,mount ,rushmore                        
,,national ,,memorial        ,a         
,,monument ,,commemorating ,,the        
,,conception1 ,,preservation1 ,,and     
,,growth ,,of                           
,,the ,,great ,,american ,,republic     
,illustration3 ,location practically in 
the ,center of the ,north      ,american
 ,continent                             
,,published ,,by ,,the          ,mount  
,rushmore ,national ,memorial ,society  
of ,black ,hills                        
#aidh        ,illustration3 ,,gutzon    
,,borglum                               
,,contents        ,foreword             
#a    ,the ,mighty ,works of ,borglum   
#e    ,from the ,beginning              
#i    ,the ,role of the ,national ,park 
,service                                
#af        ,wind ,cave ,national ,park  
#ag        ,badlands ,national ,monument
                                        
#ag        ,jewel ,cave ,national       
,monument                               
#ag        ,devils ,tower ,national     

,monument                               
#ag    ,the ,antiquity of ,mount        
,rushmore                               
#ah    ,the ,hall of ,records and ,great
 ,stairway                              
#bj    ,george ,washington              
#bb    ,thomas ,jefferson               
#bd    ,abraham ,lincoln                
#bf    ,theodore ,roosevelt             
#bh    ,as ,great ,men ,saw ,it         
#cj    ,mount ,rushmore ,national       
,memorial ,society of ,black ,hills     
#ca                                     
,,foreword      ,a monument's dimensions
 should be determined by the importance 
to  civilization of the events          
commemorated4 ,we are not here trying to
 carve  an epic1 portray a moonlight    
scene1 or write a sonnet2 neither are we
  dealing with mystery or tragedy1 but  
rather the constructive and the         
dramatic moments or crises in our       
amazing history4 ,we are cool-headedly1 
clear-mindedly setting down a few       
crucial1 epochal facts regarding the    

accomplishments of the ,old ,world      
radicals who shook the shackles of      
oppression from their light feet and    
fled despotism to people a  continent3  
who built an empire and rewrote the     
philosophy of freedom and  compelled the
 world to accept its wiser1 happier     
forms of government4    ,we believe the 
dimensions of national heartbeats are   
greater than  village impulses1 greater 
than city demands1 greater than state   
dreams  or ambitions4 ,therefore1 we    
believe a nation's memorial should1 like
  ,washington1 ,jefferson1 ,lincoln and 
,roosevelt1 have a serenity1 a          
nobility1 a power that reflects the gods
 who inspired them and suggests  the    
gods they have become4    ,as for       
sculptured mountains--    ,civilization1
 even its fine arts1 is1 most of it1    
quantity-produced  stuff2 education1    
law1 government1 wealth--each is        
enduring only as the  day4 ,too little  
of it lasts into tomorrow and tomorrow  
is strangely the  enemy of today1 as    

today has already begun to forget buried
 yesterday4  ,each succeeding           
civilization forgets its predecessor1   
and out of its  body builds its homes1  
its temples4 ,civilizations are ghouls4 
,egypt was  pulled apart by its         
successor2 ,greece was divided among the
 ,romans2 ,rome  was pulled to pieces by
 bigotry and a bitterness much of which 
was  engendered in its own empire       
building4    ,i want1 somewhere in      
,america on or near the ,rockies1 the   
backbone of  the ,continent1 so far     
removed from succeeding1 selfish1       
coveting  civilizations1 a few feet of  
stone that bears witness1 carries the   
likenesses1 the dates1 a word or two of 
the great things we accomplished  as a  
,nation1 placed so high it won't pay to 
pull down for lesser  purposes4         
,hence1 let us place there1 carved high1
 as close to heaven as we can1  the     
words of our leaders1 their faces1 to   
show posterity what manner of  men they 
were4 ,then breathe a prayer that these 

records will endure  until the wind and 
the rain alone shall wear them away4    
,illustration3 ,gutzon ,borglum         
,,the ,,mighty ,,works ,,of ,,borglum   
,by ,,rupert ,,hughes      ,how big is  
great8 ,how high is up8    ,in the wide 
and numberless fields of creative art1  
size is a matter of  spirit rather than 
of material bulk4 ,a sonnet may be a    
masterpiece1 and  an epic rubbish2 or an
 epic may be sublime1 a sonnet petty4   
,it is only affectation to confine one's
 praise to small things4 ,because  a    
poet delights in a brook chuckling      
through a thicket of birches he  need   
not therefore despise ,niagara4 ,the    
word 8colossal0 should not be           
surrendered entirely to the advertisers4
    ,the ,shakespeare of the sonnets    
wrote also 8,hamlet0 and 8,king ,lear40 
,the  ,beethoven who wrote the giggling 
,scherzos wrote also the titanic ,ninth 
and added its mighty chorus4            
,michelangelo did statuettes and        
sonnets1  but also his 8,day of         

,judgment0 and his prodigious horned    
,moses4    ,to the sincere artist it is 
the idea that is vital4 ,once that has  
inflamed him1 he seeks only to give it  
the shape and the size that its  nature 
dictates4    ,so ,gutzon ,borglum1 being
 sensitive to all the moods of life1 a  
born  poet1 with an innate love of form 
for its own sake1 quick to glow with    
inspirations of every kind and          
determined to give each its unique and  
eloquent shape1 has painted and carved  
without fear or favor the  exquisite and
 the tremendous with equal fidelity4    
,his genius shines in the little        
bas-relief of a nymph2 in sardonic      
gargoyles2 in the tiny yet epic         
statuette of the dying ,nero1 a bloated 
coward tangled in his toga and drooping 
to his ignoble death2 in the  suave     
portrait of the seated ,ruskin2 the     
pathos of the old ,boer warrior2  in the
 billowy rush of the stampeding 8,mares 
of ,diomedes02 in his  colossal head of 
,lincoln2 in his war memorial for       

,newark1 ,new ,jersey1  with its        
marvellously composed forty-two figures 
and two horses2 his  magnificent plan   
for the ,stone ,mountain1 whose         
thwarting is one of the  great tragedies
 of art2 and finally in his supreme     
achievement1 the  ,mount ,rushmore      
,memorial1 where he brought his art to  
the mountains and  left there the four  
great faces for all eternity4    ,this  
unparalleled accomplishment seems to    
have been not so much the  carving of   
those vast heads upon the peaks as the  
beating away of the  veiling1 smothering
 stone and the releasing of the         
imprisoned statesmen  so that they might
 look out upon the world and utter their
 lofty  messages in a silence more      
pervasive and sonorous than any         
trumpet-tone4    ,the heads stand up    
there against the clouds like           
cloud-gods4 ,yet they  are not offered  
as gods1 but as plain men who glorified 
the plain man4  ,each of them is greater
 in magnitude than the so-called        

,egyptian ,sphinx4  ,the ,sphinx        
represented an unanswerable riddle and  
she cruelly destroyed  all who could not
 answer it4 ,but these presidents of    
ours represent  brave1 clear thinking   
towards safety and dignity and happiness
 for all  mankind4    ,the ,sphinx was  
really a portrait1 the largest portrait 
ever made till  ,borglum came along4 ,it
 is the head of ,king ,khafre set on the
 body of a  crouching lion guarding the 
king's tomb1 with his pyramid back of   
it4  ,khafre had it built during a reign
 that ended over four thousand1 seven   
hundred and fifty years ago4    ,near   
the ,sphinx and ,khafre's pyramid is the
 greater pyramid of ,king  ,khufu1      
better known to us as ,cheops4 ,he lived
 from #bhih to #bhge ,,bc4 and  his     
pyramid contains over two million blocks
 of stone1 of an average  weight of two 
and a half tons4 ,herodotus was told    
that it took a hundred  thousand men    
twenty years to build it4    ,near      
,karnak there are still standing--or    

sitting--two portrait statues of        
,amenhotep ,,iii1 who ruled fourteen    
hundred years ,b4,c4--just about the    
time  of ,moses4 ,these statues are     
seventy feet high4    ,one of the four  
colossal statues at ,abu ,simbel        
represents ,rameses ,,ii1  who died     
about two thousand1 six hundred years   
ago4 ,lying on its side is  a broken    
statue of ,rameses ,,ii1 once #ij feet  
high and carved from a  single          
thousand-ton block4 ,this and another   
statue of him in granite  ninety feet   
high were1 according to ,breasted       
writing in #aije1 8the  greatest        
monolithic statues ever executed40      
,but ,borglum's bust of ,washington is  
larger than the whole figure of         
,rameses1 ,lincoln's nose is #ba feet   
long and the sparkle in his eye is      
secured by a block of granite thirty    
inches long4    ,some of the ,egyptian  
portraits were carved upon their cliffs 
somewhat as  ,borglum's statues are upon
 the peaks4 ,at ,abu ,simbel there are  

four such  statues of enormous bulk4    
,the ,assyrians also built huge         
monuments1 and inscribed the texts of   
whole histories on the faces of cliffs4 
,their kings were usually  represented  
as enormous winged bulls with the heads 
of bearded men4  ,these were called1    
strangely enough1 8cherubs40    ,the    
,greeks created for their greater gods  
statues of gold and  ivory--whence the  
epithet 8chryselephantine40 ,such was   
the colossal ,zeus  that ,pheidias made 
for ,olympia4 ,it was about fifty feet  
high4 ,pheidias  made also two colossal 
figures of ,athena for ,athens1 one in  
bronze that  stood up like a lighthouse 
and was visible to sailors far out to   
sea4  ,the other had ivory flesh and    
robes of gold1 and was seventy feet     
high4    ,the famous bronze ,colossus of
 ,rhodes1 erected about #bgd ,b4,c4 by  
,chares  of ,lindus1 was #aje feet high4
 ,it did not straddle a stream1 as      
tradition  has it4 ,half a century after
 it was set up1 an earthquake overthrew 

it2  in #fef ,a4,d4 it was sold for junk
 and carried off by a caravan of #ijj   
camels4    ,in ,china one still sees    
enormous ,buddhas1 and in our own world 
the ,mayan  monstrosities are being     
brought back from the jungle that       
swallowed them  like a sea4    ,the     
statue of ,liberty--a gift to us from   
,france--is #aea feet high2 with  its   
pedestal it is #cje feet tall4    ,but  
none of the giants ancient or modern has
 approached the size of the  greater    
works of ,borglum4    ,this carver of   
mountains was himself a mountainy man1  
born in the  mountainous state of ,idaho
 on ,march #be1 #ahga4 ,his full name   
was ,john  ,gutzon de la ,mothe         
,borglum4 ,his parents had come over    
from ,denmark4 ,his  father1 at first a 
woodcarver1 became a physician and      
surgeon1 also a  breeder of horses on a 
#fjjj-;acre ranch4 ,he had no money to  
give his  children1 but he gave them a  
love of form and a knowledge of the     
horse  that not only inspired ,gutzon   

,borglum to some of his most magnificent
  work1 but also made a splendid career 
for his younger brother1 ,solon4  ,solon
 took fire from ,gutzon's fire1 worked  
his way to ,paris1 won honors  there1   
and came home to his ,west where he     
turned out a stream of  important       
sculptures that perpetuate many poignant
 phases of ,western  life4 ,his life was
 suddenly ended in #aibb by an attack of
 acute  appendicitis4    ,gutzon's      
indomitable will carried him from the   
,idaho ranch to an art  school in ,san  
,francisco1 thence to ,paris4 ,he began 
as both painter and  sculptor and was   
accepted as both by the ,french salons4 
,in ,england1  critics and royalty      
heaped honors on him4 ,after painting a 
series of  murals for a big hotel at    
,leeds and another series for a concert 
hall at  ,manchester1 he began to       
abandon the brushes for the chisel1 and 
to turn  out statuary in almost every   
field and almost every imaginable form4 
,from the first1 his works won the      

highest honors4 ,the ,metropolitan      
,museum bought his 8,mares of ,diomedes0
 at once and the ,french ,government    
promptly purchased a partial replica of 
it for the ,luxembourg ,gallery4        
,commissions rained on him and there was
 never any repetition in the  spirit or 
treatment of his responses4    ,there is
 not space here for even a catalogue of 
his triumphs4 ,he also  wrote much and  
well4 ,he was an engineer and an        
inventor1 overcoming by  his own skill  
supposedly unconquerable problems       
involved in the  construction of his    
larger works4 ,he was an orator of      
eloquence with a  practical skill in    
politics4 ,at times he was a statesman  
and the close  associate of ,paderewski 
and ,masaryk in their re-creation of    
their lost  republics4 ,during the first
 ,world ,war he investigated and exposed
 the  causes for a mysterious and       
dangerous failure in ,american aircraft 
manufacture4 ,his career has a strange  
kinship in its versatility with  that of

 ,leonardo da ,vinci1 and ,i believe    
that his name will live as  long4    ,in
 #aiji he married ,mary ,montgomery1 a  
distinguished scholar in ancient        
,oriental languages1 and a translator of
 cuneiform inscriptions4 ,a son  and a  
daughter blessed this union of two great
 souls4    ,it was in #aijg that ,i     
first met ,gutzon ,borglum while        
preparing an  article on his work1 to   
which ,i paid complete homage4 ,this was
 the  beginning of a lifelong friendship
 of which ,i wrote him while he was     
glorifying the ,south ,dakota mountains3
    8,i have always had an awe and a    
reverence for you that fought with my   
love for the simple1 jovial1            
twinkling-eyed friend you always were40 
,he answered3 8,you have said your say  
about me and it is a wet eye that  reads
 through the letter4 ,you know how      
vandalism in the name of  ,civilization 
raids the tombs of our ancestors and    
destroys the records  of ,history4 ,one 
of my motives in this work was to carve 

these records of  our great ,west-,world
 adventure as high into the heavens as  
,i could find  the stone40    ,as man   
and as sculptor he was passionately     
,american and he has not only  given to 
his country monuments of art that equal 
the greatest of other  nations1 but he  
has given artistic expression to the    
ideals that make  ,america ,america4    
,the ,sphinx and its temple have only   
recently been recovered from the  sand  
that submerged them for thousands of    
years4 ,yet even now the worst          
tyrannies and cruelties of the ,pharaohs
 have been revived and paralleled  in   
,europe1 just as our gentlest1 noblest  
ideals were to be found  co-existing    
with savagery in ancient ,egypt4    ,i  
hope1 ,i believe that in #gjjj ,a4,d4   
there will be pilgrimages to ,mount     
,rushmore by ,americans still keeping   
alive the flames of freedom kindled  and
 rekindled by the four heroes ,borglum  
had immortalized1 immortalizing  himself
 and his and their ideals along with    

them4    ,his ,mount ,rushmore ,memorial
 presents to posterity four great       
,americans  who upheld the rights and   
equalities of all mankind1 and who were 
themselves the very personifications of 
,americanism4    ,their noble heads are 
lofty enough to mingle with the clouds1 
and the  parading lights of sun and moon
 and stars1 and the processionals of    
rain  and snow and mist give them a     
beauty that is always changing yet      
everlastingly changeless4    ,only a    
great soul and a great artist could have
 conceived or achieved  such a monument 
to them and to himself4 ,his gifts of   
spirit and  execution were1 ,i feel1    
unsurpassed by anything of their kind in
 the  history of the world4             
,illustration3 ,the ,memorial           
,illustration3 ,the ,memorial in winter 
with a light fall of snow      softening
 the surrounding landscape4             
,,from ,,the ,,beginning                
,by ,,mrs4 ,,gutzon ,,borglum      ,a   
nation's memorials are a record of its  

civilization and the artist who  builds 
them is the instrument of his time4 ,he 
is inspired by the same  forces that    
influence the nation's destiny--the     
greater the period1 the  greater the    
art4 ,the artist cannot escape his      
destiny4 ,like the 8,hound  of ,heaven0 
it 8pursues him down the years10 forces 
him to leave his  home1 to go into      
exile1 to combat mountains even1 to     
accomplish what  must be4    ,how else  
can we explain why a man should abandon 
a comfortable way of  life1 among       
pleasant surroundings1 to hurl himself  
against a gigantic  rock1 to cling like 
a human fly to a perpendicular peak1 to 
struggle  with hostile human nature1 in 
order to carve against the sky a record 
of  the great experiment in democracy on
 this continent--a record which will    
live on and be an inspiration to future 
generations1 a shrine to be  visited1   
even after the thing it commemorated may
 have passed4    ,this is the history of
 ,rushmore told in a few words4 ,the    

contributing  factors are of interest   
and should be related but two           
outstanding facts  are that a few       
kindred souls1 giants in their day1     
fostered a form of  democratic          
government and established a great      
nation and that a hundred  and fifty    
years later another group of ,americans 
realized the importance  of making a    
record in the granite for all time of   
what manner of men  they were and what  
they achieved4    ,the initial step in  
this great enterprise was taken by      
,doane ,robinson1  state historian of   
,south ,dakota1 who had heard of the    
monument being  carved in ,georgia by   
,gutzon ,borglum to honor the heroes of 
the ,south in  the war between the      
states and thought it would be a fine   
idea to have a  similar patriotic shrine
 in ,south ,dakota to bring that state  
to the  attention of the nation4    ,mr4
 ,robinson invited ,mr4 ,borglum in     
#aibd to visit the ,black ,hills to see 
what could be done4 ,the first thought  

was to carve the likeness of            
,washington and perhaps of ,lincoln in  
one of the granite upthrusts known  as  
the ,needles4 ,the stone1 however1 was  
not suitable and there was no  special  
reason for memorializing ,washington and
 ,lincoln as individual  presidents in  
,south ,dakota4 ,then ,mr4 ,robinson    
told the sculptor of a  lead tablet     
discovered by children playing near old 
,fort ,pierre1 which  had been planted  
there in #agdc by ,verendrye1 an        
emissary of ,louis of  ,france1 sent to 
establish ,french territory behind the  
,english4 ,this  fired his imagination4 
,here was a subject for the great       
memorial he  wanted to carve in the     
,hills4    ,south ,dakota lies in the   
heart of the old ,louisiana ,territory1 
purchased  by ,jefferson in #ahjc1 in   
order to control the mouth of the       
,mississippi1  which marked the first   
step away from the ,atlantic seaboard   
colonies in  the expansion of the little
 republic4 ,that step led to the        

establishment  of ,texas1 the conquest  
of ,california1 the acquisition of      
,oregon and  ,alaska and the spanning of
 the continent from ocean to ocean by   
the  empire nation called the ,united   
,states4 ,this was a subject worthy of a
  mountain--a monument to a nation1 to  
its philosophy of government1 its       
ideals and aspirations1 its great       
leaders4 ,here in this remote spot1     
protected by its inaccessibility from   
the vandalism of succeeding             
generations1 would be carved a ,shrine  
of ,democracy1 as an imperishable       
record of a great people4               
,illustration3 ,here is ,mt4 ,rushmore  
as it stood for countless ages          
before the poetic and patriotic idea of 
the great national memorial      was    
born in the mind of ,gutzon ,borglum4   
,mr4 ,borglum paid a second and third   
visit to the ,hills and camped among    
them for two weeks1 exploring and       
examining every rock large enough to    
suggest a monument1 with the result that

 the huge granite upthrust  called      
,mount ,rushmore was selected as the    
only stone sound enough to be  suitable 
for carving4 ,another reason for        
choosing ,rushmore was the  important   
consideration of lighting4 ,it was      
imperative that the cliff on  which the 
figures were to be carved should face   
the east in order to get  the maximum   
amount of sunlight all the day long4    
,washington's face is so  placed that it
 catches the first rays of light in the 
morning and  reflects the last ruddy    
glow in the evening4 ,many beautiful    
works of art  are made insignificant by 
poor lighting4    ,senator ,peter       
,norbeck1 who had created the park      
system of ,south ,dakota  and played an 
important part in the creation of the   
,rushmore ,memorial1  also agreed that1 
in spite of its remote position with    
only riding  trails leading to it1 there
 was no other location possible4        
,illustration3 ,ranging downward like   
spiders swinging on fine      threads1  

workmen made the strokes on the granite 
mountainside which      now bears the   
features of ,george ,washington4        
,illustration3 ,scaffolding suspended   
from cables enabled the      workmen to 
reach down from the brow of the mountain
 in order to      carry on their        
courageous and difficult labors4        
,that autumn a group of ,rapid ,city    
women put on a pageant of flags1        
designed by ,mr4 ,borglum1 on the top of
 the cliff to show the different  epochs
 through which the territory had passed4
 ,the ,french flag was first  hoisted1  
then the ,spanish1 then the flag of     
,napoleon1 next the colonial  flag and  
finally the present flag of the ,united 
,states4 ,thus was ,mount  ,rushmore    
officially dedicated to the ,memorial4  
,mr ,borglum then returned  to his      
temporary studio in ,san ,antonio1      
,texas1 to make the models and  decide  
what characters best illustrated the    
idea to which he was trying  to give    
form4    ,george ,washington's presence 

in the group was inevitable4 ,he was the
  rock on which the republic was        
founded--the plumb line to establish its
  direction4 ,so on ,mount ,rushmore his
 head is exactly perpendicular1  facing 
the east1 unaffected by the others in   
the group1 the measuring  rod           
determining the position of the others4 
,equally important with  ,washington was
 ,thomas ,jefferson1 the author of the  
,declaration of  ,independence4 ,by the 
purchase of the ,louisiana ,territory1  
as stated  above1 he had taken the first
 step westward in the course of the     
nation's growth4 ,he is represented on  
the mountain as a young man4 ,he  was   
only #cc when he wrote the ,declaration 
of ,independence4    ,abraham ,lincoln1 
the saviour of the republic1 was        
inevitable in any  record of the        
country's history and finally ,theodore 
,roosevelt was  selected because1 by    
cutting the ,panama ,canal1 he had      
accomplished the  dream of ,columbus and
 opened a ,sea-way from ,europe to ,asia

 and his name  was closely linked with  
the territorial expansion following the 
war with  ,spain4 ,he was also the first
 president to attempt the curbing of big
  business interests and the only       
president who had been familiar with the
  west4 ,he had close associations with 
,south ,dakota4        ,illustration3   
,models in the studio at the foot of the
 mountain      which guided construction
 of the actual figures 7seen through    
window74    ,the ,mount ,harney         
,memorial ,association was authorized in
 #aibe by the  state legislature to     
undertake the project on ,mount         
,rushmore4 ,no funds  were voted for the
 purpose4 ,contributions were obtained  
from the three  railroads serving the   
state1 from the ,homestake ,mine and    
from private  individuals1 among them   
,mr4 ,charles ,rushmore1 a ,new ,york   
lawyer1 after  whom1 quite accidentally1
 the cliff had been named4 ,the work    
went on  slowly1 with considerable      
opposition1 until ,president ,coolidge's

 visit  to the ,black ,hills in #aibg4  
,he made a splendid speech at a         
picturesque  ceremony held at ,rushmore1
 immediately following which he took    
,mr4  ,borglum aside1 inquired about the
 financing and urged him to come to     
,washington for help4 ,it is doubtful   
whether1 without this impetus given  by 
,president ,coolidge1 the carving would 
ever have been accomplished4    ,the    
,mount ,rushmore ,national ,memorial    
,commission came into existence as  the 
result of a ,congressional ,bill1 passed
 on ,washington's ,birthday in  #aibi4  
,the act carried an appropriation of    
#bej1jjj for the memorial1  which was to
 be matched on a fifty-fifty basis by   
private subscriptions2  it designated   
,gutzon ,borglum as the sculptor and    
designer of the four  figures and       
provided also for an inscription on the 
mountain4    ,the first ascent of the   
mountain was made up the canyon where   
the  present wooden stairway now is4    
,after the initial survey was made1 pine

  trees with branches cut off and cleats
 nailed at right angles to the  trees   
were laid in the crevices to serve as   
ladders4 ,heavy ropes were  then carried
 by hand to the top and a small winch   
was carried as far as  possible by pack 
horse and then carried to the top by    
hand4 ,after this  winch was fastened on
 the top of the mountain1 it in turn was
 used to  pull up the heavy cable that  
became the tramway from the ground to   
the  mountain top4 ,building material   
was pulled up and shelters built for the
  men4 ,a small studio was also built to
 house the plaster reproductions of  the
 master models that were in the studio  
at the foot of the mountain4  ,these    
reproductions were used for measurements
 to save time required to  go to the    
studio #aejj feet away and #ejj feet    
below4 ,in some cases these  models were
 hung over the side of the mountain so  
that they could be  consulted and       
compared with the measurements as the   
actual stone work  progressed4 ,by this 

method it was possible to save          
considerable time and  labor4           
,illustration3 ,roughing out the face of
 ,theodore ,roosevelt4 ,the      strong 
chin and the mouth are already visible4 
,the mass of stone at      the top will 
be carved away to form the mustache4    
,the work of fitting the figures into   
the cracked granite upthrust called     
,mt4 ,rushmore has been a constant      
struggle between composition and        
finding solid stone for each of the four
 heads4        ,illustration3 ,close-up 
of ,lincoln4 ,note the shafts of granite
 in      the eyes of ,lincoln4 ,the     
light reflected by these shafts gives   
the      eyes their lifelike glint when 
seen from a distance4    ,in the first  
design ,jefferson was placed at the     
right of ,washington and  ,lincoln on   
his left1 and ,theodore ,roosevelt      
occupied the position now  occupied by  
,lincoln4 ,however serious flaws        
developed in the stone on  this side of 
,washington2 and it therefore became    

necessary to change our  design and     
place ,jefferson to ,washington's left4 
,this made it necessary  to place       
,theodore ,roosevelt between ,jefferson 
and ,lincoln1 and the stone  had to be  
removed to a depth of approximately #abj
 feet from the original  surface to get 
back far enough for the ,roosevelt face4
 ,the heads were  finally relegated to  
their approximate position 7being moved 
several  times as new conditions of the 
stone developed71 that is they were     
tilted or dropped or made to look more  
to the right or left as the case  might 
have been1 to meet the composition or   
avoid flaws in the stone4  ,this        
movement being made simply by moving the
 respective heads on the  model and     
cutting the stone accordingly4 ,it was  
not possible to fit the  heads so that  
they would be entirely free from        
fissures1 but it was  possible to place 
them so that none of these fissures     
would be  unsupported from below and    
that removes the danger of some vital   

part  dropping off4 ,as each head was   
started its center was located1 and at  
this center point on the top of the head
 a plate was located4 ,this was         
graduated in degrees #j to #cfj degrees1
 and at its center a horizontal  arm was
 located that traversed this horizontal 
are4 ,this arm was about  #cj feet long1
 in effect a giant protractor laid on   
top of the head4 ,the  arm was graduated
 in feet and inches so that at any point
 we could drop  a plumb bob from this   
arm1 and by measuring the vertical      
distance on  this plumb line determine  
exactly the amount of stone to be       
removed4  ,after determining this master
 center point on the mountain1 we set a 
smaller arc and arm on our model in the 
same relative position4 ,with  this     
small device we would make all our      
measurements on our model and  then     
enlarge them twelve times and transfer  
them to the large measuring  device on  
the mountain4 ,thru this system every   
face had a measurement  made every six  

inches both vertically and horizontally4
 ,these  measurements were then painted 
on the stone and it was thru this means 
that men totally unfamiliar with        
sculptural form were able to do this    
undertaking4 ,in fact all the men       
employed on the work were local men     
trained by the sculptor4    ,pneumatic  
drills are used for drilling and the    
compressed air is  provided by large    
compressors located on the ground and   
driven by  electricity4 ,the air is     
forced or conveyed to the top of the    
mountain by  a #c pipe and then by the  
use of smaller pipes and rubber hoses is
  conveyed to the drills4    ,over      
#djj1jjj tons of granite have been      
removed from the mountain in  carving   
the figures1 at a total expense of      
slightly more than #ijj1jjj4  ,this     
includes all building1 stairways and    
machinery4        ,illustration3        
,workmen putting the finishing touches  
on the strong      face of the          
,rough-rider ,president4    ,the men are

 let down over the face of the stone in 
leather swings  similar to bos'n chairs 
used on ships4 ,these swings are        
fastened on to   steel cables which are 
in turn fastened on to winches located  
on the  top of the heads4 ,these winches
 are operated by hand4 ,there are about 
seven winches on the top of each head4  
,the men are lowered to their  place of 
work by these winches1 taking with them 
their jackhammers or  pneumatic tools   
and other necessary equipment4 ,one man 
is located in a  position where he can  
see all the men at work1 and is 8,the   
,callboy10 and  has a microphone with a 
loud speaker at each of the winches and 
when any  of the men working in the     
swings wants to be raised or lowered    
they  signal this call-boy and he relays
 the message thru the loud speakers to  
the winchman4 ,he also keeps the workmen
 supplied with new drills as they  need 
them1 by relaying their requests to the 
steelman who carries the  steel to the  
men in the swings as it is needed4 ,this

 steel is used over  and over again2 as 
it is dulled it is taken to the         
blacksmith shop on  the ground via the  
cable car1 heated1 sharpened1 re-heated 
and tempered  and sent back to the      
mountain again4 ,about #djj of these    
drills are  dulled each day4 ,they drill
 on an average about four feet before   
being  sharpened4 ,in some places the   
stone is so hard they will only last or 
drill about six inches and in other     
places they will last seven or eight    
feet before being re-sharpened4         
,illustration3 ,the work in process as  
it appeared from an odd angle      444  
from the road running along the side of 
the mountain4 ,not many      have seen  
the ,memorial from this point of view4  
,the problem of finance has always been 
acute in connection with the work  of   
the ,rushmore ,memorial4 ,the economic  
hardships of the country made it        
increasingly difficult to match the     
,federal appropriation1 without which   
the carving could not go on4 ,the       

sculptor made repeated trips through    
the state and beyond its borders to     
arouse interest in the undertaking4  ,he
 succeeded in raising some money by     
publishing a small book about           
,rushmore4 ,there were never enough     
funds for as much power or as many men  
as he would have liked to use4 ,there   
were long months when the work was      
stopped altogether4 ,finally the        
government took over the whole burden of
  financing and the work continued      
regularly1 after #aich1 being halted    
only by weather conditions4 ,the        
sculptor was at last able to employ one 
or two trained stone carvers to do the  
finer work of finishing4    ,the        
,washington head was unveiled in #aicj1 
with ,mr4 ,cullinan1 first  chairman of 
the ,rushmore ,commission presiding4    
,president ,franklin ,d4  ,roosevelt    
came for the unveiling of the ,jefferson
 head in #aicf4 ,his  unfailing interest
 and support have insured the finishing 
of the  ,memorial4 ,at the unveiling of 

the face of ,abraham ,lincoln in #aicg1 
a  nation wide radio hookup carried the 
speeches to all parts of the  country   
and again in #aici1 when ,governor      
,bushfield of ,south ,dakota  conducted 
ceremonies celebrating the ,golden      
,jubilee of the ,state of  ,south       
,dakota at ,mount ,rushmore1 the radio  
carried the speeches and music  all over
 the ,united ,states4 ,the upper part of
 the face of ,theodore  ,roosevelt was  
uncovered at that time4                 
,illustration3 ,the face of ,jefferson  
begins to take form4 ,the nose      and 
the forehead are already plainly        
visible1 but many tons of stone         
must be removed before the picture is   
complete4    ,mr4 ,borglum was always   
scrupulously careful to protect his men 
from harm  and it was his boast that in 
all his years of hazardous mountain     
carving  no worker was seriously        
injured4 ,he took no care of himself1   
however1  and physicians said that      
undoubtedly the strenuous work of       

carving at  that altitude weakened his  
heart and in ,march1 #aida1 it stopped  
beating4  ,the carving was practically  
finished2 there remained only the       
finishing  of the hands and hair of the 
four figures and the ,rushmore ,national
  ,memorial ,commission entrusted that  
work to the sculptor's son1 ,lincoln    
,borglum1 who had been with his father  
from the beginning of the work4         
,illustration3 ,a blast is set off4 ,the
 handling of powder and      dynamite   
was an especially delicate problem1     
since a single badly      placed charge 
might easily spoil the work of many     
months4    ,the faces of the four       
presidents1 as carved on ,mount         
,rushmore1 are  approximately #fj feet  
from chin to forehead2 if completed from
 head to  foot the figures would be #dfe
 feet high4 ,the entire head of the     
sphinx  in ,egypt is not quite as long  
as ,washington's nose4 ,the entire cost 
of  the ,memorial1 including all        
expenses of carving1 buildings and      

salaries1  is #ijj1jjj4 ,this is at the 
rate of less than two dollars for every 
ton  of stone removed1 which is a cost  
incredibly low considering the  hardness
 of the granite and that every piece    
must be removed in such a  way as not to
 injure the surface behind4 ,on this    
investment the ,federal  ,government has
 received from tourists from the one    
cent gas tax on the  increased sale of  
gas during the years since the work     
started over two  million dollars and   
the income to ,south ,dakota is over    
twenty million  dollars annually4       
,illustration3 ,from these beginnings   
today shine forth the faces of      four
 of the greatest men of ,american       
history1 to light the path of           
freedom for countless generations yet to
 come4                           ,,the  
,,role ,,of ,,the ,,national ,,park     
,,service          ,illustration3       
uncaptioned    ,millions of ,americans  
and liberty-loving people from all over 
the world  have come to the ,black      

,hills of ,south ,dakota to look upon   
,gutzon  ,borglum's ,shrine of          
,democracy4    ,the exact number of     
visitors to the great granite carvings  
is not known  but each travel season the
 pilgrimage increases in size4          
,during the period of construction from 
#aibg to #aida1 when work was under     
supervision of the ,mount ,rushmore     
,national ,memorial ,commission1 no     
accurate records of visitors were kept4 
,hundreds came each day1 however1  to   
keep a fascinated watch over the        
emergence of the likenesses of the  four
 great presidents from the great stone  
uplift4    ,consecration ceremonies     
attended by ,president ,coolidge and the
  unveilings of ,washington1 ,jefferson1
 ,theodore ,roosevelt1 and ,lincoln     
were attended by thousands of people4   
,distinguished guests participating  in 
these ceremonies included the late      
,president ,franklin ,d4 ,roosevelt4    
,then in #aici1 the ,memorial was placed
 under the supervision of the  ,national

 ,park ,service of the ,department of   
,interior4 ,world ,war ,,ii  intervened1
 but in the peace years since the       
transfer1 the flow of  visitors has been
 measured at close to a half million    
persons each  travel season1 #dai1hag   
being reported for the #aidg travel     
year4    ,among the nine great memorials
 in the ,national ,park ,service system1
  ,mount ,rushmore1 by #aidg1 had risen 
from seventh to fourth place in         
attendance4 ,so far as these memorials  
are concerned1 those reporting  larger  
visitations were the ,lincoln ,memorial1
 the ,jefferson ,memorial1  and the     
,washington ,monument1 all in the       
,district of ,columbia4    ,as with     
other national parks1 monuments1 and    
memorials1 ,mount ,rushmore  was        
designated for inclusion in the         
,national ,park system because it had   
become a most inspiring site of historic
 significance4    ,its present          
administration is designed to promote   
and regulate the use  of the memorial   

area to conserve the scenery and the    
natural and  historical objects and to  
provide for the enjoyment of it in such 
a  manner as to leave it unimpaired for 
the enjoyment of future  generations4   
,a total of nearly #a1hjj acres of the  
,federal ,game ,sanctuary in the        
,harney ,national ,forest now comprises 
the memorial area4 ,it is under the     
administration of ,superintendent ,harry
 ,j4 ,liek with headquarters at ,wind   
,cave ,national ,park4 ,the memorial is 
directly under ,acting ,custodian ,j4   
,estes ,suter4    ,a brief description  
follows for ,wind ,cave ,national ,park 
and the three  national monuments--the  
,badlands1 ,jewel ,cave1 and ,devils    
,tower--that are  embraced in the ,black
 ,hills and ,badlands area of           
southwestern ,south  ,dakota and        
northeastern ,wyoming4                  
,,wind ,,cave ,,national ,,park    ,wind
 ,cave is the most widely known of the  
many limestone caverns found  near the  
margin of the ,black ,hills4 ,discovered

 in #ahha1 it was created a  national   
park in #aijc4 ,the strong currents of  
wind that blow alternately  in and out  
of the mouth of the cave suggested its  
name4    ,boundaries of the park were   
extended twice and now embrace a total  
of  #bh1jjj acres of federally-owned    
land1 supporting a large buffalo herd in
  its natural habitat and other         
wildlife1 such as elk1 antelope1 and    
deer4    ,chief feature of the park is  
the exceptional limestone cavern1 noted 
for  its unique boxwork rarely found in 
other sections of the world4 ,other     
crystalline formations in various color 
shadings line a series of  subterranean 
passages1 known to be at least #aj miles
 in extent4                             
,,badlands ,,national ,,monument    ,in 
sharp contrast to the verdant ,black    
,hills country1 the ,white ,river       
,badlands1 a barren1 treeless region1   
lies about #ej miles east of the        
western foothills4    ,here nature has  
beautified the earth with all shades of 

buff1 cream1  pale green1 gold1 and     
rose4 ,fantastically carved erosion     
forms rise  above the valleys1 some of  
them #aej to #cjj feet high4    ,the    
constantly shifting color and the weird 
formations make this a  region of strong
 imaginative appeal4                    
,,jewel ,,cave ,,national ,,monument    
,a unique coating of dogtooth calcite   
crystals which sparkle like jewels  in  
the light distinguish ,jewel ,cave from 
other crystal caverns in the  ,black    
,hills and provided its name4    ,one of
 the finest stands of virgin ponderosa  
pine remaining in the ,black  ,hills is 
found within the monument which was     
established in #aijh4 ,it was           
originally part of the present ,harney  
,national ,forest but was  transferred  
to the ,national ,park ,service1 by     
,executive ,order1 in #aicd4            
,,devils ,,tower ,,national ,,monument  
,another unusual natural phenomenon of  
the ,black ,hills country is the        
,devils ,tower across the ,south ,dakota

 state line in ,wyoming4 ,this is a     
great column of igneous rock towering   
#a1bhj feet above the ,belle ,fourche   
river1 whose course is near the base4   
,devils ,tower has the distinction  of  
being the first national monument       
created under the ,antiquities ,act  of 
#aijf4 ,it was established by           
proclamation of ,september #bd of that  
year1 by ,president ,theodore           
,roosevelt4        ,illustration3       
,devils ,tower in ,wyoming's western    
border of the      ,black ,hills        
,national ,forest4                      
,,the ,,antiquity ,,of ,,mount          
,,rushmore                      ,by the 
late ,,joseph ,p4 ,,connolly            
,president1 ,south ,dakota ,school of   
,mines      ,at the ,battle of the      
,pyramids1 ,napoleon is reported to have
 exhorted his  men by saying1           
8,soldiers1 from these pyramids forty   
centuries look down  upon you40 ,from   
the standpoint of human history four    
thousand years  represent great         

antiquity indeed4 ,but as one gazes upon
 the rugged  slopes of ,mount ,rushmore1
 he is face to face with antiquity      
beside which  the age of the ,egyptian  
pyramids seems but a moment4    ,how old
 is the granite of ,rushmore8 ,we have a
 yardstick by which we can  measure that
 quite accurately4 ,not far from the    
mountain1 in a  subsidiary mass of      
granite1 there was found a few years ago
 a small  piece of coal-black1 lustrous 
mineral known as pitchblende or         
uraninite1  of which the chief          
constituent is the heaviest known       
element1 uranium4  ,we know that uranium
 continually undergoes atomic           
disintegration1  changing at a slow1 but
 uniform and measurable rate into       
lighter  elements4 ,the end product of  
this change is the metal lead4 ,if we   
submit  the specimen of pitchblende to  
chemical analysis1 determine how much   
lead it contains1 how much uranium is   
still left1 it is a comparatively       
simple calculation to determine from the

 known rate of change1 the  number of   
years that have elapsed since the       
pitchblende came into  existence4 ,that 
experiment has been performed and the   
result is one  billion four hundred and 
sixty-five million 7#a1dfe1jjj1jjj7     
years4 ,bear  in mind that this enormous
 figure represents the time that has    
elapsed  since the molten rock came to  
rest at some depth under the surface of 
the earth1 and cooled sufficiently to   
crystallize into granite4 ,it           
represents the age of the solid granite4
    ,but1 although the granite of which 
the mountain is composed dates back  to 
a period almost inconceivably remote1   
,mount ,rushmore itself is much         
younger4 ,we know that all of the       
granite mountains of the southern ,black
  ,hills were carved out of the rocks by
 the process of erosion4 ,field         
evidence indicates that fairly early in 
the ,tertiary period1  approximately    
thirty million years ago1 erosion had   
carved out the  topography of the ,black

 ,hills into much the same stage as we  
see it  today4 ,perhaps ,mount ,rushmore
 was not fully born in that period2 its 
form may not yet have been completely   
sculptured under the chisel of  time1   
but we know that its age must be        
measured in millions of years and  not  
in centuries4    ,mount ,rushmore is a  
child of weathering and erosion4 ,they  
brought the  mountain into being and    
gave it form4 ,but those relentless     
parents will  not be content to leave   
their child as they fashioned it4 ,they 
will  continue their work of            
disintegration on the surface of the    
rock and  along the cracks1 until       
eventually they will completely destroy 
the  mountain they formed1 and long     
before the mountain will have been      
destroyed1 the magnificent carvings of  
man will disappear4 8,how long10  we    
anxiously ask1 8will the carvings       
endure80 ,two processes will tend       
eventually to destroy the memorial1     
chemical weathering and physical        

disintegration4        ,illustration3 ,a
 typical view from the ,needles highway 
with the      ,cathedral ,spires in the 
background4        ,illustration3       
,fantastic formations in the ,badlands4 
,the variegated      coloring is at its 
best in the early morning or the late   
evening4    ,chemical weathering will   
take place very slowly1 so slowly that  
if it  were the only destructive process
 we had to consider1 we could with some 
confidence say that the memorial would  
endure for hundreds of thousands  of    
years4 ,and the progress of chemical    
weathering will probably be  impeded by 
the sculpturing of the memorial1 for on 
the figures the rock  will be smoother1 
water will drain off more rapidly       
instead of  penetrating1 lichens and    
other vegetation will not have as secure
 a  foothold as on the natural face of  
the rock1 and thus will not  contribute 
to so great an extent their destructive 
acids to such waters  as do penetrate4  
,physical disintegration is somewhat    

more to be feared4 ,this operates in    
two ways1 by exfoliation due to changes 
in temperature1 and by frost  action4   
,differential stresses set up by unequal
 expansion and  contraction1 owing to   
the poor heat conductivity of granite1  
tend to  spall off or exfoliate the     
surface layers of rock4    ,when water  
gets into the cracks and pores of the   
rocks and freezes1 it  exerts an        
enormous pressure1 a pressure that will 
spall off flakes and  blocks of rock4   
,the artist and his associates1 fully   
aware of this  hazard1 have guarded     
against it4 ,all cracks and fissures    
have been  carefully avoided in the     
sculpturing so far as is possible4 ,such
 as have  been impossible to avoid are  
being sealed to prevent the ingress of  
water1 thus inhibiting to a very large  
extent both frost action and  chemical  
weathering4    ,we have traced in part  
the geological history of the ,mount    
,rushmore  region1 hoping that by       
learning something of its past we may   

predict  something of its future4 ,we   
see the hazards to which the memorial is
  exposed4 ,we must frankly recognize   
them and guard against them so far as   
possible1 as it would be folly to ignore
 them4 ,if the science of geology  can  
do no more in a practical way for       
mankind than to point out dangers  and  
sound warnings1 it does a worth while   
service4 8,how long will the  memorial  
last80 ,geology cannot answer           
specifically4 ,an eminent geologist  has
 already given as definite an answer as 
it is possible to give1 and ,i  can do  
no better than to close by quoting from 
the address given by the  late ,dr4 ,c4 
,c4 ,o',harra at the unveiling of the   
head of ,washington4    8,how long will 
,mount ,rushmore last8 ,many millions of
 years4 ,the number  nobody knows4 ,how 
long will endure this monumental1       
sculptured figure of  the ,father of our
 ,country which today we unveil8 ,one   
hundred years8 ,yes4  ,one thousand     
years8 ,yes4 ,a hundred thousand years8 

,in all likelihood1  yes4 ,a half       
million years8 ,possibly so1 nobody     
knows4 ,the time at any  rate will be   
long1 far longer than we can readily    
comprehend4 ,and this  doubtless will   
abundantly suffice40                    
,,the ,,hall ,,of ,,records ,,and       
,,great ,,stairway                      
,by ,,lincoln ,,borglum      ,the ,hall 
of ,records and ,stairway have been part
 of the ,memorial plan  from the        
beginning and are provided for in the   
so-called 8,rushmore ,bill0  of #aich4  
,a good start has been made in the      
carving of the ,hall1 which  already has
 been excavated to the extent of seventy
 feet4 ,great care has  to be exercised 
in the use of dynamite in carving this  
hall1 as in  carving the faces on the   
mountain1 not to injure the stone which 
is to  remain4 ,careless explosions of  
large amounts of powder might crumble   
the  walls4    ,the ,hall is located    
about two thirds of the way up to the   
mountain3 the  entrance to it is in a   

small gorge or canyon1 cut by the ice   
aeons ago1  to the right of the carved  
faces as one looks at them from below4  
,the  ,hall is on the opposite side of  
the gorge from the heads and is not     
under them4 ,the following is quoted    
from ,mr4 ,borglum's plan4    8,the     
faade to the ,hall's entrance is the    
mountain wall #adj feet high2           
supporting pylons1 cut into the         
mountain1 flank the entrance4 ,the      
entrance door itself is #ab feet wide   
and #bj feet high2 the walls are  plain1
 dressed granite and of a fine color4 ,i
 want to finish the inner  entrance wall
 in mosaic of blue and gold lapis4 ,the 
depth to the door  entrance from the    
outer faade is #bj feet4 ,the door1     
swung on a six inch  offset of the wall1
 will be of bronze and glass4 ,small1   
carefully  modeled bronze figures of    
historic importance from ,columbus and  
,raleigh  to the present day will       
ornament the doors or be modeled into   
the  supporting frame4 ,the walls of the

 entrance will carry in gilded bronze   
immediately within the entrance ancient 
,indian symbols2 ,british1 ,french1     
,spanish and ,american seals4    8,the  
floor of the ,hall will be #ajj by #hj  
by #cb feet to an arched  ceiling4 ,at  
the height of fifteen feet an historic  
frieze1 four feet  wide1 will encircle  
the entire room4 ,recesses will be cut  
into these  walls to be filled with     
bronze and glass cabinets1 which will   
hold the  records stamped on aluminum   
sheets1 rolled separately and placed in 
tubes4 ,busts of our leaders in all     
human activities will occupy the        
recesses between the cabinets4 ,the     
original thought of a hall of human     
records ,i developed at ,stone ,mountain
 in ,georgia and my drawings and  full  
plans are extant2 that was never        
completed4    8,the records of          
electricity1 beginning with ,franklin1  
which has given us  light1 heat1 music1 
the radio1 the telegraph1 the telephone 
and controls  in power the extent of    

which we can hardly imagine1 must be    
here1  together with the records of     
literature1 the records of travel1      
immigration1 religious development and  
also the record of perhaps the  largest 
contribution that we have made to       
humanity1 which has been free           
controlled peace1 a government of the   
people1 by and for the people4          
,struggle as we will that great         
contribution is today the cause for the 
real unrest of ,europe4 ,despotism1     
tyranny of every form is fighting us    
wherever it can1 to take away from      
humanity the power freedom gives        
it--the power that freedom has given    
,america4        ,illustration3 ,opening
 of a gorge reached by the ,great       
,stairway is      the massive           
twenty-foot-high entrance to the ,hall  
of ,records4    8,the ,hall will be     
reached by a monumental flight of steps 
varying from  #ae to #bj feet in width1 
which will ascend the mountain in front1
 a  little to one side of the sculpture1

 rising from a great granite disk or    
platform in the canyon below1 which may 
be used as a rostrum from which         
speakers may address the public         
occupying the amphitheater facing the   
great group4        ,illustration3 ,this
 picture shows the workmen busy in the  
early      stages of the work of carving
 the ,hall of ,records from the         
granite4    8,these steps of granite and
 cement will be provided with seats at  
intervals of every fifty feet2 they will
 have a five inch rise and an  eighteen 
inch tread4 ,the ascension from the foot
 of the steps to the  floor of the great
 entrance is four hundred feet2 the     
entrance way from  the steps' landing to
 the great ,hall is #aij feet2 the floor
 of this  ,hall1 reached by three steps1
 is two feet above the floor of the     
entrance way in the canyon2 this to     
provide for proper drainage40    ,owing 
to repeated requests from important     
organizations of women1 the  urging of  
some senators and congressmen and ,mr4  

,borglum's own  realization of the part 
women have played in the development of 
our  country1 plans had been under way  
for some years to include women in the  
great ,shrine of ,democracy4 ,there was 
no room in the rock which contains  the 
heads of the four presidents and the    
only other place seemed to be  the west 
wall of the granite cliff1 or in the    
hall of records4 ,to quote  again from  
,mr4 ,borglum1 from a letter written in 
,january #aidj3 8,if we  decide that the
 west side of the mountain is suitable1 
,i am for it4 ,we  must work out a      
design that is fitting and in no sense  
harmful in the  matter of lighting or   
location to subjects determined upon and
 ,i am  entirely in favor of carving the
 faces of two or three women4 ,if that  
is  determined upon1 these figures will 
be near what has been known in the      
,rushmore ,law as the ,inscription and  
there will be a special paragraph  given
 to the work and services of women4 ,the
 original inscription  referred to the  

framing of the ,declaration of          
,independence2 that was  ,jefferson's   
work and the second was the             
,constitution4 ,that was  ,washington's 
greatest service4 ,the third dealt with 
the purchase of the  ,louisiana         
,territory and the fourth1 fifth1 and   
sixth1 the progress  towards the south  
and southwest1 involving ,florida1      
,texas and  ,california1 which included 
,arizona1 a portion of ,nevada1 ,utah   
and a  portion of ,idaho4 ,the seventh  
paragraph brought in the ,oregon cession
  from ,england and the purchase of     
,alaska4 ,there was one paragraph for   
,lincoln and one for the finishing of   
the ,panama ,canal1 which was  achieved 
by ,theodore ,roosevelt4                
,illustration3 ,the corridor leading    
from the doorway into the ,hall      of 
,records1 showing the marks of the      
stonecutters' tools4    8,so by these   
suggestions you will see that a splendid
 paragraph can be  developed for the    
part women have played in the           

development of the  nation40 ,in another
 part of the letter ,mr4 ,borglum made a
 place for  women in the ,hall of       
records and even suggested that a       
special hall  might be carved for them1 
as there is ample rock for many rooms4  
,calvin ,coolidge had been asked to     
collaborate on the inscription and      
wrote the first two paragraphs4 ,mr4    
,borglum stood strongly for 8,justice0  
in the wording1 whereas ,mr4 ,coolidge  
insisted upon 8,justice under the       
,law40 ,newspaper accounts exaggerated  
the discussion1 which unfortunately  was
 terminated by ,mr4 ,coolidge's death4  
,,george ,,washington      ,in carving  
the head of ,george ,washington1 ,mr4   
,borglum studied all the  known         
portraits of him and drew heavily on    
certain famous likenesses  which he     
preferred because he believed them most 
faithful to the  character of the man4  
,borglum was confronted by an           
extraordinary  problem4 ,he had         
undertaken to place his sculpture on a  

mountain peak  over #fjjj feet above sea
 level4 ,his face of ,washington1 tall  
as a  five-story building1 was to be far
 up in the sky 8where the clouds fold   
about it like a great scarf1 where the  
stars blink about its head1 and  the    
moon hides behind a lock of hair40 ,as  
,borglum himself pointed out1  it has   
been the practice of the sculptors of   
history1 immediately they  departed from
 the normal dimensions of men1 to       
conventionalize and  simplify their     
faces and to generalize the portraiture1
 and1 in so  doing1 lose those qualities
 which gave distinction4 ,such methods  
had no  appeal to ,borglum4 ,vehemently1
 he brushed aside 8the claptrap         
standards  of ,good ,enough40 ,the faces
 he placed upon the mountain to gaze    
down upon  hundreds of generations of   
mankind must be true1 great1 and noble  
faces1  and that of ,washington would be
 the gauge of all the rest4 ,borglum    
spent  thirteen years digging into every
 corner of ,washington's life in order  

that his portrait might say the last    
word about the man who is called  the   
,father of his ,country4 ,he made an    
extensive study of his character  and   
was deeply impressed by the picture     
presented by ,thomas ,jefferson in  the 
following letter to ,dr4 ,walter ,jones1
 dated at ,monticello1 ,january  #b1    
#ahad3      ,i think ,i knew ,gen4      
,washington intimately and thoroly2 and 
were ,i called  on to delineate his     
character1 it should be in terms like   
these4    ,his mind was great and       
powerful1 without being of the very     
first order2  his penetration strong1   
tho not so acute as that of a ,newton1  
,bacon1 or  ,locke2 and as far as he    
saw1 no judgment was ever sounder4 ,it  
was slow  in operation1 being little    
aided by invention or imagination1 but  
sure  in conclusion4 ,hence the common  
remark of his officers1 of the advantage
  he derived from councils of war1 where
 hearing all suggestions1 he  selected  
whatever was best2 and certainly no     

general ever planned his  battles more  
judiciously4 ,but if deranged during the
 course of the  action1 if any member of
 his plan was dislocated by sudden      
circumstances1 he was slow in           
readjustment4 ,the consequence was that 
he  often failed in the field1 and      
rarely against an enemy in station1 as  
at  ,boston and ,york4    ,he was       
incapable of fear1 meeting personal     
dangers with the calmest  unconcern4    
,perhaps the strongest feature in his   
character was prudence1  never acting   
until every circumstance1 every         
consideration1 was maturely  weighed2   
refraining if he saw a doubt1 but when  
once decided1 going thru  with his      
purpose1 whatever obstacles opposed4    
,his integrity was most pure1 his       
justice the most inflexible ,i have ever
  known1 no motives of interest or      
consanguinity1 of friendship1 or        
hatred1 being able to bias his decision4
 ,he was1 indeed1 in every sense  of the
 words a wise1 a good1 and a great man4 

,his temper was naturally  high toned2  
but reflection and resolution had       
obtained a firm and  habitual ascendancy
 over it4 ,if ever1 however1 it broke   
its bonds1 he  was most tremendous in   
his wrath4    ,in his expenses he was   
honorable1 but exact2 liberal in        
contribution to  whatever promised      
utility2 but frowning and unyielding on 
all visionary  projects and all unworthy
 calls on his charity4 ,his heart was   
not warm  in its affections2 but he     
exactly calculated every man's value1   
and gave  him a solid esteem            
proportioned to it4    ,his person1 you 
know1 was fine1 his stature exactly what
 one would wish1  his deportment easy1  
erect and noble2 the best horseman of   
his age1 and  the most graceful figure  
that could be seen on horseback4 ,altho 
in the  circle of his friends1 where he 
might be unreserved with safety1 he took
  a free share in conversation1 his     
colloquial talents were not above       
mediocrity1 possessing neither          

copiousness of ideas nor fluency of     
words4 ,in public1 when called on for a 
sudden opinion1 he was unready1  short1 
and embarrassed4    ,yet he wrote       
readily1 rather diffusely1 in an easy   
and correct style4  ,this he had        
acquired by conversation with the world1
 for his education  was merely reading1 
writing1 and common arithmetic1 to which
 he added  surveying at a later day4    
,his time was employed in action        
chiefly1 reading little1 and that only  
in agriculture and ,english history4    
,his correspondence became  necessarily 
extensive1 and1 with journalizing his   
agricultural  proceedings1 occupied most
 of his leisure hours within doors4     
,on the whole1 his character was1 in its
 mass1 perfect1 in nothing bad1  in few 
points indifferent2 and it may truly be 
said that never did  nature and fortune 
combine more perfectly to make a man    
great1 and to  place him in the same    
constellation with whatever worthies    
have merited  from man an everlasting   

remembrance4 ,for his was the singular  
destiny  and merit of leading the armies
 of his country successfully thru an    
arduous war1 for the establishment of   
its independence2 of conducting  its    
councils thru the birth of a government1
 new in its forms and  principles1 until
 it had settled down into a quiet and   
orderly train2  and of scrupulously     
obeying the laws thru the whole of his  
career1 civil  and military1 of which   
the history of the world furnishes no   
other  example4444        ,illustration3
 ,george ,washington                    
,,thomas ,,jefferson      ,writing just 
a century ago1 and a few years after    
,jefferson's death1 one  of his earliest
 biographers said that it had been that 
statesman's fate  8to be at once loved  
and praised by his friends1 and more    
hated and  reviled by his adversaries   
than any of his compatriots40 ,the fact 
that  much the same could be said of the
 writing about him today merely shows   
that the man is still alive in so far as

 his influence is both felt and  feared4
 ,so is his great antagonist ,hamilton4 
,these two exponents of  contrasted     
philosophies of government1 though dead1
 yet live and are in  the thick of the  
fight today4 ,the issues for which they 
fought with all  their strength are not 
yet settled4 ,indeed these issues have  
broadened  and deepened until one in    
especial has become perhaps the most    
burning  of all in a bewildered and     
angry world1 the question whether the   
people  can govern themselves or must be
 governed4    ,although a political     
philosopher1 ,jefferson never set forth 
his views in  any formal treatise1 as   
did ,john ,adams in his voluminous works
 or  ,hamilton in ,the ,federalist4     
,probably the most widely read man of   
his  time in ,america1 ,jefferson had a 
broader range of interests--political1  
religious1 economic1 agricultural1      
aesthetic and scientific--than did any  
other of the leaders4 ,his curiosity was
 insatiable1 but in spite of what  has  

so frequently been asserted1 usually by 
his enemies1 although  sometimes by his 
friends1 he was not a mere theorist4 ,he
 kept his feet  on the ground4 ,it was  
the practical application of ideas and  
their  practical effects which appealed 
most to him and not the ideas in        
themselves as viewed by a philosopher4  
,even when he could not use the         
touchstone of experiment in such matters
 as his belief in the common man  or    
religious freedom1 he was never a       
doctrinaire4 ,he not only believed  but 
said over and over that government and  
institutions had to be suited  to a     
people of any given time and place and  
could not be true or good  everywhere   
and always4    ,we do not look to       
,jefferson for a theory of government or
 of the state4  ,to a great extent the  
things he had to say about government1  
and the  things for which he strove in  
his active political life1 were based on
  the ,america of his day and the slowly
 developing agricultural one which  he  

envisaged in the future1 writing as he  
did1 before the machine age4  ,what gave
 ,jefferson his profound importance in  
his own day1 as it does  now1 was his   
view of human life4 ,he was1 and still  
is1 the greatest and  most influential  
,american exponent of both ,liberalism  
and ,americanism4    ,liberalism is     
rather an attitude than a program4 ,it  
is less a solution  of governmental     
problems than it is a way of looking at 
them4 ,it is  based on the doctrine of  
live and let live4 ,the ,liberal is     
willing to  take risks feared by both   
,conservatives and ,socialists4 ,not    
being a  fool1 he realizes1 as do the   
others1 that society must have a        
structure2  but he is more concerned    
with the freedom and fullness of the    
life of  the citizen within that        
structure than with the structure       
itself4    ,it may also be noted that   
even in his native ,virginia1 ,jefferson
  antagonized many of the most important
 interests and families by what  was    

considered his undermining of a social  
order4 ,his struggle to break  down     
entail and primogeniture1 to free       
religion from the fetters of a  ,state  
church1 and his well-known opposition to
 slavery1 have not even  yet been       
forgiven by many ,virginians who feel   
that the downfall of the1  in many ways1
 charming and delightful society of the 
eighteenth century  was due to one whom 
they consider a renegade from his own   
order4 ,as we  shall see later1 when    
,jefferson was involved in financial    
difficulties  in his old age1 the       
citizens of his own ,state1 unlike many 
elsewhere1  did not offer him the       
slightest aid4    ,europe1 in the early 
days of our country1 was filled with    
restraints and  barriers4 ,jefferson    
felt that the ,america of his day       
offered a unique  opportunity in the    
annals of mankind to try out the great  
experiment of  self-government on an    
unprecedented scale4 ,his ,americanism1 
written in  part into the ,declaration  

of ,independence1 which he preached     
throughout  life by word and act1 grew  
out of his personal experience of       
,america  itself4 ,in so far as those   
qualities of the ,american people which 
we  group under the word 8,americanism0 
have been fostered by any one man1 in   
addition to the natural forces of the   
,american environment1 ,jefferson is    
beyond question that man4    ,the       
struggle going on almost everywhere     
today1 in our own country no  less than 
in some of those others which have      
already lost their  liberties1 is the   
struggle between the conception of a    
strong  centralized state controlling   
the lives of the citizens for the sake  
of  economics and national power1 and   
the conception of personal liberty      
affording the greatest possible scope   
for the individual to live his  life as 
he wills4 ,the old questions which      
,jefferson and ,hamilton fought  over   
were who is to rule1 why are they to    
rule1 what is the object of  their rule8

 ,these are now being fought out again1 
as they always have  been1 but with     
increasing bitterness among vast masses 
of populations4  ,that is why both men  
are living today and why it is worth    
while to  consider again the life       
particularly of the one who laid more   
stress  upon freedom and toleration for 
the individual than on the strength of  
national power4                         
,,james ,,truslow ,,adams               
from 8,the ,living ,jefferson10 #aicf   
,illustration3 ,thomas ,jefferson       
,,abraham ,,lincoln      ,carlyle once  
said to ,holman ,hunt3 8,i'm only a poor
 man1 but ,i would give  one third of   
what ,i possess for a veritable1        
contemporaneous  representation of      
,jesus ,christ4 ,had those carvers of   
marble chiseled a  faithful statue of   
the ,son of ,man1 as he called himself1 
and shown us  what manner of man he was 
like1 what his height1 what his build1  
and  what the features of his           
sorrow-marked face were1 ,i for one     

would have  thanked the sculptor with   
all the gratitude of my heart for that  
portrait as one of the most precious    
heirlooms of the ages40    ,remarkable  
as it may seem1 were it not for         
photography and one life  mask1 this1   
with equal truth1 might be said of a man
 who1 as the ages  run1 has hardly gone 
from among us4    ,lincoln1 one of the  
greatest of observers1 was himself the  
least truly  observed4 ,god had built   
him in the backyard of the nation and   
there1  wrapped in homely guise1 had    
preserved and matured his pure humanity4
 ,he  was heard1 but seems rarely1 if   
ever1 to have been truly seen4 ,the     
reports we have of him do not satisfy1  
do not justify1 are inconsistent4  ,the 
eastern1 old-world eye could not read   
beyond the queer hat1 bad  tailoring1   
and boots you could not now give        
away--and he was so long he  fairly had 
to stoop to look the little world in the
 face4 ,never has bad  tailoring1       
homely1 deferential manner1 so          

completely hidden seer1  jester1 master 
of men1 as did these simple             
accoutrements this first  great gift of 
the ,west4 ,but it is surprising that   
professional  observers1 artists and    
writers alike1 have drawn and redrawn   
the untrue  picture4    ,a great        
portrait is always full of compelling   
presence1 more even than  is seen in the
 original at all times1 for a great     
portrait depicts great  moments and     
carries the record of the whole man4 ,it
 is1 therefore1 not  enough to draw a   
mask4    ,lincoln is a comfort and a    
reality1 an example1 a living           
inspiration to  every mother and every  
son in ,america4 ,no mask will satisfy  
us2 we  want to see what we care for2 we
 want to feel the private conscience    
that became public conduct4 ,we love    
this man1 because he was all in all  one
 of us and made all the world peers4    
,now we begin to see him truly4  ,within
 his coming the ,west has steadily      
rolled back the ,east1 and of his  ways 

the world has many4 ,the silk hat1 the  
tall figure1 the swing1 the  language   
and manner have become ,american1 and we
 all understand4    ,official           
,washington was shocked by his address4 
,men1 who could have  given us master   
pictures of a master man1 remained      
unconvinced until he  had passed away4  
,the great portrait was never drawn1 and
 now it is too  late2 we must wade      
through mountains of material and by    
some strange  divination find in        
fragments the real man1 and1 patiently1 
lovingly1 yet  justly1 piece them all   
together4    ,it was speculation of this
 kind that gradually led me to a careful
  analysis of ,lincoln the man4 ,the    
accepted portraits of him do not        
justify his record4 ,his life1 his      
labors1 his writings1 made me feel  some
 gross injustice had been done him in   
the blind1 careless use of  such phrases
 as ungainly1 uncouth1 vulgar1 rude1    
which were  commonly applied to him by  
his contemporaries4 ,these popular      

descriptions do not fit the master of   
polished ,douglas--nor the man1  whose  
intellectual arrogance academic ,sumner 
resented4    ,i believed the healthy1   
powerful youth and frontiersman1 the    
lover1  lawyer of spotless record1      
legislator1 the thrice candidate for    
,president1 had been falsely drawn4 ,i  
believed if properly seen and truly     
read1 the compelling and enduring       
greatness of the man would be found     
written in his actions1 in his figure1  
in his deportment1 in his face1  and    
that some of this compelling greatness  
might be gotten into the  stone4 ,to do 
this1 ,i read all or nearly all he had  
written1 his own  description of        
himself1 the few immediate records of   
his coming and  going4 ,i then took the 
life mask1 learned it by heart1 measured
 it in  every possible way--for it is   
infallible--then returned to the habits 
of  his mind1 which his writings gave   
me1 and ,i recognized that five or  six 
of the photographs indicated the man4   

,whether ,lincoln sat or stood1 his was 
the ease of movement of a figure        
controlled by direct and natural        
development1 without a hint of          
consciousness4 ,chairs were low for him 
and so ,lincoln seemed when he sat  down
 to go farther than was quite easy or   
graceful4 ,his walk was free  and he    
moved with a long but rather slow       
swinging stride4 ,his arms hung  free1  
and he walked with an open hand4 ,he was
 erect2 he did not stoop at  the        
shoulders4 ,he bent forward1 but from   
the waistline4 ,his face was  large in  
its simple masses4 ,his head was normal 
in size2 his forehead  high1 regular and
 ideal in shape4 ,his brow bushed and   
projected like a  cliff4 ,his eyebrows  
were very strong4 ,his mouth was not    
coarse or heavy4  ,his right side was   
determined1 developed1 ancient4 ,the    
left side was  immature1 plain--and     
physically not impressive4    ,you will 
find written in his face literally all  
the complexness of his  nature4 ,we see 

a dual nature struggling with a dual    
problem1 delivering  a single result--to
 the whole4 ,he was more deeply rooted  
in the home  principles that are keeping
 us together than any man who was ever  
asked  to make his heart-beat           
national--too great to become president1
 except by  some extraordinary          
combination of circumstances4           
,,gutzon ,,borglum        ,illustration3
 ,abraham ,lincoln                      
,,theodore ,,roosevelt      ,fromentin  
said of ,peter ,paul ,rubens1 one of the
 greatest masters who  ever used brush  
and paint to interpret human character3 
8,he is  systematic1 methodical and     
stern in the discipline of his private  
life1  in the ordering of his work1 in  
the regulating of his intelligence1 in a
  kind of strong and sane wholesomeness 
of his genius4 ,he is simple1  sincere1 
a model of loyalty to his friends1 in   
sympathy with every one  of talent1     
7and7 untiring and resourceful in his   
encouragement of  beginners 99 99 9940  

,the same might have been said with     
equal truth and  propriety of ,theodore 
,roosevelt4    ,of all the great leaders
 of this country1 he was the most       
typically  ,american4 ,the grief and    
melancholy that seized him following the
 death  of his first wife drove him into
 ,dakota4 ,here upon the range he found 
surcease from sorrow and sufficient time
 off from his duties as manager  of his 
ranch to write about the ,west4 ,this   
work won instant recognition  and not   
only established his place among the    
literary men of his day but  made him   
the idol of the ,great ,west4 ,the      
cowboys with whom he rode the  night    
herd liked and admired him1 and even the
 roughnecks soon learned  to respect his
 cool courage and resourcefulness4 ,one 
encounter with him  did not give        
encouragement to a second4    ,but he   
was more than a frontiersman and writer4
 ,he represented all that  was best in  
the home1 in business and in government4
 ,he was energetic1  intelligent and    

purposeful4 ,he had an aim in life and  
drove hard and  steadily toward his     
goal4 ,his enemies seldom outmaneuvered 
him and he  knew how to strike when a   
bold stroke was required to accomplish a
  desired end4 ,his association with men
 of all types and his keen  observation 
gave him an insight into men that       
enabled him to distinguish  quickly and 
accurately the spurious from the real4  
,surface indications  or social position
 had for him little meaning4 ,he would  
rather associate  with an uneducated but
 quick-witted cowpuncher than with the  
dull and  unimaginative4 ,this accounts 
for his friendship with men and women in
  all walks of life4 ,talent and        
ability1 usefully employed1 always had  
for  him a special appeal but he was    
bored and annoyed by the pretentious    
commonplace4    ,he was by instinct and 
inclination a reformer and sought to    
improve all  that was best in public    
morals1 both spiritually and            
politically4 ,no man  struggling as     

mightily as he could escape making      
mistakes1 but he was  great enough to   
recognize them and fair enough to seek  
to rectify any  injustice that had      
resulted4 ,his enthusiasm1 zeal and     
sureness of  himself sometimes led him  
to pursue hopeless and occasionally     
ill-considered causes that he later had 
reason to regret1 but by the  large he  
was a most useful and inspiring         
personality4    ,two outstanding        
achievements stand to his credit4 ,one  
of these was the  building of the       
,panama ,canal1 an accomplishment of    
transcendent  importance to the         
,american people4 ,it is the link that  
binds the ,east to  the ,west by water  
and has helped to make this country one 
of the great  commercial and industrial 
nations of the world4 ,the canal is also
 of  first importance from the          
standpoint of national defense and has  
added  greatly to the mobility and      
usefulness of our ,navy1 which has      
always  been our first line of defense  

against any possible foreign foe4       
,the second was the injection of morals 
into our politics and the  insistence   
upon the square deal for every          
,american1 be he small or  great4 ,it   
was this characteristic more than any   
other that endeared him  to the ordinary
 man and made him one of the most       
powerful political  figures and one of  
the greatest moral forces that has taken
 possession  of the hearts and minds of 
men in any age4 ,it was not that he was 
always  right1 but men and women clung  
to him because they felt that he was    
right most of the time and was trying to
 be right all of the time4    ,as a lone
 fighter he was without a peer in his   
day and generation1 and  had the        
impetuosity and zeal required to arouse 
a mighty following in  any cause which  
he espoused and upon which he had deep  
convictions4  ,every word that he spoke 
and every manifestation of his          
personality left  a profound impression 
upon all those who came into contact    

with him  either personally or upon the 
hustings4 ,everywhere he was impressive1
  persuasive and compelling4 ,while he  
may never be loved as ,lincoln was      
loved1 or rise to the stature of        
,washington1 his example1 fortitude in  
adversity1 and fight for the betterment 
of his fellow men will ever be  like a  
beacon going before to inspire men and  
women everywhere who are  seeking to    
make the world a better place in which  
to live4    ,it was ,president ,calvin  
,coolidge who said to ,sculptor ,gutzon 
,borglum  that among the immortals to be
 carved upon ,mount ,rushmore a place   
must  be found for ,theodore ,roosevelt1
 8because he was the first president to 
say to ,big ,business1 #8thus far you   
shall go and no farther4'0 ,washington  
is there because he was the trusted     
leader that made these ,united ,states  
possible1 and was great and strong      
enough to refuse a crown and lay down   
the scepter when his work was done4     
,jefferson stands at his side because   

of his contribution to the rights of man
 as set forth in the bill of  rights2   
,abraham ,lincoln because he saved the  
,union from division by his  own        
martyrdom and his infinite compassion   
for those who suffered1 and  ,theodore  
,roosevelt because he was the greatest  
moral force for clean  government and   
the square deal of modern times4        
,,william ,,williamson                  
,illustration3 ,theodore ,roosevelt     
,,as ,,great ,,men ,,saw ,,it           
,illustration3 ,calvin ,coolidge        
,excerpts from speeches at dedicatory   
and unveiling ceremonies or  comments   
made during personal visits to the      
,memorial4      ,president ,calvin      
,coolidge 7,consecration ,ceremony1     
,august #aj1 #aibg7    8,we have come   
here to dedicate a corner stone that was
 laid by the hand  of the ,almighty4444 
,this memorial will be another national 
shrine to  which future generations will
 repair to declare their continuing     
allegiance to independence1 to self     

government1 to freedom and to  economic 
justice44440      ,president ,franklin  
,d4 ,roosevelt 7,jefferson ,unveiling7  
8,an inspiration for the continuance of 
the democratic republican form of       
government1 not only in our own beloved 
country1 but1 we hope1  throughout the  
world40      ,lord ,halifax 7,visiting  
the ,black ,hills1 ,march #bi1 #aidf7   
8,the most remarkable confluence of the 
wonder of nature and the art of  man ,i 
have ever witnessed40      ,judge       
,albert ,r4 ,denu 7,borglum ,banquet1   
,december #bh1 #aich7    8,the historian
 of the future 444 will record          
,america's enduring  achievements and   
include in his history the name of a    
,master ,sculptor1  whom the earth's    
inhabitants of the twentieth century    
knew as ,gutzon  ,borglum40             
,illustration3 ,franklin ,d4 ,roosevelt 
,photograph ,credits3 ,bell ,studios1   
,lincoln ,borglum1 ,charles d',emery1   
,verne's ,photo ,shop1 ,publishers'     
,photo ,service1 ,inc41 ,wyoming        

,department  of ,commerce  ,industry1   
and ,rise ,studio4                      
,,mount ,,rushmore ,,national ,,memorial
 ,,society ,,of ,,black ,,hills         
,illustration3 ,john ,a4 ,boland1 ,sr4  
,president of ,mount ,rushmore ,national
 ,memorial ,society of ,black           
,hills    ,the state of ,south ,dakota  
and the community of the ,black ,hills  
have  logically and with undiminished   
zeal accepted a considerable financial  
and moral responsibility in the         
evolution of this magnificent ,shrine of
  ,democracy4    ,through the successive
 stages of locating1 planning1          
sculptoring1  improving and publicizing 
,mount ,rushmore1 a liaison with        
,sculptor ,gutzon  ,borglum and his son1
 ,lincoln1 the ,president1 the ,congress
 and the  ,department of ,interior has  
been maintained through the             
instrumentalities  of three nonprofit   
organizations4    ,the ,mount ,harney   
,memorial ,association was first        
authorized to 8carve a  memorial in     

heroic figures0 under an act of         
,congress1 approved by  ,president      
,coolidge on ,march #d1 #aibe4 ,brought 
into being through a bill  passed by the
 ,south ,dakota ,legislature1 the       
,association entered into a  formal     
contract with ,gutzon ,borglum and work 
was commenced in #aibg4    ,subsequently
 in #aibi1 when ,federal funds were     
appropriated for matching  purposes1 the
 ,mount ,rushmore ,national ,memorial   
,commission was created1  consisting of 
twelve members to be named by the       
,president4    ,appointed by ,president 
,coolidge to serve on the commission    
were ,john ,a4  ,boland1 ,rapid ,city1  
,s4 ,d42 ,charles ,r4 ,crane1 ,new      
,york1 ,n4 ,y42 ,joseph ,s4  ,cullinan1 
,houston1 ,texas2 ,c4 ,m4 ,day1 ,sioux  
,falls1 ,s4 ,d42 ,d4 ,b4 ,gurney1       
,yankton1 ,s4 ,d42 ,hale ,holden1       
,chicago2 ,frank ,o4 ,lowden1 ,oregon1  
,ill42  ,julius ,rosenwald1 ,chicago2   
,fred ,w4 ,sargent1 ,evanston1 ,ill4 and
 ,mrs4  ,lorine ,jones ,spoonts1 ,corpus

 ,christi1 ,texas4    ,mr4 ,cullinan    
became the ,commission's first president
 and ,mr4 ,boland was  named chairman of
 the executive committee at a session in
 the ,white  ,house1 where it met upon  
invitation of the ,president on ,june   
#f1 #aibi4    ,it was the ,mount        
,rushmore ,national ,memorial           
,commission which assumed  financial    
responsibility for the ,memorial1 taking
 over all property and  contracts from  
the ,mount ,harney ,association1        
employing the services of a  staff for  
the sculptor and disbursing federal and 
privately-solicited  funds during the   
course of construction4    ,it was also 
the parent organization for the present 
,mount ,rushmore  ,national ,memorial   
,society of ,black ,hills1 incorporated 
under the laws of  the ,district of     
,columbia in #aicj4 ,and while the      
,society's objectives  were identical   
with those of the ,commission1 it had   
additional  authority1 including the    
sale of memberships1 management of      

concessions  and the use of available   
funds for advertising and publicity4    
,a long list of 8,who's ,who0 in        
,america and ,south ,dakota have been   
recorded in the annals and on the       
membership roll of the ,mount ,rushmore 
,society4 ,membership certificate ,no4  
#a is held by ,john ,hays ,hammond1     
world famed mining engineer1 lecturer1  
consultant of ,cecil ,rhodes and  active
 in the development of hydro-electric   
and irrigation projects4  ,number two   
belongs to ,newton ,d4 ,baker1          
,secretary of ,war under ,president     
,wilson and a one-time member of the    
,permanent ,court of ,international     
,justice at ,the ,hague4    ,other      
original members1 some of whose heirs   
hold the certificates1 are  ,john ,n4   
,garner1 vice president of the ,united  
,states2 ,julius ,rosenwald1  ,american 
merchant and philanthropist2 ,sewell ,l4
 ,avery1 chain store  magnate2 ,mary    
,garden1 ,american operatic soprano2    
,walter ,dill ,scot1  author and        

president of ,northwestern ,university2 
,nicholas ,murray ,butler1  president of
 ,columbia ,university and ,nobel ,peace
 ,prize winner in #aica1  and           
,vilhjalmur ,stefanson1 ,arctic         
,explorer1 to mention a few4    ,the    
,society's ,board of ,trustees presently
 is composed of ,paul ,e4  ,bellamy1    
,john ,a4 ,boland1 ,mrs4 ,gutzon        
,borglum1 ,lincoln ,borglum1 ,francis   
,case1 ,fred ,c4 ,christopherson1 ,miss 
,nina ,cullinan1 ,george ,e4 ,flavin1   
,mrs4  ,william ,fowden1 ,mrs4 ,peter   
,norbeck1 ,robert ,e4 ,driscoll1 ,sr41  
,eugene ,c4  ,eppley1 ,mrs4 ,frank ,m4  
,lewis and ,william ,williamson4 ,walter
 ,h4 ,johnson is  treasurer and ,k4 ,f4 
,olsen secretary4 ,the ,commission is   
not active at  this time4    ,originally
 a portion of the ,federal ,game        
,sanctuary in the ,harney  ,national    
,forest1 the #a1fhf-;acre tract that    
comprises the ,mount ,rushmore          
,national ,memorial was established in  
#aibi but did not come under the        

,national ,park ,service jurisdiction   
until #aici4    ,during the interim1 the
 ,south ,dakota ,state ,highway         
,commission  constructed the present    
,memorial ,highway from its junction    
with ,u4 ,s4  ,highway #af4 ,it also    
built the ,iron ,mountain ,drive with   
the three tunnels  that frame the       
,shrine of ,democracy4 ,the planning and
 intricate  engineering skill that went 
into building the ,iron ,mountain       
,highway was  extremely ingenious in    
itself4                                 
,transcriber's ,notes      --,silently  
corrected a few typos4    --,retained   
publication information from the printed
 edition3 this e,book    is             
public-domain in the country of         
publication4    --,in the text versions 
only1 text in italics is delimited by   
underscores4