ate f all ! o!r p>ts :ole & intire1 to ! great admiration ( all ^? :o beheld !m2 z ^! vessels are n to be di/9ctly se5 9 any o!r mann]1 or inde$ se5 at all )\t damag+ !m1 he (t5 made use ( wat]1 inject$ by a syr+e1 to cleanse ?or\ghly ! int]nal p>ts1 !n blew !m up ) air & dri$ !m1 & ?us r5d]$ !m durable1 & fit = exam9ation at a prop] opportunity4 ,sometimes he has exam9$ ) ! greate/ success1 & made ! mo/ important discov]ies 9 insects t he _h pres]v$ 9 balsam1 & kept = ye>s toge!r 9 t condition4 ,aga91 he has frequ5tly made punctures 9 o!r insects ) a v f9e ne$le1 & aft] squeez+ out all _! moi/ure ?r\gh ! holes made 9 ?is mann]1 he fill$ !m ) air1 by means ( v sl5d] glass tubes1 !n dri$ !m 9 ! %ade1 & la/ ( all ano9t$ !m ) oil ( spike1 9 :i* a little ros9 _h be5 dissolv$2 by :i* process !y reta9$ _! prop] =ms a long "t4 ,he _h a s+ul> secret1 :]eby he c\ld s pres]ve ! n]ves ( insects1 t !y us$ to cont9ue z limb] & p]spicu\s z ev] !y _h be54 ,he us$ to make a small puncture or incision 9 ! tail ( worms1 & aft] hav+ g5tly & ) great pati5ce squeez$ out all _! hum\rs1 & great "p ( _! visc]a1 he !n inject$ !m ) wax1 s z to give & cont9ue to !m all ! appe>ance ( heal?y vigor\s liv+ creatures4 ,he discov]$ t ! fat ( all insects 0 p]fectly dissoluble 9 oil ( turp5t9e2 ?us he 0 enabl$ to %ew ! visc]a pla9ly2 only aft] ?is dissolution he us$ to cleanse & wa% !m well & (t5 9 clean wat]4 ,he frequ5tly sp5t :ole days 9 ?us cleans+ a s+le cat]pill> ( its fat1 9 ord] to discov] ! true con/ruction ( ?is insect's he>t4 ,8 s+ul> sagacity 9 /ripp+ (f ! sk9 ( cat]pill>s t 7 ^u ! po9t ( sp9n+ _! cones1 des]ves p>ticul> notice4 ,?is he effect$ by lett+ !m drop by _! ?reads into scald+ wat]1 & sudd5ly )draw+ !m2 =1 by ^! means ! epid]mis peel$ (f v easily2 & :5 ?is 0 done1 he put !m into di/ill$ v9eg> & _s ( w9e1 mix$ toge!r 9 equal portions1 :i*1 by giv+ a prop] firmness to ! p>ts1 gave him an opportunity ( sep>at+ !m ) v little tr\ble f ! exuvi1 or sk9s1 )\t any dang] to ! p>ts2 s t by ?is contrivance1 ! nymph c\ld be %ewn to be wrapp$ up 9 ! cat]pill> & ! butt]fly 9 ! nymph4 ,^? :o look into ! works ( ,swamm]dam1 w be abundantly gratifi$1 :e!r !y consid] 8 a/oni%+ lab\r & unremitt$ ard\r 9 ^! pursuits1 or 8 wond]ful devotion & piety4 ,on "o h&1 8 g5ius urg$ him to exam9e ! miracles ( ! great ,creator 9 8 natural1 productions2 :il/1 on ! o!r1 ! love ( t same all-p]fect ,be+ root$ 9 8 m9d /ruggl$ h>d to p]suade him t ,god alone1 & n ! creatures1 7 wor?y ( 8 rese>*es1 love1 & att5tion4 ,m4 ,lyonet always dr[n$ fir/ ^? insects he int5d$ to anatomize1 z by ^! means he 0 enabl$ to pres]ve bo? ! s(tness & transp>5cy ( ! p>ts4 ,if ! insect1 c4 be v small1 = in/ance "o-t5? ( an in*1 or a little m 9 l5g?1 x %\ld be dissect$ 9 wat]1 on a glass :i* is a little concave2 if1 aft] a few days1 !re be any fe> t ! insect w putrefy1 x %\ld be plac$ 9 weak _s ( w9e1 in/ead ( wat]4 ,9 ord] to fix ! little creature1 x mu/ be suff]$ to dry1 & !n be fa/5$ by a piece ( s(t wax2 aft] :i* x may be aga9 cov]$ ) wat]4 ,l>g] objects require a diff]5t process2 !y %\ld be plac$ 9 a small tr\gh ( ?9 wood2 ! bottom ( a common *ip box w answ] v well1 by surr\nd+ ! edge ( x ) s(t wax1 to keep 9 ! wat] or _s ( w9e4 ,! insect is !n to be op5$1 & if ! p>ts be s(t1 l ^? ( a cat]pill>1 !y %\ld be turn$ back & fix$ to ! tr\gh by small p9s2 ! p9s are to be set by a pair ( small nipp]s1 ! sk9 be+ /ret*$ at ! same in/ant by ano!r pair ( f9] =ceps2 ! insect mu/ !n be plac$ 9 wat]1 & dissect$ !re91 & aft] two or ?ree days x %\ld be cov]$ ) _s ( w9e1 :i* %\ld be r5ew$ occasionally2 by ^! means ! subject is pres]v$ 9 p]fection1 & its p>ts may be gradually unfold$1 )\t any o!r *ange be+ p]ceiv$ ?an t ! s(t ela/ic p>ts become /iff & opake1 & "s o!rs lose _! col\r4 ,m4 ,lyonet us$ ! foll[+ in/rum5ts 9 8 curi\s dissection ( ! cat]pill> ( ! cossus4 ,z small a pair ( sciss>s z c\ld be made1 ! arms long & f9e2 a small & %>p knife1 ! end br\ght to a po9t2 a pair ( =ceps1 ! ends ( :i* _h be5 s adju/$1 t !y w\ld easily lay hold ( a spid]'s ?read or a gra9 ( s&4 ,b ! mo/ useful in/rum5ts 7 two f9e /eel ne$les1 fix$ 9 small wood5 h&les1 ab\t #b ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,an obs]vation ( ,dr4 ,hooke's may be v useful if att5d$ to1 = fix+ objects int5d$ to be del9eat$ by ! microscope4 ,he f\nd no creature m tr\blesome to draw ?an ! ant or pismire1 n be+ able to get ! body q 9 a natural po/ure4 ,if1 :5 alive1 its feet 7 fett]$ ) wax or glue1 x w\ld s twi/ & tw9e its body1 t x 0 impossible any way to get a good view ( x2 if x 0 kill$1 ! body 0 s small1 t ! %ape 0 (t5 spoil$ be=e x c\ld be exam9$4 ,x is ! nature ( _m m9ute bodies1 :5 _! life is de/roy$1 = ! p>ts to %rivel up imm$iately2 ?is is v obs]vable 9 _m small plants1 z well z 9 insects2 ! surface ( ^! small bodies1 if por\s1 be+ affect$ by almo/ e *ange ( ! air1 & ?is is p>ticul>ly ! case ) ! ant4 ,b if ! little creature be dropp$ 9 well rectifi$ _s or w9e1 x is imm$iately kill$2 & :5 tak5 out1 ! _s ( w9e evaporates1 leav+ ! animal dry & 9 its natural po/ure1 or at lea/ s con/itut$1 t y may easily place x ) a p9 9 :at po/ure y please4#db #db ,hooke's ,micrographia1 p4 #bjc4 ,hav+ ?us giv5 a g5]al acc\nt ( ! me?ods us$ by ,swamm]dam & ,lyonet1 9 _! exam9ation & dissection ( insects1 we %all proce$ to %ew h[ to prep>e sev]al ( _! p>ts = ! microscope1 beg9n+ ) ! ,,w+s4 ,_m ( ^! are s transp>5t & cle>1 z to require no previ\s prep>ation2 b ! "u w+s ( ^? t are cov]$ ) elytra1 or cru/ace\s cases1 be+ con/antly fold$ up :5 at re/1 !y mu/ be unfold$ be=e !y c be exam9$ by ! microscope2 = ?is purpose a consid]able %>e ( dext]ity & "s pati5ce is necess>y1 = ! natural spr+ ( ! w+s is s /rong1 t !y imm$iately fold !mselves aga91 except !y are c>efully prev5t$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ curi\s & beautiful w+s ( ?is k9d1 is t ( ! ,,=ficula ,,auricul>ia1 or ,,e>wig1 ( :i* we h giv5 a draw+1 ,plate ,,xiv4 ,fig4 #a1 repres5ts x consid]ably magnifi$1 & ,fig4 #b1 ! same object ( its natural size4 ,:5 exp&$1 x is a tol]ably l>ge w+1 yet folds up "u a case n "o-eigh? "p ( its size4 ,x is v difficult to unfold ^! w+s1 on acc\nt ( _! curi\s texture4 ,!y are be/ op5$ imm$iately aft] ! insect is kill$4 ,hold ! e>wig by ! ?orax1 betwe5 ! f+] & ?umb2 !n ) a blunt-po9t$ p9 endeav\r g5tly to op5 ! w+ by spread+ x ov] ! =e-f+]1 gradually slid+ at ! same "t ! ?umb ov] x4 ,:5 fully exp&$1 sep>ate x f ! insect by a %>p knife1 or a pair ( sciss>s4 ,! w+ %\ld be press$ = "s "t betwe5 ! ?umb & f+] be=e x be remov$2 x may !n be plac$ betwe5 two pieces ( pap]1 & aga9 press$ = at lea/ an h\r2 aft] :i* x may be put betwe5 ! talcs )\t any dang] ( fold+ up aga94 ,! w+s ( ! ,,notonecta1 or ,,boat-,,fly1 & o!r wat] insects1 z well z mo/ species ( ! grylli1 require equal c>e & delicacy ) t ( ! e>wig to display !m prop]ly4 ,! w+s ( ,,butt]flies & ,,mo?s are cov]$ ) v m9ute scales or fea!rs1 t af=d a beautiful object = ! microscope2 ne> ! %\ld]1 ! ?orax1 ! middle ( ! w+1 & ! fr+es ( ! w+s1 !y are g5]ally int]mix$ ) hair4 ,! scales ( "o "p1 also1 (t5 diff] 9 %ape f ^? ( ano!r2 !y may be fir/ scrap$ (f or loos5$ f ! w+ ) a knife1 & !n bru%$ into a piece ( pap] ) a camel's hair p5cil2 ! scales may be sep>at$ f ! hairs ) ! assi/ance ( a common magnify+ glass4 ,! proboscis ( insects1 z ( ! ,,culex or ,,gnat1 ! ,,tabanus or ,,breeze-,,fly1 c4 requires mu* att5tion & consid]able c>e to be dissect$ prop]ly = ! microscope2 & _m mu/ be prep>$ be=e ! obs]v] desides ^u ! situation & %ape ( ! p>ts2 he w (t5 also be able to unfold 9 "o specim5 "s p>ts t he c sc>ce discov] 9 ano!r4 ,x is well kn[n t ! ,,collector ,,( ,,! ,,bee =ms a mo/ beautiful object2 a figure ( x is giv5 9 plate ,,xiii4 ,fig4 #c1 %ews x greatly magnifi$1 & ,fig4 #d1 ( ! natural size4 ,9 x is display$ a mo/ wond]ful me*anism1 admirably adapt$ to collect & extract ! v>i\s sweets f fl[]s1 c4 ,to prep>e ?is1 x %\ld fir/ be c>efully wa%$ ) _s ( turp5t9e1 by :i* means x w be fre$ f ! unctu\s & mellif]\s p>ticles :i* usually adh]e to x2 :5 dry1 x mu/ be aga9 wa%$ ) a camel's hair p5cil1 to dis5gage & br+ =w>d ! small hairs :i* =m "o "p ( its microscopic beauty4 ,! case :i* encloses ,,! ,,/+ ,,( ,,! ,,bee1 ! wasp1 & ! hornet1 are s h>d1 t x is v difficult to extract !m )\t break+ or o!rwise injur+ !m4 ,x w be f\nd1 p]haps1 ! be/ way to soak ! case1 & ! re/ ( ! app>atus = "s "t 9 _s ( w9e or turp5t9e1 !n lay x on a piece ( clean pap]1 & ) a blunt knife draw out ! /+1 hold+ ! %ea? by ! nail ( ! f+]1 or by any blunt in/rum5t2 great c>e is requisite to pres]ve ! feel]s1 :i* :5 clean$ add mu* to ! beauty ( ! object4 ,! ,,eyes ,,( ,,! ,,libellula or ,,dragon-,,fly1 & diff]5t flies1 ( ! ,,lob/]1 c4 are fir/ to be clean$ f ! blood & o!r extrane\s matt]2 !y %\ld !n be soak$ 9 wat] = "s days1 aft] :i* y may sep>ate "o or two sk9s f ! eye1 :i*1 if !y rema91 r5d] x too opake & confus$2 "s c>e is1 h[ev] requisite 9 ?is sep>ation1 o!rwise ! sk9 may be made too ?91 s z n to enable y to =m an accurate idea ( its organization4 ,! ,,exuvi or ,,ca/-,,(f ,,( ,,sk9s ( insects are 9 g5]al v pleas+ objects1 & require b little prep>ation4 ,if !y be curl$ or b5t up1 keep !m 9 a moi/ atmosph]e = a few h\rs1 & !y w soon become s relax$ t y may ext5d !m ) ease to _! natural positions4 ,! /eam ( w>m wat] answ]s ! purpose v well4 ,! ,,be>d ,,( ,,! ,,lepas ,,anatif]a or ,,b>nacle is to be soak$ 9 clean s(t wat]1 & frequ5tly bru%$1 :ile wet1 ) a camel's hair p5cil2 x may !n be left to dry2 aft] :i* x mu/ be aga9 bru%$ ) a dry p5cil1 to dis5gage & sep>ate ! hairs1 :i* are apt to adh]e toge!r4 ,a picture ( ?is object is repres5t$ 9 plate ,,xiii4 ,fig4 #a1 magnifi$2 ,fig4 #b1 natural size4 ,to view ! ,,muscul> ,,fibres1 take a v ?9 piece ( dri$ fle%1 lay x ^u a slip ( glass1 & moi/5 x ) w>m wat]2 :5 ?is is evaporat$1 ! vessels w appe> pla9 & m visible1 & by repeat$ mac]ations ! p>ts may be fur!r dis5gag$4 ,to exam9e ,,fat1 ,,bra9s1 & o!r simil> sub/ances1 we are advis$ by ,dr4 ,hooke to r5d] ! surface smoo?1 by press+ x betwe5 two ?9 plates ( flat glass1 by :i* ! sub/ance w be made mu* ?9n] & m transp>5t2 o!rwise1 ! p>ts ly+ ?ick "o ^u ! o!r1 x appe>s confus$ & indi/9ct4 ,"s sub/ances are1 h[ev]1 s organiz$1 t if _! peculi> =m be alt]$1 ! p>ts we wi% to discov] are de/roy$2 su* z n]ves1 t5dons1 muscul> fibres1 pi? ( wood1 c4 ,_m ( ^! are be/ to be exam9$ :ile float+ 9 "s conv5i5t transp>5t fluid4 ,= in/ance1 v few ( ! fibres ( any ( ! muscles c be discov]$ :5 !y are view$ 9 ! op5 air2 b if plac$ 9 wat] or oil1 great "p ( _! wond]ful fabric may be discov]$4 ,if ! ?read ( a ligam5t be view$ 9 ?is mann]1 x w be se5 to consi/ ( an indef9ite numb] ( smoo? r\nd ?reads ly+ close toge!r4 ,objects ( an ela/ic nature %\ld be pull$ or /ret*$ out :ile !y are "u ! microscope1 t ! texture & nature ( ^? p>ts1 ^: figure is alt]$ by be+ ?us pull$ out1 may be m fully discov]$4 ,to exam9e ,,bones ) ! microscope4 ,^! %\ld fir/ be view$ z opake objects2 aft]w>ds1 by procur+ ?9 sections1 !y %\ld be look$ at z if transp>5t4 ,! sections %\ld be cut 9 all directions1 & be well wa%$ & clean$2 a degree ( mac]ation w be useful 9 "s cases4 ,or ! bones may be put 9 a cle> fire till !y are r$ hot1 & !n tak5 out2 by ^! means ! bony cells w appe> m conspicu\s & visible1 be+ fre$ f extrane\s matt]4 ,to exam9e ! ,,pores ,,( ,,! ,,sk94 ,fir/1 cut or p>e (f ) a razor z ?9 a slice z possible ( ! upp] sk92 !n cut a second f ! same place2 apply ! la/ to ! microscope4 ,! ,,scales ,,( ,,fi% %\ld be soak$ 9 wat] = a few days1 & !n be c>efully rubb$1 to clean !m f ! sk9 & dirt :i* may adh]e to !m4 ,to procure ! scales ( ! eel1 :i* are a great curiosity1 & ! m s1 z ! eel 0 n kn[n to h any1 till !y 7 discov]$ by ! microscope1 take a piece ( ! sk9 ( ! eel t gr[s on ! side1 & :ile x is moi/ spread x on a piece ( glass1 t x may dry v smoo?2 :5 ?us dri$1 ! surface w appe> all ov] dimpl$ or pitt$ by ! scales1 :i* lie "u a sort ( cuticle or ?9 sk92 ?is sk9 may be rais$ ) ! %>p po9t ( a p5knife1 toge!r ) ! scales :i* w !n easily slip out1 & ?us y may procure z _m z y please4#dc #dc ,m>t9's ,micrographia ,nova1 p4 #bi4 ,on ! liz>d1 ! guana1 c4 are two sk9s2 "o ( ^! is v transp>5t1 ! o!r is ?ick] & m opake2 by sep>at+ ^! we procure two beautiful objects4 ,! ,,leaves ( _m trees1 & "s plants1 :5 dissect$1 =m a v pleas+ object4 ,to dissect !m1 take a few ( ! mo/ p]fect leaves y c f9d1 & place !m 9 a pan ) clean wat]2 let !m rema9 ?ree weeks or a mon? )\t *ang+ ! wat]1 !n take !m up1 & try if !y feel v s(t1 & appe> almo/ rott52 if s1 !y are suffici5tly soak$4 ,y are !n to lay !m on a flat bo>d1 & hold+ !m by ! /alk1 draw ! edge ( ! knife ov] ! upp] side ( ! leaf1 :i* w take (f mo/ ( ! sk92 turn ! leaf1 & d ! same ) ! "u side4 ,:5 ! sk9 is tak5 (f on bo? sides1 wa% out ! pulpy matt]1 & ! fibres w be exhibit$ 9 a beautiful mann]4 ,by slitt+ ! /alk y may sep>ate ! anatomiz$ leaf into two p>ts4 ,! sk9s t are peel$ f ! fibres w also make a v good object4 ,! autumn is ! be/ season = ! =ego+ op]ation1 z ! fibres ( ! leaves are mu* /rong] at t season1 & less liable to break4 ,,ores & ,,m9]als %\ld all be c>efully wa%$ & cleans$ ) a small bru%1 to remove any extrane\s matt] t may adh]e to !m4 ,,%ells may be gr\nd d[n on a hone1 by :i* _! int]nal /ructure w be display$4 ,,to ,,view ,,! ,,circulation ,,& ,,exam9e ,,! ,,p>ticles ,,( ,,! ,,blood4 ,! pr9cipal "p ! obs]v] mu/ aim at1 9 ord] to view ! circulation ( ! blood1 is to procure ^? small animals or insects t are mo/ transp>5t1 t by see+ ?r\gh !m he may be enabl$ to discov] ! int]nal motion4 ,! p>ticul> k9ds be/ adapt$ = ! purpose w be enum]at$ 9 ! descriptive catalogue at ! end ( ?is "w4 ,if a small eel be us$ = ?is purpose1 x mu/ be cleans$ f ! slime :i* cov]s x2 aft] :i* x maybe put ei!r 9 ! fi%-pan1 or a glass tube fill$ ) wat]1 & !n plac$ "u ! microscope4 ,if ! eel be small en\gh1 ! circulation may be view$ 9 ! mo/ satisfactory mann]4 ,leeuw5hoeck has giv51 9 8 #aab? ,epi/le1 an accurate description ( ! blood vessels 9 "p ( ! tail ( an eel4 ,! same figure may also be se5 9 my fa!r's ,micrographia ,illu/rata1 f\r? edition1 ,plate ,,xvii4 ,! tail ( any o!r small fi% may be appli$ 9 ! same mann]1 or ti$ on a slip ( flat glass1 & be ?us laid be=e ! microscope4 ,fl\nd]s1 eels1 & gudgeons1 are to be _h at almo/ any "t 9 ,london4 ,n4 ,b4 ,by fill+ ! tube ) wat]1 :5 an eel is us$1 x w 9 a great measure prev5t ! slim9ess ( ! eel f soil+ ! glass4 ,to view ! p>ticles ( ! blood1 take a small drop ( x :5 w>m1 & spread x z ?9 z possible ^u a flat piece ( glass4 ,by dilut+ x a little ) w>m wat]1 "s ( ! l>g] p>ticles w divide f ! small]1 & _m ( !m w be subdivid$ into /ill small]2 or a little drop ( blood may be put into a capill>y tube ( glass1 & be !n pres5t$ be=e ! microscope4 ,mr4 ,bak] advises ! mix+ ! blood ) a little w>m milk1 :i* he says1 w cause ! unbrok5 p>ticles to be v di/9ctly se54 ,b ! mo/ accurate obs]v] ( ^! p>ticles 0 ,mr4 ,hewson1 & he says !y h be5 t]m$ globules ) great impropriety1 be+ 9 reality flat bodies4 ,:5 we consid] h[ _m +5i\s p]sons h be5 employ$ 9 exam9+ ! blood ) ! be/ microscopes1 x appe>s surpriz+ t ! figure ( ! p>ticles %\ld be mi/ak52 b ! wond] is less5$ :5 we reflect h[ _m obvi\s ?+s are ov]look$1 till our att5tion is p>ticul>ly direct$ t[>ds !m2 & besides1 ! blood 9 ! human subject1 & 9 quadrup$s1 is s full ( ^! p>ticles1 t x is ) great difficulty !y c be se5 sep>ate1 until ! blood is dilut$4 ,x 0 by discov]+ a prop] me?od to effect ?is1 t ,mr4 ,hewson 0 indebt$ = 8 success4 ,he dilut$ ! p>ticles ) s]um1 9 :i* !y w\ld rema9 undissolv$1 & z he c\ld dilute !m to any degree ) ! s]um1 he c\ld easily exam9e ! p>ticles di/9ct f ea* o!r2 = example1 take a small quantity ( ! s]um ( ! human blood1 & %ake a piece ( crassam5tum 9 x1 till x be col\r$ a little ) ! r$ p>ticles2 !n ) a s(t hair p5cil spread a little ( x on a piece ( ?9 glass1 & place ?is glass "u ! microscope1 9 su* a mann] z n to be q horizontal1 b r high] at "o end ?an ! o!r2 by :i* means ! s]um w fl[ f ! high] to ! l[] extremity1 & z x fl[s1 "s ( ! p>ticles w be f\nd to swim on _! flat sides1 & w appe> to h a d>k spot 9 ! middle2 o!rs w turn ov] f "o side to ! o!r1 z !y roll d[n ! glass4 ,sev]al au?ors h describ$ an app>atus = view+ ! circulation ( ! blood 9 ! mes5t]y ( a frog2 b z ! cruelty att5dant on ^! k9ds ( inve/igations w\ld deprive ! humane read] ( a great "p ( ! gratification :i* might o!rwise result f !m1 he w probably re/ satisfi$ ) ! acc\nts ( su* exp]im5ts to be met ) 9 au?ors2 especially z !re is an abundant v>iety ( objects on :i* he may ex]cise 8 +5uity )\t sacrific+ ! nic] feel+s ( humanity4#dd #dd ,:atev] "r mank9d may claim ov] ! lives ( e creature t is plac$ 9 a subord9ate rank ( be+ to !mselves1 9 respect ( food & self-def5ce1 z well z = ! improvem5t ( sci5ce1 & _! judici\s & +5i\s application to ! v>i\s purposes ( use & ornam5t 9 human life1 we c]ta9ly _c1 on ! pr9ciples ( reason & ju/ice1 ass]t a privilege to gratify a wanton curiosity1 or ! sports ( an inord9ate fancy1 by ! ex]cise ( an unnecess>y cruelty ov] !m4 ,! immortal ,,%akspe>e1 9 a passage :i* has (t5 be5 quot$1 says1 ------- ! poor beetle t we tread ^u ,9 corporal suff]ance f9ds a pang z great ,z :5 a giant dies4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be d\bt$ :e!r ?is p>ticul> in/ance is /rictly con=mable to fact2 diff]5t animals c]ta9ly possess diff]5t degrees ( s5sibility1 & "s are consequ5tly m susceptible ( pa9 ?an o!rs4 ,x is a rem>kable circum/ance t ! ,hippobosca equ9a1 or ,horse-fly1 w live1 run1 nay ev5 copulate1 aft] be+ depriv$ ( its head2 mo/ flies w survive t loss = "s "t1 & ! loss ( a leg or two does n prev5t _! appe>+ z lively & al]t z if !y _h su/a9$ no injury4 ,_m insects1 on be+ caught1 w freely & volunt>ily "p ) _! limbs to escape2 & x is well kn[n t lob/]s %$ _! claws4 ,numb]s ( o!r in/ances might be adduc$1 b on ?is subject x may be prud5t n to enl>ge4 ,montaigne rem>ks1 t !re is a c]ta9 claim ( k9dness & b5evol5ce :i* e species ( creatures has a "r to1 f u4 ,x is to be regrett$1 t ?is g5]al maxim is n m att5d$ to 9 ! affairs ( education1 & press$ home ^u t5d] m9ds 9 its full ext5t & latitude2 ! e>ly delight :i* *ildr5 discov] 9 torm5t+ diff]5t animals %\ld by all possible means be disc\rag$1 z1 by be+ unre/ra9$ 9 su* sports1 !y may at lea/ acquire a habit ( confirm$ inatt5tion to e k9d ( suff]+ b _! own1 if n progressively be l$ to ! p]petration ( m atroci\s acts ( cruelty4 ,! supreme c\rt ( judicature at ,a!ns ?\ght an in/ance ( ?is sort n bel[ its cognizance1 & puni%$ a boy = putt+ out ! eyes ( a poor bird t _h unhappily fall5 into 8 h&s2 & ! inimitable ,,hog>?1 8! great pa9t] ( mank9d10 has 9 8 8,five ,/ages ( ,cruelty10 admirably depict$ ! consequ5ces :i* may result f an e>ly indulg5ce ( a prop5sity t[>ds cruelty4 ,9 ord] to awak5 z e>ly z possible 9 ! m9ds ( *ildr5 an ext5sive s5se ( humanity1 x might be prud5t to indulge !m ) a view ( sev]al sorts ( insects z magnifi$ by ! microscope1 & to expla9 to !m t ! same m>ks ( div9e wisdom prevail 9 ! =mation ( ! m9ute/ insect1 z 9 ! mo/ enorm\s levia?an2 t !y are equally furni%$ ) :atev] is necess>y1 n only = ! pres]vation1 b ! happ9ess ( _! be+s1 9 t class ( exi/5ce :i* ,provid5ce has assign$ !m3 9 a ^w1 t ! :ole con/ruction ( _! respective organs di/9ctly & decisively1 proclaims !m ! objects ( div9e b5evol5ce1 & !re=e !y ju/ly ought to be s ( ours4 ,,edit4 ,,( ,,animalcula ,,9 ,,infusions1 ,c4 ,^! require little or no prep>ation4 ,! fir/ object is to procure !m1 ! second1 to r5d] !m visible by ! microscope4 ,a few obs]vations1 h[ev]1 may be ( use4 ,_m drops ( wat] may be exam9$ be=e any c be f\nd2 s t if ! obs]v] be too ha/y1 he may be easily disappo9t$1 ?\gh o!r p>ts ( ! same wat] may be fully peopl$ by !m4 ,! surface ( infus$ liquors is g5]ally cov]$ ) a ?9 pellicle1 :i* is easily brok51 b acquires ?ickness by /&+2 ! greate/ numb] ( animalcula are g5]ally to be f\nd 9 ?is sup]ficial film4 ,9 "s cases x is necess>y to dilute ! infusions2 b ?is is always to be done ) di/ill$ wat]1 & t wat] %\ld be exam9$ 9 ! microscope be=e x is made use (3 ! neglect ( ?is precaution has be5 a s\rce ( _m errors4 ,animalcula are 9 g5]al bett] obs]v$ :5 ! wat] is a little evaporat$1 z ! eye is n confus$1 nor ! att5tion div]t$ by a few objects4 ,to sep>ate "o or two animalcula f ! re/1 place a small drop ( wat] on ! glass ne> t ( ! infusion2 make a small neck or gutt] betwe5 ! two drops ) a p91 :i* w jo9 !m toge!r2 !n ! in/ant y p]ceive t an animalculum has trav]s$ ! neck or gutt]1 & ent]$ ! drop1 cut (f ! communication betwe5 ! two drops4 ,to procure ! eels 9 pa/e1 boil a little fl[] & wat]1 till x becomes ( a mod]ate consi/5ce2 expose x to ! air 9 an op5 vessel1 & beat x toge!r f "t to "t1 to prev5t ! surface !re( f gr[+ h>d or m\ldy2 aft] a few days1 especially 9 summ] "t1 x w turn s[]1 !n if x be exam9$ ) att5tion1 y w f9d myriads ( eels on ! surface4 ,to pres]ve ^! eels all ! ye>1 y mu/ keep ! surface ( ! pa/e moi/1 by putt+ a little wat] or fre% pa/e f "t to "t to ! o!r4 ,mr4 ,bak] advises a drop or two ( v9eg> to be put into ! pa/e n[ & !n4 ,! cont9ual motion ( ! eels1 :ile ! surface is moi/1 w prev5t ! pa/e gett+ m\ldy4 ,apply !m to ! microscope ^u a slip ( flat glass1 fir/ putt+ on x a drop ( wat]1 tak5 up by ! head ( a p91 = !m to swim 94 ,to make an infusion ( pepp]4 ,bruise z mu* common black pepp] z w cov] ! bottom ( an op5 j>1 & lay x !reon ab\t half an in* ?ick2 p\r z mu* s(t wat] 9 ! vessel z w rise ab\t an in* above ! pepp]4 ,! pepp] & wat] are !n to be well %ak5 toge!r2 aft] :i* !y mu/ n be /irr$1 b be left expos$ to ! air = a few days1 :5 a ?9 pellicle w be =m$ on ! surface ( ! wat]1 conta9+ millions ( animalcula4 ,! obs]v] %\ld be c>eful n to =m a judgm5t ( ! nature1 ! use1 & ! op]ations ( small animalcula1 f ideas :i* he has acquir$ by consid]+ ! prop]ties ( l>g] animals3 =1 by ! assi/ance ( glasses1 we are introduc$ z x 7 into a new _w1 & become acqua9t$ n only ) a few unkn[n animals1 b ) num]\s species !re(1 :i* are s s+ul> 9 _! =mation & habits1 t )\t ! cle>e/ pro(s ev5 _! exi/5ce w\ld n be cr$it$2 & :ile !y af=d fre% in/ances ( ! ,creator's p[]1 !y also give fur!r pro(s ( ! limits & weakness ( ! human und]/&+4 ,,directions ,,= ,,f9d+1 ,,fe$+1 ,,& ,,pres]v+ ,,! ,,polypes4 ,^! little animals are to be f\nd ^u all sorts ( aquatic plants1 ^u bran*es ( trees1 pieces ( bo>d1 rott5 leaves1 /ones1 & o!r sub/ances t lie 9 ! wat]2 !y are also to be met ) ^u ! bodies ( sev]al aquatic animals1 z on ! wat]-snail1 on sev]al species ( ! monoculus1 c4 !y g5]ally fix !mselves to ^! by _! tail1 s t x is a v good me?od :5 y are 9 se>* ( ! polypes1 to take up a great _m ( ^! sub/ances1 & put !m 9 a glass full ( wat]4 ,if !re be any polypes adh]+ to ^!1 y w soon p]ceive !m /ret*+ out _! arms1 especially if ! glass be suff]$ to be at re/ = a :ile2 = ! polypes1 :i* contract !mselves on be+ fir/ tak5 out ( ! wat]1 w soon ext5d aga9 :5 !y are at re/4 ,!y are to be s\ght = 9 ! corn]s ( dit*es1 puddles1 & ponds1 be+ frequ5tly driv5 into ^! ) ! pieces ( wood or leaves to :i* !y h atta*$ !mselves4 ,y may1 !re=e1 se>* = !m 9 va9 at "o p]iod1 9 a place :]e at ano!r !y w be f\nd 9 abundance4 ,!y are m easily p]ceiv$ 9 a dit* :5 ! sun %9es on ! bottom1 ?an at ano!r "t4 ,9 w9t] !y are seldom to be met )2 ab\t ! mon? ( ,may !y beg9 to appe> & increase4 ,!y are g5]ally to be f\nd 9 wat]s :i* move g5tly2 = nei!r a rapid /ream1 nor /agnant wat]s ev] ab\nd ) !m4 ,z !y are always fix$ to "s sub/ance by _! tails1 & are v r>ely loose 9 ! wat]1 tak+ up wat] only c signify b little2 a circum/ance :i* has probably be5 ! cause ( mu* disappo9tm5t to ^? :o h se>*$ = !m4 ,! gre5 polypes are usually ab\t half an in* long :5 /ret*$ out2 ^? ( ! second & ?ird sort are betwe5 ?ree qu>t]s ( an in* & an in* 9 l5g?1 ?\gh "s are to be f\nd at times :i* are an in* & a half long4 ,heat & cold has ! same effect ^u ^! little creatures1 t x has ^u ^? ( a l>g] size4 ,!y are animat$ & enliv5$ by heat1 :]eas cold r5d]s !m fa9t & languid2 !y %\ld !re=e be kept 9 su* a degree ( heat1 t ! wat] may n be bel[ temp]ate4 ,x is conv5i5t = _m exp]im5ts to susp5d a polype f ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,to effect ?is1 take a hair p5cil 9 "o h&1 & hold a po9t$ quill 9 ! o!r2 ) ! p5cil loos5 ! polype f ! receiv] 9 :i* x is kept1 & gradually raise x ne> ! top ( ! wat]1 s t ! ant]ior end may be next ! po9t ( ! p5cil2 !n lift x out ( ! wat]1 & keep x s = a m9ute2 aft] :i*1 ?ru/ ! po9t ( ! p5cil1 toge!r ) ! ant]ior end1 by little & little "u wat]1 until no m ?an ab\t ! tw5tie? "p ( an in* ( ! polype's tail rema9s above its surface2 at ?is in/ant1 ) ! po9t$ quill remove t "p ( ! polype f ! p5cil :i* is already 9 ! wat]1 at ! same "t bl[+ aga9/ ! polype1 by :i* x w be loos5$1 & rema9 out ( ! wat]4 ,:5 ! polypes 7 fir/ discov]$1 ,mr4 ,trembley _h "s difficulty to f9d out ! food :i* 0 prop] = !m2 b he soon discov]$1 t a small species ( ! millep$e answ]$ ! purpose v well3 ! pulices aquatices h also be5 recomm5d$4 ,! small r$ worms1 :i* are to be f\nd on ! mud-banks ( ! ,?ames1 p>ticul>ly ne> ! %ores1 answ] ! purpose also1 !y are easily f\nd :5 ! tide is out1 :5 !y rise 9 su* sw>ms on ! surface ( ! mud1 t x appe>s ( a r$ col\r4 ,^! worms are an excell5t food = ! polype4 ,if a suffici5t quantity be ga!r$ 9 ,novemb]1 & put into a l>ge glass full ( wat]1 ) ?ree or f\r in*es ( e>? at ! bottom1 y w h a supply = ! polypes all ! w9t]4 ,!y may also be f$ ) common worms1 ) ! l>va ( gnats & o!r insects1 & ev5 ) but*]'s meat1 c4 if x be cut small en\gh4 ,riv]1 or any s(t wat]1 agrees ) !m2 b t :i* is h>d & %>p prev5ts _! ?riv+1 & g5]ally kills !m 9 a few days4 ,! worms ) :i* !y are f$ %\ld be always cleans$ be=e y fe$ ! polypes ) !m4 ,! polypes are commonly infe/$ ) little lice2 f ^! x is necess>y to free !m1 9 ord] to pres]ve y\r polypes 9 a good /ate ( heal?4 ,!y may be cleans$ f ! lice by rubb+ !m ) a hair p5cil2 ?is _c be easily done1 unless !y adh]e to "s sub/ance3 s t if !y are susp5d$ f ! surface ( ! wat]1 y mu/ endeav\r to get !m to fix !mselves to a piece ( pack?read2 :5 !y are fa/5$ !reto1 y may !n rub !m ) a hair p5cil1 )\t loos5+ !m f ! ?read4 ,! lice :i* torm5t ! polype are n only v num]\s1 b !y are also v l>ge proportionably to its size3 !y may be said to be ne>ly z l>ge ) respect to !m1 z a common beetle is to u4 ,if n rubb$ (f1 !y soon cov] _! bodies1 & 9 a little "t totally de/roy !m4 ,to pres]ve ! polypes 9 heal?1 x is also necess>y (t5 to *ange ! wat] !y are kept 91 & p>ticul>ly aft] !y h done eat+2 x is n suffici5t to p\r ! wat] (f1 all ! polypes %\ld be tak5 out1 & ! bottom & sides ( ! vessel rubb$ f ! slimy s$im5t adh]+ !reto2 ?is is caus$ by _! fces1 & is fatal to !m if n clean$ away4 ,! fces (t5 occasion a species ( mortification1 :i* daily increases2 its progress may be /opp$ by cutt+ (f ! diseas$ "p4 ,to take !m out1 fir/ loos5 _! tails f ! sides or bottom ( ! glass2 !n take !m up "o by "o1 ) a quill cut 9 ! %ape ( a scoop1 & place !m 9 ano!r glass ) clean wat]2 if !y cl+ to ! quill1 let x rema9 a m9ute or two 9 ! wat]1 & !y w soon dis5gage !mselves4 ,!y are pres]v$ be/ 9 l>ge glasses t hold ?ree or f\r qu>ts ( wat]2 = 9 a glass ( ?is size ! wat] ne$ n be r5ew$ s (t51 p>ticul>ly1 if ! fces are tak5 out f "t to "t ) ! fea!r$ end ( a p51 to :i* !y readily adh]e2 & fur!r1 ! tr\ble ( fe$+ ea* individual is 9 "s measure sav$1 z y ne$ only ?r[ 9 a p>cel ( worms1 & let ! polypes divide !m = !mselves4 ,to obs]ve ) accuracy ! v>i\s habitudes1 positions1 c4 ( ?is little animal1 x w be necess>y to place "s ( !m 9 n>r[ cyl9drical glasses2 !n1 by means ( ! microscope1 ,fig4 #c4 ,plate ,,vi4 y may obs]ve !m ex]t+ all _! actions ( life ) ease & conv5i5ce2 ! facility ) :i* ! l5s ( ! =e-m5tion$ microscope may be mov$ & plac$ 9 any direction1 r5d]s x a mo/ conv5i5t in/rum5t = exam9+ any object t requires to be view$ 9 wat]4 ,x is also v prop] to dry "s ( !m1 & place !m betwe5 talcs 9 a slid]2 ?is1 h[ev] requires "s dext]ity & a little practice2 ?\gh1 :5 execut$ ) success1 x fully rew>ds ! pa9s ( ! obs]v]4 ,*oose a prop] polype1 & put x into a small concave l5s1 ) a drop ( wat]2 :5 x is ext5d$1 & ! tail fix$1 p\r (f a little ( ! wat]1 & !n plunge x ) ! concave into "s _s ( w9e conta9$ 9 ! b[l ( a l>ge spoon2 by ?is x is in/antly kill$1 ! arms & body contract+ m or less2 rub x g5tly :ile 9 ! _s ) a small hair p5cil1 to cleanse x f ! lice4 ,! difficulty n[ beg9s2 = ! p>ts ( ! polype1 on be+ tak5 out ( ! _s1 imm$iately cl+ toge!r1 s t x is n practicable to ext5d ! body1 & sep>ate ! arms on ! talc1 )\t te>+ !m to pieces2 !re=e ! only me?od is1 to adju/ !m ^u ! talc :ile 9 ! _s3 ?is may be done by slipp+ ! talc "u ! body ( ! polype1 :ile x lies 9 ! _s1 & display+ its arms !reon by ! small hair p5cil & a pair ( nipp]s2 !n lift ! talc1 ) ! polype ^u x1 out ( ! _s2 take hold ( x ) ! nipp]s 9 ! left h&1 dip ! p5cil 9 ! _s ) ! "r h&1 & !re) dispose ( ! sev]al p>ts1 t !y may lie 9 a conv5i5t mann]1 at ! same "t bru%+ away any lice t may be se5 ^u ! talc2 n[ let x dry1 :i* x does 9 a little "t1 & place ! talc c>efully 9 ! hole ( ! slid]4 ,to prev5t ! upp] talc & r+ press+ on ! polype1 y mu/ cut ?ree pieces ( cork1 ab\t ! bigness ( a p9's head1 & ! dep? ( ! polype1 & fix !m by gum 9 a triangul> position1 p>tly on ! edges ( ! said talc1 & p>tly to ! sides ( ! ivory hole itself2 ! upp] talc may !n be laid on ^! corks1 & press$ d[n by ! r+ z usual4#de #de ,bak] on ! ,polypes4 ,,( ,,vegetables4 ,x 7 to be wi%$ a satisfactory acc\nt c\ld "h be giv5 ( all ! prep>ations :i* are requisite to fit = ! microscope ! objects ( ! vegetable k+dom4 ,dr4 ,hill is ! only writ] :o has h&l$ ?is subject4 ,i %all1 !re=e1 extract f 8 8,treatise on ! ,con/ruction ( ,timb]10 :at he has said2 ?is1 toge!r ) ! improvem5ts ,i h made on ! cutt+ eng9e1 w enable ! read] to pursue ! subject & ext5d x fur!r1 bo? = 8 own pleasure1 & ! advantage ( ! public4 ,,! ,,mann] ,,( ,,obta9+ ,,! ,,p>ts ,,( ,a ,,%oot ,,sep>ate4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ,april1 take a quantity ( "y bran*es f ! sc>let oak1 & o!r trees4 ,^! are fir/ cut into l5g?s1 ( ! gr[? ( diff]5t seasons2 & !n "p is left entire1 "p split1 & ! re/ qu>t]$4 ,9 ?is /ate !y are put into a wick] basket1 ) l>ge op5+s1 or ( loose "w1 & a heavy /one is put 9 ) !m2 a rope is ti$ to ! h&le ( ! basket1 & x is ?r[n into a brook ( runn+ wat]3 at times x is tak5 up1 & expos$ a little to ! air2 x is frequ5tly %ook ab\t "u wat]1 to wa% (f fil?2 & once 9 t5 days ! /icks are exam9$4 ,by degrees ! p>ts loos5 f "o ano!r1 & by g5tle rubb+ 9 a bason ( wat] j w>m$1 !y w be s f> sep>at$1 t a p5cil bru% w p]fect ! bus9ess1 & af=d pieces ( v>i\s sizes1 pure1 di/9ct1 & clean4 ,"o "p w 9 ?is way sep>ate at "o "t1 & ano!r1 at ano!r2 b by turn+ ! /icks to ! wat]1 & repeat+ ! op]ation1 9 ! c\rse ( f\r or five weeks e "p may be obta9$ di/9ct4 ,!y are be/ exam9$ imm$iately2 b if any "o wi% to pres]ve !m = repeat$ inquiries1 x may be done 9 ?is mann]3 dissolve half an ounce ( alum 9 two qu>ts ( wat]2 drop ! pieces ?us sep>at$1 = a few mom5ts1 into ?is solution1 !n dry !m ^u pap]1 & put !m up 9 vials ( _s ( w9e1 no o!r fluid be+ s well adapt$ to pres]ve ^! t5d] bodies4 ,,to ,,prep>e ,,! ,,r9d ,,= ,,obs]vation4 ,z ! vessels ( ! r9d are ( diff]5t diamet]s 9 v>i\s trees1 ?\gh _! con/ruction & t ( ! blebs is p]fectly ! same 9 all1 x w be be/ to *oose = ?is purpose ! r9d ( a tree :]e9 !y are l>ge/4 ,! r9d ( ! a%-leav$ maple is f9ely suit$4 ,a piece ( ?is may be obta9$ ( two in*es long1 & w v successfully answ] ! int5tion4 ,su* a piece be+ prep>$ )\t alum or _s1 b dri$ f ! wat] 9 :i* x _h be5 mac]at$1 x is to be impregnat$ ) lead 9 ! foll[+ mann]1 to %ew ! ap]tures by _! col\r4 ,dissolve "o dra*m ( sug> ( lead 9 an ounce & an half ( wat]2 filt] ?is ?r\gh pap]1 & p\r x into a tea-cup4 ,clip (f a ?9 slice ( :at 0 ! l[] end ( ! piece ( r9d z x grew on ! tree1 & plunge x ne> an in* deep into ! liquor2 keep x upright betwe5 two pieces ( /ick1 s t "o half or m may be above ! wat]2 :elm a w9e-&-wat] glass ov] ! tea-cup1 & set ! :ole 9 a w>m place4 ,:5 x has /ood two days1 take x out1 clip (f all t "p :i* 0 9 ! liquor1 & ?r[ x away4 ,! circum/ances "h m5tion$1 trivial z !y may seem1 mu/ be att5d$ to3 ! op]ation w n succe$1 ev5 if ! cov]+-glass be omitt$2 x keeps a moi/ atmosph]e ab\t ! r9d1 & makes its vessels supple4 ,:ile ?is is /&+1 put into a bason two ounces ( quick lime1 & an ounce ( orpim5t2 p\r ^u !m a p9t & an half ( boil+ wat]2 /ir ! :ole toge!r1 & :5 x has /ood a day & a night1 x w be fit = use4 ,?is is ! 8liquor probatorius v9i0 ( "s ( ! ,g]man *ymi/s2 x discov]s lead :5 w9es are adult]at$ ) x1 & w %ew x any :]e4 ,put a little ( ?is liquor 9 a tea-cup1 & plunge ! piece ( r9d half way into x4 ,9 ! =m] "p ( ?is exp]im5t1 ! vessels ( ! r9d h be5 fill$ ) a solution ( lead1 t makes ( itself no visible alt]ation 9 !m2 b ?is col\rless impregnation1 :5 ! orpim5t lixivium gets to x1 becomes ( a deep br[n2 ! vessels !mselves appe> some:at ! d>k] = x2 b ^! dots1 :i* are real op5+s1 are n[ pla9ly se5 to be su*1 ! col\r be+ p]fectly visible 9 !m1 & mu* d>k] ?an 9 ! vessels4 ,?is object mu/ be always view$ dry4 ,if a piece ( ! r9d1 ?us impregnat$1 be g5tly rubb$ betwe5 ! f+]s1 till ! p>ts are sep>at$1 we %all be able 9 "o place or o!r1 to get a view ( ! vessels all r\nd1 & ( ! films :i* =m ! blebs betwe5 !m4 ,e "p ( ! r9d1 & e coat ( x1 ev5 ! int]/itial place betwe5 its inn]mo/ coat & b>k1 are fill$ ) a f9e fluid4 ,! v c\rse & progress ( ! fluid may be %ewn 9 ?is "p1 ev5 by an easy prep>ation2 only t diff]5t r9ds mu/ be s\ght = ?is purpose1 ! vessels 9 "s be+ l>g] ?an 9 o!rs4 ,repeat$ trials h %ewn me t ! :ole progress may be easily m>k$ 9 ! ?ree foll[+ k9ds1 ) only a t9cture ( co*9eal4 ,put half an ounce ( co*9eal1 9 p[d]1 into half a p9t ( _s ( w9e2 set x 9 a w>m place1 & %ake x (t5 = f\r days2 !n filt] (f ! cle> t9cture4 ,put an in* dep? ( ?is into a cup1 & set upright 9 x pieces ( ! r9d ( a%1 :ite will[1 & ozi]1 prep>$ z has be5 direct$1 by mac]ation 9 wat]2 = 9 t way "o tr\ble s]ves = an hundr$ k9ds4 ,let an in* ( ! r9ds also /& up out ( ! t9cture4 ,aft] tw5ty-f\r h\rs take !m out1 clip (f ! "p :i* 0 imm]s$ 9 ! fluid1 & save ! re/ = obs]vation4 ,,to ,,prep>e ,,! ,,blea4 ,cut ! pieces 9 a fit season1 ei!r j be=e ! fir/ leaves ( ,spr+1 or 9 ! ,midsumm] %oot+ "t4 ,!n we see all ! wond]s ( ! /ructure2 ! ?\s&s ( m\?s :i* op5 ?r\gh\t ! c\rse ( ^! innum]able vessels1 to p\r _! fluid into ! int]/itial matt]4 ,^! vessels1 :i* are 9 nature ci/]ns ( sap = ! fe$+ ! gr[? ( ! :ole tree1 are s l>ge1 t !y are capable ( be+ fill$ ) col\r$ wax1 9 ! mann] ( ! vessels 9 anatomical injections2 & ?is way !y pres5t pleas+ objects = ! microscope1 & af=d excell5t opportunities ( trac+ _! c\rse & /ructure4 ,a ,,me?od ,,( ,,fill+ ,,! ,,sap ,,vessels ,,( ,,plants4 ,a great _m %oots ( ! sc>let & o!r oaks are to be tak5 (f 9 ! ,spr+2 !y mu/ be cut into pieces ( ab\t two in*es 9 l5g?1 & imm$iately f ! cutt+ !y mu/ drop into "s w>m ra9 wat]3 9 ?is !y are to /& tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & !n be boil$ a little4 ,:5 tak5 out1 !y are to be ti$ on /r+s1 & hung up 9 a place :]e ! air passes freely1 b ! sun does n %9e4 ,:5 !y are p]fectly dry1 a l>ge quantity ( gre5 wax1 su* z is us$ = ! seals ( law de$s1 is to be g5tly melt$ 9 an e>!n pipk9 set 9 wat]2 ! wat] to be heat$ & kept boil+4 ,z soon z ! wax runs1 ! /icks are to be put 91 & !y are frequ5tly to be /irr$ ab\t4 ,!y mu/ be kept 9 ?is /ate ab\t an h\r1 & !n ! pipk9 is to be tak5 out ( ! wat]1 & set ^u a nak$ fire1 :]e x is to be kept ) ! wax boil+ = two or ?ree h\rs2 fre% supplies ( ! same wax be+ add$ f "t to "t4 ,aft] ?is x is to be remov$ f ! fire1 & ! /icks imm$iately tak5 out ) a pair ( nipp]s2 :5 !y are cold1 ! r\gh wax ab\t !m is to be brok5 (f4 ,bo? ends ( ea* /ick are to be cut (f half an in* long1 & ?r[n away1 & ! middle pieces sav$4 ,^! are !n to be cut 9 small] l5g?s1 smoo!d at ! ends ) a f9e *issel1 & _m ( !m split 9 v>i\s ?icknesses4 ,?us are obta9$ prep>ations1 n only ( great use1 b ( wond]ful beauty4 ,_m trees ?is way af=d h&some objects z well z ! oak2 & 9 "s1 :]e ! sap vessels are few1 l>ge1 & di/9ct1 ! split pieces resemble /rip$ sat9s1 9 a way sc>ce to be cr$it$4 ,x is 9 su* t ! out] coats ( ^! vessels are mo/ happily ( all to be exam9$4 ,,! ,,me?od ,,( ,,prep>+ ,,salts ,,& ,,sal9e ,,sub/ances1 ,,= ,,! ,,view+ ,,_! ,,configurations4 ,dissolve ! subject to be exam9$ 9 no l>g] a quantity ( riv] or ra9 wat] ?an is suffici5t to saturate x2 if x be a body easily dissoluble1 make use ( cold wat]1 o!rwise make ! wat] w>m or hot1 or ev5 boil+1 accord+ z y f9d x necess>y4 ,aft] x is p]fectly dissolv$1 let x re/ = "s h\rs1 till1 if ov]-*>g$1 ! r$undant sal9e p>ticles are precipitat$1 & settle at ! bottom1 or %oot into cry/als2 by :i* means y are mo/ likely to h a solution ( ! same /r5g? at "o "t z at ano!r2 t is1 a solution fully *>g$ ) z mu* z x c hold up1 & no m2 & by ^! precautions ! configurations appe> alike1 h[ (t5 soev] tri$3 :]eas1 if ! wat] be less saturat$1 ! proportions1 at diff]5t times1 w be subject to m unc]ta9ty2 & if x be exam9$ be=e su* sep>ation & precipitation ( ! r$undant salts1 little m w be se5 ?an a confus$ mass ( cry/als4 ,! solution be+ ?us prep>$1 take up a drop ( x ) a goose quill1 cut 9 fa%ion ( a scoop1 & place x on a flat slip ( glass1 ( ab\t ?ree qu>t]s ( an in* 9 wid?1 & betwe5 ?ree & f\r in*es long1 spread+ x on ! glass ) ! quill1 9 ei!r a r\nd or oval figure1 till x appe>s a qu>t] ( an in* or m 9 diamet]1 & s %all[ z to rise v little above ! surface ( ! glass4 ,:5 x is s dispos$1 hold x z level z y c ov] ! cle> "p ( a fire t is n too fi]ce1 or ov] ! flame ( a c&le1 at a di/ance proportionable to ! degree ( heat x requires1 :i* exp]i5ce only c direct1 & wat* x v c>efully till y discov] ! sal9e p>ticles beg9n+ to ga!r & look :ite1 or ( "s o!r col\r1 at ! extremities ( ! edges2 !n hav+ adju/$ ! microscope be=e-h& = its reception1 arm$ ) ! f\r? glass1 :i* is ! fitte/ = mo/ ( ^! exp]im5ts1 place x "u y\r eye1 & br+ x exactly to ! focus ( ! magnifi]2 & aft] runn+ ov] ! :ole drop1 fix y\r att5tion on t side :]e y obs]ve any increase or pu%+ =w>ds ( cry/all9e matt] f ! circumf]5ce t[>ds ! c5t]4 ,?is motion is extremely sl[ at ! beg9n+1 unless ! drop has be5 ov]-heat$1 b quick5s z ! wat] evaporates1 & 9 _m k9ds1 t[>ds ! conclusion1 produces configurations ) a swiftness inconceivable1 compos$ ( an inf9ity ( p>ts1 :i* are adju/$ to ea* o!r ) an elegance1 regul>ity1 & ord]1 beyond :at ! exacte/ p5cil 9 ! _w1 guid$ by ! rul] & compass1 c ev] equal1 or ! mo/ luxuri\s imag9ation fancy4 ,:5 action once beg9s1 ! eye _c be tak5 (f1 ev5 = a mom5t1 )\t los+ some?+ wor? obs]vation2 = ! figures alt] e in/ant1 till ! :ole process is ov]2 & 9 _m sorts1 aft] all seems at an end1 new =ms arise1 diff]5t entirely f any t appe>$ be=e1 & :i* probably are ow+ to "s small quantity ( salt ( ano!r k9d1 :i* ! o!r sep>ates f1 & leaves to act aft] itself has done2 & 9 "s subjects ?ree or f\r diff]5t sorts are obs]vable1 few or none be+ simple & homog5e\s4 ,:5 ! configurations are fully =m$1 & all ! wat] evaporat$1 mo/ k9ds ( !m are soon de/roy$ aga9 by ! moi/ure or action ( ! air ^u !m2 _! po9ts & angles lose _! %>pness1 become unev5 & defac$1 & m\ld] z x 7 away2 b "s few are p]man5t1 & by be+ inclos$ betwe5 glasses1 !y may be pres]v$ mon?s or ev5 ye>s4 ,x happ5s (t5times t a drop ( a sal9e solution c h>dly be spread on ! slip ( glass1 by reason ( ! glass's smoo?ness1 b breaks into little globules1 z x w\ld d 7 ! surface greasy3 ! way to prev5t ?is is1 by rubb+ ! brok5 drop ) y\r f+] ov] ! glass1 s z to leave ! glass sme>$ ) x2 on :i* sme>$ place1 :5 dry1 ano!r drop ( ! solution may be spread v easily 9 :atev] =m is agreeable4 ,x sometimes happ5s1 t :5 a heat$ drop is plac$ prop]ly = exam9ation1 ! obs]v] f9ds su* a cl\d9ess t he c di/+ui% no?+ ( ! object2 :i* is ow+ to sal9e /eams t arise f ! drop1 cov]+ & obscur+ ! object glass1 & !re=e mu/ imm$iately be wip$ away ) a s(t clo? or lea!r4 ,9 all exam9ations ( sal9e solutions by ! microscope1 ev5 ?\gh made 9 ! day-"t1 y mu/ use a c&le2 = ! configurations1 be+ exce$+ly transp>5t1 are r5d]$ mu* m di/+ui%able by ! br[n light a c&le af=ds1 ?an by ! m :ite & transp>5t day-light2 & besides1 ei!r by mov+ ! c&le1 or turn+ ! microscope1 su* light may be v>i$ or direct$ j z ! subject requires4 ,x may be also prop] to take notice1 t no k9ds ( microscopes are fit = ^! obs]vations1 b su* z h an op5 /age1 :]eon ! slips ( glass1 ) ! liquor ^u !m1 may be plac$ readily1 & 9 a p]fect horizontal position2 & moreov]1 :]e !y c be turn$ ab\t freely1 & )\t disord]+ ! fluid4 ,,*ap4 ,v4 ,,! ,,importance ,,( ,,natural ,,hi/ory2 ,,( ,,insects ,,9 ,,g5]al1 ,,& ,,( ,,_! ,,con/itu5t ,,p>ts4 ,!re is no human sci5ce :i* to a rational m9d exhibits a great] v>iety ( attractions1 or :i* is m des]v+ ( g5]al e/eem1 ?an t ( ,,natural ,,hi/ory2 accord+ly we f9d1 t f ! e>lie/ times 9 :i* ! sci5ces h be5 promulgat$1 x has nev] be5 entirely de/itute ( its vot>ies2 b1 on ! contr>y1 has = ages employ$ ! lives ( _m le>n$ m51 z be+1 9 fact1 ! /udy ( ,,div9e ,,wisdom display$ 9 ! creation3 ! f>!r our rese>*es are c>ri$1 ! m /rik+ pro(s ( x e :]e ab\nd4 ,9 ! pres5t c5tury1 an ra p>ticul>ly devot$ to inve/igation1 & propiti\s to discov]y & improvem5t 9 v>i\s bran*es ( sci5ce1 ,natural ,hi/ory1 s f> f be+ neglect$1 has be5 m g5]ally cultivat$1 & pursu$ ) an ardor unprec$5t$ at any =m] p]iod4 ,m5 ( ! fir/ rank 9 lit]ature h become indefatigable lab\r]s 9 ! va/ & unb\nd$ field :i* x pres5ts to ! eyes ( an accurate & att5tive obs]v]4 ,! animal1 ! vegetable1 & ! m9]al k+doms1 h be5 exam9$ ) ! utmo/ c>e2 t confusion & p]plexity :i* seem$ unavoidably to result f a view ( ! imm5se v>iety ( articles conta9$ 9 ea* ( ^? dep>tm5ts1 & :i* frequ5tly det]r$ p]sons f engag+ 9 ! pursuit1 h be5 9 a great measure remov$ by ! introduction ( sy/ematic arrangem5t2 by ^! means1 ! v>i\s subjects are di/ribut$ into classes & g5]a1 enabl+ u to =m di/9ct & compreh5sive ideas ( !m4 ,to ! same me?odical plan1 & ! nicety ( discrim9ation !nce aris+1 we mu/ attribute ! discov]y & description ( _m new species2 ?is has excit$ an emulation /ill f>!r to pursue ! inquiry1 nor ne$ any appreh5sion be ent]ta9$ t ! subject w be exhau/$1 z1 no d\bt1 an inf9ite v>iety /ill rema9s unexplor$ to engage ! utmo/ att5tion ( ! philosophic m9d1 & fully to comp5sate ! pa9s be/[$ on s int]e/+ a bran* ( k4 ,( ! abundance ( articles enum]at$ 9 books ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 !re are comp>atively few1 ^: uses are z yet kn[n1 or _! prop]ties fully und]/ood4 ,! true naturali/ %\ld always be> 9 m9d t !re is a va/ diff]5ce betwe5 reta9+ ! names1 & inve/igat+ ! nature & peculi> qualities ( ! creatures to :i* !y belong4 ,x is highly prop]1 inde$ necess>y1 t ! multif>i\s objects ( ,natural ,hi/ory %\ld be well asc]ta9$ & di/+ui%$ ) nicety 9 all _! v>ieties2 ! sci5ce & admir]s ( x are1 !re=e1 unque/ionably indebt$ to ! able naturali/s :o h devot$ _! "t1 & ex]cis$ _! +5uity 9 devis+ commodi\s me?ods ( arrangem5t1 & inv5t$ sy/ems = id5tify+ ! sev]al subjects ) accuracy1 & less dang] ( fallacy or mi/ake3 b all :o are1 or w\ld wi% to be ?\ght naturali/s1 ought to consid]1 t ! be/ possible mode ( classification is1 aft] all1 b an introduction to ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,! +5i\s & indefatigable ,,l9n,,u1 :o sp5t 8 life 9 fabricat+ ! curi\s sy/em n[ g5]ally adopt$1 int5d$ x c]ta9ly = ! improvem5t ( ! sci5ce1 z a basis = ! s]vice ( k & ! b5efit ( mank9d2 let u be cauti\s n to mi/ake ! means = ! end1 b 9 ! prosecution ( ! sci5ce1 ?9k ( ! true ends ( k1 & endeav\r to promote our own in/ruction1 & ! advancem5t ( o!rs1 ) a view to ! adoration ( t ,,div9e ,,be+ to :om all creation is indebt$ = exi/5ce1 & _! application to ! occasions & uses ( life1 all along conduct+ & p]fect+ ! /udy 9 ! _s ( b5evol5ce4 ,! /udy ( nature1 or 9 o!r words1 a s]i\s contemplation ( ! works ( ,,god1 is inde$ a great & prop] object = ! ex]cise ( our rational faculties2 nor c we p]haps employ !m bett]1 ?an 9 endeav\r+ to make ourselves acqua9t$ ) ! works ( t glori\s ,be+ f :om !y 7 receiv$4 ,?\gh !re is a great deal ( pleasure 9 contemplat+ ! mat]ial _w1 or t sy/em ( bodies into :i* ! ,,div9e ,,ar*itect has s admirably wr\ght ! mass ( dead matt]1 ) ! sev]al relations :i* ^? bodies be> to "o ano!r2 !re is /ill some?+ m wond]ful & surpriz+ aris+ f ! contemplation ( ! animat$ _w2 by :i* is to be und]/ood all ^? animals ) :i* e "p ( ! univ]se is furni%$4 ,! mat]ial _w is only ! %ell ( ! univ]se2 ! animat$ _w are its inhabitants4 ,exi/5ce is a bless+ to ^? be+s only :i* are end[$ ) p]ception1 & appe>s useless :5 be/[$ ^u dead matt]1 any f>!r ?an z x is subs]vi5t to be+s :i* are consci\s ( _! exi/5ce4 ,?us we f9d1 f ! bodies :i* lie "u our obs]vation1 t matt] is only made z ! basis & support ( animals1 & t !re is no m ( ! "o ?an :at is necess>y = ! exig5ce ( ! o!r4 ,!re are "s liv+ creatures :i* are rais$ b j above dead matt]2 !re are _m o!rs1 b "o remove f ^!1 :i* h no o!r s5ses b ^? ( feel+ & ta/e2 o!rs h /ill an additional s5se ( he>+2 o!rs ( smell1 & aga9 o!rs ( sight4 ,x is wond]ful to obs]ve1 by :at a gradual progress life advances ?r\gh a prodigi\s v>iety ( species1 be=e a creature is =m$ t possesses all ^! s5ses2 & ev5 among ^!1 !re is su* a diff]5t degree ( p]fection 9 ! s5ses :i* "o animal enjoys beyond :at appe>s 9 ano!r1 t1 ?\gh ! s5se 9 diff]5t animals be di/+ui%$ by ! same common d5om9ation1 x seems almo/ ( a diff]5t nature4 ,if1 aft] ?is1 we look into ! sev]al inw>d qualities ( sagacity1 or :at is g5]ally call$ in/9ct1 we f9d !m ris+ aft] ! same mann] imp]ceptibly "o above ano!r1 & receiv+ additional improvem5ts1 accord+ to ! species 9 :i* !y are implant$4 ,?is progress 9 nature is s v gradual1 t :at appe>s to u ! mo/ p]fect ( an inf]ior species1 comes v ne> to ! mo/ imp]fect1 z we are accu/om$ to call x1 ( t :i* is imm$iately above x4 ,! exub]ant & ov]fl[+ goodness ( ! ,,supreme ,,be+1 ^: m]cy ext5ds to all 8 works1 is pla9ly se51 z be=e obs]v$1 f 8 hav+ made s v little matt]1 at lea/ :at falls )9 our k1 t does n sw>m ) life2 nor is 8 goodness less visible 9 ! div]sity ?an 9 ! multitude ( liv+ creatures4 ,_h he only made "o species ( animals1 none else c\ld h enjoy$ ! happ9ess ( exi/5ce2 he has1 !re=e1 includ$ 9 8 creation1 e degree ( life1 e capacity ( be+4 ,! :ole *asm ( nature1 f a plant to a man1 is fill$ up ) div]se k9ds ( creatures1 ris+ "o above ano!r1 by su* a g5tle & easy asc5t1 t ! little transitions & deviations f "o species to ! o!r are almo/ ins5sible4 ,?is int]m$iate space is s prud5tly manag$1 t !re is sc>ce a degree ( p]ception :i* does n appe> 9 "s "o "p ( ! animat$ _w4 ,is ! goodness or ! wisdom ( ! ,,div9e ,,be+ m manife/ 9 ?is 8 proce$+8 ,9 ?is sy/em ( creation !re is no creature s wond]ful 9 its nature1 & :i* s mu* m]its our p>ticul> att5tion1 z man1 :o fills up ! middle space betwe5 ! animal & intellectual nature1 ! visible & invisible _w2 & is t l9k1 9 ! *a9 ( be+s1 :i* has be5 (t5 t]m$ ! 8nexus utriusque mundi40 ,s t he1 :o 9 "o respect be+ associat$ ) angels & ar*-angels1 may look ^u a ,,be+ ( inf9ite p]fection z 8 fa!r1 & ! highe/ ord] ( spirits z 8 bre?r51 may1 9 ano!r respect1 say to corruption1 8,?\ art my fa!r1 & to ! worm1 ?\ art my "m & my si/]40#df #df ,spectator1 ,vol4 vii4 ,numb4 #eai4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 _m :o =m _! judgm5ts ( ! works ( nature f ext]nal appe>ance only2 h5ce !y imag9e1 t ! greate/ & mo/ magnific5t are ! only p]fect p>ts ( creation1 & wor?y ( our reg>d4 ,h5ce !y conf9e _! att5tion to ! m spl5did & %9+ bran*es ( philosophy1 & are too apt to treat ! o!r p>ts ) coolness & indiff]5ce1 n to say contempt4 ,b surely a true philosoph] is "o :o dilig5tly pursues ! /udy ( nature 9 all its bran*es2 :o c behold ) admiration h] noble/ productions1 yet view ) pleasure ! smalle/ ( h] works3 9 %ort1 "o :o ?9ks e ?+ excell5t t owes its =mation to ! ,,god ( nature2 & we ne$ only take a transi5t view ( ! small] creatures ) :i* ! e>? is peopl$1 to discov] t !y are p]fect 9 _! k9d1 & c>ry ab\t !m z /rong m>ks ( inf9ite wisdom1 p[]1 & b5efic5ce z ! greate/4 ,x has be5 ju/ly said1 8t !re is n a vegetable t gr[s1 nor an insect t moves1 b :at is suffici5t to conf\nd ! ,a!i/1 & to af=d ! c&id obs]v] endless mat]ials = dev\t adoration & praise40 ,if we exam9e insects ) att5tion1 we %all soon be conv9c$ ( _! div9e orig91 & survey ) admiration ! wond]ful art & me*anism ( _! /ructure1 :]e9 su* a numb] ( vessels1 p>ts1 & movem5ts are collect$ 9 a s+le po9t2 yet are !y furni%$ ) weapons to seize _! prey1 dext]ity to escape _! foes1 e ?+ requisite to p]=m ! bus9ess ( _! /ations1 & enjoy ! pleasures ( _! conditions4 ,:at a pr(usion ( ! ri*e/ ornam5ts & ! gaye/ col\rs are (t5 be/[$ on "o little insect6 & yet !re are ?\s&s ( o!rs t are z beautiful & wond]ful 9 _! k9d2 "s are cov]$ ) %9+ coats ( mail1 o!rs are adorn$ ) plumes ( fea!rs1 all ( !m furni%$ ) e ?+ t is prop] to make !m answ] ! purposes = :i* !y 7 design$4 8,aft] an att5tive exam9ation ( ! nature & fabric ( bo? ! lea/ & l>ge/ animals1 ,i _c10 says ! great & excell5t ,swamm]dam1 8b all[ ! less an equal1 p]haps a sup]ior degree ( dignity2 :oev] duly consid]s ! conduct & in/9ct ( ! "o1 ) ! mann]s & actions ( ! o!r1 mu/ ackn[l$ge1 t !y are all "u ! direction & contr\l ( a supreme & p>ticul> intellig5ce2 :i*1 z 9 ! l>ge/ x ext5ds beyond ! limits ( our compreh5sion1 escapes our rese>*es 9 ! smalle/4 ,if1 :ile we dissect ) c>e ! l>g] animals1 we are fill$ ) wond] at ! elegant disposition ( _! limbs1 ! inimitable ord] ( _! muscles1 & ! regul> direction ( _! ve9s1 art]ies1 & n]ves1 to :at an height is our a/oni%m5t rais$1 :5 we discov] all ! p>ts arrang$ 9 ! lea/1 & 9 ! same regul> mann]6 ,h[ is x possible b we mu/ /& amaz$ :5 we reflect1 t ^? little animals1 ^: bodies are small] ?an ! po9t ( ! dissect+ knife1 h muscles1 ve9s1 art]ies1 & e o!r "p common to ! l>g] animals8 ,creatures s v dim9utive1 t our h&s are n delicate en\gh to manage1 or our eyes suffici5tly acute to see !m40 ,! subs]vi5cy ( ! sev]al be+s 9 ! visible creation to "o ano!r2 ! ord] 9 :i* ea* ( !m appe>s 9 t appo9t$ season1 :5 only x c be conducive to ! purposes ( ! re/2 & ! pres]vation ( a suffici5t numb] ( e species1 amid/ ! imm5se havoc t reigns ?r\gh\t1 are1 among o!r ?+s1 pro(s ( ! amaz+ & incompreh5sible wisdom by :i* !y 7 all =m$4 ,) :at pleasure does ! m9d1 accu/om$ to look up f effects to _! causes1 f creat$ be+s to ! ,,great ,,s\rce ,,( ,,be+1 view t unb\nd$ b5efic5ce1 :i* leaves n ! smalle/ space1 capable ( support+ exi/5ce ( any k9d1 unplant$ ) !m4 ,!re is h>dly any portion ( matt]1 or ! lea/ drop ( fluid naturally f\nd on ! surface ( ! e>?1 t is n inhabit$ by multitudes ( animals2 ! subt]rane\s regions are peopl$ ) _! m9ute inhabitants1 & ! abyss ( ! sea1 :]e no human eye c p5etrate1 ab\nds ) animat$ be+s4 ,! air is usually consid]$ z ! great s\rce ( de/ruction to bodies1 :e!r animal or vegetable2 b we d n always und]/& by :at means or 9 :at mann] x is p]=m$4 ,:at we t]m de/ruction & decay ( "o sub/ance1 occasions ! production & rip5+ a multitude ( o!rs2 :]ev] ! air is admitt$1 ) x a ?\s& diff]5t ?+s f9d _! way2 & :at is usually attribut$ to ! effects ( t fluid1 is 9 g5]al occasion$ by ! multitudes ( bodies ) :i* x is fraught4 ,r$i obs]v$1 t fle% pres]v$ f ! access ( flies1 w\ld bread no maggots2 & x is z con/ant an obs]vation1 t vegetable sub/ances w keep a long "t 9 :atev] /ate !y are1 if ! air be exclud$2 b z soon z x is admitt$1 !y also produce or af=d _! sev]al k9ds ei!r ( animal1 or m9ut] vegetable inhabitants4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! cases1 ! p>5t flies make _! way to ! expos$ fle%1 & !re deposit _! eggs = ! production ( a new (fspr+2 9 ! o!r1 multitudes ( ! se$s ( m9ute plants & ovula ( animals are float+ 9 ! air1 & accompany x :]ev] x ent]s2 if !y be ?us deposit$ 9 a place prop] = vegetation & accretion1 !y bur/ _! inclosures1 & atta9 _! gr[? z regul>ly z ! se$s ( plants deposit$ 9 ! e>?1 or ! eggs ( l>g] animals 9 ! ne/4 ,! same wisdom :i* plac$ ! sun 9 ! c5t] ( ! sy/em1 & arrang$ ! sev]al planets ar\nd him 9 _! ord]1 has no less %ewn itself 9 ! provision made = ! food & dwell+ ( e bird t roams 9 ! air1 & e bea/ t w&]s 9 ! des]t2 equally great 9 ! smalle/ & 9 ! mo/ magnific5t objects2 9 ! /> & 9 ! insect2 9 ! elephant & 9 ! fly2 9 ! beam t %9es f heav5 & 9 ! grass t cloa!s ! gr\nd4 ,no?+ is ov]look$1 no?+ is c>elessly p]=m$3 e ?+ t exi/s is adapt$ ) p]fect symmetry to ! end = :i* x 0 design$4 ,?is wisdom display$ by ! ,almighty 9 ! creation1 0 n int5d$ m]ely to gratify curiosity & to raise wond]2 x ought to beget pr(\nd submission1 & pi\s tru/ 9 e he>t4 ,hi/ories ( ! provid5ce & caution1 ! c>e & =esight ( ! mo/ inconsid]able among animal be+s1 mu/ surely ev] be read ) pleasure & att5tion1 z convey+ a mo/ beautiful lesson to a reflect+ m9d2 x is impossible = any "o ?us in/ruct$ to ?9k t ! ,great ,be+1 :o has be5 s c>eful ( ^? inf]ior creatures1 c be reg>dless ( him :om he has plac$ 9 a /ation inf9itely m exalt$4 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole sy/em ( ?+s1 we behold a manife/ t5d5cy to promote ! b5efit ei!r ( ! rational or ! animal creation4 ,9 "s p>ts ( nature1 ?is t5d5cy may be less obvi\s ?an 9 o!rs4 ,objects1 :i* to u seem useless or hurtful1 may sometimes occur2 & /range x 71 if 9 s va/ & complicat$ a sy/em1 difficulties ( ?is k9d %\ld n occasionally pres5t !mselves to be+s1 ^: views are s n>r[ & limit$ z ours4 ,x is well kn[n1 t 9 proportion z ! k ( nature has increas$ among m51 ^! difficulties h dim9i%$4 ,satisfactory acc\nts h be5 giv5 ( _m p]plex+ appe>ances2 useful & prop] purposes h be5 f\nd to be promot$ by objects :i* 7 at fir/ ?\ght to be unpr(itable or noxi\s4#dg #dg ,! great beauty ( ! dye produc$ by ! co*9eal insect1 & ! m$ical virtues ( ! can?>is1 h occasion$ !m to be consid]$ z v ext5sive & valuable articles ( comm]ce4 ,! b5efits d]iv$ f ! bee & ! silk-worm are univ]sally kn[n2 & spid]s1 c\ld a me?od be devis$ to induce !m to live 9 h>mony1 might also be productive ( v ess5tial advantages to ! human race4 ,,edit4 ,malignant mu/ be ! m9d ( t p]son2 ) a di/ort$ eye he mu/ h contemplat$ creation1 :o c suspect t x is n ! production ( inf9ite b5ignity & goodness4 ,h[ _m cle> m>ks ( b5evol5t int5tion appe> e :]e ar\nd u8 ,:at a pr(usion ( beauty & ornam5t is p\r$ =? on ! face ( nature8 ,:at a magnific5t spectacle pres5t$ to ! view ( man8 ,:at a supply contriv$ = 8 wants8 ,:at a v>iety ( objects set be=e him1 to gratify 8 s5ses1 to employ 8 und]/&+1 to ent]ta9 8 imag9ation1 to *e] & gladd5 8 he>t8 ,inde$ ! v exi/5ce ( ! univ]se is a /&+ memorial ( ! goodness ( ! ,creator2 = no?+ except goodness c\ld orig9ally prompt creation4 ,no new accession ( felicity or glory 0 to result to him f creatures :om he made3 x 0 goodness communicat+ & p\r+ itself =?1 goodness delight+ to imp>t happ9ess 9 all its =ms1 :i* 9 ! beg9n+ creat$ ! heav5 & ! e>?4 ,h5ce ^? innum]able ord]s ( liv+ creatures ) :i* ! e>? is peopl$1 f ! l[e/ class ( s5sitive be+ to ! highe/ rank ( reason & intellig5ce4 ,:]ev] !re is life1 !re is "s degree ( happ9ess2 !re are enjoym5ts suit$ to ! diff]5t p[]s ( feel+2 & e>?1 air1 & wat]1 are ) magnific5t lib]ality made to teem ) life4#dh #dh ,blair's ,s]mons4 ,let u n !n slight1 or deem t unwor?y our notice1 9 :i* imm5sity is s conspicu\s2 or t trivial1 9 :i* !re is su* a manife/ation ( inf9ite b5efic5ce2 b r let ^? /rik+ displays ( creat+ goodness call =?1 on our "p1 responsive love1 gratitude1 & v5]ation4 ,to ?is ,great ,fa!r ( all exi/5ce & life1 to ,him :o ha? rais$ u up to behold ! light ( day1 & to enjoy all ! com=ts :i* 8 _w pres5ts1 let our he>ts s5d =? a p]petual hymn ( praise4 ,ev5+ & morn+ let u celebrate ,him :o make? ! morn+ & ! ev5+ to rejoice ov] our heads2 :o 8op5e? 8 h& & satisfie? ! desire ( e liv+ ?+40 ,let u rejoice t we are br\ght into a _w1 :i* is ! production ( inf9ite goodness2 ov] :i* a supreme intellig5ce presides2 & :]e no?+ happ5s b by 8 div9e p]mission = ! wise/ purposes4 ,conv9c$ t he hate? n ! works :i* he ha? made1 nor ha? br\ght creatures into exi/5ce m]ely to suff] unnecess>y pa91 let u ev5 9 ! mid/ ( sorr[1 receive ) calm submission :atev] he is pleas$ to s5d2 ?ankful = :at he be/[s2 & satisfi$ t1 )\t good reason1 he takes no?+ away4 ,su*1 9 g5]al1 are ! effects :i* m$itation on ! works ( ! creation ought to produce4 ,x pres5ts su* an a/oni%+ conjunction ( p[]1 wisdom1 & goodness1 z we _c behold )\t religi\s v5]ation4 ,9 %ort1 ! _w ar\nd u is ! mighty volume :]e9 god ha? decl>$ himself2 a picture :]e9 8 p]fections are display$4 ,! book ( nature is writt5 9 a "* t e "o may read2 x consi/s n ( words1 b ?+s2 x is a s*ool :]e ,,god is ! tea*]4 ,all ! objects ( s5se are z ! lett]s ( an univ]sal language1 9 :i* all p & nations h a common int]e/2 ! ,creator himself has made ?is use ( x1 reveal+ 8 w by x1 & ref]r+ man to x = in/ruction4 ,h5ce ! univ]sal agreem5t betwe5 nature & revelation2 h5ce1 also1 he t c und]/& ,,god z ! ,f\nta9 ( tru? & ! ,savi\r ( m5 9 ! holy scriptures1 w be bett] enabl$ to und]/& & adore him z ! f\nta9 ( p[] & goodness 9 ! natural creation4 ,?us w philosophy & div9ity g h& 9 h&1 & %ew t ! _w 0 made1 z ! scriptures 7 writt51 = our in/ruction2 & t ! creation ( ,,god is a s*ool = ,*ri/ians1 if !y use x aright4#di #di ,x is a curi\s1 ?\gh melan*oly subject ( contemplation1 to obs]ve h[ diff]5t h be5 ! s5tim5ts ( le>n$ & reput$ly pi\s m5 9 times less enlight5$2 a p]iod :5 att5tion to1 or compassion =1 ! animal creation c\ld f9d no place 9 a brea/ t )held & d5i$ ! m]cy ( ,god unto m52 :5 m]cy itself 0 deem$ h]esy6 ,ev5 9 prior & pur] times x 0 affirm$ t 8,x is absurd1 & a disp>agem5t to ! maje/y ( ,,god to suppose him to "k h[ _m insects !re are 9 ! _w1 or h[ _m fi%es 9 ! sea2 yea1 t su* an idea ( ! ,omnisci5ce ( ,,god w\ld be fooli% flatt]y to ,him1 & an injury to ourselves40 ,= ! satisfaction ( ! le>n$ read]1 ,i %all "h quote ! orig9al4 8,absurdum e/ ad hoc ,dei d$uc]e ,maje/atem1 ut sciat p] mom5ta s+ula quot nascantur culices1 quotve moriantur2 qu cimicum et pulicum et musc>um sit 9 t]ra multitudo2 quanti pisces 9 aqua nat5t1 et qui de m9oribus majorum prd c$]e debeant4 ,non simus tam fatui ,adulatores ,dei1 ut dum pot5tiam ejus ad ima detrahimus 9 nos ipsos injuriosi simus40 ,,hi]onymi ,comm5t4 9 ,abac4 ,lib4 #a4 ,edit4 ,basil4 ,tom4 vi4 p4 #ahg4 ,,edit4 ,a ,,g5]al ,,description ,,( ,,insects4 ,! subjects ( t "p ( ! creation we are n[ go+ to survey1 m]it our att5tion z exce$+ ! re/ ( animat$ nature 9 _! numb]s1 ! s+ul>ity ( _! appe>ance1 & ! v>iety ( _! =ms4 ,e>?1 air1 & wat] are fill$ ) ho/s ( !m4 ,be+ = ! major "p v small1 & myriads s dim9utive1 z ev5 to be imp]ceptible to ! unassi/$ eye1 our k ( !m1 & _! compon5t p>ts w\ld be extremely circumscrib$ & imp]fect1 7 x n = ! advantages d]iv$ f ! use ( ! microscope2 b happily possess$ ( ?is valuable in/rum5t1 an inexhau/ible s\rce ( ent]ta9m5t & in/ruction is af=d$ to ! curi\s inquir] into ! wond]s ( nature4 ,! beauties ( ! m9ut] p>ts ( creation are n m hidd5 f our unassi/$ sight1 ?an ! ends & purposes ( _! conomy f slight & sup]ficial obs]vation2 ! microscope does n m amaze & *>m z ) a discov]y ( ! fir/1 ?an ! application ( our faculties 9 inve/igat+ ! latt]4 ,! "n ( ,,insect has be5 appropriat$ to ^! small animals on acc\nt ( ! sections or divisions t are obs]vable 9 ! bodies ( ! greate/ "p ( !m2 ?\gh1 p]haps1 x is impossible to f9d any precise t]m t %all embrace ! :ole g5]a1 z _m p>ticul>s mu/ be describ$ be=e we c atta9 an exact notion ( ^! animals & _! /ructure4 ,an insect is n[ g5]ally def9$ to be1 an animat$ be+ ^: head is furni%$ ) ant5n2 t is de/itute ( bones1 b :i*1 in/ead !re(1 is cov]$ ) a v h>d sk92 t has six or m feet2 & t brea!s ?r\gh spiracula1 or pores plac$ 9 ! side ( ! body4 ,to be m p>ticul>1 quadrup$s1 birds1 & fi%es h an int]nal skeleton ( bones1 to :i* ! muscles are affix$2 b ! :ole int]ior body ( insects is compos$ ( s(t fle%1 & ! muscles are atta*$ to an ext]nal skeleton1 s]v+ ! d\ble purpose ( sk9 & bone4 ,insects are by mo/ writ]s consid]$ z divid$ into f\r pr9cipal p>ts3 ! caput1 or head2 ! ?orax1 or trunk2 ! abdom51 or belly2 & artus1 or limbs4 ,a p]fect k ( ^! p>ts1 & _! sev]al subdivisions1 is requisite = ^? :o are desir\s ( =m+ accurate ideas ( ^! m9ute animals1 or :o wi% to arrange !m 9 _! prop] classes4 ,! head is affix$ to ! ?orax by a species ( articulation or jo9t2 x is ! pr9cipal seat ( ! s5ses1 & conta9s ! rudim5ts ( ! bra92#ej x is furni%$ ) a m\?1 eyes1 ant5n1 a =ehead1 a ?roat1 & /emmata4 ,9 ! great] "p ( insects ! head is di/9ctly divid$ f ! ?orax1 b 9 o!rs x coalesces ) x4 ,! head ( "s insects is v l>ge comp>$ ) ! size ( _! bodies2 ! proportion betwe5 ! head ( ! same insect is n always simil>2 9 ! cat]pill>s ) horny heads x is g5]ally small1 be=e !y m\lt or *ange _! sk91 b mu* l>g] aft] ea* m\lt+4 ,! h>dness ( ! ext]ior "p ( ! head prev5ts its gr[? be=e ! *ange2 x is1 consequ5tly1 9 proportion to ! body v small2 b :5 ! insect is dispos+ itself = ! *ange1 ! int]nal sub/ance ( ! head retires inw>ds to ! fir/ r+ ( ! neck1 :]e x has room to exp& itself2 s t :5 ! animal quits ! sk91 we are surpriz$ ) a head twice ! =m] size2 &1 z ! insect nei!r eats nor gr[s :ile ! head is =m+1 !re is ?is fur!r circum/ance to be rem>k$1 t ! body & ! head h ea* _! p>ticul> "t ( gr[?3 :ile ! head exp&s & gr[s1 ! body does n gr[ at all2 :5 ! body increases1 ! head rema9s ( ! same size1 )\t any *ange4 ,! heads ( all k9ds ( insects1 & _! sev]al p>ts1 =m v pleas+1 z well z mo/ div]sifi$ objects = ! opake microscope4 #ej ,fabricius ,philos4 ,entomolog4 p4 #ah4 ,os1 ! m\?1 is a "p ( ! insect to :i* ! naturali/ w f9d x necess>y to pay a v p>ticul> att5tion2 ,fabricius goes s f> z to ass]t t1 )\t a ?or\gh k ( ! m\?1 its =m1 & v>i\s app5dages1 x w be impossible ev] to discrim9ate ) accuracy "o insect f ano!r4 ,9 ! /ructure ( ! m\? consid]able art & wisdom is display$2 ! div]sity ( ! figure is almo/ z great z ! v>iety ( species4 ,x is usually plac$ 9 ! =ep>t ( ! head1 ext5d+ some:at d[nw>ds2 9 ! *]mes1 coccus1 & "s o!r insects1 x is plac$ "u ! brea/4 ,9 "s insects1 ! m\? is =cipat$1 to cat*1 hold1 & te> ! prey2 9 o!rs1 aculeat$1 to pi]ce & w\nd animals1 & suck _! blood2 9 o!rs1 /rongly ridg$ ) jaws & tee?1 to gnaw & scrape out _! food1 c>ry burd5s1 p]=ate ! e>?1 nay ! h>de/ wood1 & ev5 /ones !mselves1 = habitations & ne/s = _! "y4 ,o!rs are furni%$ ) a k9d ( tube or tongue1 at "o "t moveable1 at ano!r fix$2 ) ?is !y suck ! juices ( ! fl[]s3 9 "s aga9 ! tongue is s %ort1 z to appe> to u incapable ( answ]+ ! purpose = :i* x 0 =m$1 & ! oe/ri appe> to h no m\?4 ,maxill1 ! jaws1 are g5]ally two 9 numb]2 9 "s1 f\r2 9 o!rs1 m4 ,!y are sometimes plac$ 9 an horizontal1 sometimes 9 a transv]se direction2 ! inn] edge is s]rat$1 or furni%$ ) small tee?1 z 9 ! cicada1 nepa1 notonecta1 cimex1 7bug17 aphis1 & rem>kably s 9 "s curculeones4 ,! ro/rum1 or proboscis1 is 9 g5]al a v curi\s & complicat$ organ2 x is ! m\? drawn out to a rigid po9t4 ,9 _m insects ( ! hemipt]a class1 x is b5t d[n t[>ds ! brea/ & belly4 ,x has by "s writ]s be5 consid]$ z s]v+ at once ! diff]5t purposes ( m\?1 nose1 & w9dpipe1 enabl+ ! insect to extract ! juices ( plants1 communicate ! s5sation ( smell+1 & convey air to ! body4 ,l+ua1 ! tongue1 is a tap] & compact in/rum5t1 by :i* ! insect obta9s ! juices ( plants4 ,"s c contract or exp& x1 o!rs roll x up ) dext]ity2 9 "s x is inclos$ )9 a %ea?4 ,x is tap] & spiral 9 ! butt]fly1 tubul> & fle%y 9 ! fly2 9 all af=d+ agreeable amusem5t = ! microscope4 ,to exemplify :i* 9 "o or two in/ances1 :ile x relieves ! read] f ! t$i\sness ( n>ration1 w1 x is hop$1 animate him to f>!r rese>*es on ! subject4 ,,( ,,! ,,proboscis ,,( ,,! ,,bee4 ,e day's exp]i5ce %ews t ! m we p5etrate into ! hidd5 recesses & int]nal p>ts ( natural bodies1 ! m we f9d !m m>k$ ) p]fection 9 =m & design2 ( ! tru? ( :i* obs]vation ! m9ute app>atus n[ to be describ$ w1 no d\bt1 ensure conviction4 ,swamm]dam1 :5 speak+ !re(1 breaks out into ?is pi\s & humble confession3 8,i _c refra910 says he1 8f confess+ to ! glory ( ! ,imm5se & ,incompreh5sible ,ar*itect1 t ,i h b imp]fectly describ$ & repres5t$ ?is small organ2 =1 to repres5t x to ! life 9 its full p]fection1 z truly mo/ p]fect x is1 f> exce$s ! utmo/ ef=ts ( human k40 ,f :at has "h be5 said1 x w be easy to p]ceive1 t ! limits ( ^! ,essays w n p]mit our ent]+ l>gely into a description ( ! m9ute p>ts ( ! proboscis ( ! bee2 = an ample acc\nt ( :i* rec\rse mu/ be _h to ! works ( ,swamm]dam & ,reaumur4 ,! la/ writ]1 l a skilful workman :o takes to pieces a wat* :i* he himself has made1 exhibits to y ! sev]al p>ts ( :i* x is compos$1 & expla9s _! fitness1 _! adju/m5ts1 _! uses1 ! play ( ! pivots1 spr+s1 & pill>s2 = all ^! p>ts1 & _m m1 are to be f\nd 9 ! proboscis ( a bee4 ,x is by ?is small in/rum5t t ! bee procures ! food necess>y = its subsi/5ce4 ,9 a g5]al view1 x may be consid]$ z consi/+ ( sev5 pieces2 "o ( ^!1 i i1 b c1 ,fig4 #c4 ,plate ,,xiii4 is plac$ 9 ! middle2 ?is is suppos$ to be p]vi\s1 & to con/itute :at may be prop]ly call$ ! tongue2 ! o!r six small] p>ts or %ea?s1 dispos$ 9 ?ree pairs1 are plac$ on ea* side ( ! =m]3 !y n only assi/ 9 extract+ & ga!r+ ! honey f ! fl[]s1 b !y also protect & /r5g!n ! "p4 ,! proboscis itself is v curi\sly divid$2 ! divisions are elegant & regul>1 & are beset all r\nd ) %aggy triangul> fibres or villi1 di/ribut$ 9 beautiful ord]3 ^! divisions1 ?\gh v num]\s1 appe> at fir/ sight z a numb] ( diff]5t articulations4 ,! tongue1 consid]$ ) respect to its l5g?1 may be said to h ?ree articulations2 "o ) ! head1 !n a k9d ( cyl9drical horny sub/ance1 :i* =ms z x 7 a base = ! true tongue1 :i* is n horny1 b s(t1 fle%y1 & pliable4#ea #ea ,philos4 ,trans4 = #agib1 ,"p ,i4 ,! two pieces a a ( ! ext]ior %ea? are ( a sub/ance p>tly betwe5 bone & horn1 & p>tly membranace\s2 !y are set r\nd ) fibres1 & are furni%$ ) air vessels1 :i* are di/ribut$ ?r\gh _! :ole texture2 ! upp] ends f f ( ?is %ea? appe> to be a little b5t1 b c be /rait5$ by ! bee :5 !y are appli$ to ! proboscis4 ,at d d are two articulations1 by means ( :i* ! pieces a a may be occasionally b5t4 ,! jo9ts contribute t[>ds b5d+ ! proboscis d[nw>ds1 or r und]nea?1 aga9/ ! head4 ,^! %ea?s1 toge!r ) two int]ior ones e e1 assi/ 9 def5d+1 cov]+1 & protect+ x f injuries2 x is also probable t !y promote ! desc5t ( ! honey1 by press+ ! proboscis4 ,! p>ts k k ( ?is %ea? h be5 call$ by "s writ]s ! root4 ,! two p>ts e e ( ! int]ior %ea? are plac$ high] ?an ^? ( ! ext]ior "o2 !y orig9ate at g g on ! proboscis itself1 & ne> t "p or articulation1 by :i* ! bee c ^u occasion b5d ! proboscis2 ?is %ea?1 !re=e1 always moves ) ! middle "p i i1 & is c>ri$ =w>d by x1 ! ext]ior %ea? be+ left beh9d1 because its atta*m5ts & orig9 are bel[ t ( ! proboscis4 ,! pieces e e are v simil> 9 /ructure to ^? ( a a1 only t ea* ( !m has on ! upp] "p ?ree jo9ts1 ! l[] "o is mu* long] ?an ! o!r two2 !y are all ( !m surr\nd$ ) %ort fibres4 ,! small] articulat$ pieces nev] lie close to ! proboscis1 nor cov] x1 b are only plac$ ne> x1 ! two upp] jo9ts project+ outw>ds1 z 9 ?is figure1 ev5 :5 ! :ole app>atus is %ut up z mu* z possible4 ,swamm]dam ?9ks ^! jo9ts are ( ess5tial use to ! bee1 act+ z x 7 9 ! mann] ( f+]s1 & assi/+ ! proboscis1 by op5+ ! leaves ( ! fl[]s1 & remov+ o!r ob/ructions f x2 or l ! two =e feet ( ! mole1 by ! help ( :i* x pu%es ! e>? f ! sides bo? ways1 t x may be able ) its %>p trunk to se>* = its food m conv5i5tly4 ,!re are two small] pieces or %ea?s1 m m1 ne> ! bottom ( ! proboscis2 ^! _c be well se5 )\t remov+ ! %ea? e e4 ,! proboscis is p>tly membranace\s1 & p>tly ( a gri/ly nature2 ! l[] "p is =m$ 9 su* a mann]1 t x w swell out consid]ably1 by :i* means ! int]nal cavity may be prodigi\sly enl>g$1 & r5d]$ capable ( receiv+ a v l>ge quantity ( native & undige/$ honey1 & l>g] ?an might be expect$ f its size4 ,:5 ! proboscis is %ut up & inactive1 x is v mu* flatt5$1 & is ?ree or f\r times broad] ?an x is ?ick4 ,! edges are always r\nd2 x gr[s tap]+1 ?\gh v gradually1 t[>ds ! extremity4 ,! l[] & membranace\s "p ( ! trunk has no fibres or villi on x1 b is cov]$ ) little protub]ant transp>5t pimples1 t are plac$ 9 regul> ord]1 & at equal di/ances f ea* o!r1 resembl+ ! little ris+s obs]vable on ! sk9 ( birds :5 ! fea!rs h be5 pluck$ (f4 ,!y are probably gl&ules1 & may h a consid]able %>e 9 *ang+ or prep>+ ! honey t is swall[$ or tak5 up by ! proboscis4 ,d[n ! middle ( ! proboscis !re is a tube ( a mu* h>d] nature ?an ! sides1 x gr[s gradually small] t[>ds ! top2 at ?is place ! tongue itself is extremely vill\s1 hav+ "s v long villi at ! po9t2 :e!r !y are op5 tubes1 or :e!r !y only s]ve z s _m claws1 to keep x 9 its prop] place :ile 9 action1 has n be5 det]m9$2 ,mr4 ,john ,hunt] conceives !m to act some:at l capill>y tubes4 ,! proboscis t]m9ates 9 a small cyl9d] c1 at ! top ( :i* !re is a little globule or nipple2 ! bee c contract ?is cyl9drical "p1 & ! little membrane 9 :i* ! villi are fix$1 into a mu* small] compass1 & draw x inw>ds4 ,! ext]ior %ea?s lap ov] ea* o!r on ! upp] "p1 s t ! outside ( ! proboscis is protect$ by a v /rong d\ble case1 a cov]+ t 0 unnecess>y = ! "u "p2 because :5 ?is in/rum5t is 9 use ! %ea?s are op5$1 b :5 x is inactive1 x is s fold$ t ! "u "p is protect$ by ! body ( ! bee4 ,)9side ! ext]ior %ea?1 & ne> ! bottom q1 are two lev]s1 :i* are fix$ to ! end ( ! proboscis1 & by :i* x is rais$ & l[]$4 ,swamm]dam ?9ks t ! honey is1 z x 71 pump$ or suck$ up by ! bee ?r\gh ! hole at ! end b ( ! tongue2 he does n seem to h discov]$ ! ap]tures :i* are on ! cyl9drical "p1 ne> ! end b4 ,b ,reaumur is ( op9ion t x is us$ to lap up ! fluid1 :i* is !n convey$ d[n betwe5 ! %ea? to ! m\? ( ! bee4 ,to asc]ta9 ?is1 he plac$ a bee 9 a glass tube1 ! inside ( :i* 0 rubb$ ov] ) honey1 & little pieces !re( plac$ 9 diff]5t p>ts2 ! bee plac$ ! tongue on ! honey2 /ret*+ ! end beyond ! piece !re(1 %e b5t x into ! =m ( a b[1 & ins]t$ ! mo/ convex "p ( ! b[ into ! honey2 by rubb+ ! glass backw>ds & =w>ds ) ?is "p1 %e soon clean$ t portion to :i* x 0 appli$1 convey+ ! honey aft]w>ds to ! ?roat by ! v]micul> motion ( ! tongue4 ,if y att5tively obs]ve a bee1 :5 x has plac$ itself on a full-bl[n fl[]1 ! activity & address ) :i* x uses ?is app>atus w be v conspicu\s4 ,x l5g!ns ! end1 & applies x to ! bottom ( ! petals or leaves ( ! fl[]1 mov+ x cont9ually 9 a va/ v>iety ( diff]5t directions2 l5g!n+ & %ort5+1 b5d+ & turn+ x 9 e possible way1 to adapt x to ! =m1 c4 ( ! leaves ( ! fl[]4 ,^! v>i\s movem5ts are execut$ ) a promptitude t surpasses all description4 ,! :ole ( ?is curi\s app>atus c be fold$ up into a v small compass "u ! head & neck4 ,! l>ynx1 or t "p next to ! head1 falls back into ! neck1 :i* br+s ! extreme end ( ! fir/ portion ( ! proboscis )9 ! upp] lip1 or beh9d ! two tee?2 !n ! :ole ( ! second "p is b5t d[n ^u & "u ! fir/ "p1 & ! two la/ %ea?s or scales are also b5t d[n ov] ! :ole2 s t ! true tongue is inclos$ lat]ally by ! two second horny %ea?s1 & ov] ! :ole lie ! two fir/4 ,,( ,,! ,,proboscis ,,( ,,! ,,butt]fly4 ,f ! tongue ( ! bee1 let u n[ direct our att5tion to t ( ! butt]fly4 ,?is is a spiral sub/ance1 some:at resembl+ ! spr+ ( a wat* :5 w\nd up1 consi/+ ( eight r\nds2 by means ( a p9 y may g5tly pull x out to its full l5g?2 x gr[s gradually tap]+ f ! base1 at ! end x divides or sep>ates into two tubes1 ea* furni%$ ) little organs ( suction2 probably1 x is by ^! t x extracts ! juices on :i* x fe$s1 & n by ! extreme ends ( ! tongue4 ,z ! butt]fly has no m\?1 ! proboscis is ! only alim5t>y organ2 :5 sep>at$ f ! insect1 x w (t5 unroll itself1 !n w9d & coil itself up aga91 cont9u+ ^! motions at int]vals = a consid]able "t4 ,,( ,,! ,,proboscis ,,( ,,! ,,culex ,,or ,,gnat4 ,! proboscis ( ! gnat consi/s ( a great numb] ( extremely delicate pieces1 all concurr+ to "o purpose2 ?is is ! in/rum5t ) :i* x /rikes ! fle%1 & sucks ! blood ( animal bodies4 ,! only "p exhibit$ to ! nak$ eye is ! %ea?1 :i* conta9s all ! o!r pieces4 ,?is %ea? is a cyl9drical tube1 :i* is slit 9 su* a mann]1 t ! insect c sep>ate x f ! d>t1 & b5d x m or less 9 proportion z ! d>t is plung$ into ! w\nd4 ,f ?is tube ! /+ is d>t$1 :i* consi/s ( five or six blades or lancets ( exquisite m9ut5ess1 ly+ "o ov] ! o!r2 "s ( ^! are %>p5$ l a two-edg$ sword1 :ile o!rs are d5tat$ & b>b$ at _! extremities l ! head ( an arr[4 ,! in/ant ! gnat lances ?is bundle ( d>ts into ! fle%1 & p5etrates a ve91 a drop or two ( fluid is by x ins9uat$ into ! w\nd1 by :i* ! blood is att5uat$1 & ! blades act+ z s _m capill>y tubes1 ! blood asc5ds 9 !m1 & is convey$ into ! body ( ! gnat4 ,! inject$ fluid also by its f]m5tation causes t disagreeable & teaz+ s5sation ( it*+1 to :i* mo/ p]sons are subject$1 aft] hav+ su/a9$ an attack f "o or m ( ^! little animals4#eb #eb ,to "s p]sons ! gnat 7culex pipi5s7 is s truly =midable1 t1 dur+ ! ,summ] season1 !y con/antly dread ! approa* ( ev5+1 t be+ ! "t :5 ^! blood-?ir/y m>aud]s sally =? 9 great numb]s1 pursue !m :]ev] !y g1 & exempt no "p ( ! face1 h&s1 or ev5 ! legs f _! depr$ations2 ! consequ5ces ( :i* are1 viol5t1 ?\gh happily only local & tempor>y inflammation1 att5d$ ) insupportable it*+1 succe$$ by tumors v simil> to ^? occasion$ by a scald2 :5 ^! h dis*>g$ ! pellucid fluid !y conta91 ! symptoms subside4 ,in/ances h be5 kn[n 9 ! vic9ity ( ,london1 :]e = sev]al days ! eyes ( ! suff]]s h be5 clos$1 ! nose & lips viol5tly swell$1 ! f+]s ( bo? h&s s affect$ z to prev5t _! motion1 & ! legs equally affect$4 ,x is rem>kable1 t 9 g5]al ^? :o ?us suff] are n consci\s ( ! mom5t :5 !y receive ! injury1 b are soon made s5sible ( x by ! effect x produces4 ,! approa* ( ! enemy is1 h[ev]1 always kn[n by ! s++ or humm+ noise !y make2 ! peculi> note ( :i*1 ?\gh r5d]$ v famili> by daily repetition1 is nev] e/eem$ suffici5tly musical to r5d] x pleasant or agreeable to ! de/9$ victims4 ,among/ ! v>iety ( rem$ies :i* h be5 recomm5d$ = ! cure ( ?is tempor>y evil1 ,b>but m5tions ! imm$iate application ( volatile alkali1 or scrat*+ ! "p newly /ung1 & wa%+ x ) cold wat]2 he likewise ass]ts1 t rubb+ ! "p at night ) full]'s e>? & wat] abates ! inflammation4 ,z prev5tives are c]ta9ly m acceptable ?an curatives1 ,i wi% ,i 7 enabl$ to recomm5d su* 9 ! pres5t case3 9 "o in/ance1 ! application ( v9eg> e ev5+ be=e sun-set produc$ a happy effect2 possibly wa%+ ! p>ts expos$ ) extract ( saturn prop]ly dilut$ might prove effectual4 ,9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions = ! ye> #agfg1 is an acc\nt ( uncommonly num]\s sw>ms ( gnats :i* made _! appe>ance at ,ox=d1 dur+ ! mon?s ( ,july1 ,augu/1 & ,septemb] ( ! prec$+ ye>4 ,s _m myriads sometimes occupi$ ! same "p ( ! atmosph]e 9 contigu\s bodies1 t !y resembl$ a v black cl\d1 greatly d>k5$ ! air1 & almo/ totally int]rupt$ ! sol> rays4 ,! repeat$ bites ( ^! malignant insects 7 s sev]e1 t ! legs1 arms1 heads1 & o!r p>ts ( _m p]sons 7 swell$ to an enorm\s size4 ,! col\r ( ! p>ts 0 r$ & fi]y1 p]fectly simil> to t ( "s ( ! mo/ al>m+ inflammations4 ,"s ( ^! gnats _h _! bodies greatly di/5d$ by ! uncommon quantities ( blood :i* !y _h imbib$4 ,9 %ort1 !re is no species ( insects m tr\blesome to mank9d ?an ! gnat2 o!rs give m pa9 ) _! /+s1 b x is only :5 !y are attack$1 or by accid5t1 t we are /ung by !m2 b ! gnats ?ir/ = our blood1 & foll[ u 9 :ole companies to attack u4 ,9 m>%y places ( ?is c\ntry ! limbs ( ! inhabitants are kept swell$ dur+ ! :ole season4 ,9 w>m] climates1 p>ticul>ly ! ,we/ ,indies1 !y are1 "u ! d5om9ation ( musquetoes1 /ill m =midable4 ,hooke1 9 8 ,micrographia1 pleads 9 ju/ification ( ^! t]rible little insects1 t !y d n w\nd ! sk9 & suck ! blood out ( enmity or rev5ge1 b ?r\gh m]e necessity1 & to satisfy _! hung]3--x may be s2 & on ?is acc\nt we _c annex ! crim9ality to !m :i* app]ta9s to su* ( ! highe/ rank 9 ! scale ( ! animal creation1 :o1 ?\gh n urg$ by ! same p[]ful motive1 pursue a some:at simil> conduct2 b ^? :o h exp]i5c$ _! assaults1 w sc>cely admit ?is plea z a suffici5t apology1 or feel !mselves amicably dispos$ t[>ds !m2 z1 f :atev] cause _! attacks may proce$1 ! effect is s v unpleasant1 z almo/ to ju/ify ! suff]]s 9 address+ !m 9 ! language ( ! frogs 9 ! fable to ! boys1 8,consid]1 ,i besee* ye1 t ?\gh ?is may be sport to y1 x is dea? to u10 & ejaculat+ a wi%1 t !y might be enabl$ to gratify _! rapaci\s appetites by "s o!r means4 ,,edit4 ,,( ,,! ,,proboscis ,,( ,,! ,,tabanus ,,or ,,ox-,,fly4 ,plate ,,xvi4 ,fig4 #a4 is a microscopic view ( ! proboscis ( a tabanus1 ) :i* x pi]ces ! sk9s ( horses & ox51 & n\ri%es itself ) _! blood2 ,fig4 #b4 ! same ( ! natural size4 ,! s+ul> & comp\nd /ructure1 toge!r ) ! wond]ful =m & exquisite beauty ( ?is app>atus1 discov]s su* a view ( ! wisdom1 p[]1 & greatness ( its inf9ite compos]1 z mu/ /rike ) admiration e contemplative obs]v]1 & lead him to reflect on ! weakness1 impot5ce1 & no?+ness ( all human me*anism1 :5 comp>$ ) ! imm5se skill & inimitable f9i%+ display$ 9 ! subject be=e u4 ,! :ole ( ?is =midable app>atus is compos$ ( six p>ts1 exclusive ( ! two gu>ds or feel]s a a1 all ( :i* are inclos$ 9 a fle%y case1 :i* 9 ! figure is totally remov$1 z x conta9$ no?+ rem>kably diff]5t f t ( o!r insects ) two w+s4 ,! gu>ds or feel]s a a1 are ( a spungy or fle%y sub/ance1 & are grey1 cov]$ ) %ort hairs or villi2 !y are unit$ to ! head by a little jo9t ( ! same texture1 :i* 9 ?is view ( ! object c\ld n be %ewn4 ,^! gu>ds are a def5ce to ! o!r p>ts ( ! app>atus1 z !y are laid ^u x side by side1 :5ev] ! animal /+s1 & by t means pres]ve x f ext]nal injury4 ,! two lancets b b & ,b1 evid5tly op5 ! w\nd1 & are ( a delicate & t5d] /ructure1 =m$ l ! dissect+ knife ( ! anatomi/1 ) a %>p po9t & sl5d] edge1 b gradually increas+ to ! back4 ,! two in/rum5ts1 c c & ,c1 appe> z if int5d$ to enl>ge ! w\nd1 by irritat+ ! p>ts r\nd x2 to accompli% :i*1 !y are jagg$ or s]rat$2 !y may also s]ve1 f _! h>d & horny texture1 to def5d ! tube e ,e1 :i* is ( a s(t] nature & tubul> to admit ! blood1 & convey x to ! /oma*2 ?is delicate "p is inclos$ 9 a case d ,d1 :i* entirely cov]s x4 ,^! p>ts are drawn sep>ately at ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 ,e4 ,de ,ge] obs]ves1 t x is only ! female t sucks ! blood ( animals2 & ,reaumur decl>es1 t hav+ made "o disgorge itself1 ! blood x ?rew up1 appe>$ to him to be m ?an ! :ole body ( ! insect c\ld h conta9$4 ,_m o!r in/ances ( ! v>iety & curi\s fabrication ( ?is little organ 9 diff]5t insects1 may be f\nd 9 ! works ( ,reaumur & ,de ,ge]2 en\gh has be5 said to %ew t its me*anism n only eludes ! human eye1 b f> surpasses e "w ( man2 ,i %all !re=e proce$1 9 ! next place1 to notice ,,! ,,ant5n ,,( ,,insects4 ,! ant5n are f9e sl5d] horns consi/+ ( sev]al articulations1 moveable 9 v>i\s directions1 & con/itut+ "o ( ! discrim9at+ *>act]i/ics ( insects4 ,!y are beautiful 9 =m1 & ( a v delicate /ructure1 s f9ely articulat$1 & s m9utely jo9t$1 z to be in/antane\sly moveable 9 e direction4 ,!y are situat$ on ! =e "p ( ! head4 ,! %ape1 ! l5g?1 ! numb]1 & k9d ( articulations1 n only v>y 9 diff]5t species1 b ! ant5n ( ! male g5]ally diff] f ^? ( ! female4 ,! great] numb] ( insects h only two ant5n1 b ! oniscus1 ! pagurus1 & a/acus h f\r4 ,regul> r[s ( m9ute holes are said to h be5 discov]$ 9 ! ant5n4 ,sev]al insects cov] _! eyes ) !m :ile !y sleep4 ,we are f> f be+ c]ta9 ( ! use ( ?is organ2 "s writ]s h conjectur$ t !y 7 ! organs ( smell & he>+1 o!rs h suppos$ !m appropriat$ to a delicate species ( feel+1 s5sible to ! lea/ motion or di/urbance 9 ! circumambi5t fluid 9 :i* !y move4#ec ,! foll[+ obs]vations ?r[ "s light on ?is obscure subject4 ,:5 a w+less insect is plac$ at ! end ( a twig1 or 9 any o!r situation :]e x meets ) a vacuity1 x moves ! ant5n backw>d & =w>d1 elevates & depresses !m f side to side1 & w n advance fur!r le/ x %\ld fall4 ,place a /ick or any o!r sub/ance ne> ! ant5n1 & ! insect imm$iately applies !m to ?is new object1 seems to exam9e :e!r x be suffici5t to support its weight1 & !n proce$s on its j\rney4 ,f ^! obs]vations x w\ld appe> t ! ant5n assi/ ! insect 9 judg+ ( ! vic9ity ( objects1 & probably enable !m to walk ) safety 9 ! d>k4 #ec ,"s h ?\ght !m int5d$ to def5d ! eyes1 b ?\gh ?is might seem probable 9 reg>d to ! %ort plumose ones1 x c nev] hold good 9 ^? t are sl5d] & smoo?1 :i* c be ( no su* s]vice4 ,o!rs h ?\ght !m made = wip+ & clean+ ! eyes1 b = ?is purpose !y are totally unfit2 ! =e legs ( ! insect are mu* bett] calculat$ = ?is use by ! hairs or fibrilla ) :i* !y are cov]$4 ,possibly !y may be ! organs ( smell+1 s9ce we evid5tly f9d t _m insects possess ?is s5se 9 a v exquisite degree1 & yet we see no ext]nal organs except ^! to s]ve t purpose4 ,,edit4 ,t ^! obs]vations are n1 h[ev] conclusive1 appe>s f an exp]im5t ( a v +5i\s naturali/3 be+ desir\s ( asc]ta9+ ! nature & use ( ! ant5n & proboscis ( a butt]fly1 he g5tly approa*$ "o t 0 fly+ ab\t 9 se>* ( food2 he obs]v$ t x turn$ ! ant5n ab\t e way1 till com+ )9 sc5t ( a fl[]1 x kept !m fix$ly b5t t[>d t object1 direct+ its c\rse by _! guidance1 till x arriv$ at ! fl[]2 !re !y appe>$ to act z an organ ( smell1 & t ! m9ute holes ) :i* x is furni%$ assi/$ 9 promot+ ?is op]ation4 ,:5 ! creature _h rea*$ ! fl[]1 x hov]$ ov] x z ) rapture1 pois+ itself quietly ^u its w+1 l a kite or hawk 9 ! air2 x !n dropp$ sudd5ly1 till x 0 on a level ) ! fl[]1 :5 x began to agitate its w+s briskly & to unroll its spiral trunk1 ?ru/+ x to ! bottom ( ! fl[]2 9 a little "t ! trunk 0 roll$ up1 & aga9 9 a mom5t unroll$2 ^! op]ations x repeat$ till ! fl[] yield$ no m juices1 ! butt]fly !n s\ght = & alight$ on ano!r4#ed #ed ,aft] all1 ?is subject mu/ = ! pres5t rema9 undecid$4 ,inde$1 ! bodies ( insects are ?r\gh\t =m$ ( p>ts s diff]5t f ours1 t we c probably conceive no m idea ( ! use ( "s ( _! organs1 ?an a man born bl9d or deaf c ( ! s5ses ( vision or he>+4 ,!y may h s5ses diff]5t f ours1 & ^! may be ! organs ( !m4 ,,edit4 ,! diff]5ces 9 ! =m1 c4 ( ! ant5n are *>act]iz$ by naturali/s "u ! foll[+ names3 ,setace2 are ^? t1 l a bri/le1 gr[ gradually tap] t[>ds ! po9t or extremity1 z 9 _m ( ! phal54 ,fili=mes2 ?read-%ap$1 & ( an uni=m ?ickness4 ,monili=mes2 ^! are fili=m l ! prec$+1 & ( a regul> ?ickness1 b consi/ ( a s]ies ( r\nd knobs1 l a necklace ( beads1 z 9 ! *rysomela4 ,clavat2 =m$ l a club1 increas+ gradually f ! base to ! extremity1 z 9 ! papilio1 butt]fly4 ,capitat2 ^! are also =m$ l a club1 b ! la/ articulation is l>g] ?an ! re/1 f9i%+ ) a k9d ( capital or head4 ,fissiles2 ^! are l ! =m]1 only t ! capitulum or head is divid$ longitud9ally into ?ree or f\r p>ts or lam91 z 9 ! sc>abi4 ,p]foliat2 are also capitat$1 b h ! capitulum divid$ horizontally1 & ! lam9 connect$ by a k9d ( ?read pass+ ?r\gh _! c5t]1 z 9 ! d]me/es & dytiscus4 ,pect9at2 s call$ f _! similitude to a comb1 ?\gh !y m prop]ly resemble a fea!r1 z 9 ! phal5 & elat]es2 ?is is mo/ obvi\s 9 ! male4 ,ari/at2 su* z h a lat]al hair1 :i* is ei!r nak$1 or furni%$ ) small] hairs1 z 9 ! fly4 ,besides ! =ego+ t]ms1 ! ant5n are call$ breviores1 or %ort1 :5 !y are %ort] ?an ! body2 m$iocres1 or middl+1 :5 !y are ( ! same l5g?2 & longiores1 :5 !y are long]4 ,ne> ! m\? !re is also a species ( small fili=m articulat$ ant5n1 call$ ! palpi1 or feel]s2 !y are g5]ally f\r 9 numb]1 sometimes six2 !y are plac$ "u & at ! sides ( ! m\?1 :i* situation1 toge!r ) _! size1 suffici5tly di/+ui% !m f ! ant5n2 !y are 9 cont9ual motion1 ! animal ?ru/+ !m 9 e matt]1 z a hog w\ld its nose1 :5 9 se>* ( food4 ,"s h suppos$ !m to be a k9d ( h& to assi/ 9 hold+ ! food :5 x is ne> ! m\?4 ,,( ,,! ,,eyes ,,( ,,insects4 ,! /ructure ( ! eye has always be5 consid]$ z a wond]ful piece ( me*anism2 ! admirable mann] 9 :i* ^? ( ! human species are =m$1 & ! nature ( vision1 are speculations :i* _c b excite ! att5tion ( e inquisitive m9d4 ,! eyes ( insects1 ?\gh !y diff] consid]ably 9 _! con/ruction f ^? ( o!r animals1 are no less objects ( our admiration4 ,inde$1 among ! ext]ior p>ts ( insects1 none are m wor?y ( m9ute inve/igation1 & v few p]sons are to be f\nd1 :o c be ins5sible to ! beauties ( ?is organ :5 exhibit$ "u ! microscope1 z t in/rum5t alone po9ts out to u ! prodigi\s art employ$ 9 _! organization1 & evid5tly %ews h[ _m wond]s escape ! unassi/$ sight4 ,! con/ruction ( ! eye 9 insects is n only di/9ct f t ( o!r animals1 b also diff]s 9 diff]5t species4 ,!y v>y 9 numb]1 situation1 connection1 & figure4 ,9 o!r creatures ! eyes are moveable1 & two 9 numb]1 "o on ea* side ( ! head3 9 insects1 ! g5us ( cancri except$1 ! eyes are fix$2 !y h no eye-br[s1 b ! out] coat+ is h>d & transp>5t4 ,! great] "p ( insects h two eyes2 9 ! monoculus !y approa* s ne> to ea* o!r1 z to appe> l "o2 ! gyr9us has f\r eyes1 ! scorpion six1 ! spid] eight1 & ! scolop5dra ?ree4 ,( ! eyes ( insects1 "s h !m s+le1 t is1 plac$ at a small di/ance f ea* o!r2 :ile o!rs are furni%$ ) an indef9ite numb]1 all plac$ 9 "o common case or socket2 ! latt] are g5]ally t]m$ ! reticulat$ eyes4 ,,( ,,! ,,reticulat$ ,,eyes ,,( ,,insects4 ,! microscope does n disclose great] wond]s1 :5 x exhibits to u millions ( animals invisible to ! nak$ eye1 :]e we %\ld suppose no?+ liv+ exi/$1 ?an :5 x discov]s to u hidd5 beauties 9 ^?1 :i*1 ?\gh !y are l>ge en\gh to be se5 by our natural eye1 yet 9 _! sev]al m9ute p>ts are no ways disc]nible1 b by ! assi/ance ( glasses4 ,?us we readily disc]n ^? protub]ances on ! heads ( insects1 :i* are =m$ by a cong]ies ( eyes2 we c ev5 p]ceive t !y consi/ ( a numb] ( l9es cross+ ea* o!r ) great regul>ity & exactness at "s little di/ance1 l ! me%es ( a net4 ,by ?is we "k t !y are reticulat$ sub/ances2 b 9 :at mann] !y are s1 c only be %ewn by ! microscope4 ,! eyes ( ! libellula1 on acc\nt ( _! size1 are peculi>ly well adapt$ = microscopical exam9ation2 &1 by ! assi/ance ( ! in/rum5t1 y w f9d t !y are divid$ into a numb] ( hexagonal cells1 ea* ( :i* =ms a complete eye4 ,! ext]nal p>ts ( ^! eyes are s p]fectly smoo?1 & s well poli%$1 t1 :5 view$ z opake objects1 !y w1 l s _m mirrors1 reflect ! images ( all ! surr\nd+ objects4 ,! figure ( a c&le may be se5 on _! surface multipli$ almo/ to inf9ity1 %ift+ its beam to ea* eye1 accord+ to ! motion giv5 to x by ! h&s ( ! obs]v]4 ,o!r creatures are oblig$ to turn _! eyes t[>ds ! object1 b insects h eyes direct$ !reto1 on :atsoev] side x may appe>3 !y m ?an realize ! wond]ful acc\nts ( fabul\s hi/ory3 poets gave to ,argus an hundr$ eyes2 insects are furni%$ ) ?\s&s1 hav+ ! b5efit ( vision on e side ) ! utmo/ ease & spe$1 ?\gh )\t any motion ( ! eye or flexion ( ! neck4 ,ea* ( ^! protub]ances1 9 its natural /ate1 is a body cut into a numb] ( faces2 l an artificial multiply+ glass2 b ) ?is sup]iority 9 ! workman%ip1 t z !re1 e face is plane1 "h1 e "o is convex1 imm5sely m num]\s1 & conta9$ 9 a mu* small] space4 ,if "o ( ^! protub]ant sub/ances be nicely tak5 f ! head ( ! insect1 wa%$ clean1 & plac$ be=e ! microscope1 its /ructure is elegantly se51 & x becomes an object wor?y ( ! highe/ admiration4 ,y w f9d t ea* ( ! eyes is an hexagon1 v>y+ 9 its size accord+ to its situation 9 ! head1 & t ea* ( !m is a di/9ct convex l5s1 & has ! same effect 9 =m+ ! image ( an object plac$ be=e x4 ,( ?is y w be conv9c$1 by turn+ ! mirror ( ! microscope s z to br+ ! picture ( "s well-def9$ object "u ! eye2 ?us1 turn x t[>ds a h\se1 & 9 ! eye ( ! insect y w p]ceive ! h\se dim9i%$ to a box1 b multipli$ into a city2 turn x t[>ds a soldi]1 & y w h an army ( pigmies p]=m+ e motion at ! same in/ant ( "t2 aga91 turn ! mirror t[>ds a c&le1 & y w h a beautiful & respl5d5t blaze f multitudes ( regul> flames4 ,hooke1 ,catalan1 c4 h %ewn t ^! small eyes are furni%$ ) e requisite ( vision1 & t ea* ( !m has ! use1 ! p[]1 & prop]ties ( an eye4 ,b we mu/ h rec\rse to ! works ( ,swamm]dam = a full acc\nt ( ! a/oni%+ organization ( ! eyes ( insects4 ,among o!r ?+s1 he has %ewn1 t "u ea* facet !re is a pyramid ( fibres broad at ! base1 & gr[+ small] z x proce$s inw>ds2 ! pyramid has ! same numb] ( sides z ! eye1 & !re are z _m hexagonal pyramids1 z !re are small facets or eyes 9 ! insect4 ,an innum]able numb] ( pulmon>y tubes asc5d ^! fibres1 t]m9at+ 9 a :ite fibr\s convex membrane2 "u ^! membranes !re is ano!r1 /ill m delicate & transp>5t2 b5ea? ?is1 a second species ( fibres is transv]sely appli$1 l s _m beams to support ! pyramids t are laid ^u !m4 ,/ill we _c det]m9e ) c]ta9ty1 h[ ^! num]\s inlets to sight op]ate = ! s]vice ( ! animal2 !y may increase ! field ( view1 augm5t ! int5sity ( light1 & be productive ( advantages ( :i* we c h no conception4 ,hooke comput$ #adjjj ( ^! facets 9 ! two eyes ( a drone2 ,leeuw5hoek reckon$ #fjcf 9 ! two eyes ( a silkworm1 :5 9 its fly /ate2 9 ! eyes ( ! libellula he reckon$ #abedd hexangul> l5ses4 ,swamm]dam cov]$ ! reticulat$ eyes ( c]ta9 insects ) black pa9t2 9 ?is /ate !y flew at r&om1 & seem$ to be depriv$ ( _! /r5g?2 :5 !y settl$1 !y did n avoid ! h& t 0 go+ to take hold ( !m4 ,reaumur made simil> exp]im5ts on ! eyes ( bees1 :i* concurr$ ) ^? ( ,swamm]dam4 ,"s ephem]a flies h f\r reticulat$ eyes1 two ( :i* are plac$ z 9 ! common fly2 ! o!r two are plac$1 "o beside ! o!r1 ^u ! upp] "p ( ! head1 & h ! appe>ance ( a k9d ( mu%room1 ! head ext5d$ some:at beyond ! /alk4 ,! fir/ pair are ( a br[n col\r1 ^? ( ! mu%room =m are ( a v beautiful citron col\r4 ,9 "s ( ! fly class1 ^! reticulat$ eyes are little inf]ior 9 col\r & brilliance to ! brighte/ gem4 ,! col\r v>ies 9 diff]5t species2 9 "s y f9d x gre51 9 o!rs r$1 c4 "s h a mo/ elegant *angeable col\r ?r[n ov] !m1 p>tly purple1 p>tly gre51 & p>tly ( t brassy hue1 :i* is se5 on ! backs ( "s ( our beetles1 & :i* is n equall$ by any o!r production ( art or nature4 ,fig4 #c4 ,plate ,,xvi4 is a repres5tation ( a small "p ( ! cornea ( a libellula1 z se5 by ! microscope2 ! sides ( ! hexagons 9 "s positions ( ! light1 appe> ( a f9e gold col\r1 & divid$ into ?ree p>allel bord]s4 ,fig4 #d4 ! same object ( its natural size4 ,fig4 #e4 ,plate ,,xvi4 repres5ts a small portion ( ! cornea ( a lob/]2 "h ea* ( ! eyes are small squ>es1 n hexagons2 a con=mation :i* admits a small] numb] 9 ! same surface2 s great a numb] 0 n necess>y 9 ?is in/ance1 z ! eyes ( ! lob/] are moveable4 ,fig4 #f4 ! same ( its natural size4 ,,( ,,! ,,eyes ,,( ,,! ,,monoculus ,,polyphemus4 ,! monoculus polyphemus1 or k+ crab1 has f\r eyes1 two l>ge & two small ones2 ! l>ge eyes are =m$ ( a great numb] ( transp>5t amb]-l cones1 ! small ones ( a s+le cone1 8,! int]nal surface ( ! l>ge eyes1 exam9$ ) ! microscope1 is f\nd to be ?ick set ) a great numb] ( small transp>5t cones1 ( an amb] col\r1 ! bases ( :i* /& d[nw>d1 & _! po9ts upw>d next ! eye ( ! obs]v]4 ,! cones 9 g5]al h an oblique direction1 except "s 9 ! middle ( ! cornea1 ab\t ?irty 9 numb]1 ! direction ( :i* is p]p5dicul>4 ,! c5t] ( e cone be+ ! mo/ transp>5t "p1 & t ?r\gh :i* ! light passes1 on t acc\nt ! p]p5dicul> or c5tral cones always appe> beautifully illum9at$ at _! po9ts4 ,9 a ^w1 !y are all s dispos$1 z t a c]ta9 numb] ( !m receive ! light f :atev] po9t x may issue1 & transmit x to ! imm$iate organ ( sight1 :i* we may reasonably suppose is plac$ und]nea? !m4 ,! cones are n all ( ! same l5g?2 ^? on ! edges ( ! cornea are ! longe/1 f :5ce !y gradually dim9i% z !y approa* ! c5t]1 :]e !y are n above half ! l5g? ( ^? on ! edges4 8,! /ructure ( ! small eyes be+ less elaborate1 _! int]nal appe>ance1 :5 plac$ 9 ! microscope1 w be describ$ 9 a few words4 ,!y consi/ ( an oval transp>5t horny plate1 ( an amb] col\r1 9 ! c5t] ( :i* /&s a s+le cone1 ?r\gh :i* & ! oval plate ! light passes40#ee #ee ,see ,mr4 ,&r's pap] ) a plate1 9 ! ,phil4 ,trans4 = #aghb1 page #ddj4 ,,( ,,! ,,eyes ,,( ,a ,,spid]4 ,?\gh ! =m ( ?is insect is naturally disgu/+1 yet ! eyes make a beautiful object = ! microscope4 ,!y h g5]ally eight2 two on ! top ( ! head1 t look directly upw>ds2 two 9 ! front1 a little bel[ ! =ego+1 to discov] :at passes be=e x2 on ea* side a c\ple m1 :]e( "o po9ts sideways =w>d1 ! o!r sideways backw>d2 s t ! spid] c ne>ly see all ar\nd4 ,^! eyes are immoveable1 & seem to be =m$ ( a h>d transp>5t horny sub/ance4 ,a portion ( ea* sph]e projects ext]nally beyond ! socket1 ! l>ge/ "p is sunk )9 x4 ,!re is r\nd ea* eye a circul> transp>5t membrane4 ,mr4 ,bak] plac$ ! eye ( a spid] ov] a p9-hole made ?r\gh a piece ( c>d1 & !n appli$ x z a l5s to exam9e objects2 he f\nd x magnifi$ ! objects greatly1 b t x did n exhibit !m di/9ctly2 ?is he h[ev] attribut$ to ! l5g? ( "t ! spid] _h be5 dead ^: eye he us$4 ,! numb] ( eyes is n ! same 9 all species ( ! spid]4 ,,( ,,! ,,/emmata4 ,x might be imag9$1 t z e fly has two reticulat$ eyes1 !y c\ld n h occasion = m2 b s x has n appe>$ to t ,,great ,,be+ :o =m$ !m1 = _m are furni%$ besides ) o!r eyes1 diff]+ 9 =m & con/ruction f ^? t are reticulat$4 ,^! 7 fir/ notic$ by ,m4 de la ,hire2 !y are ?ree lucid protub]ances plac$ on ! back "p ( ! head ( _m insects3 _! surface is glossy1 ( an hemisph]ic figure1 & a coal black col\r4 ,!y are transp>5t1 & dispos$ 9 a triangul> =m2 by mod]n naturali/s !y are t]m$ /emmata4 ,reaumur made exp]im5ts on ^! eyes1 simil> to ^? he _h made on ! reticulat$ ones1 & f\nd t :5 ! /emmata 7 cov]$ ) d>k v>ni%1 ! insects flew b to a small di/ance1 & always at r&om4 ,no insect is1 ,i believe1 f\nd ) bo? k9d ( eyes1 unless 9 its p]fect /ate3 !re are _m species :i* are n furni%$ ) /emmata1 gnats & tipul are )\t !m4 ,we are apt to suppose t nature has lavi%$ all h] b\nty ^u h] l>g] creatures1 & left h] m9ims ( exi/5ce1 z ,%akspe>e phrases x1 unf9i%$2 ) :at diff]5t ideas mu/ ^? be impress$1 :o f9d ! app>atus = vision 9 ^! small creatures s v>i\s & s wond]ful 9 _! /ructure1 & :o mu/ p]ceive s mu* design & ord] manife/$ 9 ! position1 con/ruction1 & numb] ( ^! delicate & useful organs4 ,,( ,,! ,,body ,,( ,,insects4 ,! trunk or body ( ! insect is situat$ betwe5 ! head & abdom54 ,naturali/s divide x into ?ree p>ts2 ! ?orax1 scutellum1 & /]num4 ,! ?orax is ! upp] "p ( ! body1 x is ( v>i\s %apes & proportions2 ! sides & back ( x are (t5 arm$ ) po9ts4 ,! scutellum1 or escut*eon1 is ! l[] "p ( ! body1 & is g5]ally ( a triangul> =m2 ?\gh x adh]es to ! ?orax1 x is easily di/+ui%$ !refrom by its figure1 & (t5 by an int]v5+ suture4 ,x seems int5d$ to assi/ 9 exp&+ ! w+s4 ,! /]num is situat$ on ! "u "p ( ! ?orax2 9 "s species x is po9t$ beh9d1 z 9 ! elat]es2 9 o!rs1 bifid1 z 9 "s ( ! dytisci4 ,,( ,,! ,,abdom5 ,,( ,,insects4 ,! abdom51 or "u "p ( ! body1 conta9s ! /oma*1 ! inte/9es1 ! air vessels1 c4 ,x is compos$ ( sev]al r+s or segm5ts1 s t x may be mov$ 9 v>i\s directions1 or l5g!n$ & %ort5$ at pleasure2 9 "s x is =m$ ( "o piece only4 ,x is p]=at$ ) spiracula1 or brea?+ holes1 & is t]m9at$ by ! tail4 ,! spiracula are small oblong holes or pores plac$ s+ly "o on ea* side ( e r+ ( ! abdom52 ^! are ! means or in/rum5ts ( respiration1 supply ! want ( lungs1 & =m a peculi> *>act]i/ic ( insects4 ,,( ,,! ,,limbs ,,( ,,insects4 ,by ! limbs are "h meant ! in/rum5ts us$ by ! insect bo? = motion & def5ce4 ,!y are1 al1 ! w+s2 halt]es1 ! pois]s2 p$es1 ! legs2 cauda1 ! tail2 & aculeus1 ! /+4 ,,( ,,! ,,w+s ,,( ,,insects4 ,! w+s are ^? organs by :i* ! insect is enabl$ to fly2 "s h only two1 o!rs are furni%$ ) f\r1 two on ea* side2 ^! are1 9 "s1 ( ! same size2 9 o!rs1 ! sup]ior ones are mu* l>g] ?an ! inf]ior3 ,l9nu has made !m ! f\ndation ( ! ord] into :i* he has divid$ ?is num]\s class ( be+s4 ,! v>iety 9 ! =m & /ructure ( ! w+s is almo/ inf9ite2 ! beauty ( _! col\r+1 ! art ) :i* !y are connect$ to ! body1 ! curi\s mann] 9 :i* "s are fold$ up1 ! f9e articulations provid$ = ?is purpose1 by :i* !y are laid up 9 _! cases :5 out ( use1 & yet are ready to be ext5d$ 9 a mom5t = flight2 toge!r ) ! v>i\s ramifications1 by :i* ! n\ri%+ juices are circulat$1 & ! w+ /r5g!n$1 af=d a fund ( rational inve/igation highly ent]ta9+2 exhibit+1 p>ticul>ly :5 exam9$ by ! microscope1 a mo/ wond]ful display ( div9e wisdom & p[]4 ,! m delicate & transp>5t w+s are cov]$ & protect$ by elytra1 or cases1 :i* are g5]ally h>d & opake4 ,! w+s ( mo?s & butt]flies are mo/ly f>9ace\s1 cov]$ ) a f9e du/2 by ! assi/ance ( ! microscope1 we discov] t ?is du/ is a regul> assemblage ( organiz$ scales1 :i* w be m p>ticul>ly notic$ h]eaft]4 ,! foll[+ names are made use ( to describe ! diff]5t k9ds ( w+s4 ,!y are fir/ di/+ui%$1 ) respect to _! surfaces1 into sup]ior & inf]ior4 ,! "p next ! head is call$ ! ant]ior "p2 t ne>] ! tail1 ! po/]ior "p4 ,! int]ior "p is t next ! abdom52 ! ext]ior "p is ! out]mo/ edge4 ,^? w+s are t]m$ plicatiles1 :i* are fold$ :5 ! insect is at re/1 z 9 ! wasp4 ,plan2 ^? :i* are incapable ( be+ fold$4 ,erect2 ^: sup]ior surfaces are br\ght 9 contact :5 ! insect is at re/1 z 9 ! ephem]a1 papiliones1 c4 ,pat5tes2 if !y are ext5d$ horizontally :5 ! insect is at re/1 z 9 ! phaln geometr4 ,incumb5tes2 ^? insects :i*1 :5 !y are n 9 motion1 cov] horizontally ) _! w+s ! sup]ior "p ( ! abdom54 ,deflex2 ^? are also incumb5tes1 b n horizontally1 ! out] edges decl9+ t[>ds ! sides1 ,rev]s1 are also deflex1 ) ?is addition1 t ! edges ( ! inf]ior w+s project f "u ! ant]ior "p ( ! sup]ior ones4 ,d5tat2 ) s]rat$ or scollop$ edges4 ,caudat2 9 ^! "s ( ! fibres ( ! w+s are ext5d$ beyond ! m>g9 into a k9d ( tail4 ,reticulat2 :5 ! ve9s or membranes ( ! w+s put on ! appe>ance ( net-"w4 ,! w+s are fur!r di/+ui%$ by _! ornam5ts1 be+ pa9t$ ) spots1 macul2 b&s1 fasci2 /reaks1 /rig3 :5 ^! are ext5d$ l5g?ways1 !y are call$ l9es1 l92 & if ) dots1 punct2 "o or m r+s are t]m$ eyes1 ocelli2 if ! spots are %ap$ l a kidney1 !y are t]m$ /igmata4 ,! elytra1 or cru/ace\s cases ( ! w+s are ext5d$ :5 ! insect flies1 & %ut :5 x re/s1 =m+ a longitud9al suture d[n ! middle ( ! back2 !y are ( v>i\s %apes1 & di/+ui%$ by ! foll[+ names3 ,abbreviata2 :5 !y are %ort] ?an ! abdom54 ,truncata2 :5 _! extremities t]m9ate 9 a transv]se direct l9e4 ,fa/igiata2 :5 ( equal or great] l5g? ?an ! abdom51 & t]m9at+ 9 a transv]se l9e4 ,s]rata2 hav+ _! ext]nal m>g9s edg$ ) tee? or not*es4 ,sp9osa2 :5 _! ext]ior surfaces are cov]$ ) small %>p po9ts4 ,scabra2 :5 !y are v r\gh4 ,/riata2 m>k$ ) sl5d] longitud9al furr[s4 ,porcata2 hav+ %>p longitud9al ridges4 ,sulcata2 ) deep furr[s4 ,!y are likewise di/+ui%$ by ! d5om9ation ( ,hemelytra1 :5 _! cases are nei!r s h>d z ! elytra1 nor s delicate z ! transp>5t w+s4 ,,( ,,! ,,halt]es ,,or ,,pois]s ,,( ,,insects4 ,"u ! w+s ( mo/ insects :i* h only two1 !re is a small head plac$ on a /alk1 frequ5tly "u a little ar*$ scale2 ^! are call$ halt]es1 pois]s2 !y appe> to be rudim5ts ( ! h9d] w+s3 x has be5 suppos$ t !y s]ve to keep ! body 9 equilibrio :5 ! insect is fly+4 ,,( ,,! ,,elytra1 ,,& ,,w+s ,,"u ,,! ,,elytra4 ,i h already obs]v$1 t ! delicate & transp>5t w+s ( _m insects are cov]$ & protect$ by elytra1 or cases1 :i* also 9 "s measure act z w+s4 ,^! ext]ior cases are h>d] & m opake ?an ! w+s "u !m2 !y are g5]ally highly poli%$1 & (t5 enri*$ ) v>i\s col\rs1 adorn$ ) ornam5tal flut+s1 & /udd$ ) brilliants1 ^: beauties are beyond description4 ,all ^! ornam5ts are unit$ 9 ! curculio imp]ialis1#ef or diamond beetle1 "o ( ! ri*e/ & mo/ magnific5t creatures 9 nature2 ! head1 ! w+s1 ! legs1 c4 are curi\sly beset ) scales ( a mo/ spl5did appe>ance1 outvy+ ! ruby1 saphire1 & em]ald1 =m+ 9 m9iature "o ( ! mo/ noble ph5om5a t ! col\rs ( light c exhibit4 ,x is said1 t 9 ! ,brazils1 f :5ce !y come1 x is almo/ impossible to look at !m on a sunny day1 :5 !y are fly+ 9 little sw>ms1 s great is ! gl[+ spl5dor ( _! height5$ col\rs4 #ef ,fabricis ,spec4 ,ins4 #ahd4 #abi4--;,drury4 ,ins4 #b ,tab4 #cc1 ,fig4 #a4 ,! /r5g? & h>dness ( ! elytra are admirably adapt$ to ! v>i\s purposes ( ! insects to :i* !y are appropriat$2 at ! same "t t !y protect ! t5d] w+s b5ea? !m1 !y s]ve z a %ield to ! body2 :ile ! ribs1 & o!r prom95ces1 contribute to less5 ! friction & dim9i% ! pressure to :i* !y are (t5 expos$4 ,9 mo/ ( ^! insects1 ! "u w+ is long] & l>g] ?an ! ext]ior "o1 s t x is oblig$ to be b5t & fold$ up1 9 ord] to lye "u ! elytra2 = ?is purpose !y are furni%$ ) /rong muscles1 & prop] articulations to display or conceal !m at pleasure4 ,,( ,,! ,,w+s ,,( ,,! ,,=ficula ,,auricul>ia1 ,,or ,,e>wig4 ,fig4 #a4 ,plate ,,xiv4 is a magnifi$ view ( ! w+ ( an e>wig4 ,fig4 #b4 ! natural size4 ,?\gh ! insect is s v common1 yet few p "k t x has w+s1 & few] yet h se5 !m2 !y are ( a curi\s & elegant texture1 & wond]ful /ructure4 ,! upp] "p is cru/ace\s & opake1 :ile ! o!r "p is beautifully transp>5t4 ,!y fold up into a v small compass1 & lie neatly conceal$ "u ! elytra1 :i* are n m ?an a six? "p ( ! w+ 9 size4 ,!y fir/ fold back ! p>ts ,a ,b1 & !n %ut up ! ribs l a fan2 ! /rong muscles us$ = ?is purpose are se5 at ! upp] "p ( ! figure4 ,! ribs are ext5d$ f ! c5t] to ! out] edge1 o!rs are ext5d$ only f ! edge ab\t half-way2 b !y are all unit$ by a k9d ( b&1 at a small1 b equal di/ance f ! edge2 ! :ole evid5tly contriv$ to /r5g!n ! w+1 & facilitate ! v>i\s motions !re(2 s t1 9 ^! w+s y f9d all ! motions t are 9 ! mo/ elaborate & portable umbrellas1 execut$ ) a neatness & elegance surpass+ description4 ,! e>wig is a v de/ructive animal1 do+ consid]able injury to mo/ k9ds ( wall fruit1 to c>nations1 & o!r f9e fl[]s1 c4 & z !y only fe$ 9 ! night1 !y escape ! se>* ( ! g>d5]4 ,re$s op5 at bo? ends1 & plac$ among fruit trees1 are a good trap = !m1 z !y cr\d into ^! op5 *annels1 & may be bl[n out into a tub ( wat]4 ,z !y conceal !mselves 9 ! day-"t1 ^? t are curi\s 9 fl[]s place tobacco pipes1 lob/] claws1 c4 on ! top ( _! g>d5 /icks1 9 ord] to cat* !m4 ,?is insect diff]s v little 9 appe>ance 9 its ?ree diff]5t /ates4 ,de ,ge] ass]ts1 t ! female sits on h] eggs1 & broods ov] ! "y ones1 z a h5 does ov] h] *ick5s4 ,,( ,,! ,,w+s ,,( ,,! ,,hem]obius ,,p]la4 ,s inf9ite is ! v>iety display$ 9 ! disposition1 /ructure1 & ornam5ts ( ! w+s ( insects1 t only to enum]ate !m w\ld fill _m pages2 ,i mu/ leave ?is subject to be fur!r pursu$ by ! read]1 cont5t+ myself ) pres5t+ him ) ! view ( a w+ ( ! hem]obius p]la1 z x appe>s "u ! microscope4 ,! insect to :i* x belongs1 has acquir$ ! "n ( hem]obius1 f ! %ortness ( its life1 z x seldom lives m ?an two or ?ree days 9 ! fly /ate4 ,l9nu has plac$ x 9 8 f\r? class1 among ^? insects :i* h f\r transp>5t w+s & no /+4 ,! body ( ! insect is ( a f9e gre5 col\r2 ! eyes appe> l two delicate beads ( burni%$ gold1 :5ce x is by _m call$ ! gold5 eye4 ,! w+s are delicate & elegant1 ne>ly ( a l5g?1 & exactly simil>2 !y are compos$ ( a beautiful ?9 transp>5t membrane1 furni%$ ) sl5d] f9e ribs1 regul>ly & elegantly dispos$1 adorn$ ) hairs1 & slightly t+$ ) gre54 ,fig4 #a4 ,plate ,,xv4 exhibits its magnifi$ appe>ance2 ,fig4 #b4 ! natural size4 ,,( ,,! ,,w+s ,,( ,,mo?s ,,& ,,butt]flies4 ,! w+s ( ^! insects are mo/ly f>9ace\s1 be+ cov]$ ) a f9e du/1 :i* r5d]s !m opake1 & produces ^? beautiful & v>iegat$ col\rs by :i* !y are s ri*ly adorn$1 & s pr(usely deck$4 ,if ?is be wip$ (f1 y f9d ! rema9+ "p1 or nak$ w+1 to consi/ ( a numb] ( ribs1 l ^? 9 ! leaves ( plants2 b ( a cru/ace\s or talcy nature2 ! l>ge/ rib runs along & =tifies ! ext]ior edge ( ! w+2 ! int]ior edge is /r5g!n$ by a small] vessel or rib4 ,! ribs are all holl[1 by :i* means ! w+1 ?\gh comp>atively l>ge1 is v light4 ,! sub/ance betwe5 ! ribs1 & :i* con/itutes ! body ( ! w+1 resembles talc1#eg surpriz+ly ?9 & transp>5t2 z ?is is extremely t5d]1 "o use ( ! scales may be to protect x f injuries4 ,:5 ! mo? em]ges f ! *rysalis1 ! w+s are s(t & ?ick1 & if !y be exam9$ 9 t /ate1 w be f\nd to consi/ ( two membranes1 t may be rais$ up & sep>at$1 by bl[+ betwe5 !m ) a small tube3 ! ribs lie betwe5 ^! membranes4 ,y may ) ! assi/ance ( glasses discov] c]ta9 /rait & circul> r[s ( extremely m9ute holes1 runn+ f rib to rib1 or =m+ figures 9 ! int]m$iate spaces1 :i* seem to answ] to ! figures & v>iegations on ! complete w+1 & are probably ! sockets = ! /alks or /ems ( ! small scales4 #eg ,z ! au?or's idea ( ?is sub/ance be+ ( ! nature ( talc1 does n appe> correct1 & ,i _c f9d t entomologi/s are agre$ 9 ! def9ition ( x1 ,i %all j give ! foll[+ extract on ! subject f ! ,cyclopdia by ,rees1 & submit ! decision to ! read]4 8,! sub/ance :i* connects & fills up ! spaces betwe5 ^! ribs1 is ( s peculi> a nature1 t x is n easy to f9d any "n to design x by1 at lea/ !re is no sub/ance t ent]s ! composition ( ! bodies ( ! l>g] animals1 t is at all analog\s to x4 ,x is a :ite sub/ance1 transp>5t & friable1 & seems inde$ to diff] 9 no?+ f t ( ! l>ge & ?ick ribs1 b 9 t x is ext5d$ into ?9 plates2 b ?is is say+ little t[>d ! det]m9+ :at x really is1 s9ce we are z mu* at a loss to "k by :at "n to call ! sub/ance !y are compos$ (4 ,malpighi inde$ calls !m bones2 b ?\gh !y d s]ve 9 ! place ( bones1 r5d]+ ! w+ firm & /rong1 c4 yet1 :5 /rictly exam9$1 !y d n appe> to h any ?+ ( ! /ructure ( bones1 b appe> r ( ! sub/ance ( scales1 or ( t sort ( imp]fect scales1 ( :i*1 ! cov]+ ( cru/ace\s insects is compos$40 ,,edit4 ,ev] s9ce ! microscope 0 inv5t$1 ! du/ t cov]s ^! w+s has engag$ ! att5tion ( microscopic obs]v]s2 z by ?is in/rum5t x is f\nd to be a regul> collection ( organiz$ scales ( v>i\s %apes1 & 9 ^: con/ruction !re is z mu* symmetry1 z !re is beauty 9 _! col\rs4 ,a view ( "s ( ^! scales1 z !y appe> 9 ! microscope1 is exhibit$ at ,f ,e ,h ,i1 9 ,fig4 #g4 ,plate ,,xvi4 & 9 ,fig4 #h4 ( ! natural size4 ,_! %apes are n only v diff]5t 9 mo?s ( v>i\s species1 b ^? on ! same mo? are also f\nd to diff]4 ,( ! scales1 "s are s long & sl5d] t !y resemble hairs1 except t !y are a little flatt5$ & divid$ at ! ends2 "s are %ort & broad2 "s are not*$ at ! edges1 o!rs smoo?2 "s are ne>ly oval1 :ile o!rs are triangul>3 !y are mo/ly furni%$ ) a %ort /alk or /em to fix !m to ! w+4 ,) ! microscope1 a v>iety ( l>ge /ripes or ribs are to be discov]$2 betwe5 ^! l>g] l9es1 m9ut] ones may be se5 ) a deep magnifi]4 ,! l>g] /ripes rise 9 g5]al f ! ext]ior not*es2 "s h a rib runn+ d[n ! middle1 ?r\gh _! :ole l5g?4 ,! upp] & "u p>ts ( ! w+ are equally suppli$ ) !m4 ,! regul> arrangem5t ( ^! plates1 "o beside & p>tly cov]+ ! o!r1 z 9 ! til+ ( an h\se1 is be/ se5 by exam9+ a w+ 9 ! opake microscope4 ,! prodigi\s numb] ( small scales :i* cov] ! w+s ( ^! beautiful insects1 is a sure pro( ( _! utility to !m1 because !y are giv5 by ,,him :o makes no?+ 9 va94 ,t ! lively & v>iegat$ col\rs1 :i* adorn ! w+s ( ! mo? & butt]fly1 arise f ! small scales or plates t are plant$ !re91 is v evid5t f ?is1 t if !y be bru%$ (f f x1 ! w+ is p]fectly transp>5t3 b :5ce ?is pr(usion & diff]5ce ( col\r on ! same w+8 is a "q z difficult to resolve1 z t ( ,prior1 :5 he asks4 8,:y does "o climate & "o soil endue ,! blu%+ poppy ) a crimson hue1 ,yet leave ! lilly pale1 & t+e ! violet blue80 ,z ! w+s ( ! mo?s & butt]flies are v light1 !y c support !mselves = a long "t 9 ! air2 _! mann] ( fly+ is ungraceful1 g5]ally mov+ 9 a zigzag l9e1 to ! "r & to ! left1 alt]nately asc5d+ & desc5d+2 ?is undulat+ motion h[ev] has its uses1 z x disappo9ts ! birds :o *ase !m 9 tak+ aim2 by :i* means !y frequ5tly elude _! pursuit1 ?\gh cont9u$ = a consid]able "t4 ,dr4 ,hooke#eh endeav\r$ to inve/igate ! nature ( ! motions ( ! w+s ( insects2 &1 al?\gh he 0 n able1 f ! exp]im5ts he made1 to give a satisfactory acc\nt ( !m1 yet z !y may be useful to "s future inquir]1 & lead him m readily into ! pa? ( tru?1 ,i hope an extract !refrom w n prove unacceptable to ! read]4 ,to inve/igate ! mode or mann] ( mov+ _! w+s1 he consid]$ ) att5tion ^? sp9n+ insects t susp5d1 or z x 7 poise !mselves 9 "o place 9 ! air1 )\t ris+ or fall+1 or ev5 mov+ backw>ds or =w>ds2 by look+ d[n on ^!1 he c\ld1 by a k9d ( fa9t %ad[1 p]ceive ! utmo/ extremes ( ! vibratory motion ( _! w+s2 ! %ad[1 :ile !y 7 ?us susp5d$1 0 n v long1 b 0 l5g!n$ :5 !y endeav\r$ to fly =w>ds4 ,he next tri$ by fix+ ! legs ( a fly ^u ! top ( ! /alk ( a fea!r ) glue1 wax1 c4 & !n mak+ x endeav\r to fly away2 he 0 !reby able to view x 9 any po/ure4 ,f h5ce he collect$1 t ! extreme limits ( ! vibrations 7 usually some:at ab\t ! l5g? ( ! body di/ant f ea* o!r1 (t5 %ort]1 & sometimes long]4 ,! =emo/ limit 0 g5]ally a little above ! back1 & ! h9d] "o some:at b5ea? ! belly2 betwe5 ^!1 to judge by ! s\nd1 !y seem$ to move ) an equal velocity4 ,! mann] ( _! mov+ !m1 if a j idea c be =m$ by ! %ad[ ( ! w+1 & a consid]ation ( its nature & /ructure1 seem$ to be ?is3 ! w+ be+ suppos$ to be 9 ! extreme limit1 x is !n ne>ly horizontal1 ! =ep>t only be+ a little depress$2 9 ?is situation ! w+ moves to ! l[] limit2 be=e x arrives at ?is1 ! h9d] "p beg9s to move fa/e/2 ! area ( ! w+ beg9s to dip beh9d1 & 9 t po/ure x seems to be mov$ to ! upp] limit back aga94 ,^! vibrations1 judg+ by ! s\nd1 & comp>+ !m ) a /r+ tun$ 9 unison !reto1 consi/ ( _m hundr$s1 if n ?\s&s1 9 a second ( "t4 ,! p[]s ( ! gov]n+ faculty ( ! insect1 & ! vivacity ( its s5sations1 :]eby e organ is /imulat$ to act ) s mu* velocity & regul>ity1 surpass our pres5t compreh5sion4 #eh ,hooke's ,micrographia1 p4 #agb4 ,,p$es ,,! ,,feet1 ,,& ,,legs ,,( ,,insects4 ,^! are admirably adapt$ = _! int5d$ s]vice1 to give ! mo/ conv5i5t & prop] motion1 &1 f ! v>iety 9 _! con/ruction1 _! v>i\s articulations1 c4 furni% ! microscopic obs]v] ) an abundance ( curi\s & int]e/+ objects3 ! mo/ g5]al numb] is six2 _m ( ! class apt]a h eight1 z ! spid]2 ! crab has t52 ! oniscus f\rte52 ! julus has f sev5ty to "o-hundr$ & tw5ty on ea* side4 ,! legs ( ^? insects t h n m ?an t51 are affix$ to ! trunk2 :ile ^? t exce$ t numb]1 h "p fix$ to ! trunk1 ! re/ to ! abdom54 ,! legs ( insects are g5]ally divid$ into f\r p>ts4 ,! fir/1 :i* is usually ! l>ge/1 is call$ ! femur2 ! second1 or tibia1 is jo9$ to ! =m]1 & is commonly ( ! same size ?r\gh\t1 & long] ?an ! femur2 ?is is foll[$ by ! ?ird "p1 :i* is di/+ui%$ by ! "n ( t>sus1 or foot2 x is compos$ ( sev]al jo9ts1 ! "o articulat$ to ! o!r1 ! numb] ( r+s v>y+ 9 diff]5t insects2 ! t>sus is t]m9at$ by ! unguis1 or claw4 ,! writ]s on natural hi/ory1 9 ord] to r5d] _! descriptions cle> & accurate1 h giv5 sev]al names to ! legs ( insects1 f ! nature ( ! motions produc$ by !m4 ,?us cursorii1 f t ( runn+2 ^! are ! mo/ num]\s4 ,! saltatorii1 ^? t are us$ = leap+2 ! ?ighs ( ^! are rem>kably l>ge1 by :i* means !y possess consid]able /r5g? & p[] to leap to great di/ances4 ,! natatorii1 ^? t s]ve z o>s = swimm+2 ! feet ( ^! are flat & edg$ ) hairs1 possess+ a prop] surface to /rike aga9/ ! wat]1 z 9 ! dytiscus1 notonecta1 c4 ,su* feet z h no claws are t]m$ mutici4 ,! *el1 or claws1 are an enl>gem5t ( ! extremity ( ! =e feet1 ea* ( :i* is furni%$ ) two less] claws1 :i* act l a ?umb & f+]1 z 9 ! crab4 ,! "u "p ( ! feet 9 "s insects is cov]$ ) a k9d ( bru% or sponge1 by :i* !y are enabl$ to walk ) ease1 on ! mo/ poli%$ sub/ances1 & 9 situations f :i* x w\ld seem !y mu/ necess>ily fall4 ,motion is "o ( ! pr9cipal ph5om5a ( nature2 x is z x 7 ! s\l ( our sy/em1 & is z admirable 9 ! smalle/ animal1 z 9 ! univ]se at l>ge4 ,x is ! pr9cipal ag5t 9 produc+ all t div]sity & *ange :i* p]petually affect e object 9 ! creation4 ,! motions ( animals are proportion$ to _! weight & /ructure1 a flea c leap to ! di/ance ( at lea/ two hundr$ times its own l5g?2 7 an elephant1 a camel1 or an horse to leap 9 ! same proportion1 _! weight w\ld cru% !m to atoms4 ,! same rem>k is applicable to spid]s1 worms1 & o!r insects2 ! s(tness ( _! texture1 & ! comp>ative smallness ( _! specific gravity1 enable !m to fall )\t injury f heights t w\ld prove fatal to l>g] & heavi] animals4#ei #ei ,! p>ts ( "s ( ! l>g] animals are1 h[ev]1 s admirably con/ruct$ = swiftness1 z to enable !m to p]=m surpriz+ acts ( agility2 = in/ance1 ! ,sib]ian j]boa1 mus sali5s1 ,p5nant2 ?is animal spr+s =w>d by successive leap+ s v nimbly1 t x is said to be v difficult = a man well m\nt$ to ov]take x2 x is ab\t ! size ( a l>ge rat4 ,! kanguroo1 opossum ( ,p5nant1 macropus giganteus1 ,%aw1 leaps to s uncommon a height1 & to s great a di/ance1 z to out/rip ! swifte/ greyh\nd2 its size is t ( a full-gr[n %eep4 ,accurate col\r$ figures ( bo? ^! extraord9>y animals are giv5 9 t elegant "w1 ! ,naturali/'s ,miscellany4 ,,edit4 ,_m insects c only move ! ?igh 9 a v]tical direction1 :ile o!rs c move x 9 a v>iety ( ways4 ,! progressive motion ( insects1 & ! v>i\s me?ods employ$ to effect x1 w be f\nd a v curi\s & important subject1 & well wor?y ! att5tion ( ! naturali/4 ,! intellig5t me*anic w n f9d x lo/ lab\r if he be/[ "s "t on ! same subject4 ,v little has be5 done on ?is head1 & t pr9cipally by ,reaumur1 9 8 excell5t ,memoires2 & by ,m4 ,weiss1 9 a ,memoir publi%$ 9 ! ,j\rnal de ,physique = #agga4 ,! read] may also consult ,borelli de ,motu ,animalium4 ,,( ,,! ,,tail ,,& ,,/+ ,,( ,,insects4 ,cauda1 ! tail1 t]m9ates ! abdom51 & is con/ruct$ 9 a wond]ful mann] = answ]+ ! purposes = :i* x is =m$1 namely1 to direct ! motion ( ! insect1 to s]ve z an in/rum5t ( def5ce1 or = deposit+ ! eggs2 ! figure & size !re( v>y+ 9 ea* g5us & its families4 ,9 mo/ insects x is simple1 simplex1 & yet capable ( be+ ext5d$ or drawn back at pleasure2 9 o!rs1 elongata1 elongat$1 z 9 ! crab & scorpion2 setacea1 %ap$ l a bri/le1 z 9 ! raphidia2 triseta1 ) ?ree app5dages l bri/les1 z 9 ! ephem]a2 9 "s x is =k$1 furcata1 z 9 ! podura2 & 9 o!rs x is furni%$ ) a pair ( =ceps1 =cipata1 z 9 ! =ficula2 9 ! blatta1 grylli1 & o!rs1 x is foliosa1 or l a leaf2 9 ! scorpion & panorpa x is telif]a1 furni%$ ) a d>t or /+4 ,fur!r p>ticul>s may be obta9$ f ! ,philosophia ,entomologica ( ,fabricius4 ,aculeus1 or ! /+1 is an in/rum5t ) :i* insects w\nd & in/il a poison2 ! /+ g5]ally proce$s f ! "u "p ( ! la/ r+ ( ! belly3 9 "s x is %>p & po9t$1 9 o!rs s]rat$ or =m$ l a saw4 ,x is us$ by _m insects bo? z an (f5sive & def5sive weapon2 by o!rs x is only us$ to pi]ce ! sub/ances :]e !y mean to deposit _! eggs4 ,?is in/rum5t _c be prop]ly se5 or kn[n1 b ) ! assi/ance ( a microscope4 ,,( ,,! ,,/+ ,,( ,a ,,bee4 ,( bees1 x is only ! lab\r]s & ! que5 t h /+s4 ,! app>atus is ( a v curi\s con/ruction1 fitt$ = inflict+ a w\nd1 & at ! same "t convey+ poison into t w\nd4 ,! app>atus consi/s ( two pi]c]s conduct$ 9 a %ea?1 groove1 or director4 ,?is groove is r l>ge at ! base1 b t]m9ates 9 a po9t2 x is affix$ to ! la/ scale ( ! upp] side ( ! abdom5 by ?irte5 ?9 scales1 six on ea* side1 & "o beh9d ! rectum4 ,^! scales inclose ! rectum all r\nd1 & are atta*$ to ea* o!r by ?9 membranes :i* all[ ( a v>iety ( motions2 ?ree ( !m are h[ev] atta*$ m closely to a r\nd & curv$ process1 :i* comes f ! basis ( ! groove 9 :i* ! /+ lies1 z also to ! curv$ arms ( ! /+ :i* spread out ext]nally4 ,! two /+s may be said to beg9 by ^? two curv$ processes at _! union ) ! scales1 & conv]g+ t[>ds ! groove at its base1 :i* !y ent]1 & !n pass along to its po9t4 ,! two /+s are s]rat$ or not*$ t[>ds ! po9ts2 !y c be ?ru/ out a little way1 & drawn )9 x4 ,^! p>ts are all mov$ by v /rong muscles1 :i* give motions 9 almo/ all directions1 b mo/ p>ticul>ly outw>ds4 ,x is wond]ful h[ deep !y w pi]ce solid bodies ) ?is /+4 ,to p]=m ?is by m]e =ce1 two ?+s are necess>y1 p[] ( muscles1 & /r5g? ( /+2 nei!r ( :i* !y seem to possess 9 a suffici5t degree4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,hunt] ?9ks t x _c be by simple =ce1 because ! lea/ pressure b5ds ! /+ 9 any direction4 ,x is probable t ! s]rat$ edges may assi/1 by cutt+ _! way l a saw4 ,! app>atus = ! poison consi/s ( two small ducts1 :i* are ! gl&s t secrete ! poison2 ^! lie 9 ! abdom5 among ! air cells1 !y soon h[ev] unite into "o oblong bag2 at ! opposite end ( :i* a duct passes out1 :i* runs t[>ds ! angle :]e ! two /+s meet1 &1 ent]+ betwe5 !m1 =ms a canal by ! union ( ! two /+s at ?is po9t4 ,f ! s]rat$ con/ruction ( ! /+s ! bee c seldom dis5gage !m1 & h5ce1 :5 !y pass into mat]ials ( too /rong a nature1 ! bee g5]ally leaves !m beh9d1 & (t5 a "p ( ! b[els !re)4#fj #fj ,phil4 ,trans4 = #agib1 page #ahi4 ,,di/+ui%+ ,,crit]ia ,,( ,,insects4 ,x has already be5 obs]v$1 t ! bodies ( insects are cov]$ ) a h>d sk91 answ]+ ! purpose ( an int]nal skeleton1 & =m+ "o ( ! *>act]s by :i* !y are di/+ui%$ f o!r animals4 ,?is ext]nal cov]+ is v /rong 9 ^? insects :i*1 f _! mann] ( life1 are p>ticul>ly liable to great friction1 or viol5t compression2 b is m t5d] & delicate 9 su* z are n s expos$4 ,! sk9 ( insects1 l t ( l>g] animals1 is por\s2 ! pores 9 "s species are v l>ge2 _m insects (t5 *ange or ca/ (f _! sk92 ?is exuvia =ms an excell5t object = ! microscope4 ,ano!r di/+ui%+ crit]ion ( insects is ! col\r ( _! circulat+ fluid or blood1 :i* is nev] r$2 ?is1 at fir/ sight1 seems liable to "s objections1 on acc\nt ( ! drop ( r$ liquor :i* is (t5 procur$ f small insects :5 squeez$ or press$ to pieces4 ,x does n appe>1 h[ev]1 t ?is is ! blood ( ! little animal2 :5 x exi/$ z a worm !re 0 no su* appe>ance1 & :5 trans=m$ to ! p]fect1 or fly /ate1 x is only f\nd 9 ! eye1 & n 9 ! body1 :i* w\ld be ! case if x circulat$ 9 ! ve9s ( ! insect4 ,x is probable !re is a circulation ( "s fluid analog\s to ! blood 9 mo/ insects3 ) ! assi/ance ( ! microscope ?is circulation may be p]ceiv$ 9 _m2 b ! circulat+ liquor is n r$4 ,to ^! discrim9at+ *>act]i/ics we may also add ! foll[+ p>ticul>s3 #a4 ,t ! body ( insects is divid$ by incisur1 or transv]sal divisions1 f :5ce !y take _! "n4 #b4 ,t !y are furni%$ ) ant5n1 :i* are plac$ ^u ! =e "p ( ! head2 ^! are jo9t$ & moveable 9 v>i\s directions4 #c4 ,t no insect 9 its p]fect /ate1 or aft] x has gone ?r\gh all its trans=mations1 has less ?an six legs1 ?\gh _m h m4 ,!re are "s mo?s1 ^: two =e feet are s small1 z sc>cely to entitle !m to t "n4 #d4 ,t insects h nei!r ! organs ( smell nor he>+2 at lea/ !y h n z yet be5 discov]$1 ?\gh x is report$ t ,fabricius has lately f\nd & describ$ ! organs ( he>+ 9 a lob/]4#fa #fa ,t _m insects are susceptible ( a %rill or l\d noise1 is a fact s well asc]ta9$1 z to be indisputable2 b 9 :at mann]1 or by :at organs ! s5sation is convey$1 is n s evid5t2 ,b>but1 h[ev]1 supposes !m to possess ! s5se ( he>+ 9 a v di/9ct mann]4 ,_m insects1 he obs]ves1 are well kn[n to be endu$ ) ! p[] ( utt]+ s\nds1 viz4 l>ge beetles1 bees1 wasps1 common flies1 gnats1 c4 ,! sph9x atropos squeaks1 :5 hurt1 ne>ly z l\d z a m\se3 ?is faculty c]ta9ly mu/ be int5d$ = "s purpose1 & z !y v>y _! cry occasionally1 x appe>s design$ to give notice ( pleasure or pa91 or "s affection 9 ! creature :i* possesses x4 8,! k ( _! s\nds10 says he1 8is und\bt$ly conf9$ to _! tribe1 & is a language intelligible to !m only2 sav+ :5 viol5ce obliges ! animal to ex]t ! voice ( nature 9 di/ress1 crav+ compassion2 !n all animals und]/& ! doleful cry2 = in/ance1 attack a bee or wasp ne> ! hive or ne/1 or a few ( !m2 ! consequ5ce w be1 ! animal or animals1 by a diff]5t tone ( voice w express 8 or _! disapprobation or pa92 t s\nd is kn[n to ! hive to be pla9tive1 & t _! bro!r or bre?r5 require _! assi/ance1 & ! (f5d+ p>ty seldom escapes ) impunity4 ,n[1 if !y _h n ! s5se ( he>+1 !y c\ld n h kn[n ! dang] _! bro!r or bre?r5 7 91 by ! alt]ation ( _! tone40 ,ano!r pro(1 :i* he reckons /ill m decisive1 0 tak5 f 8 obs]vation on a spid]1 :i* _h made a v l>ge web on a wood5 rail+1 & 0 at ! "t 9 a cavity beh9d "o ( ! rails1 at a consid]able di/ance f ! "p :]e a fly _h entangl$ himself2 ! spid] became imm$iately s5sible ( x1 ?\gh1 f ! situation ( ! rail1 he c\ld n possibly h se5 ! fly4 ,?is obs]vation1 h[ev]1 _c be consid]$ z conclusive1 z x is v probable t ! spid] 0 al>m$ by ! tremul\s motion ( ! ?reads ( ! web occasion$ by ! flutt]+ ( ! fly1 :i* he might well "k h[ to di/+ui% f _! vibration by ! w9d4 ,x is ?is au?or's op9ion1 t ! organ ( he>+ is situat$ 9 ! ant5n2 he likewise supposes t ! organs ( smell reside 9 ! palpi or feel]s4 ,= 8 reason+ on ^! subjects1 see ! ,g5]a ,insectorum1 ,preface1 p4 vii4 seq4 ,,edit4 #e4 ,t !y d n respire air by ! m\?1 b t !y inspire & exhale x by means ( organs :i* are plac$ on ! body4 #f4 ,t !y move ! jaws f "r to left1 n up & d[n4 #g4 ,t !y h nei!r eye-lid nor pupil4 ,to ^! we may also add1 t ! me*anism result+ f ! ,,life ( insects is n ( s comp\nd a nature z 9 animals ( a l>g] size4 ,!y h less v>iety ( organs1 ?\gh "s ( !m are m multipli$2 & x is by ! numb] & situation ( ^! t _! rank 9 ! great scale ( be+s is to be det]m9$4 ,^! *>act]s are (t5 unit$ 9 ! same insect2 !re are1 h[ev]1 "s species 9 :i* "o or two ( !m are want+4 ,! /ud5t 9 entomology1 :o wi%es to atta9 a prop] k ( ! sci5ce1 & inde$ e microscopic obs]v]1 desir\s ( avail+ himself ( ! discov]ies ( o!rs1 & ( communicat+ intelligibly 8 own1 w f9d x necess>y to make himself conv]sant ) ! v>i\s classes1 g5]a1 c4 into :i* insects h be5 divid$ by ,l9nu4 ,e sy/em has its defects1 & probably "s may be f\nd 9 t ( ?is truly celebrat$ naturali/1 b ! purpose ( sci5ce is answ]$ by us+ ^? discrim9ations :i* are g5]ally adopt$4 ,! foll[+ g5]al idea ( ! ,l9nan classes may s]ve z a f\ndation = ?is k3 a m p>ticul> acc\nt may be obta9$ by consult+ ! "u-m5tion$ works4 ,in/itutions ( ,entomology1 a translation ( ,l9nu's ,ord9es et ,g5]a ,insectorum1 or sy/ematic arrangem5t ( insects1 c4 by ,?omas ,patt9son ,yeats4 ,fundam5ta ,entomologi1 or an ,introduction to ! ,k ( ,insects1 translat$ f ,l9nu by ,w4 ,curtis1 ! +5i\s au?or ( ,flora ,lond95sis1 ! ,botanical ,magaz9e1 c4 ,! ,g5]a ,insectorum ( ,l9nu1 exemplifi$ by v>i\s ,specim5s ( ,engli% ,insects1 drawn f ,nature1 by ,james ,b>but4#fb #fb ,?is "w conta9s two excell5t plates1 illu/rative ( ! ,di/9ctions ( ! ,ord9es & ,g5]a ,insectorum1 by _! ant5n1 t>si ( ! feet1 c4 ,,edit4 ,class ! fir/4 ,,coleopt]a4 ,! insects ( ?is class h f\r w+s2 ! upp] ones1 call$ ! elytra1 are cru/ace\s1 be+ ( a h>d horny sub/ance2 ^!1 :5 %ut1 =m a longitud9al suture d[n ! back1 z 9 ! sc>abu1 melolon?a1 or cock*aff]1 c4 #b4 ,,hemipt]a4 ,^! h also f\r w+s2 b ! elytra are diff]5t1 be+ half cru/ace\s1 half membranace\s3 ! w+s d n =m a longitud9al suture1 b ext5d ! "o ov] ! o!r1 z 9 ! gryllus1 gras%opp]1 c4 #c4 ,,lepidopt]a4 ,^? :i* h f\r membranace\s w+s cov]$ ) f9e scales1 appe>+ to ! nak$ eye l p[d] or meal1 z 9 ! butt]fly & mo?4 #d4 ,,neuropt]a4 ,^! h f\r membranace\s transp>5t w+s1 :i* are g5]ally reticulat$1 ! tail )\t a /+1 z 9 ! libellula1 or dragon fly4 #e4 ,,hym5opt]a4 ,^!1 l ! prec$+ class1 h f\r membranace\s nak$ w+s2 b ! abdom5 is furni%$ ) a /+1 z 9 ! bee1 wasp1 i*neumon1 c4 #f4 ,,dipt]a4 ,^! h only two w+s1 & are furni%$ ) halt]es1 or pois]s1 in/ead ( "u w+s1 z 9 ! common h\se fly1 gnat1 c4 #g4 ,,apt]a4 ,^! are di/+ui%$ by hav+ no w+s1 z 9 ! spid]1 l\se1 ac>us1 c4 ,,( ,,! ,,trans=mation ,,( ,,insects4 ,insects are f>!r di/+ui%$ f o!r animals by ! wond]ful *anges t all ^? ( ! w+$ species )\t exception1 & "s :i* are de/itute ( w+s1 mu/ pass ?r\gh1 be=e !y arrive at ! p]fection ( _! nature4 ,mo/ animals reta91 dur+ _! :ole life1 ! same =m :i* !y receive at _! bir?2 b insects g ?r\gh wond]ful ext]ior & int]ior *anges1 insomu* t ! same individual1 at its bir? & middle /ate1 diff]s ess5tially f t "u :i* x appe>s :5 arriv$ at a /ate ( maturity2 & ?is diff]5ce is n conf9$ to m>ks1 col\r1 or texture1 b is ext5d$ to _! =m1 proportion1 motion1 organs1 & habits ( life4 ,! anci5t writ]s on natural hi/ory 7 n unacqua9t$ ) ^! trans=mations1 b ! ideas !y ent]ta9$ ( !m 7 v imp]fect & (t5 errone\s4 ,! *anges are produc$ 9 s sudd5 a mann]1 t !y seem l ! metamorphoses record$ 9 ! fables ( ! anci5ts1 & x is n improbable t ^? fables owe _! orig9 to ! trans=mation ( insects4 ,x 0 n till t[>ds ! latt] end ( ! la/ c5tury t any j conception ( ?is subject 0 =m$2 ! my/]y 0 !n unveil$ by ^? two great anatomi/s ,malpighi & ,swamm]dam1 :o obs]v$ ^! insects "u e appe>ance1 & trac$ !m ?r\gh all _! =ms2 by dissect+ !m at ! "t j prec$+ _! *anges1 !y 7 enabl$ to prove t ! mo? & butt]fly gr[ & /r5g!n !mselves1 t _! memb]s are =m$ & unfold$ "u ! figure ( ! insect we call a cat]pill>1 & t ! gr[? 0 effect$ by a developem5t ( p>ts2 !y also %ew$ t x is n difficult to exhibit 9 ^! all ! p>ts ( ! future mo?1 z its w+s1 legs1 ant5n1 c4 & consequ5tly t ! *anges :i* are app>5tly sudd5 to our eyes1 are gradually =m$ "u ! sk9 ( ! animal1 & only appe> sudd5 to u1 because ! insect !n gets rid ( a case :i* _h be=e conceal$ its real memb]s4 ,by ?is case x is pres]v$ f injuries1 till its w+s1 & e o!r "p ( its delicate frame are 9 a condition to be> ! impulse ( ! sun1 & ! action ( ! air nak$2 :5 all ! p>ts are gr[n firm1 & ready to p]=m _! sev]al (fices1 ! p]fect animal appe>s 9 ! =m ( its p>5t4 ,?\gh ^! discov]ies dissipat$ ! false wond]s ( ! metamorphoses t ! _w be=e believ$1 !y creat$ a fund ( real admiration by ! discov]y ( ! tru?4 ,^! trans=mations cle>ly prove1 t )\t exp]i5ce e ?+ 9 nature w\ld appe> a my/]y2 s mu* s1 t a p]son unacqua9t$ ) ! trans=mation ( ! cat]pill> to ! *rysalis1 & ( ?is to ! fly1 w\ld consid] !m z ?ree di/9ct species2 = :o1 by ! m]e light ( nature1 or ! p[]s ( reason unaid$ by exp]i5ce1 c\ld believe t a butt]fly1 adorn$ ) f\r beautiful w+s1 furni%$ ) a long spiral proboscis or tongue1 in/ead ( a m\?1 & ) six legs1 proce$$ f a disgu/+ hairy cat]pill>1 provid$ ) jaws & tee?1 & f\rte5 feet8 ,)\t exp]i5ce1 :o c\ld imag9e t a long :ite smoo? s(t worm hid "u ! e>?1 %\ld be trans=m$ into a black cru/ace\s beetle8 ,nor c\ld any "o1 f consid]+ !m 9 _! p]fect /ate1 h discov]$ ! relation :i* !y be> to ! sev]al *anges ( /ate1 & _! correspond+ =ms1 ?r\gh :i* !y h pass$1 & :i* are to appe>ance z di/9ct z diff]5ce c make !m4 ,! life ( ^? insects :i* pass ?r\gh ^! v>i\s *anges1 may be divid$ into f\r pr9cipal p>ts1 ea* ( :i* w be f\nd truly wor?y ( ! utmo/ att5tion ( ! microscopic obs]v]4 ,! fir/ *ange is f ! ,,egg into ! ,,l>va1 or1 z x is m g5]ally call$1 into ! worm or cat]pill>4 ,f ! ,,l>va1 x passes into ! ,,pupa1 or *rysalis /ate4 ,f ! ,,pupa1 into ! ,,imago1 or fly /ate4 ,few subjects c be f\nd t are m expressive ( ! ext5sive goodness ( ,div9e ,provid5ce1 ?an ^! trans=mations1 9 :i* we f9d ! occasional & tempor>y p>ts & organs ( ^! little animals suit$ & adapt$ ) ! mo/ m9ute exactness to ! imm$iate mann] & conv5i5ce ( _! exi/5ce2 :i* aga9 are %ift$ & *ang$1 ^u ! insects comm5c+ a new sc5e & /ate ( action4 ,9 its l>va /ate ! insect appe>s grovel+1 heavy1 & voraci\s1 9 ! =m ( a worm1 ) a long body compos$ ( successive r+s2 crawl+ along by ! assi/ance ( ^!1 or small little hooks1 :i* are plac$ on ! side ( ! body4 ,its head is arm$ ) /rong jaws1 its eyes smoo?1 entirely depriv$ ( sex1 ! blood circulat+ f ! h9d "p t[>ds ! head4 ,x brea!s ?r\gh small ap]tures1 :i* are situat$ on ea* side ( ! body1 or ?r\gh "o or m tubes plac$ 9 ! h9d] "p !re(4 ,:ile x is 9 ! l>va /ate1 ! insect is z x 7 mask$1 & its true appe>ance conceal$2 = "u ?is mask ! m p]fect =m is hidd5 f ! human eye4 ,9 ! pupa1 or *rysalis /ate1 ! insect may be comp>$ to a *ild 9 swaddl+ cloa!s2 its memb]s are all fold$ toge!r "u ! brea/1 & inclos$ )9 "o or m cov]+s1 rema9+ !re )\t motion4 ,:ile 9 ?is /ate1 no insects b ^? ( ! hemipt]a class1 take any n\ri%m5t4 ,! *ange is effect$ v>i\s ways2 9 "s insects ! sk9 ( ! l>va op5s1 & leaves a passage1 ) all its integum5ts2 9 o!rs1 ! sk9 h>d5s & becomes a species ( cone1 :i* entirely conceals ! insect2 o!rs =m or sp9 cones = !mselves1 & 9 ?is /ate !y rema9 till ! p>ts h acquir$ suffici5t firmness1 & are ready to p]=m _! sev]al (fices4 ,! insect !n ca/s (f ! spoils ( its =m] /ate1 wakes f a dea?-l inactivity1 breaks z x 7 ! inclosures ( ! tomb1 ?r[s (f ! dusky %r\d1 & appe>s 9 its imago or p]fect =m2 = x has n[ atta9$ ! /ate ( organical p]fection1 :i* answ]s to ! rank x is to hold 9 ! corporeal _w3 ! /ructure ( ! body1 ! alim5t>y organs1 & ^? ( motion1 are mat]ially *ang$4 ,x is n[ furni%$ ) w+s magnific5tly adorn$1 so>s above & despises its =m] pursuits1 wafts ! s(t air1 *ooses its mate1 & transmits its nature to a succe$+ race4 ,^? memb]s1 :i* 9 ! prec$+ /ate 7 wrapp$ up1 s(t1 & motionless1 n[ display !mselves1 gr[ /rong1 & are put 9 ex]cise4 ,! int]ior *anges are z consid]able z ^? ( ! ext]ior =m1 & t 9 proportion z ! fir/ /ate diff]s f ! la/2 "s organs acquire great] /r5g? & firmness1 o!rs are r5d]$ m delicate2 "s are suppress$1 & "s unfold$1 :i* did n seem to exi/ 9 ! =m] /ages ( its life4 ,,( ,,! ,,l>va ,,/ate ,,( ,,insects4 ,z ! l>v or cat]pill>s ( ! mo? & butt]fly#fc =m ! mo/ num]\s family among ! tribe ( insects1 ,i %all fir/ describe !m1 & _! v>i\s *anges f ?is /ate to _! la/ & p]fect =m1 & !n proce$ to ^? insects :i* diff] mo/ f ! cat]pill> 9 "o or all ( _! v>i\s *anges4 #fc ,butt]flies are di/+ui%$ f mo?s by ! "t ( _! fly+ abroad1 & by _! ant5n2 ! butt]flies appe> by day1 _! ant5n are g5]ally t]m9at$ by a little knob2 ! mo?s fly mo/ly 9 ! ev5+1 & _! ant5n are ei!r setace\s or pect9at$4 ,! great] "p ( ^? insects :i* come =? 9 spr+ or summ]1 p]i% or disappe> at ! approa* ( w9t]2 !re are v few1 ! p]iod ( ^: life exce$s t ( a ye>2 "s survive ! rig\rs ( w9t]1 be+ conceal$ & buri$ "u gr\nd2 _m are hid 9 ! b>k ( trees1 & o!rs 9 ! *9ks ( old walls2 "s1 l ! cat]pill> ( ! br[n-tail$ mo?1#fd at ! approa* ( w9t] n only secure & /r5g!n ! web 9 :i* ! society inhabit1 & ?us protect !mselves f imp]t95t intrud]s1 b ea* individual also sp9s a case = itself1 :]e x re/s 9 torpid security1 not)/&+ ! inclem5cy ( ! season1 till ! spr+ animates x afre%1 & in=ms x1 t ! all-b\ntiful ,au?or ( nature has provid$ food conv5i5t = x4 ,_m t are hat*$ 9 ! autumn retire & live "u ! e>? dur+ ! w9t] mon?s1 b 9 ! spr+ come out1 fe$1 & proce$ onw>d to _! sev]al *anges2 :ile no small "p pass ! cold] mon?s 9 _! *rysalis or pupa /ate3 b ! great] numb] ( ! cat]pill> race rema9 9 ! egg1 be+ c>efully deposit$ by ! p>5t fly 9 ^? places :]e !y w be hat*$ ) ! greate/ safety & success2 9 ?is /ate ! lat5t pr9ciple ( life is pres]v$ till ! g5ial influ5ces ( ! spr+ call x into action1 & br+ =? ! "y insect to %>e ! banquet t nature has provid$4 #fd ,?is mo? 0 uncommonly num]\s & de/ructive ne> ,london 9 ! ye> #aghb1 &1 aid$ by ! pr$ictions ( an empirical impo/]1 occasion$ a consid]able al>m 9 ! m9ds ( ! ignorant & sup]/iti\s4 ,! judici\s publication ( a %ort hi/ory ( ! insect1 by ,mr4 ,curtis1 9 "s measure contribut$ to dissipate _! fe>s4 ,,edit4 ,all cat]pill>s are hat*$ f ! egg1 & :5 !y fir/ proce$ f x are g5]ally small & feeble1 b gr[ 9 /r5g? z !y increase 9 size4 ,! body is divid$ into twelve r+s2 ! head is connect$ ) ! fir/1 & is h>d & cru/ace\s4 ,no cat]pill> ( ! mo? or butt]fly has less ?an eight1 or m ?an sixte5 feet2 ! six fir/ are cru/ace\s1 po9t$1 & fix$ to ! ?ree fir/ r+s ( ! body2 ^! feet are ! cov]+ to ! six future feet ( ! mo?2 ! o!r six feet are s(t & flexible or membranace\s2 !y v>y bo? 9 figure & numb]1 & are prop] only to ! l>va /ate2 ) respect to _! ext]nal figure1 !y are ei!r smoo? or hairy1 s(t to ! t\*1 or h>d l %agre51 beautifully adorn$ ) a great v>iety ( ! mo/ lively te9ts2 on ea* side ( ! body n9e little oval holes are plac$1 :i* are g5]ally consid]$ z ! organs ( respiration4 ,!re are on ea* side ( ! head ( ! cat]pill> five or six little black spots1 :i* are suppos$ to be its eyes4 ,^! creatures v>y 9 size1 f half an in* long to f\r & five in*es4 ,! cat]pill>1 ^: life is "o cont9u$ succession ( *anges1 (t5 m\lts its sk9 be=e x atta9s its full gr[?2 n "o ( !m arrives at p]fection1 )\t hav+ ca/ its sk9 at lea/ once or twice4 ,^! *anges are ! m rem>kable1 because :5 ! cat]pill> m\lts1 x is n simply ! sk9 t is *ang$2 = we f9d 9 ! exuvia1 ! skull1 ! jaws1 & all ! ext]ior p>ts1 bo? scaly & membranace\s1 :i* compose its upp] & "u lip1 its ant5n1 palpi1 & ev5 ^? cru/ace\s pieces )9 ! head1 :i* s]ve z a fix$ basis to a numb] ( muscles2 we fur!r f9d 9 ! exuvia1 ! spiracula1 ! claws1 & %ea?s ( ! ant]ior limbs1 & 9 g5]al all t is visible ( ! cat]pill>4 ,! new organs 7 "u ! old ones z 9 a %ea?1 s t ! cat]pill> effects ! *anges by )draw+ itself f ! old sk91 :5 x f9ds itself lodg$ 9 too n>r[ a compass4 ,b to produce ?is *ange1 to pu% (f ! old cov]+1 & br+ =w>d ! new1 is a "w ( lab\r & "t4 ,^? cat]pill>s :o live 9 society1 & h a k9d ( ne/ or habitation1 retire !re to *ange _! sk9s1 fix+ ! hooks ( ! feet1 dur+ ! op]ation1 firmly 9 ! web ( _! ne/4 ,"s ( ! solit>y species sp9 at ?is "t a sl5d] web1 to :i* !y affix !mselves4 ,a day or two be=e ! critical mom5t approa*es1 ! insect ceases to eat1 & loses its usual activity2 9 proportion z ! "t ( *ange advances1 ! col\r ( ! cat]pill> becomes m feeble1 ! sk9 h>d5s & )]s1 & is soon incapable ( receiv+ ^? juices by :i* x 0 h]et(ore n\ri%$ & support$4 ,! insect may n[ be se51 at di/ant int]vals1 to elevate its back1 & /ret* itself to its utmo/ ext5t2 sometimes to lift up ! head1 move x a little f side to side1 & !n let x fall aga92 ne> ! *ange1 ! second & ?ird r+s are se5 to swell consid]ably2 by ^! int]nal ef=ts ! old p>ts are /ret*$ & di/5d$ z mu* z possible1 an op]ation :i* is att5d$ ) great difficulty1 z ! new p>ts are all weak & t5d]4 ,h[ev]1 by repeat$ ex]tions1 all ! vessels :i* convey$ ! n\ri%m5t to ! ext]ior sk9 are dis5gag$1 & cease to act1 & a slit is made on ! back1 g5]ally beg9n+ at ! second or ?ird r+2 ! new sk9 may n[ be j p]ceiv$1 be+ di/+ui%$ by ! fre%ness & brightness ( its col\r2 ! cat]pill> !n presses ! body l a w$ge into ?is slit1 by :i* means x is soon op5$ f ! fir/ d[n to ! f\r? r+2 ?is r5d]s x l>ge en\gh to af=d ! insect a passage1 :i* x soon effects 9 a v curi\s mann]4 ,! cat]pill> g5]ally fa/s a :ole day aft] ea* m\lt+1 = x is necess>y t ! p>ts %\ld acquire a c]ta9 degree ( consi/5cy1 be=e x c live & act 9 its usual mann]2 _m also p]i% "u ! op]ation4 ,! body hav+ gr[n "u ! old sk91 till ! insect 0 become too l>ge = x1 x always appe>s mu* l>g] aft] x has quitt$ ! exuvia3 n[ z ! gr[? 0 gradual1 & ! p>ts s(t1 ! sk9 press$ !m toge!r1 s t !y lay 9 a small space2 b z soon z ! sk9 is ca/ (f1 !y are z x 7 lib]at$ f _! bonds1 & di/5d !mselves consid]ably4 ,"s cat]pill>s1 9 *ang+ _! sk91 f smoo?1 become cov]$ ) f9e hair2 :ile o!rs1 t 7 cov]$ ) ?is f9e hair1 h ! la/ sk9 smoo?4#fe ,! silk-worm1 previ\s to its *rysalis or pupa /ate1 ca/s its sk9 f\r times2 ! fir/ is ca/ on ! t5?1 elev5?1 or twelf? day1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! season2 ! second1 9 five or six days aft]2 ! ?ird 9 five or six days m1 & ! f\r? & la/ 9 six or sev5 days aft] ! ?ird4 #fe ,valmont de ,bom>e ,dictionnaire ,univ]sel d',hi/oire ,naturelle1 vol4 ii4 #b;d edit4 #abmo4 p4 #cid4 ,be=e we describe ! *ange ( ! l>va into ! pupa /ate1 x w be necess>y to give ! read] an acc\nt ( ^? names by :i* entomologi/s di/+ui% ! diff]5t appe>ances ( ! insect 9 its pupa /ate4 ,x is call$ ,co>ctata1 :5 x is /rait5$ or conf9$ to a case ( a globul> =m1 )\t ! smalle/ resemblance to ! /ructure ( ! insect x conta9s1 z 9 ! dipt]a4 ,x is call$ ,obtecta1 disguis$ or %r\d$1 :5 ! insect is invelop$ 9 a cru/ace\s cov]+1 consi/+ ( two p>ts1 "o ( :i* surr\nds ! head & ?orax1 ! o!r ! abdom54 ,x is t]m$ ,incompleta1 :5 ! pupa has p]ceptible w+s & feet1 b _c move !m1 z 9 mo/ ( ! hym5opt]a4 ,semicompleta2 ^! c walk or run1 b h only ! rudim5ts ( w+s4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! pupa & ! l>va ( ?is class is v inconsid]able1 z !y eat1 walk1 & act1 j z !y did 9 _! primitive /ate2 ! only rem>kable diff]5ce is a k9d ( case :i* conta9s ! w+s t are to be develop$ 9 _! fly /ate4 ,completa2 ^? design$ by ?is "n take _! p]fect =m at _! bir?1 & d n pass1 l o!r insects1 ?r\gh a v>iety ( /ates1 ?\gh !y (t5 *ange _! sk94 ,x is a g5]al rule1 t all w+$ insects pass ?r\gh ! l>va & pupa /ate1 be=e !y assume _! p]fect =m3 !re are also insects :i* h no w+s1 & yet und]go simil> trans=mations1 z ! b$ bug1 ! flea1 c4 ,o!r insects1 :i* h no w+s1 & :i* always rema9 )\t !m1 nev] pass ?r\gh ! pupa /ate1 b are subject to consid]able *anges1 z well ) respect to ! numb]1 z ! figure ( _! p>ts2 ?us mites h f\r pair ( feet1 & two small] ones at ! =e "p ( ! body1 ne> ! head2 yet "s ( ^! are born ) only ?ree pair ( feet1 ! f\r? is n p]ceiv$ till "s "t aft] _! bir?4#ff ,! figure ( ! monoculus quadricornis ( ,l9nu 7,fauna ,suecica1 edit4 ,/ockholm1 #agfa1 ,no4 #bjdi7 *anges consid]ably aft] its bir?4#fg ,! julus is an insect ) a great numb] ( feet1 "s species hav+ an hundr$ pair & upw>ds4 ,m4 ,de ,ge] has giv5 a description ( "o ) m ?an two-hundr$ pair1#fh & yet ^! at _! bir? h only ?ree pair1 ! re/ are n p]ceiv$ till "s "t aft]4 #ff ,de ,ge] ,memoires p\r s]vir a l',hi/oire des ,insectes1 tom4 #a4 p4 #aed4 #fg ,ibid4 #fh ,memoires des ,scavans etrang]s1 tom4 #c1 p4 #fa4 ,,( ,,! ,,*ange ,,f ,,! ,,l>va ,,to ,,! ,,pupa ,,/ate4 ,i %all n[ return to ! cat]pill>1 & take notice ( ! c>e & provision x makes to pass f ! l>va /ate into t ( ! pupa or *rysalis2 :i* is1 9 g5]al1 a /ate ( imp]fection1 inactivity1 & weakness1 ?r\gh :i* ! insect1 :5 x has obta9$ a prop] size1 mu/ pass2 & 9 :i* x rema9s (t5 = mon?s1 sometimes = a :ole ye>1 expos$1 )\t any means ( escap+1 to e ev5t2 & 9 :i* x receives ! necess>y prep>ations = its p]fect /ate1 & is enabl$ once m to appe> ^u ! transitory sc5e ( "t4 ,dur+ its passage f "o /ate to ! o!r1 z well z :5 x is 9 ! pupa =m1 ! microscopical obs]v] w f9d _m opportunities ( ex]cis+ 8 in/rum5t4 ,! transitions ( ! cat]pill> f "o /ate to ano!r1 are to x a subject ( ! mo/ int]e/+ nature2 = 9 pass+ ?r\gh !m1 x (t5 runs ! risk ( los+ its life1 t preci\s boon ( heav51 :i* is ev] accompani$ ) a degree ( delight1 proportion$ to ! /ate 9 :i* ! creature exi/s1 & ! use x makes ( ! gift x has receiv$4 ,if ! cat]pill> c\ld !re=e =esee ! ef=ts & ex]tions x mu/ make to put (f its pres5t =m1 & ! /ate ( weakness & impot5ce "u :i* x mu/ exi/ :ile 9 ! pupa /ate1 x w\ld und\bt$ly *oose ! mo/ conv5i5t place1 & ! mo/ advantage\s situation1 = ! p]=mance ( ?is ardu\s op]ation2 "o :]e x w\ld be ! lea/ expos$ to dang]1 at a "t :5 x _h nei!r /r5g? to resi/1 nor swiftness to avoid ! attack ( an enemy4 ,all ^! necess>y in/ructions ! cat]pill> receives f ! influ5ce ( an all-regulat+ ,provid5ce1 :i* conveys ! prop] in=mation to x by its own s5sations3 h5ce1 :5 ! critical p]iod approa*es1 x proce$s z if x knew :at w\ld be ! result ( its op]ations4 ,diff]5t species prep>e !mselves = ! *ange diff]5t ways1 suit$ to _! nature & ! l5g? ( "t !y are to rema9 9 ?is /ate4 ,:5 ! cat]pill> has atta9$ to its full gr[?1 & ! p>ts ( ! future butt]fly are suffici5tly =m$ b5ea? its sk91 x prep>es = its *ange into ! pupa /ate2 x seeks = a prop] place 9 :i* to p]=m ! important bus9ess3 ! diff]5t me?ods employ$ by ^! little animals to secure ?is /ate ( re/1 may be r$uc$ to f\r3 #a4 ,"s sp9 webs or cones1 9 :i* !y inclose !mselves4 #b4 ,o!rs conceal !mselves 9 little cells1 :i* !y =m "u gr\nd4 #c4 ,"s susp5d !mselves by _! po/]ior extremity2 #d4 ,:ile o!rs are susp5d$ by a girdle t goes r\nd _! body4 ,i %all describe ! v>iety 9 ^!1 z well z ! indu/ry us$ 9 con/ruct+ !m1 aft] we h gone ?r\gh ! mann] 9 :i* ! cat]pill> prep>es itself =1 & passes ?r\gh ! pupa /ate4 ,prep>atory to ! *ange1 x ceases to take any food1 empties itself ( all ! excrem5titi\s matt] t is conta9$ 9 ! inte/9es1 void+ at ! same "t ! membrane :i* s]v$ z a l9+ to ^! & ! /oma*4 ,! inte/9al canal is compos$ ( two pr9cipal tubes1 ! "o ins]t$ into ! o!r2 ! ext]nal tube is compact & fle%y1 ! int]nal "o is ?9 & transp>5t2 x is ! inn] tube1 :i* l9es ! /oma* & inte/9es1 t is void$ ) ! excrem5t be=e ! *ange4 ,x g5]ally p]sev]es 9 a /ate ( re/ & inactivity = sev]al days1 :i* af=ds ! ext]nal & int]nal organs t are "u ! sk9 an opportunity ( gradually unfold+ !mselves4 ,9 proportion z ! *ange into ! pupa =m approa*es1 ! body is obs]v$ (t5 to ext5d & contract itself2 ! h9d] "p is t :i* is fir/ dis5gag$ f ! cat]pill> sk92 :5 ?is "p ( ! body is free1 ! animal contracts & draws x up t[>ds ! head2 x !n lib]ates itself 9 ! same mann] f ! two succe$+ r+s1 consequ5tly ! insect is n[ lodg$ 9 ! =e "p ( its cat]pill> cov]+2 ! half :i* is ab&on$ rema9s flaccid & empty1 :ile ! =e "p is swoln & di/5d$4 ,! animal1 by /rong ef=ts1 /ill =c+ itself aga9/ ! =e "p ( ! sk91 bur/s ! skull into ?ree pieces1 & =ms a longitud9al op5+ 9 ! ?ree fir/ r+s ( ! body2 ?r\gh ?is x proce$s1 draw+ "o "p aft] ! o!r1 by alt]nately l5g!n+ & %ort5+1 swell+ & contract+ ! body & diff]5t r+s2 or else1 by pu%+ back ! exuvia1 gets rid ( its odi\s reptile =m4 ,! cat]pill>1 ?us /ripp$ f its sk91 is :at we call ! pupa1 *rysalis1 or aurelia1 9 :i* ! p>ts ( ! future mo? are inclos$ 9 a cru/ace\s cov]+1 b are s s(t1 t ! slighte/ t\* w discompose !m4 ,! ext]ior "p ( ! *rysalis is at fir/ exce$+ly t5d]1 s(t1 & p>tly transp>5t1 be+ cov]$ ) a visc\s fluid2 ?is soon dries up1 ?ick5s1 & =ms a new cov]+ = ! animal1 capable ( resi/+ ext]nal injuries2 a case1 :i* is at ! same "t ! sepul*re ( ! cat]pill>1 & ! cradle ( ! mo?2 :]e1 z "u a veil1 ?is wond]ful trans=mation is c>ri$ on4 ,! pupa has be5 call$ a *rysalis1 or creature made ( gold1 f ! respl5d5t yell[ col\r ) :i* "s k9ds are adorn$4 ,reaumur has %ewn u :5ce !y d]ive ?is ri* col\r2 t x proce$s f two sk9s1 ! upp] "o a beautiful br[n1 :i* lies ^u or cov]s a highly poli%$ & smoo? :ite sk93 ! light reflect$ f ! la/1 9 pass+ ?r\gh1 gives x ! gold5 yell[1 9 ! same mann] z ?is col\r is (t5 giv5 to lea!r2 s t ! :ole appe>s gilt1 al?\gh no gold ent]s into ! t9cture4 ,! *rysalis ( ! common :ite butt]fly furni%es a mo/ beautiful object = ! luc]nal opake microscope4 ,^? :o are desir\s to discov] di/9ctly ! v>i\s memb]s ( ! mo? 9 ! pupa1 %\ld exam9e x be=e ! =e-m5tion$ fluid is dri$ up1 :5 x w be f\nd to be only ! mo? ) ! memb]s glu$ toge!r2 ^!1 by degrees1 acquire suffici5t =ce to break _! cov]+1 & dis5gage !mselves f ! b&s :i* conf9e !m4 ,:ile 9 ?is /ate1 all ! p>ts ( ! mo? may be trac$ out1 ?\gh s fold$ & laid toge!r1 t x _c make any use ( !m2 nor is x exp$i5t t x %\ld1 z !y are too s(t & t5d] to be us$1 & pass ?r\gh ?is /ate m]ely to be h>d5$ & /r5g!n$4 ,to exam9e ! mo? conceal$ "u ! sk9 ( a cat]pill>1 "o ( !m %\ld be tak5 at ! la/ *ange2 :5 ! sk9 beg9s to op51 x %\ld be dr[n$ 9 _s ( w9e1 or "s /rong liquor1 & be left !re9 = "s days1 t x may take m consi/5cy & h>d5 itself2 ! sk9 ( ! cat]pill> may !n be easily remov$3 ! *rysalis1 or feeble mo?1 w be fir/ discov]$1 aft] :i* ! t5d] mo? may be trac$ out1 & its w+s1 legs1 ant5n1 c4 may be op5$ & display$ by an accurate obs]v]4 ,! p>ts ( ! mo? or butt]fly are n dispos$ exactly 9 ! same mann] 9 ! body ( ! cat]pill>1 z :5 left nak$ 9 ! *rysalis4 ,! w+s are long] & n>r[]1 be+ w\nd up into ! =m ( a cord1 & ! ant5n are roll$ up on ! head2 ! tongue is also twi/$ up & laid ^u ! head1 b 9 a v diff]5t mann] f :at x is 9 ! p]fect animal1 & diff]5t f t :i* x lies 9 )9 ! *rysalis2 s t x is by a progressive & gradual *ange1 t ! int]ior p>ts are prep>$ = ! pupa & mo? /ate4 ,! eggs1 h]eaft] to be deposit$ by ! mo?1 are also to be f\nd1 n only 9 ! *rysalis1 b 9 ! cat]pill> itself1 arrang$ 9 _! natural & regul> ord]4 ,:ile 9 ?is /ate1 ! creature g5]ally rema9s immoveable1 & seems to h no o!r bus9ess b pati5tly to att5d ! "t ( its *ange1 :i* dep5ds on ! p>ts becom+ h>d & firm1 & ! transpiration ( t humidity :i* keeps !m s(t2 ! p[]s ( life are z x 7 absorb$ 9 a deep sleep2 ! organs ( s5sation seem oblit]at$1 be+ imprison$ by cov]+s m or less /rong1 ! great] "p rema9s fix$ 9 ^? situations :i* ! cat]pill> _h select$ = !m till _! f9al metamorphosis2 "s1 h[ev]1 are capable ( *ang+ place1 b _! movem5ts are sl[ & pa9ful4 ,! "t1 !re=e1 :i* ! mo? or butt]fly rema9s 9 ! pupa /ate is n always ! same1 v>y+ 9 diff]5t species1 & dep5d+ also ^u ! w>m? ( ! wea!r1 & o!r adv5titi\s circum/ances2 "s rema9 9 t situation = a few weeks2 o!rs d n atta9 _! p]fect =m = eight1 n9e1 or elev5 mon?s3 ?is (t5 dep5ds on ! season 9 :i* !y assume ! pupa =m1 or r on ! "t ( _! bir?4 ,"s irregul>ities are also occasion$ by ! diff]5t temp]ature ( ! air1 by :i* !y are ret>d$ or accel]at$1 s z to be br\ght =w>d 9 ! season be/ suit$ to _! nature & ! ends ( _! exi/5ce4 ,i h he>d ( an in/ance1 :]e ! pupa1 produc$ f cat]pill>s ( ! same eggs1 n\ri%$ 9 ! same mann]1 & :i* all spun up )9 a few days ( ea* o!r 9 ! autumn1 came into ! fly /ate at ?ree diff]5t & di/ant p]iods2 viz4 "o-?ird ( !m ! spr+ foll[+ _! *ange1 "o-?ird m ! succe$+ spr+1 & ! rema9d] ! spr+ aft]1 mak+ ?ree ye>s f _! fir/ hat*+2 a fur!r & manife/ pro( ( ! beauty & wisdom ( ! laws ( ,div9e ord]1 :i* are cont9ually op]at+ = ! be/ int]e/s ( all creat$ be+s4 ,z ! trans=mation ( insects is ret>d$ by cold1 & accel]at$ by heat1 ! ord9>y p]iod ( ^! *anges may sometimes be alt]$1 by plac+ !m 9 diff]5t degrees ( heat or cold2 by ^! !y may be awak5$ soon] to a new /ate ( exi/5ce1 or kept 9 "o ( pr(\nd sleep4#fi #fi ,reaumur ,memoires sur les ,insectes1 tom4 #b1 mem4 #a4 ,!re are "s cat]pill>s :i* rema9 9 _! cone eight or n9e mon?s be=e !y acquire ! complete pupa /ate2 s t _! duration 9 t =m is mu* %ort] ?an x naturally appe>s to be4 ,,( ,,! ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,! ,,cat]pill> ,,= ,,! ,,metamorphoses4 ,! indu/ry ( ! cat]pill>1 9 secur+ itself = its *ange into ! *rysalis1 mu/ n be pass$ by2 n only because x naturally leads ! read] to consid] & admire t div9e ag5cy1 by :i* ! insect is in=m$1 b because ! diff]5t modes x makes use ( _c be prop]ly inve/igat$1 )\t ! assi/ance ( glasses1 x !re=e consequ5tly becomes a prop] subject = ! microscope2 we %all select f a great v>iety1 a few in/ances1 to animate ! read] 9 ^! rese>*es4 ,"s cat]pill>s1 t[>ds ! "t ( _! *ange1 susp5d !mselves f ! bran* ( a tree1 ) ! head d[nw>ds2 9 ?is position !y assume ! pupa =m1 & f !nce imm]ge a butt]fly or mo?4 ,9 ord] to secure itself 9 ?is position1 ! insect cov]s ) ?reads t "p ( ! bran* f :i* x means to susp5d itself2 x places ^! 9 diff]5t directions1 & !n cov]s !m ) o!r ?reads1 lay+ on sev]al successive ?icknesses1 ea* new lay] be+ small] 9 size ?an t :i* prec$$ x2 =m+1 :5 f9i%$1 a little cone or hillock ( silk1 z w be f\nd :5 exam9$ by ! microscope4 ,! cat]pill> hooks itself by ! h9d] feet to ?is hillock1 & :5 x has f\nd by sev]al trials t x is /rongly fix$ !reto1 ?r[s itself =w>d1 lett+ ! body fall ) ! head d[nw>ds4 ,soon aft] x is ?us susp5d$1 x b5ds ! =e "p ( ! body1 keep+ ?is b5t po/ure = "s "t1 !n /rait5+ ! body1 aga9 9 a little "t b5d+ x1 & s on1 repeat+ ?is op]ation till x has =m$ a slit 9 ! sk9 ^u ! back2 "p ( ! pupa soon =ces itself ?r\gh ?is1 & ext5ds ! slit z f> z ! la/ cru/ace\s feet2 ! pupa !n =ces upw>ds ! sk91 z we w\ld pu% d[n a /ock+1 by means ( its little hooks & ! motion ( ! body1 till x has slipp$ x (f to t "p f :i* ! cat]pill> _h susp5d$ itself4 ,b ! pupa has /ill to dis5gage itself f ?is small packet1 to :i* ! exuvia is n[ r$uc$3 "h ! obs]v] w f9d himself int]e/$ = ! little animal1 anxi\s to le>n h[ ! pupa w quit ?is sk91 & h[ x w be enabl$ to fix itself to ! hillock1 z x has nei!r arms nor legs4 ,a little att5tion soon expla9s ! op]ation1 & extricates ! obs]v] f 8 emb>rassm5t4 ,x seizes ! exuvia by ! r+s ( ! body1 & ?us holds itself z x 7 by a pair ( p9c]s2 !n1 by b5d+ ! tail1 x frees itself f ! old sk91 & by ! same me?od soon susp5ds itself to ! silk5 m\nt2 x l5g!ns out ! h9d] "p ( ! body1 & clasps1 by means ( its r+s1 ! v>i\s fold+s ( ! exuvia1 "o aft] ano!r2 ?us creep+ backw>d on ! spoils1 till x c rea* ! hillock ) ! tail2 :i*1 :5 exam9$ by ! microscope1 w be f\nd to be furni%$ ) hooks to fix itself by4 ,x is surpriz+ to see ) :at exactness & ease ^! insects p]=m an op]ation s delicate & dang]\s1 :i* is only execut$ once 9 _! lives2 & n\ght else c acc\nt = x1 b ! consid]ation t ,,he1 :o design$ t ! cat]pill> %\ld pass ?r\gh ^! *anges1 _h provid$ means = t end1 regul>ly connect+ ! great] /eps by int]m$iate ones1 ! desire ( ext5d+ _! species =m+ & act+ ^u ! organization1 till ! purposes ( _! life are complet$4 ,diff]5t k9ds ( ^! insects require v>iety 9 ! mode ( susp5sion2 "s fix !mselves 9 an horizontal position1 by a girdle :i* !y tie r\nd _! body2 ?is girdle appe>s to ! nak$ eye z a s+le ?read2 :5 exam9$ ) ! microscope1 x w be f\nd to be an assemblage ( f9e ?reads1 ly+ close to ea* o!r1 s fix$ z to support ! cat]pill>1 & yet leave x 9 full fre$om to effect ! *anges4 ,l ! prec$+ k9d1 x fixes ! girdle to ! bran* ( a tree2 9 ?is situation x rema9s = "s "t motionless1 & !n beg9s to b5d1 move1 & agitate its body 9 a v s+ul> mann]1 till x has op5$ ! ext]ior cov]+1 :i* x pu%es (f & removes mu* 9 ! same mann] z we h describ$ 9 ! prec$+ article1 & yet ) su* dext]ity1 t ! pupa rema9s susp5d$ by ! same girdle4 ,,( ,,! ,,imago ,,or ,,fly ,,/ate ,,( ,,insects4 ,z soon z ! mo? acquires suffici5t /r5g? to break ! bonds :i* surr\nd x1 & ( :i* x is in=m$ by its int]nal s5sations1 x makes a p[]ful ef=t to escape f its prison1 & view ! _w ) new-=m$ eyes4 ,! mo? frees itself f ! pupa ) mu* great] ease ?an ! pupa f ! cat]pill>2 = ! case ( ! pupa becomes s dry1 :5 ! mo? is ne> ! "t ( ?r[+ (f its cov]+1 t x w break to pieces if x be only g5tly press$ betwe5 ! f+]s2 & v few ( ! p>ts w be f\nd1 on exam9ation1 to adh]e to ! body4 ,h5ce1 :5 ! insect has acquir$ a prop] degree ( solidity1 x does n require any great ex]tion to split ! membrane :i* cov]s x4 ,a small degree ( motion1 or a little inflation ( ! body1 is suffici5t = ?is purpose2 ^! motions reit]at$ a few times1 enl>ge ! hole1 & af=d ! mo? room to escape f its conf9em5t4 ,! op5+ ?r\gh :i* !y pass is always at ! same "p ( ! sk91 a little above ! trunk1 betwe5 ! w+s1 & a small piece :i* cov]s ! head2 ! diff]5t fissures are g5]ally made 9 ! same direction4 ,if ! out] case be op5$1 x is easy to discov] ! ef=ts ! insect makes to emancipate itself f its %ell2 :5 ! op]ation beg9s1 !re seems to be a viol5t agitation 9 ! hum\rs conta9$ 9 ! little animal2 ! fluids seem to be driv5 ) rapidity ?r\gh all ! vessels1 & x is se5 to agitate its legs1 c4 z x 7 /ruggl+ to get free2 ^! ef=ts soon break its brittle sk94 ,! loos5+ ! ext]ior b&s ( ! pupa is n ! only difficulty _m mo?s h to enc\nt] )2 x has (t5 also to pi]ce ! cone or case 9 :i* x has be5 inclos$1 & t at a "t :5 its memb]s are v feeble1 :5 x is no long] furni%$ ) /rong jaws to pi]ce & cut its way ?r\gh2 b by ! regul> laws ( div9e ord]1 means are furni%$ to e creature ( atta9+ ! end = :i* x 0 produc$3 ?us1 9 ! pres5t case1 "s ( ^! insects are provid$ ) a liquor ) :i* !y s(t5 & weak5 ! end ( ! cone2 "s leave "o end feeble1 & close x only ) a few ?reads1 s t a slight ef=t ( ! head enables ! mo? to bur/ ! prison doors1 & imm]ge into day4 ,:5 ! mo? fir/ sees ! day1 x is humid & moi/2 b ?is humidity soon evaporates1 ! int]ior p>ts dry & h>d5 z well z ! ext]ior2 ! w+s1 :i* are wr9kl$1 be+ ?ick & small1 !n ext5d !mselves1 /r5g!n & h>d5 ins5sibly1 & ! fibres :i* 7 at fir/ flexible1 become h>d & /iff2 s mu* s1 t ,malpighi consid]$ !m z bones3 9 proportion z ^! fibres h>d51 ! fluid :i* circulates )9 !m1 & ext5ds ! w+s1 loses its =ce2 s t if any extrane\s circum/ance prev5t ! motion ( ?is fluid1 at ! fir/ in/ant ( ! mo?'s escape f its =m] /ate1 ! w+s w !n become ill-%ap$2 (t5 exp&+ ) su* rapidity1 t ! nak$ eye _c trace _! unfold+4 ,! w+s1 :i* 7 sc>ce half ! l5g? ( ! body1 acquire 9 a few m9utes _! full size1 s z to be ne>ly five times z l>ge z !y 7 be=e3 nor is x ! w+s only :i* are ?us increas$2 all _! spots & col\rs1 h]et(ore s m9ute z to be sc>ce disc]nible1 are proportionably ext5d$1 s t :at be=e appe>$ z only s _m unmean+ & confus$ po9ts1 become di/9ct & beautiful ornam5ts2 & ^? t are furni%$ ) a tongue or trunk1 curl & coil x up4 ,:5 ! w+s are unfold$1 ! tongue roll$ up1 ! mo? suffici5tly dri$1 & ! diff]5t memb]s /r5g!n$1 x takes its flight4 ,mo/ ( !m1 soon aft] !y h atta9$ _! p]fect /ate1 void an excrem5titi\s sub/ance2 ,reaumur ?9ks t !y eject v little1 if any1 dur+ ! re/ ( _! lives4 ,9 ! progress ( ^! insects1 su* *anges take place1 z we c\ld h =m$ no conception (1 if ! great ,au?or ( ^! wond]s _h n be5 pleas$ to rew>d ! indu/ri\s naturali/ ) ! discov]y4 ,if ! mo? be op5$ d[n ! belly1 & ! unctu\s p>ts :i* fill x1 be remov$1 ! gross art]y1 :i* has be5 call$ ! he>t1 w be visible1 & ! contractions & dilatations1 by :i* x pu%es =w>d ! liquor x conta9s1 may be easily obs]v$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable circum/ances is1 t ! circulation ( ?is fluid 9 ! mo? is directly contr>y to t :i* took place 9 ! cat]pill>2 9 ?is1 ! liquor mov$ f ! tail to ! head1 :]eas 9 ! mo?1 x moves f ! head to ! tail2 s t ! fluid :i* answ]s ! purposes ( ! blood 9 ! mo?1 goes f ! sup]ior1 t[>ds ! inf]ior p>ts1 b 9 ! voraci\s s5sual cat]pill>1 ! ord] is inv]t$1 x proce$s f ! inf]ior t[>ds ! sup]ior p>ts2 all its memb]s1 =m]ly s(t1 inactive1 & fold$ up "u an envelope1 are exp&$1 /r5g!n$1 & expos$ to obs]vation4 ,! food ( ! cat]pill> is gross & solid1 & ev5 ?is x is oblig$ to e>n ) mu* lab\r & dang]2 b1 :5 fre$ z x 7 f ! jaws ( dea?1 & arriv$ at its p]fect =m1 ! pure/ nect> is its potion1 & ! air its elem5t4 ,x 0 suppli$ ) co>se food1 9 ! fir/ /ate1 by ! pa9ful op]ation ( its tee?1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds dige/$ by a viol5t trituration ( ! /oma*4 ,! inte/9es are n[ =m$ 9 a m delicate mann]1 & suit$ to a m pure & elegant alim5t1 :i* nature has prep>$ = its use f ! mo/ fragrant & beautiful fl[]s4 ,_m int]nal p>ts ( ! cat]pill> disappe> 9 ! *rysalis1 & _m t c\ld n be p]ceiv$ be=e1 are n[ r5d]$ visible3 ! int]ior *anges are n less surpriz+ ?an ^? ( ! ext]ior =m1 & are1 prop]ly speak+1 creative ( !m2 = x is f ^! ! ext]ior =m orig9ates1 & ) ^! x always corresponds4 ,9 a ^w1 ! creature t h]et(ore crept ^u ! e>?1 n[ flies freely ?r\gh ! air2 & f> f creat+ our av]sion by its frightful prickles & f\l appe>ance1 x attracts our notice by ! mo/ elegant %ape & app>el1 &1 f be+ sc>ce able to move f "o %rub to ano!r1 acquires /r5g? & agility to t[] f> above ! talle/ inhabitant ( ! =e/4 ,,( ,,! ,,silk-,,worm4 ,! indu/ry ( ^? t sp9 cones or cases1 9 :i* !y inclose !mselves1 9 ord] to prep>e = _! trans=mation 9 security1 is m g5]ally kn[n1 z x is f "o species ( ^! t we d]ive s _m b5efits1 namely f ! silk-worm1 ^: works af=d an ornam5t = greatness1 & add magnific5ce to royalty4 ,all cat]pill>s und]go simil> *anges ) x1 & _m 9 ! butt]fly /ate greatly exce$ x 9 beauty3 b ! gold5 tissue1 9 :i* ! silk-worm wraps itself1 f> surpasses ! silky ?reads ( all ! o!r k9ds2 !y may inde$ come =? ) a v>iety ( col\rs1 & w+s b$eck$ ) gold & sc>let1 yet !y are b ! be+s ( a summ]'s day2 bo? _! life & beauty quickly vani%1 & leave no remembrance aft] !m2 b ! silk-worm leaves beh9d x su* b5eficial monum5ts1 z at once record ! wisdom ( its ,creator1 & 8 b\nty to man4#gj #gj ,pulle9 on ! ,culture ( ,silk4 ,! sub/ance ( :i* ! silk is =m$1 is a f9e yell[ transp>5t gum1 conta9$ 9 two res]voirs t w9d ab\t ! inte/9es1 & :i*1 :5 !y are unfold$1 are ab\t t5 in*es long2 !y t]m9ate 9 two exce$+ small orifices ne> ! m\?1 ?r\gh :i* ! silk is drawn1 or spun to ! degree ( f95ess :i* its occasions may require4 ,?is app>atus has be5 comp>$ to ! in/rum5t us$ by wire-draw]s1 & by :i* gold & silv] is drawn to any degree ( m9ut5ess4 ,f ea* ( ^! res]voirs proce$s a ?read1 :i* are unit$ aft]w>ds2 s t if x be exam9$ by ! microscope1 x w be f\nd to consi/ ( two cyl9d]s or ?reads glu$ toge!r1 ) a groove 9 ! middle2 a sep>ation may sometimes be p]ceiv$4 ,:5 ! silk-worm has f\nd a conv5i5t situation1 x sets to "w1 fir/ sp9n+ "s r&om ?reads1 :i* s]ve to support ! future sup]/ructure2 ^u ^! x =ms an oval ( a loose texture1 consi/+ ( :at is call$ ! floss-silk2 )9 ?is x =ms a firm & m consi/5t ball ( silk1 rema9+ dur+ ! :ole bus9ess )9 ! circumf]5ce ( ! sph]oid t x is =m+1 re/+ on its h9d] p>ts1 & ) its m\? & =e legs direct+ & fa/5+ ! ?reads4 ,^! ?reads are n direct$ 9 a regul> circul> =m1 b are spun 9 diff]5t spots1 9 an inf9ite numb] ( zig-zag l9es2 s t :5 x is w\nd (f1 x proce$s 9 a v irregul> mann]1 sometimes f "o side ( ! cone1 !n f ! o!r4 ,?is ?read1 :5 measur$1 has be5 f\nd to be ab\t ?ree-hundr$ y>ds long1 & s f9e1 t eight or t5 are g5]ally roll$ (f into "o by ! manufactur]s4 ,! silk-worm usually employs ab\t ?ree days 9 f9i%+ ?is cone2 ! inside is g5]ally sme>$ ) a k9d ( gum1 t is design$ to keep out ! ra93 9 ?is cone x assumes ! pupa =m1 & rema9s !re9 f fifte5 to ?irty days1 accord+ to ! w>m? ( ! climate4 ,:5 ! mo? is =m$1 x moi/5s ! end ( ?is cone1 & by frequ5t motions ( ! head loos5s ! texture ( ! silk1 s z to =m a hole )\t break+ x4 ,:5 ! silk-worm has acquir$ its p]fect gr[?1 ! res]voirs ( silk are full1 & x is press$ by its s5sations to get rid ( ?is incumbrance1 & accord+ly sp9s a cone1 ! altitude & size ( :i* are proportion$ to its wants3 by trav]s+ backw>ds & =w>ds1 x is reliev$1 & atta9s by an innate desire ! end = :i* x 0 =m$2 & ?us a cat]pill>1 ^: =m is r disgu/+ to ! human unphilosophic eye1 becomes a consid]able object ( manufacture & trade1 a s\rce ( weal?1 &1 f ! ext5sive employm5t x af=ds1 a bless+ to ?\s&s4 ,! size ( ! cone is n always proportion$ to t ( ! cat]pill>2 "s t are small con/ruct l>g] cones ?an o!rs :i* exce$ !m 9 bulk4 ,!re is a cat]pill> :i* =ms its silk5 cone 9 ! %ape ( a boat turn$ bottom upw>ds1 :5ce x is call$ by ,reaumur ! 8coque en batteau20 ! con/ruction is complicat$1 & seems to require m art ?an is usually attribut$ to ?is insect4 ,x consi/s ( two pr9cipal p>ts1 %ap$ l %ells1 :i* are unit$ ) consid]able skill & propriety2 ea* %ell or side is fram$ by itself1 & =m$ ( an innum]able quantity ( m9ute silk r+s2 9 ! =e "p !re is a projection1 9 :i* a small crevice may be p]ceiv$1 :i* s]ves1 :5 op5$1 = ! escape ( ! mo?2 ! sides are connect$ ) s mu* art1 t !y op5 & %ut z if fram$ ) spr+s2 s t ! cone1 f :i* ! butt]fly has escap$1 appe>s z close z t :i* is /ill inhabit$4 ,^? cat]pill>s :i* are n furni%$ ) a silky cone1 supply t want ) v>i\s mat]ials1 :i* !y possess suffici5t skill to =m into a prop] habitation1 to secure !m :ile prep>+ = ! p]fect /ate2 "s con/ruct !irs ) leaves & bran*es1 ty+ !m fa/ toge!r1 & !n /r5g!n+ ! connection2 o!rs connect ^! leaves ) great regul>ity2 _m /rip !mselves ( _! hairs1 & =m a mixture ( hair & silk2 o!rs con/ruct a cone ( s&1 or e>?1 cem5t+ ! p>ticles ) a k9d ( glue2 "s gnaw ! wood into a k9d ( saw-du/1 & glue x toge!r2 ) an innum]able v>iety ( modes suit$ to _! pres5t & future /ate4 ,,( ,,! ,,beetle4 ,to make ! read] m fully acqua9t$ ) a subject :i* af=ds su* abundant matt] = ! ex]cise ( 8 microscope1 ,i %all proce$ to describe1 9 z concise a mann] z ,i am able1 ! *anges ( a few insects ( diff]5t classes1 beg9n+ ) ! beetle4 ,! beetle is ( ! fir/ or coleopt]\s class1 hav+ f\r w+s4 ,! two upp] ones are cru/ace\s1 & =m a case to ! l[] ones2 :5 !y are %ut1 !re is a longitud9al suture d[n ! back3 ?is =mation ( ! w+s is necess>y1 z ! beetle (t5 lives "u ! surface ( ! e>?1 9 holes :i* x digs by its own indu/ry & /r5g?4 ,^! cases save ! real w+s f ! damage :i* !y might o!rwise su/a91 by rubb+ or cru%+ aga9/ ! sides ( its abode2 !y s]ve also to keep ! w+s clean1 & produce a buzz+ noise :5 ! animal rises 9 ! air4 ,! /r5g? ( ?is insect is a/oni%+2 x has be5 e/imat$ t1 bulk = bulk1 _! muscles are a ?\s& times /rong] ?an ^? ( a man6 ,! beetle is only an insect dis5gag$ f ! pupa =m2 ! pupa is a trans=mation 9 l mann] f ! worm or l>va1 & ?is proce$s f ! egg2 s t "h1 z 9 ! =ego+ in/ances1 "o insect is exhibit$ 9 f\r diff]5t /ates ( life1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh ?ree ( :i*1 & ! v>i\s inconv5i5ces att5dant on !m1 x is advanc$ to a m p]fect /ate4 ,:5 a l>va1 x tra9s a mis]able exi/5ce "u ! e>?2 9 ! pupa =m x is depriv$ ( motion1 & z x 7 dead2 b ! beetle itself lives at pleasure above & "u gr\nd1 & also 9 ! air1 enjoy+ a high] degree ( life1 :i* x has atta9$ by sl[ progression1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh difficulties1 affliction1 & dea?4 ,if we judge ( ! rank :i* ! beetle holds 9 ! scale ( animation1 f ! places :]e !y are g5]ally f\nd1 f ! food :i* n\ri%es !m1 f ! disgu/+ & odi\s =ms ( _m1 f _! antipa?y to light1 & _! delight 9 d>kness1 we %all n =m great ideas ( ! dignity ( _! situation4 ,b z all ?+s are r5d]$ subs]vi5t to ! laws ( div9e ord]1 x is suffici5t = u to contemplate ! wond]s t are display$ 9 ?is & e o!r organ ( life1 = ! reception ( :i*1 f ! ,,f\nta9 ,,& ,,s\rce ,,( ,,all ,,life1 ea* individual is adapt$1 & t 9 a mann] correspond+ to ! /ate ( exi/5ce x is to enjoy1 & ! en]gies x is call$ =? to repres5t4 ,! egg ( ! rh9oc]os beetle#ga is ( an oblong r\nd figure1 ( a :ite col\r2 ! %ell ?91 t5d]1 & flexible2 ! tee? ( ! worm t is )9 ! %ell come to p]fection be=e ! o!r p>ts2 s t z soon z x is hat*$1 x is capable ( dev\r+1 & n\ri%+ itself ) ! wood among :i* x is plac$4 ,! l>va or worm is curi\sly fold$ 9 ! egg1 ! tail re/+ betwe5 ! tee?1 :i* are dispos$ on ea* side ! belly2 ! worm 9 prop] "t breaks ! %ell1 9 ! same mann] z a *ick51 & crawls f !nce to ! next sub/ance suitable = its food4 ,! worm1 :5 x is hat*$1 is v :ite1 has six legs1 & a wr9kl$ nak$ body1 b ! o!r p>ts are all cov]$ ) hair2 ! head is !n also bigg] ?an ! :ole body1 a circum/ance :i* may be obs]v$ 9 l>g] animals1 & :i* is f\nd$ on wise reasons4#gb ,if ! egg be obs]v$ f "t to "t :ile ! insect is )9 x1 ! beat+ ( ! he>t may be p]ceiv$4 #ga ,sc>abu ,acteon1 ,l94 ,sy/4 ,nat4 p4 #eda-c4 #gb ,swamm]dam's ,book ( ,nature1 pt4 #a1 p4 #cc4 ,! eggs ( ! e>?-worm1 ! snail1 & ! beetle1 w af=d _m subjects = ! microscope1 & w be f\nd to des]ve a v att5tive exam9ation4 ,swamm]dam 0 accu/om$ to hat* !m 9 a di%1 cov]$ ) :ite pap]1 :i* he always kept 9 a moi/ /ate4 ,to pres]ve ^! & simil> eggs1 !y mu/ be pi]c$ ) a f9e ne$le2 ! conta9$ liquors mu/ be press$ out1 aft] :i* !y %\ld be bl[n up by means ( a small glass tube1 & !n fill$ ) a little res9 dissolv$ 9 oil ( spike4 ,! worm ( ! rh9oc]os beetle1 l o!r insects 9 ! l>va /ate1 *anges its sk92 9 ord] to effect :i*1 x dis*>ges all its excrem5t1 & =ms a conv5i5t hole 9 ! e>?1 9 :i* x may p]=m ! wond]ful op]ation2 = x does n1 l ! s]p5t1 ca/ (f m]ely an ext]nal cov]+1 b ! ?roat1 a "p ( ! /oma*1 & ! inw>d surface ( ! great gut1 *ange at ! same "t _! sk93 z if x 7 to increase ! wond]1 & to call =? our att5tion to ^! repres5tative *anges1 "s hundr$s ( pulmon>y pipes ca/ also ea* its delicate sk91 a transp>5t membrane is tak5 f ! eyes1 & ! skull rema9s fix$ to ! exuvia4 ,aft] ! op]ation1 ! head & tee? are :ite & t5d]1 ?\gh at o!r times z h>d z bone2 s t ! l>va1 :5 provok$1 w attempt to gnaw iron4 ,= an accurate anatomical description ( ?is worm1 ,i mu/ ref] ! read] to ,swamm]dam2 he w f9d x1 l ! re/ ( ?is au?or's works1 well wor?y ( 8 att5tive p]usal4 ,to dissect x1 he fir/ kill$ x 9 _s ( w9e1 or suffocat$ x 9 ra9 wat] r m ?an lukew>m1 n tak+ x out f !nce = "s h\rs4 ,?is prep>ation prev5ts an improp] contraction ( ! muscul> fibres4 ,:5 ! "t approa*es = ! worm to assume ! pupa =m1 x g5]ally p5etrates deep] into ! gr\nd1#gc or ^? places :]e x inhabits1 to f9d a situation t x c m easily suit to its subsequ5t process4 ,hav+ f\nd a prop] place1 x =ms ) ! h9d] feet a poli%$ cavity1 9 ?is x lies = sometime immoveable2 aft] :i*1 by void+ excrem5titi\s sub/ances1 & by ! evaporation ( humidity1 x becomes ?9n] & %ort]1 ! sk9 m furr[$ & wr9kl$1 s t x soon appe>s z if x 7 />v$ by degrees4 ,if x be dissect$ ab\t ?is p]iod1 ! head1 ! belly1 & ! ?orax may be cle>ly di/+ui%$4 ,:ile "s ext]nal & int]nal p>ts are *ang+ by a sl[ accretion1 o!rs are g5tly di/5d$ by ! =ce ( ! blood & impell$ hum\rs4 ,! body contract+ itself1 :ile ! blood is propell$ t[>ds ! head1 =ces ! skull op5 9 ?ree p>ts1 & ! sk9 9 ! middle ( ! back is sep>at$1 by means ( an undulat+ motion ( ! incisions ( ! back2 at ! same "t ! eyes1 ! horns1 ! lips1 c4 ca/ _! exuvia4 ,dur+ ?is op]ation1 a ?9 wat]y hum\r is diffus$ betwe5 ! old & new sk91 :i* r5d]s ! sep>ation easi]4 ,! process go+ on gradually1 ! worm is at la/ dis5gag$ f its sk91 & ! limbs & p>ts are1 by a cont9ual unfold+1 trans=m$ into ! pupa /ate2 aft] :i*1 x twi/s & compresses ! exuvia by ! fundam5t1 & ?r[s x t[>ds ! h9d] "p "u ! belly4 ,! pupa is at ?is "t v delicate1 t5d]1 & flexible2 & af=ds a mo/ a/oni%+ appe>ance to an att5tive obs]v]4 ,swamm]dam ?9ks x is sc>ce to be equall$ among ! wond]s :i* are display$ 9 ! insect "p ( ! creation2 9 x ! future p>ts ( ! beetle are f9ely exhibit$1 s dispos$ & =m$1 z soon to be able to s]ve ! creature 9 a m p]fect /ate ( life1 & to put on a m elegant =m4 #gc ,! l>v ( ^? beetles :i* live "u gr\nd are 9 g5]al heavy1 idle1 & voraci\s2 on ! contr>y1 ! l>v :i* inhabit ! wat]s are exce$+ly active4 ,! pupa#gd ( ?is insect weighs1 a little aft] its *ange1 mu* heavi] ?an x does 9 its beetle /ate2 ?is is also ! case ) ! pupa ( ! bee & hornet4 ,! latt] has be5 f\nd to weigh t5 times z mu* z ! hornet itself2 ?is is probably occasion$ by a sup]abundant degree ( moi/ure1 by :i* ^! insects are kept 9 a /ate ( inactivity1 :i* may be comp>$ to a k9d ( pret]natural dropsy1 till x is 9 "s measure dissipat$2 9 proportion z ?is moi/ure is evaporat$1 ! sk9 h>d5s & dries3 "s days are requir$ to exhale ?is sup]flu\s moi/ure4 ,if ! sk9 be tak5 (f at ?is "t1 _m curi\s circum/ances may be not$2 b :at claims our att5tion mo/ is1 t ! horn1 :i* is s h>d 9 ! male beetle :5 9 a /ate ( maturity1 t x w be> to be %>p5$ aga9/ a gr9d/one1#ge 9 ! pupa /ate is q s(t1 & m l a fluid ?an a solid sub/ance4 ,h[ long ! sc5e ( mutation cont9ues is n kn[n2 "s rema9 dur+ ! :ole w9t]1 m p>ticul>ly ^? :i* quit ! l>va /ate 9 autumn1 :5 a sudd5 cold *ecks _! fur!r op]ations1 & consequ5tly !y rema9 9 a torpid /ate1 )\t any food1 = sev]al mon?s4 ,"s species ( ! beetle tribe g ?r\gh all ! /ages ( _! exi/5ce 9 a season1 :ile o!rs employ ne> f\r ye>s 9 ! process1 & live z w+$ insects a ye>4 #gd ,swamm]dam's ,book ( ,nature1 p4 #add4 #ge ,m\ffet1 p4 #aeb4 ,:5 ! prop] "t = ! f9al *ange arrives1 all ! muscul> p>ts gr[ /rong1 & are ?us m able to %ake (f _! la/ integum5ts1 :i* is p]=m$ exactly 9 ! same mann] z 9 ! passage ( ! insect f ! l>va to ! pupa /ate2 s t 9 ?is la/ sk91 :i* is extremely delicate1 ! traces ( ! pulmon>y tubes1 t h be5 pull$ (f & turn$ out1 aga9 become visible4 ,all p>ts ( ! insect1 & m p>ticul>ly ! w+s & _! cases1 are at ?is p]iod swell$ & ext5d$ by ! air & fluids :i* are driv5 into !m ?r\gh ! art]ies & pulmon>y tubes2 ! w+s are n[ s(t z wet pap]1 & ! blood issues f !m on ! lea/ w\nd2 b :5 !y h acquir$ _! prop] consi/5cy1 :i* 9 ! elytra is v consid]able1 !y d n exhibit ! lea/ sign ( any fluid )9 !m1 ?\gh cut or torn almo/ asund]4 ,! pupa be+ dis5gag$ f its sk91 assumes a diff]5t =m1 9 :i* x is dignifi$ ) ! "n ( a beetle1 & acquires a di/9ction ( sex1 be+ ei!r male or female4 ,! insect n[ beg9s to enjoy a life f> pref]able to its =m] /ate ( exi/5ce2 f liv+ 9 dirt & fil?1 "u bri>s & ?orns1 x raises itself t[>ds ! skies1 plays 9 ! sun-beam1 rejoices 9 its exi/5ce1 & is n\ri%$ ) ! ooz+ liquors ( fl[]s4 ,,( ,,! ,,musca ,,*am,,leon4 ,i %all n[ proce$ to illu/rate ! nature ( ! diff]5t trans=mations 9 insects1 by giv+ an acc\nt ( ! musca *amleon4 ,9 ! worm or l>va condition x lives 9 ! wat]1 brea!s by ! tail1 & c>ries its legs )9 a little sn\t ne> its m\?4 ,:5 ! "t arrives = its pupa /ate1 x goes ?r\gh ! *ange )\t ca/+ (f ! sk9 ( ! l>va4 ,la/ly1 9 ! imago1 or fly /ate1 x w\ld infallibly p]i% 9 ! wat]1 t elem5t :i* _h hi!rto suppli$ x ) life & motion1 0 n ! l>va by nature in/ruct$ :]e to *oose a suitable situation = its approa*+ trans=mation4 ,?is insect is *>act]iz$ by ,l9nu z 8,musca *amleon4 ,habitat l>va 9 aquis dulcibus2 musca supra aquam obambul>e solet40 ,9 a =m] edition ( ! ,fauna ,suecica he call$ x oe/rus aqu2 b on a m m9ute exam9ation1 he f\nd x 0 a musca2 besides1 ! l>v ( all kn[n oe/ri are n\ri%$ 9 ! bodies ( animals4 ,! l>va ( ?is insect appe>s to consi/ ( twelve annul> divisions1 see ,plate ,,xi4 ,fig4 #a4 by ^! x is sep>at$ into a head1 ?orax1 & abdom52 b z ! /oma* & inte/9es lie equally 9 ! ?orax & abdom51 x is n easy to di/+ui% _! limits until ! insect approa*es ! pupa /ate4 ,! p>ts mo/ wor?y ( notice are ! tail & sn\t4 ,! tail is furni%$ ) an elegant cr[n or circle ( hair b1 dispos$ q r\nd x 9 an annul> =m2 by means ( ?is ! tail is support$ on ! surface ( ! wat]1 :ile ! worm or l>va is mov+ !re91 ! body 9 ! mean :ile hang+ t[>ds ! bottom2 x w sometimes rema9 9 ?is situation = a consid]able "t1 )\t ! lea/ s5sible motion4 ,:5 x is dispos$ to s9k to ! bottom by means ( its tail1 x g5]ally b5ds ! hairs ( t "p t[>ds ea* o!r 9 ! middle1 b mu* clos] t[>ds ! extremity2 by ^! means a holl[ space is =m$1 & ! bladd] ( air p5t up 9 x looks l a pe>l1 ,fig4 #b4 ,plate ,,xi4 ,x is by ! assi/ance ( ?is bubble1 or little balloon1 t ! insect raises itself aga9 to ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,if ?is bubble escape1 x c replace x f ! pulmon>y tubes2 sometimes l>ge quantities ( air may be se5 to arise 9 bubbles f ! tail ( ! worm to ! surface ( ! wat]1 & !re mix ) ! incumb5t atmosph]e4 ,?is op]ation may be easily se5 by plac+ ! worm 9 a glass full ( wat]1 :]e x w af=d a v ent]ta9+ spectacle4 ,! sn\t is divid$ into ?ree p>ts1 ( :i* t 9 ! middle is immoveable2 ! two o!r p>ts gr[ f ! sides ( ! =m]2 ^! are moveable1 vibrat+ 9 a v s+ul> mann]1 l ! tongues ( liz>ds & s]p5ts4 ,! greate/ /r5g? ( ! creature is fix$ 9 ^! lat]al p>ts ( ! sn\t2 x is on ^! t x walks :5 x is out ( ! wat]1 appe>+1 z x 7 to walk on its m\?1 us+ x to assi/ motion1 z a p>rot does its beak to climb1 ) great] advantage4 ,we %all n[ consid] ! ext]nal figure ( ?is worm1 z x appe>s ) ! microscope4 ,x is small t[>d ! head1 l>g] ab\t ^? p>ts :i* may be consid]$ z ! ?orax2 x !n aga9 dim9i%es1 conv]g+ at ! abdom51 & t]m9ates 9 a %>p tail1 surr\nd$ ) hairs 9 ! =m ( ! rays ( a />4 ,?is worm1 ! head & tail includ$1 has twelve annul> divisions1 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 ,fig4 #c4 ,plate ,,xi4 ,its sk9 resembles ! cov]+ ( ^? animals t are provid$ ) a cru/ace\s habit1 m ?an x does t ( nak$ worms or cat]pill>s2 x is mod]ately h>d1 & l ! r\gh sk9 call$ %agre51 be+ ?ick set ) a numb] ( gra9s1 ev5ly di/ribut$4 ,! sub/ance ( ! sk9 is firm & h>d1 & yet v flexible4 ,on ea* side ( ! body are n9e spiracula or holes1 = ! purpose ( respiration2 !re are no su* holes visible on ! tail r+ a1 nor on ! ?ird r+ c\nt+ f ! head2 = at ! extremity ( ! tail !re is an op5+ = ! admission & expulsion ( air2 9 ! ?ird r+ ! spiracula are v small1 & appe> only "u ! sk91 ne> ! place :]e ! embryo w+s ( ! future fly are conceal$4 ,x is rem>kable t cat]pill>s1 9 g5]al1 h two r+s )\t ^! spiracula2 p]haps1 because !y *ange into flies ) f\r w+s1 :]eas ?is worm produces a fly t has only two4 ,! sk9 has ?ree diff]5t %ades ( col\r2 x is adorn$ ) oblong black furr[s1 ) spots ( a light col\r1 & orbicul> r+s1 f :i* !re g5]ally spr+s a hair1 z 9 ! figure be=e u1 only ! hair t gr[s on ! insect's side is repres5t$2 besides ?is1 !re are "h & !re "s o!r l>g] hairs1 c c4 ,! diff]5ce ( col\r 9 ?is worm arises f ! quantity ( gra9s 9 ! same space2 = 9 proportion z !re is a great] or less] quantity ( ^!1 ! furr[s & r+s are ( a deep] or pal] col\r4 ,! head d is divid$ into ?ree p>ts1 & cov]$ ) a sk91 ! gra9s on :i* are h>dly disc]nible4 ,! eyes are r protub]ant1 & lie =w>ds ne> ! sn\t4 ,x has also two small horns i i1 on ! =e "p ( ! head4 ,! sn\t is crook$1 & ends 9 a %>p po9t z at f2 b :at is altoge!r s+ul> & surpriz+1 ?\gh no d\bt wisely contriv$ by ! great & almighty ,ar*itect1 is1 t ?is insect's legs are plac$ ne> ! sn\t1 betwe5 ! s9uses1 9 :i* ! eyes are fix$4 ,ea* ( ^! legs consi/s ( ?ree jo9ts1 ! out]mo/ ( :i* is cov]$ ) h>d & /iff hairs l bri/les4 ,f ! next jo9t !re spr+s a horny bone h h1 :i* ! insect uses z a k9d ( ?umb2 ! jo9t is also ( a black sub/ance1 betwe5 bone & horn 9 h>dness2 ! ?ird jo9t is ( ! same nature4 ,to di/+ui% ^! p>ticul>s1 ! p>ts t =m ! upp] sides ( ! m\? & ! eyes mu/ be sep>at$ by means ( a small f9e knife2 y may !n1 by ! assi/ance ( ! microscope1 p]ceive t ! leg is articulat$1 by means ( "s p>ticul> ligam5ts1 ) t portion ( ! insect's m\? :i* answ]s to ! l[] jaw 9 ! human frame4 ,we may !n also disc]n ! muscles :i* s]ve to move ! legs1 & draw !m up into a cavity t lies betwe5 ! sn\t & ^? p>ts ( ! m\? :i* are ne> ! horns i i4 ,?is insect n only walks ) ^! legs at ! bottom ( ! wat]1 b ev5 moves itself on l& by means ( !m2 x likewise makes use ( !m to swim1 :ile x keeps its tail on ! surface contigu\s to ! air1 & hangs d[nw>d ) ! re/ ( ! body 9 ! wat]3 9 ?is situation no motion is p]ceiv$ 9 x1 b :at arises f its legs1 :i* x moves 9 a mo/ elegant mann]4 ,x is reasonable to conclude f :at has be5 said1 t ! pr9cipal "p ( ! creature's /r5g? lies 9 ^! legs2 nor w x be difficult = ^? :o are acqua9t$ ) ! nature ( ! anci5t hi]oglyphics1 :i* are n[ op5+ s cle>ly1 to fix ! rank ( ?is insect 9 animat$ life1 & po9t out ^? ord]s ( be+1 & ! moral /ate ?r\gh :i* x receives its =m & habits ( life4 ,! sn\t is black & h>d1 ! back "p is q solid1 & some:at ( a globul> =m1 :]eas ! front f1 is %>p & holl[2 on ! back "p ?ree membranace\s divisions may be obs]v$1 by means ( :i*1 & ! muscles conta9$ 9 ! sn\t1 ! insect c at pleasure exp& or contract x4 ,! tail is con/ruct$ & plann$ ) great skill & wisdom4 ,! extreme v]ge or bord]1 is surr\nd$ by ?irty hairs1 & ! sides adorn$ ) o!rs t are small]2 "h & !re ! l>ge hairs bran* out into small] ones1 :i* may be reckon$ z s+le hairs4 ,^! hairs are all root$ 9 ! out] sk91 :i* 9 ?is place is cov]$ ) r\gh gra9s1 z may be se5 by cutt+ x (f1 & hold+ x up1 :5 dry1 aga9/ ! light1 ^u a ?9 plate ( glass4 ,by ! same mode y w f9d1 t at ! extremities ( ! hairs !re are also gra9s l ^? ( ! sk92 9 ! middle ( ! tail !re is a small op5+1 )9 x are m9ute holes1 by :i* ! insect inhales & expels ! air x brea!s4 ,! hairs are v seldom dispos$ 9 s regul> a mann] z !y are repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,plate ,,xi4 except :5 ! insect floats ) ! body 9 ! wat]1 & ! tail ) its hairs a little l[] ?an ! surface1 = !y are !n display$ exactly z del9eat$ 9 ! plate4 ,! lea/ motion d[nw>d ( ! tail produces a concavity 9 ! wat]1 & x !n assumes ! figure ( a w9e-glass1 wide at ! top1 n>r[ at ! bottom4 ,! tail s]ves ! l>va bo? = ! purposes ( swimm+ & brea?+1 & x receives ?r\gh ! tail t :i* is ! univ]sal pr9ciple ( life & motion 9 animals4 ,by means ( ! hairs x c /op itself at pleasure :5 swimm+1 or rema9 susp5d$ quietly 9 ! wat] = any l5g? ( "t4 ,! motion ( ! insect 9 swimm+ is v beautiful1 especially :5 x advances ) its :ole body float+ on ! surface ( ! wat]2 aft] fill+ itself ) air by ! tail4 ,to set out1 x fir/ b5ds ! body to ! "r or left1 & !n contracts x 9 ! =m ( ! lett] ,s1 & aga9 /ret*es x out 9 a /rait l9e3 by ?us alt]nately contract+ & !n ext5d+ ! body1 x moves along on ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,x is ( a v quiet disposition1 & n to be di/urb$ by h&l+4 ,^! l>v are g5]ally to be f\nd 9 %all[ /&+ wat]s1 ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ,june1 soon] or lat]1 z ! summ] is m or less fav\rable2 9 "s seasons !y are to be f\nd 9 great numb]s1 :ile 9 o!rs1 x is no easy matt] to meet ) !m4 ,!y love to crawl on ! plants & grass :i* gr[ 9 ! wat]1 & are (t5 to be met ) 9 dit*es1 float+ on ! surface ( ! wat] by means ( _! tail1 ! head & ?orax at ! same "t hang+ d[n2 & 9 ?is situation !y w turn ov] ! clay & dirt ) _! sn\t & feet 9 se>* ( food1 :i* is g5]ally a visc\s matt] t is common 9 small ponds & ab\t ! sides ( dit*es4 ,?is worm is v h>mless1 contr>y to ! op9ion "o might =m at fir/ sight1 f ! surpriz+ vibratory motion ( ! legs1 :i* resembles ! br&i%+ ( an env5om$ tongue or /+4 ,!y are mo/ easily kill$ = dissection 9 _s ( turp5t9e4 ,aft] a c]ta9 p]iod !y pass into ! pupa =m2 :5 !y are ab\t to *ange1 !y betake !mselves to ! h]bs t float on ! surface ( ! wat]1 & creep g5tly !reon1 till at l5g? !y lie p>tly on ! dry surface1 & p>tly on ! wat]2 :5 9 ! l>va or pupa /ate1 !y c live 9 wat]1 b c by no means inhabit !re :5 *ang$ into flies3 inde$1 man also1 :il/ 9 ! ut]us1 lives 9 wat]1 :i* he _c d aft]w>ds4 ,:5 ^! worms h f\nd a prop] situation1 !y by degrees contract !mselves1 & 9 a mann] sc>ce p]ceptible lose all p[] ( motion4 ,! inw>d p>ts ( ! worm's tail n[ sep>ate f ! outmo/ sk91 & become greatly contract$2 ?is probably gives ! insect consid]able pa93 by ?is contraction1 an empty space is left 9 ! ext]ior sk91 into :i* ! air soon p5etrates4 ,?us ?is insect passes into ! pupa /ate "u its own sk91 entirely diff]5t f t ( ! cat]pill>1 :i* ca/s (f ! ext]ior sk9 at ?is "t2 ?is *ange may (t5 be obs]v$ to take place 9 ! space ( t5 or twelve h\rs1 b 9 :at mann] x is p]=m$ we are ignorant1 z x is effect$ 9 a hidd5 unkn[n way1 inw>dly )9 ! sk91 :i* conceals x f our view4 ,:il/ ! l>va is *ang+ "u ! sk91 ! body1 head1 & tail1 sep>ate ins5sibly f _! outw>d ve/ure4 ,! legs at ?is "t1 & _! c>tilag9\s bones1 are1 on acc\nt ( ! p>ts :i* are )drawn f !m1 left empty2 ! worm loses also n[ ! =m] skull1 ! beak1 toge!r ) ! horny bones belong+ !reto1 :i* rema9 9 ! sk9 ( ! exuvia4 ,x is wor?y ( notice1 t ! optic n]ves sep>ate also f ! eyes1 & no m p]=m _! (fice4 ,! muscles ( ! r+s 9 l mann]1 & a great "p ( ! pulmon>y po9ts ( respiration1 are sep>at$ f ! ext]nal sk94 ,?us ! :ole body contracts itself by degrees into a small compact mass4 ,at ?is "t ! gullet & ! pulmon>y tubes ca/ a coat )9 ! sk94 ,to make ?is evid5t1 x is necess>y to op5 ! abdom51 :5 ! pupa1 its p>ts1 toge!r ) ! ca/ (f pulmon>y pipes1 may be cle>ly se54 ,an exact acc\nt ( all ! *anges ( ! int]ior p>ts is to be f\nd 9 ,swamm]dam's ,book ( ,nature4 ,^! *anges are be/ exam9$ by tak+ ! pupa out ( ! sk91 or outside case1 :5 x beg9s to h>d52 = z x has n !n q atta9$ ! pupa =m1 & ! memb]s are some:at diff]5t f :at !y w be :5 9 t /ate1 x is m easy to obs]ve _! respective situation1 ?an :5 ! pupa is "s days old]1 & has lo/ ! greate/ "p ( ! sup]flu\s hum\rs4 ,! pupa is inclos$ 9 a d\ble g>m5t2 ! int]ior "o is a ?9 membrane1 :i* inve/s x v closely2 ! o!r1 or ext]ior "o1 is =m$ ( ! out]mo/ h>d sk9 ( ! l>va1 )9 :i* x p]=ms its *anges 9 an invisible mann]3 x is ?is sk9 :i* gives x ! appe>ance ( ! l>va :ile 9 ! pupa /ate4 ,:5 ! "t approa*es t ! hidd5 insect1 n[ 9 ! pupa =m )9 its old cov]+1 is to atta9 ! imago1 fly1 or p]fect /ate1 :i* g5]ally happ5s 9 ab\t elev5 days aft] ! prec$+ *ange1 ! sup]flu\s hum\rs are evaporat$ by ins5sible p]spiration4 ,! little pupa is contract$ into ! fif? r+ ( ! sk91 & ! f\r la/ r+s ( ! abdom5 are fill$ ) air1 ?r\gh ! ap]ture 9 ! respiratory orifice ( ! tail4 ,?is may be se5 by expos+ ! pupa = a %ort space to ! rays ( ! sun1 & !n putt+ its tail 9 wat]1 :5 y w f9d x brea! /rong] ?an x did be=e1 &1 by express+ an air bubble out ( its tail1 & !n suck+ x 9 aga91 w manife/ly p]=m ! action ( inspiration & expiration4 ,! ant]ior "p ( ! pupa is drawn back f ! sk91 & hav+ p>tly des]t$ x1 ) ! beak1 head1 & fir/ r+ ( ! brea/1 ! little creature lies /ill1 until its exhal+ memb]s h acquir$ /r5g? to bur/ ! two membranes :i* surr\nd x4 ,if ! ext]ior case be op5$ ne> ?is p]iod1 a wond]ful v>iety ( col\r may be p]ceiv$ ?r\gh ! ?9 sk9 :i* inve/s ! pupa4 ,! col\rs ( _m ( ! diff]5t p>ts are n[ *ang$2 "s p>ts f aque\s become membranace\s1 "s fle%y1 & o!rs cru/ace\s4 ,! :ole body becomes ins5sibly %aggy1 ! feet & claws beg9 to move3 ! v>iations may be accurately obs]v$ by op5+ a pupa e day until ! "t ( *ange4 ,= ?is purpose !y %\ld be laid on :ite pap] 9 an e>!n di%2 !y %\ld also be made some:at moi/1 & be kept "u a glass3 ! pap] s]ves ! pupa to fix its claw to1 :5 !y come =? 9 ! =m ( a fly4 ,a little wat] %\ld be p\r$ into ! di%1 to keep ! pupa f dry+ & suffocation4 ,:5 ! fly beg9s to appe>1 ! ext]ior sk9 is se5 to move ab\t ! ?ird & f\r? ant]ior r+2 ! insect !n uses all its ef=ts to promote its escape1 & to quit ! int]ior & ext]ior sk9 at "o & ! same "t4 ,! ext]ior sk9 is divid$ into f\r p>ts2 ! insect imm$iately aft]w>ds breaks op5 its inn] coat1 & ca/+ x (f1 escapes f ! prison 9 :i* x 0 entomb$1 9 ! =m ( a beautiful fly4 ,x is to be obs]v$ "h1 t !re is no?+ accid5tal 9 ! break+ ( ! out]mo/ sk91 be+ p]fectly con=mable to ! rule orda9$1 always happ5+ 9 ! same mann] 9 all ^! *anges3 ! sk9 also is1 9 ^? places :]e x is broke op51 s con/ruct$ by ! ,au?or ( nature1 z if jo9$ toge!r by sutures4 ,hav+ n[ acquir$ its p]fect /ate1 ! little creature :i* liv$ be=e 9 wat] & mud1 ent]s into a new sc5e ( life1 visits ! fields & mead[s1 is transport$ ?r\gh ! air on its elegant w+s1 & sports 9 ! wide expanse ) unre/ra9$ jollity & fre$om4 ,! l>va a queue de rat1#gf musca p5dula1 ,l94 is also trans=m$ "u ! sk91 :i* h>d5s1 & =ms a case or g5]al cov]+ to ! pupa3 two horns are pu%$ out1 :ile x is 9 ?is /ate1 f ! int]ior p>ts2 !y s]ve ! purpose ( respiration3 ?is l>va w be m p>ticul>ly describ$ 9 a subsequ5t "p ( ?is *apt]4 #gf ,reaum4 #hvo4 edit4 tom4 #d1 pt4 #b1 #aa mem4 p4 #aii1 plate #cj & #ca4 ,accord+ to ,reaumur1 ! insects 9 ?is class1 t is1 ^? t pass into ! pupa /ate "u ! sk9 ( ! l>va1 g ?r\gh a *ange m ?an ! cat]pill>1 a trans=mation tak+ place :ile "u _! sk91 be=e !y assume ! pupa =m4 ,! aquatic l>va ( ! musca *amleon reta9s its =m to ! la/2 b !re are _m insects t are trans=m$ "u _! sk91 :i* =ms a cone or case = ! pupa4 ,9 ^! ! l>va loses fir/ its l5g?2 ! body becom+ %ort]1 assumes ! figure ( an egg2 & ! sk9 =ms a h>d & cru/ace\s case or solid lodg+ = ! embryo insect4 ,,( ,,! ,,libellula ,,or ,,dragon ,,fly4 ,9 ! libellula we h an in/ance ( ^? insects :i* are t]m$ 9 ! pupa /ate1 semicompleta1 t is1 su* z proce$ f ! egg 9 ! figure :i* !y pres]ve till ! "t arrives = assum+ _! w+s2 & :o walk1 act1 & eat z well be=e t p]iod z aft]w>ds4 ,( all ! flies :i* adorn or div]sify ! face ( nature1 !re are few1 if any1 m beautiful ?an ! libellul3 !y are almo/ ( all col\rs1 gre51 blue1 crimson1 sc>let1 & :ite2 "s unite a v>iety ( ! mo/ vivid te9ts1 & exhibit 9 "o animal m diff]5t %ades ?an are to be f\nd 9 ! ra9b[4 ,x is n to col\r alone t _! beauty is conf9$1 x is height5$ by ! brilliancy ( _! eyes1 & ! delicate texture & wide expansion ( _! w+s4 ,! l>va ( ! libellula is an inhabitant ( ! wat]1 ! fly itself is g5]ally f\nd hov]+ on ! bord]s !re(4 ,^! insects are produc$ f an egg1 :i* is deposit$ 9 ! wat] by ! p>5t2 ! egg s9ks to ! bottom1 & rema9s !re till ! "y insect f9ds /r5g? to break ! %ell4 ,! l>va is hexapode1 & is n q s long z ! fly2 on ! trunk are f\r prom95ces or little bun*es1 :i* become m app>5t1 9 proportion z ! l>va increases 9 size & *anges its sk94 ,^! bun*es conta9 ! rudim5ts ( ! w+s1 :i* adorn ! insect :5 9 its p]fect /ate4 ,! head ( ! l>va is exce$+ly s+ul>1 ! :ole =e "p ( x be+ cov]$ ) a mask1 :i* fits x m exactly ?an ! common mask does ! human face1 hav+ prop] cavities )9 to suit ! diff]5t prom95ces ( ! face2 x is ( a triangul> =m1 gr[+ small] t[>ds ! bottom2 at ?is "p !re is a knuckle :i* fits a cavity ne> ! neck1 on ?is x turns z on a pivot4 ,! upp] "p ( ?is mask is divid$ into two pieces or %utt]s1 :i* ! insect c op5 or close at pleasure2 x c also let d[n ! :ole mask :5ev] x pleases4 ,! edges ( ! %utt]s are jagg$ l a saw4 ,x makes use ( ! mask to seize & hold its prey4 ,!re is a consid]able diff]5ce 9 ! %ape ( ^! masks 9 diff]5t species ( ! libellula1 "s hav+ two claws ne> ! top ( x1 :i* !y c ?ru/ out or draw 91 z mo/ conv5i5t2 ^! r5d] x a v =midable in/rum5t to ! insects on :i* !y fe$4 ,^! animals g5]ally live & fe$ at ! bottom ( ! wat]1 swimm+ only occasionally3 _! mann] ( swimm+1 or r mov+ 9 ! wat]1 is curi\s1 be+ by sudd5 j]ks giv5 at int]vals2 b ?is motion is n occasion$ by _! legs1 :i* at ?is "t are kept immoveable & close to ! body2 x is by =c+ out a /ream ( wat] f ! tail t ! body is c>ri$ =w>d2 ?is may be easily p]ceiv$1 by plac+ !m 9 a flat vessel1 9 :i* !re is only j wat] en\gh to cov] ! bottom4 ,"h ! action ( ! wat] squirt$ f _! tail w be v visible2 x w occasion a small curr5t1 & give a s5sible motion to any light bodies t are ly+ on ! surface !re(4 ,?is action c only be effect$ at int]vals1 because aft] ea* expulsion ! insect is oblig$ to inhale a fre% supply ( wat]4 ,! l>va w sometimes turn its tail above ! surface ( ! wat]1 & eject a small /ream f x z f a little f\nta91 & t ) consid]able =ce4 ,! pupa diff]s b v little f ! l>va1 ! bun*es conta9+ ! w+s gr[ l>ge1 & beg9 to appe> l f\r %ort ?ick w+s4 ,x is full z lively z ! l>va1 seek+ & enjoy+ its food 9 ! same mann]3 :5 x is arriv$ at its full gr[?1 & is ne>ly ready to g ?r\gh its la/ *ange1 x approa*es ! edge ( ! wat]1 or comes entirely out ( x1 fix+ itself firmly to "s piece ( wood or o!r sub/ance1 by its acute claws4 ,x rema9s = "s "t immoveable2 ! sk9 !n op5s d[n ! back1 & on ! head2 ?r\gh ?is op5+ is exhibit$ ! real head & eyes1 & at l5g? ! legs2 x !n creeps gradually =w>d1 draw+ its w+s1 & !n ! body out ( ! sk94 ,! w+s1 :i* are moi/ & fold$1 n[ exp& !mselves to _! real size2 ! body is also ext5d$ till x has ga9$ its prop] dim5sions1 :i* ext5sion is accompli%$ by ! propell+ =ce ( ! circulat+ fluids4 ,:5 ! w+s & limbs are dry1 x ent]s on a m noble /ate ( life3 9 ?is new sc5e x enjoys itself to ! fulle/ ext5t1 fea/s on ! liv+ fragrance issu+ f innum]able op5+s1 sports & revels 9 delight1 &1 hav+ laid ! f\ndation = its future prog5y1 s9ks into an easy dissolution4 ,! dragon fly is ( a f]oci\s & w>like disposition1 hov]+ 9 ! air l a bird ( prey1 9 ord] to fe$ on & de/roy e species ( fly2 its appetite is gross & voraci\s1 n conf9+ itself to small flies only1 b ! l>ge fle%-fly1 mo?s1 & butt]flies1 are equally subject$ to its tyranny4 ,x frequ5ts m>%y gr\nds1 :]e insects mo/ly ab\nd4 ,! female ( ! ,,cynips or ,,gall ,,insect1 :i* has no w+s1 passes ?r\gh no trans=mation2 :ile ! male1 :i* has f\r w+s1 passes ?r\gh ! pupa /ate be=e x becomes a fly4 ,! only *ange1 ?\gh a consid]able "o1 :i* takes place 9 ! female gall insect1 is ?is1 t aft] a c]ta9 "t x fixes itself to ! bran* ( a tree1 )\t be+ able to deta* itself2 x aft]w>ds increases mu* 9 size1 & becomes l a true gall2 ! female1 by rema9+ ?us fix$ = ! great] "p ( h] life1 to ! place :]e %e 0 fir/ se51 has v little ! appe>ance ( an animal2 x is 9 ?is p]iod ( _! life t !y gr[ mo/ & produce _! "y1 :ile !y appe> a portion ( ! bran* !y adh]e to2 & :at is m s+ul>1 ! l>g] !y gr[1 ! less !y appe> l animals1 & :il/ !y are employ$ 9 lay+ ?\s&s ( eggs1 seem to be no?+ b m]e galls4 ,! g5]a ( gall insects are v ext5sive2 !y are to be f\nd on almo/ e %rub & tree4 ,! ,,aphides or ,,plant ,,lice1 to arrive at _! respective /ate1 pass ?r\gh t ( ! semicomplete pupa1 & _! w+s d n appe> till !y h quitt$ _! pupa /ate2 b z 9 all ! families ( ! puc]ons !re are _m :i* nev] become w+$1 we mu/ n =get to obs]ve1 t ^! und]go no trans=mation1 rema9+ always ! same1 )\t *ang+ _! figure1 ?\gh !y increase 9 size & *ange _! sk94 ,x is rem>kable1 t among/ insects ( ! same k9d1 "s individuals %\ld be trans=m$1 :ile o!rs are n at all *ang$4 ,^! insects w be consid]$ m fully 9 ano!r "p ( ?is *apt]4 ,reaumur#gg has %ewn t ! ,,spid] ,,fly1 hyppobosca equ9a1 ,l94 lays s l>ge an egg1 t ! fly :i* proce$s f x is z big z ! "m1 ?\gh ! egg does n increase ! lea/ 9 size f ! "t x is fir/ laid4 ,! insect proce$s also f ! egg 9 ! imago or fly /ate2 x is probably trans=m$ 9 ! egg1 = ,reaumur has f\nd x 9 ! pupa /ate !re91 & hav+ boil$ "s ( _! eggs :i* _h be5 laid = "s days1 he f\nd ! insect 9 ! =m ( an oval ball1 simil> to t 9 :i* ! pupa ( flies ) two w+s are g5]ally f\nd4 ,de ,ge] is ( op9ion t ! egg itself is a true l>va1 :i*1 :5 x is born1 has only to dis5gage its limbs1 c4 f ! %ell :i* cov]s x2 & he ?9ks ?is ! m probable1 because !re is no embryo se5 9 ?is egg1 b x is entirely fill$ ) ! insect2 he has also p]ceiv$ a contract+ & dilat+ motion 9 ! egg1 :ile x 0 9 ! belly ( ! "m1 & imm$iately aft] x 0 laid2 circum/ances :i* d n agree ) a simple egg4 #gg ,reaumur1 tom4 #f1 mem4 #ad4 ,z ,m4 ,bonnet#gh has attempt$ to give a !ory ( ^! v>i\s *anges1 ! foll[+ extract f x w1 ,i hope1 prove agreeable to ! read]2 x w at lea/ t5d to r5d] 8 ideas ( ?is wond]ful subject cle>]1 & w probably op5 to 8 m9d _m new s\rces ( contemplation4 #gh ,bonnet ,consid]ations sur les ,corps organises4 ,contemplation ( ,nature1 c4 ,an insect t mu/ ca/ (f its exuvia1 or m\lt five times be=e x atta9s ! pupa /ate1 may be consid]$ z compos$ ( five organiz$ bodies1 inclos$ )9 ea* o!r1 & n\ri%$ by common visc]a1 plac$ 9 ! c5t]3 :at ! bud ( ! tree is to ! invisible buds x conta9s1 su* is ! ext]ior "p ( ! cat]pill> to ! int]ior bodies x conceals 9 its bosom4 ,f\r ( ^! bodies h ! same ess5tial /ructure1 namely1 t :i* is peculi> to ! insect 9 its l>va or cat]pill> /ate3 ! fif? body is t ( ! pupa4 ,! respective /ate ( ^! bodies is 9 proportion to _! di/ance f ! c5t] ( ! animal2 ^? t are f>!/ (f h mo/ consi/5ce1 or unfold !mselves soone/4 ,:5 ! ext]ior body has atta9$ its full gr[?1 t int]ior "o :i* is next 9 ord] is consid]ably unfold$2 x is !n lodg$ 9 too n>r[ a compass1 !re=e x /ret*es on all sides ! %ea? :i* cov]s x2 ! vessels :i* n\ri% ! ext]nal cov]+1 are brok5 by ?is viol5t di/5sion1 & ceas+ to act1 ! sk9 wr9kles & dries up2 at l5g? x op5s1 & ! insect is cloa!d ) a new sk91 & new organs4 ,! insect g5]ally fa/s = a day or two prec$+ ea* *ange2 ?is is probably occasion$ by ! viol5t /ate 9 :i* x !n is1 or x may be necess>y to prev5t ob/ructions1 c4 let ?is be z x may1 ! insect is always v weak aft] x has *ang$ its sk91 ! p>ts be+ z yet affect$ by ! ex]tions !y h gone ?r\gh4 ,! scaly p>ts1 z ! head & legs1 are almo/ entirely membranace\s1 & imbru$ ) a fluid t ins9uates itself betwe5 ! two sk9s1 & ?us facilitates _! sep>ation2 ?is moi/ure evaporates by degrees1 all ! p>ts acquire a consi/5ce1 & ! insect is !n 9 a condition to act4 ,! fir/ use t "s cat]pill>s :i* live on leaves make ( _! new =m1 is to dev\r gre$ily _! exuvia3 sometimes !y d n wait till _! jaws h acquir$ _! full /r5g?2 "s h be5 se5 to gnaw ! %ell f :i* !y proce$$1 & ev5 ! eggs ( su* cat]pill>s z h n be5 hat*$4 ,:5 we h once =m$ ! idea t all ! ext]ior p>ts are inlaid1 or includ$ "o )9 ! o!r1 ! production ( new organs does n appe> s emb>rass+1 be+ no?+ m ?an a simple developem5t2 b x is m difficult to =m any conception ( ! *anges t happ5 9 ! visc]a be=e & aft] ! trans=mation1 ! v>i\s modifications !y und]go elud+ our rese>*es4 ,we h already obs]v$1 t a little be=e ! *ange ! cat]pill> rejects ! membrane t l9es ! inte/9al bag3 ?is b[el has hi!rto dige/$ only gross food1 :]eas x mu/ h]eaft] dige/ t :i* is v delicate3 a fluid t circulates 9 ! cat]pill> f ! h9d "p t[>ds ! head1 circulates a contr>y way aft] trans=mation4 ,n[ if ?is inv]sion is z real z obs]vation seems to indicate1 h[ amaz+ ! *ange ! int]ior p>ts ( ! animal mu/ h und]gone8 ,:5 ! cat]pill> m\lts1 small clu/]s ( ! tra*eal vessels are ca/ (f ) ! exuvia1 & new ones are sub/itut$ 9 _! room2 b h[ is ?is effect$1 & h[ are ! lungs replac$ by o!r lungs8 ,! m we endeav\r to inve/igate ?is subject1 ! m we f9d x is envelop$ 9 d>kness4 ,:il/ ! p[]s ( life are employ$ con=mable to ! laws ( ,div9e ,provid5ce1 to *ange ! visc]a1 & give !m a new =m1 !y are also unfold+ div]s o!r organs1 :i* 7 useless to ! insect :ile 9 ! l>va /ate1 b :i* are necess>y to t :i* succe$s4 ,t ^! int]ior op]ations ( life may be c>ri$ on ) great] en]gy1 ! animal is ?r[n into a k9d ( sleep2 dur+ ?is p]iod1 ! corpus crassum is di/ribut$ into all ! p>ts1 9 ord] to br+ !m to p]fection1 :ile ! evaporation ( ! sup]flu\s hum\rs makes way = ! elem5ts ( ! fibres to approa* ea* o!r1 & unite m closely4 ,! little w\nds 9 ! inside1 :i* h be5 occasion$ by ! rupture ( ! vessels1 are gradually consolidat$2 ^? p>ts :i* _h be5 viol5tly ex]cis$1 recov] _! tone1 & ! circulat+ fluids ins5sibly f9d _! new *annel4 ,la/ly1 _m vessels are effac$1 & turn$ into a liquid s$im5t1 :i* is reject$ by ! p]fect insect4 ,:5 ^! v>i\s *anges are consid]$1 we are surpriz$ at ! s+ul>ity ( ! means ! ,,au?or ,,( ,,nature has made *oice (1 9 ord] to br+ ! diff]5t species ( animals to p]fection2 & are apt to ask1 :y ! cat]pill> 0 n born a mo?8 :y x passes ?r\gh ! l>va & pupa /ate8 :y all insects t are trans=m$ d n und]go ! same *ange8 ,^!1 & a v>iety ( que/ions t may be />t$ conc]n+ ! con/itu5t sub/ances ( ^? exi/5ces :i* appe> be=e u1 d]ive _! solution f ! g5]al sy/em :i* is unkn[n to u4 ,if all 7 to arrive at p]fection at once1 ! *a9 w\ld be brok51 ! creature unhappy1 & man mo/ ( all4 ,let u also consid] :at ri*es we %\ld h be5 depriv$ (1 if ! silk-worm _h be5 born 9 its p]fect /ate4 ,among/ insects1 "s are produc$ 9 ! /ate 9 :i* !y w rema9 dur+ _! :ole lives2 o!rs come =? inclos$ 9 an egg1 & are hat*$ f ?is into a =m t admits ( no v>iation2 _m come into ! _w "u a =m :i* diff]s b little f t :i* !y h :5 arriv$ at an age ( maturity2 "s aga9 assume v>i\s =ms1 m or less remote f t :i* con/itutes _! p]fect /ate2 la/ly1 "s g ?r\gh "p ( ^! trans=mations 9 ! body ( ! p>5t1 & are born ( an equal size ) !m4 ,by ^! v>i\s *anges1 a s+le individual unites )9 itself two or ?ree diff]5t species1 & becomes successively ! inhabitant ( two or ?ree worlds3 & h[ great is ! div]sity ( its op]ation 9 ^! v>i\s abodes6 ,s9ce x has be5 %ewn t ! l>va or cat]pill> is really ! mo?1 crawl+1 eat+1 & sp9n+1 "u ! =m ( ! worm1 & t ! pupa is only ! mo? swa!d up1 x is cle> t !y are n ?ree be+s1 b t ! same individual feels1 ta/es1 sees1 & acts by diff]5t organs1 at diff]5t p]iods ( its life1 hav+ s5sations & wants at "o "t1 :i* x has n at ano!r2 ^! always be>+ a relation to ! organs :i* excite !m4 ,,( ,,! ,,respiration ,,( ,,insects4 ,z respiration is "o ( ! mo/ important actions 9 ! life ( e animal1 great pa9s h be5 tak5 by _m naturali/s to inve/igate ! nature ( ?is action 9 insects2 to prove its exi/5ce1 & expla9 9 :at mann] x is c>ri$ on4 ,malpighi1 ,swamm]dam1 ,reaumur1 & ,lyonet h discov]$ 9 ! cat]pill> two air-vessels plac$ ! :ole l5g? ( ! insect1 ^! !y h call$ ! tra*e2 !y h also %ewn t an inf9ite numb] ( ramifications proce$ f ^!1 & are disp]s$ ?r\gh ! :ole body2 t ! tra*eal vessels communicate ) p>ticul> op5+s on ! sk9 ( ! cat]pill>1 t]m$ spiracula2 !re are n9e ( ^! on ea* side ( ! body4 ,^! vessels seem calculat$ = ! reception ( air2 !y conta9 no fluids1 are ( a c>tilag9\s nature1 & :5 cut pres]ve _! figure1 & exhibit a well-t]m9at$ op5+4 ,not)/&+ ?is discov]y1 respiration has n be5 prov$ to exi/ 9 _m species ( insects1 & ! me*anism !re( is v obscure 9 all2 nor is ! abs5ce ( x m surpris+ 9 ! cat]pill> or embryo /ate ( insects1 ?an 9 t ( o!r animals1 :]e we f9d t respiration is by no means necess>y to exi/5ce previ\s to _! bir?1 ?\gh indisp5sably s aft]w>ds4 ,reaumur ?\ght t ! air ent]$ by ! spiracula into ! tra*ea1 b 0 n expell$ by ! same orifice1 & consequ5tly t ! respiration ( insects 0 c>ri$ on 9 a mann] totally diff]5t f t ( o!r animals2 t ! air 0 expir$ ?r\gh a numb] ( small holes or pores :i* are to be f\nd 9 ! sk9 ( ! cat]pill>1 aft] hav+ be5 conduct$ to !m ?r\gh ! extremities ( ! f9] ramifications ( ! tra*eal vessels2 :]eas ,bonnet1 9 consequ5ce ( a great v>iety ( exp]im5ts1 suppos$ t ! inspiration & expiration ( ! air 0 ?r\gh ! spiracula1 & t !re 0 no expiration ( air ?r\gh ! pores ( ! sk94 ,^! exp]im5ts 7 made ei!r by plung+ ! cat]pill>s into wat]1 or ano9t+ !m ) fat & greasy sub/ances1 "s all ov]1 o!rs only p>tially4 ,! numb] ( small bubbles :i* are obs]v$ to cov] ! surface ( _! bodies1 :5 !y are imm]g$ 9 wat]1 does n arise f ! air :i* is includ$ )91 & !n proce$+ f !m1 b !y are =m$ by ! air :i* is lodg$ ne> ! surface ( _! bodies1 9 ! same mann] t x is ab\t all o!r sub/ances4 ,to r5d] ! exp]im5ts m accurate1 & prev5t ! air f adh]+ to ! sk91 be=e he plung$ ! cat]pill>s 9 wat] he always bru%$ !m ov] ) an hair p5cil2 aft] ?is1 v few air bubbles 7 f\nd on _! bodies :5 imm]g$ 9 wat]4 ,cat]pill>s w rema9 a consid]able "t "u wat]1 )\t de/roy+ ! pr9ciple ( life2 & !y also recov]1 9 g5]al1 soon aft] !y are tak5 out4 ,to "k :e!r a few only ( ! spiracula might n be suffici5t = ! purposes ( respiration1 he plung$ "s p>tially 9 wat]1 s t only two or m spiracula rema9$ 9 ! op5 air3 9 ^! cases ! cat]pill> did n become torpid z x did :5 !y 7 all imm]g$ 9 wat]4 ,"o cat]pill>1 ^u :i* ,bonnet made 8 exp]im5ts1 liv$ eight days susp5d$ 9 wat]1 ) only two ( its ant]ior spiracula 9 ! air2 dur+ ?is "t he obs]v$1 t :5 ! insect mov$ itself1 little /reams ( bubbles issu$ f ! ant]ior spiracula on ! left side2 f ?is1 & _m o!r exp]im5ts1 x appe>$ to him1 t among/ all ! eighte5 spiracula1 ! two ant]ior & ! two po/]ior are ( ! greate/ use 9 respiration4#gi ,sometimes :5 ! ap]tures ( ^! h be5 /opp$ ) oil1 ! cat]pill> has fall5 into convulsions4 ,if ! po/]ior "p _h be5 oil$1 t "p became p>alytic4 ,not)/&+ ^! exp]im5ts1 & _m m :i* h be5 made1 ! subject is f> f be+ decid$1 & _m /ill d\bt :e!r !re is any respiration 9 insects simil> to ours1 at lea/ at c]ta9 p]iods ( _! life4 ,?is op9ion seems to be fur!r confirm$ by ! exp]im5ts ( ,m4 ,lyonet4 ,he conf9$ sev]al l>ge musk beetles "u a glass = m ?an half an h\r1 expos$ to ! fumes ( burn+ sulphur2 &1 ?\gh dur+ _! cont9uance !re ! vap\r 0 s ?ick t he c\ld n see !m1 yet on _! be+ lib]at$1 !y did n seem at all effect$ !reby4#hj #gi ,philos4 ,trans4 vol4 xlv4 p4 #cjj4 #hj ,less] ,!ologie des ,insectes1 tom4 #a1 p4 #abd4 ,ibid4 p4 #abf4 ,suppos+ respiration to be absolutely necess>y to ! exi/5ce ( ! pup ( diff]5t insects1 :5 we reflect on ! great solidity ( _! cases or cones1 x is n easy to conceive h[ !y c live sev]al mon?s "u ! e>?1 9 spaces s conf9$1 & almo/ imp]vi\s to ! air3 & inde$ if !y did respire1 ! same situation seems to preclude a cont9uance ( ! op]ation1 z ! air w\ld soon be corrupt$1 & unfit = ! (fices ( life4 ,z ! tra*e are divid$ & subdivid$ to a prodigi\s degree ( m9ut5ess1 x has be5 conjectur$ by "s writ]s1 t !y may act z s _m sieves1 :i*1 by sep>ations prop]ly contriv$1 filtrate ! air1 & s furni% x to ! body ( diff]5t degrees ( purity & subtilty1 agreeable to ! purposes & nature ( ! v>i\s p>ts4 ,! exp]im5ts t h be5 made ) ! air-pump are by no means conclusive2 ! injury :i* ! insect su/a9s :5 ! atmosph]ic pressure is tak5 f ! body1 does n prove t x inspir$ & expir$ ! air t we h remov$2 x only %ews t an incumb5t pressure is necess>y to _! com=table exi/5ce1 z x prev5ts ! fluids f dis5gag+ !mselves 9 an a]ial =m1 & z x c\nt]balances & re-acts on ! pr9ciple ( life1 &1 by keep+ ! action !re( 9 prop] tone & ord]1 conf9es & regulates its en]gies4 ,?\gh x is difficult to asc]ta9 :e!r "s insects respire1 at lea/ at c]ta9 p]iods ( _! exi/5ce1 yet !re are o!rs to :om ! inspiration & expiration ( air seems absolutely necess>y3 !re are _m aquatic insects :i* are oblig$ to keep _! tails susp5d$ on ! surface ( ! wat] = ?is purpose4 ,to prove ?is1 keep ! tail "u wat]1 & y w p]ceive ! insect to be agitat$ & uneasy1 & to seek = "s op5+ to expose ?is "p to ! air2 if x f9d none1 x soon goes to ! bottom & dies4 ,"s aquatic beetles resi/ ! trial = a consid]able "t1 :ile _! l>v c only support x = a few m9utes4 ,!re is a circum/ance :i* r5d]s all exp]im5ts on ?is subject ) insects d\btful & difficult1 namely1 ! va/ t5aci\sness ( ! life pr9ciple 9 ! l[] ord]s ( animat$ nature1 & its dissem9ation ?r\gh _! :ole frame4 ,muss*5broeck inclos$ ! pupa ( a mo? 9 a glass tube1 v little l>g] ?an ! mo? itself1 & ( ! foll[+ figure4 ,illu/ration ,! end ,a ( ! tube 0 drawn out 9 a capill>y =m1 ! o!r end 0 cov]$ ) a piece ( wet bladd] to exclude ! air2 ! capill>y end ,b 0 !n plung$ 9 wat]1 :i* rose to ,d4 ,he plac$ ! capill>y "p ( ! tube be=e a microscope1 on a small micromet]1 9 ord] to obs]ve any motion or *ange 9 ! situation ( ! wat]2 z x is evid5t ! expiration or inspiration ( air by ! insect w\ld make x rise or fall alt]nately4 ,9 ! fir/ exp]im5t he obs]v$ a small degree ( motion at di/ant int]vals1 n above two or ?ree times 9 an h\r2 9 a second exp]im5t on ano!r subject1 he c\ld obs]ve no motion at all4 ,he !n plac$ "s pup "u ! receiv] ( an air-pump1 9 wat] :i* he _h previ\sly purg$ ( its air2 on exhau/+ ! air f ! receiv]1 he obs]v$ "o bubble to arise 9 a "p ne> ! tail1 & a few ne> ! w+s4 ,! pup did n swell "u ! op]ation2 on ! contr>y1 on lett+ 9 ! air1 x 0 f\nd to be dim9i%$ 9 a small degree1 b 9 less ?an a qu>t] ( an h\r x recov]$ its =m] figure4 ,m4 ,m>t9et publi%$ at ,leyd51 9 #agec1 a diss]tation1 9 :i*1 x is said1 he has cle>ly prov$ by a numb] ( exp]im5ts t ! pup ( cat]pill>s & "s o!r insects d n respire4 ,,( ,,respiration ,,9 ,,! ,,l>va ,,( ,,! ,,musca ,,p5dula4 ,among ! insects 9 :i* respiration seems to be mo/ cle>ly prov$1 are ! l>v ( ! musca p5dula1 ,l94 ,^!1 :ile 9 ! worm /ate1 live "u wat] 9 ! mud1 to :i* !y affix !mselves2 ! respiration ( fre% air 9 ?is situation is necess>y to _! exi/5ce2 = ?is purpose !y are furni%$ ) a tail1 :i* (t5 appe>s ( an excessive l5g? comp>atively ) ! body1 z ?is is seldom m ?an ?ree qu>t]s ( an in* 9 l5g?1 :ile ! tail is frequ5tly m ?an f\r in*es2 x is compos$ ( two tubes1 :i* run "o into ! o!r1 some?+ simil> to ! tubes ( a refract+ telescope4 ,besides ?is1 ! mat]ials ( :i* ! tubes are compos$ are capable ( a great degree ( ext5sion4 ,:5 ! tail is at its full l5g?1 x is exce$+ small1 n be+ l>g] ne> ! extremity ?an a horse-hair2 !re is a little knob at ! end1 :i* is furni%$ ) small hairs1 to ext5d on ! wat]1 9 "s measure resembl+ ^? at ! tail ( ! musca *amleon4 ,9 ! body ( ! l>va are two l>ge tra*eal vessels2 ^! air-vessels ext5d f ! head to ! tail1 t]m9ate 9 ! respir+ tubes1 & receive ! air f !m4 ,! l>va quits ! wat] :5 ! "t ( its trans=mation approa*es1 & ent]s into ! e>?1 :]e ! sk9 h>d5s & =ms a case 9 :i* ! pupa is =m$2 soon aft] ! *ange1 f\r tubes or horns are se5 project+ f ! case3 ^! ,reaumur supposes to be organs = communicat+ air to ! int]ior p>ts ( ! insect2 !y are connect$ ) little bladd]s :i* are f\nd fill$ ) air1 & by :i* x is convey$ to ! spiracula ( ! pupa4 ,! l>v ( gnats1 & o!r small aquatic insects ( ! same k9d1 are furni%$ ) small tubes1 t play on ! surface ( ! wat]1 & convey ! air f !nce to ! insect4 ,_m o!r s+ul>ities are to be f\nd among/ ! aquatic l>v4 ,,( ,,! ,,g5]ation ,,( ,,insects4 ,"o ( ! greate/ my/]ies 9 nature is g5]ation1 or t p[] by :i* ! v>i\s species ( animals1 c4 are propagat$1 enabl+ "o s+le individual to give bir? to ?\s&s1 or ev5 millions ( individuals l itself2 all =m$ agreeable to proportions :i* are only kn[n to t ,,adorable ,,wisdom :i* has e/abli%$ !m4 ,we %all nev] be able to =m any adequate conception ( ?is p[]1 till we are acqua9t$ ) ! pr9ciples ( life1 & c trace _! v>i\s gradations 9 diff]5t ord]s ( be+s4 ,_m anci5t philosoph]s1 f a misconception & p]v]sion ( ! s5tim5ts ( ! m anci5t sages1 imag9$ t insects 7 produc$ f corrupt & putrefi$ sub/ances2 t organiz$ bodies1 animat$ ) life1 & fram$ 9 a mo/ wond]ful mann]1 ow$ _! orig9 to m]e *ance6 ,n s ! mo/ anci5t sages2 !y taught t e degree ( life mu/ proce$ f ! f\nta9 & s\rce ( all life1 & t !re=e1 :5 manife/$1 x mu/ be replete ) inf9ite wond]s2 b !n !y also %ew$1 t if 9 its desc5t ?r\gh ! high] ord]s ( be+ x 0 p]v]t$1 x w\ld be manife/$ 9 loa?some =ms1 & ) fil?y prop5sities2 & t accord+ to ! degree ( reception ( ! ,div9e ,goodness & ,tru?1 or ! p]v]sion !re(1 new =ms ( life w\ld be occasionally manife/$4 ,! gloom ( night /ill wraps ?is subject 9 obscurity2 w ! dawn ( day ere long gild ! horizon ( ! sci5tific _w8 or is ! "t ( its break+ =? yet f> f u8 ,be ?is z x may1 insects w be f\nd to con=m to t g5]al law ( ord] :i* runs ?r\gh ! :ole ( animat$ nature1 namely1 t ! conjunction ( ! male & female is necess>y = ! production ( _! (fspr+4 ,:]e we _c asc]ta9 causes1 we mu/ be cont5t ) facts4 ,?\gh insects are1 l l>g] animals1 di/+ui%$ into male & female1 yet 9 "s classes !re is a k9d ( mules1 p>tak+ ( nei!r sex1 ?\gh !mselves orig9at+ f ! conjunction ( bo?3 _m o!r p>ticul>ities relative to ! sexes c only be t\*$ ^u "h4 ,9 _m insects ! male & female are ) difficulty di/+ui%$1 & 9 "s !y diff] s widely1 t an unskilful p]son might easily take ! male & female ( ! same insect = diff]5t species2 z = in/ance1 9 ! phalna humuli1 p9i>ia1 russula4 ,! dissimil>ity is /ill great] 9 ^? insects 9 :i* ! male has w+s & ! female none1 z 9 ! coccus lampyris1 phalna antiqua1 c4 ,9 g5]al ! male is small] ?an ! female4 ,! ant5n ( ! male are1 = ! mo/ "p1 l>g] ?an ^? ( ! female4 ,9 "s mo?s1 & o!r insects :i* are furni%$ ) fea!r$ ant5n1 ! fea!rs ( ! male fly are l>ge & beautiful1 :ile ^? ( ! female are small1 & h>dly p]ceptible4 ,"s male beetles are furni%$ ) a horn1 :i* is want+ 9 ! female4 8,pl]aque insectorum g5italia sua intra anum hab5t abscondita1 et p5es solit>ios1 s$ nonnulla p5em hab5t bifidum3 cancri autem et aranei gem9os1 quemadmodum nonnulla amphibia1 et quod mir&um 9 loco ali5o1 ut canc]1 sub basi caud4 ,araneus mas palpos habet clavatos1 qui p5es sunt1 juxta os utr9que unicum1 qu clav sexum nec speciem di/+uunt2 et fm9a vulvas suas habet 9 abdom9e juxta pectus2 heic v]o si unquam v]e dix]is3 res pl5a timoris amor1 si enim procus inauspicato access]it1 fm9a ipsum devorat1 quod etiam fit1 si non /atim se retrax]it4 ,libellula fm9a g5itale suum sub apice g]it caud1 et mas sub pectore1 adeo ut cum mas collum fm9a =cipe caud arripit1 illa caudam suam pectori ejus adplicet1 sicque peculi>i ratione connex volit5t40 ,insects are ei!r ovip>\s or vivip>\s2 or1 9 o!r words1 ! species is p]petuat$ ei!r by _! lay+ ( eggs1 or br++ =? _! "y alive4 ,! =m] is ! m g5]al case2 !re are b few in/ances ( ! latt]4 ,^? insects :i* pass ?r\gh ! diff]5t trans=mations already describ$1 _c propagate till !y arrive at _! imago or p]fect /ate2 & we believe !re is seldom any conjunction ( ! sexes 9 o!r classes till !y h m\lt$1 or put (f _! la/ sk91 ! cancri & monoculi except$4 ,to =m a j idea ( ! ov>ies ( insects1 ,i c\ld wi% ! read] to consult ! description t ,swamm]dam has giv5 ( t ( ! que5 bee1 & to take a view ( ! elegant figure t accompanies x1 a figure t speaks to ! eyes1 & by !m to ! imag9ation4 ,malpighi has giv5 a description ( ! ov>ies ( ! silk-worm mo?4 ,reaumur m5tions six or sev5 species ( two-w+$ flies t are vivip>\s1 br++ =? worms1 :i* are aft]w>ds trans=m$ into flies4 ,! womb ( "o ( ^! is s+ul>ly curi\s2 x is =m$ ( a b& roll$ up 9 a spiral =m1 & ab\t two in*es & an half 9 l5g?2 s t x is sev5 or eight times long] ?an ! body ( ! fly1 & compos$ ( worms plac$ "o on ! side ( ! o!r ) wond]ful art3 !y are _m ?\s&s 9 numb]4#ha #ha ,reaumur ,mem4 des ,insectes1 tom4 #d1 p4 #dae4 ,,( ,,! ,,aphides ,,or ,,puc]ons4 ,^! are a species ( insects t h op5$ new views ( ! conomy ( animat$ be+s2 !y belong to ! hemipt]a class4 ,! ro/rum is inflect$1 ! ant5n are long] ?an ! ?orax2 "s h f\r erect w+s1 o!rs are entirety )\t !m4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! abdom5 !re are two tubes eject+ t mo/ delicate juice call$ honey-dew4 ,v>i\s names h be5 appli$ to !m1 ! prop] "o is aphis1 t by :i* !y are mo/ g5]ally kn[n1 is puc]on2 !y are also frequ5tly call$ v9e-frett]s or plant-lice3 _m among ! g5]a are bo? ovip>\s & vivip>\s1 br++ =? _! "y alive 9 summ]1 b 9 autumn deposit+ _! eggs ^u ! bran*es & b>k ( trees4 ,! diff]5t aphides are v curi\s objects = ! microscope3 !y are a v num]\s g5us1 ,l9nu has enum]at$ ?irty-?ree diff]5t species1 ^: trivial names are tak5 f ! plant :i* !y inhabit1 ?\gh x is probable ! numb] is mu* l>g]1 z ! same plant is (t5 f\nd to support two or ?ree diff]5t sorts ( !m4 ,_! habits are v s+ul>3 an aphis or puc]on1 br\ght up 9 ! mo/ p]fect solitude f ! v mom5t ( its bir?1 9 a few days w be f\nd 9 ! mid/ ( a num]\s family2 repeat ! exp]im5t on "o ( ! individuals ( ?is family1 & y w f9d ?is second g5]ation w multiply l its p>5t2 & ?is y may pursue ?r\gh _m g5]ations4 ,m4 ,bonnet _h repeat$ exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d1 z f> z ! six? g5]ation1 :i* all uni=mly pres5t$ ! obs]v] ) fruitful virg9s1 :5 he 0 engag$ 9 a s]ies ( new & t$i\s exp]im5ts1 f a suspicion imp>t$ by ,m4 ,trembley 9 a lett] to him1 :o ?us expresses himself3 8,i h =m$ ! design ( re>+ sev]al g5]ations ( solit>y puc]ons1 9 ord] to see if !y w\ld all equally br+ =? "y4 ,9 cases s remote f usual circum/ances1 x is all[$ to try all sorts ( means2 & ,i argu$ ) myself1 ,:o kn[s b t "o copulation might s]ve = sev]al g5]ations80 ,?is 8,,:o ,,kn[s0 p]suad$ ,m4 ,bonnet t he _h n suffici5tly pursu$ 8 inve/igations4 ,he !re=e n[ re>$ to ! t5? g5]ation 8 solit>y aphides1 hav+ ! pati5ce to keep an exact acc\nt ( ! days & h\rs ( ! bir? ( ea* g5]ation4 ,! result ( ?is pursuit 01 8 discov]+ bo? males & females among !m1 ^: am\rs 7 n 9 ! lea/ equivocal2 ! males are produc$ only 9 ! t5? g5]ation1 & are b few 9 numb]2 ^! soon arriv+ at _! full gr[?1 copulate ) ! females1 & ! virtue ( ?is copulation s]ves = t5 successive g5]ations2 all ^! g5]ations1 except ! fir/ f fecundat$ eggs1 are produc$ vivip>\s1 & all ! individuals are females1 except ^? ( ! la/ g5]ation1 among :om "s males appe>1 to lay ! f\ndation ( a fre% s]ies4 ,9 ord] to give a fur!r insight into ! nature ( ^! insects1 ,i %all ins]t an extract ( a description ( _! diff]5t g5]ations1 by ,dr4 ,ri*>dson1 z publi%$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions = ! ye> #agga4 ,! great v>iety ( species :i* occur 9 ! insects n[ "u consid]ation1 may make an inquiry into _! p>ticul> natures seem n a little p]plex+1 b by r$uc+ !m "u _! prop] g5]a1 ! difficulty is consid]ably dim9i%$4 ,we may reasonably suppose all ! insects1 compreh5d$ "u any di/9ct g5us1 to p>take ( "o g5]al nature2 &1 by dilig5tly exam9+ any p>ticul> species1 may !nce ga9 "s insight into ! nature ( all ! re/4 ,) ?is view ,dr4 ,ri*>dson *ose out ( ! v>i\s sorts ( aphides ! l>ge/ ( ^? f\nd on ! rose-tree1 n only z its size makes x ! m conspicu\s1 b z !re are few o!rs ( s long a duration4 ,?is sort appe>s e>ly 9 ! spr+1 & cont9ues late 9 ! autumn2 :ile sev]al are limit$ to a mu* %ort] t]m1 9 con=mity to ! diff]5t trees & plants f :5ce !y draw _! n\ri%m5t4 ,if at ! beg9n+ ( ,febru>y ! wea!r happ5 to be s w>m1 z to make ! buds ( ! rose-tree swell & appe> gre51 small aphides are frequ5tly to be f\nd on !m1 ?\gh n l>g] ?an ! "y ones 9 summ]1 :5 fir/ produc$4 ,x w be f\nd1 t ^? aphides :i* appe> only 9 spr+1 proce$ f small black oval eggs1 :i* 7 deposit$ on ! la/ ye>'s %oots2 ?\gh :5 x happ5s t ! insects make too e>ly an appe>ance1 ! great] "p suff]s f ! %>p wea!r t usually succe$s2 by :i* means ! rose-trees are "s ye>s 9 a mann] fre$ f !m4 ,! same k9d ( animal is !n at "o "t ( ! ye> vivip>\s1 & at ano!r1 ovip>\s4 ,^? aphides :i* )/& ! sev]ity ( ! wea!r seldom come to _! full gr[? be=e ! mon? ( ,april1 at :i* "t !y usually beg9 to bre$1 aft] twice ca/+ (f _! exuvia1 or outw>d cov]+4 ,x appe>s t !y are all females1 :i* produce ea* ( !m a num]\s prog5y1 & t )\t hav+ int]c\rse ) any male insect2 !y are vivip>\s1 & :at is equally s+ul>1 ! "y ones all come into ! _w backw>ds4 ,:5 !y fir/ come f ! p>5t1 !y are envelop$ by a ?9 membrane1 hav+ 9 ?is situation ! appe>ance ( an oval egg2 ^! egg-l appe>ances adh]e by "o extremity to ! "m1 :ile ! "y ones conta9$ 9 !m ext5d ! o!r1 by t means gradually draw+ ! ruptur$ membrane ov] ! head & body to ! h9d feet4 ,dur+ ?is op]ation1 & = "s "t aft]1 ! =e "p ( ! head adh]es1 by means ( some?+ glut9\s1 to ! v5t ( ! p>5t4 ,be+ ?us susp5d$ 9 ! air1 x soon frees itself f ! membrane 9 :i* x 0 conf9$2 & aft] its limbs are a little /r5g!n$1 is set d[n on "s t5d] %oots1 & left to provide = itself4 ,9 ! spr+ mon?s !re appe> on ! rose-trees b two g5]ations ( aphides1 includ+ ^? :i* proce$ imm$iately f ! la/ ye>'s eggs2 ! w>m? ( ! summ] adds s mu* to _! f]tility1 t no less ?an five g5]ations succe$ "o ano!r 9 ! int]val4 ,"o is produc$ 9 ,may1 :i* ca/s (f its cov]+2 :ile ! mon?s ( ,june & ,july ea* supply two m1 :i* ca/ (f _! cov]+s ?ree or f\r times1 accord+ to ! diff]5t w>m? ( ! season4 ,?is frequ5t *ange ( _! outw>d coat is ! m extraord9>y1 because x is repeat$ m (t5 :5 ! insects come ! soone/ to _! gr[?1 :i* sometimes happ5s 9 t5 days1 :]e w>m? & pl5ty ( n\ri%m5t conspir$4 ,e>ly 9 ! mon? ( ,june1 "s ( ! ?ird g5]ation1 :i* 7 produc$ ab\t ! middle ( ,may1 aft] ca/+ (f _! la/ cov]+1 discov] f\r erect w+s1 mu* long] ?an _! bodies2 & ! same is obs]vable 9 all ! succe$+ g5]ations :i* are produc$ dur+ ! summ] mon?s1 b /ill )\t any div]sity ( sex2 = "s "t be=e ! aphides come to _! full gr[?1 x is easy to di/+ui% :i* w h w+s1 by a rem>kable fullness ( ! brea/1 :i* 9 ! o!rs is h>dly to be di/+ui%$ f ! body4 ,:5 ! la/ cov]+ is reject$1 ! w+s1 :i* 7 be=e fold$ up 9 a v n>r[ compass1 are gradually ext5d$ 9 a surpriz+ mann]1 till _! dim5sions are at la/ v consid]able4 ,! increase ( ^! insects 9 ! summ] "t is s v great1 t by w\nd+ & exhau/+ ! t5d] %oots1 !y w\ld frequ5tly suppress all vegetation1 _h !y n _m enemies to re/ra9 !m4 ,not)/&+ ^! insects h a num]\s tribe ( enemies1 !y are n )\t fri5ds1 if ^? may be consid]$ z su*1 :o are (fici\s 9 _! att5dance = ! good ?+s !y expect to reap !reby4 ,! ant & ! bee are ( ?is k9d1 collect+ ! honey 9 :i* ! aphides ab\nd1 b ) ?is diff]5ce1 t ! ants are con/ant visitors1 ! bee only :5 fl[]s are sc>ce2 ! ants w suck 9 ! honey :ile ! aphides are 9 ! act ( dis*>g+ x1 ! bees only collect x f ! leaves on :i* x has fall54 ,9 ! autumn ?ree m g5]ations ( aphides are produc$1 two ( :i* g5]ally make _! appe>ance 9 ! mon? ( ,augu/1 & ! ?ird be=e ! middle ( ,septemb]4 ,! two fir/ diff] 9 no respect f ^? :i* are f\nd 9 summ]2 b ! ?ird diff]s greatly f all ! re/4 ,?\gh all ! aphides :i* h hi!rto appe>$ 7 females1 9 ?is t5? g5]ation sev]al male insects are f\nd1 b n by any means s num]\s z ! females4 ,! females h at fir/ ! same appe>ance ) ^? ( ! =m] g5]ations1 b 9 a few days _! col\r *anges f a gre5 to a yell[1 :i* is gradually conv]t$ into an orange be=e !y come to _! full gr[?2 !y diff] also 9 ano!r respect f ^? :i* occur 9 summ]1 = all ^! yell[ females are )\t w+s4 ,! male insects are1 h[ev]1 /ill m rem>kable1 _! outw>d appe>ance readily di/+ui%+ !m f ?is & all o!r g5]ations4 ,:5 fir/ produc$1 !y are n ( a gre5 col\r l ! re/1 b ( a r$di% br[n1 & h aft]w>ds a d>k l9e along ! back2 !y come to _! full gr[? 9 ab\t ?ree weeks1 & !n ca/ (f _! la/ cov]+1 ! :ole insect be+ aft] ?is ( a bright yell[ col\r1 ! w+s only except$2 b aft] ?is *ange to a deep] yell[1 & 9 a v few h\rs to a d>k br[n1 if we except ! body1 :i* is some?+ light] col\r$1 & has a r$di% ca/4 ,! males no soon] come to maturity ?an !y copulate ) ! females1 :o 9 a day or two aft] _! int]c\rse ) ! males lay _! eggs1 g5]ally ne> ! buds4 ,:]e !re are a numb] cr[d$ toge!r1 !y ( c\rse int]f]e ) ea* o!r1 9 :i* case !y w frequ5tly deposit _! eggs on o!r p>ts ( ! bran*es4 ,x is highly probable t ! aphides d]ive consid]able advantages by liv+ 9 society2 ! reit]at$ punctures ( a great numb] ( !m may attract a l>g] quantity ( nutriti\s juices to t "p ( ! tree or plant :]e !y h tak5 up _! abode4 ,! aphides are v injuri\s to trees & vegetables ( almo/ e k9d2 ! species is s num]\s1 & all endu$ ) s mu* f]tility1 t if !y 7 n de/roy$ by a num]\s ho/ ( enemies1 ! leaves1 ! bran*es1 & ! /em ( e plant w\ld be cov]$ ) !m4 ,on almo/ e leaf inhabit$ by aphides1 a small worm is to be f\nd1 t fe$s n ^u ! leaves1 b ^u ^! insects1 dev\r+ !m ) incr$ible rapacity3 ,reaumur suppli$ a s+le worm ) above "o-hundr$ aphides1 e "o ( :i* x dev\r$ 9 less ?an ?ree h\rs4 ,inde$ myriads ( insects seem to be produc$ = no o!r purpose ?an to de/roy !m4 ,,( ,,! ,,apis ,,or ,,bee4 ,! bee belongs to ! hym5opt]a ord]1 ! m\? is furni%$ ) two jaws1 & a proboscis protect$ by a d\ble %ea?1 see ,fig4 #c4 ,plate ,,xiii4 ,!y h f\r w+s2 :5 ^! are at re/1 ! two =emo/ cov] ^? beh9d4 ,!re is a /+ 9 ! tail ( ! work+ & female bee4 ,( ! bee k9d fifty-five species are enum]at$ by ,l9nu4 ,our pres5t obs]vations are conf9$ to ! common or dome/ic bee4 ,9 ! natural hi/ory ( insects new objects ( surprize are cont9ually ris+ be=e ! obs]v]3 h[ev] s+ul> ! prec$+ acc\nt ( ! production ( ! aphides may appe>1 t ( bees is n less s4 ,?is little republic has at all times ga9$ univ]sal e/eem & admiration2 &1 ?\gh !y h attract$ ! att5tion ( ! mo/ +5i\s & labori\s inquir]s into nature1 yet ! mode ( propagat+ _! species seems to h baffl$ ! +5uity ( ages1 & r5d]$ all attempts to discov] x abortive2 ev5 ! lab\rs & scrupul\s att5tion ( ,swamm]dam 7 unsuccessful4 ,he sp5t "o mon? entirely 9 exam9+1 describ+1 & repres5t+ _! inte/9es2 & _m mon?s on o!r p>ts2 employ+ :ole days 9 mak+ obs]vations1 & :ole nights 9 regi/]+ !m1 till at la/ he br\ght 8 treatise ( bees to ! wi%$ = p]fection2 a "w :i*1 f ! comm5cem5t ( natural hi/ory to our own times1 has n its equal4 ,reaumur1 h[ev]1 ?\ght he _h 9 "s measure remov$ ! veil1 & expla9$ _! mann] ( g5]at+3 he supposes ! que5 bee to be ! only female 9 ! hive1 & ! "m ( ! next g5]ation2 t ! drones are ! males1 by :i* %e is fecundat$1 & t ! work+ bees1 or ^? t collect wax on ! fl[]s1 t knead x1 & =m f x ! combs & cells1 :i* !y aft]w>ds fill ) honey1 are ( nei!r sex4 ,! que5 bee is kn[n by its size1 be+ g5]ally mu* l>g] ?an ! work+ bee or ! drone4 ,m4 ,s*ira*1 a ,g]man naturali/1 affirms t all ! common bees are females 9 disguise1 9 :i* ! organs t di/+ui% ! sex1 & p>ticul>ly ! ov>ia1 are oblit]at$1 or at lea/ f _! extreme m9ut5ess h escap$ ! obs]v]'s eye2 t e "o ( ^! bees1 9 ! e>li] p]iod ( its exi/5ce1 is capable ( becom+ a que5 bee1 if ! :ole community %\ld ?9k x prop] to nurse x 9 a p>ticul> mann]1 & raise x to t rank3 9 %ort1 t ! que5 bee lays only two k9ds ( eggs1 ^? t are to produce ! drones1 & ^? f :i* ! work+ bees are to proce$4 ,s*ira* made 8 exp]im5ts n only 9 ! e>ly spr+ mon?s1 b ev5 z late z ,novemb]4 ,he cut (f f an old hive a piece ( ! brood-comb1 tak+ c>e t x conta9$ worms :i* _h be5 hat*$ ab\t ?ree days4 ,he fix$ ?is 9 an empty hive1 toge!r ) a piece ( honey-comb1 = food to 8 bees1 & !n introduc$ a numb] ( common bees into ! hive4 ,z soon z ^! f\nd !mselves depriv$ ( _! que5 & _! lib]ty1 a dreadful upro> took place1 :i* la/$ = ! space ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,on ! cessation ( ?is tumult1 !y betook !mselves to "w1 fir/ proce$+ to ! con/ruction ( a royal cell1 & !n tak+ ! prop] me?ods = fe$+ & hat*+ ! brood inclos$ ) !m2 sometimes ev5 on ! second day ! f\ndation ( "o or m royal cells 7 to be p]ceiv$2 ! view ( :i* furni%$ c]ta9 indications t !y _h elect$ "o ( ! inclos$ worms to ! sov]eignty4 ,! bees may n[ be left at lib]ty4 ,! f9al result ( ^! exp]im5ts is1 t ! colony ( work+ bees be+ ?us %ut up ) a morsel ( brood-comb1 n only hat*1 b at ! end ( eighte5 or tw5ty days produce f !nce "o or two que5s1 to all appe>ance proce$+ f worms ( ! common sort1 conv]t$ by !m into a que5 m]ely because !y want$ "o4#hb ,f exp]im5ts ( ! same k9d1 v>i$ & (t5 repeat$1 ,s*ira* concludes t all ! common work+ bees 7 orig9ally ( ! female sex2 b t if !y are n f$1 lodg$1 & br\ght up 9 a p>ticul> mann] :ile !y are 9 ! l>va /ate1 _! organs are n develop$2 & t x is to ?is circum/ance att5d+ ! br++ up ! que51 t ! ext5sion ( ! female organs is effect$1 & ! diff]5ce 9 h] =m & size produc$4 #hb ,s*ira* ,hi/oire ,naturelle des ,abeilles4 ,mr4 ,debraw has c>ri$ ! subject fur!r1 by discov]+ ! impregnation ( ! eggs by ! males1 & ! diff]5ce ( ! size among ! drones or males2 ?\gh inde$ ?is la/ circum/ance 0 n unkn[n to ,mess4 ,m>aldi & ,reaumur4 ,mr4 ,debraw wat*$ ! glass hives ) indefatigable att5tion1 f ! mom5t ! bees1 among :i* he took c>e !re %\ld be a l>ge numb] ( drones1 7 put into !m1 to ! "t ( ! que5's lay+ h] eggs1 :i* g5]ally happ5s on ! f\r? or fif? day2 he obs]v$1 t on ! fir/ or second day1 always be=e ! ?ird f ! "t ! eggs are plac$ 9 ! cells1 a great numb] ( bees1 fa/5+ !mselves to "o ano!r1 hung d[n 9 ! =m ( a curta91 f ! top to ! bottom ( ! hive2 !y _h done ! same at ! "t ! que5 deposit$ h] eggs1 an op]ation :i* seems contriv$ on purpose to conceal :at is transact+2 h[ev]1 ?r\gh "s p>ts ( ?is veil he 0 enabl$ to see "s ( ! bees ins]t+ ! po/]ior "p ( _! bodies ea* into a cell1 & s9k+ into x1 b cont9u+ !re only a little :ile4 ,:5 !y _h retir$1 x 0 easy to discov] a :iti% liquor left 9 ! angle ( ! basis ( ea* cell1 :i* conta9$ an egg4 ,9 a day or two ?is liquor 0 absorb$ into ! embryo1 :i* on ! f\r? day assumes its worm or l>va /ate1 to :i* ! work+ bees br+ a little honey = n\ri%m5t1 dur+ ! fir/ eight or t5 days aft] its bir?4 ,:5 ! bees f9d ! worm has atta9$ its full gr[?1 !y leave (f br++ x food1 !y "k x has no m ne$ ( x2 !y h /ill1 h[ev]1 ano!r s]vice to pay x1 9 :i* !y nev] fail2 x is t ( %utt+ x up 9 its cell1 :]e ! l>va is inclos$ = eight or t5 days3 "h a fur!r *ange takes place2 ! l>va1 :i* 0 h]et(ore idle1 n[ beg9s to "w1 & l9es its cell ) f9e silk1 :ile ! work+ bee incloses x ext]iorly ) a wax cov]+4 ,! conceal$ l>va !n voids its excrem5t1 quits its sk91 & assumes ! pupa2 at ! end ( "s days ! "y bee acquires suffici5t /r5g? to quit ! sl5d] cov]+ ( ! pupa1 te>s ! wax cov]+ ( its cell1 & proce$s a p]fect insect4 ,to prove fur!r t ! eggs are fecundat$ by ! males1 & t _! pres5ce is necess>y at ! "t ( bre$+1 ,mr4 ,debraw made ! foll[+ exp]im5ts4 ,!y consi/ 9 leav+ 9 a hive ! que51 ) only ! common or work+ bees1 )\t any drones1 to see :e!r ! eggs %e laid w\ld be prolific4 ,to ?is end he took a sw>m1 & %ook all ! bees into a tub ( wat]1 leav+ !m !re till !y 7 q s5seless2 by :i* means he c\ld di/+ui% ! drones )\t any dang] ( be+ /ung3 he !n re/or$ ! que5 & work+ bees to _! =m] /ate1 by spread+ !m on a br[n pap] 9 ! sun2 aft] ?is he replac$ !m 9 a glass hive1 :]e !y soon began to "w z usual4 ,! que5 laid eggs1 :i*1 to 8 great surprize1 7 impregnat$1 = he imag9$ he _h sep>at$ all ! drones or males1 & !re=e omitt$ wat*+ !m2 at ! end ( tw5ty days he f\nd sev]al ( 8 eggs _h1 9 ! usual c\rse ( *anges1 produc$ bees1 :ile "s _h )]$ away1 & o!rs 7 cov]$ ) honey4 ,h5ce he inf]r$1 t "s ( ! males _h escap$ 8 notice1 & impregnat$ "p ( ! eggs4 ,to conv9ce himself ( ?is1 he took away all ! brood-comb t 0 9 ! hive1 9 ord] to oblige ! bees to provide a fre% quantity1 be+ det]m9$ to wat* n>r[ly _! motions aft] new eggs %\ld be laid 9 ! cells4 ,on ! second day aft] ! eggs 7 deposit$1 he p]ceiv$ ! same op]ation t 0 m5tion$ be=e1 namely1 t ( ! bees hang+ d[n 9 ! =m ( a curta91 :ile o!rs ?ru/ ! po/]ior "p ( _! bodies into ! cells4 ,he !n introduc$ 8 h& into ! hive1 broke (f a piece ( ! comb1 9 :i* !re 7 two ( ^! insects2 he f\nd 9 nei!r ( !m any /+1 a circum/ance peculi> to ! drones2 ^u dissection1 ) ! assi/ance ( a microscope1 he discov]$ ! f\r cyl9drical bodies :i* conta9 ! glut9\s liquor ( a :iti% col\r1 z obs]v$ by ,m>aldi 9 ! l>ge drones4 ,he 0 !re=e n[ "u ! necessity ( repeat+ 8 exp]im5ts1 9 de/roy+ ! males1 & ev5 ^? t might be suspect$ to be su*4 ,he once m imm]s$ ! same bees 9 wat]1 & :5 !y appe>$ 9 a s5seless /ate1 he g5tly press$ e "o1 9 ord] to di/+ui% ^? arm$ ) /+s f ^? :i* _h none1 & :i* ( c\rse he suppos$ to be males3 ( ^! la/ he f\nd fifty-sev51 & replac$ ! sw>m 9 a glass hive1 :]e !y imm$iately appli$ aga9 to ! "w ( mak+ cells1 & on ! f\r? or fif? day1 v e>ly 9 ! morn+1 he _h ! pleasure to see ! que5 bee deposit h] eggs 9 ^? cells3 he cont9u$ wat*+ mo/ "p ( ! ensu+ days1 b c\ld discov] no?+ ( :at he _h se5 be=e4 ,! eggs1 aft] ! f\r? day1 in/ead ( *ang+ 9 ! mann] ( cat]pill>s1 7 f\nd 9 ! same /ate !y 7 9 ! fir/ day1 except t "s 7 cov]$ ) honey4 ,a s+ul> ev5t happ5$ ! next day1 ab\t noon2 all ! bees left _! own hive1 & 7 se5 attempt+ to get into a neighb\r+ "o1 on ! /ool ( :i* ! que5 0 f\nd dead1 be+ no d\bt sla9 9 ! engagem5t4 ,?is ev5t seems to h aris5 f ! great desire ( p]petuat+ _! species1 & to :i* end ! concurr5ce ( ! males seems s absolutely necess>y2 x made !m des]t _! habitations1 :]e no males 7 left1 9 ord] to fix a resid5ce 9 a new "o1 9 :i* !re 0 a good /ock ( !m4 ,to be fur!r satisfi$1 ,mr4 ,debraw took ! brood-comb1 :i* _h n be5 impregnat$1 & divid$ x into two p>ts2 "o he plac$ "u a glass bell1 ,no4 #a1 ) honey-comb = ! bees food1 tak+ c>e to leave a que51 b no drones1 among ! bees conf9$ 9 x2 ! o!r piece ( ! brood-comb he plac$ "u ano!r glass bell1 ,no4 #b1 ) a few drones1 a que51 & a proportionable numb] ( common bees4 ,! result 01 t 9 ! glass1 ,no4 #a1 !re 0 no impregnation1 ! eggs rema9+ 9 ! same /ate !y 7 9 :5 put into ! glass2 & on giv+ ! bees _! lib]ty on ! sev5? day1 !y all flew away z 0 f\nd to be ! case 9 ! =m] exp]im5t2 :]eas 9 ! glass1 ,no4 #b1 ! v day aft] ! bees _h be5 put into x1 ! eggs 7 impregnat$ by ! drones1 & ! bees did n leave _! hive on receiv+ _! lib]ty4 ,! editor ( ! ,cyclopdia says1 t ! small drones are all dead be=e ! end ( ,may1 :5 ! l>g] species appe>1 & sup]s$e _! use2 & t x is n )\t reason t a mod]n au?or sugge/s1 t a small numb] ( drones are res]v$ to supply ! necessities ( ! ensu+ ye>2 b t !y are v little1 if any1 l>g] ?an ! common bee4 ,x does n ent] into our plan to notice fur!r 9 ?is place ! wond]s ( ?is little society4 ,a bee-hive is c]ta9ly "o ( ! f9e/ objects t c (f] itself to ! eyes ( ! behold]4 ,x is n easy to be we>y ( contemplat+ ^? work%ops1 :]e ?\s&s ( lab\r]s are con/antly engag$ 9 diff]5t employm5ts4#hc #hc ,! rem>ks made by ! late ,mr4 ,hunt] on ! exp]im5ts ( ,messrs4 ,s*ira* & ,debraw1 9 my op9ion1 m]it ! att5tion ( ! read]2 !y are conta9$ 9 8 8,obs]vations on ,bees10 compriz+ a v>iety ( in=mation respect+ ! hi/ory & conomy ( ^? curi\s insects4 ,?is +5i\s & int]e/+ acc\nt is ins]t$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions = ! ye> #agib1 page #abh-aie4 ,i _c altoge!r subscribe to 8 op9ion relative to ! m9ut5ess & prolixity ( ,swamm]dam4 ,,edit4 ,,( ,,! ,,eggs ,,( ,,insects4 ,! eggs are conta9$ & arrang$ 9 ! body ( ! insect1 9 vessels :i* v>y 9 numb] & figure 9 diff]5t species2 ! same v>iety is f\nd 9 ! eggs !mselves3 "s are r\nd1 o!rs oval1 "s cyl9drical1 & o!rs ne>ly squ>e2 ! %ells ( "s are h>d & smoo?1 :ile o!rs are s(t & flexible4 ,x is a g5]al rule1 t eggs d n increase 9 size aft] !y are laid2 among insects1 we f9d h[ev] an exception to ?is2 ! eggs ( ! t5?r$o ( ,l9nu increase aft] !y are laid1 b _! %ell is s(t & membranace\s4 ,! eggs ( insects diff] 9 _! col\rs2 "s may be f\nd ( almo/ e %ade1 ( yell[1 gre51 br[n1 & ev5 black4 ,! eggs ( ! lion puc]on1#hd hem]obius1 ,l94 are v s+ul> objects1 & _c h escap$ ! eye ( any p]son :o is conv]sant among ! insects :i* live on trees2 ?\gh ( ! _m :o h se5 !m1 few1 if any1 h f\nd :at !y really 74 ,x is common to see on ! leaves & p$icles ( ! leaves ( ! plumb-tree1 & sev]al o!r trees1 z also on _! "y bran*es1 a numb] ( long & sl5d] filam5ts1 runn+ out to ab\t an in* 9 l5g?2 t5 or twelve ( ^! are usually se5 plac$ ne> "o ano!r1 & a va/ numb] ( ^! clu/]s are f\nd on ! same tree2 ea* ( ^! filam5ts is t]m9at$ by a sort ( swell+ or tub]cle ( ! %ape ( an egg4 ,!y h g5]ally be5 suppos$ to be ( vegetable orig91 & t !y 7 a sort ( p>asitical plant gr[+ out ( o!rs4 ,!re is a "t :5 ^! egg-l balls are f\nd op5 at ! ends2 9 ?is /ate !y v mu* resemble fl[]s1 & h be5 figur$ z su* by "s au?ors1 ?\gh !y are only ! %ells ( ! eggs out ( :i* ! "y animals h escap$ aft] be+ hat*$4 ,if ^! eggs be exam9$ by a microscope1 a worm may be discov]$ 9 !m2 or !y may be put into a box1 9 :i*1 9 due "t1 !y w produce an insect1 :i*1 :5 view$ ) a microscope1 w be f\nd to be ! true lion puc]on4 #hd ,reaumur ,hi/4 de ,insectes1 vol4 xi4 p4 #adb4 ,div9e ,provid5ce in/ructs ! insects1 by a l[] species ( p]ception1 to deposit _! eggs n only 9 safety f _! num]\s enemies1 b also 9 situations :]e a suffici5t quantity ( food is on ! spot to support & n\ri% ! l>va imm$iately on break+ ! %ell4 ,"s deposit _! eggs 9 ! oak leaf1 produc+ !re ! r$ gall2 o!rs *oose ! leaf ( ! popl>1 :i* swells into a r$ node or bladd]2 to a simil> cause we mu/ attribute ! r$ knob :i* is (t5 se5 on ! will[ leaf1 & ! ?ree po9t$ protub]ances ^u ! t]m9ation ( ! junip] bran*es4 ,! leaves ( ! v]onica & c]a/ium are drawn into a globul> head by ! eggs ( an insect lodg$ !re94 ,! phalna neu/ria glues its eggs ) great symmetry & propriety r\nd ! small] bran*es ( trees4 ,fig4 #a4 ,plate ,x4 repres5ts a magnifi$ view ( ! ne/ ( eggs tak5 (f ! tree aft] ! cat]pill> _h eat5 its way ?r\gh !m2 ! /rong gr\nd-"w ( gum1 by :i* !y are connect$ & b\nd toge!r1 is v visible 9 _m places2 !y /r5g!n ?is connection fur!r1 by fill+ up all ! int]v5+ space betwe5 ! eggs ) a v t5aci\s sub/ance4 ,^! eggs are cru/ace\s1 & simil> to ^? ( ! h52 ,fig4 #b repres5ts ! natural size4 ,fig4 #c is a magnifi$ v]tical section ( ! eggs1 %ew+ _! oval %ape2 ,fig4 #d ! natural size4 ,fig4 #e is an horizontal section ?r\gh ! middle ( ! egg1 & ,fig4 #f ! same n magnifi$4 ,x is n easy to describe ! beauty ( ^! objects1 :5 view$ 9 ! luc]nal microscope2 ! regul>ity ) :i* !y are plac$1 ! delicacy ( _! texture1 ! beautiful & ev]-v>y+ col\rs :i* !y pres5t to ! eye1 give ! spectator a high degree ( rational delight4 ,9 ! ,lapl& ,alps !re is a fly cov]$ ) a d[ny hair1 call$ ! rh5-de] gad-fly1 oe/rus t>&i1 ,l9n4 x hov]s all day ov] ^! animals1 ^: legs tremble "u !m2 !y prick up _! e>s1 & flee to ! m\nta9s cov]$ ) ice & sn[ to escape f a little hov]+ fly1 b g5]ally 9 va91 = ! insect b too soon f9ds an opportunity to lodge its egg 9 ! back ( ! de]2 ! worm hat*$ f ?is egg p]=ates ! sk91 & rema9s "u x dur+ ! :ole w9t]3 9 ! foll[+ ye> x becomes a fly4 ,! oe/rus bovis is an equal t]ror to ox52 ! hippobosca equ9a1 to horses2 oe/rus ovis1#he to ! %eep1 c4 #he ,oe/rus ovis 9 naso sive s9u frontis animalium rum5antium4 ,l9n4 ,! gnat1 ! ephem]a1 ! phryganea1 ! libellula1 hov] ov] ! wat] all day to drop _! eggs1 :i* are hat*$ 9 ! wat]1 & cont9ue !re all ! "t !y are 9 ! l>va =m4 ,! mass =m$ by ! gnat resembles a little vessel set afloat by ! insect2 ea* egg is 9 ! =m ( a keel1 ^! are curi\sly connect$ toge!r4 ,! gnat lays b "o egg at a "t1 :i* %e deposits on ! wat] 9 a v +5i\s & simple mann]2 %e /ret*es h] legs out1 & crosses !m1 ?us =m+ an angle to receive & hold ! fir/ egg2 a second egg is soon plac$ next ! fir/2 !n a ?ird1 & s on1 till ! base is capable ( support+ itself2 ^!1 z !y come to maturity1 s9k deep]4 ,! spawn ( ?is insect is sometimes above an in* long1 & "o-eigh? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & ti$ by a little /em or /alk to "s /ick or /one4 ,sometimes !y are laid 9 a s+le1 sometimes 9 a d\ble spiral l9e2 sometimes transv]sely4 ,_m mo?s cov] _! (fspr+ ) a ?ick b$ ( hair1 :i* !y ga!r f _! own body2 :ile o!rs cov] !m ) a glut9\s composition1 :i*1 :5 h>d1 protects !m f moi/ure1 ra91 & cold4 ,! gall-flies1 x has be5 obs]v$1 "k h[ to op5 ! n]ves ( ! leaves1 to deposit ?us _! eggs 9 a place :i* aft]w>ds s]ves !m = a lodg+ & a magaz9e ( food4 ,! solit>y bees & wasps prep>e an habitation = _! little ones 9 ! e>?1 plac+ !re a prop] quantity ( food = !m1 :5 !y proce$ f ! egg4 ,! voraci\s & cruel spid] is att5tive & c>eful ( its eggs2 ! wolf spid] c>ries !m on its back 9 a little bag =m$ ( its silk1 x _c be sep>at$ f !m b by viol5ce1 & exhibits ! mo/ m>k$ signs ( uneas9ess :5 depriv$ ( !m3 a circum/ance ! m rem>kable1 z !y love to de/roy ea* o!r1 & ev5 c>ry on _! c\rt%ips ) a diffid5ce & caution unkn[n 9 any o!r species ( animals4 ,! hi/ory ( bees & wasps1 & _! c>e & att5tion to _! (fspr+1 is s well kn[n1 t ,i may ) propriety pass x ov] "h1 & proce$ j to notice ! indu/ri\s ant1 ^: pat]nal affection & c>e is n s well kn[n4 ,!y are n satisfi$ ) plac+ _! eggs 9 situations made on purpose1 & to raise or re> !m till !y come to ! nymph or pupa /ate1 b !y ev5 ext5d _! c>e to ! pup !mselves1 remov+ !m f _! ne/ to ! surface ( ! e>?1 :5ev] ! wea!r is f9e1 t !y may receive ! b5ignant influ5ce ( ! sun1 c>ry+ !m back aga9 z soon z ! air beg9s to gr[ cold4 ,if any accid5t di/urb _! ne/1 & disp]se ! pup1 !y manife/ ! greate/ signs ( di/ress1 seek+ ^? :i* are lo/ & scatt]$1 plac+ !m 9 "s %elt]$ place :ile !y repair ! ne/1 :5 !y aga9 transport !m to x4#hf ,_m o!r curi\s p>ticul>s might be relat$ relative to ?is indu/ri\s insect2 z _! unit+ toge!r 9 scoop+ out e>?1 ! conveyance ( mat]ials = ! con/ruction ( _! ne/s1 & ! curi\s /ructure ( ! ne/ itself1 :i*1 ?\gh x appe>s pil$ up at r&om1 w be f\nd1 on /rict] exam9ation1 to be a "w ( art & design1 ) o!r circum/ances :i* are too long to be enum]at$ "h4 #hf ,less]s ,!ologie des ,insectes1 tom4 #a1 p4 #adc4 ,! fecundity ( insects exce$s 9 an a/oni%+ degree t ( all ! productions ( nature2 ! vegetables :i* cov] ! surface ( ! e>? be> no proportion to _! multitudes1 e plant support+ a numb] (t5 ( sc>ce p]ceptible creatures3 ( ! fatal effects ( _! prodigi\s multiplication1 our fruit trees1 c4 are too frequ5tly a deplorable te/imony4 ,on ! cont95t :ole prov9ces sometimes langui% 9 consequ5ce ( ! dreadful havoc made by !m4 ,reaumur calculat$ ! fecundity ( ! que5 bee z foll[s3 he f\nd t %e laid 9 ! two mon?s ( ,m>* & ,april #ab1jjj eggs1 s t ! sw>m :i* left ! hive 9 ,may consi/$ ( ne> #ab1jjj bees1 all produc$ f "o "m3 b ?is calculation falls %ort ( t :i* 0 made by ,leeuw5hoek on a fly1 ^: l>va fe$s on fle%1 putrid c>cases1 c4 :i* multiply prodigi\sly1 & t 9 a %ort space ( "t4 ,"o ( ^! laid #add eggs1 f :i* he got z _m flies 9 ! fir/ mon?2 s t1 suppos+ "o-half ( ^! to be females1 9 ! ?ird mon? we %all h #gdf1dif1 all produc$ 9 ?ree mon?s f "o fly4 ,! foll[+ is an exp]im5t ( ,m4 ,lyonet on ! g5]ation ( a mo? :i* comes f ! *5ille a brosse3 out ( a brood ( #cej eggs1 produc$ by a s+le mo? ( ?is k9d1 he took #hj1 f :i* he obta9$1 :5 !y 7 arriv$ at _! p]fect /ate1 #ae females2 f :5ce he d$uces ! foll[+ consequ5ce3 if #hj eggs give #ae females1 ! :ole brood ( #cej w\ld h produc$ #fe2 ^! #fe1 suppos+ !m z f]tile z _! "m1 w\ld h produc$ #bb1gej cat]pill>s1 among :i* !re w\ld h be5 at lea/ #dbfe females1 :o w\ld h produc$ = ! ?ird g5]ation #a1dib1gej cat]pill>s4 ,?is numb] w\ld h be5 mu* l>g]1 if ! numb] ( females among ^? :i* 7 select$ by ,m4 ,lyonet _h be5 great]4 ,m4 de ,ge] c\nt$ 9 ! belly ( a mo? #dhj eggs2 r$uc+ ^! to #djj1 if suppos+ "o-f\r? only ( ^! to be females & z fruitful z _! "m1 !y w give bir? to #dj1jjj cat]pill>s = ! second g5]ation2 & = ! ?ird1 suppos+ all ?+s equal1 f\r millions ( cat]pill>s4 ,x is n surpriz+1 !re=e1 t !y are f\nd s num]\s 9 ye>s t are fav\rable to _! propagation4 ,b ! ,creator ( all ?+s has = our sakes limit$ ?is abundant multiplication1 & wisely orda9$1 t ^? species :i* are ! mo/ num]\s %all h ! greate/ numb] ( enemies1 :o1 ?\gh con/antly employ$ on ! de/ruction ( individuals1 are unable to effect t ( ! species2 by :i* means an equilibrium is pres]v$1 & no "o species prepond]ates4 ,few insects live long aft] _! la/ trans=mation1 b _! species are cont9u$ by _! amaz+ fecundity2 _! gr[? is complet$1 & _! p>ts h>d5$ soon] ?an ^? ( l>g] animals1 & ! duration ( _! exi/5ce is proportionably limit$4 ,!re are1 h[ev] "s species ( flies :i* lie 9 a torpid /ate dur+ ! w9t]1 & revive ) ! return+ w>m? ( spr+4 ,,( ,,! ,,food ,,( ,,insects4 ,!re are few1 if any1 productions ei!r ( ! animal or vegetable k+doms1 :i* d n supply "s k9d ( insect ) food4 ,!y may1 !re=e1 be consid]$ "u two heads1 ^? :i* live on vegetables1 & ^? :i* are support$ by animal food2 ea* insect kn[s t :i* is prop] to su/a9 its life1 :]e to seek x1 & h[ to procure x4 ,i h already obs]v$1 t sev]al insects1 :5 arriv$ at a /ate ( p]fection1 fe$ aft] _! trans=mation ^u food totally diff]5t f t :i* n\ri%$ !m 9 _! l>va /ate4 ,among ^? :i* fe$ on vegetables1 "s s9k !mselves 9 ! e>?1 & by de/roy+ ! roots ( ! plants1 d consid]able injuries to our g>d5s4 ,! food ( o!rs is dry & h>d2 !y pi]ce ! wood1 r$uce x to p[d]1 & !n fe$ on x2 "s1 z ! cossus1 attack & de/roy ! trees1 :ile ! food ( o!rs m delicate is ! leaves4 ,! leaf is eat5 9 a diff]5t mann] by diff]5t insects2 "s eat ! :ole sub/ance1 :ile o!rs fe$ only on ! p>5*ym\s p>ts1 :i* are conta9$ betwe5 its sup]ficial membranes1 =m+ )9side ! leaf pa?s & gall]ies4 ,^! insects are n always cont5t ) ! leaf1 b attack ! fl[] also3 ev5 ?is food is too gross = _m2 ! bee1 ! butt]fly1 ! mo?1 z well z sev]al species ( flies1 fe$ only on ! honey1 or f9] juices1 :i* !y collect f fl[]s4 ,we are cont9ually f9d+ ! l>va ( "s insect 9 pe>s1 plumbs1 pea*es1 & o!r fruit2 ^! unwelcome intrud]s on ! produce ( human indu/ry divide fruits1 gra91 & corn ) u1 (t5 depriv+ u ( l>ge quantities4 ,!re is1 inde$1 no "p ( a plant :i* does n s]ve z food to diff]5t insects2 "s h "o k9d ( plant m>k$ out = !m to inhabit & fe$ on1 o!rs h ano!r assign$ to !m1 on :i*1 & no o!r1 !y w fe$2 ea* has its appropriate food1 & ?\gh ! p>5t animal eats n at all1 or lives ^u food entirely diff]5t1 yet %e is guid$1 z has be=e be5 obs]v$1 to deposit h] eggs on t peculi> %rub or plant t w be food = h] "y2 :ile "s1 m voraci\s ?an ! re/1 fe$ ^u all ) equal avidity2 b 9 c\ntries less cultivat$ ?an our own1 _! annoyance & deva/ations are t]rible4 ,! gryllus migratorius1 a few ye>s s9ce1 p\r$ out ( ,t>t>y 9 su* quantities1 z to lay wa/e a great "p ( ,europe1 produc+ almo/ unequall$ calamities1 sw>m+ 9 su* multitudes z to cl\d ! air & cov] ! gr\nd1 mock+ human p[] & craft2 :]ev] !y settl$1 all v]dure disappe>$1 & ! summ] fruitfulness 0 turn$ into w9t] desolation2 9 ,sw$5 ! cattle p]i%$ ) hung]1 & ! m5 7 =c$ to ab&on _! c\ntry1 & fly to ! neighb\r+ regions4#hg ,! f> great] "p fe$ only1 h[ev]1 on "o species ( plant1 or at mo/ on ^? :i* are simil> to x1 & ! same species may always be f\nd on ! same plant4 ,reaumur says1 t ! cat]pill> :i* infe/s & fe$s ^u ! cabbage1 de/roys 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs m ?an twice its weight4 ,if l>g] animals requir$ a proportionable quantity1 ! e>? w\ld n af=d suffici5t n\ri%m5t = its inhabitants4 #hg ,select ,diss]tations f ! ,amnitates ,academic1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #cih4 ,a great numb] ( insects reject vegetable1 & live on animal food2 "s seek+ t :i* is beg9n+ to putrefy1 :ile o!rs delight 9 food entirely putrid2 o!rs aga9 are n\ri%$ by ! mo/ fil?y puddles1 & disgu/+ excrem5ts2 "s attack & fe$ on man himself1 :ile o!rs are n\ri%$ by 8 provision1 8 cloa?s1 8 furniture3 "s prey ^u insects ( ano!r species2 o!rs1 aga91 attack _! own1 & h>rass ea* o!r ) p]petual c>nage4 ,reaumur in=ms u1 t ^? insects :i* fe$ ^u dead c>cases nev] attack liv+ animals2 ! fle%-fly deposits h] eggs 9 ! bodies ( dead animals1 :]e h] prog5y receive t n\ri%m5t be/ adapt$ = !m2 b ?is fly nev] attempts to lay h] eggs 9 ! fle% ( s\nd & liv+ animals4 ,e animal has its appropriate lice1 :i* fe$ on & infe/ x4 ,m4 ,rh$i has giv5 an accurate acc\nt ( a great numb] ( ^! little noxi\s creatures accompani$ ) figures2 b1 z if x 7 n suffici5t t ^! creatures %\ld dwell & live on ! ext]nal "p ( ! body1 & suck ! blood ( ! animal t !y infe/1 we f9d ano!r species ( insects seek+ _! food 9 ! m vital p>ts1 & fe$+ on ! fle% ( ! animal1 :ile full ( life & heal?4 ,reaumur has giv5 an hi/ory ( a fly1 oe/rus bovis1 ! l>va ( :i* lives ^u ! backs1 & fe$s on ! fle% ( "y ox5 & c[s1 :]e x produces a k9d ( tumor4 ,! fly lodges its eggs 9 ! fle%1 by mak+ a numb] ( little w\nds1 9 ea* ( :i* x deposits eggs1 s t e w\nd becomes a ne/1 ! eggs ( :i* are hat*$ by ! heat ( ! animal4 ,"h ! l>v f9d abundant food1 at ! same "t t !y are protect$ f ! *anges ( ! wea!r2 & "h !y /ay till !y are fit = trans=mation4 ,! p>ts !y inhabit are (t5 easy to be discov]$ by a k9d ( lump or tumor1 :i* !y =m by _! ravages2 ?is tumor suppurates1 & is fill$ ) matt]2 on ?is disgu/+ sub/ance ! l>v fe$1 & _! heads are always f\nd plung$ 9 x4#hh #hh ,! obscure & s+ul> habitations ( ! ,briti% oe/ri are ! /oma* & inte/9es ( ! horse1 ! frontal & maxill>y s9uses ( %eep1 & b5ea? ! sk9 ( ! backs ( horn$ cattle4 ,9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w !y inhabit v>i\s o!r animals4 ,! l>va ( ! oe/rus bovis lives b5ea? ! sk9 ( horn$ cattle1 betwe5 x & ! cellul> membrane1 9 a prop] sack or abcess1 :i* is r l>g] ?an ! insect1 & by n>r[+ upw>ds op5s ext]nally to ! air by a small ap]ture4 ,:5 arriv$ at its full gr[?1 x effects its escape f ! abcess by press+ aga9/ ! ext]nal op5+2 :5 ! op5+ has ?us obta9$ ! size ( a small pea1 ! l>va wri!s itself ?r\gh1 & falls f ! back ( ! animal to ! gr\nd2 &1 seek+ a conv5i5t retreat1 becomes a *rysalis1 9 :i* /ate x cont9ues f ab\t ! latt] end ( ,june to ab\t ! middle ( ,augu/2 ! p]fect insect1 on leav+ ! *rysalis1 =ces op5 a v rem>kable m>g9at$ triangul> lid or op]culum4 ,! oe/rus 9 its p]fect or fly /ate is ! l>ge/ ( ! ,european species ( ?is g5us1 & is v beautiful4 ,al?\gh its effects on ! cattle h be5 s (t5 rem>k$1 yet ! fly itself is r>ely se5 or tak51 z ! attempt w\ld be att5d$ ) consid]able dang]4 ,! pa9 x inflicts 9 deposit+ its egg is mu* m sev]e ?an 9 any ( ! o!r species3 :5 "o ( ! cattle is attack$ by ?is fly1 x is easily kn[n by ! extreme t]ror & agitation ( ! :ole h]d2 ! un=tunate object ( ! attack runs bell[+ f among !m to "s di/ant "p ( ! hea?1 or ! ne>e/ wat]1 :ile ! tail1 f ! sev]ity ( ! pa91 is held ) a tremul\s motion /raight f ! body1 9 ! direction ( ! sp9e1 & ! head & neck are also /ret*$ out to ! utmo/4 ,! re/1 f fe>1 g5]ally foll[ to ! wat]1 & disp]se to diff]5t p>ts ( ! field4 ,! l>v ( ?is insect are mo/ly kn[n among ! c\ntry p by ! "n ( wornuls1 wormuls1 or w>bles1 or m prop]ly bots4 ,! l>va ( ! oe/rus equi is v commonly f\nd 9 ! /oma* ( horses4 ,^! l>v atta* !mselves to e "p ( ! /oma*1 b are g5]ally mo/ num]\s ab\t ! pylorus2 & are sometimes f\nd 9 ! inte/9es4 ,!y hang mo/ commonly 9 clu/]s1 be+ fix$ by ! small end to ! inn] membrane ( ! /oma*1 to :i* !y adh]e by two small hooks or t5tacula4 ,! l>v hav+ atta9$ _! full gr[? 9 ab\t a mon?1 on dropp+ to ! gr\nd f9d "s conv5i5t retreat1 *ange to ! *rysalis1 & 9 ab\t six or sev5 weeks ! fly appe>s4 ,! l>va ( ! oe/rus hmorrhoidalis resembles 9 almo/ e respect t ( ! oe/rus equi1 & occupies ! same situation 9 ! /oma* ( ! horse4 ,:5 x is ripe1 & has pass$ ?r\gh ! inte/9es & ! sph9ct] ani x assumes ! *rysalis /ate 9 ab\t two days1 & 9 ab\t two mon?s ! fly appe>s4 ,! g5]ally receiv$ op9ion has be5 t ! female fly ent]s ! anus ( ! horse to deposit its eggs1 & ,reaumur relates ?is circum/ance on ! au?ority ( ,dr4 ,gasp>i2 f ! acc\nt ( its gett+ b5ea? ! tail1 x is probable t ! fly he saw 0 ! hippobosca equ9a1 :i* frequ5tly does ?is3 its gett+ )9 ! rectum appe>s to h be5 additional4 ,t a fly might deposit its eggs on ! v]ge ( ! anus is n impossible1 b we "k no in/ance ( x3 ! fact is1 t ! "p *os5 by ! oe/rus hmorrhoidalis = ?is purpose is ! lips ( ! horse1 :i* is v di/ress+ to ! animal f ! excessive titillation x occasions2 = he imm$iately aft] rubs 8 m\? aga9/ ! gr\nd1 8 =e legs1 or sometimes aga9/ a tree1 or if two are /&+ toge!r1 !y (t5 rub !mselves aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,at ! sight ( ?is fly1 ! horse appe>s mu* agitat$1 & moves its head backw>d & =w>d 9 ! air to baulk its t\*1 & prev5t its d>t+ on ! lips2 b ! fly1 wat*+ = a fav\rable opportunity1 cont9ues to repeat ! op]ation2 till at l5g?1 ! enrag$ animal endeav\rs to avoid x by gallop+ away to a di/ant "p ( ! field4 ,if /ill pursu$1 its la/ res\rce is 9 ! wat]1 :]e ! oe/rus is nev] obs]v$ to foll[ him4 ,! oe/rus vet]9us is by ,l9nu call$ nasalis1 f an idea ( its ent]+ ! no/rils ( ! horse to deposit its eggs1 :i* x c\ld n well d )\t de/roy+ its w+s1 & is !re=e probably z mu* a fable z ! 8mire p] anum intrans0 ( ! oe/rus hmorrhoidalis4 ,! oe/rus ovis is mo/ly f\nd 9 ! horns & frontal s9uses ( ! %eep1 ?\gh x has be5 rem>k$ t ! membranes l9+ ^! cavities 7 h>dly at all inflam$1 :ile ^? ( ! maxill>y s9uses 7 highly s2 f :i* x is suspect$ t !y inhabit ! maxill>y s9uses1 & crawl1 on ! dea? ( ! animal1 into ^! situations 9 ! horns & frontal s9uses4 ,:5 ! l>v are full-gr[n !y fall ?r\gh ! no/rils1 & *ange to ! pupa /ate1 ly+ on ! e>?1 or adh]+ by ! side to a blade ( grass4 ,! fly bur/s ! %ell ( ! pupa 9 ab\t two mon?s4 ,! above concise acc\nt ( ! diff]5t oe/ri is extract$ f ! excell5t pap] on ! subject by ,mr4 ,b4 ,cl>k1 ,f4 ,l4 ,s4 ,= 8 m ample description1 accompani$ ) col\r$ figures ( ! sev]al ,briti% species1 see ,transactions ( ! ,l9nean ,society1 vol4 iii4 page #bhc-cbi1 j publi%$4 ,,edit4 ,nei!r ! l>va1 pupa1 or ev5 ! egg-/ate ( "s insects are exempt f ! attacks ( o!rs1 :o deposit _! eggs 9 !m2 ^!1 aft] hav+ pass$ ?r\gh ! usual trans=mations1 become :at is t]m$ ! i*neumon fly4 ,! foll[+ are ! curi\s obs]vations ( an +5i\s naturali/ on ?is fly4 8,z ,i 0 obs]v+10 says he1 8"o day "s cat]pill>s :i* 7 fe$+ voluptu\sly on a cabbage leaf1 my att5tion 0 attract$ to "p ( ! plant1 ab\t :i* a little fly 0 buzz+ on its w+1 z if delib]at+ :]e to settle3 ,i 0 surpriz$ to see ! h]d ( cat]pill>s1 creatures ( tw5ty times its size1 endeav\r+ 9 an unc\? mann]1 by v>i\s contortions ( ! body to get out ( its way1 & m s :5ev] ! fly pois$ on ! w+ z if go+ to drop2 at l5g? ! creature made its *oice1 & seat$ itself on ! back ( "o ( ! l>ge/ & faire/ ( ! clu/]2 x 0 9 va9 ! unhappy reptile endeav\r$ to dislodge ! enemy4 ,if ! cat]pill> _h %ewn t]ror on ! approa* ( ! fly1 its angui% at int]vals n[ seem$ intol]able1 & ,i soon f\nd t x 0 9 consequ5ce ( ! /rokes or w\nds giv5 by ! fly4 ,at e w\nd ! poor cat]pill> wrea!d & twi/$ its :ole frame1 endeav\r+ to dis5gage itself1 by %ak+ (f ! enemy1 sometimes aim+ its m\? t[>ds ! place2 b x 0 all 9 va92 its little1 b cruel torm5tor kept its place4 ,:5 x _h inflict$ ?irty or =ty ( ^! w\nds1 x took its flight ) a visible triumph2 9 ea* ( ^! w\nds ! little fly _h deposit$ an egg4 ,i took ! cat]pill> home ) me1 to obs]ve ! progress ( ! eggs :i* 7 ?us plac$ 9 its body1 tak+ c>e to give x a fre% supply ( leaves f "t to "t2 x recov]$ to all appe>ance 9 a few h\rs f ! w\nds x _h receiv$1 & f t "t1 = ! space ( f\r or five days1 seem$ to fe$ ) its usual avidity4 ,! eggs 7 all hat*$ into small oblong voraci\s worms1 :i* f$ f ! mom5t ( _! appe>ance on ! fle% ( ! cat]pill>1 9 ^: body !y 7 inclos$1 & seem+ly )\t w\nd+ ! organs ( respiration or dige/ion2 & :5 !y _h arriv$ at _! full gr[?1 !y eat _! way out ( ! sides ( ! animal1 at ! same "t de/roy+ x4 ,! cat]pill> ?us attack$ by ! l>va ( ! i*neumon nev] escapes1 its de/ruction is infallible2 b !n its life is n tak5 away at once2 ! l>va1 :ile x is fe$+ !reon1 kn[s h[ to sp>e ! p>ts :i* are ess5tial to its life1 because its own is at t "t ti$ up 9 t ( ! cat]pill>4 ,no butt]fly is produc$ f x2 ! worms t fe$ on ! wret*$ creature1 are no soon] out ( its body1 ?an e "o sp9s its own web1 & "u ?is !y pass ! /ate ( re/ necess>y to introduce !m to _! w+$ =m40#hi ,to treat ( ea* species ( ! i*neumon w\ld alone fill a volume2 ,l9nu enum]ates no less ?an sev5ty-sev5 ( !m4#ij #hi ,inspector1 ,no4 #fd4 #ij 8,! g5us ( insects call$ i*neumon d]ive _! support & n\ri%m5t f o!r insects1 "s deposit+ _! eggs 9 ! l>va1 o!rs aga9 9 ! pupa1 & "s ev5 9 ! ovum or egg itself1 ! cont5ts ( :i*1 m9ute z !y are1 are suffici5t to support ! "y l>v until _! *ange into _! pupa /ate4 ,"s deposit only "o egg 9 a place1 z ! i*neumon ovulorum1 & o!rs aga9 a great numb]1 z i*neumon pup>um1 c4 b :e!r ! egg be plac$ 9 ! pupa1 l>va1 or ovum1 ! de/ruction ( ! fo/] p>5t is inevitable4 ,! l>v ( l>ge mo?s or butt]flies t h be5 w\nd$ by an i*neumon1 live & fe$1 ?\gh ) evid5t m>ks ( disease1 until ^? p>asites are full f$1 & able to *ange into _! second or pupa /ate40 ,see ,obs]vations on ! conomy ( ! ,i*neumon ,manife/ator1 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,l9nean ,society1 vol4 #c1 p4 #bc seq4 by ,t4 ,m>%am1 ,esq4 ,sec4 ,l4 ,s4 ,,edit4 ,( ?is /range sc5e x is difficult = u to =m a prop] judgm5t2 we are unacqua9t$ ) ! organs ( ! cat]pill>1 ignorant ( ! nature ( its s5sations1 & !re=e we _c be assur$ :at may be ! effects ( t :i* we see x suff]4 8,x is wisdom to suppose we are ignorant1 :ile we "k ! ,creator _c be cruel40 ,f revelation we le>n1 t man is ! mean ?r\gh :i* life is convey$ to ! creatures ( ?is l[] _w2 t by s9k+ into error1 & fo/]+ evil1 he p]v]ts 8 own life1 & corrupts all t :i* proce$s f him3 s t ! effects are ! same on ! ord]s b5ea? him1 z w\ld arise to ! _w if a cont9ual cl\d 0 plac$ betwe5 u & ! sun1 depriv+ u at once ( ! salut>y effects ( its invigorat+ heat & *e]+ light4 ,h5ce !re is 9 ?is degrad$ _w an obscure & melan*oly %ade ca/ ov] all ! beauties ( creation4 ,la/ly1 ! numb] ( insects :i* fe$ ^u o!rs1 nay1 "s ev5 ^u _! own species1 is v great3 x is among ^! t we f9d ! traces ( ! greate/ art & cunn+1 z well 9 attack z def5ce2 "s inde$ use ma9 =ce alone4 ,mo/ p]sons are acqua9t$ ) ! dext]\s arts ( ! spid]1 ! curi\s con/ruction ( ! web he sp9s1 & ! c5tral position he takes1 9 ord] to wat* m effectually ! lea/ motion t may be communicat$ to its t5d] net4 ,^? :o wi% to pursue ?is subject fur!r1 w f9d ample satisfaction by consult+ ! works ( ,reaumur & ,de ,ge]4 ,,( ,,! ,,habitation ,,( ,,insects4 ,insects may be divid$1 ) respect to _! habitations1 into two classes1 aquatic & t]re/rial4 ,/agnant wat]s are g5]ally fill$ ) insects1 :o live !re9 9 diff]5t mann]s4 ,^! are1 #a4 ,aquatic insects :i* rema9 always on ! sup]ficies ( ! wat]1 or :i* at lea/ plunge !mselves !re9 b r>ely4 #b4 ,o!rs t live only 9 ! wat]1 & _c subsi/ out ( x4 #c4 ,_m1 aft] hav+ liv$ 9 ! wat] :ile 9 ! l>va & pupa /ate1 quit x aft]w>ds ) w+s1 & become entirely t]re/rial4 #d4 ,"s und]go all _! trans=mations 9 ! wat]1 & !n become amphibi\s4 #e4 ,o!rs aga9 are born & gr[ 9 ! wat]1 b und]go _! pupa /ate on dry l&1 & aft] !y are arriv$ at _! p]fect /ate1 live equally 9 air & wat]2 & #f4 ,!re are "s :o live at ! same "t "p 9 ! wat] & "p on l&1 b aft] _! trans=mation cease to be aquatic4 ,among ! insects :i* rema9 on ! sup]ficies ( ! wat]1 are "s spid]s1 :i* run ) great address & agility1 )\t moi/5+ _! feet or _! body2 :5 !y repose !mselves1 !y ext5d _! feet z mu* z possible4 ,!re are also aquatic bugs1 :i* swim1 or r run on ! wat] ) great velocity1 & by troops2 ano!r bug walks v sl[ly on ! wat]2 ! gyr9us moves v swiftly1 & 9 circles4 ,!re is a species ( podura#ia :i* live 9 society1 & are (t5 accumulat$ toge!r 9 little black lumps4 ,^? insects :i* always live 9 ! wat] are g5]ally born ) ! figure :i* !y reta9 dur+ _! :ole lives1 z ! monoculi1 crabs1 sev]al k9ds ( wat] mites1 c4 #ia ,de ,ge] ,disc\rs sur les ,insectes1 tom4 #b1 p4 #ajc4 ,^? insects :i*1 aft] hav+ liv$ 9 ! wat]1 leave x :5 9 a w+$ /ate1 are v num]\s3 among ^! we may reckon ! libellula1 ! ephem]a1 ! phryganea1 culices1 tipul1 & "s species ( musc4 ,all ^!1 :5 9 ! l>va & pupa /ate1 live 9 ! wat]2 b :5 !y h assum$ _! p]fect =m1 are entirely t]re/rial1 & w\ld p]i% 9 _! =m] elem5t4 ,! notonecta1 ! nepa or aquatic scorpion1 c4 nev] quit ! wat] till !y h pass$ ?r\gh all _! trans=mations1 :5 !y become amphibi\s1 g5]ally quitt+ x 9 ! ev5+4 ,! wat]-beetles1 ( :i* !re are _m species1 rema9 9 ! wat] all day1 b t[>d ev5+ come ^u ! gr\nd & fly ab\t1 !n plunge !mselves aga9 9 ! wat] at ! approa* ( ! ris+ sun4 ,! l>v ( ^! insects are entirely aquatic1 b :5 ! "t ( _! pupa /ate arrives1 !y take to ! e>?1 :]e !y make a sph]ical case2 s t ^! insects are aquatic 9 ! l>va1 t]re/rial 9 ! pupa1 & amphibi\s 9 ! imago /ate4 ,we f9d an in/ance ( an insect t lives at ! same "t 9 ! wat] & ! air1 9 ! s+ul> l>va describ$ by ,reaumur1 ,memoires de l',acad4 9 #agad1 p4 #bjc4 ,x has ! head & tail 9 ! wat]1 :ile ! re/ ( ! body is cont9ually kept above ! surface4 ,9 ord] to support itself 9 ?is s+ul> position1 x b5ds ! body1 br++ ! head ne> ! tail1 rais+ ! re/ above ! wat]1 & support+ itself aga9/ "s fix$ object1 z a plant1 or aga9/ ! bord]s ( ! pond2 or1 if x be plac$ 9 a glass vessel1 aga9/ ! sides ( ! vessel2 & if ! glass be incl9$ g5tly1 s t ! wat] may ne>ly cov] ! l>va1 x imm$iately *anges its position1 9 ord] t "p ( ! body may be kept dry4 ,at ! ba?s ( ,abano1 a small t[n 9 ! ,v5etian /ate1 !re is a multitude ( spr+s1 /rongly impregnat$ ) sulphur1 & ( a boil+ heat4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ^! boil+ spr+s1 )9 ?ree feet ( f\r or five ( !m1 !re is a tepid "o ab\t blood-w>m4 ,9 ?is wat]1 n only ! common potamogetons & conf]vas1 or pond-we$s & wat]-mosses are f\nd gr[+ 9 an heal?y /ate1 b numb]s ( small black wat] beetles are se5 swimm+ ab\t1 :i* die on be+ tak5 out & plung$ sudd5ly into cold wat]4#ib #ib ,jones's ,physiological ,disquisitions1 p4 #aga4 ,_m insects t live "u ! surface ( ! e>? crawl out on c]ta9 occasions1 z ! julus1 scolop5dra1 & ! oniscus2 !y are (t5 also to be f\nd "u /ones1 or pieces ( rott5 wood4 ,"s insects rema9 "u gr\nd "p ( _! life1 b quit t situation aft] _! *ange2 z d "s cat]pill>s1 _m ( ! coleopt]a class1 c4 ,!re are "s species ( spid]s1 :i* =m habitations 9 s&2 "o ( :i* makes a hole 9 ! s&1 l9+ x ) a k9d ( silk1 to prev5t its crumbl+ away2 ?is spid] g5]ally keeps on ! wat* ne> ! m\? ( ! hole1 &1 if a fly approa*1 runs at x ) su* velocity1 z seldom to fail 9 its attempt ( seiz+ ! little animal1 :i* is imm$iately convey$ to ! d5 ( ! spid]4 ,! =mica-leo1 or ant-lion1 also inhabits s&4#ic #ic ,! art & dext]ity ) :i* ! =mica-leo entraps ants1 z well z o!r insects1 m]its notice2 he makes a pit 9 f9e dry s&1 %ap$ l a funnel or an inv]t$ cone1 at ! po9t or rev]t$ apex ( :i* he takes 8 /ation1 conceal+ e "p ( 8 body except ! tips ( 8 two horns2 ^! are exp&$ to ! two sides ( ! pit4 ,:5 an insect treads on ! edge ( ?is precipice1 x p]haps slides into x2 if n1 its /eps remove a little ( ! s&1 :i* ( c\rse desc5ds d[n ! sides1 & gives ! enemy notice ( 8 prey4 ,he !n ?r[s up ! s& ) :i* 8 head is cov]$1 to involve ! insect1 & br+ x to ! bottom ) ! return+ =ce ( ! s&3 ?is1 by repeat$ ef=ts he is sure to effect1 z all ! attempts ( ! un=tunate victim to escape1 :5 once )9 ! v]ge ( ! pit1 are 9 va94 ,"o species ( ! =mica-leo =ms no pit to entrap its prey1 b seizes x by ma9 =ce4 ,,edit4 ,ano!r spid]1 discov]$ by ,m4 l',abbe ,sauvage1#id burr[s 9 ! e>? l a rabbit1 mak+ a hole "o or two feet deep1 ( a regul> diamet]1 & suffici5tly l>ge to move itself ) ease4 ,x l9es ! :ole ( x1 ei!r to keep ! gr\nd f tumbl+ 91 or 9 ord] to p]ceive m regul>ly at ! bottom :at happ5s at ! m\?1 at :i* x =ms a k9d ( door1 made ( diff]5t lay]s ( e>?1 connect$ toge!r by ?reads & cov]$ ) a /rong web ( a close texture2 ! ?reads are prolong$ on "o side1 & fix$ to ! gr\nd1 s z to =m a /rong jo9t2 ! door is hung 9 su* a mann]1 z always to fall by its own gravity4 ,"o ( ^! cases or ne/s is 9 h] ,maje/y's cab9et at ,kew4 #id ,hi/oire de l',acad4 #ageh1 p4 #bf4 ,! sev]al p>ts ( trees & plants af=d a v>iety ( habitations = insects1 :]e !y f9d an abundance ( food4 ,!y dwell1 l4 9 ! roots2 #b4 9 ! wood2 #c4 9 ! leaves1 & 9 ! galls :i* gr[ ^u !m & ! bran*es2 #d4 9 ! fl[]s2 #e4 9 ! fruits & gra9s4 ,to enum]ate ! v>i\s species ( ^! inhabitants w\ld be endless2 _m p>ticul>s h be5 already notic$2 x has also appe>$ t "s inhabit ! mo/ ftid sub/ances !y c f9d1 :ile o!rs dwell ) & live on ! l>g] animals2 s t x only rema9s j to m5tion "s ( ^? 9 :om indu/ry & art is m /rongly m>k$ to our eyes ?an 9 o!rs4 ,among ! solit>y bees !re are s _m curi\s circum/ances to be describ$1 t a s+le volume w\ld n suffice to conta9 ! p>ticul>s2 we %all "h only relate su* z conc]n _! habitations4 ,"o ( ^! =ms its ne/ "u gr\nd1 :i* is compos$ ( sev]al cells artfully let into ea* o!r1 b n cov]$ ) a common inclosure2 ea* cell consi/s ( two or ?ree membranes1 inexpressibly f9e1 & plac$ ov] ea* o!r4 ,! cavity1 9 :i* ! ne/ is plac$1 is sme>$ ov] ) a lay] ( matt]1 l t ( :i* ! cells are =m$1 & app>5tly simil> to ! visc\s hum\r :i* snails spread 9 _! passage f "o place to ano!r1 & x is probable t !y are =m$ ( ! same mat]ials2 ?is sub/ance1 ?\gh ( s delicate a nature1 gives !m su* a degree ( consi/5cy1 t !y may be h&l$ )\t alt]+ _! =m4 ,an egg is deposit$ at ! bottom ( ea* cell1 :]e1 aft] x is hat*$1 ! worm f9ds itself 9 ! mid/ ( a pl5tiful /ock ( provision2 = 9 ea* cell !re is plac$ a quantity ( pa/e1 or a k9d ( wax1 :i* is to s]ve z food = ! worm1 & support ! wall ( ! cell4 ,! worm is also in/ruct$ s to conduct itself1 & eat ?is food1 z to leave suffici5t props = support+ ! walls ( its ap>tm5t4 ,_m species ( ^! bees cont5t !mselves ) p5etrat+ into ! e>?1 scoop+ out holl[ cavities !re91 poli%+ ! walls1 !n deposit+ an egg & a suffici5t quantity ( provisions4 ,!re is ano!r species1 t =ms its ne/ "u gr\nd ) rem>kable indu/ry2 ?is bee g5]ally makes a p]p5dicul> hole 9 ! e>? ab\t ?ree in*es deep1 & cyl9drical1 till )9 ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* ( ! bottom1 :5 x beg9s to enl>ge2 z soon z ! bee has giv5 x ! suitable proportions1 x proce$s to l9e n only ! :ole inside ( its dwell+1 b r\nd ! entrance2 ! sub/ance ) :i* x is l9$ is ( a crimson col\r1 & looks l sat94 ,f ?is circum/ance ,reaumur#ie t]ms x ! tape/ry bee4 ,?is tape/ry or l9+ is =m$ ( fragm5ts ( ! fl[]s ( ! wild poppy1 :i* %e cuts out curi\sly1 & !n seiz+ !m ) h] legs1 conveys !m to h] ne/4 ,if ! pieces are wr9kl$1 %e fir/ /raight5s & !n affixes !m to h] walls ) wond]\s art2 %e g5]ally applies two lay]s ( ^! fragm5ts "o ov] ! o!r4 ,if ! piece %e has cut & transport$ be too l>ge = ! place %e int5ds x =1 %e clips (f ! sup]flu\s p>ts & conveys ! %r$s out ( ! ap>tm5t4 ,aft] ! bee has l9$ h] cell1 %e fills x ne>ly half an in* deep ) a pa/e prop] to n\ri% ! l>va :5 hat*$ f ! egg2 :5 ! bee has amass$ a suffici5t quantity ( pa/e1 %e !n takes h] tape/ry1 & folds x ov] ! pa/e & egg1 :i* are by ^! means inclos$ z x 7 9 a bag ( pa/e2 ?is done1 %e fills up ) e>? ! empty space t is above ! bag4 ,!re is ano!r bee :i* does ! same ) rose-leaves1 & 9 ! sub/ance ( a ?ick po/4 ,a fri5d ( m9e _h a piece ( wood cut f a /rong po/ t support$ ! ro( ( a c>t-h\se1 full ( ^! cells or r\nd holes1 ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & ab\t ?ree-f\r?s deep1 ea* ( :i* 0 fill$ ) ^! rose-leaf cases f9ely cov]$ 9 at top & bottom4 #ie ,reaumur ,memoires p\r l',hi/oire des ,insectes1 edit4 #hvo4 tom4 #f1 p>tie #a1 p4 #agj4 ,! mason bee is s call$ by ,reaumur f ! mann] ( its build+ its ne/4 ,^! bees collect ) _! jaws small p>cels ( e>? & s&1 :i* !y glue toge!r ) a /rong cem5t furni%$ f ! proboscis2 & ( ?is !y =m a simple b commodi\s habitation1 :i* is g5]ally plac$ along walls t are expos$ to ! s\?4 ,ea* ne/ resembles a lump ( rude e>?1 ( ab\t six or sev5 in*es diamet]1 ?r[n aga9/ ! wall2 ! lab\r ( con/ruct+ s l>ge an edifice mu/ be v great1 z ! bee c only c>ry a few gra9s at a "t4 ,! ext]ior =m is rude & irregul>1 b ! con/ruction & art exhibit$ 9 ! int]ior p>ts make up = ?is seem+ defect2 x is g5]ally divid$ into twelve or fifte5 cells1 sep>at$ f ea* o!r by a ?ick wall2 9 ea* ( ^! an egg is deposit$ by ! p>5t bee4 ,! cells are n con/ruct$ all at once1 = :5 "o is f9i%$1 %e places an egg !re91 ) a suffici5t quantity ( honey to n\ri% ! l>va2 %e !n builds ano!r4 ,:5 ! insect is arriv$ at a prop] /ate1 x p5etrates ?r\gh its inclosures by means ( its /rong jaws4 ,:5 all ! bees h quitt$ ! ne/1 !re are z _m holes on ! surface !re( z !re are cells )94 ,we f9d no neutral bees among ?is species1 or at lea/ we d n "k ( any be+ yet discov]$4 ,ano!r species ( ! solit>y bee 7apis c5tuncul>is1 ,l9n47 con/ructs h] ne/ 9 pieces ( rott5 wood1 & has !re=e be5 call$ ! c>p5t] bee4#if ,%e divides x into /ages1 dispos+ !m sometimes 9 ?ree r[s1 ) p>titions curi\sly left betwe5 ea*2 9 ^! %e deposits h] eggs1 ) ! food necess>y = ! "y ones :5 hat*$4 ,!y sep>ate ! wood 9 a v exp$iti\s mann]1 by divid+ its ligne\s fibres or ?reads1 till !y h made a prop] siz$ hole4 #if ,ge(froy ,hi/4 abregee des ,insectes1 tom4 #b1 p4 #dja4 ,! art & sagacity display$ by ano!r bee1#ig ^: ne/ is con/ruct$ ( s+le pieces ( leaves1 is truly wond]ful4 ,! ne/ itself is cyl9drical1 =m$ ( sev]al cells1 plac$ "o )9 ! o!r1 z ?imbles are 9 a h>d-w>e %op4 ,! cells consi/ ( sev]al pieces cut f "o leaf1 ( =ms & proportions prop] to co9cide ) ! place ea* is int5d$ to occupy4 ,! out] case or cov] is =m$ ) equal c>e & exactness4 ,9 a ^w1 says ,bonnet1 !re is s mu* exactness1 symmetry1 uni=mity1 & skill1 9 ?is little ma/]-piece1 t we %\ld n believe x to be ! "w ( a fly1 if we did n "k at :at s*ool %e le>nt ! art ( con/ruct+ x4 ,9 ea* cell ! "m deposits an almo/ liquid sub/ance1 & yet s nicely are ! cells =m$1 z n to suff] any ( ?is sub/ance to be lo/4 ,b = a m9ute acc\nt ( ! works ( ?is bee1 & ! curi\s me*anism ( its cells1 we mu/ ref] ! read] to ,reaumur's admirable hi/ory ( insects4 #ig ,reaumur ,memoires p\r l',hi/oire des ,insectes1 tom4 #f1 p>4 #a1 p4 #abb4 ,! proce$+s ( ! mason i*neumon wasp1#ih sphex1 ,l9n4 are totally diff]5t f ^? ( ! common wasp1 ?\gh equally curi\s4 ,x g5]ally beg9s its "w 9 ,may1 & cont9ues x = ! greate/ "p ( ,june4 ,! true object ( h] lab\r seems to be ! digg+ ( a hole a few in*es deep 9 ! gr\nd2 yet 9 ! con/ruct+ ( ?is1 %e =ms a holl[ tube above gr\nd1 ! base ( :i* is ! ap]ture ( ! hole1 & :i* is rais$ z high above gr\nd z ! hole is deep bel[2 x is =m$ ) a great deal ( c>e1 resembl+ a gross k9d ( fillagree "w1 consi/+ ( ! s& drawn f ! hole4 ,! s& out ( :i* %e excavates h] cell1 is ne>ly z h>d z a common /one2 ?is x readily s(t5s ) a p5etrat+ liquor ) :i* %e is well provid$2 a drop or two ( x is imbib$ imm$iately by ! s& on :i* x falls1 :i* is in/antly r5d]$ s s(t1 t %e c sep>ate & knead x ) h] tee? & =e feet1 =m+ x into a small ball1 :i* %e places on ! edge ( ! hole z ! f\ndation /one ( ! pill> %e is go+ to erect2 ! :ole ( x is =m$ ( su* balls1 rang$ circul>ly1 & !n plac$ "o above ! o!r4 ,%e leaves h] "w at int]vals1 probably 9 ord] to r5ew h] /ock ( t liquor :i* is s necess>y = h] op]ations4 ,^! int]vals are ( %ort duration2 %e soon returns1 & lab\rs ) s mu* activity & ard\r1 t 9 a few h\rs %e w dig a hole two or ?ree in*es deep1 & raise a holl[ pill> two in*es high4 ,aft] ! column has be5 rais$ a c]ta9 height p]p5dicul> f ! gr\nd1 x beg9s to curve a little1 :i* curvature increases till x is f9i%$1 ?\gh ! cyl9drical =m is ma9ta9$3 %e con/ructs sev]al ( ^! holes all ( ! same =m1 & = ! same purpose4 ,x is easy to see :y ! hole 0 dug 9 ! gr\nd2 t x 0 de/9$ to receive an egg2 b x is n s easy to p]ceive :y ! tube ( s& 0 =m$4 ,by att5d+ to ! lab\rs ( ! wasp1 "o end1 h[ev]1 may be discov]$2 x w be f\nd to s]ve ! purpose ( a scaffold1 & t ! balls are z useful to ! wasp1 z mat]ials1 c4 to ! mason2 & are !re=e plac$ z mu* )9 h] rea* z possible4 ,%e uses !m to /op & fill up ! hole aft] %e has deposit$ an egg !re91 s t ! pill> is !n de/roy$1 & n ! lea/ rema9s left 9 ! ne/4 ,! p>5t wasp g5]ally leaves t5 or twelve worms z provision necess>y & prop] = ! gr[? ( ! "y l>va3 no purveyor c\ld take bett] precautions ?an our wasp1 = %e has receiv$ h] in/ructions f ,,him :o provides = ! necessities ( all 8 creatures4 ,9 select+ ! worms1 %e *ooses ^? ( a prop] size1 t !y may be suffici5t 9 quantity1 & ( an age t w n be 9 dang] ( p]i%+ ) hung]1 9 :i* case !y w\ld h be5 corrupt$2 %e !re=e selects !m :5 !y h _! full gr[?4 ,x is also obs]v$1 t if %e *oose a l>g] sort1 %e gives a less numb] ( !m1 & s reciprocally4 #ih ,reaumur ,mem4 p\r l',hi/oire des ,insectes1 tom4 xi4 p>4 #b1 p4 #i4 ,f a retrospect view ( ?is *apt]1 we may obs]ve a /rik+ diff]5ce betwe5 man & ! l[] ord]s ( animal creation4 ,man is born totally ignorant2 s mu* s1 t he has no k ev5 ( ! "m's brea/1 till he has be5 br\ght acqua9t$ ) x by repeat$ trials2 he has no innate ideas1 is unable to *oose :at is prop] = 8 food2 he _c =m 8 voice to any articulate pronunciation1 or to express ! affections ( love2 :]eas ! quadrup$1 ! bird1 & ! insect1 are born to all t k :i* is necess>y = ! gratification ( ^? desires or t love :i* =ms _! life2 &1 consequ5tly1 9 ! k ( e ?+ relat+ to _! well-be+1 _! food1 _! habitations1 ! comm]ce ( ! sexes1 _! provision = _! "y1 c4 f ! impulse ( ! pleasure aris+ f ^! innate desires & affections1 ! l>va is also prompt$ to seek & aspire aft] a *ange ( its e>?ly /ate4 ,if x 7 n =eign to ! subject 9 h&1 x might be easy to %ew1 by a v>iety ( reasons1 t ?is imp]fection ( man at 8 nativity con/itutes 8 real p]fection1 & places him inf9itely1 if ,i may s speak1 above ! brute creation2 = man is n creat$ relatively p]fect1 b =m$ a recipi5t ( all p]fection4 ,,( ,,! ,,t]mites1 ,,g5]ally ,,call$ ,,:ite ,,ants4 ,z no insects exce$ ! t]mites 9 _! wond]ful conomy1 wise contrivances1 & /up5d\s build+s1 x w be prop] to give ! read] "s acc\nt ( !m2 :i* ,i am enabl$ to d f ! excell5t pap] writt5 by ! late ,mr4 ,smea?man1 & publi%$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions = ! ye> #agha1 "p #a4 ,! t]mites are repres5t$ by ,l9nu z ! greate/ plagues ( bo? ,indies1 & are inde$ ju/ly deem$ s e :]e betwe5 ! tropics1 on acc\nt ( ! va/ damages su/a9$ ?r\gh !m 9 consequ5ce ( _! eat+ & p]=at+ wood5 build+s1 ut5sils1 furniture1 c4 :i* are totally de/roy$ by !m if n timely prev5t$2 = no sub/ance less h>d ?an metal or /one c escape _! mo/ de/ructive jaws4 ,^! insects h be5 notic$ by v>i\s travell]s 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! torrid zone2 :]e num]\s1 z is ! case ) all equ9octial cont95ts1 & isl&s n fully cultivat$1 _m p]sons h be5 excit$ by curiosity to obs]ve !m2 &1 inde$1 ^? devoid ( t disposition mu/ h be5 v =tunate1 if1 aft] a %ort resid5ce1 !y 7 n compell$ to pay !m att5tion = ! pres]vation ( _! prop]ty4 ,!y make _! approa*es *iefly "u gr\nd1 desc5d+ bel[ ! f\ndations ( h\ses & /ores1 at sev]al feet f ! surface1 & ris+ aga9 ei!r 9 ! floors1 or ent]+ at ! bottoms ( ! po/s ( :i* ! sides ( ! build+s are compos$1 bor+ q ?r\gh !m1 foll[+ ! c\rse ( ! fibres to ! top1 or mak+ lat]al p]=ations & cavities "h & !re z !y proce$4 ,:ile "s are employ$ 9 gutt+ ! po/s1 o!rs asc5d f !m1 ent]+ a raft]1 or "s o!r "p ( ! ro(4 ,if !y once f9d ! ?at*1 :i* seems to be a fav\rite food1 !y soon br+ up wet clay1 & build _! pipes or gall]ies ?r\gh ! ro( 9 v>i\s directions1 z long z x w support !m2 sometimes eat+ ! palm-tree leaves & bran*es ( :i* x is compos$1 & p]haps1 = v>iety seems v pleas+ to !m1 ! rattan1 or o!r runn+ plant1 :i* is us$ z a cord to tie ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! ro( toge!r1 & t to ! po/s :i* support x4 ,?us1 ) ! assi/ance ( ! rats1 :o dur+ ! ra9y season are apt to %elt] !mselves !re1 & to burr[ ?r\gh x1 !y v soon ru9 ! h\se1 by weak5+ ! fa/5+s1 & expos+ x to ! wet4 ,9 ! mean "t ! po/s w be p]=at$ 9 e direction z full ( holes z t timb] 9 ! bottoms ( %ips1 :i* has be5 bor$ by ! worms2 ! fibr\s & knotty p>ts1 :i* are ! h>de/1 be+ left to ! la/4 ,^! insects are n less exp$iti\s 9 de/roy+ ! %elves1 wa9scott+1 & o!r fixtures ( an h\se1 ?an ! h\se itself4 ,!y are cont9ually pi]c+ & bor+ 9 all directions1 & sometimes g out ( ! broadside ( "o po/ into t ( ano!r adjo9+ to x2 b !y pref] & always de/roy ! s(t] sub/ances ! fir/1 & are p>ticul>ly fond ( p9e & fir bo>ds1 :i* !y excavate & c>ry away ) wond]ful dispat* & a/oni%+ cunn+2 =1 except a %elf has some?+ /&+ ^u x1 z a book1 or any ?+ else :i* may tempt !m1 !y w n p]=ate ! surface1 b artfully pres]ve x q :ole1 & eat away all ! inside1 except a few fibres :i* b>ely keep ! two sides connect$ toge!r2 s t a piece ( an in*-bo>d1 :i* appe>s solid to ! eye1 w n weigh mu* m ?an two %eets ( pa/ebo>d ( equal dim5sions1 aft] ^! animals h be5 a little :ile 9 possession ( x4 ,9 %ort1 ! t]mites are s insidi\s 9 _! attacks1 t we _c be too mu* ^u our gu>d aga9/ !m3 !y w sometimes beg9 & raise _! works1 especially 9 new h\ses1 ?r\gh ! floor4 ,if y de/roy ! "w s begun1 & make a fire ^u ! spot1 ! next night !y w attempt to rise ?r\gh ano!r "p2 & if !y happ5 to em]ge "u a *e/ or trunk1 e>ly 9 ! night w pi]ce ! bottom1 & de/roy or spoil e ?+ 9 x be=e ! morn+4 ,on ^! acc\nts ! inhabitants set all _! *e/s or boxes ^u /ones or bricks1 s z to leave ! bottoms ( su* furniture "s in*es above ! gr\nd1 :i* n only prev5ts ^! insects f9d+ !m out s readily1 b pres]ves ! bottoms f a corrosive damp1 :i* w\ld /rike f ! e>? ?r\gh1 & rot e ?+ !re93 a va/ deal ( v]m9 also w\ld h>b\r "u1 su* z cockroa*es1 c5tip$es1 millep$es1 scorpions1 ants1 & v>i\s o!r noisome insects4 ,x may be presum$ t !y h obta9$ ! "n ( ants f ! simil>ity 9 _! mann] ( liv+ ) ^? insects1 :i* is 9 l>ge communities1 t erect v extraord9>y ne/s1 = ! mo/ "p on ! surface ( ! gr\nd2 f :5ce _! excursions are made ?r\gh subt]rane\s passages or cov]$ gall]ies1 :i* !y build :5ev] necessity obliges1 or plund] induces !m to m>* above gr\nd1 & at a great di/ance f _! habitations1 c>ry on a bus9ess ( depr$ation & de/ruction sc>ce cr$ible b to ^? :o h se5 x2 b1 not)/&+ !y live 9 communities1 & are1 l ! ants1 omnivor\s2 ?\gh1 l !m1 at a c]ta9 p]iod !y are furni%$ ) f\r w+s1 & emigrate or colonize at ! same season1 !y are by no means ! same k9d ( insects1 nor does _! =m correspond ) t ( ants 9 any "o /ate ( _! exi/5ce4 ,! t]mites resemble ! ants1 inde$1 9 _! provid5t & dilig5t lab\r1 b surpass !m1 z well z ! bees1 wasps1 beav]s1 & all o!r animals1 9 ! art ( build+1 z mu* z ,europeans excel ! mo/ uncultivat$ savages4 ,!y %ew m sub/antial in/ances ( +5uity & indu/ry ?an any o!r animals2 & d1 9 fact1 lay up va/ magaz9es ( provisions & o!r /ores2 a degree ( prud5ce :i* has ( late ye>s be5 d5i$1 p]haps )\t reason1 to ! ants4 ,! communities consi/ ( "o male & "o female1 :i* are g5]ally ! common p>5ts ( ! :ole or great] "p ( ! re/1 & ( ?ree ord]s ( insects1 app>5tly v diff]5t species1 b really ! same1 :i* toge!r compose great commonweal?s or r mon>*ies4 ,! great ,l9nu hav+ se5 or he>d ( b two ( ^! ord]s1 has class$ ! g5us errone\sly1 = he has plac$ x among ! apt]a1 or insects )\t w+s2 :]eas ! insect 9 its p]fect /ate1 hav+ f\r w+s )\t any /+1 belongs to ! neuropt]a2 9 :i* class x w con/itute a new g5us ( _m species4 ,! diff]5t species ( ?is g5us resemble ea* o!r 9 =m1 9 _! mann] ( liv+1 & 9 _! good & bad qualities1 b diff] z mu* z birds 9 ! mann] ( build+ _! habitations or ne/s1 & 9 ! *oice ( ! mat]ials ( :i* !y compose !m4 ,!re are "s species :i* build ^u ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 or "p above & "p b5ea?2 & "o or two species1 p]haps m1 t build on ! /em or bran*es ( trees4 ,!re are ( e species ( t]mites ?ree ord]s3 #a4 ,! work+ insects1 :i* = brevity we %all call lab\r]s4 #b4 ,! fight]s or soldi]s1 :i* d n lab\r2 & #c4 ,! w+$ or p]fect insects1 :i* are male & female1 & capable ( propagation4 ,f ^! ! k+s & que5s are *os51 & nature has s ord]$ x1 t !y emigrate )9 a few weeks aft] _! elevation to ?is /ate1 & ei!r e/abli% new k+doms1 or p]i% )9 a day or two4 ,( ^!1 ! work+ insects or lab\r]s are always ! mo/ num]\s2 among t species emphatically call$ t]mes bellicosus1 :i* is ! l>ge/1 !re seem to be at ! lea/ "o-hundr$ lab\r]s to "o ( ! fight+ insects or soldi]s4 ,!y are 9 ?is /ate ab\t "o-f\r? ( an in* long1 & tw5ty-five ( !m weigh ab\t a gra91 s t !y are n s l>ge z "s ( our ants2 f _! ext]nal habits & fondness = wood1 !y h be5 v expressively call$ wood-lice by "s p1 & ! :ole g5us has be5 kn[n by t "n1 p>ticul>ly among ! ,fr5*4 ,!y resemble !m1 x is true1 v mu* at a di/ance2 !y run z fa/ or fa/] ?an any o!r insect ( _! size1 & are incessantly 9 a bu/le4 ,! second ord]1 or soldi]s1 h a v diff]5t appe>ance f ! lab\r]s1 & h be5 by "s au?ors suppos$ to be ! males1 & ! =m] neut]s2 b !y are1 9 fact1 ! same insects z ! =ego+1 only !y h und]gone a *ange ( =m1 & approa*$ "o degree ne>] to ! p]fect /ate4 ,!y are mu* l>g]1 be+ half an in* long1 & equal 9 size to fifte5 ( ! lab\r]s4 ,!re is n[1 likewise1 a mo/ rem>kable circum/ance 9 ! =m ( ! head & m\?2 = 9 ! =m] /ate ! m\? is evid5tly calculat$ = gnaw+ & hold+ bodies2 b 9 ?is /ate1 ! jaws be+ %ap$ l two v %>p awls a little jagg$1 !y are incapable ( any ?+ b pi]c+ or w\nd+1 = :i* purposes !y are well calculat$1 be+ z h>d z a crab's claw & plac$ 9 a /rong horny head l>g] ?an all ! re/ ( ! body toge!r4 ,! insect 9 its p]fect /ate is v>i$ /ill m 9 its =m2 ! head1 ?orax1 & abdom51 diff] almo/ entirely f ! same p>ts 9 ! lab\r]s & soldi]s2 &1 besides ?is1 ! animal is n[ furni%$ ) f\r f9e l>ge br[ni% transp>5t w+s1 ) :i* x is1 at ! "t ( emigration1 to w+ its way 9 se>* ( a new settlem5t2 9 %ort1 x diff]s s mu* f its =m & appe>ance 9 ! two o!r /ates1 t x has nev] be5 suppos$ to be ! same animal1 b by ^? :o h se5 x 9 ! same ne/2 & "s ( ^! h di/ru/$ ! evid5ce ( _! s5ses4 ,x 0 s long be=e ,mr4 ,smea?man met ) !m 9 ! ne/s1 t he d\bt$ ! in=mation :i* 0 giv5 him by ! natives1 t !y belong$ to ! same family3 inde$1 tw5ty ne/s may be op5$ )\t f9d+ "o w+$ "o2 = ^? are to be f\nd only j be=e ! comm5cem5t ( ! ra9y season1 :5 !y und]go ! la/ *ange1 :i* is prep>ative to _! colonization4 ,add to ?is1 !y sometimes ab&on an outw>d "p ( _! build+1 ! community be+ dim9i%$ by "s accid5t t is unkn[n2 sometimes diff]5t species ( ! real ant1 =mica1 possess !mselves by =ce ( a lodgm5t1 & s are frequ5tly dislodg$ f ! same ne/1 & tak5 = ! same k9d ( insects4 ,?is is (t5 ! case ) ! ne/s ( ! small] species1 :i* are frequ5tly totally ab&on$ by ! t]mites1 & completely inhabit$ by diff]5t species ( ants1 cockroa*es1 scolop5dr1 scorpions1 & o!r v]m9 fond ( obscure retreats1 t occupy diff]5t p>ts ( _! roomy build+s4 ,9 ! w+$ /ate1 _! size z well z =m is alt]$4 ,_! bodies 9 ?is /ate measure betwe5 six & sev5-t5?s ( an in* 9 l5g?1 _! w+s above two in*es & an half f tip to tip1 & !y are equal 9 bulk to ab\t ?irty lab\r]s1 or two soldi]s4 ,!y are furni%$ ) two l>ge eyes plac$ on ea* side ( ! head2 if !y _h any be=e1 !y are n easily to be di/+ui%$4 ,9 ?is =m ! animal comes abroad dur+ or soon aft] ! fir/ tornado1 :i* at ! latt] end ( ! dry season proclaims ! approa* ( ! ensu+ ra9s1 & seldom waits = a second or ?ird %[]2 if ! fir/1 z is g5]ally ! case1 happ5 9 ! night1 & br+ mu* wet aft] x1 ! quantities t are to be f\nd ! next morn+ all ov] ! surface ( ! e>?1 b p>ticul>ly on ! wat]s1 is a/oni%+2 = _! w+s are only calculat$ to c>ry !m a few h\rs2 & aft] ! ris+ ( ! sun1 n "o 9 a ?\s& is to be f\nd ) f\r w+s1 unless ! morn+ cont9ues ra9y1 :5 "h & !re a solit>y be+ is se5 w++ its way f "o place to ano!r1 z if solicit\s to avoid its num]\s enemies1 p>ticul>ly v>i\s species ( ants1 :i* are hunt+ on e spray1 on e leaf1 & 9 e possible place = ?is unhappy race1 ( :i* probably n "o pair 9 _m millions are pres]v$ to fulfil ! fir/ law ( nature1 & lay ! f\ndation ( a new community4 ,n only all k9ds ( ants1 & o!r insects1 b birds1 & c>nivor\s reptiles1 are ^u ! hunt = !m1 & ! inhabitants ( _m c\ntries eat !m4 ,f "o ( ! mo/ active1 indu/ri\s1 & rapaci\s2 f "o ( ! mo/ fi]ce & implacable little animals 9 ! _w1 !y are 9 ?is /ate *ang$ into an innoc5t helpless insect1 incapable ( mak+ ! lea/ resi/ance to ! smalle/ ant4 ,! ants are to be se5 on e side 9 inf9ite numb]s1 ( v>i\s species & sizes1 dragg+ ^! annual victims to _! diff]5t ne/s4 ,"s are h[ev] s =tunate z to escape1 & be discov]$ by ! lab\r+ insects t are cont9ually runn+ ab\t ! surface ( ! gr\nd "u _! cov]$ gall]ies1 ! little indu/ri\s creatures imm$iately inclose !m 9 a small *amb] ( clay1 suitable to _! size1 into :i* at fir/ !y leave b "o small entrance1 only l>ge en\gh = !mselves & ! soldi]s to g 9 & out1 b necessity obliges !m to make m entrances4 ,! volunt>y subjects *>ge !mselves ) ! task ( provid+ = ! (fspr+ ( _! sov]eigns1 z well z to "w & to fight = !m1 until !y %all h rais$ a prog5y capable at lea/ ( divid+ ! task ) !m4 ,! bus9ess ( propagation soon comm5ces2 & ! lab\r]s hav+ con/ruct$ a small wood5 nurs]y1 h]eaft] to be describ$1 c>ry ! eggs & lodge !m !re z fa/ z !y c obta9 !m f ! que54 ,ab\t ?is "t a mo/ extraord9>y *ange beg9s to take place 9 ! que51 to :i* we "k no?+ simil>1 except 9 ! pulex p5etrans ( ,l9nu1 ! jigg] ( ! ,we/-,indies1 & 9 ! diff]5t species ( coccus co*9eal4 ,! abdom5 ( ?is female beg9s gradually to ext5d & enl>ge to su* an enorm\s size1 t an old que5 w h x increas$ s z to be fifte5 hundr$ or two ?\s& times ! bulk ( ! re/ ( h] body1 & tw5ty or ?irty ?\s& times ! bulk ( a lab\r]2 ! sk9 betwe5 ! segm5ts ( ! abdom5 ext5ds 9 e direction1 & at la/ ! segm5ts are remov$ to half an in* di/ance f ea* o!r1 ?\gh at fir/ ! l5g? ( ! :ole abdom5 0 n above half an in*4 ,!y pres]ve _! d>k-br[n col\r1 & ! upp] "p ( ! abdom5 is m>k$ ) a regul> s]ies ( br[n b>s1 f ! ?orax to ! po/]ior "p ( ! abdom51 :ile ! int]vals betwe5 !m are cov]$ ) a ?91 delicate1 transp>5t sk91 & appe> ( a f9e cream col\r1 a little %ad$ by ! d>k col\r ( ! inte/9es & wat]y fluid se5 "h & !re b5ea?4 ,x is suppos$ t ! animal is upw>ds ( two ye>s old :5 ! abdom5 is increas$ to ?ree in*es 9 l5g?3 !y h sometimes be5 f\nd ( ne> twice t size4 ,! abdom5 is !n ( an irregul> oblong %ape1 be+ contract$ by ! muscles ( e segm5t1 & is become "o va/ matrix full ( eggs1 :i* make long circumvolutions ?r\gh an innum]able quantity ( v m9ute vessels1 t circulate r\nd ! inside 9 a s]p5t9e mann]1 :i* w\ld ex]cise ! +5uity ( a skilful anatomi/ to dissect & develope4 ,?is s+ul> matrix is n m rem>kable = its amaz+ ext5sion & size1 ?an = its p]i/altic motion1 :i* resembles ! undulation ( waves1 & cont9ues incessantly )\t any app>5t ef=t ( ! animal2 s t "o "p or o!r is alt]nately ris+ & s9k+ 9 p]petual succession4 ,! matrix seems nev] at re/1 b to be always protrud+ eggs to ! am\nt1 9 old que5s1 ( sixty 9 a m9ute1 or eighty ?\s& & upw>ds 9 "o day ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,^! eggs are in/antly tak5 f h] body by h] att5dants1 & c>ri$ to ! nurs]ies1 :i* 9 a great ne/ may "s ( !m be f\r or five feet di/ant 9 a /raight l9e1 & consequ5tly mu* f>!r by _! w9d+ gall]ies4 ,"h ! "y1 :5 !y are hat*$1 are att5d$ & provid$ ) e ?+ necess>y1 until !y are able to %ift = !mselves1 & take _! %>e ( ! lab\rs ( ! community4 ,! t]mes bellicosus be+ ! l>ge/ species1 is mo/ rem>kable1 & be/ kn[n on ! coa/ ( ,africa4 ,x erects imm5se build+s ( well-temp]$ clay or e>?1 :i* are contriv$ & f9i%$ ) su* art & +5uity1 t we are at a loss to say :e!r !y are mo/ to be admir$ on t acc\nt1 or = _! enorm\s magnitude & solidity4 ,! reason t ! l>g] t]mites h be5 mo/ rem>k$ is obvi\s2 !y n only build l>g] & m curi\s ne/s1 b are also m num]\s & d inf9itely m mis*ief to mank9d4#ii #ii ,x may appe> surpriz+1 t a ,be+ p]fectly good %\ld h creat$ animals :i* seem to s]ve no o!r end b to spread de/ruction & desolation :]ev] !y g4 ,b let u be cauti\s 9 suspect+ any imp]fection 9 ! ,fa!r ( ! univ]se3 :at1 on a sup]ficial view may seem only productive ( mis*ief1 w ^u mature delib]ation be f\nd wor?y ( t wisdom :i* p]vades e "p ( ! creation4 ,_m poisons prove valuable m$ic9es2 /orms are b5eficial2 & diseases (t5 pres]ve life1 & are conducive to its future enjoym5ts4 ,! t]mites1 x mu/ be all[$1 are frequ5tly p]nici\s to mank9d1 b !y are also v useful1 & ev5 necess>y2 "o valuable purpose :i* !y s]ve1 is1 to de/roy decay$ trees & o!r sub/ances1 :i*1 if left on ! surface ( ! gr\nd 9 hot climates1 w\ld 9 a %ort "t pollute ! air4 ,9 ?is respect1 !y resemble v mu* ! common flies1 :i* are reg>d$ by ! g5]ality ( mank9d z noxi\s1 & at be/1 z useless be+s 9 ! creation2 b ?is is c]ta9ly = want ( due consid]ation4 ,!re are n probably 9 all nature animals ( m importance2 & x w\ld n be difficult to prove1 t we %\ld feel ! want ( "o or two species ( l>ge quadrup$s mu* less ?an ( "o or two species ( ^! despicable look+ insects4 ,no?+ is m disagreeable or m pe/if]\s ?an putrid sub/ances2 & x is app>5t to all :o h made ! obs]vation1 t ^! little insects contribute m to ! quick dissolution & disp]sion ( putresc5t matt] ?an any o!r4 ,!y are s necess>y 9 all hot climates1 t ev5 9 ! op5 fields a dead animal or small putrid sub/ance _c be laid on ! gr\nd two m9utes1 be=e x w be cov]$ ) flies & _! maggots1 :i* in/antly ent]+1 quickly dev\r "o "p1 &1 p]=at+ ! re/ 9 v>i\s directions1 expose ! :ole to be mu* soon] dissipat$ by ! elem5ts4 ,?us x is ) ! t]mites2 ! rapid vegetation 9 hot climates1 ( :i* no idea c be =m$ by any ?+ to be se5 9 ?is1 is equall$ by z great a degree ( de/ruction f natural z well z accid5tal causes4 ,:5 trees & ev5 woods are 9 "p de/roy$ by tornados or fire1 x is wond]ful to obs]ve h[ _m ag5ts are employ$ 9 ha/5+ ! total dissolution ( ! re/2 9 ?is bus9ess none are s exp]t or s exp$iti\s & effectual z ! t]mites1 :o 9 a few weeks de/roy & c>ry away ! bodies ( l>ge trees )\t leav+ a p>ticle beh9d2 ?us cle>+ ! place = o!r vegetables1 :i* soon fill up e vacancy4 ,see ,encycl4 ,brit4 art4 ,t]mes4 ,,edit4 ,! ne/s ( ?is species are s num]\s all ov] ! isl& ( ,bananas1 & ! adjac5t cont95t ( ,africa1 t x is sc>cely possible to /& ^u any op5 place1 su* z a rice plantation1 or o!r cle> spot1 :]e "o ( ^! build+s is n to be se5 almo/ close to ea* o!r4 ,9 "s p>ts ne> ,s5egal1 z m5tion$ by ,m4 ,adanson1 _! numb]1 magnitude1 & clos5ess ( situation1 make !m appe> l ! villages ( ! natives4 ,^! build+s are usually t]m$ hills1 by ! inhabitants z well z /rang]s1 f _! outw>d appe>ance1 :i* is t ( little hills m or less conical1 g5]ally v mu* 9 ! =m ( sug>-loaves1 & ab\t t5 or twelve feet 9 p]p5dicul> height above ! common surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,^! hills cont9ue q b>e until !y are six or eight feet high2 b1 9 "t1 ! dead b>r5 clay ( :i* !y are compos$ becomes f]tiliz$ by ! g5ial p[] ( ! elem5ts 9 ^! prolific climates1 & ! addition ( vegetable salts & o!r matt]s br\ght by ! w9d2 & 9 ! second or ?ird ye> ! hillock1 if n ov]%ad$ by trees1 becomes l ! re/ ( ! e>?1 almo/ cov]$ ) grass & o!r plants2 & 9 ! dry season1 :5 ! h]bage is burnt up by ! rays ( ! sun1 x is n mu* unlike a v l>ge hay-cock4 ,e "o ( ^! build+s consi/s ( two di/9ct p>ts1 ! ext]ior & int]ior4 ,! ext]ior cov] is "o l>ge clay %ell1 9 ! =m ( a dome1 capaci\s & /rong en\gh to inclose & %elt] ! int]ior build+ f ! vicissitudes ( ! wea!r1 & ! inhabitants f ! attacks ( natural or accid5tal enemies4 ,! ext]nal cov] is always1 !re=e1 mu* /rong] ?an ! int]ior build+1 :i* is ! habitable "p1 divid$ ) wond]ful regul>ity & contrivance into an amaz+ numb] ( ap>tm5ts = ! resid5ce ( ! k+ & que51 = ! nurs+ ( _! num]\s prog5y1 & = magaz9es1 :i* are always f\nd well fill$ ) /ores & provisions4 ,^! hills make _! fir/ appe>ance above gr\nd by a little turret or two 9 ! %ape ( sug>-loaves1 :i* are run a foot high or m2 soon aft]1 at "s little di/ance1 :ile ! =m] are increas+ 9 height & size1 !y rise o!rs1 & s g on increas+ ! numb]1 & wid5+ !m at ! base1 till _! works bel[ are cov]$ ) ^! turrets1 :i* ! insects always raise highe/ & l>ge/ t[>ds ! middle ( ! hill1 & by fill+ up ! int]vals betwe5 ea* turret1 collect !m z x 7 into "o dome4 ,!y are n v curi\s or exact ab\t ^! turrets1 except 9 mak+ !m v solid & /rong2 & :51 by ! junction ( !m1 ! dome is complet$1 = :i* purpose ! turrets s]ve z scaffolds1 !y take away ! middle ones entirely1 except ! tops1 :i* jo9$ toge!r make ! cr[n ( ! cupola1 & apply ! clay to ! build+ ( ! works )91 or to erect+ fre% turrets = ! purpose ( rais+ ! hillock /ill high]2 s t no d\bt "s "p ( ! clay is us$ sev]al times1 l ! bo>ds & po/s ( a mason's scaffold4 ,! royal *amb]1 :i*1 on acc\nt ( its be+ adapt$ =1 & occupi$ by ! k+ & que51 appe>s to be 9 ! op9ion ( ?is little p1 ( ! mo/ consequ5ce1 is always situat$ z ne> ! c5t] ( ! int]ior build+ z possible1 & g5]ally ab\t ! height ( ! common surface ( ! gr\nd1 at a pace or two f ! hillock2 x is always ne>ly 9 ! %ape ( half an egg or an obtuse oval )91 & may be suppos$ to repres5t a long ov54 ,9 ! infant /ate ( ! colony1 x is n above an in*1 or !reab\ts1 9 l5g?2 b 9 "t w be increas$ to six or eight in*es or m 9 ! cle>1 be+ always 9 proportion to ! size ( ! que51 :o1 increas+ 9 bulk z 9 age1 at l5g? requires a *amb] ( su* dim5sions4 ,! floor is horizontal1 sometimes an in* ?ick & upw>d ( solid clay2 ! ro( also1 :i* is "o solid & well-turn$ oval ar*1 is g5]ally ( ab\t ! same solidity1 b 9 "s places x is n a qu>t] ( an in* ?ick2 ?is is on ! sides :]e x jo9s ! floor1 & :]e ! doors or entrances are made4 ,^! entrances w n admit any animal l>g] ?an ! soldi]s or lab\r]s2 s t ! k+1 & ! que51 :o is :5 full gr[n a ?\s& times ! weight ( a k+1 c nev] possibly g out4 ,! royal *amb]1 if 9 a l>ge hillock1 is surr\nd$ by an innum]able quantity ( o!rs1 ( diff]5t sizes1 %apes1 & dim5sions2 b all ( !m ar*$1 sometimes ( a circul>1 sometimes ( an elliptical =m4 ,^! *amb]s ei!r op5 into ea* o!r1 or h communicat+ passages1 & be+ always empty1 are evid5tly made = ! soldi]s & att5dants2 ( :om1 x w soon appe>1 great numb]s are necess>y1 & ( c\rse always 9 wait+4 ,^! ap>tm5ts are jo9$ by ! magaz9es & nurs]ies2 ! =m] are *amb]s ( clay1 & are always well fill$ ) provisions1 :i* to ! nak$ eye seem to consi/ ( ! rasp+s ( wood & plants1 :i* ! t]mites de/roy1 b are f\nd by ! microscope to be *iefly compos$ ( ! gums or inspissat$ juices ( plants1 ?r[n toge!r 9 little masses1 "s ( :i* are f9] ?an o!rs1 & resemble ! sug> ab\t pres]v$ fruits2 o!rs are l drops ( gum4 ,! magaz9es are int]mix$ ) ! nurs]ies1 build+s totally diff]5t f ! re/ ( ! ap>tm5ts1 be+ compos$ entirely ( wood5 mat]ials1 seem+ly jo9$ toge!r ) gums4 ,!y are call$ nurs]ies because !y are inv>iably occupi$ by ! eggs & "y ones1 :i* appe> at fir/ 9 ! %ape ( lab\r]s1 b z :ite z sn[4 ,^! build+s are exce$+ly compact1 & divid$ into _m v small irregul>-%ap$ *amb]s1 plac$ all r\nd ! royal ap>tm5ts1 & z ne> z possible to !m4 ,:5 ! ne/ is 9 ! infant /ate1 ! nurs]ies are close to ! royal *amb]2 b z 9 process ( "t ! que5 increases 9 size1 x is necess>y to enl>ge ! *amb] = h] accommodation2 & z %e !n lays a great] numb] ( eggs1 & requires a m num]\s tra9 ( att5dants1 s x is necess>y to enl>ge & increase ! numb] ( ! adjac5t ap>tm5ts2 = :i* purpose1 ! small nurs]ies :i* are fir/ built1 are tak5 to pieces1 rebuilt a little fur!r (f1 a size l>g]1 & ! numb] ( !m increas$ at ! same "t4 ,?us !y cont9ually enl>ge _! ap>tm5ts1 pull d[n1 repair1 or rebuild1 accord+ to _! wants1 ) a degree ( sagacity1 regul>ity1 & =esight1 n ev5 imitat$ by any o!r k9d ( animals or insects4 ,! nurs]ies are inclos$ 9 *amb]s ( clay1 l ^? :i* conta9 ! provisions1 b mu* m ext5sive4 ,9 ! e>ly /ate ( ! ne/ !y are n l>g] ?an an hazel nut1 b 9 great hills are (t5 z l>ge z a *ild's head ( a ye> old4 ,! royal *amb] is situat$ ne>ly on a level ) ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 at an equal di/ance f all ! sides ( ! build+1 & directly "u ! apex ( ! hill4 ,x is1 on all sides1 bo? above & bel[1 surr\nd$ by :at may be call$ ! royal ap>tm5ts1 :i* h only lab\r]s & soldi]s 9 !m1 & c be int5d$ = no o!r purpose ?an = ^! to wait 91 ei!r to gu>d or s]ve _! common fa!r & "m1 on ^: safety dep5ds ! happ9ess1 &1 accord+ to ! acc\nt ( ! negroes1 ev5 ! exi/5ce ( ! :ole community4 ,^! ap>tm5ts =m an intricate labyr9?1 :i* ext5ds a foot or m 9 diamet] f ! royal *amb] on e side4 ,"h ! nurs]ies & magaz9es ( provisions beg91 & be+ sep>at$ by small empty *amb]s & gall]ies1 :i* g r\nd !m1 or communicate f "o to ! o!r1 are cont9u$ on all sides to ! outw>d %ell1 & rea* up )9 x two-?irds or ?ree-f\r?s ( its height1 hav+ an op5 area 9 ! middle "u ! dome1 resembl+ ! nave ( an old ca!dral4 ,?is area is surr\nd$ by l>ge go?ic ar*es1 :i* are sometimes two or ?ree feet high next ! front ( ! area1 b dim9i% v rapidly z !y rec$e f !nce1 l ! ar*es ( aisles 9 p]spective1 & are soon lo/ among ! innum]able *amb]s & nurs]ies beh9d !m4 ,all ^! *amb]s1 & ! passages lead+ to & f !m1 be+ ar*$1 contribute to support "o ano!r2 & :ile ! int]ior l>ge ar*es prev5t _! fall+ into ! c5t]1 & keep ! area op51 ! ext]ior build+ supports !m on ! outside4 ,! int]ior build+1 or assemblage ( nurs]ies1 *amb]s1 c4 has a flatti% top or ro( )\t any p]=ation2 by ?is contrivance1 if any wat] %\ld p5etrate ! ext]nal dome1 ! ap>tm5ts bel[ are pres]v$ f injury4 ,x is nev] exactly flat & uni=m1 because !y are always add+ to x by build+ m *amb]s & nurs]ies3 s t ! divisions or columns betwe5 ! future ar*$ ap>tm5ts resemble ! p9nacles ^u ! fronts ( "s old build+s1 & dem& p>ticul> notice1 z af=d+ "o pro( t = ! mo/ "p ! insects project _! ar*es1 & d n make !m by excavation4 ,! area is likewise wat]-pro(1 & contriv$ s z to let ! wat] (f1 if x %\ld get 9 & run ov]1 by "s %ort way1 into ! subt]rane\s passages1 :i* run "u ! l[e/ ap>tm5ts 9 ! hill 9 v>i\s directions1 & are ( an a/oni%+ size1 be+ wid] ?an ! bore ( a great cannon4 ,!re is an acc\nt ( "o t 0 measur$1 :i* 0 p]fectly cyl9drical1 & ?irte5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,^! subt]rane\s passages or gall]ies are l9$ v ?ick ) ! same k9d ( clay ( :i* ! hill is compos$1 & asc5d ! inside ( ! outw>d %ell 9 a spiral mann]2 w9d+ r\nd ! :ole build+ up to ! top1 !y int]sect ea* o!r at diff]5t heights1 op5+ ei!r imm$iately into ! dome 9 v>i\s places1 & into ! int]ior build+1 ! new turrets1 c4 or communicat+ !reto by o!r gall]ies ( diff]5t bores or diamet]s1 ei!r circul> or oval4 ,f e "p ( ^! l>ge gall]ies are v>i\s small pipes or gall]ies1 lead+ to diff]5t p>ts ( ! build+2 "u gr\nd !re are a great _m :i* lead d[nw>d1 by slop+ desc5ts ?ree & f\r feet p]p5dicul> among ! gravel1 f :5ce ! lab\r+ t]mites cull ! f9] p>ts1 :i* be+ work$ up 9 _! m\?s to ! consi/5ce ( mort>1 becomes t solid clay or /one1 ( :i* _! hills & all _! build+s1 except ! nurs]ies1 are compos$4 ,o!r gall]ies aga9 asc5d & lead out horizontally on e side1 & are c>ri$ "u gr\nd ne> to ! surface1 a va/ di/ance4 ,!re is a k9d ( necessity = ! gall]ies "u ! hills be+ ?us l>ge1 z !y are ! great ?or\ghf>es = all ! lab\r]s & soldi]s go+ =? or return+ ^u any bus9ess :atev]1 :e!r fet*+ clay1 wood1 wat]1 or provisions2 & !y are c]ta9ly well calculat$ = ! purposes to :i* !y are appli$1 by ! spiral slope :i* is giv5 !m4 ,^? species :i* build ei!r ! ro($ turrets1 or ! ne/s 9 ! trees1 seem 9 mo/ in/ances to h a /rong resemblance to ! prec$+1 bo? 9 _! =m & conomy1 go+ ?r\gh ! same *anges f ! egg to ! w+$ /ate4 ,! que5s also increase to a great size :5 comp>$ ) ! lab\r]s1 b v %ort ( ^? que5s be=e describ$4 ,! l>ge/ are f ab\t an in* to an in* & an half long1 & n mu* ?ick] ?an a common quill4 ,!re is ! same k9d ( p]i/altic motion 9 ! abdom51 b 9 a mu* small] degree2 & z ! animal is incapable ( mov+ f h] place1 ! eggs1 no d\bt are c>ri$ to ! diff]5t cells by ! lab\r]s1 & re>$ ) a c>e simil> to t :i* is practis$ 9 ! l>g] ne/s4 ,x is rem>kable ( all ^! diff]5t species1 t ! work+ & ! fight+ insects nev] expose !mselves to ! op5 air1 b ei!r travel "u gr\nd1 or )9 su* trees & sub/ances z !y de/roy2 except1 inde$1 :5 !y _c proce$ by _! lat5t passages1 & f9d x conv5i5t or necess>y to se>* = plund] above gr\nd3 9 t case !y make pipes ( t mat]ial ) :i* !y build _! ne/s4 ,! l>g] sort use ! r$ clay2 ! turret build]s use ! black clay2 & ^? :i* build 9 ! trees employ ! same ligne\s sub/ance ( :i* _! ne/s are compos$4 ,! t]mites1 except _! heads1 are exce$+ly s(t1 & cov]$ ) a v ?9 & delicate sk92 be+ bl9d1 !y are no mat* on op5 gr\nd = ! ants1 :o c see1 & are all ( !m cov]$ ) a /rong horny %ell n easily pi]c$1 & are ( dispositions bold1 active1 & rapaci\s4 ,:5ev] ! t]mites are dislodg$ f _! cov]$ ways1 ! v>i\s species ( =mic or ants1 :o probably are z num]\s above gr\nd1 z ! latt] are 9 _! subt]rane\s passages1 in/antly seize & drag !m away to _! ne/s1 to fe$ ! "y brood4 ,! t]mites are1 !re=e1 exce$+ly solicit\s ab\t ! pres]v+ _! cov]$ ways 9 good repair2 & if y demoli% "o ( !m = a few in*es 9 l5g?1 x is wond]ful h[ soon !y re-build x4 ,at fir/ 9 _! hurry !y get into ! op5 "p an in* or two1 b /op s sudd5ly1 t x is v app>5t !y are surpriz$2 =1 ?\gh "s run /raight on1 & get "u ! ar* z spe$ily z possible 9 ! fur!r "p1 mo/ ( !m run z fa/ back1 & v few w v5ture ?r\gh t "p ( ! track :i* is left uncov]$4 ,9 a few m9utes y w p]ceive !m re-build+ ! ar*1 & by ! next morn+ !y w h re/or$ _! gall]y = ?ree or f\r y>ds 9 l5g?1 if s mu* has be5 ru9$2 & ^u op5+ x aga91 w be f\nd z num]\s z ev] "u x1 pass+ bo? ways4 ,if y cont9ue to de/roy x sev]al times1 !y w at l5g? seem to give up ! po9t1 & build ano!r 9 a diff]5t direction2 b1 if ! old "o %\ld lead to "s fav\rite plund]1 9 a few days w re-build x aga91 &1 unless y de/roy _! ne/1 nev] totally ab&on _!1 gall]y4 ,,( ,,! ,,habitations ,,( ,,cat]pill>s4 ,?\gh ! view :i* has already be5 giv5 ( ! v>i\s proce$+s ( insects 9 =m+ _! habitations1 has ext5d$ to "s l5g?1 ,i _c ) propriety omit notic+ ! wond]ful art & indu/ry :i* is manife/$ 9 ^! respects by ! cat]pill>2 & m p>ticul>ly s1 z f ! l>va /ate ! f\ndation ( all our pres5t k ( ! natural hi/ory ( insects has be5 obta9$4 ,"s species ( cat]pill>s =m a k9d ( hammock1 9 :i* !y eat & g ?r\gh _! v>i\s *anges2 :ile o!rs erect a silk5 t5t1 "u :i* !y live until !y h consum$ ! surr\nd+ h]bs4 ,!y !n leave _! abodes1 & pit* _! t5ts 9 a m fruitful spot4 ,_m associate toge!r all _! lives2 ^! proce$ f ! same mo?1 :o deposit$ h] eggs ne> ea* o!r1 or r laid !m 9 a heap1 =m+ z x 7 a k9d ( ne/4 ,!y are g5]ally hat*$ on ! same day1 &1 liv+ toge!r1 con/itute a new species ( republic1 9 :i* all are bre?r54 ,!y (t5 am\nt to ne> six hundr$ 9 a family1 ?\gh !y are frequ5tly to be f\nd ) only ab\t two hundr$4 ,( ^! social cat]pill>s !re are "s species :i* n only cont9ue ) ! society :ile !y are 9 a l>va /ate1 b ev5 place _! pup close toge!r4 ,!re are o!r k9ds :o associate only = a %ort p]iod4 ,among ! va/ v>iety ( insects :i* inhabit ! oak1 !re is a species ( cat]pill> :i* live sep>ate till !y arrive at a c]ta9 age2 !y !n assemble toge!r1 & d n quit ea* o!r till !y atta9 _! p]fect /ate4 ,z ! numb] ?us assembl$ is consid]able1 ! ne/ is also v l>ge4 ,!y rema9 9-doors dur+ ! day1 n leav+ _! habitation till sun-set4 ,:5 !y g out1 "o ( ! body prec$es ! re/ z a *ief1 :om !y regul>ly foll[2 :5 ! lead] /ops1 ! re/ d ! same1 & wait till x goes on aga91 be=e !y recomm5ce _! m>*4 ,! fir/ file g5]ally consi/s ( a s+le cat]pill>1 :i* is succe$$ by a d\ble file2 ^!1 by ?ree 9 a r[1 :i* are !n foll[$ by files ( five1 & s on4 ,!y keep exce$+ close to ea* o!r1 n leav+ any int]val ei!r betwe5 ! ranks1 or ^? 9 ea* rank2 all ( !m foll[+ _! capta9 9 e direction1 :e!r /raight or crook$4 ,aft] !y h tak5 _! repa/1 :i* is done on ! m>*1 !y return to _! ne/ 9 ! same ord] 9 :i* !y set out4 ,?is mode is foll[$ till !y are full gr[n1 :5 ea* =ms a cone1 9 :i* x is *ang$ into a *rysalis4 ,m4 ,bonnet has %ewn1 t ?\gh ^! cat]pill>s proce$ (t5 v f> f _! ne/1 x is by no means difficult = !m to get back aga91 because !y sp9 ov] all ! places 9 _! r\t4 ,! fir/ leads ! way1 ! second foll[s sp9n+1 ! ?ird sp9s aft] ! fir/ & second1 & s on ) ! re/4 ,all ^! ?reads =m by degrees a small %9+ track1 a little pa?2 & all ^! pa?s meet at ! ne/4 ,to be fully conv9c$ ( ! use ( ^! ?reads1 let any "o b break ! cont9uation ( !m 9 "s p>ticul> "p1 & he w see ! little cat]pill>s turn back1 z if !y 7 at a loss1 till "o m d>+ ?an ! re/ re/ores ! communication by sp9n+ new ?reads4 ,! read] :o is desir\s ( a full] in=mation conc]n+ ! habits ( ^!1 z well z _m o!r insects1 mu/ be ref]r$ to ! labori\s & int]e/+ memoirs ( ,reaumur4 ,happy if he %\ld1 l ,de ,ge]1 be induc$ !reby to foll[ ! /eps ( s great a ma/]2 he w d]ive f !nce a cont9ual s\rce ( new pleasures & increas+ delights2 & ! m he ext5ds ! b\nd>ies ( 8 obs]vations1 ! m he w be conv9c$ t ,,inf9ity is1 z x 71 impress$ on all ! works ( ! ,,creator4 ,diff]5t species ( cat]pill>s are (t5 to be f\nd 9 great numb]s on ! same tree or plant2 b !n z !y seem to h no connection ) ea* o!r1 & ! actions ( ! "o h no influ5ce on ! re/1 !y may be consid]$ z solit>y2 b !re are o!rs :o seem /ill m indep5d5t ( ea* o!r1 & great] fri5ds to solitude1 con/ruct+ a lodg+ =m$ ( leaves ti$ toge!r ) consid]able +5uity1 9 :i* !y live z 9 a h]mitage4 ,! op]ation by :i* ^! tie ! leaves toge!r1 is f> surpass$ by ano!r k9d1 :o fold & b5d "o "p ( ! leaf till x meets ! o!r4 ,^! are aga9 exce$$ by ^? :o roll ! leaves :i* !y inhabit4 ,= ?is purpose ! cat]pill> *ooses a "p ( a leaf :i* x f9ds 9 "s degree b5t2 "h x e/abli%es its abode1 & beg9s its "w1 mov+ ! head ) great velocity 9 a curv$ l9e1 or r vibrat+ x l a p5dulum1 ! middle ( ! body be+ ! c5t] on :i* x moves4 ,at ea* motion ( ! head a ?read is spun1 & fix$ to t "p to :i* ! head seems to be appli$4 ,! ?reads are ext5d$ f ! b5t to ! flat "p ( ! leaf1 be+ always adju/$ bo? 9 l5g? & /r5g? to ! nature ( ! leaf1 & ! curvature :i* is to be giv5 to x4 ,de ,ge] att5d+ to ! op]ations ( a species ( ?is k9d ( cat]pill>1 obs]v$ t at ea* new ?read x spun1 ! edges ( ! leaf ins5sibly approa*$ to ea* o!r1 & 7 b5t m & m1 9 proportion z ! cat]pill> spun new ?reads2 :5 ! la/ ?read t 0 spun 0 tight1 t :i* prec$$ x 0 loose & float+ 9 ! air4 ,to effect ?is1 ! cat]pill>1 aft] x has fix$ a ?read to ! two edges ( ! leaf1 & be=e x sp9s ano!r1 draws x t[>ds itself by ! hooks ( its feet1 & by ^! means b5ds ! leaf2 x !n sp9s ano!r ?read1 to ma9ta9 ! leaf 9 ?is position1 :i* x aga9 pulls t[>ds itself1 & repeats ! op]ation1 till x has b5t ! leaf 9 its :ole direction4 ,x n[ beg9s aga91 plac+ ! ?reads fur!r back ^u ! b5t "p ( ! leaf1 & by proce$+ 9 ?is mann]1 x is roll$ up2 :5 x has f9i%$ ?is bus9ess1 x /r5g!ns ! "w1 by fa/5+ ! ends ( ! leaf toge!r4 ,! habitation ?us =m$ is a k9d ( holl[ cyl9d]1 op5 to ! light at bo? ends1 ! sides ( x af=d+ ! insect food & protection1 = )9 x ! creature fe$s 9 safety4 ,9 ! same case !y are also trans=m$2 at ! approa* ( ! *ange ! cat]pill> l9es ! roll$ leaf ) silk1 t ! r\gh p>ts ( x may n injure ! *rysalis4 ,a great numb] ( ! small] l>v require an artificial cov]+1 to protect !m f ! op5 air4 ,among ^!1 "s inhabit ! int]ior p>ts ( leaves1 mak+ _! way betwe5 ! sup]ior & inf]ior membranes1 liv+ ^u ! p>5*ym\s p>ts ( ! leaf2 & z !y are exce$+ly small1 a leaf af=ds !m a spaci\s habitation4 ,if ! di/ance betwe5 ! membranes be n l>ge en\gh = !m1 !y enl>ge ! space by =m+ diff]5t folds 9 "o ( !m1 9 :i* !y c move ) ease3 f ^! circum/ances !y h be5 nam$ by ,reaumur m9]s ( leaves4 ,?is illu/ri\s au?or has describ$ ^! l>v1 ! flies into :i* !y are *ang$1 & all ! ,v>i\s me?ods made use ( by !m 9 p]=m+ ?is "w4 ,"s m9e a l>ge oval or circul> space2 o!rs =m a k9d ( gall]y1 :i* is sometimes /raight1 sometimes crook$4 ,!y only leave a ?9 membrane on ! upp] side ( ! leaf2 b !y leave ! "u side m sub/antial4 ,"o species ( mo? :i* proce$s f ^! l>v is v small b exce$+ly beautiful4 ,! l>v ( ! phryganea mo/ly live 9 little cases ( _! own build+1 :i* are =m$ ( a v>iety ( mat]ials1 t !y tra9 aft] !m 9 ! wat] :]ev] !y g4 ,^! cases are g5]ally cyl9drical1 & op5 at bo? ends2 ! inside is l9$ ) silk spun by ! l>va1 ! outside =m$ ( diff]5t sub/ances1 z bits ( re$1 /one1 gravel1 & "s entirely ( small %ells1 c4 :i* !y arrange & manage ) s+ul> dext]ity3 !y nev] quit ?is case4 ,:5 !y walk1 !y put out ! head1 & a few ( ! fir/ r+s ( ! body1 tra9+ ! case aft] !m4 ,hav+ liv$ 9 ! wat] = "s "t1 !y become inhabitants ( ! air4 ,!y assume ! pupa =m 9 ! wat]1 clos+ up ! two ends ( ! case ) b>s ( silk1 by :i* x is secur$ f ! attacks ( its enemies2 & at ! same "t !re is a free passage = ! wat]1 :i* is /ill necess>y = its exi/5ce4 ,at a prop] p]iod ! pupa =ces its way ?r\gh ! case1 & makes = ! l&1 :]e its fur!r *ange in/antly comm5ces1 & is soon complet$4 ,we %all close ^! specim5s ( ! indu/ry ( insects ) an acc\nt ( t :i* is display$ by ! l>v ( ! t9e4 ,! greate/ "p ( ! body ( ^! little creatures1 except ! head & six =e feet1 is cov]$ ov] ) a ?9 t5d] sk92 ! body ( ! insect is cyl9drical1 & lodg$ 9 a tube :i* is op5 at bo? ends4 ,soon aft] !y are born1 !y beg9 to cov] !mselves1 & are1 !re=e1 seldom to be f\nd b 9 ^! tubes or cases4 ,!y are 9 g5]al s small1 t x is n easy to di/+ui% ! cases )\t a magnifi]2 b z ! body l5g!ns1 ! case becomes too %ort2 x is1 !re=e1 "p ( its daily employ to l5g!n x4 ,= ?is purpose x ext5ds ! head beyond ! tube1 & hav+ f\nd ! mat]ials :i* answ] its purpose1 x te>s x (f1 & br+s x to ! end ( ! tube1 & fixes x !re1 repeat+ ?is manoeuvre till x has suffici5tly l5g!n$ x4 ,aft] x has f9i%$ "o end1 x turns itself r\nd )9 ! case1 & p]=ms ! same op]ation at ! o!r4 ,?is does n t]m9ate _! lab\rs1 = ! tube mu/ also be increas$ 9 diamet]1 z x soon becomes too small = ! body2 ! means !y make use ( to enl>ge x1 is precisely ! same z we ourselves %\ld adopt "u simil> circum/ances4 ,! insect slits ! tube at ! two opposite sides1 at ! same end1 & ins]ts 9 ! slit two pieces ( ! requir$ size2 x !n p]=ms ! same at ! o!r end4 ,by ^! means !y soon enl>ge x suffici5tly1 )\t expos+ !mselves to ! air dur+ ! op]ation4 ,! outside ( ^! cases is made ( silk1 hair1 c4 ! inside is ( silk only4 ,_! cov]+ always p>takes ( ! col\r ( ! clo? or tree1 c4 f :5ce x 0 tak52 if x pass ov] a r$ piece1 ! col\r w be r$4 ,:5 !y are come to _! p]fect gr[?1 !y ab&on ! clo?1 & seek = a prop] place :]e9 !y may pass f _! pres5t to a m p]fect /ate4 ,i _c conclude ?is long *apt] bett] ?an 9 ! words ( ,mr4 ,/ill+fleet4 8,_m are apt to treat ) contempt any man :om !y see employ$ 9 por+ ov] a moss1 or exam9+ an insect1 f day to day1 ?9k+ t he sp5ds 8 "t & 8 life 9 unimportant & b>r5 speculations2 yet 7 ! :ole sc5e ( nature laid op5 to our views1 7 we admitt$ to behold ! connections & dep5d5ces ( e ?+ on e o!r1 & to trace ! conomy ( nature ?r\gh ! small]1 z well z great] p>ts ( ?is globe1 we might1 p]haps1 be oblig$ to own t we 7 mi/ak52 t ! ,supreme ,ar*itect _h contriv$ 8 works 9 su* a mann]1 t we _c prop]ly be said to be unconc]n$ 9 any "o ( !m2 &1 !re=e1 t /udies1 :i* seem ^u a slight view to be q useless1 may 9 ! end appe> ( no small importance to mank9d4 ,nay1 7 we only to look back into ! hi/ory ( arts & sci5ces1 we mu/ be conv9c$ t we are apt to judge ov] ha/ily ( ?+s ( ?is nature4 ,we %\ld !re f9d _m pro(s t he :o gave ?is in/9ctive curiosity to "s ( 8 creatures1 gave x = good & great purposes1 & t he rew>ds ) useful discov]ies all ^! m9ute rese>*es4 8,x is true1 ?is does n always happ5 to ! se>*]1 or 8 contempor>ies1 nor ev5 sometimes to ! imm$iate succe$+ g5]ation2 b ,i am apt to ?9k1 t advantages ( "o k9d or o!r always accrue to mank9d f su* pursuits2 "s m5 are born to obs]ve & record :at p]haps by itself is p]fectly useless1 b yet ( great importance to ano!r :o foll[s & goes a /ep fur!r1 /ill z useless2 to him ano!r succe$s1 & ?us by degrees1 till at la/ "o ( a sup]ior g5ius comes1 :o lay+ all t has be5 done be=e ?is "t toge!r1 br+s on a new face ( ?+s1 improves1 adorns1 exalts human society4 8,all ^? speculations conc]n+ l9es & numb]s1 s ard5tly pursu$1 & s exquisitely conduct$ by ! ,grecians1 :at did !y aim at8 or :at did !y produce = ages8 a little ari?metic1 & ! fir/ elem5ts ( geometry1 7 all !y _h ne$ (4 ,?is ,plato ass]ts2 & ?\gh1 z be+ himself an able ma!matician1 & rem>kably fond ( ^! sci5ces1 he recomm5ds ! /udy ( !m2 yet he makes use ( motives t h no relation to ! common purposes ( life4 8,:5 ,kepl]1 f a bl9d & /rong impulse1 m]ely to f9d analogies 9 nature1 discov]$ t fam\s "o betwe5 ! di/ance ( ! sev]al planets f ! sun1 & ! p]iods 9 :i* !y complete _! revolutions1 ( :at importance 0 x to him or ! _w8 8,aga92 :5 ,galileo1 pu%$ on by ! same irresi/ible curiosity1 f\nd out ! law by :i* bodies fall to ! e>?1 did he1 or c\ld he =esee t any good w\ld come f 8 +5i\s !orems2 or 0 any imm$iate use made ( !m8 8,yet _h n ! ,greeks pu%$ _! ab/ract speculations s f>1 _h n ,kepl] & ,galileo made ! above-m5tion$ discov]ies1 we nev] c\ld h se5 ! greate/ "w t ev] came f ! h&s ( man1 ,sir ,isaac ,newton's ,pr9cipia4 8,"s obscure p]son1 ^: "n is n s mu* z kn[n1 div]t+ himself idly1 z a /&]-by w\ld h ?\ght1 ) try+ exp]im5ts on a seem+ly contemptible piece ( /one1 f\nd out a guide = m>9]s on ! ocean1 & su* a guide z no sci5ce1 h[ev] subtil & sublime its speculations may be1 h[ev] wond]ful its conclusions1 w\ld ev] h arriv$ at4 ,x 0 m]e curiosity t put ,sir ,?omas ,mill+ton ^u exam9+ ! m9ute p>ts ( fl[]s2 b 8 discov]ies h produc$ ! mo/ p]fect & mo/ useful sy/em ( botany t ! _w has yet se54 8,o!r in/ances might be produc$ to prove1 t b>e curiosity 9 "o age1 is ! s\rce ( ! greate/ utility 9 ano!r2 & :at has frequ5tly be5 said ( *emi/s1 may be appli$ to e o!r k9d ( v]tuosi4 ,!y hunt1 p]haps1 aft] *im]as & impossibilities2 !y f9d some?+ really valuable by ! bye4 ,we are b in/rum5ts "u ! ,supreme ,director1 & d n s mu* z "k1 9 _m cases1 :at is ( mo/ importance = u to se>* aft]2 b we may be sure ( "o ?+1 viz4 t if we /udy & foll[ nature1 :atev] pa?s we are l$ into1 we %all at la/ arrive at some?+ valuable to ourselves & o!rs1 b ( :at k9d we mu/ be cont5t to rema9 ignorant40 ,,*ap4 ,,vi4 ,a ,,g5]al ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,int]nal ,,p>ts ,,( ,,insects1 ,,& ,,m ,,p>ticul>ly ,,( ,,! ,,cat]pill> ,,( ,,! ,,phal,,na ,,cossus---,a ,,description ,,( ,,sundry ,,miscellane\s ,,objects4 ,! int]ior "p ( insects includes f\r pr9cipal visc]a2 ! sp9al m>r[1 ! inte/9al bag1 ! he>t1 & tra*eal vessels4 ,! sp9al m>r[1 or pr9cipal trunk ( ! n]ves ( insects1 is a :iti% ?read1 ext5d$ ! :ole l5g? f ! head to ! h9d]mo/ "p1 furni%$ at int]vals ) small knots or ganglions4 ,f ^! knots proce$ ! n]v\s ?reads t are suppos$ to be ! in/rum5ts ( s5sation & motion4 ,on ! m$ull>y ?read is plac$ ! inte/9al bag1 :i* is equal to x 9 l5g?2 x is a long gut1 9 :i* are conta9$ ! oesophagus1 ! /oma*1 & inte/9es4 ,along ! back1 & p>allel to ! inte/9al bag1 runs a long ?9 vessel1 9 :i* may be p]ceiv$ ?r\gh ! sk9 ( ! insect alt]nate contractions & dilatations2 ?is "p is suppos$ to p]=m ! functions ( ! he>t4 ,! tra*eal vessels ( insects are v simil> to ^? ( plants2 are ( ! same /ructure1 col\r1 & ela/icity1 & are1 l !m1 disp]s$ ?r\gh ! :ole body4 ,a cle>] idea ( ^! p>ts w be obta9$ by ! %ort extract ,i %all give ( ,m4 ,lyonet's "w2 :i*1 at ! same "t t x displays ! wond]ful organization ( insects1 %ews h[ wor?y x is ( ! att5tion ( a rational be+2 &1 ?\gh ?is description is conf9$ to a p>ticul> species1 x w be f\nd to accord 9 g5]al ) a great numb]4 ,( all ! modifications ( :i* matt] is susceptible1 ! mo/ noble is und\bt$ly ! organization !re(4 ,9 ! /ructure ( animals1 ! ,sov]eign ,wisdom is exhibit$ to our view 9 ! mo/ /rik+ mann]4 ,! body ( an animal is a little p>ticul> sy/em m or less complicat$1 & :i*1 l ! sy/em ( ! univ]se at l>ge1 is ! result ( ! comb9ation & connection ( a multitude ( diff]5t p>ts1 :i* all conspire to produce "o g5]al effect1 ! manife/ation ( ! pr9ciple :i* we t]m life4 ,s wond]ful are ^! comb9ations t we are incapable ( compreh5d+1 or ev5 ( admir+ suffici5tly ! a/oni%+ app>atus ( spr+s1 lev]s1 c\nt]-weights1 tubes ( diff]5t diamet]s1 c4 :i* con/itute ^! organical ma*9es4 ,! int]ior p>ts ( ! insect1 ! mo/ despicable 9 appe>ance1 w\ld absorb all ! p[]s ( ! mo/ able anatomi/4 ,he w\ld be lo/ 9 ! labyr9? z soon z he attempt$ to explore all its w9d+s4 ,a tru? t w be evid5t to e "o :o consid]s only ! small portion "h introduc$ ( ! anatomy ( ! cat]pill> inhabit+ ! trunk ( ! will[-tree4 ,?is cat]pill> produces ! phalna cossus1 or goat-mo?4 ,m4 ,lyonet 9 8 admirable "w entitl$1 8,traite ,anatomique de la ,*5ille qui ronge le ,bois de ,saule10 has giv5 an ample & m9ute description ( ?is insect4 ,9 ! foll[+ concise ab/ract en\gh w appe> to conv9ce ! read] ( ! utility ( microscopic glasses1 9 display+ ! wond]s ( ! creation1 & to af=d additional pro( t ! att5tion ( ! ,almighty is n conf9$ m]ely to objects ( magnitude4 ,9 a =m] edition ( ?is "w1 ,i ent]$ into a m m9ute detail ( ! sev]al p>ts conta9$ 9 ! figures exhibit$ 9 plate ,,xii4 ,?is acc\nt ,i h n[ omitt$1 z aft] all x c\ld n convey a cle> idea ( ! muscles alone1 mu* less ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! cat]pill>1 )\t a ref]5ce to o!r plates ( ,m4 ,lyonet's "w4 ,i !re=e conclud$ x w\ld be bett] to let ! figures speak = !mselves1 & !n give a g5]al description ( ! int]ior p>ts ( ! cat]pill>2 ref]r+ ! read] = full p>ticul>s to ! orig9al4 ,figures #a & #b repres5t ! muscles ( ! cat]pill>1 :5 x is op5$ at ! belly4 ,fig4 #c & #d exhibit a view ( ! muscles :5 x is op5$ at ! back4 ,fig4 #e & #f1 an anatomical del9eation ( ! head2 s complex is ?is organ1 t 9 ord] to give an adequate idea ( its /ructure1 ,m4 ,lyonet has employ$ no less ?an tw5ty figures4 ,fig4 #g is an out-l9e ( ! head m magnifi$ ?an 9 ! la/ figures4 ,9 ord] to obta9 ! views "h exhibit$1 ! muscles 7 fre$ z well f fat1 z f ! n]ves & o!r vessels4 ,! ,,body ( ! cat]pill> 9 ! ,plate ,fig4 #b & #c1 is divid$ into twelve p>ts1 correspond+ to its r+s m>k$ by ! numb]s #a to #ab2 to ! fir/ numb] ! ^w ,,r+ is affix$4 ,ea* ( ^! r+s is di/+ui%$ f t :i* foll[s1 & t prec$+ x1 by a k9d ( neck or small holl[ "p4 ,by conceiv+ a l9e to pass ?r\gh ^! necks1 & =m+ b\nd>ies to ! r+s1 we acquire twelve m divisions1 ,fig4 #a & #d2 ^! are also m>k$ ) ! numb]s #a to #ab2 to ! fir/ ! ^w ,,division is annex$4 ,! sev]al p>ts exhibit$ 9 ! divisions1 ,fig4 #a1 are ! muscles2 ^? 9 ,fig4 #b1 "u ! ^w r+1 are also muscles1 :i* appe> :5 ^? 9 ,fig4 #a are remov$1 ly+ "u !m4 ,! anatomical del9eation ( ! muscles ( ! head1 ,fig4 #e & #f1 %\ld be consid]$ z consi/+ ( two figures1 :i* jo9 9 ! middle1 be+ t]m9at$ by ! sup]ior & inf]ior l9es4 ,! head1 z "h repres5t$1 is magnifi$ ab\t ?ree-hundr$ times4 ,h ,h are ! two palpi3 ! truncat$ muscles d1 belong to ! l[] lip1 & =m a "p ( ^? :i* give x motion3 ,k1 ! two ganglions ( ! neck unit$3 ,i ,i1 ! two silk vessels3 ,l1 ! oesophagus3 ,m1 ! two dissolv+ vessels3 ! ,hebrew lett]s d5ote ! cont9uation ( ! cephalic art]ies3 ,s ,t ,u ,w & ,x are ! t5 abductor muscles ( ! jaw3 "u e e & f f are se5 f\r occipital muscles3 a a1 a n]ve ( ! fir/ pair1 belong+ to ! ganglion ( ! neck2 b1 a bran* ( ?is n]ve4 ,fig4 #g is an outl9e ( ! head magnifi$ consid]ably m ?an 9 ! la/ figure1 exhibit+ ! n]ves z se5 f ! "u "p4 ,except+ 9 two or ?ree in/ances1 only "o n]ve ( ea* pair is %ewn1 z a great] numb] w\ld h occasion$ confusion4 ,! n]ves ( ! fir/ ganglion ( ! neck are design$ by capital lett]s2 ^? ( ! ganglion a1 are di/+ui%$ by ,roman lett]s2 ^? ( ! small ganglion1 by ,greek *>act]s2 & ^? ( ! frontal ganglion1 except "o1 by numb]s4 ,a ,,g5]al ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,int]ior ,,p>ts ,,( ,,! ,,cat]pill>4 ,! ,,muscles h nei!r ! ext]ior =m1 nor ! col\r ( ^? ( l>g] animals4 ,9 _! natural /ate !y are s(t1 & h ! appe>ance ( a jelly2 !y are ( a greyi% blue1 & ! silv]-col\r$ appe>ance ( ! a]ial or pulmon>y vessels1 :i* creep ov] & p5etrate _! sub/ance1 exhibits "u ! microscope a mo/ beautiful spectacle4 ,:5 ! cat]pill> has be5 soak$ = "s "t 9 _s ( w9e1 !y lose _! ela/icity & transp>5cy1 & become firm1 opake1 & :ite2 ! a]ial vessels disappe>4 ,at fir/ sight !y might be tak5 = t5dons1 z !y are ( ! same col\r & possess almo/ ! same lu/re4 ,!y are g5]ally flat1 & ( an equal size ?r\gh\t2 ! middle seldom diff]s ei!r 9 col\r1 sub/ance1 or size1 f ! extremities4 ,! ends are fix$ to ! sk92 ! re/ ( ! muscle is g5]ally free & float+2 sev]al ( !m bran* out consid]ably2 ! bran*es ext5d sometimes s f>1 t x is n always easy to discov] :e!r !y are di/9ct & sep>ate muscles1 or p>ts ( ano!r4 ,!y are ( a mod]ate /r5g?2 ^? t h be5 soak$ 9 _s ( w9e1 :5 exam9$ by ! microscope1 w be f\nd to be cov]$ ) a membrane :i* may be sep>at$ f !m2 !y !n appe> to consi/ ( sev]al p>allel b&s1 dispos$ accord+ to ! l5g? ( ! muscle4 ,^!1 :5 divid$ by ! assi/ance ( v f9e ne$les1 appe> to be compos$ ( /ill small] bundles ( fibres1 9 ! same direction2 :i*1 :5 exam9$ by a v deep magnifi]1 & 9 a fav\rable light1 appe> twi/$ l a small cord4 ,! muscul> fibres ( ! spid]1 :i* are mu* l>g] ?an ^? ( ! cat]pill>1 are f\nd on exam9ation to consi/ ( two sub/ances1 "o s(t1 & ! o!r h>d2 ! la/ is twi/$ r\nd ! =m] spirally1 & ?us gives to x ! a=e-m5tion$ cord-l appe>ance4 ,if ! muscles are sep>at$ by means ( v f9e ne$les1 9 a drop ( "s fluid1 we f9d t !y are n only compos$ ( fibres1 membranes1 & a]ial vessels1 b also ( n]ves2 &1 f ! drops ( oil t may be se5 float+ on ! fluid1 t !y are also furni%$ ) _m unctu\s p>ticles4 ,! muscles 9 a cat]pill> are v num]\s1 exce$+ by mu* ^? ( ! human body2 ! read] may =m "s idea ( _! numb] by inspect+ ,fig4 #a #b #c & #d ( ,plate ,,xii4 ,!y occupy ! greate/ "p ( ! head2 !re is an amaz+ numb] at ! oesophagus1 ! inte/9es1 c4 ! sk9 is z x 7 l9$ by diff]5t b$s ( !m1 plac$ "o "u ! o!r1 & rang$ ) v great symmetry4 ,! numb] ( muscles t our obs]v] has be5 able to di/+ui% is truly a/oni%+2 he f\nd #bbh 9 ! head1 #afdg 9 ! body1 & #bjff 9 ! inte/9al tube1 mak+ 9 all #cida6 ,! ,,sp9al ,,m>r[1 & ! bra9 ( ! cat]pill>1 if x c be said to h any1 seem to h v little relation to ^? ( man2 9 ! la/1 ! bra9 is inclos$ 9 a bony cavity2 x occupies ! greate/ "p ( ! head1 & is anfractuose1 & divid$ into lobes4 ,!re is no?+ simil> to ?is 9 ! cat]pill>2 we f9d inde$ 9 ! head ( t :i* we are describ+1 a "p :i* seems to answ] ! purpose ( ! bra91 because ! n]ves t are dissem9at$ ?r\gh ! head are d]iv$ f x2 b !n ?is "p is unprotect$1 & s small1 t x does n occupy "o-fif? "p ( ! head2 ! surface is smoo?1 & has nei!r lobes nor anfractu\sness2 & if we mu/ call ?is a bra91 ! cat]pill> may be said to h ?irte51 z !re are twelve m su* p>ts foll[+ ea* o!r 9 a l9e2 !y are ne>ly ( ! same size ) t 9 ! head1 & ( ! same sub/ance1 & x is f !m t ! n]ves are di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! :ole body4 ,le/ ! idea ( ?irte5 bra9s might be disagreeable to 8 read]s1 ,lyonet has call$ ^! p>ts ganglions4 ,! sp9al m>r[ 9 ! human species desc5ds d[n ! back1 inclos$ 9 a bony case2 is l>ge ) respect to its l5g?1 & n divid$ into bran*es1 dim9i%+ 9 ?ickness 9 proportion z x is remov$ fur!r f ! bra94 ,9 ! cat]pill>1 ! sp9al m>r[ goes along ! belly1 is n inclos$ 9 any tube1 is v small1 =ks out at int]vals1 & is ne>ly ( ! same ?ickness ?r\gh\t1 except at ! ganglions4 ,= a description ( ! num]\s vessels1 & curi\s texture ( ^! p>ts1 ref]5ce mu/ be _h to ! orig9al "w ( ,lyonet4 ,! sub/ance ( ! sp9al m>r[1 & ( ! ganglions1 is n ne> s t5d] & easily sep>at$ z 9 man2 x has a v great degree ( t5acity1 & does n break )\t consid]able t5sion4 ,! sub/ance ( ! ganglions diff]s f t ( ! sp9al m>r[1 z no vessels c be discov]$ 9 ! latt]1 :]eas ! =m] are full ( v delicate ones4 ,! pati5t anatomi/ ( ! cat]pill> has c\nt$ =ty-five pair ( n]ves1 & two s+le ones2 s t !re are n9ety-two pr9cipal n]ves1 ^: ramifications are innum]able4 ,! ,,tra*eal ,,art]ies ( ! cat]pill> are two l>ge a]ial ela/ic vessels1 :i* ) _! num]\s ramifications may be press$ close toge!r1 & drawn out consid]ably1 b return imm$iately to _! usual size :5 ! t5sion ceases2 !y creep "u ! sk9 close to ! spiracula1 "o at ! "r side ( ! insect1 ! o!r at ! left1 ea* ( !m communicat+ ) ! air1 by means ( n9e spiracula2 !y are ne>ly z long z ! body1 beg9n+ at ! fir/ spiraculum1 & go+ a little f>!r ?an ! la/1 t]m9at+ 9 "s bran*es :i* ext5d to ! extremities ( ! body4 ,r\nd ab\t ea* spiraculum ! tra*eal art]y pu%es =? a great numb] ( bran*es1 :i* are aga9 divid$ into small] ones2 ^! fur!r subdivide1 & spread ?r\gh ! :ole body ( ! cat]pill>4 ,?is vessel & its pr9cipal bran*es are compos$ ( ?ree coats1 :i* may be sep>at$ "o f ! o!r4 ,! ext]ior cov]+ is a ?ick membrane1 furni%$ ) a great numb] ( fibres1 :i* describe a va/ v>iety ( circles r\nd x1 communicat+ ) ea* o!r by num]\s %oots4 ,! second is v ?9 & transp>5t2 no p>ticul> vessel is di/+ui%$ 9 x4 ,! ?ird is compos$ ( scaly ?reads1 :i* are g5]ally turn$ 9 a spiral =m1 & come s ne> ea* o!r1 z sc>ce to leave any int]val2 ^! ?reads are curi\sly unit$ ) ! membrane :i* occupies ! int]vals1 & =m a tube :i* is always op51 not)/&+ ! flexure ( ! vessel4 ,!re are also _m o!r peculi>ities 9 its /ructure1 :i* _c be well expla9$ )\t m plates4 ,! pr9cipal tra*eal vessels bran* out into #bcf small] ones1 f :i* !re spr+ #acbf diff]5t ramifications4 ,! "p ( ! cat]pill> :i* naturali/s call ! ,,he>t1 )\t be+ c]ta9 t x p]=ms ! functions !re(1 is ( a nature v diff]5t f t ( l>g] animals4 ,x is almo/ z long z ! cat]pill> itself1 lies imm$iately "u ! sk9 at ! top ( ! back1 ent]+ into ! head1 & t]m9at+ ne> ! m\?4 ,x is l>ge & spaci\s t[>ds ! la/ r+s ( ! body1 & dim9i%es v mu* z x approa*es ! head1 f ! f\r? to ! twelf? division2 x has on bo? sides1 at ea* division1 an app5dage1 :i* p>tly cov]s ! muscles ( ! back2 b1 gr[+ n>r[] z x approa*es ! lat]al l9e1 =ms a numb] ( irregul> loz5ge-%ap$ bodies4 ,?is muscul> tube has be5 call$ ! he>t ( ! cat]pill>2 fir/1 because x is g5]ally fill$ ) a k9d ( lymph1 :i* has be5 suppos$ to be ! blood ( ! cat]pill>2 secondly1 because 9 all cat]pill>s1 ^: sk9 is 9 "s degree transp>5t1 cont9ual1 regul>1 & alt]nate dilatations & contractions may be p]ceiv$ along ! sup]ior l9e1 beg9n+ at ! elev5? r+1 & go+ on f r+ to r+ to ! f\r?1 :5ce ?is vessel has be5 consid]$ z a file ( he>ts2 b /ill ?is visc]a seems to h v little relation to ! he>t ( l>g] animals2 we f9d no vessel op5+ into x1 to answ] to ! aorta1 v5a cava1 c4 c4 ,ne> ! eigh? division are two :ite oblong masses1 t jo9 ! tube ( ! he>t2 !y h be5 call$ r5i=m bodies1 because !y are some?+ simil> to a kidney 9 _! %ape4 ,! ,,corpus ,,crassum is1 ) respect to volume1 ! mo/ consid]able "p ( ! :ole cat]pill>2 x is ! fir/ & only sub/ance t is se5 on op5+ x1 =m+ a k9d ( %ea?1 :i* envelopes & cov]s all ! entrails1 & introduc+ itself into ! head1 ent]s all ! muscles ( ! body1 fill+ ! greate/ "p ( ! empty spaces 9 ! cat]pill>4 ,x is ( a milk-:ite col\r4 ,9 its configuration x is v simil> to ! human bra94 ,:5 ! diff]5t masses ( ! corpus crassum :i* cov]s ! entrails are remov$1 ! l>ge/ p>ts are ! oesophagus1 ! v5tricle1 & ! l>ge inte/9es4 ,! ,,oesophagus desc5ds f ! bottom ( ! m\? to ab\t ! f\r? division4 ,! ant]ior "p :i* is 9 ! head is fle%y1 n>r[1 & fix$ by diff]5t muscles to ! cru/ace\s p>ts !re(2 ! l[] "p :i* passes into ! body is wid]1 & =ms a k9d ( membranace\s bag1 :i* is cov]$ ) v small muscles2 ne> ! /oma* x is aga9 n>r[]1 & is z x 7 bridl$ by a /rong n]ve1 :i* is fix$ to x at di/ant int]vals4 ,! ,,v5tricle beg9s a little above ! f\r? division1 :]e ! oesophagus f9i%es1 & t]m9ates at ! t5? division2 x is ab\t sev5 times long] ?an x is broad2 ! ant]ior "p1 :i* is ! broade/1 is g5]ally fold$4 ,! folds dim9i% ) ! bulk1 9 proportion z x approa*es ! inte/9es4 ,an assemblage ( n]ves cov] ! surface1 x is surr\nd$ by a numb] ( a]ial vessels1 & op5s into a tube1 :i* ,lyonet calls ! l>ge inte/9e4 ,!re are ?ree ( ^! l>ge tubes or ,,inte/9es1 ea* ( :i* diff]s f ! o!r s mu*1 bo? 9 /ructure & "* z to require a p>ticul> "n to di/+ui% !m2 ?\gh ?is is n ! place to enum]ate ^! *>act]i/ic diff]5ces4 ,z mo/ cat]pill>s are endu$ ) a p[] or faculty ( sp9n+1 !y are provid$ ) two vessels :]e ! sub/ance is prep>$1 :i*1 :5 drawn out1 & ext5d$ 9 ! air1 becomes a silk5 ?read2 ^! two vessels are t]m$ ! silk-vessels or tubes2 9 ! cat]pill> ( ! cossus1 !y are (t5 above ?ree in*es long1 & are di/+ui%$ into ?ree p>ts1 ! ant]ior1 ! int]m$iate1 & po/]ior4 ,x has also two o!r vessels1 :i* are suppos$ to prep>e & conta9 ! liquor by :i* x dissolves ! wood on :i* x fe$s4 ,?us h we endeav\r$ to give ! read] "s idea ( ! wond]ful organization ( ?is app>5tly imp]fect animal4 ,assur$ly ! f\r-?\s&#ajj muscles employ$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! cat]pill> ( ! cossus _c be consid]$ )\t ! deepe/ a/oni%m5t3 _! admirable co-ord9ation & junction ) o!r p>ts equally num]\s1 yet all h>moniz+ & act+ toge!r z if !y 7 ess5tially "o1 naturally lead ! m9d to consid] ! nature & p]fection ( creation1 & to p]ceive t x is an exhibition ( ! highe/ wisdom2 & t ?is wisdom1 :i* 9 ! m9ute/ ?+s gives evid5ce ( su* an imm5se att5tion to ord] & use1 has1 no d\bt1 fram$ ! :ole = "s great purpose2 b :at t purpose is1 exce$s ! pres5t limits ( ! human und]/&+ to discov]4 #ajj ,lyonet sur la ,*5ille de ,saule1 p4 #ehd4 ,a ,,description ,,( ,,sundry ,,miscellane\s ,,objects1 ,,exhibit$ ,,9 ,,sev]al ,,plates ,,( ,,?is ,,"w4 ,,( ,,! ,,lepas ,,anatif]a ,,or ,,b>nacle4#aja ,plate ,,xiii4 ,fig4 #a & #b4 ,?is is a t5d] & brittle %ell-fi% ( a v peculi> species2 its l5g? is ab\t an in*1 & its diamet] ab\t ?ree qu>t]s ( an in*4 ,! %ell is n compos$ ( two pieces or valves1 z 9 o!rs1 b ( five2 two ( ^! are l>g] ?an ! re/1 to :i* are affix$ two small] ones2 ! fif? piece is long1 sl5d]1 & crook$1 runn+ d[n l5g?-ways1 & cov]+ ! jo9+s ( ! o!r pieces4 ,! %ell "p is ( a pale r$1 v>iegat$ ) :ite2 x adh]es to a neck or p$icle ( an in* long1 & ab\t a fif? ( an in* 9 diamet]2 by :i* means x affixes itself to old wood1 to /ones1 to sea-plants1 or any o!r solid sub/ance t lies "u wat]4 ,x c %ort5 or ext5d ?is neck at pleasure1 :i* resembles a small gut1 & is usually full ( a gl>e\s liquor2 x is compos$ ( two membranes1 an ext]nal "o1 h>d & br[n1 an int]nal "o1 s(t & ( an orange col\r4 ,! l>ge portions ( ! %ell op5 & %ut 9 ! mann] ( ! bivalves2 ! o!rs1 be+ moveable by means ( _! membranace\s atta*m5ts1 give way to ! op5+ ( ^!1 & to ! motions ( ! body ( ! fi% 9 any direction4 ,x is furni%$ ) a clu/] ( filam5ts or t5tacida1 plac$ 9 a r[ on ea* side1 usually twelve1 sometimes f\rte5 9 numb]4 ,!y are a k9d ( arms appropriat$ = cat*+ its prey1 & !re=e plac$ s z to surr\nd ! m\? ( ! animal1 :i* is situat$ betwe5 !m1 & consequ5tly easily receives :at !y ?ru/ t[>ds x4 ,by ! motion ( ^! arms1 :i* may be ex]t$ 9 su* a mann] z to play ei!r )9 or )\t ! cavity ( ! %ell1 x =ms a curr5t ( wat]1 :i* br+s ) x ! prey x fe$s ^u4 ,fig4 #a repres5ts two ( ^! arms z magnifi$ by ! microscope2 ,fig4 #b1 ! natural size ( ^? f :i* ^! draw+s 7 made4 ,ea* arm consi/s ( sev]al jo9ts1 & ea* jo9t is furni%$ on ! concave side ( ! arm ) a bru% ( fibrill or long hairs4 ,! arms1 :5 view$ 9 ! microscope1 seem r opake2 b !y maybe r5d]$ transp>5t1 & =m a mo/ beautiful object1 by extract+ out ( ! int]ior cavity a bundle ( longitud9al fibres1 :i* runs ! :ole l5g? ( ! arm4 ,mr4 ,ne$ham#ajb ?9ks ! motion & use ( ^! arms illu/rates ! nature ( t rotatory motion :i* "s writ]s h ?\ght !y discov]$ 9 ! :eel animal4 #aja ,?is animal is class$ by ,l9nu among ! ,v]mes ,te/ace4 ,its g5]ic "* is3 ,animal1 resembl+ a triton2 ,%ell1 consi/+ ( sev]al unequal valves2 affix$ by its base4 ,specific "*3 ,p$unculat$ ,b>nacle1 ) compress$ %ell consi/+ ( five valves4 ,sy/4 ,nat4 p4 #aajg1 #aaji4 ,,edit4 #ajb ,ne$ham's ,microscopical ,obs]vations4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! arms is a holl[ trunk1 consi/+ ( a jo9t$ fibr\s or hairy tube1 :i* incloses a long r\nd tongue or proboscis1 t ! animal c pu% occasionally out ( ! tube or %ea?1 & retract at pleasure4 ,! m\? ( ?is animal is s+ul> 9 its k9d1 consi/+ ( six lam91 :i* g (f ) a b5d1 ind5t$ l a saw on ! convex edge1 & by _! circul> disposition are s rang$1 t ! tee? 9 ! alt]nate elevation & depression ( ea* plate1 act aga9/ :atev] int]v5es betwe5 !m4 ,! plates are plac$ toge!r 9 su* a mann]1 t to ! nak$ eye !y =m an ap]ture n mu* unlike ! m\? ( a contract$ purse4 ,! we/]n isles ( ,scotl&1 & "s o!r p>ts ( ! ,briti% dom9ions1 are abundantly /or$1 at c]ta9 times ( ! ye>1 ) a bird ( ! goose k9d1 commonly kn[n 9 ^? places by ! "n ( ! br5t goose or b>nacle4 ,^! birds r>ely bre$ ) u1 b seek1 = _! sitt+ season1 isl&s less frequ5t$ ?an ^? :]e we f9d !m 9 common4 ,! see+ ! birds s frequ5t1 & yet nev] f9d+ any ( _! ne/s1 induc$ ignorant p to believe !y nev] _h any1 & t !y 7 n br$ l o!r birds4 ,ab\t ! v %ores :]e ^! birds are mo/ common1 ! lepas anatif]a is also f\nd 9 great abundance4 ,! fi%]m51 :o obs]v$ va/ quantities ( ^! %ells affix$ to rott5 wood1 or dead trees t 7 float+ 9 ! wat]1 or lodg$ by x on ! %ore1 7 soon l$ to imag9e t ! fibr\s sub/ances t hung out ( !m resembl$ fea!rs1 & p]suad$ !mselves t ! geese1 ^: orig9 !y c\ld be=e by no means make out1 7 br$ f !m1 in/ead ( be+ hat*$1 l o!r birds1 f eggs4#ajc ,x 0 aft]w>ds affirm$1 t ! %ells !mselves orig9ally grew on ! trees1 9 ! mann] ( _! fruit2 & t ! "y bird1 hav+ 9 ! %ell obta9$ its plumage1 dropt f !nce into ! wat]4 ,f ?is arose ! op9ion t ! b>nacle or br5t goose 0 ! produce ( a tree4#ajd #ajc ,hill's ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,animals4 #ajd ,! absurd idea1 t ! br5t goose or b>nacle d]iv$ its orig9 f ?is %ell1 0 n conf9$ to ! illit]ate2 m5 ( sci5ce1 incauti\sly confid+ 9 ! bold ass]tions ( ! ignorant1 appe> to h giv5 full cr$it to ?is truly curi\s hypo!sis1 & dissem9at$ ! k ( x 9 _! writ+s4 ,ev5 ,g]>d1 ! au?or ( ! ,h]bal1 caught ! infection3 s confid5t 0 he ( ! fact1 t he invit$ ! cr$ul\s to apply to him = full satisfaction2 8 words are1 8,= ! tru? h]e(1 if any d d\bt1 may x please !m to repaire unto me1 & ,i %all satisfie !m by ! te/imonie ( good witnesses40 ,see 8 ,h]bal1 page #aehg4 ,b>but says1 8,?is fabul\s acc\nt orig9at$ f ! sea-f[ls1 :5 ready to lay _! eggs1 deposit+ !m on ! m>9e plants2 &1 peck+ sometimes ^! anatif]\s %ells1 oblige ! fi% to come out1 :i* hav+ dev\r$1 !y lay eggs 9 _! place4 ,! "y :5 hat*$ break ?r\gh _! prison1 & fly away40 ,g5]a ,v]mium1 ,p>s ii4 page #ac4 ,,edit4 ,,( ,,! ,,leucopsis ,,dorsig]a4 ,plate ,,xvii4 ,fig4 #a1 #b1 & #c4 ,?is v beautiful & s+ul> insect 0 fir/ po9t$ out to me by ,t4 ,m>%am1 ,esq4 ,sec4 ,l4 ,s4 :o _h se5 x 9 ! cab9et ( insects belong+ to ! ,que51 9 ! royal obs]vatory at ,ri*mond4 ,h] ,maje/y 0 pleas$ to p]mit me to h ! draw+ tak5 f x1 f :i* ?is plate 0 engrav$4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,m>%am fir/ saw x at ,ri*mond1 he consid]$ x z a non-descript insect1 & an unique 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,b he has s9ce f\nd t x is m5tion$ by ,fabricius1 9 8 ,sy/ema ,entomologi1 z a new g5us "u ! "n ( leucospis dorsig]a4 ,!re is "o ( ! insects 9 ! cab9et ( ! celebrat$ ,l9nu1 n[ 9 ! possession ( ,j4 ,e4 ,smi?1 ,m4 ,d4 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 ,pr4 ,l4 ,s4 ,sulz1 & o!r writ]s1 h also describ$ x4 ,x appe>s at fir/ sight l a wasp1 to :i* g5us ! fold$ w+s w\ld h giv5 x a place1 _h n ! rem>kable /+ or tube on ! back remov$ x f !nce4 ,x is probably a species betwe51 & unit+ ! sphex & wasp1 9 "s degree p>tak+ ( ! *>act]s ( bo?4 ,! ant5n are black & cyl9drical1 increas+ 9 ?ickness t[>ds ! extremity2 ! jo9t ne>e/ ! head is yell[1 ! head is black1 ! ?orax is also black1 encompass$ r\nd ) a yell[ l9e1 & furni%$ ) a cross "o ( ! same col\r ne> ! head4 ,! scutellum is yell[1 ! abdom5 black1 ) two yell[ b&s1 & a spot ( ! same col\r on ea* side betwe5 ! b&s4 ,a deep black poli%$ groove ext5ds d[n ! back1 f ! ?orax to ! anus1 into :i* ! /+ turns & is deposit$1 leav+ ! anus v circul>2 a yell[ l9e runs on ea* side ! /+4 ,! anus & ! :ole body1 :5 view$ ) a %all[ magnifi]1 appe> punctuat$2 ^! po9ts1 :5 exam9$ 9 ! microscope1 appe> hexagonal1 z 9 ! plate2 & 9 ! c5t] ( ea* hexagon a small hair is to be se52 ! feet are yell[1 ! h9d] ?ighs v ?ick & d5tat$1 =m+ also a groove = ! next jo9t2 !y are yell[ ) black spots4 ,?is insect is f\nd 9 ,italy1 ,switz]l&1 ,france1 & ,g]many4 ,fig4 #a %ews x v mu* magnifi$2 ,fig4 #b is a side view ( x less magnifi$2 ,fig4 #c is ! object ( its real size4 ,,( ,,! ,,lob/] ,,insect4 ,plate ,,xviii4 ,fig4 #a & #f4 ,?is extraord9>y little creature 0 f\nd by my +5i\s fri5d1 ,mr4 ,john ,adams1 ( ,edmonton2 he 0 at ! ,new ,inn1 ,wal?am ,abbey1 :]e x 0 spi$ by "s lab\r+ m5 :o 7 dr9k+ _! port]4 ,! man :o fir/ p]ceiv$ x1 ?\ght x 0 ( an uncommon =m2 on a m m9ute inspection1 x 0 suppos$ to be a l\se ) unusual long horns2 o!rs ?\ght x 0 a mite4 ,?is produc$ a debate1 :i* attract$ ! att5tion ( my fri5d1 :o obta9$ ! insect f !m = fur!r obs]vation4 ,mr4 ,m>t9 has giv5 "s acc\nt ( x 9 ! ?ird volume ( 8,! ,"y ,g5tleman & ,lady's ,philosophy40 ,mr4 ,adams fav\r$ me ) ! insect1 t an accurate draw+ might be tak5 f x1 :i* ,i ?\ght w\ld be highly pleas+ n only to ! lov]s ( microscopic obs]vations1 b also to ! entomologi/4 ,x appe>s to be q a di/9ct species f ! phalangium cancroides ( ,l9nu1 ( :i* a good draw+ has be5 giv5 by ,hooke1 ,rsel1 ,s*ff]1 c42 x has also be5 describ$ by ,scopoli1 ,ge(froy1 & o!r naturali/s2 n "o1 h[ev]1 ( ^! descriptions agrees ) ! animal "u consid]ation4 ,! abdom5 ( ?is is m ext5d$1 ! claws are l>g] & mu* m obtuse2 ! body ( ! o!r be+ ne>ly orbicul>1 ! claws sl5d]1 & f9i%+ almo/ 9 a po9t1 m transp>5t1 & ( a pal] col\r4 ,x is v probable1 t !re are sev]al species ne>ly simil>4 ,mr4 ,m>%am has two 9 8 possession1 "o l ! draw+s ( ,reaumur1 ! o!r n to be di/+ui%$ f t :i* is repres5t$ 9 ! plate1 except t x wants ! break or d5t 9 ! claws1 s conspicu\s 9 ?is4 ,! latt] he caught on a fl[] 9 ,essex1 ! fir/ week 9 ,augu/1 firmly affix$ by its claws to ! ?igh ( a l>ge fly1 & c\ld n dis5gage x f !nce )\t consid]able difficulty2 to accompli% :i*1 he 0 oblig$ to te> (f ! fly's leg1 & 0 mu* surpriz$ to see ! bold little creature spr+ =w>d full a qu>t] ( an in*1 & once m seize its prey1 f :i* he aga9 f\nd x v difficult to dis5gage x4 ,fig4 #a repres5ts ! insect consid]ably magnifi$1 ,fig4 #f ! natural size4#aje #aje ,accord+ to ,aldrov&us1 ?is insect 0 n unkn[n to ,ari/otle1 :o m5tions x z be+ f\nd 9 books & pap]4 ,wolphius1 on ! au?ority ( ,gesn]1 says t a few are to be met ) 9 "s p>ts ( ,switz]l&4 ,scalig] also notices x1 hav+ f\nd two ( !m 9 8 books4 ,x has be5 by v>i\s sy/ematic writ]s ref]r$ to diff]5t g5]a2 ,de ,ge] has in/itut$ a new g5us = x "u ! "n ( *elif]2 ,fabricius has rem&$ x to t ( scorpio1 to :i* p]haps x is m ne>ly alli$ ?an any o!r4 ,among/ ! numb] ( naturali/s :o h obs]v$ & describ$ ! insect1 x appe>s r extraord9>y t none h met ) "o simil> to t 9 ! plate1 9 respect to ! break 9 ! claws4 ,9 a cab9et ( curi\s microscopic objects :i* ,i pur*as$ sev]al ye>s s9ce1 & :i* orig9ally came f ,holl&1 !re 7 f\r ( !m 9 ! mo/ p]fect condition4 ,a botanical fri5d1 ,mr4 ,"y1 also fav\r$ me ) a liv+ "o :i* he f\nd among "s plants collect$ by him 9 "o ( 8 excursions2 b1 z 8 box conta9$ a v>iety ( plants1 & he did n discov] ! insect till 8 return1 x 0 impossible to asc]ta9 ! p>ticul> "o on :i* x 0 tak54 ,all ^! resembl$ ! "o "h exhibit$1 except+ ! claws be+ long] & m sl5d]1 & be+ defici5t 9 ! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic2 ,i h lately se5 ano!r1 9 :i* ! two fangs t are %ewn highly magnifi$ 9 ,plate #he ( ! ,naturali/'s ,miscellany1 are v app>5t1 be+ s l>ge1 z to exce$ 9 diamet] ! ?icke/ "p ( ! claws4 ,my respectable fri5d1 ,mat!w ,yatman1 ,esq4 in=ms me1 t "s ye>s s9ce "o 0 f\nd on a bottle ( w9e pack$ 9 saw-du/1 at ! h\se 9 :i* he !n resid$ 9 ,p]cy /reet2 on putt+ ! po9t ( a p9 t[>ds x to remove x f ! bottle1 x ran backw>d1 put itself into an attitude ( def5ce1 & op5$ its claws z m$itat+ v5geance4 ,9 ! same cell> "o _h _m ye>s previ\s be5 discov]$1 suffici5tly l>ge to admit its be+ fa/5$ to a c>d ) ?read by a "y g5tleman1 be+ at lea/ f\r times ! usual size4 ,rsel says x dwells among pap]1 9 old books & _! b9d+s1 9 *e/s ( draw]s1 & 9 ! crevices ( old build+s4 ,9 ord] to discov] :e!r ! insect possess$ a /+1 he (t5 by v>i\s means endeav\r$ to irritate x2 b x nev] %ew$ ! smalle/ incl9ation to def5d itself1 on ! contr>y1 x always endeav\r$ to avoid a conte/2 if s1 x evid5tly appe>s t ^? few met ) 9 ?is c\ntry are ( a m bold & w>like disposition4 ,seba ass]ts t ^! insects resemble ! l>ge scorpions1 ! tail except$1 :i* is small1 & usually conceal$ by be+ drawn close to ! "u "p ( ! abdom52 b 9 ?is respect he mu/ probably h be5 mi/ak51 z x does n appe> t ?is circum/ance has be5 notic$ by any o!r p]son4 ,,edit4 ,,( ,,! ,,?rips ,,physapus4 ,plate ,,xviii4 ,fig4 #c1 #d1 & #e4 ,! insect1 :i* is repres5t$ v consid]ably magnifi$ at ,fig4 #c1 is ( ! hemipt]a class4 ,x 0 fir/ describ$ & figur$ by ,de ,ge] 9 ! ,sw$i% ,transactions = #agdd1 "u ! "n ( physapus at]1 alis albis2 ,l9nu aft]w>ds introduc$ x 9 a subsequ5t edition ( ! ,sy/ema ,natur di/+ui%$ by ! "n ?rips physapus4 ,^! insects live ^u plants1 & p>ticul>ly 9 fl[]s4 ,! "o figur$ "h is ! black ?rips1 ) :ite w+s2 ! ant5n h six articulations2 ! body is black2 ! w+s :iti%1 long1 & hairy2 ! head small1 ) two l>ge reticul> eyes4 ,! ant5n are ( an equal size ?r\gh\t1 & divid$ into six oval pieces :i* are articulat$ toge!r4 ,! extremities ( ! feet are furni%$ ) a membranace\s & flexible bladd]1 :i* x c ?r[ out & draw 9 at pleasure4 ,x places & presses ?is bladd] aga9/ ! sub/ances on :i* x is walk+1 & seems to fix itself !reby to !m2 ! bladd] sometimes appe>s concave t[>ds ! bottom1 ! concavity increas+ or dim9i%+ 9 proportion to ! degree ( pressure4 ,!y h f\r w+s1 two upp] & two "u ones2 ^! la/ are ) great difficulty p]ceiv$1 !y are fix$ to ! upp] "p ( ! brea/1 ly+ horizontally2 bo? ( !m are r po9t$ t[>ds ! edges1 & h a /rong n]ve runn+ r\nd !m1 :i* is set ) a fr+e ( fibrill1 tuft$ at ! extremity4 ,! w+s are repres5t$ by !mselves at ,fig4 #d2 ! insect ( ! real size at ,fig4 #e4 ,!y are to be f\nd 9 great pl5ty 9 ! spr+ & summ]1 9 ! fl[]s ( ! d&elion1 & v>i\s o!r plants4 ,,( ,,! ,,sk9 ,,( ,,! ,,lump ,,suck]4 ,plate ,,xviii4 ,fig4 #b & #g4 ,= a full description ( ?is s+ul> fi%1 ,i mu/ ref] ! read] to ,p5nant's ,briti% ,zoology1 vol4 iii4 p4 #aag4 ,! ,l9nean "n is cyclopt]us lumpus4 ,fig4 #b is a piece ( ! sk9 highly magnifi$3 !re are no scales on ! body1 b a great numb] ( tub]cles1 :i* are "h exhibit$4 ,fig4 #g is ! natural size ( ! object4 ,^! fi%es be+ extremely fat1 r5d]s !m an agreeable diet to ! natives ( ,gre5l&1 9 :i* seas !y ab\nd 9 ! mon?s ( ,april & ,may2 !y also resort 9 multitudes dur+ spr+ to ! coa/ ( ,su!rl&1 ne> ! ,ord ( ,cai?ness 9 ,nor? ,brita91 :]e ! seals prey greatly ^u !m1 leav+ ! sk9s2 numb]s ( :i* ?us empti$ float at t season a%ore4 ,:5 a good specim5 is procur$1 x =ms a mo/ beautiful object = ! opake microscope4 ,,( ,,! ,,cimex ,,/riatus4 ,plate ,,xx4 ,fig4 #a & ,a4 ,?is is a beautiful insect ( ! hemipt]a class1 or t k9d :]e ! elytra are only 9 "p cru/ace\s1 & :i* d n =m a longitud9al suture d[n ! back1 b fold ov] ab\t "o-?ird ( _! l5g? t[>d ! bottom1 :]e x is also p>tly transp>5t4 ,x is ( ! g5us cimex1 & call$ /riatus by ,l9nu4 ,its col\rs are bright & elegantly dispos$3 ! head1 proboscis1 & ?orax are black4 ,! ?orax is ornam5t$ ) yell[ spots1 ! middle "o l>ge1 & occupy+ almo/ "o-?ird ( ! po/]ior "p2 ! o!r two are on ea* side1 & triangul>4 ,! scutellum has two yell[ oblong spots1 po9t$ at ea* end2 ! gr\nd ( ! elytra is a bright yell[1 spott$ & /rip$ ) black4 ,! n]ves are yell[1 & !re is a brilliant triangul> spot ( orange1 :i* unites ! cru/ace\s & membranace\s p>ts2 ! latt] is br[n & cl\d$4 ,! feet are ( a f9e r$1 & ! r+s ( ! abdom5 are black1 edg$ ) :ite4 ,?is pretty insect is to be f\nd 9 ,june1 ^u ! elm-tree4 ,x is repres5t$ at ,a ( ! natural size4 ,,( ,,! ,,*rysomela ,,asp>agi4 ,plate ,,xx4 ,fig4 #b & ,b4 ,a v common1 ?\gh elegant insect ( ! coleopt]a class1 is repres5t$ at ,fig4 #b1 z se5 9 ! luc]nal microscope1 & ( its natural size at ,b2 x is call$ by ,l9nu *rysomela asp>agi1 f ! l>va fe$+ on ! leaves ( t plant4 ,its %ape is oblong1 ! ant5n black1 compos$ ( _m jo9ts ne>ly oval4 ,! head is ( a bright1 b deep blue2 ! ?orax r$ & cyl9drical2 ! elytra blue1 ) a yell[ m>g91 & ?ree spots ( ! same col\r on ea*1 "o at ! base ( an oblong =m1 & two unit$ ) ! m>g92 ! legs are black1 b ! "u side ( ! belly is ( ! same blue col\r ) ! elytra & head4 ,?is little animal1 :5 view$ by ! nak$ eye1 sc>cely appe>s to des]ve any notice2 b :5 exam9$ by ! microscope1 is "o ( ! mo/ pleas+ opake objects we h4 ,x is f\nd 9 ,june1 on ! asp>agus aft] x has run to se$4 ,de ,ge] says1 t x is v sc>ce 9 ,sw$54 ,,( ,,! ,,meloe ,,monoc]os4 ,plate ,,xx4 ,fig4 #c & ,c4 ,! insect :i* comes at pres5t "u our inspection is p>ticul>ly adapt$ to %ew ! advantages ( ! microscope1 :i* alone w discov] ! peculi>ities ( its figure2 ?is is s rem>kable1 t entomologi/s appe> undet]m9$ z to its g5us4 ,ge(froy =m$ a new "o = x1 "u ! title ( notoxus1 9 :i* he has be5 foll[$ by ,fabricius2 ev5 ,l9nu himself c\ld n det]m9e at fir/ :]e to place x1 = 9 ! ,fauna ,suecica he makes x an attelabus1 b 9 ! la/ edition ( ! ,sy/ema ,natur he has fix$ x z a meloe1 call+ x ! meloe monoc]os2 b /ill he adds1 8g5us difficile t]m9atur =te huic proximum40 ,bo? ,ge(froy & ,s*ff] h giv5 figures ( x1 b z !y _h n t k9d ( microscope :i* w\ld assi/ !m1 _! figures are imp]fect4 ,! head is black1 & appe>s to be hid or buri$ "u ! ?orax1 :i* projects =w>ds l a horn2 ! ant5n are compos$ ( _m articulations1 & ) ! feet are ( a d+y yell[4 ,! h9d] "p ( ! ?orax is r$di%1 ! =e "p black4 ,! elytra are yell[1 ) a black longitud9al l9e d[n ! suture2 !re is a b& ( ! same col\r ne> ! apex1 & also a black po9t ne> ! base2 ! :ole animal is curi\sly cov]$ ) hair4 ,ge(froy says x is f\nd on umbellif]\s plants3 ! "o "h describ$ 0 f\nd 9 ,may2 ! natural size is se5 at ,c4 ,plate ,,xix4 ,fig4 #a & #c1 ,repres5t two magnifi$ views ( ! feet ( ! monoculus apus ( ,l9nu4 ,!y are curi\sly contriv$ to assi/ ! animal 9 swimm+1 & =m v agreeable objects = ! microscope4 ,fig4 #b & #d are ! same objects ( ! natural size4 ,,( ,,! ,,scales ,,( ,,fi%4 ,! outside cov]+ or scales ( fi% af=d an imm5se v>iety ( beautiful objects = ! microscope4 ,!y are =m$ 9 ! mo/ admirable mann]1 & arrang$ ) inconceivable regul>ity & symmetry3 "s are long1 o!rs ne>ly r\nd1 o!rs aga9 squ>e2 v>y+ 9 %ape1 n only 9 diff]5t species1 b ev5 consid]ably on ! same fi%2 ^? :i* are tak5 f "o "p n be+ entirely simil> to ^? :i* are tak5 f ano!r4 ,leeuw5hoeck suppos$ ea* scale to consi/ ( an inf9ity ( scales laid "o ov] ! o!r2 or1 m simply1 ( an inf9ity ( /rata1 ( :i* ^? next to ! body ( ! fi% are ! l>ge/4 ,^! /rata1 :5 view$ ) ! microscope1 exhibit specim5s ( wond]ful me*anism & exquisite workman%ip4 ,9 "s scales we discov] a prodigi\s numb] ( conc5tric flut+s1 too f9e1 z well z too ne> ea* o!r1 to be easily enum]at$2 !y are probably =m$ by ! edges ( ea* /ratum1 d5ot+ ! limits !re(1 & ! diff]5t /ages ( ! gr[? ( ! scale4 ,^! flut+s are (t5 trav]s$ by o!rs div]g+ f ! c5t] ( ! scale1 & g5]ally proce$+ f !nce 9 a /raight l9e to ! circumf]5ce4 ,plate ,x4 ,fig4 #g1 exhibits a scale f a species ( ! p>rot fi% ( ! ,we/-,indies1 consid]ably magnifi$4 ,fig4 #h1 ! real size ( ! scale4 ,plate ,x4 ,fig4 #i1 is a magnifi$ scale ( ! sea-p]*1 :i* is f\nd on ! ,engli% coa/4 ,fig4 #aj1 ! same scale ( ! natural size4 ,plate ,,xix4 ,fig4 #g1 a scale f ! haddock1 z se5 9 ! microscope4 ,fig4 #h1 ! same ( ! natural size4 ,plate ,,xix4 ,fig4 #i1 a scale f a species ( p]* f ! ,we/-,indies1 magnifi$4 ,fig4 #aj1 ! scale ( its real size4 ,plate ,,xix4 ,fig4 #aa1 a scale f ! sole-fi%1 del9eat$ z x appe>s 9 ! microscope2 ! po9t$ "p is t :i* /&s )\t ! sk91 z may be se5 9 ,fig4 #e1 :i* repres5ts a piece ( ! sk9 ( a sole1 z view$ by ! opake microscope4 ,fig4 #f & #ab1 ! same objects ( _! real size4 ,,*ap4 ,,vii4 ,,! ,,natural ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,hydra1 ,,or ,,fre%-,,wat] ,,polype4 ,hav+ 9 ! two prec$+ *apt]s giv5 ! read] su* a g5]al idea ( ! hi/ory & conomy ( a great v>iety ( ^? m9ute animat$ bodies1 call$ insects1 z ,i am incl9$ to hope has n only af=d$ him ent]ta9m5t & in/ruction1 b t5d$ to excite an emulation = fur!r rese>*es2 ,i %all endeav\r to gratify s laudable a disposition1 by introduc+ him to a class ( be+s ^: conomy & s+ul> prop]ties equally engage ! att5tion ( ! philosoph] & ! natural hi/orian2 a sc5e :i* opposes our g5]al sy/em ( vitality1 & :i* pres5ts to ! eye ( ! m9d1 z well z t ( ! body1 a s]ies ( a/oni%+ wond]s4 ,x is among ! m9uti ( nature t we f9d h] models mo/ div]sifi$1 & display+ ! m>vell\s fecundity ( its p[]s4 ,! polypes describ$ 9 ?is *apt] are fre%-wat] insects1 ( ! g5us ( hydra1 ( ! ord] ( zoophytes1 & class ( v]mes4 ,! body consi/s ( a s+le tube1 furni%$ at "o end ) long arms1 by ^! x seizes small worms1 & conveys !m to its m\?4 ,x has1 accord+ to our g5]al notions1 nei!r head1 he>t1 /oma*1 nor inte/9es ( any k9d2 & is )\t ! di/9ction ( sexes1 yet extremely prolific4 ,f ! simplicity ( its /ructure ^? ( its conomy & functions are probably d]iv$4 ,:5 !y are cut or divid$ into a numb] ( pieces1 ! sep>at$ p>ts 9 a v little "t become s _m p]fect & di/9ct animals2 ea* piece hav+ a p[] ( produc+ a head1 a tail1 & ! o!r organs necess>y = its exi/5ce4 ,!y are g5]ally kn[n by ! "n ( polype2 b z ?is 0 ?\ght by _m to be improp]1 because t1 /rictly speak+1 !y h no feet1 ,l9nu call$ ! g5us hydra1 probably f _! prop]ty ( re-produc+ ! p>ts :i* are cut (f1 a circum/ance t naturally br+s to m9d ! fabul\s /ory ( ! ,l]nean hydra4 ,dr4 ,hill call$ !m biota1 on acc\nt ( ! /rong pr9ciple ( life ) :i* e "p is endu$4 ,leeuw5hoeck1 ^: indefatigable indu/ry 9 8 rese>*es aft] small insects p]mitt$ v few ?+s to escape 8 notice1 discov]$ ^! animals1 & gave "s acc\nt ( !m 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions = ! ye> #agjc4 ,!re is also 9 ! same volume a lett] f an anonym\s h& on ?is subject4 ,we _h1 h[ev]1 no regul> acc\nt ( !m1 _! v>i\s habits1 _! diff]5t species1 or ( _! wond]ful prop]ties1 till ! ye> #agdj1 :5 !y fir/ engag$ ! att5tion ( ,m4 ,trembley1 to ^: assiduity & obs]vations we are indebt$ = ! display ( _! nature & conomy4 ,previ\s to ! successful exp]im5ts ( ?is g5tleman1 ,leibnitz & ,bo]haave1 z well z "s ( ! anci5t philosoph]s1 reflect+ on ! v>i\s gradations 9 ! scale ( animat$ nature1 _h endeav\r$ to prove t !re might be degrees ( life betwe5 ! animal & ! plant1 & t animals might be f\nd :i* w\ld propagate by slips1 l plants4 ,^! conjectures 7 v]ifi$ by ,trembley1 b n 9 consequ5ce ( any pre-conceiv$ ideas 9 fav\r ( su* a supposition2 on ! contr>y1 x 0 only by repeat$ obs]vations t he c\ld de/roy 8 own prejudices1 & jo9 ^! wond]ful be+s to ! animal k+dom4#ajf #ajf ,a great "p ( ! k ( ! anci5ts consi/$ 9 an ext5sive v>iety ( +5i\s hypo!ses1 ! result ( int5se /udy & application2 & x ne$ n excite surprize1 if1 among/ a numb] ( suppositions1 "s ( !m h s9ce be5 f\nd con=mable to tru?4 ,! mod]ns1 animat$ by ! example ( ! great ,bacon1 by an abundance ( exp]im5ts frequ5tly repeat$1 & ! assi/ance ( good in/rum5ts1 h introduc$ unque/ionable demon/ration 9 ! place ( speculation2 ?is r5d]s ! pres5t philosophy v f> sup]ior to t ( ! anci5ts4 ,?us x is ) respect to ! subject n[ "u consid]ation2 _m ( ! anci5ts conjectur$ t animat$ be+s might exi/ possess$ ( ! wond]ful prop]ties ( ! hydra2 t "s ( !m1 h[ev]1 7 ev5 witnesses ( ! fact1 _c well be disput$2 ?\gh x may be fairly presum$1 t _! k ( ?is animal1 comp>atively ) t we are n[ 9 possession (1 0 v circumscrib$ & imp]fect4 ,/4 ,augu/9e relates t "o ( 8 fri5ds p]=m$ ! exp]im5t be=e him1 ( cutt+ a polype 9 two1 & t imm$iately ! two p>ts ?us sep>at$ betook !mselves to flight1 mov+ ) precipitation diff]5t ways4 ,! orig9al passage is too long to be "h ins]t$1 b may be f\nd 9 8 "w 8,de ,quantitate ,anim10 c4 #fb1 p4 #dca1 col4 #a4 ,ari/otle1 speak+ ( insects ) _m feet1 expresses himself ne>ly 9 ! same mann]2 )\t nam+ ! p>ticul> creatures to :i* he alludes1 he obs]ves1 t !re are ( ^! animals or insects1 z well z ( plants & trees1 "s t propagate !mselves by %oots2 &1 z :at 7 b ! p>ts ( a tree be=e1 become ?us di/9ct & sep>ate trees2 s1 9 cutt+ "o ( ^! animals1 ! pieces :i* be=e compos$ altoge!r b "o animal1 become sudd5ly s _m di/9ct individuals4 ,& he adds1 t ! s\l 9 ^! insects is 9 effect b "o1 ?\gh multipli$ 9 its p[]s1 z x is 9 plants4 ,ari/ot4 de ,hi/or4 ,animal4 tom4 #a1 lib4 #d1 cap4 #g1 pag4 #hbd1 de ,"p4 ,animal4 lib4 #d1 tom4 #a1 cap4 #f1 pag4 #ajbi4 c4 ,?is w suffice to %ew t ! anci5ts 7 n entirely unacqua9t$ ) ! subject be=e u2 ?\gh x does n d]ogate f ! m]it ( ,leeuw5hoeck1 ,trembley1 & o!r +5i\s naturali/s1 by ^: assidu\s & pati5t inve/igations we h obta9$ a m p]fect k ( ?is a/oni%+ class ( animat$ be+s4 ,,edit4 ,?\gh natural hi/ory is s fruitful 9 extraord9>y facts1 x has hi!rto produc$ none s s+ul> z ! v>i\s prop]ties ( ! diff]5t species ( ! hydra4 ,i %all endeav\r1 fir/1 to trace ! progress ( ?is discov]y1 9 :i* we %all see ) :at sage caution & accuracy ,trembley1 & o!r naturali/s exam9$ ?is wond]ful phnom5on1 & :at accumulat$ evid5ce 0 judg$ necess>y to e/abli% ! fact4 ,we f9d ,m4 ,trembley writ+ 9 ,janu>y1 #agda1 to ,m4 ,bonnet1 t he did n "k :e!r he %\ld call ! object :i* !n engag$ 8 att5tion1 a plant or an animal4 8,i h /udi$ x10 says he1 8ev] s9ce ,june la/1 & h f\nd 9 x /rik+ *>act]i/ics ( bo? plant & animal4 ,x is a little aquatic be+4 ,at fir/ sight1 e "o imag9es x to be a plant2 b if x be a plant1 x is s5sitive & ambulant2 if x be an animal1 x may be propagat$ by slips or cutt+s1 l _m plants40 ,x 0 n till ! mon? ( ,m>*1 9 ! same ye>1 t he c\ld satisfy himself z to _! nature4 ,:5 ,reaumur saw1 = ! fir/ "t1 two polypes =m$ f "o t he _h divid$ into two p>ts1 he c\ld h>dly believe 8 eyes2 & ev5 aft] hav+ repeat$ ! op]ation an hundr$ times1 & aga9 exam9$ x an hundr$ m1 he says t ! sight 0 n become famili> to him4 ,! fir/ acc\nt ! ,royal ,society receiv$ ( ! surpriz+ prop]ties ( ! hydra1 0 9 a lett] f ,m4 ,buffon1 dat$ ! #ah? ( ,july1 #agda1 to ,m>t9 ,folkes1 ,esq4 _! presid5t1 acqua9t+ !m ) ! discov]y ( a small insect call$ a polypus1 :i* is f\nd /ick+ ab\t ! common duck we$1 & :i*1 be+ cut 9 two1 puts =? f ! upp] "p a tail1 & f ! l[] end a head1 s z to become two animals in/ead ( "o4 ,if x be cut into ?ree p>ts1 ! middlemo/ puts out f "o end a head1 & f ! o!r a tail1 s z to become ?ree di/9ct animals1 all liv+ l ! fir/1 & p]=m+ ! v>i\s (fices ( _! species3 :i* obs]vations are1 adds ,buffon1 well av]r$4 ,!re is no phnom5on 9 all natural hi/ory m a/oni%+ ?an ?is1 t man1 at pleasure1 %\ld h a k9d ( creative p[]1 & out ( "o life make two1 ea* completely =m$ ) all its app>atus & functions1 its p]ceptions & p[]s ( motion & self-pres]vation2 & z complete 9 all respects z t f :i* !y d]iv$ _! exi/5ce1 & equally enjoy+ ! humble gratifications ( _! nature4#ajg #ajg ,goldsmi?'s ,hi/ory ( ! ,e>? & ,animat$ ,nature4 ,mr4 ,folkes1 9 confirmation ( ! =ego+ article1 communicat$ to ! ,society a lett] f ! ,hon4 ,w4 ,b5t9ck1 ,esq4 at ! ,hague1 dat$ ,septemb]1 describ+ ! insects discov]$ by ,trembley1 add+1 t he himself _h se5 !m4 ,9 ,novemb]1 a lett] 0 read f ,dr4 ,gronovius1 ( ,leyd51 giv+ an acc\nt ( a wat] insect n yet kn[n to1 or describ$ by any au?or2 aft] describ+ x1 he adds1 8b :at is m surpriz+1 if ?is animal is cut into five or six pieces1 9 a few h\rs !re w be z _m animals1 exactly simil> to _! p>5t40 ,! acc\nts ( ?is animal 7 s extraord9>y1 t !y 7 n cr$it$ until ,pr(essors ,alb9us & ,muss*5broeck 7 provid$ ) "s specim5s1 & f\nd all t _h be5 relat$ !re( to be exactly true4 ,novemb] #be1 a lett] f ,cambridge 0 read to ! ,royal ,society1 9 :i* ! au?or endeav\rs to less51 by reason1 ! prejudices :i* !n combat$ ! belief ( ^! facts4 8,"s ( our fri5ds10 says ! au?or1 8:o are firmly atta*$ to ! g5]al metaphysical notions !y h =m]ly le>n$1 reason /rongly aga9/ ! possibility ( su* a fact3 b ,i h myself own$ on o!r occasions1 my di/ru/ ( ! tru?1 or c]ta9ty at lea/1 ( "s ( ^? pr9ciples1 & ,i %all make no scruple ( ackn[l$g+1 t ,i h already se5 s _m /range ?+s 9 nature1 t ,i am become v diffid5t ( all g5]al ass]tions1 & v cauti\s 9 affirm+ :at may or may n possibly be4 ,! mo/ common op]ations bo? ( ! animal & vegetable _w1 are all 9 !mselves a/oni%+1 & no?+ b daily exp]i5ce & con/ant obs]vation c make u see )\t amazem5t an animal br+ =? ano!r ( ! same k9d1 or a tree blossom & be> leaves & fruit4 8,! same obs]vation & exp]i5ce make x also famili> to u1 t1 besides ! fir/ way ( propagat+ vegetables f _! respective fruit & se$1 !y are also propagat$ f cutt+s1 & e "o kn[s t a twig ( a will[ p>ticul>ly1 cut (f & only /uck into ! gr\nd1 does pres5tly take root & gr[1 & become z real & p]fect a tree z ! orig9al "o f :i* x 0 tak54 ,"h !n we f9d 9 ! vegetable k+dom q common1 ! v ?+ ( :i* we h an example be=e u 9 ! animal k+dom1 9 ?is new-discov]$ insect4 ,! be/ philosoph]s h long obs]v$ /rong analogies betwe5 ^! two classes ( be+s2 & ! m !y h p5etrat$ into nature1 ! m !y h ext5d$ ?is analogy3 n[ 9 su* a scale1 :o is ! man t w be bold to say1 j "h animal life entirely ends1 & "h vegetable life beg9s8 or1 j s f>1 & no f>!r1 "o sort ( op]ation goes2 & j "h ano!r sort1 q diff]5t1 takes its place8 or aga91 :o w v5ture to say1 life 9 e animal is a ?+ absolutely diff]5t f t :i* we dignify by ! same "n 9 e vegetable80 ,?us does ! au?or endeav\r to p]suade ! prejudic$1 & lead !m to pay att5tion to ! facts :i* 7 n[ laid op5 to _! view1 & :i* 7 fur!r confirm$ by a lett] f ,m4 ,trembley1 9 ,janu>y #agdj2 :i* lett] 0 /r5g!n$ by an extract f ! preface to ! six? volume ( ,reaumur's hi/ory ( insects4 ,9 ,m>*1 #agdb1 ,mr4 ,folkes gave an acc\nt ( !m to ! ,royal ,society1 f obs]vations made on sev]al polypes :i* _h be5 s5t by ,m4 ,trembley f ,holl& to him4 ,! insects n[ began to be kn[n1 & 7 soon f\nd 9 ,engl&1 & ! exp]im5ts t _h be5 made on !m abroad 7 publi%$ by ,mr4 ,folkes1#ajh my fa!r1#aji & ,mr4 ,bak]3#aaj conviction n[ became too /rong = argum5t1 & metaphysical objections gave way to facts4 ,! animal is describ$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,,hydra4#aaa ,flos3 os t]m9ale1 c9ctum cirris setaceis4 ,/irps vaga1 gelat9osa1 uniflora1 basi se affig5s4#aab #ajh ,philosophical ,transactions4 #aji ,micrographia ,illu/rata4 #aaj ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,polype4 #aaa ,! hydr or polypes h g5]ally be5 d5om9at$ ,insects3 is !re n a manife/ impropriety 9 ! application ( ?is t]m to !m8 ,if we admit ( ! sy/ematic arrangem5t ( ,,l9n,,u1 we f9d t he has divid$ ! animal k+dom into six classes3 #a4 ,mammalia4 #b4 ,aves4 #c4 ,amphibia4 #d4 ,pisces4 #e4 ,insecta2 & #f4 ,v]mes4 ,( ! la/ or ,v]mes1 ! ,zoophytes 7f 1 or animal plant7 con/itute ! fif? ord]4 ,he def9es x z ,animalia composita1 effloresc5tia m vegetabilium3 among/ ^! he includes ! v>i\s species ( ,vorticell & ,hydr4 ,! t]m animalcul1 or small animals1 is c]ta9ly n inapplicable to !m1 b !y diff] mat]ially 9 ! peculi> *>act]i/ics by :i* insects are di/+ui%$1 see page #agi1 & pages #bae-bbj4 ,!y d n und]go ^? trans=mations to :i* insects are subject1 & :i* h be5 s fully describ$ 9 ! prec$+ "p ( ?is "w3 _! figure1 habits1 & conomy are also v diff]5t4 ,9 %ort1 !y seem to be 9 e respect1 except _! m9ut5ess1 q a di/9ct race ( animat$ be+s1 z w be m fully exemplifi$ 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,,edit4 #aab ,l94 ,sy/4 ,nat4 p4 #acbj4 ,?is animal fixes itself by its base1 x is gelat9\s1 l9e>1 nak$1 c contract itself1 & *ange its place4 ,its m\?1 :i* is at "o end1 is surr\nd$ by hair1 l feel]s4 ,x s5ds =? its "y ones f its sides1 :i* drop (f4 #a4 ,hydra viridis1 t5taculis subd5is brevioribus4 ,gre5 polype1 g5]ally ) ab\t t5 %ort arms2 x is repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,,xxi4 ,fig4 #e4 #b4 ,hydra fusca1 t5taculis suboctonis longissimis4 ,?is polype has v long arms1 (t5 eight 9 numb]2 x is repres5t$ at ,plate ,,xxi4 ,fig4 #g4 ,! arms are sev]al times long] ?an ! body4 #c4 ,hydra grisea1 t5taculis subsept5is longioribus4 ,?is polype has also g5]ally long arms1 9 numb] ab\t sev52 x is ( a yell[i% col\r1 small t[>ds ! bottom2 x is repres5t$ at ,plate ,,xxi4 ,fig4 #f4 #d4 ,hydra pall5s1 t5taculis subs5is m$iocribus4 ,! arms ( ?is polype are g5]ally ab\t six 9 numb]1 & ( a mod]ate l5g?4 #e4 ,hydra hydatula1 t5taculis quat]nis obsoletis corpore vesic>io4 ,plate ,,xxi4 ,fig4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d4 ,?is polype has a vesicul> body1 & f\r obsolete arms2 is f\nd 9 ! abdom5 ( %eep1 sw9e1 c4 #f4 ,hydra /5torea1 t5taculis cili>ibus corpore infundibuli=mi4 ,?is polype has be5 call$ tunnel-%ap$2 ! m\? is surr\nd$ ) a r[ ( hairs2 x is repres5t$ at ,plate ,,xxii4 ,fig4 #bg & #bh4 #g4 ,hydra socialis1 mutica torosa rugosa4 ,be>d$1 ?ick1 & wr9kl$4 ,plate ,,xxi4 ,fig4 #aa4 ,,( ,,! ,,hydra ,,viridis1 ,,hydra ,,fusca1 ,,& ,,hydra ,,grisea4 ,plate ,,xxi4 & ,,xxiii4 ,^! ?ree species ( ! hydra hav+ be5 ^? on :i* ! greate/ numb] ( exp]im5ts h be5 made1 & ( :i* we h ! be/ in=mation1 x is ( ^! only ,i %all speak 9 ! foll[+ acc\nt1 unless x is p>ticul>ly m5tion$ o!rwise4 ,!re are few animals m difficult to describe ?an ! hydra1 z x has sc>ce any ?+ con/ant 9 its =m1 v>y+ cont9ually 9 its figure3 !y are (t5 s beset ) "y1 z to appe> ramose & div>icat$1 ! "y ones con/itut+ z x 7 a "p ( ! p>5t's body4 ,:oev] has look$ ) c>e at ! bottom ( a wet %all[ dit*1 :5 ! wat] is /agnant1 & ! sun has be5 p[]ful1 may rememb] to h se5 _m little transp>5t lumps1 ( a jelly-l appe>ance1 ab\t ! size ( a pea1 & flatt$ on "o side2 ! same appe>ances are also (t5 to be se5 on ! "u side ( ! leaves ( ^? we$s or plants t gr[ on ! surface ( ! wat]2 ^! are ! hydr ga!r$ up into a quiesc5t /ate1 & seem+ly inanimate1 because ei!r undi/urb$ or n excit$ by ! calls ( appetite to action4 ,!y are g5]ally fix$ by "o end to "s solid sub/ance1 at ! o!r end !re is a l>ge op5+1 r\nd ab\t :i* ! arms are plac$ z s _m rays r\nd a c5t]1 :i* c5t] is ! m\?4 ,!y are sl5d] & pellucid1 =m$ ( a t5d] k9d ( sub/ance1 9 consi/5ce some?+ l ! horns ( a snail1 & c contract ! body into a v small compass1 or ext5d x to a consid]able l5g?4 ,!y c d ! same ) ! arms2 ) ^! !y seize m9ute worms & v>i\s k9ds ( aquatic insects1 br+ !m to ! m\?1 & swall[ !m4 ,aft] ! food is dige/$1 & ! nutritive p>ts :i* are employ$ 9 su/a9+ its life are sep>at$ f ! re/1 !y reject ! rema9d] by ! m\?4 ,! fir/ polype :i* ,trembley discov]$ 0 "o ( ! hydra viridis1 repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,,xxi4 ,fig4 #e4 ,^! are g5]ally ( a f9e gre5 col\r4 ,! indications ( spontane\s motion 7 fir/ p]ceiv$ 9 ! arms ( ^! little creatures2 !y c ext5d or contract1 b5d & w9d !m div]s ways4 ,^u ! slighte/ t\* !y contract !mselves s mu*1 z to appe> little m ?an a gra9 ( a gre5 sub/ance1 ! arms disappe>+ entirely4 ,he soon aft] f\nd ! hydra grisea1 ,fig4 #f1 & saw x eat1 swall[1 & dige/ worms mu* l>g] ?an itself4 ,?is discov]y 0 soon foll[$ by t ( ! hydra fusca1 ,fig4 #g4 ,! mo/ g5]al attitudes ( ^! hydr are ^? :i* are repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #e & #f ( ! same plate4 ,!y fix ! po/]ior extremity b aga9/ a plant or o!r sub/ance1 z e f2 ! body a b2 & ! arms a c1 be+ ext5d$ 9 ! wat]4 ,!re is a small diff]5ce 9 ! attitudes ( ! ?ree k9ds :i* we are n[ describ+4 ,! bodies ( ! hydra viridis1 ,fig4 #e1 & ( ! hydra grisea1 ,fig4 #f1 dim9i% f ! ant]ior to ! po/]ior extremity by an almo/ ins5sible gradation4 ,! hydra fusca does n dim9i% 9 ! same gradual mann]1 b f ! ant]ior extremity a1 to ! "p d1 :i* is (t5 two-?irds ( ! l5g? ( _! body1 x is ne>ly ( an equal size2 f ?is "p x becomes abruptly small]1 & goes on f !nce ( a regul> size to ! end4 ,! numb] ( arms 9 ^! ?ree k9ds are at lea/ six1 & at mo/ twelve or ?irte51 ?\gh eighte5 may sometimes be f\nd on ! hydra grisea4 ,!y c contract _! bodies till !y are n above "o-t5? ( an in* 9 l5g?2 !y c also /op at any int]m$iate degree1 ei!r ( contraction or ext5sion1 f ! greate/ to ! lea/4 ,! species repres5t$ at ,fig4 #e1 are g5]ally ab\t half an in* long :5 /ret*$ out4 ,^? exhibit$ at ,fig4 #f & #g1 are ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( an in*1 or "o in* 9 l5g?1 ?\gh "s are to be f\nd at times ab\t an in* & half long4 ,! arms ( ! hydra viridis1 ,fig4 #e1 are seldom long] ?an _! bodies2 ^? ( ,fig4 #f are commonly "o in* long1 :ile ^? ( ,fig4 #g are g5]ally ab\t eight in*es2 :5ce ,trembley has call$ x ! long-arm$ polype4 ,! bulk ( ! hydr decreases1 9 proportion z !y ext5d !mselves1 & vice v]sa4 ,!y may be made to contract !mselves1 ei!r by t\*+ !m1 or agitat+ ! wat] 9 :i* !y are conta9$4 ,!y all contract !mselves s mu* :51 tak5 out ( ! wat]1 z to appe> only l a little lump ( jelly4 ,!y c contract or ext5d _! arms )\t ext5d+ or contract+ ! body1 or ! body1 )\t mak+ any alt]ation 9 ! arms2 or !y c contract or dilate only "s ( ! arms1 indep5d5t ( ! re/3 !y c also b5d _! body & arms 9 all possible directions4 ,^? repres5t$ at ,fig4 #g let _! arms 9 g5]al hang d[n1 mak+ diff]5t turns & returns1 (t5 direct+ "s ( !m back aga9 to ! top ( ! wat]4 ,!y c also dilate ! body at diff]5t places1 sometimes at "o "p1 & !n aga9 at ano!r2 sometimes !y are ?ick set ) folds1 :i*1 if c>elessly view$1 might be tak5 = r+s4 ,!y h a progressive motion1 :i* is p]=m$ by t p[] by :i* !y /ret* out1 contract1 & turn !mselves e way4 ,= suppose ! hydra or polype1 a b1 ,fig4 #af1 to be fix$ by ! tail b1 hav+ ! body & ! arms a ext5d$ 9 ! wat]2 9 ord] to advance1 x draws itself toge!r1 by b5d+ itself s z to br+ ! head & arms d[n to ! sub/ance on :i* x is to move2 to d ?is1 x fixes ! head or ! arms z 9 ,fig4 #ag2 :5 ^! are well fix$1 x loos5s ! tail1 & draws x t[>ds ! head1 z 9 ,fig4 #ah1 :i* x aga9 loos5s1 & re/+ on ! tail1 /ret*es x out1 z 9 ,fig4 #ai4 ,x is easy to see f ?is acc\nt1 t _! mann] ( walk+ is v analog\s to t ( v>i\s t]re/rial & aquatic animals4 ,!y walk v sl[1 (t5 /opp+ 9 ! middle ( a /ep1 turn+ & w9d+ _! body & arms e way4 ,_! /ep is sometimes v s+ul>1 z 9 ! foll[+ in/ance3 suppose ! polype a b1 ,fig4 #bj1 to be fix$ by ! tail b1 ! body & arms be+ ext5d$ 9 ! wat]1 x fir/ b5ds ! =e-"p t[>ds ! sub/ance on :i* x is mov+1 & fixes x !reto1 z at a1 ,fig4 #ba2 x !n loos5s ! l[] end1 & raises x up p]p5dicul>1 z 9 ,fig4 #bb2 n[ b5d+ ! body to ! o!r side1 x fixes ! tail1 z 9 ,fig4 #bc2 !n loos5+ ! ant]ior end1 x rises up1 z 9 ,fig4 #bd4 ,!y desc5d at pleasure to ! bottom ( ! wat]1 & asc5d aga91 ei!r by ! sides1 or ^u "s aquatic plants2 !y (t5 hang f ! surface ( ! wat]1 re/+ z x 7 ^u ! tail2 or1 at o!r times !y are susp5d$ by "o arm f x4 ,!y walk also ) ease ^u ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,if ! extremity ( ! tail b1 ,fig4 #g1 be exam9$ ) a magnify+ glass1 a small "p ( x w be f\nd to be dry1 & above ! surface ( ! wat]1 & z x 7 9 a little concave space1 ( :i* ! tail =ms ! bottom1 s t x seems to be susp5d$ on ! surface ( ! wat]1 on ! same pr9ciple t a small p9 or ne$le is made to swim4 ,h5ce1 :5 a polype means to pass f ! sides ( ! glass to ! surface ( ! wat]1 x has only to put t "p out ( ! wat] by :i* x means to be support$1 & give x "t to dry1 :i* x always does ^u ^! occasions4 ,!y atta* !mselves s firmly by ! tail to aquatic plants1 /ones1 c4 z n to be easily driv5 f ! place :]e !y h fix$ !mselves2 !y (t5 fur!r /r5g!n ^! atta*m5ts by means ( "o or two ( _! arms1 :i* !y ?r[ out & fix to adjac5t sub/ances1 z s _m an*ors4 ,! m\? ( ! polype or hydra is situat$ at ! =e-"p ( ! body1 9 ! middle betwe5 ! %oot+ =? ( ! arms4 ,! m\? assumes diff]5t appe>ances1 accord+ to ! diff]5t purposes ( ! insect2 sometimes x is l5g!n$ out1 & =ms a little conical nipple1 z 9 ,plate ,,xxiii4 ,a4 ,fig4 #ac2 sometimes x appe>s truncat$1 z 9 ,plate ,,xxi4 ,fig4 #h2 at o!r times ! int]val betwe5 ! arms appe>s clos$1 z 9 ,plate ,,xxiii4 ,a4 ,fig4 #b & #ab2 or holl[1 z 9 ,fig4 #aa ( ! same plate4 ,if x be obs]v$ ) a deep magnifi] 9 ei!r ( ! two la/ cases1 a small ap]ture may be discov]$4 ,! m\? ( ! polype op5s into ! /oma*1 :i* is a k9d ( bag or gut t goes f head to tail2 ?is may be p]ceiv$ by ! nak$ eye1 :5 ! animal is expos$ to a /rong light1 or a c&le plac$ on ! opposite side to ! eye2 = ! col\r ( ! polype does n de/roy ! transp>5cy !re(4 ,! /oma* w1 h[ev]1 be bett] se51 if ! eye be assi/$ by a deep magnifi]2 "o ( !m is repres5t$ z highly magnifi$ 9 ,plate ,,xxi4 ,fig4 #h4 ,to be fully satisfi$ :e!r !y 7 p]=at$ ?r\gh\t1 ,trembley cut "o transv]sely into ?ree p>ts2 ea* piece imm$iately contract$ itself1 & became v %ort2 be+ !n plac$ 9 a %all[ glass full ( wat]1 & view$ ?r\gh ! microscope1 !y 7 f\nd to be visibly p]=at$4 ,_! microscopic appe>ance is repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,,xxiii4 ,a4 ,fig4 #f1 #g1 #h2 its m\? 0 at ! ant]ior end a1 ,fig4 #h1 ( "o ( ^! p>ts4 ,! tail 0 at ! end b ( ! ?ird "p1 ,fig4 #f2 z ?is piece 0 also p]=at$1 x pla9ly appe>s t ! tail ( ! hydra is op54 ,! p]=ation1 :i* is ?us cont9u$ f "o end to ! o!r1 is call$ ! /oma*1 because x conta9s & dige/s ! alim5ts4 ,! sk9 :i* incloses ! bag1 & =ms ! /oma*1 is ! sk9 ( ! polype itself2 s t ! animal may be said to consi/ ( b "o sk91 dispos$ 9 ! =m ( a tube or gut op5 at bo? ends4 ,on op5+ ! polype1 no vessels are to be di/+ui%$2 & :atev] be ! nature ( its organization1 x mu/ reside 9 ! sk94 ,! sk9 mu/ be s f> organiz$1 z to p]=m all ! op]ations necess>y = ! nutrition & gr[? ( ! animal1 )\t consid]+ ^? t are necess>y = its v>i\s motions4 ,:atev] are ! means ! ,au?or ( ,nature has employ$ = ^! purposes1 we are ignorant ( !m4 ,if _! sk9 be exam9$ by a microscope1 x appe>s l %agre51 or z if x 7 cov]$ ) little gra9s2 ^! are m or less sep>at$ f ea* o!r1 accord+ to ! degree 9 :i* ! body is ext5d$ or contract$4 ,if ! lips ( a polype be cut transv]sely1 & plac$ s t ! cut "p ( ! sk9 may lie directly be=e ! microscope1 ! sk9 ?r\gh\t its :ole ?ickness w be f\nd to consi/ ( an inf9ite numb] ( ^! gra9s4 ,to "k :e!r ! inside ( ! /oma* 0 =m$ ( simil> gra9s1 sev]al ( !m h be5 laid op5 & exam9$ by ! microscope2 ! int]ior surface 0 !n f\nd to consi/ ( an imm5se numb] ( !m1 be+ z x 7 m %agre5$ ?an ! ext]ior "o1 & less transp>5t4 ,! gra9s are n /rongly unit$ to ea* o!r1 b may be sep>at$ )\t mu* tr\ble4 ,plate ,,xxiii4 ,a4 ,fig4 #aj1 repres5ts a piece ( sk9 ?us laid op54 ,to exam9e ^! p>ticul>s fur!r1 a piece ( sk9 a1 ,fig4 #i1 0 laid 9 a few drops ( wat]1 on a piece ( glass be=e ! microscope1 & "s ( ! gra9s 7 sep>at$ f x1 z at b c d1 by press+ !m ) ! po9t ( a p92 9 endeav\r+ to op5 !m1 !y spread !mselves into all p>ts ( ! wat]1 & at la/ rema9$ 9 heaps1 z at e & f4 ,if a polype be c>efully plac$ be=e ! microscope1 )\t w\nd+ x1 y w seldom be disappo9t$ 9 see+ "s ( ^! gra9s deta* !mselves f ! sup]ficies !re(1 & t ev5 9 ! mo/ heal?y4 ,b if ! gra9s sep>ate !mselves 9 l>ge quantities1 x is ! symptom ( a v dang]\s disord]2 ! surface ( ! polype ?us attack$ becomes m & m irregul>1 & is no long] well t]m9at$ & def9$ z be=e4 ,! gra9s fall (f on all sides1 ! body & arms contract & dilate1 x becomes ( a :ite %9+ col\r1 loses its =m z at a1 ,fig4 #d1 & !n dissolves into a heap ( gra9s1 z at b1 ,fig4 #e4 ,! progress ( ?is disord] is mo/ easily obs]v$ 9 ! hydra viridis4 ,a v att5tive & accurate exam9ation %ews t ! sk9 is =m$ ( a k9d ( gl>e\s sub/ance1 a species ( gum1 :i* fills up ! int]vals betwe5 ! gra9s1 9 :i* !y are lodg$1 & by :i* !y are atta*$1 ?\gh weakly1 toge!r4 ,x has be5 already obs]v$1 t x is to ^! gra9s t x owes its %agre5-l appe>ance2 x is f !m also t x d]ives its col\r2 =1 :5 !y are sep>at$ f ! polype1 !y are ! same col\r ) x1 :]eas ! gl>e\s matt] is )\t any di/+ui%+ col\r4 ,! con/ruction ( ! polype seems !n to be conf9$ to ^! gl&ul> gra9s1 to ! visc\s matt]1 & ! invisible fibres :i* act ^u ! gl>e\s sub/ance4 ,! /ructure ( ! arms ( ! polypes is v analog\s to t ( _! body4 ,:5 !y are exam9$ by ! microscope1 ei!r 9 a contract$ or dilat$ /ate1 _! surface is %agre5$2 if ! arm be mu* contract$1 x appe>s m s ?an ! body2 on ! contr>y1 x appe>s less s 9 proportion z !y are m ext5d$2 almo/ q smoo? :5 at _! full ext5sion2 s t 9 ! hydra viridis ! appe>ance ( ! arms is cont9ually v>y+1 & ^! v>iations are m s5sible t[>ds ! extremity ( ! arm ?an at its orig91 z1 9 ,plate ,,xxi4 ,fig4 #aj2 b m ?9ly scatt]$1 or f>!r asund]1 9 ! p>ts fur!r on1 z at ,fig4 #i4 ,! hairs :i* are exhibit$ 9 ?is figure _c be se5 )\t a v deep magnifi]1 h[ev] !y indicate a fur!r degree ( organization 9 ?is little animal4 ,! extremity is (t5 t]m9at$ by a knob4 ,all animals ( ?is k9d h a rem>kable atta*m5t to turn t[>ds ! light1 & ?is might naturally induce ! inquir] to look = _! eyes2 b h[ c>efully soev] ?is se>* has be5 pursu$1 & h[ev] excell5t ! microscope ) :i* e "p has be5 exam9$1 yet no appe>ance ( ?is organ has be5 f\nd4 ,not)/&+ ?is1 !y con/antly turn !mselves t[>d ! light2 s t if t "p ( ! glass 9 :i* we plac$ !m be turn$ f x1 !y w be f\nd ! next day to h remov$ !mselves to ! side t is next ! light1 & ! d>k side w be q depopulat$4 ,,( ,,! ,,food ,,( ,,! ,,hydr1 ,,& ,,_! ,,me?od ,,( ,,seiz+ ,,& ,,swall[+ ,,_! ,,prey4 ,z ! hydra fusca1 ,plate ,,xxi4 ,fig4 #g1 has ! longe/ arms1 its mann] ( fe$+1 & ! diff]5t manuvres x makes use ( to seize & manage its prey1 are m rem>kable ?an ^? ( ! two o!r species2 x w be1 !re=e1 ?is k9d only :i* w be pr9cipally spok5 ( "u ! pres5t head4 ,to obta9 a prop] view1 x %\ld be plac$ 9 a glass sev5 or eight in*es deep4 ,if ! polype be fix$ ne> ! top ( ! glass1 ! arms = ! mo/ "p hang d[n t[>d ! bottom4 ,?is is a v conv5i5t situation = fe$+ x1 & obs]v+ its managem5t ( ! food4 ,! polypes are 9 g5]al v voraci\s3 an hungry "o ext5ds its arms z a fi%]man 8 nets2 x spreads !m e way1 s t !y =m a circle ( consid]able ext5t1 e "p ( :i* is entirely )9 ! rea* ( "o ( !m4 ,9 ?is exp&$ po/ure x lies 9 expectation ( its food2 :atev] comes )9 ! v]ge ( ?is circle is seiz$ by "o or o!r ( its arms3 ! arms are !n contract$ till ! prey is br\ght to ! m\?1 :5 x is soon dev\r$4 ,:ile ! arms are contract+ & ex]t+ !mselves vigor\sly to c\nt]act ! ef=ts ( ! animal1 :i* x has seiz$1 to escape1 !y may be obs]v$ to swell l ! muscles ( ! human body :5 !y are 9 a /ate ( ex]tion4 ,?\gh 9 g5]al all ideas are d]iv$ f ! s5ses1 !re are c]ta9ly "s t seem infus$ into u indep5d5tly ( ! ex]tions ( any s5se4 ,?is may be confirm$ by _m in/ances ( animal in/9ct2 among o!rs1 x may be illu/rat$ by ! polype4 ,:o taught x1 :5 j sep>at$ f ! p>5t /ock1 to exp& its arms1 t x might cat* its prey8 ,t its native elem5t ab\nd$ ) insects8 or t ^! 7 its prop] food8 ,no s5se t we are acqua9t$ ) c\ld fir/ give ! in=mation4 ,! polype does n always wait = its prey1 x feels = x1 & 9 a mann] foll[s x4 ,x may be ask$ h[ c x p]=m ?is if de/itute ( vision8 or d ! gl&ul> gra9s answ] ! purpose ( eyes8 ,:o c answ] ! "q8 :at are our own eyes b gl&ul> gra9s ( a l>g] size8 ,if ?is %\ld be ! case1 our hydra1 l ! libellul & o!r insects1 w\ld realize1 nay1 exce$ ! fables ( ! anci5ts1 be+ an ,argus entirely compos$ ( eyes4 ,be ?is z x may1 !y are c]ta9ly 9 possession ( "s s5sation by :i* !y are in=m$ ( ! approa* ( _! prey1 & :i* r5d]s !m att5tive to all t may confirm or de/roy ?is p]ception4 ,:5 ! arms ( a polype are ext5d$ )9 a glass1 put a c5tipe or any k9d ( worm into x1 see ,plate ,,xxiv4 ,a4 ,fig4 #a1 & ) ! po9t ( a p9 pu% x t[>ds "o ( ! arms2 z soon z x t\*es ?is x is seiz$2 ! worm or c5tipe endeav\rs by quick & /rong ef=ts to dis5gage itself1 (t5 swimm+ & dragg+ ! arm f "o side ( ! glass to ! o!r4 ,?is viol5t motion ( ! prey obliges ! polype to contract /rongly ! arm2 9 do+ :i*1 x (t5 twi/s x 9 ! =m ( a cork-screw1 z at o i1 by :i* means x %ort5s x m rapidly4 ,! /ruggles ( ! devot$ animal soon br+ x 9 contact ) ano!r arm2 ^! contract+ fur!r1 ! little creature is pres5tly engag$ ) all ! arms1 & by degrees convey$ to ! m\?1 aga9/ :i* x is held & subdu$4 ,:5 a polype has no?+ to eat1 its m\? is g5]ally op51 b s small1 t x c sc>ce be p]ceiv$ )\t ! assi/ance ( a magnify+ glass2 b z soon z ! arms h convey$ ! prey to ! m\?1 x op5s itself wid]1 & ?is 9 proportion to ! size ( ! animal t is to be dev\r$2 ! lips gradually dilate1 & adju/ !mselves accurately to ! figure ( ! prey4 ,! greate/ "p ( ! animals on :i* ! polype fe$s1 are to its m\?1 :at an apple ! size ( our heads w\ld be to ! m\? ( a man4 ,! worms or o!r m9ute animals :i* are seiz$ by ! polype1 are n always br\ght to ! m\? 9 ! same situation2 if !y be pres5t$ to x by "o ( _! extremities1 x is n requisite t ! polype %\ld op5 its m\? consid]ably1 & 9 effect x only op5s x s wide1 z precisely to give entrance to ! worm1 ,fig4 #e4 ,if x be n too long = ! /oma*1 x rema9s !re ext5d$2 b if x be long]1 ! end :i* fir/ ent]s is b5t1 s t :5 ! worm is entirely swall[$1 x may be se5 ly+ fold$ 9 ! /oma*1 ,plate ,,xxiv4 ,b4 ,fig4 #ab4 ,if ! middle1 or any o!r "p ( ! worm1 be pres5t$ to ! m\? ( ! polype1 x seizes ?is "p ) ! lips1 ext5d+ !m on bo? sides1 & apply+ !m aga9/ ! worm1 s t ! m\? assumes ! =m ( a boat1 po9t$ at ea* end1 ,plate ,,xxiv4 ,a4 ,fig4 #b2 ! polype gradually closes ! two po9ts ( its boat-l lips1 & by ?is motion & suction swall[s ! worm1 ,fig4 #d4 ,! polypes kill worms s spe$ily1 t ,fontana ?9ks !y mu/ conta9 ! mo/ active & p[]ful v5om2 = ! lips ( a polype sc>ce t\* ! worm1 b x expires1 s great is ! en]gy ( ! poison x conveys into x1 ?\gh no w\nd c be obs]v$ 9 ! dead animal4 ,z soon z ! /oma* is fill$1 its capacity is enl>g$1 ! body is %ort5$1 ,plate ,,xxiv4 ,a4 ,fig4 #f1 ! arms are = ! mo/ "p contract$1 ! polype hangs d[n )\t motion1 & appe>s to be 9 a k9d ( /upor1 & v diff]5t f its %ape :5 ext5d$2 b 9 proportion z ! food is dige/$1 & x has void$ ! excrem5titi\s p>ts1 ! body l5g!ns1 & gradually recov]s its usual =m4 ,! transp>5cy ( ! polype p]mits u to see di/9ctly ! worm x has swall[$1 ,plate ,,xxiv4 ,b4 ,fig4 #ab1 :i* gradually loses its =m4 ,x is at fir/ mac]at$ 9 ! /oma* ( ! polype1 & :5 ! nutriti\s juices are sep>at$ f x1 ! rema9d] is dis*>g$ by ! m\?1 ,fig4 #ac4 ,x is ) ^!1 z ) o!r voraci\s animals1 z !y dev\r a great quantity ( food at once1 s also !y c fa/ = a long "t4 ,! hi/ory ( insects furni%es _m examples ( ?is k9d4 ,"o circum/ance is obs]vable1 :i* probably contributes mu* to ! dige/ion ( _! food1 namely1 t ! alim5ts are cont9ually pu%$ backw>d f "o extremity ( ! /oma* to ! o!r2 ?is motion may be easily obs]v$ ) a microscope1 9 a polype :i* is n too full1 & 9 :i* ! food has be5 already divid$ into little fragm5ts4 ,= ^! obs]vations1 x is be/ to fe$ ! polype ) su* food z w give a lively-col\r$ juice2 z = example1 ^? worms ^: inte/9es are fill$ ) r$ sub/ances3 = by ^! means we %all see t ! nutriti\s juices are convey$ n only to ! extremity ( ! body1 b also into ! arms2 f :5ce x is probable t ea* ( ! arms =m also a k9d ( gut1 :i* communicates ) t ( ! body4 ,"s bits ( a small black snail t is frequ5tly to be f\nd 9 our dit*es1 0 giv5 to a polype4 ,! sub/ance ( ?is sk9 0 soon r$uc$ into a pulp1 consi/+ ( little black fragm5ts2 on exam9+ ! polype ) ! microscope1 ^! p>ticles 7 p]ceiv$ to be driv5 ab\t ! /oma*1 & to pass f head to tail1 & into _! arms1 ev5 :]e ^! 7 z f9e z a ?read2 !y 7 aft]w>ds =c$ into ! /oma*1 & f !nce to ! tail1 f :5ce !y 7 aga9 driv5 into ! arms1 & s on4 ,! gra9s take _! t+e f ! food :i* n\ri%es ! polypes2 ^! gra9s become r$ or black1 if ! polype be f$ ) juices t are ei!r r$ or black2 & !y are m or less t+$ ) ^! diff]5t col\rs1 9 proportion to ! /r5g? & quantity ( ! nutritive juices4 ,x is also obs]vable1 t !y lose _! col\r if f$ ) alim5ts t are n ( ! same col\r ) !mselves4 ,! polypes fe$ on ! great] "p ( ^? insects t are to be f\nd 9 fre% wat]4 ,!y may be n\ri%$ ) worms1 ! l>v ( gnats1 c4 !y w also eat l>g] animals if !y are cut into small pieces1 z snails1 l>ge aquatic insects1 small fi%1 but*]'s meat1 c4 ,sometimes two polypes seize ! same worm1 & ea* beg9s to swall[ its own end1 cont9u+ s to d till _! m\?s meet1 ,plate ,,xxiv4 ,a4 ,fig4 #h2 9 ?is position !y rema9 = "s "t1 at la/ ! worm breaks1 & ea* has its %>e2 sometimes ! combat does n end "h1 = ea* cont9u+ to dispute ! prize1 "o ( ! polypes op5s its m\? advantage\sly1 & swall[s ! o!r ) its portion ( ! worm1 ,plate ,,xxiv4 ,b4 ,fig4 #ad2 ?is combat ends m =tunately = ! dev\r$ polype ?an might be at fir/ expect$1 = ! o!r (t5 gets ! prey out ( its /oma*1 b lets x out aga9 s\nd & safe1 aft] hav+ imprison$ x above an h\r4 ,f h5ce we le>n1 t ! /oma* ( ! polype1 :i* s soon dissolves ! animal sub/ances :i* are convey$ into x1 is n capable ( dige/+ t ( ano!r polype4 ,plate ,,xxiv4 ,a4 ,fig4 #e1 repres5ts a polype ) "o half a c5tipe 9 its m\?1 z at a2 ! o!r "p )\t1 z at m4 ,fig4 #a repres5ts "o susp5d$ 9 wat] by a piece ( pack?read2 c n1 a c5tipe seiz$ by x1 & drawn p>tly t[>ds ! m\?2 i o1 ! b5d+s 9 ! arm2 p1 an arm 9 se>* ( a small aquatic insect4 ,fig4 #b1 a polype /ret*+ itself into a boat-l =m1 to take or swall[ a worm ly+ sideways4 ,fig4 #d1 ! same polype ) ! worm swall[$ & b5t )9 x4 ,fig4 #f1 is a polype 9 ! situation !y g5]ally assume :5 !y h satisfi$ _! voraci\s appetite4 ,fig4 #g1 "o t has swall[$ a small monoculus4 ,fig4 #i1 a1 "o ^: arms are load$ ) monoculi4 ,fig4 #aj1 a polype full ( !m f head to tail4 ,fig4 #c1 "o t has only swall[$ a few ( !m4 ,fig4 #h1 repres5ts two polypes engag$ 9 combat = a worm1 ( :i* bo? ( !m h swall[$ a "p4 ,plate ,,xxiv4 ,b4 ,fig4 #aa1 repres5ts a polype engag$ ) a v l>ge worm4 ,fig4 #ab1 a worm se5 )9 ! sk9 ( a polype4 ,fig4 #ac1 a polype disgorg+ ! excrem5titi\s p>ts ( a worm4 ,plate ,,xxi4 ,fig4 #ab1 a polype t has swall[$ a small fi%1 & tak5 ! %ape !re(4 ,,( ,,! ,,g5]ation ,,( ,,! ,,hydr4 ,z ! hydra fusca & ! hydra grisea are consid]ably l>g] ?an ! hydra viridis1 x is m easy to obs]ve ! mann] ( _! produc+ _! "y4 ,x is ^u ^!1 !re=e1 t mo/ ( ! obs]vations "h recit$ h be5 made4 ,if "o ( !m be exam9$ 9 summ]1 :5 ! animals are mo/ active1 & m p>ticul>ly prep>$ = propagation1 x w be f\nd to %oot =? f its side sev]al little tub]cles1 or knobs1 :i* gr[ l>g] & l>g] e day2 aft] two or ?ree days inspection1 :at at fir/ appe>$ b a small excresc5ce1 takes ! figure ( a small animal1 entirely resembl+ its p>5t4 ,x does n inclose a "y polype1 b is ! real animal 9 m9iature1 unit$ to ! p>5t1 z a suck] to ! tree4 ,:5 a "y polype fir/ beg9s to %oot1 ! excresc5ce t]m9ates 9 a po9t1 z at e1 ,plate ,,xxiv4 ,b4 ,fig4 #bd2 s t x is r ( a conical figure1 & ( a deep] col\r ?an t ( ! body4 ,?is cone soon becomes truncat$1 & 9 a little "t appe>s cyl9drical4 ,! arms !n beg9 to %oot f ! ant]ior end c i4 ,! tail adh]es to ! body ( ! p>5t1 b gr[s gradually small]1 till at la/ x only adh]es by a po9t b1 ,fig4 #bc1 x is !n ready to be sep>at$2 = ?is purpose ! "m & "y ones fix !mselves to ! glass1 or o!r sub/ance ^u :i* !y may be situat$4 ,!y h !n only to give a sudd5 j]k1 & !y are divid$ f ea* o!r4 ,!re are "s trifl+ diff]5ces to be obs]v$ n[ & !n 9 _! p]=m+ ?is op]ation1 :i* x w\ld be too t$i\s to enum]ate "h4 ,a polype1 a b1 ,fig4 #bj1 ) a "y "o1 c d1 places its body 9 an ar* ( a circle a d b1 aga9/ ! sides ( ! glass1 ! "y "o be+ fix$ at ! top d ( ! ar*1 ) its head also fix$ aga9/ ! glass2 s t ! "m1 by contract+ ! body1 & ?us becom+ /raight1 loos5s h]self f ! "y "o4 ,! "y ones %oot 9 proportion to ! w>m? ( ! wea!r1 & ! nature ( ! food eat5 by ! "m2 "s h be5 obs]v$ to be p]fectly =m$ 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 :ile o!rs h requir$ fifte5 days = ! same purpose2 ! fir/ 7 produc$ 9 ! mid/ ( summ]1 ! latt] 9 a cold season4 ,! tail ( ! "y polype communicates )1 & p>takes ( ! food f ! p>5t 9 ! same mann] z its own arms d1 & ! food lies 9 ! same mann] z 9 ! arms4 ,:5 ?is ftus is furni%$ ) arms1 x cat*es its prey1 swall[s1 dige/s1 & di/ributes ! juices !re( ev5 to ! p>5t body2 e good is common to ea*4 ,"h !n we h evid5t communication betwe5 ! ftus & ! "m2 ?is communication 0 fur!r prov$ by ! foll[+ exp]im5t4 ,a l>ge polype1 "o ( ! hydra fusca1 0 plac$ on a slip ( pap]1 9 a little wat]2 ! middle ( ! body ( ! "y "o 0 cut1 & ! sup]ior "p ( t end :i* rema9$ fix$ to ! p>5t 0 f\nd to be op54 ,! p>5t polype 0 !n cut on ea* side ( ! %oot4 ,?us a %ort cyl9d] 0 obta9$1 :i* 0 op5 at bo? ends4 ,?is be+ view$ ?r\gh a microscope1 ! light 0 se5 to come ?r\gh ! side slip1 or "y "o1 into ! /oma* ( ! old "o4 ,= fur!r conviction1 ! cyl9drical portion 0 cut l5g?ways2 on obs]v+ ^! p>ts1 n only ! hole t ( ! communication1 ,plate ,,xxiv4 ,b4 ,fig4 #ag1 0 di/9ctly se51 b "o might see ?r\gh ! end o ( ! "y "o4 ,on *ang+ ! situation ( ^! two pieces ( prep>$ polypes1 & look+ ?r\gh ! op5+ e1 ,fig4 #ah1 ! day-light 0 se5 ?r\gh ! hole ( communication i4 ,?is communication1 betwe5 ! p>5t polype & its "y ones may be se5 on fe$+ !m2 =1 aft] ! p>5t a b1 ,plate ,,xxiv4 ,b4 ,fig4 #bb1 has eat51 ! bodies ( ! "y ones swell1 be+ fill$ ) ! alim5ts z if !y !mselves _h be5 eat+4 ,9 ! hydra fusca ! "y ones d n proce$ f ! tail "p b c1 ,plate ,,xxiii4 ,b4 ,fig4 #af1 b only f ! "p a c1 ) ?is exception1 !re is no p>ticul> "p ( ! body be=e ! re/1 on :i* !y produce _! "y4 ,"s ( !m h be5 s closely obs]v$1 & h s greatly multipli$1 t !re w\ld be sc>ce any impropriety 9 say+ !y produc$ _! "y ones f all ! ext]ior p>ts ( _! body4 ,a polype puts =? frequ5tly five or six "y ones at ! same "t4 ,trembley has _h "s t h produc$ n9e or t5 at ! same "t1 & :5 "o dropp$ (f ano!r came 9 its place4 ,?\gh ?is g5tleman _h = two ye>s ?\s&s ( !m "u 8 eye1 & consid]$ !m ) ! mo/ scrupul\s att5tion1 he nev] obs]v$ any ?+ l copulation4 ,to be m c]ta9 on ?is head1 he took two "y ones ! in/ant !y came f _! p>5t1 & plac$ !m 9 sep>ate glasses2 !y bo? multipli$1 n only !mselves1 b _! (fspr+1 :i* 7 sep>at$ & wat*$ 9 ! same mann] to ! sev5? g5]ation2 nay1 !y h ev5 ! faculty ( multiply+ :ile !y adh]e to ! p>5t4 ,! arms ( ! "y ones d n spr\t till ! body has atta9$ "s l5g?4 ,sev]al excresc5ces or buds (t5 appe> at ! same "t on a polype1 :i* are s _m polypes gr[+ f "o trunk2 :il/ ^! are develop+1 !y also bud1 :i* buds aga9 put =? little ones1 ! p>5t & ! "y ones =m+ a s+ul> k9d ( animal society1 9 :i* all p>ticipate ( ! same life1 & ! same wants4 ,9 ?is /ate1 ! p>5t appe>s l a %rub ?ick set ) bran*es4 ,sev]al g5]ations are (t5 ?us atta*$ to "o ano!r1 & all to ! p>5t polype2 aft] a "t1 ?is tree ( polypes or hydr is decompos$1 & gives bir? to new g5]ations1 or fre% g5ealogical trees4 ,"h we see a surpriz+ *a9 ( exi/5ce cont9u$1 & numb]s ( animals naturally produc$1 )\t any union ( sexes2 e polype rais+ a num]\s po/]ity by a k9d ( animal vegetation4 ,f ,fig4 #af1 ,plate ,,xxiii4 ,b4 ! read] may =m an idea ( ! promptitude ) :i* ^! creatures increase & multiply2 ! :ole gr\p =m$ by ! p>5t & its "y 0 ab\t an in* & an half long1 & "o in* broad1 ! arms ( ! "m & h] n9ete5 little ones hang+ d[n t[>ds ! bottom ( ! vessel2 ! animal w\ld eat ab\t twelve monoculi p] day1 & ! little ones ab\t tw5ty among !m1 or r m ?an ?irty = ! gr\p4 ,,( ,,! ,,re-,,production ,,( ,,! ,,hydr4 ,s /range is ! nature ( ?is creature's life1 t ! me?od by :i* o!r animals are kill$ & de/roy$ becomes a means ( propagat+ ^!4 ,:5 divid$ & cut to pieces 9 e direction t fancy c sugge/1 x n only cont9ues to exi/1 b ea* section becomes an animal ( ! same k9d4 ,a polype cut transv]sely or longitud9ally1 9 two or ?ree p>ts1 is n de/roy$2 ea* "p 9 a little "t becomes a p]fect polype4 ,?is species ( fecundity is s great 9 ^! animals1 t ev5 a small portion ( _! sk9 w become a little polype1 a new animal ris+ z x 7 f ! ru9s ( ! old1 ea* small fragm5t yield+ a polype4 ,if ! "y ones be mutilat$ :ile !y gr[ ^u ! p>5t1 ! mutilat$ p>ts are re-produc$2 ! same *anges succe$ also 9 ! p>5t4 ,a truncat$ portion w put =? "y be=e x is p]fectly =m$ itself1 or has acquir$ its new head & tail2 sometimes ! head ( ! "y "o supplies ! place ( t :i* w\ld gr[ out ( ! ant]ior "p ( ! trunk4 ,if a polype be slit1 beg9n+ at ! head1 & proce$+ to ! middle ( ! body1 a polype w be =m$ ) two heads1 & w eat at ! same "t ) bo?4 ,if ! polype be slit into six or sev5 p>ts1 x becomes a hydra ) six or sev5 heads4 ,if ^! be aga9 divid$1 we %all h "o ) f\rte52 cut (f ^!1 & z _m new ones w spr+ up 9 _! place1 & ! heads ?us cut (f w become new polypes1 ( :i* s _m new hydr may aga9 be =m$2 s t 9 e respect x exce$s ! fabul\s relation ( ! ,l]nean hydra4 ,z if ! wond]s already relat$ ( ! polype 7 n suffici5t to engage our att5tion to ^! s+ul> animals1 new circum/ances1 z surpriz+ z ! =ego+1 pres5t !mselves to conv9ce u ( ! imp]fection ( our ideas ( animality1 & ( ! greatness ( ! p[] ( our ,,"l & ,,savi\r1 :o is ! s\rce & orig9 ( e degree ( life1 9 all its imm5se gradations1 z unity is ! orig9 ( numb] 9 all its v>i$ s]ies1 multipli$ proportions & comb9ations2 & z numb]s may be consid]$ z recipi5t ( unity1 9 ord] to make manife/ ! wond]ful p[]s !re(1 s ! univ]se & its p>ts are adapt$ to receive life f ! s\rce ( all life1 & ?us become repres5tatives ( 8 imm5sity & et]nity4 ,! polypes may be z x 7 graft$ toge!r4 ,if ! truncat$ portions ( a polype be plac$ end to end1 & !n pu%$ toge!r ) a g5tle =ce1 !y w unite1 & =m a s+le "o4 ,! union is at fir/ made by a f9e ?read1 & ! portions are di/+ui%$ by a n>r[ neck1 :i* gradually fills up & disappe>s1 ! food pass+ f "o portion to ano!r4 ,portions n only ( ! same1 b pieces ( diff]5t polypes may be ?us unit$ toge!r4 ,y may fix ! head ( "o polype to ! trunk ( ano!r2 & t :i* is ?us produc$1 w gr[1 eat1 & multiply l ano!r4 ,!re is /ill ano!r me?od ( unit+ ^! animals toge!r1 m wond]ful 9 its nature1 & less analog\s to any kn[n pr9ciples ( animation1 & m difficult to p]=m4 ,x is effect$ by introduc+ "o )9 ! o!r1 =c+ ! body ( "o into ! m\? ( ! o!r1 & pu%+ x d[n s t _! heads may be br\ght toge!r3 9 ?is /ate x mu/ be kept = "s "t2 ! two individuals are at la/ unit$1 & graft$ into ea* o!r2 & ! polype1 :i* 0 at fir/ d\ble1 is conv]t$ into "o1 ) a great numb] ( arms1 & p]=ms all its functions l ano!r4 ,! hydra fusca furni%es u ) ano!r prodigy1 to :i* we "k no?+ t is simil> ei!r 9 ! animal or vegetable k+dom4 ,!y may be turn$ inside out l a glove1 &1 not)/&+ ! app>5t improbability ( ! circum/ance1 !y live & act z be=e4 ,! l9+ or coat+ ( ! /oma* n[ =ms ! epid]mis1 & ! =m] epid]mis n[ con/itutes ! coat+ ( ! /oma*4 ,a polype ?us turn$1 may (t5 h "y ones atta*$ to its side4 ,if ?is be ! case1 aft] ! op]ation !y are ( c\rse inclos$ 9 ! /oma*4 ,^? :i* h acquir$ a c]ta9 size ext5d !mselves t[>ds ! m\?1 t !y may get out :5 sep>at$ f ! body2 ^? :i* are b little gr[n1 turn !mselves inside out1 & by ^! means place !mselves aga9 on ! outside ( ! p>5t polype4 ,! polype ?us turn$ comb9es itself a ?\s& diff]5t ways4 ,! =e-"p (t5 closes itself1 & becomes a sup]num]>y tail4 ,! polype :i* 0 at fir/ /raight1 n[ b5ds itself1 s t ! two tails resemble ! legs ( a pair ( compasses1 :i* x c op5 & %ut4 ,! old m\? is at ! jo9t z x 7 ( ! compasses2 x _c1 h[ev]1 act z "o1 s t a new "o is =m$ ne> x1 & 9 a little "t a new species ( hydra is =m$ ) sev]al m\?s4 ,plate ,,xxiii4 ,b4 ,fig4 #ah1 repres5ts ! upp] "p ( a polype t has be5 divid$ into two p>ts2 a1 ! upp]1 c1 ! l[] "p1 ! end c be+ some?+ l>g] ?an t ( a common polype1 & is s5sibly p]=at$2 9 ! summ] "t ?is "p (t5 walks & eats ! same day x is cut4 ,fig4 #ag1 ! o!r "p ( ! same polype2 ! ant]ior end is v op51 & ! edges ( x turn$ a little outw>ds1 :i* aft]w>ds fold+ inw>ds1 close ! ap]ture4 ,?is end n[ appe>s swell$1 z at c1 ,fig4 #ba2 ! arms %oot out f ?is end3 at fir/ ?ree or f\r po9ts only beg9 to %oot1 z at c1 ,fig4 #bj1 & :ile ^! increase 9 size1 o!rs appe> betwe5 !m2 !y c seize _! prey & eat be=e _! arms h done gr[+4 ,9 ! height ( summ] ! arms w (t5 beg9 to %oot 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 b 9 cold wea!r x w be fifte5 or tw5ty days be=e ! head is =m$4 ,fig4 #bb1 repres5ts a polype t 0 cut close "u ! arms2 ?is became also a complete animal 9 a little "t4 ,! sides ( a polype t has be5 cut longitud9ally1 roll !mselves up 9 diff]5t ways1 g5]ally beg9n+ at "o ( ! extremities1 roll+ itself up 9 a heap1 z 9 ,plate ,,xxiii4 ,b4 ,fig4 #ai1 ) ! outside ( ! sk9 inw>ds2 x soon unrolls itself1 & ! cut sides =m !mselves into a tube1 :]e( ! edges a b & e i1 ,fig4 #ae1 on bo? sides meet ea* o!r & unite4 ,sometimes !y beg9 to jo9 at ! tail end1 at o!r times ! :ole sides gradually approa* ea* o!r4 ,! sides jo9 s close1 t f ! fir/ mom5t ( _! junction no sc> c be discov]$4 ,fig4 #ad1 repres5ts a polype p>tly jo9$1 z at i b1 ! "p c a e n yet clos$4 ,fig4 #bi1 repres5ts a polype1 ! heads ( :i* h be5 repeat$ly divid$1 by :i* means x becomes lit]ally a hydra4 ,fig4 #bd1 repres5ts a polype t has be5 turn$1 endeav\r+ to turn itself back aga91 ! sk9 ( ! ant]ior "p ly+ back ^u ! o!r2 ! arms v>y+ 9 _! direction1 be+ sometimes turn$ t[>ds ! head1 see ,fig4 #bd & #bf1 at o!rs1 t[>ds ! tail4 ,! ant]ior extremity c1 =m$ by ! edges ( ! rev]s$ "p a1 rema9$ op5 = "s days1 & !n began to close2 new arms %ot out ne> ! old ones1 & sev]al m\?s 7 =m$ at ^? p>ts :]e ! arms jo9$ ! body4 ,fig4 #bc1 #be1 #bg1 #bh1 repres5t ! diff]5t *anges t took place 9 ano!r polype t _h be5 turn$ inside out1 & ! diff]5t revolutions x w5t ?r\gh be=e x acquir$ a fix$ /ate2 a c always %ews ! "p ! polype _h turn$ back1 & a b ! "p x c\ld n turn back4 ,a polype1 :i* has be5 p>tly turn$ back1 rema9s b a little "t 9 t situation4 ,fig4 #bh1 a1 ! "p :]e ! portion x _h turn$ back jo9$ to ! body a b2 ?is became /raight1 & =m$ a "r angle ) a b2 ! same day ano!r head appe>$ at e1 & sev]al arms1 a o1 a n1 began to %oot f ! m\? a2 at ! o!r side ( ?is m\? !re 7 ! old arms a d4 ,! next day ! portion a c 0 drawn ne> ! body1 & =m$ an acute angle ) x1 z at ,fig4 #be4 ,fig4 #bg1 repres5ts ! same swell$1 aft] hav+ swall[$ a worm4 ,f\r days aft]w>ds its =m _h v>i$ consid]ably1 z may be se5 by comp>+ ,fig4 #be & #bh1 hav+ n[ "o common m\?1 & two small polypes gr[+ on x4 ,we may n[ be p]mitt$ to make a few reflections on ?is s+ul> animal4 ,on consid]+ ! v>i\s prop]ties t h be5 already describ$1 _m p>ticul>s w be f\nd 9 !m t are v analog\s to o!rs t are cont9ually c>ry+ on ar\nd u2 we p]ceive t !re is a successive unfold+ ( new p>ts4 ,9 e organiz$ frame !re is a cont9ual ef=t to ext5d its sph]e ( action1 & enl>ge ! op]ation ( t portion ( life :i* is communicat$ to x4 ,?is gradual evolution requires a secret & curi\s me*anism1 to regulate & modify by re-action ! cont9u$ conatus ( ! =m+ pr9ciple )9 x4 ,! polype is an organiz$ :ole1 ( :i* ea* "p1 ea* molecule1 ea* atom1 t5ds to produce ano!r2 x is1 if we may s speak1 "o entire ov>y1 a comp\nd ( g]m1 or se$4 ,9 cutt+ a polype to pieces1 ! n\ri%+ juices1 :i* w\ld h be5 employ$ 9 support+ ! :ole1 are made to act ^u ea* portion4 ,:5 a polype is divid$ longitud9ally1 x =ms two half tubes2 ! opposite edges ( ^! approa*1 & 9 a v %ort "t =m a p]fect tube4 ,! sides are made to t\* ea* o!r by c]ta9 motions & contractions ( ! piece2 b z soon z ! edges come 9 contact1 a slight adhesion takes place1 ! correspond+ vessels unite1 & new ones are unfold$1 z 9 a vegetable graft2 by ^! means ! po9ts ( connection & cohesion are multipli$1 ! motion ( ! fluids is re-e/abli%$1 & ) !m ! vital conomy4 ,?is is p]=m$ ) m rapidity ?an 9 vegetables1 because ! polype is ne>ly gelat9\s1 & its p>ts are extremely ductile2 ?is ductility is support$ & pres]v$ by ! elem5t :i* x inhabits4 ,! same reason+ applies equally to expla9 ! =mation ( s _m heads to a polype1 z con/itute x a real hydra4 ,a new polype is =m$ out ( small portions or fragm5ts1 9 a v diff]5t mann]1 ! op]ations 9 nature be+ always v>i$1 accord+ z ! circum/ances diff]2 ea* fragm5t is puff$ up1 ! sk9 sep>at$1 & an empty space is =m$ )9 x2 ?is "p is to become ! /oma* ( ! ris+ polype1 :i* soon s5ds =? arms1 & is =m$ to ! p]fection prop] to its k9d4 ,we le>n f ?is in/ance t ! sk9 ( ! polype is n s simple z 0 at fir/ imag9$2 = we f9d x divid+ itself into two membranes1 & =m+ !reby a cavity fit to p]=m all ! functions ( a /oma*2 b :y ^! membranes are sep>at$ 9 ! small portions1 & n 9 ! l>g]1 we _c tell2 b ?\gh we are ignorant ( ?is1 & _m m circum/ances relative to ! re-production ( ^! little animals1 yet ! =ego+ facts enable u to und]/& bett] ! nature ( ! exi/5ce ( ^! polypes :i* h be5 turn$ inside out4 ,= z t "p :i* =m$ ! int]ior sk9 ( ! /oma* 9 ! little fragm5ts be=e-m5tion$1 became ! ext]ior "p ( ! animal1 ! inside ( ! polype is consequ5tly s simil> to ! ext]ior sk91 t "o may be sub/itut$ = ! o!r1 )\t injur+ ! vital functions2 f h5ce we might1 9 "s measure1 h inf]r$ ! possibility ( ! polypes liv+1 aft] !y h be5 turn$ inside out1 indep5d5t ( ! fact itself4 ,! visc]a ( ! animal are situat$ 9 ! ?ickness ( ! sk91 & absorb+ pores are plac$ bo? on ! inside & outside1 s t ! animal c live :e!r ! sk9 be turn$ "o way or ! o!r4 ,! ,au?or ( nature did n create ! polype to be turn$ z we turn a glove2 b he =m$ an animal ^: visc]a 7 lodg$ 9 ! ?ickness ( ! sk91 & ) p[]s to resi/ ! v>i\s accid5ts to :i* x 0 unavoidably expos$ by ! nature ( its life2 & ! organization necess>y = ?is purpose 0 s con/ruct$1 t ! sk9 might be turn$ )\t de/roy+ life4 ,e portion ( a divid$ polype has1 l ! vegetable bud1 all ! visc]a necess>y to its exi/5ce2 x c1 !re=e1 live by itself1 & pu% =? a head & tail1 :5 plac$ end to end aga9/ ano!r piece4 ,! vegetation consi/s 9 unit+ ! portions1 ! vessels ( ea* "p increase 9 l5g?1 & a communication is soon =m$ betwe5 !m1 :i* unites ! :ole4 ,! ease ) :i* ! p>ts unite1 is z has be5 obs]v$ be=e1 probably ow+ to _! gelat9\s nature2 = we f9d _m simil> in/ances 9 t5d] sub/ances4 ,! solid p>ts ( ! embryo1 z ! f+]s1 unite 9 ! womb2 t5d] fruit & leaves may be also ?us unit$4 ,a portion ( ^! creatures is capable ( dev\r+ its prey almo/ z soon z x is divid$ f ! re/4 ,9 ! /ructure ( ^? animals :i* are mo/ famili> to u1 a p>ticul> place is appropriat$ = ! developem5t & passage ( ! embryo4 ,b on ! body ( an animal1 :i*1 l a tree1 is cov]$ ) prolific gems1 x is n surpriz+ t ! "y ones %\ld proce$ f its sides1 l bran*es f a tree4 ,! "m & h] "y ones =m b "o :ole2 %e n\ri%es !m1 & !y contribute to h] exi/5ce1 z a tree supports1 & is reciprocally support$ by its bran*es & leaves4 ,,( ,,! ,,hydra ,,pall5s4 ,! hydra pall5s has be5 fully describ$ only by ,m4 ,rsel2#aac x is v seldom to be met )1 is ( a pale yell[ col\r1 & gr[s small] gradually f ! bottom1 ! tail is some:at r\nd or knobb$1 ! arms are ab\t ! l5g? ( ! body1 ( a :ite col\r1 & g5]ally sev5 9 numb]1 app>5tly compos$ ( a *a9 ( globules2 x br+s =? ! "y f all p>ts ( its body4 ,l9nu def9es x z1 hydra pall5s t5taculis subs5is m$iocribus2#aad ,pallas z1 hydra att5uata corpore flavesc5te1 sursum att5uato4#aae #aac ,insect5 ,belu/igung1 #c4 ,!il4 pag4 #dfe4 ,tab4 ,,lxxvi4 ,,lxxvii4 #aad ,sy/em4 ,nat4 p4 #acbj1 ,no4 #d4 #aae ,zoophyt4 #d4 ,,( ,,! ,,hydra ,,hydatula4 ,plate ,,xxi4 ,fig4 #a1 #b1 #c1 & #d4 ,! next 9 ord] is ! hydra hydatula1 :i* we h already def9$ f ,l9nu z a hydra ) f\r obsolete arms1 & a vesicul> body3 x is spok5 ( by sev]al m$ical writ]s1 :o are enum]at$ 9 ! ,sy/ema ,natur1 p4 #acba4 ,x is describ$ also by ,h>tman1 ,misc4 ,nat4 ,cur4 ,dec4 ,i4 ,an4 #g1 ,obs4 #bjf1 ,dec4 ,,ii4 ,an4 #d1 ,obs4 #gc1 z hydatis animata2 also 9 ! ,diss]t4 de ,inf4 ,viv4 p4 #ej2 n4 #f1 tnia hydatoidea4 ,pallas def9es x z tnia hydatig5a rugis imbricata corpore po/ice bulla lymphatic t]m9ato4 ,! foll[+ description is extract$ f t 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions1 ,no4 #aic1 by ,dr4 ,tyson1 :o names x lumbricus hydropicus4 ,9 ! dissection ( a gazella or antelope1 ,dr4 ,tyson obs]v$ sev]al hydatides or films fill$ ) wat]1 ab\t ! size ( a pigeon's egg1 & ( an oval =m1 fa/5$ to ! om5tum1 & "s 9 ! pelvis1 betwe5 ! bladd] ( ur9e & ! rectum2 & he !n suspect$ !m to be a p>ticul> sort ( insect1 br$ 9 animal bodies1 or at lea/ ! embryos or eggs ( !m3 #a4 ,because he obs]v$ !m includ$ 9 a membrane1 l a matrix1 s loosely1 t by op5+ x ) a f+] or knife1 ! int]nal bladd]1 conta9+ ! s]um or lympha1 seem$ no :]e to h any connection ) x1 b w\ld v readily drop out1 /ill reta9+ its liquor1 )\t spill+ any ( x4 #b4 ,he obs]v$ t ?is int]nal bladd] _h a neck or :ite body1 m opake ?an ! re/ ( ! bladd]1 & protub]ant f x1 ) an orifice at its extremity1 by :i*1 z ) a m\?1 x exhau/$ ! s]um f ! ext]nal membrane1 & s suppli$ its bladd] or /oma*4 #c4 ,^u br++ ?is neck ne> ! c&le1 x mov$ & %ort5$ itself4 ,fig4 #a1 repres5ts "o ( ^! wat]y bladd]s inclos$ 9 its ext]nal membrane1 its %ape 0 ne>ly r\nd1 be+ only a little depress$ or flatt$1 z a drop ( quicksilv] w be by ly+ on a plane4 ,9 ,fig4 #b1 ! neck is bett] se52 ! ext]nal membrane be+ tak5 (f1 an op5 orifice is f\nd at its extremity2 x consi/s ( circul> r+s or incisures1 :i* are m visible :5 magnifi$1 z 9 ,fig4 #c2 x !n appe>s granulat$ ) a numb] ( little em95ces all ov] ! surface2 ! orifice at ! extremity seems to be =m$ by retract+ itself inw>ds1 & ^u trial x 0 f\nd to be s2 = 9 ,fig4 #d1 ! neck ( ?is polype is repres5t$ magnifi$ & drawn out its :ole l5g?2 on op5+ x !re 7 f\nd )9 ! two /r+s a1 a1 :i* probably convey into ! /oma* ! moi/ure & n\ri%m5t1 :i* ! animal1 by protrud+ its neck1 extracts f ! ext]nal membrane4#aaf #aaf ,hydra hydatula habitat 9 abdom9e mammalium1 ovium1 suum1 murium1 c4 int] p]itoneum et inte/9a4 ,vesica lymphatica1 pellucida1 magnitud9e pruni1 petiolata corpore cyl9drico1 9 cujus apice os1 quod1 corpore compresso1 movet t5tacula vix manife/a4 ,l9n4 ,sy/4 ,nat4 p4 #acba1 ,no4#e4 ,,( ,,! ,,hydra ,,/5torea4 ,plate ,,xxii4 ,fig4 #bg & #bh4 ,hydra t5taculis cili>ibus corpore infundibuli=mi4 ,! arms ( ?is hydra are r[s ( %ort hairs1 ! body trumpet-%ap$4 ,?is species ( hydra is v common1 & has be5 describ$ by almo/ e writ] on ^! subjects2 x is plac$ by ,mll] among ! vorticell4 ,vorticella /5torea caudata1 elongata1 tub=mis limbo ciliato4 ,mll] animalcula infusoria4 ,mr4 ,bak] orig9ally nam$ x ! funnel-l polype1 :i* ,messrs4 ,trembley & ,reaumur *ang$ to ! tunnel-l polype1 "u :i* "n x appe>s 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions1 ,no4 #dgd4 ,!re are ?ree k9ds ( !m1 :i* are ( diff]5t col\rs1 gre51 blue1 & :ite4 ,! :ite ones are ! mo/ common4 ,x is necess>y to obs]ve !m (t51 & 9 v>i\s attitudes1 9 ord] to obta9 a tol]able idea ( _! /ructure4 ,!y d n =m clu/]s1 b adh]e s+ly by _! tail to :atev] comes 9 _! way2 _! ant]ior end is wid] ?an ! po/]ior1 & be+ r\nd1 gives ! animal some:at ( a funnel =m1 ?\gh x is n completely circul>1 hav+ a sort ( slit or gap t int]rupts ! circle4 ,! edge ( ?is op5+ is furni%$ ) a great numb] ( fibrill1 :i* by _! brisk & cont9ual motions excite a curr5t ( wat]2 ! small bodies t float or swim ne> ?is curr5t1 are =c$ by x into ! m\? ( ! little animal4 ,trembley says1 t he has (t5 se5 a numb] ( v small animalcula fall "o aft] ano!r into ! m\?1 "s ( :i* 7 aft]w>ds let out aga9 at ano!r op5+1 :i* he 0 n able to describe4 ,!y c fa%ion _! m\?s into sev]al diff]5t =ms4 ,if any ?+ t\* !m1 !y %r9k back & contract !mselves4 ,!y live indep5d5t ( ea* o!r1 swimm+ freely ?r\gh ! wat] 9 se>* ( _! prey1 & fix to any ?+ !y meet )4 ,^! animals multiply by divid+ !mselves1 n longitud9ally1 nor transv]sely1 b slop+ & diagonal wise2 ! proce$+s 9 nature cont9ually v>y+ 9 e new =m ( life4 ,( ! two polypes produc$ by ! division ( "o1 ! fir/ has ! old head & a new tail2 ! o!r1 ! old tail & a new head4 ,to make ! description m cle>1 ,trembley call$ t ) ! old head ! sup]ior polype1 t ) ! new head ! inf]ior "o4 ,! fir/ p>ticul> t is obs]vable 9 ^! polypes1 :5 !y are go+ to divide1 is ! lips ( ! inf]ior "o2 a transv]se & oblique /ripe indicates ! "p :]e x is go+ to divide2 ! new lips are =m$ at ab\t two-?irds ( ! l5g? ( ! polype1 reckon+ f ! head2 ! division is made 9 a slop+ l9e1 t goes ab\t half way r\nd ! p>5t animal2 ^! lips are at fir/ disc]n$ by a sl[ motion1 :i* engages ! att5tion ( ! obs]v]4 ,!y !n ins5sibly approa* ea* o!r & close1 :]eby a swell+ is =m$ on ! side ( ! polype1 :i* is soon f\nd to be a new head4 ,:5 ! swell+ is consid]ably increas$1 ! two polypes may be pla9ly di/+ui%$4 ,! sup]ior "o be+ n[ connect$ ) ! inf]ior "o only by its l[] extremity1 is soon deta*$ f x1 & swims away to fix itself on "s conv5i5t sub/ance2 ! inf]ior "o rema9s fa/5$ to ! place :]e ! orig9al polype 0 fix$ be=e ! division4 ,f ! v>i\s modes by :i* diff]5t species ( polypes are multipli$1 we are l$ to =m m exalt$ ideas ( nature1 & to see t ! little we discov] is b an exce$+ small "p ( h] cont5ts2 we le>n also to be m cauti\s 9 reason+ f analogy1 & lay+ d[n ! kn[n = a model to ! unkn[n1 because we f9d t ! op]ations 9 nature are v>i$ ad inf9itum4 ,! gr[? ( ! hydra fusca is v quick1 b t ( ! hydra /5torea is mu* m s4 ,! progress ( ! ftus is always m rapid ?an t ( ! infant & adult animal2 b 9 ^! organiz$ atoms ! evolution is s rapid1 z to appe> almo/ l an imm$iate creation4 ,fig4 #bh repres5ts ! hydr /5tore1 or funnel-polypes1 fix$ to ! "u side ( a piece ( "s vegetable sub/ance2 !y are 9 ?is figure ( _! natural size4 ,fig4 #bg1 ! same polypes magnifi$2 ! diff]5t =ms !y assume are also se5 "h1 sometimes %ort & ?ick1 z at m m2 long1 z at n2 ne>ly globul>1 z at o2 ext5d$ to ! full size1 z at k2 se5 z contract$ at i4 ,! fibrill or little hairs may be se5 9 mo/ ( ! attitudes except ^? ( l4 ,,( ,,! ,,hydra ,,socialis4 ,plate ,,xxi4 ,fig4 #aa4 ,hydra socialis mutica torosa rugosa4#aag #aag ,l9n4 ,sy/4 ,nat4 p4 #acba4 ,no4 #g4 ,social hydra1 be>d$ ?ick & wr9kl$4 ,?is species ( hydra has be5 describ$ by _m writ]s4 ,x is ! vorticella socialis ( ,mll]1 :o def9es x z vort cella caudata1 aggregata1 clavata2 disco obliquo4 ,mll] ,animalcula ,infusoria1 p4 #cjd4 ,pallas makes x a bra*ionus1 ,pall4 ,zooph4 #ec4 ,9 ,fig4 #aa1 ^! animals are repres5t$ z consid]ably magnifi$2 !y appe> l a circle1 surr\nd$ ) cr[ns1 or ciliat$ heads1 ti$ by small ?9 tails to a common c5t]1 f :5ce !y advance t[>ds ! circumf]5ce1 :]e !y turn l a :eel1 ) a great deal ( vivacity & swiftness1 till !y occasion a k9d ( :irlpool1 :i* br+s into its sph]e ! prop] food = ! polype4 ,:5 "o ( !m has be5 9 motion = a "t1 x /ops1 & ano!r beg9s2 sometimes two or ?ree may be p]ceiv$ 9 motion toge!r4 ,!y are (t5 to be f\nd sep>ate1 ) ! tail /ick+ 9 ! mud4 ,! body contracts & dilates v mu*1 s z sometimes to h ! appe>ance ( a cudgel2 at o!rs1 to assume almo/ a globul> =m4 ,! "y polypes ( ?is species h be5 sometimes tak5 = ! hydra /5torea4 ,,( ,,! ,,vorticell4 ,we n[ come to ano!r division ( ^! animals1 to :i* lat] writ]s h giv5 ! "n ( vorticell2 ?is t]m ,i %all !re=e adopt1 be+ ( op9ion t x behoves e man to ma9ta9 t ord] 9 sci5tific arrangem5t :i* is n inconsi/5t ) tru?1 except he c produce ano!r arrangem5t m expressive ( ! nature ( ! objects x is design$ to discrim9ate2 a process requir+ no small degree ( att5tion4 ,! v>iety t may be obs]v$ 9 ^! m9ute animals confirms a pr9ciple1 :i*1 ! m x is inquir$ into1 ! m x w be f\nd to accord ) ! g5]al op]ations 9 nature1 namely1 t !re is always a pre-exi/5t pr9ciple ( life necess>y to ! organization bo? ( animals & vegetables2 t ! alim5t>y & o!r p>ticles :i* are add$ to1 or app>5tly belong to !m1 produce no?+ ( !mselves2 !y are incapable ( =m+ ! lea/ fibre1 b !y are able to become con/itu5t p>ts ( "o organical :ole1 toge!r ) ! in/rum5ts :]eby ! =m+ pr9ciple is manife/$1 & r5d]$ capable ( act+ ^u c]ta9 ord]s ( creatures4 ,,vorticella4 ,animal calyce vasculoso2 ore contractili ciliato1 t]m9ali4 ,/irps fixa4 ,a small animal1 ) a vascul> cup2 ! m\? is at "o end ciliat$1 & capable ( be+ contract$1 ! /em fix$4 ,,vorticella ,,ana/atica4 ,plate ,,xxi4 ,fig4 #ac1 #ad1 #ae1 & #af994 ,vorticella ana/atica1 composita1 floribus campanulatis1 /irpe multiflora rigesc5te4 ,vorticella ana/atica1 comp\nd1 ) bell-%ap$ fl[]s1 & a rigid /em4 ,clu/] polype1 second species4 ,trembley1 ,philos4 ,trans4 vol4 xliv4 "p4 #b4 p4 #fdc4 ,^! polypes =m a gr\p resembl+ a clu/]1 or m prop]ly an op5 fl[]2 ?is fl[] or clu/] is support$ by a /em1 :i* is fix$ by its l[] extremity to "s ( ! aquatic plants or extrane\s bodies t are f\nd 9 ! wat]2 ! upp] extremity =ms itself into eight or n9e lat]al bran*es1 p]fectly simil> to ea* o!r2 ^! h also subord9ate bran*es1 ^: collective =m mu* resembles t ( a leaf4 ,e "o ( ^! assemblages is compos$ ( "o pr9cipal bran* or n]ve1 :i* makes ) ! ma9 /em ( ! clu/] an angle some:at great] ?an a "r "o2 f bo? sides ( ?is n]ve ! small] lat]al bran*es proce$2 ^! are %ort] ! ne>] _! orig9 is to ! pr9cipal bran*4 ,at ! extremity ( ! pr9cipal bran*1 & also ( all ! lat]al ones1 !re is a polype or vorticella4 ,!re are o!rs on bo? sides ( ! lat]al twigs1 b at diff]5t di/ances f _! extremity4 ,^! polypes are all exce$+ small1 & ( a bell-l figure2 ne> _! m\? a quick motion may be disc]n$1 ?\gh n ) suffici5t di/9ctness to convey an adequate idea ( its cause2 ^u ! bran*es ( ^! clu/]s are r\nd bodies1 :i* w be m p>ticul>ly describ$ pres5tly4 ,e clu/] has eight or n9e ( ^! bran*es or leaves2 !y d n all proce$ f ! same po9t1 b ! po9ts f :5ce !y set out are n f> asund]2 ea* ( ^! bran*es is b5t a little inw>ds1 s t all ( !m tak5 toge!r =m a k9d ( %all[ cup4 ,if ! eye be plac$ "r ov] ! base ( ?is cup1 ! appe>ance ( ! :ole eight or n9e bran*es is l unto t ( a />1 ) s _m rays proce$+ f ! c5t]4 ,if ! clu/] be slightly t\*$1 all ! bran*es in/antly fold up1 & =m a small r\nd mass4 ,! /em :i* supports ! clu/] contracts also at ! same "t1 fold+ up l a workman's measur+ rule1 t consi/s ( ?ree or f\r jo9ts4 ,?is extraord9>y assemblage con/itutes "o organiz$ :ole1 =m$ ( a multitude ( simil> & p>ticul> ones4 ,a new species ( society1 9 :i* all ! individuals are memb]s ( ea* o!r 9 ! /ricte/ s5se1 & all p>ticipate ( ! same life4 ,a few days aft] "o ( ^! clu/]s is =m$1 small r\nd bodies or bulbs may be p]ceiv$ to protrude 9 sev]al places f ! body ( ! bran*2 ^! gr[ v fa/1 & arrive at _! greate/ gr[? 9 two or ?ree days4 ,! bulbs deta* !mselves f ! bran*es out ( :i* !y spr+1 & g away1 swimm+ till !y c settle ^u "s sub/ance :i* !y meet ) 9 ! wat]1 & to :i* !y fix !mselves by a %ort p$icle2 ! bulbs are !n r\nd1 only a little flatt$ on ! "u side1 ! p$icle cont9ues to l5g!n gradually = ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 dur+ ! same "t ! bulbs also *ange _! figure1 & become ne>ly oval4 ,!re are 9 a clu/] b few ( ^! bulbs1 comp>$ ) ! numb] ( ! vorticell1 nei!r d all ! bulbs come out at ! same "t4 ,! bulb !n divides l5g?ways into two small] ones1 b :i* are /ill mu* l>g] ?an ! vorticell !mselves4 ,x is n long be=e ^! are sep>at$ l ! fir/1 & ?us =m f\r bulbs on ! same /alk2 ^! aga9 divide !mselves1 & =m eight2 :i* aga9 subdivide1 & consequ5tly make sixte54 ,!y are all connect$ ) ! /alk by a prop] p$icle1 b !y are n all ( an equal size2 ! l>ge/ cont9ue to divide1 & ! smalle/ beg9 to op51 & take ! bell-=m$ %ape4 ,trembley obs]v$ f "o r\nd bulb1 9 ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 by repeat$ divisions1 "o-hundr$ & t5 vorticell to be =m$4 ,x has be5 ask$ ) propriety1 :at plant or :at animal c\ld h l$ u to expect an exi/5ce & mode ( propagation simil> to t ( ! vorticella ana/atica8 ,fig4 #ac repres5ts "o bran* ( ! vorticella ana/atica2 on ?is bran*1 besides ! vorticell :i* are ( a bell-l =m1 "s ( ^? r\nd bodies f :i* !y fir/ spr+1 & by :i* !y are s rem>kably di/+ui%$ f any o!r species1 may be se54 ,fig4 #ad repres5ts "o ( ! globul> bodies aft] x has p>t$ f ! clu/]1 & has fix$ itself to "s o!r body1 & aft] ! globule itself & its p$icle h begun to l5g!n4 ,fig4 #ae repres5ts ! two bodies t 7 =m$ by ! p>t+ ( t :i* is %ewn at ,fig4 #ad4 ,fig4 #af99 repres5ts f\r t 7 =m$ by ! sep>ation ( ! two bulbs1 exhibit$ 9 ! =ego+ figure4 ,,vorticella ,,pyr>ia4 ,plate ,,xxii4 ,fig4 #be1 #bf4 ,vorticella composita1 floribus muticis obovatis2 t5taculis bigem9is1 /irpe ramosa4 ,comp\nd1 ) be>dless oval florets1 two d\ble arms1 ! /em bran*$4 ,x is some:at ( a pe> %ape1 ! base is pellucid1 ! top truncat$1 ! lat]al arms1 :i* are a pair on ea* side1 _c be di/+ui%$ )\t "s att5tion2 !y are sometimes to be se5 dis5gag$ f ! p$icle1 & roll+ swiftly 9 a k9d ( circle4 ,,vorticella ,,crat,,g>ia4 ,plate ,,xxii4 ,fig4 #dj4 ,vorticella composita1 floribus muticis globosis2 t5taculis b9is1 /irpe ramosa4 ,comp\nd1 ) glob\s nak$ florets1 two t5tacules1 & a bran*$ /em4 ,^! vorticell are to be f\nd 9 ! mon? ( ,april1 bo? 9 ! mud1 & ^u ! tail ( ! monoculus quadricornis2 !y are g5]ally heap$ toge!r 9 ! mann] 9 :i* !y are repres5t$ 9 ! figure2 !y are ( a sph]ical =m1 & unit$ to "o common /alk4 ,!y are also (t5 to be f\nd )\t any p$icle4 ,! body is r contract$2 ! ap]ture is circul>1 & surr\nd$ ) a m>k$ m>g92 x has two small arms4 ,) a deep magnifi]1 a vehem5t rotatory motion may be se54 ,!y sometimes sep>ate f ! community1 & g =w>ds 9 a k9d ( spiral l9e1 & !n 9 a little "t come back aga9 to ! re/4 ,! figure repres5ts a p>cel ( ^! vorticell unit$ toge!r4 ,among ! o!r au?orities = ?is animal1 ,l9nu ref]s to ,bak]'s description ( ! mulb]ry insect1 8,employm5t = ! ,microscope10 p4 #cdh1 :i*1 z x diff]s a little f ! prec$+ acc\nt1 we %all ins]t "h4 ,t f :i* 8 draw+ 0 made1 & :i* he has describ$1 0 f\nd 9 a dit* ne> ,norwi*2 he call$ x ! mulb]ry insect1 f ! resemblance x bore to t fruit2 ?\gh ! protub]ances t /& out r\nd x are m globul> ?an ^? ( a mulb]ry4 ,x is to be se5 roll+ ab\t f "o place to ano!r1 & is probably a cong]ies ( animalcula2 !y are to be met ) 9 diff]5t numb]s ( knobs or protub]ances1 "s hav+ fifty or sixty1 o!rs m or less1 d[n to f\r or five4 ,! mann] ( mov+ is ! same 9 all4 ,!y are g5]ally ( a pale yell[4 ,,vorticella ,,op]cul>ia4 ,plate ,,xxii4 ,fig4 #bi4 ,vorticella composita floribus muticis ovalibus1 /irpe ramosa4 ,comp\nd1 ) nak$ oval florets1 & a bran*$ /em4 ,^! vorticell are ( a lemon %ape1 & are g5]ally f\nd 9 clu/]s1 bran*+ out f a /em1 :i* mo/ly adh]es to "s conv5i5t sub/ance4 ,t species ( !m :i* is describ$ by ,bak] _h a v %ort p$icle1 & ! animals 7 mu* long] ?an ^? :i* are repres5t$ at ,fig4 #bi4 ,!re 0 no ma9 /em1 b all ! p$icles 7 jo9$ 9 "o c5t]1 r\nd :i* ! animals ext5d$ !mselves z s _m radii1 =m+ a v pleas+ figure4 ,! m\?s ( ^! animalcula are n ciliat$1 b !y are furni%$ ) a r\nd op]culum or cov]1 connect$ by a long ligam5t or muscle1 :i* ext5ds d[nw>ds ?r\gh ! body1 & is affix$ )9side ( x1 ne> ! tail4 ,?is ligam5t may be contract$ or dilat$1 s t ! cov] c be remov$ to "s di/ance f ! m\?2 9 ?is situation sev]al %ort hairs maybe f\nd to radiate f x2 ^! h a vibratory motion1 by :i* !y excite a curr5t ( wat]1 mo/ probably to draw 9 ! prop] n\ri%m5t1 aft] :i* !y %ut or pull d[n ! cov]1 :i* !y aga9 ext5d at pleasure3 :5 ! cov] is pull$ close d[n1 ! m\? contracts1 & no hairs are to be se54 ,fig4 #bi repres5ts ! vorticella op]cul>ia2 1 ! op]culum remov$ at "s di/ance f ! m\?1 at t2 x is ne>ly close at r1 ! m\? contract$1 ! cov] drawn 91 & no hairs to be se52 u1 a "p ( ! /alk1 f :i* "s ( ! animalcula are sep>at$4 ,,vorticella ,,umbell>ia4 ,plate ,,xxii4 ,fig4 #cj4 ,vorticella composita1 floribus ciliatis globosis muticis1 /irpe umbellata4 ,comp\nd1 ) ciliat$ glob\s nak$ florets & an umbellat$ /em4 ,vorticella ac9osa1 simplex1 globosa1 granis nigricantibus1 p$unculo rigido4 ,mll] ,animal4 ,infus4 p4 #cai4 ,we frequ5tly f9d 9 div]s places1 ^u wat]-plants1 & o!r bodies 9 ! wat]1 a :iti% sub/ance t looks l m\ld2 plants1 pieces ( wood1 snail %ells1 c4 are (t5 entirely cov]$ ov] ) ?is sub/ance4 ,if we exam9e any ( ^! m9ute bodies by ! microscope1 we %all f9d su* motions z w induce u to ?9k !m an assemblage ( liv+ animals1 sev]ally fix$ to ! extremities ( small /ems or p$icles1 _m ( :i* are (t5 s unit$ z to =m toge!r a sort ( bran*es or clu/]s1 f :5ce !y h be5 t]m$ clu/]+ polypes1 or des polypes en b\quet4 ,^! clu/]s are l>g] or small]1 accord+ to ! species ( ! vorticell :i* =m !m1 z well z ow+ to ! concurr5ce ( _m o!r circum/ances4 ,to obta9 a cle> idea ( ! figure ( ^! animals1 x is be/ to obs]ve ! small] clu/]s1 z 9 ! l>g] !y are (t5 r5d]$ less di/9ct on acc\nt ( ! numb]4 ,! l5g? ( ^? :i* are repres5t$ at ,fig4 #cj1 is ab\t ! #bdj? ( an in*2 !y are ( a bell-%ape4 ,! ant]ior "p a c g5]ally appe>s op51 ! po/]ior "p is fix$ to a /em or p$icle1 b e2 x is by ! extremity ( ?is p$icle t ! vorticella fa/5s itself to any sub/ance4 ,x appe>s 9 ! microscope ( a br[ni% col\r1 except+ at ! small] end b1 :]e x is transp>5t1 z well z ! :ole p$icle b e4 ,:5 ! ant]ior "p a c is op51 a v lively motion may be p]ceiv$ ab\t its edges2 & :5 x pres5ts itself 9 a p>ticul> mann]1 some?+ v mu* resembl+ ! little :eels ( a mill1 mov+ ) great velocity1 may be discov]$ on bo? sides ( ! edges ( ?is ant]ior "p4 ,^! vorticell are able to contract !mselves sudd5ly4 ,!y may be made to d ?is1 ei!r by t\*+ !m1 or mov+ ! sub/ance to :i* !y are fix$4 ,:5 !y contract1 ! edges ( ! ant]ior p>ts are drawn q into ! body2 on resum+ _! =m] po/ure1 ! edges may be se5 to come =?1 & put !mselves 9 motion z be=e4 ,m9ute sub/ances t float 9 ! wat] are (t5 =c$ d[n into ^! op5+s1 & sometimes are ?r[n out aga94 ,!y are capable ( swimm+ ab\t s+ly1 b _! =m is 9 t case consid]ably diff]5t f t :i* !y h :5 !y are fix$4 ,to see regul>ly 9 :at mann] ! clu/]s are =m$1 & 9 :at way ^! little creatures multiply1 x is be/ to obs]ve "o t is fix$ by itself4 ,! p$icle ( a s+le vorticella is at fir/ %ort1 b x soon gr[s long]1 & !n beg9s to multiply1 t is1 to divide or split itself into two l5g?ways4 ,to effect ?is1 ! lips are fir/ drawn into ! body1 ! ant]ior "p closes & becomes r\nd1 & loses its bell %ape1 ! motion ab\t ! lips ceases1 ?\gh a small degree ( motion may be p]ceiv$ )9 ! body4 ,! ant]ior end flatt5s gradually1 & spreads wid] 9 proportion z x gr[s small]4 ,x !n gradually splits d[n ! middle1 t is1 f ! middle ( ! head to ! p$icle1 s t 9 a little "t two sep>ate r\nd bodies appe> to be jo9$ to ! end ( ! p$icle t be=e support$ b "o4 ,! m\? or ant]ior "p ( ea* ( ^! bodies n[ op5s by degrees2 & 9 proportion z !y op51 ! lips ( ! new vorticella beg9 to display !mselves4 ,! motion be=e spok5 ( may !n also be p]ceiv$4 ,inde$ x is ! be/ "t ( obs]v+ x2 x is at fir/ sl[1 b m rapid 9 proportion z ! m\? op5s1 :5 x is z swift z t ( ! vorticella be=e x began to divide1 & we may n[ look ^u x z completely =m$4 ,a vorticella is g5]ally ab\t "o h\r 9 divid+ itself4 ,! l[] ( ! ?ree draw+s1 ,fig4 #cj1 repres5ts two vorticell jo9$ by _! po/]ior extremity to "o p$icle2 soon aft] ! division1 ea* vorticella beg9s to %ew a p$icle ( its own4 ,fig4 #cj repres5ts a clu/] ( eight vorticell2 by ?is figure we may =m "s idea 9 :at mann] ! p$icles are dispos$ z _! numb] increases4 ,!re 7 at fir/ only two at b1 ^: bran*es l5g!n$ to d1 & !n ea* ( !m 0 divid$ into two1 n[ =m+ f\r2 ^! aga9 l5g!n$ & rea*$ i2 :5 !y 7 aga9 subdivid$1 z 9 ! figure4 ,! read] w jo9 ) ,bonnet 9 admir+ ! gr\p ( wond]s af=d$ by a s+le spot ( m\ld9ess4 ,:at un=ese51 v>i$1 & int]e/+ sc5es are pres5t$ )9 s small a compass6 :at a !atre is exhibit$ to a ?9k+ m9d6 ,b our abode is s recluse1 t we h b a glimm]+ view ( x3 h[ great w\ld our a/oni%m5t be1 if ! :ole spectacle 0 disclos$ to u at once1 & we 7 enabl$ to p5etrate into ! int]ior /ructure ( ?is wond]ful assemblage ( liv+ atoms6 ,our eyes see only ! gross p>ts ( ! decorations1 :il/ ! ma*9es t execute !m rema9 9 imp5etrable d>kness6 ,:o %all enlight5 ?is pr(\nd obscurity1 or dive into an abyss :]e reason is lo/2 or draw f !nce ! treasures ( wisdom conceal$ )9 x8 ,let u le>n to be cont5t ) ! small portion t is communicat$ to u1 & contemplate ) gratitude ! fir/ traces ( human und]/&+ t are imp>t$ to u 9 ^! discov]ies4 ,,vorticella ,,b]b]9a4 ,vorticella composita1 floribus ovalibus muticis1 /irpe ramosa4 ,comp\nd1 ) oval be>dless florets4 ,?is is a species ( ! vorticell1 :i* resembles ! prec$+ "o 9 _m respects1 p>ticul>ly 9 be+ multipli$ 9 ! same mann]1 t is1 by divid+ or splitt+1 accord+ to its l5g?4 ,!y are m sl5d] ?an ! vorticella umbell>ia2 ! bran*es ( ! clu/]s are transp>5t4 ,:5 _m ( !m are toge!r1 !y appe> ( a *angeable violet col\r2 ! clu/]s are n unlike a sprig ( spun glass4 ,! motion ( ! lips is n s easily di/+ui%$ z 9 ! =ego+ species1 ?\gh x may be obs]v$ 9 ^! :il/ !y are op5+ & complet+ _! =mation4 ,= at ^! times ! motion is b sl[1 :]eas x becomes aft]w>ds v quick 9 ^? t are arriv$ at a /ate ( p]fection4 ,all ! clu/] vorticell deta* !mselves f "t to "t f ! /em1 & f ^! !y swim ab\t till !y fix aga9 ^u "s conv5i5t sub/ance2 ! bran*es1 :5 des]t$1 be> no m vorticell4 ,,vorticella ,,digitalis4 ,plate ,,xxii4 ,fig4 #ca4 ,vorticella composita1 floribus cyl9dricis1 unisulcatis semiclausis1 /irpe ramosa4 ,comp\nd1 ) cyl9drical florets4 ,vorticella composita1 cyl9drica1 cry/all9a1 apice truncata et fissa1 p$unculo fi/uloso ramosa4 ,mll] ,animal4 ,infus4 p4 #cbg4 ,?is species ( ! vorticella is v sc>ce1 x seems only to h be5 se5 by ,rsel1 :o f\nd x on ! monoculus quadricornis1 till x 0 discov]$ 9 ! ye> #aghd by ,mll]1 :o _h s\ght = x sev]al ye>s be=e1 b 9 va94 ,! body is cyl9drical1 cry/all9e1 & appe>s almo/ empty2 x has ?ree pellucid po9ts dispos$ l5g?ways1 ! apex is truncat$ 9 an oblique direction1 ! m>g9 b5t back4 ,! upp] "p contracts itself1 & ! m>g9 !n assumes a conical %ape1 ) a convex surface2 !re are 9 g5]al b few bran*es f ! pr9cipal /em1 & ^! are %ort & ?ick4 ,x excites an undulatory motion1 b no hairs1 nor any rotatory motion1 h be5 discov]$4 ,fig4 #ca1 o & n1 repres5ts ! vorticella adh]+ to ! monoculus quadricornis4 ,,vorticella ,,convall>ia4 ,plate ,,xxii4 ,fig4 #ci4 ,vorticella simplex1 greg>ia1 flore campanulata mutico2 t5taculis bigem9is1 /irpe fixa4 ,simple1 b greg>i\s1 ! florets bell-%ap$1 ) two pair ( little arms1 & a fix$ /em4 ,vorticella simplex1 campanulata1 p$unculo rotortili4 ,mll] ,animal4 ,infus4 ,^! vorticell1 or bell-animals1 z !y are t]m$ by ,bak]1 are g5]ally f\nd adh]+ to "s sub/ance 9 ! wat]2 !y are repres5t$ "h z f\nd by ,rsel1 fix$ to a curi\s cornu ammonis1 ) po9ts project+ f ! back4 ,to ! nak$ eye !y appe> only z s _m little :ite po9ts1 b "u ! microscope1 z little bells1 agitat+ ! wat] to a consid]able di/ance4 ,! /ems ( ^! h a p>ticul> motion1 !y draw !mselves up & %ort5 all at once1 tak+ ! =m ( a spiral wire or screw2 9 a mom5t aft] !y aga9 resume _! =m] %ape1 /ret*+ !mselves out /raight z be=e4 ,_m ( !m may be se5 at times adh]+ to ea* o!r by _! tails2 ! cilia1 :i* are two on ea* side ( ! m\?s1 are v seldom to be p]ceiv$4 ,,vorticella ,,urceol>is4 ,plate ,,xxii4 ,fig4 #cc1 #cd1 #ce1 #cf1 #cg1 #ch4 ,vorticella simplex1 p$unculata1 ore d5tato4 ,s+le1 ) a %ort tail1 & too!d m\?4 ,bra*ionus capsul>is te/a ovata apice sexd5tata basi incisa1 cauda longa bicuspi4 ,mll] ,animal4 ,infus4 p4 #cef4 ,to ! nak$ eye x appe>s z a :ite moveable po9t2 b :5 exam9$ by ! microscope1 a tail project+ f ! l[] "p is discov]$1 & a d\ble rotatory in/rum5t is se51 :i* x c conceal or expose at pleasure4 ,x has be5 se5 & describ$ by mo/ microscopical writ]s2 b z ,bak]'s seems to be ! mo/ p]fect description1 ,i %all pr9cipally foll[ 8 acc\nt ( x4 ,he discov]$ ?ree species ( !m1 two ( :i* are includ$ "u ! vorticella urceol>is4 ,fig4 #cc1 #cd1 #ce1 are ( ! fir/ species2 ,fig4 #cf1 #cg1 #ch1 are ( ! second k9d4 ,! fir/ sort1 :5 ext5d$1 is ab\t twice z long z x is broad4 ,x is conta9$ 9 a %ell2 ! =e "p ( ?is is arm$ ) f\r %>p tee? or po9ts2 ! opposite side has no tee?1 b is wav$ or b5t 9 two places1 l ! =m ( a ,turki% b[4 ,at ! bottom !re is a hole1 ?r\gh :i* x pu%es ! tail4 ,x fa/5s itself by ?is tail to any conv5i5t sub/ance :5 x int5ds to use its rotatory organs2 b :5 x is float+ 9 ! wat]1 & at all o!r times :5 n adh]+ to any body1 x wags ! tail backw>ds & =w>ds some?+ l a dog4 ,we may consid] x z divid$ into a head1 ?orax1 & abdom52 ea* ( :i* may be ext5d$ & contract$ consid]ably3 x c1 by dilat+ all ?ree1 protrude ! head beyond ! %ell1 or by contract+ !m1 draw ! :ole body )9 ! same4 ,! head1 :5 ext5d$1 divides itself into two bran*es1 betwe5 :i*1 ano!r "p1 a k9d ( proboscis1 is pu%$ out2 at ! end ( ?is are two fibrils1 t appe> :5 !y are at re/ l a broad po9t1 b :i* c be mov$ to & f ea* o!r v briskly ) a vibratory motion1 see ,fig4 #cc4 ,! =m & situation ( ! two bran*es are sometimes *ang$1 ! ends !re( becom+ m r\nd1 & ! vibratory motion is alt]$ to a rotatory "o3 ?is alt]ation is repres5t$ at ,fig4 #cd3 ! head also appe>s 9 ?is figure4 ,! ?orax is annex$ to ! l[] "p ( ! head2 x is muscul>3 )9 x !re is a mov+ inte/9e1 :i* has be5 suppos$ to be ei!r ! lungs or ! he>t ( ! little creature1 see b1 ,fig4 #cc & #cd4 ,a communication is =m$ betwe5 ! ?orax & ! abdom5 by means ( a %ort vessel c1 ^: alt]nate contractions & dilatations occasion ! abdom5 to rise & fall alt]nately1 hav+ at ! same "t a sort ( p]i/altic motion4 ,! food is convey$ ?r\gh ?is vessel into ! abdom51 :]e x is dige/$2 x is !n dis*>g$ by ! anus1 :i* is plac$ ne> ! tail4 ,! tail has ?ree jo9ts1 & is cleft or divid$ at ! extremity1 by :i* means x c bett] fa/5 itself to suitable objects4 ,x is 9 g5]al project$ f ! l[] end ( ! %ell1 mov+ nimbly to & fro1 s]v+ ! animal z a rudd] :5 x is swimm+1 to direct its c\rse4 ,:5 ! wat] 9 :i* ! little animal is plac$ is ne>ly dri$ away1 or :5 x has a m9d to compose itself to re/1 x contracts ! head & =e-"p ( ! body1 br+s !m d[n into ! %ell1 & pulls ! tail upw>ds1 s t ! :ole ( ?is m9ute creature is conta9$ )9 ! %ell1 see ,fig4 #ce4 ,! %ell is s transp>5t t ! t]m9ations _c be easily di/+ui%$ :5 ! animal is ext5d$2 b :atev] is transact$ )9 ! %ell1 is z pla9 z if !re 0 no sub/ance betwe5 ! eye & ! int]ior p>ts4 ,fig4 #cf1 #cg1 #ch1 exhibit ! appe>ance ( ano!r species ( ^! animals1 :i* diff]s f ! =ego+ k9d4 ,?is has also a head1 a ?orax1 & abdom51 b !n !y are n sep>at$ by a gut or int]m$iate vessel1 z 9 ! =m]1 b are jo9$ imm$iately toge!r1 & at ! place :]e 9 ! fir/ k9d a moveable inte/9e 0 se52 9 ?is a muscle1 mo/ probably ! he>t1 may be discov]$2 x has a regul> sy/ole & dia/ole3 ?is "p is int5d$ to be %ewn at a1 ,fig4 #cf1 #cg1 #ch4 ,l ! o!r1 x draws ! head & tail )9 ! %ell1 :i* !n appe>s to h six tee? or spikes on "o side1 & two on ! o!r4 ,x v seldom protrudes its head s f> out z ! o!r2 sometimes ! fibrill may be se5 )9 ! m>g9 ( ! %ell4 ,bo? species c>ry _! "y 9 an oval integum5t or bag1 fa/5$ ext]nally to ! l[] "p ( ! %ell1 some:]e ab\t ! tail2 ^! bags are sometimes opake at "o end1 & seem+ly empty at ! o!r1 see d1 ,fig4 #cd3 sometimes ! middle is opake1 ) a transp>5t m>g91 see b1 ,fig4 #cf4 ,x is highly ent]ta9+ to see a "y "o bur/ its integum5t1 & gradually =ce its way out2 9 p]=m+ ?is op]ation1 x is mu* assi/$ by ! motion ( ! tail ( ! p>5t4 ,! head "p comes out fir/1 x !n sets its rotatory organ 9 motion1 by :i* x is completely dis5gag$1 leav+ ! integum5t beh9d1 :i* ! vorticella fre$ itself f by repeat$ /rokes ) its tail4 ,a "y "o almo/ dis5gag$ is se5 at b1 ,fig4 #ch2 ano!r embryo1 c1 0 left adh]+ to ! %ell4 ,!re are f\r m species ( ! vorticell m5tion$ by ,l9nu1 :i* are1 ! vorticella encr9us1 ! vorticella polyp9a1 ! vorticella /ellata1 & ! vorticella ovif]a2 :i*1 be+ m>9e animals1 d n come prop]ly )9 our plan4 ,! vorticella polyp9a w be describ$ h]eaft]4 ,,tubul>ia ,,campanulata4 ,plate ,,xxii4 ,fig4 #cb4 ,tubul>ia reptans1 tubis campanulatis4 ,creep+1 ) campanulat$ tubes4 ,x is call$ by ,bak] ! bell-fl[]$1 or plum$ animal4 ,^! little creatures dwell 9 colonies toge!r1 f t5 to fifte5 9 numb]1 liv+ 9 a k9d ( slimy mucilag9\s case1 :i*1 :5 exp&$ 9 ! wat]1 has "s resemblance to a bell ) its m\? upw>ds4 ,^! bells or colonies are to be f\nd adh]+ to ! l>ge leaves ( duck-we$ & o!r aquatic plants4 ,! bell or case :i* ^! animals inhabit1 be+ v transp>5t1 all ! motions ( its inhabitants may be disc]n$ di/9ctly ?r\gh x4 ,!re are sev]al ramifications or small] bells proce$+ f ! l>g] "o2 9 ea* ( ^! !re is an inhabitant4 ,! op5+ at ! top ( ^! bells is j l>ge en\gh = ! creature's head1 & a small "p ( its body to be ?ru/ out f x1 ! re/ rema9+ 9 ! case1 into :i* x also draws ! head on ! lea/ al>m4 ,besides ! p>ticul> & sep>ate motions :i* ea* ( ^! creatures is able to ex]t )9 its case1 & indep5d5t ( ! re/1 ! :ole colony has a p[] ( alt]+ ! position ( ! bell1 & remov+ x f "o place to ano!r4 ,^! animalcula seem n to l to dwell 9 societies1 ^: numb] exce$s fifte52 :5 ! colony happ5s to increase 9 numb]1 ! bell may be obs]v$ to split gradually1 beg9n+ f ab\t ! middle ( ! upp] extremity1 & proce$+ d[nw>ds t[>ds ! bottom1 till !y at la/ sep>ate & become two colonies1 indep5d5t ( ea* o!r4 ,! arms are v ne> ea* o!r2 sixty may (t5 be c\nt$ 9 "o plume1 hav+ ea* ! figure ( an ,italic 1 "o ( ^: hook$ ends is fa/5$ to ! head2 & altoge!r1 :5 exp&$1 compose a figure some:at l a horse%oe1 convex on ! side next ! body1 b gradually op5+ & turn+ outw>ds1 s z to leave a consid]able di/ance )9 ! out] extremities ( ! arms4 ,! plum$ polype is ( a v voraci\s disposition1 dev\r+ a great numb] ( small animals4 ,if ! arms1 :5 ext5d$1 be obs]v$ att5tively ) ! microscope1 !y w be f\nd to h a con/ant vibratory motion2 alt]nately b5d+ )9side ( ! plume1 & !n ris+ up aga94 ,:5 "o arm ceases its motion1 ! same is p]=m$ by ano!r2 ?us by ! p]petual agitation ( ! sev]al arms1 su* a /rong curr5t is produc$ 9 ! wat]1 z br+s ! animalcula1 & o!r m9ute bodies1 t are float+ ne> ! polype1 into its m\?1 :i* is situat$ betwe5 ! arms4 ,! food1 if agreeable to ! creature1 is swall[$2 if o!rwise1 x is reject$ by a contr>y motion4 ,! animal may be se5 v pla9 :5 x has retir$ )9 ! tube4 ,! body is ab\t "o-eigh? ( an in* long1 )\t reckon+ ! plume1 :i* is ab\t ! same l5g?4 ,x is cyl9drical1 & ! sk9 is v transp>5t4 ,! plume is only a cont9uation ( ?is transp>5t sk91 x is v broad 9 proportion to ! body1 & ( a rem>kable figure2 ! base is ( ! %ape ( a horse%oe2 f ?is base ! arms project1 !y b5d r outw>ds4 ,! plume :i* !y =m1 gives !m a resemblance to "s fl[]s4 ,! arms may be comp>$1 f _! f95ess & transp>5cy1 to v f9e ?reads ( glass4 ,! base ( ! plume is groov$1 & is fix$ to ! animal by ! middle ( ! horse%oe :i* x =ms1 & x is "h t !re is an op5+ :i* s]ves z a m\? to ! animal4 ,! inte/9es are easily di/+ui%$ ?r\gh its transp>5t sk92 :5 x has j be5 eat+1 !y are ( a deep br[n col\r4 ,?ree pr9cipal p>ts are v visible1 ! oesophagus1 ! /oma*1 & ! rectum4 ,9 ! inside ( ^! animals a small oblong :iti% body is =m$1 :i* is c>ri$ to ! outside1 & rema9s fix$ 9 a p]p5dicul> direction to ! body2 _m ( ^! are =m$ daily1 & ( ^! oval bodies new animals are produc$1 exactly simil> to ! p>5t4 ,if ^! m9ute bodies be eggs1 !y are ( a s+ul> k9d1 be+ de/itute ( any cov]+1 & are nei!r membranace\s nor cru/ace\s2 we _c ) propriety say ! "y ones are hat*$ f !m2 we c1 h[ev]1 p]ceive ^! ovi=m bodies to unfold !mselves gradually4 ,! developem5t is accompli%$ 9 a few m9utes1 & an animalculum appe>s l ! p>5t4 ,trembley amass$ a great numb] ( ^! eggs1 & c>ri$ !m f ,engl& ) him1 keep+ !m q dry2 on putt+ !m into wat]1 !y gradually develop$1 & became z p]fect z ! tubul>ia f :i* !y proce$$4 ,!re is a v great simil>ity 9 ! con/ruction ( ?is little creature & _m ( ! m>9e polypes1 :o1 l x1 exi/ 9 tubes ( ! same gr[? ) !mselves4 ,fig4 #cb repres5ts ?ree tubul>i campanulat or plum$ polypes v mu* magnifi$1 namely1 "o1 b f a c d d e h g i1 :i* is out ( its cell2 e h1 ! oesophagus2 f g1 ! /oma*2 a f1 ! rectum2 a c d d e1 ! plume1 consi/+ ( ! base a e1 :i* is b little se51 & ! arms c d d1 :i* proce$ f ! edges ( ?is base2 a second polype1 ,a ,b ,i1 :i* is )9 its cell1 & 9 :i* ! sk9 conta9+ ! plume is rev]s$4 ,! ?ird polype1 s t u u1 is a "y "o exhibit$ out ( its cell2 g o o1 ?reads :i* are fix$ at "o end to ! inte/9es ( ! animal1 by ! o!r to ! bottom ( ! cell1 l k4 ,,*ap4 ,,viii4 ,,( ,,! ,,animalcula ,,infusoria4 ,our k ( ! microscopic _w is at pres5t v contract$1 b we "k en\gh to give u high conceptions ( its conceal$ wond]s1 & to fill u ) pr(\nd a/oni%m5t at ! inf9ite v>iety ( =ms t are made recipi5t ( life4 ,a few ( ! inhabitants ( ?is m9ute _w h be5 discov]$4 ,! figure & app>5t habits ( life ( ^!1 resemble s little ^? ) :i* we are m acqua9t$1 t x is (t5 difficult to f9d t]ms to express :at is repres5t$ to ! eye4 ,animalculum signifies a little animal1 & !re=e ! t]m might be appli$ to e animal :i* is consid]ably inf]ior 9 size to ourselves4 ,x has be5 cu/om>y1 h[ev]1 to di/+ui% by ! "n ( animalcula only su* animals z are ( a size s dim9utive1 t _! true figure _c be disc]n$ )\t ! assi/ance ( glasses2 & m especially x is appli$ to su* z are altoge!r invisible to ! nak$ eye1 & _c ev5 be p]ceiv$ to exi/1 b by ! aid ( microscopes4 ,by ! help ( magnify+ glasses we are br\ght into a k9d ( new _w2 & numb]less animals are discov]$1 :i*1 f _! m9ut5ess1 mu/ o!rwise = ev] h escap$ our obs]vation3 & h[ _m k9ds ( ^! invisibles !re may be1 is yet unkn[n2 z !y are obs]v$ ( all sizes1 f ^? :i* are b>ely invisible to ! nak$ eye1 to su* z resi/ ! action ( ! microscope1 z ! fix$ />s d t ( ! telescope1 & ) ! be/ magnifi]s hi!rto inv5t$1 appe> only z s _m mov+ po9ts4 ,! smalle/ liv+ creatures our in/rum5ts c %ew1 are ^? t inhabit ! wat]s2 =1 ?\gh possibly animalcula equally m9ute1 or p]haps m s1 may fly 9 ! air1 or creep ^u ! e>?1 x is sc>ce possible to obta9 a view ( !m2 :]eas1 wat] be+ transp>5t1 & conf9+ ! creatures )9 x1 we are enabl$1 by apply+ a drop ( x to our glasses1 to discov] ) ease a great "p ( its cont5ts1 & 9 a space b>ely visible to ! nak$ eye1 (t5 p]ceive a ?\s& little creatures1 all full ( life & vig\r4 ,by ! animalcula infusoria are meant1 n ! l>v ( ^? insects :i* 9 _! fir/ /ate are inhabitants ( wat]1 & aft]w>ds become w+$ insects1 z ! gnat1 c4 ,bak]1 & _m o!r writ]s on ! subject1 h (t5 conf\nd$ ^!1 & h5ce ent]$ into a tra9 ( reason+ contr>y to fact & exp]i5ce4 ,! animalcula infusoria take _! "n f _! be+ f\nd 9 all k9ds ei!r ( vegetable or animal infusions2 if se$s1 h]bs1 or o!r vegetable sub/ances1 be infus$ 9 wat]1 x w soon be fill$ ) an indef9ite numb] ( ^! m9ute be+s4 ,!re is a prodigi\s v>iety 9 _! =ms2 "s p]fectly resemble ! bell-polype2 o!rs are r\nd or oblong1 )\t any1 at lea/ app>5t1 memb]s2 "s resemble a bulb ) a long tap] tail2 "s are ne>ly sph]ical2 ! great] "p are vesicul> & transp>5t4 ,^? mo/ g5]ally f\nd 9 e drop ( dit* wat] are m]e inflat$ bladd]s1 ) a small trace ( inte/9es 9 ! c5t]2 ! next are a flat k9d1 ) a numb] ( legs "u ! belly4 ,motion seems to be _! great delight2 !y p]vade ) equal ease & rapidity1 & 9 all =ms & directions1 ! :ole dim5sions ( ! drop1 9 :i* !y f9d ample space = _! v>i\s progressions1 sometimes d>t+ /raight =w>d1 at o!r times mov+ obliquely1 !n aga9 circul>ly3 !y "k h[ to avoid ) dext]ity any ob/acles t might ob/ruct _! progress4 ,hundr$s may be se5 9 a drop ( wat] 9 con/ant action1 yet nev] /rik+ aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,if at any "t ! clu/]s prove s ?ick z to imp$e any ( _! motions1 !y roll & tumble !mselves ov] head1 creep "u ! :ole range1 =ce _! way ?r\gh ! mid/1 or :eel r\nd ! clu/]1 ) surpriz+ swiftness2 sometimes !y w sudd5ly *ange ! direction 9 :i* !y are mov+1 & take "o diametrically opposite !reto4 ,by incl9+ ! glass on :i* ! drop ( wat] is laid1 x may be made to move 9 any direction2 ! animalcula 9 ! drop w swim z easily aga9/ ! /ream z ) x4 ,if ! wat] beg9 to evaporate1 & ! drop to gr[ small]1 !y flock impetu\sly t[>ds ! rema9+ "p ( ! fluid2 an anxi\s desire ( atta9+ ?is mom5t>y respite ( life is v visible1 z well z an uncommon agitation ( ! organs by :i* !y imbibe ! wat]4 ,^! motions gr[ m languid z ! wat] fails1 till at la/ !y entirely cease4 ,animalcula & insects w support a great degree ( cold1 b bo? "o & ! o!r p]i% :5 x is c>ri$ beyond a c]ta9 po9t4 ,! same degree ( heat t de/roys ! exi/5ce ( insects1 is fatal to animalcula2 z !re are animalcula produc$ 9 wat] at ! freez+ po9t1 s !re are insects :i* live 9 sn[4 ,if ! smalle/ drop ( ur9e be put into a drop ( wat] :]e ^! animalcula are rov+ ab\t1 app>5tly happy & easy1 !y in/antly fly to ! o!r side1 b ! acid soon communicat+ itself to ?is "p1 _! /ruggles to escape are increas$1 b ! evil also increas+1 !y are ?r[n into convulsions1 & soon expire4 ,among animalcula1 z 9 e o!r "p ( nature1 !re is con/antly a c]ta9 proportion pres]v$ betwe5 ! size ( ! individuals & _! numb]4 ,!re are always fewe/ among/ ! l>g] k9ds1 b !y increase 9 numb] z !y dim9i% 9 size1 till ( ! la/1 or l[e/ to :i* our p[]s ( magnify+ w rea*1 !re are myriads to "o ( ! l>g]4 ,l o!r animals1 !y increase 9 size f _! bir? till !y h atta9$ _! full gr[?4 ,:5 depriv$ ( food1 !y gr[ ?9 & p]i%2 & diff]5t degrees ( organization are to be discov]$ 9 _! /ructure4 ,! bir? & propagation ( ^! microscopic be+s is z regul> z t ( ! l>ge/ animals ( our globe2 = ?\gh _! extreme m9ut5ess prev5ts u1 9 mo/ cases1 f see+ ! g]m f :i* !y spr+1 yet we are well assur$1 f num]\s obs]vations1 t ! mann] 9 :i* !y multiply is regulat$ by con/ant & inv>iable laws4 ,x has be5 %ewn t diff]5t species ( ! hydr & vorticell multiply & increase by natural divisions & subdivisions ( ! p>5t's body2 ?is mann] ( propagation is v common among ! animalcula 9 infusions1 ?\gh ) _m rem>kable v>ieties4 ,"s multiply by a transv]se division1 a contraction takes place 9 ! middle1 =m+ a k9d ( neck t becomes small] e in/ant1 till !y are enabl$ by a slight degree ( motion to sep>ate f ea* o!r4 ,^! animalcula 9 g5]al /udi\sly avoid ea* o!r2 b :5 !y are 9 ! lab\r ( multiplication1 & ! division is 9 great =w>dness1 x is n uncommon to see "o ( !m precipitate itself on ! neck ( ! divid+ animalculum1 & ?us accel]ate ! sep>ation4 ,ano!r species1 :5 x is on ! po9t ( multiply+1 fixes itself to ! bottom ( ! infusion2 x !n =ms an oblong figure1 aft]w>ds becomes r\nd1 & beg9s to turn rapidly1 z if ^u an int]nal c5t]1 cont9ually *ang+ ! direction ( its rotatory motion2 aft] "s "t1 we may p]ceive two l9es on ! sph]ule1 =m+ a k9d ( cross2 soon aft] :i* ! animalculum divides into f\r di/9ct be+s1 :i* gr[1 & are aga9 subdivid$4 ,"s multiply by a longitud9al division1 :i* 9 "o k9d beg9s 9 ! =e-"p1 & o!rs 9 ! h9d-"p2 f ano!r k9d a small fragm5t is se5 to deta* itself1 :i* v soon acquires ! =m ( ! p>5t animalculum4 ,la/ly1 "s propagate 9 ! same mann] z ^? we deem m p]fect animals4 ,f :at has be5 said1 x appe>s cle>ly t _! motions are n purely me*anical1 b are produc$ by an int]nal spontane\s pr9ciple1 & t !y mu/ !re=e be plac$ among ! class ( liv+ animals1 = !y possess ! /ronge/ m>ks1 & ! mo/ decid$ *>act]s ( animation2 & consequ5tly1 t !re is no f\ndation = ! supposition ( a *aotic & neutral k+dom1 :i* c only h d]iv$ its orig9 f a v transi5t & sup]ficial view ( ^! animalcula4 ,x may also be fur!r obs]v$1 t z we see ! motions ( ! limbs1 c4 ( ! m noble animals1 viz4 ! human species1 are produc$ by ! me*anical con/ruction ( ! body & ! action ( ! s\l !reon1 & are =c$ by ! ocul> demon/ration aris+ f anatomical dissection1 to ackn[l$ge ?is me*anism :i* is adapt$ to produce ! v>i\s motions necess>y to ! animal2 & z :5 we h rec\rse to ! microscope1 we f9d ^? pieces :i* _h appe>$ to ! nak$ eye z ! prim>y me*anical causes ( ! p>ticul> motions1 to consi/ !mselves ( less] p>ts1 :i* are ! causes ( motion1 ext5sion1 c4 9 ! l>g]2 :5 ! /ructure c !re=e be trac$ no fur!r by ! eye or glasses1 we h no "r to conclude1 t ! p>ts :i* are invisible1 are n equally ! subject ( me*anism3 = ?is w\ld be only to ass]t 9 o!r words1 t a ?+ may exi/ because we see & feel x1 & has no exi/5ce :5 x is n ! object ( our s5ses4 ,! same tra9 ( reason+ may be appli$ to microscopic insects & animalcula2 we see !m move1 b because ! muscles & memb]s :i* occasion ^! motions are invisible1 %all we inf] t !y h n muscles1 ) organs appropriat$ to ! motion ( ! :ole & its p>ts8 ,to say t !y exi/ n1 because we _c p]ceive !m1 w\ld surely n be a rational conclusion4 ,our s5ses are inde$ giv5 u1 t we may compreh5d "s effects2 b !n we h also a m9d ) reason be/[$ ^u u1 t f ! ?+s :i* we d p]ceive ) our s5ses1 we may d$uce ! nature ( ^? causes & effects :i* are imp]ceptible to ! corporeal eye4 ,messrs4 ,buffon1 ,ne$ham1 & ,b>on ,mn*haus51 h consid]$ ?is "p ( animat$ nature 9 s diff]5t a light f o!r writ]s1 t we _c ) propriety entirely pass !m ov]4 ,ne$ham imag9$ t !re 0 a vegetative =ce 9 e microscopical po9t ( wat]1 & e visible filam5t ( :i* ! :ole vegetable contexture consi/s2 t ! sev]al species ( microscopic animals may subside1 resolve aga9 into gelat9\s filam5ts1 & aga9 give less] animals1 & s on1 till !y c be no fur!r pursu$ by glasses4 ,t agreeable to ?is idea1 e animal or vegetable sub/ance advances z fa/ z x c 9 its revolution1 to return by a sl[ desc5t to "o common pr9ciple1 :5ce its atoms may return aga91 & asc5d to a new life4 ,t not)/&+ ?is1 ! specific se$ ( "o animal c nev] give ano!r ( a diff]5t species1 on acc\nt ( ! prep>ation x mu/ receive to con/itute x ?is specific se$4 ,buffon ass]ts1 t :at h be5 call$ sp]matic animals1 are n creatures really possess+ life1 b some?+ prop] to compose a liv+ creature1 di/+ui%+ !m by ! "n ( organic p>ticles1 & t ! mov+ bodies :i* are to be f\nd 9 ! infusions ei!r ( animal or vegetable sub/ances1 are ( ! same nature4 ,b>on ,mn*haus5 suppos$ t ! se$s ( mu%rooms 7 fir/ animals1 & !n vegetables2 & ?is1 because he _h obs]v$ "s ( ! globules 9 ! infusions ( mu%rooms1 aft] mov+ "s "t1 to beg9 to vegetate4 ,x might be suffici5t 9 ! fir/ in/ance to obs]ve1 t ,messrs4 ,ne$ham1 & ,buffon1 by hav+ rec\rse to a vegetative =ce & organic p>ticles1 to acc\nt = ! exi/5ce & expla9 ! nature ( animalcula1 & ! difficulties ( g5]ation1 h sub/itut$ words 9 ! place ( ?+s2 & t we are no ga9]s by ! sub/itution1 unless !y expla9 ! nature ( ^! p[]s4 ,b to ?is we may add1 t all ^? :o h exam9$ ! subject ) accuracy & att5tion1 z ,bonnet1 ,de ,saussure1 ,bak]1 ,wrisb]g1 ,spalanzani1 ,hall]1 ,ellis1 ,mll]1 ,l$]mll]1 ,corti1 ,r(r$i1 c4 disagree ) ! =ego+ g5tlem51 prov+ t !y _h deceiv$ !mselves by inaccurate exp]im5ts1 & t "o ( !m1 ,buffon1 _h n se5 ! sp]matic animals he suppos$ himself to be describ+1 insomu* t ,ne$ham 0 at la/ induc$ to give up 8 fav\rite hypo!sis4 ,?\gh we c by no means pret5d to acc\nt = ! appe>ance ( mo/ animalcula1 yet we _c help obs]v+1 t our ignorance ( ! cause ( any phnom5on is no argum5t aga9/ its exi/5ce4 ,?\gh we are n1 = in/ance1 able to acc\nt 9 a satisfactory mann] = ! orig9 ( ! native ,am]icans1 yet we suppose ,buffon himself w\ld reckon x absurd to ma9ta91 t ! ,spani>ds on _! arrival !re f\nd only ,,organic ,,p>ticles mov+ ab\t 9 disord]4 ,! case is ! v same ) ! eels 9 pa/e1 to ^: animation he objects4 ,!y are exce$+ly small 9 comp>ison ) u2 b1 ) ! sol> microscope1 ,bak] has made !m assume a m respectable appe>ance1 s z to h a diamet] ( an in* & an half1 & a proportionable l5g?4 ,!y swam up & d[n v briskly2 ! motion ( _! inte/9es 0 v visible2 :5 ! wat] dri$ up !y di$ ) app>5t agonies1 & _! m\?s op5$ v wide4 ,n[1 7 we to f9d a creature ( ! size ( ?is magnifi$ eel gasp+ 9 a place :]e wat] _h lately be51 we c]ta9ly %\ld nev] conclude x to be m]ely an ,,organic ,,p>ticle1 or =tuit\s assemblage ( !m1 b a fi%4 ,:y !n %\ld we conclude o!rwise ) reg>d to ! eel 9 its natural /ate1 ?an t x is a little fi%8 ,9 reason+ on ?is subject1 we ought ev] to rememb]1 t h[ev] ess5tial ! di/9ction ( bodies into great & small may appe> to u1 !y are n s to ! ,deity1 ) :om1 z ,bak] well expresses himself1 8an atom is a _w1 & a _w b z an atom40 ,7 ! ,deity to ex]t 8 p[] a little1 & give a natural philosoph] a view ( a quantity ( pa/e fill$ ) eels1 f ea* ( ^: bodies ! light 0 reflect$ z 9 ! sol> microscope2 our philosoph]1 in/ead ( imag9+ !m to be m]e organic p>ticles1 z ! pa/e w\ld appe> l a little m\nta91 he w\ld probably look ^u ! :ole z an assemblage ( s]p5ts1 & be afraid to come ne> !m4 ,:5ev]1 !re=e1 we discov] be+s to appe>ance endu$ ) a pr9ciple ( self-pres]vation1 or :atev] we make ! *>act]i/ic ( animals1 nei!r ! smallness ( _! size1 nor ! impossibility ( our kn[+ h[ !y came !re1 ought to cause u to d\bt ( _! be+ animat$4 ,i %all "h ins]t "s extracts ( ! exp]im5ts made by ,ellis at ! desire ( ,l9nu1 & :i* are a full refutation ( ^? made by ,ne$ham & ,mn*haus54 ,by ^? he made on ! infusions ( mu%rooms 9 wat]1 x appe>$ evid5tly t ! se$s 7 put 9 motion by m9ute animals1 :i* arose on ! decomposition ( ! mu%room2 ^!1 by peck+ at ! se$s1 :i* are little r\nd r$di% bodies1 mov$ !m ab\t ) great agility 9 a v>iety ( directions1 :ile ! little animals !mselves 7 sc>ce visible till ! food !y _h eat5 discov]$ !m4 ,! ramifi$ filam5ts1 & jo9t$ or coralloid bodies1 :i* ! microscope discov]s to u on ! surface ( mo/ vegetable & animal infusions1 :5 !y become putrid1 & :i* 7 suppos$ by ,ne$ham to be zoophytes1 7 f\nd by ,ellis to be ( t g5us ( fungi call$ mucor1 _m ( :i* h be5 figur$ by ,mi*elius1 & describ$ by ,l9nu4 ,_! vegetation is s quick1 t !y may be se5 to gr[ & se$ "u ! eye ( ! obs]v]4 ,o!r in/ances ( simil> mi/akes 9 ,ne$ham's exp]im5ts may be se5 9 ,ellis's pap]1 ,philos4 ,trans4 vol4 lix4 p4 #ach4 ,a species ( mucor arises also f ! bodies ( insects putrefy+ 9 wat]2 ?is species s5ds =? a mass ( transp>5t filam5t\s roots1 f :5ce arise holl[ se$ vessels2 on ! top !re is a hole1 f :i* m9ute globules (t5 issue 9 abundance1 & ) consid]able ela/ic =ce1 :i* move ab\t 9 ! wat]4 ,x w h[ev] be f\nd1 ) a little att5tion1 t ! wat] is full ( v m9ute animalcula1 :i* attack ^! se$s1 & ?us prolong _! motion2 b aft] a small space ( "t !y rise to ! surface1 & rema9 !re )\t any motion2 a fre% quantity rises up1 & float+ to ! edge ( ! wat]1 rema9s !re inactive2 b no appe>ance c be obs]v$ ( deta*$ & sep>at$ p>ts becom+ :at are call$ microscopic animalcula4 ,inde$1 x is surpriz+ t ,ne$ham %\ld ev] take ! filam5ts ( ! moi/5$ gra9s = any ?+ else ?an a vegetable production1 a true species ( m\ld9ess4 ,on ! #be? ( ,may1 ,fahr5heit's !rmomet] #gj1 ,ellis boil$ a potatoe 9 ! ,new ,riv] wat]1 till x 0 r$uc$ to a mealy consi/5ce4 ,he put "p ( x1 ) an equal proportion ( ! boil+ liquor1 into a cyl9drical glass vessel1 t held some?+ less ?an half a w9e p9t1 & cov]$ x close imm$iately ) a glass cov]4 ,at ! same "t he slic$ an unboil$ potatoe1 &1 z ne> z he c\ld judge1 put ! same quantity into a glass vessel ( ! same k9d1 ) ! same proportion ( ,new ,riv] wat] n boil$1 & cov]+ x ) a glass cov]1 plac$ bo? vessels close to ea* o!r4 ,on ! #bf? ( ,may1 tw5ty-f\r h\rs aft]w>ds1 he exam9$ a small drop ( ea* by ! fir/ magnifi] ( ,wilson's microscope1 ^: focal di/ance is reckon$ at "p ( an in*2 &1 to 8 amazem5t1 !y 7 bo? full ( animalcula ( a l9e> %ape1 v di/+ui%able1 mov+ to & fro ) great cel]ity2 s t !re appe>$ to be m p>ticles ( animal ?an vegetable life 9 ea* drop4 ,?is exp]im5t he repeat$ly tri$1 & always f\nd x to succe$ 9 proportion to ! heat ( ! circumambi5t air2 s t ev5 9 w9t]1 if ! liquors be kept prop]ly w>m1 at lea/ 9 two or ?ree days ! exp]im5t w succe$4 ,! animalcula are inf9itely small] ?an sp]matic animals1 & ( a v diff]5t %ape2 ! tru? ( :i* e accurate obs]v] w soon be conv9c$ (1 ^: curiosity may lead him to comp>e !m1 & he is p]suad$ !y w f9d !y are no way ak94 ,hav+ le>nt f ,m4 ,de ,saussure1 ( ,g5eva1 t he f\nd "o k9d ( ^! animalcula infusoria t increases by divid+ across into ne>ly two equal p>ts1 & t ! infusion 0 made f hemp-se$1 he procur$ a quantity ( ?is se$1 "s ( x he put into ,new ,riv] wat]1 "s into di/ill$ wat]1 & "s into v h>d pump wat]2 ! result 01 t 9 proportion to ! heat ( ! wea!r1 or ! w>m? 9 :i* !y 7 kept1 !re 0 an appe>ance ( millions ( m9ute animalcula 9 all ! infusions2 & "s "t aft] "s oval ones made _! appe>ance2 ^! 7 mu* l>g] ?an ! fir/1 :i* /ill cont9u$4 ,^! wriggl$ to & fro 9 an undulatory motion1 turn+ !mselves r\nd v quick all ! "t t !y mov$ =w>ds4 ,ellis f\nd out by m]e accid5t a me?od to make _! f9s appe> v di/9ctly1 especially 9 ! l>g] k9d ( animalcula1 :i* are common to mo/ vegetable infusions1 su* z ! t]ebella4 ,?is has a longi% body1 ) a cavity or groove at "o end1 l a gimblet4 ,by apply+ a small /alk ( ! horse%oe g]anium1 ! g]anium zonale ( ,l9nu1 fre% brok51 to a drop ( wat] 9 :i* ^! animalcula are swimm+1 we %all f9d t !y w become in/antly torpid1 contract+ !mselves into an oblong oval %ape1 ) _! f9s ext5d$ l s _m bri/les all r\nd _! bodies4 ,! f9s are 9 l5g? ab\t half ! diamet] ( ! middle ( _! bodies4 ,aft] ly+ 9 ?is /ate ( torpitude = two or ?ree m9utes1 if a drop ( clean wat] be appli$ to !m1 !y w recov] _! %ape1 & swim ab\t imm$iately1 r5d]+ _! f9s aga9 invisible4 ,be=e he discov]$ ?is exp$i5t1 he tri$ to kill !m by diff]5t k9ds ( salts & spirits2 b ?\gh !y 7 de/roy$ by ^! means1 _! f9s 7 s contract$1 t he c\ld n di/+ui% !m 9 ! lea/4#aah #aah ,! prec$+ recital ( ! hypo!sis ( ,messrs4 ,buffon1 ,ne$ham1 & ,b>on ,mn*haus51 may appe> sup]flu\s1 hav+ be5 s ably refut$ by ,mr4 ,ellis2 ! consid]ation1 h[ev]1 t x may af=d ent]ta9m5t to "s ( my read]s1 & prove b5eficial to o!rs1 by caution+ !m aga9/ too precipitately adopt+ plausible suppositions1 induc$ me to reta9 ! acc\nt4 ,,edit4 ,x is "o ( ! wond]s ( ! mod]n philosophy to h inv5t$ means = br++ creatures s imp]ceptible z ! v>i\s animalcula "u our cognizance & inspection4 ,"o might well h deem$ an object t 0 a ?\s& times too little to be able to affect our s5se1 z p]fectly remov$ f human discov]y2 yet we h ext5d$ our sight ov] animals to :om ^! w\ld be m\nta9s4 ,! nak$ eye takes 9 animal be+s f ! elephant to ! mite2 b bel[ ?is1 comm5ces a new ord]1 res]v$ only = ! microscope1 :i* compreh5ds all ^? f ! mite1 to ^? _m millions ( times small]2 & ?is ord] _c be said to be exhau/$1 if ! microscope be n arriv$ at its ultimate /ate ( p]fection4 ,9 reality1 ! great] numb] ( microscopic animalcula are ( s small a magnitude1 t ?r\gh a l5s1 ^: focal di/ance is ! t5? "p ( an in*1 !y only appe> z s _m po9ts2 t is1 _! p>ts _c be di/+ui%$1 s t !y appe> f ! v]tex ( t l5s "u an angle n exce$+ ! m9ute ( a degree4 ,if we inve/igate ! magnitude ( su* an object1 x w be f\nd ne>ly equal to ( an in* long4 ,suppos+1 !re=e1 ^! animalcula to be ( a cubic figure1 t is1 ( ! same l5g?1 bread?1 & ?ickness1 _! magnitude w\ld be express$ by ! cube ( ! fraction 1 t is1 by ! numb] 1 t is1 ea* animalculum is equal to s _m p>ts ( a squ>e in*4 ,?is contemplation ( animalcula has r5d]$ ! idea ( indef9itely small bodies v famili> to u2 a mite 0 =m]ly ?\ght ! limit ( littl5ess1 b we are n n[ surpriz$ to be told ( animals _m millions ( times small] ?an a mite2 =1 8!re are 9 "s liquors animalcules s small1 z1 ^u calculation1 ! :ole magnitude ( ! e>? is n f\nd l>ge en\gh to be a ?ird proportional to ^! m9ute float+ animals & ! :ales 9 ! ocean40#aai ,^! consid]ations are /ill fur!r height5$1 by reflect+ on ! int]nal /ructure ( animalcula1 = ea* mu/ h all ! proportion1 symmetry & adju/m5t ( t organiz$ texture1 :i* is indisp5sably necess>y = ! sev]al functions ( life1 & ea* mu/ be furni%$ ) prop] organs1 tubes1 c4 = secret+ ! fluids1 dige/+ its food1 & propagat+ its species4#abj #aai ,*amb]s's ,cyclop$ia by ,rees1 ,art4 ,animalcule4 #abj ,m9ute animals proportionably exce$ ! l>g] k9ds 9 /r5g?1 activity1 & vivacity4 ,x has be5 already obs]v$1 p4 #bab1 t ! spr+ ( a flea va/ly out/rips any ?+ animals ( a great] magnitude are capable (2 ! motion ( a mite is mu* quick] ?an t ( ! swifte/ race-horse4 ,m4 ,de ,l',isle1 ,hi/4 ,acad4 ,sci5c4 #agaa4 p4 #bc1 has giv5 ! computation ( ! velocity ( a little creature1 s small z to be sc>cely visible1 :i* he f\nd to run ?ree in*es 9 a second2 suppos+ n[ its feet to be ! fifte5? "p ( a l9e1 x mu/ make five-hundr$ /eps 9 ! space ( ?ree in*es1 t is1 x mu/ %ift its legs five-hundr$ times 9 a second1 or 9 ! "t ( ! ord9>y pulsation ( an art]y4 ,! rapidity ) :i* _m ( ! wat] insects skim ! surface ( ! fluid1 & o!rs swim 9 x1 is a/oni%+1 nor is ! cel]ity ( ! v>i\s species ( animalcula infusoria less des]v+ ( admiration4 ,,edit4 ,hav+ ?us giv5 a g5]al idea ( ! prop]ties ( animalcula1 ,i n[ proce$ to describe ! v>i\s individuals1 foll[+ ! arrangem5ts ( ,o4 ,f4 ,mll]1#aba & giv+ ! discrim9at+ *>act]s by :i* he has di/+ui%$ !m2 abridg+1 enl>g+1 or alt]+ ! descriptions1 to r5d] !m 9 "s in/ances m exact1 9 o!rs less t$i\s1 & ^u ! :ole1 ,i hope1 m int]e/+ to ! read]4 #aba ,mll] ,animalcula ,infusoria1 ,fluviatilia1 et ,m>9a4 ,a ,,me?odical ,,division ,,( ,,! ,,animalcula ,,infusoria4 ,i4 ,,^? ,,t ,,h ,,no ,,ext]nal ,,organs4 #a4 ,,monas3 puncti=me4 ,a m]e po9t4 #b4 ,,proteus3 mutabile4 ,mutable1 or *angeable4 #c4 ,,volvox3 sphricum4 ,sph]ical4 #d4 ,,en*elis3 cyl9draceum4 ,cyl9drical4 #e4 ,,vibrio3 elongatum4 ,long4 ,membranace\s4 #f4 ,,cyclidium3 ovale4 ,oval4 #g4 ,,p>am,,cium3 oblongum4 ,oblong4 #h4 ,,kolpoda3 s9uatum4 ,crook$1 or b5t4 #i4 ,,gonium3 angulatum4 ,) angles4 #aj4 ,,burs>ia4 ,holl[ l a purse4 ,,ii4 ,,^? ,,t ,,h ,,ext]nal ,,organs4 ,nak$1 or n inclos$ 9 a %ell4 #aa4 ,,c]c>ia3 caudatum4 ,) a tail4 #ab4 ,,leucophra3 ciliatum undique4 ,e "p ciliat$4 #ac4 ,,tri*oda3 cr9itum4 ,hairy4 #ad4 ,,k]ona3 corniculatum4 ,) horns4 #ae4 ,,himantopus3 cirratum4 ,cirrat$1 or curl$4 #af4 ,,vorticella3 ciliatum apice4 ,! apex ciliat$4 ,cov]$ ) a %ell4 #ag4 ,,bra*ionus3 ciliatum apice4 ,! apex ciliat$4 ,i4 ,,monas4 ,v]mis inconspicuus1 simplissimus1 pellucidus1 puncti=mis4 ,an invisible1#abb pellucid1 simple1 puncti=m worm4 #abb ,by invisible1 we only mean t !y are too small to be disc]n$ by ! nak$ eye4 #a4 ,,monas ,,t]mo4 ,m4 gelat9osa4 ,gelat9\s mona4 ,animalcules semblable a des po9ts4 ,spallanzani ,opusc4 ,phys4 ,i4 ,bull cont9uo motu4 ,bonanni ,obs4 p4 #agd4 ,among ! v>i\s animalcula :i* are discov]$ by ! microscope1 ?is is ! mo/ m9ute1 & ! mo/ simple2 a small jelly-l po9t1 elud+ ! p[]s ( ! comp\nd microscope1 & be+ b imp]fectly se5 by ! s+le2 ^!1 & "s o!rs ( ! mona k9d1 are s delicate & sl5d]1 t x is no wond] !y (t5 escape ! sight ( _m :o h exam9$ infusions ) att5tion2 9 a full light !y totally disappe>1 _! ?9 & transp>5t =ms bl5d+ z x 7 ) ! wat] 9 :i* !y swim4 ,small drops ( infus$ wat] are (t5 s full ( ^!1 t x is n easy to discov] ! lea/ empty space1 s t ! wat] itself appe>s *ang$ into ano!r sub/ance less transp>5t1 b consi/+ ( innum]able globul> po9ts1 ?ick s[n toge!r2 :i*1 ?\gh full ( life1 seem only a k9d ( inflat$ bladd]s4 ,9 ?is a motion may be p]ceiv$1 some?+ simil> to t :i* is obs]v$ :5 ! sun's rays %9e on ! wat]1 ! animalcula be+ viol5tly agitat$1 or 9 a commotion l unto a hive ( bees4 ,!y are v common 9 dit* wat]1 & 9 almo/ all infusions1 bo? ( animal & vegetable sub/ances4 #b4 ,,monas ,,atomus4 ,m4 albida puncto1 v>iabili in/ructa1 ,plate ,,xxv4 ,fig4 #a4 ,:ite mona1 ) a v>iable po9t4 ,?is animalculum appe>s z a :ite po9t1 :i*1 :5 x is highly magnifi$1 is some:at ( an egg-%ape2 ! small] end is g5]ally m>k$ ) a black po9t2 ! situation ( ?is is sometimes v>i$1 & f\nd at ! o!r end ( ! animalculum3 sometimes two black po9ts are to be se5 cross+ ! middle ( ! body4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 sea wat] t _h be5 kept ! :ole w9t]2 x 0 n1 h[ev]1 v fetid2 !re 7 no o!r animalcula 9 ! same wat]4 #c4 ,,monas ,,punctum4 ,m4 nigra4 ,a black mona4 ,a v m9ute po9t1 solid1 opake & black1 r\nd & long4 ,!y are disp]s$ 9 ! infusion1 & move ) a sl[ wav]+ motion2 7 f\nd 9 a fetid infusion ( pe>s4 #d4 ,,monas ,,ocellus4 ,m4 hyal9a puncto c5trali notata4 ,transp>5t l talc1 ) a po9t 9 ! middle4 ,! m>g9 black1 & a black po9t 9 ! middle2 x moves irregul>ly1 is f\nd 9 dit*es cov]$ ) conf]va1 & frequ5tly ) ! cyclidium milium1 see ,no4 #hd4 #e4 ,,monas ,,l5s4 ,m4 hyal9a4 ,transp>5t mona ( ! appe>ance ( talc4 ,?is is among ! numb] ( ! small] animalcula1 ne>ly ( a r\nd figure1 & s pellucid1 t x is n possible to discov] ! lea/ ve/ige ( inte/9es4 ,?\gh !y may (t5 be se5 sep>ate1 yet !y are m g5]ally collect$ toge!r1 =m+ a k9d ( vesicul> or membranace\s mass4 ,contr>y to ! cu/om ( o!r animalcula1 !y seek ! edges ( ! evaporat+ wat]1 ! consequ5ce ( :i* is almo/ imm$iate dea?4 ,:5 ! wat] is ne>ly evaporat$1 a few d>k %ades are p]ceiv$1 probably occasion$ by ! wr9kl+ ( ! body4 ,a sl[ tremul\s motion1 conf9$ to "o spot1 may be p]ceiv$ at int]vals2 ?is 9 a little "t becomes m lively1 & soon p]vades ! :ole drop4 ,its motions are 9 g5]al v quick3 two unit$ toge!r may sometimes be se5 swimm+ among ! re/2 :ile 9 ?is situation1 !y h be5 mi/ak5 by "s writ]s = a diff]5t species1 :]eas x is ! same g5]at+ ano!r by division4 ,x is to be f\nd 9 all wat]1 ?\gh b seldom 9 t :i* is pure2 !y are 9 great pl5ty 9 ! summ] 9 dit* wat]1 also 9 infusions ( animal or vegetable sub/ances1 made ei!r ( fre% or salt wat]1 myriads be+ conta9$ 9 a drop2 numb]s ( v>i\s sizes are to be f\nd 9 ! fil? ( ! tee?4#abc #abc ,! circum/ance ( animalcula be+ f\nd 9 ! tee? is m5tion$ ) confid5ce by v>i\s au?ors2 "s d\bts may1 h[ev]1 /ill rema9 ( ! fact4 ,mr4 ,willughby detect$ a woman1 :o pret5d$ to take worms out ( ! tee? ) a quill1 hav+ =c$ ! quill1 f h] j z %e 0 putt+ x into 8 m\?1 & f\nd small worms 9 x2 see ,bir*'s ,hi/ory ( ! ,royal ,society1 vol4 iv4 p4 #chg4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ! acc\nts usually met ) 9 au?ors h no bett] f\ndation4 ,x has also repeat$ly happ5$1 t +5i\s m51 f _! anxiety = discov]y1 h imag9$ t objects h appe>$ to _! view1 :i*1 hav+ relat$ z facts1 !mselves or o!rs h aft]w>ds f\nd to be no?+ m ?an a deceptio visus2 & ?us !y h be51 at lea/ = a "t1 ! un9t5tional promulgators ( error2 consid]able caution is !re=e necess>y on ^! occasions1 see p4 #acb1 #acc4 ,"s au?ors1 9 support ( a fav\rite sy/em1 h made bold ass]tions on ! subject ( animalcula2 ! small-pox1 ! measles1 ! epilepsy1 c4 h be5 attribut$ to !m3 ,langius r$uces all diseases 9 g5]al to ! same pr9ciple4 ,a writ] at ,p>is1 :o assum$ ! title ( an ,engli% physician1 has proce$$ /ill f>!r2 he n only acc\nts = all diseases1 b = ! op]ation ( all m$ic9es1 f ! hypo!sis ( animalcula4 ,he has peculi> animals = e disord]2 scorbutic animalcula1 podagrical animalcula1 v>iol\s animalcula1 c4 all at 8 s]vice4 ,j\rn4 des ,scav4 tom4 lxxxvii4 p4 #ece1 c4 ,x is n at all surpris+ t ! wond]ful discov]ies relat+ to animalcula %\ld h be5 appli$1 h[ev] improp]ly1 to support ! mo/ :imsical & *ym]ical sy/ems4 ,mo/ ( ! discov]ies 9 natural philosophy h be5 subject$ to simil> abuses1 & laid ! f\ndation = ! w>m imag9ations ( "s m5 to fabricate vision>y !ories2 ^! h be5 ( great prejudice to real sci5ce1 ! prim>y object & ultimate rew>d ( :i* is ! acquisition ( tru?4 ,,edit4 ,! animalcula ( ?is1 & ! fir/ species are s num]\s z to exce$ all calculation1 ?\gh !y are conta9$ 9 a v conf9$ space4 #f4 ,,monas ,,mica4 ,m4 circulo notata4 ,mona1 m>k$ ) a circle4 ,?is lucid little po9t may be discov]$ ) ! ?ird l5s ( ! common s+le microscope2 :5 ! magnify+ p[] is increas$1 x appe>s ei!r ( an oval or sph]ical figure1 = x assumes ea* ( ^! at pleasure4 ,x is transp>5t1 & has a small ellipse inscrib$ z x 7 )9 its circumf]5ce2 ?is ellipse is moveable1 be+ sometimes 9 ! middle1 sometimes a little t[>ds ! =e-"p1 at o!rs1 ne>] ! h9d-"p4 ,!re is a consid]able v>iety 9 its motions2 x (t5 turns r\nd = a long "t 9 ! same place2 an appe>ance l two kidneys may sometimes be p]ceiv$ 9 ! middle ( ! body1 & ! animalculum is beautifully encompass$ ) a k9d ( halo1 aris+ mo/ probably f invisible & vibrat+ fibrill4 ,!y are to be f\nd 9 ! pure/ wat]s4 #g4 ,,monas ,,tranquilla4 ,m4 ovata1 hyal9a1 m>g9e nigro4 ,egg-%ap$1 transp>5t mona1 ) a black m>g94 ,^! animat$ po9ts seem to be ne>ly fix$ to "o spot1 :]e !y h a fluctuat+ or reel+ motion4 ,!y are frequ5tly surr\nd$ ) a halo1 & diff] 9 _! figure1 be+ sometimes r sph]ical1 at o!rs quadrangul>4 ,! black m>g9 is n always to be f\nd1 & sometimes "o w\ld almo/ be tempt$ to ?9k x _h a tail4 ,!y are f\nd 9 ur9e :i* has be5 kept = a "t4 ,! ur9e is cov]$1 aft] x has rema9$ 9 ! vessel1 ) a d>k-col\r$ pellicle or film1 9 :i* ^! animals live3 al?\gh ! ur9e 0 pres]v$ = sev]al mon?s1 no new animalcula 7 obs]v$ !re94 ,x has be5 already %ewn1 t a drop ( ur9e is 9 g5]al fatal to o!r animalcula1 yet we f9d 9 ?is in/ance1 t !re are animat$ be+s ( a peculi> k9d1 appropriat$ to1 & liv+ 9 x4 #h4 ,,monas ,,lamellula4 ,m4 hyal9a compressa4 ,flat transp>5t mona4 ,?is is mo/ly f\nd 9 salt wat]4 ,x is ( a :iti% col\r1 m ?an twice z long z x is broad1 transp>5t1 ) a d>k m>g91 ! motion vacillatory2 x (t5 appe>s z if d\ble4 #i4 ,,monas ,,pulvisculus4 ,m4 hyal9a1 m>g9i vir5te4 ,transp>5t mona1 ) a gre5 m>g94 ,little sph]ical pellucid gra9s ( diff]5t sizes1 ! circumf]5ce gre51 a gre5 b5t l9e passes ?r\gh ! middle ( "s1 probably indicat+ t !y are ne> sep>at+ or divid+ into two di/9ct animalcula2 sometimes ?ree or f\r1 at o!rs1 six1 sev51 or ev5 m1 are collect$ toge!r4 ,!y rove ab\t ) a wav]+ motion2 & are mo/ly f\nd 9 ! mon? ( ,m>* 9 m>%y gr\nds4 #aj4 ,,monas ,,uva4 ,m4 hyal9a greg>ia4 ,transp>5t greg>i\s mona4 ,x is n easy to decide on ! nature ( ^! little assemblages ( corpuscles1 :i* sometimes consi/ ( f\r1 at o!rs ( five1 & frequ5tly ( _m m3 ! corpuscles are ( diff]5t sizes1 accord+ to ! numb] assembl$ 9 "o gr\p4 ,:5 collect$ 9 a heap1 ! only motion !y h is a k9d ( revolution or rotatory "o4 ,! small] p>ticles sep>ate f ! l>g]1 (t5 divid+ into z _m portions z !re are con/itu5t p>ticles 9 ! gr\p2 :5 sep>at$1 !y revolve ) incr$ible swiftness4 ,to try :e!r ?is 0 a gr\p ( animalcula collect$ toge!r by *ance1 or :e!r ?is 0 _! natural /ate1 ! foll[+ exp]im5t 0 made4 ,a s+le corpuscle 0 tak5 ! mom5t x 0 sep>at$ f ! heap1 & plac$ 9 a glass by itself2 x soon increas$ 9 size1 & :5 x _h atta9$ ne>ly ! same bulk z ! gr\p f :i* x 0 sep>at$1 ! surface began to assume a wr9kl$ appe>ance1 :i* gradually *ang$ till x became exactly simil> to ! p>5t gr\p4 ,?is new-=m$ gr\p 0 aga9 decompos$1 l ! prec$+ "o1 & 9 a little "t ! sep>at$ p>ticles became z l>ge z t f :i* !y proce$$4 ,x is f\nd 9 a v>iety ( infusions4 ,,ii4 ,,proteus4 ,v]mis inconspicuus1 simplicissimus1 pellucidus1 mutabilis4 ,an invisible1 v simple1 pellucid worm1 ( a v>iable =m4 #aa4 ,,proteus ,,difflu5s4 ,p4 9 ramulos difflu5s1 ,plate ,,xxv4 ,fig4 #b & #c4 ,proteus1 bran*+ itself out 9 a v>iety ( directions4 ,a v s+ul> animalculum1 appe>+ only z a grey muc\s mass2 x is fill$ ) a numb] ( black globules ( diff]5t sizes1 & is cont9ually *ang+ its figure4 ,be+ =m$ ( a gelat9\s pellucid sub/ance1 ! %ape is easily alt]$1 & x pu%es out bran*es ( diff]5t l5g?s & bread?s4 ,! globules :i* are )9 divide & pass imm$iately into ! new =m$ p>ts1 always foll[+ ! v>i\s *anges ( =m 9 ! animalcula4 ,! *anges t are obs]v$ 9 ! =m ( ?is little creature1 d n arise f any extrane\s cause1 b are entirely dep5d5t on its int]nal p[]s4 ,x is to be met ) b v seldom2 ! indefatigable ,mll] only saw x twice1 al?\gh he exam9$ su* an imm5se v>iety ( infusions4 ,x is to be f\nd 9 f5ny situations4 #ab4 ,,proteus ,,t5ax4 ,p4 9 spiculum difflu5s1 ,plate ,,xxv4 ,fig4 #d & #e4 ,proteus1 runn+ out into a f9e po9t4 ,a gelat9\s pellucid body1 /or$ ) black molecules2 x *anges its =m l ! prec$+1 b always 9 a regul> ord]1 fir/ ext5d+ itself out 9 a /raight l9e1 ,fig4 #e1 ! l[] "p t]m9at+ 9 an acute bright po9t1 a1 )\t any inte/9es2 & ! globules be+ all collect$ 9 ! upp] "p1 c1 x next draws ! po9t$ end up t[>ds ! middle ( ! body1 swell+ x into a r\nd =m4 ,! contraction goes on = "s "t1 aft] :i* ! l[] "p is swell$ out z x is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #d1 d2 ! po9t a1 is aft]w>ds project$ f ?is v5tricose "p4 ,x passes ?r\gh five diff]5t =ms be=e x arrives at t :i* is se51 at ,fig4 #d4 ,x sc>cely moves f "o spot1 only b5d+ ab\t sideways4 ,x is to be f\nd 9 riv] wat]4 ,,iii4 ,,volvox4 ,volvox inconspicuus1 simplicissimus1 pellucidus1 sphricus4 ,an invisible1 v simple1 pellucid1 sph]ical worm4 #ac4 ,,volvox ,,punctum4 ,v4 sphricus1 nigricans1 puncto lucido4 ,sph]ical1 ( a black col\r1 ) a lucid po9t4 ,a small globule2 "o hemisph]e is opake & black1 ! o!r has a pellucid cry/all9e appe>ance2 a vehem5t motion is obs]vable 9 ! d>k "p4 ,x moves 9 a tremul\s mann]1 & (t5 passes ?r\gh ! drop1 turn+ r\nd z if ^u an axis4 ,_m may be (t5 se5 jo9$ toge!r 9 _! passage ?r\gh1 ! wat]2 !y sometimes move z 9 a little :irlpool1 & !n sep>ate4 ,!y are f\nd 9 great numb]s on ! surface ( fetid sea wat]4 #ad4 ,,volvox ,,granulum4 ,v4 sphricus1 viridis1 p]iph]ia hyal9a4 ,sph]ical & gre51 ! circumf]5ce ( a bright col\r4 ,!re seems to be a k9d ( gre5 opake nucleus 9 ?is animalculum2 ! circumf]5ce is transp>5t4 ,x is to be f\nd g5]ally 9 ! mon? ( ,june1 9 m>%y places2 x moves b sl[ly4 #ae4 ,,volvox ,,globulus4 ,v4 globosus2 po/ice subobscurus4 ,globul> volvox1 ! h9d-"p some:at obscure4 ,?is globul> animalculum is t5 times l>g] ?an ! monas l5s2 x v]ges sometimes a little t[>ds ! oval 9 its =m4 ,! inte/9es are j visible1 & make ! h9d] "p ( ! body appe> opake2 x has commonly a sl[ flutt]+ k9d ( motion1 b if x be di/urb$1 ! motion is m rapid4 ,x is f\nd 9 mo/ infusions ( vegetables4 #af4 ,,volvox ,,pilula4 ,v4 sphricus1 int]aneis immobilibus viresc5tibus4 ,small r\nd volvox1 ) immoveable gre5 inte/9es4 ,?is is a small transp>5t animalculum2 its inte/9es are immoveable1 ( a gre5 col\r1 & are plac$ ne> ! middle ( ! body1 ! edges (t5 yell[2 a small obtuse incision may be discov]$ on ! edge1 :i* is1 p]haps ! m\? ( ! animalculum4 ,?is little creature appe>s to be encompass$ ) a k9d ( halo or circle4 ,if ?is be occasion$ by ! vibratory motion ( any fr+e ( hairs1 !y are invisible to ! eye1 ev5 :5 assi/$ by ! microscope4 ,x seems to h a k9d ( rotatory motion1 at "o "t sl[1 at ano!r quick2 & is to be f\nd 9 wat] :]e ! lemna m9or1 or lea/ ducks-meat1 gr[s1 sometimes z late z ! mon? ( ,decemb]4 #ag4 ,,volvox ,,gr&9ella4 ,v4 sphricus1 opacus1 int]aneis immobilibus4 ,sph]ical & opake1 ) immoveable inte/9es4 ,?is is mu* small] ?an ! prec$+1 & is m>k$ ) sev]al circul> l9es2 no motion is to be p]ceiv$ among ! int]ior molecules4 ,x sometimes moves ab\t 9 a /raight l9e1 sometimes its c\rse is irregul>1 at o!rs x keeps 9 ! same spot ) a tremul\s motion4 #ah4 ,,volvox ,,socialis4 ,v4 sphricus1 moleculis cry/all9is1 qualibus di/antibus4 ,sph]ical volvox1 ) cry/all9e molecules1 plac$ at equal di/ances f "o ano!r4 ,:5 v mu* magnifi$ ?is animalculum seems to h "s relation to ! vorticella socialis1 z se5 ) ! nak$ eye4 ,x consi/s ( cry/all9e molecules1 dispos$ 9 a sph]e1 & fill+ up ! :ole circumf]5ce2 !y are all ( an equal size4 ,:e!r !y are includ$ 9 a common membrane1 or :e!r !y are unit$ by "o common /alk1 z 9 ! vorticella socialis1 has n be5 discov]$4 ,we are also ignorant ( ! exact figure ( ! little p>ticles ( :i* x is compos$2 :5 a v l>ge magnify+ p[] is us$1 "s black po9ts may be disc]n$ 9 ! c5t] ( ! cry/all9e molecules4 ,! motion is sometimes rotatory1 sometimes f "r to left1 & ! contr>y4 ,x is f\nd :]e ! *>a vulg>is has be5 kept4 #ai4 ,,volvox ,,sph,,ricula4 ,v4 sphricus1 moleculis simil>ibus rotundis4 ,pl4 ,,xxv4 ,fig4 #f4 ,sph]ical volvox1 ) r\nd molecules4 ,?is sph]ule is =m$ ( pellucid homog5e\s po9ts ( diff]5t sizes4 ,x moves sl[ly ab\t a qu>t] ( a circle f "r to left1 & !n back aga9 f left to "r4 #bj4 ,,volvox ,,lunula4 ,v4 hemisphricus1 moleculis simil>ibus lunatis4 ,plate ,,xxv4 ,fig4 #g4 ,an hemisph]ical volvox1 ) lunul> molecules4 ,is a small r\ndi% transp>5t body1 compos$ ( innum]able molecules1 homog5e\s1 pellucid1 & ( ! %ape ( ! moon 9 its fir/ qu>t]1 )\t any common m>g94 ,x is 9 a cont9ual two-fold motion2 ! "o1 ( ! :ole mass turn+ sl[ly r\nd2 ! o!r1 ( ! molecules "o among ! o!r4 ,!y are f\nd 9 m>%y places 9 ! beg9n+ ( spr+4 #ba4 ,,volvox ,,globator4 ,v4 sphricus membranaceus4 ,sph]ical membranace\s volvox4 ,?is is a transp>5t globule1 ( a gre5i% col\r2 ! ftus is compos$ ( small] gre5i% globules4 ,x becomes :it] & bright] ) age1 moves sl[ly r\nd its axis1 & may be p]ceiv$ by ! nak$ eye4 ,b to ! microscope ! sup]ficies ( ?is pellucid membrane appe>s cov]$ ) molecules1 z if x 7 granulat$1 :i* has occasion$ "s obs]v]s to imag9e x to be hairy2 ! r\nd pellucid molecules t are fix$ 9 ! c5t] are g5]ally l>ge/ 9 ^? t are "y4 ,! ext]ior molecules may be wip$ (f1 leav+ ! membrane nak$4 ,:5 ! "y ones are ( a prop] size1 ! membrane op5s1 & !y pass ?r\gh ! fissure2 aft] ?is ! "m melts away4 ,!y sometimes *ange _! sph]ical figure1 ! sup]ficies be+ flatt5$ 9 diff]5t places4 ,mo/ au?ors speak ( f9d+ eight less] globules )9 ! l>g]2 b ,mll] says1 t he has c\nt$ ?irty or =ty ( diff]5t sizes4 ,?is wond]ful capsulate situation ( its prog5y is well kn[n2 inde$ x (t5 exhibits itself big ) *ildr5 & gr&-*ildr54 ,leeuw5hoeck 0 ! fir/ :o notic$ ?is curi\s animalculum1 & depict$ x2 a circum/ance :i* has n be5 m5tion$ by ,bak] & o!r microscopic writ]s1 :o h describ$ x4 ,x may be f\nd 9 great pl5ty 9 /agnant wat]s 9 spr+ & summ]1 & 9 infusions ( hemp-se$ & tremella4 ,bak] describes x z foll[s3 ,?is s+ul> m9ute wat] animal1 se5 be=e ! microscope1 appe>s to be exactly globul>1 )\t ei!r head1 tail1 or f9s4 ,x moves 9 all directions1 =w>ds or backw>ds1 up or d[n1 roll+ ov] & ov] l a b[l1 sp9n+ horizontally l a top1 or glid+ along smoo?ly )\t turn+ itself at all4 ,sometimes its motions are v sl[1 at o!r times v swift2 & :5 x pleases1 x c turn r\nd z ^u an axis v nimbly1 )\t mov+ out ( its place4 ,! body is transp>5t1 except :]e ! circul> spots are plac$1 :i* are probably its "y4 ,! surface ( ! body 9 "s is z x 7 dott$ all ov] ) little po9ts1 & 9 o!rs1 z if granulat$ l %agre54 ,bak] ?\ght also t 9 g5]al x appe>$ z if x 0 set r\nd ) %ort moveable hairs4 ,by ano!r writ] !y are ?us describ$3 ,^! animalcula are at fir/ v small1 b gr[ s l>ge z to be disc]n$ ) ! nak$ eye2 !y are ( a yell[i% gre5 col\r1 globul> figure1 & 9 sub/ance membranace\s & transp>5t4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ?is sub/ance sev]al small globes may be p]ceiv$2 ea* ( ^! are small] animalcula1 :i* h also _! diaphan\s membrane1 & conta9 )9 !mselves /ill small] g5]ations1 :i* may be di/+ui%$ by ! assi/ance ( v p[]ful glasses4 ,! l>g] globules may be se5 to escape f ! p>5t1 & !n increase 9 size1 z has be5 already obs]v$4 #bb4 ,,volvox ,,morum4 ,v4 membranaceus orbicul>is1 c5tro moleculis sphricis viridibus4 ,membranace\s orbicul>1 ) sph]ical gre5 molecules 9 ! c5t]4 ,?is animalculum has "s resemblance to ! volvox uva1 b is suffici5tly di/+ui%$ by ! surr\nd+ bright orbicul> membrane3 ! middle "p is full ( cle> gre5 globules4 ,! globules seldom move1 ?\gh a quiv]+ motion may sometimes be p]ceiv$ at ! c5t]4 ,x has a sl[ rotatory motion1 & is f\nd among/ ! lemna1 9 ! mon?s ( ,octob] & ,decemb]4 #bc4 ,,volvox ,,uva4 ,v4 globosus1 moleculis sphricis viresc5tibus nudis4 ,globul> volvox1 compos$ ( gre5 sph]ical globules1 :i* are n inclos$ 9 a common membrane4 ,?is animalculum seems to be a k9d ( m$ium betwe5 ! volvox pilula1 ,no4 #af1 & ! gonium pectorale1 ,no4 #aad1 be+1 l ! "o1 compos$ ( gre5 sph]ules1 & 9 =m1 resembl+ ! o!r4 ,x consi/s ( a cong]ies ( equal globules ( a gre5i% col\r1 ) a bright spot 9 ! middle2 ! :ole mass is sometimes ( a sph]ical =m1 sometimes oval1 )\t any common membrane2 a k9d ( halo may be p]ceiv$ r\nd x1 b :e!r ?is is occasion$ by ! motion ( any invisible hairs has n be5 discov]$4 ,! mass g5]ally moves f "r to left1 & f left to "r2 sc>ce any motion c be discov]$ 9 ! globules !mselves4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 ! mon? ( ,augu/1 9 wat] :]e ! lemna polyrrhiza 0 gr[+4 ,two masses ( ^! globules h be5 se5 jo9$ toge!r4 ,!y conta9 f f\r to fifty ( ! globules1 ( :i* a solit>y "o may n[ & !n be f\nd4 #bd4 ,,volvox ,,vegetans4 ,v4 ramulis simplicibus et di*itomis1 rosula globul>i t]m9atis4 ,a volvox ) simple di*itom\s bran*es1 t]m9at+ 9 a little bun* ( globules4 ,x consi/s ( a numb] ( floccose opake bran*es1 :i* are invisible to ! nak$ eye2 at ! apex ( ^! !re is a little cong]ies ( v m9ute oval pellucid corpuscles4 ,mll] at fir/ ?\ght x to be a species ( microscopic & riv] s]tul>ia2 b aft]w>ds he f\nd ! bun*es quitt+ ! bran*es1 & swimm+ ab\t 9 ! wat] ) a prop] spontane\s motion4 ,_m old bran*es 7 f\nd des]t$ ( _! globules1 :ile ! y\ng] bran*es 7 furni%$ ) !m4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 riv] wat] 9 ,novemb] #aggi & #aghj4 ,,iv4 ,,en*elis4 ,v]mis inconspicuus1 simplicissimus1 cyl9draceus4 ,an invisible1 simple1 cyl9dric worm4 #be4 ,,en*elis ,,viridis4 ,e4 subcyl9drica1 antice oblique truncata4 ,gre5 en*elis1 ( a subcyl9dric figure1 ! =e-"p truncat$4 ,?is is an opake gre51 subcyl9dric animalculum1 ) an obtuse tail1 ! =e-"p t]m9at+ 9 an acute truncat$ angle2 ! inte/9es obscure & indi/9ct4 ,x is cont9ually v>y+ 9 its motion1 turn+ f "r to left4 #bf4 ,,en*elis ,,punctif]a4 ,e4 viridis1 subcyl9dracea1 antice obtusa1 po/ice acum9ata1 ,plate ,,xxv4 ,fig4 #h4 ,gre5 en*elis1 subcyl9dric1 ! =e-"p obtuse1 ! h9d] "p po9t$4 ,x is an opake animalculum1 ( a gre5 col\r2 !re is a small pellucid spot 9 ! =e-"p a1 9 :i* two black po9ts may be se52 a k9d ( d\ble b&1 c c1 crosses ! middle ( ! body4 ,! h9d] "p is pellucid & po9t$2 an incision is discov]$ at ! apex ( ! =e-"p1 :i* seems to be ! m\?4 ,:5 9 motion1 ! :ole ( x appe>s opake & gre54 ,x is f\nd 9 m>%es4 #bg4 ,,en*elis ,,deses4 ,e4 viridis1 cyl9drica1 subacum9ata gelat9osa4 ,gre51 cyl9drical1 gelat9\s1 ! end some:at po9t$4 ,! body is r\nd1 ! col\r a v d>k gre51 s t x is q opake2 ! =e-"p is bluntly r\nd$ (f1 ! h9d]-"p is some:at tap]+1 b f9i%es ) a r\nd$ end4 ,f its opacity1 no int]nal p>ts c be discov]$2 !re is a degree ( transp>5cy ne> ! ends4 ,x is exce$+ idle1 mov+ v sl[ly2 to be f\nd1 ?\gh r>ely1 9 an infusion ( lemn4 #bh4 ,,en*elis ,,similis4 ,e4 obovato opaca1 int]aneis mobilibus4 ,en*elis1 ( an egg-%ape1 opake ) moveable inte/9es4 ,x is an opake body1 ) a pellucid m>g92 bo? extremities are obtuse1 b ! upp] "o mu* m s ?an ! "u "o2 x is fill$ ) moveable sph]ules4 ,its motion is g5]ally quick1 ei!r to ! "r or ! left2 x is probably furni%$ ) hairs1 because1 :5 mov+ rapidly1 ! m>g9 appe>s /riat$4 ,x is f\nd 9 wat] t has be5 kept = mon?s4 #bi4 ,,en*elis ,,s]ot9a4 ,e4 ovato cyl9dracea1 int]aneis immobilibus4 ,en*elis p>tly oval1 p>tly cyl9drical1 ! int]ior p>ts immoveable4 ,an oval animalculum1 r\nd ! =e-"p small] ?an ! h9d-"p1 ! m>g9 ( a black col\r2 x is replete ) grey vesicul> molecules1 & moves sl[ly4 #cj4 ,,en*elis ,,nebulosa4 ,e4 ovato-cyl9dracea1 int]aneis manife/is mobilibus4 ,oval & cyl9dric en*elis1 ) visible moveable inte/9es4 ,! body is %ap$ l an egg1 ! =e-"p n>r[1 & (t5 fill$ ) opake confus$ inte/9es2 9 mov+1 x elevates ! =e-"p ( ! body4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! same wat] z ! cyclidium glaucoma1 ,no4 #hf1 b is ?ree times its size1 & consid]ably m sc>ce4 #ca4 ,,en*elis ,,sem9ulum4 ,e4 cyl9dracea qualis4 ,en*elis equally cyl9dric4 ,x is a cyl9drical animalculum1 twice z long z x is broad1 ! =e & h9d-"p ( ! same size2 ! inte/9es 9 ! =e-"p are pellucid1 ^? 9 ! h9d]-"p obscure4 ,x moves by asc5d+ & desc5d+ alt]nately4 ,x may be se5 sometimes swimm+ ab\t ) ! extremities jo9$ toge!r4 ,f\nd 9 wat] t has be5 kept = "s days4 #cb4 ,,en*elis ,,int]m$ia4 ,e4 cyl9dracea1 hyal9a1 m>g9e nigricante4 ,cyl9drical en*elis1 transp>5t1 ) a blacki% m>g94 ,?is animalculum =ms an int]m$iate k9d betwe5 ! monas punctum1 ! en*elis sem9ulum1 & ! cyclidium milium4 ,x is "o ( ! smalle/ among ! animalcula4 ,! body is transp>5t1 x has no visible inte/9es1 ! =e & h9d-"p are ( an equal size1 ! edge ( a deep] col\r ?an ! re/ ( ! body2 a po9t is to be se5 9 ! middle ( "s ( !m2 9 o!rs1 x is z if a l9e pass$ ?r\gh ! middle4 #cc4 ,,en*elis ,,ovulum4 ,e4 cyl9drico-ovato hyal9a4 ,egg-%ap$ transp>5t en*elis4 ,a transp>5t1 r\nd1 egg-%ap$ animalculum2 no?+ is discov]$ )9side1 ev5 by ! ?ird magnifi]2 b1 ) an increas$ p[]1 "s long fold+s may be se5 on ! sup]ficies1 & "h & !re a few bright molecules4 #cd4 ,,en*elis ,,pirum4 ,e4 inv]se conica1 po/ice hyal9a4 ,pe>-=m en*elis1 ! h9d]-"p transp>5t4 ,?is en*elis is lively & pellucid1 ! =e-"p is protub]ant1 & fill$ ) molecules1 ! h9d]-"p small] & empty2 x has moveable molecul> inte/9es4 ,its motion is rapid1 pass+ backw>ds & =w>ds ?r\gh ! diamet] ( ! drop4 ,:5 at re/1 x seems to h a little swell+1 or tub]cle1 on ! middle ( ! body4 #ce4 ,,en*elis ,,tremula4 ,e4 ovato-cyl9dracea1 gelat9a4 ,oval en*elis1 cyl9drical1 gelat9\s4 ,?is is also to be plac$ among/ ! mo/ m9ute animalcula2 ! end ( x is r po9t$1 & has a tremul\s motion2 x almo/ induces "o to ?9k x has a tail4 ,two ( ^! little creatures may at times be p]ceiv$ to adh]e toge!r4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 an infusion ) ! p>amcia aurelia1 ,no4 #ic1 & _m o!r animalcula4 #cf4 ,,en*elis ,,con/ricta4 ,e4 obovata1 cry/all9a1 m$io co>ctata4 ,sub-oval en*elis1 cry/all9e1 ) a /ricture 9 ! middle4 ,an animalculum ( an oval %ape1 ! middle "p drawn 91 z if a /r+ 0 ti$ r\nd x4 ,x is ( a v small size1 & is f\nd 9 salt wat]4 #cg4 ,,en*elis ,,pulvisculus4 ,e4 elliptica1 int]aneorum cong]ie viridi4 ,( an elliptic %ape1 ) a cong]ies ( gre5 inte/9es4 ,x is a r\nd animalculum1 pellucid1 ! =e-"p obtuse1 ! h9d-"p r %>p1 m>k$ ) gre5 spots2 myriads may sometimes be se5 w&]+ ab\t 9 "o drop2 x is f\nd among ! gre5 matt] on ! sides ( ! vessels 9 :i* wat] has be5 kept = "s "t4 #ch4 ,,en*elis ,,fusus4 ,e4 cyl9dracea1 utraque extremitate angu/iore truncata4 ,cyl9drical en*elis1 bo? ends truncat$4 ,! body is r\nd & transp>5t1 ! =e & h9d-"p small] ?an ! re/ ( ! body1 & equally s1 ! ends a little truncat$4 ,9 ! inside a long & some:at w9d+ inte/9e1 a sky-col\r$ bright fluid1 & "s black molecules transv]sely situat$1 may be disc]n$4 ,! motions ( ?is animalculum are languid2 x 0 f\nd 9 pure wat]4 #ci4 ,,en*elis ,,fritillus4 ,a cyl9dric en*elis1 ! =e-"p truncat$4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ transp>5t animalcula2 ! h9d]-"p ( an obtuse convexity1 ! =e-"p truncat$4 ,mll] suspects t !re is a rotatory organ 9 ! =e-"p4 ,no inte/9es c be se54 ,x runs backw>ds & =w>ds ?r\gh ! drop 9 a diametrical l9e1 ) a wav]+ motion2 sometimes turns r\nd = a mom5t1 b pres5tly ent]s on its usual c\rse4 ,is f\nd 9 an infusion ( grass & hay4 #dj4 ,,en*elis ,,caudata4 ,e4 elongata1 antice obtusa1 po/ice 9 caudam hyal9am att5uata1 ,plate ,,xxv4 ,fig4 #i4 ,en*elis ) a long body1 ! =e-"p obtuse1 ! h9d]-"p dim9i%+ into a k9d ( tail4 ,! body is ( a grey col\r1 pellucid1 ) globul> molecules divid$ f ea* o!r1 & disp]s$ ?r\gh ! :ole body2 ! =e-"p a1 ?ick & obtuse1 ! h9d-"p b1 cry/all9e & small1 ! end truncat$4 ,x is b seldom met )4 #da4 ,,en*elis ,,epi/omium4 ,e4 cyl9drico-elongata1 apice gracili subgloboso4 ,en*elis ) a long cyl9dric body1 ! =e-"p sl5d] & r\ndi%4 ,x is among ! small] animalcula1 ! body is cyl9drical & bright1 ! h9d]-"p obtuse1 ! =e-"p small]1 & t]m9at+ 9 a globule2 a black l9e may n[ & !n be p]ceiv$ d[n ! middle ( x4 #db4 ,,en*elis ,,gemmata4 ,e4 cyl9dracea1 s]ie globulorum duplici1 9 collum hyal9um producta4 ,en*elis ) a cyl9drical body1 ! upp] "p prolong$ into a transp>5t neck1 a d\ble s]ies ( globules runn+ d[n ! body4 ,its motion is sl[1 & g5]ally 9 a /raight l9e2 x is f\nd 9 dit*-wat] :]e ! lemna ?rives4 #dc4 ,,en*elis ,,retrograda4 ,e4 hyal9a1 antice angu/ata1 apice globul>i4 ,plate ,,xxv4 ,fig4 #aa & #ab4 ,transp>5t en*elis1 ! =e-"p r small]1 & t]m9at+ 9 a small globule4 ,x has a gelat9\s transp>5t body2 no visible inte/9es1 ?\gh a pellucid globule is discov]able ne> ! h9d]-"p2 ! body is ?icke/ 9 ! middle1 & gr[s small] t[>ds ea* end4 ,x g5]ally moves side-ways1 sometimes 9 a retrograde mann]2 & if x be ob/ruct$ 9 its motion1 draws itself up1 z x is repres5t$ at ,fig4 #aa4 #dd4 ,,en*elis ,,fe/9ans4 ,e4 cyl9drica oblonga1 obtusa1 antice hyal9a4 ,oblong cyl9drical en*elis2 ! ends obtuse1 ! =e-"p transp>5t4 ,! body is r\nd1 ( an equal size ?r\gh\t1 & bo? ends obtuse2 m ?an half ! l5g? is )\t any visible inte/9es1 ! l[] end full ( vesicul>1 pellucid1 m9ute globules2 a l>ge globul> vesicle is also to be f\nd 9 ! =e-"p2 x moves quickly f "o side to ! o!r1 9 a reel+ or /agg]+ mann]4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 sea wat]4 #de4 ,,en*elis ,,f>cim54 ,e4 cyl9dracea curvata utr9que truncata4 ,a cyl9dric en*elis1 crook$ & truncat$ at bo? ends4 ,! body ( ?is is cyl9drical1 ab\t f\r times z long z broad1 ev51 truncat$ at bo? ends1 ! inte/9es opake1 & n to be di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r2 x turns ! extremities opposite ways1 s z to =m ! figure ( an ,s4 ,x is to be f\nd 9 wat] t has /ood = "s "t1 ?\gh b seldom4 ,joblot f\nd x 9 an infusion ( corn c5taury or blue-bottle2 x moves 9 an undulatory mann]1 b v sl[ly4 #df4 ,,en*elis ,,index4 ,e4 inv]se conica1 apicis alt]o angulo producto4 ,en*elis 9 ! =m ( an inv]t$ cone1 "o edge ( ! apex produc$ out s z to =m an angle ) ! o!r "p4 ,! body r opake1 ( a grey col\r1 & ( a long conical figure2 ! l[] end obtuse1 ! =e-"p ?ick1 "o side ( ?is "p project+ l a f+] f ! edge2 two v small projections proce$ also sometimes f ! l[] end4 ,?is animalculum has ! p[] ( retract+ ^! projections1 & mak+ bo? ends appe> obtuse4 ,x moves ab\t b sl[ly1 & 0 f\nd 9 wat] ) ! lemna m9or1 or lea/ ducks-meat4 #dg4 ,,en*elis ,,truncus4 ,e4 cyl9drica1 subcapitata4 ,plate ,,xxv4 ,fig4 #aj4 ,cyl9drical en*elis ) a k9d ( head4 ,?is is ! l>ge/ ( ?is k9d ( animalcula2 ! body is cyl9drical1 mucose1 grey1 long & r opake1 ! =e-"p globul>1 ! h9d-"p obtuse4 ,some?+ l ?ree-tee?1 c1 may be sometimes se5 to proce$ f "o ( ! sides2 x c alt] its %ape consid]ably4 ,globules ( diff]5t sizes may be se5 )9 ! body4 ,x rolls ab\t sl[ly f "r to left4 #dh4 ,,en*elis ,,l>va4 ,e4 elongata1 m$io papillula utr9que notata4 ,a long en*elis1 ) two little nipples project+ f ! middle ( ! body1 "o on ea* side4 ,x is long1 r\nd1 & fill$ ) grey molecules2 ! =e-"p is obtuse & pellucid2 a k9d ( neck or small contraction is =m$ at "s little di/ance f ?is end4 ,! l[] "p po9t$2 ab\t ! middle ( ! body !re are two small projections4 #di4 ,,en*elis ,,spatula4 ,e4 cyl9drica /riata1 apice hyal9o spatulata4 ,a cyl9drical /riat$ en*elis1 ! =e-"p transp>5t1 & ( ! %ape ( a spatula4 ,?is animalculum is p]fectly cyl9drical1 v pellucid1 ( a cry/all9e appe>ance2 x is m>k$ ) v f9e longitud9al furr[s1 & has g5]ally two transp>5t globules1 "o plac$ bel[ ! middle1 ! o!r ne> ! extremity ( ! body2 on ! o!r side are five small] ones1 :i* are oval4 ,! top is dilat$1 ) ! corn]s r\nd$ l ! spatula1 or in/rum5t = spread+ plai/]s4 ,x has a wav]+ k9d ( motion1 fold+ ! spatula v>i\sly1 yet reta9+ its g5]al =m4 ,mll] m5tions 8 see+ x once draw ! spatula into ! body1 & keep x !re = two h\rs1 :5 x aga9 appe>$4 #ej4 ,,ex*elis ,,pupula4 ,a cyl9dric en*elis1 ! =e-"p papill>y4 ,! =e-"p is protub]antly r\nd1 & r opake1 ! h9d-"p pellucid1 bo? extremities obtuse1 furni%$ ) a papill>y f+]-%ap$ head1 ! h9d] "p m>k$ ) a transp>5t circle1 or circul> ap]ture4 ,! =e-"p fill$ up ) moveable molecules1 :i* are m sc>ce 9 ! h9d]-"p4 ,x has a rotatory motion on a longitud9al axis1 & moves ?r\gh ! wat] 9 an oblique direction4 ,x is to be f\nd 9 dunghill wat] 9 ,novemb] & ,decemb]4 #ea4 ,,en*elis ,,pupa4 ,e4 v5tricoso cyl9drica1 apice 9 papillam producta4 ,en*elis =m+ a k9d ( v5tricose cyl9d]1 ) a small nipple proce$+ f ! apex4 ,x is n unlike ! prec$+ animalculum1 b is mu* l>g]2 ! ant]ior end n s obtuse1 ! nipple gradually =m$ f ! =e-"p1 all b ?is end is opake1 & fill$ ) obscure p>ticles3 x has no transp>5t circle1 z 0 obs]v$ 9 ! en*elis pupula4 ,its motion is exce$+ sl[4 ,v4 ,,vibrio4 ,v]mis inconspicuus1 simplicissimus1 t]es1 elongatus4 ,an invisible worm1 v simple1 r\nd1 & r long4 #eb4 ,,vibrio ,,l9eola4 ,v4 l9e>is m9utissimus4 ,v small l9e> vibrio4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ m9ute animalcula1 surpass+ 9 sl5d]ness ! monas t]mo1 ,no4 #a4 ,! greate/ magnifi] exhibits little m ?an a tremul\s motion ( myriads ( little oblong obscure po9ts4 ,9 a few days x almo/ fills ! :ole sub/ance ( ! wat] 9 vegetable infusions4 #ec4 ,,vibrio ,,rugula4 ,v4 l9e>is flexuosus4 ,vibrio l a b5t l9e4 ,myriads ( ?is species may be f\nd2 x is betwe5 ! vibrio l9eola1 j describ$1 & ! vibrio undula1 ,no4 #ee4 ,x appe>s z a little l9e1 :i* is sometimes drawn up 9 an undulat$ %ape1 & moves backw>ds & =w>ds 9 a /raight l9e1 (t5 )\t b5d+ ! body at all4 #ed4 ,,vibrio ,,bacillus4 ,v4 l9e>is1 qualis utr9que truncata4 ,l9e> vibrio1 equally truncat$ at bo? ends4 ,?is is an exce$+ small creature1 b visible ) ! ?ird l5s2 9 a c]ta9 position ( ! light1 transp>5t4 ,x is gelat9\s1 & n half s l>ge z ! monas l5s1 ,no4 #e1 ?\gh six1 & sometimes t5 times long]2 x is ev]y:]e ( an equal size1 & has no visible inte/9es2 its action is languid1 ! s]p5t9e flexures ( ! body are ) great difficulty p]ceiv$4 ,mll] made two infusions ( hay 9 ! same wat]1 & at ! same "t1 9 ! "o he put ! hay :ole1 9 ! o!r x 0 cut 9 small pieces2 9 ! fir/ !re 7 none ( ! vibrio bacillus1 b _m ( ! monas l5s & kolpoda cucullus1 ,no4 #ajh2 9 ! latt]1 _m ( ! vibrio bacillus1 & few ( ! mon4 #ee4 ,,vibrio ,,undula4 ,v4 fili=mis flexuosus4 ,a fili=m flexu\s vibrio4 ,a p]fect undulat+ little l9e1 r\nd1 gelat9\s1 )\t any visible inte/9es4 ,x is nev] /raight2 :5 at re/ x resembles ! lett] ,v1 :5 9 motion ! lett] ,m1 or a b5d+ l9e l t :i* geese =m 9 _! flight ?r\gh ! air2 its motions are s rapid1 t ! eye c sc>ce foll[ !m4 ,x g5]ally re/s ^u ! top ( ! wat]1 sometimes x fixes itself obliquely by "o extremity1 & :irls itself r\nd4 ,?is is ! little creature t ,leeuw5hoeck says exce$s 9 sl5d]ness ! tail ( ! animalculum sem9ale1 :i* he has describ$ 9 ,fig4 #e1 ,epis4 ,phys4 #da1 be+ an hundr$ times less ?an a mu/>d-se$1 & on :i* he makes ! foll[+ v j obs]vation3 ,t z ^! v small animalcula c contract & v>i\sly fold _! little tails1 we mu/ conclude t t5dons & muscles are z necess>y to !m z to o!r animals2 if to ^! we add ! organs ( s5sation1 & ^? ( ! inte/9es1 ! m9d is lo/ 9 ! a/oni%m5t :i* arises f ! impression ( inf9ite1 9 ! indef9itely small4 #ef4 ,,vibrio ,,s]p5s4 ,v4 fili=mis1 ambagibus 9 angulum obtusum productis4 ,a fili=m vibrio1 ! w9d+s or flexures obtuse4 ,a sl5d] gelat9\s little animal1 9 ! =m ( a long s]p5t9e l9e1 all ! b5d+s be+ ne>ly equal 9 size1 & at equal di/ances2 x g5]ally moves 9 a /raight l9e2 an inte/9e may be discov]$ d[n ! middle4 ,x is to be f\nd 9 riv] wat]1 b is n commonly to be met )4 #eg4 ,,vibrio ,,spirillum4 ,v4 fili=mis1 ambagibus 9 angulum acutum tornatis4 ,fili=m vibrio1 twi/$ some?+ l a spiral wire or cork-screw1 ! b5d+ acute4 ,x is an exce$+ m9ute1 s+ul> creature1 twi/$ 9 a spiral =m2 ! %ape ( ^! b5d+s rema9s ! same ev5 :5 ! animal is 9 motion1 n occasion$ by any int]nal =ce1 b are its natural %ape4 ,x moves g5]ally 9 a /raight l9e1 vibrat+ ! h9d & =e-p>ts4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 #aghb1 9 an infusion ( ! son*us arv5sis1 or corn s[-?i/le4 #eh4 ,,vibrio ,,v]miculus4 ,v4 tortuosus gelat9us4 ,?is little vibrio is twi/$ & gelat9\s4 ,! body is :ite1 or r ( a milky appe>ance1 cyl9dric1 long1 ! apex obtuse1 r gr[+ small]1 & twi/$ t[>ds ! h9d-"p4 ,its motion is languid & undulatory1 l t ( ! common worm2 x sometimes moves quick]1 b ) seem+ lab\r4 ,:5 x b5ds itself alt]nately f "o side to ! o!r1 a black long l9e may be discov]$1 sometimes :ole1 sometimes brok53 :5 at re/1 x occasionally twi/s into v>i\s folds4 ,x may be obs]v$ easily ) ! fir/ l5s ( ! s+le microscope1 & is probably ! same animalculum m5tion$ by ,leeuw5hoeck 9 all 8 works1 z f\nd 9 ! dung ( frogs1 & 9 ! spawn ( ! male libellula4 ,x is to be f\nd 9 m>%y wat] 9 ,novemb]1 ?\gh b seldom4 #ei4 ,,vibrio ,,inte/9um4 ,v4 gelat9osus1 t]es1 antice angu/atus4 ,?is vibrio is gelat9\s1 r\nd1 ! =e-"p small4 ,x is cyl9dric1 milk-col\r$1 & sl5d] t[>ds ! top1 bo? ends obtuse2 no traces ( inte/9es to be discov]$1 ?\gh f\r or five sph]ical eggs are p]ceiv$ at ! extremity ( ! h9d-"p4 ,x c draw ! =e-"p s mu* inw>ds z to give x a truncat$ & dilat$ appe>ance1 some?+ l a spatula4 ,its motion is sl[ & progressive4 ,x is f\nd 9 m>%y wat]s4 #fj4 ,,vibrio ,,bipunctatus4 ,v4 l9e>is1 qualis1 utraque extremitate truncata1 globulis b9is m$iis4 ,l9e> vibrio1 ( an equal size ?r\gh\t1 bo? ends truncat$1 & two small globules 9 ! middle ( ! body4 ,x is ( a small size1 & r less ?an ! foll[+ animalculum2 ! body is ( a pellucid talc-l appe>ance1 ! =e & h9d-"p truncat$2 9 ! middle are two 7sometimes !re is only "o7 pellucid globules1 plac$ l5g?wise4 ,x mo/ commonly moves =w>d 9 a /raight l9e2 its movem5ts are sl[4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 fetid salt wat]4 #fa4 ,,vibrio ,,tripunctatus4 ,v4 l9e>is1 utr9que att5uatus1 globulis tribus1 extremis m9oribus4 ,l9e> vibrio1 bo? ! ends small] ?an ! middle1 furni%$ ) ?ree globul> po9ts1 ! two :i* are at ! extremities be+ small] ?an t at ! middle4 ,! body is pellucid1 talky1 ea* ( ! ends r tap]+1 furni%$ ) ?ree pellucid globules1 ! middle "o is ! l>ge/2 ! space betwe5 ^! globules is g5]ally fill$ ) a gre5 matt]2 9 "s !re is no?+ ( ! gre5 sub/ance ne> ! extremities1 b only ab\t ! middle4 ,x seldom moves f>1 & !n its motion is rectil9e>1 backw>ds & =w>ds4 #fb4 ,,vibrio ,,paxilif]4 ,v4 flavesc5s paleis greg>iis multif>iam ord9atis4 ,plate ,,xxv4 ,fig4 #ac1 #ad1 #ae4 ,yell[1 greg>i\s1 /raw-l vibrio4 ,?is is a wond]ful animalculum1 or r a cong]ies ( animalcula4 ,x is invisible to ! nak$ eye1 & consi/s ( a transp>5t membrane1 ) yell[ inte/9es1 & two or ?ree visible po9ts2 !y are g5]ally f\nd collect$ toge!r 9 diff]5t p>cels1 f sev5 to =ty 9 numb]1 & rang$ 9 a v>iety ( =ms1 sometimes 9 a /raight l9e1 z 9 ,fig4 #ad1 !n =m+ ! concave ,figure #ac1 at o!rs1 mov+ 9 a zig-zag direction1 z 9 ,fig4 #ae2 :5 at re/ !y are g5]ally 9 a quadrangul> =m1 & f\nd 9 great pl5ty ) ! ulva latissima1 or br[n lav]4 ,z ?is animalculum seems to h "s aff9ity ) ! hair-l animal ( ,bak]1 ,i ?9k ! read] w be bett] pleas$ to see 8 description ( x introduc$ 9 ?is place1 ?an to h x rais$ into a new & di/9ct species4 ,?is little animal is extremely sl5d]1 & n uncommonly "o-hundr$ & fifty times long] ?an broad4 ,its resemblance to an hair induc$ ,bak] to call x ! hair-l insect4 ,! body or middle "p1 :i* is ne>ly /raight1 appe>s 9 "s compos$ ( su* p>allel r+s z ! w9dpipe ( l& animals consi/s (1 b seems 9 o!rs scal$1 or r made up ( r+s t obliquely cross ea* o!r4 ,its two ends are b5t or hook$1 pretty ne>ly 9 ! same degree1 b 9 a direction contr>y ea* to ! o!r2 & z no eyes c be disc]n$1 x is difficult to judge :i* is ! head or tail4 ,its progressive motion diff]s f t ( all animals hi!rto describ$2 =1 not)/&+ ! body is compos$ ( _m r+s & jo9ts1 x seems unable to b5d !m1 or move directly =w>ds2 b :5 x is incl9able to *ange its qu>t]s1 x c move f "r to left1 or left to "r1 & proce$ at ! same "t backw>ds or =w>ds obliquely2 & ?is x p]=ms by turn+ ^u "o end z a c5t]1 & describ+ ) ! o!r ! qu>t] ( a circle2 !n x does ! same ) ! o!r end1 & s alt]nately2 :]eby its progression is 9 a diagonal l9e1 or f corn] to corn]4 ,( ?is any "o may imm$iately be satisfi$1 :o w take ! tr\ble ( %ift+ ! po9ts ( a pair ( compasses 9 t mann]4 ,all its motions are extremely sl[1 & require mu* pati5ce & att5tion 9 ! obs]v]4 ,x has nei!r feet1 f9s1 nor hairs1 b appe>s p]fectly smoo? & transp>5t1 ) ! head b5d+ "o way1 & ! tail ano!r1 s z to be l a long ,italic ,s2 nor is any int]nal motion1 or p>ticul>ly opake "p1 to be p]ceiv$1 :i* may det]m9e "o to suppose x ei!r ! /oma*1 or ! inte/9es4 ,^! creatures are s small1 t millions ( millions might be conta9$ 9 an in* squ>e4 ,:5 view$ s+ly1 or sep>at$ f "o ano!r1 !y are exce$+ly transp>5t1 & ( a lovely gre52 b1 l all o!r transp>5t bodies1 :5 numb]s ( !m are br\ght toge!r !y become opake1 & lose _! gre5 col\r 9 proportion z ! quantity increases1 till at la/ !y appe> entirely black4 ,not)/&+ ! extreme m9ut5ess ( ^! animalcula1 !y seem to be fond ( society2 =1 on view+ = "s "t a p>cel ( !m tak5 up at r&om1 !y w be se5 to disp]se !mselves 9 a k9d ( regul> ord]4 ,if a multitude ( !m be put into a j> ( wat]1 !y w =m !mselves into a regul> body1 & asc5d sl[ly to ! top1 :]e1 aft] !y h rema9$ "s "t expos$ to ! air1 _! gre5 col\r *anges to a beautiful sky-blue4 ,:5 !y are we>y ( ?is situation1 !y =m !mselves into a k9d ( rope1 :i* sl[ly desc5ds z l[ z !y int5d4 ,a small quantity ( ! sub/ance conta9+ ^! creatures hav+ be5 put into a j> ( wat]1 x s happ5$1 t "o "p desc5d$ imm$iately to ! bottom1 ! o!r cont9u+ to float on ! surface4 ,aft] "s "t1 ea* ( ^! sw>ms ( animalcula exhibit$ a disposition to *ange its qu>t]s4 ,bo? armies1 !re=e1 set out at ! same "t1 ! "o proce$+ upw>ds1 & ! o!r d[nw>ds2 s t aft] "s h\rs j\rney !y met 9 ! middle4 ,a desire ( kn[+ h[ !y w\ld conduct !mselves on ?is occasion1 engag$ ! obs]v] to wat* !m c>efully2 & to 8 surprize1 he saw ! army t 0 m>*+ upw>ds op5 to ! "r & left1 to make room = ^? t 7 desc5d+4 ,?us )\t confusion or int]mixture ea* held on its way1 ! asc5d+ army m>*+ 9 two columns to ! top1 & ! o!r proce$+ 9 "o column to ! bottom1 z if ea* _h be5 "u ! direction ( wise lead]s4 #fc4 ,,vibrio ,,lunula4 ,v4 arcuatus1 utraque extremitate quali4 ,plate ,,xxv4 ,fig4 #af4 ,b[-%ap$ vibrio1 bo? ends ( an equal size4 ,! body resembles mu* ! %ape ( ! moon at ! fir/ qu>t]2 x is ( a gre5 col\r1 & has g5]ally f sev5 to t5 globules dispos$ l5g?wise2 ! small] ones are ( a v pale col\r1 a pale gre5 vacuity may sometimes be se5 9 ! middle3 "s little v>ieties may be obs]v$ among/ !m1 :i* are n easily to be describ$2 x w be en\gh to h giv5 ! read] _! g5]al & di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics4 #fd4 ,,vibrio ,,v]m9us4 ,v4 l9e>is compressus1 antice quam po/ice angu/ior4 ,l9e> compress$ vibrio1 ! =e-"p n>r[] ?an ! h9d-"p4 ,a r\nd transp>5t animalculum1 or r a long cry/all9e membrane1 ! h9d-"p broad] ?an ! =e-"p1 ! apex subtruncat$1 ! base obtuse1 no p]ceptible inte/9es2 9 ! middle are two sph]ical vesicules1 & a ?ird t[>ds ! l[] edge4 ,x moves quickly backw>ds & =w>ds ) an undulatory motion2 !y seem to be jo9$ 9 a v s+ul> mann]1 & 7 f\nd 9 great pl5ty 9 salt wat] t _h be5 kept sev]al days1 till x became fetid4 #fe4 ,,vibrio ,,mall,,u4 ,v4 l9e>is basi globuli1 apice l9ea transv]sa4 ,a l9e> vibrio1 ) a globule at ! base1 & transv]se l9e at ! apex4 ,?is is a :ite pellucid animalculum1 resembl+ ! lett] ,t1 ) a globule affix$ to ! base4 ,x is 9 motion & at re/ e mom5t alt]nately2 9 ! =m] case1 x resembles ! lett] ,v2 9 ! latt]1 ! lett] ,t4 ,!y are f\nd pl5tifully 9 spr+ wat]4 #ff4 ,,vibrio ,,acus4 ,v4 l9e>is1 colli1 apice obtuso1 cauda setacea4 ,l9e> vibrio1 ) a neck1 ! upp] extremity obtuse1 ! l[] "o t]m9at+ 9 a setace\s tail4 ,?is vibrio is ( ! %ape ( a sew+ ne$le2 ! neck r\nd1 p>tly transp>5t1 & m>k$ 9 ! middle ) a r$ po9t2 ! trunk cyl9drical1 ! edges obscure1 ! middle bright1 & ne>ly ( a triangul> appe>ance1 ! tail resembl+ a f9e bri/le4 ,a motion may be obs]v$ 9 ! inside ( ?is little creature4 ,x does n b5d ! body :5 9 motion4 #fg4 ,,vibrio ,,sagitta4 ,v4 subl9e>is1 colli1 apice truncato atro1 cauda setacea4 ,some:at l9e> 9 its appe>ance1 a well-m>k$ neck1 ! apex truncat$ & op51 ! tail setace\s4 ,! body is v long & flexible1 broade/ t[>ds ! middle1 :i* is also fill$ ) grey molecules2 ! =e-"p is drawn out into a /raight transp>5t neck1 ! upp] end ( x ?ick & black4 ,! motion ( ?is animalculum seems to be produc$ by ! contraction & ext5sion ( ! neck4 ,x is f\nd 9 salt wat]4 #fh4 ,,vibrio ,,gordius4 ,v4 qualis1 caud apice tub]culato4 ,vibrio ( an equal size ?r\gh\t1 ! tail t]m9at$ by a little tub]cle4 ,a r\nd animalculum2 ! =e-"p = ab\t "o-six? ( ! :ole l5g? is transp>5t1 & furni%$ ) a sky-col\r$ alim5t>y tube2 ! l[] "p is bright & po9t$1 ! middle full ( small globules2 a small knob t]m9ates ! tail4 ,f\nd 9 an infusion made ) salt wat]4 #fi4 ,,vibrio ,,s]p5tulus4 ,v4 qualis utr9que subacum9atus4 ,?is vibrio is ( an equal size1 r po9t$ at bo? ends4 ,x is v simil> to ! vibrio anguillula1 ,no4 #ga1 diff]+ pr9cipally 9 ! %ape ( ! ends1 :i* 9 ?is are furni%$ ) a long r[ ( ! mo/ m9ute po9ts4 ,x does n adh]e to objects by ! po9t$ tail4 ,! body is ( a :iti% col\r1 frequ5tly convolut$1 & drawn into diff]5t figures4 ,its motion is s]p5t9e1 sometimes to be met ) p]fectly /raight & /ill1 & is f\nd 9 infusions ( vegetables aft] "s weeks /&+4 #gj4 ,,vibrio ,,colub]4 ,v4 fili=mis1 seta caudali g5eculata4 ,fili=m vibrio1 ! tail setace\s1 & b5d+ up ne>ly to =m a "r angle ) ! body4 ,9 ?is vibrio1 ! m\?1 ! oesophagus1 ! molecules 9 ! inte/9es1 & ! twi/+ ( !m1 are v conspicu\s4 ,! tail is exce$+ small1 & b5t s z to =m a consid]able angle ) ! body4 ,x is f\nd 9 riv] wat]4 #ga4 ,,vibrio ,,anguillula4 ,v4 qualis1 subrigidus4 ,vibrio ( an equal size ?r\gh\t1 & some:at h>d4 ,?is animalculum may be divid$ into f\r v>ieties1 if n di/9ct species3 namely1 #a4 ,anguillula aceti4 #b4 ,anguillula glut9is f>9osi4 #c4 ,anguillula aqu dulcis2 & #d4 ,anguillula aqu m>94 ,^! v>ieties ,i %all fir/ describe1 toge!r ) ! eels 9 blight$ :eat1 & !n proce$ ) ! re/ ( ! vibrio4 #a4 ,,anguillula ,,aceti1 ,,or ,,v9eg> ,,eel4 ,plate ,,xi4 ,fig4 #g4 ,*aos r$ivivum1 ,l9n4 ,sy/4 ,nat4 #acbf4abd ,leeuw5hoeck ,op]a ,omn4 p4 #c1 n4 #a1 f1 l1 o4 ,joblot ,obs]v4 ,micros4 #a1 p4 #b1 pl4 #b4 ,hooke's ,micrograph1 p4 #baf1 pl4 #be1 fig4 #c4 ,borelli ,obs]v4 ,micros4 #a1 p4 #g4 ,p[]'s ,micros4 ,obs]v4 p4 #cb4 ,adams ,micrograph4 ,illu/r4 #d? edition1 p4 #abe1 pl4 #ch1 fig4 #aig1 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d4 ,rozi] ,j\rnal ,physique1 ,m>s #agge1 ,janv4 ,m>s #aggf4 ,spallanzani ,opusc4 ,phys4 "p #a1 p4 #hc4 #abd ,l9nu includes ?is & ! pa/e eel "u ! same title3--,habitat 9 aceto et glut9e bibliopegorum4 ,he adds1--,reviviscit ex aqua p] annos exsiccatum4 ,,edit4 ,?is eel is bo? ovip>\s & vivip>\s2 x is fili=m1 b 9 o!r respects diff]s consid]ably f ! pa/e eel4 ,x is long]1 n ne> s l>ge1 ! tail is small] & m tap]+2 x moves ) mu* great] ease1 & is m lively4 ,9 ! tail ( ?is eel we may obs]ve 9 m9iature1 :at may be se5 on a mu* l>g] scale 9 t ( ! vip]1 viz4 a small projection some:at resembl+ a tongue1 :i* occasionally appe>s z del9eat$ 9 ! figure at a b1 & at o!r times adh]es close to ! body4 ,an alim5t>y duct may be easily discov]$1 b no o!r inte/9es c be disc]n$1 )\t d]ang+ altoge!r ! organization ( ! animalculum4 ,! pung5t ta/e ( v9eg> 0 =m]ly attribut$ to ^! animalcula1 an op9ion :i* 0 soon explod$4 #b4 ,,anguillula ,,glut9is ,,f>9osi1 ,,or ,,pa/e ,,eel4 ,plate ,,xi4 ,fig4 #f1 #h1 #i1 & #aj4 ,*aos r$ivivum1 ,l9n4 ,sy/4 ,nat4 #acbf4 ,l$]mll] ,micros4 ,ergtzung51 p4 #cc1 tab4 #ag4 ,bak] ,micros4 made easy1 p4 #ha4 ,ibid4 ,empl4 = ! ,micros4 p4 #bdd1 pl4 #aj1 no4 #h & #i4 ,rozi] ,j\rnal ,physique1 ,m>s #agge1 ,m>s #aggf4 ,adams ,micrograph4 ,illu/r4 #d? edition1 p4 #abe1 pl4 #ch1 fig4 #agi4 ,! eels 9 pa/e h be5 m di/+ui%$ ?an mo/ o!r animalcula1 z well on acc\nt ( _! _m curi\s prop]ties1 z ! v>i\s speculations & !ories to :i* !y h giv5 rise4 ,f\r diff]5t species ( eels may be f\nd 9 pa/e2 ( ! fir/1 ,i %all n[ give a p>ticul> description4 ,! body is fili=m or l a ?read1 r\nd1 pellucid1 replete ) little gra9s 9 ! middle1 bo? extremities v pellucid & empty1 ! =e-"p a little truncat$1 ! h9d-"p t]m9at+ 9 a v %ort bri/ly po9t4 ,x is ! same ( e age & size4 ,to be c]ta9 ( procur+ ?is species ( eels1 boil "s fl[] 9 wat]1 to :i* y h add$ a few drops ( v9eg>2 provide an e>!n pot :i* has an hole at ! bottom1 & fill x ) e>?2 !n put ! pa/e 9 a piece ( co>se clo?1 & bury x 9 ?is e>?2 ! pot is to be expos$ to ! sun 9 ! summ]1 or kept 9 a w>m place 9 ! w9t]2 by ^! means 9 t5 or twelve days y w v seldom fail ( f9d+ a l>ge quantity ( eels 9 ! pa/e4 ,?is eel1 :5 at its full gr[?1 is ab\t "o-t5? ( an in* long1 & r less ?an "o-hundr$? ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,fig4 #f repres5ts "o ( ^! eels magnifi$ ab\t "o-hundr$ & tw5ty times1 only compress$ s mu* betwe5 two plates1 by means ( an adju/+ screw1 z n only to prev5t x f mov+1 b to l5g!n & flatt5 x 9 a small degree4 ,at ! upp] "p !re are two little moveable pieces or nipples1 a a1 betwe5 :i* an empty space b is =m$1 t t]m9ates 9 ! m\?2 ! h9d]-"p is r\nd1 b !re projects f x a %ort setace\s tail w2 9 ! "y eels ! t]m9ation ( ! tail is n s abrupt z 9 ! pres5t specim51 b x f9i%es by a gradual dim9ution4 ,!re is probably a v5t ne> z1 = ! passage ( ! excrem5ts2 because :5 t "p has be5 g5tly press$1 two or ?ree jets ( a v subtile sub/ance h be5 obs]v$ to issue f x4 ,if ! pressure be increas$1 a small bladd] w be =c$ out1 a fur!r compression bur/s ! bladd]1 & ! inte/9es are =c$ ?r\gh ! op5+4 ,a great] degree ( magnify+ p[] is necess>y to obta9 an exact idea ( ! visc]a ( ^! eels4 ,fig4 #aj repres5ts ! alim5t>y duct fur!r magnifi$1 f its orig9 to ! belly4 ,x is %ewn "h z sep>at$ f ! animal1 :i* is easily effect$2 = nature1 assi/$ by v little art1 p]=ms ! op]ation4 ,! oesophagus1 b c2 ,fig4 #f & #aj1 at its orig9 a a1 is v small1 b soon gr[s l>g]1 z at c1 & =ms a k9d ( oblong bag1 c d2 ! diamet] ( ?is increases till x comes to d1 :]e x swells out z at d e f2 x !n gr[s small] till x comes to g1 :5 x aga9 swells out at g k l4 ,! "p k l is ! /oma*4 ,m4 ,becli has %ewn1 t ! alim5t>y duct ( _m species ( worms is =m$ ( two bags1 "o ( :i* is inclos$ )9 ! o!r4 ,x is ! same ) ?is animalculum2 ! little vessel b c1 t we h call$ ! oesophagus1 :i* is ! orig9 ( ! bag c d1 ent]s into ! same bag1 & pres]ves its =m )9 x till x comes to m1 f :5ce x is prolong$ 9 ! =m ( a black l9e m n1 :i* passes by ! axis ( ! duct e1 & app>5tly t]m9ates itself at ! beg9n+ ( ! abdom5 l4 ,to ?is tube1 ne> ! c5t] ( ! swell+ g k l1 are fix$ two small transp>5t bodies2 t end ( ^! :i* is connect$ ) ! tube is r\nd1 ! o!r end is po9t$2 ^! small pieces _c be disc]n$ 9 e position ( ! eel4 ,i %all n[ %ew h[ ?is duct is to be =c$ out ( ! eel4 ,! body1 :5 compress$1 g5]ally bur/s ei!r at ! head or tail1 & always at t "p :i* is lea/ press$2 h5ce :5 ! mass ( fluids conta9$ 9 ! body is =c$ t[>ds ! ant]ior "p1 !y meet ) a resi/ance 9 pass+ f ! abdom5 to ! duct already describ$2 ! abdom51 be+ =c$ by ! fluids :i* are made to act aga9/ x1 bur/s at ! upp] end1 & ! fluids1 /rik+ aga9/ ! neck1 =ce x1 ) all its cont5ts1 out ( ! body1 ?r\gh an op5+ at ! ant]ior "p2 on less5+ ! pressure1 ! inte/9e ?us dis*>g$ w float 9 ! wat] betwe5 ! two plates ( glass4 ,n to ent] into a detail ( ^? p>ts :i* h be5 suppos$ by "s writ]s to con/itute ! he>t1 c4 ( ^! m9ute animalcula1 x w be suffici5t "h to describe ^? 9 :i* motion may be discov]$1 & to leave ! re/ to future obs]vations on ! subject4 ,! p>ts :i* may be se5 9 motion )9 ^! m9ute creatures are1 #a4 ! small tube or duct1 f its orig9 at m1 to ! two app5dages2 #b4 ^! app5dages !mselves1 h2 #c4 ! rema9d] ( ! tube1 f ! app5dages to ! ins]tion at ! v5tricle k2 #d4 9 ! swell+ g k l4 ,! re/ ( ?is duct1 f ! beg9n+ by ! oesophagus b c1 to ! second swell+1 has no motion4 ,!re is a v>iety 9 ! motions ( ! fir/ "p ( ?is duct1 sometimes x dilates & contracts1 at o!r times x has an oscillatory motion4 ,x is difficult to ga9 a good view ( ! app5dages2 b :5 ! position ( ! little creature is fav\rable1 !y seem to h a two-fold motion1 by :i* ! po9t$ ends approa* to1 & !n sep>ate f1 ea* o!r1 & ano!r by :i* !y move up & d[n4 ,! "p g k l moves backw>ds & =w>ds alt]nately2 ! motion ( ea* ( ^! p>ts is indep5d5t ( ! re/4 ,^! are ! pr9cipal p>ts1 ^: motion is connect$ ) ! life ( ! animal4 ,! o!r visc]a t are conta9$ 9 ! body ( ! eel1 & :i* may be obs]v$ by ! aid ( ! microscope1 are1 ! vessels :i* conta9 ! food1 ^? :i* are fill$ ) a transp>5t sub/ance1 & ! womb or ov>y4 ,! fir/ =m ! abdom5 & inte/9es2 ^! are fill$ ) a black sub/ance1 :i* prev5ts _! be+ prop]ly & cle>ly di/+ui%$2 ^! vessels1 9 _! passage ?r\gh ! po/]ior "p ( ! body1 =m an empty space1 9 :i* we may p]ceive t "o side ( ! animalculum is occupi$ by ! ov>y q q q1 :i* runs f j to u x2 x is at ^! two extremities ( ! ov>ies t ! eggs beg9 to be =m$1 = ! l>ge/ eggs are always to be f\nd 9 ! middle1 & ! smalle/ at ! ends1 z may be se5 at j f & u x4 ,all ! eels :i* be> eggs h two protub]ances1 y y1 =m$ on ! ext]ior "p ne> ! c5t] ( ! ov>y2 x appe>s l a transp>5t semicircul> membrane1 b is really a k9d ( h]nia or bag1 9 :i* "o or two eggs may be sometimes se52 all ! l>g] eels h ?is app5dage1 :i* also be>s ! m>ks ( hav+ be5 bur/4 ,n[1 z ! y\ng] eels h n ?is app5dage1 nor any m>ks ( a rupture1 we may reasonably conclude t x is f h5ce t ! little eels issue f ! p>5t4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ! ye>1 & dur+ ! w9t]1 ^! eels are ovip>\s1 & ! "y eels may be se5 to proce$ f ! egg2 at o!r times !y are vivip>\s2 six live eels h be5 se5 at "o "t 9 ! belly ( ! p>5t1 tw5ty-two eggs h be5 c\nt$ 9 ! ov>y4 ,mll] suspect$ t !re 0 a diff]5ce ( sex 9 "s ( ^! animalcula1 b x 0 left to ,m4 ,r(fr$i to af=d ! pro(1 & x 0 only f a v>iety ( repeat$ obs]vations t he c\ld all[ himself to be conv9c$ ( ?is tru?4 ,he cont9u$ 8 rese>*es ^u ! same subject on o!r microscopic eels1 & has s9ce be5 able to di/+ui% ! sexual p>ts ( ! v9eg> eels4 ,! second species ( pa/e eel is ovip>\s4 ,x is easily di/+ui%$ f ! fir/ k9d by be+ mu* small]2 9 ,fig4 #h1 is exhibit$ a magnifi$ view ( ?is eel4 ,! con=mation ( ! alim5t>y duct & ! inte/9es are 9 g5]al ne>ly ! same1 ?\gh an intellig5t obs]v] w f9d out "s specific diff]5ces4 ,by ! flexion ( ! inte/9es c c c1 a void space is left a little beyond ! middle ( ! body1 :]e ! ov>y1 d d1 is situat$4 ,!re is no ext]ior protub]ance ne> ?is ov>y1 z 9 ! prec$+ "o4 ,we meet ) ano!r eel 9 pa/e1 :i* may ) propriety be call$ ! common eel4 ,x is (t5 to be f\nd 9 gra9s plac$ 9 ! e>?1 9 :i* ! g]m is de/roy$1 9 ! roots & /ems ( f>9ace\s plants1 9 ! tremella ( ,adanson1 & 9 sev]al species ( conf]va1 z well z 9 sev]al infusions4 ,?is eel1 :5 at its full gr[? is r long] ?an ! common eel ( blight$ :eat2 "o ( !m is repres5t$ at ,fig4 #aa4 ,!y are easily di/+ui%$ f ! eels ( blight$ :eat1 because !y h no ranges ( globules l x1 by ! two little protub]ances :i* are ne> ! middle ( ! body1 & by ! regul> dim9ution ( ! tail4 ,x is ovip>\s4 ,a v small species1 repres5t$ at ,fig4 #i1 may also be f\nd 9 pa/e2 !y may be di/+ui%$ f ! "y eels ( ! l>g] sort by _! vivacity & sl5d]ness4 ,z ! eels 9 pa/e are objects :i* are s (t5 exhibit$ 9 ! microscope1 x w be prop]1 be=e we leave ?is subject1 to in=m ! read] h[ he may procure ! "y eels f ! p>5t animalcula2 a discov]y :i* 0 orig9ally made by ,mr4 ,%]wood1 b m p>ticul>ly pursu$ & describ$ by ,bak]4 ,take up a v small quantity ( pa/e :]e ^! eels ab\nd on ! po9t ( a p91 or ) a %>p5$ quill2 lay x on a slip ( glass1 & dilute x well ) wat]2 by ^! means1 _m ( !m w become visible to ! nak$ eye2 !n ) ! nib ( a p5 cut to a v f9e po9t1 & %av$ s ?9 z to be extremely pliable1 s+le out "o ( ! l>ge/ eels1 & ins9uate ! po9t ( ! p5 und]nea? x2 remove x into a v small drop ( wat]1 :i* y mu/ h ready prep>$ on ano!r slip ( glass4 ,:5 ?us conf9$1 x may easily be cut asund] transv]sely1 by ! help ( a good eye & /eady h&1 ) a lancet or %>p p5knife2 or if ! eye be defici5t1 a h&-magnifi] w enable almo/ any p]son to p]=m ! op]ation4 ,z soon z ! p>ts are sep>at$1 apply y\r object to ! microscope1 & if ! division has be5 made ab\t ! middle ( ! animal1 sev]al oval bodies ( diff]5t sizes w be se5 to issue =?4 ,^! are "y anguillul ( diff]5t degrees ( maturity1 ea* ( :i* is coil$ up1 & includ$ 9 its prop] membrane1 ( s exquisite a f95ess1 z to be sc>ce disc]nible by ! greate/ magnifi] :ile x incloses ! embryo animal4 ,! l>ge/ & mo/ =w>d break imm$iately ?r\gh ?is delicate integum5t1 unfold !mselves1 & wriggle ab\t nimbly 9 ! wat]2 o!rs get out1 uncoil1 & move ab\t m sl[ly2 & ! lea/ mature cont9ue entirely )\t motion4 ,! ut]us or vessel t conta9s all ^! oval bodies is compos$ ( _m annula or r+lets1 n unlike ! asp]a art]ia ( l& animals1 & x seems to be consid]ably ela/ic2 = z soon z ! op]ation is p]=m$1 ! oval bodies are ?ru/ out ) "s degree ( viol5ce by ! spr+ or action ( ?is b[el4 ,an hundr$ or upw>ds ( "y ones h be5 se5 to issue f "o s+le eel1 :]eby ! prodigi\s increase ( !m may be acc\nt$ =1 z probably sev]al su* num]\s g5]ations are produc$ 9 a %ort "t4 ,h]eby we also le>n t ^! creatures are n only l eels 9 %ape1 b are likewise vivip>\s1 z eels are g5]ally suppos$ to be4 ,few exp]im5ts are to be f\nd m ent]ta9+1 or 9 :i* !re is s little risk ( be+ disappo9t$2 = !y seem1 l e>?-worms1 to be all prolific1 & y may be sure ( success1 unless by accid5t y cut "o t has already br\ght =? all its "y1 or make y\r trials :5 ! pa/e has be5 kept a v long "t1 9 :i* cases !y h be5 f\nd unfruitful4 #c4 ,,anguillula ,,aqu ,,dulcis1 ,,or ,,fre% ,,wat] ,,eel4 ,corculum v]miculo simile1 ,l9n4 ,amn4 7,mund4 ,invis47 ,anguille ,vulgaire1 ,rozi] ,j\rnal ,physique1 #agge4 ,m>s1 ,nov4 #aggf4 ,ibid4 ,anguille du ,bl$ ,ra*itique4 ,ibid4 ,anguille du ,faux ,ergot4 ,spallanz4 ,opusc4 ,phys4 "p #b1 p4 #ced1 pl4 #e1 fig4 #aj4 ,! body ( ?is is exce$+ly transp>5t1 ) no visible entrails1 ?\gh a few transv]se l9es may be discov]$ on ! body4 ,x is sometimes1 ?\gh r>ely1 furni%$ ) a long r[ ( little globules1 & (t5 ) two small oval ones2 ! tail t]m9ates 9 a po9t4 ,mll] says he f\nd ^! eels 9 ! s$im5t :i* is =m$ by vegetables on ! sides ( vessels 9 :i* wat] _h be5 kept = "s "t4 #d4 ,,anguillula ,,aqu ,,m>91 ,,or ,,salt ,,wat] ,,eel4 ,?is1 :5 press$ betwe5 two plates ( glass1 appe>s to be little m ?an a cry/all9e sk91 ) a k9d ( clay-col\r$ inte/9es4 ,! =e-"p ( ! body is truncat$1 ! l[] "p drawn out to a f9e po9t1 ! re/ ( ! body is ( an equal size ?r\gh\t4 ,! y\ng] ones are fill$ ) pellucid molecul> inte/9es4 ,,( ,,! ,,eels ,,9 ,,blight$ ,,:eat4 ,plate ,,xi4 ,fig4 #d & #e4 ,^! animalcula 7 discov]$ by ,ne$ham1 & describ$ by him 9 a "w entitl$1 ,new ,microscopical ,discov]ies1 & aft]w>ds m fully treat$ ^u by ,bak]4 ,!y are n lodg$ 9 ^? blight$1 gra9s :i* are cov]$ ext]nally ) a soot-l du/1 ^: inside is (t5 also little m ?an a black p[d]2 b abundance ( e>s may be obs]v$ 9 "s fields ( corn1 :i* h gra9s t appe> blacki%1 z if scor*$3 ^!1 :5 op5$1 are f\nd to conta9 a s(t :ite sub/ance1 t :5 att5tively exam9$ looks l a cong]ies ( ?reads or fibres ly+ z close z possible to ea* o!r 9 a p>allel direction1 & mu* resembl+ ! unripe d[n ( "s ?i/les4 ,?is fibr\s matt] does n discov] any signs ( life or motion1 unless wat] be appli$ to x2 ! fibres !n sep>ate1 & prove !mselves to be liv+ creatures4 ,^! eels are 9 g5]al ( a l>ge size1 & may be se5 ) a common magnify+ glass1 be+ ab\t "o-?irtie? ( an in* 9 l5g?1 & "o-hundr$ & =tie? broad4 ,fig4 #e repres5ts "o ( !m magnifi$ ab\t "o-hundr$ & tw5ty times2 !y are 9 g5]al ( a bright *esnut col\r1 ! extremity a b is :it] & m transp>5t ?an ! re/ ( ! body4 ,! end a is r r\nd1 ! end c is po9t$4 ,a di/+ui%+ m>k ( ^! little creatures is a r[ ( transp>5t globules1 :i* are plac$ at int]vals ?r\gh ! :ole l5g? ( ! body1 beg9n+ at b1 :]e ! transp>5cy ( ! =e-"p ceases1 & go+ on t[>ds ! extremity c4 ,!y are 9 diamet] r less ?an "o-?ird ( ! body4 ,ano!r peculi> m>k is a small lunul> space d1 ne> ! middle ( ! body4 ,?is "p is transp>5t1 & is free f ! col\r$ matt] ( ! inte/9es2 !re is a neck 9 ! inte/9es ne> ?is space1 :i* conf9es !m to "o "p ( ! body4 ,great c>e %\ld be tak5 by ! obs]v]1 n to bur/ ! sk9 ( ! eels 9 dis5gag+ !m f ! gra91 = !y nev] break or bur/ ( !mselves2 b if broke1 visible inte/9es1 fill$ ) a black matt]1 ru% out ( ! body1 f :i* little black globules are dis5gag$2 if ! obs]vation be made imm$iately aft] ^! globules proce$ f ! eel1 !y swim sl[ly ab\t ! wat]1 ?\gh dive/$ ( any pr9ciple ( int]nal motion2 b if ! eels t are broke be left long 9 ! wat]1 ! same phnom5a w take place1 z 9 o!r animal & vegetable infusions4 ,! want ( due att5tion to ^! circum/ances has be5 productive ( _m ( ! fanciful positions ( ,ne$ham1 :i* 7 d$uc$ f ill-conduct$ exp]im5ts2 &1 consequ5tly1 :5 prop]ly exam9$1 are f\nd to be 9 a great measure false4 ,m4 ,r(fr$i s[$ "s ( ! gra9s ( ?is :eat1 :i* sprang up2 b ! e> 0 ei!r :olly or 9 a great measure spoil$1 be+ fill$ ) ^! eels4 ,he also f\nd !m 9 o!r p>ts ( ! plant2 9 ord] to dis5gage !m1 ! plant mu/ be soak$ 9 wat]1 & !n compress$ a little4 ,at fir/ sight ^! eels seem to resemble ! =ego+1 b a m accurate inspection %ews t !y h nei!r ! same curi\s disposition ( ! int]nal globules1 nor ! transp>5t place 9 ! middle ( ! body4 ,! inte/9al bag leaves inde$ 9 ^! an empty space1 b x is ( an undet]m9$ =m4 ,! animalcula f ! plant are mu* m lively ?an ^? :i* are procur$ f ! dri$ gra9s4 ,! pr9cipal phnom5a 9 ?is k9d ( blight$ :eat is probably ow+ to ^! animalcula1 :o prev5t ! regul> circulation ( ! sap4 ,!y increase 9 size 9 a c]ta9 proportion to ! plant1 s t at la/ !y may be obs]v$ ) great ease by ! nak$ eye1 be+ two-t5?s ( an in* long1 & ne>ly "o-t5? 9 diamet]4 ,fig4 #d repres5ts "o ( ^! magnifi$ ne>ly 9 ! same proportion z ,fig4 #e2 a a a a1 ! ov>y1 :i* may be trac$ almo/ f ! l[] extremity to ! middle ( ! body1 :]e ! body becomes s opake z to prev5t its be+ se5 any fur!r4 ,! eggs1 :5 arriv$ at _! full gr[?1 are ne>ly ( a cyl9dric %ape1 bo? ends r\nd$2 t[>ds ! extremity b !re are two little protub]ances d d1 ?r\gh :i* ! eggs are mo/ probably extrud$2 ^! protub]ances are n always visible4 ,! eggs are =m$ ( a f9e transp>5t membrane2 x cov]s ! "y eel1 :i* is fold$ curi\sly !re92 ^! eggs may be frequ5tly f\nd 9 ! plant4 ,a mo/ satisfactory view ( ^! eels is obta9$ by exam9+ !m ) ! sol> microscope2 x af=ds "o ( ! mo/ surpriz+ & magnific5t spectacles2 two g5]ations may be (t5 se51 "o1 :i* draws ne> ! allott$ p]iod ( its exi/5ce1 & ano!r :i* only beg9s to enjoy ! bless+s ( life3 "s arriv$ at _! full gr[?1 & o!rs q small4 ,9 "s we may p]ceive ! "y animalcula 9 motion 9 ! eggs1 9 o!rs1 no su* motion c be obs]v$2 ) a v>iety ( o!r circum/ances too t$i\s to enum]ate1 ?\gh !y af=d great pleasure to ! spectator4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable circum/ances 9 ^! animalcula is ! faculty !y h ( receiv+ aga9 ! p[]s ( life1 aft] hav+ lo/ !m = a consid]able "t2 = in/ance1 :5 "s ( ^! blight$ gra9s1 t h be5 pres]v$ = _m ye>s1 h be5 soak$ 9 wat] = t5 or twelve h\rs1 liv+ eels ( ?is species h be5 f\nd 9 x2 if ! wat] evaporate1 or beg9 to fail1 !y cease to move1 b1 on a fre% application1 w be aga9 reviv$4#abe #abe ,! prop]ty ( revivification is n conf9$ to ?is species1 be+ common to o!r k9ds ( worms1 & x is n improbable t ! hydr may possess ! same faculty4 ,,edit4 ,x may be prop] to notice "h1 t accord+ to ! obs]vations ( ,r(fr$i1 ^? eels :i* h done lay+ ( eggs are incapable ( be+ resuscitat$ ^u be+ moi/5$2 ! same seems to be also ! case ) ^? t are v "y2 x is probable !y mu/ atta9 a c]ta9 age & degree ( /r5g? be=e !y are end[$ ) ?is wond]ful faculty4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,augu/1 #agdc1 a small p>cel ( blight$ :eat 0 s5t by ,mr4 ,ne$ham to ,m>t9 ,folkes1 ,esq4 ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society1 ) an acc\nt ( 8 !n new discov]y2 :i* p>cel ! presid5t 0 pleas$ to give to ,mr4 ,bak]1 desir+ him to exam9e x c>efully4 ,9 ord] s to d1 he cut op5 "s ( ! gra9s t 7 become dry1 took out ! fibr\s matt]1 & appli$ wat] to x on a slip ( glass1 b c\ld disc]n no o!r motion ?an a sep>ation ( ! fibres or ?reads1 :i* sep>ation he imput$ :olly to an ela/icity 9 ! fibres2 & p]ceiv+ no tok5 ( life1 aft] wat*+ !m ) due c>e1 & repeat+ ! exp]im5t till he 0 we>y1 an acc\nt !re( 0 writt5 to ,ne$ham1 :o1 hav+ by trials ( 8 own1 f\nd out ! cause ( ?is bad success1 advis$ him to /eep ! gra9s be=e he attempt$ to op5 !m2 on do+ :i* he 0 v soon conv9c$ ( 8 v]acity1 & ent]ta9$ ) ! pleas+ sight ( ?is wond]ful phnom5on4 ,at diff]5t times aft] ?is1 ,bak] made exp]im5ts ) gra9s ( ! same p>cel1 )\t be+ once disappo9t$4 ,he soak$ a c\ple ( gra9s 9 wat] = ! space ( ?irty-six h\rs1 :51 believ+ !m suffici5tly moi/5$1 he cut "o op51 & apply+ "s ( ! fibr\s sub/ance to ! microscope 9 a drop ( wat]1 x sep>at$ imm$iately1 & pres5t$ multitudes ( ! anguillul )\t ! lea/ motion or sign ( life2 b be+ taught by exp]i5ce t !y might not)/&+ possibly revive1 he left !m = ab\t f\r h\rs1 & !n exam9+ !m aga91 f\nd mu* ! greate/ numb] mov+ _! extremities pretty briskly1 & 9 an h\r or two aft] !y appe>$ z lively z ^! creatures usually are4 ,mr4 ,folkes & "s o!r fri5ds 7 witnesses ( ?is exp]im5t4 ,we f9d an in/ance "h t life may be susp5d$ & seem+ly de/roy$2 t by an exhalation ( ! fluids necess>y to a liv+ animal1 ! circulations may cease1 all ! organs & vessels ( ! body may be %runk up1 dri$1 & h>d5$2 & yet1 aft] a long :ile1 life may beg9 anew to actuate ! same body1 & all ! animal motions & faculties may be re/or$1 m]ely by repl5i%+ ! organs & vessels ) a fre% supply ( fluid4 ,"h is a pro( t ! animalcula 9 ! gra9s ( blight$ :eat c endure hav+ _! bodies q dri$ up = ! space ( f\r ye>s toge!r1 )\t be+ !reby depriv$ ( ! prop]ty ( resuscitation4 ,x appe>s pla9ly f ! =ego+ exp]im5ts1 t :5 ! blight$ gra9s ( :eat h be5 kept a long "t1 & ! bodies ( ^! animalcula are consequ5tly become extremely dry1 ! rigidity ( _! m9ute vessels requires to be relax$ v g5tly1 & by exce$+ sl[ degrees2 = we f9d t1 on ! application ( wat] imm$iately to ! bodies ( ^! animalcula1 :5 tak5 f ! dry gra9s1 !y d n s c]ta9ly revive1 z !y d if ! gra9s !mselves be ei!r buri$ 9 e>?1 or /eep$ 9 wat] = "s "t be=e !y are tak5 out3 ! reason ( :i* mo/ probably is1 t too sudd5 a relaxation bur/s _! delicate & t5d] organs1 & !reby r5d]s !m incapable ( be+ any m employ$ to p]=m ! actions ( life2 &1 inde$1 !re are always "s dead ones among/ ! liv+1 ^: bodies appe> bur/51 or lac]at$1 z well z o!rs t lie ext5d$ & nev] come to life4 ,"s discretion is ne$ful to adapt ! "t ( cont9u+ ! gra9s 9 wat] or e>? to ! age & dryness ( !m2 = if !y be n op5$ be=e !y h be5 too mu* or too long s(t5$1 ! animalculum w n only seem dead1 b w really be s4 ,( ! two gra9s m5tion$ to h be5 f\r ye>s old :5 put to soak1 "o 0 op5$ aft] x _h la9 ?irty-six h\rs1 & ! ev5t prov$ z already relat$2 ! o!r 0 suff]$ to lie = above a week1 on op5+ :i*1 all ! anguillul ne> ! husk 7 f\nd dead1 & seem+ly 9 a decay$ condition2 b great numb]s issu$ alive f ! middle1 & mov$ !mselves briskly4 ,unless ! husks be op5$ to let ^! creatures out aft] be+ /eep$1 !y all inevitably p]i%2 & :5 tak5 out & pres]v$ 9 wat]1 if ! husks be left ) !m1 !y w die 9 a few days2 b o!rwise1 cont9ue alive 9 wat] = sev]al mon?s toge!r2 &1 %\ld ! wat] evaporate1 may be reviv$ aga9 by giv+ !m a fre% supply4 #gb4 ,,vibrio ,,l9t]4 ,v4 v5tricoso-ovatus1 collo brevissimo4 ,v5tricose oval vibrio1 ) a %ort neck4 ,?is is "o ( ! l>g] animalcula1 ( an egg-%ape1 pellucid1 inflat$1 some:at depress$ at top2 ! apex is prolong$ into a moveable cry/all9e neck1 ! belly is replete ) pellucid molecules4 ,x is n v common1 ?\gh occasionally to be f\nd among ! lemn4 #gc4 ,,vibrio ,,utriculus4 ,v4 t]es1 antice angu/atus truncatus1 po/ice v5tricosus4 ,r\nd vibrio1 ! =e-"p n>r[ & truncat$1 ! l[] v5tricose4 ,x does n ill resemble a bottle 9 %ape2 ! belly is replete ) molecul> inte/9es1 ! neck bright & cle>1 ! top truncat$2 9 "s a pellucid po9t is visible at ! bottom ( ! belly4 ,x is 9 an unceas+1 vehem5t1 & vacillatory motion1 ! neck mov+ f "o side to ! o!r z fa/ z possible4 #gd4 ,,vibrio ,,fasciola4 ,v4 antice att5uatus1 m$io latiusculus1 po/ice acutus4 ,vibrio ) a small =e-"p1 ! middle a little bigg]1 ! h9d-"p acute4 ,?is is a pellucid animalculum1 9 ! middle are ! inte/9es 9 ! =m ( po9ts2 an alim5t>y pipe1 :i* less5s gradually 9 size1 is also p]ceptible4 ,! motion ( x is quick1 d>t+ itself up & d[n 9 ! wat] ) great velocity4 ,x is f\nd 9 wat] j loos5$ f ! fro/1 & seldom else:]e4 #ge4 ,,vibrio ,,colymbus4 ,v4 crassus1 po/ice acum9atus1 collo subfalcato4 ,?ick vibrio1 %>p5$ at ! end1 ! neck a little b5t4 ,x is l>g] ?an mo/ ( ! vibrios1 & n unlike a bird 9 %ape4 ,! neck is r\nd1 %ort] ?an ! trunk1 ( an equal size ?r\gh\t1 & ( a bright appe>ance1 ! apex obtuse4 ,! trunk is ?ick1 some:at triangul>1 full ( yell[ molecules2 ! =e-"p broad1 ! h9d]-"p acute1 ! motion sl[4 #gf4 ,,vibrio ,,/rictus4 ,v4 elongatus l9e>is1 anticem v]sus att5uatus1 apice obtuso4 ,vibrio l5g!n$ out almo/ to a l9e1 small t[>ds ! =e-"p1 ! apex obtuse4 ,! body l9e>1 be+ a bright membranace\s ?read1 )\t any flexure2 ! h9d-"p some:at ?ick]1 r\nd1 & fill$ ) molecules1 except+ j at ! end1 :]e !re is a small pellucid empty space4 ,! apex is obtuse1 & r globose2 x has a p[] ( contract+ & draw+ 9 ! fili=m "p4 #gg4 ,,vibrio ,,anas4 ,v4 oblongus1 utroque f9e att5uatus1 collo cauda longiore4 ,oblong vibrio1 bo? ends att5uat$1 ! neck long] ?an ! tail4 ,! trunk is oblong1 opake1 & fill$ ) molecules4 ,bo? ! =e & ! h9d-"p is prolong$ into a pellucid talky membrane1 :i* ! animalculum has a p[] ( retract+ at pleasure4 ,! tail is m acute ?an ! neck4 ,x is mo/ g5]ally f\nd 9 salt wat]2 a species ( !m h be5 f\nd 9 riv] wat]1 ) a long] neck4 #gh4 ,,vibrio ,,cygnus4 ,v4 v5tricosus1 collo adunco4 ,corpul5t vibrio1 ) a crook$ neck4 ,?is animalculum is little m ?an a mo/ pellucid l9e1 crook$ at top1 prom95t 9 ! middle1 & %>p at ! end2 ! =e-"p1 or neck1 is equal 9 l5g? to ! re/ ( ! body1 & ?ree times long] ?an ! h9d-"p or tail2 ! int]m$iate "p swell+ out1 is full ( d>k-col\r$ molecules & pellucid inte/9es4 ,x is v small1 & ! mo/ slo?ful ( all ^? :i* move & advance _! necks4 #gi4 ,,vibrio ,,ans]4 ,v4 ellipticus1 collo longo1 tub]culo dorsali4 ,plate ,,xxv4 ,fig4 #bg & #bi4 ,elliptical vibrio1 ) a long neck1 & a little lump on ! back4 ,x is betwe5 ! vibrio proteus & vibrio falx1 & is di/+ui%$ by ! lump b1 ,fig4 #bi1 on ! back1 plac$ beh9d ! neck2 f ?is an ev5 long neck1 a1 proce$s4 ,! trunk1 d1 is elliptic1 r\nd1 & )\t any lat]al inequality2 full ( molecules1 ! h9d-"p1 e1 %>p & bright1 ! =e-"p produc$ into a b5d+ neck t is long] ?an ! body2 ! apex ev5 & :ole1 ) blue canals pass+ betwe5 ! m>g9al edges1 occupy+ ! :ole l5g? ( ! neck2 9 "o ( !m a vehem5t desc5t ( wat] to ! beg9n+ ( ! trunk is p]ceivable4 ,! motion ( ! body is sl[1 t ( ! neck is m lively & flexu\s1 sometimes spiral4 ,x is f\nd 9 wat] :]e duck-we$ gr[s4 #hj4 ,,vibrio ,,olor4 ,v4 ellipticus1 collo longissimo1 apice nodoso4 ,plate ,,xxv4 ,fig4 #bh4 ,elliptical1 ) a v long neck1 & a knob on ! apex4 ,! =m ( ! body is elliptical & v5tricose1 ! h9d-"p some:at %>p4 ,x is membranace\s1 dilatable1 w9d+ v>i\sly2 ! h9d-"p is sometimes replete ) d>ki% molecules4 ,! neck1 d1 is ?ree or f\r times long] ?an ! body1 ( an equal size ?r\gh\t1 except a small degree ( ?ickness at ! apex1 f1 v pellucid4 ,! motion ( its neck is v lively1 t ( ! body sl[4 ,x is f\nd 9 wat] t has be5 kept = a long "t1 & :i* has acquir$ a vegetable gre5ness4 #ha4 ,,vibrio ,,falx4 ,v4 gibbosus1 po/ice obtusus1 collo falcato4 ,a gibb\s vibrio1 ! h9d-"p obtuse1 ! neck crook$4 ,! body is pellucid1 elliptical1 ! =e-"p less5+ into a little r\nd bright neck1 ne>ly ( ! same l5g? z ! trunk1 ! h9d-"p obtuse4 ,! trunk itself is r r\nd+ or t5d+ to ! gibb\s1 & fill$ ) v small molecules2 !re are also two bright globules1 "o )9 ! h9d extremity1 ! o!r 9 ! middle ( ! body4 ,! neck be+ immoveable1 ! motions ( ! animalculum some:at resemble ^? ( a scy!4 #hb4 ,,vibrio ,,int]m$ius4 ,v4 membranaceus1 antice att5uatus1 po/ice subacutus4 ,membranace\s vibrio1 ! =e-"p small1 ! h9d] "p some:at acute4 ,x seems to be an int]m$iate species betwe5 ! prec$+ vibrio & ! fasciola1 ,no4 #gd2 x is a ?9 membrane1 con/antly fold$4 ,! :ole ( x has a cry/all9e talky appe>ance1 ! middle replete ) grey p>ticles ( diff]5t sizes2 x has all r\nd a di/9ct bright m>g92 ! apex ( ! neck is truncat$1 ! tail obtuse4 ,,vi4 ,,cyclidium4 ,v]mis inconspicuus1 simplicissimus1 pellucidus1 complanatus1 orbicul>is vel ovatus4 ,a simple1 invisible1 flat1 pellucid1 orbicul> or oval worm4 #hc4 ,,cyclidium ,,bulla4 ,c4 orbicul>e hyal9um4 ,orbicul> bright cyclidium4 ,a v pellucid :ite animalculum1 or orbicul> sk91 ! edges a little d>k] ?an ! re/4 ,by ! assi/ance ( ! comp\nd microscope1 "s globul> inte/9es ( a v cry/all9e appe>ance are j p]ceptible4 ,its motion is sl[ & semicircul>4 ,x is f\nd occasionally 9 an infusion ( hay4 #hd4 ,,cyclidium ,,milium4 ,c4 ellipticum cry/all9um4 ,elliptic & cry/all9e cyclidium4 ,x is v pellucid1 ( a cry/all9e spl5d\r1 membranace\s & elliptical2 a l9e may be p]ceiv$ ?r\gh ! :ole l5g? ( x1 a po9t 9 ! =e-"p1 ! h9d]-"p gett+ d>k]4 ,its motion is swift1 flutt]+1 & int]rupt$2 probably bo? extremities are ciliat$4 #he4 ,,cyclidium ,,fluitans4 ,c4 ovale cry/all9um4 ,oval cry/all9e cyclidium4 ,?is is "o ( ! smalle/ animalcula4 ,! body ( an oval1 or r suborbicul> %ape1 depress$1 cry/all9e2 two small blue spaces may be discov]$ by ! assi/ance ( ! microscope at ! sides ( ?is little creature4 #hf4 ,,cyclidium ,,glaucoma4 ,c4 ovatum1 int]aneis gre conspicuis4 ,oval cyclidium1 ! inte/9es p]ceiv$ ) difficulty4 ,a pellucid oval body1 ) bo? ends pla91 or an oval membrane1 ) a di/9ct well-def9$ edge2 ! inte/9es are s transp>5t t !y c sc>ce be disc]n$1 :5 x is empty2 :5 full1 !y are ( a gre5 col\r1 & !re are d>k globules discov]able 9 ! middle4 ,9 pl5ty ( wat] x moves swiftly 9 a circul> & diagonal direction2 :5ev] x moves sl[ly x seems to be tak+ 9 wat]1 ! inte/9es are !n also 9 a viol5t commotion4 ,two ( ! small] ones may (t5 be p]ceiv$ coh]+ to ea* o!r1 & draw+ "o ano!r by turns2 nor are !y sep>at$ by dea?1 = !y rema9 unit$ ev5 :5 ! wat] is evaporat$4 ,^? :o are n famili> ) ^! k9ds ( obs]vations1 may easily mi/ake ! %ade 9 a s+le "o = a junction ( two1 or ! junction ( two = a copulation1 = !y g5]ate by division4 #hg4 ,,cyclidium ,,nigricans4 ,c4 oblongiusculum1 m>g9e nigricans4 ,oblong cyclidium1 ) a black m>g94 ,x is v small1 pellucid1 & flat4 ,) a small magnifi]1 x may be mi/ak5 = an en*elis4 #hh4 ,,cyclidium ,,ro/ratium4 ,c4 ovale1 antice mucronatum4 ,an oval cyclidium1 ! =e-"p po9t$4 ,?is is an oval1 smoo?1 & v pellucid animalculum1 ) ! =e-"p runn+ out into an obtuse po9t2 ) ?is x seems to feel & exam9e ! bodies :i* x approa*es4 ,x is probably ciliat$1 ?\gh ! hairs h n be5 discov]$4 ,! inte/9es are fill$ ) a blue liquor1 =m+ 9 a tube1 :i*1 f ! ap]ture to ! middle ( ! body1 is divid$ into two legs or bran*es2 beyond ! middle !re are two little transv]se blue l9es4 ,?is col\r sometimes vani%es1 & !n !y seem to be compos$ ( vesicles4 #hi4 ,,cyclidium ,,nucleus4 ,c4 ovale1 po/ice acum9atum4 ,an oval cyclidium1 ! h9d-"p po9t$4 ,! body is pellucid1 depress$1 ! =e-"p obtusely convex1 ! h9d-"p acute1 ! inte/9es vesicul>1 ! =e & h9d-"p on ea* side d>k4 ,x resembles a grape-se$4 #ij4 ,,cyclidium ,,hyal9um4 ,c4 ovatum1 po/ice acutum4 ,oval cyclidium1 ! h9d-"p acute4 ,?is cyclidium is oval1 flat1 & bright1 )\t any visible inte/9es1 ! h9d]-"p some:at small] ?an ! =e-"p2 x has a tremul\s k9d ( motion4 #ia4 ,,cyclidium ,,p$iculus4 ,c4 ovale convexum1 subtus planum4 ,an oval convex cyclidium1 ! bottom ev54 ,trembley ,polyp4 #a1 p4 #bhb4 ,?is is a gelat9\s :ite animalculum1 ! bottom gibb\s ov] ! back1 ! extremities depress$ & truncat$1 ) "o end sometimes app>5tly clov5 into two2 p]haps ?is is ! ap]ture ( ! m\?4 ,x is sc>ce ev] se5 b on ! arms & ! body ( ! hydra pallida1 ^u :i* x runs z if x _h feet4 #ib4 ,,cyclidium ,,dubium4 ,c4 ovale1 supra convexum1 subtus cavum4 ,oval cyclidium1 ! upp] "p convex1 ! "u "p concave4 ,?is is "o ( ! l>g] species1 ! m>g9 is pellucid1 & ! inn] "p conta9s a great numb] ( black molecules4 ,,vii4 ,,p>am,,cium4 ,v]mis inconspicuus1 simplex1 pellucidus1 membranaceus1 oblongus4 ,an invisible1 simple1 membranace\s1 flat1 & pellucid worm4 #ic4 ,,p>am,,cium ,,aurelia4 ,,volvox ,,t]ebella4 ,,ellis4 ,p4 compressum1 v]sus anticem plicatum1 po/ice acutum4 ,compress$ p>amcium1 oblong1 fold$ t[>ds ! =e-"p1 ! h9d]-"p acute4 ,?is is r a l>ge animalculum1 membranace\s1 pellucid1 & f\r times long] ?an x is broad2 ! =e-"p obtuse1 transp>5t1 )\t inte/9es2 ! h9d-"p replete ) molecules ( v>i\s sizes2 ! fold1 :i* goes f ! middle to ! apex is a /rik+ *>act]i/ic ( ! species1 =m+ a k9d ( triangul> ap]ture1 & giv+ x some:at ! appe>ance ( a gimblet4 ,its motion is rectil9e>1 reel+ or /agg]+1 & g5]ally vehem5t4 ,!y are frequ5tly f\nd coh]+ l5g?wise2 ! lat]al edges ( bo? bodies appe> bright4 ,!y may also sometimes be se5 ly+ on "o ano!r alt]nately1 at o!rs1 adh]+ by ! middle4 ,!y w live _m mon?s 9 ! same wat] )\t its be+ r5ew$4 ,!y are to be f\nd 9 ,june 9 dit*es :]e !re is pl5ty ( duck-we$4 #id4 ,,p>am,,cium ,,*rysalis4 ,p4 cyl9draceum1 v]sus anticam plicatum1 po/ice obtusum4 ,plate ,,xxv4 ,fig4 #bf4 ,cyl9drical p>amcium1 fold$ t[>ds ! =e-"p1 ! h9d]-"p obtuse4 ,x diff]s v little f ! prec$+1 only ! ends1 a b1 are m obtuse1 & ! m>g9s fill$ ) black globules4 ,x is an inhabitant ( salt wat]4 #ie4 ,,p>am,,cium ,,v]sutum4 ,p4 cyl9draceum1 po/ice incrassatum1 utraque extremitate obtusum4 ,cyl9drical p>amcium1 ! l[] "p ?ick1 & bo? ends v obtuse4 ,an oblong1 gre51 & gelat9\s body1 fill$ ) molecules2 ! l[]-"p ?ick1 ! =e-"p small]1 bo? ends obtuse1 & may be se5 to propagate by division4 ,x is f\nd 9 dit*es4 #if4 ,,p>am,,cium ,,ovif]um4 ,p4 depressum1 intus bullis ovalibus4 ,plate ,,xxv4 ,fig4 #be4 ,depress$ p>amcium1 ) l>ge oval molecules )9side4 ,a membranace\s1 oval1 oblong animalculum1 grey & pellucid1 hav+ _m oval v pellucid corpuscles1 a1 disp]s$ ab\t ! body1 & _m black gra9s t[>ds b4 #ig4 ,,p>am,,cium ,,m>g9atum4 ,p4 depressum1 griseum1 m>g9e duplici4 ,plate ,,xxv4 ,fig4 #bd4 ,depress$ p>amcium1 grey1 ) a d\ble m>g94 ,?is is "o ( ! l>ge/ ( ! class1 flat1 elliptical1 e "p fill$ ) molecules1 except 9 ! l[] end1 b1 :]e !re is a pellucid vesicle2 ?is animalculum is surr\nd$ by a broad d\ble m>g92 :5 expir+1 a bright spiral inte/9e is obs]vable4 a1 ! apex2 b1 ! vesicle2 c1 ! spiral inte/9e4 ,,viii4 ,,kolpoda4 ,v]mis inconspicuus1 simplicissimus1 pellucidus1 complanatus1 s9uatus4 ,an invisible1 v simple1 pellucid1 flat & crook$ worm4 #ih4 ,,kolpoda ,,lamella4 ,k4 elongata1 membranacea1 antice curvata4 ,?is animalculum resembles a long1 n>r[1 & pellucid membrane1 ! h9d-"p obtuse1 n>r[]1 & curv$ t[>ds ! top2 no inte/9es discov]able1 only a ridge or fold go+ ?r\gh ! middle4 ,its motion is reel+ or /agg]+1 & v s+ul>1 mov+ to & fro on its edge1 n on ! flat side1 z is usual ) mo/ microscopic animals4 ,x is f\nd 9 wat]1 b is v seldom to be met )4 #ii4 ,,kolpoda ,,gall9ula4 ,k4 oblonga1 dorso antico membranaceo hyal9o4 ,oblong kolpoda1 ! back t[>ds ! =e-"p bright & membranace\s4 ,! apex r b5t2 ! belly oval1 convex & /riat$4 ,x is f\nd 9 fetid salt wat]4 #ajj4 ,,kolpoda ,,ro/rum4 ,k4 oblonga1 antice unc9ata4 ,oblong1 ! =e-"p hook$4 ,! =e-"p is b5t into a k9d ( hook2 ! h9d-"p is obtuse1 & ev]y:]e fill$ ) black molecules4 ,"o ( ! edges f ! =e-"p to ! middle1 is (t5 s blunt$ & dilat$1 t ! re/ ( ! body appe>s q smoo?1 & t "p ?ick & triangul>4 ,x has a sl[ & horizontal motion4 ,x is to be f\nd1 ?\gh b seldom1 9 wat] :]e ! lemn gr[4 #aja4 ,,kolpoda ,,o*rea4 ,k4 elongata1 membranacea1 apice att5uato1 basi 9 angulum rectum producta4 ,long kolpoda1 membranace\s1 ! apex att5uat$1 ! base b5t 9 a "r angle to ! body4 ,a l>ge animalculum1 long1 & ( a s+ul> figure1 depress$1 membranace\s1 flexible2 "o edge ne>ly /raight1 ! o!r some:at b5t1 fill$ ) obscure molecules1 & a few little bladd]s disp]s$ "h & !re2 ! apex bright & small1 ! base project+ l ! human foot f ! leg4 #ajb4 ,,kolpoda ,,mucronata4 ,k4 membranacea dilatata1 antice angu/ata1 alt]o m>g9e incisa4 ,membranace\s1 dilat$ kolpoda1 ! =e-"p small] ?an ! h9d-"p1 ) a small incision at "o side4 ,?is animalculum is a dilat$ bright membrane2 ! apex an obtuse po9t1 ) a broad m>k$ bord] runn+ entirely r\nd x2 )9 ! m>g9 x is fill$ ) grey molecules1 a fle%y disc on "o side1 :i* t]m9ates 9 a spl5did little po9t on ! o!r side ! disc4 ,x has a truncat$ appe>ance4 #ajc4 ,,kolpoda ,,triquetra4 ,k4 obovata depressa1 alt]o m>g9e retuso4 ,kolpoda ne>ly ( an egg-%ape1 "o edge turn$ back4 ,?is animalculum appe>s to consi/ ( two membranes2 ! upp] side flatt5$1 ! l[] convex2 ! apex is b5t s z to =m a k9d ( %\ld]4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 salt wat]4 #ajd4 ,,kolpoda ,,/riata4 ,k4 oblonga1 sub>cuata depressa1 c&ida1 antice acum9ata1 po/ice rotundata4 ,oblong1 some:at ( a pe>-%ape1 :ite1 ! =e-"p po9t$1 ! h9d-"p r\nd4 ,x is v pellucid & :ite1 ! upp] "p r b5t1 & t]m9at+ 9 a po9t1 ! l[] "p obtusely r\nd2 at ! apex or m\? !re is a little black pellucid vesicle2 :5 a v great magnify+ p[] is us$1 ! body appe>s cov]$ ) long /reaks2 ! l[] extremity is furni%$1 l _m o!r animalcula1 ) v small globules4 ,x is to be f\nd 9 salt wat]4 #aje4 ,,kolpoda ,,nucleus4 ,k4 ovata1 v]tice acuto4 ,egg-%ap$ kolpoda1 ) an acute v]tex4 ,x is ( an oval %ape1 ! v]tex po9t$1 ( a brilliant transp>5cy1 :i* r5d]s ! visc]a visible2 !y consi/ ( a numb] ( r\nd diaphan\s vesicles4 #ajf4 ,,kolpoda ,,meleagris4 ,k4 mutabilis1 antice unc9ata1 po/ice complicata4 ,plate ,,xxv4 ,fig4 #bb4 ,*angeable1 ) ! =e-"p l a hook1 ! h9d-"p fold$ up4 ,a mo/ s+ul> animalculum ( ! l>g] species2 x has a dilat$ membrane1 ) ! f9e/ folds1 :i* x v>ies & b5ds 9 a mom5t2 ! =e-"p ( ! body to ! middle is cle> & bright1 ! h9d-"p v>i\sly fold$ 9 transv]se elevat$ plaits1 & full ( molecules2 ! apex turn$ into a hook1 ! m>g9 s9u\s1 & b5ea? ! apex d5ticulat$ ) ?ree or f\r tee?2 b 9 "s :i* are m beautifully wr\ght1 ! edge is obtusely not*$1 & set ) /ill small] not*es2 9 ! h9d-"p !re are twelve or m equal pellucid globules4 ,x moves sometimes 9 a /raight1 at o!r times 9 a crook$ l9e1 a1 ! hook$ apex2 b1 ! d5ticulat$ m>g92 c1 ! s]ies ( globules2 d1 ! fold$ "p at bottom4 #ajg4 ,,kolpoda ,,assimilis4 ,k4 depressa1 non plicatilis apice unc9ato1 m>g9e antico ad m$ium1 usque cr5ulato po/ice1 dilatato acutiusculo4 ,depress$ kolpoda1 ! apex turn$ 9 ! =m ( a small hook2 ! m>g9 ( ! =e-"p not*$ f ! top to ! middle1 ! l[] "p swells out1 !n dim9i%es aga9 into a %ort po9t4 ,x has an elliptic mass 9 ! middle1 b is nev] fold$ l ! prec$+4 ,x 0 f\nd on ! sea coa/4 #ajh4 ,,kolpoda ,,cucullus4 ,k4 ovata1 v5tricosa1 infra apicem incisa4 ,plate ,,xxv4 ,fig4 #bc4 ,egg-%ap$1 v5tricose1 ) an incision 9 ! =e-"p4 ,x is v pellucid1 ) a well-def9$ m>g91 fill$ ) little bright vesicles1 diff]+ 9 size1 & ( no c]ta9 numb]4 ,its figure is commonly oval1 ! top b5t into a k9d ( beak1 seldom an acute "o1 sometimes oblong1 b mo/ usually obtuse4 ,its inte/9es are =m$ ( f eight to tw5ty-f\r bright little vesicles1 n conspicu\s 9 su* z are "y4 ,"s h suppos$ ^! to be animalcula :i* ! kolpoda _h swall[$1 b ,mll] is ( op9ion t !y are its (fspr+4 ,9 "s only "o cry/all9e vesicle occupies ! middle ( ! body4 ,x moves 9 g5]al ) great vivacity1 & 9 all directions4 ,:5 ?is creature is ne> dea? 9 consequ5ce ( ! evaporation ( ! wat]1 x protrudes its (fspr+ ) viol5ce4 ,x is f\nd 9 infusions ( vegetables1 & 9 fetid hay4 ,9 "s few a transp>5t membranace\s sub/ance may be p]ceiv$ project+ beyond ! beak1 & resembl+ an exuvia2 ! same may also be obs]v$ 9 ! en*elis & vibrio3 x is1 !re=e1 possible t ^! animalcula ca/ _! sk91 z is ! case ) _m ( ! class ( insects4 a %ews ! cap or hood1 b ! incision4 #aji4 ,,kolpoda ,,cucullulus4 ,k4 oblonga1 infra apicem oblique incisa4 ,oblong kolpoda1 ) an oblique incision a little bel[ ! apex4 ,a v pellucid cry/all9e animalculum2 x is furni%$ ) sev]al pellucid globules2 !re is a b5d+ a little b5ea? ! top1 :i* 9 "s positions is v di/9ctly se51 9 o!rs n4 ,x 0 obs]v$ 9 an infusion ( ! son*us arv5sis4 #aaj4 ,,kolpoda ,,cucullio4 ,k4 ovalis depressa1 infra apicem tantillum s9uata4 ,flat oval kolpoda1 ) a small degree ( b5d+ b5ea? ! apex4 ,?is is an oval1 or r an elliptical kolpoda1 membranace\s & bright2 flat on ! upp] side1 & convex on ! "u2 ! =e-"p is cle>1 & f ! middle to ! h9d]-"p x is fill$ ) silv]-l globules4 ,x frequ5tly /ret*es out ! =e-"p1 & folds x 9 diff]5t positions4 #aaa4 ,,kolpoda ,,r54 ,k4 crassa m$io s9uata4 ,?is kolpoda is ?ick1 & c>v$ 9 ! middle4 ,! body is yell[1 ?ick1 & r opake2 curv$ a little1 9 ! middle1 s z to h ! appe>ance ( a kidney2 ! :ole body is fill$ ) molecules4 ,its motion is quick1 fluctuat+1 & int]rupt$4 ,:5 ! wat] 9 :i* x swims is ab\t to fail1 x assumes an oval =m1 is compress$1 & at la/ bur/s4 ,x is f\nd 9 an infusion ( hay1 g5]ally ab\t ?irte5 h\rs aft] ! infusion is made4 #aab4 ,,kolpoda ,,pirum4 ,k4 convexa1 ovalis1 apice 9 ro/rum producta4 ,plate ,,xxv4 ,fig4 #bj & #ba4 ,convex kolpoda1 oval1 ! apex =m$ into a k9d ( beak4 ,! body is uni=m & transp>5t1 )\t any s5sible inequality2 ! neck r long & a little b5t2 x is ( a pale col\r1 & furni%$ ) obscure little globules4 ,x propagates by division4 ,fig4 #bj repres5ts ?is animalculum2 ,fig4 #ba1 ! same divid+ to =m ano!r2 a1 ! =e-"p2 b1 ! h9d-"p2 c1 :]e x is divid+4 #aac4 ,,kolpoda ,,cuneus4 ,k4 clavata1 t]es1 apice d5tata4 ,clavat$ kolpoda1 r\nd1 ! apex d5tat$4 ,?is is a l>ge animalculum1 ! body :ite1 gelat9\s1 )\t any di/9ct visc]a4 ,x has a pellucid1 bright1 /riat$ pu/ule on "o side ( ! =e-"p2 ! apex is di/+ui%$ by ?ree or f\r tee?1 ! h9d]-"p is small] ?an ! =e-"p1 ) an obtuse t]m9ation1 :i* x c b5d into a spiral =m4 ,,ix4 ,,gonium4 ,v]mis inconspicuus1 simplicissimus1 complanatus1 angulatus4 ,an invisible1 simple1 smoo?1 angul> worm4 #aad4 ,,gonium ,,pectorale4 ,g4 quadrangul>e1 pellucidum moleculis s$ecim sphricis4 ,plate ,,xxv4 ,fig4 #ag4 ,?is gonium is quadrangul>1 pellucid1 ) sixte5 sph]ical molecules4 ,^! sixte5 little oval bodies are ne>ly equal 9 size1 ( a gre5i% col\r1 pellucid1 & set 9 a quadrangul> membrane1 l ! jewels 9 ! brea/-plate ( ! high-prie/1 reflect+ light on bo? sides4 ,its animality is ev9c$ by its spontane\s motion1 advanc+ alt]nately t[>ds ! "r & left2 ^! little bodies seem oval :5 9 motion1 r\nd :5 at re/2 ! f\r int]ior ones are a little l>g] ?an ! re/4 ,x is f\nd 9 pure wat]4 #aae4 ,,gonium ,,pulv9atum4 ,g4 quadrangul>e1 opacum pulvillis quatuor4 ,quadrangul>1 opake1 ) f\r little pill[s4 ,?is appe>s l a little quadrangul> membrane1 pla9 on bo? sides2 ) a l>ge magnifi] x looks l a bol/]1 =m$ ( ?ree or f\r cyl9dric pill[s1 flatt5$ or sunk "h & !re4 ,?us x appe>$ to ,mll] on ! fir/ exam9ation2 "s days aft] all ! sides 7 pla91 )\t any convexity1 & divid$ into little squ>e spaces by l9es cross+ ea* o!r4 ,x is f\nd ^u dunghills4 #aaf4 ,,gonium ,,corrugatum4 ,g4 quadrangul>e1 albidum1 m$io correptum4 ,quadrangul> gonium1 :ite1 sunk a little 9 ! middle4 ,x is some:at ( a squ>e %ape1 v m9ute1 )\t any visible visc]a1 a little depress$ 9 ! middle4 ,x is f\nd 9 v>i\s infusions2 9 "s positions x appe>s /reak$4 #aag4 ,,gonium ,,rectangulum4 ,g4 rectangulum1 dorso arcuato4 ,?is gonium is rectangul>1 ! h9d-"p ar*$4 ,?is diff]s b little f ! prec$+2 ! angle at ! base is a "r "o1 ! l>g] vesicle is transp>5t1 ! re/ gre54 #aah4 ,,gonium ,,truncatum4 ,g4 obtusangulum1 po/ice arcuatum4 ,gonium ) obtuse corn]s1 ! h9d-"p ar*$4 ,mu* l>g] ?an ! =ego+1 ! =e-"p is a /raight l9e1 ) :i* ! sides =m obtuse angles1 ! ends ( ! sides be+ unit$ by a curv$ l9e2 ! int]nal molecules are ( a d>k gre51 !re are two little bright vesicles 9 ! middle2 its motion is languid4 ,x is f\nd *iefly 9 pure wat]1 & t b seldom4 ,x4 ,,burs>ia4 ,v]mis simplicissimus1 membranaceus1 cavus4 ,a v simple1 holl[1 membranace\s worm4 #aai4 ,,burs>ia ,,truncatella4 ,b4 v5tricosa1 apice truncata4 ,v5tricose burs>ia1 ! top truncat$4 ,an animalculum t is visible to ! nak$ eye1 :ite1 oval1 & truncat$ at ! top1 :]e !re is a l>ge ap]ture desc5d+ t[>ds ! base2 mo/ ( !m h f\r or five yell[ eggs at ! bottom4 ,x moves itself at pleasure f "r to left1 & f left to "r1 asc5d+ to ! surface ( ! wat] 9 a "r l9e1 & sometimes roll+ ab\t :ile desc5d+4 #abj4 ,,burs>ia ,,bull9a4 ,b4 cymb=mis1 antice labrata4 ,boat-%ap$ burs>ia1 ! =e-"p =m$ into a lip4 ,a pellucid cry/all9e animalculum1 furni%$ ) spl5did globules ( diff]5t sizes swimm+ ab\t )9 x2 ! "u-side convex1 ! upp] side holl[1 ! =e-"p =m+ a k9d ( lip4 #aba4 ,,burs>ia ,,hirund9ella4 ,b4 utr9que lac9iata1 extremitatibus productis4 ,plate ,,xxv4 ,fig4 #ai4 ,burs>ia ) two small project+ w+s1 :i* give x some:at ( ! appe>ance ( a bird1 & x moves some?+ l a swall[4 ,x is invisible to ! nak$ eye1 b by ! microscope appe>s to be a pellucid holl[ membrane2 no inte/9es are visible4 a1 ! head2 b1 ! tail2 c1 "o ( ! w+s4 #abb4 ,,burs>ia ,,duplella4 ,b4 elliptica1 m>g9ibus inflexis4 ,plate ,,xxv4 ,fig4 #ah4 ,elliptic burs>ia ) ! edge b5t 9 & out4 ,a cry/all9e membrane fold$ up1 )\t any visible inte/9es1 if we except a little cong]ies ( po9ts "u "o ( ! folds4 ,x 0 f\nd among duck-we$4 #abc4 ,,burs>ia ,,glob9a4 ,b4 sphrica1 m$io pelluc5tissima4 ,sph]ical burs>ia1 v pellucid 9 ! middle4 ,a subsph]ic holl[ animalculum1 ! l[] end furni%$ ) black molecules ( v>i\s sizes1 ! =e-"p ) obscure po9ts1 ! re/ entirely empty1 & ! middle v pellucid2 x moves sl[ly f "r to left4 ,,xi4 ,,c]c>ia4 ,v]mis inconspicuus1 pellucidus1 caudatus4 ,an invisible pellucid worm ) a tail4 #abd4 ,,c]c>ia ,,gyr9us4 ,c4 rotundata1 cauda acum9ata4 ,r\nd c]c>ia1 ) a %>p tail4 ,x has a :ite gelat9\s body1 )\t any traces ( inte/9es2 ! =e-"p some:at globul>1 ! h9d-"p r\nd1 long1 & po9t$2 sometimes x appe>s a little compress$ on ea* side4 ,:5 swimm+1 ! tail is 9 a cont9ual vibration1 l t ( a tadpole4 ,x seems v simil> to ! sp]matic animalcula4 #abe4 ,,c]c>ia ,,gibba4 ,c4 subovata1 convexa1 antice subacuta1 cauda t]eti4 ,some:at ( an oval %ape1 convex1 ! =e-"p r acute1 ! tail r\nd4 ,x is a small animalculum1 gelat9\s1 :ite1 opake1 & )\t any visible inte/9es2 ! upp] "p convex or gibb\s2 _m ( !m 7 f\nd 9 infusions ( hay1 z well z ( o!r vegetables4 #abf4 ,,c]c>ia ,,inquieta4 ,c4 mutabilis1 convexa1 cauda lvi4 ,plate ,,xxv4 ,fig4 #ca & #cb4 ,*angeable convex c]c>ia1 ) a smoo? tail4 ,?is animalculum s (t5 *anges ! =m ( its body1 t x is n easy to describe x2 x is sometimes sph]ical1 sometimes l a long cyl9d]1 at o!r times ( an oval figure1 :ite & gelat9\s2 ! tail is fili=m & flexible1 ! upp] "p vibrat+ vehem5tly2 no visible visc]a2 a pellucid globule may be obs]v$ at ! base1 & two v small black po9ts plac$ ne> ! top at d1 ,fig4 #cb2 :e!r !y be eyes to ! animalculum is n kn[n4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 salt wat]4 a1 ,fig4 #ca1 ! body2 b1 ! tail4 #abg4 ,,c]c>ia ,,lemna4 ,c4 mutabilis1 subdepressa1 cauda annulata4 ,plate ,,xxv4 ,fig4 #cc1 #cd1 & #ce4 ,mutable c]c>ia1 some:at flatt5$1 ) an annulat$ tail4 ,?is animalculum v>ies its =m s mu*1 t x might be mi/ak5 = ! proteus ( ,bak]1 ?\gh1 9 fact1 x is totally diff]5t4 ,! body sometimes appe>s ( an oblong1 sometimes ( a triangul>1 & sometimes ( a kidney %ape4 ,! tail is g5]ally %ort1 ?ick1 & annulat$1 b sometimes long1 flexible1 cyl9dric1 & )\t r+s2 vibrat+1 :5 /ret*$ out1 ) s mu* velocity1 t x appe>s z x 7 d\ble4 ,! inte/9es are n v di/9ct2 a small pellucid globule1 :i* ,mll] supposes to be its m\?1 is obs]vable at ! apex2 & two black po9ts n easily discov]$1 he ?9ks are its eyes2 sometimes x draws ! tail entirely into ! body4 ,x walks sl[ly aft] tak+ ?ree or f\r /eps1 & ext5ds ! tail1 erect+ x p]p5dicul>ly1 %ak+ & b5d+ x2 9 :i* /ate x v mu* resembles a leaf ( ! lemna4 ,fig4 #cc1 a1 ! body r sph]ical2 b1 ! tail4 ,fig4 #cd1 c1 ! triangul> body2 b1 ! tail4 ,fig4 #ce1 ! body ext5d$2 e e1 ! eyes2 f f1 ! inte/9es2 g1 a l>ge vesicle2 h1 a small] "o4 #abh4 ,,c]c>ia ,,turbo4 ,c4 globulosa1 m$io co>ctata1 cauda uniseta4 ,plate ,,xxv4 ,fig4 #cj4 ,globul> c]c>ia1 ! middle contract$1 ) a tail l a bri/le4 ,p>tly ( an oval1 & p>tly ( a sph]ical %ape1 pellucid1 & ( a talky appe>ance4 ,x seems to be compos$ ( two globul> bodies1 ! l[]mo/ ( :i* is ! smalle/2 ?is figure is occasion$ by ! contraction at ! middle4 ,!re are two black po9ts1 l eyes1 ev5 ) a transv]se l9e :i* crosses ! upp] "p ( ?is little creature2 sev]al l>ge globules may also be disc]n$2 ! tail is sometimes q /raight1 sometimes turn$ back on ! body4 ,x is to be f\nd among duck-we$4 #abi4 ,,c]c>ia ,,poduria4 ,c4 cyl9dracea1 po/ice acum9ata subfissa4 ,plate ,,xxv4 ,fig4 #cf & #cg4 ,cyl9dric c]c>ia1 ! h9d-"p %>p & some:at clov54 ,x resembles ! "y ones ( ! podura#abf :i* live among ! lemn1 is pellucid1 & appe>s to consi/ ( a head1 trunk1 & tail2 ! head resembles t ( a h]r+2 ! trunk is cyl9dric1 replete ) black spiral inte/9es1 & appe>s m or less ext5d$1 at ! w ( ! animal2 no?+ is to be discov]$ 9 ! h9d]-"p4 ,! tail mo/ commonly appe>s to be divid$ into two bri/les4 ,! inte/9es are 9 a cont9ual motion :5 ! body moves1 & by reason ( _! v>i\s %ades give x a v r\gh appe>ance2 "s lat]al hairs or cilia are likewise to be p]ceiv$4 ,:5 x moves1 x revolves at ! same "t z ^u an axis4 ,x is to be f\nd 9 ,novemb] & ,decemb]1 9 m>%y places t are cov]$ ) ! lemna4 ,fig4 #cf1 a1 ! head2 b1 ! trunk2 c1 ! tail2 d1 ) "o po9t2 x is se5 at e1 ,fig4 #cg1 ) two po9ts2 f1 ! hairs on ! side4 #abf ,a g5us ( insects ( ! ord] ( apt]a4 ,l9n4 ,sy/4 ,nat4 p4 #ajac4 #acj4 ,,c]c>ia ,,viridis4 ,c4 cyl9dracea mutabilis1 po/ice accum9ata fissa4 ,cyl9drical c]c>ia1 mutable1 ! l[] end %>p1 & divid$ into two p>ts4 ,?is animalculum 9 "s ( its /ates consid]ably resembles ! la/1 b has a mu* great] p[] ( *ang+ its %ape4 ,x is naturally cyl9drical1 ! l[] end %>p1 & divid$ into two p>ts2 b x sometimes contracts ! head & tail s z to assume a sph]ical figure1 at o!r times x projects outw>ds4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! spr+1 9 dit*es ( /&+ wat]4 #aca4 ,,c]c>ia ,,setif]a4 ,c4 cyl9dracea1 antice angu/ior1 po/ice acum9ata4 ,cyl9dric c]c>ia1 ! =e-"p smalle/1 ! h9d-"p po9t$4 ,?is is a small c]c>ia1 ! body r opake1 & ( a r\nd figure4 ,! upp] "p is bright1 & small] ?an ! re/2 ! trunk is m opake2 ! tail %>p1 & ne> x a little r[ ( %ort hairs4 ,x has a sl[ rotatory motion4 ,x is f\nd 9 salt wat]1 ?\gh b seldom4 #acb4 ,,c]c>ia ,,hirta4 ,c4 cyl9drica1 antice subtruncata1 po/ice obtusa1 bimucronata4 ,cyl9drical c]c>ia1 ! =e-"p some:at truncat$1 ! l[] "p obtuse1 f9i%+ ) two small po9ts4 ,a cyl9drical opake animalculum1 ) two small po9ts at ! l[] end1 moveable1 yet rigid1 & plac$ at "s di/ance2 :5 9 motion1 ! body appe>s to be surr\nd$ ) r[s ( small hairs sep>at$ a little f ea* o!r4 ,x 0 obs]v$ 9 salt wat]4 #acc4 ,,c]c>ia ,,crum5a4 ,c4 cyl9draceo-v5tricosa1 antice oblique truncata1 cauda l9e>i bicuspidata4 ,cyl9drical1 v5tricose c]c>ia1 ! =e-"p obliquely truncat$1 ! tail l9e>1 t]m9at+ ) two div]g+ po9ts4 ,! body is v5tricose1 cyl9drical1 ?ick1 & wr9kl$2 ! l[] "p small1 ! upp] "p t]m9ates 9 a small1 /raight neck1 l t ( a pit*]2 ! tail t]m9ates 9 two div]g+ po9ts4 #acd4 ,,c]c>ia ,,catellus4 ,c4 trip>tita1 cauda bisecta4 ,?ree-p>t$ c]c>ia1 ! tail divid$ into two p>ts4 ,?is animalculum is m complex 9 its =m ?an _m o!rs2 x has a moveable head1 :i* is affix$ to ! body only by a po9t2 an abdom51 :i* is n s wide1 b twice z long z ! head1 replete ) inte/9es2 & a tail :i* is %ort] ?an ! head1 n>r[] ?an ! belly1 & t]m9at+ 9 two bri/les1 :i* x c unite & sep>ate at pleasure4 ,x moves ) vivacity1 ?\gh )\t go+ f> f its own place4 #ace4 ,,c]c>ia ,,catel9a4 ,c4 trip>tita1 cauda bicuspidata4 ,c]c>ia di/+ui%$ into ?ree p>ts1 ) a %ort =k$ tail4 ,x diff]s f ! prec$+ 9 sev]al respects1 be+ l>g]1 ! body ?ick]1 & m cyl9drical2 ! l[] "p truncat$1 ) two %ort div]g+ po9ts project+ f ! middle4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 a dit* conta9+ pl5ty ( duck-we$4 #acf4 ,,c]c>ia ,,lupus4 ,c4 cyl9drica1 elongata1 torosa cauda sp9is duabus4 ,plate ,,xxv4 ,fig4 #ci4 ,cyl9dric c]c>ia1 long1 ! tail furni%$ ) two sp9es4 ,?is animalculum is l>g] ?an mo/ ( ! c]c>ias1 & 9 "s p>ticul>s resembles ! vorticella4 ,x is full ( muscles1 capable ( be+ contract$ or ext5d$2 cyl9dric1 compos$ ( a head1 a trunk1 & a tail2 ! head is l>g] ?an ! body1 ! apex turn$ d[n into a little hook2 ! tail is l ! body1 b n>r[]1 t]m9at+ 9 two v bright sp9es1 :i* x ext5ds 9 diff]5t directions2 sometimes x contracts itself into "o half its common size2 & aga9 ext5ds itself z be=e4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 wat] among duck-we$4 a ! head1 b ! trunk1 c ! tail1 d d ! sp9es !re(4 #acg4 ,,c]c>ia ,,v]micul>is4 ,c4 cyl9drica annulata1 proboscide exs]tili1 cauda sp9a duplici4 ,plate ,,xxv4 ,fig4 #dj4 ,cyl9drical1 annulat$1 ) a project+ proboscis1 two small sp9es = ! tail4 ,x is a long1 cyl9drical1 fle%y1 mutable animalculum1 divid$ into eight or n9e r+s1 or fold+ plaits2 ! apex ei!r obtuse or not*$ into two po9ts2 ! h9d-"p r acute1 & t]m9at+ 9 two pellucid ?orns1 betwe5 :i* a swell+ is sometimes p]ceiv$4 ,x (t5 projects a k9d ( clov5 proboscis4 ,x is f\nd 9 wat] :]e duck-we$ gr[s4 d d ! po9ts ( ! =e-"p1 e ! proboscis4 #ach4 ,,c]c>ia ,,=cipata4 ,c4 cyl9drica1 rugosa1 proboscide =cipata exs]tili1 cauda bicuspidata4 ,cyl9drical c]c>ia1 wr9kl$1 ) a =k$ proboscis1 :i* x c ext5d1 or retract4 ,x is f\nd 9 m>%y situations4 #aci4 ,,c]c>ia ,,pleuronectes4 ,c4 orbicul>is1 cauda uniseta4 ,orbicul>1 ! tail consi/+ ( "o bri/le4 ,x is membranace\s1 r r\nd1 & :ite4 ,9 ! =e-"p are two blacki% po9ts2 ! h9d-"p is furni%$ ) a sl5d] %>p tail2 x has orbicul> inte/9es ( diff]5t sizes 9 ! middle2 ! l>ge/ ( !m are bright4 ,its motion is /agg]+ or wav]+2 9 swimm+ x keeps "o edge ( ! lat]al membrane upw>ds2 ! o!r fold$ d[n4 ,x is f\nd 9 wat] :i* has be5 kept = sev]al mon?s4 #adj4 ,,c]c>ia ,,tripos4 ,c4 subtriangul>is1 bra*iis deflexis1 cauda recta4 ,plate ,,xxv4 ,fig4 #ch4 ,c]c>ia some:at ( a triangul> =m1 two b5t arms1 & a /raight tail4 ,! body is flat1 pellucid1 & triangul>1 hav+ ea* angle ( ! base or =e-"p b5t d[n into two l9e> arms2 ! apex ( ! triangle is prolong$ into a tail4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 salt wat]2 b1 ! tail2 a a1 ! b5t arms4 #ada4 ,,c]c>ia ,,cyclidium4 ,c4 ovalis1 po/ice subem>g9ata1 cauda ext]sili4 ,?is is oval1 ! h9d-"p some:at not*$1 ) a tail t x ?ru/s out at pleasure4 ,x has an oval1 smoo?1 membranace\s1 & pellucid body1 ) a black m>g94 ,! tail is n fix$ to ! edge1 b conceal$ "u x1 & comes out f x at e motion1 b 9 su* a mann]1 z to project b little f ! edge4 ,!re is also a k9d ( bord] to ! h9d]-"p4 ,its inte/9es are v pellucid vesicles4 ,x is frequ5tly f\nd 9 pure wat]4 #adb4 ,,c]c>ia ,,t5ax4 ,c4 membranacea1 antice crassiuscula1 truncata1 cauda triplo breviore4 ,membranace\s1 ! =e-"p r ?ick1 truncat$1 ! tail ?ree times %ort]4 ,x is an oval1 pellucid membrane1 some?+ l>g] ?an ! monas l5s4 ,! =e-edge is ?ick & truncat$1 ! h9d]-"p acute1 & t]m9at+ 9 a %ort tail4 ,x :irls ab\t 9 v>i\s directions ) great velocity4 #adc4 ,,c]c>ia ,,discus4 ,c4 orbicul>is1 cauda curvata4 ,a small orbicul> animalculum1 ) a b5t tail4 #add4 ,,c]c>ia ,,orbis4 ,c4 orbicul>is1 seta caudali duplici longissima4 ,orbicul> c]c>ia1 ) a tail consi/+ ( two v long bri/les4 #ade4 ,,c]c>ia ,,luna4 ,c4 orbicul>is1 cauda l9e>i duplici brevi4 ,?is is likewise orbicul>1 ) two %ort sp9es = a tail2 ! =e-"p holl[$1 s z to =m a k9d ( cresc5t4 ,,xii4 ,,leucophra4 ,v]mis inconspicuus1 pellucidus1 undique ciliatus4 ,an invisible worm1 pellucid1 & ev]y:]e ciliat$4 #adf4 ,,leucophra ,,conflictor4 ,l4 sphrica1 subopaca1 int]aneis mobilibus4 ,sph]ical opake leucophra1 ) moveable inte/9es4 ,?is animalculum1 or r a heap ( animalcula1 is l>g] ?an mo/ species ( ! vorticella2 x is p]fectly sph]ical1 & semi-transp>5t1 ( a yell[ col\r1 ! edges d>k4 ,x rolls at int]vals f "r to left1 b seldom removes f ! spot :]e x is fir/ f\nd4 ,x is fill$ ) a numb] ( ! mo/ m9ute molecules1 :i* move z if !y 7 9 a viol5t conflict4 ,9 proportion to ! numb] ( ^! little combatants1 :i* are accumulat$ ei!r on "o side or ! o!r1 ! :ole mass rolls ei!r to ! "r or left1 ! molecules go+ 9 ! same direction2 x is !n tranquil = a %ort "t1 b ! conflict soon becomes m viol5t1 & ! sph]e moves ! contr>y way 9 a spiral l9e4 ,:5 ! wat] beg9s to fail1 !y assume an oblong1 oval1 or cyl9dric figure2 ! h9d-"p ( "s be+ compress$ into a triangul> %ape1 & ! transp>5t "p escap+ z x 7 f ! inte/9es1 :i* cont9ue to move ) ! same viol5ce till ! wat] :olly fails1 :5 ! molecules are spread into a %apeless mass1 :i* also soon vani%es1 & ! :ole %oot into a =m1 hav+ ! appe>ance ( cry/als ( sal ammoniac1 z figur$ by ,bak]4 ,empl4 = ! ,micros4 ,plate ,,iii4 ,no4 #c4 #adg4 ,,leucophra ,,mamilla4 ,l4 sphrica1 opaca1 papilla exs]tili4 ,sphrical opake leucophra1 ) a small papill>y projection4 ,x is ( a d>k col\r1 & fill$ ) globul> molecules1 ! %ort hairs are curv$ inw>ds2 & x occasionally projects & retracts a little :ite protub]ance4 ,x is n uncommon 9 m>%y wat]4 #adh4 ,,leucophra ,,viresc5s4 ,l4 cyl9dracea1 opaca1 po/ice crassiore4 ,cyl9drical1 opake1 leucophra1 ! l[] "p mu* ?ick] ?an ! upp] "p4 ,?is is a l>ge1 pe>-%ap$1 gre5i% col\r$ animalculum1 fill$ ) opake molecules1 & cov]$ ) %ort hairs2 g5]ally mov+ 9 a /raight l9e4 ,x is f\nd 9 salt wat]4 #adi4 ,,leucophra ,,viridis4 ,l4 ovalis opaca4 ,oval1 opake leucophra4 ,?\gh at fir/ sight x may be tak5 = a v>iety ( ! leucophra viresc5s2 yet1 on a fur!r exam9ation1 x diff]s 9 _m p>ticul>s2 x _c l5g!n & %ort5 itself z t does4 ,x is also mu* small]4 ,sometimes x appe>s contract$ 9 ! middle1 z if x 7 ab\t to be divid$ 9 two4 #aej4 ,,leucophra ,,bursata4 ,l4 viridis1 ovalis1 antice truncata4 ,gre5 oval leucophra1 ! =e-"p truncat$4 ,?is is simil> 9 _m respects to ! =ego+ leucophra2 x is ( a long oval %ape1 bulg+ 9 ! middle1 & fill$ ) gre5 molecules2 e :]e ciliat$1 except at ! apex1 :i* is truncat$1 & %ap$ some:at l a purse2 ! hairs l>g]1 & sometimes collect$ 9 m9ute fasciculi4 ,x is to be f\nd 9 salt wat]4 #aea4 ,,leucophra ,,po/huma4 ,l4 globul>is1 opaca1 reticulo pelluc5ti4 ,?is is globul> & opake1 cov]$ z x 7 ) a pellucid net4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 fetid salt wat]4 #aeb4 ,,leucophra ,,aurea4 ,l4 ovalis1 fulva1 utraque extremitate quali obtusus4 ,oval yell[ leucophra1 bo? ends ( x equally obtuse4 ,! little hairs are discov]$ ) difficulty2 x has1 9 g5]al1 a vehem5t rotatory motion4 #aec4 ,,leucophra ,,p]tusa4 ,l4 ovalis1 gelat9osa1 apice truncato obtusa alt]a lat]a suffossa4 ,oval gelat9\s leucophra1 ! apex obtusely truncat$1 "o side sunk d[n4 ,gelat9\s1 yell[1 & small1 )\t any molecules2 ! =ep>t is truncat$1 ! h9d-"p br\ght ne>ly to a po9t1 ) a k9d ( oval hole on "o side4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 salt wat]4 #aed4 ,,leucophra ,,fracta4 ,l4 elongata1 s9uato angulata subdepressa4 ,leucophra long1 ) s9uat$ angles1 r flat4 ,! body is :ite1 gelat9\s1 & granulat$2 x *anges its =m consid]ably4 #aee4 ,,leucophra ,,dilatata4 ,l4 complanata1 mutabilis1 m>g9ibus s9uatis4 ,smoo? *angeable leucophra1 ) a s9uat$ edge4 ,a gelat9\s membrane1 ) a few grey molecules 9 ! =ep>t1 & a great numb] 9 ! h9d]-"p2 x is sometimes dilat$ into a triangul> =m1 ) s9uat$ sides2 at o!r times ! %ape is m irregul> & oblong4 #aef4 ,,leucophra ,,sc9tillans4 ,l4 ovalis1 t]es1 opaca1 viridis4 ,oval1 r\nd1 opake1 gre5 leucophra4 ,?is animalculum is suppos$ to be ciliat$1 f its bright tw9kl+ appe>ance1 :i* probably arises f ! motion x gives ! wat]2 x is ne>ly ( an egg-%ape4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 ,decemb] among ! lemna m9or4 #aeg4 ,,leucophra ,,vesiculif]a4 ,l4 ovata1 int]aneis vesicul>ibus4 ,plate ,,xxv4 ,fig4 #da4 ,oval leucophra1 ) vesicul> inte/9es4 ,an animalculum t is a k9d ( mean betwe5 ! orbicul> & oval1 v pellucid1 ) a def9$ d>k edge & inside1 conta9+ "s v bright vesicles1 or bladd]s4 ,! middle frequ5tly appe>s blue1 & ! vesicles seem z if set 9 a gr\nd ( t col\r4 ,mll] c\ld nev] p]ceive any ( ^? rays :i* are m5tion$ by ,spallanzani2 he confesses1 h[ev]1 t he once saw an individual l ?is environ$ ) v small unequal %9+ rays4 #aeh4 ,,leucophra ,,globulif]a4 ,l4 cry/all9a1 ovato-oblonga4 ,cry/all9e leucophra1 ( an oblong oval %ape4 ,! body is r\nd1 v pellucid1 )\t molecul> inte/9es1 ?\gh at "o edge x has ?ree little pellucid globules2 x is ev]y:]e set ) %ort hairs4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 a dit* :]e ! lemna m9or grew4 #aei4 ,,leucophra ,,pu/ulata4 ,l4 ovato oblonga1 po/ice oblique truncata4 ,an oblong oval leucophra1 ! l[] end obliquely truncat$4 ,! body is :ite1 gelat9\s1 & some:at granulat$2 ! l[] "p truncat$1 z if an oblique section 7 made 9 an egg ne> ! bottom4 ,x is cov]$ ) little erect %9+ hairs2 at ! l[] extremities a few bright pu/ules may be discov]$4 ,x is f\nd 9 m>%y wat]s4 #afj4 ,,leucophra ,,turb9ata4 ,l4 inv]se conica1 subopaca4 ,leucophra 9 %ape l an inv]t$ cone1 & r opake4 ,x is a r\nd pellucid body1 some:at ( ! %ape ( an acorn1 ) a pellucid globule at ! l[] end4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 fetid salt wat]4 #afa4 ,,leucophra ,,acuta4 ,l4 ovata1 t]es1 apice acuto1 mutabilis1 flaviscans4 ,oval leucophra1 r\nd1 ) ! apex acute1 mutable1 yell[4 ,?is is gelat9\s1 ?ick1 & capable ( assum+ diff]5t %apes2 ! apex bright1 & ! re/ ( ! body fill$ ) innum]able little sph]ules2 sometimes x draws itself up into an orbicul> %ape1 at o!r times "o edge is s9uat$4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 salt wat]4 #afb4 ,,leucophra ,,notata4 ,l4 ovata1 t]es1 puncto m>g9ali atro4 ,oval leucophra1 r\nd1 ) a black po9t at ! edge4 #afc4 ,,leucophra ,,c&ida4 ,l4 hyal9a1 oblonga1 alt]a extremitate att5uata1 curvata4 ,leucophra ( a talky appe>ance1 oblong1 "o end small] ?an ! o!r1 & b5t back4 ,! body membranace\s1 flat1 v :ite1 ) no visible inte/9es1 except two oval bodies :i* are ) difficulty p]ceptible2 ! :ole edge is ciliat$4 ,f\nd 9 an infusion ) salt wat]4 #afd4 ,,leucophra ,,nodulata4 ,l4 ovato-oblonga1 depressa1 s]ie nodulorum duplici4 ,an oblong oval species ( leucophra1 ) a d\ble r[ ( little nodules4 #afe4 ,,leucophra ,,signata4 ,l4 oblonga1 subdepressa4 ,oblong1 subdepress$ leucophra1 ) a black m>g91 fill$ ) little molecul> globules1 b m p>ticul>ly di/+ui%$ by a curv$ l9e 9 ! middle1 some?+ 9 ! %ape ( a long ,s2 "o end ( :i* is at times b5t into ! =m ( a small spiral4 ,x is common 9 salt wat]1 9 ! mon?s ( ,novemb] & ,decemb]4 #aff4 ,,leucophra ,,trigona4 ,l4 crassa1 obtusa1 angulata1 flava4 ,?ick1 obtuse1 angul>1 & yell[ leucophra4 ,a yell[1 triangul> mass1 fill$ ) unequal pellucid vesicles1 "o ( :i* is mu* l>g] ?an ! re/1 & ! edge surr\nd$ ) %ort fluctuat+ hairs4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 a m>%y situation1 b is n common4 #afg4 ,,leucophra ,,fluida4 ,l4 subr5i=mis1 v5tricosa4 ,leucophra some:at ( a kidney %ape1 b v5tricose4 #afh4 ,,leucophra ,,fluxa4 ,l4 s9uata r5i=mis4 ,r5i=m1 s9uat$ leucophra4 #afi4 ,,leucophra ,,armilla4 ,l4 t]es annul>is4 ,r\nd annul> leucophra4 #agj4 ,,leucophra ,,cornuta4 ,l4 inv]se conica1 viridis opaca4 ,plate ,,xxv4 ,fig4 #db & #dc4 ,an inv]t$ cone1 gre51 opake4 ,x be>s "s resemblance to ! vorticella polymorpha1 ,no4 #bij1 & ! vorticella viridis1 ,no4 #bhc1 & requires to be obs]v$ = "s "t be=e its peculi> *>act]s c be asc]ta9$2 ! body is compos$ ( molecul> vesicles1 ( a d>k gre5 col\r2 = ! mo/ "p x is l an inv]t$ cone1 ! =e-"p be+ wide & truncat$1 ) a little prom95t horn or hook on bo? sides2 ! h9d-"p conical1 ev]y:]e ciliat$1 ! hairs exce$+ly m9ute2 ^? 9 ! =e-"p are ?ree times long] ?an ! latt]1 & move 9 a circul> direction4 ,! h9d]-"p is pellucid1 & sometimes t]m9ates 9 two or ?ree obtuse pellucid projections4 ,! animalculum w at "o mom5t appe> oval1 at ano!r r5i=m1 & ciliat$ at ! =e-"p2 b at ano!r "t ! hairs are conceal$4 ,:5 ! wat] evaporates1 x breaks or dissolves into molecul> vesicles4 ,x is f\nd late 9 ! ye> 9 m>%y gr\nds4 ,fig4 #db1 a1 ! h9d]-"p po9t$2 g1 ! cilia2 h h1 ! sides4 ,fig4 #dc1 b1 ! h9d]-"p obtuse2 e1 ! =e-"p2 f1 ! horns4 #aga4 ,,leucophra ,,het]oclita4 ,l4 cyl9drica1 antice obtusa1 po/ice organo cri/ato duplici exs]tili4 ,plate ,,xxv4 ,fig4 #dd & #de4 ,cyl9drical leucophra1 ! =e-"p obtuse1 ! h9d-"p furni%$ ) a d\ble-tuft$ organ1 :i* x c ?ru/ 9 or out at pleasure4 ,to ! nak$ eye x appe>s l a :ite po9t2 9 ! microscope1 z a cyl9drical body1 ! =e-"p obtusely r\nd1 ! middle r drawn 91 ! l[]-"p r\nd1 b mu* small] ?an ! upp]-"p4 ,) a l>ge magnify+ p[] ! :ole body is f\nd to be ciliat$4 ,! inte/9es are v visible4 ,x is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #dd z x g5]ally appe>s2 a1 ! =e-"p2 b1 ! h9d-"p2 d1 ! hook$ inte/9es2 9 ,fig4 #de1 ) ! plum$ organs2 i i1 ! plumes2 g g1 ! %ea?s f :i* !y are project$4 ,,xiii4 ,,tri*oda4 ,v]mis inconspicuus1 pellucidus1 cr9itus4 ,an invisible1 pellucid1 hairy worm4 #agb4 ,,tri*oda ,,gr&9ella4 ,t4 sphrica1 pellucida1 sup]ne cr9ata4 ,sph]ical1 pellucid1 ! upp]-"p hairy4 ,a mo/ m9ute pellucid globule1 ! inte/9es sc>ce visible1 ! top ( its surface furni%$ ) sev]al %ort bri/les1 :i* are n easily di/+ui%$1 z ! animalculum has a p[] ( ext5d+ & )draw+ !m 9 an in/ant4 ,x is f\nd 9 pure wat]1 & 9 infusions ( vegetables4 #agc4 ,,tri*oda ,,cometa4 ,t4 sphrica1 antice cr9ita1 globulo app5d5te4 ,plate ,,xxv4 ,fig4 #df & #dg4 ,sph]ical1 ! =e-"p hairy1 ) an app5dant globule4 ,x is a pellucid globule1 replete ) bright inte/9es1 ! =e-"p furni%$ ) hairs1 ! h9d-"p ) a pellucid app5dant globule4 #agd4 ,,tri*oda ,,granata4 ,t4 sphrica1 c5tro opaco p]iph]ia cr9ita4 ,plate ,,xxv4 ,fig4 #dh4 ,sph]ical1 ) an opake c5t]1 ! p]iph]y hairy4 ,x resembles ! tri*oda gr&9ella & tri*oda cometa j describ$4 ,x has a d>ki% nucleus 9 ! c5t]2 its inte/9es are imp]ceptible2 %ort hairs on ! edge4 #age4 ,,tri*oda ,,tro*us4 ,t4 subpiri=mis1 pellucida1 antice utr9que cr9ita4 ,tri*oda some:at ( a pe>-%ape1 pellucid1 ea* side ( ! =e-"p di/+ui%$ by a little bun* ( hairs4 #agf4 ,,tri*oda ,,gyr9us4 ,t4 ovalis1 t]es1 cry/all9a1 antice cr9ita4 ,oval1 r\nd1 cry/all9e tri*oda1 ! front hairy4 ,x is "o ( ! smalle/ among ! tri*oda1 ! body smoo? & free f hairs1 except at ! =e-"p1 :]e !re are a few4 ,x is f\nd 9 salt wat]4 #agg4 ,,tri*oda ,,sol4 ,t4 globul>is1 undique radiata4 ,plate ,,xxv4 ,fig4 #fe & #ff4 ,globul> tri*oda1 ev]y:]e radiat$4 ,?is spl5did creature con/itutes a new g5us1 b z we "k ( no m ( ! same k9d1 x is introduc$ "h4 ,x is a little cry/all9e r\nd corpuscle1 ! upp] "p convex2 x is beset ) innum]able div]g+ rays1 :i* are long] ?an ! diamet] ( ! body1 proce$+ f e "p ( its surface3 ! inside is full ( molecules4 ,! body contracts & dilates1 b ! animalculum rema9s conf9$ to ! same spot4 ,x 0 f\nd ) o!r animalcula 9 wat] :i* _h be5 kept = ?ree weeks4 ,x propagates by division1 & is repres5t$ z divid+ 9 ,fig4 #ff4 #agh4 ,,tri*oda ,,sol>is4 ,t4 sphroidea1 p]iph]ia cr9ita4 ,sph]oidal tri*oda1 ) a few hairs r\nd ! circumf]5ce4 ,! body is orbicul>1 bright1 & fill$ ) globul> inte/9es2 9 _m1 a moveable sub/ance1 some?+ l ! lett] ,s1 may be discov]$2 x has hairs1 seldom exce$+ sev5te5 9 numb]1 :i* are dispos$ r\nd ! circumf]5ce1 ea* ( !m ne>ly equal 9 l5g? to ! diamet] ( ! animalculum4 #agi4 ,,tri*oda ,,bomba4 ,t4 mutabilis1 antice pilis sp>sis4 ,plate ,,xxv4 ,fig4 #fg & #fh4 ,*angeable1 ) a few hairs disp]s$ on ! =e-"p4 ,x is a ?ick animalculum1 l>g] ?an ! tri*oda granata1 ,no4 #agd1 & ( a yell[ col\r2 pellucid1 & replete ) clay-l molecules2 x is v lively1 mov+ ab\t ) s mu* velocity1 z to elude ! %>pe/ sight & mo/ p]t9aci\s obs]v]1 & assum+ v>i\s %apes1 sometimes appe>+ sph]ical1 sometimes r5i=m1 or kidney-%ap$1 sometimes z at ,fig4 #fg4 #ahj4 ,,tri*oda ,,orbis4 ,t4 orbicul>is1 antice em>g9ata cr9ita4 ,orbicul>1 ! =e-"p not*$ & hairy4 ,x 9 "s1 respects resembles ! =m]1 b is l>g]4 ,x is compos$ ( vesicul> molecules2 is ( a sph]ical figure1 smoo?1 pellucid1 & a little not*$ 9 ! =e-"p4 ,! not*$ "p is fill$ ) long hairs1 b !re are none on ! re/ ( ! body4 #aha4 ,,tri*oda ,,urnula4 ,t4 urceol>is1 antice cr9ita4 ,plate ,,xxv4 ,fig4 #fd4 ,?is tri*oda is 9 ! =m ( a wat] pit*]1 ! =e-"p hairy4 ,a membranace\s pellucid animalculum1 ! h9d-"p obtuse1 ! middle some?+ broad]1 ! =e-"p truncat$1 fill$ ) vesicul> black molecules2 ! hairs 9 ! =e-"p are ev5 & %ort4 ,its motion is sl[4 #ahb4 ,,tri*oda ,,diota4 ,t4 urceol>is1 antice angu/ata1 ora apicis utr9que cr9ita4 ,pit*]-%ap$ tri*oda1 ! =e-"p smalle/2 ! upp] "p ( ! m\? hairy at ! edges4 ,! body is ( a clay-col\r1 & fill$ ) molecules2 ! upp]-"p cyl9drical & truncat$1 ! l[] "p sph]ical4 #ahc4 ,,tri*oda ,,horrida4 ,t4 subconica antice latiuscula1 truncata po/ice obtusa1 setis radiantibus c9cta4 ,tri*oda some:at ( a conical =m1 ! =e-"p r broad & truncat$1 ! l[]-"p obtuse1 & ! :ole cov]$ ) radiat+ bri/les4 #ahd4 ,,tri*oda ,,ur9>ium4 ,t4 ovata1 ro/ro brevissimo cr9ito4 ,egg-%ap$1 ) a %ort hairy beak4 #ahe4 ,,tri*oda ,,semiluna4 ,t4 ,semiorbicul>is1 antice subtus cr9ita4 ,semiorbicul>1 ! =e-"p hairy und]nea?4 ,a smoo? pellucid animalculum1 & %ap$ l a cresc5t4 #ahf4 ,,tri*oda ,,trigona4 ,t4 convexa1 antice ciliata1 po/ice erosa4 ,plate ,,xxv4 ,fig4 #fc4 ,convex1 ! =e-"p ciliat$1 ! h9d-"p z x 7 gnaw$ (f4 ,?is is a triangul> animalculum1 a little convex on bo? sides1 ! =e-"p acute1 ! h9d-"p a little broad]4 ,a not* is se5 at a1 9 ! h9d-"p2 b1 ! ciliat$ =e-"p2 c1 a tube4 #ahg4 ,,tri*oda ,,t9ea4 ,t4 clavata1 antice cr9ita1 po/ice grossa4 ,?is is clubb$1 ! =e-"p hairy1 ! h9d-"p l>ge4 ,?is animalculum is r\nd1 n v pellucid1 n>r[ 9 ! =e-"p1 & resembl+ an inv]t$ club2 x is also l "s ( ! t9ea4 #ahh4 ,,tri*oda ,,nigra4 ,t4 ovalis compressa1 antice latior cr9ita4 ,oval1 compress$ tri*oda1 ! =e-"p broad] & hairy4 ,! body is opake1 :5 9 viol5t motion x is black1 :5 at re/ "o side is pellucid2 ! middle ( ! =e-"p is furni%$ ) little moveable hairs4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 salt wat]4 #ahi4 ,,tri*oda ,,pubes4 ,t4 ovato-oblonga gibba1 antice depressa4 ,plate ,,xxv4 ,fig4 #fa & #fb4 ,an egg-%ap$ oblong bun*1 ! =e-"p depress$4 ,an animalculum ) a bun* above ! h9d-"p1 m>k$ ) black spots1 depress$ t[>ds ! top1 a little fold$1 & some:at convex und]nea?2 at lea/ ?is is its appe>ance :5 9 motion4 ,v m9ute hairs occupy ! apex1 b !y are seldom visible till ! creature is 9 ! agonies ( dea?1 :5 x ext5ds & moves !m vehem5tly f an ar*$ *9k at top1 app>5tly endeav\r+ to draw 9 ! la/ drop ( wat]4 ,x is f\nd 9 wat] :]e ! duck-we$ gr[s1 *iefly 9 ,decemb]4 b1 ! hairs2 c1 ! black globules2 a1 ! project+ bun*4 #aij4 ,,tri*oda ,,floccus4 ,t4 membranacea1 antice subconica1 papillis tribus cr9itis4 ,membranace\s tri*oda1 ! =e-"p r conical2 ?ree small papill project f ! base1 :i* are set ) hairs4 #aia4 ,,tri*oda ,,s9uata4 ,t4 oblonga depressa1 alt]o m>g9e s9uato cr9ita1 po/ice obtusa4 ,an oblong depress$ tri*oda1 "o m>g9 holl[ & hairy1 ! l[] end obtuse4 ,! inte/9es seem to be m lymphatic ?an molecul>2 x is ( a yell[ col\r1 & ! holl[ edge ciliat$4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 riv] wat]4 #aib4 ,,tri*oda ,,pr,,ceps4 ,t4 membranacea1 sublunata1 m$io protub]ante1 extorsum cr9ita4 ,membranace\s tri*oda1 some:at lunat$1 protub]ant 9 ! middle1 a r[ ( hairs on ! outside4 ,a pellucid membrane1 ! =e-"p =m$ into a k9d ( neck1 "o edge ris+ into a protub]ance l a hump-back1 ! o!r edge convex4 #aic4 ,,tri*oda ,,proteus4 ,t4 ovalis1 po/ice obtusa1 collo elongata retractile1 apice cr9ito4 ,plate ,,xxv4 ,fig4 #ef1 #eg1 #eh1 #ei1 #fj4 ,oval tri*oda1 ! l[]-"p obtuse1 ) a long neck1 :i* x has a p[] ( contract+ or ext5d+4 ,bak] 9 8 ,employm5t = ! ,microscope1 p4 #bfj-bff1 dignifies ?is animalculum ) ! "n ( proteus1 on acc\nt ( its assum+ a great numb] ( diff]5t %apes1 s z sc>ce to be kn[n = ! same animal 9 its v>i\s trans=mations2 &1 inde$1 unless x be c>efully wat*$ :ile pass+ f "o %ape to ano!r1 x w (t5 become sudd5ly invisible4 ,:5 wat]1 :]e9 any k9ds ( vegetables h be5 infus$1 or animals pres]v$1 has /ood quietly = "s days or weeks 9 a glass or o!r vessel1 a slimy sub/ance w be collect$ ab\t ! sides1 "s ( :i* be+ tak5 up ) ! po9t ( a p5knife1 plac$ on a slip ( glass 9 a drop ( wat]1 & view$ ?r\gh ! microscope1 w1 be f\nd to h>b\r sev]al k9ds ( little animals t are seldom se5 swimm+ ab\t at l>ge4 ,! insect we are treat+ ( is "o ( ^!1 & 0 discov]$ 9 su* slime-l matt] tak5 f ! side ( a glass j>1 9 :i* small fi%es1 wat]-snails1 & o!r creatures _h be5 kept4 ,its body 9 sub/ance & col\r resembl$ t ( a snail2 ! %ape !re( 0 some:at elliptical1 b po9t$ at "o end1 :il/ f ! o!r proce$$ a long1 sl5d]1 & f9ely proportion$ neck1 t]m9at$ ) a head1 ( a size p]fectly suitable to ! o!r p>ts ( ! animal4 #aid4 ,,tri*oda ,,v]satilis4 ,t4 oblonga1 po/ice acum9ata1 collo retractili1 infra apicem cr9ito4 ,oblong tri*oda1 ! h9d-"p acute1 ) a neck t x c ext5d or contract at pleasure1 ! "u-"p ( ! extremity ( ! neck hairy4 ,x resembles 9 "s measure ! tri*oda proteus j describ$1 b ! neck is %ort]1 ! apex less sph]ical1 & ! h9d] "p ( ! trunk acute4 ,x lives 9 ! sea4 #aie4 ,,tri*oda ,,gibba4 ,t4 oblonga1 dorso gibb]a1 v5tre excavata1 antice ciliata1 extremitatibus obtusis4 ,plate ,,xxv4 ,fig4 #ee4 ,oblong tri*oda1 ) a bun* on ! back1 ! belly holl[$ out1 ! =e-"p ciliat$1 bo? ends obtuse4 ,! body is pellucid1 ! upp] "p swell$ out1 )9 x are num]\s obscure molecules1 & ?ree l>ge globules1 ! ends r incl9e d[nw>ds2 :5 ! wat] beg9s to fail1 a few m9ute hairs may be discov]$ ab\t ! head & at ! abdom52 ! body !n becomes /riat$ longitud9ally4 #aif4 ,,tri*oda ,,foeta4 ,t4 oblonga1 dorso protub]ante1 antice ciliata1 extremitatibus obtusis4 ,oblong tri*oda1 ) ! back protub]ant1 ! =e-"p ciliat$1 bo? ends obtuse4 ,! body is r\nd & long1 & :5 ext5d$ some:at resembles a roll+-p9 9 %ape2 bo? ends are obtuse1 & "o %ort] ?an ! o!r2 x c draw 9 ! ends & swell out ! sides1 s z to appe> almo/ sph]ical4 #aig4 ,,tri*oda ,,pat5s4 ,t4 elongata1 t]es1 antice foveata1 fov m>g9ibus ciliata4 ,plate ,,xxv4 ,fig4 #ed4 ,?is tri*oda is long1 r\nd1 9 ! =e-"p x has a long hole1 ! edges ( :i* are ciliat$4 ,x is a long cyl9drical animalculum1 fill$ ) molecules2 ! =e-"p bright & cle>1 ) a long op5+1 a1 ne> ! top1 :i* tap]s to a po9t1 & is beset ) hairs4 ,x is f\nd ( diff]5t l5g?s 9 salt wat]4 #aih4 ,,tri*oda ,,patula4 ,t4 v5tricosa1 subovata1 antice canaliculata1 apice et caniculo cr9ito4 ,big-belli$1 r incl9+ t[>ds an oval figure1 ) a small tube at ! =e-"p1 ! upp]-end ( :i* is cov]$ ) hairs4 #aii4 ,,tri*oda ,,foveata4 ,t4 oblonga1 latiuscula1 antice corniculis micantibus1 po/ice mutica4 ,oblong tri*oda1 r broad1 ?ree little horns on ! =e-"p1 ! h9d]-"p be>dless4 #bjj4 ,,tri*oda ,,/riata4 ,t4 oblonga1 alt]o m>g9e cursum1 s9uata et ciliata1 utraque extremitate obtusa4 ,oblong tri*oda1 "o edge r curv$1 & also furni%$ ) a r[ ( hairs2 bo? extremities obtuse4 ,x is a spl5did animalculum1 ( a fox col\r1 & at fir/ sight might be tak5 = a kolpoda4 ,! body is oblong1 ! l[] end some:at l>g] ?an ! o!r1 ! body becom+ small] at t "p :]e ! hairs comm5ce2 x has a set ( /reaks :i* run f "o end to ! o!r1 & at ! abdom5 a d\ble r[ ( little eggs1 ly+ 9 a transv]se direction4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 riv] wat] 9 ,decemb]4 #bja4 ,,tri*oda ,,uvula4 ,t4 planiuscula elongata1 qualis1 antice cr9ita4 ,plate ,,xxv4 ,fig4 #ec4 ,r flat & long1 ( an equal size ?r\gh\t1 ! =e-"p hairy4 ,?is animalculum is six times long] ?an broad1 r\nd1 flexu\s1 & ( an equal size2 ! great] "p fill$ ) obscure molecules2 ! =e-"p1 a1 r empty1 di/+ui%$ by an alim5t>y canal1 & lucid globules ne> ! middle1 c2 %ort hairs occupy ! m>g9 ( ! =e-"p1 "s are disp]s$ into a *9k ne> ! canal4 ,x is f\nd 9 an infusion ( hay & o!r vegetables4 #bjb4 ,,tri*oda ,,aurantia4 ,t4 subs9uata1 ovata1 antice patula1 apice ad m$ium cr9ita4 ,tri*oda some:at s9uat$1 oval1 ! =e-"p broad1 ! apex hairy to ! middle4 ,x is ( a gold col\r1 pellucid1 & fill$ ) a v>iety ( vesicles4 #bjc4 ,,tri*oda ,,ignita4 ,t4 ovata1 apice acum9ata1 subtus fulcata1 fulco cr9ito4 ,oval tri*oda1 ! apex r acute1 ! "u-"p furr[$1 ! furr[s hairy4 ,x is ( a f9e purple gold col\r1 some:at ( a r$di% ca/1 pellucid1 spl5did1 ) a numb] ( globules ( diff]5t sizes2 ! =e-"p small1 ! h9d-"p obtuse1 & hav+ a v l>ge op5+1 :i* appe>s to run ?r\gh ! body4 #bjd4 ,,tri*oda ,,prisma4 ,t4 ovata1 subtus convexa1 supra 9 c>9am compressa1 antice angu/ior4 ,oval tri*oda1 ! "u "p convex1 ! upp] "p compress$ into a k9d ( keel1 ! =e-"p small4 ,x is v small1 & s transp>5t t x _c easily be del9eat$2 its =m is s+ul>1 & no hairs c be obs]v$4 #bje4 ,,tri*oda ,,=ceps4 ,t4 ovalis1 antice =cipata1 cruribus 9qualibus cr9itis4 ,oval tri*oda1 ) a pair ( =ceps at ! =e-"p1 ) unequal hairy legs4 ,a l>ge animalculum1 some:at depress$1 ( a pellucid yell[ col\r1 & fill$ ) molecules2 9 ! l[] "p !re is a black opake globule1 ! =e-"p is divid$ into long lobes1 "o ( :i* is falci=m & acute1 ! o!r dilat$1 & obliquely truncat$2 bo? ! apex & ! edge ( ^! are furni%$ ) hairs ( diff]5t l5g?s2 x c op51 %ut1 or cross ^! lobes at pleasure2 by ?is motion ( !m x appe>s to suck 9 ! wat]4 ,x 0 f\nd ab\t ! w9t] sol/ice 9 wat]1 cov]$ ) lemn4 #bjf4 ,,tri*oda ,,=fex4 ,t4 v5trosa1 antice =cipata1 po/ice papilla duplici in/ructa4 ,r\nd & prom95t tri*oda1 ! =e-"p =m$ into a k9d ( =ceps1 & two small protub]ances4 ,"o ( ! =ceps ( ?is animalculum is twice z long z ! o!r1 hook$1 & ciliat$4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 riv] wat]4 #bjg4 ,,tri*oda ,,index4 ,t4 obovata1 m>g9e antico subtus cr9ito1 alt]oque apicis 9 degitum producto4 ,obovat$ tri*oda1 ! "u "p ( ! front ( ! m>g9 hairy1 ! apex is =m$ by ! =e-"p1 project+ l ! f+] on a direction-po/4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 salt wat]4 #bjh4 ,,tri*oda ,s4 ,t4 /riata1 antice ciliata1 extremitatibus 9 oppositum flexis4 ,/riat$ tri*oda1 ! =e "p ciliat$1 ! extremities b5t 9 opposite directions4 ,a yell[ animalculum1 =m$ ( two pellucid membranes1 /riat$ longitud9ally2 ! l[] end is obliquely truncat$4 #bji4 ,,tri*oda ,,navicula4 ,t4 triquetra1 antice truncata ciliata1 po/ice acuta prom9ula4 ,?ree-corn]$ tri*oda1 ! =e-"p truncat$ & ciliat$1 ! h9d-"p acute1 & b5t a little upw>ds4 ,x has a cry/all9e appe>ance1 r broad1 ! "u side t[>ds ! h9d]-"p convex1 ! =e-"p broad1 ! apex ne>ly a /raight l9e1 ! b5t end po9t$ & turn$ upw>ds2 & a k9d ( longitud9al keel runn+ d[n ! middle4 #baj4 ,,tri*oda ,,succisa4 ,t4 ovalis depressa1 m>g9e cr9ito1 po/ice 9 crura 9qualia erosa4 ,flatt5$ oval tri*oda1 ! edge hairy1 ! h9d] "p holl[$ out s z to =m two unequal legs4 #baa4 ,,tri*oda ,,sulcata4 ,t4 ovato-v5tricosa1 apice acum9ata1 fulco v5trali1 utr9que cr9ito4 ,ovat$ v5tricose tri*oda1 ! apex acute1 ) a furr[ at ! abdom51 & bo? sides ( x ciliat$4 #bab4 ,,tri*oda ,,anas4 ,t4 elongata1 apice colli subtus cr9ito4 ,plate ,,xxv4 ,fig4 #di4 ,long1 ! apex ( ! neck und]nea? hairy4 ,a smoo? animalculum1 five times broad] ?an x is long1 fill$ ) d>ki% molecules2 x has a bright neck1 b c2 "u ! top ( ! neck at d a few unequal hairs are p]ceptible4 ,its motions are languid4 ,x is f\nd 9 pure wat]4 #bac4 ,,tri*oda ,,b>bata4 ,t4 elongata1 t]es1 subtus ab apice ad m$ium cr9ita4 ,long tri*oda1 r\nd1 ! "u "p f ! apex to ! middle hairy4 ,?is animalculum is r\nd1 some:at l9e>1 ) bo? ends obtuse2 ! =e-"p n>r[]1 =m+ z x 7 a k9d ( neck1 "u :i* is a r[ ( fluctuat+ hairs4 ,! trunk is full ( grey molecules4 #bad4 ,,tri*oda ,,f>cim54 ,t4 elongata1 torulosa1 setulis c9cta4 ,plate ,,xxv4 ,fig4 #ej & #eb4 ,long & ?ick tri*oda1 surr\nd$ ) small bri/les4 ,! body is long1 r\nd1 pellucid1 & cov]$ ) v m9ute hairs2 x has also a great numb] ( mucid vesicles ab\t ! body4 #bae4 ,,tri*oda ,,cr9ita4 ,t4 elongata1 t]es1 undique ciliata1 subtus ad m$ium usque cr9ita4 ,long tri*oda1 r\nd1 ev]y:]e ciliat$ on ! upp] "p1 & ! "u "p likewise hairy z f> z ! middle4 #baf4 ,,tri*oda ,,angulus4 ,t4 angulata1 apice cr9ita4 ,angul>1 ! apex hairy4 ,?is animalculum is long1 m convex ?an mo/ ( ! g5us1 divid$ by a k9d ( articulation into two p>ts equal 9 bread?1 b ( diff]5t l5g?s1 ! =e-"p be+ %ort] ?an ! h9d-"p2 ! apex furni%$ ) %ort wav+ hair1 indi/9ct molecules )9side1 no hair on ! h9d-"p4 #bag4 ,,tri*oda ,,l9t]4 ,t4 ovato oblonga1 utraque extremitate prom9ula4 ,plate ,,xxv4 ,fig4 #ea4 ,! %ape ( an oblong egg1 ) prom95ces at bo? extremities4 ,bo? extremities ( ! body are rais$1 s t ! bottom becomes convex1 & ! upp] "p depress$ l a boat4 ,x v>ies 9 %ape at diff]5t ages1 & sometimes has a rotatory motion4 ,x is f\nd 9 an infusion ( old grass4 #bah4 ,,tri*oda ,,paxillus4 ,t4 l9e>is depressa1 antice truncata cr9itaque1 po/ice obtusa4 ,l9e> flat tri*oda1 ! =e-"p truncat$ & hairy1 ! h9d]-"p obtuse4 ,a long animalculum1 full ( grey molecules2 ! =e-"p r small] ?an ! h9d-"p1 & furni%$ ) m9ute hairs4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 salt wat]4 #bai4 ,,tri*oda ,,v]micul>is4 ,t4 elongata1 cyl9dracea1 collo brevi1 apice cr9ito4 ,plate ,,xxvii4 ,fig4 #a4 ,long cyl9drical tri*oda1 ) a %ort neck1 ! apex hairy4 ,gelat9\s1 ! =e-"p pellucid1 ! h9d-"p full ( molecules4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 riv] wat]4 ,x is repres5t$ 9 diff]5t appe>ances 9 ! figure2 a1 ! neck2 b1 ! hairs2 c1 a little vesicle 9 ! h9d]-"p4 #bbj4 ,,tri*oda ,,melit,a4 ,t4 oblonga1 ciliata1 colli dilatabilis1 apice globoso1 pilif]o4 ,plate ,,xxvii4 ,fig4 #c4 ,oblong ciliat$ tri*oda1 ) a dilatable neck1 ! apex globul>1 & surr\nd$ ) hairs1 ! edge is ciliat$1 & a k9d ( p]i/altic motion p]ceivable 9 x4 ,x is f\nd1 9 salt wat]1 ?\gh b v r>ely4 a1 ! neck2 b1 ! globul> apex2 c1 ! body ciliat$4 #bba4 ,,tri*oda ,,fimbriata4 ,t4 obovata1 apice cr9ita1 po/ice oblique truncata1 s]rata4 ,plate ,,xxvii4 ,fig4 #b4 ,obovat$ tri*oda1 ! apex hairy1 ! h9d]-"p obliquely truncat$ & s]rat$4 #bbb4 ,,tri*oda ,,camelus4 ,t4 antice cr9ita1 crassiuscula m$io utr9que em>g9ata4 ,?ick1 & ! =e-"p hairy1 ) not*es on ! middle & ea* side4 ,! =e-"p ( ! body is v5tricose2 ! back divid$ by an incision 9 ! middle into two tub]cles2 ! l[] "p ( ! belly s9uat$2 its motions are languid4 ,x is f\nd1 ?\gh n (t51 9 vegetable infusions4 #bbc4 ,,tri*oda ,,augur4 ,t4 oblonga1 v]tice truncata1 antico corporis m>g9e1 sup]ne p$ata1 inf]ne setosa4 ,! body is oblong1 depress$1 pellucid1 & fill$ ) molecules2 ! v]tex truncat$1 ! =e-"p =m+ a small beak2 und]nea? are ?ree feet2 beyond ^!1 t[>ds ! h9d]-"p1 x is furni%$ ) bri/les4 #bbd4 ,,tri*oda ,,pupa4 ,t4 cucullata1 fronte cr9ita1 cauda inflexa1 ,?is tri*oda is hood$1 ! front hairy1 ! tail inflect$4 ,! body is r r\nd1 pellucid & consi/s ( ?ree p>ts2 ! head1 :i* is broad1 appe>s to be hood$1 ! top be+ furni%$ ) v small hairs2 a transp>5t vesicle occupies ! l[] region ( ! head2 & ov] ! brea/ f ! base ( ! head is susp5d$ a production resembl+ ! %ea? ( ! feet 9 ! pupa ( ! gnat4 #bbe4 ,,tri*oda ,,lun>is4 ,t4 arcuata1 t]es1 apice cr9ita1 cirro1 caudali inflexo4 ,ar*$ tri*oda1 r\nd1 ! apex hairy1 ! tail b5t4 ,?is animalculum is r\nd & cry/all9e2 ! h9d-"p some:at small] ?an ! =e-"p2 ! inte/9es are ) difficulty di/+ui%$4 ,! edge ( ! back & ! "p ne> ! tail are bright & cle>4 ,x b5ds itself into ! =m ( an ar*4 #bbf4 ,,tri*oda ,,bilunis4 ,t4 arcuata1 depressa1 apice cr9ita1 cauda biseta4 ,ar*$ flatt5$ tri*oda1 ! apex hairy1 & two little bri/les proce$+ f ! tail4 #bbg4 ,,tri*oda ,,rattus4 ,t4 oblonga1 c>9ata1 antice cr9ita1 po/ice seta longissima4 ,plate ,,xxvii4 ,fig4 #d4 ,oblong tri*oda1 ) a k9d ( keel2 ! =e-"p hairy1 & a v long bri/le proce$+ f ! h9d]-"p4 a1 ! m\?2 b1 a small knob at ! b5d+ ( ! tail2 c1 ! tail4 #bbh4 ,,tri*oda ,,tigris4 ,t4 subcyl9drica1 elongata1 apice cr9ita1 cauda setis duabus longis4 ,?is tri*oda is long1 & some:at cyl9drical1 ! apex hairy1 ! tail divid$ into two long bri/les4 ,x resembles ! =m]1 b diff]s 9 ! =m ( ! tail1 :i* consi/s ( two bri/les1 & likewise 9 hav+ a k9d ( incision 9 ! body1 at "s little di/ance f ! apex4 #bbi4 ,,tri*oda ,,pocillum4 ,t4 oblonga1 antice truncata1 cr9ita1 cauda articulata1 biseta4 ,plate ,,xxvii4 ,fig4 #e & #f4 ,oblong tri*oda1 ! =e-"p truncat$ & hairy1 ! tail articulat$1 & divid$ into two bri/les4 ,! body is cyl9drical1 pellucid1 muscul>1 & capable ( be+ fold$ up2 x appe>s d\ble2 ! int]ior "p is full ( molecules1 ) an orbicul> muscul> app5dage :i* x c op5 & %ut1 & ?is =ms ! m\?4 ,! ext]nal "p is membranace\s1 pellucid1 dilat$1 & m>k$ ) transv]se /reaks2 ! animalculum c protrude or )draw ! orbicul> membrane at pleasure4 ,"s h f\r articulations 9 ! tail1 o!rs five2 & x has two pair ( bri/les1 or project+ p>ts1 "o plac$ at ! second jo9t1 ! o!r at ! la/4 ,x has be5 frequ5tly f\nd 9 m>%es4 ,9 ,fig4 #f x is se5 ) ! m\? op52 9 ,fig4 #e1 ) x %ut1 a a1 ! jaws2 b b1 ! fir/ bri/les2 c c1 ! second pair2 d1 ! sp9e at ! tail4 #bcj4 ,,tri*oda ,,clavus4 ,t4 antice rotundata1 cr9ita1 po/ice acum9ato-caudata4 ,! =e-"p r\nd & hairy1 ! h9d-"p furni%$ ) a %>p tail4 ,?is animalculum has a consid]able resemblance to a common nail4 #bca4 ,,tri*oda ,,cornuta4 ,t4 supra convexa1 subtus plana1 apice cr9ita1 cauda l9e>i simplici4 ,tri*oda ) ! upp] "p convex1 ! "u side pla91 ! apex hairy1 ! tail l9e> & simple4 ,to ^! *>act]s we may add1 t ! body is membranace\s1 elliptical1 closely fill$ ) molecules2 ! =e-"p lunat$1 ! h9d]-"p r\nd1 & t]m9at+ 9 a tail z long z ! body4 #bcb4 ,,tri*oda ,,gall9a4 ,t4 elongata1 antice s9uata1 fronte cr9ita1 cauda pilosa4 ,long tri*oda1 ! =e-"p s9uat$1 ! front hairy1 ! tail =m$ ( small hairs4 ,x is ( a grey col\r1 flat1 ) sev5 l>ge molecules & globules )9 x1 ! front obtuse1 & set ) hairs2 ! h9d]-"p t]m9at+ 9 a tail =m$ ( v f9e hairs4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 riv] wat]4 #bcc4 ,,tri*oda ,,musculus4 ,t4 ovalis1 antice cr9ita1 po/ice subtus caudata4 ,plate ,,xxvii4 ,fig4 #g4 ,egg-%ap$1 ! =e-"p hairy1 ! tail project+ f ! "u "p4 ,a smoo? egg-%ap$ animalculum1 ) a d\ble m>g9 or l9e drawn und]nea? x2 ! =e-"p n>r[1 & furni%$ ) %ort hairs1 :i* are cont9ually play+ ab\t2 und]nea? ! h9d-"p is a small tail4 ,x has molecul> inte/9es1 & moves sl[ly4 ,x is f\nd 9 infusions ( hay :i* h be5 kept = "s mon?s1 a1 ! head2 b1 ! tail4 #bcd4 ,,tri*oda ,,delphis4 ,t4 clavata1 fronte cr9ita1 cauda acum9ata1 subreflexa4 ,clubb$ tri*oda1 ! front hairy1 ! tail small & r b5t upw>ds4 ,x is smoo? & pellucid1 hav+ ! =e-"p dilat$ into a semicircle1 gradually decreas+ 9 bread? t[>ds ! tail2 ! front is hairy1 ! hairs /&+ z rays f ! semicircul> edge2 "o ( ^! edges is sometimes contract$4 ,x is to be f\nd 9 riv] wat]4 #bce4 ,,tri*oda ,,delph9us4 ,t4 oblonga1 antice cr9ita1 po/ice cauda reflexa truncata4 ,plate ,,xxvii4 ,fig4 #h4 ,oblong1 ! =e-"p hairy2 9 ! h9d-"p is ! tail1 :i* is turn$ back1 ! end ( x truncat$4 ,a pellucid1 smoo?1 egg-%ap$ animalculum2 ! h9d-"p t]m9at+ 9 a tail ab\t half ! l5g? ( ! body1 dilat$ at ! upp] end1 truncat$1 & always b5t upw>ds4 ,9 ! inside are vesicles ( an unequal size2 x moves sometimes on its belly1 sometimes on its side2 ! tail seldom v>ies its position4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 hay :i* _h be5 infus$ = "s mon?s1 a1 ! hairs on ! =e-"p2 b1 ! tail4 #bcf4 ,,tri*oda ,,clava4 ,t4 clavata1 fronte cr9ita1 cauda reflexili4 ,club tri*oda1 ! =e-"p hairy1 ! tail turn$ back4 ,! =e-"p is ?ick1 ! h9d-"p n>r[2 bo? extremities obtuse1 pellucid1 & replete ) molecules2 ! h9d-"p b5t d[n t[>ds ! middle4 #bcg4 ,,tri*oda ,,cuniculus4 ,t4 oblonga1 antice cr9ita1 po/ice subacum9ata4 ,oblong1 ! =e-"p hairy1 ! h9d-"p r acute1 fill$ ) molecules & black vesicles4 #bch4 ,,tri*oda ,,felis4 ,t4 curvata1 grossa1 antice angu/ior1 po/ice 9 caudam att5uata1 subtus longitud9alit] cr9ita4 ,plate ,,xxvii4 ,fig4 #i4 ,curv$ tri*oda1 l>ge1 ! =e-"p small1 ! h9d]-"p gradually dim9i%+ into a tail2 ! "u "p set longitud9ally ) hairs4 a1 ! head2 b1 ! tail2 c1 ! hairs4 #bci4 ,,tri*oda ,,piscis4 ,t4 oblongata1 antice cr9ita1 po/ice 9 caudam exquisitam att5uata4 ,plate ,,xxvii4 ,fig4 #ac & #ad4 ,oblong1 ! =e-"p is hairy1 ! h9d-"p t]m9at+ 9 a v sl5d] tail4 ,x is smoo?1 pellucid1 mu* long] ?an broad1 b ( ne>ly an equal bread? ?r\gh\t1 & fill$ ) yell[ molecules2 ! =e-"p obtuse1 ! h9d-"p exquisitely sl5d] & transp>5t2 ! upp] side is convex4 a1 ! =e-"p2 b1 ! tail4 #bdj4 ,,tri*oda ,,l>us4 ,t4 elongata1 t]es1 cr9ita1 cuspidi caudali duplici4 ,long1 r\nd tri*oda1 surr\nd$ ) hairs1 ! tail divid$ into two po9ts4 ,see ,zoologia ,danica4 #bda4 ,,tri*oda ,,longicauda4 ,t4 cyl9dracea1 antice truncata et cr9ita1 cauda elongata1 bi>ticulata et biseta4 ,plate ,,xxvii4 ,fig4 #aj4 ,cyl9drical tri*oda1 ! =e-"p truncat$ & surr\nd$ ) hairs1 ! tail long1 furni%$ ) two bri/les1 & hav+ two jo9ts4 a1 ! hairs at ! m\?2 d1 ! oesophagus2 e1 ! articulation ( ! tail2 f1 ! bri/les4 #bdb4 ,,tri*oda ,,fixa4 ,t4 sphrica1 p]iph]ia cr9ita1 p$icello solit>io4 ,sph]ical tri*oda2 ?is has ! circumf]5ce set ) hairs1 & a little solit>y p$icle project+ f ! body4 #bdc4 ,,tri*oda ,,inquil9us4 ,t4 vag9ata1 folliculo cyl9drico hyal9o1 p$icello intra folliculum retortili4 ,%ea!d tri*oda1 9 a cyl9drical transp>5t bag1 hav+ a little p$icle b5t back )9 ! bag4 ,see ,zool4 ,dan4 prodr4 add5d4 p4 #bha4 #bdd4 ,,tri*oda ,,+5ita4 ,t4 vag9ata1 folliculo depressa1 basi latiore sessilis4 ,%ea!d tri*oda1 ! bag depress$1 ! base broade/4 ,! animalculum t is conta9$ 9 ?is %ea? is funnel-%ap$1 ) "o or m hairs1 proce$+ f ea* side ( ! m\? ( ! funnel4 ,x c ext5d or contract itself freely 9 ! bag1 fix+ its tail to ! base1 )\t t\*+ ! sides4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 salt wat]4 #bde4 ,,tri*oda ,,innata4 ,t4 vag9ata1 folliculo cyl9drico1 p$icello extra folliculum4 ,plate ,,xxvii4 ,fig4 #aa4 ,tri*oda %ea!d 9 a cyl9drical bag1 ) a p$icle pass+ ?r\gh & project+ beyond x4 ,^! *>act]s di/+ui% x suffici5tly f ! prec$+ "o4 b1 ! animalculum 9 ! %ea?2 d1 ! tail4 #bdf4 ,,tri*oda ,,transfuga4 ,t4 latiuscula1 antice cr9ita1 po/ice setosa1 alt]o lat]e s9uata1 alt]o mucronata4 ,broad tri*oda1 ! =e-"p hairy1 ! h9d]-"p full ( bri/les2 "o side s9uat$1 & ! o!r po9t$4 ,see ,zool4 ,dan4 prod4 add5d4 p4 #bha4 #bdg4 ,,tri*oda ,,ciliata4 ,t4 v5tricosa1 po/ice cr9ibus pect9ata4 ,v5tricose1 ! h9d]-"p cov]$ ) hair4 ,see ,zool4 ,dan4 ,icon4 ,tab4 #gc1 ,fig4 #ac1 #ae4 #bdh4 ,,tri*oda ,,bulla4 ,t4 membranacea1 lat]ibus inflexis1 antice et po/ice cr9ita4 ,membranace\s tri*oda1 ! sides b5t inw>ds2 ! =e & h9d-"p are bo? furni%$ ) hairs4 #bdi4 ,,tri*oda ,,pellionella4 ,t4 cyl9dracea1 antice cr9ita1 po/ice setosa4 ,cyl9drical1 ! =e-"p hairy1 ! h9d]-"p furni%$ ) bri/les4 ,?is tri*oda is r ?ick 9 ! middle1 & pellucid1 ) a few molecules "h & !re1 ! sides obtuse1 ! =e-"p ciliat$ ) v f9e hairs1 ! h9d "p t]m9at+ 9 a k9d ( bri/les4 #bej4 ,,tri*oda ,,cyllidium4 ,t4 ovata1 apice hiante1 basique cr9ita4 ,plate ,,xxvii4 ,fig4 #ae4 ,egg-%ap$1 ! apex gap+1 ! base hairy4 ,pellucid1 ! h9d] extremity fill$ ) globules ( v>i\s sizes1 ! =e-"p n>r[]1 )\t any appe>ance ( an ext]nal organ4 ,x vacillates ^u ! edge1 commonly advanc+ on its flat side1 & cont9ually draw+ 9 wat]2 x !n gapes1 & op5s into a v acute angle1 almo/ to ! middle ( ! body2 b ?is is done s in/antane\sly1 t x is sc>cely p]ceptible4 a1 ! m\?2 b1 ! hairs or bri/les1 :i* x ext5ds :5 ne>ly expir+4 #bea4 ,,tri*oda ,,cursor4 ,t4 ovata1 antice cr9ita1 po/ice duplici pilorum /rictorum et curvorum fasciculo4 ,oval tri*oda1 ! =e-"p hairy1 & ! h9d]-"p also furni%$ ) "s /raight & curv$ hairs 9 two fascicles4 ,! body is flat & fill$ ) molecules2 9 ! =e-"p is an oblong empty space1 into :i* we may sometimes see ! wat] suck$ 94 #beb4 ,,tri*oda ,,pulex4 ,t4 ovata1 antice incisa1 fronte et basi cr9ita4 ,plate ,,xxvii4 ,fig4 #ab4 ,egg-%ap$1 ) an incision 9 ! =e-"p2 ! front & base hairy4 a1 ! ant]ior "p2 b1 ! po/]ior "p2 c1 ! incision4 #bec4 ,,tri*oda ,,lynceus4 ,t4 subquadrata1 ro/ro adunco1 ore cr9ito4 ,plate ,,xxvii4 ,fig4 #af4 ,ne>ly squ>e1 ) a crook$ beak1 ! m\? hairy4 ,at fir/ sight x does n seem v dissimil> to "s ( ! monoculi4 ,! body is membranace\s1 & appe>s compress$1 /ret*$ out into a beak above1 ! l[] "p truncat$2 "u ! beak is a little bundle ( hairs2 ! l[] edge b5ds 9 & out1 & is surr\nd$ ) a few bri/les4 ,! inte/9es are beautifully visible1 & a small b5t tube goes f ! m\? to !m 9 ! middle ( ! body2 ^!1 z well z ! tube1 are 9 frequ5t agitation4 ,!re is likewise ano!r tube betwe5 ! =e & h9d edge fill$ ) a blue liquor4 a1 ! beak2 b1 ! m\?2 c1 ! base4 #bed4 ,,tri*oda ,,erosa4 ,t4 orbicul>is1 antice em>g9ata1 alt]o lat]e cr9ita1 po/ice setosa4 ,orbicul> tri*oda1 ! =e-"p not*$2 "o side furni%$ ) hairs1 ! h9d]-"p ) bri/les4 #bee4 ,,tri*oda ,,ro/rata4 ,t4 depressa1 mutabilis1 flavesc5s1 ciliis longis setisque p$i=mibus4 ,depress$ tri*oda1 mutable1 yell[1 ) long ciliat$ hairs1 & feet tap]+ to a po9t4 ,! figure ( ! body is g5]ally triangul>2 ! apex =m$ into an obtuse beak1 :i* ! animalculum sometimes draws 91 s t x appe>s q r\nd2 ! feet are f\r 9 numb]1 "o ( !m is long] ?an ! re/2 bo? feet & hairs are )9 ! m>g94 ,x is f\nd 9 wat] :]e duck-we$ has be5 kept4 #bef4 ,,tri*oda ,,lag5a4 ,t4 t]es1 v5tricosa1 ro/ro producta1 po/ice setosa4 ,r\nd v5tricose tri*oda1 ) a long neck1 & ! l[] end set ) bri/les4 #beg4 ,,tri*oda ,,*>on4 ,t4 cymbi=mis fulcata1 antice et po/ice cr9ita4 ,plate ,,xxvii4 ,fig4 #ag & #ah4 ,boat-%ap$ tri*oda ) furr[s1 ! =e & h9d-p>ts bo? hairy4 ,! body is oval2 x resembles a boat z well 9 its motion z %ape2 ! upp] "p is holl[$1 ! "u "p furr[$ & convex2 ! /]n r\nd1 ) sev]al hairs proce$+ f x4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 salt wat]4 ,fig4 #ag1 a1 ! head2 b1 ! tail4 ,fig4 #ah1 d1 a pellucid bubble t is sometimes to be p]ceiv$4 #beh4 ,,tri*oda ,,cimex4 ,t4 ovalis1 m>g9ibus lucidis1 antice et po/ice cr9ita4 ,plate ,,xxvii4 ,fig4 #ai4 ,oval tri*oda1 ) a lucid m>g91 bo? ! =e & h9d-"p hairy4 ,x is ab\t ! size ( ! tri*oda lynceus1 ,no4 #bec1 has an oval body1 ) a convex back1 flat belly1 & an incision 9 ! m>g9 ( ! =e-"p1 ! edges ( :i* incision appe> to be 9 motion4 ,its inte/9es are pellucid & ill-def9$4 ,:5 x meets ) any ob/acles 9 swimm+1 x makes use ( f\r small bri/les1 :i* are fix$ to ! "u side1 z feet4 a1 ! hairs 9 ! =e-"p2 b1 ! bri/les at ! h9d-"p2 d1 ! back2 e1 two small project+ hairs2 f1 ! sub/ance to :i* ! animalculum has affix$ itself4 #bei4 ,,tri*oda ,,cicada4 ,t4 ovalis1 m>g9ibus obscuris1 antice et subtus cr9ita1 po/ice mutica4 ,oval tri*oda1 ) an obscure m>g91 ! =e-"p cov]$ ) hairs on ! "u side1 & ! h9d]-"p be>dless4 ,x does n diff] consid]ably f ! prec$+1 ?\gh ,mll] has po9t$ out "s %ades by :i* !y may be discrim9at$4 ,,xiv4 ,,k]ona4 ,v]mis inconspicuus corniculatus4 ,an invisible worm ) horns4 #bfj4 ,,k]ona ,,ra/ellum4 ,k4 orbicul>is membranacea1 nasuta1 corniculis 9 tota pag9a4 ,membranace\s1 orbicul> k]ona1 ) "o project+ po9t1 ! upp] surface cov]$ ) small horns4 ,!re are ?ree r[s ( horns on ! back1 :i* ne>ly occupy ! :ole ( x4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 riv] wat]4 #bfa4 ,,k]ona ,,lynca/]4 ,k4 subquadrata1 ro/ro obtuso1 disco corniculis micantibus4 ,?is species ( k]ona is r squ>e1 & its disc furni%$ ) %9+ horns4 ,see ,zool4 ,dan4 prod4 add4 p4 #bha4 #bfb4 ,,k]ona ,,hi/rio4 ,k4 oblonga1 antice punctis mucronatis nigris1 po/ice p9nulis longitud9alibus in/ructa4 ,plate ,,xxvii4 ,fig4 #bj4 ,x is an oblong membrane1 pellucid1 ) f\r or five black po9ts 9 ! =e-"p1 :i* are cont9ually *ang+ _! situation1 ?ick set ) small globules 9 ! middle1 among :i* f\r l>g] ones are sometimes p]ceiv$1 ^! are probably eggs2 9 ! middle space ( ! h9d-"p are "s longitud9al /rokes resembl+ bri/les1 :i*1 h[ev]1 d n seem to project beyond ! body4 b1 ! horns2 c1 "s hairs2 d1 a solit>y horn2 e1 a l>ge globule2 f1 "s bri/les4 #bfc4 ,,k]ona ,,cypris4 ,k4 obovata1 v]sus po/ica sup]ne s9uata1 antice cr9ita4 ,plate ,,xxvii4 ,fig4 #ba4 ,egg-%ap$1 t[>ds ! h9d-"p s9uat$1 ! =e-"p hairy4 ,?is animalculum is compress$1 & some:at ( a pe>-%ape2 ! =e-"p broad & blunt2 ! front is furni%$ ) %ort hairs or little vibrat+ po9ts ins]t$ "u ! edge a1 %ort] 9 ! h9d-"p e1 p>tly ext5d$ /raight1 & p>tly b5t d[n1 hav+ a retrograde motion4 ,x is f\nd 9 wat] :i* is cov]$ ) lemna4 #bfd4 ,,k]ona ,,hau/rum4 ,k4 orbiculata1 corniculis m$iis1 antice membranacea ciliata1 po/ice setosa4 ,orbicul> k]ona1 ) ! horns 9 ! middle1 ! =e-"p membranace\s & ciliat$1 & sev]al bri/les at ! h9d]-"p4 #bfe4 ,,k]ona ,,hau/ellum4 ,diff]s f ! prec$+ only 9 hav+ ! h9d]-"p )\t any bri/les4 #bff4 ,,k]ona ,,patella4 ,k4 univalvis1 antice em>g9ata corniculata1 po/ice setis flexilibus p5dulis4 ,plate ,,xxvii4 ,fig4 #bb & #bc4 ,k]ona ) a univalv$ %ell1 orbicul>1 cry/all9e2 ! =e-"p some:at not*$2 ! fle%y body lies 9 ! middle ( ! %ell2 above & bel[ are hairs or horns ( diff]5t l5g?s jutt+ out beyond ! %ell1 & act+ in/ead ( feet & o>s1 "s ( :i* are b5t2 ! sup]ior ones con/itute a d\ble transv]se r[4 a1 ! =e-"p2 b1 ! horns2 d1 a lunat$ figure 9 ! %ell2 c1 a pulp\s body2 f1 bri/les at ! h9d]-"p4 #bfg4 ,,k]ona ,,vannus4 ,k4 ovalis subdepressa1 m>g9e alt]o flexo1 opposito ciliato1 corniculis anticis1 setisque po/icis4 ,oval & r flat k]ona1 ) "o edge b5t1 ! opposite "o ciliat$1 ! front furni%$ ) horns1 & ! h9d-"p ) bri/les4 #bfh4 ,,k]ona ,,pulla/]4 ,k4 ovata1 antice s9uata1 fronte cre/ata1 basi cr9ita4 ,plate ,,xxvii4 ,fig4 #bd & #be4 ,oval1 ! =e-"p s9uat$1 a cre/ on ! front1 ! base hairy4 ,x agrees 9 _m respects ) ! tri*oda pulex1 ,no4 #beb2 b ! upp] "p is pellucid1 )\t any black molecules2 ! front truncat$1 ! :ole surface ( ! head cov]$ ) hair1 & ! =e-"p s9u\s4 a1 ! horns2 b1 ! hairs at ! h9d]-"p2 c1 ! cilia ( ! front4 #bfi4 ,,k]ona ,,mytillus4 ,k4 subclavata1 utraque extremitate latiori1 hyal9a ciliata4 ,plate ,,xxvii4 ,fig4 #bi4 ,r clubb$1 broad at bo? extremities1 cle> & ciliat$4 ,a l>ge animalculum1 ! =e & h9d-"p r\nd$1 v pellucid & :ite1 d>k 9 ! middle1 ) black inte/9es1 int]mix$ ) a few pellucid vesicles2 bo? extremities appe> z if compos$ ( two ?9 plates4 ,! =e-"p is ciliat$1 ! hairs %ort1 ly+ )9 ! m>g92 x is also ornam5t$ ) two small horns1 erect$ f an obscure mass2 ) ^! x agitates ! wat]1 =m+ a little :irlpool4 ,! h9d-"p is likewise ciliat$1 & furni%$ ) two bri/les1 ext5d+ beyond ! m>g94 a1 ! horns2 b1 ! =e-"p ciliat$2 c1 ! h9d-"p2 d1 project+ bri/les4 #bgj4 ,,k]ona ,,lepus4 ,k4 ovata1 apice cr9ito1 basi setosa4 ,egg-%ap$1 ! =e-"p hairy1 ! base furni%$ ) bri/les4 ,! body is egg-%ap$1 compress$1 pellucid1 & cr[n$ ) %ort wav+ hairs1 ! base t]m9at+ ) bri/les4 #bga4 ,,k]ona ,,silurus4 ,k4 oblonga1 antice et po/ice cr9ita1 dorso ciliato4 ,oblong1 ! =e & h9d-"p hairy1 ! back ciliat$4 ,an oval smoo? animalculum1 some:at crook$ & opake1 ) a fascicle ( vibrat+ hair on ! =e-"p2 x has a %>p tail1 furni%$ ) unequal r[s ( moveable hairs1 produc+ a rotatory motion2 9 ! inside are "s p>tly lucid1 & p>tly opake po9ts4 ,! figure v>ies f oval to oblong1 ! filam5ts ( ! conf]va are (t5 entangl$ 9 ! tail4 #bgb4 ,,k]ona ,,calvitium4 ,r4 latiuscula1 oblonga1 antice corniculis micantibus4 ,r broad1 oblong1 ) glitt]+ horns on ! =e-"p4 ,! body is r broad & flat1 bo? sides obtuse1 fill$ ) black molecules1 & !re is a d>k spot ne> ! h9d]-"p1 :]e !re are likewise a few %ort bri/les4 ,! int]jac5t vesicles are pellucid2 no hairs on ! =e-"p1 b in/ead !re( two little moveable horns1 & f ?ree to five moveable black po9ts4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! infusions ( vegetables4 #bgc4 ,,k]ona ,,pu/ulata4 ,k4 ovalis convexa1 po/ice alt]o m>g9e s9uata1 utraque extremitate cr9ita1 corniculisque anticis4 ,oval1 convex1 k]ona1 "o edge ( ! h9d]-"p s9uat$1 bo? ends set ) hairs1 & "s horns plac$ on ! =e-"p4 ,?is animalculum 0 f\nd 9 salt wat]4 ,,xv4 ,,himantopus4 ,v]mis inconspicuus1 pellucidus1 cirratus4 ,a pellucid1 invisible1 cirrat$#abg worm4 #abg ,t is1 furni%$ ) a tuft or lock ( hair4 #bgd4 ,,himantopus ,,ac>us4 ,h4 v5trosus1 po/ice cirratus1 antice acum9atus4 ,plate ,,xxvii4 ,fig4 #bg4 ,r\nd & prom95t himantopus1 ! h9d]-"p cirrat$1 ! =e-"p %>p4 ,x is a lively1 conical1 v5tricose animalculum1 full ( black molecules1 ! =e-"p bright & transp>5t4 ,! apex1 :i* has long hairs on ! "u "p set l rays1 is m or less att5uat$1 at ! w ( ! little creature2 f\r locks ( long & crook$ hair1 or feet1 proce$ f ! belly2 & x is cont9ually mov+ ^! & ! o!r hairs 9 v>i\s directions4 ,x is f\nd1 ?\gh seldom1 :]e ! lemna gr[s4 a1 ! apex2 b1 ! ciliat$ "p2 c1 ! feet4 #bge4 ,,himantopus ,,ludio4 ,h4 cirrata1 supra cr9ita1 cauda sursum ext5sa4 ,plate ,,xxvii4 ,fig4 #bf4 ,curl$ himantopus1 ! upp] "p hairy1 ! tail ext5d$ upw>ds4 ,?is is a lively & div]t+ animalculum1 smoo?1 pellucid1 full ( small po9ts1 ! =e-"p clubb$ & a little b5t1 ! h9d-"p n>r[2 ! base obliquely truncat$1 & t]m9at+ 9 a tail /ret*$ out transv]sely4 ,! top ( ! head1 & ! middle ( ! back b1 are furni%$ ) long vibrat+ hairs2 ?ree moveable & flexible curls a1 are susp5d$ f ! side ( ! head1 at a di/ance f ea* o!r4 ,:5 ! animalculum is at re/1 its tail is curl$2 b :5 9 motion1 x is drawn tight1 & ext5d$ upw>ds1 frequ5tly appe>+ z if x 7 cleft1 z at f4 #bgf4 ,,himantopus ,,sannio4 ,h4 incurvata1 supra ciliata1 infra cr9ita4 ,crook$ himantopus1 ! upp] "p ciliat$1 ! "u "p hairy4 ,?is v mu* resembles ! himantopus ludio1 ! cilia are long] ?an ! hairs1 & are cont9ually vibrat+2 x has two moveable curls hang+ on ! side ( ! head4 ,is f\nd1 ?\gh seldom1 9 wat] :]e ! lemna gr[s4 #bgg4 ,,himantopus ,,volutator4 ,h4 lunatus1 antice cirratus4 ,lunat$ himantopus1 ! =e-"p hairy4 ,a v lively animalculum1 (t5 turn+ r\nd 9 a circul> direction4 ,its %ape is t ( a cresc5t1 ) "s cry/all9e po9ts2 ! convex "p is furni%$ ) a r[ ( hairs1 :i* are longe/ t[>ds ! tail1 & und]nea? are f\r feet4 #bgh4 ,,himantopus ,,l>va4 ,h4 elongatus1 m$io cirratus4 ,long himantopus1 cirrat$ 9 ! middle4 ,! body is r depress$ & long2 ! h9d]-p>ts acute1 & g5]ally curv$1 pellucid1 & fill$ ) granul> molecules4 ,its motion resembles t ( ! himantopus ludio1 ,no4 #bge1 b its figure1 & ! situation ( its p>ts are diff]5t4 #bgi4 ,,himantopus ,,*>on4 ,h4 cymb=mis fulcata1 9 fovea v5trali cirrata4 ,boat-%ap$ furr[$ himantopus1 ! holl[ "p ( ! belly cirrat$4 ,an oval pellucid membrane1 ! =e-"p hairy1 furr[$ longitud9ally1 ea* side b5t up1 s z to =m an int]m$iate holl[ place1 or belly1 fill$ ) grey molecules2 b5ea? ! middle x has sev]al b5t div]g+ r[s ( hairs2 no hairs on ! h9d]-"p4 ,x is f\nd 9 sea wat]1 b r>ely4 #bhj4 ,,himantopus ,,corona4 ,h4 semiorbiculata1 depressa1 9 utraque pag9a cirrata4 ,semiorbicul> himantopus1 flatt5$1 bo? sides cirrat$4 ,a membranace\s lam9a1 v ?91 pellucid1 cry/all9e1 & semilun>2 ! edge ( ! base is ?ick set ) molecul> inte/9es2 ! =e-"p furni%$ ) %ort hairs1 or a k9d ( mane2 t[>ds ! h9d-"p are ?ree equal curv$ hairs1 or sp9es4 ,,xvi4 ,,vorticella4 ,v]mis contractilis1 nudus1 ciliis rotatoriis4 ,a nak$ worm1 ) rotatory cilia1 capable ( contract+ & ext5d+ itself4 #bha4 ,,vorticella ,,c9cta4 ,v4 trapezi=mis1 nigro-viridis1 opaca4 ,plate ,,xxvii4 ,fig4 #cj4 ,?is vorticella is 9 ! =m ( a trapezium1 ( a blacki% gre5 col\r1 & opake4 ,x is ( an irregul> %ape1 sometimes assum+ an oval figure1 & appe>+ z if girt r\nd ) a transv]se keel1 a4 ,x is invisible to ! nak$ eye1 ciliat$ on e side2 ! hairs all moveable1 & long] on "o side ?an ! o!r4 #bhb4 ,,vorticella ,,sph,,roida4 ,v4 cyl9drico-globosa1 uni=mis1 opaca4 ,a glob\s cyl9d]1 uni=m & opake4 ,to ! nak$ eye ?is appe>s also little m ?an a po9t1 b ! microscope exhibits x z a globul> mass ( a d>k gre5 col\r4 ,x occasions a vehem5t motion 9 ! surr\nd+ wat]1 :i* is probably effect$ by "s v %ort hairs1 :i* are p]ceptible4 #bhc4 ,,vorticella ,,viridis4 ,v4 cyl9dracea1 uni=mis1 viridis opaca4 ,plate ,,xxvii4 ,fig4 #ca4 ,cyl9drical1 uni=m1 gre51 & opake4 ,?is vorticella is visible to ! nak$ eye1 appe>+ l a m9ute gre5 po9t2 b ! microscope discov]s x to be ne>ly cyl9drical1 ( a d>k gre5 col\r1 a little ?ick] at ! =e-"p a1 ?an ! h9d]-"p b1 & bo? extremities obtuse4 ,x appe>s to be totally de/itute ( limbs2 not)/&+ :i*1 x keeps ! wat] 9 con/ant motion2 s t x has probably "s invisible rotatory in/rum5t4 ,x does n *ange its figure4 ,its motion is sometimes circul>1 at o!rs1 9 a /raight l9e4 ,at c1 "s %ort hairs are visible4 #bhd4 ,,vorticella ,,lunif]a4 ,v4 viridis1 po/ice lunata1 m$io m>g9e mucronato4 ,gre5 vorticella1 ! h9d] "p lunat$1 ) a po9t 9 ! middle project+ f ! edge4 ,! =e-"p obtuse1 ! base broad1 & holl[$ away l a cresc5t1 ) a protub]ance 9 ! middle ( ! concave "p %ort] ?an ! horns or po9ts ( ! cresc5t2 ! =e-"p is ciliat$4 ,x is f\nd 9 salt wat]4 #bhe4 ,,vorticella ,,bursata4 ,v4 viridis1 ap]tura truncata1 papillaque c5trali4 ,plate ,,xxvii4 ,fig4 #cb4 ,gre5 vorticella1 ! ap]ture truncat$1 ) a c5tral papill>y projection4 ,r\nd & prom95t1 fill$ ) molecules2 ! =e-"p truncat$1 & bo? sides ( x pellucid2 9 ! c5t] ( ! ap]ture !re is a prom95t papilla or nipple1 :i* :5 ! animalculum is at re/1 appe>s not*$2 ! edge ( ! ap]ture is surr\nd$ ) cilia2 ^! are sometimes all erect1 %9+1 & 9 motion1 or "p b5t back & quiesc5t1 & "p 9 motion2 sometimes a few ( !m are collect$ toge!r1 & turn$ back l little hooks1 "o on ea* side4 ,x is f\nd 9 salt wat]4 a1 ! cilia2 b1 ! project+ papilla2 c1 ! pellucid space at ! =e-"p4 #bhf4 ,,vorticella ,,v>ia4 ,v4 cyl9drica1 truncata1 opaca1 nigricans4 ,cyl9drical1 truncat$1 opake1 blacki%-col\r$ vorticella1 ! =e-"p ciliat$4 #bhg4 ,,vorticella ,,sput>ium4 ,v4 v5trosa1 ap]tura orbicul>i1 ciliis longis r>is exc5tricis4 ,r\nd & prom95t1 ) an orbicul> ap]ture1 & long hairs radiat+ z f a c5t]4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ s+ul> ( ! microscopic animalcula2 :5 view$ sidewise1 x is sometimes ne>ly cyl9drical1 b some:at tap]+ t[>ds ! h9d]-"p1 & hav+ a broad pellucid edge2 view$ f ! top1 x has sometimes a broad face or disc furni%$ ) radiat+ hairs1 ! "u "p contract$ into a globul> %ape1 ( a d>k gre5 col\r1 & fill$ ) small gra9s4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 ,octob] ) ! less] lemna4 #bhh4 ,,vorticella ,,nigra4 ,v4 tro*i=mis nigra4 ,plate ,,xxvii4 ,fig4 #cf & #cg4 ,top-%ap$ black vorticella4 ,?is may be se5 ) ! nak$ eye1 appe>+ l a black po9t swimm+ on ! surface ( ! wat]2 ! microscope exhibits x z a m9ute conical body1 opake1 obtuse1 & v5tricose at "o extremity1 & acute at ! o!r4 ,:5 x ext5ds ! extremities1 two small :ite hooks become visible2 by ! assi/ance ( ^! x moves 9 ! wat]1 & x is probable f "s circum/ances t !y inclose a rotatory organ4 ,x moves cont9ually 9 a vacillat+ mann] on ! top ( ! wat]4 ,x is f\nd 9 ,augu/1 9 mead[s t are cov]$ ) wat]4 a1 ! rotatory organ2 b1 ! two small hooks2 c1 ! acute end4 #bhi4 ,,vorticella ,,multi=mis4 ,v4 viridis1 opaca1 v>ia1 vesiculis sp>sis4 ,gre51 opake1 v>iable vorticella1 ) vesicles scatt]$ ab\t ! body4 ,! vesicles ( ?is vorticella are l>g]2 9 o!r respects x s mu* resembles ! prec$+ "o1 t a fur!r description is unnecess>y4 ,x is f\nd 9 salt wat]4 #bij4 ,,vorticella ,,polymorpha4 ,v4 multi=mis1 viridis1 opaca4 ,plate ,,xxvii4 ,fig4 #cc1 #cd1 #ce4 ,_m-%ap$ vorticella1 gre51 opake4 ,to ! nak$ eye x appe>s l a gre5 po9t1 mov+ ) great agility2 b1 :5 view$ ?r\gh a microscope1 x assumes su* a v>iety ( =ms1 t !y c nei!r be exhibit$ to ! eye by draw+s1 nor describ$ by words2 x is truly "o ( ! wond]s ( nature1 a/oni%+ ! m9d1 fatigu+ ! eye1 & cont9ually excit+ ! behold] to ask1 8,quo t5eam vultus mutantem protea nodo80 ,! body is granul\s1 & a s]ies ( pellucid po9ts is sometimes to be obs]v$1 z at b b4 ,fig4 #cc1 #cd1 #ce1 repres5t ?is vorticella 9 ?ree diff]5t =ms2 a1 ! =e-"p2 g1 ! h9d-"p2 c1 ! =e-"p simple2 d1 ! =e-"p turn$ 9 or d\bl$4 #bia4 ,,vorticella ,,cucullus4 ,v4 elongata1 t]es1 ap]tura oblique truncata4 ,?is vorticella is long1 r\nd1 ! ap]ture or m\? obliquely truncat$4 ,?is be+ visible to ! nak$ eye1 may likewise be rank$ among ! l>g] vorticell4 ,! body is some:at conical1 ( a d+y r$ col\r2 its %ape has be5 comp>$ to t ( a gr5adi]'s cap4 #bib4 ,,vorticella ,,utriculata4 ,v4 ,viridis1 v5tricosa1 productilis1 antice truncata4 ,gre5 vorticella1 ! belly r\nd & prom95t1 capable ( be+ l5g!n$ or %ort5$2 ! =e-"p truncat$1 mu* 9 ! %ape ( a common wat]-bottle2 ! neck is sometimes v long1 at o!rs1 v %ort1 & fill$ ) gre5 molecules4 #bic4 ,,vorticella ,,ocreata4 ,v4 subcubica1 infra 9 angulum obtusum producta4 ,?is vorticella is some:at ( a cubical figure1 ! "u "p b5t 9 an obtuse angle4 ,x is a v s+ul> animalculum1 9 %ape some:at resembl+ ! l[] "p ( a boot2 ! apex ( ! upp] "p or leg is truncat$ & ciliat$1 ! heel po9t$1 & ! foot r\nd4 ,x is to be f\nd 9 riv]s1 ?\gh v r>ely4 #bid4 ,,vorticella ,,valga4 ,v4 cubica1 infra div>icata4 ,cubical vorticella1 ! l[] "p div>icat$4 ,?is is z broad z long1 & fill$ ) grey molecules1 ! apex truncat$ & ciliat$2 bo? angles ( ! base project+ outw>ds1 "o some:at l a w>t1 ! o!r l a f+]4 ,x is f\nd 9 m>%y wat]s4 #bie4 ,,vorticella ,,papill>is4 ,v4 v5tricosa1 antice truncata1 papilla caudali et lat]ali hyal9a4 ,big-bell$ vorticella1 ! =e-"p truncat$1 ) a papill>y tail1 & a spl5did papill>y excresc5ce on ! side4 ,x is f\nd 9 m>%es :]e ! conf]va nitida gr[s4 #bif4 ,,vorticella ,,sacculus4 ,v4 cyl9dracea1 ap]tura rep&a1 m>g9e reflexo4 ,cyl9drical vorticella1 ! ap]ture broad & flat1 ! edge turn$ d[n4 ,a ?ick animalculum1 ( an equal diamet] ev]y:]e1 & fill$ ) molecules2 ! edge ( ! m\? is b5t back1 ! h9d]-"p obtuse1 sometimes not*$ & contract$1 ) cilia on bo? sides ( ! m\?4 #big4 ,,vorticella ,,cirrata4 ,v4 v5trosa1 ap]tura s9uata1 cirro utr9que v5trali4 ,big-belli$ vorticella1 ! ap]ture s9uat$1 two tufts ( hair on ea* side ( ! belly4 ,x is f\nd 9 dit* wat]4 #bih4 ,,vorticella ,,nasuta4 ,v4 cyl9dracea1 crat]is m$io mucrone prom95te4 ,plate ,,xxvii4 ,fig4 #ch1 #ci4 ,cyl9drical1 ) a prom95t po9t 9 ! middle ( ! cup4 ,an animalculum t is invisible to ! nak$ eye2 b ! microscope discov]s x to be furni%$ ) a rotatory organ1 :i* encompasses ! middle ( ! body4 ,x is pellucid1 cyl9drical1 ( an unequal size2 ! =e-"p1 a1 truncat$ & ciliat$1 & a triangul> prom95ce1 e1 9 ! middle ( ! ap]ture2 ! h9d-"p is obtuse1 ) a po9t on ea* side ( ! middle ( ! body4 ,?is is ! appe>ance ( ! little creature :5 9 motion2 b :5 ! wat] is ne>ly exhal$1 "s fur!r p>ts ( its /ructure are r5d]$ visible2 two rotatory organs are n[ obs]vable2 "o on ! =e-"p1 & ! o!r encompass+ ! middle ( ! body1 h h2 ! hairs ( ! latt] are 9 vehem5t motion4 ,o!r fascicles ( mov+ hair may likewise be obs]v$1 & ! v>iegat$ & quick motion ( ?is app>atus is v surpriz+1 especially if ! animalculum be big ) "y1 mov+ at ! same "t )9 ! "m4 #bii4 ,,vorticella ,,/ell9a4 ,v4 orbicul>is1 disco molecul>i1 p]iph]ia ciliata4 ,orbicul> vorticella1 ) a molecul> disc1 & ciliat$ m>g94 #cjj4 ,,vorticella ,,disc9a4 ,v4 orbicul>is1 m>g9e ciliato1 subtus convexo-ansata4 ,plate ,,xxvi4 ,fig4 #h1 #i1 #aj4 ,orbicul> vorticella1 ! edge ciliat$1 ) a k9d ( convex h&le on ! "u-side4 #cja4 ,,vorticella ,,scyph9a4 ,v4 crat]=mis1 cry/all9a1 m$io sprula opaca4 ,b[l-%ap$ vorticella1 cry/all9e1 ) an opake sph]ule 9 ! middle4 #cjb4 ,,vorticella ,,alb9a4 ,v4 cyl9drica1 po/ice acum9ata4 ,! =e-"p cyl9drical1 ! h9d]-"p tap]+1 & end+ ne>ly 9 a po9t4 #cjc4 ,,vorticella ,,fritill9a4 ,v4 cyl9drica vacua1 apice truncata1 ciliis prlongis4 ,empty cyl9drical vorticella1 ! apex truncat$4 #cjd4 ,,vorticella ,,truncatella4 ,v4 cyl9drica1 diff]ta1 apice truncata1 cyliis breviusculis4 ,cyl9drical vorticella1 /uff$ or fill$1 ! apex truncat$1 ) v %ort cilia4 ,?is is "o ( ! l>g] k9d ( animalcula2 ! body is cry/all9e1 & replete ) black molecules2 ! sk9 is p]fectly smoo? & col\rless1 ! h9d] extremity r\nd$1 & ! ant]ior truncat$2 at ?is extremity !re is a l>ge op5+ ?ickly ciliat$1 :i* s]ves z a m\?4 #cje4 ,,vorticella ,,limac9a4 ,v4 cyl9drica1 truncata1 ciliis bigem9is4 ,plate ,,xxvii4 ,fig4 #fj4 ,cyl9drical truncat$ vorticella1 ) two pair ( cilia4 #cjf4 ,,vorticella ,,frax99a4 ,v4 greg>ia1 cyl9dracea1 oblique truncata1 ciliis bigem9is1 apice m>g9e fissa4 ,greg>i\s cyl9drical vorticella1 obliquely truncat$1 ) two pair ( cilia1 & a fissure or not* at ! upp] edge4 ,! great] "p ( ! body is cyl9drical2 ! h9d]-"p r tap]+1 & fill$ ) opake molecules2 t[>ds ! upp] end x is transp>5t2 )9 ! edge1 at ! top are two small tub]cles1 f ea* side ( :i* proce$ a pair ( small hairs4 #cjg4 ,,vorticella ,,crateg>ia4 ,v4 composita1 floribus muticis globosis2 t5taculis b9is1 /irpe ramosa1 ,plate ,,xxii4 ,fig4 #dj4 ,comp\nd1 ) glob\s nak$ florets1 two t5tacules1 & a bran*$ /em4 ,= an ample description ( ?is animalculum1 see page #djj4 #cjh4 ,,vorticella ,,hamata4 ,v4 burs=mis1 m>g9e ap]tur aculeis rigidis4 ,plate ,,xxvii4 ,fig4 #dj4 ,purse-=m$2 ! edge ( its ap]ture or m\? set ) rigid po9ts4 ,x is n ciliat$1 nor h any hairs be5 discov]$ ^u x2 ! body is granulat$1 ! =e-"p broad & truncat$1 ! h9d]-"p obtuse1 & capable ( be+ contract$ or ext5d$4 a1 ! rigid po9ts4 #cji4 ,,vorticella ,,crat]i=mis4 ,v4 subquadrata1 ciliorum fasciculis etiam po/ice4 ,plate ,,xxvii4 ,fig4 #dj1 #da4 ,approa*+ some:at to a squ>e figure1 ) fascicles ( cilia ev5 at ! h9d]-"p4 ,a lively animalculum1 pellucid1 r\nd1 long] ?an x is broad1 ) convex sides2 ! head is situat$ at ! l>ge end1 ! sk9 smoo?1 & "s traces ( inte/9es may be discov]$ ) difficulty4 ,!re is a consid]able op5+ surr\nd$ ) hair at ! l>g] end1 & ! filam5ts compos+ x are 9 cont9ual motion4 ,two ( !m are sometimes se5 jo9$ toge!r1 z at ,fig4 #da1 & full ( small sph]ules2 9 ?is /ate !y draw ea* o!r alt]nately diff]5t ways1 ! surface is smoo? & ! hairs invisible4 e1 moveable cilia4 #caj4 ,,vorticella ,,canaliculata4 ,v4 dilatata1 pellucida1 lat]e inciso4 ,dilat$1 pellucid1 ) an incision 9 ! side4 ,to ! nak$ eye x appe>s z s _m :ite po9ts adh]+ to ! sides ( ! glass2 :5 magnifi$1 ! ant]ior "p is n>r[] ?an ! h9d "o2 9 ! side a k9d ( incision may be p]ceiv$1 & ! h9d-"p is a little not*$ t[>ds ! middle2 x is furni%$ ) a rotatory organ1 ) :i* x excites a cont9ual :irl+ motion 9 ! wat]4 #caa4 ,,vorticella ,,v]satilis4 ,v4 elongata spiculi=mis1 mox urceol>is4 ,long spe>-=m$ vorticella1 b :i* (t5 *anges its %ape into a pit*]-l =m4 ,a pellucid1 gelat9\s animalculum1 ( a gre5i% col\r1 furni%$ ) small radii1 p>ticul>ly ab\t ! circumf]5ce1 :i* gives x ! appe>ance ( a m9ute wat] h$ge-hog4 #cab4 ,,vorticella ,,ampulla4 ,v4 folliculo ampulaceo1 pellucido1 capite bilobo4 ,plate ,,xxvi4 ,fig4 #d & #e4 ,?is vorticella is conta9$ 9 a pellucid bottle-%ap$ bag1 ! head divid$ into two lobes4 ,little m ne$ be said to enable ! read] to "k ?is animalculum1 if he %\ld meet ) x1 ?an to obs]ve t ! bag is ne>ly 9 ! %ape ( ! common wat]-bottle1 & t ! animalculum is sometimes to be obs]v$ at ! bottom ( x1 sometimes ne>ly fill+ x4 #cac4 ,,vorticella ,,folliculata4 ,v4 oblonga1 folliculo cyl9draceo hyal9o4 ,oblong vorticella1 9 a bright cyl9drical bag4 ,?is animalculum is gelat9\s & cyl9drical2 :5 at its greate/ ext5sion1 ! base appe>s att5uat$1 & ! apex truncat$4 #cad4 ,,vorticella ,,l>va4 ,v4 cyl9drica1 ap]tura lunata1 sp9is caudalibus b9is4 ,cyl9drical1 ! ap]ture some:at 9 ! %ape ( a cresc5t1 two small ?orny po9ts project+ f ! h9d]-"p4 ,! head1 ! trunk1 & ! tail1 may be easily di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r4 ,x is ( a clay-col\r1 ! ap]ture ciliat$2 ) a globul> projection at times appe>+ to proce$ f x4 #cae4 ,,vorticella ,,sacculata4 ,v4 inv]se conica1 ap]tura lunata1 trunco po/ice bid5tato1 cauda elongata biphylla4 ,plate ,,xxvii4 ,fig4 #db & #dc4 ,?is vorticella is 9 ! %ape ( an inv]t$ cone1 ) an ap]ture ! figure ( a cresc5t2 ! l[] "p ( ! trunk is not*$1 =m+ z x 7 two tee?2 ! tail biphyll\s4 ,ea* ( ^! p>ts is surr\nd$ ) a loose bright sk91 ! head is divid$ f ! trunk by a deep incision4 a a a1 small po9ts project+ f ! head2 b1 ! cilia2 c & d d1 ! int]ior p>ts2 ,fig4 #db1 l1 ! little horn at ! bottom ( ! trunk4 #caf4 ,,vorticella ,,aurita4 ,v4 cyl9drico-v5trosa1 ap]tura mutica1 ciliis utr9que rotantibus cauda1 articulata biphylla4 ,cyl9drical & big-belli$1 ! ap]ture de/itute ( hairs1 bo? sides ( x are furni%$ ) rotatory cilia1 ! tail biphyll\s4 #cag4 ,,vorticella ,,tremula4 ,v4 inv]se conica1 ap]tura lobata sp9ulosa1 cauda brevi unicuspi4 ,some:at ( a conical %ape2 ! m\? be+ divid$ into two p>ts :i* are set ) small sp9es1 & a po9t projects f ! tail4 ,x is a pellucid cry/all9e v5tricose animalculum1 )9 ! body on "o side1 !re is a l>ge clay-col\r$ oval mass1 & a pellucid oval sub/ance adjac5t to x2 ! tail is articulat$ & v %ort4 #cah4 ,,vorticella ,,s]ita4 ,v4 inv]se conica1 ap]tura sp9osa integra1 cauda brevi bicuspi4 ,some:at ( ! %ape ( a cone1 ! ap]ture set ) sp9es1 ! tail %ort & divid$ into two po9ts4 ,! body is muscul>1 pellucid1 fold+ v>i\sly2 ! =e-"p truncat$2 r\nd ! m>g9 ( ! ap]ture are r[s ( hairs1 b x has also /iff] hairs or sp9es cont9ually vibrat+1 ) :i* x draws 9 bo? animate & inanimate sub/ances4 ,x has "s resemblance to ! l>g] vorticella rotatoria1 b is easily di/+ui%$ f x by its horn$ sp9y ap]ture1 & simple rotatory organ4 #cai4 ,,vorticella ,,lac9ulata4 ,v4 inv]se conica1 ap]tura lobata1 setis b9is caudalibus4 ,plate ,,xxvii4 ,fig4 #de4 ,%ap$ l an inv]t$ cone1 ! ap]ture lobat$1 ! tail small & furni%$ ) two bri/les1 d4 ,! body is pellucid1 cyl9drical1 & muscul>2 ! apex ab\t a ?ird "p d[n1 drawn into a little neck2 9 ! middle is a little lam9a or triangul> po9t2 ano!r ( ^! is discov]$ :5 ! ap]ture faces ! obs]v]1 :i* makes x appe> l a small fl[]4 ,! h9d-"p1 :5 9 motion1 is a little b5t2 x t]m9ates 9 two m9ute bri/les1 :i* are se5 sometimes unit$1 at o!r times div]g+4 ,:5 ! animalculum is swimm+1 its rotatory organ1 a1 may be se52 molecul> inte/9es are visible2 x moves ) velocity 9 an oblique direction4 ,x is f\nd 9 pure wat]4 #cbj4 ,,vorticella ,,con/ricta4 ,v4 elliptico-v5tricosa1 ap]tura integra1 cauda annulata biphylla4 ,elliptical v5tricose vorticella1 ! ap]ture or m\? undivid$1 ! tail annulat$ & =k$4 ,!re are two k9ds ( ?is vorticella2 viz4 "o ( a pale yell[1 ! o!r ( a :ite col\r2 ! head1 ! tail1 & ! trunk1 are fully di/+ui%$2 a sub/ance 9 motion has be5 p]ceiv$1 :i* has be5 suppos$ to be ! he>t2 !y move by fix+ _! tail to ! glass ^u ! /age ( ! microscope1 & ext5d+ _! body z mu* z possible2 !y !n fix ! =e-"p to ! place :]e !y int5d to move1 & draw ! h9d]-"p to x1 proce$+ ?us alt]nately4 ,!y sometimes turn r\nd ab\t ^u "o ( ! po9ts ( _! tail1 at o!r times !y spr+ =w>ds ) a j]k4 ,:5 at re/ !y op5 _! m\?s v wide2 ! lips are ciliat$1 9 "s ( !m two black globules are discov]$4 #cba4 ,,vorticella ,,togata4 ,v4 subquadrata1 ap]tura integra1 sp9is caudalibus b9is1 pl]umque unitis4 ,squ>e vorticella1 ! ap]ture n divid$1 ! tail consi/+ ( two long sp9es1 :i* are sometimes s unit$ z to appe> z "o4 ,! body is convex1 ( a d>k col\r1 & fill$ ) molecules2 ! middle "p is pellucid1 ! h9d]-"p r broad] ?an ! =e-"p2 ! latt] is ciliat$1 & ! tail =m$ ( two v ?9 pellucid sp9es1 :i* are some:at curv$ & mu* long] ?an ! body4 #cbb4 ,,vorticella ,,longiseta4 ,v4 elongata1 compressa1 setis caudalibus b9is longissimis4 ,long vorticella1 flat1 ! tail =m$ ( two v long bri/les4 ,! =e-"p s9uat$1 & set ) m9ute cilia2 ! two bri/les :i* con/itute ! tail are long1 b "o is long] ?an ! o!r4 #cbc4 ,,vorticella ,,rotatoria4 ,v4 cyl9drica1 p$icello coll>i1 cauda longa quadracuspi4 ,plate ,,xxvi4 ,fig4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #f1 #g1 #aa1 #ab1 #ad1 #ae1 #af1 #ag1 #ah1 #ai1 #bj1 #ba1 #bb1 #bc1 & ,plate ,,xxvii4 ,fig4 #df1 #dg1 #dh1 & #di4 ,cyl9drical vorticella1 ) a little foot project+ f ! neck1 a long tail furni%$ ) f\r po9ts4 ,bra*ionus corpore conico subquali4 ,hill ,hi/4 ,anim4 ,bra*ionus corpore conico toruloso4 ,ibid4 ,bra*ionus4 ,pallas ,zooph4 #ej4 ,joblot ,micros1 "p #b1 p4 #gg1 pl4 #aj1 fig4 #ah2 & p4 #if1 pl4 #e1 ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,k4 ,adams's ,microgr4 ,illu/r4 p4 #adh1 pl4 #dj1 fig4 #bee4 ,leeuw5hoeck ,cont94 ,arc4 ,nat4 p4 #chf1 fig4 #a1 #b4 ,bak]'s ,micros4 made easy1 p4 #ia-ic1 pl4 #h1 fig4 #f1 #g1 #h4 ,ibid4 ,empl4 = ! ,micr4 p4 #bfg-bid1 pl4 #aa1 fig4 #a to #ac4 ,spallanz4 ,opusc4 ,phys4 #b1 p4 #cja1 #cae1 pl4 #d1 fig4 #c1 #d1 & #e4 ,rozi] ,j\rnal ,physique1 #agge1 p4 #bbj4 ,?is animalculum has long be5 kn[n by ! "n ( ! :eel animal2 9 ! description ( :i* no p]son appe>s to h succe$$ s well z ,bak]2 & to him e writ] has s9ce ref]r$ = an ample acc\nt ( ?is curi\s little be+4 ,:at ,i %all n[ say on ! subject w be *iefly extract$ f ! same s\rce ( in=mation1 ) su* alt]ations & additions z appe> to be necess>y to r5d] 8 acc\nt m complete4 ,i %all beg9 ) obs]v+1 t ,mll]'s :eel animal diff]s 9 "s respects f t ( ,bak]'s2 fir/1 ) reg>d to ! rotatory organs :i* are ext5d$ on ! back l e>s2 secondly1 ! two little spl5did sub/ances )9 ! body2 & ?irdly1 ! two black po9ts ne> ! top ( ! head1 :i* are probably ! creature's eyes4 ,?is little animal is f\nd 9 ra9 wat] t has /ood = "s days 9 lead5 gutt]s2 9 ! holl[s ( lead on ! tops ( h\ses2 or 9 ! slime & s$im5t left 9 ra9 wat]2 !y are also sometimes to be met ) 9 dit*es & among/ duck-we$4 ,x has be5 call$ ! :eel animal1 because x is furni%$ ) a pair ( in/rum5ts1 :i* 9 figure & motion resemble :eels4 ,x appe>s only z a liv+ creature :5 imm]s$ 9 wat]2 not)/&+ :i*1 x may be kept = _m mon?s out ( wat]1 & 9 a /ate ( p]fect dryness1 )\t los+ ! pr9ciple ( life4 ,:5 dry1 x is ( a globul> =m1 ab\t ! size ( a gra9 ( s&1 & )\t any app>5t signs ( life4 ,if x be put into wat]1 9 ! space ( half an h\r a languid motion beg9s1 ! globule turns itself ab\t1 l5g!ns itself by sl[ degrees1 & becomes v lively2 9 a %ort "t x protrudes its :eels1 & swims ab\t 9 se>* ( food2 or else1 fix+ itself by its tail1 br+s ! food to x by its rotatory organs1 :i* ?r[ ! :ole circumjac5t fluid into a viol5t commotion2 :5 its hung] is satisfi$1 x g5]ally becomes quiesc5t1 & sometimes resumes its globul> =m4 ,if ! wat] t is f\nd /&+ 9 gutt]s ( lead1 or ! s$im5t x has left beh9d1 has any appe>ance ( a r$ or a d>k br[n col\r1 little d\bt ne$ be ent]ta9$ ( its conta9+ ^! animalcula4 ,9 ! summ] season1 if a small quantity ( ?is du/ be put into wat]1 & plac$ "u a microscope1 x seldom fails ( discov]+ a great numb] ( m9ute r$di% globules1 :i* are1 9 fact1 ! animals !mselves4 ,x w be be/ to view !m fir/ ) ! ?ird or f\r? magnifi]s1 & aft]w>d apply ^? possess+ great] p[]s4 ,! motions ( ?is little creature some:at resemble ^? ( a cat]pill>2 l _m ( ^? insects1 remov+ itself f place to place by fir/ fix+ ! tail to "s sub/ance1 !n ext5d+ ! :ole body1 fix+ ! head1 & aft]w>d draw+ ! tail to x2 by ^! alt]nate actions x moves ) "s degree ( swiftness4 ,?is animal frequ5tly *anges its appe>ance1 & assumes a v diff]5t =m2 =1 ! sn\t be+ drawn inw>ds1 ! =e-"p becomes clubb$1 & imm$iately divid+1 exhibits to our view two circul> in/rum5ts set ) m9ute hairs1 t move v briskly1 sometimes 9 a rotatory1 at o!r times 9 a k9d ( trembl+ or vibratory mann]4 ,an ap]ture or m\? is also p]ceiv$ betwe5 ! two semicircles2 :il/ 9 ?is /ate1 ! animal may (t5 be p]ceiv$ swimm+ ab\t 9 pursuit ( food4 ,! mo/ di/+ui%+ p>ts ( ?is animalculum are1 ! head1 ! ?orax1 & ! abdom54 ,x diff]s f any o!r creature hi!rto describ$ 9 ! wond]ful =m & /ructure ( its head2 ! sudd5 *anges ( :i* f "o =m to ano!r are equally surpriz+ & s+ul>2 f be+ ( a v tap] =m1 x becomes almo/ in/antane\sly z broad z any "p ( its body1 & protrudes an amaz+ly curi\s ma*9]y =m$ to procure its food4 ,! circul> bodies :i* project f ! animal h mu* ! resemblance ( :eels1 appe>+ to turn r\nd ) consid]able velocity1 by :i* means a v rapid curr5t ( wat] is br\ght f a great di/ance to its m\?4 ,z ^! :eels are v transp>5t1 ! edges except$1 :i* are set ) fibrill1 z cogs to a :eel1 x is difficult to det]m9e h[ ! rotatory motions are p]=m$1 or :e!r _! figure be flat1 concave1 or conical2 be ?is z x may1 !y are protrud$ f a c\ple ( tubul> cases1 into :i* !y c be aga9 )drawn1 at ! w & pleasure ( ! animal4 ,!y d n always turn ! same way1 nor ) ! same degree ( velocity1 sometimes mov+ 9 opposite directions1 at o!r times bo? "o way4 ,! figure v>ies accord+ to ! degree ( _! protrusion1 z well z f o!r circum/ances4 ,!y appe> occasionally l m9ute oblong squ>es1 ris+ f ! p]iph]y ( a circle2 at o!r times !y t]m9ate 9 %>p po9ts1 & sometimes !y are curv$1 b5d+ ! same way l s _m hooks2 n[ & !n ! ends appe> clubb$1 or 9 resemblance l a numb] ( small mallets4 ,:5 ! =e-"p ( ?is creature is fir/ se5 to op5 or divide1 ! p>ts1 :i* :5 fully protrud$ resemble :eels1 seem only l a c\ple ( semicircles1 ! edges ( :i* are set ) little spicul1 hav+ a nimble1 & cont9ually vibrat+ motion upw>ds & d[nw>ds1 = ! purpose ( agitat+ ! wat]1 ea* :eel be+ 9 ?is case d\bl$1 or l a r\nd piece ( pap] fold$ 9 ! middle4 ,:5 ! :eels are 9 motion1 ! head appe>s v l>ge 9 proportion to ! size ( ! animal2 & ?\gh x is !n ev]y:]e transp>5t1 yet a r+ or circle1 m p>ticul>ly di/+ui%$ by its brightness1 may be p]ceiv$ ab\t ! middle ( ! =ehead1 f :5ce _m vessels are se5 to orig9ate4 ,! ?orax or brea/ is unit$ to ! head by a %ort annul> circle or neck2 ! size ( ! ?orax is ne>ly "o-six? "p ( ! :ole animalculum4 ,9 x ! he>t is di/9ctly se52 be+ plac$ ne>ly 9 ! c5t]1 ! dia/ole & sy/ole _c fail to attract ! eye ( e att5tive obs]v]2 ! alt]nate dilatation & contraction is v p]ceptible ?r\gh ! back ( ! animal1 be+ p]=m$ ) great /r5g? & vig\r4 ,x appe>s to be compos$ ( two semilun> p>ts1 :i* 9 ! "t ( contraction approa* ea* o!r lat]ally1 & =m betwe5 !m a figure some:at l a horse-%oe1 ^: upp] side is flat1 ! "u "o convex4 ,9 ! dia/ole1 ^! two p>ts sep>ate2 ! sep>ation beg9s exactly 9 ! middle ( ! l[] "p next ! tail4 ,9 ea* ( ! semilun> p>ts !re is a cavity1 :i* closes :5 !y come toge!r2 & op5s :5 !y sep>ate4 ,! motion ( ! he>t is communicat$ to all ! o!r p>ts ( ! ?orax1 & inde$ ?r\gh ! :ole animal4 ,x is necess>y h[ev] to rem>k1 t ?is motion is sometimes susp5d$1 or at lea/ q imp]ceptible1 = two or ?ree m9utes1 aft] :i* x re-comm5ces1 & goes on ) ! same vig\r & regul>ity z be=e4 ,f ! "u "p ( ! ?orax a small transp>5t horn proce$s1 :i* _c be se5 unless ! insect turns on its back or side4 ,bel[ ! ?orax !re is an annul> circle t jo9s ! ?orax to ! abdom52 ?is is consid]ably ! l>ge/ "p ( ! animal1 & conta9s ! /oma* & visc]a4 ,:5 full ( food1 ! inte/9es are opake1 & ( a crimson col\r1 ext5d+ f ! ?orax q ?r\gh ! abdom5 & a great "p ( ! tail1 exhibit+ a f9e view ( ! p]i/altic motion1 or ^? gradual contractions & dilatations ( ! inte/9es1 :i* propel _! cont5ts d[nw>ds4 ,num]\s ramifications ( vessels1 bo? longitud9al & transv]se1 surr\nd ! inte/9es4 ,! abdom5 is n only capable ( contraction1 b also admits ( su* a degree ( ext5sion1 z to =m a case = all ! o!r p>ts ( ! body4 ,! tail ext5ds f a jo9t at ! l[] "p ( ! belly to ! po/]ior extremity2 x is ( a tap]+ =m1 & consi/s g5]ally ( ?ree jo9ts2 :5 ! animal is incl9$ to fix itself to any ?+ by ! tail1 x ?ru/s out f\r1 sometimes six1 little hooks f ! extreme "p2 ^! are plac$ 9 pairs1 "o at ! v extremity itself1 ! o!r two a little way up ! sides2 ! ?ree pair are seldom se5 at ! same "t4 ,! :eels appe> to be ! organs us$ by ! animal to assi/ x 9 swimm+4 ,all ! actions ( ?is creature seem to imply sagacity & quickness ( s5sation2 at ! lea/ t\* or motion 9 ! wat]1 !y in/antly draw 9 _! :eels4 ,bak] conjectures t !y h eyes lodg$ ne> ! :eels1 because :ile !y are 9 ! globul> or maggot /ate1 _! motions are sl[ & /umbl+2 b aft] ! :eels are protrud$1 !y are p]=m$ ) great regul>ity1 swiftness1 & /ead9ess4 ,c we suffici5tly admire ! wond]ful contrivance 9 ! app>atus ( ?is animal8 a be+ s dim9utive1 z n to exce$ 9 size a gra9 ( s&6 ,plate ,,xxvi4 ,fig4 #ag1 repres5ts ! :eel animal 9 :at ,bak] calls ! maggot /ate2 :ile 9 ?is =m small spicul are se5 to d>t out ne> ! ant]ior "p2 ! sn\t is sometimes m1 at o!r times less acute ?an 9 ?is del9eation4 a1 a small horn ne> ! ?orax4 ,fig4 #ae repres5ts its mann] ( mov+ f place to place1 :ile 9 ! maggot /ate4 a1 ! project+ horn4 ,fig4 #ab exhibits x ) ! two semicircul> p>ts1 a a1 protrud$1 & 9 ! po/ure 9 :i* x places itself1 :5 prep>+ to swim ab\t1 or go+ to set its :eels 9 motion4 ,fig4 #a %ews ! head at its full ext5t1 & a c\ple ( small bodies1 a a1 on ! top ( x1 arm$ ) small tee?1 b1 l ^? ( ! balance-:eel ( a wat*4 ,at ,fig4 #ah ! int]ior p>ts are m p>ticul>ly exhibit$4 a1 ! circle f :i* _m vessels orig9ate2 b1 ! ?orax or brea/1 jo9$ to ! head by ! neck1 c2 ! "p :i* is suppos$ to be ! he>t is pla9ly se5 at d2 ! abdom51 f1 is sep>at$ f ! brea/ by a r+1 e2 g1 ! tail4 ,fig4 #ai exhibits ! animal n fully ext5d$1 ?\gh ) its :eels 9 motion4 ,fig4 #bj %ews x ) its side t[>ds ! eye2 9 ?is position "o ( ! :eels1 a1 appe>s to lie consid]ably bel[ ! o!r4 ,fig4 #f & #af repres5t two ( ^! creatures 9 ! po/ures 9 :i* !y are frequ5tly se5 :5 ! :eels are n protrud$1 b ) ! fibrill1 a b1 vibrat+ quickly4 ,fig4 #b exhibits ! animal ) ! body ne>ly drawn into ! abdom52 at ,fig4 #ba1 ! body /ill fur!r drawn 92 at ,fig4 #bb1 z x appe>s ) ! tail p>tly drawn 92 at ,fig4 #bc1 9 a globul> =m1 b /ill adh]+ by ! tail4 ,sometimes1 :5 9 ! maggot =m1 x rolls its head & tail toge!r1 )\t draw+ !m into ! body2 z repres5t$ at ,fig4 #ad4 ,bak] has also describ$ ?ree o!r species1 "o ( :i*1 diff]+ only f ! prec$+ 9 hav+ a v long tail1 is repres5t$ at ,fig4 #g4 ,fig4 #aa is ano!r k9d1 ) cru/ace\s spicul1 b1 at ! =e-"p2 )9 ?is1 at c1 an opake oval body may be se51 :i* has be5 tak5 = an egg4 ,fig4 #c is ano!r k9d2 x has two project+ po9ts1 a a1 f ! tail1 & ! head furni%$ ) a numb] ( fibrill1 b b4 ,fig4 #ac repres5ts ano!r species1 describ$ by ,spallanzani4 ,plate ,,xxvii4 ,fig4 #df1 #dg1 #dh1 #di1 repres5t ! :eel animals se5 & del9eat$ by ,mll]4 a1 ! head2 b1 ! eyes2 c1 a small horn2 d1 ! rotatory organ2 e1 ! tail2 f1 ! po9ts ( ! tail4 #cbd4 ,,vorticella ,,furcata4 ,v4 cyl9drica1 ap]tura integra1 cauda longiuscula bifida4 ,cyl9drical vorticella1 ! ap]ture undivid$1 ! tail r long1 & divid$ into two p>ts4 ,a cyl9dric body ) a rotatory organ1 consi/+ ( a r[ ( hairs at ! apex2 ! tail is divid$ into two p>ts turn+ a little inw>ds4 ,:5 at re/1 x jo9s ! segm5ts ( ! tail2 b op5s !m :5 9 motion4 ,x is g5]ally f\nd 9 common wat]4 #cbe4 ,,vorticella ,,catulus4 ,v4 cyl9dracea1 ap]tura mutica1 cauda p]brevi1 reflexa1 bicuspi4 ,plate ,,xxvii4 ,fig4 #ej4 ,cyl9drical vorticella1 ! ap]ture pla91 ! tail %ort1 b5t back1 & divid$ into two po9ts4 ,x is a little ?ick muscul> animalculum1 fold+ itself up2 ( an equal bread? ?r\gh\t1 ! body disfigur$ by longitud9al folds w9d+ 9 v>i\s directions2 ! ant]ior "p or head is connect$ to ! body by a little neck1 & x occasionally exhibits a v m9ute rotatory organ4 ,! tail1 e1 is %ort1 t]m9at+ 9 two v small bri/les1 d1 :i* are expos$ or conceal$ at pleasure2 ! inte/9es ill-def9$4 ,its motion is rotatory1 b 9 diff]5t directions4 ,x is commonly f\nd 9 m>%y wat]s4 #cbf4 ,,vorticella ,,canicula4 ,v4 cyl9dracea1 ap]tura mutica1 cauda brevi1 articulata1 bicuspi4 ,cyl9drical vorticella1 ! ap]ture pla91 ) a %ort articulat$ tail divid$ into two po9t$ p>ts4 #cbg4 ,,vorticella ,,felis4 ,v4 caudata1 cyl9dracea1 mutica1 cauda sp9is duabus longis t]m9ata4 ,) a tail1 cyl9drical1 be>dless1 ! tail t]m9at+ 9 two long sp9es4 ,! body is l>ge1 ! apex ( an equal ?ickness1 obtuse1 ) rotatory filam5ts2 ! tail acute1 ) two pellucid sp9es1 9 l5g? ab\t "o-?ird "p ( ! body1 alt]nately sep>at+ f & approa*+ ea* o!r4 #cbh4 ,,vorticella ,,/5torea4 ,v4 caudata1 elongata1 tub=mis limbo ciliato4 ,long-tail$ vorticella1 trumpet-%ap$1 ! arms furni%$ ) r[s ( %ort hairs4 ,see ?is fully describ$ by ! "n ( hydra /5torea1 9 page #cib4 #cbi4 ,,vorticella ,,socialis4 ,v4 caudata1 aggregata1 clavata2 disco obliquo4 ,a description ( ?is vorticella has also be5 giv51 z hydra socialis1 9 page #cie4 #ccj4 ,,vorticella ,,flosculosa4 ,v4 caudata1 aggregata1 oblongo-ovata1 disco dilatato pellucido4 ,plate ,,xxvii4 ,fig4 #ea & #eb4 ,) a tail aggregat$1 ( an oblong oval %ape1 ) a dilat$ pellucid disc4 ,to ! nak$ eye x appe>s z a yell[ globule1 adh]+ to ! c]atophyllum1 or common horn-wort1 ,fig4 #eb1 a1 l a little fl[]2 or a heap ( yell[ eggs1 b4 ,) ! assi/ance ( ! microscope !y are discov]$ to be a cong]ies ( vorticell1 con/itut+ a sph]e f a m\ldy c5t]4 ,!y contract or ext5d _! bodies ei!r :5 alone or associat$1 & excite a vortex 9 ! wat] by means ( ! disc4 ,:5 !y quit ! society1 & act s+ly1 _! p>ts may be m readily di/+ui%$1 & w be f\nd to consi/ ( a head1 abdom51 & tail4 ,! head is (t5 drawn back s f> into ! abdom51 t x _c be se51 exhibit+ only a project+1 broad kidney-%ap$ disc4 ,! abdom51 ,fig4 #ea1 d1 is oblong1 oval1 & pellucid1 replete ) obscure inte/9es1 among/ :i* are "o or two rem>kable black oval spots1 e2 ! tail1 f1 is %>p1 twice z long z ! abdom51 ei!r r\gh & annulat$1 or altoge!r smoo?4 #cca4 ,,vorticella ,,citr9a4 ,v4 simplex1 multi=mis1 orificio contractili1 p$unculo quali4 ,plate ,,xxvii4 ,fig4 #ec4 ,simple1 _m-%ap$1 ) an orifice admitt+ ( contraction1 & equal-siz$ foot-/alk4 ,! head is full ( molecules1 r\nd1 ev]y:]e ( an equal size1 & v pellucid2 bo? sides ( ! orifice are ciliat$1 & ea* has a rotatory motion1 appe>+ sometimes )\t ! edge ( ! m\?1 z at a a2 at o!r times )9 x4 ,no di/9ct inte/9es or int]nal motion are p]ceivable4 ,its motion is diff]5t f mo/ ( ?is g5us1 b n easily describ$2 at c c are small feet4 ,x is f\nd 9 /agnant wat]4 #ccb4 ,,vorticella ,,piri=mis4 ,v4 simplex1 obovata1 p$icello m9imo retractili4 ,simple1 some:at oval1 ) a v small retractile foot1 :i* x c draw )9 itself4 #ccc4 ,,vorticella ,,tub]osa4 ,v4 simplex1 turb9ata1 apice bitub]culata4 ,simple vorticella1 ! upp] "p broad1 ! "u "p small1 ) two projections at ! ant]ior end1 furni%$ ) a numb] ( fibrill1 :i* produce a curr5t ( wat] by _! vibration1 & ?us collect food = ! animal4 ,bak] has del9eat$ x 9 ,plate ,,xiii4 ,no4 #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 ( 8 ,employm5t = ! ,microscope4 #ccd4 ,,vorticella ,,r+5s4 ,v4 simplex1 obovata1 p$unculo m9imo1 orificio contractili4 ,simple1 some:at ( an oval %ape1 ) a small p$icle1 & an orifice :i* x contracts or dilates4 ,! small head1 or r body ( ?is little creature is pe>-%ap$1 pellucid1 ! middle ( ! ap]ture convex1 bo? sides ciliat$1 ! p$icle f\r times %ort] ?an ! body2 x c contract ! orifice to an obtuse po9t4 #cce4 ,,vorticella ,,incl9ans4 ,v4 simplex1 deflexa1 p$unculo brevi1 capitulo retractili4 ,simple1 b5t1 ) a %ort p$icle1 & small retractile head4 ,?is has a pellucid p5dul\s little head2 ! ant]ior "p truncat$1 occasionally contract+ itself twice z %ort z ! p$icle2 its %ape resembles t ( a tobacco-pipe4 #ccf4 ,,vorticella ,,vag9ata4 ,v4 simplex1 erecta1 ovato-truncata1 p$unculo vag9ato4 ,simple vorticella1 erect1 ( ! %ape ( a truncat$ egg2 ! p$icle is conta9$ 9 a %ea?4 ,= ! #ccg?1 #cch?1 & #cci?1 ! au?or ref]s to ! ,zool4 ,dan4 he t]ms !m1 vorticella cya?9a1 vorticella putr9a1 vorticella patell9a4 #cdj4 ,,vorticella ,,globul>ia4 ,v4 simplex1 sphrica1 p$unculo retortili4 ,simple1 sph]ical1 ) a twi/$ p$icle4 ,?is animalculum has a small sph]ical head1 ! ap]ture ( ! m\? ciliat$2 ! p$icle f\r times long] ?an ! body1 :i* x contracts into a spiral =m4 ,x is frequ5t among ! cyclopa quadricorni4 #cda4 ,,vorticella ,,lun>is4 ,v4 simplex1 hemisphrica1 p$unculo retortili4 ,plate ,,xxvii4 ,fig4 #ed4 ,simple1 hemisph]ical1 ) a twi/$ p$icle4 ,! small head ( ?is animalculum is goblet-%ap$1 ! m>g9 ( ! orifice protub]ant1 ciliat$ on bo? sides1 ) undulat+ hairs2 ! p$icle eight or t5 times ! l5g? ( ! body4 ,! p$icle ext5ds itself z (t5 z ! m\? is op5$1 b is twi/$ up spirally :5 x is %ut2 & ^! motions are frequ5tly repeat$ 9 a %ort space ( "t1 a a1 ! head :5 exp&$2 b1 :5 %ut2 c1 ! undulat$ edge2 d d1 ! cilia erect2 e1 :5 horizontal2 f1 ! p$icle :5 /raight2 g1 :5 b5t 9 a spiral =m4 #cdb4 ,,vorticella ,,convall>ia4 ,v4 simplex1 campanulata1 p$unculo retortili4 ,?is animalculum1 ! bell-animal ( ,bak]1 has be5 fully describ$ 9 page #djg4 #cdc4 ,,vorticella ,,nutans4 ,v4 simplex1 turb9ata1 p$unculo retortili4 ,simple1 ) a twi/$ turb9at$ p$icle4 ,! p$icle is simple1 & twi/s itself spirally2 is extremely sl5d]1 ) a k9d ( cap on its head2 ! m>g9 :ite & r\nd1 & appe>+ z if encompass$ ) a lucid r+2 ! head dim9i%es t[>ds ! base4 ,x is transp>5t4 #cdd4 ,,vorticella ,,nebulif]a4 ,v4 simplex1 ovata1 p$unculo reflexili4 ,plate ,,xxvii4 ,fig4 #ff4 ,simple1 egg-%ap$1 ! p$icle b5t back4 ,! body is n>r[ at ! base1 op5 & truncat$ at ! top2 ! m>g9 app>5tly surr\nd$ ) a r+2 b1 :5 ! ap]ture is %ut1 ! animalculum is egg-%ap$1 ) a simple setace\s p$icle1 consid]ably long] ?an ! body1 & g5]ally mu* b5t back4 a a a1 ! head op52 b1 p>tly clos$2 c1 q %ut2 d1 ! /alk :5 /raight2 & at e1 :5 b5t4 #cde4 ,,vorticella ,,annul>is4 ,v4 simplex1 truncata1 p$unculo apice retortili4 ,simple1 truncat$1 ) a p$icle twi/$ at ! end4 ,?is is visible to ! nak$ eye2 :5 contract$1 x appe>s to be annulat$2 ! head is an inv]t$ cone1 convex :5 ! m\? is %ut1 b truncat$ :5 x is op51 & ) a protub]ant edge2 ! p$icle is simple1 v long & ?ick1 :it] at ! top ?an any o!r "p1 & =m$ into a little head2 ! apex is twi/$ spirally4 #cdf4 ,,vorticella ,,ac9osa4 ,an ample description ( ?is animalculum1 "u ! title ( vorticella umbell>ia1 has be5 giv5 9 page #djb4 #cdg4 ,,vorticella ,,fasciculata4 ,v4 simplex1 viridis1 campanulata1 m>g9e reflexo1 p$unculo retortili4 ,simple1 gre51 bell-%ap$1 ! m>g9 or edge turn$ back1 ! p$icle twi/$4 ,! head is bell-%ap$1 gre51 opake1 n>r[ at bottom1 pellucid4 ,x has a rotatory organ1 :i* may sometimes be se5 project+ beyond ! ap]ture2 !re is a little head at ! apex1 & ! p$icle is twi/$ & v sl5d]4 ,a congeal$ gre5 mass1 :i* is (t5 swimm+ ab\t 9 dit*es1 is compos$ ( myriads ( ^! animalcula1 :i* are invisible to ! eye1 b :5 magnifi$1 appe> l a bundle ( gre5 fl[]s4 #cdh4 ,,vorticella ,,hians4 ,v4 simplex1 citri=mis1 p$unculo retortili4 ,?is may be class$ among ! mo/ m9ute4 ,! head resembles a citron1 ! apex is truncat$1 ! base n>r[2 a gap+ cleft is obs]vable desc5d+ f ! apex1 to "o-?ird ( ! body4 #cdi4 ,,vorticella ,,bellis4 ,v4 simplex1 hemisph]ica1 m>g9e contractili4 ,simple1 hemisph]ical1 ) a m>g9 :i* x c contract at pleasure4 ,! body is ( a yell[ col\r1 mu* resembl+ ! fl[] ( a daisy2 ! head sc>cely pellucid2 ! int]nal "p q fill$2 x is abundantly ciliat$ r\nd ! m>g91 mov+ 9 a rotatory mann]4 ,! foot or p$icle is long1 sl5d]1 & pellucid2 x is divid$ into two p>ts1 ) small knobs on ! top ( ea*2 ! base adh]es to a bulb1 ! "u-"p is cov]$ ) small scales4 #cej4 ,,vorticella ,,gemella4 ,v4 simplex1 sphrica1 capitulo gem9o4 ,simple1 sph]ical1 ) a d\ble head4 ,! p$icle is long1 & con/antly furni%$ ) two small heads at its apex2 ^! are bright & cle>4 #cea4 ,,vorticella ,,pyr>ia4 ,! di/+ui%+ *>act]s ( ?is animalculum w be f\nd at page #djj4 #ceb4 ,,vorticella ,,ana/atica4 ,a full description ( ?is vorticella has also be5 giv5 at page #cig4 #cec4 ,,vorticella ,,digitalis4 ,at page #djf ! read] w likewise meet ) an acc\nt ( ! v4 digitalis4 #ced4 ,,vorticella ,,polyp9a4 ,v4 composita1 ovato-truncata1 p$unculo reflexili ramosissimo4 ,plate ,,xxvii4 ,fig4 #fa4 ,comp\nd vorticella1 oval1 truncat$1 ) a b5d+ bran*+ /alk4 ,:5 view$ ) a small magnifi]1 !y appe> l s _m little trees2 ! upp] "p or heads are egg-%ap$1 ! top truncat$1 ! l[] "p fill$ ) inte/9es2 ! bran*es are ?ick set ) little knobs4 a1 ! trunk2 b b b1 ! bran*es2 c c1 ! head :5 ext5d$2 d1 ! small knobs on ! bran*es4 #cee4 ,,vorticella ,,racemosa4 ,v4 composita1 p$unculo rigido1 p$icellis ramosissimis longis4 ,comp\nd1 rigid p$icle1 ) small bran*$ long feet4 ,to ! nak$ eye x appe>s l ! vorticella socialis1 describ$ 9 page #cie1 b is di/+ui%$ f x by always adh]+ to ! sides ( ! vessel 9 :i* x is plac$4 ,) ! microscope1 a long v sl5d] p$icle is discov]$ /ick+ to ! sides ( ! vessels1 f :i* proce$ an innum]able quantity ( cry/all9e pellucid pe>ls1 :i*1 toge!r ) ! /alk1 are v>i\sly agitat$ 9 ! wat]4 ,!y sometimes move sep>ately1 at o!r times toge!r1 are sometimes drawn d[n to ! root1 & 9 a mom5t exp&$ aga94 ,,xvii4 ,,bra*ionus4 ,v]mis contractilis1 te/a tectus1 ciliis rotatoriis4 ,a worm capable ( contract+1 cov]$ ) a %ell1 & furni%$ ) rotatory cilia4 #cef4 ,,bra*ionus ,,/riatus4 ,b4 univalvis1 te/a ovata /riata1 apice sexd5tata1 basi integra1 cauda nulla4 ,plate ,,xxvii4 ,fig4 #fd & #fe4 ,univalv$ bra*ionus1 ! %ell oval & /riat$1 six not*es or tee? r\nd ! upp] edge1 ! base :ole or ev51 )\t a tail4 ,! %ell is oblong1 pellucid1 & capable ( alt]+ its figure4 ,! apex1 a1 is truncat$1 ) six small tee? on ! edge ( x1 twelve longitud9al /reaks d[n ! back1 ! base obtuse & smoo?4 ,! tee? are occasionally ei!r protrud$ or retract$2 on ! o!r side ( ! %ell1 t[>ds ! tail1 !re are two little sp9es or horns1 c4 ,! animalculum itself is muscul>1 pellucid1 & cry/all9e1 (t5 ( a yell[ col\r2 f ! apex x n[ & !n puts =? ?ree little bundles ( play+ hairs1 ! two lat]al ones %ort] ?an ! middle "o2 a =k$ deglutatory muscle1 e1 is p]ceptible2 & on ! "u side1 :5 ! apex is drawn 91 two rigid po9ts may be discov]$4 ,x is f\nd 9 sea wat]4 #ceg4 ,,bra*ionus ,,squamula4 ,b4 univalvis1 te/a orbicul>is1 apice truncata quadrid5tata1 basi integra1 cauda nulla4 ,univalv$ bra*ionus1 ) an orbicul> %ell2 ! apex truncat$1 & hav+ f\r tee?1 ! base smoo?1 no tail4 #ceh4 ,,bra*ionus ,,pala4 ,b4 univalvis1 te/a oblonga excavata1 apice quadrid5tata1 basi integra1 cauda nulla4 ,univalv$ bra*ionus1 ) an oblong excavat$ %ell1 f\r long tee? at ! apex1 ! base smoo?1 no tail4 ,x is ( a yell[ col\r4 #cei4 ,,bra*ionus ,,bipalium4 ,b4 univalvis1 te/a oblonga inflexa1 apice decemd5tata1 basi integra1 cauda spuria4 ,univalv$ bra*ionus1 ! %ell oblong & inflect$1 t5 tee? at ! apex1 ! base smoo?1 & a spuri\s tail4 #cfj4 ,,bra*ionus ,,pat9a4 ,b4 univalvis1 te/a orbicul>i integra1 cauda mutica4 ,univalv$ bra*ionus1 ) an orbicul> %ell1 ! edges regul>1 & hav+ a long be>dless tail4 ,! pat9a is extremely bright & spl5did2 x has a l>ge body1 a cry/all9e & ne>ly circul> %ell1 )\t ei!r incision or tee?1 ?\gh t[>ds ! apex x falls 9 s z to =m a smoo? not*2 ! body is affix$ to ! middle ( ! %ell2 a d\ble glitt]+ organ1 ) ciliat$ edges1 is project$ f ! apex2 bo? ^! organs are ( a conical figure1 appe>+ to /& on a pellucid sub/ance1 :i* is divid$ into two lobes2 betwe5 ^! & ! rotatory organ !re is a silv]-col\r$ cr5ulat$ membrane2 two small claws may be discov]$ ne> ! m\?4 ,x is reckon$ z "o ( ! r>] species ( vorticella1 & is f\nd 9 /agnant wat]s 9 ! mon? ( ,may4 #cfa4 ,,bra*ionus ,,clypeatus4 ,b4 univalvis1 te/a oblonga1 apice em>g9ata1 basi integra1 cauda mutica4 ,univalv$ bra*ionus1 ! %ell oblong1 ! apex not*$1 ! base smoo?1 & ! tail nak$4 #cfb4 ,,bra*ionus ,,lamell>is4 ,b4 univalvis1 te/a producta1 apice integra1 basi tricorni1 cauda bipili4 ,univalv$ bra*ionus1 ! %ell ext5d+ consid]ably beyond ! body2 ! base divid$ into ?ree small horns1 ) two hairs at ! end ( ! tail4 #cfc4 ,,bra*ionus ,,patella4 ,b4 univalvis1 te/a ovata1 apice bid5tata1 basi em>g9ata1 cauda biseta4 ,bra*ionus ) a univalve oval %ell1 two tee? at ! apex1 ! base not*$2 two bri/les at ! tail4 ,! %ell pla91 oval1 orbicul>1 cry/all9e1 ) ! ant]ior "p t]m9at+ 9 two acute po9ts on bo? sides1 ?\gh ! int]v5+ space is commonly fill$ up ) ! head ( ! animal4 ,! head1 ! tail1 & ! trunk are v di/9ct2 ! bottom ( ! trunk is t]m9at$ 9 a semicircle1 ! =e-"p m>k$ ) two transv]se l9es2 x occupies ! disc ( ! %ell4 ,! inte/9es are indi/9ct1 & ! tail affix$ to ! trunk2 x is %ort1 annulat$1 flexible1 ! middle project+ beyond ! %ell1 ! apex div]g+ into two v f9e bri/les2 x fa/5s itself by ^!1 & :irls ab\t ) ! body erect2 ! rotatory cilia are n p]ceptible )\t great difficulty4 ,x is f\nd 9 m>%y wat] all ! w9t]4 #cfd4 ,,bra*ionus ,,bractea4 ,b4 univalvis1 te/a suborbicul>i1 apice lunata1 basi integra1 cauda sp9a duplici4 ,univalv$ bra*ionus1 ! %ell r orbicul>1 lunat$ apex1 smoo? base1 & ! tail furni%$ ) two sp9es4 #cfe4 ,,bra*ionus ,,plicatilis4 ,b4 univalvis1 te/a oblonga1 apice cr5ulata1 basi em>g9ata4 ,univalv$ bra*ionus1 ) an oblong %ell1 ! apex hairy1 & ! base not*$4 #cff4 ,,bra*ionus ,,ovalis4 ,b4 bivalvis1 te/a depressa1 apice em>g9ata1 basi incisa1 cauda cirro duplici4 ,bivalv$ bra*ionus1 ) a flatt5$ %ell1 ! apex not*$1 a holl[ "p at ! base1 ! tail =m$ ( two tufts ( hair4 #cfg4 ,,bra*ionus ,,tripos4 ,b4 bivalvis1 te/a apice mutica1 basi tricorni1 cauda duplici4 ,plate ,,xxvii4 ,fig4 #ei4 ,bivalv$1 ! apex ( ! %ell be>dless1 ?ree horns at ! base1 & d\ble tail4 ,! body is pellucid1 ne>ly triangul>1 bivalv$1 & op5 on ! back ( ! animalculum2 f ! orifice proce$ two little lam9 l>g] ?an ! rotatory cilia2 at ! bottom are ?ree or f\r rigid po9ts1 e f e1 & a moveable tail1 g1 betwe5 !m1 divid$ into two filam5ts1 :i* ! little creature op5s & %uts at pleasure2 by ^! x fixes itself to objects4 a a1 ! lat]al cilia2 b1 two small lam92 c1 a deglutatory muscle2 d1 an opake mass4 #cfh4 ,,bra*ionus ,,d5tatus4 ,b4 bivalvis1 te/a arcuata1 apice et basi utr9que d5tata1 cauda sp9a duplici4 ,bivalv$ bra*ionus1 ) an ar*$ %ell2 ! apex & ! base are bo? too!d1 & ! tail =m$ ( two sp9es4 #cfi4 ,,bra*ionus ,,mucronatus4 ,b4 bivalvis1 subquadrata1 apice et basi utr9que mucronata1 cauda sp9a duplici4 ,bivalv$1 some:at ( a squ>e =m2 ! base & apex po9t$2 ! tail consi/+ ( two sp9es4 #cgj4 ,,bra*ionus ,,unc9atus4 ,b4 bivalvis1 te/a ovali1 apice integra1 basi mucronata1 cauda rugosa biseta4 ,plate ,,xxvii4 ,fig4 #ee4 ,bivalv$ bra*ionus1 ) an oval %ell1 ! apex ev51 ! base po9t$1 two ?ick bri/les = ! tail4 ,?is is "o ( ! smalle/ bivalv$ animalcula1 muscul>1 ! apex & ant]ior "p r\nd1 ! h9d] "p /raight1 t]m9at+ 9 a po9t1 furni%$ ) a hook on ! =e-"p1 a small rotatory organ1 a long tail compos$ ( jo9ts1 & divid$ at ! end into two bri/les4 ,x c op5 its %ell bo? at ! =e & h9d-"p4 a1 ! %ell :5 close2 c1 ! po/]ior po9t2 d1 ! animalculum2 h1 ! tail2 i1 ! bri/les4 #cga4 ,,bra*ionus ,,cirratus4 ,b4 capsul>is1 te/a apice producta1 basi curti bicorni1 cauda biseta4 ,l>g] ?an ! prec$+1 v5tricose1 some:at pellucid1 ! head conical1 ) a bundle ( hairs on bo? sides2 x has likewise a rotatory organ4 #cgb4 ,,bra*ionus ,,passus4 ,b4 capsul>is1 te/a cyl9dracea1 frontis cirris b9is p5dulis1 setaque caudali unica4 ,capsul> bra*ionus1 9 a cyl9dric %ell1 ) two long p5dul\s locks ( hair proce$+ f ! front2 ! tail consi/s ( a s+le bri/le4 #cgc4 ,,bra*ionus ,,quadratus4 ,b4 capsul>is1 te/a quadrangula1 apice bid5tata1 basi bicorni1 cauda nulla4 ,capsul> bra*ionus1 9 a quadrangul> %ell1 ) two small tee? at ! apex1 two horns proce$+ f ! base1 & no tail4 #cgd4 ,,bra*ionus ,,impressus4 ,b4 capsul>is1 te/a quadrangula1 apice integra1 basi obtusi em>g9ata1 cauda flexuosa4 ,capsul> bra*ionus1 ! %ell quadrangul>1 a smoo? undivid$ apex2 obtuse base2 not*$ m>g91 & a flexu\s tail4 #cge4 ,,bra*ionus ,,urceol>is4 ,= a full description ( ?is animalculum1 be+ ! same z ! vorticella urceol>is1 ! read] w please to ref] to page #djh4 ,views ( ! animal 9 its diff]5t positions w be f\nd 9 ,plate ,,xxii4 ,fig4 #cf1 #cg1 #ch1 & 9 ,plate ,,xxvii4 ,fig4 #ef & #eg4 ,fig4 #ef1 a a1 are ! two fibrill2 b1 ! head2 f1 ! inte/9es2 i1 ! ap]ture f :i* ! tail is protrud$2 i k1 ! tail2 at ! end1 k1 is a cleft1 enabl+ ! animal to affix itself m firmly to any sub/ance4 ,fig4 #eg1 at a c a1 are se5 ! fibrill2 d %ews ! moveable inte/9e1 suppos$ to be ! he>t or lungs2 f1 ! inte/9es2 h i k1 ! tail4 #cgf4 ,,bra*ionus ,,bak]i4 ,b4 capsul>is1 te/a v5tricosa1 apice quadrid5tata1 basi bicorni1 cauda longa bicuspi4 ,plate ,,xxvii4 ,fig4 #eh4 ,capsul> bra*ionus1 ! %ell v5tricose1 f\r tee? at ! apex1 two horns at ! base1 & a long tail t]m9at+ 9 two %ort po9ts4 ,?is diff]s consid]ably f ! =ego+ 9 ! %ape ( ! %ell1 f ea* side ( :i* !re is a curv$ projection1 f f1 incl9+ t[>ds ! tail1 ne>ly ( ! same l5g? ) x1 & t]m9at+ 9 a po9t1 h h4 ,! upp] "p also ( ! %ell is ( a diff]5t =m1 hav+ 9 g5]al f\r long] spicul1 & two %ort] ones4 ,f ! head two arms or bran*es1 e e1 are frequ5tly ext5d$2 ! circul> end ( ea* is furni%$ ) a tuft ( little hairs1 :i* sometimes move 9 a vibratory mann]1 at o!r times h a rotatory motion4 ,! eggs are ei!r affix$ to ! tail1 or ! curv$ "p ( ! %ell2 !y h f "o to five hang+ f !m4 ,mll] has likewise discov]$ 9 ?is animalculum two small feel]s1 & a k9d ( tongue4 a a1 ! rotatory organs2 b1 ! tongue2 c c1 ! feel]s2 d d1 a ciliat$ "p on ! side ( ! %ell2 g1 ! he>t or lungs2 m k1 ! tail2 at ! extremity1 k1 two %>p po9ts4 #cgg4 ,,bra*ionus ,,patulus4 ,b4 capsul>is1 te/a v5trosa1 apice octod5tata1 basi lunata quadricorni1 cauda brevi bicuspi4 ,capsul> bra*ionus1 ! %ell v5tricose1 eight tee? at ! apex1 ! base lunat$ or holl[$ into ! =m ( a cresc5t1 & furni%$ ) f\r horns2 ! tail %ort1 ) two small po9ts at ! end4 ,,additional ,,animalcula ,,infusoria1 ,,exhibit$ ,,9 ,,plate ,,xxvi4 #cgh4 ,fig4 ,a ,a ,a4 ,an animalculum f\nd 9 dit* wat] 9 ! mon? ( ,septemb]1 repres5t$ 9 ?ree diff]5t =ms :i* x assum$4 #cgi4 ,fig4 ,b ,b ,b4 ,a species ( te/ace\s :eel-animal2 a1 its appe>ance :5 protrud$2 b1 :5 9 ! %ell2 c1 ano!r appe>ance ( ! same4 #chj4 ,fig4 ,c1 %ews "o ( ! same species2 & #cha4 ,fig4 ,d1 exhibits ano!r ( ! same k9d2 !y bo? appe> z protrud$ f ! %ell4 ,! above are all drawn z !y 7 f\nd adh]+ to a vegetable sub/ance4 #chb4 ,fig4 ,e ,e ,e4 ,sev]al appe>ances ( an animalculum f\nd 9 /agnant wat] 9 ,septemb]1 ab\t ! "o-hundr$? "p ( an in* 9 l5g?2 x mov$ sl[ly1 & !re appe>$ a :eel-l motion 9 c]ta9 fibrill 9 ! head4 ,! d\ble-=k$ "p ( ! tail _h a simil> motion to ! tail ( ! pulex aquaticus2 ! inte/9es appe>$ ( diff]5t col\rs1 z br[n1 yell[1 & r$di%1 & _h a quick irregul> motion2 ! ext]nal p>ts 7 v transp>5t4 #chc4 ,fig4 ,f ,f ,f ,f4 ,sev]al animalcula 9 a drop ( wat] f a lead5 ci/]n2 ( diff]5t sizes1 b app>5tly ( ! same species4 ,!y mov$ ei!r end =emo/1 )\t any undulat+ motion1 b v uni=m & sl[2 ea* end appe>$ alike1 & v transp>5t2 ! middle cle>1 br[n1 ) a blacki% li/ ne>ly ! :ole l5g? ( ! animal4 ,! l>ge "o1 a1 lay sometime b5t1 z 9 ! draw+1 ! o!rs1 bo? :5 9 motion & at re/ cont9u+ q /raight4 ,"s ( ! v small ones 7 transp>5t2 o!rs appe>$ z at b & c4#abh #abh ,9 ! =m] edition ( ?is "w1 ow+ to an error 9 ! num]ation1 x appe>$ t #cgi ( ^! animalcula 7 describ$1 ?\gh 9 reality x conta9$ only #cgg1 or ! numb] :i* has already be5 giv54 ,previ\s to ! publication ( ,mr4 ,adams's edition1 a fri5d communicat$ to him draw+s & descriptions ( sev]al ( ^! m9ute be+s :i* _h fall5 "u 8 obs]vation2 b !y 7 receiv$ too late = ins]tion4 ,mr4 ,a4 hav+ at t "t fav\r$ me ) a copy ( ! draw+s & manuscript1 !y are n[ add$1 ) ! hope t !y w n prove unacceptable to ! curi\s read]4 ,,edit4 ,hav+ 9 ?is & ! prec$+ *apt] describ$ an ext5sive v>iety ( ^? m9ute & wond]ful productions ( nature1 ! hydr1 vorticell1 & animalcula infusoria1 ,i %all take my leave ( ! subject ) rem>k+1 t ?\gh by ! assi/ance ( ! microscope myriads ( animat$ be+s1 rov+ 9 ! smalle/ drop ( wat] z if x 7 a sea1 h be5 exhibit$ to ! a/oni%$ eyes ( att5tive obs]v]s1 x surely _c be deem$ an unreasonable supposition1 t ! ,,adorable ,,creator1 :o has fill$ ! imm5sity ( ext5t ) suns & worlds1 has also peopl$ e p>ticle ( fluid ) be+s f> m m9ute ?an any app>atus ( ours c p]ceive2 & h[ev] insignificant _m ( ! small] p>ts ( ! creation may appe> to ! un9=m$ bulk ( mank9d1 !re _c exi/ a d\bt1 b t !y 7 all1 collectively & individually1 =m$ = ! wise/ purposes2 &1 ?\gh 9 _m in/ances ^! designations are to u incompreh5sible1 let u n on t acc\nt ra%ly )hold our admiration4 ,^! s5tim5ts are beautifully en=c$ 9 ! foll[+ expressive l9es ( ,?omson3 ,gradual f ^! :at num'r\s k9ds desc5d1 ,evad+ ev'n ! microscopic eye6 ,full nature sw>ms ) life2 "o wond'r\s mass ,( animals1 or atoms organiz$1 ,wait+ ! vital brea?1 :5 p>5t heav5 ,%all bid 8 _s bl[4 ,! ho>y f51 ,9 putrid /reams1 emits ! liv+ cl\d ,( pe/il5ce4 ,?ro' subt]ranean cells1 ,:]e se>*+ sun-beams sc>ce c f9d a way1 ,e>? animat$ heaves4 ,! fl[]y leaf ,wants n its s(t inhabitants4 ,secure1 ,)9 its w9d+ citadel1 ! /one ,holds multitudes4 ,b *ief ! =e/ b\ghs1 ,t dance unnumb]'d to ! playful breeze1 ,! d[ny or*>d1 & ! melt+ pulp ,( mell[ fruit1 ! nameless nations fe$ ,( evanesc5t insects4 ,:]e ! pool ,/&s mantl$ o'er ) gre51 invisible1 ,amid ! float+ v]dure1 millions /ray4 ,ea* liquid too1 :e!r x pi]ces1 soo!s1 ,inflames1 refre%es1 or exalts ! ta/e1 ,) v>i\s =ms ab\nds4 ,nor is ! /ream ,( pure/ cry/al1 nor ! lucid air1 ,?o' "o transp>5t vacancy x seems1 ,void ( _! unse5 p4 ,^!1 conceal'd ,by ! k9d art ( =m+ heav51 escape ,! gross] eye ( man3--------- ,let no presum+ impi\s rail] tax ,creative ,wisdom1 z if aught 0 =m'd ,9 va91 or n = admirable ends4 ,%all little haughty ,ignorance pron\nce ,8 works unwise1 ( :i* ! smalle/ "p ,exce$s ! n>r[ vision ( h] m9d8 ,z if ^u a full-proportion'd dome1 ,on swell+ columns heav'd1 ! pride ( art6 ,a critic fly1 ^: feeble ray sc>ce spreads ,an in* ar\nd1 ) bl9d presumption bold1 ,%\ld d>e to tax ! /ructure ( ! :ole4 ,& lives ! man1 ^: univ]sal eye ,has swept at once ?' unb\nd$ s*eme ( ?+s2 ,m>k'd _! dep5dance s1 & firm accord1 ,z ) unfault]+ acc5t to conclude ,t ?is availe? n\ght8 ,has any se5 ,! mighty *a9 ( be+s less5+ d[n ,f inf9ite p]fection to ! br9k ,( dre>y no?+1 desolate abyss6 ,f :i* a/oni%'d ?\ght1 recoil+1 turns8 ,till !n alone let zeal\s praise asc5d1 ,& hymns ( holy wond]1 to t ,p[]1 ,^: wisdom %9es z lovely on our m9ds1 ,z on our smil+ eyes 8 s]vant sun4 ,,*ap4 ,,ix4 ,,on ,,! ,,organization ,,or ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,timb]1 ,,z ,,view$ ,,by ,,! ,,microscope4 ,! subject ( ! foll[+ *apt] op5s an ext5sive field = obs]vation to ! naturali/1 9 :i* ! lab\r ( a life may be well employ$3 x is a bran* :]e ! obs]v] w f9d ! microscope ( cont9ual use1 & )\t :i* he w sc>ce be able to =m any j idea ( ! organization ( trees & plants1 or ( ! v>iations 9 ! disposition1 ! numb]1 nature1 & (fices ( _! sev]al p>ts4 ,vegetables are beautiful & p]fect 9 _! k9d1 wond]ful 9 _! gr[?1 b5eficial 9 _! uses4 8,h]bs & fl[]s may be reg>d$ by "s p]sons z objects ( inf]ior consid]ation 9 philosophy2 b e ?+ mu/ be great :i* has ,god = its au?or4 ,to him all ! p>ts ( nature are equally relat$3 ! fl[]s ( ! e>? c raise our ?\ghts up to ! ,creator ( ! _w z effectually z ! />s ( heav52 &1 till we make ?is use ( bo?1 we _c be said to ?9k prop]ly ( ei!r4 ,all trees & h]bs 9 _! place & seasons speak ! same language f ! climates ( ! nor? to ! torrid regions ( ! s\?1 & f ! w9t] to ! spr+ & ! h>ve/1 !y jo9 _! voices 9 ! univ]sal *orus ( all creat$ be+s1 & to ! e> ( reason celebrate ! wisdom ( ! ,almighty ,creator40 ,malpighi1 ,grew1 ,duhamel1 ,hill1 ,bonnet1 & ,de ,saussure1 are almo/ ! only writ]s :o h treat$ on ! int]ior /ructure ( vegetables2 &1 if we consid] ! imp]fection ( ! in/rum5ts us$ by "s ( !m 9 ^! anatomical rese>*es1 & ! little att5tion paid by ! re/ to ! advantages _! fav\rite pursuits might h d]iv$ f ! use ( ! microscope1 z well z ! dissect+ knife1 we f9d great] cause to wond] at :at has be5 done1 ?an at :at rema9s to be p]=m$4 ,to ! g5]al inatt5tion to ! /ructure ( plants1 we may1 among/ o!r causes1 also ascribe ! in/ability & fluctuation ( ! diff]5t !ories on ! pr9ciples ( vegetation4 ,we are1 h[ev]1 s little acqua9t$ ) ! /eps :i* ,provid5ce takes to lead intellectual1 b free ag5ts1 to ! k ( tru?1 & ! v>i\s difficulties1 errors1 & prejudices1 necess>y to be remov$1 be=e x c %9e 9 its native col\rs1 t x is our duty to enc\rage e humble ef=t t[>ds ! advancem5t ( sci5ce1 t ?us we may co-op]ate ) our ,creator & ,r$eem] 9 promot+ t va/ plan to :i* all ?+s are n[ conv]g+1 ! br++ all 8 creatures to a /ate ( tru?1 goodness1 & consequ5t happ9ess1 an end wor?y ( ! be/ & wise/ ( be+s4#abi #abi ,see ! ,bi%op ( ,exet]'s ,s]mon be=e ! ,society = ! ,propagation ( ! ,gospel4 ,z ,dr4 ,hill is ! fir/ writ] :o has treat$ ?is "p ( natural hi/ory 9 an ord]ly & sci5tific mann]1 ,i %all use ! names he has adopt$ = *>act]iz+ ! diff]5t p>ts ( trees1 c4 :i* are1 #a4 ! r9d2 #b4 ! b>k2 #c4 ! blea2 #d4 ! wood2 #e4 ! corona or circle ( propagation2 #f4 ! pi?4 ,^! are plac$ imm$iately )9 or "u "o ano!r2 !y are ! ess5tial p>ts ^u :i* ! /r5g? ( ! tree dep5ds3 91 among1 & betwe5 ^!1 ! v>i\s vessels are plac$1 :i* n\ri% ! :ole1 & ma9ta9 & c>ry on ! vegetation ( ! tree1 & f :i* x obta9s its peculi> qualities & virtues4 ,^! vessels are ( five k9ds3 #a4 ,! ,ext]ior #b4 ,! ,int]ior ,juice ,vessels4 #c4 ,! ,intimate #d4 ,! ,sap ,vessels4 #e4 ,! ,coronal4 ,( ^!1 ! fir/ are plac$ betwe5 ! r9d & b>k2 ! second1 9 ! sub/ance ( ! b>k2 ! ?ird1 9 ! sub/ance ( ! blea2 ! f\r?1 9 ! sub/ance ( ! wood2 ! fif?1 9 ! corona4 ,m accurate in/rum5ts1 or a m m9ute inve/igation ( ! p>ts1 may probably discov] new vessels 9 a sy/em :i* appe>s to be entirely vascul>1 & br+s u m ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) ! nature ( vegetation4 ,,( ,,! ,,r9d4 ,! ext]ior cov]+ ( all trees is a ?91 dry1 p>*$ sub/ance1 :i* has be5 comp>$ by _m writ]s to ! sk9 ( animals1 & call$ by names analog\s !reto2 ?us x is call$ ! epid]mis by ,duhamel1 ! sk9 by ,grew1 ! r9d by ,hill4 ,:5 a tree is full ( sap1 ?is membrane may be easily deta*$ f ! "p x cov]s2 x may be sep>at$ f gre5 bran*es :i* are n 9 sap1 by boil+ !m 9 wat]2 l>ge pieces ( x may also be obta9$ f rott5 bran*es2 ! r9d ( ! leaves ( _m trees is deta*$ ) s+ul> dext]ity f ! o!r p>ts1 by "s ( ! m9+ cat]pill>s2 artificial me?ods = effect+ ?is purpose h be5 describ$ 9 page #afj ( ?is "w4 ,?\gh ! r9d may at fir/ sight be ?\ght to be ( little use1 x w be f\nd to be a pr9cipal organ 9 ! process ( vegetation4 ,! "p :i* cov]s ! root has ! mo/ important (fices assign$ to x4 ,_m are ( op9ion t ! r9d is =m$ ( dri$ vesicul2 & ,malpighi says1 t we may see 9 ! vascul> texture ( ! b>k ( ! *]ry & plumb-trees an arrangem5t ( ! p>ts prop] to =m ! r9d1 & ?is arrangem5t is occasion$ by ! endeav\r ( ! vascul> "p to ext5d itself to ! circumf]5ce1 & ! resi/ance x meets ) f ! r9d2 & t h5ce ! vessels are flatt5$1 & assume a membranace\s =m4 ,! r9d is a g5]al cov]+ to ! "y trunks ( trees1 to ! bran*es1 ! roots1 ! leaves1 ! fruit1 ! fl[]s1 c4 ,^u ! trunks ( l>ge trees "s pieces only ( ! r9d are to be f\nd1 hav+ probably be5 brok5 by ! increas$ size ( ! tree4 ,! r9d ( "s species ( trees w be> be+ /ret*$ mu* fur!r ?an ^? ( o!rs1 & rema9 = a consid]able "t uni=mly spread ov] ! b>k4 ,du ,hamel ass]ts1 t ! r9d ( vigor\s heal?y1 trees rema9s long] :ole ?an on ^? t are m languid1 not)/&+ t ! gr[? ( ! la/ is sl[]1 & !re=e makes less ef=ts aga9/ ! r9d4 ,?is circum/ance is mu* 9 fav\r ( ! di/9ct organization ( ! r9d1 & aga9/ ! op9ion ( ^? :o only suppose x to consi/ ( dri$ bladd]s4 ,?9 z ! r9d is1 x is =m$ ( _m coats1 adh]+ closely to ea* o!r1 :i* 9 "s species may be sep>at$ ) ease1 9 o!rs1 ) difficulty4 ,du ,hamel says1 t he has divid$ ! r9d ( ! bir* into six di/9ct coats1 & t he _h no d\bt b :at ! division might h be5 c>ri$ mu* fur!r4 ,dr4 ,hill says1 t unless "s ( ^! coats be obta9$ 9 a /ate ( sep>ation f ! re/1 ! true con/ruction ( ! r9d _c be discov]$1 = ! connection & =m ( ! p>ts are lo/ by ! confusion 9 :i* !y appe> :ile !y lie "o ^u ano!r4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5ts may ?r[ a little light ^u ?is obscure subject4#acj ,all ! r9d 0 tak5 f ! trunk ( a *]ry-tree1 & ! tree ?us sk9n$ expos$ to ! air2 a "p ( ! b>k :i* 0 next to ! r9d dri$ up & exfoliat$2 ! "p next to ?is did ! same2 aft] two or ?ree exfoliations1 a f>9ace\s sub/ance cov]$ ! sup]fice ( ! trunk1 soon aft] :i* a new r9d appe>$4 ,"s pieces ( r9d 7 tak5 f a few "y bran*es1 & ! w\nds 7 cov]$ ) a clo? t _h be5 soak$ 9 wax & turp5t9e2 on ^! ! r9d appe>$ 9 a v little "t1 )\t any app>5t exfoliation4 ,f "s o!r bran*es1 n only ! r9d1 b a "p ( ! b>k 0 also tak5 away1 & ! w\nds cov]$ z be=e2 a slight exfoliation 0 obs]v$ "h1 :i* 0 soon foll[$ ) a new r9d4 ,! b>k 0 tak5 entirely (f f a vigor\s *]ry-tree1 :ile x 0 9 full sap1 s t ! wood appe>$ ! :ole ext5t ( ! trunk4 ,?is 0 protect$ f ! rays ( ! sun1 & f ! air4 ,a new b>k & r9d =m$ !mselves ^u ! trunk1 b !y did n orig9ate f ! b>k t 0 left on ! bran*es & ! root1 b ext5d$ f diff]5t spots1 :i* 7 fir/ =m$ at consid]able di/ances f ea* o!r4 ,aft] a lapse ( fifte5 ye>s1 ?is new r9d did n appe> l ! natural r9d ( ! *]ry-tree4 ,f ^! exp]im5ts we le>n1 t ! r9d reg5]ates m readily 9 "s cases ?an 9 o!rs1 & t x pres]ves & prev5ts 9 a degree ! b>k f becom+ dry too soon1 & 9 consequ5ce !re( exfoliat+4 #acj ,du ,hamel ,physique des ,arbres1 tom4 #a1 p4 #ab4 ,aid$ by ! microscope1 a numb] ( lum9\s po9ts may be discov]$ 9 ! r9d2#aca ^! are s _m m9ute holes = o!r purposes ( transpiration4 ,9 ! cane ^! holes are visible to ! nak$ eye4 ,a few oval holes may also be p]ceiv$ 9 x2 ^! are1 h[ev]1 no m ?an a sep>ation ( ! p>ts1 occasion$ by ! ext5sion ( ! vasa int]iora4 #aca ,du ,hamel ,physique des ,arbres1 tom4 #a1 p4 #i4 ,dr4 ,grew suppos$ ! r9d to be =m$ ( small vesicles1 or bladd]s1 clu/]$ toge!r1 & int]mix$ ) ligne\s fibres or vessels1 :i* run ?r\gh ! l5g? ( ! r9d2 ^! are conjo9$ by o!r transv]se ones1 b t z ! r9d dries1 ! bladd]s or blebs %r9k up & disappe>4 ,?is acc\nt does n diff] mu* f t ( ,dr4 ,hill1 :o says1 t ! r9d is =m$ ( a s]ies ( longitud9al vessels1 & a filmy sub/ance1 betwe5 !m1 :i*1 :5 view$ 9 a transv]se section1 =m small circles1 ! sides ( :i* are support$ & made up ( ^! longitud9al fibres2 t ! transv]se vessels are only a deception1 occasion$ by ! spaces betwe5 !m & "p ( ! film4 ,! mode ( obta9+ an accurate view ( ! organization ( ?is "p1 by convey+ col\r$ liquors into ! sev]al vessels !re(1 has be5 already describ$ 9 page #afj ( ^! ,essays2 by ^! means1 toge!r ) ! microscope1 we f9d t ! vessels are ev]y:]e pi]c$ ) small dots or op5+s3 ( ! use ( ^!1 ! foll[+ conjectures h be5 =m$4#acb #acb ,hill's ,con/ruction ( ,timb]1 c4 p4 #cg4 ,! root1 :i* is equal 9 surface to a ?ird "p ( ! tree above gr\nd1 is cov]$ ) a pi]c$ r9d4 ,! cold ( w9t] contracts ! :ole ( ?is1 ! p>ts are drawn clos] toge!r1 & ! m\?s ( ^! innum]able vessels are %ut or ne>ly s1 by ?is contraction2 a v little ( ! half-congeal$ moi/ure ( ! gr\nd gets into !m1 b ?is suffices = ! s]vice ( ! tree1 :5 !re is little heat to cause any p]spiration1 & at a "t :5 9 ! decidu\s trees1 ! v organs ( ! greate/ p]spiration1 ! leaves1 d n exi/4 ,! w>m? ( ! spr+ arrives1 ! fluids ( ! e>? gr[ ?9n]1 e "p ( ! root exp&s2 ?is op5s ! m\?s ( ! vessels1 & ! torr5t ( nutrition ru%es 94 ,by ^! means1 e coat ( ! r9d1 & ! int]/itial spaces !re(1 are r5d]$ supple1 & may be easily sep>at$ f ! "u cov]+s4 ,9 roots1 ! col\r ( ! r9d v>ies v mu*1 be+ :ite 9 "s1 br[n 9 o!rs1 c4 ,e root1 accord+ to ,grew1 aft] x has arriv$ at a c]ta9 age1 has a d\ble sk91 ! "o coeval ) ! o!r p>ts1 & exi/s 9 ! se$2 a r+ is aft]w>ds s5t (f f ! b>k1 :i* =ms ! second sk92 ?us 9 ! root ( d&elion1 t[>ds ! end ( ,may1 ! orig9al or out] sk9 appe>s %rivell$1 & is easily sep>at$ f ! new "o1 :i* is fre%]1 & adh]es m firmly to ! b>k4 ,p]5nial plants are suppli$ 9 ?is mann] ) a new sk9 e ye>2 ! out] "o always falls (f 9 ! autumn & w9t]1 & a new "o is =m$ f ! b>k 9 ! succe$+ spr+4 ,,( ,,! ,,vessels ,,:i* ,,are ,,conta9$ ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,r9d ,,& ,,! ,,b>k4 ,^! are call$ by ,du ,hamel ! cellul> coat1 enveloppe cellulaire2 by ,hill1 ! ext]ior vessels1 & ! vasa propria ext]iora4 ,x has be5 already obs]v$1 t 9 trees ! juice vessels1 or vasa propria1 d n =m ^? con/itu5t p>ts ( ! wood ( :i* ! timb] consi/s1 b t x is f ! nature ( ^! recipi5t vessels t x d]ives its virtues1 qualities1 & specific prop]ties4#acc ,a tree may gr[1 live1 & give %ade )\t !m2 b on ^? its peculi> "* & decid$ virtues dep5d2 ^! are greate/ :]e ! vasa propria are l>ge/ or mo/ num]\s2 & :]e we d n f9d ^!1 we sc>ce f9d any ?+ t w affect ! ta/e or ! smell4 ,!re are diff]5t ranges ( ^! vessels betwe5 ! sev]al p>ts1 ea* ( :i* has its allott$ place1 its peculi> =m1 its diff]5t /ructure1 & its sep>ate use4 ,_m trees h !m 9 all _! p>ts1 o!rs only 9 "s ( !m1 :ile o!rs d n exhibit any4 #acc ,hill's ,con/ruction ( ,timb]1 p4 #gc4 ,on tak+ (f ! r9d1 we f9d a sub/ance ( a deep gre5 col\r1 succul5t & h]bace\s1 =m$ ( a prodigi\s numb] ( filam5ts int]wov5 toge!r 9 v>i\s directions2 x is m abundant 9 "s trees ?an 9 o!rs1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! eld]1 & m succul5t 9 summ] ?an 9 w9t]2 x is !n also less adh]5t to ! r9d4 ,dr4 ,hill ?9ks ! be/ "t ( sep>at+ ! r9d1 9 ord] to view ?is "p1 is 9 a liv+ bran*1 at ! "t ( its swell+ = ! spr+1 or = ! midsumm] %oot1 b mu* easi] by ! means ( mac]ation4#acd #acd ,hill's ,con/ruction ( ,timb]1 p4 #ge4 ,:5 ! r9d is p]fectly sep>at$1 x leaves ! vasa propria ( ?is class beh9d x2 !y sc>ce adh]e to ! inn] b>k1 & b little to ! r9d2 !y are dispos$ 9 packets1 & d n run /raight d[n ! bran*1 b int]weav+ ) ea* o!r1 =m a k9d ( net4 ,^! packets may be sep>at$ easily f ! b>k2 :5 a ?9 transv]se section ( "o ( !m is exam9$1 x is f\nd to be compos$ ( twelve or fifte5 di/9ct vessels ) h>d r9ds4 ,dr4 ,hill says1 t ) a great deal ( pati5ce1 a va/ numb] ( objects1 & a good microscope1 we may see by :at means ^! vessels adh]e to ! b>k2 = we %all f9d ^u ! sides small oval depressions :i* fit !reto1 & t are probably a k9d ( gl&s1 t sep>ate f ! g5]al /ore ( sap1 ) :i* ! b>k is fill$1 ! juices peculi> to ^! vessels4 ,,( ,,! ,,b>k4 ,! b>k lies next )9 ! r9d1 & diff]s b little f x 9 con/ruction1 ?\gh x holds a m important (fice 9 ! scale ( vegetation1 ! gr[? & qualities ( ! tree be+ 9 a great measure connect$ ) x4 ,x is1 !re=e1 f\nd to diff] consid]ably 9 sub/ance1 quantity1 & quality1 9 v>i\s k9ds4 ,x is orig9ally ! out] membrane1 cov]+ ! lobes ( ! se$4 ,ev5 !re1 z 9 ! bran* ( a tree1 x appe>s 9 ! =m ( a k9d ( spunge1 or l a cru/ ( bread1 compos$ ( flatt$ bladd]s4 ,its spunge-l nature may be fur!r inf]r$ f ! contraction ( its pores :5 dry1 & ! ease ) :i* !y dilate :5 9 wat]4 ,grew has call$ x a mo/ curi\s & exquisitely f9e1 wr\ght spunge4 ,9 ! c\rse ( its gr[?1 ! out] ranges ( ^! bladd]s dry+1 x becomes :at we call ! r9d2 = ! r9d 0 once b>k1 & has only suff]$ a slight *ange 9 sep>at+ f x4 ,by ! b>k ! tree is f$ ) a cont9ual supply ( moi/ure1 protect$ f ext]nal injuries1 & def5d$ f ! excesses ( heat & cold2 = ^! purposes x is v>i\sly dispos$ 9 diff]5t trees4 ,9 ! h>dy & sl[ gr[+1 z ! oak & *esnut1 x is ?92 9 ! quick gr[+1 z will[1 popl>1 & ! l1 x is ?ick4 ,& :at is m p>ticul>ly to be att5d$ to is1 t 9 "s its inn] v]ge is radiat$4 ,!re are "s trees1 & a great _m h]bace\s plants1 9 :i* ?is "p is cont9u$ inw>d1 9 =m ( rays1 ?r\gh ! blea into ! wood1 & seems to =m s _m gre5 w$ges1 t split z x 7 ! sub/ance ( bo? ^? p>ts2#ace a circum/ance :i* acc\nts = ! vegetation ( "s p>ticul> trees1 :i* are kn[n to live :5 depriv$ ( ! b>k2 because !y h rays ( ! same sub/ance )9 :i* answ] ! purpose1 & ?is 9 a degree answ]+ to ! nature ( _! life4 #ace ,hill's ,con/ruction ( ,timb]1 p4 #aah4 ,ibid4 p4 #abj1 ,! b>k appe>s to be =m$1 fir/1 ( longitud9al fibres1 :i* ,du ,hamel consid]s z s _m lymphatic vessels2 secondly1 by a sort ( a filmy cellul> tissue1 :i* has be5 consid]$ z a k9d ( bladd]s by "s1 or z p>5*ymat\s by o!rs2 ?irdly1 ( ! vasa propria int]iora1 or int]ior juice vessels4 ,! longitud9al fibres are dispos$ 9 /rata1 :i* lie "o ov] ! o!r4 ,9 t /ratum :i* is next ! r9d1 or r ! cellul> coat1 we p]ceive a net ( longitud9al fibres1 ! me%es ( :i* are l>ge & easily di/+ui%$1 p>ticul>ly :5 ! cellul> tissue t fills up ! int]/ices is remov$4 ,to d ?is1 ! bran*es %\ld be mac]at$ = a consid]able "t2 "s require to be kept 9 ?is /ate = ye>s4 ,x w !n be easy to sep>ate fir/ ! r9d1 !n ! cellul> coat+1 & aft]w>ds ?is pulpy matt]4 ,x may sometimes be easily remov$ aft] ! bran*es h be5 boil$4 ,! mo/ ext]ior /ratum1 :5 exam9$ by ! nak$ eye1 seems to be =m$ ( simple fibres1 :i* graft1 sold]1 or inosculate "o ) ! o!r2 b :5 exam9$ by a microscope1 ea* ( ^! fibres w be f\nd to be a bundle ( filam5ts1 :i* may be easily sep>at$ f ea* o!r4 ,grew says1 t ea* filam5t1 l ! n]ves 9 animals1 consi/s ( tw5ty or ?irty small contigu\s tubes1 :i* run uni=mly f ! extremity ( ! root1 )\t s5d+ (f any bran*es1 or suff]+ any *ange 9 _! size & %ape4 ,h5ce ! b>k may be torn or divid$ l5g?wise1 ) great] ease ?an 9 an horizontal direction2 :5 mac]at$1 !y are capable ( a v great degree ( subdivision4 ,! filam5ts ( a cortical vessel are to be look$ on1 agreeable to :at we h already obs]v$1 z s _m little bundles plac$ ne> toge!r1 & at fir/ gr[+ p>allel to ea* o!r2 b soon quitt+ ?is direction1 ! filam5ts ( "o fascicle p>t+ f t to :i* !y orig9ally belong$1 & incl9+ m or less obliquely t[>ds ano!r1 sometimes unit+ ) x1 at o!rs1 b5d+ backw>ds1 & unit+ aga9 ) t f :i* x proce$$1 or ) "s "o t x meets )4 ,9 ?is mann] new fascicles are (t5 =m$1 :ile o!r p>cels are increas$ or dim9i%$ by ! additions ( new filam5ts2 by ^! means1 a k9d ( irregul> net is =m$1 & ! fibres proce$ 9 a s]p5t9e l9e f ! top to ! bottom ( ! tree4 ,! ?ickness ( ! b>k is entirely =m$ ( /rata ( ^! longitud9al fibres1 :i* lie "o ov] ! o!r2 ea* ( ^! /rata is simil> to ! ext]ior "o1 only ! me%es are small]1 & ! fibres f9]1 9 proportion z !y are m int]ior1 insomu* t at la/ ! me%es are almo/ annihilat$1 & ! fibres seem to lie q p>allel to ea* o!r4 ,!re are "s trees1 h[ev]1 :]e ! me%es are n visible1 & 9 :i* ! fibres lie q 9 a /raight direction4 ,!re are _m o!r circum/ances 9 :i* !y v>y 9 diff]5t trees2 9 "s ! me%es ( ea* /ratum correspond ) ea* o!r1 dim9i%+ gradually 9 size z !y are m int]ior1 & =m+ z x 7 s _m conical cells4 ,we may1 ,i ?9k1 conclude f :at has be5 said1 t ! b>k is compos$ ( sev]al ?9 membranes1 :i* ext5d ov] ! :ole ext]ior surface ( ! tree4 ,! mo/ ext]ior membrane is ! r9d2 "u ?is is :at ,du ,hamel calls ! cellul> coat2 next to ?is ! cortical /ratum or true b>k ( ! tree1 :i* is =m$ ( lymphatic vessels rang$ m or less 9 a reticul> =m1 & ( ! vasa propria int]iora4 ,! me%es are s con/itut$ z to =m l>ge cavities next ! r9d1 & small ones ne> ! wood4 ,^! cavities are fill$ ) a p>5*ymat\s sub/ance or ! cellul> tissue1 :i* be+ cont9u$ f ! wood to ! r9d1 jo9s & unites ! cortical /ratum1 & aft]w>ds spread+ on ! outside !re(1 =ms :at has be5 t]m$ ! cellul> coat4 ,,( ,,! ,,cellul> ,,tissue4 ,we n[ proce$ to give "s acc\nt ( ! sub/ance :i* fills up ! vacant spaces t are left betwe5 ! longitud9al fibres4 ,x is call$ by ,grew ! p>5*yma or pulp1 by ,malpighi1 ! vesicul> tissue or web2 bo? ( !m consid] x z =m$ ( small bladd]s or reticles1 t are 9 contact ) ea* o!r1 ly+ 9 an horizontal position1 or at "r angles to ! longitud9al fibres3 !y d n suppose !m to be all ( ! same size1 or ev5 ( ! same figure3 ,grew comp>es x to ! fro? ( be] or eggs4 ,! fle% ( fruits consi/s = ! mo/ "p ( ?is sub/ance1 v mu* fill$ ) juice1 ?\gh ) consid]able diff]5ce 9 its organization4 ,be ?is z x may1 ! nature ( ?is sub/ance1 its =m & /ructure1 are at pres5t b v little kn[n4 ,x is floccose1 & v>ies 9 col\r 9 diff]5t species4 ,,( ,,! ,,vasa ,,propria ,,int]iora4 ,besides ! lymphatic vessels & ! cellul> sub/ance1 we f9d ! juice vessels1 or vasa propria1 9 ! b>k4 ,9 ^? trees :i* are fam\s = m$ic9al virtues1 !y are usually v l>ge2 !y c>ry ! milky juices ( ! suma*1 & 9 !m is lodg$ ! f9e/ & highe/-flav\r$ turp5t9e 9 all ! k9ds ( p9e4 ,dr4 ,hill ?9ks t a tree ( t g5us exhibits !m be/1 & ! m1 z ! turp5t9e :i* fills !m may be p]fectly dissolv$ 9 _s ( w9e4 ,! p9us ori5talis is ! species 9 :i* ^! vessels are mo/ di/9ctly se54 ,,( ,,! ,,blea4 ,?is is t "p ( ! tree :i* is =m$ into wood1 & !re=e lies betwe5 x & ! b>k1 & may be sep>at$ f !m by mac]ation4 ,a longitud9al piece ( ! blea1 :5 exam9$ by ! microscope1 exhibits a numb] ( vessels runn+ p>allel to ea* o!r1 ! int]/itial spaces be+ fill$ ) a floccose1 :ite1 =mless sub/ance1 ( :i* ,dr4 ,hill suspects ev5 ! vessels !mselves to be =m$4 ,innum]able small op5+s or m\?s may be discov]$ 9 ^! vessels1 suit$ to imbibe ! moi/ure :i* is s ess5tial to ! life & heal? ( plants4 ,^! m\?s _c be well disc]n$1 except :5 !y are op5$ by ! season ( ! ye>1 ei!r be=e ! fir/ leaves ( spr+1 or 9 ! midsumm] %oot+ "t2 ?\gh a small quantity ( moi/ure w keep !m op5 at t "t1 yet no quantity w\ld be suffici5t at an improp] season4#acf #acf ,hill's ,con/ruction ( ,timb]1 p4 #dg4 ,! blea is a zone m or less p]fect1 :i* lies "u ! b>k1 & cov]s or surr\nds ! wood1 & is pr9cipally di/+ui%$ f x by be+ less d5se4 ,9 "s species ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! blea & ! wood is v rem>kable1 9 o!rs x is less s4 ,! anci5t botani/s1 /ruck ) ! diff]5ce !y obs]v$ betwe5 ! wood & ! blea1 comp>$ ?is sub/ance to ! fat 9 animals4 ,malpighi1 ,grew1 & ,du ,hamel consid]$ x z ! wood n yet arriv$ to a /ate ( p]fection4 ,x is organiz$ 9 a mann] simil> to ! wood1 & possess+ ! same vessels dispos$ ne>ly 9 ! same mann]4 ,! juice vessels ( ?is "p may be sep>at$ f x by mac]ation2 ,dr4 ,hill says1 t 9 ?is /ate !y appe> p]fect cyl9d]s1 ) ?ick :ite coats1 ! surface p]fectly uni=m4 ,,( ,,! ,,wood4 ,:5 ! b>k & ! blea are tak5 away1 we come to ! wood1 :i* is a solid sub/ance1 on :i* ! /r5g? ( ! tree dep5ds1 & :i* has be5 consid]$ by naturali/s z be+ to ! tree :at bones are to ! animal4 ,! wood1 9 a g5]al view may be consid]$ z =m$ ( /rata1 :i* are inclos$ "o )9 ! o!r2 ^! /rata consi/ ( ligne\s fibres or lymphatic vessels1 ! cellul> web or tissue1 vasa propria1 & :at h be5 call$ ! air vessels4 ,x is m difficult to inve/igate ! con/ruction ( ! wood ?an t ( ! o!r p>ts1 because ! texture is 9 g5]al mu* h>d]1 & !re=e n s easily sep>at$1 requir+ v long mac]ations1 & _m subjects1 be=e "o may be f\nd fit = exam9ation4 ,if a transv]se section ( almo/ any k9d ( wood be exam9$1 we %all p]ceive ^! /rata v cle>ly & s5sibly di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r4 ,x has be5 g5]ally suppos$ t ea* ( ^! is ! product ( "o ye>'s gr[?2 ?\gh1 if we cut ! same wood obliquely1 x w be f\nd t ea* ( ^! /rata is comp\nd$ ( small] ones1 :i* are !re=e n s easy to discov] z ! l>g]4 ,by mac]at+ rott5 pieces ( trees1 ! wood may be divid$ into an imm5se numb] ( leaves or /rata1 ?9n] ?an ! f9e/ pap]4 ,if ! =ego+ /rata be exam9$ 9 _! deta*$ /ate by ! microscope1 we %all f9d !m to be compos$ ( longitud9al fibres2 "s pieces ( rott5 wood1 aft] mac]ation1 w divide ( !mselves into v f9e longitud9al fibres2 ! exi/5ce ( ^! is fur!r prov$ by ! facility ) :i* wood may be split 9 ! direction ( ^! fibres4 ,f h5ce we may collect1 t ! ligne\s /rata are =m$ ( small fibres or vessels1 collect$ toge!r 9 fascicles1 l ! b>k3 9 "s trees !y are p>allel to ea* o!r1 9 o!rs !y are dispos$ m obliquely1 cross+ & =m+ an irregul> k9d ( network4 ,!re is great probability t ?is reticul> disposition exi/s 9 all trees1 ?\gh x may be difficult to discov] x 9 _m on acc\nt ( ! f95ess ( ! me%es1 ! h>dness ( ! wood1 & ! sam5ess ( col\r 9 ! con/itu5t fibres4 ,we are "h only speak+ ( ! lymphatic vessels or ligne\s fibres ( ! wood1 :i* exi/ 9 x z well z 9 ! b>k1 ?\gh 9 diff]5t /ates2 = ! ligne\s fibres are always h>d] & less flexible ?an ! cortical ones4 ,malpighi ?9ks !y diff] 9 ano!r p>ticul>1 namely1 t a juice or fluid issues f ! cortical fibres1 :ile none is f\nd 9 ^? ( ! wood4 ,9 ?is x w\ld appe> f ! obs]vations ( ,du ,hamel1 t he 0 mi/ak54 ,a transv]se section ( wood g5]ally appe>s =m$ ( a numb] ( rays proce$+ f ! corona to ! b>k1 :i* are int]sect$ at diff]5t di/ances by conc5tric circles1 int]sp]s$ ) vessels ( v>y+ magnitude3 ! v>iations 9 ?is /ructure af=d mu* pleasure to ! curi\s obs]v]1 & ?r[ consid]able light ^u ! nature & prop]ties ( timb]2 = x is by means ( a v>iety ( /ra9]s t diff]5t juices are prep>$ f ! same mass4 ,matt]1 consid]$ z matt]1 has no %>e 9 ! qualities ( bodies4 ,x is f ! arrangem5t ( x1 or ! recipi5t =ms giv5 to x1 t we h s _m diff]5t sub/ances4 ,accord+ to ! modifications t ^! receive1 we %all f9d ! same light1 air1 wat]1 & e>?1 manife/+ !mselves 9 "o by a deadly poison1 & 9 ano!r by ! mo/ salubri\s food4 ,a lemon +raft$ ^u an orange /ock1 is capable ( *ang+ ! sap ( ! orange into its own nature1 by a diff]5t arrangem5t ( ! nutritive juices4 ,"o mass ( e>? w give life & vig\r to ! bitt] aloe1 to ! sweet cane1 ! cool h\se-leek1 & ! fi]y mu/>d1 ! n\ri%+ gra91 & ! deadly night-%ade4 ,! wood may be consid]$ z compos$ ( two p>ts1 ligne\s & p>5*ymat\s4 ,! =m] has already be5 treat$ (2 ! latt] is t :i* is dispos$ into rays1 runn+ z x 7 betwe5 ! ligne\s fibres1 & int]weav+ ) !m2 x orig9ates ei!r ) ! pi? or corona4 ,!re is a v great div]sity 9 ^! radial ins]tions2 9 "s trees !re are v few1 :ile !y ab\nd 9 o!rs2 9 "s !y are v f9e1 9 o!rs v ?ick4 ,9 texture1 !y seem simil> to ! blebs ( ! b>k1 only t "h !y are s cr[d$ & /ret*$ out z to appe> l p>allel ?reads1 some:at simil> to a net :5 drawn tight4 ,,( ,,! ,,corona4 ,dr4 ,hill gives ?is "n to t circle :i* surr\nds ! pi?1 & sep>ates x f ! wood2 al?\gh 9 8 op9ion x diff]s greatly f bo?1 & 9 its composition has no resemblance to ei!r4 ,x is1 accord+ to him1 ! mo/ important "p 9 ! :ole vegetable fabric1 by :i* ! propagation & increase ( ! bran*es1 buds1 & %oots1 are c>ri$ on4#acg #acg ,hill on ! ,con/ruction ( ,timb]1 p4 #ee4 ,x has be5 usual to suppose ! pi? ( vegetables to be ! "p 9 :i* ^! wond]ful s\rces ( increase reside1 b ?is is n ! case2 & he ass]ts1 t s f> f be+ prior to ! o!r p>ts1 x is 9 reality po/]ior to "s ( !m 9 ! "t ( its =mation4 ,! corona is n s uni=m z ! o!r p>ts1 nor is x con/itut$ exactly simil> 9 all trees4 ,x is plac$ betwe5 ! pi? & wood 9 all vegetables1 =m+ a r+1 ^: outl9e is m or less regulat$4 ,! g5]al circle is cellul>1 compos$ ( blebs & vessels1 l ! b>k & ! r9d1 & is p]fectly simil> to !m1 only t at diff]5t di/ances oblong clu/]s ( diff]5t vessels are plac$ among/ x4 ,^! clu/]s are usually eight or t5 9 numb]1 & give orig9 to ! angles ( ! corona4 ,!y are n uni=m1 or ( "o k9d ( vessels1 z 9 ! b>k1 b ea* has two di/9ct sorts1 ! ext]ior "o answ]+ to ! blea1 & ! int]ior1 to ! wood ( trees2 & )9 ea* ( ^! are dispos$ vessels n unlike ^? 9 ! blea & wood1 ?\gh (t5 l>g] ?an !y are f\nd 9 ^? p>ts4 ,?us ea* clu/] is compos$ ( all ! ess5tial p>ts ( ! succe$+ bran*1 & ! int]m$iate p>ts ( ! circle are absolutely b>k & r9d2 !y are ready to foll[ & clo! ! clu/] :5 x goes (f 9 ! =m ( a %oot1 because x w !n ne$ _! cov]+ & def5ce1 ?\gh 9 its pres5t inclos$ /ate x does n4 ,x is f ?is con/ruction1 t a tree is ready at all times & 9 all p>ts to %oot out bran*es1 & e bran* 9 ! same mann] to s5d out o!rs2 = ! :ole trunk1 & ! bran* 9 all its l5g?1 h ?is c\rse ( eight or t5 clu/]s ( ess5tial vessels ready to be protrud$ out1 & ! prop] & natural integum5ts z ready to cov] !m4 ,9 "s trees1 ^! p>ts are m evid5t1 9 o!rs m obscurely arrang$4 ,dr4 ,hill says1 ! bocconia1 or p>rot-wood ( ! ,we/-,indies1 & ! great] cel&9e1 are prop] subjects = op5+ ?is great my/]y ( nature4 ,on ! corona & its clu/]s dep5d t prop]ty ( vegetables1 t !y c be produc$ entire f e piece4 ,^! clu/]s foll[ ! c\rse ( ! o!r portions ( ! tree2 !y are !re=e ev]y:]e2 !y are always capable ( gr[+1 & _! gr[?1 ev5 9 a cutt+ ( ! smalle/ twig1 _c produce a leaf1 or any o!r "p ( a vegetable alone1 b mu/ af=d ! :ole2 = !y are complete bodies1 & ! :ole is !re wait+ only = ! opportunity ( ext5sion1 by obta9+ suffici5t n\ri%m5t4 ,= ! k we h ( ?is "p we are altoge!r indebt$ to ,dr4 ,hill4 ,x rema9s = future obs]v]s to confirm1 or disprove 8 obs]vations4 ,,( ,,! ,,pi?4 ,! pi? is f\nd 9 ! c5t] ( e "y %oot ( a tree2 x is l>ge 9 "s1 less 9 o!rs1 b pres5t 9 all4 ,x is plac$ close )9 ! corona4 ,x seems to be no?+ m ?an a cong]ies ( ! cellul> tissue2 x is g5]ally f\nd ne> ! c5t] ( ! tree1 inclos$ z x 7 )9 a tube2 9 g5]al1 ! cells ( ! pi? are l>g] ?an ^? ( ! cellul> tissue1 ) :i*1 accord+ to ,du ,hamel1 x communicates4 ,= ! rays :i* ext5d f ! pi? to ! b>k are1 9 8 op9ion1 produc$ f x4 ,?us1 ?\gh x may diff] 9 "n f ! p>5*ymat\s p>ts ( ! b>k1 & ! radial ins]tions 9 ! wood1 yet x is ( ! same nature & texture1 & is cont9u\s ) !m2 s t1 accord+ to ?is idea1 ! sk91 ! p>5*yma1 ! ins]tions1 & ! pi?1 are all "o piece ( "w1 fill$ up 9 div]s mann]s ) ! vessels4 ,! b>k & ! wood gr[ ?ick] e ye>1 :ile ! pi?1 on ! contr>y1 gr[s m sl5d]1 s t 9 a bran* ( "o ye> x is ( a l>g] size ?an x is 9 ! same bran* :5 two ye>s old1 & s on4 ,9 v "y bran*es1 :ile 9 an h]bace\s /ate1 ! pi? =ms ! greate/ "p ( its sub/ance2 b :5 ! fibres are /rong]1 ! pi? becomes less succul5t1 & surr\nd$ ) a tube ( wood2 :5 ! bran* has arriv$ to a c]ta9 age1 x is s compress$ z to be almo/ annihilat$4 ,9 exam9+ diff]5t bran*es t proce$ f o!rs 9 _! fir/ /ate1 a small communication betwe5 ! pi? ( ! "o & ! o!r w be f\nd2 b ?is communication is g5]ally entirely clos$ up 9 ! second or ?ird ye>4#ach ,! cells ( :i* ! pi? is =m$ are at fir/ entirely "o connect$ body2 b z ! plant gr[s up1 x is (t5 s brok5 & ruptur$1 z to rema9 no long] a cont9u\s sub/ance4 #ach ,du ,hamel ,physique des ,arbres1 tom4 #a1 p4 #ch4 ,?is1 z well z _m o!r p>ticul>s 9 ! hi/ory ( ! pi?1 corroborates ! op9ion ( ,dr4 ,hill1#aci :o ?9ks x is =m$ = ! purpose ( moi/5+ ! clu/]s ( ! corona1 & regulat+ its ext5sion2 x has be5 suppos$ coeval )1 or primordial to all ! o!r p>ts1 b he ?9ks x is po/nate1 & comes aft] !m 9 ! ord] ( "t1 z well z 9 its uses2 t exhal$ air gives orig9 to its blebs1 & ! ?ickness ( ! juices cloa?+ ! bubble1 gives x =m & sub/ance4 ,! fir/ season is ! "t ( its greate/ use1 & x imm$iately aft] beg9s to decay4 #aci ,hill's ,con/ruction ( ,timb]1 p4 #ff4 ,! pi? has 9 g5]al be5 repres5t$ z mu* m complex ?an x really is4 ,x consi/s ( a range ( bladd]s ly+ "o ov] ! o!r4 ,! membrane is simple1 ! outl9e s+le2 b z x is v difficult to procure x 9 ?is simple /ate1 x is (t5 se5 & repres5t$ "u a v>iety ( irregul>1 ?\gh pleas+ =ms1 :i* are occasion$ by ! int]sections ( ! outl9es ( ! blebs1 z se5 "o ov] ano!r4 ,a clu/] 9 any "p ( ! corona1 protrud+ itself onw>d & outw>d 9 ! gr[+ season1#adj c>ries a "p ( ! circle out ) x4 ,! clu/] itself is a p]fect piece ( ! wood & blea1 & ! b>k :i* foll[s x out 9 its progress p]fectly clo!s x2 ?us is ! fir/ protrusion ( ! %oot made1 b all ?is :ile !re is no pi?4 ,! cont9uation ( gr[? is made by ! ext5sion ( all ! p>ts obliquely upw>ds2 9 ! c\rse ( ?is ext5sion !y holl[ !mselves into a k9d ( cyl9d]1 ( ! =m ( ! future bran*1 & by ?is disposition a small vacancy is made 9 _! c5t]4 ,?is enl>ges z !y increase1 & z x enl>ges x becomes fill$ ) ! exudation ( ^? little bladd]s :i* rema9 & con/itute ! pi?1 f$ f ! inn] coat ( ! pi?1 :i* already beg9s to =m itself into a new corona4 ,grew seem$ to ?9k1 t 9 "s in/ances ! pi? 0 ( po/]ior gr[? to ! o!r p>ts1 & d]iv$ its orig9 f ! b>k2 & t ! ins]tions ( ! b>k runn+ 9 betwe5 ! rays ( ! wood meet 9 ! c5t]1 & con/itute ! pi?4 #adj ,hill's ,con/ruction ( ,timb]1 p4 #ii4 ,,( ,,! ,,sap ,,vessels4 ,! mo/ num]\s & ! l>ge/ ap]tures are g5]ally to be f\nd 9 ! wood1 :i* are p]ceiv$ v di/9ctly 9 a transv]se section1 9 :i* ! ends ( ! vessels are se5 z cut ?r\gh by ! knife4 ,! sc>let oak ( ,am]ica is recomm5d$ z a prop] object = exhibit+ !m4 ,if a %ort cyl9d] ( a ?ree ye>s bran* ( ?is oak1 a little mac]at$1 be holl[$ away ) a *issel1 we %all see :at a l>ge portion ( ! wood is occupi$ by ^! vessels2 !y are ?ick & /rong1 & x is easy1 ) "s c>e & att5tion1 to loos5 sev]al ( !m4 ,if a numb] ( ^! ?us sep>at$ be put into a vial ( ra9 wat]1 & frequ5tly %ook = sev]al days1 "s w at l5g? be f\nd p]fectly clean2 ^! are !n to be put into _s ( w9e1 & :5 t has be5 two or ?ree times *ang$1 !y w be 9 a condition to be view$ = und]/&+ _! /ructure2 ano!r me?od ( prep>ation has already be5 %ewn 9 page #afb4 ,^! are ! vessels :i* h be5 call$ by "s writ]s air1 by o!rs1 tra*eal vessels4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 to be rem>k$1 t mo/ ( ^? :o h consid]$ !m z air vessels1 ref] u to ! tree :ile 9 a m h]bace\s /ate2 9 ?is case !y say1 t we %all f9d ^! p>ts fill$ ) a f9e spiral filam5t4 ,z ^! vessels are (t5 to be f\nd empty1 !y h be5 suppos$ to answ] ! purposes ( lungs to ! plant4 ,malpighi ass]ts1 t if !y be exam9$ 9 w9t]1 !y (t5 exhibit a v]micul> motion1 :i* a/oni%es ! spectator4 ,^? :o suppose ! corona to conta9 ! :ole /ructure ( ! tree 9 m9iature1 & t x is ! embryo ( future %oots1 suppose x to conta9 ! vessels prop] = ea* "p1 a subject t mu/ be left to ! decision ( future obs]v]s4 ,,( ,,! ,,vasa ,,propria ,,intima4 ,^! are ! only vessels :i* rema9 to be spok5 (4 ,!y are l>ge1 conspicu\s1 & important2 _! natural place is 9 ! blea1 ?\gh !y are sometimes repeat$ 9 ! wood & ! corona4 ,_! coats are ?ick] ?an ^? ( any o!r vessels4#ada ,x is n difficult1 aft] a successful mac]ation1 to sep>ate "s ( ^! vessels f ! blea2 9 ?is /ate !y appe> p]fect cyl9d]s1 ) ?ick :ite coats1 ( a firm1 solid1 & uni=m texture4 #ada ,hill's ,con/ruction ( ,timb]1 p4 #hc & #he4 ,x has g5]ally be5 suppos$1 t ea* ( ^? conc5tric circles1 :i* are to be obs]v$ 9 ! transv]se section ( almo/ e tree1 0 ! product ( "o ye>1 or ! quantity ( wood add$ to ! tree 9 t space2 "h1 h[ev]1 ,dr4 ,hill diff]s aga9 f ! g5]al op9ion4 ,f :at has be5 said1 we may d$uce ! foll[+ g5]al ideas relative to ! organization ( trees4 ,! mo/ obvi\s & rem>kable p>ts ( a plant1 or tree1 are ! root1 ! /em1 ! bran*es1 ! leaves1 ! fl[]1 & ! fruit4 ,! compon5t p>ts ( ^! divisions are n complicat$2 !y are simple :5 comp>$ ) ^? ( an animal1 & ?is because ! (fices ( ! vegetable are few] ?an ^? ( ! animal4 ,! int]ior "p may be consid]$ z consi/+ ( ligne\s fibres1 int]sp]s$ ) a va/ numb] ( bladd]s1 :i* are "h nam$ ! cellul> tissue1 ! vasa propria1 & ! sap vessels2 ?\gh ^! are consid]$ by "s writ]s z m]e air vessels4 ,! ligne\s fibres are v f9e tubes1 proce$+ ne>ly 9 a v]tical direction f ! top to ! bottom ( ! tree2 !y are sometimes p>allel to ea* o!r1 sometimes !y div>icate1 & (t5 leave oblong int]vals or spaces4 ,!re is great reason = suppos+ !m to be a species ( lymphatic vessels4 ,! vacant spaces betwe5 ^! fibres are fill$ up by a vesicul> membrane1 ly+ 9 an horizontal direction1 & :i* is call$ 9 ?is *apt] ! cellul> tissue4 ,! vasa propria are =m$ ( ligne\s fibres1 b diff] f ! =ego+ 9 _! size1 & 9 ! juices :i* !y conta94 ,9 ! "p prop]ly call$ ! wood1 we meet ) ! sap vessels2 b z 9 "s /ates !y seem z if !y 7 =m$ ( a silv]-col\r$ spiral membrane1 & are f\nd )\t any juices1 !y h be5 suppos$ to be air vessels1 & call$ ! tra*ea1 mak+ up an art]ial sy/em1 & supply+ ! place ( ! he>t 9 animals4 ,! int]ior "p ( ! tree may be fur!r consid]$ z divid$ into f\r pr9cipal conc5tric /rata1 ! b>k1 ! blea1 ! wood1 & ! pi?2 to ^! ,dr4 ,hill has add$ ! corona4 ,:atev] "p ( a plant is exam9$1 we f9d ^! & no m4 ,! root1 its asc5d+ /alk1 & desc5d+ fibre1 are =m$ ( "o1 & n ?ree diff]5t sub/ances4 ,?us ! :ole vegetable is r$uc$ to "o entire body4 ,& :at appe>s 9 ! fl[] to be =m$ ( altoge!r di/9ct p>ts1 w be f\nd to orig9ate 9 ^!4 ,! b>k1 :i* is ! ext]ior cov]+ ( ! tree1 is divid$ into two p>ts1 a ?9 out] r9d1 & a mu* ?ick] inn] "o4 ,! ext]ior "o seems to be little m ?an a f9e film ( irregul> me%es1 ! inn] "o compos$ ( l>ge blebs1 leav+ 9 "s subjects l>ge vacant spaces1 :i* =m its vasa propria4 ,x is made up ( sev]al /rata ly+ "o ov] ! o!r4 ,next to ?is is ! blea1 :i* is ( an uni=m /ructure4 ,x is an imp]fect wood1 wait+ only = ! h& ( "t to be br\ght to p]fection4 ,! duration ( ! blea 9 ?is middle /ate dep5ds on ! int]nal p[]s & /r5g? ( ! tree1 be+ s mu* %ort] z ?is is m vigor\s4 ,! wood1 includ+ ! corona1 comes next2 x diff]s 9 d5sity & duration bo? f ! blea1 ! b>k1 & ! wood4 ,x is made up ( /rong fibres4 ,! life ( ! vegetable seems to reside 9 x2 f x all ! o!r p>ts are produc$4 ,x %oots a pi? inw>ds1 & a blea & a b>k outw>ds4 ,e tree may be consid]$ z consi/+ ( num]\s conc5tric /rata or flakes1 =m+ s _m cones1 inscrib$ "o )9 ! o!r1 & ^: numb] is almo/ indef9ite4 ,! mo/ ext]ior conta9 ! rudim5ts ( ! b>k2 ! m int]ior1 ^? ( ! wood4 ,9 ! g]m !y are gelat9\s1 by degrees !y become h]bace\s1 & 9 process ( "t assume ! consi/5ce ( wood4 ,?us ! /em1 ! root & ! bran*1 may be consid]$ z =m$ ( a prodigi\s numb] ( conc5tric v]tical /rata1 ea* compos$ ( diff]5t fascicles ( fibres2 :i* fibres are aga9 =m$ ( small] ones4 ,! spaces betwe5 ^!1 & among ! fibres1 are fill$ up1 int]wov5 )1 & connect$ by ! cellul> tissue1 ( :i* ! radial ins]tions are =m$4 ,! /rata h>d5 successively "o aft] ! o!r2 ! mo/ int]ior /ratum is t :i* h>d5s fir/2 ?is is !n cov]$ by ano!r :i* is m ductile & h]bace\s1 & s on2 s t ! bulk ( ! tree is increas$ e ye> by ! accession ( an holl[ cyl9d] ( wood d]iv$ f ! int]nal b>k4 ,f ! ext5sion 9 bread?1 ! tree acquires bulk2 f t 9 l5g? x ga9s its height4 ,! /rata gradually dim9i% 9 size z !y ga9 9 l5g?2 f h5ce ! conical figure ( ! root1 /em1 & bran*4 ,all ! p>ts ( ! plant are ! same1 diff]+ 9 no?+ m ?an 9 %ape & size4 ,! roots are %>p & po9t$1 t !y may make _! way m readily ?r\gh ! e>?4 ,! leaves are broad1 t !y may m effectually cat* ! moi/ure f ! atmosph]e1 c4 ,:5 ! root ( a tree is elevat$ above1 in/ead ( be+ reta9$ "u ! e>?1 x assumes ! appe>ance ( a p]fect plant1 ) leaves & bran*es4 ,exp]im5t %ews t a "y tree may h its bran*es plac$ 9 ! e>?1 & its roots elevat$ 9 ! air1 & 9 t inv]t$ /ate x w cont9ue to live & gr[4 ,! pr9cipal s\rce ( ! phnom5a ( vegetation is ! simplicity & uni=mity ( _! organization4 ,! figures 9 ,plates ,,xxviii4 ,,xxix4 & ,,xxx4 are portions ( transv]se sections ( trees & h]bs4 ,! sections 7 cut by ,mr4 ,cu/ance1#adb :o fir/ br\ght ?is art to p]fection1 & rema9s hi!rto unrivall$ 9 ^! p]=mances4 #adb ,= a collection ( ,mr4 ,cu/ance's vegetable cutt+s1 & :i*1 9 sets1 usually accompany ! be/ sort ( microscopes1 made by ,messrs4 ,jones1 see ! li/ ( microscopical objects n[ annex$ to ?is "w by ! editor4 ,plate ,,xxviii4 ,fig4 #a1 exhibits a piece ( an h]b gr[+ on rubbi%1 & kn[n by ! "n ( fat-h53#adc ,fig4 #b1 a microscopic view ( ! same4 ,fig4 #c1 a magnifi$ repres5tation ( a section ( a re$ t comes f ,portugal3 ,fig4 #d1 ! real size ( ! section4 #adc ,*5op$ium bonus ,h5ricus4 ,plate ,,xxix4 ,fig4 #a1 is a magnifi$ view ( a section ( ! al!a frutex3 ,fig4 #b1 ! natural size ( ! section4 ,fig4 #c1 a magnifi$ view ( a section ( ! hazel3 ,fig4 #d1 its natural size4 ,fig4 #e1 a microscopic view ( a section ( a bran* ( ! lime-tree3 ,fig4 #f repres5ts its natural size4 ,plate ,,xxx4 ,fig4 #a1 a magnifi$ view ( a section ( ! sug>cane3 ,fig4 #b1 its natural size4 ,fig4 #c1 a magnifi$ view ( a section ( ! bamboo cane3 ,fig4 #d1 ! natural size4 ,fig4 #e1 a magnifi$ view ( a section ( ! common cane3 ,fig4 #f1 ! real size4 ,,*ap4 ,x4 ,,( ,,! ,,cry/allization ,,( ,,salts1 ,,z ,,se5 ,,by ,,! ,,microscope2 ,,toge!r ,,) ,a ,,concise ,,li/ ,,( ,,objects4 ,cry/allization1 9 g5]al1 signifies ! natural =mation ( any sub/ance into a regul> figure1 resembl+ t ( a natural cry/al4 ,h5ce ! phrases ( ! cry/alliz$ ores1 cry/alliz$ salts1 c4 & ev5 ! basaltic rocks are n[ g5]ally reckon$ to be effects ( ?is op]ation2 ! t]m1 h[ev]1 is mo/ commonly appli$ to bodies ( ! sal9e k9d2 & _! sep>ation 9 regul> figures f ! wat]1 or o!r fluid 9 :i* !y 7 dissolv$1 is call$ _! cry/allization4 ,if ! ^w cry/allization 7 to be conf9$ to its mo/ prop] s5se1 z x seems to h be5 =m]ly1 x c\ld only be appli$ to op]ations by :i* c]ta9 sub/ances are dispos$ to pass f a fluid to a solid /ate1 by ! union ( _! p>ts1 :i* s arrange !mselves1 t !y =m transp>5t & regul>ly-figur$ masses1 l native cry/al2 f :i* resemblance ! ^w cry/allization has evid5tly be5 tak54#add #add ,macqu]'s ,diction>y ( ,*emi/ry1 ,art4 ,cry/allization4 ,b mod]n *emi/s & naturali/s h mu* ext5d$ ?is expression1 & x n[ signifies a regul> arrangem5t ( ! p>ts ( any body :i* is capable ( x1 :e!r ! masses s arrang$ be transp>5t or n4 ,?us opake /ones1 pyrites1 & m9]als :5 regul>ly =m$1 are said to be cry/alliz$1 z well z transp>5t /ones & salts4 ,! opacity & transp>5cy ( sub/ances are ju/ly disreg>d$1 9 consid]+ :e!r !y be cry/alliz$ or n2 = ^! qualities are p]fectly indiff]5t to ! regul> arrangem5t ( ! integrant p>ts ( sub/ances1 :i* is ! ess5tial object ( cry/allization4 ,?is be+ e/abli%$1 cry/allization may be def9$1 an op]ation by :i* ! integrant p>ts ( a body1 sep>at$ f ea* o!r by ! int]position ( a fluid1 are dispos$ to unite aga91 & to =m solid1 regul>1 & uni=m masses4 ,to und]/& z mu* z we c ( ! me*anism ( cry/allization1 we mu/ rem>k1 #a4 ,t ! integrant p>ts ( all bodies h a t5d5cy to ea* o!r1 by :i* !y approa*1 unite1 & adh]e toge!r1 :5 n prev5t$ by an ob/acle4 #b4 ,t 9 bodies simple or little-comp\nd$1 ?is t5d5cy ( integrant p>ts is m obvi\s & s5sible ?an 9 o!rs m comp\nd$2 h5ce ! =m] are mu* m dispos$ to cry/allize4 #c4 ,t al?\gh we d n "k ! figure ( ! primitive integrant molecules ( any body1 we _c d\bt b t ^? ( e diff]5t body h a con/antly uni=m & peculi> figure4 #d4 ,t ^! integrant p>ts _c h an equal t5d5cy to unite indiscrim9ately by any ( _! sides1 b by "s pref]ably to o!rs1 except+ all ! sides ( an integrant "p ( a body be equal & simil>2 & probably ! sides1 by :i* !y t5d to unite1 are ^? by :i* !y c t\* mo/ ext5sively & imm$iately4 ,! mo/ g5]al phnom5a ( cry/allization may be conceiv$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,let a body be suppos$ to h its integrant p>ts sep>at$ f ea* o!r by "s fluid2 if a "p ( ?is fluid be tak5 away1 ^! integrant p>ts w approa* toge!r3 &1 z ! quantity ( int]v5+ fluid dim9i%es1 !y w at la/ t\* & unite4 ,!y may also unite :5 !y come s ne> to ea* o!r1 t _! mutual t5d5cy %all be capable ( ov]com+ ! di/ance betwixt !m4 ,if1 besides1 !y h "t & lib]ty to unite ) ea* o!r by ! sides mo/ dispos$ to ?is union1 !y w =m masses ( a figure con/antly uni=m & simil>4 ,= ! same reason1 :5 ! int]pos$ fluid is ha/ily tak5 away1 s t ! integrant p>ts %all be approximat$1 & be br\ght into contact be=e !y h tak5 ! position ( _! natural t5d5cy1 !n !y w jo9 confus$ly by su* sides z *ance pres5ts to !m2 !y w1 9 su* circum/ances1 =m solid masses1 ^: figures w n be det]m9ate1 b irregul> & v>i\s4 ,diff]5t salts assume diff]5t figures 9 cry/allization1 & are1 by ^! means1 easily di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r4 ,b besides ! l>ge cry/als produc$ 9 ?is way1 ea* salt is capable ( produc+ a v diff]5t appe>ance ( ! cry/all9e k9d1 :5 only a drop ( ! sal9e solution is made use (1 & ! cry/allization view$ ?r\gh a microscope4 ,= our k ( ?is species ( cry/allization1 we are indebt$ to ,mr4 ,h5ry ,bak]1 :o 0 pres5t$ by ! ,royal ,society ) a gold m$al = ! discov]y1 9 ! ye> #agdd4 ,^! microscopical cry/als he di/+ui%es f ! l>g] ones by ! "n ( configurations2 b ?is t]m seems inaccurate1 & ! di/9ction may be prop]ly pres]v$ by call+ ! l>ge ones ! ,,common1 & ! small ones ! ,,microscopical1 cry/als ( ! salt4 ,x has n yet be5 %ewn by any writ] on ! subject1 :y salts %\ld assume any regul> figure1 mu* less :y e "o %\ld h a =m peculi> to itself4 ,sir ,isaac ,newton endeav\r$ to acc\nt = ?is1 by suppos+ ! p>ticles ( salt to be diffus$ ?r\gh ! solv5t fluid1 at equal di/ances f ea* o!r2 & t !n ! p[] ( ! attraction betwe5 ! sal9e p>ticles c\ld n fail to br+ !m toge!r 9 regul> figures1 z soon z ! dim9ution ( heat suff]$ !m to act on ea* o!r4 ,b x is c]ta9 "s o!r ag5t mu/ be conc]n$ 9 ?is op]ation1 besides m]e attraction1 o!rwise all salts w\ld cry/allize 9 ! same mann]4 ,o!rs h1 !re=e1 _h rec\rse to "s k9d ( pol>ity 9 ! p>ticles ( ea* salt1 :i* det]m9$ !m to arrange !mselves 9 su* a c]ta9 =m2 b unless we give a reason = ?is pol>ity1 we only expla9 cry/allization by itself4 ,"o ?+ seems to h be5 ov]look$ by ^? :o h endeav\r$ to inve/igate ?is subject1 namely1 t ! sal9e p>ticles d n only attract "o ano!r1 b !y also attract "s "p ( ! wat] :i* dissolves !m4 ,did !y only attract ea* o!r1 ! salt1 in/ead ( cry/alliz+1 w\ld fall to ! bottom z a p[d]2 :]eas1 a sal9e cry/al is compos$ ( salt & wat]1 z c]ta9ly z ! body ( an animal is compos$ ( fle% & blood1 or a vegetable ( solid matt] & sap2 if a sal9e cry/al be depriv$ ( its aque\s "p1 x w z c]ta9ly lose its cry/all9e =m1 z if x 7 depriv$ ( ! sal9e "p4 ,x is1 !re=e1 n improbable1 t cry/allization is a species ( vegetation1 & is accompli%$ by ! same p[]s to :i* ! gr[? ( plants & animals is to be ascrib$4 ,"s k9ds ( cry/allization resemble vegetation s mu*1 t we c sc>ce avoid attribut+ !m to ! same cause4 ,x has be5 imag9$1 t all ! great op]ations 9 nature may be r$uc$ to two pr9ciples1 ^? ( cry/allization & organization2 b t (t5 !y are s conceal$1 z to be invisible4 ,h5ce cry/alliz$ sub/ances h be5 frequ5tly mi/ak5 = organiz$ ones1 & vice v]sa4 ,!y diff]1 h[ev]1 ess5tially 9 _! gr[? & orig94 ,organiz$ be+s spr+ f a g]m1 9 :i* all ! ess5tial p>ts are conc5trat$1 & !y gr[ by intusception2 :]eas cry/alliz$ sub/ances increase by ! successive apposition ( c]ta9 molecules ( a det]m9$ figure1 :i* unite 9 "o common mass4 ,?us cry/alliz$ be+s d n gr[1 prop]ly speak+1 ?\gh _! sub/ance is augm5t$1 !y are n pre=m$1 b =m$ daily4 ,! phnom5a ( cry/allization h mu* engag$ ! att5tion ( mod]n *emi/s1 & a va/ numb] ( exp]im5ts has be5 made ) a view to det]m9e exactly ! diff]5t figures assum$ by salts 9 pass+ f a fluid to a solid =m4 ,x does n1 h[ev]1 appe>1 f all t has yet be5 done1 t any c]ta9 rule c be laid d[n 9 ^! cases1 z ! figure ( sal9e cry/als may be v>i$ by ! slighte/ circum/ances4 ,?us1 sal ammoniac1 :5 prep>$ by a mixture ( pure volatile alkali ) _s ( salt1 %oots into cry/als resembl+ fea!rs2 b if1 in/ead ( a pure alkali1 we make use ( "o j di/ill$ f bones1 & conta9+ a great quantity ( animal oil1 we %all1 aft] "s cry/allizations ( ! fea!ry k9d1 obta9 ! v same salt 9 ! =m ( cubes4 ,su* salts z are sublimeable cry/allize n only 9 ! aque\s way by solution & evaporation1 b also by sublimation2 & ! diff]5ce betwixt ! figures ( ^! cry/als is (t5 v rem>kable4 ,?us1 sal ammoniac1 by sublimation nev] exhibits any appe>ance ( fea!ry cry/als1 b always =ms cubes or p>allelopip$s4 ,?is me?od ( cry/alliz+ salts by sublimation has n z yet be5 inve/igat$ by *emi/s2 nor inde$ does ! subject seem capable ( inve/igation )\t mu* tr\ble1 z ! lea/ augm5tation ( ! heat beyond ! prop] degree w\ld make ! cry/als run into a solid cake1 :ile a dim9ution ( x w\ld cause !m to fall into p[d]4 ,9 aque\s solutions1 too1 ! circum/ances :i* det]m9e ! %apes ( ! cry/als are innum]able2 & ! degree ( heat1 ! quantity ( salt conta9$ 9 ! liquor1 nay1 ! quantity ( ! liquor itself1 & ! v>i\s con/itutions ( ! atmosph]e at ! "t ( cry/allization1 (t5 occasion su* diff]5ces z seem q unacc\ntable & surpriz+4 ,mr4 ,b]gman has giv5 a diss]tation on ! v>i\s =ms ( cry/als2 :i*1 he obs]ves1 always resemble geometrical figures m or less regul>4 ,_! v>iety at fir/ appe>s inf9ite2 b by a c>eful exam9ation x w be f\nd1 t a great numb] ( cry/als1 seem+ly v diff]5t f ea* o!r1 may be produc$ by ! comb9ation ( a small numb] ( orig9al figures1 :i* !re=e he ?9ks may be call$ primitive4 ,on ?is pr9ciple he expla9s ! =mation ( ! cry/all9e gems1 z well z salts4#ade #ade ,encycl4 ,britan4 ,vol4 ,v4 p4 #ehc4 ,x has be5 already %ewn1 page #afc1 h[ to prep>e ! v>i\s salts = microscopical obs]vations4 ,! beautiful cry/allizations repres5t$ 9 ,plates ,,xxxi4 & ,,xxxii4 7 produc$ 9 ! mann] !re describ$4 ,plate ,,xxxi4 ,fig4 #b1 exhibits a view ( ! microscopical cry/als ( nitre4 ,^! %oot f ! edges ) v little heat1 9 flatti% figures1 ( v>i\s l5g?s1 & exce$+ly transp>5t1 ! sides ne>ly p>allel1 ?\gh r jagg$1 & tap]+ to a po9t2 aft] a numb] ( ^! are =m$1 !y (t5 dissolve "u ! eye1 & disappe> entirely2 b 9 a little "t new %oots w pu% out1 & ! process g on afre%4 ,beautiful ramifications are =m$ r\nd ! edge1 & _m regul> figures are to be obs]v$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! drop4 ,fig4 #a is ! real size ( ! drop4 ,fig4 #d is a drop ( di/ill$ v]digrise1 z x appe>$ :5 view$ by ! microscope4 ,!re is a diff]5ce 9 ! appe>ance f ?is sub/ance1 accord+ z ! "t ( ! application is ne>] to1 or m di/ant f t 9 :i* ! solution 0 made4 ,fig4 #c1 ! size ( ! drop4 ,if a drop ( di/ill$ v]digrise ^u glass be view$ ?r\gh ! microscope1 aft] ! cry/allization is complet$ & ! wat] evaporat$1 !re rema9s a sub/ance r\nd ! cry/allization1 :i* pres]ves ! orig9al size & %ape ( ! drop :5 a liquid2 betwixt ?is v]ge ( ! drop & ! cry/als f9e l9es are disc]nible runn+ f ! cry/als to ! circumf]5ce ( ! drop1 at v>i\s angles ) ! cry/als2 :atev] direction !y take1 !y are always p]fectly /raight1 & ( an equal ?ickness ?r\gh\t4 ,:5 ! drop is view$ ?r\gh a light gr\nd1 ^! l9es appe> d>k2 b :5 view$ ?r\gh a d>k gr\nd1 !y !n %9e & appe> ( ! beautiful gre5 col\r natural to ! cry/als ( v]digrise4 ,plate ,,xxxii4 ,fig4 #a1 repres5ts ! microscopical appe>ance ( ! cry/als ( salt ( wormwood4 ,! %oot+s f ! edges ( ?is solution are (t5 v ?ick 9 proportion to _! l5g?1 _! sides full ( not*es1 ! ends g5]ally acute2 _m spe>-l =ms are also to be obs]v$1 z well z little cry/als ( a v>iety ( figures4 ,fig4 #b4 ,salt ( amb]4 ,! %oot+s ( ?is salt are highly ent]ta9+1 ?\gh ! process is v sl[2 _m spicul %oot f ! edge t[>ds ! middle ( ! solution1 & f ! po9t$ ends ( ! spicul a great v>iety ( div]sifi$ bran*es may be obs]v$1 v>i\sly divid$ & subdivid$1 & =m+ at la/1 says ,bak]1 a w9t] sc5e ( trees )\t leaves4 ,fig4 #c4 ,salt ( h>t%orn4 ,?is salt %oots out f ! edge ( ! drop into solid1 ?ick1 & r opake figures2 f ^! x (t5 %oots into bran*es ( a rugg$ appe>ance1 simil> to ^? ( "s species ( coral4 ,fig4 #d repres5ts ! microscopical cry/als ( sal ammoniac4 ,^! =m a mo/ beautiful object 9 ! microscope2 a g5]al idea may be m easily acquir$ by att5tively view+ ! figure "h exhibit$1 ?an by any v]bal description4#adf #adf ,a collection ( salts1 z recomm5d$ by ,mr4 ,bak]1 prop]ly prep>$ & pack$ 9 portable boxes by ,messrs4 ,jones1 ! read] w see 9 ! ext5sive li/ ( microscopic objects n[ annex$ to ?is "w by ! editor4 ,a ,,concise ,,li/ ,,( ,,objects ,,= ,,! ,,microscope4 ,! %ort li/ "h pres5t$ to ! read] mu/1 f ! nature ( ! subject1 be v imp]fect2 = ! :ole ( ! animal1 vegetable1 & m9]al k+doms1 ) all _! num]\s subdivisions1 furni% objects = ! microscope2 & !re is n "o ( !m1 t1 :5 prop]ly exam9$1 w n af=d in/ruction & ent]ta9m5t to ! rational inve/igator ( ! works ( creation4 ,! ,sy/ema ,natur ( ,l9nu may !re=e be reg>d$ z a catalogue ( univ]sals = microscopic obs]vation1 ea* ( :i* compreh5ds a v>iety ( p>ticul>s4 ,! li/ "h giv5 c be consid]$ z little m ?an a directory1 to po9t out to ^? :o h only begun to /udy ?is "p ( natural hi/ory a few ( ^? objects :i* m]it _! att5tion1 & :i*1 f _! beauties1 may incite !m to pursue ! /udy ) great] ardor4 ,,( ,,opake ,,objects4 ,ores & m9]als af=d an imm5se v>iety ( v beautiful & spl5did objects4 ,f among/ ^! ! obs]v] may select ! peacock or col\r$ copp] ore1 gre5 cry/alliz$ ditto1 lead ore1 cry/alliz$ ditto1 cry/als ( lead1 small gra9$ m>casites1 col\r$ mundic1 c9nab>1 native sulphur1 ne$le & o!r antimony1 moss copp]1 c4 ,a mixture ( small pieces ( ores1 c4 ( diff]5t k9ds1 produces a pleas+ effect4 ,s&s 9 g5]al exhibit some?+ n discov]able ) ! nak$ eye4 ,s& f ! sea-%ore is (t5 int]mix$ ) m9ute %ells1 p>ticul>ly t f ,rim9i1 9 ,italy4 ,mr4 ,walk] has publi%$ a specim5 ( ! small microscopic %ells :i* are f\nd on our own coa/4 ,f ?is "w we le>n1 t !re are %ell-fi% z small z ! m9ute/ insects1 & possess$ ( beauties ( :i* we c =m no conception till we h se5 !m4 ,mr4 ,walk]'s "w is entitl$1 8,a ,collection ( ! m9ute & r>e ,%ells lately discov]$ 9 ! ,s& on ! ,sea-%ore ne> ,s&wi*40#adg ,!re is a s& f ,africa full ( small g>nets4 ,! ketton1 or kett]+ /one1 is a pleas+ object2 :5 exam9$ by ! microscope1 we f9d ! gra9 ( x v diff]5t f t ( o!r /ones1 be+ compos$ ( innum]able m9ute balls1 :i* b>ely t\* ea* o!r1 & yet =m a sub/ance mu* h>d] ?an free-/one2 ! gra9s are1 9 g5]al1 s firmly unit$ toge!r at ! po9ts ( contact1 t x is h>dly possible to sep>ate !m )\t break+ "o or bo? ( ! gra9s4 ,see ,hooke's ,micrographia4 #adg ,?is publication w be m p>ticul>ly notic$ 9 ! ensu+ *apt]4 ,,edit4 ,insects ( all k9ds1 bo? =eign & dome/ic1 are pleas+ objects2 b z ! =eign ones are n s easily met )1 ,i %all m5tion b a few ( !m1 conf9+ myself pr9cipally to ^? ( ?is c\ntry4 ,among ! exotic insects1 none appe> m beautiful 9 ! microscope ?an ! curculio imp]ialis1 ,brazil or diamond beetle2 ! bupre/is ignita1 or l>ge beetle f ,*9a2 ! meloe vesicatorius1 ,l9n4 ! can?>is or ,spani% fly ( ! %ops2 sev]al species ( locu/s1 gras%opp]s1 c4 ,among ! ,engli% beetles1 we may reckon ! sc>abu auratus or rose *aff]1 sc>abu nobilis1 sc>abu horticola1 silpha aquatica1 cassida nobilis & nebulosa4 ,cocc9ella or lady-c[2 ( ^! !re are great v>ieties bo? 9 size & col\r1 "s r$ & black1 o!rs black & r$1 & "s yell[ & black4 ,*rysomela gram9is1 *rysomela fa/uosa1 *rysomela nitidula1 *rysomela s]icea1 *rysomela melanopa1 *rysomela asp>agi1 see ,plate ,,xx4 ,fig4 #b4 ,curculio frum5t>ius1 lapa?i1 betula1 nucum1 scrophul>ia1 arg5teus1 a beautiful little insect resembl+ ! diamond beetle1 b 9 m9iature2 curculio alb9us1 v beautiful1 b sc>ce 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,leptura aquatica1 ^! are ( v>i\s col\rs1 z blue1 purple1 bronze1 & crimson4 ,arcuata arietis1 v common1 & is (t5 call$ ! wasp beetle4 ,cic9dela campe/ris1 on dry banks4 ,c>abus nit5s1 f\nd 9 ,york%ire1 a beautiful insect2 _m small c>abi4 ,gryllus1 gryllo-talpa or mole cricket1 ?is insect1 & ! gras%opp]s1 are _m ( !m too l>ge to be obs]v$ at "o view1 b ! head1 =e & h9d feet1 elytra1 c4 view$ sep>ately1 are f9e objects4 ,cicada sangu9ol5ta1 n]vosa1 int]rupta1 notonecta /riata1 m9utissima1 head & claws ( ! nepa c9]ea or wat]-scorpion1 & ! :ole v>iety ( cimices or field bugs4 ,! w+s ( butt]flies & mo?s2 ! *rysalis ( ! common :ite butt]fly is extremely f9e4 ,i wi% x 7 9 my p[] to invite ! read] to consid] ! pupa /ate ( ^! insects1 z he w\ld f9d !m int]e/+ 9 v>i\s po9ts ( view4 ,p]haps ! foll[+ passage f an +5i\s writ] may h ?is effect4 8,"s ( ^! creatures crawl = a "t z helpless worms ^u ! e>?1 l ourselves2 !y !n retire into a cov]+1 :i* answ]s ! end ( a c(f9 or a sepul*re1 :]e9 !y are invisibly trans=m$1 & come =? 9 glori\s array1 ) w+s & pa9t$ plumes1 m l ! inhabitants ( ! heav5s ?an su* worms z !y 7 9 _! =m] /ate4 ,?is trans=mation is s /rik+ & pleasant an emblem ( ! pres5t1 ! int]m$iate1 & glorifi$ /ate ( man1 t p ( ! mo/ remote antiquity1 :5 !y buri$ _! dead1 embalm$ & inclos$ !m 9 an artificial cov]+1 s figur$ & pa9t$1 z to resemble ! cat]pill> 9 ! int]m$iate /ate2 & z ,joseph 0 ! fir/ we read ( t 0 embalm$ 9 ,egypt1 :]e ?is cu/om prevail$1 x 0 probably ( ,hebrew orig9al40 ,! eggs ( mo?s & butt]flies1 p>ticul>ly ! phalna neu/ria1 see ,plate ,x4 ,fig4 #a to #f4 ,! bodies & heads ( _m libellul4 ,_m ( ! i*neumon flies1 spheges1 & wasps1 head ( ! hornet1 /+ ( ditto1 collectors ( ! bee1 _m sorts ( musc1 or flies ) two w+s1 especially ^? ^: bodies are highly col\r$2 ac>i or ticks2 phalangium cancroides1 see ,plate ,,xviii4 ,fig4 #a & #f4 ,"s spid]s1 b ! eyes ( all2 ! oniscus or wood-l\se1 julus1 & scolop5dra4 ,! fea!rs ( peacocks1 & _m o!r birds1 h a gr& effect :5 view$ 9 ! opake microscope1 z h also "s species ( f]ns1 mosses1 & wood cut transv]sely4 ,madrepores1 millepores1 sponges1 corall9es1 c4 exhibit wond]ful appe>ances n disc]nible to ! nak$ eye4 ,p>ts ( e*9i or sea eggs1 sp9es ( ditto2 ^! may also be cut transv]sely to %ew _! con/ruction4 ,m9ute %ells dissect$1 sk9 ( _m species ( fi%1 p>ticul>ly ! lump-suck]1 see ,plate ,,xviii4 ,fig4 #b4 ,sole fi%1 ,plate ,,xix4 ,fig4 #e4 & ! rasp fi% f ,otaheite2 also ! sk9s ( snakes1 liz>ds1 guanas1 c4 c4 ,! ext]ior =m1 & ev5 ! int]ior /ructure ( ! g5]ality ( vegetable se$s1 h be5 suppos$ by "s s mu* alike 9 ! sev]al k9ds1 & ( s little curiosity & beauty 9 ! :ole1 t !y h sc>cely be5 reg>d$ by ! curi\s2 b :5 ne>ly exam9$ ) ! help ( microscopes1 !y are f\nd to be wor?y ( a great] att5tion2 ^? :i* appe> mo/ l to "o ano!r :5 view$ by ! nak$ eye1 (t5 prov+ z diff]5t1 :5 ?us exam9$1 9 _! sev]al =ms & *>act]s1 z ! diff]5t g5]a ( any o!r bodies 9 ! creation4 ,if _! ext]nal =ms c>ry all ?is v>iety & beauty ab\t !m1 _! int]nal /ructure1 :5 laid op5 by diff]5t sections1 appe>s yet m admirable4 ,! se$ ( ! great] maple1 :i* we commonly1 b improp]ly call ! sycamore tree1#adh consi/s ( a pod & its w+2 two ( ^! gr[ ^u a p$icle1 ) ! pods toge!r1 :i* makes !m resemble ! body ( an insect ) its exp&$ w+s3 ! w+s are f9ely vasculat$1 & ! pods are w+$ ) a f9e :ite d[n resembl+ silk2 ?is conta9s a r\nd compact pellet1 cov]$ ) a br[n membrane t /icks v closely to x4 ,:5 ?is is pull$ (f1 in/ead ( disc]n+ a k]nel1 z 9 o!r se$s1 !re appe>s an entire gre5 plant fold$ up 9 a mo/ surpriz+ mann]4 ,! p$icle ( ?is is ab\t two-eigh?s ( an in* long1 & its sem9al leaves ( ab\t six-eigh?s ea*2 betwe5 ^! ! g]m9a ( ! next pair ( leaves are pla9ly visible to ! nak$ eye1 b ) a microscope !y are se5 ) ! greate/ beauty & p]fection4 #adh ,! ,ac] pseudo-platanus1 ,hudsoni ,fl4 ,angl4 p4 #dde4 ,p>k9son calls x ac] majus1 add+1 sycomorus falso dictum4 ,hudson1 h[ev]1 agrees ) ,hunt] 9 8 edition ( ,evelyn's ,sylva1 9 affix+ to x ! ,engli% t]m great] maple or sycamore4 ,,edit4 ,! se$ ( ! musk scabi\s is beautiful 9 its %ape & /ructure4 ,! calix or cup :i* conta9s ! se$ is ( an octagonal =m1 & makes an appe>ance l a f9e vase1 hav+ scallopp$ edges1 & t[>d ! inn] "p ( ! edge a :ite ruffl$ membrane4 ,! ribs run d[n f its m\?1 :i* is bell-fa%ion$1 & becom+ n>r[] d[nw>d1 =m obtuse angles by cont9u+ f ! b5d to =m ! bottom ( ! vase4 ,betwe5 ^! ribs1 d[n to ! beg9n+ ( ! n>r[ "p1 x is cle>1 ?\gh n :olly transp>5t1 & f !nce to ! bottom ! ribs are hairy4 ,?is vase conta9s ! se$1 :]e9 appe>s fir/ its ?ick body1 :i* runs up ) a n>r[ neck1 till x divides into five spiculat$ fibres1 ^: spicul are det]m9$ upw>ds1 & are !reby prep>$ to cause ! se$ to rec$e f any ?+ t might injure x on be+ t\*$4 ,! bodies ( ! vases1 :5 fir/ ripe1 are ( a f9e lemon yell[1 b gr[ by long keep+ d>k]2 & ! bason =m$ by ! roots ( ! m9ute fibres is ( a f9e gre51 b ! fibres !mselves ( a %9+ br[n1 l br[n sug>-c&y1 z _! sp9es are also4 ,^!1 & a numb] ( simil> beauties 9 ?is "p ( ! creation1 are describ$ at l>ge by ,dr4 ,p>sons1 9 8 "w entitl$1 8,! ,microscopic ,!atre ( ,se$s40#adi ,mo/ k9ds ( se$s %\ld be prep>$ = a microscopical exam9ation by /eep+ !m 9 w>m wat] till _! coats are sep>at$1 & _! sem9al leaves may !n be op5$ )\t lac]ation4 ,b se$s1 :ile dry1 & )\t any prep>ation1 are ( an almo/ inf9ite v>iety ( %apes1 & af=d a numb] ( pleas+ objects = ! microscope4 #adi ,?is curi\s "w 0 publi%$ 9 ! ye> #agde4 ,x 0 ! au?or's int5tion to h compris$ ! :ole design 9 f\r volumes qu>to1 b ! fir/ volume only appe>$4 ,x conta9s ! etymology1 synonyma1 & description ( ! sev]al plants & _! fl[]s1 ) an acc\nt ( _! m$ical virtues1 & an explanation ( botanical t]ms4 ,z ! "w is 9 b few h&s1 & a copy n easy to be procur$1 ,i flatt] myself t extracts f ^? p>ts conta9+ ! microscopical descriptions w =m an agreeable addition to ^! ,essays2 :i* ! read] w accord+ly meet ) 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,,edit4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ sc5es 9 microscopical botany is exhibit$ 9 m\ld9ess4 ,^? m9iature plants seem to be> ! same relation to ! vegetable k+dom t ! animalcula infusoria d to ! animal2 !y 7 =m]ly consid]$ z %apeless & un=m$ masses1 b we n[ view !m ) surprize & pleasure tak+ _! place 9 ! great scale ( organiz$ be+s1 & pres5t+ u ) "s ( ! mo/ /rik+ *>act]i/ics ( vegetables4 ,,( ,,transp>5t ,,objects4 ,we may select f ! elytra1 or upp] w+s ( beetles1 _m beautiful objects1 ! con/ruction ( ^! w be f\nd to diff] v mu*2 ! membranace\s w+s1 z 9 ! sc>abu sol/itialis or small cock-*aff]2 blatta ,am]icana or cockroa*2 all ! grylli1 z locu/s1 gras%opp]s1 c4 ,among ! cicadas1 ! elytra ( ! n]vosa are ! mo/ elegant1 ! n]ves are elevat$1 & curi\sly spott$ ) br[n4 ,! elytra ( ! cimices or field bugs1 :i* are a v num]\s tribe1 af=d a great v>iety ( objects2 we may select f ^! z ! mo/ beautiful ! elytra ( ! cimex bacc>um & ! cimex /riatus1 ,plate ,,xx4 ,fig4 #a4 ,! elytra ( ! fulgora c&el>ia1 f ,*9a1 diff] ess5tially f all o!rs4 ,! "u or m transp>5t w+s ( beetles excite our att5tion ev5 m ?an ! upp] or cru/ace\s ones2 = :e!r we consid] ! delicacy ( _! texture1 ! great weight t _m ( !m are calculat$ to su/a9 9 ! air1 or ! v curi\s mann] 9 :i* !y fold !m up "u ! upp] case1 _! me*anism mu/ a/oni% & delight u2 no two g5]a w be f\nd alike1 ?\gh e individual ( ! same g5us w be exact4 ,! w+ ( ! =ficula auricul>ia or e>wig1 ,plate ,,xiv4 is an elegant specim5 ( ! mann] ( _! fold+2 ?is w+ folds "u a case n "o-eigh? ( its size4 ,! "u w+ ( ! blatta ori5talis1 or beetle common 9 mo/ kit*5s1 appe>s to unite ! elytra & transp>5t w+s1 p>tak+ 9 "s degree ( bo?4 ,among ! membranace\s or m transp>5t w+$ insects1 ! v>iety is endless1 ea* g5us diff]+ ess5tially f ! o!r2 "s appe>+ full ( membranes or n]ves1 curi\sly dispos$2 o!rs1 aga91 ) sc>ce any1 l a cle> piece ( talc or is+lass2 "s exhibit a curi\s gr\nd-"w ( po9ts1 :i* on close exam9ation prove %ort hairs1 :ile ! n]ves ( o!rs are furni%$ ) little scales or fea!rs1 z 9 "s species ( ! gnat4 ,! w+s ( _m musc are col\r$ ) black1 br[n1 & :ite1 9 cl\ds1 spots1 /ripes1 c4 c4 ,! libellul or dragon-flies alone af=d a great v>iety1 n only 9 =m b col\r2 ^! are all furni%$ ) num]\s & v /rong n]ves1 adapt$ to ! velocity ( _! flight4 ,! w+s ( ! ephem]a or may-flies1 are mu* m delicate1 ^! flies re/ ) _! w+s erect4 ,! phrygane diff] v mu* f ! =ego+1 & also f "o ano!r2 _! "u w+s fold1 & _! upp] ones are ( a /rong] texture1 _m ( !m s mu* resembl+ small mo?s z n easily to be di/+ui%$ f !m3 ^! are all f\nd 9 ! vic9ity ( ponds & m>%y places4 ,9 ! hem]obii a wond]ful degree ( elegance is exhibit$ 9 ! disposition ( ! n]ves :i* compose _! w+s1 ea* n]ve be+ adorn$ ) hair 9 a beautiful mann]2 !re are _m species ( ^! flies equally beautiful1 a specim5 is giv5 9 ,plate ,,xv4 ,! i*neumon fly has f\r transp>5t w+s1 ! inf]ior ones small]1 & m delicate ?an ! sup]ior2 ! tube ?r\gh :i* ! female deposits its eggs is an additional object well wor? att5tion4 ,! w+s ( wasps are fold$ longitud9ally2 ! w+s ( ! l>ge bee are v curi\s4 ,gnats 9 g5]al1 & ! v>i\s species ( tipul1 toge!r ) ! cl\d$ & v>iegat$ w+s ( ! musc1 tabani1 c4 increase ! catalogue beyond ! p[] ( enum]ation2 9 %ort1 !re is n a w+ b has its p>ticul> beauties1 & w amply repay ! att5tive obs]v]4 ,! currant sph9x mo? connects ! transp>5t & f>9ace\s w+s1 p>tak+ ( bo?2 ! :ite plum$1 & _m-plum$ mo?s1 exhibit w+s totally diff]5t f all ! re/2 _m o!r small mo?s furni% w+s suffici5tly transp>5t = obs]vation1 ! fr+e or edges be+ rem>kably beautiful4 ,,( ,,! ,,pulex ,,irritans1 ,,or ,,common ,,flea4 ,_m small insects t are n too opake1 may be view$ & exam9$ z transp>5t objects2 "s ( ^! hav+ be5 p>ticul>ly notic$ by ! e>ly microscopic writ]s1 x w be necess>y to enum]ate a few ( !m1 z )\t x ! "w might be deem$ incomplete4 ,e "o is acqua9t$ ) ! agility & blood-?ir/y disposition ( ! flea1 ( ! caution ) :i* x comes to ! attack1 & ! read9ess ) :i* x avoids pursuit4 ,x belongs to ! class apt]a1 has two eyes1 six feet p>ticul>ly con/ruct$ = leap+1 ! ant5n or feel]s are fili=m1 or r monili=m2 ! ro/rum is inflect$1 setace\s1 & arm$ ) a /+2 ! belly is compress$4 ,?is creature is produc$ f eggs1 :i* x deposits on ! animals t af=d x food1 or affixes !m to ! wool ( blankets1 rugs1 c4 ,^! eggs 9 ab\t a week are hat*$ into small l>v or worms1 :i* are ( a :iti% col\r1 ) a slight t+e ( r$di%1 & adh]e closely to ! body ( ! animal1 or o!r sub/ance on :i* !y are produc$2 9 a =tnight !y come to a tol]able size1 & are v lively & active2 b if !y be t\*$1 !y roll !mselves up 9 a ball4 ,at ?is p]iod !y prep>e !mselves = _! pupa or *rysalis /ate1 by inclos+ !mselves 9 a loosely-spun web1 or diffus$ envelopem5t ( a v s(t1 silky1 or r cotton-l appe>ance1 & ( a :ite col\r4 ,9 ?is ! l>va *anges into a *rysalis1 out ( :i* 9 ab\t twelve days em]ges ! animal 9 its p]fect /ate1 arm$ ) p[]s to di/urb ! peace ( an emp]or1 & occasion uneasy s5sations 9 ! faire/ bosom4#aej #aej ,not)/&+ ! inconv5i5ces att5d+ ?is little insect1 & ! g5]al disapprobation :i* its frequ5t intrusion occasions1 !re is some?+ pleas+ 9 ! appe>ance ( ! flea2 all its motions are elegant1 & all its po/ures indicate agility4 ,! %elly arm\r 9 :i* x is envelop$1 is 9 a /ate ( p]petual cleanl9ess2 :ile ! muscul> p[] :i* x is capable ( ex]t+ is s extraord9>y1 z ju/ly to excite our wond] at s mu* /r5g? conf9$1 & conc5trat$ z x 71 9 s small a space4 ,! flea1 l _m o!r insects1 is em95t = its p[]s ( revivesc5ce1 & w frequ5tly recov] aft] be+ plac$ 9 situations v unfav\rable to animal life4 ,"s ( ! coleopt]\s insects are1 h[ev]1 capable ( exhibit+ f> m /rik+ examples ( susp5d$ animation4 ,nat4 ,misc4 vol4 v4 ,,edit4 ,x is difficult to obta9 su* a view ( ! flea1 z w display ! me*anism & app>atus belong+ to ! head2 ^! p>ts are b imp]fectly repres5t$ 9 ! celebrat$ draw+ ( ,dr4 ,hooke 9 8 ,micrographia4 ,! neck is long1 f9ely ar*$1 & mu* resembles ! tail ( a lob/]2 ! body is cov]$ all ov] ) a poli%$ suit ( sable arm\r1 =m$ ( a h>d %elly sub/ance1 curi\sly jo9t$ & fold$ ov] "o ano!r1 & yet yield+ to all ! nimble motions ( ! little animal2 ! edges ( ! scales are curi\sly set ) %ort spikes or hairs3 x has two %>p eyes to look be=e x leaps1 = :i* purpose its legs are excell5tly adapt$1 hav+ ?ree l>ge jo9ts 9 ea*1 besides sev]al small] ones4 ,^! jo9ts are s contriv$1 t x c z x 7 fold !m up "o )9 ano!r2 9 leap+1 !y all spr+ at once1 & ! :ole /r5g? ( ! insect is ex]t$4 ,! flexure ( ! =e legs is =w>d1 t ( ! h9d legs backw>d4 ,!y are all v hairy1 & t]m9at$ by two long hook$ %>p claws2 ! two =e legs are plac$ v ne> ! neck1 & (t5 conceal ! proboscis f our view1 ! o!r f\r jo9 all at ! brea/3 ! proboscis or suck] ) :i* x p5etrates ! sk91 is plac$ at ! end ( ! sn\t1 & is n easily se5 except ! two =e legs are fir/ remov$2 9 x are includ$ a c\ple ( d>ts or lancets1 :i*1 aft] ! proboscis has made an entrance1 are ?ru/ f>!r into ! fle%1 & make ! blood fl[ f ! adjac5t p>ts1 occasion+ t r\nd r$ spot1 ) a hole 9 ! c5t] ( x1 call$ a flea-bite4 ,,( ,,! ,,cimex ,,lectul>ius1 ,,or ,,b$ ,,bug4 ,v>i\s are ! antipa?ies ( mank9d1 b all appe> to unite 9 _! dislike to ?is animal & ! l\se1 & to dete/ !m z _! natural & nause\s enemies4 ,! bug 8intrudes ^u ! peace ( mank9d1 & (t5 bani%es t sleep :i* ev5 anxiety & sorr[ p]mitt$ to approa*3 ! night is ! season :5 ! b$ bug issues f its retreat to make its depr$ations2 by day x lurks 9 ! mo/ secret p>ts ( ! b$1 takes ! advantage ( e *9k & cranny to make a secure lodgem5t1 & contrives its habitation ) s mu* art1 t sc>ce any indu/ry c discov] its retreat2 b :5 d>kness promises security1 x !n issues f e corn] ( ! b$1 drops f ! te/]1 & crawls f beh9d ! arras1 & travels to ! unhappy pati5t1 :o va9ly wi%es = re/ & refre%m5t40 ,l9nu is ( op9ion t ?is insect is n orig9ally ( ,european gr[?1 b 0 import$ f "s o!r c\ntry4 ,x is n only disagreeable on acc\nt ( ! extremely (f5sive smell proce$+ f x1 b also because ( ! rapidity ) :i* x increases1 & ! voraci\sness ( its appetite4 ,x has two br[n small prom95t eyes1 two ant5n1 & a crook$ proboscis1 :i* lies close "u ! brea/4 ,in/ead ( w+s1 we f9d on ! fir/ r+ ( ! belly two flat pieces :i* entirely cov] x1 & ext5d t[>ds ! sides4 ,^! plates1 ! trunk1 & ! head1 are amply set ) hairs4 ,! proboscis is divid$ transv]sely into f\r p>ts1 :i* are probably s _m articulations2 ?is piece is be/ se5 on ! "u side ( ! bug1 be+ b5t flat on ! belly1 & rea*+ half way d[n ! body2 b ! me*anism ( ?is1 z well z o!r p>ts ( ^! m9ute insects1 _c be p]fectly und]/ood1 b by an accurate exam9ation ) ! microscope4 ,x has six legs1 ea* ( :i* has ?ree jo9ts2 ^! legs1 l ^? ( ! fly1 are =m$ = runn+1 n leap+2 ! sk9 is %agre5$1 & ! sep>ation ( ! r+s usually m>k$ by a smoo? %9+ b&4 ,on ! belly1 at a small di/ance f ! edge1 a set ( circul> spots may be p]ceiv$1 two on ea* r+1 except ! la/2 ^! are ! spiracula4 ,exam9$ int]nally1 we f9d "o l>ge art]y1 a /oma*1 & inte/9es4 ,! in/ant x p]ceives ! light1 x endeav\rs to ga9 its obscure habitation1 & seldom fails 9 mak+ good its retreat4 ,,( ,,! ,,p$iculus ,,humanus1 ,,or ,,l\se4 8,:5ev] wret*$ness1 disease1 & hung] seize ^u man1 ! l\se seldom fails to add itself to ! tribe1 & to increase 9 proportion to ! numb] ( 8 calamities40 ,:5 ! human l\se is exam9$ ) ! microscope1 its de=mity fills u ) disgu/4 ,9 ! head we may di/+ui% two f9e black eyes1 look+ backw>d & f5c$ ) hair2 ne> ^! are ! two ant5n1 ea* ( :i* has five jo9ts set ) %ort bri/les2 ! =e-"p ( ! head is r long1 ! h9d] m r\nd or obtuse2 !re is a small "p t projects f ! nose or sn\t1 ?is s]ves z a %ea? or case to ! proboscis or pi]c]1 :i* ! creature ?ru/s into ! sk9 to draw out ! blood & hum\rs :i* are its de/9$ food1 = x has no m\? :i* op5s 9 ! common way4 ,?is proboscis has be5 e/imat$ to be sev5-hundr$ times small] ?an a hair2 x is conta9$ 9 ano!r case )9 ! fir/1 & c be drawn 9 or ?ru/ out at pleasure2 ! sk9 is h>d & transp>5t4 ,f ! "u side proce$ six legs1 ea* ( :i* has five jo9ts1 & t]m9ates 9 two unequal hook$ claws1 ^! x uses z we w\ld a ?umb & f+]2 !re are hairs betwe5 ! claws1 z well z all ov] ! legs2 ! body f9i%es 9 a clov5 tail1 :i* is g5]ally cov]$1 & p>tly conceal$ by hairs4 ,f ! extreme transp>5cy ( its sk91 ! int]nal p>ts may be se5 to great] advantage ?an 9 any o!r insect2 z1 ! v>i\s ramifications ( ! ve9s & art]ies1 9 :i* a k9d ( regul> pulsation may be obs]v$1 z well z ! p]i/altic motion ( ! inte/9es1 :i* is cont9u$ f ! /oma* to ! tail4 ,:5 ! l\se fe$s1 ! blood ru%es l a torr5t into ! /oma*1 mov+ ) s /rong a propulsion & contraction1 z appe>s v curi\s4 ,! dige/ive p[]s are s great1 t ! col\r ( ! blood *anges 9 its passage f ?ick & black at its fir/ entrance1 to a f9e ruby col\r 9 ! inte/9es1 & ne>ly :ite 9 ! ve9s4 ,its gre$9ess is s great1 t ! excrem5t conta9$ 9 ! inte/9es is eject$ at ! same "t1 to make room = ?is new supply4 ,!re is sc>ce any animal t multiplies s fa/ z ?is unwelcome intrud]2 ! mom5t x is exclud$ f ! egg x beg9s to bre$4 ,x w\ld be endless to describe ! v>i\s creatures :i* g "u ! "n ( lice1 & sw>m ^u e "p ( nature4 ,! read]1 desir\s ( a m p>ticul> acc\nt ( ^? :i* infe/ v>i\s animals1 w obta9 full satisfaction1 by consult+ ,rh$i's ,treatise de ,g5]atione ,insectorum4 ,,( ,,! ,,aranea1 ,,or ,,spid]4 ,! spid] is ano!r insect :i* is (t5 exam9$ ) ! microscope1 & c]ta9ly af=ds mu* matt] = obs]vation4 8,=m$ = a life ( rapacity1 & incapable ( liv+ b by blood1 all its habits are calculat$ to deceive & surprize2 x spreads toils to entangle its prey2 x is endu$ ) pati5ce to expect its com+1 & is possess$ ( arms & /r5g? to de/roy x :5 fall5 into ! sn>e40 8 -------- ,to he$less flies ! w9d[ proves ,a con/ant dea?2 :]e1 gloomily retir$1 ,! villa9 spid] lives1 cunn+ & fi]ce1 ,mixture abhorr'd2 amid a mangl$ heap ,( c>cases1 9 eag] wat* he sits1 ,o'erlook+ all 8 wav+ sn>es ar\nd4 ,ne> ! dire cell ! dreadless w&]] (t ,passes1 z (t ! ruffian %ews 8 front2 ,! prey at la/ ensn>'d1 he dreadful d>ts ,) rapid glide along ! lean+ l9e2 ,& fix+ 9 ! wret* 8 cruel fangs1 ,/rikes backw>d grimly pleas'd3 ! flutt'r+ w+ ,& %rill] s\nd decl>e extreme di/ress1 ,& ask ! help+ hospitable h&40 ,,?omson4 ,! eyes ( ! spid] h be5 describ$ 9 page #aii1 !y are a v beautiful microscopic object1 view$ ei!r z transp>5t or opake4 ,! spid] has eight legs ) ?ree jo9ts1 ?ickly beset ) hairs1 & t]m9at+ 9 ?ree crook$ moveable claws1 :i* h little tee? l a saw2 at a small di/ance f ^! claws1 b plac$ high] up1 is ano!r some?+ l a cock's spur1 by ! assi/ance ( :i* x adh]es to its webs2 b ! weapon :]e) x seizes & kills its prey is a pair ( %>p crook$ claws or =ceps plac$ 9 ! =e-"p ( ! head4 ,! insect c op5 or ext5d ^! p9c]s z occasion may require2 :5 undi/urb$1 x suff]s !m to lie "o ^u ano!r1 conceal$ 9 two cases con/ruct$ = _! reception4 ,leeuw5hoeck says1 t ea* ( ^! claws has a small ap]ture or slit1 ?r\gh :i* he supposes a poison\s juice is inject$ into ! w\nd x makes4 ,! exuvia1 or ca/-(f sk9 ( ! spid]1 :i* may be f\nd 9 cobwebs1 be+ transp>5t1 is an excell5t object2 & ! fangs or =ceps may be m easily sep>at$ f x1 & exam9$ ) great] exactness ?an 9 a liv+ subject4 ,! contexture ( ! spid]'s web1 & ! mann] ( weav+ x1 h be5 discov]$ by ! microscope4 ,! spid] is suppli$ ) a l>ge quantity ( glut9\s matt] )9 its body1 & five tub]cles or nipples = sp9n+ x into ?read1 ( :at size x pleases1 ei!r by op5+ or contract+ ! sph9ct] muscles4 ,?is sub/ance1 :5 exam9$ accurately1 w be f\nd twi/$ into _m coils1 ( an agate col\r1 & :i* f its t5acity may be easily drawn out into ?reads4 ,! five nipples are plac$ ne> ! extremity ( ! tail2 f ^! ! a=esaid sub/ance proce$s2 x adh]es to any ?+ aga9/ :i* x is press$1 & be+ drawn out h>d5s 9 ! air4 ,! ?reads unite at a small di/ance f ! body1 s t ^? :i* appe> to u s f9e & s+le1 are1 not)/&+1 compos$ ( five jo9$ toge!r1 & ^! are _m times d\bl$ :5 ! web is 9 =mation4 ,! web s]ves him = ! d\ble purpose ( an habitation & ( a ma*9e = cat*+ 8 food2 = 9 ! c5t] ( ?is web x dwells 9 dismal solitude1 l a dragon 9 8 lonely d51 an image ( ! evil "o1 wa/+ all ?+s r\nd ab\t x1 & eag] to de/roy e appe>ance ( life4 ,:5 fir/ hat*$1 ev5 ^! loa?some insects seem endu$ ) a pr9ciple ( association1 sp9n+ a web 9 common2 b ?is connection is ( %ort duration1 & soon t]m9ates by _! de/roy+ "o ano!r4 ,if1 l ! silk-worm1 !y 7 dispos$ to live toge!r peaceably1 x is possible t _! lab\rs might be productive ( advantages ne>ly simil> to t valuable insect2 = :i* purpose repeat$ attempts h be5 made1 ?\gh !y prov$ ineffectual4 ,,( ,,! ,,culex1 ,,or ,,gnat4 ,! gnat is a beautiful object = ! microscope4 ,! curi\s mann] 9 :i* x disposes its eggs ^u ! surface ( ! wat] has be5 notic$ 9 page #bhh4 ,f ! egg proce$s ! l>va1 9 :i* /ate x is mo/ happily suit$ to %ew ! sev]al op]ations ( life2 = a mod]ate magnify+ p[] w discov] :at passes )9 its transp>5t body4 ,x has a l>ge scaly head1 ) two l>ge ant5n1 besides sev]al hairy p>ts1 & articulat$ bri/les ne> ! m\?1 :i* are 9 cont9ual motion4 ,if ! worm be dissect$1 ! feet ( ! gnat may be f\nd fold$ up 9 ! divisions ( ! ?orax2 ! abdom5 is divid$ into eight r+s1 f ! edges ( ea* ( :i* ?ree or f\r bri/les proce$4 ,! tail is divid$ into two p>ts ( v diff]5t =ms2 by "o ( ^! x c /e] itself 9 any direction2 9 ! o!r1 two pulmon>y tubes may be discov]$1 ?r\gh :i* ! insect brea!s4 ,! l>va has a p[] ( moi/5+ ! tail ) an oleag9\s liquor1 by :i* means x c susp5d itself on ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,on agitat+ ! wat]1 ! worms desc5d ) precipitation to ! bottom2 b !y soon return to ! surface1 to brea! ! air ?r\gh ! tube t is annex$ to _! tail4 ,f ?is /ate1 !y pass into t ( ! pupa1 :i* is ! gnat enclos$ 9 a ?ird sk91 "u :i* x is =m$ & /r5g!n$2 ! organs ( respiration are *ang$1 brea?+ at ?is p]iod ?r\gh a c\ple ( horns1 :i* are plac$ ne> ! head1 keep+ itself roll$ ^u ! surface ( ! wat]1 ?\gh on ! lea/ motion x unrolls itself & desc5ds1 aid$ by ! o>s ne> ! tail4 ,f ! spoils ( ! pupa1 a little w+$ insect proce$s1 ^: e "p is active to ! highe/ degree1 & ^: entire /ructure is ! j object ( our admiration4 ,its head1 adorn$ ) fea!rs1 is a f9e microscopic object2 b ! proboscis may be deem$ "o ( ! mo/ curi\s in/rum5ts 9 ! insect creation4 ,?is =midable app>atus has be5 p>ticul>ly describ$ 9 page #ahg4 ,! exuvi or ca/-(f sk9s ( insects1 be+ exce$+ly transp>5t1 are well adapt$ = obs]vation1 z !y exhibit ! ext]nal appe>ance ( ! little animal2 among ^!1 may be reckon$ ^? ( spid]s & cimices1 b p>ticul>ly ! =ficula auricul>ia or e>wig1 :i* is an elegant exuvia2 a magnifi$ view ( ! beautiful w+ ( ?is insect is exhibit$ 9 ,plate ,,xiv4 & describ$ 9 page #bje4 ,! /+s ( insects v>y n only 9 _! =m1 b also 9 _! app>atus2 mo/ ( !m require dissection2 z ! /+s1 = !y h g5]ally two1 are inclos$ 9 a h>d %ea? or case1 to :i* is add$ a pair ( feel]s4 ,! /+s ( bees1 wasps1 c4 are b>b$1 :ile ^? ( ! *rysis are s]rat$1 or not*$ l a saw4 ,! head ( insects is furni%$ ) an in/rum5t or proboscis v>i\s z ! insects !mselves1 b all m]it+ att5tion1 z be+ admirably adapt$ to _! diff]5t uses & purposes4 ,among ! mo/ rem>kable are ^? ( ! b$ bug1 flea1 gnat1 empis1 conops1 c4 to :i* may be add$ ! s+ul> "o ( ! tabanus1 describ$ 9 page #ahh1 & figur$ 9 ,plate ,,xvi4 ,a description ( ! app>atus ( ! bee has also be5 giv5 9 page #aha1 & ( t ( ! butt]fly 9 page #ahf4 ,! ant5n ( mo?s1 butt]flies1 & mo/ o!r insects1 display z great beauty 9 _! =mation z !y are endless 9 _! v>iety2 ! di/+ui%+ *>act]s ( _m ( !m h be5 describ$ 9 pages #aij-aic1 & t ( ! lepas anatif]a 9 p>ticul> 9 page #cde1 & exhibit$ 9 ,plate ,,xiii4 ,! eyes ( insects are s+ul>ly con/ruct$1 b ?is /ructure is n discov]able )\t ! assi/ance ( ! microscope2 ! eyes ( ! libellula are hexagonal1 see ,plate ,,xvi4 ,fig4 #c1 & _! description 9 page #aie2 ^? ( ! lob/] are squ>e1 z exhibit$ 9 ,fig4 #e ( ! same plate1 & describ$ 9 page #aig4 ,! hair ( animals1 z ! m\se1 goat1 l>ge bee1 & _m species ( cat]pill>s1 p>ticul>ly ! tufts on ! head & tail ( ! l>va ( ! phalna antiqua1 (f] _m beauties to ! curi\s obs]v]4 ,! bri/les ( a hog1 cut transv]sely1 appe> tubul>1 & ! root ( hair is evid5tly bulb\s4 ,! muscul> fibres1 & e anatomical prep>ation t c be br\ght "u ! microscope1 are pleas+ objects2 ! read] w meet ) _m curi\s & int]e/+ obs]vations on ! hairs1 ! muscles1 n]ves1 & o!r p>ts ( ! human body1 9 ,fontana's ,treatise on ! ,v5om ( ,vip]s4 ,! legs ( all insects appe> v mu* div]sifi$1 & _! me*anism truly a/oni%+1 accord+ ) _! diff]5t occupations1 z p>ticul>iz$ 9 pages #baj-bab4 ,scales ( fi%1 z soles1 roa*1 dace1 salmon1 eels1 c4 z also ! scales ( snakes1 liz>ds1 c4 c4 ,specim5s ( scales are giv5 9 ,plates ,x4 & ,,xix4 ,! scales =m a light1 b at ! same "t a solid & smoo? cov]+ to ! fi%2 !y h9d] ! fluid f p5etrat+ ! body1 = :i* purpose !y are laid 9 a k9d ( natural oil2 !y s]ve also z a protection1 & break ! =ce ( any accid5tal bl[1 :i* may be ! reason :y riv]-fi% h l>g] & /rong] scales ?an sea-fi%1 be+ m liable to accid5ts4 ,! purple tide ( life1 nay ! v globules ( ! blood1 may be se5 di/9ctly roll+ ?r\gh ve9s & art]ies small] ?an ! f9e/ hair4#aea #aea ,! mann] ( view+ ! p>ticles ( ! blood has be5 describ$ 9 p4 #adi1 toge!r ) "s rem>ks on _! =m1 by our au?or4 ,x 0 n my int5tion to h r5ew$ ! subject2 b a *irurgical treatise hav+ be5 lately publi%$ by ,ev]>d ,home1 ,esq4 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 9 :i* x appe>s t he has paid p>ticul> att5tion t[>ds inve/igat+ ^! m9ute p>ticles1 & asc]ta9+ _! true =m1 ,i %all "h subjo9 an ab/ract4 8,z ! result ( microscopical exp]im5ts has be5 f\nd exce$+ly fallaci\s1 a prejudice has v naturally aris5 aga9/ all exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d ^u ! secretions ( ! human body1 f a supposition t !y are n to be dep5d$ ^u4 ,b x is "r t we %\ld discrim9ate1 & n condemn ! use ( ! microscope altoge!r1 because f ignorance ( its pr9ciples x has be5 misappli$2 s9ce ^! v deceptions h be5 ! means ( our acquir+ a m accurate k ( ! use & application ( t in/rum5t4 8,! errors 9 ! use ( ! microscope h aris5 f increas+ ! magnify+ p[]s ( ! glasses too mu*1 & n tak+ 9 all ! circum/ances relat+ to ! refraction ( ! rays ( light1 mak+ no all[ance = ! ab]ration4 ,an att5tion to ! ab]ration alone w expla9 ! diff]5t appe>ances "u :i* ! r$ globules ( ! blood h be5 repres5t$4 ,"s h f\nd !m p]fect sph]es1 :i* w always be ! case :5 ! glasses are p]fectly adju/$1 & ! object plac$ at ! true focal di/ance4 ,o!rs h f\nd !m annul>1 f ! object be+ at ! focal di/ance ( ! rays transmitt$ ne> ! circumf]5ce ( ! magnify+ glass1 :i* are refract$ 9 a great] degree1 & consequ5tly %ort] ?an ! c5tral rays4 ,o!rs1 aga91 h view$ !m z flatt5$ bodies ( a circul> figure1 bright 9 ! c5t]1 & becom+ d>k] t[>ds ! edges2 :i* appe>ance arises f ! object be+ at ! focal di/ance ( ! c5tral rays ( ! magnify+ glass1 :i* w be less refract$ ?an ^? ne> ! circumf]5ce4 ,al?\gh su* are ! errors :i* arise1 :5 microscopical rese>*es are pu%$ beyond c]ta9 b\nds2 yet1 t ! r$ "p ( ! blood is made up ( globules1 is a discov]y = :i* we are indebt$ to ! microscope1 & :i* seems to be z well asc]ta9$ z any discov]y 9 anatomy or physiology4 ,! appe>ances ( pus are equally di/9ct1 :5 exam9$ on ! field ( a microscope1 z ! globules ( ! blood2 !y are visible ) a small degree ( magnify+ p[]1 & are ! same to ! eyes ( diff]5t p]sons40 ,,edit4 ,fea!rs1 & p>ts ( fea!rs ( birds1 are n to be pass$ by or unnotic$2 b x is impossible to po9t out any ( ^! 9 pref]5ce to o!rs1 z ea* has its peculi> beauties2 ! plumul ( ^! h g5]ally 9 ! microscope ! appe>ance ( l>ge fea!rs2 ! pi? conta9$ 9 ! quill1 if cut transv]sely & exam9$1 exhibits an admirable reticul> texture4 ,_m o!r p>ts ( birds w af=d a great v>iety ( curi\s objects1 p>ticul>ly ! egg3 ,mr4 ,m>t9 says1 t ! int]nal spongy sub/ance ( bones may be bett] obs]v$ 9 ^? ( birds1 ?an ( any o!r animal2 ev5 ! fea!rs or scales ( a mo?'s w+ amply repay ! obs]v]2 ^! also v>y 9 _! texture & figure2 b ! l>ge/ & mo/ commonly appli$1 are f ! body ( ! sph9x /ellat>um1 or humm+-bird mo?2 a specim5 is giv5 9 ,plate ,,xvi4 ,fig4 ,e ,f ,h ,i4 ,transv]se sections ( all k9ds ( wood1 especially ^? ( a pi?y or s(t nature1 =m "s ( ! mo/ delightful objects = ! microscope2 among ^!1 ! section ( f]n root w be f\nd /rik+ly curi\s1 f ! s+ul> disposition ( ! air & sap vessels2 _! beauty w be se5 by ! figures 9 ,plates ,,xxviii4 ,,xxix4 & ,,xxx4 ,fl[]s1 ^: brilliancy & v>iety con/itute "o ( ! pr9cipal beauties ( nature1 ea* be+ di/+ui%$ f ! re/ by "s peculi> beauty or %9+ "*4 ,! fl[]s ( mo/ grasses1 ) all ! v>ieties ( mosses2 ! f>9a ( fl[]s2 m\ld9ess1 :i* evid5tly appe>s to vegetate2 all ! k9ds ( sponge2 sea-we$s2 p>ticul>ly ! conf]v1 :i* are jo9t$ l a cane4 ,! ext5sive family ( corall9es pres5t an elegant appe>ance2 ! mo/ beautiful are ! sea hair1 sea fir1 sickle1 fox tail1 c4 describ$ by ,ellis4 ,dissect$ leaves1 :i* %ew ! fibres & n]ves2 ! human inte/9e inject$ ) wax is a f9e object2 z are _m o!r anatomical prep>ations4 ,! se$ ( ! silv]-r9d bir* appe>s l an insect2 se$ ( ! quak+ grass is also mu* admir$1 z is ! leaf :i* cov]s ! se$ ( sorrel4 ,among artificial productions1 ! edge ( a razor1 & po9t ( a f9e ne$le1 z also f9e cambrick1 evid5tly discov] ! inf]iority ( ! workman2 p>ticles f ! collision ( fl9t & /eel2 wire melt$ by ! electric explosion1 & o!r articles innum]able4 ,besides ^!1 !re is an imm5se v>iety ( objects :i* c only be satisfactorily exam9$ alive1 su* z polypes1 m9ute aquatic insects2 animalcula ( v>i\s infusions1 z eels 9 pa/e1 v9eg>1 c4 ,! eyes & tee? ( snails2 ! circulation ( ! blood 9 ! tails ( fi%es1 c4#aeb #aeb ,^? :o possess leisure1 p>ticul>ly su* :o reside 9 ! c\ntry1 may easily procure ! major "p ( ! prec$+ objects1 & also add an ext5sive v>iety to !m2 b ^? :o h n ! opportunity ( collect+ = !mselves1 may be suppli$ ) objects 9 consid]able v>iety by application to ,messrs4 ,jones4 ,,edit4 ,,*ap4 ,,xi4 ,,an ,,arrangem5t ,,& ,,description ,,( ,,m9ute ,,& ,,r>e ,,%ells4--,a ,,descriptive ,,li/ ,,( ,a ,,v>iety ,,( ,,vegetable ,,se$s1 ,,z ,,!y ,,appe> ,,:5 ,,view$ ,,by ,,! ,,microscope4 ,,by ,,! ,,editor4 ,not)/&+ ! abundance ( objects :i* h f "t to "t af=d$ delight to ! att5tive & dilig5t microscopic obs]v]1 little d\bt c be ent]ta9$ b t amid/ ! imm5se v>iety ( m9ute %ells1 z well z ! se$s ( vegetables1 numb]s rema9 unexplor$1 ?\gh highly m]it+ notice4 ,) ! hope ( excit+ ! att5tion ( ! curi\s t[>d ^! subjects1 & af=d+ h9ts to ^? :o may happily possess incl9ation1 toge!r ) leisure & opportunity to pursue ! inquiry1 ,i %all enum]ate to ! read] a few specim5s ( ea* ( ^! admirable productions ( nature2 t[>ds ! elucidat+ ( :i*1 v little1 comp>atively1 has z yet be5 done4 ,z f> z my k ext5ds1 ! fir/ au?or :o has treat$ on ! subject ( m9ute & r>e %ells1 is ,plancus1 :o publi%$ a treatise 9 qu>to1 at ,v5ice1 9 ! ye> #agci1 ) ! title 8,de ,con*is ,arim95sibus m9us notis20 a ?ird & improv$ edition ( :i* appe>$ 9 #agfj4 ,x is a v curi\s & le>n$ "w1 conta9+ a natural hi/ory ( te/ace\s animals ( ,rim9i1 an ,italian t[n situat$ on ! ,adriatic %ore2 & m p>ticul>ly ( m9ute nautili4 ,9 ! ye> #aghd1 ,mr4 ,walk] ( ,fav]%am publi%$ 9 qu>to a collection ( m9ute %ells1 :i* 0 ! jo9t production ( himself & ,william ,boys1 ,esq4 ,f4 ,s4 ,a4 ( ,s&wi*1 9 ,k5t1 assi/$ by ! late ,edw>d ,jacob1 ,esq4 ,f4 ,s4 ,a4 ,x conta9s an arrangem5t & concise description ( n9ety %ells1 accompani$ ) neatly engrav$ figures ( ! :ole s]ies2 ! great] "p ( !m z well 9 _! magnifi$ /ate1 z t 9 :i* !y appe> to ! nak$ eye4 ,specim5s ( ^? :i* are e/eem$ mo/ curi\s & r>e1 ,i h select$ f ?is "w3 a ref]5ce to ! orig9al w af=d ! read] m complete satisfaction1 & possibly animate him to fur!r pursuits4 ,?is publication appe>$ 9 s fav\rable a light to t em95t patron ( sci5ce1 ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 t ,i %\ld accuse myself ( unju/ifiable remissness1 7 ,i to neglect ?is opportunity ( introduc+ an extract f ! copy ( a lett] address$ by him to ! late ,mr4 ,jacob1 :i* is n[ 9 my possession4 8,we0 7! ,royal ,society7 8are all mu* oblig$ to y = ! pa9s y h tak5 9 br++ ?is "w to light4 ,natural hi/ory is1 ,i am conv9c$1 m b5efit$ by a ?9 volume ( real new facts1 :i* is ! case 9 y\rs1 ?an by a folio ( comm5ts g5]ally writt5 by ^? :o mean to receive praise1 m f\nd$ on ! elegance ) :i* !y express ! ideas !y conceive1 ?an on any prospect ( utility to be d]iv$ f ! ideas !mselves4 ,f su* naturali/s1 ,de ,buffon1 c4 good ,"l deliv] our hone/ sci5ce40 ,t truly amiable1 & no less intellig5t lady1 ! late ,du*ess ,d[ag] ( ,portl&1 likewise express$ h] approbation ( ! "w 9 a lett] to ,mr4 ,boys4 ,by ?is publication1 a numb] ( %ells1 h]et(ore unkn[n1 are add$ to ! ,briti% con*ology1 suffici5t to %ew t ! pa? is n[ laid op5 & made easy ( access to inquisitive naturali/s 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! k+dom = /ill great] discov]ies4 ,inde$1 x is r extraord9>y1 t ! au?ors ( ?is c\ntry1 :o h s advantage\sly appli$ ! microscope to a v>iety ( objects 9 ! animal k+dom1 %\ld h neglect$ to exam9e ! %ores ( our own seas1 cr[d$ z !y are ) objects equally wor?y ( _! inve/igation4 ,bak]'s obs]vation 9 8 8,employm5t = ! ,microscope10 p4 #bdd1 is entitl$ to m att5tion ?an has be5 paid to x4 8,%ell-fi%10 says he1 8are objects t h z yet be5 v slightly exam9$ by ! microscope1 & !re=e ! s]i\s inquir] into nature's secret op]ations may "h be c]ta9 ( discov]+ beauties1 :i* at pres5t he c h no conception (40 ,b ?us x is1 nature op5s h] ri* & inexhau/ible treasures by sl[ degrees to ! inquisitive m9d ( man4 ,9 fact1 diff]5t obs]v]s h g5]ally diff]5t pursuits1 o!rwise ^! objects w\ld sc>cely h escap$ ! att5tion ( _m +5i\s naturali/s1 p>ticul>ly ! quick-sight$ ,mr4 ,ellis1 :o has s cle>ly inve/igat$ & describ$ ! corals & corall9es ( ! adjac5t coa/s4 ,to ^? :o h p]us$ ! treatise ( ,plancus1 already m5tion$1 x is necess>y to obs]ve1 t ?\gh ! s& on our coa/s conta9 a va/ v>iety ( specim5s1 yet x by no means appe>s s productive z ! s& ( ,rim9i2 le/1 despair+ ( success 9 _! fir/ rese>*es1 !y may be induc$ to desi/ f fur!r exam9ation4 ,e p>cel w1 h[ev]1 be f\nd to conta9 "s ( ! m common %ells4 ,x may n be improp] "h to po9t out to future inquir]s ! mode ( facilitat+ ! discov]y ( ^! m9ute objects4 ,! s& be+ p]fectly dri$1 put a h&ful on an op5 %eet ( pap]1 & by g5tly %ak+ x f side to side1 ! m9ute %ells1 be+ specifically light] ?an ! s&1 w be sep>at$ f1 & lie on its surface1 & w ?us be m exp$iti\sly procur$ ?an by any o!r me?od4 ,x is also adviseable to place ! objects int5d$ = inspection 9 a situation secur$ f any sudd5 bla/ ( air1 o!rwise1 ow+ to _! levity1 !y may be unexpect$ly bl[n away1 & a loss su/a9$ ( "s ( ! r>] specim5s2 ev5 incauti\sly brea?+ on !m1 or c\gh+1 may be productive ( simil> disagreeable effects4 ,! foll[+ obs]vations by an +5i\s critic#aec are s apposite1 & s p]fectly co9cid5t ) my own s5tim5ts on ! subject1 t ,i _c resi/ ! impulse ,i feel to enable ! read] to p>take ( ! pleasure :i* ,i h exp]i5c$ 9 _! p]usal4 #aec ,mon?ly ,review1 ,vol4 ,,lxxi4 p4 #aij4 8,let n ! m9ut5ess ( ! objects "h del9eat$ call up ! surly inquiries ( ^?1 :o h n be5 accu/om$ to live ) _! eyes op5 to ! works ( nature3 !y are n fit judges 9 ^! matt]s4 ,if !y w p]si/ 9 ask+1 ,( :at use is all ?is lab\r8 ,:at good c accrue to mank9d f ?is k1 9 po9t ( food1 or o!r use8 ,we "k ( none at all1 ei!r pres5t or likely to happ51 z to ! body1 = use or ornam5t1 or to ! satisfy+ any appetite3 nev]!less1 a mu* nobl] idea w take its rise 9 our op9ion2 "o :i*1 by display+ s mom5t\sly ! p[] ( ! omnisci5t ,creator1 w ?w>t ! infidel 9 8 fav\rite ideas ( escap+ ! eyes ( ! ,almighty1 & =ce him1 z he desc5ds ! scale f ! m imm5se objects to ^! m9utissima1 to confess1 t ! be+ :i* has =m$ ^!1 c fully equal all t ! tongue ( man has yet decl>$ ( ! possibility ( 8 p[]4 ,=1 :at a tra9 ( wond]s h we "h to pursue8 ,:at mu/ be ! conomy ( animals s v dim9utive1 s weak1 s expos$ f _! situation to ! =ce ( e rude wave1 & :o1 not)/&+1 s (t5 escape unhurt8 ,h[ d !y re> _! "y8 ,f :5ce collect _! prey80 ,a ,,description ,,& ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,m9ute ,,& ,,r>e ,,%ells4#aed #aed ,be+ possess$ ( ,mr4 ,jacob's own correct$ copy ( ! "w1 to :i* he has annex$ ! trivial names1 ,i am !reby enabl$ to affix !m to ! sev]al %ells "h enum]at$4 ,,s]pula4 ,,! ,,worm-,,%ell4 ,,s]pula ,,bicornis4 ,plate ,,xiv4 ,fig4 #b4 ,s4 bicornis v5tricosa4 ,! belli$ semilun> worm-%ell4 ,! col\r :ite1 opake1 & glossy4 ,f ,s&wi* & ,reculv]1 ?\gh n common4 ,,s]pula ,,p]=ata4 ,fig4 #c4 ,s4 bicornis umbilico p]=ato4 ,! semilun> p]=at$ worm-%ell4 ,! col\r :ite1 opake1 & glossy4 ,f ,s&wi*3 v r>e4 ,,s]pula ,,lactea4 ,fig4 #d4 ,s4 t5uis ovalis lvis4 ,! ?91 smoo?1 egg-%ap$ worm-%ell4 ,! col\r pellucid1 ) milky ve9s4 ,f ,s&wi*3 n common4 ,,s]pula ,,lag5a ,,sulcata4 ,fig4 #e4 ,s4 7lag5a7 /riata sulcata rotunda4 ,! r\nd /riat$ & furr[$ flask worm-%ell4 ,! col\r :iti%1 transp>5t1 & glossy4 ,f ,s&wi*1 ,reculv]1 & ,%epey3 v r>e4 ,,s]pula ,,retorta4 ,fig4 #f4 ,s4 7retorta7 rotunda m>g9ata c]vice curvatim ex]to4 ,! m>g9at$ retort worm-%ell4 ,! col\r :ite & opake4 ,f ,s&wi*3 n common4 ,,s]pula ,,incurvata4 ,fig4 #g4 ,s4 recta anfractibus tribus contiguis regul>it] involutis4 ,! /raight horn worm-%ell1 ) ?ree close intort$ spires at ! tip4 ,! col\r :ite1 semitransp>5t4 ,f ,s&wi*3 r>e4 ,?is %ell1 ?\gh resembl+ ! semilituus ( ,l9nu1 p4 #aafc1 ,no4 #bhj1 is n ( ! g5us ( ,nautilus1 hav+ nei!r syphon 9 ! ap]ture1 nor ! int]nal concam]at$ /ructure4 ,,d5tale4 ,,! ,,too?-,,%ell4 ,,d5talium ,,imp]=atum4 ,fig4 #h4 ,d4 apice imp]=ata transv]se /riatum4 ,! imp]=at$ transv]sely /riat$ too?-%ell4 ,! col\r :ite & opake4 ,f ,s&wi*3 n v common4 ,,patella4 ,,! ,,limpet4 ,,patella ,,rota4 ,fig4 #i4 ,p4 plana orbiculata m>g9e regul>it] d5tato4 ,! too!d-:eel limpet4 ,! col\r :ite & opake4 ,f ,s&wi*3 extremely r>e4 ,,helix4 ,,! ,,depress$ ,,snail4 ,,helix ,,c>9ata4 ,fig4 #aj4 ,h4 /riata ap]tura compressa tribus anfractibus c>9ata4 ,! /riat$ suboval-m\!d snail1 ( ?ree spires & a %>p edge4 ,! col\r light br[n pellucid4 ,9 a fre% wat] /ream1 ne> ,fav]%am4 ,,helix ,,sp9osa4 ,fig4 #aa4 ,h4 subglobosa umbilicata ore subrotundo m>g9e sp9oso4 ,! r\ndi% m\? deeply umbelicat$ snail ) a ?orny m>g94 ,! col\r br[n pellucid4 ,f ,bys+ ,wood1 ne> ,fav]%am3 exce$+ r>e4 ,,helix ,,reticulata4 ,fig4 #ab4 ,h4 unici anfractus subumbilicata ap]tura rotunda m>g9ata elegant] reticulata4 ,! r\nd m\!d reticulat$ s+le spir$ slightly subumbilicat$ snail4 ,! col\r :ite & pellucid4 ,f ,reculv]3 extremely r>e4 ,,helix ,,/riata4 ,fig4 #ac4 ,h4 /riata ap]tura subovali anfractibus supradorsalibus4 ,! oval m\!d /riat$ snail ) ! spires reflect$ on ! back4 ,! col\r gre5i%1 :ite pellucid4 ,f ,s&wi*3 v r>e4 ,,turbo4 ,,! ,,produc$ ,,snail4 ,,turbo ,,reticulatus4 ,fig4 #ad4 ,t4 subumbilicatus quatuor anfractibus reticulatis ap]tura subrotunda4 ,! slightly umbilicat$ turbo ) f\r reticulat$ spires1 & a r\ndi% ap]ture4 ,! col\r :ite & pellucid4 ,f ,seasalt]3 v r>e4 ,,turbo ,,eburneus4 ,fig4 #ae4 ,t4 qu9que anfractibus v5tricosis ap]tura subrotunda4 ,! five spir$ v5tricose turbo ) a r\ndi% m\?4 ,! col\r :ite & opake4 ,f ,reculv]3 v r>e4 ,,turbo ,,/rigatus4 ,fig4 #af4 ,t4 tribus anfractibus primo /rigis tribus transv]sis ap]tura subovata4 ,! ?ree spir$ turbo1 ! fir/ spire ) ?ree transv]se ridges & a suboval ap]ture4 ,! col\r opake :ite4 ,f ,seasalt]3 v r>e4 ,,turbo ,,albidus4 ,fig4 #ag4 ,t4 turritus septem anfractibus /rigatis ap]tura ovali4 ,! tap] turbo ) sev5 ridg$ spires & an oval ap]ture4 ,! col\r opake :ite4 ,f ,s&wi*3 r>e4 ,,turbo ,,c>9atulus4 ,fig4 #ah4 ,t4 turritus c>9atus septem anfractibus ap]tura co>ctata m>g9ata4 ,! tap] c>9at$ turbo ) sev5 spires & a contract$ m>g9at$ ap]ture4 ,! col\r opake :ite4 ,f ,s&wi*3 v r>e4 ,,turbo ,,cla?ratulus4 ,fig4 #ai4 ,t4 cla?ratus sex anfractibus ap]tura ovali m>g9ata4 ,! b>r$ six spir$ turbo ) an oval m>g9at$ ap]ture4 ,! col\r opake :ite4 ,f ,s&wi*3 exce$+ r>e4 ,,turbo ,,crassus4 ,fig4 #bj4 ,t4 crassus cla?ratus qu9que anfractibus ap]tura rotunda m>g9ata4 ,! ?ick b>r$ turbo ( five spires & a r\nd m>g9at$ ap]ture4 ,! col\r opake :ite4 ,f ,s&wi*3 v r>e4 ,,turbo ,,punctatus4 ,fig4 #ba4 ,t4 turritus p]v]sus novem anfractibus punctatis ap]tura co>ctata4 ,! rev]s$ tap] turbo ( n9e dott$ spires & /rait5$ ap]ture4 ,! col\r light-br[n opake4 ,f ,s&wi*3 n common4 ,,turbo ,,%epeianus4 ,fig4 #bb4 ,t4 sex anfractibus reticulatis ap]tura ovali subm>g9ata4 ,! six spir$ reticulat$ turbo ) an oval subm>g9at$ ap]ture4 ,! col\r semipellucid :ite4 ,f ,%epey isl&3 v r>e4 ,,turbo ,,s&vic5sis4 ,fig4 #bc4 ,t4 tribus anfractibus reticulatis ap]tura unid5tata4 ,! ?ree spir$ elegantly reticulat$ turbo ) a "o too!d oval ap]ture4 ,! col\r pellucid :ite4 ,f ,s&wi*3 exce$+ r>e4 ,,tro*us4 ,,! ,,top-,,%ell4 ,,tro*us ,,fuscus4 ,fig4 #bd4 ,t4 umbilicatus qu9que anfractibus m>g9atus ap]tura subrotunda4 ,! five spir$ umbilicat$ m>g9at$ top-%ell ) a r\ndi% ap]ture4 ,! col\r opake br[n4 ,f ,s&wi*3 common4 ,,bucc9um4 ,,! ,,:ilk4 ,,bucc9um ,,obtusulum4 ,fig4 #be4 ,b4 ampullaceum tribus anfractibus ap]tura ovali4 ,! belli$ :ilk ( ?ree spires ) an oval ap]ture4 ,! col\r opake :ite4 ,f ,fav]%am ,creek3 v r>e4 ,,bucc9um ,,longiusculum4 ,fig4 #bf4 ,b4 turritum qu9que anfractibus ap]tura ovali4 ,! tap] :ilk ( five spires ) an oval ap]ture4 ,! col\r :ite semipellucid & glossy4 ,9 ,fav]%am ,creek only2 b n uncommon !re4 ,,voluta4 ,,! ,,volute4 ,,voluta ,,alba4 ,fig4 #bg4 ,v4 alba opaca longitud9alit] /riata4 ,! :ite opake volute4 ,f ,s&wi* & ,%epey isl&3 n uncommon4 ,?is %ell resembles ,mr4 ,p5nant's voluta ,jon5sis1 b diff]s 9 ! =m ( ! ap]ture1 z well z 9 ! size4 ,,bulla4 ,,! ,,dipp]4 ,,bulla ,,regulbi5sis4 ,fig4 #bh4 ,b4 crassa ap]tura m$io co>ctata4 ,! ?ick dipp]1 ) a compress$ ap]ture4 ,! col\r :ite & opake4 ,f ,reculv]3 v r>e4 ,,nautilus4 ,,! ,,*amb]$ ,,nautilus4 ,,nautilus ,,becc>ii4 ,fig4 #bi4 ,n4 spiralis umbilicatus g5iculis insculptis4 ,! spiral umbilicat$ nautilus ) deep jo9ts4 ,! col\r1 :ile ! fi% is alive1 is a f9e pellucid crimson2 :5 dead1 is :ite4 ,x is f\nd alive on ! fucus vesiculosus1 & is a v common %ell on all ! coa/1 & seems to be an univ]sal litoral "o1 by ! numb]s f\nd at ,rim9i1 & 9 ! s& ( ! ,s\? ,seas4 ,l94 ,s4 ,n4 p4 #aafb1 ,no4 #bgf4 ,nautilus ,becc>ii4 ,plan*4 ,tab4 #a4 ,fig4 #a4 ,gualti]1 ,tab4 #ai4 ,fig4 ,h1 ,h1 ,i4 ,,nautilus ,,crispus4 ,fig4 #cj4 ,n4 spiralis g5iculis cr5atis4 ,! spiral nautilus ) cr5at$ jo9ts4 ,! col\r opake :ite4 ,! f9e/ specim5s are f ,%epey3 n uncommon4 ,l94 ,s4 ,n4 p4 #aafb1 ,no4 #bge4 crispus4 ,plan*4 ,t4 #a4 f4 #b4 ,gualt4 ,t4 #ai4 f4 ,a4 ,d4 ,,nautilus ,,calc>4 ,fig4 #ca4 ,n4 spiralis ap]tura l9e>i g5iculis elevatis4 ,! spiral nautilus1 ) a n>r[ ap]ture & rais$ jo9ts4 ,! col\r opake :ite4 ,f ,%epey isl&3 n common4 ,l94 ,s4 ,n4 #aafb1 ,no4 #bgd1 calc>4 ,pl4 ,t4 #a4 f4 #c1 #d4 ,gualt4 ,t4 #ai4 f4 ,c4 ,b4 ,,nautilus ,l,,vigatulus4 ,fig4 #cb4 ,n4 spiralis g5iculis lvibus4 ,! spiral nautilus ) smoo? jo9ts4 ,! col\r semipellucid1 :ite & glossy4 ,f ,s&wi* & ,seasalt]3 n common4 ,,nautilus ,,depressulus4 ,fig4 #cc4 ,n4 spiralis utr9que subumbilicatus g5iculis depressis plurimis4 ,! spiral subumbilicat$ nautilus1 ) _m depress$ jo9ts4 ,! col\r opake :ite4 ,f ,reculv]3 v r>e4 ,,nautilus ,,umbilicatulus4 ,fig4 #cd4 ,n4 spiralis umbilicatus g5iculis sulcatis4 ,! umbilicat$ spiral nautilus1 ) furr[$ jo9ts4 ,! col\r opake :ite4 ,f ,s&wi*3 n common4 ,,nautilus ,,crassulus4 ,fig4 #ce4 ,n4 spiralis crassus utr9que umbilicatus g5iculis l9eatis4 ,! ?ick spiral d\bly umbilicat$ nautilus1 ) f9e jo9ts4 ,! col\r opake :ite4 ,f ,reculv]3 exce$+ r>e4 ,,nautilus ,,lobatulus4 ,fig4 #cf4 ,n4 spiralis lobatus anfractibus supra rotundatis subtus depressioribus4 ,! spiral lobat$ nautilus1 ) ! spires r\nd$ on ! upp] side1 & depress$ on ! "u4 ,! col\r opake :ite4 ,f ,:it/able3 n common4 ,,nautilus ,,c>9atulus4 ,fig4 #cg4 ,n4 oblongus c>9atus ap]tura l9e>i ovali4 ,! oblong c>9at$ nautilus1 ) a n>r[ oval ap]ture4 ,! col\r :iti%1 transp>5t l glass4 ,f ,seasalt] & ,s&wi*3 v r>e4 ,,nautilus ,,sub>cuatulus4 ,fig4 #ch4 ,n4 sub>cuatus g5iculis ex]tis4 ,! b5d+ nautilus ) rais$ jo9ts4 ,! col\r opake br[n4 ,f ,%epey isl&3 v r>e4 ,,mytilus4 ,,! ,,muscle4 ,,mytilus ,,phaseolus4 ,fig4 #ci4 ,m4 lvis valvulis antice inflexis4 ,! smoo? muscle1 ) ! valves inflect$ 9 front4 ,! col\r br[n & glossy4 ,f a fre% wat] /ream ne> ,fav]%am3 common4 ,,mytilus ,,punctatulus4 ,fig4 #dj4 ,m4 subrhombi=mis punctatus4 ,! subrombic dott$ muscle4 ,! col\r pellucid :ite4 ,f ,s&wi*3 common4 ,,mytilus ,,discors4 ,fig4 #da4 ,m4 discors areis tribus di/9ctis4 ,! divid$ muscle4 ,! col\r opake br[n4 ,f ,s&wi*3 n common4 ,l94 ,s4 ,n4 #aaei1 ,no4 #bfa4 ,da ,co/a ,br4 ,con*1 p4 #bba4 ,tab4 #ag4 f4 #a4 :]e x is exactly describ$1 & z badly engrav$4 ,,anomia4 ,,! ,,scale4 ,,anomia ,,squamula4 ,fig4#db4 ,a4 squamula4 ,! scale anomia4 ,! col\r opake :ite & glossy4 ,f ,s&wi*3 n uncommon4 ,l94 ,s4 ,n4 #aaea1 ,no4 #bba4 ,?is %ell is well describ$ by ,da ,co/a2 b nei!r he1 or ,mr4 ,p5nant1 h caus$ x to be engrav$4 ,,arca4 ,,! ,,arc4 ,,arca ,,modiolus4 ,fig4 #dc4 ,a4 oblonga /riata antice angulata4 ,! oblong /riat$ arc1 ) ! =eside angulat$4 ,! col\r opake :ite4 ,f ,s&wi*3 n uncommon4 ,l94 ,s4 ,n4 p4 #aada1 ,no4 #aga4 ,arca ,modiolus4 ,,c>dium4 ,,! ,,cockle4 ,,c>dium ,,muricatulum4 ,fig4 #dd4 ,c4 subcordatum antice muricatum4 ,! he>t cockle1 ) ! front muricat$4 ,! col\r opake :ite4 ,f ,%epey isl&3 n uncommon4 ,,lepas4 ,,! ,,acorn-,,%ell4 ,,lepas ,,/rigatulus4 ,fig4 #de4 ,l4 balanus /riatus ap]tura obliqua4 ,! /riat$ acorn-%ell1 ) an oblique ap]ture4 ,! col\r light br[n4 ,f ,s&wi*1 on ! roots ( sea-we$s1 ! f9e/ specim5s on lob/]s3 n uncommon4 ,,e*9us4 ,,! ,,sea-,,ur*94 ,,e*9us ,,lobatulus4 ,fig4 #df4 ,e4 subrotundus planus lobatus4 ,! flat r\ndi% lobat$ e*9us4 ,! col\r opake :ite4 ,f ,reculv]3 r>e4 ,,a/]ias4 ,,! ,,/>-,,fi%4 ,,a/]ias ,,triradiata4 ,fig4 #dg4 ,a4 triradiata lvis4 ,! smoo? ?ree-ray$ />-fi%4 ,! col\r :ite1 transp>5t z glass4 ,on all ! diff]5t %ores t h be5 exam9$4 ,hav+ ?us describ$ a few specim5s ( ^? pleas+ microscopical objects1 m9ute %ells1 ,i %all agreeably to ! intimation giv5 9 ! note to page #fac1 proce$ to ,a ,,descriptive ,,li/ ,,( ,a ,,v>iety ,,( ,,vegetable ,,se$s4#aee #aee ,to ! names z giv5 by ,dr4 ,p>sons1 ^? adopt$ by ,l9nu are "h add$4 ,,li?osp]mum ,,(fic9ale4 ,plate ,,xv4 ,fig4 #a4 ,ibid4 ,l9n4 ,gromwell4 ,?is se$ is 9 figure exactly l a human he>t )\t ! auricles1 b has no flat or depress$ "p on its sides2 x is pretty circul> r\nd its ?icke/ "p1 & t]m9ates 9 a blunt cone4 ,at ! ?icke/ extremity !re is a circul> r\ghness1 :i* is ! umbilicus1 & f !nce to ! cone on ! %orte/ side x is bisulcat$ longitud9ally2 s t ! space betwe5 ! sulci is a k9d ( ridge1 nor d ei!r sulci or ridge ext5d to ei!r extremity ( ! se$2 ! re/ ( ! surface is smoo? & poli%$1 ! gr\nd a light a%-col\r1 ) a %ade or cl\d ( yell[ or br[n4 ,^! se$s are v h>d1 & ! a%-col\r$ %ell is brittle l t ( a h5's egg2 :i* be+ brok51 appe>s to be l9$ ) a light olive-col\r$ uni=m membrane1 :i* encloses a nucleus ( a ,spani% snuff-col\r1 pretty smoo?1 & ( ! same =m ) its %ell1 be+ 9 close contact ) x all r\nd4 ,! natural size ( a middl+ gra9 ( ?is se$ is ab\t ! eigh? "p ( an in* long1 & ! n9? ( an in* 9 diamet] at ! r\nde/ "p4 ,,cym9um4 ,fig4 #b4 ,cum9um ,c4 ,l9n4 ,cumm94 ,?is se$ is d\ble1 ?\gh fix$ side by side to "o little /em2 bo? :i* :ile toge!r seem l "o1 & are ribb$ 9 an unev5 mann] longitud9ally1 hav+ great numb]s ( little ?reads or fibres /ick+ out all ov] !m1 :i* makes !m look ho>y4 ,!y are ?ick 9 ! middle & run to a cone at ea* end4 ,at ! upp] extremity !re is an appe>ance l a bifurcation 9 ! /ilus1 ea* ( !m belong+ to its p>ticul> se$2 ?is appe>s :5 ! se$s are sep>at$4 ,^! se$s are ( a d>ki% /raw-col\r1 ! little ?reads or fibres be+ mu* light] ?an ! body ( ! se$4 ,ea* ( ^! se$s conta9s 9 x a k]nel ( an olive-col\r1 & exactly 9 %ape l a wat]man's boat1 & ( ! same proportion1 hav+ a concave & convex side2 ! latt] has a blunt ridge l ! keel ( a boat1 & ! =m] has a :ite l9e f "o end to ! o!r1 :i* proves to be a ridge1 to :i* ! /ilus t rises f ! little /em ( ! se$1 adh]es to support x4 ,:5 ! se$s are toge!r ^u ! /em _! l5g? is ab\t ! fif? "p ( an in*1 & ab\t an eigh? "p ( an in* 9 ! broade/ "p4 ,,papav] ,,album4 ,fig4 #c4 ,p4 somnif]um4 ,l9n4 ,poppy4 ,?is is a little yell[i% :ite se$ exactly resembl+ 9 %ape a %eep's kidney1 hav+ a yell[ place ab\t ! holl[ "p1 :i* is its umbilicus1 analog\s to ! holl[ "p ( ! kidney into :i* ! blood-vessels 7emulg5ts7 ent]4 ,if x be view$ on ! back or convex "p1 conceal+ ! holl[1 x is exactly %ap$ l an egg1 hav+ "o end some:at r\nd] ?an ! o!r4 ,all ov] its surface x has sup]ficial cells1 =m$ by ridges t rise f ! surface1 :i* are "s heptagons1 "s p5tagons1 b = ! mo/ "p hexagons1 ?\gh n precisely ( equal sides2 & ! bottoms ( ^! cells seem to be v por\s4 ,! se$s seem v light & spr+y1 z a g5tle bla/ ( ones brea? is capable ( bl[+ !m away1 or a t\* ( any ?+ ( mak+ !m roll a consid]able way4 ,z to _! size1 !y are n above a tw5ty-f\r? "p ( an in* long1 & ab\t a ?irtie? "p broad or ?ick4 ,,c>duus ,,b5$ictus4 ,fig4 #d4 ,c5taurea ,b5$icta4 ,l9n4 ,bless$ ,?i/le4 ,! body ( ?is se$ is ab\t twice z long z x is ?ick1 is r\nd & %ap$ mu* l a n9e-p91 only in/ead ( be+ small at ! upp] end1 x has a /ricture1 f :5ce arises a beautiful cr[n ( t5 angles or po9ts1 out ( :i* come also t5 ari/ or spicul l ivory1 ab\t ! l5g? ( ! body ( ! se$1 runn+ tap] upw>d1 & set r\nd 9 an uni=m mann]4 ,)9 ! circle ( ^! long spikes !re are t5 m1 :i* are b v %ort1 & ( ! same col\r & consi/5ce ) ! o!rs4 ,:5 ^! are all pluck$ (f1 ! ve/iges ( ! circles !y =m appe> 9 ! upp] surface ( ! cr[n2 9 ! middle ( :i* a little process arises1 b v sup]ficially4 ,t "p :i* appe>s circul> is :ite1 & ! re/ ( ?is surface1 ( ! corona1 ( ! same col\r ) ! re/ ( ! body ( ! se$1 :i* is a sort ( an olive-col\r4 ,! body ( ! se$ is ( ! sulcat$ k9d1 & looks exactly l a flut$ pill>1 & ! surface %9es z if v>ni%$ ) "s gummy sub/ance4 ,at ! l[] or small end ( ?is se$1 !re is an op5+ rea*+ up above a ?ird ( ! l5g? ( ! body ( ! se$1 :i* discov]s a :ite root1 %ap$ l a cone at ! bottom1 & ris+ ?ick] by degrees till x divides into ?ree limbs2 ^! run tap] upw>ds1 till !y are lo/ 9 ! p>5*yma ( ! se$1 :i* at ! place ( _! entrance appe>s some:at fung\s1 b is m compact & clammy ?r\gh its sub/ance4 ,! l5g? ( ! body is m ?an two eigh?s ( an in*1 & ! ari/ exactly ! same l5g?4 ,! corona is its umbilicus4 ,,plantago4 ,fig4 #e4 ,p4 ,major4 ,l9n4 ,planta94 ,by ! imp]fect idea we h ( ?is se$ f its m9ut5ess1 x may seem l a flea1 z any small speck w\ld1 if a little oblong2 yet its =m is n con/ant1 t is1 !re are sc>ce two ( !m precisely alike1 "s be+ p]fectly elliptical1 "s ) blunt angles1 & "s approa*+ a sph]oid4 ,!y h a :iti% m>k on "o side1 :i* is ! umbilicus ( ! se$1 f :5ce ! fir/ rudim5ts ( ! plant spr+1 & ! surface is entirely granulat$ ov]1 & has a g5]al appe>ance l "s k9ds ( plumb-/ones2 ! surface also %9es a little1 z if oil$ or moi/1 & _! col\r is br[n4 ,"o ( ! se$s cut transv]sely appe>s to h ! %ell or cov]+ pretty /rong 9 proportion to its size1 :i* conta9s a p>5*yma t is v por\s & succul5t4 ,x is ab\t a sixte5? "p ( an in* long1 & a tw5ty-second broad4 ,,/aphis ,,agria4 ,fig4 #f & #g4 ,delph9um ,s4 ,a4 ,l9n4 ,/avesacre4 ,! se$s ( ?is plant are r\gh & angul>1 incl9+ to a triangle1 al?\gh imp]fectly s4 ,!y may be consid]$ z hav+ a basis or apex2 ! basis is ?ick & clumsy1 & ! apex runs to an angul> po9t1 :i* po9t is ! umbilicus ( ! se$1 out ( :i* its fir/ rudim5ts arise2 x also has a convex & a plane or concave side2 ! =m]1 ,fig4 #g1 is r\gh1 by reason ( its be+ cov]$ all ov] ) por\s cells1 ! ridges ( :i* are also depress$ or ind5t$ ) r\gh pores1 & granulat$ z if /uck full ( s&4 ,! concave surface1 ,fig4 #f1 is also r\gh1 b n 9 ! same mann]1 & s are ! sides1 :i* h a little flatness2 ^! also are por\s & s&y1 & be=e ! microscope1 %9e1 & are col\r$ l dirty br[n sug>-c&y4 ,! concave surface1 not)/&+ ! r\ghness1 has "o longitud9al ridge1 & sometimes m1 runn+ f ! basis to ! apex1 :i* has ! same granulat$ surface ) ! re/4 ,x conta9s a p>5*yma1 :i* is ( a yell[i% grey col\r1 & is moi/ & succul5t4 ,?is se$ is 9 its natural size ab\t two eigh?s ( an in* long f its basis to ! apex1 & ne> z broad2 h[ev]1 "s are broad] 9 proportion to _! l5g? ?an o!rs1 & !y are "o eigh? ( an in* ?ick4 ,,anisum4 ,fig4 #h & #i4 ,pimp9ella ,a4 ,l9n4 ,anise4 ,two ( ^! se$s gr[ toge!r ^u "o little /alk2 :5 !y are pull$ asund]1 !y appe> to h a flat & a convex surface4 ,on ! convex surface1 ,fig4 #h1 ea* se$ has ?ree ribs plac$ at equal di/ances f "o ano!r1 :i* are por\s & a little r\gh1 be+ ( a /raw-col\r2 & ! spaces betwe5 !m are also r\gh & por\s1 b ( an olive-col\r4 ,! flat surface1 ,fig4 #i1 has a :ite ridge runn+ longitud9ally f its basis to ! apex 9 ! middle2 ?is :ite ridge or l9e s]ves to cl+ to ! /ilus1 ^u :i* x /icks4 ,! /ilus is also :ite1 & has ! same contexture ) ! ridge1 & is bifid1 9 ord] to support two se$s ) _! flat sides toge!r1 :i* keeps !m ! m compact & less liable to injuries ?an if a s+le se$ /uck on4 ,x is c]ta91 a s+le /ilus w\ld d z well to support two se$s z ! bifid "o1 = ev5 ! two /ick toge!r z if s+le1 if !re 0 n a necessity = a d\ble /ilus1 = a v important reason2 :i* is1 t :5 ! se$s are ripe1 !y w\ld /ick on a s+le "o1 till ! "t ( _! be+ scatt]$ ab\t w\ld pass1 :i* w\ld be a detrim5t to _! propagation2 b ! /ilus be+ d\ble1 & ( a spr+y nature1 ! two p>ts are glu$ toge!r1 z long z moi/ure rema9s ab\t ! se$s capable ( keep+ !m toge!r2 b :5 ! se$s are gr[n ripe & dry1 !n ?is moi/ure is exhal$1 & ! /ilus1 z well z ! flat surfaces ( ! se$s1 beg9 to contract f _! =m] plumpness2 ! /ilus fir/ beg9s to split asund]1 & !reby sep>ates ! two surfaces ( ! se$s1 ea* ( :i* /icks loosely to its p>ticul> limb ( ! /ilus2 till at l5g? ! rema9+ moi/ure exhal+ m & m1 x gr[s rigid1 & cracks ) a bla/ ( w9d1 & s ! se$ is scatt]$ or s[n 9 ! gr\nd 9 its due "t4 ,?is is a mo/ excell5t provision ( nature1 & highly wor? reg>d4 ,:5 ! two se$s are /ick+ toge!r1 !y h a r\nd end :i* is ! basis1 & gr[ small] by degrees upw>d1 till !y become an apex1 hav+ ^u ea* se$ a k9d ( fung\s or bulb\s corona1 :i* is ! umbilicus ( ! se$2 & ! %ape ( ! two toge!r may be comp>$ to t ( a giv5 fig rev]s$4 ,! p>5*yma ( ^! se$s is t ( a pale gre5i% olive-col\r4 ,!y are m exactly ( a size ?an mo/ o!r se$s1 & are ea* "o-eigh? "p ( an in* long1 & m ?an half t bread?4 ,f,,niculum ,,dulce4 ,fig4 #aj & #aa4 ,ane?um ,f4 ,l9n4 ,sweet ,f5nel4 ,9 view+ ^! se$s1 !y d n look mu* unlike "o species ( ! cucumb] 9 g5]al1 "s ( !m be+ ?ick] & long] ?an o!rs1 & "s /raight]2 b ^u apply+ ! microscope1 ! ridges appe> high1 & =m deep furr[s4 ,two ( ^! se$s gr[ toge!r ^u ! same little /alk1 :i* is divid$1 l t ( ! anise se$1 into a d\ble or bifid /ilus1 9 ! same mann]1 & = ! same reasons2 :5 ! two are pull$ asund]1 !y appe> to h a flat surface1 ,fig4 #aj1 & a r\nd & ridg$ "o1 ,fig4 #aa4 ,on ! =m]1 ^! *>act]s are conspicu\s3 viz4 #a4 ,! :iti% cortex or cov]+ ( ! se$ %ews its edge di/9ctly4 #b4 ,)9side ?is edge a :ite fung\s sub/ance appe>s runn+ p>allel to1 & 9 close contact ) x1 on ea* side f end to end1 be+ bo? toge!r ab\t "o-?ird ( ! bread? ( ! se$2 & betwe5 ^!1 9 ! c5t]1 !re appe>s a d>k br[n elliptical sub/ance1 :i*1 ^u sep>at+ ! cortical & fung\s cov]+s1 appe>s to be a nucleus1 ^: int]nal sub/ance is ( an olive col\r & some?+ succul5t4 ,on ! ext]nal surface !re appe>s ?ree high ridges1 & :5 ! flat faces ( ! se$s are close toge!r ^u ! /ilus1 s z to seem b "o1 ^! ?ree ridges on ea* se$ & ! two edges ( ea* meet+ firmly toge!r1 =m eight regul> ridges equally divid$ ^u t r\nd body t we h be=e said to resemble a cucumb]4 ,! extremity :i* is fix$ to ! /em is small] ?an ! o!r2 ! latt] has a fung\s k9d ( process aris+ f ! body ( ! se$1 :i* is ! umbilicus ( ! se$4 ,! ridges are ( a light /raw-col\r1 & ! bottoms ( ! sulci !y =m are d>ki%4 ,a middl+ se$ is some:at m ?an two-eigh?s ( an in* long1 & above half t bread?4 ,,grana ,,p>adisi4 ,fig4 #ab & #ac4 ,amomum ,g4 ,p4 ,l9n4 ,gra9s ( ,p>adise4 ,^! se$s are ( an irregul> =m1 b may be said to h a basis & apex2 ! basis is g5]ally s flat z to r5d] x capable ( /&+ well ^u x2 ! sides consi/ ( sev]al flats & angles1 & ! apex looks v mu* l ! m\? ( a purse drawn or ga!r$ up close toge!r4 ,! body ( ! se$ is ( a r$di% br[n col\r1 ! surface mu* granulat$ & r\gh2 & ! apex1 :i* is its umbilicus1 deg5]ates f ?is r$di% br[n col\r into a yell[1 appe>+ 9 little oblong ridges or plates4 ,^u mak+ a transv]se section ( ?is se$1 a mo/ beautiful appe>ance pres5ts itself2 ! ext]nal cortex is v ?91 & reta9s ! same col\r ?r\gh its sub/ance ) ! out] surface2 ?is incloses a black1 por\s1 pit*y sub/ance1 :i* is mu* ?ick] ?an ! cortex1 9 close contact ) x1 & at ! angles ( ! se$ is pretty consid]able4 ,next to ?is ! p>5*yma appe>s1 z :ite z ! f9e/ :ite salt1 & radiat$ f ! c5t] outw>d2 & 9 ?is transv]se section seems to h a r\nd hole 9 ! c5t] ( "o ( ! divid$ p>ts1 & a process answ]able to x 9 ! o!r4 ,if a longitud9al incision be made ?r\gh ! middle1 ! appe>ance w be z 9 ,fig4 #ac1 :5 ! c5t] ( ! :ite p>5*yma appe>s exactly l a mod]n v9eg> glass1 commonly call$ a cruet1 ! bottom ( :i* t5ds obliquely t[>ds ! basis1 & ! top t[>ds ! apex ( ! se$4 ,! surface ( ?is "p looks poli%$1 & ! col\r is a yell[i% olive2 nor does x look unlike a gummy or res9\s body2 h[ev]1 we _c be c]ta9 :at its sub/ance is1 not)/&+ its great resemblance to t k9d ( matt]4 ,! :ite p>5*yma is v s+ul>1 be+ almo/ divid$ into two lobes by ?is little cruet1 ^: top runs up into or is lo/ 9 a rem>kable circul> "p1 :i* has a ris+ t[>ds ! umbilicus ( ! se$ 9 =m ( an acorn1 & ?is ris+ /&s 9 ! op5 place1 into :i* ! pursy umbilicus leads4 ,z to its natural dim5sions1 an ord9>y se$ is some:at m ?an ! eigh? ( an in* long1 & ab\t an eigh? ?ick4 ,,petrosel9um4 ,fig4 #ad4 ,apium ,p4 ,l9n4 ,common ,p>sley4 ,! se$s ( ?is g>d5 p>sley1 be+ ( ! umbellat$ k9d1 gr[ two ^u a little /em1 ^: bifid /ilus supports !m l ! ammi or smallage2 !y are /riat$ or ribb$ l ^?1 hav+ ?ree ( su* ribs on ! convex "p1 spread fur!r asund]1 & be+ mu* m conspicu\s ?an ^? ( ei!r ( ! se$s j m5tion$4 ,!re is ano!r rib :i* runs on ea* side ( ! se$1 :i* is its lat]al rib1 & t :i* runs r\nd ! edge ( ! flat surface makes x resemble ! edge or gunnel ( a b>ge or light]1 to :i* ea* ( ^! be>s "s resemblance4 ,?is se$ is consid]ably l>g] ?an ei!r1 & mu* long] 9 proportion to _! size2 ! col\r ( ! int]/ices betwe5 ! ribs is a dusky olive1 & ! ribs ( an oak] yell[4 ,!y are pretty r\nd :]e !y re/ on ! /em1 & run up elliptically to an apex1 :]e !re is a fung\s corona1 :i* is ! umbilicus4 ,9 mak+ a transv]se section ?r\gh ! middle ( "o ( !m1 ! p>5*yma appe>s ( ! same =m ) ! cortex1 hav+ ?is rem>kable prop]ty1 t betwe5 ! ridges or ribs are canals1 =m$ ( ! cortex & ! surface ( ! p>5*yma1 conta9+ a br[n balsamic fluid1 ) :i* !y are fill$ f "o end to ! o!r ( ! se$2 & 9 "s se$s ?is balsam appe>s all r\nd betwe5 ! p>5*yma & ! cortex4 ,?is w be fur!r expla9$ :5 we come to speak ( ! seseli1 9 :i* ?is is s app>5t1 t a transv]se view ( t se$ w s]ve = bo?4 ,! p>5*yma is some:at succul5t1 & ( a greyi% olive col\r4 ,an ord9>y se$ is "o-eigh? ( an in* long1 & ab\t a sixte5? ?ick4 ,,petrosel9um ,,mac$onicum4 ,fig4 #ae & #af4 ,bubon ,mac$onicum4 ,l9n4 ,mac$onian ,p>sley4 ,^! are long sl5d] elliptical se$s1 gr[+ l ! se$s ( o!r umbellif]\s plants1 two toge!r on ! /em & bifid /ilus2 :5 !y are pull$ asund] !y appe> ea* to h a convex or back side1 & a flat "p or belly4 ,! convex side1 ,fig4 #ae1 may be said1 f its r\ndness at "o end1 & smallness at ! o!r1 to h a basis & apex2 ! =m] is r\nd1 & aft] swell+ a little t[>ds ! middle1 runs tap] upw>ds1 till )9 "o-fif? ( its l5g? !re arise two r\gh hairy processes1 "o on ea* side1 l e>s1 & ! re/ runs to a po9t2 s t ! entire back surface is a ne> repres5tation ( a m\se ly+ flat4 ,! col\r ( ! body ( ?is se$ is a k9d ( olive1 b ! ho>y fibres all ov] are ( an a%-col\r1 & ! /ri or ridges mu* ! same4 ,! flat surface1 ,fig4 #af1 is ( a br[n col\r & por\s1 hav+ none ( ^! fibres ^u x2 & is surr\nd$ by an edge or ridge1 l ^? on ! back ( ! se$1 :i* are also ho>y4 ,^u ?is surface ! bifid /ilus is app>5t1 "o extremity ( :i* t]m9ates at a holl[ "p1 t may be lik5$ to ! "u jaw ( ! m\se1 betwe5 ! roots ( ! e>s2 & ! o!r /&s loose1 to :i* ! fell[-se$ 0 also atta*$4 ,! ridges are also holl[1 l ^? ( ! g>d5 p>sley1 & conta9 su* a balsamic fluid z t2 b ?is be+ s exce$+ly sl5d]1 requires ! greate/ magnifi] ( ! microscope = opake objects to disc]n x4 ,?is se$ is ab\t an eigh? ( an in* long1 & ab\t a tw5tie? broad4 ,,cori&rum4 ,fig4 #ag1 #ah1 & #ai4 ,c4 sativum4 ,l9n4 ,cori&]4 ,! se$ ( common cori&] is sph]ical :5 entire1 & may be said to h two poles2 ! l[]1 or t into :i* ! /em is fix$1 :i* =ms a fung\s hole1 & ! upp] or little apex1 z at ,fig4 #ag1 ?is is ! umbilicus ( ! se$4 ,f "o ( ^! poles to ! o!r sev]al ridges or /ri run l ! l9es ( longitude ^u ! globe1 betwe5 :i* !re are sev]al r\ghnesses2 !y are ( a yell[i% oak] col\r1 & ab\t ! six? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 or some?+ less4 ,ea* ( ^! se$s1 ^u be+ bruis$1 divides into two hemisph]es1 ,fig4 #ah1 :i* discov]s ! edges ( ! rigid cortex1 on ! concave side !re is a ris+1 & )9 x a l5s1 concave on "o side & convex on ! o!r1 ,fig4 #ai1 z x is turn$ out ( ! cortex4 ,on ! concave side is a ris+ 9 ! middle ext5d+ f "o pole to ! o!r1 & on ea* side j bel[ ! apex1 !re is a :ite r\ndi% fung\s spot ris+ f ! surface1 f ea* ( :i* runs d[nw>d a little curv$ a ridge1 :i* appe>s to be res9\s2 & ! surface is r\gh1 & has a great _m p>ticles ( res9 also4 ,,seseli4 ,fig4 #bj to #bd4 ,s4 ,montanum4 ,l9n4 ,long-leav$ ,mead[-saxifrage4 ,?is se$ /ripp$ ( its foliace\s w+s may be comp>$ to a sort ( canoo :i* is too n>r[ 9 proportion to its great l5g?1 has a holl[ & a convex side1 l t k9d ( boat1 & is ridg$ longitud9ally on its convex side1 ,fig4 #bj1 f end to end1 ) f\r pr9cipal ridges2 & betwe5 ^!1 ) o!rs less consid]able4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s ( ^! se$s wid] ?an o!rs 9 proportion1 b ! majority are too long = _! bread?1 z ,i h said be=e4 ,^! pr9cipal ridges are ! support ( ! w+s1 & may be call$ _! basis1 = !y rise broad f ! body ( ! se$1 & run out to a ?9 edge1 :i* be+ cont9u$ con/itute ?is leafy bord]4 ,^! are yell[i%1 & ! spaces betwe5 !m & ! o!r less consid]able ridges incl9+ to a br[n4 ,on ! concave side1 ,fig4 #ba1 !re is an edge or gunnel l t ( a boat1 & a consid]able cavity f ! edge2 9 ! c5t] ( :i* ! ve/ige ( ! /ilus1 ,fig4 #bb1 :i* is also bifid "h1 appe>s f "o end to ! o!r4 ,! edge & ?is ve/ige are also ( a yell[i% col\r1 b ! re/ ( ! surface br[n & por\s1 & ! :ole body ( ! se$ & ridges %9e1 z if v>ni%$ ov] ) "s oily sub/ance4 ,fig4 #bc is a view ( ! convex side ( a se$ dive/$ ( its w+s1 :i* is "o ( ! mo/ proportion$ se$s ,i c\ld pick out2 at ! upp] extremity ( :i* a little process may be p]ceiv$ to turn or crook back ^u ! body2 ! same may also be disc]n$ on t ( ,fig4 #bj4 ,at ! root ( ?is process ! op5+ or umbilicus ( ! se$ lies4 ,among ! _m beauties ) :i* ?is se$ ab\nds1 !re is "o t is mo/ agreeably surpris+1 :i* 7says our au?or7 ,i discov]$ by mak+ a transv]se section ( "o ( !m1 9 ord] to see :at its int]nal sub/ance consi/$ (4 ,i no soon] appli$ ! cut surface1 ,fig4 #bd1 to my microscope1 ?an ea* ( ! pr9cipal ridges1 :i* ,i said above is ! basis ( ! leafy w+1 appe>$ to be a triangul> tube1 conta9+ a f9e br[n liquid balsam ( ! col\r ( br[n basilicon4 ,?is 0 a high ent]ta9m5t1 z e o!r curi\s discov]y t arises by ! dilig5t inspection ( ! se$ is1 & prompt$ my exam9+ o!rs 9 ! same mann]2 & ,i f\nd su* a balsam z ?is common to ! sev]al k9ds ( p>sley se$s also1 z well z to t ( ! bi%op's we$ & smallage2 al?\gh ^! are s m9ute1 t ,i c\ld n be s5sible ( x b ) difficulty1 & ) "o ( my greate/ magnifi]s4 ,!re is also some?+ analog\s to ?is 9 ! sweet f5nel & f9oki1 n 9 tubes ( ! husks or cortex1 b r 9 spungy *annels t s9k into ! surface ( ! p>5*yma1 betwe5 ! ridges ( ^! la/4 ,! l5g? ( an ord9>y se$ is "o-?ird ( an in*1 ! ?ickness ab\t an eigh?1 & ! bread? ( ea* w+ ne>ly equal to ! ?ickness ( ! body4 ,,hyoscyamus4 ,fig4 #be4 ,h4 ,nig]4 ,l9n4 ,common ,h5bane4 ,aft] ! calyx has split & crack$ by dry+1 ! se$-pot comes to be expos$ to ! heat ( ! sun1 :i* also gr[s dry1 by :i* ! lid or cov] becomes loose1 hav+ no o!r visible atta*m5t to keep x on ! edge ( ! pot b its moi/ure1 :i* 9 "s measure helps to keep x !re by agglut9ation1 z well z by ! squeez+ or pressure ( ! segm5ts ( ! calyx4 ,b1 ?is moi/ure exhal+1 & ! calyx splitt+ (f1 ! lid1 be+ n[ dry1 bl[s (f ) ! fir/ bla/ ( w9d1 & scatt]s ! se$s1 :i* by ?is "t are h>d & ripe4 ,:5 ! se$s are ripe !y are ( a light col\r1 l :ite-br[n pap]1 & incl9e to a triangul> figure1 ^: angles are r\nd$ (f4 ,!y are depress$ on bo? sides1 s z to become pretty flat1 & _! :ole surface is cellul>2 ! cells h no p>ticul> =m1 b are some:at irregul>1 & ! ridges t =m !m are pretty em95t4 ,z ! draw+ appe>s1 ! se$s may be said to h a basis & an apex2 ! =m] has no o!r p>ticul> m>k ?an ! cells1 b ! latt] has a k9d ( not* ind5t$ d[nw>d f ! top1 :i* is ! umbilicus ( ! se$4 ,! p>5*yma appe>s ( a greyi% col\r4 ,a middl+ gra9 is ab\t a sixte5? ( an in* long1 & n q s broad 9 ! broade/ "p4 ,,cic] ,,rubrum4 ,fig4 #bf to #bi4 ,c4 ,ariet9um4 ,l9n4 ,*ickpea4 ,!re is a good deal ( reason = comp>+ ! *i*e gra9 to ! head ( a ram2 = ea* ( !m1 ,fig4 #bf1 consi/s ( a r\nd or back "p1 & an apex or sn\t4 ,!re are1 besides ?is %ape1 :i* inde$ fav\rs ! simile1 sev]al depressions ^u ! gra9 :i* add /ill to ! lik5ess ( t head2 & ^! we %all consid] 9 p>ticul>4 ,on ! upp] or convex side !re is1 9 mo/ ( !m1 a longitud9al little ridge1 & a depression on ea* side1 :i* resembles ! ris+ 9 ! frontal bone ( a %eep2 &1 a little fur!r =w>d1 two ris+s1 "o on ea* side1 :i* look l ! sup]cili>y em95ces ( ! eyes4 ,ea* side ( ! r\nd or occipital "p has a depression t also adds to ! same image2 b :at is yet a great] argum5t = x1 is1 t ! "u "p1 ,fig4 #bg1 is flatti%1 hav+ an edge on ea* side1 :i* may be comp>$ to ! edges ( ! "u jaw4 ,9 ! c5t] ( ?is flat "p !re is a little mamill>y ris+ v rem>kable1 & j "u ! apex or sn\t an oval hole1 :iti% at ! bottom1 :i* is ! umbilicus ( ! se$2 besides :i*1 !re is an app>5t sulcus on ea* side ! apex1 runn+ a little way back1 & is a close resemblance to ! rictus oris4 ,! husk is ?9 & fragile1 & :5 tak5 (f1 looks l ?9 tortoise-%ell2 & ! nucleus or p>5*yma is ( a yell[i% :ite1 exactly l ! sub/ance ( a split-pea1 )\t ! cov]+4 ,! entire nucleus has ! same depressions :i* appe> on its husk or cortex2 & a =e view ( x1 ,fig4 #bh1 %ews ! nak$ apex1 ) ! hole und]nea?1 :i* is b sup]ficial2 & ! seam :i* di/+ui%es ! tip ( ! apex1 ,i take to be ! rudim5t ( ! plant1 = x is easily sep>at$ 9 t seam4 ,! natural size ( ?is se$ appe>s1 ,fig4 #bi1 be+ almo/ ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* f ! apex to ! out] edge ( ! basis1 & some?+ n>r[]4 ,,laurus4 ,fig4 #cj1 #ca1 #cb4 ,l4 nobilis4 ,l9n4 ,bay-b]ries4 ,! bay-b]ries1 ,fig4 #cj1 are a fruit ( an oval %ape1 /ick+ to a %ort /em n above a qu>t] ( an in* long2 ! surface is g5]ally black1 b "s ( !m1 :e!r ?r\gh age ,i _c say1 are cru/$ ov] ) a dull a%-col\r$ scurfy matt]1 & sometimes ) f9e ragg$ membranes4 ,:5 ! husk is op5$1 x appe>s ( a f9e d>k-br[n col\r on ! inn] surface1 be+ a smoo? ?9 membrane t l9es ! husk1 & at ! small] end x sudd5ly gr[s yell[i%1 & looks l a br[n cup ) a yell[ bottom4 ,! nucleus easily comes out :5 ! husk is op5$1 & z easily sep>ates into two p>ts or lobes longitud9ally2 ea* ( :i* is repres5t$1 ,fig4 #ca4 ,!y lie 9 ! husk ) ! flat surfaces toge!r1 ea* ( :i* has a s9us at ! small] end %ap$ l ! sole ( "o's %oe2 "o ( ^! conta9s ! little piece :i* has ! rudim5ts ( ! tree1 adh]+ closely to its s9us2 ! o!r is empty1 & s]ves only to give room to ^! rudim5ts :5 ! flat surfaces ( bo? lobes are toge!r3 ,fig4 #cb repres5ts t little piece tak5 out & view$ by a l>g] magnifi]1 & appe>s to be convex on ! visible side2 hav+ 9 its outl9e mu* ! same =m ) ! cell or s9us :i* conta9$ x4 ,x has a ridge 9 a longitud9al direction1 is small] at "o end ?an ! o!r1 has ris+s on ! sides1 & is a mo/ ent]ta9+ object4 ,,ficoides ,,afra4 ,fig4 #cc1 #cd4 ,mesembryan!mum ,cry/all9um4 ,l9n4 ,diamond ,fig-m>ygold1 or ,ice-plant4#aef ,! :ole /alks1 leaves1 & calix are cov]$ ) little glassy globules1 :i* are call$ diamond or silv] drops2 & :i* are r l ice ?an ei!r4 ,!y are transp>5t1 9 z mu* z opposite w9d[s ( h\ses appe> ?r\gh !m1 & ! gre5 /alk makes ^? betwe5 x & ! microscope look gre54 ,^? ^u ! /alks are sph]oids1 b ^? on ! leaves & calix are globul>4 ,!y seem l s _m transp>5t /ones set into a case1 l ^? ( a r+2 o!rs are m prom95t4 ,^u break+ !m1 !y appe> to be little membran\s bladd]s1 v cle>1 & fill$ ) an aque\s liquor4 ,:5 !y beg9 to )] & ! juice to exhale1 ^! membranes appe> flaccid & collaps$4 #aef ,dr4 ,p>sons hav+ giv5 ! microscopical description ( ! fl[] z well z ! se$ ( ?is plant1 & ea* ( !m =m+ a v agreeable object1 ! figure & description ( ! fl[] is "h introduc$4 ,fig4 #cc %ews a fl[] ( its natural size1 ) a bit ( its /alk & a leaf2 ! leaf has its apex b5t t[>ds "o side1 is fat or ?ick1 & has 9 its s9us ! bud ( ano!r4 ,! se$-vessel is also fle%y1 & ! calix has b ?ree leaves1 :i* is an exception to ! g5]al rule m5tion$ above1 ea* ( :i* has its apex 9 ! c5t]1 or ne>ly s1 diff]+ f ^? ( ! /alk4 ,! fl[] is inde$ polypetal\s1 hav+ an inf9ite numb] ( n>r[ little leaves cr[d$ toge!r1 ( a :iti% fa9t purple1 9 "s p>ts ne>ly :ite1 b v inconsid]able4 ,fig4 #cd is ! se$1 :i* is enl>g$ microscopically1 hav+ a /reaky surface1 & be+ ( a triangul> =m4 ,at "o angle !re is a d5t or rictus1 ! end ( :i* is ! umbilicus ( ! se$4 ,x is ( a yell[i% br[n col\r1 & is v m9ute 9 its natural size1 :i* is se5 9 ^? little specks ne> x4 ,,palma ,,arecif]a4 ,fig4 #ce1 #cf1 #cg4 ,areca ,cate*u4 ,l9n4 ,sy/4 ,vegetab4 ,areca ,nut4 ,! areca nut gr[s 9 a husk l ! walnut or nutmeg4 ,fig4 #ce is t h>d nut :i* we are n[ to describe4 ,its surface is a d>k br[n1 /riat$ promiscu\sly ) a yell[i% br[n col\r2 its figure a cone1 & is capable ( /&+ firmly ^u its basis4 ,9 ! c5t] ( ! basis !re is ! hole or ve/ige ( its p$icle1 or :atev] o!r ?+ /uck to x :il/ invelop$ 9 its husk1 r\nd :i* ! bottom is :iti%4 ,fig4 #cf is ano!r species ( ! areca nut1 at lea/ 9 %ape1 be+ some:at less1 m squat1 & hav+ no cone4 ,i _c say1 :e!r ^! diff]5t %ap$ cones might n be a v>iation ( ! fruit ( ! same tree1 z apples or any o!r fruits (t5 are2 b ! surfaces are n precisely alike 9 "o respect only1 _! col\r be+ ! same1 t is1 ! yell[i% br[n l9es ^u ! surface ( ! latt] are ?ick] toge!r1 & s9k deep] into ! cortex betwe5 ! d>k br[n p>ts1 :i* are consequ5tly made m imm95t !reby ?an ^? ( ! conical "o4 ,^u cutt+ "o ( ^! into two p>ts1 ! surface appe>s at ,fig4 #cg4 ,on ! out] "p all r\nd ! int]nal sub/ance appe>s radiat$ outw>d1 be+ ( a d>k r$ & br[n col\r1 & 9 its c5t] inclos+ a :ite sub/ance1 :i* 9 _m places %oots itself out into ! br[n sub/ance 9 little radii t[>ds ! cortex4 ,,junip]us4 ,fig4 #ch1 #ci4 ,j4 ,communis4 ,l9n4 ,junip] ,b]ry4 ,fig4 #ch1 a1 is a junip] b]ry magnifi$ to %ew its m>ks ! m pla9ly4 ,?is fruit is q r\nd1 ( a black col\r1 :i*1 al?\gh x appe>s smoo?1 yet ! cov]+ appe>s por\s1 & resembles ! surface ( %agre5 9 "s measure4 ,at ! top x has a triangul> sulcus1 :i* is n v deep1 & 9 "s x is sup]ficial4 ,at ! o!r extremity ! /em appe>s1 :i* is r\gh ne> ! place ( its ins]tion1 ) a scaly cov]+ = a little space4 b1 is a transv]se section ( a junip] b]ry1 :i* %ews ! ?ickness ( ! pulpy sub/ance ( ! fruit1 :i* appe>s e :]e int]sp]s$ & mix$ ) a great quantity ( f9e yell[ gum1 t 9 _m places is 9 lumps1 especially ab\t ! ossicula or /ones ( ! fruit4 ,?is p>5*yma incloses ?ree ( ^! ossicula1 ly+ 9 close contact toge!r by _! flatt] sides1 & ) _! apices meet+ at ! top4 c1 is ! fruit ( its natural size1 "s gra9s may be a little bigg]1 "s a little less4 ,fig4 #ci is ! convex side ( "o ( ! /ones1 hav+ f ! apex ?ree or f\r ridges1 :i* r5d] x triangul> at ! top1 & are lo/ t[>ds ! basis1 ( an irregul> =m1 long1 n>r[1 & %9+1 aft] be+ cleans$ ( ! pulp t cov]s !m ) ! gummy matt] j m5tion$2 b :5 dry1 has an appe>ance l t ( ! /ones ( o!r fruit4 ,fig4 #dj %ews a longitud9al section ( "o ( !m1 :i* br+s to view a nucleus 9 all respects l t ( a plumb-/one1 be+ cloa!d ) a membrane1 & hav+ a succul5t p>5*yma4 a1 is ! /one 9 its natural size4 ,,santonicum4 ,fig4 #da1 #db4 ,artemisia ,s4 ,l9n4 ,worm-se$4 ,fig4 #da %ews ! =m ( a middl+ se$ enl>g$ by ! microscope1 = !y are ( diff]5t sizes among "o ano!r4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ s+ul> 9 its /ructure1 hav+ sc>ce any ?+ sub/antial 9 x4 ,! f\r little figures ne> x are ^? ( a natural size1 :i* are v small1 & !re=e r5d]s ! exam9ation ( !m ! m difficult4 ,! se$ has a small end or h&le1 be+ ! place to :i* ! /em :i* supports x 0 fix$1 & ! o!r end is bulky & r\nd1 hav+ f ! ho>y h&les sev]al bulges all r\nd1 :i* are s(t1 & s v t5d]1 t ! rubb+ ( ! se$s toge!r r$uces ! surfaces to p[d]1 :]eby a l>ge se$ may be r$uc$ to a v small "o4 ,! se$ seems to be entirely compos$ ( ?9 brittle membranes ( an extreme delicate contexture1 z at ,fig4 #db1 hav+ a d>k c5t]1 f :i* x is transp>5t outw>d to ! edge all r\nd1 & radiat$ upw>ds by inf9itely f9e radii1 :i* d n r5d] x 9 ! lea/ opake4 ,?us f ! v out] surface ! se$ is compos$ ( ^! sort ( membranes1 "o aft] ano!r1 till no?+ rema9s beh9d4 ,_! col\r be=e ! nak$ eye is ( a yell[i% ca/1 b be=e ! microscope = opake objects %9es 9 _m places l gold4 ,,scabiosa ,,major ,,vulg>is4 ,fig4 #dc to #df4 ,s4 ,arv5sis4 ,l9n4 ,scabi\s4 ,!re is no se$ p]haps :i* has m beauties ?an ?is ( ! scabi\s4 ,fig4 #dc is a view ( :at botani/s call "o ( ! florets1 :i* is a calix to ! se$1 ^: fibres appe> to ext5d !mselves ov] its edges4 ,?is cup is ( an octagonal =m1 & makes an appe>ance l a f9e vase1 hav+ scallopp$ edges1 & t[>ds ! inn] "p ( ! edge a :iti% ruffl$ membrane4 ,! ribs run d[n f its m\?1 :i* is bell-fa%ion$1 & becom+ n>r[] d[nw>d1 =m obtuse angles1 by cont9u+ f ! b5d to =m ! bottom ( ! vase4 ,betwe5 ^! ribs d[n ! b5d ! vase is cle>1 ?\gh n q transp>5t1 & f !nce to ! bottom ! ribs are hairy1 & make an agreeable figure4 ,fig4 #dd is ! se$ tak5 out ( ! vase1 & drawn 9 ano!r proportion1 :]e9 appe>s fir/ its ?ick body1 :i* is some:at ho>y by ! microscope1 & runs up ) a n>r[ neck1 till x divides into five spiculat$ fibres1 call$ by ,g]>d purple ?rumbs1 ^: spicul or sp9es are det]m9$ upw>ds1 & are !reby ready to cause ! se$ to rec$e f any ?+ t might injure x ^u be+ t\*$4 ,! bodies ( ! vases :5 fir/ ripe are ( a f9e lemon yell[1 b gr[ by long keep+ d>k]2 & ! bason =m$ by ! roots ( ! f9e fibres is ( a f9e gre51 b ! fibres !mselves ( a %9+ br[n1 l br[n sug>-c&y1 z _! sp9es are also4 ,fig4 #de repres5ts ! /alk to :i* ! vases /ick by _! bottoms1 all :i*1 :5 toge!r1 =m ! head m5tion$ by botani/s to be ! *>act]s ( "s species ( ! scabi\s4 ,9 ?is figure ! body ( ! /alk appe>s all /uck full ( n>r[ :iti% leaves1 & ! r\nd spots betwe5 _! roots are ! ve/iges ( ! bottoms ( ! vases2 s t ! leaves & vases are mix$ toge!r all ov] ! /alk4 ,fig4 #df %ews a vase ) a piece ( its side cut out f ! edge to ! bottom4 ,! bulb\s "p ( ! se$ is conta9$ 9 a delicate :ite membran\s case1 aris+ f ! inn] membrane ( ! bottom ( ! vase1 & runn+ up ab\t half way ! neck ( ! se$1 embrac+ x pretty close1 ) a m\? consi/+ ( six or eight sides z beautifully =m$ z t ( any f9e cut-glass decant]4 ,! se$ is loose 9 ?is !ca1 s t x may be turn$ r\nd )9 x1 b _c be pull$ out )\t te>+ ?is beautiful !ca1 ^u acc\nt ( its n>r[ neck4 ,,*ap4 ,,xii4 ,,in/ructions ,,= ,,collect+ ,,& ,,pres]v+ ,,insects--,a ,,copi\s ,,li/ ,,( ,,microscopic ,,objects4 ,,by ,,! ,,editor4 ,^? :o h be5 long accu/om$ to microscopical inve/igations w readily admit1 t ! num]\s class ( insects1 & _! sev]al p>ts1 af=d "s ( ! mo/ div]sifi$1 z well z ! mo/ admirable objects = ! microscope4 ,to read]s ( ?is description1 :o %\ld be consid]$ z adepts1 ! foll[+ in/ructions may possibly af=d little t is novel1 z by con/ant habit !y mu/ be ?or\ghly conv]sant 9 ! be/ mann] ( procur+ & pres]v+ ! v>i\s objects2 x may be1 h[ev]1 reasonably presum$1 t !re are _m p]sons :o h n hi!rto devot$ _! att5tion to ?is subject1 z well z numb]s :o1 det]r$ by ! imag9>y difficulties att5d+ x1 h ei!r totally rel9qui%$ ! pursuit1 or made b small progress !re92 to su*1 ! directions "h giv5 x is hop$ w prove an acquisition4 ,confid5t z ,i am ( ! delights :i* ?is employm5t af=ds to ! intellig5t & indu/ri\s admir] ( ! works ( nature1 x is to be deplor$ t s _m p]sons1 :o possess e requisite = ^! enjoym5ts1 %\ld rema9 totally ins5sible to _! attractions2 h[ mu* might be at*iev$1 c\ld su* be prevail$ ^u to devote _! h\rs ( leisure to s rational a purpose8 especially if x be consid]$ h[ easily ^! pleasures are to be atta9$1 z well z ! tranquillity ) :i* !y may be enjoy$4 ,inve/igations ( ?is k9d p>ticul>ly recomm5d !mselves to ! att5tion ( ! ladies1 z be+ cong5ial ) t ref9em5t ( ta/e & s5tim5t1 & t pure & placid consi/5cy ( conduct :i* s em95tly di/+ui% & adorn ^? ( ?is happy isle4 ,to ! hon\r ( sev]al ladies ( em95ce be x record$1 t !y are pr(ici5ts 9 ! /udy ( ! v>i\s bran*es ( natural hi/ory1 & _m o!rs are mak+ consid]able progress 9 ?is pleas+ sci5ce2 ?an :i*1 none c possess a great] t5d5cy to sweet5 ! h\rs ( solitude & anxiety4 ,h[ inf9itely sup]ior to a rational m9d is ! gratification aris+ f su* pursuits1 to ^?1 to :i* numb]s unhappily sacrifice _! heal? & beauty1 & frequ5tly ! peace ( m9d ( !mselves & relatives1 by a baneful atta*m5t to ! gam+ table2 & t n ow+ to intellectual incapacity1 b m]ely f n possess+ =titude suffici5t to pref] ! improvem5t ( _! m9ds to amusem5ts1 = :i* no bett] plea c possibly be urg$1 ?an t ( _! be+ sanction$ by ! idol1 ,fa%ion4 ,actuat$ by no o!r motives1 ?an ! s9c]e/ respect ,i ent]ta9 = my fair c\ntrywom51 & anxiety = _! real welf>e1 ,i h presum$ ?us freely to deliv] my s5tim5ts2 ) great] confid5ce 9 ! m]its ( ! cause ,i plead1 & reliance on _! prud5t discrim9ation1 ?an on ! p]suasive eloqu5ce ( ! advocate1 ,i am will+ to flatt] myself t ^! rem>ks may n be entirely ineffectual2 at lea/ 9 w>n+ ^? :o h happily z yet escap$ s dang]\s a gulf4 ,aga91 h[ _m ( my own sex1 dive/$ ( a ta/e = rational enjoym5ts1 groan "u ! oppressive load ( li/lessness & dissatisfaction2 =1 indep5d5t ( ! m s]i\s & requisite duties ( our respective call+s1 we require amusem5ts to refre% u 9 our vacant mom5ts1 :i* if n devot$ to "s laudable pursuit1 w necess>ily1 l ^? ( too _m ( our "y m5 ( =tune1 be saunt]$ away1 or consum$ 9 s5seless & illicit delights1 ev5tually productive ( infallible ru9 to bo? body & m9d2 view$ 9 ?is light1 x may inde$ be said1 t ! situation ( m5 ( opul5ce is ( all /ations ! lea/ to be envi$4 ,i _c1 !re=e1 b e>ne/ly recomm5d to ^? entru/$ ) t important *>ge1 ! education ( y\?1 to en=ce bo? by precept & example1 _! employm5t ( t "t :i* is n engag$ 9 necess>y avocations1 to "s purpose1 t1 :il/ x amuses1 may likewise in/ruct & improve _! und]/&+s4 ,^! measures are m peculi>ly important 9 times l ! pres5t1 :5 idl5ess1 dissipation1 & infidelity are ) gigantic /rides endeav\r+ to encompass mank9d ) *a9s ( slav]y ( all o!rs ! mo/ dreadful & p]nici\s4 ,i %all close ^! obs]vations 9 ! elegant language ( an admir$ writ]4 8,a man t has =m$ a habit ( turn+ e new object to 8 ent]ta9m5t1 f9ds 9 ! productions ( nature an inexhau/ible /ock ( mat]ials ^u :i* he c employ himself1 )\t any temptations to envy or malevol5ce2 faults1 p]haps1 seldom totally avoid$ by ^? ^: judgm5t is mu* ex]cis$ ^u ! works ( art4 ,he has always a c]ta9 prospect ( discov]+ new reasons = ador+ ! sov]eign ,au?or ( ! univ]se1 & probable hopes ( mak+ "s discov]y ( b5efit to o!rs1 or pr(it to himself4 ,!re is no d\bt b _m vegetables & animals h qualities t might be ( great use1 to ! k ( :i* !re is n requir$ mu* =ce ( p5etration or fatigue ( /udy1 b only frequ5t exp]im5ts & close att5tion4 ,:at is said by ! *emi/s ( _! d>l+ m]cury1 is1 p]haps1 true ( e body ?r\gh ! :ole creation1 t1 if a ?\s& lives %\ld be sp5t ^u x1 all its prop]ties w\ld n be f\nd out4 8,mank9d mu/ necess>ily be div]sifi$ by v>i\s ta/es1 s9ce life af=ds & requires su* multitudes ( employm5ts1 & a nation ( naturali/s is nei!r to be hop$ or desir$2 b x is surely n improp] to po9t out a fre% amusem5t to ^? :o langui% 9 heal?1 & rep9e 9 pl5ty1 = want ( "s s\rce ( div]sion t may be less easily exhau/$1 & to in=m ! multitudes ( bo? sexes1 :o are bur!n$ ) e new day1 t !re are _m %ews :i* !y h n se54 ,he t enl>ges 8 curiosity aft] ! works ( nature1 demon/rably multiplies ! inlets to happ9ess40#aeg #aeg ,johnson4 ,! *>act]s by :i* ! sev]al classes ( insects are di/+ui%$1 h be5 already expla9$ 9 pages #bah & #bai2 _! trans=mations h likewise be5 fully describ$2 ,i %all n[ proce$ to enum]ate ! be/ me?ods ( obta9+ !m 9 _! diff]5t /ates4 ,ju/ice to ! m]its ( two em95t naturali/s#aeh obliges me to m5tion1 t to !m ,i am indebt$ = a consid]able "p ( ^! in/ructions4 #aeh ,lettsom's ,naturali/'s ,companion2 ,curtis's ,in/ructions = ,collect+ & ,pres]v+ ,insects4 ,bo? ^! tracts are n[ become v sc>ce4 ,( all ! diff]5t classes or ord]s ( insects1 t call$ ,,lepidopt]a is n only "o ( ! mo/ num]\s1 b ! mo/ beautiful1 ) respect to ! v>iety z well z ri*ness ( _! col\rs2 &1 z f ! peculi> delicacy ( _! /ructure1 !y require great] c>e to be us$ 9 cat*+1 z well z 9 pres]v+ !m1 x w be prop] fir/ to speak (1 & be m p>ticul> 9 ! directions conc]n+ !m4 ,,! ,,me?od ,,( ,,procur+ ,,mo?s ,,& ,,butt]flies4 ,!re are two me?ods ( collect+ insects ( ?is k9d2 fir/1 by bre$+2 secondly1 by cat*+ !m 9 _! fly /ate3 ( ^!1 ! =m] is by mu* ! pref]able mode2 z1 besides ! pleasure :i* arises f obs]v+ ! gradual progress ( ! insects f _! egg or cat]pill> to _! p]fect or fly /ate1 !y may be kill$ be=e !y h su/a9$ ! smalle/ injury 9 ! f>9a or meal ( _! w+s by fly+4 ,! difficulty likewise 9 procur+ ! mo/ beautiful & valuable insects ( ?is class 9 _! fly /ate1 r5d]s ?is me?od by f> ! mo/ eligible4 ,mo/ ( ! sph+es ( ,l9nu1 or1 z !y are usually call$1 hawk-mo?s1 are b seldom met ) 9 _! fly /ate1 & :5 se5 on ! w+1 g5]ally elude ! swifte/ pursuit2 b 9 _! cat]pill> /ate !y are frequ5tly f\nd1 & easily tak54 ,?us ! cat]pill> ( ! sph9x atropos or jasm9e hawk-mo?1 ! l>ge/ & mo/ beautiful species ( mo? ?is c\ntry produces1#aei is (t5 f\nd fe$+ on ! jasm9e & potatoe1 & sometimes on gre5 eld]2 ! sph9x elp5or or elephant hawk-mo?1 on ! ,galium palu/re or :ite ladies-b$-/raw2 ! sph9x ocellata or ey$ hawk-mo?1 on ! will[ & apple-trees2 sph9x tili or lime hawk-mo?1 on ! lime-tree2 sph9x lagu/ri or privet hawk-mo?1 on ! privet2 phalna pavonia or emp]or-mo?1 on ! bri>1 black-?orn1 will[1 c4 & s ( a great numb] ( o!rs4 #aei ,desir\s z e collector mu/ be ( obta9+ ^! mo?s1 x is c]ta9 !re are _m p]sons /ill exi/+1 :o w\ld consid] x z a great calamity 7 "o ( !m to fly into1 or ev5 approa* _! habitation2 & s f> f af=d+ ! pretty fugitive an asylum1 w\ld exp]i5ce ! highe/ satisfaction at 8 spe$y dep>ture4 ,! reason1 if x be n a pro/itution ( ! t]m1 is1 t z ! plumage on ! back ( ?is mo? exhibits some:at ( ! resemblance ( a dea?'s head1 ^! intellig5t progno/icators 7naturali/s !y _c be call$7 are fully conv9c$ t ?is h>mless insect mu/ be ! h>b+] ( mortality1 & t its appe>ance infallibly port5ds spe$y dea? to "s "o ( ! family6 ,inde$1 to weak m9ds1 especially if previ\sly debilitat$ by sickness1 su* an idea1 if p]mitt$ to prey ^u _! spirits1 may be productive ( fatal consequ5ces1 & ?us /amp a cr$it on ! prophetic abilities ( ^? sagaci\s obs]v]s ( ! my/]ies ( nature4 ,to m$ical m51 :o are daily witnesses ( ! wond]ful influ5ce :i* ! m9d possesses ov] ! body 9 a diseas$ /ate1 su* ev5ts d n appe> at all surpriz+4 ,,! ,,me?od ,,( ,,collect+ ,,mo?s1 ,c4 ,,9 ,,_! ,,cat]pill> ,,/ate4 ,indep5d5t ( ! me?od ( collect+ cat]pill>s by an att5tive exam9ation ( ! leaves1 & o!r p>ts ( plants1 at ^? times ( ! ye> :5 !y are 9 full v]dure1 !re is ano!r1 viz4 by beat+ ! b\ghs ( trees1 p>ticul>ly ! tall] ones1 ) long poles1 hav+ previ\sly spread a l>ge %eet und]nea? to receive !m z !y drop f ! trees4 ,by ^! means _m v valuable cat]pill>s are frequ5tly obta9$1 :i* c\ld n o!rwise be procur$ )\t consid]able difficulty4 ,cat]pill>s %\ld be h&l$ z little z possible1 p>ticul>ly ^? ) smoo? sk9s2 ! m hairy ones 9 g5]al su/a9 less injury by x4 ,to convey !m home ) safety1 ! collector %\ld be provid$ ) a *ip box 9 8 pocket2 & x w\ld be prop] to h x p>tly fill$ ) fre% leaves4 ,,! ,,me?od ,,( ,,re>+ ,,or ,,bre$+ ,,!m4 ,hav+ procur$ ! cat]pill>s1 our next endeav\r mu/ be to re> !m4 ,= ?is purpose2 x w be indisp5sably necess>y to af=d !m an ample supply ( ! plant on :i* !y are f\nd fe$+1 & to r5ew _! food z (t5 z ! decay ( t fir/ procur$ = !m may r5d] x exp$i5t4 ,insects 9 ?is /ate usually fe$ voraci\sly2 ! cat]pill> ( ! papilio brassica has be5 kn[n to consume 9 "o day twice its own weight ( food4 ,al?\gh _m ( !m live on a v>iety ( food1 ! greate/ "p are atta*$ to "s p>ticul> k9d2 depriv$ ( :i*1 "s species w\ld =m objects less beautiful :5 arriv$ at _! p]fect /ate1 & o!rs infallibly p]i%4 ,z to _m x may prove v inconv5i5t to supply ! cat]pill>s ) fre% food daily1 to avoid ?is tr\ble1 sev]al sprigs ( ! tree or plant may be put into a wide-m\!d glass fill$ ) wat]1 & ! cat]pill>s plac$ on !m4 ,mo/ plants may 9 ?is mann] be pres]v$ fre% = ?ree or f\r days4 ,! glass1 toge!r ) ! cat]pill>s & _! food1 is to be plac$ 9 ! bre$+ box repres5t$ 9 ! figure annex$1 a1 %ews an op5+ 9 ! front cov]$ ) gauze2 b1 ! door on ! side2 c1 a r+ = conv5i5cy ( c>riage2 & a con/ant supply ( fre% food is to be giv5 !m1 z soon z ! =m] appe>s 9 ! lea/ )]$4 ,! bre$+ boxes %\ld nev] be expos$ to ! scor*+ rays ( ! sun1 b plac$ 9 a cool & %ady situation2 nor %\ld !y conta9 m ?an "o k9d ( cat]pill>1 z "s species dev\r o!rs4 ,illu/ration ,:5 arriv$ at _! full gr[?1 ! cat]pill>s leave (f eat+1 & soon aft]1 *ange into ! *rysalis or pupa =m2 previ\s to :i*1 butt]flies sp9 a little web1 j suffici5t to susp5d !mselves by3 _m ( ! mo?s1 l ! silk-worm1 sp9 a l>ge web1 9 :i* !y inwrap !mselves2 & a great numb] p5etrate into ! e>?1 :]e !y sp9 !mselves cases1 or *ange )\t any sp9n+1 z d mo/ ( ! sph+es or hawk-mo?s4 ,x w !re=e be necess>y to cov] ! bottom ( ! box ) f9e m\ld to ! dep? ( f\r or five in*es1 & keep x con/antly moi/4 ,x frequ5tly happ5s t cat]pill>s are :at ! aurelians call /ung1 t is1 h ! eggs ( ! i*neumon-fly deposit$ 9 !m1 ( :i* op]ation a full acc\nt has be5 giv5 9 pages #bie-bih4 ,cat]pill>s1 previ\s to _! go+ into ! *rysalis /ate1 g5]ally lose ! brilliancy ( _! col\rs1 & _m ( !m rove ab\t = "s "t4 ,aft] rema9+ 9 _! *rysalis /ate till ne> ! "t ( _! com+ =?1 su* z are inclos$ 9 a h>d case or sp9n+1 z ! phalna v9ula1 puss mo?2 phalna qu]cus1 great egg] mo?1 c4 are to be c>efully fre$ f x2 z ! ap]ture :i* ! insect naturally makes is (t5 too n>r[ = x to pass ?r\gh )\t su/a9+ consid]able injury 9 its plumage4 ,! op5+ w be be/ made1 by cutt+ (f ! l>g] extremity ( ! case1 tak+ especial c>e n to w\nd ! inclos$ pupa or *rysalis4 ,! le>n$ ,dr4 ,bell>di1 ,=eign ,memb] ( ! ,l9nean ,society1 c4 a few ye>s s9ce discov]$ a new me?od ( fe$+ silk-worms1 :5 !y are hat*$ be=e ! mulb]ry-trees h produc$ leaves1 or :5 ! t5d] bran*es are de/roy$ by fro/3 h[ f> ?is practice may be successfully appli$ 9 o!r in/ances1 seems z yet undet]m9$2 ?\gh f "s rec5t exp]im5ts1 x appe>s possible t cat]pill>s may be ?us f$ 9 backw>d seasons4 ,?is me?od consi/s 9 giv+ ! cat]pill>-! dri$ leaves ( _! accu/om$ food r$uc$ to p[d]1 & g5tly moi/5$ ) wat]2 a ?9 coat+ ( :i* mu/ be plac$ r\nd ! "y worms1 :o w imm$iately beg9 to fe$ ^u x4 ,! ,doctor in=ms u t ! cat]pill>s ( ! silk-worm pref] x to any o!r food1 & dev\r x ) ! utmo/ avidity4 ,! leaves %\ld be ga!r$ t[>ds ! close ( ! autumn1 be=e ! fro/ comm5ces1 9 dry wea!r1 & :5 ! heat is greate/2 !y mu/ be dri$ 9 ! sun by spread+ !m ^u l>ge clo?s1 & aft] be+ r$uc$ into p[d]1 laid up 9 a dry place4 ,donovan says1#afj t ! exp]im5t has be5 tri$ ) sev]al cat]pill>s :i* 7 ne>ly full f$ on ! leaves ( ?orns & oaks ?us prep>$1 & t !y 7 obs]v$ to eat x :5 no o!r food 0 giv51 b he _c det]m9e h[ f> !y may ?rive if f$ on t alim5t only4 #afj ,treatise on ! ,managem5t ( ,insects4 ,,! ,,me?od ,,( ,,collect+ ,,!m ,,9 ,,_! ,,*rysalis ,,/ate4 ,butt]flies & mo?s may (t5 be f\nd 9 *rysalis "u ! projection ( g>d5 walls1 pales1 out-h\ses1 9 summ]-h\ses1 c4 & frequ5tly affix$ to ! food on :i* ! cat]pill> f$4 ,a great v>iety ( mo?s 9 ! pupa /ate may ) m c]ta9ty be f\nd1 dur+ ! w9t] mon?s1 by digg+ "u ! trees on :i* !y fe$1 p>ticul>ly "u ! oak1 will[1 lime1 & elm trees4 ,:5 !y are procur$ 9 ?is mann]1 !y %\ld be plac$ z soon z conv5i5t 9 ! bre$+ box be=e describ$1 & kept cov]$ ) moi/ e>? till ! ensu+ spr+2 :51 z soon z ! wea!r is mild1 !y may be dug up & plac$ some:at ne>] ! surface ( ! m\ld1 & 9 t mann] left to come out ( !mselves4 ,%\ld ! collector n succe$ 9 procur+ *rysalides by ?is me?od1 x w frequ5tly happ5 t 8 lab\r w be amply recomp5s$ by obta9+ a v>iety ( beetles4 ,,! ,,me?od ,,( ,,collect+ ,,!m ,,9 ,,_! ,,fly ,,or ,,p]fect ,,/ate4 ,illu/ration ,! extreme delicacy ( ! w+s ( mo?s & butt]flies w n admit ( _! be+ caught )\t injury1 b 9 nets made ( ! f9e/ mat]ials4 ,x w be necess>y1 !re=e1 t ! collector %\ld provide himself ) a net prop]ly adapt$ to ?is purpose3 ! "o "h repres5t$ has1 aft] long exp]i5ce1 be5 f\nd to answ] extremely well4 ,fig4 ,a %ews ! net exp&$ ready = use2 a exhibits ! "p made ( f9e ,scot* gauze1 :i* %\ld be previ\sly dy$ gre52 b b1 ! /icks2 ^! %\ld be ( "s light wood4 ,to r5d] !m compact & conv5i5t = c>riage1 !y are made to take to pieces some:at 9 ! mann] ( fi%+-rods1 & connect$ by means ( screws or holl[ brass f]rils fix$ to ! end ( ea*3 !re are ?ree ( !m = ea* side ( ! net4 ,fig4 ,b %ews "o ( ! /icks2 a1 ! brass f]ril2 b1 ! end ( ! next /ick1 :i* fixes tight into x2 to ! upp] end ( ! /icks1 at c1 is jo9$ 9 l mann] a piece ( cane b5t to a prop] %ape4 ,in/ead ( ?ree pieces ( wood1 z "h describ$1 ! o!r /ick may consi/ ( "o entire piece1 & be us$ z a walk+-/ick4 ,! gauze mu/ be edg$ ) two pieces ( b9d+ sew$ toge!r1 to receive ! /icks :5 jo9$2 &1 z ! /icks are tap]1 s mu/ be ! cavity to receive !m4 ,at ! l[] "p ! gauze is to be turn$ up ab\t six in*es1 s z to =m a bag1 ,fig4 ,a1 c4 ,at ! extremity ( ! gauze1 next ! h&les1 two pieces ( tape mu/ be fix$ on ea* side1 d d1 ( suffici5t l5g? to pass ?r\gh a hole bor$ 9 ! /ick1 & !n be ti$ 9 a loop1 s z to prev5t ! gauze f slid+ on ! /icks4 ,at ! upp] "p ( ! net :]e ! canes meet1 e1 ! cavity %\ld be clos$ by a few /it*es1 t ! /icks may %ut ev5 toge!r4 ,! net may be ab\t a y>d 9 wid? :5 exp&$1 & ! l5g? ( x a y>d & an half3 ! size1 h[ev]1 may be v>i$ at pleasure4 ,! gauze %\ld be depriv$ ( its glaz+ by be+ soak$ = a %ort "t 9 w>m wat]2 b1 if dy$ gre51 :i* is usually ! case1 ?is w be unnecess>y4 ,! h&les are to be held "o 9 ea* h&1 :5 ! net is us$4#afa #afa ,?\gh ?is net be pr9cipally int5d$ = cat*+ mo?s & butt]flies on ! w+1 x maybe usefully appli$ to ano!r purpose3 if "o p]son exp& ! net "u a bu% or bran* int5d$ = exam9ation1 & ano!r %ake ! bu%1 or beat x well ) a /ick1 numb]s ( cat]pill>s1 z well z "s ( ! m9ut] k9ds ( coleopt]\s1 & o!r insects1 w fall into ! net4 ,by ^! means mo?s are likewise (t5 tak51 z !y rema9 9 a torpid /ate dur+ ! day1 %elt]$ 9 ! bu%es4 ,illu/ration ,besides ! gauze net = cat*+ butt]flies1 c41 ! collector %\ld be provid$ ) a pair ( =ceps1 made ( /eel1 ab\t n9e or t5 in*es 9 l5g?1 & ( ! %ape repres5t$ 9 ! figure2#afb ! fans are to be cov]$ ) f9e gre5 gauze4 ,?is in/rum5t w 9 _m in/ances be f\nd exce$+ly commodi\s1 z be+ ( m g5]al use2 x is v portable1 & possesses ?is advantage ov] ! net1 t ! insect caught 9 x w be m conf9$1 & consequ5tly n s liable to injure its d[n4 ,if ! insect be met ) on ! trunk ( a tree1 pal+1 or any flat surface1 x may be readily caught2 if on a leaf1 bo? may be enclos$ 9 ! =ceps4 ,:il/ 9 ! =ceps1 x %\ld be press$ ) ! ?umb1 or1 if ! creature be small1 ) ! ?umb-nail1 suffici5t to /upify1 b n cru% x4 #afb ,?is figure %ews ! =ceps 9 ! proportions 9 :i* !y h be5 g5]ally made2 ,i w\ld1 h[ev]1 recomm5d ! fans to be consid]ably l>g]1 & ! h&les %ort]4 ,! =m ( ! fans has commonly be5 ei!r hexagonal1 or1 ! wor/ ( all1 triangul>2 exp]i5ce has taught me t ! %ape z "h giv5 is to be pref]r$1 z be+ less liable to miss ! insects1 :o are usually ^u _! gu>d1 & frequ5tly elude ! vigilance ( _! pursu]s4 ,a front view ( ! fans is giv51 ! bett] to %ew _! =m2 b x is obvi\s t !y mu/ be plac$ 9 a contr>y direction1 s z to flap on1 n slide ov]1 ea* o!r4 ,! next articles necess>y to be provid$1 w be two or ?ree oval *ip boxes1 cut suffici5tly flat = ! pocket1 & l9$ at top & bottom ) ?9 cork2 & a cu%ion well /or$ ) p9s ( v>i\s sizes4 ,! collector be+ n[ furni%$ ) ! necess>y in/rum5ts1 x w be prop] to give him su* in/ructions z may enable him to use !m4 ,) reg>d to ! mann] ( us+ ! net ) exp]tness & success1 ?is k w be mu* bett] acquir$ by practice ?an by ! mo/ ample description4 ,h>ris1 9 8 elegant "w1 ,! ,aurelian1 has be5 r diffusive ?an cle> on ?is subject4 ,hav+ caught ! butt]fly or mo? 9 ! net1 x w be necess>y to proce$ ) caution1 z on kill+ x prop]ly its beauty 9 a great measure dep5ds4 ,x %\ld n be laid hold ( indiscrim9ately 9 any "p2 b by manag+ skilfully ! net1 its w+s mu/1 if possible1 be br\ght into an erect position or close toge!r2 !n press ! "u "p ( ! ?orax or brea/ betwe5 ! ?umb & ! =e-f+] suffici5tly h>d to kill ! insect4 ,by c>efully att5d+ to ^! directions1 ! w+s w n be di/ort$ or ! plumage injur$4 ,! net be+ n[ op5$1 ! insect is to be laid hold ( by "o ( its ant5n or horns1 & aga9 plac$ betwe5 ! ?umb & =e-f+]2 9 :i* situation x is to be held1 :ile a p9 proportion$ to its size is /uck ?r\gh ! upp] "p ( ! ?orax or back2 x may !n be affix$ to ! pocket-box by /ick+ ! po9t ( ! p9 into ! cork l9+4 ,! l>g] k9ds ( ^! insects1 especially mo?s & hawk-mo?s1 :i* are f> m t5aci\s ( life ?an butt]flies1 w n expire s readily by ?is me?od1 z by fix+ !m ^u ! bottom ( a cork exactly fitt$ to ! m\? ( a bottle into :i* a little sulphur has be5 put2 by gradually heat+ ! bottle till an exhalation ( ! sulphur takes place1 ! insect usually dies )\t injur+ its col\r or plumage4 ,,! ,,me?od ,,( ,,manag+ ,,!m ,,9 ,,_! ,,fly ,,/ate4 ,?\gh by ! means j describ$ ^! insects may be caught un9jur$1 "s f>!r c>e is requisite 9 ord] to make !m appe> to advantage2 ?is is call$ sett+ !m1 & is p]=m$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,! insect be+ /uck ?r\gh ) a p9 ( a prop] size1 is to be plac$ be=e its w+s are become /iff1 on a piece ( cork1 hav+ a smoo? surface & cov]$ ) :ite pap]4 ,! body ( ! fly %\ld n be made to t\* ! cork :5 ! insect is affix$ to x1 b to /& up "s little di/ance f x1 z only ! edges ( bo? w+s are int5d$ to t\*1 n ! w+s to lie flat on ! cork4 ,! w+s are !n to be exp&$1 z 9 ! figure1 ) a f9e ne$le1 or "s %>p-po9t$ in/rum5t4 ,! in/rum5ts us$ 9 ! op]ation = ! eye call$ c\*+1 be+ fix$ to tap] h&les1 are peculi>ly commodi\s = ?is purpose4 ,illu/ration ,! upp] edges ( ! sup]ior w+s are to be plac$ 9 a l9e ) ! head ( ! insect1 & !y are to be kept 9 ?is situation by means ( little braces1 =m$ ( c>d-pap] & cut 9 ! %ape repres5t$ 9 ! figure2 a numb] ( :i* %\ld always be kept 9 read9ess 9 a small box4 ,^! mu/ be proportion$ to ! size ( ! w+s1 & fitt$ to _! %ape1 by be+ m or less b5t2 by a prop] att5tion to :i*1 ! spots1 c4 on bo? w+s are r5d]$ conspicu\s1 & ! beauties ( ! insect exhibit$ 9 full p]fection4 ,to acquire ! me?od1 h[ev]1 ( sett+ !m well1 requires consid]able practice & "s +5uity4 ,aft] rema9+ 9 ?is position f\r or five days1 or till ! insect is become ?or\ghly /iff1 ! braces may be tak5 (f1 & ! insect remov$ into ! /ore box4 ,! %ape ( ! /ore box is immat]ial2 x %\ld1 h[ev]1 be flat1 & may be made ei!r ( wood1 or1 :i* is pref]able1 ( t94 ,! inside %\ld be l9$ ) ?9 cork & cov]$ ) pap]1 & "s slips ( clo? glu$ to its edges to make x %ut clos]1 & ?us exclude z mu* z possible insects & animalcula2 a little camphor ti$ 9 a bit ( rag1 & p9n$ to a corn] ( ! box1 w be f\nd v useful to prev5t _! depr$ations4 ,x is p>ticul>ly to be obs]v$1 t !re is a cont9ual succession ( insects z well z ( plants2 "s appe> ) ! e>ly primrose1 o!rs accompany ! late-fl[]+ ivy3 s t 9 ?is respect1 ! aurelian & entomologi/ may regulate _! excursions by ^? ( ! botani/2 ! latt] w\ld 9 va9 se>* = ! ranunculus fic>ia or pile-wort1 9 ! mon? ( ,july1 & ! =m] be equally disappo9t$ 9 seek+ = ! papilio c>dam9es1 orange-tip1 9 ! mon? ( ,augu/4 ,"s ( ^! insects cont9ue long] 9 _! fly /ate1 & _! plumage is less injur$ by fly+1 ?an o!rs2 "s cont9ue = a few days only2 o!rs1 sev]al weeks4 ,9 g5]al1 mo?s & butt]flies1 unless !y are caught ! fir/ day ( _! com+ out ( *rysalis1 are ( small value2 h5ce arises ! necessity ( c>efully wat*+ ^? p>ticul>s1 & ( mak+ frequ5t excursions 9 ord] to obta9 !m 9 ! greate/ p]fection4 ,butt]flies are to be caught on ! w+ only :5 ! sun %9es w>m4 ,!y inhabit a v>iety ( places2 ! greate/ numb] ( !m frequ5t woods1 & may be tak5 9 or ne> !m1 z ! papilio iris1 purple emp]or2 papilio hyp]antus1 r+let2 & mo/1 if n all ! fritill>ies4 ,"s delight 9 mead[s1 z ! papilio jurt9a1 mead[ br[n2 gala!a1 m>bl$ :ite2 ,c4 album1 comma2 rhamni1 brim/one3 & o!rs frequ5t g>d5s1 z ! brassic & rap1 l>ge & small g>d5 :ite2 o!rs1 aga91 clov] fields1 corn fields1 hea?s1 lanes1 c4 ,_m ( ^? :i* frequ5t woods are tak5 ) mu* great] facility 9 ! morn+1 a few h\rs aft] sun-rise2 at :i* "t !y are f\nd fe$+ on ! fl[]s t gr[ by ! sides ( ! woods2 aft]w>ds1 :5 ! sun %9es ) great] /r5g?1 !y fly high1 & ) su* rapidity1 z n to be tak5 b ) ! utmo/ difficulty4 ,mo?s fly *iefly 9 ! ev5+1 a little aft] sun-set4 ,l butt]flies1 !y inhabit a v>iety ( places1 & are to be met ) 9 ! greate/ pl5ty ne> woods2 !y may also be tak5 9 great numb]s 9 ! day-"t by beat+ ! h$ges1 c4 m p>ticul>ly 9 ! aft]noon1 z ! lea/ motion w !n put !m on ! w+4 ,!y are likewise frequ5tly met ) 9 ! day-"t /ick+ to ! b>k ( trees1 on walls1 & pales t surr\nd g>d5s1 c4 & may be ?us caught 9 great p]fection4 ,"s few1 l ! butt]flies1 fly 9 ! middle ( ! day1 :5 ! sun %9es w>m1 ov] ! fl[]s ( honey-suckles1 & o!r plants ) tubul> fl[]s4 ,insects ( ?is species seldom sit to fe$1 b cont9ue vibrat+ on ! w+ :ile !y ?ru/ _! tongue or proboscis into ! fl[]4 ,ge(froy says t mo?s may be tak5 9 great pl5ty by means ( a c&le or lan?orn c>ri$ into or ne> "s wood1 t[>ds d>k4 ,indep5d5t ( ! recomm5dation ( au?ority s respectable1 ! well-kn[n prop5sity t mo?s h to fly t[>ds1 & ev5 into c&les1 has induc$ "s collectors to adopt ?is me?od ) success2 _m ( ! mo/ valuable cat]pill>s h also be5 ?us obta9$4 ,,! ,,me?ods ,,( ,,collect+ ,,insects ,,( ,,! ,,beetle ,,k9d4 ,by ^! are meant all su*1 z are includ$ 9 ,l9nu's fir/ ord] ( insects1 "u ! t]m ,,coleopt]a2 ^! h g5]ally be5 call$ sc>abi or beetles3 "s few ( !m h obta9$ di/9ct ,engli% names1 z ! *aff]1 lady-bird1 e>wig1 c4 & all h be5 divid$ by ,l9nu into g5]a & species4 ,! insects ( ?is1 z well z ! prec$+ & foll[+ ord]1 may be f\nd 9 _! cat]pill> or grub /ate1 9 :i* !y (t5 prove extremely de/ructive to ! roots ( plants2 & may 9 l mann] be br\ght to _! p]fect or fly /ate1 reg>d be+ _h to _! diff]5t mann] ( fe$+4 ,! "t & c>e1 h[ev]1 requir$ = ?is purpose1 is probably m ?an c be sp>$ by ! g5]ality ( collectors2 ! curi\s entomologi/1 possess$ ( bo? leisure & abilities to engage 9 ! pursuit1 w be enabl$ to e/abli% ) c]ta9ty ! diff]5t g5]a ( insects4 ,^! insects are g5]ally collect$ 9 _! fly /ate3 "s creep & fly 9 ! day-"t :5 ! sun %9es w>m2 o!rs1 l ! mo?1 fly 9 ! ev5+ & ! night only4 ,_! habitations are exce$+ly div]sifi$3 "s are f\nd 9 rott5 & half decay$ wood1 & "u ! decay$ b>k ( trees1 z ! lucanus c]vus1 fly+ /ag1 sc>abu cyl9dricus1 & _m ( ! c]ambyces2 o!rs1 among ! dung ( v>i\s animals1 p>ticul>ly ( horses1 c[s1 & %eep1 z ! d]me/es1 lea!r-eat]2 hi/]1 mimic beetle2 sc>abu fimet>ius1 c4 ,_m ( !m make holes "u ! dung ?ree or f\r in*es deep1 x w !re=e be necess>y to h an iron spade to dig !m out1 :5 9 se>* ( ?is k9d ( insects2 "s reside 9 ! bodies ( animals t are become putrid1 z ! silpha vespillo1 c>rion beetle1 hi/]1 c4 also 9 moi/ bones t h be5 gnaw$ by dogs1 or o!r animals1 on fl[]s hav+ a fetid smell1 & on sev]al k9ds ( fung\s sub/ances2 o!rs may be f\nd 9 ! morn+ ab\t ! bottoms ( p]p5dicul> rocks & s&-banks1 z ! curculio1 weevil2 & bra*us1 s&-beetle4 ,great numb]s are f\nd on ! leaves & /alks ( plants1 z ! sc>abu melolan?a1 *aff]2 cocc9ella1 lady-bird2 *rysomela1 curculiones1 c4 o!rs delight m p>ticul>ly 9 ! fl[]s ( plants1 z ! sc>abu auratus3 "s reside altoge!r 9 woods1 z _m ( ! c]ambyces2 "s are f\nd swimm+ on ! surface ( /&+ wat]s1 z ! gyr9us natator2 o!rs 9 dit*es1 ponds1 c4 z ! dytisci2 _m may be caught 9 riv]s1 lakes1 & /&+ pools1 by means ( a ?read net ) small me%es1 9 a r\nd wire hoop fix$ to ! end ( a long pole2 "s are discov]$ by ! light :i* !y emit1 z ! lampyris noctiluca1 gl[-worm2 & va/ quantities are f\nd on dry banks1 s&-banks1 s&-pits1 c4 p>ticul>ly :5 ! sun %9es w>m2 numb]s may be f\nd 9 h\ses1 d>k cell>s1 damp pits1 caves1 & subt]rane\s passages1 z ! t5ebrio1 /9k+ beetle2 or on umbellif]\s fl[]s & 9 timb]-y>ds4 ,multitudes live "u /ones1 moss1 rubbi%1 & creeks ne> ! %ores ( lakes & riv]s2 ^! are f\nd also 9 bogs1 m>%es1 moi/ places1 pits1 & holes ( ! e>?1 on /ems ( trees1 & 9 ! ev5+ !y crawl pl5tifully along pa?ways aft] a %[] ( ra94 ,"s may be discov]$ 9 ! holl[ /ems ( umbellif]\s plants1 z ! =ficula1 e>wig4 ,^! insects1 z soon z caught1 may ) a p9 ( a prop] size be /uck ?r\gh ! body1 close to ! suture t runs d[n ! middle ( ! back1 & !n plac$ 9 ! pocket box1 tak+ c>e t !y d n injure "o ano!r f be+ plac$ too close toge!r4 ,or1 if ! collector be dispos$ to procure ?is class ( insects1 he w f9d x v conv5i5t1 & c]ta9ly mu* less cruel1 to c>ry a numb] ( small pill-boxes 9 8 pocket1 9 :i* ! insects may be readily secur$ & kept till he return home1 )\t _! suff]+ any pa92 !y are !n to be imm]s$ 9 boil+ wat]1 t be+ a mo/ exp$iti\s mode ( kill+ !m1 & f> pref]able to _! imm]sion 9 spirits1 9 :i* _m ( !m w live a consid]able "t2#afc !y may aft]w>ds be /uck ?r\gh 9 ! mann] above-m5tion$1 be+ c>eful to make ! p9 pass a suffici5t l5g? ?r\gh ! body ( ! insect1 & !n plac$ on a piece ( smoo? cork4 ,:5 !y h rema9$ 9 ?is situation two1 ?ree1 or f\r days1 or long]1 accord+ to _! size1 ! legs1 ant5n1 c4 are to be ext5d$ ) a pair ( f9e nipp]s or tweez]s1 & plac$ 9 a natural position2 9 :i* !y w1 if prop] c>e be tak5 ( !m1 always rema93 p>ticul> caution %\ld1 h[ev]1 be us$ n to place !m 9 ! /ore box or cab9et till p]fectly dry1 z o!rwise !y w be liable to be infe/$ ) animalcula1 by :i* !y w soon be de/roy$4 #afc 8,! be/ me?od is to inclose !m 9 a *ip box1 & kill !m by expos+ ! box to ! heat ( a fire2 ?is treatm5t w r absorb ?an add to ! sup]flu\s juices ( ! insect1 & greatly contribute to its pres]vation40 ,donovan4 ,,! ,,me?od ,,( ,,collect+ ,,insects ,,call$ ,,hemipt]a4 ,! g5]a conta9$ 9 ?is ord] ( insects are pr9cipally ^!3 viz4 blatta1 ! cockroa*2 mantis1 camel cricket2 gryllus1 locu/1 gras%opp]1 cricket2 cicada1 flea locu/2 cimex or bug4 ,! fir/ ( ^!1 ! cockroa*1 has be5 import$ f w>m] climates1 :]e ^! insects are extremely num]\s1 & f> m tr\blesome4#afd ,!y are f\nd 9 ! greate/ pl5ty "h 9 bakeh\ses1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! night1 _! usual "t ( fe$+2 !y likewise ab\nd 9 corn-mills1 9 %ips1 & 9 all places :]e meal is deposit$4 #afd ,9 ! isl& ( ,s5egal !y d incr$ible mis*ief2 !y gnaw l951 %eets1 wood1 pap]1 books1 &1 9 %ort1 :atev] comes 9 _! way2 !y attack ev5 ! aloes1 ! bitt]ness ( :i* keeps (f all o!r insects4 ,adanson's ,voyage1 p4 #bif4 ,all ^? ( ! next g5us1 mantis1 are =eign2 "s ( !m are extremely rem>kable & curi\s1 & f _! p>ticul> %ape1 z well z _! col\r1 h be5 call$ walk+ leaves2 !y are f\nd 9 mead[s1 on grass1 & on ! leaves ( plants & trees4 ,! grylli mo/ly reside 9 mead[s & fields among ! h]bage2 h[ev] =midable ! mis*ief occasion$ by ! blatt may appe>1 x is trivial :5 comp>$ ) ! ravages ( ! gryllus migratorius or locu/4#afe ,"o species ( ?is g5us1 ! gryllus dome/icus1 resides 9 h\ses1 p>ticul>ly :]e !re are ov5s1 & ent]ta9s ! inhabitants ) ! *irp+ s\nd x emits4 ,mo/ ( ! fulgor or lan?orn-flies are discov]able by ! light :i* proce$s f !m2 ^!1 l ! mant1 are =eign1 & _m ( !m equally curi\s4 ,! cicad are f\nd on trees & plants2 ! notonect & nep frequ5t riv]s1 lakes1 & /&+ wat]s4 ,!re is sc>ce a p]son :o has resid$ any "t 9 a v popul\s place1 b kn[s :]e to f9d "o species ( ! next g5us or cimex1 viz4 t di/+ui%$ by ! "n ( cimex lectul>ius or b$ bug4#aff #afe ,adanson relates1 t soon aft] 8 arrival 9 ,s5egal1 he 0 a witness to ! mis*ief done by locu/s1 t sc\rge s dreadful to hot climates6 ,t[>ds eight o'clock 9 ! morn+ !re sudd5ly arose a ?ick cl\d t d>k5$ ! air1 & ob/ruct$ ! rays ( ! sun2 ! cause ( :i* 0 soon f\nd to be myriads ( locu/s1 rais$ ab\t tw5ty or ?irty fa?oms f ! gr\nd1 & cov]+ an ext5t ( sev]al leagues1 ^u :i* a %[] ( ^! insects fell1 dev\r+ :ile !y re/$ !mselves1 & !n resum+ _! flight4 ,?is cl\d 0 br\ght by a v /rong ea/]ly w9d2 x 0 all ! morn+ pass+ ov] ! adjac5t c\ntry1 & x 0 suppos$ ! same w9d drove ! locu/s into ! sea4 ,!y spread desolation :]ev] !y came2 aft] dev\r+ ! h]bage1 ) ! fruits & leaves ( trees1 !y attack$ ev5 ! buds & ! v b>k2 !y did n s mu* z sp>e ! dry re$s ) :i* ! huts 7 ?at*$4 ,hasselqui/ 9 8 ,voyage to ! ,levant1 says t 8! inhabitants ( ,asia sometimes take ! field aga9/ locu/s ) all ! app>atus ( w>4 ,! ba%aw ( ,tripoli 9 ,syria "s ye>s ago rais$ #djjj soldi]s aga9/ ^! insects1 & ord]$ ^? to be hang$ :o refus$ to g40 ,amid/ ! num]\s bless+s our own fav\r$ isle enjoys1 :at a happ9ess x is to be exempt$ f ! ravages ( ^! p]nici\s insects1 z well z f ! gov]nm5t ( ba%aws6 ,9 ! ye> #agdh great numb]s ( ! grylli migratorii 7 se5 9 ,london & its vic9ity1 b !y 7 n productive ( any mis*ief1 & soon p]i%$4 #aff ,^! unpleasant dome/ics 7 sc>cely obs]v$ 9 ,engl& previ\s to ! fire ( ,london 9 ! ye> #afff4 ,x is conjectur$ t !y 7 aft]w>ds introduc$ ) ! limb] import$ = re-build+ ! h\ses3 all[+ ?is to be ! fact1 po/]ity may console !mselves ) ! inconv5i5ces !y su/a9 f ?is evil1 by reflect+ h[ mu* b5efit !y h d]iv$ 9 o!r respects f ! unhappy cata/rophe :i* produc$ x4 ,^! insects may be kill$ ei!r ) boil+ wat] or a few drops ( ! e!rial oil or _s ( turp5t9e4 ,!y are all ( !m to be /uck ?r\gh ! ?orax or back1 betwixt ! %\ld]s2 ! w+s ( ! grylli & "s ( ! o!rs are to be exp&$1 & kept s by ! little braces1 & _! legs1 ant5n1 c4 plac$ 9 a natural situation4 ,,! ,,me?od ,,( ,,collect+ ,,insects ,,call$ ,,neuropt]a4 ,^? ( ?is class1 ! f\r? ord] ( ,l9nu1 are *iefly aquatic1 resid+ 9 ! wat]s z cat]pill>s1 & fly+ ab\t !m 9 _! p]fect /ate4 ,! pr9cipal g5]a are1 ! libellula1 dragon-fly2 ephem]a1 may-fly2 phryganea1 spr+-fly2 hem]obius1 & panorpa4 ,! libellul are consid]$ by ! g5]ality ( p z conta9+ 9 !m some?+ v5om\s2 & f h5ce1 9 addition to ! epi!t1 alone suffici5tly trem5d\s1 ( dragon-fly1 h obta9$ ! sev]al names ( add]-spe>1 add]-bolt1 horse-/+]1 c4 ,x mu/ be confess$1 t _! %ape1 mann] ( flight1 c4 are su* z might readily raise su* an idea 9 ! m9ds ( ! multitude1 :o b too (t5 =m _! decisions f appe>ances only2 b naturali/s are unaccu/om$ to su* ha/y det]m9ations1 & !y c safely advise ! collector n to be misl$ by t]rific words1 nor intimidat$ f cat*+ !m1 !y be+ p]fectly h>mless1 inde$ m s ?an ! gnats :i* con/itute a "p ( _! food4 ,! butt]fly net already describ$ w be v conv5i5t = cat*+ insects ( ?is ord]1 p>ticul>ly ! libellul4 ,!y are all ( !m easily kill$1 ei!r by pressure ( ! ?orax1 or ) _s ( turp5t9e1 _s ( w9e1 or ! fumes ( sulphur2 ! same means are to be us$ 9 sett+ !m z 9 ! hemipt]a4 ,,! ,,me?od ,,( ,,collect+ ,,insects ,,call$ ,,hym5opt]a4 ,! rem>ks :i* h j be5 made on ! libellul d n apply to insects ( ?is ord]1 ! major "p ( !m be+ arm$ ) /+s2 "s ( :i* are1 h[ev]1 h>mless1 ?\gh o!rs are v5om\s4 ,! pr9cipal g5]a are1 ! t5?r$o1 saw-fly2 i*neumon1 i*neumon-fly2 sphex1 i*neumon-wasp2 vespa1 wasp1 hornet2 apis1 bee2 =mica1 ant2 sirex1 & *rysis4 ,! t5?r$9es are f\nd on trees & fl[]s 9 _! cat]pill> /ate2 !y fe$ on ! leaves ( plants4 ,! i*neumons are f\nd 9 ! same mann]2 9 _! cat]pill> /ate1 !y live *iefly 9 ! bodies ( o!r insects1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! cat]pill>s ( ! mo?s & butt]flies1 z has be5 already m5tion$4 ,! sphex resides pr9cipally 9 s&-banks1 x is also caught on fl[]s1 %rubs & fruits1 & ab\t h$ges2 ?is insect cat*es & kills o!rs1 :i* x buries 9 ! s&1 hav+ previ\sly deposit$ its eggs 9 !m4 ,wasps1 bees1 & ants1 are f\nd on fl[]s & fruits1 & almo/ on e sweet sub/ance4 ,! *rysis1 ( :i* _m species are exce$+ beautiful1 is f\nd fly+ ab\t old walls1 po/s1 s&-banks1 c4 9 :i* x builds its ne/4 ,wasps & bees are ! only w+$ insects t h any great degree ( poison 9 !m1 !y %\ld !re=e be tak5 ) ! =ceps be=e describ$1 & h&l$ cauti\sly on acc\nt ( _! /+s1 :i* are dang]\s4 ,"s1 z ! mytilla1 nak$ bee1 h /+s1 b no poison1 & are to be f\nd on ! fl[]s ( umbellif]\s plants1 :5 ! sun %9es hot 9 ! middle ( ! day2 at :i* "t o!rs1 z ! *rysis1 c4 are also to be met )3 :5 caught1 a p9 is to be /uck ?r\gh !m :il/ 9 ! net4 ,x is v difficult to kill ^! insects )\t injur+ !m 9 "s respect2 boil+ wat] hurts _! w+s1 & ! f9e hairs ) :i* _m ( !m are cov]$2 spirits ( w9e or turp5t9e prove imm$iately fatal to "s1 :il/ o!rs are sc>ce affect$ by !m2 & lett+ !m rema9 transfix$ till !y are dead1 w probably be ?\ght too cruel2 x is said1 t ! be/ me?od hi!rto practis$1 is to /ick !m ?r\gh ) a ne$le dipp$ 9 aqua =tis2 ! sph+es1 & o!r l>ge mo?s1 are likewise kill$ 9 ! same mann] ) ! lea/ injury3 ! read] w adopt ei!r ( ^! me?ods1 or any o!r he may deem exp$i5t4 ,:5 dead1 _! w+s are to be exp&$1 & kept 9 z natural a position z possible4 ,,! ,,me?od ,,( ,,collect+ ,,insects ,,call$ ,,dipt]a4 ,?is ord] conta9s v>i\s k9ds ( flies & gnats2 ! =m] ab\nd 9 almo/ e place1 b !y are f\nd m p>ticul>ly on all k9ds ( plants & fl[]s1 especially on ! umbellif]\s ones1 ab\t ! tops ( trees1 little hills1 c4 ,"s ( !m fly ab\t cattle ( v>i\s k9d1 9 ! sk9s ( :i* !y deposit _! eggs1 z ! oe/rus bovis1 c4 ,^! insects are easily kill$ by a few drops ( _s ( turp5t9e3 _! w+s are to be exp&$ s t _! bodies may become app>5t2 a little brace %\ld be plac$ und]nea? !m1 to prev5t _! bodies be+ too mu* incurvat$ 9 dry+1 :i* !y are v apt to be4 ,_m ( ^! are mo/ easily tak5 :5 !y beg9 to fe$2 =1 9 ! middle ( ! day !y are s quick & active1 t x is almo/ impossible to cat* !m4 ,) reg>d to ! la/ ord] ( insects1 di/+ui%$ by ! t]m ,,apt]a1 !y are s common1 & ! places !y inhabit s g5]ally kn[n1 t any in=mation on ! means ( collect+ !m mu/ be sup]flu\s4 ,"u ?is class are includ$ spid]s1 scorpions1 c5tipes1 crabs1 lob/]s1 c4 c4 ,mo/ ( ^! require to be pres]v$ 9 "s k9d ( _s2 _s ( w9e1 pro( _s1 or g5eva1 are to be pref]r$1 on acc\nt ( _! pellucidness2 ?\gh rum or br&y may1 if no o!r _s be at h&1 answ] ! purpose ( pres]v+1 ?\gh n t ( exhibit+ !m ) equal advantage4 ,^? ( ! g5us canc]1 aft] be+ well dri$ or c>efully bak$1 may be conv5i5tly pres]v$ 9 /ore boxes1 or prop]ly arrang$ 9 a cab9et collection4 ,! small] k9ds ( insects 9 g5]al1 z well z ^? ( ! ord] apt]a1 are be/ dispos$ ( betwe5 talcs 9 slid]s2 su*1 = in/ance1 z ! t]mes pulsatorium1#afg ! sev]al podur1 p$iculi1 pulices1 ac>i1 c4 #afg ,accord+ to ,l9nu1 ?is is ! m9ute insect :i* has be5 long kn[n by ! ,engli% "n ( ! dea?-wat*1 & describ$ by a numb] ( au?ors3 ,l9nu ?us notices x2 8frequ5s 9 domibus1 invisum ve/ibus1 h]b>iis1 insectorum museis4 ,fm9a horologii in/> pulsatoria 9 ligneis fe/ucis40 ,sy/4 ,nat4 p4 #ajae4 ,no4 #b4 ,ge(froy1 h[ev]1 says he is confid5t t x is n f ?is insect1 b f ! d]me/es dome/icus1 7,sy/4 ,nat4 p4 #efc1 ,no4 #ab17 :i* makes ! circul> holes 9 furniture1 t ! tick+ noise proce$s4 ,hi/4 des ,insectes1 ,tom4 ,i4 p4 #aaa4 ,tom4 ,,ii4 p4 #fjb4 ,nei!r ( ^! are l>g] ?an ! p$iculus humanus4 ,aga91 on ! respectable au?ority ( ,dr4 ,%aw1 we are assur$1 t ! insect prop]ly call$ ! dea?-wat* is a coleopt]\s insect ( ! g5us pt9us1 ,sy/4 ,nat4 p4 #efe4 ,! ,doctor says1 8x is *iefly 9 ! advanc$ /ate ( ! spr+ t ?is al>m+ little insect comm5ces its s\nd--! prevail+ numb] ( di/9ct /rokes is f sev5 to n9e or elev5--^! are giv5 9 pretty quick succession1 & are repeat$ at unc]ta9 int]vals2 & 9 old h\ses1 :]e ! insects are num]\s1 may be he>d almo/ e h\r ( ! day1 especially if ! wea!r be w>m4 ,! s\nd exactly resembles t :i* may be made by beat+ mod]ately h>d ) ! nail on a table--,x is ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* 9 l5g?40 ,?is v able naturali/ has di/+ui%$ ! insect by ! "n ( pt9us fatidicus1 ! beat+ pt9us1 & supposes x to be ! same ) ! d]me/es tesselatus ( ,fabricius1 & ! pt9us pulsator ( ,gmel94 ,he also cautions u 8n to conf\nd ?is insect1 :i* is ! real dea?-wat* ( ! vulg>1 emphatically s call$1 ) ano!r insect1 :i* makes a s\nd l ! tick+ ( a wat*1 & :i* cont9ues its s\nd = a long "t )\t int]mission3 x belongs to a totally diff]5t tribe f ! dea?-wat*1 & is ! t]mes pulsatorium ( ,l9naeus40 ,e "o w agree ) ! ,doctor 9 8 rem>k1 t1 8x is a v s+ul> circum/ance t an animal s common %\ld n be m univ]sally kn[n40 ,nat4 ,misc4 vol4 iii4 ,:i*soev] ( ! ?ree above describ$ is ! real insect1 x is well kn[n1 t = a s]ies ( ye>s ! dread ( x has excit$ ! mo/ uneasy s5sations 9 ! m9ds ( ! weak & sup]/iti\s2 an unhappy prejudice :i* exi/s ev5 to ! pres5t h\r1 & _c be totally eradicat$ by all ! p[]s ( reason & argum5t4 ,sir ,?omas ,br[n long s9ce obs]v$1 8,he t c\ld ext+ui% ! t]rify+ appreh5sions h]e(1 might prev5t ! passions ( ! he>t1 & _m cold sweats 9 gr&mo!rs & nurses40 ,pseudodoxia ,epidemica1 ,book ii4 ,*ap4 #g4 ,) ! feel+s ( ^! p]sons a well-kn[n satiri/ sports 9 ! foll[+ l9es3 --------------8a wood worm ,t lies 9 old wood1 l a h>e 9 h] =m3 ,) tee? or ) claws x w bite or w scrat*1 ,& *amb]maids *ri/5 ?is worm a ,,dea?-,,wat*3 ,because l a wat*1 x always cries click1 ,!n woe be to ^? 9 ! h\se :o are sick2 ,= sure z a gun1 !y w give up ! gho/1 ,if ! maggot cries click1 :5 x scrat*es ! po/40 ,swift's ,invective aga9/ ,wood4 ,ano!r poet has also div]t$ himself ) ! same subject3 --------------8,! wea!r's bell ,be=e ! droop+ flock told =? h] knell4 ,! solemn ,,dea?-,,wat* click'd ! h\r %e di$40 ,gay's ,pa/oral ,dirge4 ,x is rem>kable1 t ?\gh ! ignorant despise ! m9ut] p>ts ( creation1 z too insignificant to engage _! notice1 & v5ture to d]ide ^? bett] in=m$ = _! att5tion to su* ,,trifl+ subjects2 yet are ^? ! v p]sons on :om ,,real ,,trifles make ! /ronge/ impressions1 & by ^: cr$ulity an app>5tly insignificant creature has be5 ,,magnifi$1 s z to become an object ( consid]able importance 9 ! scale ( be+s2 =1 z our great dramati/ says ( ! ,,jeal\s3 ------------8,trifles light z air ,are to ! ,,timid confirmations /rong ,z pro(s ( holy writ40 ,z ! collector w h frequ5t occasion = ! use ( cork1 bo? to l9e 8 boxes )1 & to set 8 insects on1 ! foll[+ directions h[ to prep>e x = ^! purposes w be f\nd useful4 ,he may procure ! cork 9 l>ge pieces at any ( ! cork-cutt]s2 ^! mu/ be cut into small] ones1 &1 9 ord] to make ! cork flat1 x is to be held be=e ! fire till ! heat ?or\ghly p5etrate x2 ! cork is !n to be imm$iately plac$ betwixt two smoo? bo>ds1 & a v heavy weight laid on x2 9 :i* situation x mu/ rema9 till cold4 ,?us flatt5$1 x is to be rasp$ on bo? sides1 ) su* a rasp z is us$ by ! bak]s2 aft]w>ds1 ) a f9] "o2 &1 la/ly1 ) a pumice-/one2 by :i* x w be r5d]$ p]fectly smoo?4 ,if ! cork be ?ick1 & ! purpose ( x to l9e boxes1 x may be saw$ ?r\gh ! middle1 & rasp$ z be=e direct$4 ,z1 )\t a due att5tion to ! /ate ( ! atmosph]e1 ! collector may make _m fruitless excursions1 x w be prop] to po9t out to him ! k9d ( wea!r be/ adapt$ = ! purpose ( ensur+ success4 ,if ! day prove f9e1 & ! sun emit mu* w>m?1 insects are v brisk & lively2 if1 on ! contr>y1 ! wea!r %\ld be cold or w9dy1 x w be 9 va9 to attempt cat*+ !m on ! w+1 z at su* times insects 9 g5]al take %elt] )9 ! h]bage1 & in/ead ( fly+ upw>ds1 :i* is usually ! case :5 di/urb$1 !y d>t into ! ?icke/ und]wood2 or %\ld !y rise above ! bu%es1 !y are impetu\sly hurl$ by ! curr5t ( ! w9d f> beyond ! rea* ( ! net2 &1 7 x o!rwise1 ! collector w\ld f9d ! app>atus unmanageable4 ,h>ris says ! g>d5 :ite is z good a tok5 = f9e wea!r z may be2 :5 ^! flies are out 9 ! morn+1 x g5]ally progno/icates a f9e day4 ,at day-break _m insects are on ! w+2 & mo/ k9ds are obs]v$ 9 hot wea!r to come =? aft] ra91 to enjoy ! humidity ( ! air2 ?is is ! be/ "t = collect+1 z _! w+s are less subject to /iff5 be=e !y c be set4 ,! males ( "s1 if n ( e species ( mo?s1 & possibly ( o!r insects1 by a faculty to u incompreh5sible1 are able to discov] ! females1 n only at a great di/ance1 b 9 ! mo/ recluse situations4 ,?is circum/ance has induc$ "s collectors to endeav\r to entrap su* ( ! males z are n easily procur$ by any ( ! common me?ods3 !y enclose ! female 9 a bre$+ box1 & place x z ne> ! usual haunts ( ! species z conv5i5t2 ! males w g5]ally be obs]v$ soon aft] flutt]+ on ! box1 & endeav\r+ to ga9 admission to ! females4 ,?is artifice has be5 repeat$ly practis$ ) success on ! fox & egg] mo?s4 ,e species has its di/9ct "t = appe>ance1 :i* is seldom accel]at$ or ret>d$ a few days1 unless by ! unusual mildness or inclem5cy ( ! season4 ,if a brood ( insects be discov]$ at a c]ta9 season ( ! ye>1 a brood ( ! same species w be f\nd precisely at1 or ne> ! same p]iod ( ! ye> foll[+1 except by accid5t !y %\ld h be5 de/roy$4 ,not)/&+ ! obs]vation holds good 9 g5]al1 x is a fact t "s insects are v v>iable 9 ?is respect2 = in/ance1 ! sph9x convolvuli1 unicorn hawk-mo?1 & ! papilio hyale1 cl\d$-yell[ butt]fly1 7 common ab\t ,london 9 ! ye> #agha1 b h be5 v sc>ce s9ce t "t1 especially ! =m]2 ! papilio c>dui1 pa9t$ lady1 sometimes disappe>s = sev]al ye>s4 ,! papilio antiopa1 gr& surprize or ,camb]well beauty1 0 fir/ discov]$ 9 ! ye> #agdh1 9 ,cold-arb\r lane1 ,camb]well1 & has occasionally disappe>$ = "s ye>s2 a few seasons s9ce sev]al 7 tak5 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! k+dom2 subsequ5t to :i* p]iod1 x is n kn[n t ev5 "o specim5 has be5 se54 ,x has be5 repeat$ly asc]ta9$1 t1 z ) plants1 s x is ) insects1 "s k9ds are conf9$ to "o p>ticul> spot ( gr\nd1 & are n to be f\nd 9 any o!r "p ( ! same wood2 consequ5tly1 ! haunts be+ once discov]$1 ! collector may be enc\rag$ to expect meet+ ) "s ( ! same species = sev]al seasons successively4 ,m9ute mo?s are to be f\nd 9 w9t] z well z summ]4 ,x w\ld be sc>cely cr$ible1 did n exp]i5ce prove1 t :5 ! fro/ is s int5se1 z to entirely subv]t ! appe>ance & almo/ annihilate ! exi/5ce ( vegetable productions1 )9 its influ5ce myriads ( ^! delicately-=m$ creatures brave ! inclem5t season1 & exi/ securely )9 ^? habitations :i* !y h ! address to con/ruct4 ,a skilful entomologi/ may at ?is season 9 a few h\rs collect a numb] ( ! coleopt]a1 hemipt]a1 & lepidopt]a ord]s2 sev]al ( :i* are n to be obta9$1 b 9 v cold wea!r4 ,^! insects usually %elt] !mselves among ! moss & o!r extrane\s matt]s gr[+ on ! trunks or bran*es ( trees1 or b5ea? ! rott5 b>k2 ^! sub/ances %\ld be %ut close 9 a box or t9 cani/]1 to prev5t ! escape ( ^? insects t may be reviv$ by ! w>m?4 ,to exam9e !m1 ,donovan recomm5ds spread+ a %eet ( writ+ pap] on a table1 & plac+ a lamp or c&le1 ) a %ade ( transp>5t or oil$ pap] be=e y1 s z to weak5 ! gl>e2 sep>ate ! moss1 & %ake x loosely 9 y\r h&1 & y w p]ceive _m insects fall d[n on ! pap]4 ,if !y be too m9ute to admit ( a p9 be+ ?ru/ ?r\gh ! ?orax1 !y may be fa/5$ ) gum-wat] to small slips ( pap]4 ,,g5]al ,,in/ructions ,,= ,,fitt+ ,,up ,a ,,cab9et4 ,to ^? :o delight 9 subjects ( natural hi/ory1 a good cab9et ( insects is e/eem$ a valuable acquisition3 if x be well con/ruct$1 & ! sev]al objects arrang$ ) judgm5t1 x c]ta9ly exhibits "o ( ! mo/ beautiful & admirable assemblages ( objects 9 nature4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 :o are dispos$ to make a collection suffici5tly ext5sive to =m a complete "o1 w f9d x necess>y to devote a great deal ( "t to ! purpose1 z well z to be endu$ ) a consid]able %>e ( p]sev]ance & +5uity2 ^? :o are possess$ ( afflu5ce w f9d x f> less difficult to acquire "o4 ,! cab9et1 to appe> ) t elegance :i* ! subject des]ves1 %\ld be ( mahogany1 well season$1 & made by a good workman 9 su* a mann] t all ! jo9ts may fit ) ! greate/ nicety2 ! =m & size may be accord+ to fancy1 or ! ext5t ( ! collection int5d$ to be made4 ,to =m a cab9et suffici5tly capaci\s to receive specim5s ( all ! ,engli% insects hi!rto discov]$1 ^? except$ :i*1 z be=e obs]v$1 are bett] pres]v$ 9 spirits or betwe5 slid]s1 ,i w\ld recomm5d "o on ! foll[+ plan3 ,! height may be ab\t ?ree feet f\r in*es1 ! wid? two feet f\r in*es1 & ! dep? "o foot f\r in*es1 inclos$ ) fold+ doors1 & provid$ ) a good lock4 ,! inside to be p>tition$ d[n ! middle1 s z to admit ( a range ( twelve squ>e draw]s on ea* side2 "u ^!1 two or ?ree draw]s may be fitt$ ext5d+ ! :ole wid?1 to admit ! l>g] k9ds ( insects1 su* z ! sph+es1 cancri1 c4 ! sides & backs ( all ^! draw]s %\ld be ( c$>1 & ! fronts mahogany1 ) a brass r+ or button to ea*4 ,! cork ) :i* _! bottoms are l9$1 mu/ be *os5 z free f cracks z possible1 &1 aft] be+ wa%$ sev]al times ) a solution ( corrosive sublimate 9 _s ( w9e1 to de/roy ! animalcula1 glu$ on to prev5t its w>p+4 ,! :ole surface mu/ be made p]fectly smoo? & level1 & ?is1 z well z ! sides1 cov]$ ) imp]ial pap] c>efully pa/$ on1 & aft]w>ds moi/5$ ) alum-wat]4 ,! pap] %\ld be exactly rul$ into squ>es proportion$ to ! size ( ! insects !y are int5d$ to conta92 & ! names ( ea* ord] & g5us affix$ accord+ to ! sy/em ( ,l9nu4 ,by way ( embelli%m5t1 ! edges may be l9$ all r\nd ! draw]s ) n>r[ slips ( "s k9d ( ornam5tal pap]4 ,! =e-"p ( ea* draw] %\ld h a ?9 p>tition to admit ( a prop] quantity ( camphor1 ) a numb] ( small air-holes = ! m ready diffusion ( its effluvia to ! insects conta9$ 9 ! draw]3 ! tops ( ^! p>titions mu/ be clos$ ) ?9 slips ( wood laid on !m & fitt$ ) nicety1 b n glu$4 ,to prev5t ! admission ( du/ & air1 & exhibit ! cont5ts to advantage1 ! top ( ea* draw] mu/ be glaz$ ) ! f9e/ glass1 fitt$ into a frame ( ! same size z ! draw]1 made ei!r to slide 9 a groove1 or let 9 on a rabbet4 ,hav+ proce$$ ?us f>1 x w be adviseable to let ! cab9et be ?or\ghly air$1 be=e any insects are deposit$ 9 x1 & to be p>ticul>ly c>eful t all ! insects s deposit$ be z free z possible f moi/ure2 if ! cab9et be !n con/antly kept 9 a dry situation1 ! camphor occasionally r5ew$1 & ! air exclud$1 !re is e reason to expect t ! sev]al insects may be = a long "t pres]v$ 9 a /ate ( p]fection4 ,if1 not)/&+ all ^! precautions1 little du/y p>ticles %\ld appe> on any ( ! insects1 :i* is a c]ta9 sign ( ! pres5ce ( animalcula1 !y %\ld be g5tly wip$ ) a hair p5cil dipp$ 9 _s ( w9e1 or c>efully remov$ into a *ip box & plac$ on ! side ( a ,ba? /ove = a %ort "t2 by ^! means1 if e>ly att5d$ to1 !y w be suffici5tly bak$ to prev5t future injury4 ,a /rict adh]5ce to ! above p>ticul>s1 enabl$ me to pres]ve ! cont5ts ( ! cab9et =m]ly 9 my possession1 n[ ! prop]ty ( ,sir ,john ,/4 ,aubyn1 ,b>t4 ,f4 ,r4 ,l4 ,s4 = sev]al ye>s 9 ! mo/ p]fect condition1 ?\gh conta9+ consid]ably above #bjjj articles4 ,)9 ! same space ( "t1 to my c]ta9 k1 sev]al valuable collections h be5 ei!r totally de/roy$1 or v mat]ially injur$2 z :5 once ! depr$ations comm5ce1 ! de/ruction proce$s ) rapidity1 if n spe$ily prev5t$4 ,^? :o are desir\s ( enri*+ _! collection ) ! productions ( o!r climes1 w require a cab9et mu* m ext5sive1 or1 z ! subject may be said to be inexhau/ible1 may devote sev]al to exotic insects only4 ,! collection made by ,mr4 ,drury be+1 ,i believe1 ! mo/ sup]b :i* has ev] appe>$ 9 ?is k+dom1 x may prove agreeable to _m ( my read]s to give !m a concise acc\nt ( x4 ,x is conta9$ 9 five l>ge cab9ets1 & consi/s ( two divisions2 fir/1 ^? f\nd 9 ?is c\ntry1 &1 secondly1 ^? procur$ f v>i\s qu>t]s ( ! globe4 ,! ,engli% collection conta9s #bcbd diff]5t insects1 & ! =eign "o #ejff2 total1 #gchj3 ! latt] comprises ( coleopt]a1 #agaf2 hemipt]a1 #fgf2 lepidopt]a1 #agci2 neuropt]a1 #abb2 hym5opt]a1 #dgb2 dipt]a1 #cab2 apt]a1 #bi4 ,! :ole ( ?is magnific5t collection is regul>ly arrang$1 accord+ to ! ,l9nean sy/em1 9 #add draw]s4 ,"s ( ! mo/ beautiful objects 9 ?is collection are exhibit$ & fully describ$ 9 a "w publi%$ by ,mr4 ,drury1 9 ?ree vols4 qu>to1 conta9+ on #aej plates ab\t #gjj elegantly col\r$ specim5s4 ,! climate ( ,asia is p>ticul>ly fav\rable to ! production ( num]\s articles 9 ! sev]al bran*es ( natural hi/ory unkn[n to1 or n natives ( ,europe2 especially ^? ( ! lepidopt]a ord] ( insects1 numb]s ( :i* are rem>kably l>ge1 & exhibit a v>iety ( ! mo/ beautiful col\rs4 ,?is induces g5tlem51 previ\s to _! dep>ture = ,india1 to furni% !mselves ) cab9ets at a consid]able exp5se1 anticipat+ ! satisfaction !y %all enjoy dur+ _! resid5ce !re1 9 arrang+ & deposit+ !re9 ! sev]al articles !y purpose collect+1 & ent]ta9+ _! fri5ds ) a view ( !m4 ,besides ?is1 !y receive commissions f _! ,european fri5ds to collect & remit to !m z _m z !y c1 nei!r p>ty conceiv+ t ?is w\ld be att5d$ ) any consid]able degree ( tr\ble or inconv5i5ce4 ,x may1 !re=e1 n be amiss to introduce "h :at ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,john1 "o ( ! ,dani% mission>ies at ,tranqueb>1 says on ! subject4#afh 8,! ra9y season is 9 ! highe/ degree injuri\s to collections 9 e "p ( natural hi/ory1 %ells & m9]als except$4 ,to obta9 a p]man5t cab9et1 if n impossible1 is at lea/ v difficult & exp5sive4 ,insects1 unless c>efully pres]v$ 9 close cases1 well secur$ f ! accession ( ! smalle/ p>ticle ( air1 are soon cov]$ ) m\ld9ess2 nor are dri$ fi%1 /uff$ birds1 sk9s ( animals1 plants1 c4 exempt$ f ?is inconv5i5ce2 if n frequ5tly expos$ to ! rays ( ! sun or dri$ 9 ov5s1 myriads ( animalcula 9 a %ort "t =m a settlem5t & inevitably de/roy !m4 ,all ! cab9ets receiv$ f ,europe1 l9$ 9 ! accu/om$ mann] ) cork or deal1 are "h on ?is acc\nt totally useless1 besides _! be+ soon disjo9t$ by ! heat ( ! climate4 ,sail clo?1 well pit*$ & ext5d$ on frames1 is f> bett] calculat$ to answ] ! purpose2 a numb] ( ^! may be plac$ "o above ano!r1 at a conv5i5t di/ance1 & ! :ole support$ on light feet3 to r5d] !m m pleasant to ! eye1 ! l95 may be cov]$ z mo/ agreeable ei!r ) :ite or col\r$ pap]4 ,ev5 ! e*9i1 & ! small] m>9e plants1 attract s mu* dampness z to lose _! col\rs & spicul1 & fall to pieces1 especially if !y h n = "s "t be5 previ\sly soak$ 9 fre% wat]1 9 ord] to deprive !m ( _! sal9e p>ticles4 ,/uff$ birds1 c4 lose _! fea!rs or hair1 & ! m s(t & t5d] p>ts fall (f4 ,consequ5tly1 if no %ips g f h5ce dur+ ! mon? ( ,octob]1 b are deta9$ till ,febru>y1 ! major "p ( :at ,i h collect$ = su* ( my fri5ds 9 ,europe :o are admir]s ( ! wond]ful works ( ! ,creator1 w be lo/ to myself & !m1 besides subject+ me to ! imputation ( a want ( att5tion & gratitude = fav\rs previ\sly receiv$1 ?an :i* no?+ c be f>!r f my he>t40 #afh ,neu]e ,ges*i*te d] ,missions ,an/alt54 #dh /ck4 ,halle #agif4 ,! above rem>ks1 x is hop$1 w af=d "s useful h9ts to g5tlem5 int5d+ to visit ,india2 z well z plead 9 ju/ification ( ^? :o1 unacqua9t$ ) ! difficulty ( pres]v+ collections 9 s w>m a climate1 h previ\s to _! dep>ture precipitately made promises to _! fri5ds1 :i* = want ( be+ realiz$1 h too frequ5tly expos$ !m to unm]it$ c5sure4 ,a ,,copi\s ,,li/ ,,( ,,microscopic ,,objects4 ,9 ! introductory "p to our au?or's li/ ( objects 9 ,*ap4 ,x4 he v ju/ly obs]ves1 t f ! nature ( ! subject ! li/ mu/ be v imp]fect1 c4 x is n ) ! va9 idea ( r5d]+ t complete :i* he has left imp]fect1 & :i* inde$ mu/ ev] rema9 s1 t ! foll[+ g5]al li/ is introduc$2 b pr9cipally ) ! view ( /ill f>!r assi/+ ! tyro1 & po9t+ out a v>iety ( articles1 t might n o!rwise s readily occur to him4 ,9 mo/ in/ances1 ,i h m5tion$ :]e ! objects may be s\ght = ) a probability ( success2 to h describ$ !m w\ld h exce$$ my limits4 ,! specim5 "h giv51 w conv9ce ! read]1 t x w\ld be no v difficult task1 s to enl>ge ?is li/1 z to con/itute a volume2 b1 x is presum$1 t 9 its pres5t /ate x w be f\nd suffici5tly ext5sive1 & ( consid]able utility4 ,to ^? :o are already conv]sant ) ! subject1 x may prove acceptable z a k9d ( index to assi/ _! memories2 & to su* z may be dispos$ to =m a cab9et1 x w s]ve ! purposes ( direct+ !m 9 _! *oice ( ! pr9cipal objects1 & exhibit+ "s idea ( ! mann] 9 :i* !y are to be arrang$4 ,i4 ,,animals1 ,,& ,,_! ,,p>ts4 ,,! ,,human ,,species1 ,,quadrup$s1 ,c4 ,! human hair ,horse hair ,hog's bri/les ,m\se hair ,smell]s ( cats1 tyg]s1 c4 ,cuticle1 or sc>f sk9 ( ! human body ,! sk9 itself ,membrana adiposa ,muscul> fibres ,n]ves ,art]ies & ve9s ,inte/9es or guts ,lacteals ,lympha ducts ,lungs ,liv] ,pancreas1 c4 ,bra9 ,eye1 its coats1 hum\rs1 c4 ,nose1 its ossa spongiosa1 c4 ,e>1 its hair1 wax1 tympanum1 c4 ,tongue1 its fibres1 n]v\s papill1 c4 ,blood1 its globules1 circulation1 c4 ,nails & ho(s 9 ?9 slices ,bones1 c4 c4 ,,objects ,,peculi> ,,to ,,birds4 ,fea!rs & _! plumage ,pi? ( ditto cut transv]sely ,r$ combs & gills ( cocks ,scaly sk9 ( ! legs ,web or membrane ( wat]f[l ,fle%y fibres1 p>ticul>ly ! gizz>d ,eggs1 _! beautiful te9ts ,col\r$ iris ( ! eye 9 "s1 c4 ,! brea/ bones & scapul ( small birds2 to :i* may be add$1 ,! membranace\s w+s ( ! bat ,,objects ,,peculi> ,,to ,,fi%es4 ,_m ( ^! exhibit mo/ beautiful objects1 f ! elegant v>iety ( ! col\rs & te9ts ( _! sk9s & scales ,_! sp9es ,f9s ,fle%y fibres ,sp]m or h>d roe ,tee? ,bra9 ,eye1 its iris ,lungs & o!r visc]a ,gills ,circulation ( ! blood 9 ! f9s & tails ( small fi%es ,%ells ( mo/ k9d ( %ell-fi% ,fimbri or fr+$ extremities ( %ells1 c4 ,,insects4 #a4 ,coleopt]a4 ,! entire insect if n too l>ge ,! head ,ant5n ,w+s ,elytra ,legs1 c4 ,sc>abu auratus1 rose-*aff]2 on fl[]s ,d]me/es dome/icus1 ! dea?-wat* ( ,ge(froy ,d]me/es pulic>is1 flea beetle2 on fl[]s ,pt9us pect9icornis2 9 old trunks ( will[s ,pt9us fur2 v de/ructive 9 cab9ets ,pt9us fatidicus 7,%aw7 dea?-wat*1 see page #fhh4 ,gyr9us natator1 wat]-flea ,byrrhus scrophul>ia2 on fl[]s ,silpha pu/ulata2 on trees ,silpha aquatica ,silpha pulic>ia2 frequ5tly runn+ on fl[]s ,cassida viridis on v]ticillat$ plants & ?i/les ,cassida nebulosa2 on ?i/les ,cassida nobilis ,cocc9ella1 #b punctata2 on ald] & o!r trees ,cocc9ella1 #e punct4 9 g>d5s ,cocc9ella1 #g punct4 lady-c[ or lady-bird ,cocc9ella1 #i punct4 on trees ,cocc9ella1 #ad punct4 ,cocc9ella1 #af punct4 ,cocc9ella1 #bb punct4 ,cocc9ella1 #ad guttata2 9 woods ,cocc9ella1 #b pu/ulata2 on trees & fl[]s ,*rysomela tanaceti2 on tansy ,*rysomela alni2 on common ald] ,*rysomela betul2 on bir* trees ,*rysomela polygoni2 on grass ,*rysomela polita2 on will[s ,*rysomela populi2 on popl> trees ,*rysomela sangu9ol5ta2 9 woods ,*rysomela hyoscyami2 on h5bane ,*rysomela exsoleta2 9 g>d5s ,*rysomela #ab punctata2 on ,*rysomela asp>agi2 asp>agus ,curculio cyaneus2 on will[s ,curculio c]asi2 on black *]ry trees ,curculio pruni2 on *]ry trees ,curculio acridulus2 on plants ( ! g5us tetradynamia ,curculio gran>ius1 weevil ,curculio dorsalis2 on ! less] cel&9e ,curculio p9i2 on ,scot* fir ,curculio lapa?i2 on docks1 p>ticul>ly wat] dock ,curculio scab]2 on nettles ,curculio qu]cus2 on leaves ( oak ,curculio visc>i2 on ly*nis visc>ia ,curculio p]ic>pius2 on fig-wort ,curculio betul2 on bir* & ald] ,curculio beccabung2 on v]onica beccabunga ,curculio alni2 on leaves ( ald] ,curculio fagi2 on bee* trees ,curculio pomorum2 on apple trees ,curculio nucum2 9 hazel nuts ,curculio scrophul>i2 on fig-wort ,curculio tortrix2 9 ! twi/$ leaves ( popl>s ,curculio pyri2 on pe> trees ,curculio arg5tatus2 9 g>d5s ,c]ambyx mos*atus2#afi on will[s1 roses1 c4 ,lampyris noctiluca2 gl[worm ,can?>is nea2 on fl[]s ,elat] ca/aneus2 on ! b>k ( trees 9 woods ,elat] sangu9eus2 on ! b>k ( trees ,cic9dela rip>ia2 on wet ,cic9dela aquatica2 s&y gr\nd ,dytiscus c9]eus2 wat] ,dytiscus sulcatus2 ,c>abus granulatus2 9 fields ne> ,london ,c>abus crepitans2 "u /ones ,c>abus #f punctatus2 on s& ne> brooks ,c>abus #d maculatus2 on s&y banks ( riv]s ,mordella aculeata2 on fl[]s ,/aphyl9us mur9us2 on horse-dung ,/aphyl9us rip>ius2 on wet s& ,/aphyl9us *rysomel9us2 on s& & ne> walls ,=ficula auricul>ia1 e>wig ,=ficula m9or1 small ditto #afi ,i h caught great numb]s ( ^! on :ite rose trees & rasp-b]ry bu%es1 9 ! vic9ity ( ,london2 _! smell has to me always appe>$ approa*+ ne>] to t ( oil ( rhodium ?an ( musk4 #b4 ,hemipt]a4 ,p>ts to be view$ ! same z ! ,coleopt]a ,blatta ori5talis2 9 bakeh\ses & ne> *imnies ,gryllo-talpa1 mole-cricket2 *iefly "u gr\nd ,gryllus dome/icus1 h\se-cricket ,gryllus campe/ris2 "u gr\nd ,gryllus grossus1 common grass-hopp] ,gryllus v]rucivorus1 great gre5 grass-hopp] ,cicada cornuta2 on trees1 c4 ,cicada spum>ia1 black-head$ frog-hopp]1 cuck[-spit1 or fro?-worm2 9 fro? on sundry plants ,cicada viridis2 on wat] plants ,cicada ulmi2 on elms ,cicada ros2 on rose trees ,notonecta glauca1 common boat-fly2 swims on its back 9 smoo? wat] ,notonecta /riata1 br[n boat-fly2 on wat] ,notonecta m9utissima1 little boat-fly2 swims on its back ,nepa c9]ea1 wat] scorpion2 on wat] ,nepa cimicoides2 on wat] ,nepa l9e>is2 on /agnant wat] ,cimex lectul>ius1 b$ bug ,cimex sc>aboides2 on fl[]s 9 mead[s ,cimex corticalis2 on trees ,cimex betul2 on bir* trees ,cimex filicis2 on f]n ,cimex bacc>um2 on gooseb]ry bu%es ,cimex p]sonatus2 9 h\ses ,cimex hyoscyami1 sc>let bug2 on h5bane ,cimex umbratilis2 on fl[]s ,cimex /riatus2 9 woods ne> ,hamp/ead ,cimex populi2 9 woods1 p>ticul>ly on ! trunk ( ! popl> ,cimex abietis2 on ,scot* fir ,cimex lacu/ris2 runs quick on /ill wat] ,cimex /agnorum2 on /agnant wat]s ,aphis ribis1 currant l\se2 on ! bu%es ,aphis ulmi1 elm ,aphis sambuci1 eld] ,aphis rumicis1 dock ,aphis aceos1 sorrel ,aphis ly*nidis1 campion ,aphis ros1 rose ,aphis tili1 lime ,aphis brassic1 cabbage ,aphis son*i1 s[ ?i/le ,aphis c>dui1 ?i/le ,aphis tanaceti1 tansey ,aphis abs9?ii1 wormwood ,aphis jace1 knapese$ ,aphis betul1 bir* ,aphis fagi1 bee* ,aphis qu]cus1 oak2 "u ! b>k ,aphis salicis1 will[ ,aphis populi1 popl> ,aphis ac]is1 maple2 on ! leaves ,aphis atriplicis2 roll$ up 9 ! leaves ( ! grass-leav$ ora* ,*]mes gram9is2 on grass ,*]mes pyri2 on pe> trees ,*]mes scorbi2 on m\nta9 a% ,*]mes urtic2 on nettles ,*]mes alni2 on common ald] ,*]mes qu]cus2 on leaves ( oak ,*]mes abietes2 on fir ,*]mes frax9i2 on a% trees ,coccus hesp]idum1 gre5h\se bug2 on orange trees ,coccus betul2 on ! div>ications ( ! bran*es ( bir* trees ,coccus phil>ides2 on can>y grass ,?rips junip]a2 on b>k ( old trees ,?rips fasciata2 on fl[]s ,?rips physapus2 on d&elion1 c4 p4 #cej4 #c4 ,lepidopt]a4 ,_! w+s1 scales1 & fea!rs1 tongue or proboscis1 head1 eyes1 ant5n1 *rysalides1 eggs1 legs1 c4 ,papilio c>dam9es1 orange tip2 9 h$ge sides ,papilio ,io1 peacock2 9 lanes & h$ge sides ,papilio ,mra1 great ,argus or wall2 on walls & banks ,papilio gala!a1 :ite m>bl$2 9 mead[ ,papilio c>dui1 pa9t$ lady2 on furzes & teazles ,papilio ,iris1 purple emp]or2 9 woods ,papilio poly*toros1 l>ge tortoise-%ell2 9 lanes ,papilio urtic1 small tortoise-%ell2 on banks ,papilio maturna1 hea? fritill>y2 on hea?s ,papilio c9xia1 glanville or planta9 fritill>y2 mead[s ,papilio paphia1 silv] wa% or great fritill>y2 9 woods ,papilio aglaja1 d>k gre5 fritill>y2 9 woods ,papilio cuphrosyne1 pe>l bord] fritill>y2 9 woods ,papilio qu]cus1 purple hair /reak2 9 bu%es ,papilio rubi1 bramble or gre52 9 woods ,papilio pamphilus1 small gate keep]2 9 mead[s ,sph9x ocellata1 ey$ hawk mo?2 on will[s ,sph9x populi1 popl> hawk mo?2 popl>s & will[s ,sph9x tili1 lime hawk mo?2 on lime tree b>k ,sph9x convolvuli1 unicorn hawk mo?2 9 fields :]e b9dwe$ gr[s ,sph9x ligu/ri1 privet hawk mo?2 9 privet h$ges ,sph9x atropos1 jasm9e hawk mo?1 bee-tyg]1 or dea? head2 9 potatoe fields ,sph9x elp5or1 elephant mo?2 on v9es1 convolvulus1 c4 ,sph9x /ellat>um1 l>ge bee mo?1 or humm+ bird2 9 g>d5s on fl[]s ,sph9x filip5dul1 burnet mo?2 on grass 9 mead[s ,phalna pavonia1 emp]or2 on osi] gr\nds ,phalna rubi1 fox2 ne> woods ,phalna p9i1 p9e lappet2 on p9es ,phalna v9ula1 puss2 on b>ks ( trees ,phalna neu/ria1 lacky2 ?orns ,phalna caja1 great tyg]2 on banks ,phalna villica1 cream spot tyg]2 on banks :i* face ! ris+ sun ,phalna mona*a1 black ar*es2 9 woods ,phalna salicis1 :ite satt92 9 will[ b>k ,phalna zigzag1 pebble2 ibid4 ,phalna cossus1 goat2 p4 #ccd ,phalna libatrix1 furbel[ ,phalna jacob1 c9nab> or p9k und]w+2 commons ,phalna pronuba1 l>ge yell[ und]w+2 9 g>d5s ,phalna fe/uc1 gold spot2 9 dit*es ne> m>%es ,phalna psi1 grey dagg]2 9 b>k ( will[s ,phalna meticulosa1 angl$ %ades2 on nettles ,phalna ac]is1 sycamore tussock2 ne> sycamores ,phalna exsoleta1 sword grass2 9 m>%es ,phalna oxyacan?1 ,eal+'s glory2 9 h$ges at ,eal+ ,phalna pisi1 broom1 or fav\rite2 9 mead[s ,phalna amat>ia1 buff argus2 9 lanes ,phalna syr+>ia1 ,ri*mond beauty2 9 h$ges ,phalna prun>ia1 orange2 9 lanes & h$ges ,phalna v]ticalis1 "m ( pe>l2 on nettles ,phalna evonymella1 small erm9e2 9 or*>ds ,phalna salicella1 rose2 g>d5s ,phalna s>citella2 frequ5t 9 h\ses ,phalna granella2 9 h\ses & gran>ies ,phalna pomonella1 codl+ or apple tree2 9 or*>ds ,phalna didactyla1 br[n-fea!r$2 among nettles ,phalna p5tadactyla1 :ite-fea!r$2 9 woods ,phalna hexadactyla1 _m-fea!r$2 on ! lonic]a1 c4 #d4 ,neuropt]a4 ,_! w+s1 head1 eyes1 ant5n1c4 ,libellula depressa ,libellula nea ,libellula gr&is ,libellula =cipata ,libellula virgo ,libellula puella ,ephem]a vulgata ,ephem]a vesp]t9a ,ephem]a culici=mis ,ephem]a hor>ia ,ephem]a /riata ,phryganea bicaudata ,phryganea nebulosa ,phryganea /riata ,phryganea rhomboidica ,phryganea flavilat]a ,phryganea nigra ,phryganea longicornis ,hem]obius p]la1 gold5 eye2 on plants1 page #bjf ,hem]obius *rysops ,hem]obius sexpunctatus ,hem]obius =mic>um ,panorpa communis2 mead[s #e4 ,hym5opt]a4 ,w+s1 /+1 proboscis1 c4 ,cynips glecom2 9 tub]cles on leaves ( gr\nd-ivy4 ,cynips qu]cus bacc>um2 9 small tub]cles on ! "u side ( oak leaves ,cynips qu]cus folii2 9 l>ge tub]cles on oak leaves ,cynips qu]cus petioli2 9 tub]cles on ! petiolus ( oak leaves ,cynips qu]cus gemmae2 9 ! l>ge imbricat$ galls on ! extreme buds ( oak trees ,t5?r$o luta2 on will[1 ald]1 bir* ,t5?r$o ru/ica2 on will[s ,t5?r$o scrophul>i2 on fig-wort ,t5?r$o ros2 on rose trees ,t5?r$o cynosbati2 on hips ,t5?r$o capr2 on will[s ,i*neumon comitator2 9 wasps ne/s ,i*neumon manife/ator2 woods ,i*neumon pup>um2 9 ! *rysalides ( butt]flies ,i*neumon aphidum2 bre$s 9 ! bodies ( aphides ,i*neumon globatus2 bre$s 9 :ite silky balls ab\t "o in* long1 :i* are f\nd on diff]5t plants 9 mead[s ,i*neumon glom]atus2 bre$s 9 ! cat]pill> ( ! cabbage butt]fly ,i*neumon pect9icornis2 9 ! *rysalides ( butt]flies ,sphex viatica ,sphex cribr>ia ,*rysis ignita2 9 walls ,vespa crabro1 hornet2 builds 9 holl[ trees ,vespa vulg>is1 common wasp ,vespa co>ctata1 small wasp ,apis c5tuncul>is2 builds 9 old trees ,apis rufa1 small field bee ,apis mellitica1 common hive bee ,apis manicata2 on fl[]s ,apis conica2 builds on ! gr\nd ,apis t]re/ris1 humble bee2 builds deep 9 ! gr\nd ,apis subt]ranea1 great humble bee ,=mica h]culeana1 horse ant1 l>ge ,=mica rufa2 9 g>d5s ,=mica fusca1 br[n1 common ant ,=mica nigra1 black ,=mica rubra1 little r$ ant #f4 ,dipt]a4 ,oe/rus bovis1 breeze or gad fly1 see page #bid1 note ,oe/rus hmorrhoidalis1 see page #bie1 note ,oe/rus ovis1 grey fly1 see page #bif1 note ,tipula crocata2 9 mead[s ,tipula lunata2 ibid4 ,tipula cornic9a2 ibid4 ,tipula plumosa1 sea tipula1 resembles a gnat1 & is frequ5tly mi/ak5 = x ,tipula littoralis2 on trees ,tipula monilis2 9 mead[s & on w9d[s1 c4 ,musca *amleon1 p4 #bdh ,musca morio2 9 g>d5s ,musca pyra/ri2 ibid4 ,musca m5?a/ri2 fl[]s ,musca pipi5s2 on m9t1 c4 ,musca inanis2 on fl[]s ,musca pelluc5s2 on rose trees ,musca cs>2 9 woods & g>d5s ,musca cadav]9a2 on fle% ,musca vomitoria1 blue fle% fly ,musca c>n>ia1 common fle% fly ,musca dome/ica1 common h\se fly ,musca cell>is2 frequ5tly f\nd dead 9 w9e & v9eg> ,musca putris2 bre$s 9 *eese & dung ,musca /]cor>ia2 on dung ,musca vibrans2 on trees ,musca flava2 on fl[]s ,musca sol/itialis2 on ?i/les ,tabanus bov9us1 great horse fly ,tabanus pluvialis2 9 mead[s ,culex pipi5s1 common gnat1 see page #ahg note1 #fbc ,culex bifurcatus2 9 wat]y places ,culex pulic>is2 9 g>d5s 9 ! spr+ ,conops calcitrans1 diff]s f ! common fly1 9 hav+ a %>p h>d proboscis1 ) :i* x /rikes our legs 9 autumn ,conops macrocephala2 9 mead[s ,asilus craboni=mis1 hornet fly2 9 wet mead[s ,asilus =cipatus2 9 g>d5s ,asilus morio2 9 wet woods ,bombylius major1 humble bee fly1 sucks fl[]s )\t re/+ on !m ,bombylius m$ius2 hov]s 9 ! air l a hawk1 & d>ts ) great cel]ity ,bombylius m9or2 9 ,ca5 wood1 ne> ,hamp/ead ,hippobosca equ9a2 fa/5s on dogs & cattle ,hippobosca hirund9is2 9 swall[s' ne/s #g4 ,apt]a4 ,lepisma sac*>9a2 9 ! jo9ts ( sa% w9d[s t are wet & seldom op5$ ,podura viridis2 on plants 9 ,april ,podura plumbea2 on trees1 solit>y ,podura villosa2 on /ones ,podura aquatica2 num]\s on ! leaves ( aquatic plants ,t]mes pulsatorium1 ! dea?-wat* ( ,l9nu1 p4 #fhh1 note ,p$iculus humanus1 common l\se1 see p4 #fai ,p$iculus pubis1 crab l\se ,p$iculus bovis1 cattle ,p$iculus vituli1 ibid4 ,p$iculus corvi1 rav5 ,p$iculus gall91 capon ,p$iculus columb1 pidgeon ,pulex irritans2 see page #faf ,ac>us r$uvius1 %eep l\se or tick ,ac>us ric9us1 dog tick ,ac>us pass]9us2 on _m species ( small birds ,ac>us aquaticus2 on /agnant wat]1 swims quick ,ac>us holos]iceus1 sc>let spid]2 on ! gr\nd & on plants ,ac>us coleoptratorum1 beetle-tick2 hundr$s are f\nd on ! belly ( a beetle ,ac>us longicornis2 "u /ones1 c4 ,phalangium opilio1 long-legg$ spid] ,phalangium cancroides1 scorpion tick2 on g>d5 pots1 sometimes 9 h\ses ,aranea cucurbit9a2 on fruit trees ,aranea labyr9?ica2 9 fields ,aranea dome/ica1 h\se spid] ,aranea r$imita2 9 g>d5s ,aranea s5aculata1 l>ge2 on walls1 c4 ,aranea sc5ica1 black2 on old walls & w9d[s2 sp9s no web ,aranea aquatica1 pale br[n ,aranea viatica1 resembles a crab1 moves sl[1 c4 ,canc] pisum1 pea1 size ( a pea2 9 mussels ,canc] m9utus1 m9ute1 small] ?an ! prec$+2 among sea we$s ,canc] longicornis1 long horn$1 size ( ! la/ ,canc] plati-*eles1 great claw$1 size ( a horse bean ,canc] ,b]n>dus1 h]mit2 9 ! des]t$ %ells ( wilks1 c4 ,canc] gamm>us1 lob/] ,canc] hom>us2 on ! coa/ ( ,irel& ,canc] a/acus1 cray-fi% ,canc] s]ratus1 prawn ,canc] squilla1 :ite %rimp ,canc] crangon1 %rimp ,canc] l9e>is1 l9e> %rimp ,canc] atomos1 atom %rimp ,canc] locu/a1 locu/2 frequ5tly skipp+ 9 summ] on ! sea %ore ,canc] mantis2 ,weym\? ,canc] pulex1 wat] flea2 9 rivulets ,canc] sal9us2 9 ,lym+ton salt wat] ,monoculus apis2 9 fi% ponds & dit*es ,monoculus pulex1 v m9ute2 frequ5t & num]\s 9 /agnant wat] ,monoculus quadricornis ,oniscus asilus1 sea l\se ,oniscus entomon1 sea wood-l\se2 on ! coa/s ,oniscus aquaticus2 9 cle> spr+s ,oniscus asellus1 millepes or wood l\se2 9 old walls1 c4 ,oniscus armadillo2 "u /ones ,julus t]re/ris1 feet #bjj2 "u /ones ,julus sabulosus1 feet #bdj ,,v]mes4 #a4 ,inte/9a4 ,gordius aquaticus1 l a horse hair2 9 wat] & clay ,gordius lacu/ris2 9 ! liv] ( ! pike ,asc>is v]micul>is2 at ! bottom ( lakes1 & 9 ! inte/9es ( *ildr5 & horses ,asc>is lumbricoides2 9 ! human inte/9es ,lumbricus t]re/ris1 e>? worm2 9 ! gr\nd & 9 ! human inte/9es ,lumbricus m>9us1 sea worm ,fasciola hepatica1 g\rd worm2 9 dit*es1 rivulets1 & 9 ! liv] ( %eep ,fasciola inte/9alis2 9 ! inte/9es ( fi%es ,fasciola b>bata2 9 ! inte/9es ( ! sepia loligo ,sepunculus nudus2 9 ! sea ,hirundo m$ic9alis1 common lee*2 9 %all[ wat]s ,hirundo sanguisuga1 horse lee*2 9 fre% wat] ,hirundo geometra2 9 fre% wat] ,hirundo muricata1 sea lee* #b4 ,mollusca4 ,limax at]1 black snail2 9 moi/ %ady places ,limax rufus1 r$2 at ! foot ( m\nta9s ,limax maximus1 l>ge grey2 9 ?ick woods ,limax agre/is1 small grey2 on cabbages ,limax flavus1 amb]2 on plants ,doris argo1 sea lemon ,doris v]rucosa2 ,ab]de5 ,doris elutr9a2 ,anglesea ,aphrodita acculeata1 sea m\se2 (t5 f\nd 9 ! /oma* ( a cod ,aphrodita squamata2 ,anglesea ,aphrodita m9uta2 ibid4 ,n]eis noctiluca1 sc>ce visible to ! nak$ eye2 %9es by night 9 ! sea1 s z to make ! wat] appe> on fire ,n]eis locu/ris2 9 clayey wat] ,ascidia ru/ica2 ,sc>bor\gh ,act9ea sulcata2 rocks ( ,cornwall & ,anglesea ,holo?uria p5tactes2 9 ! deep ,l]nea cypr9acea2 9 fi%ponds1 adh]+ to ! sides ( c>p ,l]nea salmonea2 adh]es to ! gills ( salmon ,l]nea asell9a2 9 ! gills ( cod1 c4 ,sepia (fic9alis1 ink or cuttlefi%2 9 ! sea ,sepia sepiola2 (f ,fl9t%ire ,m$usa cruciata ,m$usa aurita1 sea nettle ,m$usa capillata1 sea lungs ,a/]ias rub5s1 five-f+]$ /> fi% ,a/]ias glacialis1 common ditto ,a/]ias oculata1 dott$ ditto ,a/]ias m9uta2 ,d5bigh ,a/]ias ha/ata2 ,cornwall ,a/]ias nigra2 ibid4 ,e*ius escul5tus1 sea h$gehog2 on ! coa/1 ne> ,sc>bor\gh ,e*ius spatagus1 sea egg2 on ! ,york%ire coa/ #c4 ,te/acca4 ,*iton cr9itus1 hairy *iton2 ,ab]de5 ,*iton m>g9atus2 9 ! sea1 at ,sc>bor\gh ,*iton levis1 lock broom2 ,we/ ,ross1 ,nor? ,brita9 ,lepas4 ,animal1 triton ,lepas balanus2 adh]+ to rocks & %ells ,lepas balanoides1 acorn fi%2 frequ5tly adh]es to oy/]s ,lepas t9t9abulum2 on bottoms ( %ips ,lepas anatif]a1 b>nacle1 see page #cdd ,pholas4 ,animal1 ascidia ,pholas dactylus1 piddock2 9 /ones1 %9es by night ,pholas crispatus2 frequ5t on ! ,york%ire coa/ ,sol54 ,animal1 ascidia ,sol5 siliqua2 frequ5t on ! %ore ne> ,sc>bor\gh ,sol5 vag9a2 ,anglesea ,sol5 pellucidus2 ibid4 ,sol5 legum52 ibid4 ,tell9a4 ,animal1 te?ys ,tell9a cornea1 size ( a pea2 9 pools ( fre% wat] ,c>dium ,animal1 te?ys ,c>dium e*9atum2 on ! ,york%ire coa/ ,c>dium edule1 common cockle ,mactra4 ,animal1 te?ys ,mactra solida2 on ! ,york%ire coa/ ,mactra lutr>ia2 sea1 at ! m\? ( riv]s ,donax4 ,animal1 te?ys ,donax trunculus2 on ! coa/ ne> ,sc>bor\gh ,o/rea maxima1 l>ge scallop2 on ! ,iri% coa/1 & ne> ,portl& ,o/rea oblit]ata1 small scallop ,o/rea edulis1 common oy/] ,anomia truncata2 9 lime/ones ,anomia crispa2 9 blui% lime/one1 9 ,crav51 & o!r p>ts ,anomia squamula2 on oy/]s1 crabs1 & lob/]s ,anomia ephipium2 adh]+ to oy/] %ells ,mytilus4 ,animal1 ascidia ,mytilus rugosus2 9 lime-/one ,mytilus edulis1 common muscle ,mytilus cygneus2 9 _m lakes 9 ! nor? ,bucc9um4 ,animal1 limax ,bucc9um lapillus1 l>g] ,engli% purple fi%2 on ! %ore ,bucc9um m9imum1 less ?an a pea ,helix1 snails4 ,animal1 limax ,helix lapicida2 9 woods 9 ,l9coln%ire ,helix planorbis2 9 rivulets ,helix cornea2 9 /ill riv]s & pools ,helix vivip]a2 ibid4 ,helix putris2 9 riv]s & pools ,s]pula4 ,animal1 t]ebella4 ,s]pula spirorbis2 adh]es to sea we$s on ! coa/ ,sabella4 ,animal1 n]eis ,sabella alviolata1 ,engli% tubul> s& coral2 on ! ,y>m\? coa/1 & on ,pe+ton /r&1 ,devon #d4 ,li?ophyta4 ,coral1 calc>e\s1 fix$1 built by animals ,madrepora4 ,coral1 ) cavities1 lamellosa-/ellat$4 ,animal1 m$usa ,madrepora musicalis2 on ! ,iri% coa/ ,millepora4 ,animal1 hydra ,millepora fascialis1 /ony foliace\s corall9e2 adh]+ to an oy/] %ell1 on ! coa/ ( ! ,isle ( ,wight ,cellepora1 coral1 submembranace\s1 compos$ ( r\nd %ells4 ,animal1 hydra ,cellepora pumicosa1 appe>s 9 ! microscope l a pumice-/one2 f\nd on ! sickle corall9e1 l :ite s& #e4 ,zoophyta4 ,gorgonia placomus1 w>t$ sea fan2 on ! ,corni% coa/ ,gorgonia anceps1 sea will[ ,gorgonia flabellum1 ,v5us fan ,alcyonium4 ,florets1 hydr1 betwe5 ! cortex2 epid]mis vesicul>1 por\s ,alcyonium digitatum1 dead-man's h&2 frequ5tly tak5 up by fi%]m5 trawl+ = flat fi% on ! ,k5ti% coa/ ,alcyonium s*loss]i2 on ! ,corni% coa/ ,alcyonium ficus1 sea-fig2 ne> ,%e]ness ,spongia oculata1 bran*$ sponge2 on ! coa/ ,spongia dicotoma1 =k$ sponge2 on ! ,corni% & ,york%ire coa/s ,spongia lacu/ris1 creep+ sponge2 at ! bottom ( lakes 9 ,we/morel& ,spongia fluviatilis1 riv] sponge2 9 ! ,?ames1 ,cam1 c4 ,flu/ra foliacea1 broad-leav$ horn-wrack2 on ! coa/ ,tubul>ia indivisa1 tubul> corall9e ,tubul>ia ramosa1 small r>ifi$ tubul> corall9e ,tubul>ia fi/ulosa1 bugle corall9e ,tubul>ia campanulata1 creep+1 extremely m9ute ,corall9a (fic9alis1 corall9e ( ! %ops2 fix$ to rocks & %ells1 by /ony jo9ts ,corall9a rub5s1 cre/$ or coxcomb corall9e1 l moss 9 r\nd tufts1 resembl+ a bird's cre/2 ! microscope %ews ! filam5ts to be di*otom\s ,corall9a corniculata1 :ite sl5d]-jo9t$ corall9e2 adh]es to small fuci ,s]tul>ia rosacea1 lily-fl[]+ orall9e2 on oy/]s ,s]tul>ia pumila1 sea-oak corall9e2 ab\t ,%e]ness ,s]tul>ia abiet9a1 sea-fir2 on oy/]s1 muscles1 c4 ,s]tul>ia arg5tea1 squirrel's tail2 on oy/]s 9 ! ,isle ( ,%epey ,s]tul>ia cornuta1 v m9ute--) _m o!rs ,vorticella1 see page #cif seq4 ,hydra1 see page #cfc seq4 ,tnia solium2 9 ! inte/9es ( v>i\s animals ,tnia vulg>is1 common tapeworm2 9 ! inte/9es ( m5 & brutes ,animalcula infusoria1 see page #dbh seq4#agj #agj ,^? :o are desir\s ( see+ well del9eat$ & elegantly col\r$ figures ( a v>iety ( curi\s objects among ! insect class1 p>ticul>ly su* z require inve/igation by ! microscope1 w be amply gratifi$ by hav+ rec\rse to ,donovan's ,hi/ory ( ,briti% ,insects4 ,f ! ,naturali/s ,miscellany1 by ,g4 ,%aw1 ,m4 ,d4 ,f4 ,r4 ,vice ,pres4 ,l4 ,s4 numb]s ( beautiful subjects may likewise be select$4 ,,ii4 ,,fossils4 ,ketton or kett]+ /one ,sp> opake2 9 m9es 9 ,wales1 ,d]by%ire1 c4 ,sp> refract+2 9 lead m9es 9 ,d]by%ire1 c4 ,sp> diaphon\s2 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! k+dom ,sp> /alactitical1 ,kn>esbor\gh1 c4 ,fluor transp>5t1 diaphon\s resembl+ em]alds1 saphires1 topazes1 ame?y/s1 c4 ,,metals4 ,aurum nativum2 said to be f\nd 9 "s riv]s 9 ,nor? ,brita9 ,arg5tum m9]alizatum2 9 small quantities 9 lead & copp] ores ,plumbum gal5a1 lead glance2 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,engl& ,plumbum /ibiatum1 antimonial lead ore ,plumbum cry/all9um1 lead cry/als ,plumbum spatosum1 lead sp> ,plumbum calci=me1 lead o*re ,plumbum nativum1 native lead ,cuprum nativum ,cuprum cruleum montanum1 m\nta9 blue2 9 ! m9es ( ,d]by%ire ,cuprum viride montanum1 m\nta9 gre52 9 copp] m9es ( ,engl&1 ,irel&1 & ! ,isle ( ,man ,cuprum rubrum1 glass copp] ore2 g5]ally f\nd ) native copp] ,cuprum c9]eum1 grey copp] ore ,f]rum cry/all9um1 cry/all9e ore2 ,=e/ ( ,dean1 ,langron 9 ,cumb]l& ,f]rum crulesc5s1 blui% ore ,f]rum micaceum1 glimm] ,,semi-,,metals4 ,vismutum o*ra1 fl[]s ( bismu? ,vismutum m9]alizatum1 bismu? ore ,antimonium /riatum1 /riat$ antimonial ore ,antimonium rubrum1 r$ antimonial ore ,,petrefactions4 ,animals1 or p>ts ( animals1 *ang$ into a fossile sub/ance ,v]mes4 ,helm9?oli?us ammonita1 nautilus2 9 /rata ( e>? & /ones1 on ! sea-%ore1 c4 ,helm9?oli?us anomites2 9 great abundance1 p>ticul>ly at ,%]borne 9 ,gl\ce/]%ire ,helm9?oli?us gryphites2 9 *alk hills1 c4 ,helm9?oli?us judaicus2 9 _m p>ts1 p>ticul>ly *alk pits 9 ,k5t ,helm9?oli?us e*9ites2 ,surrey1 ,essex1 ,k5t1 ,middlesex1 9 *alk & gravel pits ,helm9?oli?us a/rion1 sea-/>2 9 *alk pits1 c4 ,helm9?oli?us a/roites1 /> /one2 ,gl\ce/]%ire1 ,norfolk1 c4 & _m m4 ,vegetables4 ,phytoli?us plant2 grass1 re$s1 horse-tail1 c4 f\nd 9 ! black slate call$ plate1 imm$iately above ! pit coal1 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,engl&4 ,phytoli?us filices1 f]ns2 ditto1 ,newca/le1 c4 ,rhizoli?us1 roots ( trees & plants buri$ 9 ! e>? ,li?ophyllum1 leaves ( trees2 at ,kn>esbor\gh1 also impress$ 9 /one ,c>poli?us1 fruits1 p>ticul>ly impressions ( ! cones ( p9es1 hazel1 oak ,fi%es4 ,i*?yoli?us siliqua/ra1 fossile pods1 (t5 resembl+ half ! pod ( a lup9e1 c4 sometimes extremely m9ute1 at o!r times ne> two in*es long4 ,i*?yoli?us v]tebra1 ( v>i\s g5]a1 (t5 9 pits & qu>ries1 p>ticul>ly at ,ri*mond 9 ,surrey1 on ! cliffs ( ,%epey ,isl&1 c4 ,insects4 ,en?omoli?us cancri1 claws1 or p>ts ( claws2 9 pits 9 sev]al p>ts ( ,engl& ,%rubs4 ,graptoli?us d5trides1 repres5t+ %rubs1 plants1 or moss2 on v>i\s /ones1 slates1 & fl9ts1 9 _m p>ts ( ,engl&1 c4 ,,iii4 ,,vegetables4 ,hav+ ?us enum]at$ a consid]able v>iety ( articles 9 ! animal & fossile k+doms1 ! only "p :i* rema9s to be notic$ is t ( vegetables4 ,to any p]son possess+ b a sup]ficial k ( botany1 x mu/ be obvi\s t ?is bran* ( natural hi/ory is ext5sive 9 ! extreme2 & t1 consequ5tly1 to po9t out b a small numb] ( su* plants z =m int]e/+ objects = ! microscope1 w\ld greatly ext5d ?is li/1 already suffici5tly l>ge2 =1 8,h[ incompet5t is human ef=t to portray ! beauties ( ?is sublime subject6 ,h[ inadequate ! mo/ descriptive tal5t to approximate to our view ! vegetative pr(usion conta9$ )9 ! recess ( nature6 ,h[ limit$ h be5 our public rese>*es6 ,h[ contract$ ! k :i* has be5 z yet obta9$6 ,:at an incompreh5sible /ore rema9s yet conceal$1 imp5etrable to mortal view60#aga #aga ,obs]vations on ! ,/ructure & ,economy ( ,plants1 by ,r4 ,hoop]1 ,m4 ,d41 ,f4 ,l4 ,s4 page #abh4 ,?is "w conta9s an +5i\s display ( ! analogy :i* subsi/s betwe5 ! animal & ! vegetable k+dom4 ,f a s\rce s abundant1 ! botani/ w be "u no difficulty 9 select+ = himself2 ^? :o h n made ! sci5ce a "p ( _! /udies1 w be mat]ially assi/$ by hav+ rec\rce to ! elegant figures & _! descriptions 9 ! ,botanical ,magaz9e1 by ,w4 ,curtis1 ,f4 ,l4 ,s4 ! well-kn[n au?or ( ,flora ,lond95sis2 & ,engli% ,botany1 by ,j4 ,e4 ,smi?1 ,m4 ,d4 ,f4 ,r4 ,pres4 ,l4 ,s4 publi%$ by ,jas4 ,s[]by1 ,f4 ,l4 ,s4 ,i %all1 !re=e1 j m5tion 9 g5]al t]ms ^? p>ts ( plants :i* are peculi>ly adapt$ = microscopical inve/igation4 ,^! are z foll[3 ,! trunk1 compos$ ( ,epid]mis or cuticle ,cortex or out] b>k ,lib] or inn] b>k ,alburnum ,lignum or wood ,m$ulla or pi? ,! root cut transv]sely or longitud9ally ,leaves & _! fibres ,! p>ts ( fructification1 consi/+ ( ,! calyx or fl[] cup corolla or foliation1 conta9+ ! leaves or petals1 & ! nect>ium /am9a or ?reads1 _! filam5ts & an!ra or summit1 & ! poll5 conta9$ !re9#agb ,! pi/illum or po9tal1 its g]m51 /yle1 & /igma p]ic>pium1 se$ vessel1 or g]m5 gr[n to maturity sem9a1 se$s & _! p>ts receptaculum1 ! base on :i* ! fructification is seat$ #agb ,! poll5 or meal is a f9e du/ design$ = ! impregnation ( ! g]m52 a small quantity ( ?is meal be+ put into hot wat] & appli$ to ! microscope1 w exhibit ! bur/+ ( ! ela/ic cov]+ ( ea* gra92 & ! escape ( ! small] atoms1 :i* is ! true f>9a4 ,( ! v>i\s classes ( plants1 t call$ cryptogamia is em95tly calculat$ = microscopical obs]vation2 compriz+ ! filices1 ! musci1 ! alg1 & ! fungi4 ,on ^! subjects ,h$wig has produc$ a valuable "w1 entitl$ ,!oria ,g5]ationis et ,fructificationis de ,plant>um ,cryptogamic>um1 ( :i* a new & mu* improv$ edition has j appe>$1 & to :i* = fur!r in=mation ,i ref] ! read]4 ,a ,,li/ ,,( ,,mr4 ,,cu/ance',s ,,vegetable ,,cutt+s1 ,,t ,,usually ,,accompany ,,! ,,mo/ ,,complete ,,sort ,,( ,,microscopes ,,made ,,by ,,messrs4 ,w4 ,,& ,s4 ,,jones4 ,engli% oak4 ,ev]gre5 ditto4 ,norway oak4 ,a%4 ,c$>4 ,cork4 ,sav94 ,fir4 ,ceano?us4 ,hazel4 ,lime4 ,elm4 ,elm root4 ,mulb]ry ditto4 ,grape root4 ,lime ditto4 ,bee*4 ,bir*4 ,plum4 ,ivy4 ,spani% eld]4 ,am]ican climb]4 ,cissampelos4 ,virg9's b[]4 ,magnolia gr&iflora4 ,geld]-rose4 ,al?a frutex4 ,tulip tree4 ,a%4 ,spani% *esnut4 ,platanus ori5talis4 ,viburnum lantana4 ,oak root4 ,a% root4 ,asp root4 ,walnut ditto4 ,grape v9e4 ,indian turpe?4 ,*9a root4 ,jasm9e4 ,dog rose4 ,raspb]ry4 ,b>b]ry4 ,bri>4 ,eld] root4 ,ditto bran*4 ,will[ root4 ,ditto bran*4 ,mulb]ry4 ,fig4 ,sycamore4 ,maple4 ,am]ican dogwood4 ,ptelea trifoliata4 ,ligne\s night-%ade4 ,suma*4 ,apricot4 ,m$l>4 ,bay4 ,laurel4 ,sea we$4 ,longitud9al cutt+ ( plane tree4 ,ditto ( ,spani% eld]4 ,ditto ( bri>4 ,common cane4 ,ditto ) curi\s c5t]4 ,bamboo cane4 ,s>sap>illa4 ,longitud9al cutt+s ( sug> cane4 ,eld]4 ,rose tree4 ,mugwort4 99,longitud9al slices ( eld]4 99,ditto grape v9e4 99,transv]se ditto4 99,dogwood4 99,plane tree4 99,bee*4 99,grape v9e4 99,spani% *esnut4 99,walnut4 99,fig4 99,ditto longitud9al4 ,asp>agus4 ,arti*oke4 ,?i/le4 ,f5nel4 ,p>sley4 ,ditto root4 ,sunfl[]4 ,ditto root4 ,agrimony4 ,eryngo4 ,potatoe /alk4 ,c5taurea4 ,indian re$4 ,ditto corn4 ,am>an?us4 ,bromelia p+u94 ,campanula4 ,monk%ood4 ,lavat]a4 ,solidago4 ,mugwort4 ,*rysan!mum4 ,helian?us4 ,wormwood4 ,bulru%4 ,portugal re$4 ,burdock4 ,ditto4 ,wild mu/>d4 ,aloe fl[] /alk4 ,solomon's seal4 ,tulip4 ,calamus aromaticus4 ,buckbean4 ,g\rd4 ,melon4 ,cr[n imp]ial4 ,fl[]-de-luce4 ,p9e apple4 ,:ite lily4 ,asp>agus4 ,ragwort4 ,wat] flag4 ,sug> cane4 ,/ems ( leaves ( hog's f5nel4 ,hemlock4 ,*esnut4 ,wild turnip4 ,/ems ( ! leaves ( r$ dock4 ,horse-radi%4 ,cabbage4 ,c>rots4 ,roots ( phytolacca4 ,teasel4 ,c>rot4 ,f5nel4 ,/++-nettle roots curi\sly v>iegat$4 ,roots ( p>sley & wormwood v>iegat$4 ,/alks ( f]n1 ) v>iations4 ,n4 ,b4 ,^? m>k$ ) an 99 ,mr4 ,cu/ance conceives prove ,dr4 ,hill 9 an error1 :5 he obs]v$1 t ! pi? ( a %oot is n connect$ ) ! pi? ( ! bran*4 ,see 8 ,con/ruction ( ,timb]1 c4 p4 #ajc1 #hvo edition4 ,,salts1 ,,& ,,v>i\s ,,*emical ,,prep>ations4 ,,salts4 ,salt ammoniac1 crude ,salt ammoniac1 volatile ,salt ( amb] ,salt ( ,b5jam91 commonly call$ fl[]s ( ,b5jam9 ,salt ( b]b]ry ,salt ( buck?orn ,salt ( but*]'s broom ,salt ( c>duus ,salt ( *amomile ,salt ( coral ,salt ( cucumb] ,salt1 ,epsom1 s call$ ,salt ( f5nel ,salt gem ,salt1 glaub]'s1 vitriolat$ natron ,salt ( h>t%orn ,salt ( lav5d] ,salt ( lead1 commonly call$ sug> ( lead ,salt ( limons ,salt ( liquorice ,salt ( millep$es ,salt ( mugwort ,salt ( nitre1 or salt petre ,salt ( ,p]uvian b>k ,salt poly*re/ ,salt ,ro*elle ,salt ( t>t> ,salt ( t>t> vitriolat$ ,salt ( tobacco ,salt ( ur9e ,salt ( wood sorrel ,salt ( wormwood1 & a great v>iety ( o!rs4#agc #agc ,to asc]ta9 ! true configurations ( salts1 p>ticul> att5tion %\ld be paid to obta9 !m g5u9e2 x may !re=e be prop] to apprize ! read]1 t "s ( ^? above enum]at$ are n easily procur$ 9 t /ate2 consequ5tly1 ?\gh !y exhibit pleas+ figures1 yet !y may n be ^? ( ! real salt purpos$ to be inve/igat$4 ,_m hundr$ weights ( "s salts are annually manufactur$1 & sold "u names v diff]5t f :at !y really are4 ,nor is ?is circum/ance conf9$ to salts only3 = want ( botanical k1 prep>ations ( diff]5t plants h be5 frequ5tly sold possess$ ( m$ical prop]ties v diff]5t f ^? int5d$4 ,a valuable m$ic9e1 ! extract ( ,hemlock1 = in/ance1 in/ead ( be+ prep>$ ( ! conium maculatum1 has be5 made 9 l>ge quantities ( ! *rophyllum sylve/re1 & ?us adm9i/]$6 ,on ?is unpleasant subject ,i c\ld enl>ge1 7 x n digress+ f t be=e u4 ,:il/ su* evils exi/1 ne$ we wond] if ! physician z well z ! pati5t are (t5 disappo9t$ 9 ! b5eficial effects expect$ f ! adhibition ( m$ic9es8 ,,prep>ations ,,( ,,m]cury4 ,acetat$ quicksilv] ,calc9$ ditto ,calomel ,muriat1 commonly call$ corrosive sublimate ,r$ nitrat$1 or r$ precipitate ,sulphurat$1 or factiti\s c9nab> ,,miscellane\s4 ,camphor ,cry/als 7call$ cream7 ( t>t> ,iron1 ammoniacal1 or m>tial fl[]s ,v]digrise1 ditto di/ill$ ,vitriol1 blue1 or vitriolat$ copp] ,vitriol1 gre51 or vitriolat$ ,iron ,vitriol1 :ite1 or vitriolat$ z9c1 c4 c4 ,aft] hav+ p>ticul>iz$ s _m ( ! works ( ,,nature1 let u n[ pay "s att5tion to ^? ( ,,art4 ,b :at an humiliat+ contra/ %all we meet )6 ,if our design 9 view+ objects by ! microscope be to discov] beauty1 h>mony1 & p]fection1 x w be necess>y to limit our inquiries to ! =m]1 happily alone suffici5tly abundant2 if1 on ! contr>y1 we are desir\s ( discov]+ de=mity & imp]fection1 we mu/ conf9e ourselves to ! latt]4 ,ev5 ^? works ( art t appe> to ! unassi/$ eye z decisive pro(s ( consummate skill 9 ! workman1 & :i* excite our admiration = _! app>5t neatness & accuracy1 :5 br\ght to ?is te/1 exhibit _! real /ate2 &1 consequ5tly1 t5d b to display ! inf]iority ( ! mo/ f9i%$ p]=mance ( ! able/ arti/1 :5 put 9 competition ) ! glori\s productions ( nature4 ,! f9e/ works ( ! loom & ( ! ne$le1 if exhibit$ ) ! microscope1 prove s rude & co>se1 t 7 !y to appe> ?us to ! nak$ eye1 s f> f af=d+ delight to our belles1 w\ld be reject$ ) disgu/4 ,b ! m we inquire into ! works ( nature1 ! m fully are we satisfi$ ( _! div9e orig93 9 a fl[]1 = in/ance1 we see h[ fibres too m9ute = ! unassi/$ sight are compos$ ( o!rs /ill m m9ute1 till ! primordial ?reads or fir/ pr9ciples are utt]ly indisc]nible2 :il/ ! :ole sub/ance pres5ts a cele/ial radiance 9 its col\r+1 ) a ri*ness s sup]ior to silv] or gold1 z if x 7 int5d$ = ! cloa?+ ( an angel1 & we h ! highe/ au?ority = ass]t+1 t ! greate/ mon>* ( ! ,ea/ 9 all 8 glory1 0 n array$ l "o ( ^!4 ,a v few specim5s ( art w1 !re=e1 suffice4 ,! edge ( ! %>pe/ razor or p5knife ,tee? ( rasps & files ,?reads ( ! f9e/ screws ,f9e/ engrav+s on gold1 silv]1 copp]1 c4 ,co9s1 m$als ,seals1 intaglios ,be/ execut$ m9iature pa9t+s1 pr9ts1 draw+s1 c4 ,! f9e/ laces1 silks1 & ribbons ,smalle/ ne$les1 p9s1 c4 ,wool5 & l95 clo?1 pla9 or pr9t$2 camblets1 bombaze5s1 c4 ,a drop ( ink on pap] ,pap]1 f ! co>se/ to ! f9e/ ,! writ+ ( ! able/ p5man ,! f9e/ specim5s ( ! typographic art1 c4 c4 ,an inspection ( a few ( ! above articles only w cle>ly demon/rate1 t z 9 ! moral & political _w1 s 9 ! works ( art1 p]fection is unatta9able by mortal man4 ,) ! fulle/ impression ( :i* tru? 9 ! m9d ( ! editor1 & an appeal to ! c&\r ( 8 read]s t[>ds ^? imp]fections :i* !y may h discov]$ 9 ?is p]=mance1 he %all n[ conclude )1 ,,f9is4 ,,additions4 ,! foll[+ is a new1 useful1 & ready me?od ( mak+ globules = microscopes1 diff]+ f ! cu/om>y "o describ$ 9 page #h1 & is extract$ f ,mr4 ,w4 ,ni*olson's sci5tifical ,j\rnal ( ,natural ,philosophy1 ,*emi/ry1 & ! ,arts4 ,no4 #c1 ,june #a1 #agig4 p4 #acd4 8,! usual me?od has be5 to draw out a f9e ?read ( ! s(t :ite glass call$ cry/al1 & to conv]t ! extremity ( ?is into a sph]ule by melt+ x at ! flame ( a c&le4 ,b ?is glass conta9s lead1 :i* is dispos$ to become opake by p>tial r$uction1 unless ! managem5t be v c>efully att5d$ to4 ,i f9d t ! h>d glass us$ = w9d[s seldom fails to af=d excell5t sph]ules4 ,?is glass is ( a cle> bright gre5 col\r :5 se5 edgeways4 ,a ?9 piece 0 cut f ! edge ( a pane ( glass less ?an "o-t5? ( an in* broad4 ,?is 0 held p]p5dicul>ly by ! upp] end1 & ! flame ( a c&le 0 direct$ ^u x by ! bl[-pipe at ! di/ance ( ab\t an in* f ! l[] end4 ,! glass became s(t1 & ! l[] piece desc5d$ by its own weight to ! di/ance ( ab\t two feet1 :]e x rema9$ susp5d$ by a ?9 ?read ( glass ab\t "o five-hundr$? ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,a "p ( ?is ?read 0 appli$ endways to ! l[] blue "p ( ! flame ( ! c&le )\t ! use ( ! bl[-pipe4 ,! extremity imm$iately became :ite-hot1 & =m$ a globule4 ,! glass 0 !n gradually & regul>ly ?ru/ t[>ds ! flame1 b nev] into x1 until ! globule 0 suffici5tly l>ge4 ,a numb] ( ^! 7 made1 & be+ aft]w>ds exam9$ by view+ _! focal images ) a deep] magnifi]1 prov$ v bright1 p]fect1 & r\nd40 99 99 99 99 99 ,! opake sol> microscope has be5 made by ! late ,mr4 ,m>t9 ( l>g] dim5sions ?an describ$ 9 page #ajf4 ,! illum9at+ l5s1 at ,a ,b1 ,plate ,v4 ,fig4 #a1 & ! bread? ( ! mirror 7 ab\t f\r in*es & an half1 in/ead ( ?ree in*es1 :i* gives m ?an d\ble ! light ( ! =m]2 &1 consequ5tly1 all ! l>g] sort ( opake & transp>5t objects1 to ! size ( "o & an half or two in*es 9 diamet]1 z well z div]t+ objects pa9t$ on glass1 l ! magic lan?orn slid]s1 are %ewn ) ! greate/ di/9ctness1 & has by ,mr4 ,m>t9 be5 call$ ! ,,megalascope ( ! app>atus4 ,! same +5i\s & le>n$ arti/ appli$ a lattice ( small squ>es ab\t "o-t5? ( an in*1 ea* squ>e made ( f9e wire1 or l9es drawn /rongly on glass 9 a circle ( "o in* 9 diamet]1 & plac$ ^! 9 ! comp\nd body ( a microscope or telescope1 9 ! focus ( ! glasses next to ! eye4 ,& hav+ a copp]-plate lattice ( squ>es dispos$ into a circle1 & to any size z may be want$1 ! obs]v] or arti/ may !n ) great facility make an exact draw+ on ! pap] ( ! object obs]v$4 ,! same contrivance is applicable to ! sol> microscope4 ,?is he call$ ! ,,graphical ,,microscope ,,or ,,p]spective4 ,page #abg1 l9e #bd--;,any pocket telescope1 ! draw]s ( :i* are made to all[ ( a fur!r ext5sion ?an usual1 may be us$ z a comp\nd microscope = exam9+ birds or insects alive1 9 a g>d5 on ! fl[]s1 %rubb]ies1 c4 f a w9d[ ne> to ! objects4 ,!re are few pocket a*romatic telescopes or p]spectives1 b :at w def9e & magnify objects f ab\t six feet to any di/ance f ! in/rum5t4 ,! magnify+ p[] is inv]sely z ! di/ance ( ! object f ! telescope1 &1 consequ5tly v>iable 9 an inf9ite degree2 on :i* acc\nt ,mr4 ,m>t9 nam$ x ! ,,polydynamic ,,microscope4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,! ,,prices ,,at ,,:i* ,,! ,,microscopes ,,& ,,app>atus ,,are ,,made ,,& ,,sold ,,by ,,messrs4 ,,jones1 ,,holborn1 ,,london4 ,plate ,,viii4 ,fig4 #h4 ,a triple magnifi]1 tortoise-%ell & silv] #a #a #j ---- #g4 ,a ditto to comb9e1 9 tortoise-%ell #j #h #j ,,vi4 #ad4 ,a small pocket microscope = insects or fl[]s #j #g #f ---- #a4 ,dr4 ,)]+'s pocket botanical microscope #j #ae #j ---- #b4 ,jones's univ]sal pocket microscope1 accord+ to ! app>atus1 f #al4 #fs4 to #b #aj #j ,,ii4 ,b4 #a & #b4 ,wilson's screw-b>rel1 or s+le microscope1 #bl4 #abs4 #f;d4 to #c #ac #f ---- #c & #d4 ---- opake microscope1 #b #b #j ,,vii4 ,b4 #c4 ,ellis's aquatic microscope #b #ab #f ,,vi4 #c4 ,lyonet's anatomical microscope #b #ab #f ,,vii4 ,a4 #a1 c4 ,cuffs d\ble con/ruct$ microscope & app>atus1 9 a case #e #ae #f ,,iv4 #c4 ,culpep]'s comp\nd microscope & app>atus1 9 a mahogany case #d #ad #f ---- #a4 ,jones's improv$ univ]sal ditto1 & app>atus #f #f #j ---- #b4 ---- be/ & mo/ improv$ ditto1 ) a great] v>iety ( app>atus1 pack$ 9 a mahogany case #aj #aj #j ,ditto1 ) ! additions ( a set ( micromet]s & vegetable cutt+s #ab #ab #j ,,vi4 #d1 #e1 c4 ,transp>5t sol> microscope & app>atus 9 brass1 9 a mahogany case #e #ae #f ,v4 #a1 c4 ,opake & transp>5t sol> microscope & app>atus1 ) objects1 c4 9 ditto case #aj #aj #j ,ditto ) additional app>atus = l>ge objects1 call$ a megalascope1 c4 #abl4 #abs4 to #af #af #j ,,iii4 #a1 c4 ,luc]nal microscope1 z m\nt$ by ,adams1 ) app>atus1 complete #bj #j #j ,,ix4 #c & #d4 ,jones's improv$ ditto1 ) or )\t rack-"w to ! /age1 & o!r additions1 f #abl4 #abs4 to #ah #ah #j ---- #f4 ,lan?orn microscope #f #f #j ,,viii4 #c4 ,pocket a*romatic #bj-;in* telescope & microscope #c #ac #f ,,ix4 #a & #b4 ,cutt+ eng9e = slices ( vegetable objects #c #c #j ,,ii4 ,a4 #aj4 ,micromet]s on pe>l or glass1 9 sets1 f #ajs4 #f;d4 to #b #b #j ,ivory slid]s prep>$ = transp>5t objects1 p] doz5 #j #ab #j ,cu/ance's f9e vegetable cutt+s 9 l>ge ivory slid]s1 f a set ( six slid]s to f\r doz51 p] doz5 #a #aj #j ,bottles ( salts = configurations1 pack$ 9 mahogany portable cases1 accord+ to ! numb]1 f #bl4 #bs4 to #e #e #j ,magaz9es ( microscopical app>atus1 ) collections ( objects1 fitt$ up to any ext5t & to ord]4 ,,index4 ,a4 ,abdom5 ( insects1 #bja ,activity ( m9ute animals1 #bab1 note #dbg ,adams improves luc]nal microscope1 #ba ---- ---- ---- describ$1 #fd ,advantages ( microscopes1 :5ce d]iv$1 #de p9us1 8 microscopic telescope1 #c1 #bb ,agility ( j]boa1 note #bab--kanguroo1 ibid4 ,air de/roys & produces animation1 #agc ,anatomical microscope1 ,lyonet's1 #abb ,angle ( incid5ce1 :at1 #cb--( refraction1 ibid4 ,animalcula1 a v>iety ( diseases attribut$ to !m1 note #dcc ---- 9 tee?1 _! exi/5ce d\bt$1 note #dcb ---- 9 infusions1 to procure1 #aea ---- infusoria1 hi/ory (1 #dae ---- ---- errone\s op9ion conc]n+ !m1 #dba--refut$1 #dbc ---- ---- monas1 #dcj--proteus1 #dcf--volvox1 #dcg--;en*elis1 #ddc--vibrio1 #dea--;cyclidium1 #dgi--p>amcium1 #dhb--kolpoda1 #dhd--;gonium1 #dhi--;burs>ia1 #dia--;c]c>ia1 #dib--leucophra1 #ejj--tri*oda1 #ejg--k]ona1 #ecj--;himantopus1 #ecc--vorticella1 #ecf--;bra*ionus1 #efc--;additional1 #egj ,ant5n ( insects describ$1 #aij--;conjectures on _! use1 note #aia1 #aib ---- _! *>act]s1 #aib ,ants1 :ite1 or t]mites1 hi/ory (1 #cjh ,aphides1 _! trans=mations1 #bfj ---- ---- g5]ation1 #bgd ---- ---- ---- exp]im5ts on by ,bonnet1 #bgd ---- ---- ---- ---- by ,ri*>dson1 #bge ,apis or bee1 its proboscis to dissect1 #add ---- /+ to dissect1 ibid4 ---- proboscis describ$1 #aha ---- g5]ation (1 #bgi ,app>atus to ,cuff's microscope1 #ij ---- ,adams's luc]nal microscope1 #gg ---- ,jones's improv$ microscope1 #if ---- mo/ improv$1 #aja--;additional1 #ajb ---- ,culpep]'s microscope1 #aje ---- ,m>t9's opake sol>1 #aji ,apt]a1 ord] ( insects1 #bbj--to collect1 #fhg ,aquatic microscope by ,ellis1 #aai ,aranea or spid]1 #fba ,arg&'s lamp describ$--! managem5t (1 #fi ,ari/otle1 polypes m5tion$ by1 note #cfj ,a!ns1 cruelty puni%$ at1 note #aeb ,augu/9e 7,/47 polypes n unkn[n to him1 note #cei ,b4 ,bak]1 8 me?od ( view+ p>ticles ( blood1 #adi ,banks 7,sir ,jos47 8 approbation ( ,walk]'s publication on %ells1 #fcj ,b>but1 8 rem$y = /+ ( gnats1 note #ahh ---- 8 op9ion on s5se ( he>+ 9 insects1 note #bag ---- on ! br5t goose1 note #cdg ,b>k]'s comp\nd microscope1 #ag ,b>nacle1 or lepas anatif]a1 be>d (1 to prep>e1 #ade ,bee1 its proboscis to dissect1 #add ---- /+1 to dissect1 ibid4 ---- proboscis describ$1 #aha ---- g5]ation (1 #bgi--,s*ira*'s acc\nt (1 #bhj--;,debraw's ditto1 #bha ---- fecundity (1 #bij ,beetle1 its trans=mations1 #bdb ---- diamond1 its transc5dant beauty1 #bjd ,beetles1 to procure1 #fhj ,blatta1 cockroa*1 mis*ief occasion$ by !m1 note #fhc ,blea ( vegetables1 to prep>e1 #afb ,blood1 its circulation & p>ticles to exam9e1 #adh ---- ---- 9 fl\nd]s1 c41 #adi ---- ---- 9 tails ( eels1 ibid4 ,boat-fly1 its w+s1 #adc ,body ( insects1 #bjj ,bones1 to exam9e1 #adf ,bonnet1 !ory ( trans=mation ( insects1 #bfa ---- exp]im5ts on aphides1 #bgd ---- on ! int]ior /ructure ( vegetables1 #ege ,botanical microscope by ,)]+1 #abc ---- ---- pocket & univ]sal1 #abd ---- magnifi]s1 #abe ,box1 bre$+1 figure (1 #fga ,bra9 ( insects1 to prep>e1 #adf ,brass micromet]1 by ,cov5try1 #fj ,breeze-fly1 its proboscis to dissect1 #add ,br5t-goose1 curi\s idea ( its orig91 #cdf1 note #cdg ,buffon1 8 hypo!sis1 #dba ---- refut$ by ,ellis1 #dbc ,bug1 b$1 describ$1 #fah--;introduc$ aft] ! fire ( ,london1 note #fhd ,butt]fly net1 figure (1 #fgd ,butt]flies1 w+s (1 #add1 #bjg ---- rem>ks on _! sub/ance1 note #bjg ---- proboscis (1 #ahf ---- & mo?s1 to collect & pres]ve1 #ffi ---- figure ( ! mann] ( sett+ !m1 #fgg ,c4 ,cab9et1 in/ructions = =m+1 #fic ---- h[ to pres]ve insects 91 #fid ---- ,drury's1 %ort acc\nt (1 #fie ,can?>is1 its value 9 m$ic9e & comm]ce1 note #age ,ca/ sk9 ( insects1 to prep>e1 #ade ,cat]pill>s1 habitations (1 #cbe ,cavallo applies pe>l micromet]s to telescopes1 #fj ,*ange ( insects to pupa /ate1 #bbi--to fly or p]fect /ate1 #bcf ,*rysalis1 see pupa ,*rysomela asp>agi describ$1 #cec ,cimex /riatus describ$1 #ceb ---- lectul>ius1 #fah ,circulation ( blood1 to exam9e1 #adh ---- 9 eels1 fl\nd]s1 & gudgeons1 #adi ,cl>k1 8 acc\nt ( ,briti% oe/ri1 note #bid ,co*9eal1 to prep>e t9cture (1 #fa ---- its beautiful dye1 note #age ,compassion to animals =m]ly n reg>d$1 note #agg ,coleopt]a ord] ( insects1 #bai ---- to collect1 #fhj ,configurations ( salts1 to prep>e1 #afc ---- ---- to view by ! microscope1 #aff ,conjectures on ! use ( ant5n1 note #aia1 #aib ---- on s5se ( he>+1 & on s\nds proce$+ f insects1 note #baf ,con/ruction ( timb]1 #ege ,cossus1 cat]pill> (1 describ$1 #ccd ,cov5try1 8 glass1 pe>l1 c4 micromet]s1 #fj ---- ---- ---- ---- h[ us$1 ibid4 ,creation1 wisdom ( ,god 9 !1 #afg ---- provid5ce 9 ditto1 #agd--;goodness1 #age--! effect x ought to produce1 #agf ,crit]ia1 di/+ui%+1 ( insects1 #baf ,cruelty to animals1 reflections on1 #aej1 note1 ibid4 ,cuff1 8 d\ble con/ruct$ microscope describ$1 #hi--;app>atus to ditto1 #ij--;h[ to use1 #ia ,culex1 its proboscis to dissect1 #add ---- pipi5s1 its proboscis describ$1 #ahg ---- its unpleasant effects1 note1 ibid4--f>!r describ$1 #fbc ,culpep]'s microscope1 #ajd ---- ---- app>atus to1 #aje ---- ---- to use1 ibid4 ,curculio imp]ialis1 #bjd ,cu/ance1 li/ ( 8 vegetable cutt+s1 #gji ,cynips or gall-fly1 its trans=mation1 #bfj ,d4 ,dea?-head mo?1 ! h>b+] ( mortality61 note #ffi ---- wat* ( ,l9nu--,ge(froy--,%aw--,fabricius--,gmel 91 note #fhh--! t]ror x occasions1 note #fhi--quotations f ,br[n--,swift--,gay & ,%akspe>e1 ibid4 ,debraw1 8 acc\nt ( bees1 #bha ,de ,ge]1 on ! g5]ation ( a mo?1 #bia ,de la ,hire fir/ notices ! /emmata ( insects1 #aii ,delleb>re's comp\nd microscope1 #af ,d]me/es tesselatus1 note #fhh ,de ,saussure1 a writ] on ! int]ior /ructure ( vegetables1 #ege ,dipt]a ord] ( insects1 #bai ---- ---- ---- to collect1 #fhg ,dissect+ table1 ,lyonet's1 to use1 #abc ---- ---- ,muss*5broeck's1 #acg ---- ,swamm]dam's me?od (1 #ach ---- ,lyonet's ditto1 #ada ---- ,hooke's obs]vations on1 #adb ,div9is comp\nd microscope1 #ae ,dragon-fly1 eyes (1 to dissect1 #ade ,drebell introduces ! microscope into ,engl&1 #b ,drone-fly1 eyes (1 #aif ,drury1 8 magnific5t cab9et ( insects1 #fie ---- illu/rations ( natural hi/ory1 #fif ,du ,hamel writes on ! int]ior /ructure ( vegetables1 #ege ,dut* claim ! inv5tion ( ! microscope1 #a ,e4 ,e>wig1 its w+s1 #adc1 #bje ,eels1 scales (1 to exam9e1 #adg ---- circulation ( blood 91 #adh ---- pa/e1 to procure1 #aeb--to pres]ve1 ibid4--describ$1 #dfb ---- v9eg>1 #dfa--;fre% wat]1 #dfh--salt wat]1 #dfi--;9 blight$ :eat1 ibid4 ,ellis's aquatic microscope1 #f1 #aai ---- refutes ,buffon1 c41 #dbc ,eggs ( insects1 #bhf--t5?r$o--hem]obius1 ibid4--phalna neu/ria1 #bhg--oe/rus t>&i1 #bhh--;ephem]a--phryganea--libellula1 ibid4--mo?s1 #bhi--;bees--wasps--spid]s--ants1 ibid4 ,elytra ( insects1 #bjd ,ephem]a1 eyes (1 #aig ,exuvia ( insects1 to prep>e1 #ade ,eye1 nature ( vision 91 #bh ,eyes ( insects1 #aic--;drone1 #aif--silkworm1 ibid4--libellula1 ibid4--lob/]1 #aig--;ephem]a1 ibid4 ,f4 ,fat ( insects1 to prep>e1 #adf ,fibres1 muscul>1 to prep>e1 ibid4 ,fi%es1 _! scales to exam9e1 #adg ,flea describ$1 #faf--rem>ks on1 note #fag ,flies1 to dissect eyes (1 #ade ,fly1 ,spani%1 its utility1 note #age ---- or p]fect /ate ( insects1 #bcf ---- spid]1 see hippobosca equ9a ,focus1 :at x is1 #ca ,fontana1 an e>ly mak] ( microscopes1 #c ,food ( polypes1 #aee ---- insects1 #bia--;gryllus migratorius1 #bic--oe/rus bovis1 #bid--;equi--hmorrhoidalis--vet]9us--ovi s1 note #bid--;i*neumon fly1 #bie1 note #big ,=ceps = cat*+ insects1 figure (1 #fge ,=ficula auricul>ia1 its w+s1 #adc--;f>!r describ$1 #bje ,frog1 circulation ( blood 91 #aej ,g4 ,gay1 quotation f1 note #fij ,g5]ation ( aphides1 #bgc--;,bonnet's exp]im5ts on ditto1 #bgd--,ri*>dson's ditto1 #bge ---- bees1 #bgi--,s*ira*'s acc\nt (1 #bhj--;,debraw's1 #bha ,g]>d1 au?or ( ! ,h]bal1 8 cr$ulity1 note #cdg ,globules1 glass1 appli$ to ! microscope1 #h--mann] ( mak+ !m1 ibid41 #aa--;by ,butt]field1 #i--;,di ,torre1 #aj--;,gray1 #ab ---- l5ses describ$1 #cd ---- micromet]1 ,cov5try's1 #fj ,gnat1 its proboscis to dissect1 #add--;describ$1 #ahg--;a =midable weapon1 note ibid4--,b>but's rem$y = its /+1 #ahh--prev5tives recomm5d$1 ibid4--mis*iefs occasion$ by !m at ,ox=d1 #fbc--;=midable 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 note #ahi--;,hooke an advocate = !m--rem>ks on ditto1 ibid4 ---- f>!r describ$1 #fbc ,gray1 8 wat] microscope1 #ac ,greeks n unacqua9t$ ) ! s+le microscope1 #c--spectacles kn[n to !m1 ibid4 ,grew1 on ! int]ior /ructure ( vegetables1 #ege ,gryllus migratorius1 #bic--mis*iefs occasion$ by1 note #fhd--_m se5 9 ,engl&1 ibid4 ,h4 ,habitation ( insects1 #bii ,haddock1 scale (1 #cef ,halt]es ( insects1 #bjd ,h>tsoek] applies glass globules to ! microscope1 #h ,heads ( insects1 #agi ,hem]obius p]la1 its w+s describ$1 #bjf ,hemipt]a ord] ( insects1 #bai--to collect1 #fhc ,hewson1 8 me?od ( view+ p>ticles ( blood1 #adi ,hi]onymus1 curi\s passage quot$ f1 note #agh ,hill 7,dr47 writes on ! int]ior p>ts ( vegetables1 #ege--on ! r9d1 #egf--vessels betwe5 r9d & b>k1 #ehj--;b>k1 #ehb--;cellul> tissue1 #ehe--vasa propria int]iora1 #ehf--;blea1 ibid4--wood1 #ehg--;corona1 #eij--pi?1 #eib--sap vessels1 #eid--vasa propria intima1 #eie ---- 7,mr4 ,john7 8 improvem5t on ! luc]nal microscope1 #hd ,hippobosca equ9a survives ! loss ( its head1 note #aea--;its trans=mations1 #bfa ,hog>?1 8 five /ages ( cruelty1 note #aeb ,home1 acc\nt ( ! p>ticles ( ! blood1 note #fbf ,hooke appli$ glass globules to ! microscope1 #h--;8 comp\nd microscope1 #ae--obs]vations on dissect+ insects1 #adb--pleads 9 ju/ification ( gnats1 note #ahi--;computation on ! eyes ( silkworm1 #aif--on ! motion ( butt]flies w+s1 #bji ,hoop]1 quotation f1 #gaj ,hornet1 to dissect /+ (1 #add ,humanity t[>ds insects recomm5d$1 note #aeb ,hunt]'s rem>ks on ,s*ira* & ,debraw's exp]im5ts1 note #bhe ,hydr or fre% wat] polypes1 hi/ory ( ! discov]y (1 #ceg--;improp]ly call$ insects1 note #cfc--viridis--fusca--grisea1 #cfe--_! food1 #cgc--;g5]ation1 #cgi--re-production1 #chb--;hydra pall5s1 #chi--;hydatula1 #cij--/5torea1 #cib--socialis1 #cie ,hym5opt]a ord] ( insects1 #bai ---- ---- ---- to collect1 #fhf ,i4 ,jans5s & son among ! fir/ introduc]s ( ! microscope1 #b ,j]boa1 its agility1 note #bab--kanguroo1 ibid4 ,j]om1 curi\s passage f1 note #agh ,imp]fections ( microscopic glasses1 #df ,improvem5ts on luc]nal microscope1 #hj ---- comp\nd microscope1 #ib1 #ii ,infusions1 animalcula 91 to procure1 #aea ---- ( pepp]1 c41 #aec ,insects1 ,lyonet's table to dissect1 #abc ---- ,muss*5broeck's ditto1 #acg ---- w+s to dissect1 #adc--proboscis1 #add--;eyes1 #ade--;exuvia1 to prep>e1 #ade--muscul> fibres1 #adf--;fat1 ibid4--bra9s1 ibid4--muscles1 ibid4 ---- _! wond]ful me*anism1 #agb ---- pref]r$ by ,swamm]dam to o!r p>ts ( ! creation1 ibid4 ---- n includ$ 9 div9e omnisci5ce1 note #agh ---- g5]al description (1 #agh--;def9ition (1 #agi--;divisions1 ibid4--head1 ibid4--m\?1 #ahj--;jaws1 #aha--tongue & proboscis1 ibid4--proboscis ( a bee1 #ahb--;butt]fly1 #ahf--;gnat1 #ahg--tabanus1 #ahh--;ant5n1 #aij--;conjectures on _! use1 note #aia1 #aib--_! *>act]i/ics1 #aic--palpi--eyes1 ibid4--reticulat$ eyes1 #aie--;drone--silk-worm--libellula--ephe m]a--exp]im5ts on ! eyes1 #aig--monoculus polyphemus1 #aih--spid]1 #aii--/emmata1 ibid4 ---- trunk (--?orax--scutellum--/]num1 #bjj ---- abdom5--spiracula1 #bja ---- limbs--w+s1 #bja--;halt]]s1 #bjd--;elytra & w+s "u ditto1 #bjd--w+s ( =ficula auricul>ia1 #bje--;hem]obius p]la1 #bjf--legs1 #baj--tail & /+1 #bac ---- di/+ui%+ crit]ia (1 #bae--;conjectures on _! s5se ( he>+ & ! s\nds proce$+ f !m1 note #bag--;,b>but's op9ion1 ibid4--rem>ks on ditto1 ibid4 ---- classes or ord]s into :i* !y are divid$1 #bai ---- trans=mation (1 #bbj--;egg to l>va1 #bbb--;*ange to pupa1 #bbi--prep>ation = *ange to p]fect /ate1 #bcd--;*ange to ditto1 #bcf--metamorphosis ( silk-worm1 #bdj--;beetle1 #bdb--rh9oc]os beetle1 #bde--musca *amleon1 #bdh--libellula1 #beg--;cynips1 #bfj--;aphides1 ibid4--hippobosca equ9a1 #bfa--;,bonnet's !ory (1 ibid4 ---- respiration (1 #bfe--;exp]im5ts on by ,lyonet1 #bfg--,muss*5broeck1 #bfh ---- ---- 9 musca p5dula1 #bfi ---- g5]ation (--aphides1 #bgb--;,bonnet's exp]im5ts on1 #bgd--,ri*>dson's1 #bge--;,bees1 #bgi--,s*ira*'s acc\nt (1 #bhj--;,debraw's ditto1 #bha--;eggs ( insects1 #bhf--t5?r$o1 ibid4--hem]obius--phalna neu/ria--oe/rus t>&i--ephem]a--phryganea--libellula--mo? s--bees--wasps--spid]s --ants1 ibid4 ---- fecundity (1 #bij--,reaumur's calculation ( t ( ! que5 bee1 ibid4--,lyonet's on ! g5]ation ( a mo?1 #bia--;,de ,ge]'s1 ibid4 ---- food (1 #bia--;gryllus migratorius1 #bic--oe/rus bovis1 #bid--;equi--hmorrhoidalis--vet]9us--ovi s1 note #bid--;i*neumon fly1 note #bie1 #big ---- habitations (1 #bii--spid]s--aquatic bugs--gyr9us--podura-- libellula--ephem]a--phryganea--culices-- tipul--notonecta--nepa1 #cjj--;julus--scolop5dra--oniscus1 #cja--;=mica-leo1 note1 #cja--solit>y bees1 #cjc--;i*neumon wasp1 #cjf--t]mites1 #cjh--;cat]pill>s1 #cbe ---- int]nal p>ts (1 #ccd--,lyonet's acc\nt ( ! cat]pill> ( ! cossus1 ibid4--muscles--sp9al m>r[1 #cci--tra*eal art]ies1 #cdj--;corpus crassum--oesophagus--v5tricle1 #cdb--;inte/9es1 #cdc ---- to collect & pres]ve1 #ffe--! pursuit recomm5d$1 #fff--me?od ( procur+ lepidopt]a1 #ffh--;9 _! cat]pill> /ate1 #fgj--mann] ( bre$+ !m1 #fga--;figure ( bre$+ box1 ibid4--to collect !m 9 _! *rysalis /ate1 #fgc--;9 _! fly /ate1 #fgd--;figure ( ! net1 ibid4--figure ( =ceps1 #fge--to manage !m 9 _! fly /ate1 ) a figure1 #fgg--;coleopt]a1 to collect1 #fhj--;hemipt]a1 #fhc--neuropt]a1 #fhe--;hym5opt]a1 #fhf--;dipt]a1 #fhg--;apt]a1 ibid4--prop] "t = collect+1 #fif--;in/ructions to =m a cab9et1 #fic--;,drury's collection describ$1 #fie--rem>ks on collect+ ,asiatic insects1 #fif ,in/rum5t = cutt+ sections ( wood1 by ,adams1 #ai--;,cumm+1 ibid4--,cu/ance1 ibid4--describ$1 #abg--;app5dage to ditto1 #abh ,jones1 improv$ luc]nal microscope1 #hj--lan?orn microscope1 #hh--;improv$ comp\nd microscope1 #ib--mo/ improv$1 #ii--;app>atus to ditto1 #aja--;additional1 #ajb ,italians claim ! inv5tion ( ! microscope1 #a ,ivory micromet] by ,cov5try1 #fj ,k4 ,kanguroo1 its agility1 note #bab ,l4 ,lamp1 ,arg&'s1 describ$1 #fi ---- ---- appli$ to luc]nal microscope1 #gf ,lan?orn microscope1 #hh ,l>va /ate ( insects1 #bbc ,leaves ( trees & plants to exam9e1 #adg ,leeuw5hoek's s+le microscope1 #g ---- description ( blood vessels 9 eels1 #adi ,legs ( insects1 #baj ,l5ses1 diff]5t k9ds (1 #cd--_! prop]ties1 ibid4 ,lepas anatif]a1 be>d (1 to prep>e1 #ade--;describ$1 #cdd ,lepidopt]a ord] ( insects1 #bai ---- ---- to procure & pres]ve1 #ffh ,leucopsis dorsig]a1 #cdg ,libellula1 eyes (1 to dissect1 #ade ---- describ$1 #aie ,lice1 polypes infe/$ ) !m1 #aef ---- plant1 see aphides ,lieb]khn1 s+le microscope us$ by him1 #f ---- improves ditto1 #bj ,light1 to manage = microscope1 #acd ,limbs ( insects1 #bja ,l9nu1 8 sy/em comm5d$1 #afh ---- classification ( insects1 #bai ,li/s ( microscopic objects1 #fjh1 #fih ,liz>d1 its sk9 to exam9e1 #adg ,lob/]1 eyes (1 to dissect1 #ade ---- insect1 #cdh--;fir/ notic$ 9 ?is c\ntry by ,mr4 ,j4 ,adams1 #cdh--;describ$ by ,m>t9--two 9 ,mr4 ,m>%am's possession1 ibid4--kn[n to ,ari/otle--to ,wolphius--,scalig]--,de ,ge]--,fabricius--f\r 9 ! editor's possession--a liv+ "o pres5t$ to him--two f\nd alive 9 ,p]cy /reet--,rsel's acc\nt ( x--,seba probably mi/ak51 note #cej ,locu/s1 #bic--;dreadful sc\rge1 note #fhd ---- _m se5 9 ,engl& 9 #agdh1 ibid4 ,l\se1 common1 describ$1 #fai ,lump-suck] describ$1 #ceb ,lyonet1 s+le microscope us$ by him1 #f ---- anatomical microscope1 #abb--me?od ( dissect+1 #ada--;exp]im5ts on ! respiration ( insects1 #bfg--;g5]ation ( a mo?1 #bij--;description ( ! cat]pill> ( ! cossus1 #ccd ,m4 ,magnifi]s1 botanical1 #abe ,malpighi writes on ! /ructure ( vegetables1 #ege ,m>%am on ! i*neumon fly1 note #big ,m>t9 improves sol> microscope1 #bj ---- li/ ( 8 tracts on ! microscope1 note #ba ---- applies slips ( glass1 c4 to microscopes1 #fj ---- improv$ opake & transp>5t sol> microscope1 #ajf--objects1 #aaj ,m$ic9es1 _! op]ations attribut$ to animalcula61 note #dcc ,m$ium1 r>e1 #cb--;d5se1 ibid4 ,meloe monoc]os describ$1 #ced ,metamorphoses ( insects1 #bbj ,micromet] ne$le describ$1 #ed--;h[ us$1 #ee ---- glass1 pe>l1 c4 by ,cov5try1 #fj--;h[ us$1 #fa ---- ---- ---- a set accompanies ,jones's be/ microscope1 #fc ,microscope1 date ( its inv5tion1 #a--"n ( inv5tor n kn[n1 ibid4--its excell5ce1 #b1 #bc--;e>ly introduc$ by ,jans5s1 #b--"o br\ght to ,engl& by ,drebell1 ibid4--made by ,fontana 9 #afaf1 #c--to prep>e vegetable sub/ances =1 #aeh ---- s+le1 probably kn[n to ! ,greeks & ,romans1 #c--;acc\nt (1 #e--rationale (1 #dj--us$ by ,leeuw5hoek1 c41 #f--;describ$1 #g--;glass globules appli$ to1 #h--;h[ made by ,butt]field1 #i--;,di ,torre1 #aj--to make glass globules1 #aa ---- wat] by ,gray1 #ac--;extempore1 ibid4 ---- ,swamm]dam's describ$1 #ach ---- s+le1 ,wilson's1 or screw b>rel1 #aae--) a scroll & mirror1 #aag--small1 = opake objects1 #aah--;,ellis's aquatic1 #aai--,lyonet's anatomical1 #abb--,)]+'s botanical1 #abc--pocket botanical & univ]sal1 #abd ---- comp\nd1 by ,hooke1 ,div9is1 & ,bonnani1 #ae--;,deleb>re1 #af--;,b>k]1 #ag--,smi?1 ibid4 ---- ---- its pr9ciples1 #db--magnify+ p[]s1 #di--;exp]im5ts on ditto1 #ea--;h[ asc]ta9$1 #ec--( m g5]al use ?an any o!r1 note #hi--;,cuff's describ$1 ibid4--app>atus to ditto1 #ij--to use1 #ia--;*e/1 note #ij--;,jones's improv$1 #ib--;app>atus to ditto1 #if--;h[ to use1 #ih--;,jones's mo/ improv$1 #ii--;app>atus1 #aja--;additional app>atus1 #ajb--;h[ to use1 #ajc--;,culpep]'s or ?ree pill>$1 #ajd--;app>atus1 #aje--to use1 ibid4 ---- lan?orn1 #hh ---- sol>1 by ,lieb]khn1 #ag--;improv$ by him1 #bj--;by ,ziehr1 ibid4--,m>t91 ibid4--its pr9ciples1 #de--;z improv$ by ,m>t9 describ$1 #ajf--;app>atus to1 #aji--to use1 #aaj ---- luc]nal1 ,adams's1 #ba--;describ$1 #fd--to exam9e opake objects )1 #ga--;ansp>5t ditto1 #gd--;app>atus to1 #gg--;improvem5ts on1 by ,jones1 ,pr9ce & ,hill1 #hj ---- portable1 & telescope1 #abe ---- to prep>e = obs]vation1 #acj--to prep>e objects =1 #acg ---- concise li/ ( objects =1 #fjh--opake1 #fji--transp>5t1 #fad--;copi\s li/ ( ditto1 #fih ,millep$es food = polypes1 #aee ,m9]als1 to exam9e1 #adh ,m9ute animals1 _! /r5g?1 activity1 & vivacity1 note #dbg ---- %ells1 arrangem5t & description (1 #fbi ,monoculus ,polyphemus1 its eyes describ$1 #aih ,montaigne's rem>ks on k9dness to animals1 note #aea ,mo?s1 w+s (1 #add1 #bjg ,motion ( butt]flies w+s1 exp]im5ts on1 by ,hooke1 #bji--rem>ks on1 #bab--;dittoby ,reaumur1 #bac ,m\? ( insects1 #agi ,mll] on animalcula infusoria1 #dbh ,mn*haus5's hypo!sis1 #dba ---- ---- refut$ by ,ellis1 #dbc ,musca *amleon1 its trans=mation1 #bdh--p5dula ditto1 #bef--;its respiration1 #bfi ,muscles & fibres ( insects1 to prep>e1 #adf ,muss*5broeck's table = dissect+ insects1 #acg ---- exp]im5ts on _! respiration1 #bfh ,musquetos1 _! /+ =midable1 note #ahi ,n4 ,natural hi/ory1 importance (1 #afg ,ne$ham1 8 hypo!sis ( animalcula 9 infusions1 #dba--refut$1 #dbc ,ne$le micromet]1 #ed ,net1 figure ( butt]fly1 #fgd ,neuropt]a ord] ( insects1 #bai--to collect1 #fhe ,notonecta1 its w+s1 #adc ,o4 ,objects to prep>e = ! microscope1 #acg ---- ---- ,swamm]dam's me?od1 ibid4 ---- ---- ,lyonet's ditto1 #ada ---- = ! microscope1 concise li/ (1 #fjh--;copi\s li/ (1 #fih ,obs]vation1 to prep>e microscope =1 #acj ,obs]vations1 ,hooke's on dissect+1 #adb ---- on ,hooke's apology = gnats1 note #ahi ,omnisci5ce ( ,god d5i$ ) respect to insects1 c41 note #agg ,opake objects1 to exam9e ) ! luc]nal microscope1 #ga--li/ (1 #fjh ,opake & transp>5t sol> microscope1 by ,m>t91 #ajf ---- small1 microscope1 #aah ,optical glasses1 _! sev]al k9ds1 #cd--;diff]5t effects1 ibid4--_! imp]fections1 #dg ,ord]s into :i* insects are divid$1 #bai ,ores & m9]als to exam9e1 #adh ,ox-fly1 its proboscis describ$1 #ahh ,ox=d1 sw>ms ( gnats :i* appe>$ at note1 #ahh--! mis*iefs !y occasion$1 ibid4 ,p4 ,palpi ( insects describ$1 #aic ,p>rot-fi%1 scale (1 #cee ,p>ticles ( blood to exam9e1 #adi ---- ---- _! true =m asc]ta9$1 ibid4 & note #fbf ,pa/e eel describ$1 #dfb ,pe>*1 sea1 scale (1 #cef ,pe>l micromet]1 ,cov5try's1 #fj ,p$iculus humanus describ$1 #fai ,plancus on m9ute %ells1 #fbi ,plant lice1 see aphides ,plants1 _! leaves to exam9e1 #adg ,pocket botanical & univ]sal microscope1 #abd ,polypes to procure & fe$1 #aec--;infe/$ ) lice1 #aef--to pres]ve 9 heal?1 ibid4--to obs]ve ) accuracy1 #aeg--to pres]ve 9 slid]s1 ibid4--_! food1 #bia ,pores ( sk9 to exam9e1 #adg ,portable microscope & telescope1 #abe ,proboscis ( insects1 to dissect1 #add--;culex--tabanus--bee1 ibid4--describ$1 #aha--;bee1 ibid4--butt]fly1 #ahf--;gnat1 #ahg--tabanus1 #ahh ,pr9ce1 7,rev4 ,dr47 8 improvem5t on luc]nal microscope1 #hd ,pt9us fatidicus1 note #fhh ---- pulsator1 ibid4 ,puc]on1 see aphides ,pulex aquaticus food = polypes1 #aee ---- irritans describ$1 #faf ,pupa1 *ange ( insects to1 #bbi ,r4 ,ray1 incid5t1 #cb--refract$1 ibid4 ,reaumur on ! motion ( insects1 #bab ---- ---- fecundity ( que5 bee1 #bij ,r$i1 8 obs]vations on ! production ( flies1 #agd ,reflections on cruelty to animals1 #aej1 note ibid4 ,refraction1 its pr9ciples1 #cb--;asc]ta9$ by exp]im5ts1 #cc ,rem>ks on ! sub/ance ( butt]flies w+s1 note #bjg ---- on ,b>but's op9ion on ! s5se ( he>+ 9 insects1 note #bag ---- on collect+ ,asiatic insects1 #fif ,respiration ( insects1 #bfe--;exp]im5ts on1 by ,lyonet1 #bfg--,muss*5broeck1 #bfh ---- musca p5dula1 #bfi ,ri*>dson's exp]im5ts on ! g5]ation ( aphides1 #bge ,r9d ( vegetables to prep>e1 #afj ,romans probably acqua9t$ ) ! s+le microscope1 #c ---- spectacles kn[n to !m1 ibid4 ,s4 ,salts & sal9e sub/ances1 to prep>e1 #afc ---- _! cry/allization1 #fjj--:at und]/ood by x1 #fja--phnom5a ( ditto1 #fjb--_! v>i\s figures1 #fjc--;,b]gman's acc\nt ( _! =ms1 #fje ---- li/ (1 = microscopic obs]vation1 #gaj ,sap vessels ( plants1 to fill1 #afb ,scales ( fi% to exam9e1 #adg--;eel1 to prep>e1 ibid4 ---- p>rot fi%1 #cee--sea pe>*1 haddock--,we/-,india pe>*--sole fi%1 #cef ,scutellum ( insects1 #bjj ,sections ( wood1 in/rum5t = cutt+1 #abg--;app5dage to ditto1 #abh ,se$s1 vegetable1 a descriptive li/ ( a v>iety (1 #fde--li?osp]mum1 ibid4--cym9um1 #fdf--papav]1 #fdg--;c>dirus1 ibid4--plantago1 #fdh--/aphis agria1 #fdi--;anisum1 ibid4--fniculum1 #fea--;grana ,p>adisi1 #feb--petrosel9um1 #fec--petrosel9um ,mac$onicum1 #fed--;cori&rum1 #fee--seseli1 ibid4--hyoscyamus1 #feg--;cic]1 #feh--laurus1 #fei--;ficoides afra1 #ffj--palma aricef]a1 #ffa--;junip]us1 ibid4--santonicum1 #ffb--scabiosa1 #ffc ,s5tim5ts ( le>n$ m5 9 e>li] times on m9ute p>ts ( creation1 note #agg ,%akspe>e1 quotation f1 on ! feel+ ( insects1 note #aej--p>ody on a passage 91 note #fij ,%ells1 to view1 #adh--m9ute1 arrangem5t & description (1 #fbi--mann] ( procur+ !m1 #fcb--obs]vations on1 ibid4--s]pula1 #fcc--;d5tale1 #fce--patella1 ibid4--helix1 ibid4--turbo1 #fcf--tro*us1 #fch--;bucc9um1 #fci--voluta1 ibid4--bulla1 #fdj--nautilus1 ibid4--,mytilus1 #fdb--;anomia1 #fdc--;arca1 ibid4--c>dium1 #fdd--lepas1 ibid4--e*9us1 ibid4--a/]ias1 #fde ,%oots1 vegetable1 to obta91 #aei ,silk-worm1 its eyes1 #aif--metamorphosis1 #bdj ,sk91 pores (1 to exam9e1 #adg ---- ( sole-fi%1 #cef--liz>ds1 #adg ,smi?1 8 comp\nd microscope1 #ag ,sole-fi%1 scale (1 #cef--sk9 (1 ibid4 ,spani%-fly1 its utility 9 m$ic9e & comm]ce1 note #age ,spid]1 eyes (1 #aii--;describ$1 #fba ,spiracula ( insects1 #bja ,/emmata ( ditto1 #aii ,/]num ( ditto1 #bjj ,/ill+fleet1 8 rem>ks on ! importance ( natural hi/ory1 #cca ,/+ ( bee to dissect1 #add--;describ$1 #bad ,/+s ( insects1 #bac ,/r5g? ( m9ute animals1 note #dbg ,swamm]dam uses ! s+le microscope1 #f--;8 me?od ( prep>+ objects1 #acg--;8 microscope describ$1 #ach--mann] ( dissect+1 ibid4 ,swift1 quotation f1 on ! dea?-wat*1 note #fhi ,sy/em1 ,l9nean1 comm5d$1 #afh ,t4 ,tabanus1 its proboscis describ$1 #ahh ,tail ( insects1 #bac ,telescope1 portable microscope &1 #abe ,t]mes pulsatorium1 note #fhh ,t]mites or :ite ants1 hi/ory (1 #cjh ,?orax ( insects1 #bja ,?rips physapus describ$1 #cej ,timb]1 organization (1 #egd ,t9cture ( co*9eal1 to prep>e1 #afa ,tongue ( insects1 #aha ,trans=mation ( insects1 #bbj--rh9oc]os beetle1 #bde--musca *amleon1 #bdh--p5dula1 #bef--libellula1 #beg--;cynips1 #bfj--;aphides1 ibid4--hippobosca equ9a1 #bfa--!ory (1 by ,bonnet1 ibid4 ,transp>5t objects to exam9e ) ! luc]nal microscope1 #gd--to transmit on a scre51 #ge ---- ---- li/ (1 #fad ,trees1 leaves (1 to exam9e1 #adg ,trunk ( insects1 #bja ,tubul>ia campanulata1 #daa ,v4 ,vegetable sub/ances1 to prep>e = ! microscope1 #aei--"y %oots1 ibid4--r9d1 #afj--;blea1 #afb--sap vessels1 to fill1 #afb ---- se$s1 descriptive li/ (1 #fde ,vegetables1 _! beauty & p]fection1 #egd ,v9eg> eel describ$1 #dfa ,vision1 its pr9ciples %ewn by exp]im5ts1 #bg ,vivacity ( m9ute animals note1 #dbg ,vorticell describ$1 #cif--;ana/atica1 #cig--pyr>ia1 #djj--;cratg>ia1 ibid4--op]cul>ia1 #dja--umbell>ia1 #djb--;b]b]9a1 #djf--;digitalis1 ibid4--convall>ia1 #djg--urceol>is1 #djh--tubul>ia campanulata1 #daa ,w4 ,walk] on m9ute %ells1 #fcj--;comm5d$ by ,sir ,jos4 ,banks1 ibid4--extracts f1 #fcc ,wasp1 its /+ to dissect1 #ade ,wat]1 eel 9 fre%1 #dfh--;9 salt ditto1 #dfi ,:eat1 eel 9 blight$1 #dfg ,:eel animal1 #edi ,willughby detects a pret5d$ discov]] ( animalcula1 note #dcb ,wilson1 8 screw-b>rel microscope1 #aae--;ditto ) scroll1 #aag ,w+s ( insects to dissect1 #adc ---- =ficula auricul>ia1 ibid4--notonecta1 ibid4--butt]flies & mo?s1 #add1 #bjg--;describ$1 #bja--;hem]obius p]la1 #bjf ,wisdom1 div9e1 display$ 9 ! creation1 #bfg1 #agd--provid5ce1 #agd--;b5evol5ce1 #age ,)]+1 8 botanical microscope1 #aae ,wood1 in/rum5t = cutt+ sections (1 #abg1--;app5dage to1 #abh ,worm1 silk1 its eyes describ$1 #aif ,worms1 r$1 food = polypes1 #aee ,z4 ,ziehr improves sol> microscope1 #bj ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #a4 ,t4 ,milne del4 ,london4 ,pr9t$ = ,publi%$ by ,george ,adams ,n4o #fj1 ,fleet ,/reet1 z ! act directs4 ,may #bj1 #aghg4 ,jn4 ,lodge sc4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #b;,a ,london ,pr9t$ = ,publi%'d by ,geo4e ,adams ,n4o #fj ,fleet ,/reet ,may #bj? #aghg4 ,goodnight sculp4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #b;,b ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iii4 ,t4 ,milne del4 ,london4 ,pr9t$ = ,publi%$ by ,george ,adams ,n4o #fj1 ,fleet ,/reet1 z ! act directs4 ,may #bj1 #aghg4 ,j4 ,lodge sculp4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iv4 ,london4 ,pr9t$ = ,publi%$ by ,f4 ,kanma*]1 & ,w4 ,s4 ,jones1 #ace ,holborn z ! ,act directs1 #a4/ ,octob] #agig4 ,j4 ,hawkswor? ,sculp4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,v4 ,london ,pr9t$ = ,publi%'d by ,geo4e ,adams ,n4o #fj ,fleet ,/reet ,may #bj? #aghg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vi4 ,london ,pr9t$ = ,publi%'d by ,geo4e ,adams ,n4o #fj ,fleet ,/reet ,may #bj? #aghg4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #g;,a4 ,london ,pr9t$ = ,publi%'d by ,geo4e ,adams ,n4o #fj ,fleet ,/reet ,may #bj? #aghg4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #g;,b4 ,london ,pr9t$ = ,publi%'d by ,geo4e ,adams ,n4o #fj ,fleet ,/reet ,may #bj? #aghg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,viii4 ,london ,pr9t$ = ,publi%'d by ,geo4e ,adams ,n4o #fj ,fleet ,/reet ,may #bj? #aghg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ix4 ,t4 ,milne del4 ,london4 ,pr9t$ = ,publi%$ by ,w4 ,s4 ,jones1 #ace ,holborn1 ,f4 ,kanma*] ,apo!c>ies ,hall1 z ! ,act directs1 #a1/ ,decemb] #agig4 ,jn4 ,lodge sc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,x4 ,london ,pr9t$ = ,publi%'d by ,geo4e ,adams ,n4o #fj ,fleet ,/reet ,may #bj? #aghg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xi4 ,t4 ,milne del4 ,london4 ,pr9t$ = ,publi%$ by ,george ,adams1 ,n4o #fj ,fleet ,/reet z ! act directs4 ,may #bj1 #aghg4 ,j4 ,lodge sc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xii4 ,t4 ,milne del4 ,london4 ,pr9t$ = ,publi%$ by ,george ,adams1 ,n4o #fj ,fleet ,/reet z ! act directs4 ,may #bj1 #aghg4 ,jn4o ,lodge sculp4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xiii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xiv4 ,london4 ,pr9t$ = ,publi%$ by ,f4 ,kanma*]1 & ,w4 ,s4 ,jones1 #ace ,holborn1 z ! ,act directs1 #a4/ ,novemb] #agig4 ,j4 ,hawkswor? sculp4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xv4 ,london4 ,pr9t$ = ,publi%$ by ,w4 ,s4 ,jones1 #ace ,holborn1 & ,f4 ,kanma*]1 ,apo!c>ies ,hall1 z ! ,act directs1 ,novemb] #a4/ #agig4 ,j4 ,hawkswor? sculp4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xvi4 ,t4 ,milne del4 ,london ,pr9t$ = ,publi%$ by ,george ,adams1 ,n4o #fj1 ,fleet ,/reet1 z ! ,act directs4 ,may #bj1 #aghg4 ,jn4o ,lodge sc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xvii4 ,london ,pr9t$ = ,publi%'d by ,geo4 ,adams1 #fj ,fleet ,/reet1 ,may #bj? #aghg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xviii4 ,london ,pr9t$ = ,publi%'d by ,geo4 ,adams1 #fj ,fleet ,/reet1 ,may #bj? #aghg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xix4 ,t4 ,milne del4 ,london4 ,pr9t$ = ,publi%$ by ,george ,adams1 ,n4o #fj ,fleet ,/reet1 z ! act directs4 ,may #bj1 #aghg4 ,jn4o ,lodge sc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xx4 ,t4 ,milne del4 ,london4 ,pr9t$ = ,publi%$ by ,george ,adams1 ,n4o #fj ,fleet ,/reet1 z ! act directs4 ,may #bj1 #aghg4 ,jn4o ,lodge sc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxi4 ,t4 ,milne del4 ,london4 ,pr9t$ = ,publi%$ by ,george ,adams1 ,n4o #fj ,fleet ,/reet1 z ! ,act directs4 ,may #bj1 #aghg4 ,jn4 ,lodge sc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxii4 ,t4 ,milne del4 ,london4 ,pr9t$ = ,publi%$ by ,george ,adams1 ,n4o #fj ,fleet ,/reet1 z ! act directs4 ,may #bj1 #aghg4 ,j4 ,lodge sc4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #bc ,a4 ,j4 ,wigley4 ,sc4 ,london4 ,pr9t$ = ,publi%$ by ,george ,adams1 ,n4o ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #bc4;,b4 #fj ,fleet ,/reet1 z ! act directs4 #bj ,may #aghg4 ,bonles ,sc4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #bd4;,a4 ,j4 ,wigley4 ,sc4 ,london4 ,pr9t$ = ,publi%$ by ,george ,adams1 ,n4o ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #bd4;,b4 #fj ,fleet ,/reet1 z ! act directs4 #bj ,may #aghg4 ,bonles ,sc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxv4 ,t4 ,milne ,del94t ,london ,publi%$ ,may #a4/ #aghg4 ,geo4e ,adams ,n4o #fj ,fleet ,/reet4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxvi4 ,london ,publi%$ ,may #a4/ #aghg4 ,geo4e ,adams ,n4o #fj ,fleet ,/reet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxvii4 ,t4 ,milne del4 ,london4 ,pr9t$ = ,publi%$ by ,george ,adams1 ,n4o #fj ,fleet ,/reet1 z ! act directs4 ,may #bj1 #aghg4 ,j4 ,lodge sc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxviii4 ,t4 ,milne del4 ,london4 ,pr9t$ = ,publi%$ by ,george ,adams1 ,n4o #fj ,fleet ,/reet1 z ! act directs4 ,may #bj1 #aghg4 ,j4 ,lodge scu4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxix4 ,t4 ,milne del4 ,london4 ,pr9t$ = ,publi%$ by ,george ,adams1 ,n4o #fj ,fleet ,/reet1 z ! act directs4 ,may #bj1 #aghg4 ,j4 ,lodge sc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxx4 ,london ,pr9t$ = ,publi%d by ,geo4e ,adams ,n4o #fj ,fleet ,/reet ,may #bj? #aghg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxi4 ,t4 ,milne del4 ,london4 ,pr9t$ = ,publi%$ by ,george ,adams1 ,n4o #fj ,fleet ,/reet1 z ! act directs4 ,may #bj1 #aghg4 ,jn4 ,lodge sc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxii4 ,a ,,catalogue ,,( ,optical1 ,ma!matical1 & ,philosophical ,in/rum5ts1 ,,made ,,& ,,sold ,,by ,w4 ,,& ,s4 ,,jones1 ,no4 #ace1 ,,next ,,furnival',s-,,inn1 ,,holborn1 ,,london4 ,,optical ,,in/rum5ts4 4 s4 d4 ,be/ d\ble-jo9t$ /&>d gold spectacles1 ) pebbles1 & fi%-sk9 gold-m\nt$ case #af #af #j ,ditto s+le-jo9t$1 ) ditto case #aj #aj #j ,be/ d\ble-jo9t$ silv] ditto1 ) pebbles #a #af #j ,ditto1 ditto1 ) glasses #a #a #j ,be/ s+le-jo9t$1 ) pebbles #a #h #j ,ditto1 ) glasses #j #ac #j ,be/ d\ble-jo9t$ /eel ditto1 ) glasses #j #i #j ,an improv$ sort ( ditto = ladies #j #aj #f ,second be/ d\ble-jo9t$ /eel spectacles1 ) spr+ case #j #g #f ,common ditto #j #d #f ,be/ s+le-jo9t$ /eel spectacles #j #d #f ,second be/ ditto #j #b #f ,common ditto #j #a #f ,tortoi%ell spectacles1 silv]-jo9t$1 ) po9t$1 & o!r %ap$ sides1 peculi> = _! lightness & un9t]ruption ( dress$ hair1 9 morocco lea!r cases #j #aj #f ,ditto1 d\ble-jo9t$ frames #j #ae #j ,spectacles = eyes t h be5 c\*$ #j #g #f ,ditto ) gre5 glasses = v weak & inflam$ eyes1 accord+ to ! frames1 f #fs4 to #a #a #j ,ditto = ! same purpose1 ) new contriv$ portable %ades to scre5 ! eyes f c&le1 or o!r light #j #ae #j ,nose spectacles 9 silv] #j #g #f ,ditto 9 tortoi%ell & silv]4 #j #d #j ,ditto 9 horn & /eel #j #a #f ,spectacle cases 9 v great v>iety1 f #b;d4 ea* to #aj #aj #j ,concave glasses = %ort-sight$ p]sons1 9 horn cases #j #a #f ,ditto 9 tortoi%ell1 pe>l1 silv]1 c4 f #bs4 #f;d4 to #b #b #j ,ditto 9 new-contriv$ frames = g5tlem5 :5 %oot+ #j #af #j ,read+ & burn+ glasses1 9 v>i\s m\nt+s1 f #as4 to #a #af #j ,convex glasses = wat*-mak]s1 engrav]s1 c4 f #as4 to #j #aj #f ,goggl]s1 to gu>d ! eyes f ! du/ or w9d #j #c #j ,new gre5-light %ades = ! eyes #j #f #f ,op]a glasses1 9 great v>iety ( m\nt+s1 f #ds4 #f;d4 to #b #ab #f ,ditto1 on an improv$ con/ruction ( glasses1 pla9 m\nt+ #a #a #j ,,refract+ ,,telescopes ( v>i\s l5g?s1 f #fs4 to #a #af #j ,ditto to use at sea by night1 f #al4 #aas4 #f;d4 to #b #ab #f ,a*romatic /ick telescopes ( v>i\s l5g?s f #ahs4 to #d #j #j ,! new-improv$ ditto1 ) ?ree slid+ brass tubes1 by :i* an in/antane\s view ( ! object is obta9$1 & %uts up v %ort = ! pocket1 ( "o foot 9 l5g?1 9 a case #a #aa #f ,second be/ two-draw]s1 ditto #a #a #j ,tw5ty in* be/ ?ree-draw]s1 ditto #b #ab #f ,ditto second be/ two-draw]s #a #aj #j ,two feet be/ ?ree-draw]s1 ditto #d #d #j ,ditto second be/1 ditto #c #c #j ,?ree feet1 be/ f\r-draw] ditto #f #f #j ,second be/ ditto #d #d #j ,! prec$+ telescopes1 fitt$ up elegantly ) silv] or plat$ tubes1 f #bl4 #bs4 to #ba #j #j ,a/ronomical eye-pieces & portable brass /&s = ! above1 f #ajs4 #f;d4 to #b #ab #f ,! new-improv$ #b feet a*romatic refractor1 on a brass /&1 mahogany tube1 ) two sets ( eye-glasses1 "o magnify+ ab\t =ty times = t]re/rial objects1 & ! o!r ab\t sev5ty-five times = a/ronomical purposes1 pack$ 9 a mahogany box #i #i #j ,ditto1 ditto1 ! tube all brass1 ) ?ree eye-pieces #aa #a #f ,! #c feet ditto1 ditto1 mahogany tube #ag #f #f ,ditto1 ditto1 brass tube #ai #h #f ,ditto all 9 brass1 ) rack-"w motions1 c4 #bd #c #j ,a*romatic p]spective glasses = ! pocket1 9 brass1 c4 tubes1 ) a *ange ( eye-glasses1 f #abs4 to #c #c #j ,new-improv$ ditto1 answ]+ ! purpose ( an op]a-glass1 ) a compass1 & helioscope = view+ ! sun1 f #al4 #cs4 to #b #b #j ,new-improv$ a*romatic pocket telescope1 :i*1 by a small app>atus )9 its tubes1 is readily conv]t$ into a comp\nd microscope #c #ac #f ,an improv$ portable sev5-in* a*romatic telescope 9 brass1 ) a /& t packs up into ! tube ( ! telescope1 adapt$ = a/ronomical uses #c #ac #f ,,reflect+ ,,telescopes1 fitt$ up ei!r ^u ! ,gregorian1 ,newtonian1 or ,h]s*elian pr9ciples1 ) improv$ wood1 or metal /&s1 & o!r app>atus = mak+ cele/ial obs]vations 9 ! mo/ commodi\s & accurate mann]--,! g5]al prices are z foll[3 -- ,fifte5 feet 9 l5g?1 ! l>ge metal fifte5 in*es 9 diamet]1 f #bejl4 to #ejj #j #j -- ,twelve feet 9 l5g?1 f\rte5 in* metal #bjj #j #j -- ,t5 feet 9 l5g?1 twelve in* metal #aej #j #j -- ,eight feet 9 l5g?1 elev5 in* metal #adj #j #j -- ,six feet 9 l5g?1 n9e in* metal #ajj #j #j -- ,f\r feet long1 9 brass tubes1 ) portable brass or mahogany fram$ /&s1 f #djl4 to #ajj #j #j ,^? reflectors t are con/ruct$ ^u ! pr9ciples ( ,newton or ,h]s*el are ab\t twice ! above l5g?s 9 ! tubes4 ,! reflectors ^u ! usual ,gregorian con/ruction are made ) ! v]tical motion ^u a new pr9ciple1 s z to r5d] !m m firm & /eady :ile 9 use1 ?an any reflectors m\nt$ 9 ! old mann]4 ,a f\r feet sev5 in* ap]ture ,gregorian reflector1 ) ! v]tical motion ^u a new inv5t$ pr9ciple1 z well z app>atus to r5d] ! tube m /eady 9 obs]vation2 accord+ to ! additional app>atus ( small speculums1 eye-pieces1 micromet]s1 c4 f #gjl4 to #ajj #j #j ,?ree feet long1 m\nt$ on a brass /&1 common m\nt+ #bc #b #j ,ditto ) rack "w motions1 improv$ m\nt+1 & metals #cf #ae #j ,two feet long1 )\t rack-"w1 & ) f\r magnify+ p[]s1 improv$1 #acl4 #acs4 to #ad #ad #j ,ditto improv$1 ) rack-"w motions #bb #a #j ,eighte5 in* on a pla9 /& #h #h #j ,twelve in* ditto #e #e #j ,telescopes ( bo? ! above k9ds fitt$ up4 ) equatorial1 c4 motions1 micromet]s1 adju/+1 comp5sat+1 c4 app>atus1 = ! mo/ accurate a/ronomical purposes4 ,common ,,microscopes1 f #bs4 #f;d4 to #a #a #j ,wilson's s+le pocket microscopes1 f #ahs4 to #b #ab #f ,comp\nd microscopes improv$1 f #bl4 #abs4 #f;d4 to #e #e #j ,new improv$ univ]sal ditto #f #f #j ,ditto ) ! mo/ complete app>atus #aj #aj #j ,sol> microscopes 9 brass1 improv$1 f #dl4 #ads4 #f;d4 to #f #f #j ,! new opake & transp>5t sol> microscopes1 ) improv$ app>atus1 f #ajl4 #ajs4 to #af #af #j ,ditto ( a l>g] size1 ) additional megalascopic app>atus1 f #adl4 #ads4 to #ai #ai #j ,ditto1 & be/ comp\nd ditto1 pack$ toge!r 9 "o mahogany box #ba #j #j ,! ,,luc]nal ,,microscope1 z improv$ by ,w4 ,,jones1 exhibit+ images ( opake & transp>5t objects by night or day1 9 a mann] s+ul>ly pleas+1 brilliant & di/9ct1 ) upw>ds ( #ajj objects1 prop] app>atus1 pat5t lamp1 c4 #af #af #j ,ditto comb9$ ) a sol>1 comp\nd1 c4 app>atus1 =m+ ! mo/ p]fect collection ( microscopical app>atus #ce #ad #j ,a portable optical app>atus1 consi/+ ( a scioptic ball & socket1 a sol> microscope1 ,wilson's microscope1 a pocket comp\nd microscope1 a pocket telescope1 & sol> telescope1 9 mahogany & brass #c #ac #f ,pocket microscopes = opake objects1 f #afs4 to #b #ab #f ,botannic microscopes = fl[]s1 c4 f #es4 to #a #aa #f ,a new univ]sal pocket ditto1 adapt$ to all sorts ( objects #a #f #j ,clo? microscopes1 f #bs4 #f;d4 to #j #aj #f ,magic lan?orns1 f #al4 #ds4 to #a #h #j ,slid]s = ditto 9 great v>iety ( subjects1 ea* #j #c #f ,a new set ( moveable pa9t$ slid]s1 %ew+ ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( a/ronomy1 ) ! real & app>5t motions & positions ( ! planets1 />s1 c4 c4 accompani$ by a prop] improv$ lan?orn1 complete #ac #ac #j ,small magic lan?orns1 ) twelve slid]s complete1 at #gs4 #f;d4 #ajs4 #f;d4 #abs4 & #a #j #j ,ditto ) twelve slid]s ( be/ ,engli% pa9t+s #b #b #j ,optical diagonal ma*9es = view+ pr9ts1 f #al4 to #a #aa #f ,p]spective views 9 great v>iety = ditto1 ea* #j #a #f ,scioptic balls & sockets f #ajs4 #f;d4 to #a #aa #f ,an artificial eye 9 brass1 to exemplify ! nature ( vision #a #aa #f ,= a description ( ?is in/rum5t1 z well z ( spectacles1 read+-glasses1 c4 see ! late ,mr4 ,g4 ,,adams',s ,essay on ,vision1 #hvo4 price #cs4 n[ sold by ,w4 & ,s4 ,,jones4 ,cam]a obscuras = ! pocket1 f #is4 to #a #af #j ,a new inv5t$ fold+ ditto1 v portable #b #b #j ,l>ge ditto1 %utt+ up l a book1 or neat portable *e/1 ! objects repres5t$ on pap]1 f #dl4 #ads4 #f;d4 to #h #ah #f ,concave & convex glass mirrors1 9 pla9 black frames1 f\r1 five1 six1 & sev5 in*es diamet]1 ea* #is4 #abs4 #ads4 & #j #ah #j ,eight in*es diamet] ditto #a #a #j ,n9e in*es ditto #a #g #j ,t5 in*es ditto #a #ab #j ,twelve in*es ditto #b #e #j ,fifte5 in*es ditto #c #ac #f ,eighte5 in*es ditto #f #f #j ,tw5ty-"o in*es ditto #aa #aa #j ,tw5ty-f\r in*es ditto #af #af #j ,concave mirrors1 gr\nd cyl9drically1 possess+ sev]al curi\s prop]ties 9 ! de=mation ( objects1 accord+ to ! size1 f #al4 #as4 to #e #e #j ,concave metal burn+ mirrors1 sup]ior to ! glass ones1 f #cl4 #acs4 #f;d4 to #ba #j #j ,glass prisms1 pla91 or m\nt$ on /&s1 f #gs4 #f;d4 to #a #aa #f ,a curi\s set ( optical models1 :]e ! rays ( light are repres5t$ by silk5 /r+s1 & illu/rat+ ! pr9ciples ( vision1 telescopes1 prisms1 c4 pack$ 9 five cases #f #af #f ,,ma!matical ,,in/rum5ts4 ,,!odolites ( ! common con/ruction1 & ( ! be/ workman%ip1 f #dl4 #ds4 to #ca #aj #j ,a portable !odolite1 ) a telescope1 level1 & v]tical ar* #g #g #j ,ditto l>g]1 ) p>allel plates1 c4 divid$ to two m9utes #ab #ab #j ,ditto ) rack-"w motions1 divisions to a m9ute #bb #a #j ,a new-improv$ !odolite1 ) two telescopes1 & contrivances = e accurate adju/m5t #cf #ae #j ,a new v portable !odolite1 by rack-"w1 measur+ angles ) equal accuracy z ^? ( ! common l>ge sort1 is at ! same "t applicable = tak+ altitudes1 & is truly adapt$ = ! purpose ( levell+ #h #h #j ,a #d-;in* fur!r improv$ ditto1 by :i* ! v]tical & horizontal angles are %ewn at ! same "t1 ) portable /aves1 c4 #aj #aj #j ,circumf]5tors1 mu* us$ 9 wood l&s1 f #bl4 #bs4 to #d #d #j ,an improv$ ditto1 contriv$ to answ] ! purposes ( a common !odolite1 level1 altitude in/rum5t1 c4 #d #ad #f ,survey+ crosses or squ>es1 on a /aff1 f #abs4 to #a #aa #f ,a brass cyl9drical ditto1 ) a /aff #j #ah #j ,ditto ) compass1 agate capp$ ne$le1 c4 #a #aa #f ,improv$ ditto1 ) rack-"w & p9ion1 & moveable divid$ limb1 mak+ a v portable cross-/aff1 compass & !odolite 9 "o in/rum5t #b #ah #j ,levels ( ! late/ improvem5ts1 f #bl4 #bs4 to #ab #ab #j ,/ation /aves1 ) slid+ vanes1 = levell+ #b #ab #f ,plane tables1 ) index1 sights1 c4 complete1 f #cl4 #acs4 #f;d4 to #e #e #j ,p5tagraphs1 by :i* any p]son unskill$ 9 draw+ may copy plans1 surveys1 pr(iles1 draw+s1 c4 9 any proportion to ! orig9al1 f #al4 #afs4 to #f #af #f ,p]ambulators or measur+ :eels1 f #fa4 #fs4 to #aj #aj #j ,gunt]'s measur+ *a91 accord+ to /r5g?1 f #es4 to #j #aa #j ---- navigation scale1 f #bs4 to #j #d #j ---- ditto improv$ by ,donn1 ) book ( directions #j #e #j ---- ditto improv$ by ,rob]tson1 ) brass adju/+ screws1 c4 be+ ! complete/ scale ( ! k9d #a #aj #j ---- sectors ( v>i\s l5g?s1 f #bs4 to #a #aa #f ,a new pocket t5 in* box slid+ rule = solv+ all sorts ( problems 9 trigonometry1 c4 f #bs4 #f;d4 to #j #d #j ,measur+ tapes1 "o1 two1 ?ree1 & f\r poles1 #es4 #gs4 #f;d4 #is4 #j #aj #f ,p$eomet]s = asc]ta9+ di/ances 9 walk+ or rid+1 ( a wat* size = ! pocket1 & also to apply to c>riages1 f #ca4 #cs4 to #ab #ab #j ,m9]'s compasses1 = work+ 9 subt]rane\s gr\nds1 f #ajs4 #f;d4 to #a #aa #f ,cases ( draw+ in/rum5ts1 f #ds4 #f;d4 to #e #e #j ,magaz9e1 or complete collection ( e k9d ( useful draw+ in/rum5ts1 f #el4 #es4 to #ce #j #j ,a new portable draw+ bo>d & seat1 ! bo>d folds up = ! pocket1 & ! legs ( ! seat =m a walk+ /ick #j #ah #j ,proportional compasses1 f #al4 #ajs4 to #c #c #j ,elliptical compasses ( v>i\s degrees ( p]fection & utility1 f #afs4 to #d #ad #f ,spiral & elliptical compasses1 f #fs4 #f;d4 to #aj #aj #j ,triangul> compasses1 by :i* ?ree po9ts at once may be transf]r$1 f #acs4 to #a #e #j ,hair compasses t take ext5ts to a great accuracy #j #g #f ,beam compasses = divid+ l>ge circles1 projections1 c4 f #al4 #as4 to #aj #j #j ,b[ compasses = describ+ v small circles1 f #bs4 #f;d4 to #j #ab #j ,p]spective compasses to take angles1 c4 f #al4 #es4 to #b #ab #f ,p>allel rul]s ( diff]5t con/ructions1 f #bs4 to #b #ab #f ,protractors = lay+ d[n angles1 f #bs4 to #a #a #j ,ditto1 ) a nonius & moveable limb #b #b #j ,ditto1 ditto1 ) tee? & p9ion #d #aj #j ,sets ( protract+ & plott+ scales2 in/rum5ts = divid+ l9es or transf]r+ divisions on pap]4 ,an in/rum5t = describ+ circles f f\r to six in*es radius1 or to ! utmo/ conceivable di/ance--,gunn]s callip]s--,gunn]s levels or p]p5dicul>s--,%ot gauges--,%ell ditto--,gunn]s quadrants1 ) a plummet or level1 or adju/+ screw1 c4 & all o!r in/rum5ts = milit>y purposes4 ,,hadley',s ,,quadrants1 mahogany1 ! divisions on wood #a #aa #f ,ditto mahogany ) ivory ar* & nonius1 d\ble obs]vation #b #b #j ,ditto1 ditto1 a brass index1 d\ble obs]vation #b #ab #f ,ditto1 ebony & brass1 be/ glasses1 eng9e divid$1 c4 #c #j #j ,ebony & brass m\nt$ be/ sextants1 f #dl4 #ds4 to #h #ah #f ,metal ditto1 all brass1 fram$ on a pr9ciple ! lea/ liable to be w>p$ or /ra9$1 ) adju/+ screws1 telescopes1 & o!r auxili>y app>atus1 ! mo/ prop] = tak+ di/ances accurately1 to det]m9e ! longitude at sea1 c4 #ab #ab #j ,ditto1 second be/ #h #h #j ,a new small #c-;in* pocket box sextant to take angles to a m9ute1 f #bl4 #bs4 to #c #c #j ,artificial horizons1 by p>allel glasses & quicksilv]1 to take d\ble altitudes by #a #af #j ,gunt]'s quadrant1 f #ds4 to #a #a #j ,azimu? compasses ( diff]5t con/ructions1 f #el4 #es4 to #ab #ab #j ,pocket compasses f #bs4 #f;d4 to #e #e #j ,horizontal sun-dials1 9 brass1 made = any latitude1 ( f\r1 five1 or six in*es diamet]1 divid$ into five m9utes ( "t1 ea* at #fs4 #is4 & #j #ab #j ,ditto sev5 in*es #j #af #j ,ditto eight in*es1 into two m9utes #a #d #j ,ditto t5 in*es1 ditto #a #af #j ,ditto twelve in*es1 ditto #b #aj #j ,ditto1 fifte5 in*es1 into e m9ute1 ?irty-two po9ts ( ! compass1 c4 #d #ad #f ,ditto eighte5 in*es1 ditto1 ditto1 ) equation table1 c4 #h #h #j ,ditto #b feet diamet]1 ditto1 ditto #ae #ae #j ,a new univ]sal ditto & equatorial1 mak+ a v portable angul> in/rum5t1 f #hl4 #hs4 to #ca #aj #j ,univ]sal r+ dials1 f #gs4 #f;d4 to #aj #aj #j ,= a g5]al description & repres5tation ( ! in/rum5ts us$ 9 survey+1 levell+1 & o!r bran*es ( practical geometry1 see ! late ,mr4 ,g4 ,,adams',s ,geometrical & ,graphical ,essays1 an improv$ edition by ,w4 ,,jones1 9 two vols1 #hvo4 #agig1 ) ?irty-five folio copp]-plates4 ,price #ads4 ,,a/ronomical1 c4 ,,in/rum5ts4 ,a portable ,,transit ,,in/rum5t1 ) a ca/ iron /&1 to asc]ta9 ! rate ( *ronomet]s1 ! longitude1 c4 ! axis is twelve in*es 9 l5g?1 & ! telescope ab\t tw5ty in*es1 pack$ 9 a case #ab #ab #j ,ditto1 ) a brass fram$ /&1 & o!r additions #bj #j #j ,transit in/rum5ts ( l>g] dim5sions made to ord]4 ,! new ,,circul> ,,in/rum5ts & ,,equatorials1 f #fcl4 to #ahj #j #j ,planet>iums1 %ew+ ! phnom5a ( ! ,ptolemaic & ,cop]nican sy/ems1 f #gl4 #gs4 to #ej #j #j ,manual orr]ies ( ! common con/ruction f #bl4 #abs4 #f;d4 to #f #f #j ,jones's 7,wm47 new portable orr]y1 ! tellurian "p #a #a #j ,ditto1 ! planet>ium "p #a #a #j ,tellurian & planet>ium toge!r1 mak+ ! ,new ,portable ,orr]y1 pack$ 9 a neat mahogany box1 accord+ to ! sizes1 f #bl4 #abs4 #f;d4 to #e #e #j ,an orr]y %ew+ ! motions ( ,m]cury1 ,v5us1 ! ,e>? & ,moon1 by :eel-"w1 ! ,e>? is a #a in* globe1 pack$ 9 a box #d #d #j ,o!r planet>iums & orr]ies 9 great v>iety1 ! motions by :eel-"w1 exemplify+ all ! motions & phnom5a ( all ! planets1 ! ,georgium ,sidus includ$1 f #djl4 to #ajjj #j #j ,comet>iums1 = exemplify+ ! motion ( comets1 f #al4 #aas4 #f;d4 to #e #e #j ,s5ex's globes improv$1 tw5ty-eight in*es diamet]1 mahogany frames1 f #bel4 to #ej #j #j ,twelve in* ditto1 improv$ by ,f]guson1 ) all ! new discov]ies ( ,capt4 ,cooke1 c4 ) ! new h\r circles1 :i* sup]s$e all ! int5d$ advantages ( cumb]some wires1 & o!r app5dages1 9 o!r globes1 m\nt$ 9 neat mahogany claw-feet frames #e #e #j ,ditto1 9 common col\r$ wood frames #c #c #j ,additional price ( a compass1 & fitt+ to bo? globes #j #e #j ,a pair ( r$ lea!r cov]s = ! globes #j #i #f ,globes1 n9e in*es diamet]1 ) ! new discov]ies #b #b #j ,ditto1 ?ree in*es ditto1 9 claw-feet1 mahogany frames #a #aj #j ,ditto1 ?ree in*es s+le1 "o 9 a case = ! pocket #j #i #j ,geographical planisph]es1 to solve problems1 m\nt$ z a h& fire-scre5 #j #g #f ,a brass armill>y sph]e1 ?ree in*es diamet] #c #c #j ,a six in* ditto #f #f #j ,a n9e in* ditto #i #i #j ,a twelve in* ditto #ab #ab #j ,l>g] ditto1 ) planet>ium1 f #bal4 to #aje #j #j ,= a g5]al description ( orr]ies & o!r a/ronomical in/rum5ts1 see ! late ,mr4 ,g4 ,,adams',s ,a/ronomical ,essays1 #hvo4 ) sixte5 plates2 price #ajs4 #f;d4 n[ sold by ,w4 & ,s4 ,,jones4 ,,philosophical1 c4 ,,in/rum5ts4 ,a s+le-b>rel ,,air ,,pump1 ) receiv] #b #ab #f ,improv$ ditto1 exhau/+ m accurately #e #ae #f ,a small d\ble-b>rel air pump1 ) gage plate #e #e #j ,a middle size ditto #f #af #f ,a l>ge size table ditto #aj #aj #j ,air pumps ( ! l>ge/ sort1 exhau/+ m accurately1 f ! con/ructions ( ! diff]5t inv5tors4 ,cond5s+ eng9es1 f #el4 #es4 to #ba #j #j ,pap9's dige/] improv$1 on a /& #e #ae #f ,! pr9cipal ,app>atus = ! ,air ,pump z foll[3 ,gu9ea & fea!r app>atus1 demon/rat+ ! resi/ance ( ! air1 ) "o1 two1 or ?ree falls1 f #ahs4 to #a #aa #f ,a set ( w9d-mills1 = ! same demon/ration #a #aa #f ,! brass hemisph]es1 %ew+ ! air's ext]nal pressure1 f #ads4 to #a #aj #j ,a bell1 prov+ t !re is no s\nd )\t air #j #aj #f ,improv$ con/ructions ( ?is bell1 f #al4 #as4 to #c #c #j ,lead weights1 ) bladd]1 c4 prov+ ! air's ela/icity #j #ag #j ,! d\ble transf]r]1 t transf]s a vacuum f "o receiv] to ano!r1 by turn+ /op-cocks only #c #j #j ,a model ( a wat]-pump1 exemplify+ ! nature ( pumps1 & prov+ ! absurdity ( :at is call$ suction #a #d #j ,a s+le transf]r]1 plate & pipe1 = a f\nta9 #j #ah #j ,a copp] air-pipe = exp]im5ts on infect$ air #j #ag #j ,a flat plate1 coll> ( lea!rs1 ) slid+ wire1 = plac+ on receiv]s #j #ab #j ,an app>atus = fir+ gun-p[d] 9 vacuo #j #ah #j ,a copp] bottle1 beam & /&1 = accurately weigh+ ( air #b #ab #f ,a glass vessel = mak+ a f\nta9 9 vacuo #j #e #f ,ditto on a l>g]1 & diff]5t con/ruction #j #af #j ,a glass ) a bladd]1 %ew+ ! action ( ! lungs #j #f #j ,ditto m\nt$ ) ! figure ( a ,bac*us #a #aj #j ,a balance beam & /& #j #g #j ,a filt]+ cup %ew+ ! porosity ( vegetables #j #e #j ,a plate & piece ( wood = ! same purpose #j #d #f ,an app>atus = /rik+ fl9t & /eel 9 vacuo #j #ah #j ,! ,torricellian exp]im5t #j #ah #j ,fruit /& #j #c #f ,c&le/ick #j #c #f ,syr+e ) lead weight #j #aj #f ,six break+ squ>es1 cage & cap #j #g #f ,glass bubble & /& #j #c #j ,h& & bladd] glasses #j #c #f ,) a great v>iety ( receiv]s1 & o!r app>atus1 describ$ by v>i\s au?ors4 ,exhau/+ & cond5s+ syr+es1 f #ajs4 #f;d4 to #a #aa #f ,exhau/+ syr+es1 ) sets ( cupp+ glasses1 brea/ glasses1 & sc>ificator1 complete #d #ad #f ,air f\nta9s ( copp]1 ) v>i\s jets1 f #cl4 #acs4 #f;d4 to #g #g #j ,,electrical ,,ma*9es1 ) conductors & j>s1 f #bl4 #abs4 #f;d4 to #aj #aj #j ,new & mu* improv$ ditto1 f #cl4 #acs4 #f;d4 to #db #j #j ,electrical ma*9es & complete app>atus1 = m$ical purposes1 pack$ 9 boxes1 ! cyl9d] f sev5 to t5 in*es diamet]1 f #fl4 #fs4 to #ab #ab #j ,an electrical ma*9e1 ) app>atus = philosophical exp]im5ts & m$ical uses1 pack$ 9 a box1 ! cyl9d] ab\t eight in*es diamet] #h #ah #f ,app>atus = ,electrical ,ma*9es z foll[3 ,electrical batt]ies ( comb9$ j>s1 f #bl4 #abs4 #f;d4 to #aj #aj #j ,an univ]sal dis*>g]1 ) a press #a #h #j ,a quadrant electromet]1 ) divid$ ar* #j #g #f ,jo9t$ dis*>g]s1 ) glass h&les #j #aj #f ,pla9 ditto1 ditto #j #e #f ,an useful & illu/rative app>atus1 comp\nd$ ( ! lum9\s conductor1 exhau/$ flask1 two j>s1 exhau/$ syr+e1 insulat$ /&1 & wires ) balls1 c4 complete #c #j #j ,lum9\s conductors1 f #abs4 to #a #e #j ,exhau/$ flasks1 call$ ,aurora ,borealis #j #f #f ,a ?und] h\se1 demon/rat+ ! use ( conductors #j #f #j ,a p[d] h\se1 = ! same purpose #j #af #j ,an obelisk or pyramid = ditto #j #aj #f ,a set ( pla9 bells1 ?ree to a set #j #g #f ,a new set ( musical ditto1 conta9+ ! gamut #a #aj #j ,a magic picture = giv+ %ocks #j #g #f ,an electrical cannon1 to be dis*>g$ by inflammable air #j #af #j ,brass pi/ols = ditto #j #g #f ,spiral tubes1 to illum9ate by ! sp>k1 f #ds4 #f;d4 to #j #aj #f ,lum9\s names1 or words1 f #ajs4 #f;d4 to #a #aa #f ,spott$ j>s1 f #fs4 to #j #aj #f ,a d\ble j> = expla9+ ! ,frankl9ian !ory #j #ae #j ,copp] plates & /&s = danc+ images #j #i #j ,an electrical t9 fire h\se #j #aj #f ,an electrical %oot] & m>k #j #e #j ,a mahogany /& = eggs #j #d #f ,a small head ) hair #j #g #f ,an artificial spid] #j #a #f ,an electrical swan #j #b #j ,an electrical /> #j #a #f ,balls ( wood1 bone1 c4 ea* f #f;d4 to #j #b #f ,a curi\s collection ( work+ models1 to be set 9 motion by ! electrical fluid1 consi/+ ( a corn mill & a ?ree-b>rell$ wat]-pump1 work$ by "o crank only3 an orr]y1 %ew+ ! diurnal motion ( ! e>?1 age & phases ( ! moon1 c4 & a/ronomical clock1 %ew+ ! aspects ( ! sun & moon1 age1 phases1 c4 all delicately made ( c>d pap]1 cork1 & wire only1 pack$ 9 a deal case #b #ab #f ,k9n]sley's electrical air !rmomet] #a #a #j ,cavallo's atmosph]ical electromet] #j #ab #j ,ditto1 z improv$ by ,saussure #a #a #j ,b5net's gold leaf electromet] #j #ah #j ,ni*olson's sp9n+ d\bl]4 #a #aj #j ,an electrophorus1 f #ajs4 #f;d4 to #c #c #j ,conductors = ! pres]vation ( %ips1 h\ses1 c4 f lightn+1 f #cl4 #cs4 to #e #e #j ,! m$ical ,app>atus consi/s (1 ,j>s ) electromet]s1 f #abs4 to #a #a #j ,a new m$ical ditto1 = communicat+ %ocks 9 ! mo/ conv5i5t & qualifi$ mann] #j #g #f ,a pair ( directors1 glass h&les1 wood po9ts1 c4 #j #g #f ,an electromet] to apply to ! conductor #j #f #f ,electrical insulat$ /ools & *airs1 f #is4 to #e #e #j ,a new p]petual inflammable air lamp1 light$ by ! electrophorus1 a curi\s & useful app>atus #d #d #j ,a v>iety ( o!r app>atus1 too num]\s to be ins]t$ "h1 :i* z well z ! ma*9es1 are m\nt$ f ! mo/ approv$1 eligible me?ods1 s z to r5d] !m 9 action bo? p[]ful & p]man5t4 ,= a complete description ( electrical app>atus1 see ! late ,mr4 ,g4 ,,adams',s ,essay on ,electricity1 #hvo4 six plates2 price #fs4 n[ sold by ,w4 & ,s4 ,,jones4 ,b>omet]s pla9 m\nt$ f #al4 #aas4 #f;d4 to #b #ab #f ,!rmomet]s = all ! v>i\s purposes1 f #is4 to #c #c #j ,six's new !rmomet]s1 = %ew+ ! extremes ( heat & cold1 9 ! abs5ce ( ! obs]v]1 f #al4 #aas4 #f;d4 to #b #ab #f ,an hygromet]1 %ew+ ! moi/ure & dryness ( ! air #j #aj #f ,b>omet]s1 !rmomet]s1 & hygromet]s1 all 9 "o neat mahogany frame1 f #dl4 #ds4 to #f #f #j ,b>omet]s = measur+ ! heights ( m\nta9s f #gs4 to #aj #aj #j ,m>9e b>omet]s1 diagonal1 :eel1 & /atical ditto4 ,new hygromet]s con/ruct$ by ,de ,luc1 c4 f #bl4 #bs4 to #c #c #j ,a ra9 gauge1 ) float & t9 vessel #j #ah #j ,w9d gages1 ( ! con/ructions ( ,dr4 ,l9d1 c4 #j #af #j ,hydromet]s = discov]+ ! /r5g? & proportion ( comp\nd 9 spiritu\s liquors1 f #al4 #gs4 to #c #c #j ,hydro/atic balances1 f #al4 #as4 to #i #i #j ,an app>atus = hydro/atical exp]im5ts1 f #cl4 #acs4 #f;d4 to #ba #j #j ,artificial magnets 9 b>s1 & sets ( b>s1 f #bs4 #f;d4 to #f #f #j ,ditto1 9 ! %ape ( a horse-%oe1 ! /ronge/ =m1 f #as4 #f;d4 to #a #a #j ,ditto1 comb9$ to any numb]1 f #abs4 to #ba #j #j ,a box ( magnetical app>atus illu/rat+ a v>iety ( curi\s & ent]ta9+ prop]ties 9 magnetism1 f #el4 #es4 to #g #g #j ,dipp+ ne$les1 v>iation1 & o!r compasses1 9 great v>iety4 ,pyromet]s1 %ew+ ! expansion ( metals1 f #cl4 #cs4 to #aj #aj #j ,! me*anical p[]s1 = illu/rat+ & demon/rat+ ! laws ( motion1 gravity1 c4 a set neatly made 9 brass1 consi/+ ( ! balance1 ! pullies1 ! diff]5t k9ds ( lev]s1 ! incl9$ plane1 ! :eel & axle1 ! screw1 a comp\nd eng9e1 a comp\nd lev]1 a d\ble cone to move up an incl9$ plane1 friction :eels1 weights1 w$ges1 c4 complete #be #d #j ,! same occasionally made on a m enl>g$ plan1 = a l>ge auditory4 ,ditto1 ) _m p>ts ( ! app>atus made ( mahogany1 & ! :ole set pack$ 9 a neat mahogany box #ad #ad #j ,sep>ate sets ( pullies1 v>i\sly con/ruct$ & comb9$4 ,a small c>riage ) incl9$ plane1 & :eels ( diff]5t sizes1 c4 exp]im5tally prov+ ! friction1 resi/ance1 c4 ( all sorts ( :eel c>riages #g #g #j ,f]guson's comp\nd eng9e1 9 :i* all ! simple me*anical p[]s "w toge!r #d #d #j ,a :irl+ table1 = expla9+ & demon/rat+ ! laws ( ! planet's motion1 ! demon/rations ( ! doctr9e ( ! tides1 & o!r prop]ties ( gravity & c5trifugal =ce1 f #gl4 #gs4 to #af #af #j ,atwood's elegant & accurate app>atus = demon/rat+ ! laws ( accel]at$ & ret>d$ motion1 & o!r int]e/+ p>ticul>s #be #d #j ,sev]al small mahogany models = expla9+ ! c5t] ( gravity1 ! l9e ( direction1 c4 #b #b #j ,,= ,,philosophical ,,*emi/ry4 ,glass bottles ) b5t necks1 f #ds4 to #j #aj #f ,a glass ma*9e = impregnat+ wat] ) fix$ air1 & app>atus #b #ab #f ,glass eudiomet] tubes1 = asc]ta9+ ! salubrity ( airs1 c4 #j #aj #f ,ditto z improv$ by ,abbe ,fontana1 c4 #b #d #j ,gazomet]s by ,prie/ley1 ,lavoisi]1 c4 f #al4 #as4 to #e #e #j ,a bl[-pipe1 ) v>i\s caps1 = flux+ metals1 c4 #j #g #f ,ditto1 ) silv] spoon1 megalascope1 c4 #a #a #j ,ditto1 ditto1 ) a v>iety ( o!r necess>y app>atus1 pack$ 9 a fi%-sk9 case1 =m+ ,cron/$t's complete pocket laboratory1 improv$ by ,magellan #b #ab #f ,magellan's new portable lamp furnace1 ) ! bl[-pipe1 small glass retorts1 c4 c4 = *emical z well z m9]alogical op]ations #d #ad #f ,ditto1 ) ! d\ble bell[s to apply to ! bl[-pipe #g #g #j ,d\ble bell[s1 ) deal table1 & app5dages1 = glass bl[+ #b #ab #f ,a wood5 tub = wat]1 & ano!r = quick-silv]1 ) a selection ( glass app>atus = p]=m+ ! late discov]$ exp]im5ts on air #f #f #j ,a box1 conta9+ all ! useful precipitants ( ,b]gman1 c4 = analys+ wat]s1 & fluxes = ! bl[-pipe 9 phials ) glass /opp]s1 ) ,gottl+'s pr9t$ description ( ditto #d #h #j ,a mahogany case conta9+1 9 phials1 a v>iety ( prep>ations = "y p]sons to p]=m amusive & in/ructive *emical exp]im5ts #c #ac #f ,fumigat+ bell[s = de/roy+ insects 9 g>d5s1 by tobacco1 f #al4 #fs4 to #a #af #j ,in/rum5ts ( ,recreation & ,amusem5t4 ,! s5sitive fi%es1 t h ! prop]ty ( swimm+ to a piece ( bread plac$ at ! end ( a /ick2 &1 :5 ! o!r end is pres5t$1 ( retreat+ & go+ back1 s5sible1 z x 71 ( no sub/ance = !m to eat #j #f #f ,! sagaci\s swan1 t ) a ma*9e makes ?ree k9ds ( amusem5ts--#a/4 ! swan w po9t out ! secrets ( ! c>ds2 #b;d4 x w po9t answ]s to #af humor\s enigmas2 & #c;d4 disclose any p>ticul> h\r t 0 ?\ght (1 su* z go+ to b$ or ris+2 pack$ 9 a case #a #ah #j ,a box conta9+ f\r numb]s & f\r lett]s1 ! ord] ( :i* may be discov]$1 if ev] s secretly plac$1 by means ( a curi\s magic p]spective #j #aj #j ,ditto ) five numb]s1 no p]spective1 b ano!r v simil> box1 made 9 neat mahogany boxes1 & m difficult to discov] ! reason ( #a #ah #j ,a curi\s magic oracle1 unfold+ answ]s to any propos$ que/ions secretly tak5 out ( a bag #j #af #j ,a magic pa9t]1 exhibit+ a copy ( any "o ( eight diff]5t pa9t+s secretly *os5 #j #aj #f ,a communicative mirror1 %ew+ portraits ( any "o ( f\r secretly *os52 an elegant & curi\s in/rum5t #b #ab #f ,a box conta9+ five pieces ( diff]5t metals1 :i* may any way be secretly plac$1 & _! situation be told by ! magical p]spective #a #h #j ,an optical p>adox1 conta9+ two p]spectives1 betwe5 :i* a bo>d may be plac$1 & ! object w be se5 ?r\gh !m j z well z if ! bo>d 0 n !re #j #g #f ,ditto m\nt$ 9 mahogany1 l>g] size #a #h #j ,an optical deception1 conta9+ f six to twelve diff]5t pa9t+s1 & :i* are look$ d[n ^u ?r\gh a p]spective1 & imm$iately !re appe>s ano!r v diff]5t object1 )\t any alt]ation ( ! in/rum5t :atsoev]1 or conc]n ( ! p]son us+ x1 f #al4 #aas4 #f;d4 to #c #c #j ,a diagonal op]a glass1 t %ews p]sons on "o side1 :5 ! glass is pres5t$ to ! object directly be=e y1 f #fs4 to #j #ae #j ,a multiply+ glass1 mak+ "o object appe> a great numb]1 f #as4 #f;d4 to #j #aj #f ,a set ( anamorphoses or de=m$ pictures rectifi$ by a poli%$ cyl9d] #b #b #j ,a ma!matical recreation1 conta9+ ne> sev5ty figures on a c>d2 any "o figure be+ ?\ght (1 is readily po9t$ out by any "o us+ x #j #a #j ,! two curi\s ma!matical cubes1 "o ( :i* is gaug$ s z to prove x to be l>g] ?an ! o!r1 yet ! l>g] "o w actually pass ?r\gh ! small] "o1 & n 9 any degree /ret* x #a #j #j ,! ma!matical p>adox1 a piece ( wood ( "o figure1 fits exactly1 & passes ?r\gh a triangul>1 a squ>e1 & a circul> hole #j #b #f ,a d\ble cone1 t app>5tly rolls upw>ds up an incl9$ plane1 ?\gh actually desc5d+ #j #d #f ,a magic well1 9 :i* may be put f\r buckets full ( diff]5t se$s1 & fairly mix$ toge!r2 any p>ticul> se$ ( ! above f\r k9ds may be drawn up sep>ately1 &1 :5 exam9$1 w be f\nd to be p]fectly pure #a #aa #f ,a me*anical in/rum5t1 consi/+ ( a cube & two wood5 h&les1 t supports itself on a po9t1 al?\gh ! entire =m & weight appe> evid5tly all on "o side #j #ab #j ,a cyl9drical mirror t produces two or ?ree curi\s optical effects #a #a #j ,a magic or electrical bottle1 t is *>g$ by ! rubb+ ( a ribb& only1 & w give a %ock to five or six p]sons1 ) app>atus1 9 a pocket case #j #aj #f ,a set ( ! artificial fireworks imitat$1 conta9+ a s]ies ( brilliant & ent]ta9+ sc5es ( fireworks1 cascades ( fire1 c4 produc+ altoge!r a pleas+ effect1 & n att5d$ ) any tr\ble1 noise1 or dang]1 :5 us+2 ! :ole conta9$ 9 a neat mahogany box #g #g #j ,! magic lan?orn app>atus conjo9$ ) ! above #aj #aj #j ,concave mirrors fitt$ up 9 boxes1 to magnify pr9ts1 to %ew v>i\s deceptions 9 an ent]ta9+ & pleas+ mann]1 f #el4 #es4 to #ab #j #j 99 99 99 99 99 ,besides ! prec$+1 a great v>iety ( o!r articles too num]\s to be includ$ 9 ?is catalogue1 z well z any in/rum5tal article made f p>ticul> draw+s1 or z describ$ by ! diff]5t writ]s ^u ma!matics1 philosophy1 *emi/ry1 c4 c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m]*ants1 %opkeep]s1 s*oolma/]s1 & o!rs t sell aga91 are suppli$ ) ! be/ articles1 & ) good all[ance4 ,lett]s f ! c\ntry or abroad1 conta9+ ord]s or previ\s enquiries1 explicitly & punctually att5d$ to4 ,les acadmies1 obs]vatoires et ecoles des pays etrang]s a9si que les ngociants1 m]*&s et autres p]sonnes peuv5t se procur] t\tes sortes d'in/rum5ts de la meilleure qualit1 tant p\r les matriaux1 que la ma9 d'uvre1 avec la plus gr&e expdition1 et au plus ju/e prix4 ,,books ,,publi%$ ,,by ,w4 ,,jones4 ,a ,description & ,use ( ! ,new ,portable ,orr]y1 to :i* is prefix$ a %ort acc\nt ( ! sol> sy/em1 includ+ ! new planet1 ! burn+ m\nta9 9 ! moon lately discov]$ by ,dr4 ,h]s*el1 & ! probable reasons :y ! comet did n appe>1 z lately expect$1 ) two copp]-plates1 #d? edition #j #a #f ,a ,description & ,use ( ! ,hadley's ,quadrant1 ) an acc\nt ( all ! new app>atus add$ to x1 = tak+ obs]vations accurately1 9 ord] to det]m9e ! longitude at sea1 illu/rat$ by copp]-plate figures1 #b;d edit4 #j #a #j ,a ,description & ,use ( ! ,pocket ,case ( ,ma!matical ,draw+ ,in/rum5ts1 illu/rat$ by copp]-plate figures #j #j #h ,me?ods ( f9d+ a ,m]idian ,l9e1 to set sun-dials1 regulate clocks & wat*es1 c4 #j #j #f ,directions = f9d+ a ,m]idian ,l9e1 on a c>d #j #j #c ,a ,concise ,explanation ( ! ,b>omet]1 ,!rmomet]1 & ,hygromet]1 ) rules = pr$ict+ *anges 9 ! wea!r1 9 a small book1 #f;d4 on a pa/ebo>d1 v>ni%$ #j #a #j ,c[ley's ,illu/ration ( ,,solid ,,geometry1 conta9+ #db copp]-plates ( moveable figures2 a "w v useful & conv5i5t = tea*]s & "y /ud5ts ( geometry1 z ! figures1 :5 fold$ up1 =m exactly ! solid figures ( ! ,platonic bodies1 conic sections1 & sev]al portions ( ,euclid's ,elem5ts1 c4 c4 bo>ds #j #ah #j ,,o!r ,,books ,,sold ,,by ,w4 ,,& ,s4 ,,jones4 ,,qu>to4 ,! ,new ,encyclopdia ,britannica 7pr9t$ at ,ed9burgh7 a new edition1 qu>to1 9 #ah vols1 or #cf p>ts1 n[ complete1 9 bo>ds price #ah #ah #j ,?is ,diction>y ( ,arts & ,sci5ces is ^u a new & enl>g$ plan1 & conta9s ! sy/ems ( ! diff]5t arts & sci5ces1 "u ! diff]5t heads1 z well z ! explanations ( ! v>i\s deta*$ t]ms4 ,hutton's 7,dr47 ,ma!matical ,diction>y1 #b vols4 bo>ds #b #ab #j ,ni*olson's ,philosophical ,j\rnal1 f\r numb]s1 all t are n[ publi%$1 ea* #bs4 #f;d4 #j #aj #j ,! ,philosophical ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society1 conta9+ #aa vols4 ( ! ,abridgem5t2 & f !nce1 ! ,cont9uation at l>ge to ! pres5t "t2 ! index1 ) ,bir*'s & ,sprat's hi/ory1 #e vols4 all 9 uni=m clean calf b9d+ & tool$ backs1 9 #eh vols4 #fj #j #j ,v9ce's ,treatise on ,a/ronomy1 #a/ vol4 sew$ #a #d #j ,,octavo4 ,cavallo's ,treatise on ,magnetism1 ) ,supplem5t #j #h #j ,kelly's ,practical ,introduction to ,sph]ics & ,nautical ,a/ronomy #j #f #j ,moore's ,practical ,navigator1 or ,seam5's ,daily ,assi/ant #j #f #j ,ni*olson's ,fir/ ,pr9ciples ( ,*emi/ry1 bo>ds #j #g #f ---- ,introduction to ,natural ,philosophy1 #b vols4 #j #ab #j ,nautical ,almanacks1 a complete set b\nd1 #bh volumes #e #e #f ,ditto = any ye> to #ahjj #j #c #f ,requisite ,tables to ! above1 unb\nd #j #e #j ,rob]tson's ,elem5ts ( ,navigation1 new edit4 #b vols4 #a #j #j ,wale's ,me?od ( f9d+ ! ,longitude by ,"t-keep]s1 & ,description ( a ,portable ,transit ,in/rum5t1 c4 #j #b #f ,,f9is4 ,,london1 ,dec4 #a1 #agig ,w4 & ,s4 ,,jones take ?is ,opportunity ( in=m+ ! ,public t !y h pur*as$ ! ,/ock & ,copyright ( ! sev]al ,philosophical ,essays by ! late ,mr4 ,,george ,,adams1 ( ,fleet ,/reet1 & t !y are n[ sold at _! ,%op 9 ,holborn4 ,! foll[+ are ^? n[ 9 pr9t1 & to be _h z above4 ,i4 ,,an ,,essay ,,on ,,electricity1 expla9+ cle>ly & fuly ! pr9ciples ( t useful ,sci5ce1 describ+ ! v>i\s ,in/rum5ts t h be5 contriv$ ei!r to illu/rate ! ,!ory1 or r5d] ! ,practice ( x ent]ta9+4 ,! diff]5t ,modes 9 :i* ! ,electrical ,fluid may be appli$ to ! human ,frame = m$ical ,purposes1 are di/9ctly & cle>ly po9t$ out1 & ! necess>y ,app>atus expla9$4 ,to :i* is n[ add$1 ,a ,,lett] to ! ,,au?or1 f ,mr4 ,,john ,,bir*1 ,surgeon1 on ! ,subject ( ,,m$ical ,,electricity4 ,f\r? ,edition1 #hvo4 ,price #fs4 illu/rat$ ) six ,plates4 ,,ii4 ,,an ,,essay ,,on ,,vision1 briefly expla9+ ! ,fabric ( ! ,eye1 & ! ,nature ( ,vision2 int5d$ = ! ,s]vice ( ^? ^: ,eyes are weak & impair$1 enabl+ !m to =m an accurate ,idea ( ! ,/ate ( _! ,sight1 ! ,means ( pres]v+ x1 toge!r ) prop] ,rules = asc]ta9+ :5 ,spectacles are necess>y1 & h[ to *oose !m )\t injur+ ! ,sight4 #hvo4 ,bo>ds1 ,price #cs4 ,second ,edition4 ,,iii4 ,,a/ronomical ,,& ,,geographical ,,essays1 conta9+1 #a4 ,a full & compreh5sive ,view1 on a new ,plan1 ( ! g5]al ,pr9ciples ( ,a/ronomy1 ) a l>ge ,acc\nt ( ! ,discov]ies ( ,mr4 ,h]s*el4 #b4 ! ,use ( ! ,cele/ial & ,t]re/rial ,globes1 exemplifi$ 9 a great] ,v>iety ( ,problems ?an are to be f\nd 9 any o!r ,"w3 !y are arrang$ "u di/9ct ,heads1 & int]sp]s$ ) mu* curi\s b relative ,in=mation4 #c4 ,! ,description & ,use ( small ,orr]ies & ,planet>ia1 c4 #d4 ,an ,introduction to ,practical ,a/ronomy1 by a ,set ( easy & ent]ta9+ ,problems4 ,?ird ,edition1 #hvo4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 9 ,bo>ds1 illu/rat$ ) sixte5 ,plates4 ,,iv4 ,,an ,,introduction ,,to ,,practical ,,a/ronomy1 or ! ,use ( ! ,quadrant & ,equatorial1 be+ extract$ f ! prec$+ ,"w4 ,sew$1 ) two ,plates1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,v4 ,,geometrical ,,& ,,graphical ,,essays4 ,?is ,"w conta9s1 #a4 ,a select ,set ( ,geometrical ,problems1 _m ( :i* are new1 & to be f\nd 9 no o!r ,"w4 #b4 ,! ,description & ,use ( ^? ,ma!matical ,in/rum5ts t are usually put into a ,case ( ,draw+ ,in/rum5ts4 ,besides ^!1 !re are also describ$ sev]al ,new & ,useful ,in/rum5ts = ,geometrical ,purposes4 #c4 ,a complete & concise ,sy/em ( ,,survey+1 ) an ,acc\nt ( "s v ess5tial ,improvem5ts 9 t useful ,art4 ,to :i* is add$1 a ,description ( ! mo/ improv$ ,,!odolites1 ,,plane ,,tables1 & o!r ,in/rum5ts us$ 9 ,survey+2 & mo/ accurate ,me?ods ( adju/+ !m4 #d4 ,! ,me?ods ( ,,levell+1 = ! ,purpose ( convey+ ,wat] f "o ,place to ano!r2 ) a ,description ( ! mo/ improv$ ,_s ,level4 #e4 ,a ,c\rse ( ,,practical ,,milit>y ,,geometry1 z taught at ,woolwi*4 #f4 ,a %ort ,essay on ,p]spective4 ,! ,second ,edition1 correct$1 & enl>g$ ) ! ,descriptions ( sev]al ,in/rum5ts n conta9$ 9 ! =m] ,edition1 by ,w4 ,,jones1 ,ma!matical ,in/rum5t ,mak]2 illu/rat$ by ?irty-five ,copp]-plates1 9 #b vols4 #hvo4 ,price #ads4 9 ,bo>ds4 ,,vi4 ,,an ,,app5dix to ! ,,geometrical ,,& ,,graphical ,,essays1 conta9+ ! foll[+ ,table by ,mr4 ,,john ,,gale1 viz4 a ,table ( ! ,nor?+s1 ,s\?+s1 ,ea/+s1 & ,we/+s to e ,degree & fifte5? ,m9ute ( ! ,quadrant1 ,radius f #a to #ajj1 ) all ! int]m$iate ,numb]s1 comput$ to ?ree ,places ( ,decimals4 ,price #bs4 ,j ,publi%$ ,,essays ,,on ,,! ,,microscope1 ,,by ,,! ,,late ,,au?or1 ,9 ,qu>to1 ) ?irty-f\r folio ,plates1 sep>ate4 ,! ,second ,edition1 ) _m ,corrections1 ,additions1 & ,improvem5ts1 by ,,fr$]ick ,,kanma*]1 ,fell[ ( ! ,l9nean ,society4 ,price #al4 #hs4 9 ,bo>ds4 ,also 9 ! ,press1 ,& spe$ily w be publi%$1 ,,lectures ,,on ,,natural ,,& ,,exp]im5tal ,,philosophy1 ,9 ,five ,volumes #hvo4 ,! ,second ,edition1 ) upw>ds ( ,=ty l>ge ,plates1 consid]able ,alt]ations & ,improvem5ts2 conta9+ m complete ,explanations ( ! ,in/rum5ts1 ,ma*9es1 c4 & ! ,description ( _m o!rs n ins]t$ 9 ! =m] ,edition4 ,,by ,w4 ,,jones1 ,,ma!matical ,,& ,,philosophical ,,in/rum5t ,,mak]4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,dep5d+ on ! h>d- & s(tw>e us$ to read ?is text & _! sett9s1 n all elem5ts may display$ z int5d$4 ,ar*aic1 unusual & inconsi/5t spell+1 gramm> & s5t5ce con/ructions h be5 reta9$2 acc5ts etc4 = ,fr5* & ,g]man h n be5 correct$ unless li/$ bel[4 ,p>agraph numb]+ has be5 reta9$1 also :5 ?is 0 n s]v+ any obvi\s purpose &_/or 0 n contigu\s4 ,! use ( italicis$ & non-italicis$ ref]5ce lett]s 9 ! text has n be5 /&>dis$4 ,! hi]>*y 9 7sub-7section head+s has be5 bas$ on ! text1 due to ! abs5ce ( a detail$ table ( cont5ts & lack ( visible diff]5ces betwe5 ! v>i\s levels ( 7sub-7section head+s 9 ! s\rce docum5t4 ,! plates 7 orig9ally b\nd sep>ate f ! text1 b 9 ! s\rce docum5t us$ !y 7 b\nd toge!r ) ! text4 ,due to ! way ( b9d+ p>ts ( mo/ plates are invisible & discol\r$ ne> & 9 ! gutt]4 ,captions & cr$its 9 & ar\nd ! plates h be5 recon/ruct$ z f> z possible4 ,l>g] v]sions ( ! plates may n be available 9 all file =mats1 b may be access$ ?r\gh ! br[s] v]sion available at www4gut5b]g4org4 ,9 ! descriptions ( individual items hyp]l9ks h only be5 provid$ to ! ,plates1 n to individual figures 9 ! plates4 ,page xv-xvii & ,index3 ! 7alphabetical7 ord] ( entries has n be5 correct$4 ,errata = page #di3 #8la/ l9e' ref]s to footnote #bh4 ,page #cb1 ,fig4 #b4 & description3 z pr9t$ 9 ! s\rce docum5t1 ev5 ?\gh ! description does n fully fit ! illu/ration 7& vice v]sa74 ,page #gd1 ! end1 ,fig4 #i & #aj3 #i & #aj are ref]5ce numb]s )9 ,figure #d r ?an figure numb]s4 ,page #gh-gi1 ,eight magnify+ l5ses 444 ! li/ annex$ to ^! ,essays3 !re are no ,figures #e ?r\gh #ab 9 ,plate ,,iii4 ,sev]al ( ! items describ$ may be se5 9 o!r ,plates1 b ) diff]5t ref]5ce & figure numb]s4 ,page #hc-hd1 ,! two l>ge l5ses at ,f1 ,fig4 #c3 !re are no l>ge l5ses at ,f1 ,fig4#c 9 ,plate ,,ix or 9 ,plate ,,iii 7or 9 any o!r ,plate74 ,page #hd1 ,massa*uset's ,/ates3 z pr9t$ 9 ! s\rce docum5t4 ,page #afb1 444 = ! fe$+ ! gr[? 4443 z pr9t$ 9 ! s\rce docum5t4 ,page #ahb1 444 "o ( ^!1 i i1 b c1 ,fig4 #c4 ,plate ,,xiii1 444 & ,page #ahc1 444 ! middle "p i i 4443 !re are no ref]5ce lett]s i 9 ! illu/ration4 ,page #bje1 ,!y fir/ fold back ! p>ts ,a ,b3 ! ref]5ce lett]s are n pres5t 9 ! draw+4 ,page #ceb1 ,sk9 ( ! lump suck]3 ,plate ,,xviii4 ,fig4 #g falls 9 ! gutt] ( ! plate1 & has no caption4 ,page #ddf1 ,e4 eliptica3 eliptica & elliptica 7 bo? us$4 ,page #fbc1 ! blea1 ! b>k1 & ! wood3 z pr9t$ 9 ! s\rce docum5t4 ,page #fcf1 ,! r\ndi% m\? 444 a ?orny m>g93 z pr9t$ 9 ! s\rce docum5t4 ,page #fia1 ,cold-arb\r lane3 possibly ,coldh>b\r ,lane or ,cool ,arb\r ,lane4 ,page #fie1 ,! ,engli% collection conta9s 4443 ! numb]s giv5 d n add up to ! total4 ,page #gja1 knapese$3 probably an error = knapewe$ or knapwe$4 ,page #gjc1 ,dipt]a1 entries ,oe/rus3 ,footnote #hh cont9ues = ?ree pages 7#bid-bif7 9 ! s\rce docum5t4 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,publi%d3 z pr9t$ 9 ! s\rce docum5t4 ,*anges made ,footnotes h be5 mov$ to "u ! text to :i* !y belong4 ,:]e necess>y1 page numb]s 9 ref]5ces to footnotes h be5 adju/$ accord+ly4 ,! book uses long da%es z ditto m>ks2 sev]al ( ^! h be5 replac$ ) ! ditto$ text4 ,:]e necess>y1 ! ^w ,ibid4 9 ref]5ces has be5 replac$ ) ! actual title4 ,m9or obvi\s typographical & punctuation errors h be5 correct$ sil5tly4 ,! ,errata h already be5 correct$ 9 ! text4 ,fractions h be5 /&>dis$ mn4 ,page xxiv3 ,n4 ,b4 mov$ f bottom ( page xxiii to bottom ( li/4 ,page xxvii3 deau d\ce *ang$ to d'eau d\ce4 ,page #da3 f ,a & ,g a *ang$ to f ,a & g ,a4 ,page #ej3 p\r les mois *ang$ to p\r le mois4 ,page #eb3 t x w\ld *ang$ to ?an x w\ld4 ,page #gg3 ,! /age1 ,fig4 f g h i *ang$ to ,! /age1 ,fig4 #a1 f g h i2 ! screw at a *ang$ to ! screw at a4 ,page #ha3 ,plate ,,iii4 ,b1 is ! /age *ang$ to ,fig4 #c ,b1 is ! /age4 ,page #he3 t at ,c1 ,fig4 #d *ang$ to t at ,c1 ,fig4 #c4 ,page #agb3 _! div9e orig9al *ang$ to _! div9e orig94 ,page #baf3 ! sph9x atropos squeaks *ang$ to ,! sph9x atropos squeaks4 ,page #cfa3 fri5ds1 says ! au?or1 :o are 444 *ang$ to fri5ds10 says ! au?or1 8:o are 4444 ,page #chg3 motion ( ! fluids are *ang$ to motion ( ! fluids is4 ,page #ddf3 ,e4 eliptica *ang$ to ,e4 elliptica4 ,page #dgf3 accum9atus *ang$ to acum9atus4 ,page #ebe3 #cdj4 *ang$ to #bdj4 ,page #efj3 ,plate ,,xxii4 ,fig4 #ff *ang$ to ,plate ,,xxvii4 ,fig4 #ff4 ,page #gjc3 page #ahg1 note #fbc *ang$ to page #ahg note1 #fbc4 ,page #gjd3 muscle *ang$ to mussel 7,canc] pisum74 ,index3 ! spell+ ( "s entries has be5 /&>dis$ ) t us$ 9 ! body text4