,m\nt ,ru%more ,,national ,,memorial ,a ,,monum5t ,,commemorat+ ,,! ,,conception1 ,,pres]vation1 ,,& ,,gr[? ,,( ,,! ,,great ,,am]ican ,,republic ,illu/ration3 ,location practically 9 ! ,c5t] ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,cont95t ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,! ,m\nt ,ru%more ,national ,memorial ,society ( ,black ,hills #aidh ,illu/ration3 ,,gutzon ,,borglum ,,cont5ts ,=eword #a ,! ,mighty ,works ( ,borglum #e ,f ! ,beg9n+ #i ,! ,role ( ! ,national ,p>k ,s]vice #af ,w9d ,cave ,national ,p>k #ag ,badl&s ,national ,monum5t #ag ,jewel ,cave ,national ,monum5t #ag ,devils ,t[] ,national ,monum5t #ag ,! ,antiquity ( ,m\nt ,ru%more #ah ,! ,hall ( ,records & ,great ,/airway #bj ,george ,wa%+ton #bb ,?omas ,jeff]son #bd ,abraham ,l9coln #bf ,!odore ,roosevelt #bh ,z ,great ,m5 ,saw ,x #cj ,m\nt ,ru%more ,national ,memorial ,society ( ,black ,hills #ca ,,=eword ,a monum5t's dim5sions %\ld be det]m9$ by ! importance to civilization ( ! ev5ts commemorat$4 ,we are n "h try+ to c>ve an epic1 portray a moonlight sc5e1 or write a sonnet2 nei!r are we deal+ ) my/]y or trag$y1 b r ! con/ructive & ! dramatic mom5ts or crises 9 our amaz+ hi/ory4 ,we are cool-head$ly1 cle>-m9d$ly sett+ d[n a few crucial1 epo*al facts reg>d+ ! accompli%m5ts ( ! ,old ,_w radicals :o %ook ! %ackles ( oppression f _! light feet & fl$ despotism to p a cont95t3 :o built an empire & rewrote ! philosophy ( fre$om & compell$ ! _w to accept its wis]1 happi] =ms ( gov]nm5t4 ,we believe ! dim5sions ( national he>tbeats are great] ?an village impulses1 great] ?an city dem&s1 great] ?an /ate dreams or ambitions4 ,!re=e1 we believe a nation's memorial %\ld1 l ,wa%+ton1 ,jeff]son1 ,l9coln & ,roosevelt1 h a s]5ity1 a nobility1 a p[] t reflects ! gods :o inspir$ !m & sugge/s ! gods !y h become4 ,z = sculptur$ m\nta9s-- ,civilization1 ev5 its f9e arts1 is1 mo/ ( x1 quantity-produc$ /uff2 education1 law1 gov]nm5t1 weal?--ea* is endur+ only z ! day4 ,too little ( x la/s into tomorr[ & tomorr[ is /rangely ! enemy ( today1 z today has already begun to =get buri$ ye/]day4 ,ea* succe$+ civilization =gets its pr$ecessor1 & out ( its body builds its homes1 its temples4 ,civilizations are gh\ls4 ,egypt 0 pull$ ap>t by its successor2 ,greece 0 divid$ among ! ,romans2 ,rome 0 pull$ to pieces by bigotry & a bitt]ness mu* ( :i* 0 eng5d]$ 9 its own empire build+4 ,i want1 some:]e 9 ,am]ica on or ne> ! ,rockies1 ! backbone ( ! ,cont95t1 s f> remov$ f succe$+1 selfi%1 covet+ civilizations1 a few feet ( /one t be>s witness1 c>ries ! lik5esses1 ! dates1 a ^w or two ( ! great ?+s we accompli%$ z a ,nation1 plac$ s high x won't pay to pull d[n = less] purposes4 ,h5ce1 let u place !re1 c>v$ high1 z close to heav5 z we c1 ! words ( our lead]s1 _! faces1 to %[ po/]ity :at mann] ( m5 !y 74 ,!n brea! a pray] t ^! records w endure until ! w9d & ! ra9 alone %all we> !m away4 ,illu/ration3 ,gutzon ,borglum ,,! ,,mighty ,,works ,,( ,,borglum ,by ,,rup]t ,,hughes ,h[ big is great8 ,h[ high is up8 ,9 ! wide & numb]less fields ( creative art1 size is a matt] ( _s r ?an ( mat]ial bulk4 ,a sonnet may be a ma/]piece1 & an epic rubbi%2 or an epic may be sublime1 a sonnet petty4 ,x is only affectation to conf9e "o's praise to small ?+s4 ,because a poet delights 9 a brook *uckl+ ?r\gh a ?icket ( bir*es he ne$ n !re=e despise ,niag>a4 ,! ^w 8colossal0 %\ld n be surr5d]$ entirely to ! adv]tis]s4 ,! ,%akespe>e ( ! sonnets wrote also 8,hamlet0 & 8,k+ ,le>40 ,! ,bee?ov5 :o wrote ! giggl+ ,s*]zos wrote also ! titanic ,n9? & add$ its mighty *orus4 ,mi*elangelo did /atuettes & sonnets1 b also 8 8,day ( ,judgm5t0 & 8 prodigi\s horn$ ,moses4 ,to ! s9c]e arti/ x is ! idea t is vital4 ,once t has inflam$ him1 he seeks only to give x ! %ape & ! size t its nature dictates4 ,s ,gutzon ,borglum1 be+ s5sitive to all ! moods ( life1 a born poet1 ) an innate love ( =m = its own sake1 quick to gl[ ) inspirations ( e k9d & det]m9$ to give ea* its unique & eloqu5t %ape1 has pa9t$ & c>v$ )\t fe> or favor ! exquisite & ! trem5d\s ) equal fidelity4 ,8 g5ius %9es 9 ! little bas-relief ( a nymph2 9 s>donic g>goyles2 9 ! t9y yet epic /atuette ( ! dy+ ,n]o1 a bloat$ c[>d tangl$ 9 8 toga & droop+ to 8 ignoble dea?2 9 ! suave portrait ( ! seat$ ,rusk92 ! pa?os ( ! old ,bo] w>rior2 9 ! bill[y ru% ( ! /amp$+ 8,m>es ( ,diom$es02 9 8 colossal head ( ,l9coln2 9 8 w> memorial = ,new>k1 ,new ,j]sey1 ) its m>vell\sly compos$ =ty-two figures & two horses2 8 magnific5t plan = ! ,/one ,m\nta91 ^: ?w>t+ is "o ( ! great trag$ies ( art2 & f9ally 9 8 supreme a*ievem5t1 ! ,m\nt ,ru%more ,memorial1 :]e he br\ght 8 art to ! m\nta9s & left !re ! f\r great faces = all et]nity4 ,?is unp>allel$ accompli%m5t seems to h be5 n s mu* ! c>v+ ( ^? va/ heads ^u ! peaks z ! beat+ away ( ! veil+1 smo!r+ /one & ! releas+ ( ! imprison$ /atesm5 s t !y might look out ^u ! _w & utt] _! l(ty messages 9 a sil5ce m p]vasive & sonor\s ?an any trumpet-tone4 ,! heads /& up !re aga9/ ! cl\ds l cl\d-gods4 ,yet !y are n (f]$ z gods1 b z pla9 m5 :o glorifi$ ! pla9 man4 ,ea* ( !m is great] 9 magnitude ?an ! s-call$ ,egyptian ,sph9x4 ,! ,sph9x repres5t$ an unansw]able riddle & %e cruelly de/roy$ all :o c\ld n answ] x4 ,b ^! presid5ts ( ours repres5t brave1 cle> ?9k+ t[>ds safety & dignity & happ9ess = all mank9d4 ,! ,sph9x 0 really a portrait1 ! l>ge/ portrait ev] made till ,borglum came along4 ,x is ! head ( ,k+ ,khafre set on ! body ( a cr\*+ lion gu>d+ ! k+'s tomb1 ) 8 pyramid back ( x4 ,khafre _h x built dur+ a reign t end$ ov] f\r ?\s&1 sev5 hundr$ & fifty ye>s ago4 ,ne> ! ,sph9x & ,khafre's pyramid is ! great] pyramid ( ,k+ ,khufu1 bett] kn[n to u z ,*eops4 ,he liv$ f #bhih to #bhge ,,bc4 & 8 pyramid conta9s ov] two million blocks ( /one1 ( an av]age weight ( two & a half tons4 ,h]odotus 0 told t x took a hundr$ ?\s& m5 tw5ty ye>s to build x4 ,ne> ,k>nak !re are /ill /&+--or sitt+--two portrait /atues ( ,am5hotep ,,iii1 :o rul$ f\rte5 hundr$ ye>s ,b4,c4--j ab\t ! "t ( ,moses4 ,^! /atues are sev5ty feet high4 ,"o ( ! f\r colossal /atues at ,abu ,simbel repres5ts ,rameses ,,ii1 :o di$ ab\t two ?\s&1 six hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,ly+ on its side is a brok5 /atue ( ,rameses ,,ii1 once #ij feet high & c>v$ f a s+le ?\s&-ton block4 ,?is & ano!r /atue ( him 9 granite n9ety feet high 71 accord+ to ,brea/$ writ+ 9 #aije1 8! greate/ monoli?ic /atues ev] execut$40 ,b ,borglum's bu/ ( ,wa%+ton is l>g] ?an ! :ole figure ( ,rameses1 ,l9coln's nose is #ba feet long & ! sp>kle 9 8 eye is secur$ by a block ( granite ?irty in*es long4 ,"s ( ! ,egyptian portraits 7 c>v$ ^u _! cliffs some:at z ,borglum's /atues are ^u ! peaks4 ,at ,abu ,simbel !re are f\r su* /atues ( enorm\s bulk4 ,! ,assyrians also built huge monum5ts1 & inscrib$ ! texts ( :ole hi/ories on ! faces ( cliffs4 ,_! k+s 7 usually repres5t$ z enorm\s w+$ bulls ) ! heads ( be>d$ m54 ,^! 7 call$1 /rangely en\gh1 8*]ubs40 ,! ,greeks creat$ = _! great] gods /atues ( gold & ivory--:5ce ! epi!t 8*ryselephant9e40 ,su* 0 ! colossal ,zeus t ,pheidias made = ,olympia4 ,x 0 ab\t fifty feet high4 ,pheidias made also two colossal figures ( ,a!na = ,a!ns1 "o 9 bronze t /ood up l a ligh?\se & 0 visible to sailors f> out to sea4 ,! o!r _h ivory fle% & robes ( gold1 & 0 sev5ty feet high4 ,! fam\s bronze ,colossus ( ,rhodes1 erect$ ab\t #bgd ,b4,c4 by ,*>es ( ,l9dus1 0 #aje feet high4 ,x did n /raddle a /ream1 z tradition has x4 ,half a c5tury aft] x 0 set up1 an e>?quake ov]?rew x2 9 #fef ,a4,d4 x 0 sold = junk & c>ri$ (f by a c>avan ( #ijj camels4 ,9 ,*9a "o /ill sees enorm\s ,buddhas1 & 9 our own _w ! ,mayan mon/rosities are be+ br\ght back f ! jungle t swall[$ !m l a sea4 ,! /atue ( ,lib]ty--a gift to u f ,france--is #aea feet high2 ) its p$e/al x is #cje feet tall4 ,b none ( ! giants anci5t or mod]n has approa*$ ! size ( ! great] works ( ,borglum4 ,?is c>v] ( m\nta9s 0 himself a m\nta9y man1 born 9 ! m\nta9\s /ate ( ,idaho on ,m>* #be1 #ahga4 ,8 full "n 0 ,john ,gutzon de la ,mo! ,borglum4 ,8 p>5ts _h come ov] f ,d5m>k4 ,8 fa!r1 at fir/ a woodc>v]1 became a physician & surgeon1 also a bre$] ( horses on a #fjjj-;acre ran*4 ,he _h no money to give 8 *ildr51 b he gave !m a love ( =m & a k ( ! horse t n only inspir$ ,gutzon ,borglum to "s ( 8 mo/ magnific5t "w1 b also made a spl5did c>e] = 8 y\ng] bro!r1 ,solon4 ,solon took fire f ,gutzon's fire1 work$ 8 way to ,p>is1 won honors !re1 & came home to 8 ,we/ :]e he turn$ out a /ream ( important sculptures t p]petuate _m poignant phases ( ,we/]n life4 ,8 life 0 sudd5ly end$ 9 #aibb by an attack ( acute app5dicitis4 ,gutzon's indomitable w c>ri$ him f ! ,idaho ran* to an art s*ool 9 ,san ,francisco1 !nce to ,p>is4 ,he began z bo? pa9t] & sculptor & 0 accept$ z bo? by ! ,fr5* salons4 ,9 ,engl&1 critics & royalty heap$ honors on him4 ,aft] pa9t+ a s]ies ( murals = a big hotel at ,le$s & ano!r s]ies = a conc]t hall at ,man*e/]1 he began to ab&on ! bru%es = ! *isel1 & to turn out /atu>y 9 almo/ e field & almo/ e imag9able =m4 ,f ! fir/1 8 works won ! highe/ honors4 ,! ,metropolitan ,museum b\ght 8 8,m>es ( ,diom$es0 at once & ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t promptly pur*as$ a p>tial replica ( x = ! ,luxemb\rg ,gall]y4 ,commissions ra9$ on him & !re 0 nev] any repetition 9 ! _s or treatm5t ( 8 responses4 ,!re is n space "h = ev5 a catalogue ( 8 triumphs4 ,he also wrote mu* & well4 ,he 0 an eng9e] & an inv5tor1 ov]com+ by 8 own skill suppos$ly unconqu]able problems involv$ 9 ! con/ruction ( 8 l>g] works4 ,he 0 an orator ( eloqu5ce ) a practical skill 9 politics4 ,at times he 0 a /atesman & ! close associate ( ,pad]ewski & ,mas>yk 9 _! re-creation ( _! lo/ republics4 ,dur+ ! fir/ ,_w ,w> he inve/igat$ & expos$ ! causes = a my/]i\s & dang]\s failure 9 ,am]ican aircraft manufacture4 ,8 c>e] has a /range k9%ip 9 its v]satility ) t ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 & ,i believe t 8 "n w live z long4 ,9 #aiji he m>ri$ ,m>y ,montgom]y1 a di/+ui%$ s*ol> 9 anci5t ,ori5tal languages1 & a translator ( cunei=m inscriptions4 ,a son & a daught] bless$ ?is union ( two great s\ls4 ,x 0 9 #aijg t ,i fir/ met ,gutzon ,borglum :ile prep>+ an article on 8 "w1 to :i* ,i paid complete homage4 ,?is 0 ! beg9n+ ( a lifelong fri5d%ip ( :i* ,i wrote him :ile he 0 glorify+ ! ,s\? ,dakota m\nta9s3 8,i h always _h an awe & a rev]5ce = y t f\ght ) my love = ! simple1 jovial1 tw9kl+-ey$ fri5d y always 740 ,he answ]$3 8,y h said y\r say ab\t me & x is a wet eye t reads ?r\gh ! lett]4 ,y "k h[ v&alism 9 ! "n ( ,civilization raids ! tombs ( our ance/ors & de/roys ! records ( ,hi/ory4 ,"o ( my motives 9 ?is "w 0 to c>ve ^! records ( our great ,we/-,_w adv5ture z high into ! heav5s z ,i c\ld f9d ! /one40 ,z man & z sculptor he 0 passionately ,am]ican & he has n only giv5 to 8 c\ntry monum5ts ( art t equal ! greate/ ( o!r nations1 b he has giv5 arti/ic expression to ! ideals t make ,am]ica ,am]ica4 ,! ,sph9x & its temple h only rec5tly be5 recov]$ f ! s& t subm]g$ !m = ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,yet ev5 n[ ! wor/ tyrannies & cruelties ( ! ,ph>aohs h be5 reviv$ & p>allel$ 9 ,europe1 j z our g5tle/1 noble/ ideals 7 to be f\nd co-exi/+ ) savag]y 9 anci5t ,egypt4 ,i hope1 ,i believe t 9 #gjjj ,a4,d4 !re w be pilgrimages to ,m\nt ,ru%more by ,am]icans /ill keep+ alive ! flames ( fre$om k9dl$ & rek9dl$ by ! f\r h]oes ,borglum _h immortaliz$1 immortaliz+ himself & 8 & _! ideals along ) !m4 ,8 ,m\nt ,ru%more ,memorial pres5ts to po/]ity f\r great ,am]icans :o upheld ! rights & equalities ( all mank9d1 & :o 7 !mselves ! v p]sonifications ( ,am]icanism4 ,_! noble heads are l(ty en\gh to m+le ) ! cl\ds1 & ! p>ad+ lights ( sun & moon & />s1 & ! processionals ( ra9 & sn[ & mi/ give !m a beauty t is always *ang+ yet ev]la/+ly *angeless4 ,only a great s\l & a great arti/ c\ld h conceiv$ or a*iev$ su* a monum5t to !m & to himself4 ,8 gifts ( _s & execution 71 ,i feel1 unsurpass$ by any?+ ( _! k9d 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,memorial ,illu/ration3 ,! ,memorial 9 w9t] ) a light fall ( sn[ s(t5+ ! surr\nd+ l&scape4 ,,f ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,by ,,mrs4 ,,gutzon ,,borglum ,a nation's memorials are a record ( its civilization & ! arti/ :o builds !m is ! in/rum5t ( 8 "t4 ,he is inspir$ by ! same =ces t influ5ce ! nation's de/9y--! great] ! p]iod1 ! great] ! art4 ,! arti/ _c escape 8 de/9y4 ,l ! 8,h\nd ( ,heav50 x 8pursues him d[n ! ye>s10 =ces him to leave 8 home1 to g into exile1 to combat m\nta9s ev51 to accompli% :at mu/ be4 ,h[ else c we expla9 :y a man %\ld ab&on a com=table way ( life1 among pleasant surr\nd+s1 to hurl himself aga9/ a gigantic rock1 to cl+ l a human fly to a p]p5dicul> peak1 to /ruggle ) ho/ile human nature1 9 ord] to c>ve aga9/ ! sky a record ( ! great exp]im5t 9 democracy on ?is cont95t--a record :i* w live on & be an inspiration to future g5]ations1 a %r9e to be visit$1 ev5 aft] ! ?+ x commemorat$ may h pass$4 ,?is is ! hi/ory ( ,ru%more told 9 a few words4 ,! contribut+ factors are ( int]e/ & %\ld be relat$ b two out/&+ facts are t a few k9dr$ s\ls1 giants 9 _! day1 fo/]$ a =m ( democratic gov]nm5t & e/abli%$ a great nation & t a hundr$ & fifty ye>s lat] ano!r gr\p ( ,am]icans realiz$ ! importance ( mak+ a record 9 ! granite = all "t ( :at mann] ( m5 !y 7 & :at !y a*iev$4 ,! initial /ep 9 ?is great ent]prise 0 tak5 by ,doane ,rob9son1 /ate hi/orian ( ,s\? ,dakota1 :o _h he>d ( ! monum5t be+ c>v$ 9 ,georgia by ,gutzon ,borglum to honor ! h]oes ( ! ,s\? 9 ! w> betwe5 ! /ates & ?\ght x w\ld be a f9e idea to h a simil> patriotic %r9e 9 ,s\? ,dakota to br+ t /ate to ! att5tion ( ! nation4 ,mr4 ,rob9son invit$ ,mr4 ,borglum 9 #aibd to visit ! ,black ,hills to see :at c\ld be done4 ,! fir/ ?\ght 0 to c>ve ! lik5ess ( ,wa%+ton & p]haps ( ,l9coln 9 "o ( ! granite up?ru/s kn[n z ! ,ne$les4 ,! /one1 h[ev]1 0 n suitable & !re 0 no special reason = memorializ+ ,wa%+ton & ,l9coln z individual presid5ts 9 ,s\? ,dakota4 ,!n ,mr4 ,rob9son told ! sculptor ( a lead tablet discov]$ by *ildr5 play+ ne> old ,=t ,pi]re1 :i* _h be5 plant$ !re 9 #agdc by ,v]5drye1 an emiss>y ( ,l\is ( ,france1 s5t to e/abli% ,fr5* t]ritory beh9d ! ,engli%4 ,?is fir$ 8 imag9ation4 ,"h 0 a subject = ! great memorial he want$ to c>ve 9 ! ,hills4 ,s\? ,dakota lies 9 ! he>t ( ! old ,l\isiana ,t]ritory1 pur*as$ by ,jeff]son 9 #ahjc1 9 ord] to control ! m\? ( ! ,mississippi1 :i* m>k$ ! fir/ /ep away f ! ,atlantic seabo>d colonies 9 ! expansion ( ! little republic4 ,t /ep l$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( ,texas1 ! conque/ ( ,cali=nia1 ! acquisition ( ,oregon & ,alaska & ! spann+ ( ! cont95t f ocean to ocean by ! empire nation call$ ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?is 0 a subject wor?y ( a m\nta9--a monum5t to a nation1 to its philosophy ( gov]nm5t1 its ideals & aspirations1 its great lead]s4 ,"h 9 ?is remote spot1 protect$ by its inaccessibility f ! v&alism ( succe$+ g5]ations1 w\ld be c>v$ a ,%r9e ( ,democracy1 z an imp]i%able record ( a great p4 ,illu/ration3 ,"h is ,mt4 ,ru%more z x /ood = c\ntless ages be=e ! poetic & patriotic idea ( ! great national memorial 0 born 9 ! m9d ( ,gutzon ,borglum4 ,mr4 ,borglum paid a second & ?ird visit to ! ,hills & camp$ among !m = two weeks1 explor+ & exam9+ e rock l>ge en\gh to sugge/ a monum5t1 ) ! result t ! huge granite up?ru/ call$ ,m\nt ,ru%more 0 select$ z ! only /one s\nd en\gh to be suitable = c>v+4 ,ano!r reason = *oos+ ,ru%more 0 ! important consid]ation ( light+4 ,x 0 imp]ative t ! cliff on :i* ! figures 7 to be c>v$ %\ld face ! ea/ 9 ord] to get ! maximum am\nt ( sunlight all ! day long4 ,wa%+ton's face is s plac$ t x cat*es ! fir/ rays ( light 9 ! morn+ & reflects ! la/ ruddy gl[ 9 ! ev5+4 ,_m beautiful works ( art are made insignificant by poor light+4 ,s5ator ,pet] ,norbeck1 :o _h creat$ ! p>k sy/em ( ,s\? ,dakota & play$ an important "p 9 ! creation ( ! ,ru%more ,memorial1 also agre$ t1 9 spite ( its remote position ) only rid+ trails lead+ to x1 !re 0 no o!r location possible4 ,illu/ration3 ,rang+ d[nw>d l spid]s sw++ on f9e ?reads1 workm5 made ! /rokes on ! granite m\nta9side :i* n[ be>s ! features ( ,george ,wa%+ton4 ,illu/ration3 ,scaffold+ susp5d$ f cables enabl$ ! workm5 to rea* d[n f ! br[ ( ! m\nta9 9 ord] to c>ry on _! c\rage\s & difficult labors4 ,t autumn a gr\p ( ,rapid ,city wom5 put on a pageant ( flags1 design$ by ,mr4 ,borglum1 on ! top ( ! cliff to %[ ! diff]5t epo*s ?r\gh :i* ! t]ritory _h pass$4 ,! ,fr5* flag 0 fir/ hoi/$1 !n ! ,spani%1 !n ! flag ( ,napoleon1 next ! colonial flag & f9ally ! pres5t flag ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?us 0 ,m\nt ,ru%more (ficially d$icat$ to ! ,memorial4 ,mr ,borglum !n return$ to 8 tempor>y /udio 9 ,san ,antonio1 ,texas1 to make ! models & decide :at *>act]s be/ illu/rat$ ! idea to :i* he 0 try+ to give =m4 ,george ,wa%+ton's pres5ce 9 ! gr\p 0 inevitable4 ,he 0 ! rock on :i* ! republic 0 f\nd$--! plumb l9e to e/abli% its direction4 ,s on ,m\nt ,ru%more 8 head is exactly p]p5dicul>1 fac+ ! ea/1 unaffect$ by ! o!rs 9 ! gr\p1 ! measur+ rod det]m9+ ! position ( ! o!rs4 ,equally important ) ,wa%+ton 0 ,?omas ,jeff]son1 ! au?or ( ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce4 ,by ! pur*ase ( ! ,l\isiana ,t]ritory1 z /at$ above1 he _h tak5 ! fir/ /ep we/w>d 9 ! c\rse ( ! nation's gr[?4 ,he is repres5t$ on ! m\nta9 z a "y man4 ,he 0 only #cc :5 he wrote ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce4 ,abraham ,l9coln1 ! savi\r ( ! republic1 0 inevitable 9 any record ( ! c\ntry's hi/ory & f9ally ,!odore ,roosevelt 0 select$ because1 by cutt+ ! ,panama ,canal1 he _h accompli%$ ! dream ( ,columbus & op5$ a ,sea-way f ,europe to ,asia & 8 "n 0 closely l9k$ ) ! t]ritorial expansion foll[+ ! w> ) ,spa94 ,he 0 also ! fir/ presid5t to attempt ! curb+ ( big bus9ess int]e/s & ! only presid5t :o _h be5 famili> ) ! we/4 ,he _h close associations ) ,s\? ,dakota4 ,illu/ration3 ,models 9 ! /udio at ! foot ( ! m\nta9 :i* guid$ con/ruction ( ! actual figures 7se5 ?r\gh w9d[74 ,! ,m\nt ,h>ney ,memorial ,association 0 au?oriz$ 9 #aibe by ! /ate legislature to und]take ! project on ,m\nt ,ru%more4 ,no funds 7 vot$ = ! purpose4 ,contributions 7 obta9$ f ! ?ree railroads s]v+ ! /ate1 f ! ,home/ake ,m9e & f private individuals1 among !m ,mr4 ,*>les ,ru%more1 a ,new ,york lawy]1 aft] :om1 q accid5tally1 ! cliff _h be5 nam$4 ,! "w w5t on sl[ly1 ) consid]able opposition1 until ,presid5t ,coolidge's visit to ! ,black ,hills 9 #aibg4 ,he made a spl5did spee* at a picturesque c]emony held at ,ru%more1 imm$iately foll[+ :i* he took ,mr4 ,borglum aside1 inquir$ ab\t ! f9anc+ & urg$ him to come to ,wa%+ton = help4 ,x is d\btful :e!r1 )\t ?is impetus giv5 by ,presid5t ,coolidge1 ! c>v+ w\ld ev] h be5 accompli%$4 ,! ,m\nt ,ru%more ,national ,memorial ,commission came into exi/5ce z ! result ( a ,congressional ,bill1 pass$ on ,wa%+ton's ,bir?day 9 #aibi4 ,! act c>ri$ an appropriation ( #bej1jjj = ! memorial1 :i* 0 to be mat*$ on a fifty-fifty basis by private subscriptions2 x designat$ ,gutzon ,borglum z ! sculptor & design] ( ! f\r figures & provid$ also = an inscription on ! m\nta94 ,! fir/ asc5t ( ! m\nta9 0 made up ! canyon :]e ! pres5t wood5 /airway n[ is4 ,aft] ! initial survey 0 made1 p9e trees ) bran*es cut (f & cleats nail$ at "r angles to ! trees 7 laid 9 ! crevices to s]ve z ladd]s4 ,heavy ropes 7 !n c>ri$ by h& to ! top & a small w9* 0 c>ri$ z f> z possible by pack horse & !n c>ri$ to ! top by h&4 ,aft] ?is w9* 0 fa/5$ on ! top ( ! m\nta91 x 9 turn 0 us$ to pull up ! heavy cable t became ! tramway f ! gr\nd to ! m\nta9 top4 ,build+ mat]ial 0 pull$ up & %elt]s built = ! m54 ,a small /udio 0 also built to h\se ! pla/] reproductions ( ! ma/] models t 7 9 ! /udio at ! foot ( ! m\nta94 ,^! reproductions 7 us$ = measurem5ts to save "t requir$ to g to ! /udio #aejj feet away & #ejj feet bel[4 ,9 "s cases ^! models 7 hung ov] ! side ( ! m\nta9 s t !y c\ld be consult$ & comp>$ ) ! measurem5ts z ! actual /one "w progress$4 ,by ?is me?od x 0 possible to save consid]able "t & labor4 ,illu/ration3 ,r\gh+ out ! face ( ,!odore ,roosevelt4 ,! /rong *9 & ! m\? are already visible4 ,! mass ( /one at ! top w be c>v$ away to =m ! mu/a*e4 ,! "w ( fitt+ ! figures into ! crack$ granite up?ru/ call$ ,mt4 ,ru%more has be5 a con/ant /ruggle betwe5 composition & f9d+ solid /one = ea* ( ! f\r heads4 ,illu/ration3 ,close-up ( ,l9coln4 ,note ! %afts ( granite 9 ! eyes ( ,l9coln4 ,! light reflect$ by ^! %afts gives ! eyes _! lifelike gl9t :5 se5 f a di/ance4 ,9 ! fir/ design ,jeff]son 0 plac$ at ! "r ( ,wa%+ton & ,l9coln on 8 left1 & ,!odore ,roosevelt occupi$ ! position n[ occupi$ by ,l9coln4 ,h[ev] s]i\s flaws develop$ 9 ! /one on ?is side ( ,wa%+ton2 & x !re=e became necess>y to *ange our design & place ,jeff]son to ,wa%+ton's left4 ,?is made x necess>y to place ,!odore ,roosevelt betwe5 ,jeff]son & ,l9coln1 & ! /one _h to be remov$ to a dep? ( approximately #abj feet f ! orig9al surface to get back f> en\gh = ! ,roosevelt face4 ,! heads 7 f9ally relegat$ to _! approximate position 7be+ mov$ sev]al times z new conditions ( ! /one develop$71 t is !y 7 tilt$ or dropp$ or made to look m to ! "r or left z ! case might h be51 to meet ! composition or avoid flaws 9 ! /one4 ,?is movem5t be+ made simply by mov+ ! respective heads on ! model & cutt+ ! /one accord+ly4 ,x 0 n possible to fit ! heads s t !y w\ld be entirely free f fissures1 b x 0 possible to place !m s t none ( ^! fissures w\ld be unsupport$ f bel[ & t removes ! dang] ( "s vital "p dropp+ (f4 ,z ea* head 0 />t$ its c5t] 0 locat$1 & at ?is c5t] po9t on ! top ( ! head a plate 0 locat$4 ,?is 0 graduat$ 9 degrees #j to #cfj degrees1 & at its c5t] a horizontal arm 0 locat$ t trav]s$ ?is horizontal are4 ,?is arm 0 ab\t #cj feet long1 9 effect a giant protractor laid on top ( ! head4 ,! arm 0 graduat$ 9 feet & in*es s t at any po9t we c\ld drop a plumb bob f ?is arm1 & by measur+ ! v]tical di/ance on ?is plumb l9e det]m9e exactly ! am\nt ( /one to be remov$4 ,aft] det]m9+ ?is ma/] c5t] po9t on ! m\nta91 we set a small] arc & arm on our model 9 ! same relative position4 ,) ?is small device we w\ld make all our measurem5ts on our model & !n enl>ge !m twelve times & transf] !m to ! l>ge measur+ device on ! m\nta94 ,?ru ?is sy/em e face _h a measurem5t made e six in*es bo? v]tically & horizontally4 ,^! measurem5ts 7 !n pa9t$ on ! /one & x 0 ?ru ?is means t m5 totally unfamili> ) sculptural =m 7 able to d ?is und]tak+4 ,9 fact all ! m5 employ$ on ! "w 7 local m5 tra9$ by ! sculptor4 ,pneumatic drills are us$ = drill+ & ! compress$ air is provid$ by l>ge compressors locat$ on ! gr\nd & driv5 by electricity4 ,! air is =c$ or convey$ to ! top ( ! m\nta9 by a #c pipe & !n by ! use ( small] pipes & rubb] hoses is convey$ to ! drills4 ,ov] #djj1jjj tons ( granite h be5 remov$ f ! m\nta9 9 c>v+ ! figures1 at a total exp5se ( slightly m ?an #ijj1jjj4 ,?is includes all build+1 /airways & ma*9]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,workm5 putt+ ! f9i%+ t\*es on ! /rong face ( ! ,r\gh-rid] ,presid5t4 ,! m5 are let d[n ov] ! face ( ! /one 9 lea!r sw+s simil> to bos'n *airs us$ on %ips4 ,^! sw+s are fa/5$ on to /eel cables :i* are 9 turn fa/5$ on to w9*es locat$ on ! top ( ! heads4 ,^! w9*es are op]at$ by h&4 ,!re are ab\t sev5 w9*es on ! top ( ea* head4 ,! m5 are l[]$ to _! place ( "w by ^! w9*es1 tak+ ) !m _! jackhamm]s or pneumatic tools & o!r necess>y equipm5t4 ,"o man is locat$ 9 a position :]e he c see all ! m5 at "w1 & is 8,! ,callboy10 & has a microphone ) a l\d speak] at ea* ( ! w9*es & :5 any ( ! m5 work+ 9 ! sw+s wants to be rais$ or l[]$ !y signal ?is call-boy & he relays ! message ?ru ! l\d speak]s to ! w9*man4 ,he also keeps ! workm5 suppli$ ) new drills z !y ne$ !m1 by relay+ _! reque/s to ! /eelman :o c>ries ! /eel to ! m5 9 ! sw+s z x is ne$$4 ,?is /eel is us$ ov] & ov] aga92 z x is dull$ x is tak5 to ! blacksmi? %op on ! gr\nd via ! cable c>1 heat$1 %>p5$1 re-heat$ & temp]$ & s5t back to ! m\nta9 aga94 ,ab\t #djj ( ^! drills are dull$ ea* day4 ,!y drill on an av]age ab\t f\r feet be=e be+ %>p5$4 ,9 "s places ! /one is s h>d !y w only la/ or drill ab\t six in*es & 9 o!r places !y w la/ sev5 or eight feet be=e be+ re-%>p5$4 ,illu/ration3 ,! "w 9 process z x appe>$ f an odd angle 444 f ! road runn+ along ! side ( ! m\nta94 ,n _m h se5 ! ,memorial f ?is po9t ( view4 ,! problem ( f9ance has always be5 acute 9 connection ) ! "w ( ! ,ru%more ,memorial4 ,! economic h>d%ips ( ! c\ntry made x increas+ly difficult to mat* ! ,f$]al appropriation1 )\t :i* ! c>v+ c\ld n g on4 ,! sculptor made repeat$ trips ?r\gh ! /ate & beyond its bord]s to ar\se int]e/ 9 ! und]tak+4 ,he succe$$ 9 rais+ "s money by publi%+ a small book ab\t ,ru%more4 ,!re 7 nev] en\gh funds = z mu* p[] or z _m m5 z he w\ld h lik$ to use4 ,!re 7 long mon?s :5 ! "w 0 /opp$ altoge!r4 ,f9ally ! gov]nm5t took ov] ! :ole burd5 ( f9anc+ & ! "w cont9u$ regul>ly1 aft] #aich1 be+ halt$ only by wea!r conditions4 ,! sculptor 0 at la/ able to employ "o or two tra9$ /one c>v]s to d ! f9] "w ( f9i%+4 ,! ,wa%+ton head 0 unveil$ 9 #aicj1 ) ,mr4 ,cull9an1 fir/ *airman ( ! ,ru%more ,commission presid+4 ,presid5t ,frankl9 ,d4 ,roosevelt came = ! unveil+ ( ! ,jeff]son head 9 #aicf4 ,8 unfail+ int]e/ & support h insur$ ! f9i%+ ( ! ,memorial4 ,at ! unveil+ ( ! face ( ,abraham ,l9coln 9 #aicg1 a nation wide radio hookup c>ri$ ! spee*es to all p>ts ( ! c\ntry & aga9 9 #aici1 :5 ,gov]nor ,bu%field ( ,s\? ,dakota conduct$ c]emonies celebrat+ ! ,gold5 ,jubilee ( ! ,/ate ( ,s\? ,dakota at ,m\nt ,ru%more1 ! radio c>ri$ ! spee*es & music all ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! upp] "p ( ! face ( ,!odore ,roosevelt 0 uncov]$ at t "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,! face ( ,jeff]son beg9s to take =m4 ,! nose & ! =ehead are already pla9ly visible1 b _m tons ( /one mu/ be remov$ be=e ! picture is complete4 ,mr4 ,borglum 0 always scrupul\sly c>eful to protect 8 m5 f h>m & x 0 8 boa/ t 9 all 8 ye>s ( haz>d\s m\nta9 c>v+ no work] 0 s]i\sly injur$4 ,he took no c>e ( himself1 h[ev]1 & physicians said t und\bt$ly ! /r5u\s "w ( c>v+ at t altitude weak5$ 8 he>t & 9 ,m>*1 #aida1 x /opp$ beat+4 ,! c>v+ 0 practically f9i%$2 !re rema9$ only ! f9i%+ ( ! h&s & hair ( ! f\r figures & ! ,ru%more ,national ,memorial ,commission entru/$ t "w to ! sculptor's son1 ,l9coln ,borglum1 :o _h be5 ) 8 fa!r f ! beg9n+ ( ! "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,a bla/ is set (f4 ,! h&l+ ( p[d] & dynamite 0 an especially delicate problem1 s9ce a s+le badly plac$ *>ge might easily spoil ! "w ( _m mon?s4 ,! faces ( ! f\r presid5ts1 z c>v$ on ,m\nt ,ru%more1 are approximately #fj feet f *9 to =ehead2 if complet$ f head to foot ! figures w\ld be #dfe feet high4 ,! entire head ( ! sph9x 9 ,egypt is n q z long z ,wa%+ton's nose4 ,! entire co/ ( ! ,memorial1 includ+ all exp5ses ( c>v+1 build+s & sal>ies1 is #ijj1jjj4 ,?is is at ! rate ( less ?an two doll>s = e ton ( /one remov$1 :i* is a co/ incr$ibly l[ consid]+ ! h>dness ( ! granite & t e piece mu/ be remov$ 9 su* a way z n to injure ! surface beh9d4 ,on ?is inve/m5t ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t has receiv$ f t\ri/s f ! "o c5t gas tax on ! increas$ sale ( gas dur+ ! ye>s s9ce ! "w />t$ ov] two million doll>s & ! income to ,s\? ,dakota is ov] tw5ty million doll>s annually4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ^! beg9n+s today %9e =? ! faces ( f\r ( ! greate/ m5 ( ,am]ican hi/ory1 to light ! pa? ( fre$om = c\ntless g5]ations yet to come4 ,,! ,,role ,,( ,,! ,,national ,,p>k ,,s]vice ,illu/ration3 uncaption$ ,millions ( ,am]icans & lib]ty-lov+ p f all ov] ! _w h come to ! ,black ,hills ( ,s\? ,dakota to look ^u ,gutzon ,borglum's ,%r9e ( ,democracy4 ,! exact numb] ( visitors to ! great granite c>v+s is n kn[n b ea* travel season ! pilgrimage increases 9 size4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( con/ruction f #aibg to #aida1 :5 "w 0 "u sup]vision ( ! ,m\nt ,ru%more ,national ,memorial ,commission1 no accurate records ( visitors 7 kept4 ,hundr$s came ea* day1 h[ev]1 to keep a fasc9at$ wat* ov] ! em]g5ce ( ! lik5esses ( ! f\r great presid5ts f ! great /one uplift4 ,consecration c]emonies att5d$ by ,presid5t ,coolidge & ! unveil+s ( ,wa%+ton1 ,jeff]son1 ,!odore ,roosevelt1 & ,l9coln 7 att5d$ by ?\s&s ( p4 ,di/+ui%$ gue/s p>ticipat+ 9 ^! c]emonies includ$ ! late ,presid5t ,frankl9 ,d4 ,roosevelt4 ,!n 9 #aici1 ! ,memorial 0 plac$ "u ! sup]vision ( ! ,national ,p>k ,s]vice ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,int]ior4 ,_w ,w> ,,ii int]v5$1 b 9 ! peace ye>s s9ce ! transf]1 ! fl[ ( visitors has be5 measur$ at close to a half million p]sons ea* travel season1 #dai1hag be+ report$ = ! #aidg travel ye>4 ,among ! n9e great memorials 9 ! ,national ,p>k ,s]vice sy/em1 ,m\nt ,ru%more1 by #aidg1 _h ris5 f sev5? to f\r? place 9 att5dance4 ,s f> z ^! memorials are conc]n$1 ^? report+ l>g] visitations 7 ! ,l9coln ,memorial1 ! ,jeff]son ,memorial1 & ! ,wa%+ton ,monum5t1 all 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia4 ,z ) o!r national p>ks1 monum5ts1 & memorials1 ,m\nt ,ru%more 0 designat$ = inclusion 9 ! ,national ,p>k sy/em because x _h become a mo/ inspir+ site ( hi/oric significance4 ,its pres5t adm9i/ration is design$ to promote & regulate ! use ( ! memorial area to cons]ve ! sc5]y & ! natural & hi/orical objects & to provide = ! enjoym5t ( x 9 su* a mann] z to leave x unimpair$ = ! enjoym5t ( future g5]ations4 ,a total ( ne>ly #a1hjj acres ( ! ,f$]al ,game ,sanctu>y 9 ! ,h>ney ,national ,=e/ n[ comprises ! memorial area4 ,x is "u ! adm9i/ration ( ,sup]9t5d5t ,h>ry ,j4 ,liek ) headqu>t]s at ,w9d ,cave ,national ,p>k4 ,! memorial is directly "u ,act+ ,cu/odian ,j4 ,e/es ,sut]4 ,a brief description foll[s = ,w9d ,cave ,national ,p>k & ! ?ree national monum5ts--! ,badl&s1 ,jewel ,cave1 & ,devils ,t[]--t are embrac$ 9 ! ,black ,hills & ,badl&s area ( s\?we/]n ,s\? ,dakota & nor!a/]n ,wyom+4 ,,w9d ,,cave ,,national ,,p>k ,w9d ,cave is ! mo/ widely kn[n ( ! _m lime/one cav]ns f\nd ne> ! m>g9 ( ! ,black ,hills4 ,discov]$ 9 #ahha1 x 0 creat$ a national p>k 9 #aijc4 ,! /rong curr5ts ( w9d t bl[ alt]nately 9 & out ( ! m\? ( ! cave sugge/$ its "n4 ,b\nd>ies ( ! p>k 7 ext5d$ twice & n[ embrace a total ( #bh1jjj acres ( f$]ally-own$ l&1 support+ a l>ge buffalo h]d 9 its natural habitat & o!r wildlife1 su* z elk1 antelope1 & de]4 ,*ief feature ( ! p>k is ! exceptional lime/one cav]n1 not$ = its unique boxwork r>ely f\nd 9 o!r sections ( ! _w4 ,o!r cry/all9e =mations 9 v>i\s color %ad+s l9e a s]ies ( subt]ranean passages1 kn[n to be at lea/ #aj miles 9 ext5t4 ,,badl&s ,,national ,,monum5t ,9 %>p contra/ to ! v]dant ,black ,hills c\ntry1 ! ,:ite ,riv] ,badl&s1 a b>r51 treeless region1 lies ab\t #ej miles ea/ ( ! we/]n foo?ills4 ,"h nature has beautifi$ ! e>? ) all %ades ( buff1 cream1 pale gre51 gold1 & rose4 ,fanta/ically c>v$ erosion =ms rise above ! valleys1 "s ( !m #aej to #cjj feet high4 ,! con/antly %ift+ color & ! weird =mations make ?is a region ( /rong imag9ative appeal4 ,,jewel ,,cave ,,national ,,monum5t ,a unique coat+ ( dogtoo? calcite cry/als :i* sp>kle l jewels 9 ! light di/+ui% ,jewel ,cave f o!r cry/al cav]ns 9 ! ,black ,hills & provid$ its "n4 ,"o ( ! f9e/ /&s ( virg9 pond]osa p9e rema9+ 9 ! ,black ,hills is f\nd )9 ! monum5t :i* 0 e/abli%$ 9 #aijh4 ,x 0 orig9ally "p ( ! pres5t ,h>ney ,national ,=e/ b 0 transf]r$ to ! ,national ,p>k ,s]vice1 by ,executive ,ord]1 9 #aicd4 ,,devils ,,t[] ,,national ,,monum5t ,ano!r unusual natural ph5om5on ( ! ,black ,hills c\ntry is ! ,devils ,t[] across ! ,s\? ,dakota /ate l9e 9 ,wyom+4 ,?is is a great column ( igne\s rock t[]+ #a1bhj feet above ! ,belle ,f\r*e riv]1 ^: c\rse is ne> ! base4 ,devils ,t[] has ! di/9ction ( be+ ! fir/ national monum5t creat$ "u ! ,antiquities ,act ( #aijf4 ,x 0 e/abli%$ by proclamation ( ,septemb] #bd ( t ye>1 by ,presid5t ,!odore ,roosevelt4 ,illu/ration3 ,devils ,t[] 9 ,wyom+'s we/]n bord] ( ! ,black ,hills ,national ,=e/4 ,,! ,,antiquity ,,( ,,m\nt ,,ru%more ,by ! late ,,joseph ,p4 ,,connolly ,presid5t1 ,s\? ,dakota ,s*ool ( ,m9es ,at ! ,battle ( ! ,pyramids1 ,napoleon is report$ to h exhort$ 8 m5 by say+1 8,soldi]s1 f ^! pyramids =ty c5turies look d[n ^u y40 ,f ! /&po9t ( human hi/ory f\r ?\s& ye>s repres5t great antiquity inde$4 ,b z "o gazes ^u ! rugg$ slopes ( ,m\nt ,ru%more1 he is face to face ) antiquity beside :i* ! age ( ! ,egyptian pyramids seems b a mom5t4 ,h[ old is ! granite ( ,ru%more8 ,we h a y>d/ick by :i* we c measure t q accurately4 ,n f> f ! m\nta91 9 a subsidi>y mass ( granite1 !re 0 f\nd a few ye>s ago a small piece ( coal-black1 lu/r\s m9]al kn[n z pit*bl5de or uran9ite1 ( :i* ! *ief con/itu5t is ! heavie/ kn[n elem5t1 uranium4 ,we "k t uranium cont9ually und]goes atomic dis9tegration1 *ang+ at a sl[1 b uni=m & measurable rate into light] elem5ts4 ,! end product ( ?is *ange is ! metal lead4 ,if we submit ! specim5 ( pit*bl5de to *emical analysis1 det]m9e h[ mu* lead x conta9s1 h[ mu* uranium is /ill left1 x is a comp>atively simple calculation to det]m9e f ! kn[n rate ( *ange1 ! numb] ( ye>s t h elaps$ s9ce ! pit*bl5de came into exi/5ce4 ,t exp]im5t has be5 p]=m$ & ! result is "o billion f\r hundr$ & sixty-five million 7#a1dfe1jjj1jjj7 ye>s4 ,be> 9 m9d t ?is enorm\s figure repres5ts ! "t t has elaps$ s9ce ! molt5 rock came to re/ at "s dep? "u ! surface ( ! e>?1 & cool$ suffici5tly to cry/allize into granite4 ,x repres5ts ! age ( ! solid granite4 ,b1 al?\gh ! granite ( :i* ! m\nta9 is compos$ dates back to a p]iod almo/ inconceivably remote1 ,m\nt ,ru%more itself is mu* y\ng]4 ,we "k t all ( ! granite m\nta9s ( ! s\!rn ,black ,hills 7 c>v$ out ( ! rocks by ! process ( erosion4 ,field evid5ce indicates t fairly e>ly 9 ! ,t]ti>y p]iod1 approximately ?irty million ye>s ago1 erosion _h c>v$ out ! topography ( ! ,black ,hills into mu* ! same /age z we see x today4 ,p]haps ,m\nt ,ru%more 0 n fully born 9 t p]iod2 its =m may n yet h be5 completely sculptur$ "u ! *isel ( "t1 b we "k t its age mu/ be measur$ 9 millions ( ye>s & n 9 c5turies4 ,m\nt ,ru%more is a *ild ( wea!r+ & erosion4 ,!y br\ght ! m\nta9 into be+ & gave x =m4 ,b ^? rel5tless p>5ts w n be cont5t to leave _! *ild z !y fa%ion$ x4 ,!y w cont9ue _! "w ( dis9tegration on ! surface ( ! rock & along ! cracks1 until ev5tually !y w completely de/roy ! m\nta9 !y =m$1 & long be=e ! m\nta9 w h be5 de/roy$1 ! magnific5t c>v+s ( man w disappe>4 8,h[ long10 we anxi\sly ask1 8w ! c>v+s endure80 ,two processes w t5d ev5tually to de/roy ! memorial1 *emical wea!r+ & physical dis9tegration4 ,illu/ration3 ,a typical view f ! ,ne$les highway ) ! ,ca!dral ,spires 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fanta/ic =mations 9 ! ,badl&s4 ,! v>iegat$ color+ is at its be/ 9 ! e>ly morn+ or ! late ev5+4 ,*emical wea!r+ w take place v sl[ly1 s sl[ly t if x 7 ! only de/ructive process we _h to consid]1 we c\ld ) "s confid5ce say t ! memorial w\ld endure = hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,& ! progress ( *emical wea!r+ w probably be imp$$ by ! sculptur+ ( ! memorial1 = on ! figures ! rock w be smoo!r1 wat] w dra9 (f m rapidly in/ead ( p5etrat+1 li*5s & o!r vegetation w n h z secure a foo?old z on ! natural face ( ! rock1 & ?us w n contribute to s great an ext5t _! de/ructive acids to su* wat]s z d p5etrate4 ,physical dis9tegration is some:at m to be fe>$4 ,?is op]ates 9 two ways1 by exfoliation due to *anges 9 temp]ature1 & by fro/ action4 ,diff]5tial /resses set up by unequal expansion & contraction1 ow+ to ! poor heat conductivity ( granite1 t5d to spall (f or exfoliate ! surface lay]s ( rock4 ,:5 wat] gets into ! cracks & pores ( ! rocks & freezes1 x ex]ts an enorm\s pressure1 a pressure t w spall (f flakes & blocks ( rock4 ,! arti/ & 8 associates1 fully aw>e ( ?is haz>d1 h gu>d$ aga9/ x4 ,all cracks & fissures h be5 c>efully avoid$ 9 ! sculptur+ s f> z is possible4 ,su* z h be5 impossible to avoid are be+ seal$ to prev5t ! +ress ( wat]1 ?us inhibit+ to a v l>ge ext5t bo? fro/ action & *emical wea!r+4 ,we h trac$ 9 "p ! geological hi/ory ( ! ,m\nt ,ru%more region1 hop+ t by le>n+ some?+ ( its pa/ we may pr$ict some?+ ( its future4 ,we see ! haz>ds to :i* ! memorial is expos$4 ,we mu/ frankly recognize !m & gu>d aga9/ !m s f> z possible1 z x w\ld be folly to ignore !m4 ,if ! sci5ce ( geology c d no m 9 a practical way = mank9d ?an to po9t out dang]s & s\nd w>n+s1 x does a wor? :ile s]vice4 8,h[ long w ! memorial la/80 ,geology _c answ] specifically4 ,an em95t geologi/ has already giv5 z def9ite an answ] z x is possible to give1 & ,i c d no bett] ?an to close by quot+ f ! address giv5 by ! late ,dr4 ,c4 ,c4 ,o',h>ra at ! unveil+ ( ! head ( ,wa%+ton4 8,h[ long w ,m\nt ,ru%more la/8 ,_m millions ( ye>s4 ,! numb] nobody kn[s4 ,h[ long w endure ?is monum5tal1 sculptur$ figure ( ! ,fa!r ( our ,c\ntry :i* today we unveil8 ,"o hundr$ ye>s8 ,yes4 ,"o ?\s& ye>s8 ,yes4 ,a hundr$ ?\s& ye>s8 ,9 all likelihood1 yes4 ,a half million ye>s8 ,possibly s1 nobody kn[s4 ,! "t at any rate w be long1 f> long] ?an we c readily compreh5d4 ,& ?is d\btless w abundantly suffice40 ,,! ,,hall ,,( ,,records ,,& ,,great ,,/airway ,by ,,l9coln ,,borglum ,! ,hall ( ,records & ,/airway h be5 "p ( ! ,memorial plan f ! beg9n+ & are provid$ = 9 ! s-call$ 8,ru%more ,bill0 ( #aich4 ,a good />t has be5 made 9 ! c>v+ ( ! ,hall1 :i* already has be5 excavat$ to ! ext5t ( sev5ty feet4 ,great c>e has to be ex]cis$ 9 ! use ( dynamite 9 c>v+ ?is hall1 z 9 c>v+ ! faces on ! m\nta91 n to injure ! /one :i* is to rema94 ,c>eless explosions ( l>ge am\nts ( p[d] might crumble ! walls4 ,! ,hall is locat$ ab\t two ?irds ( ! way up to ! m\nta93 ! entrance to x is 9 a small gorge or canyon1 cut by ! ice aeons ago1 to ! "r ( ! c>v$ faces z "o looks at !m f bel[4 ,! ,hall is on ! opposite side ( ! gorge f ! heads & is n "u !m4 ,! foll[+ is quot$ f ,mr4 ,borglum's plan4 8,! faade to ! ,hall's entrance is ! m\nta9 wall #adj feet high2 support+ pylons1 cut into ! m\nta91 flank ! entrance4 ,! entrance door itself is #ab feet wide & #bj feet high2 ! walls are pla91 dress$ granite & ( a f9e color4 ,i want to f9i% ! inn] entrance wall 9 mosaic ( blue & gold lapis4 ,! dep? to ! door entrance f ! out] faade is #bj feet4 ,! door1 swung on a six in* (fset ( ! wall1 w be ( bronze & glass4 ,small1 c>efully model$ bronze figures ( hi/oric importance f ,columbus & ,raleigh to ! pres5t day w ornam5t ! doors or be model$ into ! support+ frame4 ,! walls ( ! entrance w c>ry 9 gild$ bronze imm$iately )9 ! entrance anci5t ,indian symbols2 ,briti%1 ,fr5*1 ,spani% & ,am]ican seals4 8,! floor ( ! ,hall w be #ajj by #hj by #cb feet to an ar*$ ceil+4 ,at ! height ( fifte5 feet an hi/oric frieze1 f\r feet wide1 w encircle ! entire room4 ,recesses w be cut into ^! walls to be fill$ ) bronze & glass cab9ets1 :i* w hold ! records /amp$ on alum9um %eets1 roll$ sep>ately & plac$ 9 tubes4 ,bu/s ( our lead]s 9 all human activities w occupy ! recesses betwe5 ! cab9ets4 ,! orig9al ?\ght ( a hall ( human records ,i develop$ at ,/one ,m\nta9 9 ,georgia & my draw+s & full plans are extant2 t 0 nev] complet$4 8,! records ( electricity1 beg9n+ ) ,frankl91 :i* has giv5 u light1 heat1 music1 ! radio1 ! telegraph1 ! telephone & controls 9 p[] ! ext5t ( :i* we c h>dly imag9e1 mu/ be "h1 toge!r ) ! records ( lit]ature1 ! records ( travel1 immigration1 religi\s developm5t & also ! record ( p]haps ! l>ge/ contribution t we h made to humanity1 :i* has be5 free controll$ peace1 a gov]nm5t ( ! p1 by & = ! p4 ,/ruggle z we w t great contribution is today ! cause = ! real unre/ ( ,europe4 ,despotism1 tyranny ( e =m is fight+ u :]ev] x c1 to take away f humanity ! p[] fre$om gives x--! p[] t fre$om has giv5 ,am]ica4 ,illu/ration3 ,op5+ ( a gorge rea*$ by ! ,great ,/airway is ! massive tw5ty-foot-high entrance to ! ,hall ( ,records4 8,! ,hall w be rea*$ by a monum5tal flight ( /eps v>y+ f #ae to #bj feet 9 wid?1 :i* w asc5d ! m\nta9 9 front1 a little to "o side ( ! sculpture1 ris+ f a great granite disk or plat=m 9 ! canyon bel[1 :i* may be us$ z a ro/rum f :i* speak]s may address ! public occupy+ ! amphi!at] fac+ ! great gr\p4 ,illu/ration3 ,?is picture %[s ! workm5 busy 9 ! e>ly /ages ( ! "w ( c>v+ ! ,hall ( ,records f ! granite4 8,^! /eps ( granite & cem5t w be provid$ ) seats at int]vals ( e fifty feet2 !y w h a five in* rise & an eighte5 in* tread4 ,! asc5sion f ! foot ( ! /eps to ! floor ( ! great entrance is f\r hundr$ feet2 ! entrance way f ! /eps' l&+ to ! great ,hall is #aij feet2 ! floor ( ?is ,hall1 rea*$ by ?ree /eps1 is two feet above ! floor ( ! entrance way 9 ! canyon2 ?is to provide = prop] dra9age40 ,ow+ to repeat$ reque/s f important organizations ( wom51 ! urg+ ( "s s5ators & congressm5 & ,mr4 ,borglum's own realization ( ! "p wom5 h play$ 9 ! developm5t ( our c\ntry1 plans _h be5 "u way = "s ye>s to include wom5 9 ! great ,%r9e ( ,democracy4 ,!re 0 no room 9 ! rock :i* conta9s ! heads ( ! f\r presid5ts & ! only o!r place seem$ to be ! we/ wall ( ! granite cliff1 or 9 ! hall ( records4 ,to quote aga9 f ,mr4 ,borglum1 f a lett] writt5 9 ,janu>y #aidj3 8,if we decide t ! we/ side ( ! m\nta9 is suitable1 ,i am = x4 ,we mu/ "w out a design t is fitt+ & 9 no s5se h>mful 9 ! matt] ( light+ or location to subjects det]m9$ ^u & ,i am entirely 9 favor ( c>v+ ! faces ( two or ?ree wom54 ,if t is det]m9$ ^u1 ^! figures w be ne> :at has be5 kn[n 9 ! ,ru%more ,law z ! ,inscription & !re w be a special p>agraph giv5 to ! "w & s]vices ( wom54 ,! orig9al inscription ref]r$ to ! fram+ ( ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce2 t 0 ,jeff]son's "w & ! second 0 ! ,con/itution4 ,t 0 ,wa%+ton's greate/ s]vice4 ,! ?ird dealt ) ! pur*ase ( ! ,l\isiana ,t]ritory & ! f\r?1 fif?1 & six?1 ! progress t[>ds ! s\? & s\?we/1 involv+ ,florida1 ,texas & ,cali=nia1 :i* includ$ ,arizona1 a portion ( ,nevada1 ,utah & a portion ( ,idaho4 ,! sev5? p>agraph br\ght 9 ! ,oregon cession f ,engl& & ! pur*ase ( ,alaska4 ,!re 0 "o p>agraph = ,l9coln & "o = ! f9i%+ ( ! ,panama ,canal1 :i* 0 a*iev$ by ,!odore ,roosevelt4 ,illu/ration3 ,! corridor lead+ f ! doorway into ! ,hall ( ,records1 %[+ ! m>ks ( ! /onecutt]s' tools4 8,s by ^! sugge/ions y w see t a spl5did p>agraph c be develop$ = ! "p wom5 h play$ 9 ! developm5t ( ! nation40 ,9 ano!r "p ( ! lett] ,mr4 ,borglum made a place = wom5 9 ! ,hall ( records & ev5 sugge/$ t a special hall might be c>v$ = !m1 z !re is ample rock = _m rooms4 ,calv9 ,coolidge _h be5 ask$ to collaborate on ! inscription & wrote ! fir/ two p>agraphs4 ,mr4 ,borglum /ood /rongly = 8,ju/ice0 9 ! word+1 :]eas ,mr4 ,coolidge insi/$ ^u 8,ju/ice "u ! ,law40 ,newspap] acc\nts exagg]at$ ! discussion1 :i* un=tunately 0 t]m9at$ by ,mr4 ,coolidge's dea?4 ,,george ,,wa%+ton ,9 c>v+ ! head ( ,george ,wa%+ton1 ,mr4 ,borglum /udi$ all ! kn[n portraits ( him & drew heavily on c]ta9 fam\s lik5esses :i* he pref]r$ because he believ$ !m mo/ fai?ful to ! "* ( ! man4 ,borglum 0 confront$ by an extraord9>y problem4 ,he _h und]tak5 to place 8 sculpture on a m\nta9 peak ov] #fjjj feet above sea level4 ,8 face ( ,wa%+ton1 tall z a five-/ory build+1 0 to be f> up 9 ! sky 8:]e ! cl\ds fold ab\t x l a great sc>f1 :]e ! />s bl9k ab\t its head1 & ! moon hides beh9d a lock ( hair40 ,z ,borglum himself po9t$ out1 x has be5 ! practice ( ! sculptors ( hi/ory1 imm$iately !y dep>t$ f ! normal dim5sions ( m51 to conv5tionalize & simplify _! faces & to g5]alize ! portraiture1 &1 9 s do+1 lose ^? qualities :i* gave di/9ction4 ,su* me?ods _h no appeal to ,borglum4 ,vehem5tly1 he bru%$ aside 8! claptrap /&>ds ( ,good ,en\gh40 ,! faces he plac$ ^u ! m\nta9 to gaze d[n ^u hundr$s ( g5]ations ( mank9d mu/ be true1 great1 & noble faces1 & t ( ,wa%+ton w\ld be ! gauge ( all ! re/4 ,borglum sp5t ?irte5 ye>s digg+ into e corn] ( ,wa%+ton's life 9 ord] t 8 portrait might say ! la/ ^w ab\t ! man :o is call$ ! ,fa!r ( 8 ,c\ntry4 ,he made an ext5sive /udy ( 8 "* & 0 deeply impress$ by ! picture pres5t$ by ,?omas ,jeff]son 9 ! foll[+ lett] to ,dr4 ,walt] ,jones1 dat$ at ,monticello1 ,janu>y #b1 #ahad3 ,i ?9k ,i knew ,g54 ,wa%+ton intimately & ?oroly2 & 7 ,i call$ on to del9eate 8 "*1 x %\ld be 9 t]ms l ^!4 ,8 m9d 0 great & p[]ful1 )\t be+ ( ! v fir/ ord]2 8 p5etration /rong1 ?o n s acute z t ( a ,newton1 ,bacon1 or ,locke2 & z f> z he saw1 no judgm5t 0 ev] s\nd]4 ,x 0 sl[ 9 op]ation1 be+ little aid$ by inv5tion or imag9ation1 b sure 9 conclusion4 ,h5ce ! common rem>k ( 8 (fic]s1 ( ! advantage he d]iv$ f c\ncils ( w>1 :]e he>+ all sugge/ions1 he select$ :atev] 0 be/2 & c]ta9ly no g5]al ev] plann$ 8 battles m judici\sly4 ,b if d]ang$ dur+ ! c\rse ( ! action1 if any memb] ( 8 plan 0 dislocat$ by sudd5 circum/ances1 he 0 sl[ 9 readju/m5t4 ,! consequ5ce 0 t he (t5 fail$ 9 ! field1 & r>ely aga9/ an enemy 9 /ation1 z at ,bo/on & ,york4 ,he 0 incapable ( fe>1 meet+ p]sonal dang]s ) ! calme/ unconc]n4 ,p]haps ! /ronge/ feature 9 8 "* 0 prud5ce1 nev] act+ until e circum/ance1 e consid]ation1 0 maturely weigh$2 refra9+ if he saw a d\bt1 b :5 once decid$1 go+ ?ru ) 8 purpose1 :atev] ob/acles oppos$4 ,8 integrity 0 mo/ pure1 8 ju/ice ! mo/ inflexible ,i h ev] kn[n1 no motives ( int]e/ or consangu9ity1 ( fri5d%ip1 or hatr$1 be+ able to bias 8 decision4 ,he 01 inde$1 9 e s5se ( ! words a wise1 a good1 & a great man4 ,8 temp] 0 naturally high ton$2 b reflection & resolution _h obta9$ a firm & habitual asc5dancy ov] x4 ,if ev]1 h[ev]1 x broke its bonds1 he 0 mo/ trem5d\s 9 8 wra?4 ,9 8 exp5ses he 0 honorable1 b exact2 lib]al 9 contribution to :atev] promis$ utility2 b fr[n+ & unyield+ on all vision>y projects & all unwor?y calls on 8 *>ity4 ,8 he>t 0 n w>m 9 its affections2 b he exactly calculat$ e man's value1 & gave him a solid e/eem proportion$ to x4 ,8 p]son1 y "k1 0 f9e1 8 /ature exactly :at "o w\ld wi%1 8 deportm5t easy1 erect & noble2 ! be/ horseman ( 8 age1 & ! mo/ graceful figure t c\ld be se5 on horseback4 ,al?o 9 ! circle ( 8 fri5ds1 :]e he might be unres]v$ ) safety1 he took a free %>e 9 conv]sation1 8 colloquial tal5ts 7 n above m$iocrity1 possess+ nei!r copi\sness ( ideas nor flu5cy ( words4 ,9 public1 :5 call$ on = a sudd5 op9ion1 he 0 unready1 %ort1 & emb>rass$4 ,yet he wrote readily1 r diffusely1 9 an easy & correct /yle4 ,?is he _h acquir$ by conv]sation ) ! _w1 = 8 education 0 m]ely read+1 writ+1 & common ari?metic1 to :i* he add$ survey+ at a lat] day4 ,8 "t 0 employ$ 9 action *iefly1 read+ little1 & t only 9 agriculture & ,engli% hi/ory4 ,8 correspond5ce became necess>ily ext5sive1 &1 ) j\rnaliz+ 8 agricultural proce$+s1 occupi$ mo/ ( 8 leisure h\rs )9 doors4 ,on ! :ole1 8 "* 01 9 its mass1 p]fect1 9 no?+ bad1 9 few po9ts indiff]5t2 & x may truly be said t nev] did nature & =tune comb9e m p]fectly to make a man great1 & to place him 9 ! same con/ellation ) :atev] wor?ies h m]it$ f man an ev]la/+ remembrance4 ,= 8 0 ! s+ul> de/9y & m]it ( lead+ ! armies ( 8 c\ntry successfully ?ru an ardu\s w>1 = ! e/abli%m5t ( its indep5d5ce2 ( conduct+ its c\ncils ?ru ! bir? ( a gov]nm5t1 new 9 its =ms & pr9ciples1 until x _h settl$ d[n into a quiet & ord]ly tra92 & ( scrupul\sly obey+ ! laws ?ru ! :ole ( 8 c>e]1 civil & milit>y1 ( :i* ! hi/ory ( ! _w furni%es no o!r example4444 ,illu/ration3 ,george ,wa%+ton ,,?omas ,,jeff]son ,writ+ j a c5tury ago1 & a few ye>s aft] ,jeff]son's dea?1 "o ( 8 e>lie/ biograph]s said t x _h be5 t /atesman's fate 8to be at once lov$ & prais$ by 8 fri5ds1 & m hat$ & revil$ by 8 adv]s>ies ?an any ( 8 compatriots40 ,! fact t mu* ! same c\ld be said ( ! writ+ ab\t him today m]ely %[s t ! man is /ill alive 9 s f> z 8 influ5ce is bo? felt & fe>$4 ,s is 8 great antagoni/ ,hamilton4 ,^! two expon5ts ( contra/$ philosophies ( gov]nm5t1 ?\gh dead1 yet live & are 9 ! ?ick ( ! fight today4 ,! issues = :i* !y f\ght ) all _! /r5g? are n yet settl$4 ,inde$ ^! issues h broad5$ & deep5$ until "o 9 especial has become p]haps ! mo/ burn+ ( all 9 a bewild]$ & angry _w1 ! "q :e!r ! p c gov]n !mselves or mu/ be gov]n$4 ,al?\gh a political philosoph]1 ,jeff]son nev] set =? 8 views 9 any =mal treatise1 z did ,john ,adams 9 8 volum9\s works or ,hamilton 9 ,! ,f$]ali/4 ,probably ! mo/ widely read man ( 8 "t 9 ,am]ica1 ,jeff]son _h a broad] range ( int]e/s--political1 religi\s1 economic1 agricultural1 ae/hetic & sci5tific--?an did any o!r ( ! lead]s4 ,8 curiosity 0 insatiable1 b 9 spite ( :at has s frequ5tly be5 ass]t$1 usually by 8 enemies1 al?\gh sometimes by 8 fri5ds1 he 0 n a m]e !ori/4 ,he kept 8 feet on ! gr\nd4 ,x 0 ! practical application ( ideas & _! practical effects :i* appeal$ mo/ to him & n ! ideas 9 !mselves z view$ by a philosoph]4 ,ev5 :5 he c\ld n use ! t\*/one ( exp]im5t 9 su* matt]s z 8 belief 9 ! common man or religi\s fre$om1 he 0 nev] a doctr9aire4 ,he n only believ$ b said ov] & ov] t gov]nm5t & in/itutions _h to be suit$ to a p ( any giv5 "t & place & c\ld n be true or good ev]y:]e & always4 ,we d n look to ,jeff]son = a !ory ( gov]nm5t or ( ! /ate4 ,to a great ext5t ! ?+s he _h to say ab\t gov]nm5t1 & ! ?+s = :i* he /rove 9 8 active political life1 7 bas$ on ! ,am]ica ( 8 day & ! sl[ly develop+ agricultural "o :i* he envisag$ 9 ! future1 writ+ z he did1 be=e ! ma*9e age4 ,:at gave ,jeff]son 8 pr(\nd importance 9 8 own day1 z x does n[1 0 8 view ( human life4 ,he 01 & /ill is1 ! greate/ & mo/ influ5tial ,am]ican expon5t ( bo? ,lib]alism & ,am]icanism4 ,lib]alism is r an attitude ?an a program4 ,x is less a solution ( gov]nm5tal problems ?an x is a way ( look+ at !m4 ,x is bas$ on ! doctr9e ( live & let live4 ,! ,lib]al is will+ to take risks fe>$ by bo? ,cons]vatives & ,sociali/s4 ,n be+ a fool1 he realizes1 z d ! o!rs1 t society mu/ h a /ructure2 b he is m conc]n$ ) ! fre$om & fullness ( ! life ( ! citiz5 )9 t /ructure ?an ) ! /ructure itself4 ,x may also be not$ t ev5 9 8 native ,virg9ia1 ,jeff]son antagoniz$ _m ( ! mo/ important int]e/s & families by :at 0 consid]$ 8 und]m9+ ( a social ord]4 ,8 /ruggle to break d[n entail & primog5iture1 to free religion f ! fett]s ( a ,/ate *ur*1 & 8 well-kn[n opposition to slav]y1 h n ev5 yet be5 =giv5 by _m ,virg9ians :o feel t ! d[nfall ( !1 9 _m ways1 *>m+ & delightful society ( ! eighte5? c5tury 0 due to "o :om !y consid] a r5egade f 8 own ord]4 ,z we %all see lat]1 :5 ,jeff]son 0 involv$ 9 f9ancial difficulties 9 8 old age1 ! citiz5s ( 8 own ,/ate1 unlike _m else:]e1 did n (f] him ! slighte/ aid4 ,europe1 9 ! e>ly days ( our c\ntry1 0 fill$ ) re/ra9ts & b>ri]s4 ,jeff]son felt t ! ,am]ica ( 8 day (f]$ a unique opportunity 9 ! annals ( mank9d to try out ! great exp]im5t ( self-gov]nm5t on an unprec$5t$ scale4 ,8 ,am]icanism1 writt5 9 "p into ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 :i* he prea*$ ?r\gh\t life by ^w & act1 grew out ( 8 p]sonal exp]i5ce ( ,am]ica itself4 ,9 s f> z ^? qualities ( ! ,am]ican p :i* we gr\p "u ! ^w 8,am]icanism0 h be5 fo/]$ by any "o man1 9 addition to ! natural =ces ( ! ,am]ican environm5t1 ,jeff]son is beyond "q t man4 ,! /ruggle go+ on almo/ ev]y:]e today1 9 our own c\ntry no less ?an 9 "s ( ^? o!rs :i* h already lo/ _! lib]ties1 is ! /ruggle betwe5 ! conception ( a /rong c5traliz$ /ate controll+ ! lives ( ! citiz5s = ! sake ( economics & national p[]1 & ! conception ( p]sonal lib]ty af=d+ ! greate/ possible scope = ! individual to live 8 life z he wills4 ,! old que/ions :i* ,jeff]son & ,hamilton f\ght ov] 7 :o is to rule1 :y are !y to rule1 :at is ! object ( _! rule8 ,^! are n[ be+ f\ght out aga91 z !y always h be51 b ) increas+ bitt]ness among va/ masses ( populations4 ,t is :y bo? m5 are liv+ today & :y x is wor? :ile to consid] aga9 ! life p>ticul>ly ( ! "o :o laid m /ress ^u fre$om & tol]ation = ! individual ?an on ! /r5g? ( national p[]4 ,,james ,,trusl[ ,,adams f 8,! ,liv+ ,jeff]son10 #aicf ,illu/ration3 ,?omas ,jeff]son ,,abraham ,,l9coln ,c>lyle once said to ,holman ,hunt3 8,i'm only a poor man1 b ,i w\ld give "o ?ird ( :at ,i possess = a v]itable1 contemporane\s repres5tation ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,_h ^? c>v]s ( m>ble *isel$ a fai?ful /atue ( ! ,son ( ,man1 z he call$ himself1 & %[n u :at mann] ( man he 0 l1 :at 8 height1 :at 8 build1 & :at ! features ( 8 sorr[-m>k$ face 71 ,i = "o w\ld h ?ank$ ! sculptor ) all ! gratitude ( my he>t = t portrait z "o ( ! mo/ preci\s heirlooms ( ! ages40 ,rem>kable z x may seem1 7 x n = photography & "o life mask1 ?is1 ) equal tru?1 might be said ( a man :o1 z ! ages run1 has h>dly gone f among u4 ,l9coln1 "o ( ! greate/ ( obs]v]s1 0 himself ! lea/ truly obs]v$4 ,god _h built him 9 ! backy>d ( ! nation & !re1 wrapp$ 9 homely guise1 _h pres]v$ & matur$ 8 pure humanity4 ,he 0 he>d1 b seems r>ely1 if ev]1 to h be5 truly se54 ,! reports we h ( him d n satisfy1 d n ju/ify1 are inconsi/5t4 ,! ea/]n1 old-_w eye c\ld n read beyond ! que] hat1 bad tailor+1 & boots y c\ld n n[ give away--& he 0 s long he fairly _h to /oop to look ! little _w 9 ! face4 ,nev] has bad tailor+1 homely1 def]5tial mann]1 s completely hidd5 se]1 je/]1 ma/] ( m51 z did ^! simple acc\trem5ts ?is fir/ great gift ( ! ,we/4 ,b x is surpris+ t pr(essional obs]v]s1 arti/s & writ]s alike1 h drawn & r$rawn ! untrue picture4 ,a great portrait is always full ( compell+ pres5ce1 m ev5 ?an is se5 9 ! orig9al at all times1 = a great portrait depicts great mom5ts & c>ries ! record ( ! :ole man4 ,x is1 !re=e1 n en\gh to draw a mask4 ,l9coln is a com=t & a reality1 an example1 a liv+ inspiration to e "m & e son 9 ,am]ica4 ,no mask w satisfy u2 we want to see :at we c>e =2 we want to feel ! private consci5ce t became public conduct4 ,we love ?is man1 because he 0 all 9 all "o ( u & made all ! _w pe]s4 ,n[ we beg9 to see him truly4 ,)9 8 com+ ! ,we/ has /eadily roll$ back ! ,ea/1 & ( 8 ways ! _w has _m4 ,! silk hat1 ! tall figure1 ! sw+1 ! language & mann] h become ,am]ican1 & we all und]/&4 ,(ficial ,wa%+ton 0 %ock$ by 8 address4 ,m51 :o c\ld h giv5 u ma/] pictures ( a ma/] man1 rema9$ unconv9c$ until he _h pass$ away4 ,! great portrait 0 nev] drawn1 & n[ x is too late2 we mu/ wade ?r\gh m\nta9s ( mat]ial & by "s /range div9ation f9d 9 fragm5ts ! real man1 &1 pati5tly1 lov+ly1 yet ju/ly1 piece !m all toge!r4 ,x 0 speculation ( ?is k9d t gradually l$ me to a c>eful analysis ( ,l9coln ! man4 ,! accept$ portraits ( him d n ju/ify 8 record4 ,8 life1 8 labors1 8 writ+s1 made me feel "s gross inju/ice _h be5 done him 9 ! bl9d1 c>eless use ( su* phrases z unga9ly1 unc\?1 vulg>1 rude1 :i* 7 commonly appli$ to him by 8 contempor>ies4 ,^! popul> descriptions d n fit ! ma/] ( poli%$ ,d\glas--nor ! man1 ^: intellectual arrogance academic ,sumn] res5t$4 ,i believ$ ! heal?y1 p[]ful y\? & fronti]sman1 ! lov]1 lawy] ( spotless record1 legislator1 ! ?rice c&idate = ,presid5t1 _h be5 falsely drawn4 ,i believ$ if prop]ly se5 & truly read1 ! compell+ & endur+ greatness ( ! man w\ld be f\nd writt5 9 8 actions1 9 8 figure1 9 8 deportm5t1 9 8 face1 & t "s ( ?is compell+ greatness might be gott5 into ! /one4 ,to d ?is1 ,i read all or ne>ly all he _h writt51 8 own description ( himself1 ! few imm$iate records ( 8 com+ & go+4 ,i !n took ! life mask1 le>n$ x by he>t1 measur$ x 9 e possible way--= x is infallible--!n return$ to ! habits ( 8 m9d1 :i* 8 writ+s gave me1 & ,i recogniz$ t five or six ( ! photographs indicat$ ! man4 ,:e!r ,l9coln sat or /ood1 8 0 ! ease ( movem5t ( a figure controll$ by direct & natural developm5t1 )\t a h9t ( consci\sness4 ,*airs 7 l[ = him & s ,l9coln seem$ :5 he sat d[n to g f>!r ?an 0 q easy or graceful4 ,8 walk 0 free & he mov$ ) a long b r sl[ sw++ /ride4 ,8 arms hung free1 & he walk$ ) an op5 h&4 ,he 0 erect2 he did n /oop at ! %\ld]s4 ,he b5t =w>d1 b f ! wai/l9e4 ,8 face 0 l>ge 9 its simple masses4 ,8 head 0 normal 9 size2 8 =ehead high1 regul> & ideal 9 %ape4 ,8 br[ bu%$ & project$ l a cliff4 ,8 eyebr[s 7 v /rong4 ,8 m\? 0 n co>se or heavy4 ,8 "r side 0 det]m9$1 develop$1 anci5t4 ,! left side 0 immature1 pla9--& physically n impressive4 ,y w f9d writt5 9 8 face lit]ally all ! complexness ( 8 nature4 ,we see a dual nature /ruggl+ ) a dual problem1 deliv]+ a s+le result--to ! :ole4 ,he 0 m deeply root$ 9 ! home pr9ciples t are keep+ u toge!r ?an any man :o 0 ev] ask$ to make 8 he>t-beat national--too great to become presid5t1 except by "s extraord9>y comb9ation ( circum/ances4 ,,gutzon ,,borglum ,illu/ration3 ,abraham ,l9coln ,,!odore ,,roosevelt ,from5t9 said ( ,pet] ,paul ,rub5s1 "o ( ! greate/ ma/]s :o ev] us$ bru% & pa9t to int]pret human "*3 8,he is sy/ematic1 me?odical & /]n 9 ! discipl9e ( 8 private life1 9 ! ord]+ ( 8 "w1 9 ! regulat+ ( 8 intellig5ce1 9 a k9d ( /rong & sane :olesom5ess ( 8 g5ius4 ,he is simple1 s9c]e1 a model ( loyalty to 8 fri5ds1 9 sympa?y ) e "o ( tal5t1 7&7 untir+ & res\rceful 9 8 enc\ragem5t ( beg9n]s 99 99 9940 ,! same might h be5 said ) equal tru? & propriety ( ,!odore ,roosevelt4 ,( all ! great lead]s ( ?is c\ntry1 he 0 ! mo/ typically ,am]ican4 ,! grief & melan*oly t seiz$ him foll[+ ! dea? ( 8 fir/ wife drove him into ,dakota4 ,"h ^u ! range he f\nd surcease f sorr[ & suffici5t "t (f f 8 duties z manag] ( 8 ran* to write ab\t ! ,we/4 ,?is "w won in/ant recognition & n only e/abli%$ 8 place among ! lit]>y m5 ( 8 day b made him ! idol ( ! ,great ,we/4 ,! c[boys ) :om he rode ! night h]d lik$ & admir$ him1 & ev5 ! r\ghnecks soon le>n$ to respect 8 cool c\rage & res\rcefulness4 ,"o enc\nt] ) him did n give enc\ragem5t to a second4 ,b he 0 m ?an a fronti]sman & writ]4 ,he repres5t$ all t 0 be/ 9 ! home1 9 bus9ess & 9 gov]nm5t4 ,he 0 en]getic1 intellig5t & purposeful4 ,he _h an aim 9 life & drove h>d & /eadily t[>d 8 goal4 ,8 enemies seldom outmaneuv]$ him & he knew h[ to /rike :5 a bold /roke 0 requir$ to accompli% a desir$ end4 ,8 association ) m5 ( all types & 8 ke5 obs]vation gave him an insight into m5 t enabl$ him to di/+ui% quickly & accurately ! spuri\s f ! real4 ,surface indications or social position _h = him little mean+4 ,he w\ld r associate ) an un$ucat$ b quick-witt$ c[pun*] ?an ) ! dull & unimag9ative4 ,?is acc\nts = 8 fri5d%ip ) m5 & wom5 9 all walks ( life4 ,tal5t & ability1 usefully employ$1 always _h = him a special appeal b he 0 bor$ & annoy$ by ! pret5ti\s commonplace4 ,he 0 by in/9ct & incl9ation a re=m] & s\ght to improve all t 0 be/ 9 public morals1 bo? spiritually & politically4 ,no man /ruggl+ z mightily z he c\ld escape mak+ mi/akes1 b he 0 great en\gh to recognize !m & fair en\gh to seek to rectify any inju/ice t _h result$4 ,8 en?usiasm1 zeal & sur5ess ( himself sometimes l$ him to pursue hopeless & occasionally ill-consid]$ causes t he lat] _h reason to regret1 b by ! l>ge he 0 a mo/ useful & inspir+ p]sonality4 ,two out/&+ a*ievem5ts /& to 8 cr$it4 ,"o ( ^! 0 ! build+ ( ! ,panama ,canal1 an accompli%m5t ( transc5d5t importance to ! ,am]ican p4 ,x is ! l9k t b9ds ! ,ea/ to ! ,we/ by wat] & has help$ to make ?is c\ntry "o ( ! great comm]cial & indu/rial nations ( ! _w4 ,! canal is also ( fir/ importance f ! /&po9t ( national def5se & has add$ greatly to ! mobility & usefulness ( our ,navy1 :i* has always be5 our fir/ l9e ( def5se aga9/ any possible =eign foe4 ,! second 0 ! injection ( morals into our politics & ! insi/5ce ^u ! squ>e deal = e ,am]ican1 be he small or great4 ,x 0 ?is *>act]i/ic m ?an any o!r t ende>$ him to ! ord9>y man & made him "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful political figures & "o ( ! greate/ moral =ces t has tak5 possession ( ! he>ts & m9ds ( m5 9 any age4 ,x 0 n t he 0 always "r1 b m5 & wom5 clung to him because !y felt t he 0 "r mo/ ( ! "t & 0 try+ to be "r all ( ! "t4 ,z a lone fight] he 0 )\t a pe] 9 8 day & g5]ation1 & _h ! impetuosity & zeal requir$ to ar\se a mighty foll[+ 9 any cause :i* he esp\s$ & ^u :i* he _h deep convictions4 ,e ^w t he spoke & e manife/ation ( 8 p]sonality left a pr(\nd impression ^u all ^? :o came into contact ) him ei!r p]sonally or ^u ! hu/+s4 ,ev]y:]e he 0 impressive1 p]suasive & compell+4 ,:ile he may nev] be lov$ z ,l9coln 0 lov$1 or rise to ! /ature ( ,wa%+ton1 8 example1 =titude 9 adv]sity1 & fight = ! bett]m5t ( 8 fell[ m5 w ev] be l a beacon go+ be=e to inspire m5 & wom5 ev]y:]e :o are seek+ to make ! _w a bett] place 9 :i* to live4 ,x 0 ,presid5t ,calv9 ,coolidge :o said to ,sculptor ,gutzon ,borglum t among ! immortals to be c>v$ ^u ,m\nt ,ru%more a place mu/ be f\nd = ,!odore ,roosevelt1 8because he 0 ! fir/ presid5t to say to ,big ,bus9ess1 #8?us f> y %all g & no f>!r4'0 ,wa%+ton is !re because he 0 ! tru/$ lead] t made ^! ,unit$ ,/ates possible1 & 0 great & /rong en\gh to refuse a cr[n & lay d[n ! scept] :5 8 "w 0 done4 ,jeff]son /&s at 8 side because ( 8 contribution to ! rights ( man z set =? 9 ! bill ( rights2 ,abraham ,l9coln because he sav$ ! ,union f division by 8 own m>tyrdom & 8 inf9ite compassion = ^? :o suff]$1 & ,!odore ,roosevelt because he 0 ! greate/ moral =ce = clean gov]nm5t & ! squ>e deal ( mod]n times4 ,,william ,,williamson ,illu/ration3 ,!odore ,roosevelt ,,z ,,great ,,m5 ,,saw ,,x ,illu/ration3 ,calv9 ,coolidge ,exc]pts f spee*es at d$icatory & unveil+ c]emonies or comm5ts made dur+ p]sonal visits to ! ,memorial4 ,presid5t ,calv9 ,coolidge 7,consecration ,c]emony1 ,augu/ #aj1 #aibg7 8,we h come "h to d$icate a corn] /one t 0 laid by ! h& ( ! ,almighty4444 ,?is memorial w be ano!r national %r9e to :i* future g5]ations w repair to decl>e _! cont9u+ allegiance to indep5d5ce1 to self gov]nm5t1 to fre$om & to economic ju/ice44440 ,presid5t ,frankl9 ,d4 ,roosevelt 7,jeff]son ,unveil+7 8,an inspiration = ! cont9uance ( ! democratic republican =m ( gov]nm5t1 n only 9 our own belov$ c\ntry1 b1 we hope1 ?r\gh\t ! _w40 ,"l ,halifax 7,visit+ ! ,black ,hills1 ,m>* #bi1 #aidf7 8,! mo/ rem>kable conflu5ce ( ! wond] ( nature & ! art ( man ,i h ev] witness$40 ,judge ,alb]t ,r4 ,d5u 7,borglum ,banquet1 ,decemb] #bh1 #aich7 8,! hi/orian ( ! future 444 w record ,am]ica's endur+ a*ievem5ts & include 9 8 hi/ory ! "n ( a ,ma/] ,sculptor1 :om ! e>?'s inhabitants ( ! tw5tie? c5tury knew z ,gutzon ,borglum40 ,illu/ration3 ,frankl9 ,d4 ,roosevelt ,photograph ,cr$its3 ,bell ,/udios1 ,l9coln ,borglum1 ,*>les d',em]y1 ,v]ne's ,photo ,%op1 ,publi%]s' ,photo ,s]vice1 ,inc41 ,wyom+ ,dep>tm5t ( ,comm]ce ,indu/ry1 & ,rise ,/udio4 ,,m\nt ,,ru%more ,,national ,,memorial ,,society ,,( ,,black ,,hills ,illu/ration3 ,john ,a4 ,bol&1 ,sr4 ,presid5t ( ,m\nt ,ru%more ,national ,memorial ,society ( ,black ,hills ,! /ate ( ,s\? ,dakota & ! community ( ! ,black ,hills h logically & ) undim9i%$ zeal accept$ a consid]able f9ancial & moral responsibility 9 ! evolution ( ?is magnific5t ,%r9e ( ,democracy4 ,?r\gh ! successive /ages ( locat+1 plann+1 sculptor+1 improv+ & publiciz+ ,m\nt ,ru%more1 a liaison ) ,sculptor ,gutzon ,borglum & 8 son1 ,l9coln1 ! ,presid5t1 ! ,congress & ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,int]ior has be5 ma9ta9$ ?r\gh ! in/rum5talities ( ?ree nonpr(it organizations4 ,! ,m\nt ,h>ney ,memorial ,association 0 fir/ au?oriz$ to 8c>ve a memorial 9 h]oic figures0 "u an act ( ,congress1 approv$ by ,presid5t ,coolidge on ,m>* #d1 #aibe4 ,br\ght into be+ ?r\gh a bill pass$ by ! ,s\? ,dakota ,legislature1 ! ,association ent]$ into a =mal contract ) ,gutzon ,borglum & "w 0 comm5c$ 9 #aibg4 ,subsequ5tly 9 #aibi1 :5 ,f$]al funds 7 appropriat$ = mat*+ purposes1 ! ,m\nt ,ru%more ,national ,memorial ,commission 0 creat$1 consi/+ ( twelve memb]s to be nam$ by ! ,presid5t4 ,appo9t$ by ,presid5t ,coolidge to s]ve on ! commission 7 ,john ,a4 ,bol&1 ,rapid ,city1 ,s4 ,d42 ,*>les ,r4 ,crane1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y42 ,joseph ,s4 ,cull9an1 ,h\/on1 ,texas2 ,c4 ,m4 ,day1 ,si\x ,falls1 ,s4 ,d42 ,d4 ,b4 ,gurney1 ,yankton1 ,s4 ,d42 ,hale ,hold51 ,*icago2 ,frank ,o4 ,l[d51 ,oregon1 ,ill42 ,julius ,ros5wald1 ,*icago2 ,fr$ ,w4 ,s>g5t1 ,evan/on1 ,ill4 & ,mrs4 ,lor9e ,jones ,spoonts1 ,corpus ,*ri/i1 ,texas4 ,mr4 ,cull9an became ! ,commission's fir/ presid5t & ,mr4 ,bol& 0 nam$ *airman ( ! executive committee at a session 9 ! ,:ite ,h\se1 :]e x met ^u invitation ( ! ,presid5t on ,june #f1 #aibi4 ,x 0 ! ,m\nt ,ru%more ,national ,memorial ,commission :i* assum$ f9ancial responsibility = ! ,memorial1 tak+ ov] all prop]ty & contracts f ! ,m\nt ,h>ney ,association1 employ+ ! s]vices ( a /aff = ! sculptor & disburs+ f$]al & privately-solicit$ funds dur+ ! c\rse ( con/ruction4 ,x 0 also ! p>5t organization = ! pres5t ,m\nt ,ru%more ,national ,memorial ,society ( ,black ,hills1 incorporat$ "u ! laws ( ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia 9 #aicj4 ,& :ile ! ,society's objectives 7 id5tical ) ^? ( ! ,commission1 x _h additional au?ority1 includ+ ! sale ( memb]%ips1 managem5t ( concessions & ! use ( available funds = adv]tis+ & publicity4 ,a long li/ ( 8,:o's ,:o0 9 ,am]ica & ,s\? ,dakota h be5 record$ 9 ! annals & on ! memb]%ip roll ( ! ,m\nt ,ru%more ,society4 ,memb]%ip c]tificate ,no4 #a is held by ,john ,hays ,hammond1 _w fam$ m9+ eng9e]1 lectur]1 consultant ( ,cecil ,rhodes & active 9 ! developm5t ( hydro-electric & irrigation projects4 ,numb] two belongs to ,newton ,d4 ,bak]1 ,secret>y ( ,w> "u ,presid5t ,wilson & a "o-"t memb] ( ! ,p]man5t ,c\rt ( ,int]national ,ju/ice at ,! ,hague4 ,o!r orig9al memb]s1 "s ( ^: heirs hold ! c]tificates1 are ,john ,n4 ,g>n]1 vice presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 ,julius ,ros5wald1 ,am]ican m]*ant & philan?ropi/2 ,sewell ,l4 ,av]y1 *a9 /ore magnate2 ,m>y ,g>d51 ,am]ican op]atic soprano2 ,walt] ,dill ,scot1 au?or & presid5t ( ,nor?we/]n ,univ]sity2 ,ni*olas ,murray ,butl]1 presid5t ( ,columbia ,univ]sity & ,nobel ,peace ,prize w9n] 9 #aica1 & ,vilhjalmur ,/efanson1 ,arctic ,explor]1 to m5tion a few4 ,! ,society's ,bo>d ( ,tru/ees pres5tly is compos$ ( ,paul ,e4 ,bellamy1 ,john ,a4 ,bol&1 ,mrs4 ,gutzon ,borglum1 ,l9coln ,borglum1 ,francis ,case1 ,fr$ ,c4 ,*ri/oph]son1 ,miss ,n9a ,cull9an1 ,george ,e4 ,flav91 ,mrs4 ,william ,f[d51 ,mrs4 ,pet] ,norbeck1 ,rob]t ,e4 ,driscoll1 ,sr41 ,eug5e ,c4 ,eppley1 ,mrs4 ,frank ,m4 ,lewis & ,william ,williamson4 ,walt] ,h4 ,johnson is treasur] & ,k4 ,f4 ,ols5 secret>y4 ,! ,commission is n active at ?is "t4 ,orig9ally a portion ( ! ,f$]al ,game ,sanctu>y 9 ! ,h>ney ,national ,=e/1 ! #a1fhf-;acre tract t comprises ! ,m\nt ,ru%more ,national ,memorial 0 e/abli%$ 9 #aibi b did n come "u ! ,national ,p>k ,s]vice jurisdiction until #aici4 ,dur+ ! int]im1 ! ,s\? ,dakota ,/ate ,highway ,commission con/ruct$ ! pres5t ,memorial ,highway f its junction ) ,u4 ,s4 ,highway #af4 ,x also built ! ,iron ,m\nta9 ,drive ) ! ?ree tunnels t frame ! ,%r9e ( ,democracy4 ,! plann+ & intricate eng9e]+ skill t w5t into build+ ! ,iron ,m\nta9 ,highway 0 extremely +5i\s 9 itself4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes --,sil5tly correct$ a few typos4 --,reta9$ publication in=mation f ! pr9t$ edition3 ?is e,book is public-doma9 9 ! c\ntry ( publication4 --,9 ! text v]sions only1 text 9 italics is delimit$ by und]scores4