,juliet ,su!rl&1 ,*>les ,franks & ! ,onl9e ,di/ribut$ ,pro(read+ ,team4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,/udy ,,& ,,tea*+ ,,h[ ,,to ,,/udy ,,by ,f4 ,m4 ,mc,m,u,r,r,y ,pr(essor ( ,elem5t>y ,education 9 ,tea*]s ,college1 ,columbia ,univ]sity ,,to ,,my ,,fri5d ,,orville ,t4 ,,bright ,,?is ,,volume ,,is ,,d$icat$1 ,,z ,a ,,tok5 ,,( ,,w>m ,,affection ,,& ,,pr(essional ,,indebt$ness ,,preface ,"s sev5 or eight ye>s ago ! "q1 ( h[ to tea* *ildr5 to /udy happ5$ to be includ$ 9 a li/ ( topics t ,i ha/ily prep>$ = discussion ) "o ( my classes4 ,on my lat] exam9ation ( ?is problem ,i 0 mu* surpris$1 bo? at its difficulty & scope1 & also at ! ext5t to :i* x _h be5 neglect$ by tea*]s4 ,ev] s9ce t "t ! two que/ions1 ,h[ adults %\ld /udy1 & ,h[ *ildr5 %\ld be taught to /udy1 h toge!r be5 my *ief hobby4 ,! foll[+ ideas are p>tly ! result ( read+2 b s9ce !re is a meagre quantity ( lit]ature be>+ on ?is g5]al !me1 !y are l>gely ! result ( obs]vation1 exp]im5t1 & discussion ) my /ud5ts4 ,_m ( ! latt] w recognize _! own contributions 9 ^! pages1 = ,i h endeavor$ to pres]ve & use e good sugge/ion t came f !m2 & ,i am glad to ackn[l$ge "h my indebt$ness to !m4 ,9 addition ,i mu/ express my ?anks = valuable criticisms to my colleague1 ,dr4 ,george ,d4 ,/ray]1 & also to ,dr4 ,lida ,b4 ,e>h>t1 ^: sugge/ive monograph on ! same g5]al subject has j prec$$ ?is publication4 ,,! ,,au?or4 ,tea*]s ,college1 ,may #f1aiji4 ,,cont5ts ,,"p ,i ,,pres5t ,,me?ods ,,( ,,/udy2 ,,nature ,,( ,,/udy ,,& ,,its ,,pr9cipal ,,factors ,i4 ,,indications ,,t ,,"y ,,p ,,d ,,n ,,le>n ,,to ,,/udy ,,prop]ly2 ,,! ,,s]i\sness ,,( ,,! ,,evil ,,ii4 ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,/udy1 ,,& ,,its ,,pr9cipal ,,factors ,,"p ,,ii ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,factors ,,9 ,,/udy1 ,,& ,,_! ,,relation ,,to ,,*ildr5 ,,iii4 ,,provision ,,= ,,specific ,,purposes1 ,,z ,,"o ,,factor ,,9 ,,/udy ,,iv4 ,,! ,,supplem5t+ ,,( ,,?\ght1 ,,z ,a ,,second ,,factor ,,9 ,,/udy ,v4 ,,! ,,organization ,,( ,,ideas1 ,,z ,a ,,?ird ,,factor ,,9 ,,/udy ,,vi4 ,,judg+ ,,( ,,! ,,s\ndness ,,& ,,g5]al ,,wor? ,,( ,,/atem5ts1 ,,z ,a ,,f\r? ,,factor ,,9 ,,/udy ,,vii4 ,,memoriz+1 ,,z ,a ,,fif? ,,factor ,,9 ,,/udy ,,viii4 ,,! ,,us+ ,,( ,,ideas1 ,,z ,a ,,six? ,,factor ,,9 ,,/udy ,,iv4 ,,provision ,,foe ,a ,,t5tative ,,r ,,?an ,a ,,fix$ ,,attitude ,,t[>d ,,k1 ,,z ,a ,,sev5? ,,factor ,,9 ,,/udy ,x4 ,,provision ,,= ,,individuality1 ,,z ,,an ,,eigh? ,,factor ,,9 ,,/udy ,,"p ,,iii ,,conclusions ,,xi4 ,,full ,,mean+ ,,( ,,/udy2 ,,relation ,,( ,,/udy ,,to ,,*ildr5 ,,& ,,to ,,! ,,s*ool ,,index ,,"p ,i ,,pres5t ,,me?ods ,,( ,,/udy2 ,,nature ,,( ,,/udy1 ,,& ,,its ,,pr9cipal ,,factors ,,*apt] ,i ,,indications ,,t ,,"y ,,p ,,d ,,n ,,le>n ,,to ,,/udy ,,prop]ly2 ,,! ,,s]i\sness ,,( ,,! ,,evil ,no d\bt e "o c recall peculi> me?ods ( /udy t he or "s "o else has at "s "t foll[$4 ,dur+ my att5dance at high s*ool ,i (t5 /udi$ al\d at home1 along ) sev]al o!r tempor>y or p]man5t memb]s ( ! family4 ,i rememb] becom+ exasp]at$ at times by "o ( my girl companions4 ,%e n only read h] hi/ory al\d1 b z %e read %e /opp$ to repeat ea* s5t5ce five times ) great vigor4 ,al?\gh ! d9 int]f]$ ) my own "w1 ,i c\ld n help b admire h] endurance2 = ! physical labor ( ma/]+ a lesson 0 c]ta9ly equal to t ( a good f>m h&1 = ! same p]iod ( "t4 ,?is way ( /udy+ hi/ory seem$ extremely ridicul\s4 ,b ! me?od pursu$ by myself & sev]al o!rs 9 beg9n+ algebra at ab\t ! same "t 0 n greatly sup]ior4 ,our text-book conta9$ sev]al long sets ( problems :i* 7 ! t]ror ( ! class1 & sc>cely "o ( :i* we 7 able to solve alone4 ,we _h sev]al fri5ds1 h[ev]1 :o c\ld solve !m1 &1 by call+ ^u !m = help1 we obta9$ ! /atem5t = ea* "o4 ,all ^! /atem5ts ,i memoriz$1 & 9 t way ,i 0 able to pass (f ! subject4 ,a few ye>s lat]1 :5 a s*ool pr9cipal1 ,i _h a fifte5-ye>-old boy 9 my s*ool :o 0 intol]ably lazy4 ,8 ambition 0 tempor>ily ar\s$1 h[ev]1 :5 he b\ght a new book & began ! /udy ( hi/ory4 ,he happ5$ to be ! fir/ "o call$ ^u1 9 ! fir/ recitation1 & he />t$ (f f9ely4 ,b soon he /opp$1 9 ! middle ( a s5t5ce1 & sat d[n4 ,:5 ,i ask$ him :at 0 ! matt]1 he simply repli$ t t 0 z f> z he _h got4 ,!n1 on glanc+ at ! book1 ,i saw t he _h be5 reproduc+ ! text v]batim1 & ! la/ ^w t he _h utt]$ 0 ! la/ ^w on ! fir/ page4 ,^! few examples sugge/ ! extremes to :i* "y p may g 9 _! me?ods ( /udy4 ,! fir/ in/ance might illu/rate ! muscul> me?od ( le>n+ hi/ory2 ! second1 ! memorit] me?od ( reason+ 9 ma!matics4 ,i h nev] be5 able to imag9e h[ ! boy1 9 ! ?ird case1 w5t ab\t 8 task2 h5ce1 ,i c sugge/ no "n = 8 me?od4 ,:ile ^! me?ods ( /udy are ridicul\s1 ,i am n at all sure t !y are 9 a high degree exceptional4 ,collective examples ( /udy ,! mo/ ext5sive inve/igation ( ?is subject has be5 made by ,dr4 ,lida ,b4 ,e>h>t1,footnote3 ,sy/ematic ,/udy 9 ! ,elem5t>y ,s*ools4 ,a popul> =m ( ?is !sis1 entitl$ ,tea*+ ,*ildr5 to ,/udy1 is publi%$ 9 ! ,riv]side ,educational ,monographs4 & ! facts t %e has collect$ reveal a woeful ignorance ( ! :ole subject ( /udy4 ,among o!r te/s1 %e assign$ to elev5- & twelve-ye>-old *ildr5 a %ort selection f a text-book 9 geography1 ) ! foll[+ directions3 ,"h is a lesson f a book su* z y use 9 class4 ,d :atev] y ?9k y ought to d 9 /udy+ ?is lesson ?or\ghly1 & !n tell 7write d[n7 ! diff]5t ?+s y h done 9 /udy+ x4 ,d n write any?+ else4 ,footnote3 ,ibid41 ,*apt] #d4 ,out ( #hdb *ildr5 :o took ?is te/1 only f\rte5 really f\nd1 or /at$ t !y _h f\nd1 ! subject ( ! lesson4 ,two o!rs said t !y w\ld f9d x4 ,eighty-eight really f\nd1 or /at$ t !y _h f\nd1 ! mo/ important p>ts ( ! lesson2 tw5ty-"o o!rs1 t !y w\ld f9d !m4 ,f\r v]ifi$ ! /atem5ts 9 ! text1 & ?ree o!rs said t !y w\ld d t4 ,n9e *ildr5 did no?+2 #aeh did n und]/& ! requirem5ts2 #ajj gave irrelevant answ]s2 #aai m]ely ?\ght1 or tri$ to und]/& ! lesson1 or /udi$ ! lesson2 & #cbd simply wrote ! facts ( ! lesson4 ,9 o!r words1 #gaj out ( ! #hdb six?- & sev5?- grade pupils :o took ! te/ gave indef9ite & unsatisfactory answ]s4 ,?is numb] %[$ t !y _h no cle> k ( ! pr9cipal ?+s to be done 9 ma/]+ an ord9>y text-book lesson 9 geography4 ,yet ! s*ools to :i* !y belong$ 71 beyond d\bt1 mu* above ! av]age 9 ! quality ( _! in/ruction4 ,9 a lat] & diff]5t te/1 9 :i* ! *ildr5 7 ask$ to f9d ! subject ( a c]ta9 lesson t 0 giv5 to !m1 #cja out ( #hbh /at$ ! subject fairly well4 ,! rema9+ #ebg gave only p>tial1 or indef9ite1 or irrelevant answ]s4 ,only #cag out ( ! #hbh 7 able to discov] ! mo/ important fact 9 ! lesson4 ,yet det]m9+ ! subject & ! lead+ facts are among ! ma9 ?+s t any "o mu/ d 9 ma/]+ a topic4 ,h[ !y c\ld h be5 intellig5t 9 _! /udy 9 ! pa/1 !re=e1 is difficult to compreh5d4 ,tea*]s' & p>5ts compla9ts ab\t me?ods ( /udy4 ,x is1 p]haps1 unnecess>y to collect pro(s t "y p d n le>n h[ to /udy1 because tea*]s admit ! fact v g5]ally4 ,inde$1 x is "o ( ! common subjects ( compla9t among tea*]s 9 ! elem5t>y s*ool1 9 ! high s*ool1 & 9 ! college4 ,all along ! l9e tea*]s condole ) "o ano!r ov] ?is evil1 college pr(essors plac+ ! blame on ! in/ructors 9 ! high s*ool1 & ! latt] pass+ x d[n to tea*]s 9 ! elem5t>y s*ool4 ,p>5ts :o sup]vise _! *ildr5's /udies1 or :o o!rwise "k ab\t _! habits ( "w1 obs]ve ! same fact ) sorr[4 ,x is at lea/ refre%+ to f9d "o matt]1 9 ! mu*- disput$ field ( education1 on :i* tea*]s & p>5ts are well agre$4 ,h[ ab\t ! me?ods ( /udy among tea*]s !mselves8 ,unless !y h le>n$ to /udy prop]ly1 "y p _c1 ( c\rse1 be expect$ to acquire prop] habits f !m4 ,me?od ( /udy among tea*]s4 ,! mo/ enlight5+ s+le exp]i5ce ,i h ev] _h on ?is "q came sev]al ye>s ago 9 connection ) a s]ies ( lectures on ,prim>y ,education4 ,a c\rse ( su* lectures _h be5 arrang$ = me )\t my full k1 & ,i 0 unexpect$ly call$ ^u to beg9 x be=e a class ( "s sev5ty-five tea*]s4 ,x 0 necess>y to comm5ce speak+ )\t hav+ def9itely det]m9$ my fir/ po9t4 ,i _h1 h[ev]1 a few notes :i* ,i 0 attempt+ to deciph] & arrange1 :ile talk+ z be/ ,i c\ld1 :5 ,i became consci\s ( a slight clatt] f all p>ts ( ! room4 ,on look+ up ,i f\nd t ! noise came f ! p5cils ( my audi5ce1 & !y 7 writ+ d[n my fir/ po9tless rem>ks4 ,evid5tly discrim9ation 9 values 0 n 9 _! program4 ,!y call to m9d a c]ta9 !ological /ud5t :o _h be5 v unsuccessful 9 tak+ notes f lectures4 ,9 ord] to prep>e himself1 he sp5t "o entire summ] /udy+ /5ography4 ,ev5 aft] t1 h[ev]1 he 0 unsuccessful1 because he c\ld n write q fa/ en\gh to take d[n all t 0 said4 ,ev5 m mature /ud5ts (t5 reveal v meag] k ( me?ods ( /udy4 ,i once _h a class ( "s ?irty p]sons1 mo/ ( :om 7 m5 tw5ty-five to ?irty-five ye>s ( age1 :o 7 college graduates & exp]i5c$ tea*]s4 ,"o day ,i ask$ !m1 ,:5 has a book be5 read prop]ly8 ,! fir/ reply came f a /ate univ]sity graduate & s*ool sup]9t5d5t1 9 ! words1 ,"o has read a book prop]ly :5 "o und]/&s :at is 9 x4 ,mo/ ( ! o!rs ass5t$ to ?is answ]4 ,b :5 !y 7 ask$1 ,is a p]son "u any obligations to judge ! wor? ( ! ?\ght8 !y divid$1 "s say+ yes1 o!rs no4 ,!n o!r que/ions arose1 & ! class z a :ole soon appe>$ to be q at sea z to ! prop] me?od ( read+ books4 ,p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ ?+ 0 ! fact t !y seem$ nev] to h ?\ght s]i\sly ab\t ! matt]4 ,=tunately ,dr4 ,e>h>t has n ov]look$ tea*]s' me?ods ( /udy 9 h] inve/igations4 ,9 a que/ionnaire t 0 fill$ out by #afe tea*]s1 ! latt] 7 reque/$ to /ate ! pr9cipal ?+s t ought to be done 9 ?9k+ ab\t a lesson4 ,?is 0 practically ! same te/ z 0 giv5 to ! #hdb *ildr5 be=e m5tion$4 ,:ile at lea/ tw5ty diff]5t ?+s 7 nam$ by ^! tea*]s1 ! mo/ frequ5t "o 01 ,f9d+ ! mo/ important po9ts4 ,footnote3 ,ibid41 ,*apt] #e4 ,yet only fifty-five out ( ! #afe includ$ ev5 ?is4 ,only tw5ty-five1 z ,dr4 ,e>h>t says1 felt1 ke5ly en\gh to m5tion x1 ! necessity ( f9d+ ! ma9 ?\ght or problem4 ,=ty admitt$ t !y memoriz$ m (t5 ?an !y did any?+ else 9 _! /udy+4 ,/range to say1 a l>g] p]c5tage ( *ildr5 ?an ( tea*]s m5tion$ f9d+ ! ma9 ?\ght1 & f9d+ ! m important facts1 z two factors 9 ma/]+ a lesson4 ,wat] sometimes appe>s to rise high] ?an its s\rce4 ,ab\t two-?irds ( ^! #afe tea*]s ,footnote3 ,ibid41 ,*apt] #e4 decl>$ t !y _h nev] receiv$ any sy/ematic in/ruction ab\t h[ to /udy1 & m ?an half ( ! rema9d] /at$ t !y 7 taught to memorize 9 /udy+4 ,! numb] :o _h giv5 any c>eful in/ruction on prop] me?ods ( /udy to _! own pupils 0 insignificant4 ,yet ^! #afe tea*]s _h _h unusual tra9+ on ! :ole1 & mo/ ( !m _h taught sev]al ye>s 9 elem5t>y s*ools4 ,if tea*]s are s poorly in=m$1 & if !y are do+ s little to in/ruct _! pupils on ?is subject1 h[ c ! latt] be expect$ to "k h[ to /udy8 ,! prevail+ def9ition ( /udy4 ,! prevail+ def9ition ( /udy gives fur!r pro( ( a v meag] notion 9 reg>d to x4 ,frequ5tly dur+ ! la/ few ye>s ,i h obta9$ f /ud5ts 9 college1 z well z f tea*]s1 brief /atem5ts ( _! idea ( /udy4 ,fully n9e out ( e t5 h giv5 memoriz+ z its ne>e/ synonym4 ,x is true t tea*]s n[ & !n insi/ t /udy+ %\ld consi/ ( ?9k+4 ,!y ev5 s5d *ildr5 to _! seats ) ! direction to ?9k1 ?9k h>d4 ,b t does n usually signify mu*4 ,a c]ta9 college /ud5t1 :5 urg$ to sp5d n less ?an an h\r & a half on ea* lesson1 repli$1 ,:at w\ld ,i d aft] ! fir/ tw5ty m9utes8 ,8 idea evid5tly 0 t he c\ld read ea* lesson ?r\gh & memorize its sub/ance 9 t "t4 ,:at m rema9$ to be done8 ,v few tea*]s1 ,i f9d1 are flu5t 9 answ]+ 8 "q4 ,9 practice1 memoriz+ con/itutes mu* ! great] "p ( /udy4 ,! v "n recitation sugge/s ?is fact4 ,if ! s*ool p]iods are to be sp5t 9 recit+1 or reproduc+1 :at has be5 le>n$1 ! "w ( prep>ation v naturally consi/s 9 /or+ ! memory ) ! facts t are to be requir$4 ,?9k+ p]iods1 z a sub/itute "n = recitation p]iods1 sugge/s a radical *ange1 bo? 9 our employm5t ( s*ool "t & 9 our me?od ( prep>+ lessons4 ,we are n yet prep>$ = any su* *ange ( "n4 ,! lit]ature deal+ ) me?od ( /udy4 ,consid] f9ally ! lit]ature treat+ ( /udy4 ,c]ta9ly !re has nev] be5 a p]iod :5 !re 0 a m g5]al int]e/ 9 education ?an dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s1 & ! progress t has be5 made 9 t "t is rem>kable4 ,our /udy ( ! social view- po9t1 ( *ild nature1 ( app]ception1 int]e/1 induction1 d$uction1 correlation1 etc41 has be5 rapidly revolutioniz+ ! s*ool1 secur+ a mu* m sympa!tic gov]nm5t ( "y p1 a new curriculum1 & f> m effective me?ods ( in/ruction4 ,9 consequ5ce1 ! injuries inflict$ by ! s*ool are few] & less (t5 fatal ?an =m]ly1 :ile ! b5efits are m num]\s & m vital4 ,b1 9 ! va/ quantity ( valuable educational lit]ature t has be5 publi%$1 c>eful se>*+ reveals only two books 9 ,engli%1 & none 9 ,g]man1 on ! ,art ( ,/udy4 ,ev5 ^! two are ord9>y books on tea*+1 ) an extraord9>y title4 ,! subject ( memoriz+ has be5 well treat$ 9 "s ( our psy*ologies1 & has receiv$ att5tion 9 a few ( ! m rec5t works on me?od4 ,v>i\s o!r problems p]ta9+ to /udy h also1 ( c\rse1 be5 consid]$ m or less1 9 ! pa/1 9 books on me?od1 9 rhetorics1 & 9 discussions ( selection ( read+ matt]4 ,9 addition1 !re are a few %ort b notable essays on /udy4 ,!re h be5 practically1 h[ev]1 only two books t treat ma9ly ( ?is subject1--! two small volumes by ,dr4 ,e>h>t1 already m5tion$1 :i* h be5 v rec5tly publi%$4 ,9 ! ma91 ! ?\ghts on ?is g5]al subject t h got into pr9t h f\nd expression m]ely z incid5ts 9 ! treatm5t ( o!r !mes--com+1 /range to say1 l>gely f m5 outside ! tea*+ pr(ession--& are conta9$ 9 scatt]$ & =gott5 s\rces4 ,?us x is evid5t n only t *ildr5 & tea*]s are little acqua9t$ ) prop] me?ods ( /udy1 b t ev5 s\rces ( in=mation on ! subject are /rangely lack+4 ,! s]i\sness ( su* neglect is n to be ov]e/imat$4 ,wrong me?ods ( /udy1 involv+ mu* unnecess>y friction1 prev5t enjoym5t ( s*ool4 ,?is want ( enjoym5t results 9 mu* dawdl+ ( "t1 a meag] quantity ( k1 & a desire to quit s*ool at ! fir/ opportunity4 ,! girl :o adopt$ ! muscul> me?od ( le>n+ hi/ory 0 reasonably bright4 ,b %e _h to /udy v h>d2 ! results a*iev$ 9 ! way ( m>ks (t5 br\ght te>s2 &1 al?\gh %e att5d$ ! high s*ool sev]al ye>s1 %e nev] f9i%$ ! c\rse4 ,x %\ld n be =gott5 t mo/ ( ^? :o /op s*ool 9 ! elem5t>y grades leave simply because !y want to1 n because !y mu/4 ,want ( enjoym5t ( s*ool is likely to result1 fur!r1 9 di/a/e = intellectual employm5t 9 g5]al4 ,yet we "k t any p]son :o am\nts to mu* mu/ d consid]able ?9k+1 & mu/ ev5 take pleasure 9 x4 ,bad me?ods ( /udy1 !re=e1 easily become a s]i\s factor 9 adult life1 act+ z a great b>ri] to "o's gr[? & g5]al usefulness4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,/udy1 ,,& ,,its ,,pr9cipal ,,factors ,our physical movem5ts ord9>ily take place 9 response to a ne$ ( "s sort4 ,= in/ance1 a p]son wi%+ to rea* a c]ta9 po9t1 to play a c]ta9 game1 or to lay ! f\ndations = a h\se1 makes su* movem5ts z are necess>y to accompli% ! purpose desir$4 ,ev5 m]e physical ex]cise gr[s out ( a m or less specific feel+ ( ne$4 ,! m5tal activity call$ /udy is likewise call$ =? 9 response to specific ne$s4 ,! ,eskimo1 = example1 compell$ to f9d %elt] & hav+ only blocks ( ice ) :i* to build1 +5i\sly contrives an ice hut4 ,= ! sake ( obta9+ raw mat]ials he /udies ! habits ( ! few wild animals ab\t him1 & out ( ^! mat]ials he manages by mu* inv5tion to secure food1 clo?+1 & implem5ts4 ,we ourselves1 hav+ a va/ly great] v>iety ( mat]ials at h&1 & also va/ly m ideas & ideals1 are mu* m dep5d5t ^u ?9k+ & /udy4 ,b1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,eskimo1 ?is ?9k+ & /udy arises out ( actual conditions1 & f specific wants4 ,x may be t we mu/ contrive ways ( e>n+ m money2 or t ! argum5ts = protective t>iff seem too inconsi/5t = com=t2 or t ! reports ab\t "s ( our fri5ds al>m u4 ,! occasions t call =? ?\ght are inf9ite 9 numb] & k9d4 ,b ! ess5tial fact is t /udy does n normally take place except "u ! /imulus or spur ( p>ticul> conditions1 & ( conditions1 too1 t are unsatisfactory4 ,x does n take place ev5 !n unless we become consci\s ( ! /ra9$ situation1 ( ! want ( h>mony betwe5 :at is & :at might be4 ,= ages mal>ial fev] 0 accept$ z a visitation by ,div9e ,provid5ce1 or z a natural inconv5i5ce1 l bad wea!r4 ,p 7 n di/urb$ by lack ( h>mony betwe5 :at actually 0 & :at might be1 because !y did n conceive ! possibility ( prev5t+ ! disease4 ,accord+ly !y took x z a matt] ( c\rse1 & made no /udy ( its cause4 ,v rec5tly1 on ! o!r h&1 p h become consci\s ( ! possibility ( ext]m9at+ mal>ia4 ,! imag9$ /ate has made ! real "o m & m intol]able2 &1 z ?is feel+ ( dissatisfaction has gr[n m acute1 /udy ( ! cause ( ! disease has gr[n m int5se1 until x has f9ally be5 discov]$4 ,?us a lively consci\sness ( ! unsatisfactor9ess ( a situation is ! necess>y pr]equisite to its inve/igation2 x furni%es ! motive = x4 ,x has ev] be5 s 9 ! hi/ory ( evolution4 ,/udy has n tak5 place )\t /imulus or motive4 ,x has always _h ! practical task ( lift+ u out ( our difficulties1 ei!r mat]ial or spiritual1 & plac+ u on our feet4 ,9 ?is way x has be5 m]ely an in/rum5t--?\gh a mo/ important "o--9 secur+ our prop] adju/m5t or adaptation to our environm5t4,footnote3 ,= discussion ( ?is subject1 see ,/udies 9 ,logical ,!ory1 by ,john ,dewey4 ,see1 also1 ,sy/ematic ,/udy 9 ,elem5t>y ,s*ools1 by ,dr4 ,lida ,b4 ,e>h>t1 ,*apt]s #a & #b4 ,! v>iety ( response to ! dem& = /udy ,aft] we h become acutely consci\s ( a misfit some:]e 9 our exp]i5ce1 ! actual /udy done to "r x v>ies indef9itely ) ! individual4 ,! savage foll[s a hit-&-miss me?od ( inve/igation1 & really makes 8 advances by happy guesses r ?an by close application4 ,*>les ,lamb's ,diss]tation on ,roa/ ,pig furni%es a typical example ( su* accid5ts4 ,! av]age civiliz$ man ( ! pres5t does only a little bett]4 ,h[ seldom1 = in/ance1 is ! diet prescrib$ = a dyspeptic--:e!r by himself or by a physician--! result ( any intellig5t /udy6 ,! true sci5ti/1 h[ev]1 goes at 8 task 9 a c>eful & sy/ematic way4 ,recall1 = in/ance1 h[ ! cause ( yell[ fev] has be5 discov]$4 ,= ye>s p _h attribut$ ! disease to invisible p>ticles :i* !y call$ fomites4 ,^! 7 suppos$ to be giv5 (f by ! sick1 & spread by means ( _! clo?+ & o!r articles us$ by !m4 ,inve/igation caus$ ?is !ory to be ab&on$4 ,!n1 s9ce ,dr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,nott ( ,mobile _h sugge/$1 9 #ahdh1 t ! fev] might be c>ri$ by ! mosquito1 & ,dr4 ,c4 ,j4 ,f9lay ( ,havana _h decl>$1 9 #ahha1 t a mosquito ( a c]ta9 k9d w\ld c>ry ! fev] f "o pati5t to ano!r1 ?is v>iety ( mosquito 0 assum$ by ,dr4 ,walt] ,re$1 9 #aijj1 to be ! s\rce ( ! disease1 & 0 subject$ to v close inve/igation by him4 ,sev]al m5 volunt>ily receiv$ its bite & contract$ ! fev]4 ,soon1 en\gh cases 7 collect$ to e/abli% ! probable correctness ( ! assumption4 ,! rem$y sugge/$--! utt] de/ruction ( ?is p>ticul> k9d ( mosquito1 includ+ its eggs & l>vae--0 s efficaci\s 9 combat+ ! disease 9 ,havana 9 #aija1 & 9 ,new ,orleans 9 #aije1 t ! !ory is n[ consid]$ e/abli%$4 ,?us sy/ematic /udy has reliev$ u ( "o ( ! mo/ dread$ diseases to :i* mank9d has be5 subject4 ,! pr9cipal factors 9 /udy ,an ext5sive /udy1 l ?is inve/igation1 into ! cause ( yell[ fev] employs induction v pla9ly4 ,x also employs d$uction ext5sively1 inasmu* z hypo!ses t h be5 rea*$ m or less inductively h to be widely appli$ & te/$1 & fur!r conclusions h to be drawn f !m4 ,su* a /udy1 !re=e1 involv+ bo? induction & d$uction & _! num]\s %ort cuts1 conta9s ! ess5tial factors common to ! inve/igation ( o!r topics1 or to /udy 9 g5]al2 = diff]5t subjects _c v>y greatly :5 x comes to ! g5]al me?od ( _! attack4 ,an analysis1 !re=e1 :i* reveals ! pr9cipal factors 9 ?is /udy is likely to br+ to light ! ma9 factors ( /udy 9 g5]al4 #a4 ,! f9d+ ( specific purposes1 z "o factor 9 /udy ,if ! se>* = ! cause ( yell[ fev] 7 trac$ m fully1 "o /rik+ feature discov]$ w\ld be ! fact t ! inve/igation 0 nev] aimless4 ,! ne$ ( unravel+ ! my/]y 0 (t5 v press+1 = we h _h ?ree great epidemics ( yell[ fev] 9 our own c\ntry s9ce #agij1 & sci5ti/s h be5 eag] to apply !mselves to ! problem4 ,yet a specific purpose1 9 ! =m ( a def9ite hypo!sis ( "s sort1 0 felt to be necess>y be=e ! /udy c\ld proce$ intellig5tly4 ,?us1 dur+ ! epidemic ( #agic1 ! contagi\sness ( ! disease 0 debat$4 ,!n ! !ory ( fomites arose1 & und]w5t inve/igation4 ,f9ally1 ! spread ( ! disease ?r\gh ! mosquito 0 propos$ = ! solution4 ,& :ile books ( ref]5ce 7 exam9$ & new obs]vations 7 collect$ 9 great numb]1 su* "w 0 n und]tak5 by ! inve/igators prim>ily = ! sake ( increas+ _! g5]al k1 b ) ref]5ce to ! p>ticul> issue at h&4 ,! important "q n[ is1 ,is ?is1 9 g5]al1 ! way 9 :i* ! ord9>y /ud5t %\ld "w8 ,( c\rse1 he is mu* less mature ?an ! sci5ti/1 & ! results t he a*ieves may h no social value1 9 comp>ison4 ,yet1 %\ld 8 me?od be ! same8 ,at lea/1 %\ld 8 /udy likewise be "u ! guidance ( specific purposes1 s t ^! w\ld direct & limit 8 read+1 obs]vation1 & indep5d5t ?9k+8 ,or w\ld t be too n>r[1 inde$1 exactly ! wrong way8 ,&1 in/ead ( limit+ himself to a collection ( su* facts z help to answ] ! few problems t he might be able to set up1 %\ld he be unm9dful ( p>ticul> problems8 ,%\ld he r be a collector ( facts at l>ge1 endeavor+ to develop an int]e/ 9 :atev] is true1 simply because x is true8 ,"h are two q diff]5t me?ods ( /udy sugge/$4 ,probably ! latt] is by f> ! m common "o among immature /ud5ts4 ,yet ! =m] is ! "o t1 9 ! ma91 w be advocat$ 9 ?is book z a factor ( s]i\s /udy4 #b4 ,! supplem5t+ ( ?\ght z a second factor 9 /udy4 ,dr4 ,re$ 9 ?is case w5t f> beyond ! discov]ies ( previ\s inve/igators4 ,n only did he conceive new te/s = old hypo!ses1 b he posit$ new hypo!ses1 z well z collect$ ! data t w\ld prove or disprove !m4 ,?us1 :ile he no d\bt made mu* use ( previ\s facts1 he w5t f> beyond t & succe$$ 9 enl>g+ ! conf9es ( k4 ,t is a task t c be accompli%$ only by ! mo/ mature & gift$ ( m54 ,! ord9>y s*ol> mu/ also be a collector ( facts4 ,b he mu/ be cont5t to be a receiv] r ?an a contributor ( k2 t is1 he mu/ occupy himself ma9ly ) ! ideas ( o!r p]sons1 z pres5t$ 9 books or lectures or conv]sation4 ,ev5 :5 he takes up ! /udy ( nature1 or any o!r field1 at fir/ h&1 he is g5]ally "u ! guidance ( a tea*] or "s text4 ,n[1 h[ mu*1 if any?+1 mu/ he add to :at is directly pres5t$ to him by o!rs8 ,to :at ext5t mu/ he be a produc] 9 t s5se8 ,are au?ors1 at ! be/1 capable only ( sugge/+ _! ?\ght1 leav+ mu* t is incomplete & ev5 hidd5 f view8 ,& mu/ ! /ud5t d mu* supplem5t+1 ev5 mu* digg+1 or sev]e ?9k+ ( 8 own1 9 ord] to get at _! mean+8 ,or1 d au?ors--at lea/ ! greate/ ( !m--say mo/1 or all1 t !y wi%1 & make _! mean+ pla98 ,& is x1 accord+ly1 ! duty ( ! /ud5t m]ely to foll[ _! pres5tation )\t enl>g+ ^u x greatly8 ,! view w h]eaft] be ma9ta9$ t any good au?or leaves mu* ( su* "w = ! /ud5t to d4 ,any poor au?or c]ta9ly leaves mu* m4 #c4 ,! organization ( facts collect$1 z a ?ird factor 9 /udy4 ,! sci5ti/ w\ld easily lose 8 way among ! _m facts t he ga!rs = exam9ation1 did he n c>efully select & br+ !m into ord]4 ,he arranges !m 9 gr\ps accord+ to _! relations1 recogniz+ a few z hav+ supreme importance1 subord9at+ _m o!rs to ^!1 & ca/+ aside _m m because ( _! insignificance4 ,?is all con/itutes a l>ge "p ( 8 /udy4 ,:at duty has ! less mature /ud5t 9 reg>d to organization8 ,%\ld ! /atem5ts t he receives be put into ord] by him8 ,are "s to be select$ z vital1 o!rs to be gr\p$ "u ^!1 & /ill o!rs to be slight$ or ev5 entirely omitt$ f consid]ation1 because ( _! insignificance8 ,& is he to det]m9e all ?is = himself1 rememb]+ t ?or\gh /udy requires ! neglect ( "s ?+s z well z ! emphasis ( o!rs8 ,or d all facts h mu* ! same value1 s t !y %\ld receive ab\t equal att5tion1 z is ! case ) ! multiplication tables8 ,&1 in/ead ( be+ gr\p$ accord+ to relations & relative values1 %\ld !y be /udi$1 "o at a "t1 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y are pres5t$1 ) ! idea t a topic is ma/]$ :5 ea* s+le /atem5t ^u x is und]/ood8 ,or1 if n ?is1 has ! reliable au?or at lea/ already att5d$ to ?is :ole matt]1 mak+ ! v>i\s relations ( facts to "o ano!r & _! relative values s cle> t ! /ud5t has little "w to d b to foll[ ! pr9t$ /atem5t8 ,is x ev5 highly unsafe = ! latt] to assume ! responsibility ( judg+ relative values8 ,& w\ld ! neglect or skipp+ ( _m suppos$ly little ?+s be m likely to result 9 c>eless1 slip%od "w ?an 9 ?or\ghness8 #d4 ,! judg+ ( ! wor? ( /atem5ts1 z a f\r? factor 9 /udy ,! sci5ti/ 9 *>ge ( ! above-m5tion$ inve/igation 01 no d\bt1 a mode/ man4 ,yet he saw fit to "q ! old assumption t yell[ fev] 0 spread by invisible p>ticles call$ fomites4 ,inde$1 he _h ! boldness to disprove x4 ,!n he disprov$1 also1 ! assumption t ! fev] 0 contagi\s by contact4 ,aft] t he set out to te/ a hypo!sis ( 8 own4 ,8 attitude t[>d ! results ( =m] inve/igations 0 ?us skeptically critical4 ,e proposition 0 to be que/ion$1 & ! evid5ce ( facts1 r ?an p]sonal au?ority or ! au?ority ( "t1 0 ! sole f9al te/ ( validity4 ,:at %\ld be ! attitude ( ! "y /ud5t t[>d ! au?orities t he /udies8 ,c]ta9ly au?ors are1 z a rule1 m mature & f> bett] in=m$ ^u ! subjects t !y discuss ?an he1 o!rwise he w\ld n be pursu+ !m4 ,are !y /ill s prone to error t he %\ld be critical t[>d !m8 ,at any rate1 %\ld he set himself up z _! judge2 at times condemn+ "s ( _! /atem5ts outright1 or accept+ !m only 9 "p1--& ?us ma9ta9 indep5d5t views8 ,or w\ld t be ! height ( presumption on 8 "p8 ,:ile x is true t all au?ors are liable to error1 are !y mu* less liable to x 9 _! *os5 fields ?an he1 & c he m safely tru/ !m ?an himself8 ,& %\ld he1 !re=e1 be+ a le>n]1 adopt a docile1 passive attitude1 & accept :atev] /atem5ts are pres5t$8 ,or1 f9ally1 is nei!r ( ^! attitudes correct8 ,in/ead ( ei!r condemn+ or accept+ au?ors1 is x 8 duty m]ely to und]/& & rememb] :at !y say8 #e4 ,memoriz+1 z a fif? factor 9 /udy ,! sci5ti/ is greatly dep5d5t ^u 8 memory4 ,s is e "o else1 includ+ ! "y /ud5t4 ,:at sugge/ions1 if any1 c be made ab\t ! reta9+ ( facts8 ,9 p>ticul>1 h[ prom95t 9 /udy %\ld be ! ef=t to memorize8 ,%\ld memoriz+ con/itute ! ma9 "p ( /udy--z x s (t5 does--or only a m9or "p8 ,x is (t5 contra/$ ) ?9k+4 ,is su* a contra/ ju/ifi$8 ,if s1 %\ld ! ef=t to memorize usually prec$e ! ?9k+--z is (t5 ! ord] 9 le>n+ poetry & ,bible v]ses--or %\ld x foll[ ! ?9k+8 ,& :y8 ,c "o greatly /r5g!n ! memory by special ex]cises = t purpose8 ,f9ally1 s9ce !re are "s a/oni%+ly poor ways ( memoriz+--z 0 %[n 9 *apt] "o--!re mu/ be "s bett] ways4 ,:at1 !n1 are ! be/1 & :y8 #f4 ,! us+ ( ideas1 z a six? factor 9 /udy ,does all k1 l ?is ( ! sci5ti/1 require contact ) ! _w z its endpo9t or goal8 ,& is x ! duty ( ! /ud5t to pursue any topic1 :e!r x be a pr9ciple ( physics1 or a moral idea1 or a simple /ory1 until x proves ( b5efit to "s "o8 ,9 t case1 en\gh repetition might be necess>y to approximate habits--habits ( m9d & habits ( action--= ! skill necess>y = ! successful use ( "s k _c o!rwise be atta9$4 ,h[1 !n1 c habits become be/ e/abli%$8 ,or is k some?+ ap>t f ! active _w1 end+ r 9 self8 ,w\ld x be n>r[ly utilit>ian & ev5 fooli% to expect t "o's le>n+ %all necess>ily function 9 practical life8 ,& %\ld ! /ud5t r re/ cont5t to acquire k = its own sake1 n bo!r+--= ! pres5t1 at any rate--ab\t actually br++ x to acc\nt 9 any way8 ,! use to :i* 8 ideas _h to be put gave ,dr4 ,re$ an excell5t te/ ( _! reliability4 ,no d\bt he pass$ ?r\gh _m /ages ( d\bt z he inve/igat$ "o !ory aft] ano!r4 ,& he c\ld n feel reasonably sure t he 0 "r & _h ma/]$ 8 problem until 8 f9al hypo!sis _h be5 %[n to hold good "u v>y+ actual conditions4 ,:at te/ has ! ord9>y /ud5t = kn[+ :5 he kn[s a ?+ well en\gh to leave x8 ,he may set up specific purposes to be accompli%$1 z has be5 sugge/$4 ,yet ev5 ^! may be only ideas2 :at means has he = kn[+ :5 !y h be5 atta9$8 ,x is a long di/ance f ! fir/ approa* to an important ?\ght1 to its f9al assimilation1 & no?+ is easi] ?an to /op too soon4 ,if !re are any waym>ks along ! road1 indicat+ ! diff]5t /ages rea*$2 p>ticul>ly1 if !re is a recognizable endpo9t assur+ ma/]y1 "o might avoid _m dang]\s head]s by kn[+ ! fact4 ,or is t p>ticul>ly :at recitations & m>ks are =8 ,& in/ead ( expect+ an indep5d5t way ( det]m9+ :5 he has ma/]$ a subject1 %\ld ! /ud5t simply rely ^u 8 tea*] to acqua9t him ) t fact8 #g4 ,! t5tative attitude z a sev5? factor 9 /udy ,inve/igators ( ! s\rce ( yell[ fev] previ\s to ,dr4 ,re$ rea*$ conclusions z well z he4 ,b1 9 ! light ( lat] discov]y1 !y appe> ha/y & fooli%1 to ! ext5t t !y 7 insi/$ ^u z correct4 ,a l>ge p]c5tage ( ! s-call$ discov]ies t are made1 ev5 by laboratory exp]im5t1 are lat] disprov$4 ,ev5 9 reg>d to ?is v valuable "w ( ,dr4 ,re$ & 8 associates1 "o may feel too sure4 ,x is q possible t future /udy w mat]ially supplem5t & modify our pres5t k ( ! subject4 ,! sci5ti/1 !re=e1 may well assume an attitude ( d\bt t[>d all ! results t he a*ieves4 ,does ! same hold = ! "y /ud5t8 ,is all our k m or less d\btful1 s t we %\ld hold ourselves ready to modify our ideas at any "t8 ,&1 rememb]+ ! common t5d5cy to become dogmatic & unprogressive on t acc\nt1 %\ld ! "y /ud5t1 9 p>ticul>1 reg>d "s degree ( unc]ta9ty ab\t 8 facts z ! ideal /ate ( m9d = him to rea*8 ,or w\ld su* unc]ta9ty too easily und]m9e 8 self-confid5ce & r5d] him vacillat+ 9 action8 ,& %\ld firmly fix$ ideas1 r ?an ^? t are some:at unc]ta91 be reg>d$ z 8 goal1 s t ! ext5t to :i* he feels sure ( 8 k may be tak5 z "o measure ( 8 progress8 ,or c x be t !re are two k9ds ( k8 ,t "s facts are true = all "t1 & c be le>n$ z absolutely true2 & t o!rs are only probabilities & mu/ be treat$ z su*8 ,9 t case1 :i* is ( ! =m] k9d1 & :i* is ( ! latt]8 #h4 ,provision = individuality z an eigh? factor 9 /udy ,! sci5tific inve/igator mu/ det]m9e ^u 8 own hypo!ses2 he mu/ collect & organize 8 data1 mu/ judge _! s\ndness & trace _! consequ5ces2 & he mu/ f9ally decide = himself :5 he has f9i%$ a task4 ,all ?is requires a high degree ( intellectual indep5d5ce1 :i* is possible only ?r\gh a heal?y developm5t ( individuality1 or ( ! native self4 ,a normal self giv+ a c]ta9 degree ( indep5d5ce & ev5 a t\* ( orig9ality to all ( 8 ?\ghts & actions is ess5tial to ! /ud5t's prop] advance1 z to ! "w ( ! sci5ti/4 ,%\ld ! /ud5t1 !re=e1 be taught to believe 9 & tru/ himself1 hold+ 8 own p[]s & t5d5cies 9 high e/eem8 ,%\ld he le>n ev5 to ascribe :atev] m]it he may possess to ! qualities t are peculi> to him8 ,& %\ld he1 accord+ly1 look ^u ! ideas & influ5ces ( o!r p]sons m]ely z a means--?\gh mo/ valuable--= ! developm5t ( ?is self t he holds s sacr$8 ,or %\ld he le>n to depreciate himself1 to deplore ^? qualities t di/+ui% him f o!rs8 ,& %\ld he1 9 consequ5ce1 reg>d ! ideas & influ5ces ( o!rs z a valuable means ( suppress+1 or escap+ f1 8 native self & ( mak+ him l o!r p]sons8 ,"h are two v diff]5t directions 9 :i* "o may develop4 ,9 :i* direction does human nature mo/ t5d8 ,9 :i* direction d educational in/itutions1 9 p>ticul>1 ex]t _! influ5ce8 ,does ! av]age /ud5t1 = example1 subord9ate 8 tea*]s & ! ideas he acquires to himself8 ,or does he become subord9at$ to ^!1 ev5 subm]g$ by !m8 ,?is is ! mo/ important ( all ! problems conc]n+ /udy2 inde$1 x is ! "o 9 :i* all ! o!rs culm9ate4 ,! ability ( *ildr5 to /udy ,! above con/itute ! pr9cipal factors 9 /udy4 ,b two o!r problems are ( vital importance = ! elem5t>y s*ool4 ,/udy+ is evid5tly a complex & tax+ k9d ( "w4 ,ev5 ?\gh ! above discussions reveal ! ma9 factors 9 ! /udy ( adults1 :at light does x ?r[ ^u ! "w ( *ildr58 ,is _! /udy to conta9 ^! factors also8 ,! fir/ ( ^! two que/ions1 !re=e1 is1 ,c *ildr5 f six to f\rte5 ye>s ( age really be expect$ to /udy8 ,x is n ! cu/om 9 ,g]man elem5t>y s*ools to include indep5d5t /udy p]iods 9 ! daily program4 ,m ?an t1 ! ,g]man language does n ev5 p]mit *ildr5 to be spok5 ( z /udy+4 ,*ildr5 are recogniz$ z be+ able to le>n 7l]n572 b ! =eign]1 :o1 9 le>n+ ,g]man1 happ5s to use ! ^w /udir5 7/udy7 9 ref]5ce to !m1 is correct$ ) a smile & in=m$ t *ildr5 c le>n b !y _c /udy4 ,/udir5 is a t]m applicable only to a m mature k9d ( m5tal "w4 ,?is may be only a peculi>ity ( language4 ,b su* sugge/ions %\ld at lea/ lead u to consid] ?is "q s]i\sly4 ,if *ildr5 really _c /udy1 :at an excuse _! tea*]s h = innum]able failures 9 ?is direction6 ,& :at s9s !y h committ$ 9 dem&+ /udy6 ,b1 !n1 :5 is ! prop] age = /udy rea*$8 ,c]ta9ly college /ud5ts sometimes seem to h fail$ to atta9 x4 ,if1 h[ev]1 *ildr5 c /udy1 to :at ext5t c !y d x1 & at h[ e>ly an age %\ld !y beg9 to try8 ,! me?od ( tea*+ *ildr5 h[ to /udy ,! second ( ^! two que/ions relates to ! me?od ( tea*+ *ildr5 h[ to /udy4 ,grant$ t !re are num]\s v important factors 9 /udy1 :at %\ld be done ab\t !m8 ,p>ticul>ly1 assum+ t *ildr5 h "s p[] to /udy1 :at def9ite in/ruction c tea*]s give to !m 9 reg>d to any "o or all ( ^! factors8 ,c x be t1 on acc\nt ( _! y\?1 no direct in/ruction ab\t me?od ( /udy w\ld be advisable1 t tea*]s %\ld set a good example ( /udy by _! treatm5t ( lessons 9 class1 & rely only ^u ! imitative t5d5cy ( *ildr5 = "s effect on _! habits ( "w8 ,or %\ld ext5sive in/ruction be imp>t$ to !m1 z well z to adults1 on ?is subject8 ,! lead+ problems 9 /udy t h be5 m5tion$ w be successively discuss$ 9 ! *apt]s foll[+4 ,^! two que/ions1 h[ev]1 ,c *ildr5 /udy8 & ,if s1 h[ c !y be taught to d x8 w n be treat$ 9 *apt]s sep>ate f ! o!rs4 ,ea* w be dealt ) 9 connection ) ! above factors1 _! consid]ation imm$iately foll[+ ! discussion ( ea* ( ^? factors4 ,:ile ! prop] me?od ( /udy = adults w lead1 mu* emphasis w fall1 ?r\gh\t1 ^u sugge/ions = tea*+ *ildr5 h[ to /udy4 ,"s limitations ( ! t]m /udy ,! nature ( /udy _c be kn[n 9 full until ! "* ( its compon5t p>ts has be5 cle>ly %[n4 ,yet a work+ def9ition ( ! t]m & "s fur!r limitations ( x may be 9 place "h4 ,/udy1 9 g5]al1 is ! "w t is necess>y 9 ! assimilation ( ideas4 ,mu* ( ?is "w consi/s 9 ?9k+4 ,b /udy is n synonym\s ) ?9k+1 = x also includes o!r activities1 z me*anical drill1 = example4 ,su* drill is (t5 necess>y 9 ! ma/]y ( ?\ght4 ,n j any ?9k+ & any drill1 h[ev]1 may be c\nt$ z /udy4 ,at lea/ only su* ?9k+ & su* drill are "h includ$ )9 ! t]m z are integral p>ts ( ! m5tal "w t is necess>y 9 ! accompli%m5t ( valuable purposes4 ,?9k+ t is done at r&om1 & drills t h no object beyond acqua9tance ) dead facts1 z ^? ^u dates1 li/s ( words1 & location ( places1 = in/ance1 are unwor?y ( be+ consid]$ a "p ( /udy4 ,day-dream+1 giv+ way to rev]ie & to casual fancy1 too1 is n to be reg>d$ z /udy4 ,n because x is n well to indulge 9 su* activity at times1 b because x is n s]i\s en\gh to be call$ "w4 ,/udy is sy/ematic "w1 & n play4 ,read+ = recreation1 fur!r1 is n /udy4 ,x is c]ta9ly v desirable & ev5 necess>y1 j z play is4 ,x ev5 p>takes ( _m ( ! *>act]i/ics ( true /udy1 & reaps _m ( its b5efits4 ,no d\bt1 too1 ! ext5sive read+ t *ildr5 & y\? n[ d might well p>take m fully ( ! nature ( /udy4 ,x w\ld result 9 m good & less h>m2 =1 beyond a d\bt1 mu* c>eless read+ is injuri\s to habits ( s]i\s /udy4 ,yet x w\ld be intol]able to attempt to conv]t pleasure-read+ fully into real /udy4 ,t w\ld mean t we _h become too s]i\s4 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 ! t]m /udy z "h us$ has l>gely ! mean+ t is giv5 to x 9 ord9>y spee*4 ,yet x is n entirely ! same2 ! t]m signifies a purposive & sy/ematic1 & !re=e a m limit$1 k9d ( "w ?an mu* t goes "u t "n4 ,,"p ,,ii ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,factors ,,9 ,,/udy1 ,,& ,,_! ,,relation ,,to ,,*ildr5 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,provision ,,= ,,specific ,,purposes1 ,,z ,,"o ,,factor ,,( ,,/udy ,! habit among em95t m5 ( sett+ up specific purposes ( /udy4 ,! sci5tific inve/igator habitually sets up hypo!ses ( "s sort z guides 9 8 inve/igations4 ,_m di/+ui%$ m5 :o are n sci5ti/s foll[ & recomm5d a some:at simil> me?od ( /udy4 ,= example1 ,john ,morley1 ,m4,p41 9 8 ,aspects ( ,mod]n ,/udy1 ,footnote3 ,page #ga4 says1 ,"s great m51--,gibbon 0 "o & ,daniel ,web/] 0 ano!r & ! great ,"l ,/raf=d 0 a ?ird1--always1 be=e read+ a book1 made a %ort1 r\gh analysis ( ! que/ions :i* !y expect$ to be answ]$ 9 x1 ! additions to be made to _! k1 & :i!r x w\ld take !m4 ,i h sometimes tri$ t way ( /udy+1 & guid+ att5tion2 ,i h nev] done s )\t advantage1 & ,i comm5d x to y4 ,says ,gibbon ,footnote3 ,dr4 ,smi?'s ,gibbon1 p4 #fd41 ,aft] glanc+ my eye ov] ! design & ord] ( a new book1 ,i susp5d$ ! p]usal until ,i _h f9i%$ ! task ( self-exam9ation2 till ,i _h resolv$1 9 a solit>y walk1 all t ,i knew or believ$ or _h ?\ght on ! subject ( ! :ole "w or ( "s p>ticul> *apt]2 ,i 0 !n qualifi$ to disc]n h[ mu* ! au?or add$ to my orig9al /ock2 &1 if ,i 0 sometimes satisfi$ ) ! agreem5t1 ,i 0 sometimes arm$ by ! opposition ( our ideas4 ,presid5t ,james ,angell emphasizes a simil> ?\ght 9 ! foll[+ words3-- ,i w\ld l to recomm5d to my "y fri5ds :o desire to pr(it by ! use ( ?is libr>y1 ! habit ( read+ ) "s sy/em1 & ( mak+ brief notes ^u ! cont5ts ( ! books !y read4 ,if1 = in/ance1 y are /udy+ ! hi/ory ( "s p]iod1 asc]ta9 :at works y ne$ to /udy1 & f9d su* p>ts ( !m z conc]n y\r !me4 ,d n feel oblig$ to read ! :ole ( a l>ge treatise1 b select su* *apt]s z t\* on ! subject 9 h& & omit ! re/ = ! "t4 ,"y /ud5ts (t5 get swamp$ & lose _! way 9 ! ,s]bonian bogs ( le>n+1 :5 !y ne$ to explore only a simple & pla9 pa?way to a specific de/9ation4 ,h a purpose & a plan1 & adh]e to x 9 spite ( allur+ temptations to turn aside into attractive fields t are remote f y\r subject4,footnote3 ,address at ,d$ication ( ,ry]son ,public ,libr>y ,build+1 ,gr& ,rapids1 ,mi*41 ,oct4 #e1 #aijd4 ,noah ,port] expresses himself ev5 m po9t$ly 9 ^! words3-- ,9 read+ we d well to propose to ourselves def9ite ends & purposes4 ,! di/9ct consci\sness ( "s object at pres5t be=e u1 imp>ts a manifold great] int]e/ to ! cont5ts ( any volume4 ,x imp>ts to ! read] an appropriative p[]1 a =ce ( aff9ity1 by :i* he ins5sibly & unconsci\sly attracts to himself all t has a ne> or ev5 a remote relation to ! end = :i* he reads4 ,anyone is consci\s ( ?is :o reads a /ory ) ! purpose ( repeat+ x to an abs5t fri5d2 or an essay or a report1 ) ! design ( us+ ! facts or argum5ts 9 a debate2 or a poem1 ) ! design ( reviv+ its imag]y & recit+ its f9e/ passages4 ,inde$1 "o nev] le>ns to read effectively until he le>ns to read 9 su* a _s--n always1 inde$1 = a def9ite end1 yet always ) a m9d att5t to appropriate & reta9 & turn to ! uses ( culture1 if n to a m direct application4 ,! private hi/ory ( e self-made man1 f ,frankl9 onw>ds1 atte/s t !y all 7 uni=mly1 n only e>ne/ b select1 9 _! read+1 & t !y select$ _! books ) di/9ct ref]5ce to ! purposes = :i* !y us$ !m4 ,inde$1 ! reason :y self-tra9$ m5 s (t5 surpass m5 :o are tra9$ by o!rs 9 ! effectiv5ess & success ( _! read+1 is t !y "k = :at !y read & /udy1 & h def9ite aims & wi%es 9 all _! deal+s ) books4 ,footnote3 ,noah ,port]1 ,books & ,read+1 pp4 #da-db4 ,examples ( specific purposes ,x is evid5t f ! above t ! practice ( sett+ up specific aims = /udy is n uncommon4 ,"s actual examples ( su* purposes1 h[ev]1 may help to make _! "* pla9]4 ,foll[+ are a numb] ( examples ( a v simple k9d3 7#a7 ,to exam9e ! catalogues ( sev]al colleges to det]m9e :at college "o w att5d2 7#b7 to read a newspap] ) ! purpose ( tell+ ! news ( ! day to "s fri5d2 7#c7 to /udy ,norse my?s 9 ord] to relate !m to *ildr52 7#d7 to inve/igate ! ,engli% sp>r[ to f9d out :e!r x is a nuisance1 or a valuable fri5d1 to man2 7#e7 to acqua9t "o's self ) ! art & geography ( ,italy1 s z to select ! mo/ desirable p>ts = a visit2 7#f7 to le>n ab\t ,p>is 9 ord] to f9d :e!r x is fitly call$ ! mo/ beautiful ( cities2 7#g7 to /udy psy*ology ) ! object ( discov]+ h[ to improve "o's memory1 or h[ to ov]come c]ta9 bad habits2 7#h7 to read ,pe/alozzi's biography = ! sake ( f9d+ :at 7 ! ma9 factors t l$ to 8 greatness2 7#i7 to exam9e ,l9coln's ,gettysburg spee* ) ! purpose ( conv9c+ o!rs ( its excell5ce4 ,! "* ( ^! aims ,well-select$ ends ( ?is sort h two *>act]i/ics t are wor?y ( special note4 ,! fir/ p]ta9s to _! s\rce4 ,_! possible v>iety is )\t limit4 ,"s may be or an intellectual nature1 z numb]s #f1 #h1 & #i among ^? li/$ above2 "s may aim at utility = ! individual1 z numb]s #a & #g2 & "s may involve s]vice to o!rs1 z numb]s #b & #c4 ,b h[ev] mu* !y v>y1 !y f9d _! s\rce )9 ! p]son conc]n$4 ,!y spr+ out ( 8 own exp]i5ce & appeal to him = t reason4 ,"o v important measure ( _! wor? is ! ext5t to :i* !y repres5t an individual desire4 ,! second *>act]i/ic p]ta9s to _! n>r[ness & consequ5t def9it5ess4 ,!y call 9 ea* case = an inve/igation ( a relatively small & def9ite topic4 ,?is c be fur!r se5 f ! foll[+ topics 9 ,biology3 ,:at h\sehold plants are mo/ desirable8 ,h[ c ^! plants be rais$8 ,:at are _! pr9cipal enemies1 & h[ c ^! be/ be ov]come8 ,:e!r we be work+ on "o or m ( su* problems at a "t1 !y are s specific t we ne$ nev] be confus$ z to :at we are attempt+4 ,! nature ( ^! aims 9 /udy c be made /ill cle>] by contra/+ !m ) o!rs t are v common4 ,! h>moni\s developm5t ( all ! faculties1 or m5tal discipl9e1 = in/ance1 has long be5 laud$ by educators z "o *ief purpose 9 /udy4 ,agassiz 0 "o su* educator1 & 9 8 desire to cultivate ! p[] ( obs]vation1 he is said to h set /ud5ts at "w ^u ! /udy ( fi%es )\t directions1 to /ruggle z !y might4 ,_m tea*]s ( sci5ce be=e & s9ce 8 "t h foll[$ a simil> me?od4 ,tru? = tru?'s sake1 or ! idea t "o %\ld /udy m]ely = ! sake ( kn[+1 has (t5 be5 associat$ ) m5tal discipl9e z a wor?y end4 ,culture is a ?ird common purpose4 ,ea* ( ^! aims1 in/ead ( orig9at+ 9 ! p>ticul> int]e/s ( ! individual1 is rea*$ by consid]ation ( life z a :ole1 & ( ! f9al purposes ( education4 ,!y are too g5]al 9 nature to recognize individual pref]5ces1 & !y are also too g5]al to cause mu* discrim9ation 9 ! selection ( topics & ( p>ticul> facts )9 topics4 ,/range to say1 h[ev]1 !y h discrim9at$ aga9/ ! "o k9d ( k t ! a=em5tion$ specific aims emphasize z especially desirable4 ,"u _! exclusive influ5ce1 = example1 /ud5ts ( biology h g5]ally made an ext5sive /udy ( wild plants & h paid little att5tion to h\se plants4 ,su* subjects z physics1 f9e art1 & biology _c help b imp>t mu* in=mation t relates to man2 b t relation%ip has g5]ally be5 ! la/ "p rea*$ 9 ! treatm5t ( ea* topic1 & ! "p mo/ neglect$4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ^! g5]al aims any useful purpose1 :e!r involv+ s]vice to ! individual or to society at l>ge1 has someh[ be5 es*ew$ or ?\ght too sordid to be wor?y ( ! s*ol>4 ,! relation ( specific purposes to ^? t are m g5]al ,nev]!less1 ^! two k9ds ( aims are n necess>ily oppos$ to ea* o!r4 ,if a p]son c increase 8 m5tal p[]1 or 8 love ( k1 or 8 culture1 at ! same "t t he is accompli%+ specific purposes1 :y %\ld he n d s8 ,! ga9 is s mu* ! great]4 ,n only are ! two k9ds n mutually oppos$1 b !y are really necess>y to ea* o!r4 ,g5]al purposes :5 rightly conceiv$ are ( ! greate/ importance z ! f9al goals to be rea*$ by /udy4 ,b !y are too remote ( atta9m5t to act z imm$iate guides4 ,o!rs m detail$ mu/ p]=m t (fice & m>k (f ! m9or /eps to be tak5 9 ! accompli%m5t ( ! l>g] purposes4 ,?us ! n>r[] purposes are relat$ to ! l>g] ones z means to ends4 ,ways 9 :i* specific purposes are valuable #a4 ,z a s\rce ( motive p[] ,specific purposes are necess>y 9 ! fir/ place1 because !y help to supply motive p[] bo? = /udy & = life 9 g5]al4 ,prop] /udy requires abundant en]gy1 = x is h>d "w2 & "y p _c be expect$ to engage 9 x he>tily )\t good reason4 ,9 p>ticul>1 x requires v close & su/a9$ att5tion1 :i* x is mo/ difficult to give4 ,?reats & puni%m5ts c1 at ! be/1 secure x only 9 "p2 = "y p :o ?us suff] habitually res]ve a portion ( _! en]gy to imag9e ! full meanness ( _! p]secutors &1 n seldom1 to devise ways ( gett+ ev54 ,nei!r c direct ex]cise ( w insure undivid$ att5tion4 ,h[ (t5 h all ( u1 consci\s t we ought fully to conc5trate att5tion ^u "s task1 det]m9$ to d s 9 va94 ,! be/ s+le gu>antee ( close & cont9u\s att5tion is a deep1 direct int]e/ 9 ! "w 9 h&1 an int]e/ simil> 9 k9d to t :i* *ildr5 h 9 play4 ,su* int]e/ s]ves ! same purpose ) man z /eam does 9 manufactur+1--x is motive p[]1 & x is z necess>y to provide = x 9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r4 ,broad1 g5]al aims _c g5]ate ?is int]e/1 = ab/ractions d n ar\se en?usiasm4 ,x is ! concrete1 ! detail$1 t ar\ses int]e/1 p>ticul>ly t detail t is closely relat$ to life4 ,we all rememb] h[1 9 ! mid/ ( li/less read+1 we h sometimes awak5$ ) a />t1 :5 we realiz$ t :at we 7 read+ bore directly ^u "s vital int]e/4 ,specific purposes ( ! k9d describ$ insure ! int]e/1 & !re=e ! en]gy1 necess>y = full & su/a9$ att5tion4 ,= rememb]1 says ,l[ell1 t !re is no?+ less pr(itable ?an s*ol>%ip = ! m]e sake ( s*ol>%ip1 nor any?+ m we>isome 9 ! atta9m5t4 ,b ! mom5t y h a def9ite aim1 att5tion is quick5$1 ! "m ( memory1 & all t y acquire gr\ps & arranges itself 9 an ord] t is lucid1 because ev]y:]e & always x is 9 intellig5t relation to a c5tral object ( con/ant & gr[+ int]e/4 ,footnote3 ,l[ell1 ,books & ,libr>ies4 ,if em95t s*ol>s ?us value & actually make use ( concrete purposes1 c]ta9ly immature /ud5ts1 ^: att5tion is mu* less tra9$1 c foll[ _! example ) pr(it4 ,life 9 g5]al1 z well z /udy1 requires motive p[]4 ,en]gy to d _m k9ds ( ?+s is s important t "o's wor? dep5ds z mu* ^u x z ^u k4 ,inde$1 if !re mu/ be "s lack 9 "o ( ^! two1 x 7 probably bett] t x be 9 k4 ,a deep _m-sid$ int]e/ is a key also to ?is broad] k9d ( en]gy4 ,yet h[ (t5 is su* int]e/ lack+6 ,?is lack ( int]e/ is se5 among high-s*ool /ud5ts 9 ! selection ( subjects = comm5cem5t essays2 good subjects are difficult to f9d because int]e/s are s r>e4 ,x is se5 among college /ud5ts 9 _! *oice ( elective c\rses2 = !y (t5 seem to h no /rong int]e/ beyond t ( avoid+ h>d "w4 ,x is se5 9 _m college graduates :o are r\ndly develop$ only 9 ! s5se t !y are ab\t equally indiff]5t t[>d all ?+s4 ,&1 f9ally1 x is se5 9 ! great numb] ( m5 & wom5 :o1 )\t ambition1 drift aimlessly ?r\gh life4 ,well-*os5 specific purposes w help mat]ially to rem$y ^! evils1 = !re is no divid+ l9e betwe5 good /udy-purposes & good life-purposes4 ,! fir/ mu/ cont9ually m]ge into ! second2 & ! int]e/ ar\s$ by ! =m]1 ) its consequ5t en]gy1 gives assurance ( int]e/$ & en]getic pursuance ( ! latt]4 ,! importance ( be+ ri* 9 unsolv$ problems is n likely to be ov]e/imat$4 ,mo/ well-in=m$ adults :o h little pu% are n lazy by nature2 !y h m]ely fail$ to fall 9 love ) wor?y aims4 ,t is (t5 p>tly because education has be5 all[$ to mean to !m little m ?an ! collect+ ( facts4 ,if x _h includ$ ! collection ( int]e/+ & valuable purposes z well1 _! devotion to prop] aims 9 life might h gr[n z h _! facts2 !n _! en]gy might h kept pace ) _! k4 ,if /ud5ts1 !re=e1 regul>ly occupy a portion ( _! /udy "t 9 ?9k+ out live que/ions t !y hope to h answ]$ by _! fur!r /udy1 & int]e/+ uses t !y int5d to make ( _! k1 !y are equipp+ !mselves ) motive p[] bo? = /udy & = ! broad] "w ( life4 #b4 ,z a basis = ! selection & organization ( facts ,"o ( ! con/ant dang]s 9 /udy is t facts w be collect$ )\t ref]5ce ei!r to _! values1 z previ\sly /at$1 or to _! arrangem5t4 ,nature /udy frequ5tly illu/rates ?is dang]4 ,= in/ance1 ,i once witness$ a recitation 9 :i* ea* memb] ( a class ( elev5-ye>-old *ildr5 0 suppli$ ) a dead oak leaf & ask$ to write a description ( x 9 detail4 ,! entire p]iod 0 occupi$ ) ! task1 & foll[+ is a copy ( "o ( ! pap]s1 )\t its figures4 ,,! ,,oak ,,leaf4 ,greate/ l5g?444444444 ,l5g? ( ! /em4444 ,greate/ bread?44444444 ,color ( ! /em44444 ,numb] ( lobes444444444 ,color ( ! leaf44444 ,numb] ( ind5tations44 ,g5]al %ape444444444 ,! o!r pap]s closely resembl$ ?is "o4 ,consid] ! wor? ( su* k6 ,?is is "o way 9 :i* "t is wa/$ 9 s*ool & college4 ,probably ! ma9 reason = ! *oice ( ?is topic 0 ! fact t ! leaves c\ld be easily obta9$4 ,b if ! tea*] _h be5 9 ! habit ( sett+ up specific aims1 & !re=e ( ask+ h[ su* matt] w\ld prove valuable 9 life1 %e w\ld h nev] giv5 ?is lesson--unless high] au?orities _h requir$ x4 ,"o ( my classes ( ab\t sev5ty prim>y tea*]s 9 ! /udy ( education once und]took to plan subject-matt] 9 nature /udy = six-ye>-old *ildr5 9 ,brooklyn4 ,!y agre$ t ! common h\se cat w\ld be a fitt+ topic4 ,& on be+ ask$ to /ate :at facts !y might tea*1 !y gave ! foll[+ sub-topics 9 almo/ exactly ?is ord] & word+3 ! e>s2 food & h[ obta9$2 ! tongue2 paws1 includ+ cu%ions2 :isk]s2 tee?2 action ( tail2 s\nds2 %>p he>+2 s5se ( smell2 cleanl9ess2 eyes2 loos5ess ( ! sk92 quick wak+2 size ( m\?2 mann] ( cat*+ prey2 claws2 c>e ( "y2 locomotion2 k9ds ( prey2 enemies2 protection by society = ! prev5tion ( cruelty to animals1--tw5ty-two topics 9 all4 ,:5 ,i inquir$ if !y w\ld tea* ! l5g? ( ! tail1 or ! %ape ( ! head & e>s1 or ! l5g? & %ape ( ! legs1 or ! numb] ( claws or ( tee?1 mo/ ( !m said no ) "s hesitation1 & "s made no reply4 ,:5 ask$ :at m ne$$ to be done ) ?is li/ be=e pres5t+ ! subject to ! *ildr51 "s sugge/$ t ^? facts p]ta9+ to ! head %\ld be gr\p$ toge!r1 likewise ^? p]ta9+ to ! body & ^? 9 reg>d to ! extremities4 ,"s reject$ ?is sugge/ion1 b (f]$ no sub/itute4 ,no g5]al agreem5t to omit "s ( ! topics 9 ! li/ 0 rea*$1 & mo/ ( ! class saw no bett] plan ?an to pres5t ! subject1 cat1 "u ! tw5ty-two head+s giv54 ,al?\gh !re 7 college graduates pres5t1 & _m capable wom51 x 0 evid5t t !y c>ri$ no /&>d = judg+ ! value ( facts or = organiz+ !m4 ,! sett+ up ( specific purposes seem$ to (f] !m ! aid t !y ne$$4 ,s9ce ?is 0 9 ,brooklyn1 :]e ! ma9 relation ( cats to *ildr5 is t ( pets1 we took up ! /udy ( ! animal ) ! purpose ( f9d+ to :at ext5t cats z pets c provide = !mselves1 & to :at ext5t1 !re=e1 !y ne$ to be tak5 c>e (1 & h[4 ,"u ^! head+s ! sub-topics giv51 ) a few omissions & additions1 might be arrang$ z foll[s3 ,"u fir/ aim3-- ,i4 ,food 7*ief ?+ necess>y74 _/,birds #a4 ,k9ds ( prey444 ,mice ,moles1 etc4 _/,eyes1 t see 9 d>k2 #b4 ,h[ f\nd44444 /ructure4 ,s5se ( smell2 ke5ness4 ,e>s2 ke5ness4 _/ ,approa*2 use ( :isk]s4 ,quietness ( movem5ts2 h[ s quiet 7padd$ feet1 loose jo9ts1 mann] ( walk+74 ,action ( tail4 #c4 ,h[ caught44444 ,cat*+ & hold+2 ability to spr+2 /r5g? ( h9d legs4 ,=e paws2 us$ l h&s4 ,claws2 %ape1 %>pness1 & %ea?s4 ,,ii4 ,%elt]4 ,use ( cov]+4 ,f9d+ ( w>m place 9 colde/ wea!r4 ,"u second aim3-- ,i4 ,food 7:5 prey is want+74 ,k9ds & :]e obta9$3 milk2 scraps f table2 biscuit2 catnip4 ,obs]ve me?od ( dr9k+4 ,,ii4 ,%elt]4 ,h[ provide %elt]4 ,,iii4 ,cleanl9ess4 ,:y wa%+ unnecess>y 7cat's face wa%+2 av]sion to gett+ wet74 ,dang] f dampness4 ,ne$ ( comb+ & bru%+2 me?od4 ,,iv4 ,enemies4 ,k9ds ( insects2 rem$ies4 ,dogs2 boys & m54 ,prop] treatm5t4 ,value ( ,society = ,prev5tion ( ,cruelty to ,animals2 h[ to secure its aid4 ,?us a def9ite purpose1 t is simple1 concrete1 & close to ! le>n]'s exp]i5ce1 c be valuable z a basis = select+ & arrang+ subject-matt]4 ,facts t be> no important relation to ?is aim1 su* z ! l5g? ( ! cat's tail & ! %ape ( its e>s1 fall out2 & ^? t are left1 drop into a s]ies 9 place ( a m]e li/4 ,z a promise ( "s practical outcome ( /udy 9 conduct ,a manufactur] mu/ d m ?an supply himself ) motive p[] & manufacture a prop] quality ( goods2 he mu/ also provide = a m>ket4 ,aga91 if he makes money1 he is "u obligations n to let x lie idle2 if he ho>ds x1 he is condemn$ z a mis]4 ,he is responsible = turn+ :atev] goods or money he collects to "s acc\nt4 ,! /ud5t1 likewise1 %\ld n be m]ely a collector ( k4 ,! object ( /udy is n m]ely insight4 ,z ,fr$]ick ,h>rison has said1 ,man's bus9ess "h is to "k = ! sake ( liv+1 n to live = ! sake ( kn[+4 ,religion t does n express itself 9 conduct socially useful is n true religion2 &1 we may add1 education t does n d ! same is n true education4 ,x is "p ( "o's "w z a /ud5t1 !re=e1 to plan to turn "o's k to "s acc\nt2 to plan n alone to sell x = money1 b to use x 9 v>i\s ways 9 daily life4 ,if1 in/ead ( ?is1 "o aims to d no?+ b collect facts1 no matt] h[ ard5tly1 he has ! _s ( a bookworm at be/ & /&s on ! same plane z ! mis]4 ,or if1 not)/&+ good int5tions1 he leaves ! effect ( 8 k on life ma9ly to accid5t1 he is grossly c>eless 9 reg>d to ! *ief object ( /udy4 ,yet ! av]age /ud5t reg>ds himself z ma9ly a collector ( facts1 a /oreh\se ( k2 & 8 tea*]s also reg>d him 9 t light4 ,plann+ to turn k to "s acc\nt is n ?\ght to be ess5tial to s*ol>%ip4 ,!re are1 no d\bt1 v>i\s reasons = ?is1 b x is n because an effect on life is n f9ally desir$4 ,! explanation seems to be l>gely f\nd 9 a v peculi> !ory1 namely1 t ! few] be>+s on life a /ud5t n[ conc]ns himself )1 ! m he w someh[ ultimately realize2 & if he aims at none 9 p>ticul>1 he w v likely hit mo/ ( !m4 ,?us aimlessness1 s f> z relations ( /udy to life are conc]n$1 is put at a premium1 & /ud5ts are directly enc\rag$ to be omnivor\s absorb]s )\t fur!r responsibility4 ,mean:ile1 s5sible p are conv9c$ ( ! uns\ndness ( ?is !ory4 ,h[ (t51 aft] hav+ read a book f no p>ticul> po9t ( view1 "o feels x necess>y to reexam9e x 9 ord] to "k h[ x treats "s p>ticul> topic6 ,! =m] read+ 0 too defective to meet a special ne$1 because ! v g5]al aim caus$ ! attitude to be g5]al or non-selective4 ,h[ (t5 d "y p :o h be5 taught to h no p>ticul> aim 9 _! read+1 h no aim at all1 beyond intellectual dissipation1 ! mom5t>y tickle ( ! ?\ght4 ,?us all p>ticul> ne$s are 9 dang] ( be+ left unsatisfi$ :5 no p>ticul> ne$ is fix$ ^u z ! object4 ,x is ! gr[+ consci\sness ( ! great wa/e 9 su* /udy t has *ang$ botany 9 _m places into horticulture & agriculture1 *emi/ry into ! *emi/ry ( ! kit*51 & t has caus$ portions ( _m o!r /udies to be approa*$ f ! human view- po9t4 ,?is indicates ! positive acceptance ( specific purposes z guides 9 /udy4 ,!y are n by any means full gu>antees ( an outcome ( k 9 conduct1 = !y are only ! plans by :i* ! /ud5t hopes t 8 k w function4 ,s9ce plans (t5 fail ( accompli%m5t1 ^! purposes may nev] be realiz$4 ,b !y give promise ( "s outcome & =m "o important /ep 9 a s]ies ( /eps necess>y = ! fruition ( k4 ,by :om & :5 su* purposes %\ld be conceiv$ ,! aims set up by advanc$ s*ol>s are necess>ily an outgr[? ( _! individual exp]i5ce & int]e/s4 ,su* aims mu/1 !re=e1 v>y greatly4 ,= ?is reason su* m5 mu/ conceive _! purposes = !mselves2 !re is no "o :o c d x = !m4 ,y\ng] /ud5ts are 9 mu* ! same situation1 = _! aims %\ld also be individual to a l>ge ext5t4 ,text-books might be ( mu* help if _! au?ors attempt$ ?is task ) skill4 ,b au?ors seldom attempt x at all2 &1 ev5 if !y d1 !y are "u ! disadvantage ( writ+ = great numb]s ( p]sons liv+ 9 widely diff]5t environm5ts4 ,any aims t !y propose mu/ necess>ily be ( a v g5]al "*4 ,tea*]s might aga9 be ( mu* help2 b _m ( !m d n "k h[1 & _m m w n try4 ,! task1 !re=e1 falls ma9ly to ! /ud5t himself4 ,z to ! "t ( =m+ 9 m9d ^! aims1 ! exp]im5tal sci5ti/ necess>ily posits "s sort ( hypo!sis 9 advance ( 8 exp]im5ts2 ! em95t m5 be=e m5tion$ conceive ! que/ions t !y hope to h answ]$1 9 advance ( _! read+4 ,x is natural t "o %\ld fix an aim be=e do+ ! "w t is necess>y = its accompli%m5t4 ,if ^! aims are to furni% ! motive = close att5tion & ! basis = ! selection & organization ( facts1 !y c]ta9ly ought to be det]m9$ ^u e>ly4 ,! e>li] !y come1 too1 ! great] ! likelihood ( "s practical outcome 9 conduct2 = ! want ( su* an outcome is v (t5 due to _! po/ponem5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! sett+ up ( desirable ends requires m5tal vigor1 z well z a wide & well-controll$ exp]i5ce4 ,gibbon's solit>y walk 7p4 #ca7 ,w\ld h>dly be a pleasure walk = mo/ "y p1 ev5 if !y _h 8 ri* fund ( k to draw ^u4 ,:ile x is desirable1 !re=e1 to det]m9e e>ly ^u "o's purposes1 "y /ud5ts w (t5 f9d x impossible to d ?is4 ,9 su* cases !y w h to beg9 /udy+ )\t su* aids4 ,!y c at lea/ keep a %>p look\t = suitable purposes1 & c gradually fix ^u !m z !y proce$4 ,9 g5]al x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! soon] good aims are select$1 ! soon] _! b5efits w be enjoy$4 ,,! ,,fitness ,,( ,,*ildr5 ,,9 ,,! ,,elem5t>y ,,s*ool ,,to ,,select ,,specific ,,purposes ,,( ,,/udy ,accord+ to cu/om1 "y p are expect$ to acquire k n[ & f9d its uses lat]4 ,! prec$+ argum5t w\ld rev]se t ord] by hav+ !m discov] _! wants fir/ & !n /udy to satisfy !m4 ,?is is ! way 9 :i* man has progress$ f ! beg9n+--outside ( educational in/itutions--& x seems ! normal ord]4 ,to :at ext5t %all ?is apply to *ildr58 ,if ! fix+ ( aims is difficult = adult /ud5ts1 x c be expect$ to be ev5 m difficult = *ildr5 ( ! elem5t>y s*ool age4 ,= _! exp]i5ce1 f :i* ! sugge/ions = specific purposes mu/ be obta9$1 is n>r[ & _! comm& ( x slight4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y are expect$ to h done a l>ge am\nt ( /udy+ be=e ent]+ ! high s*ool1 mu* ( x alone1 too4 ,&1 aft] leav+ ! elem5t>y s*ool1 p w take x = grant$ t !y h already le>n$ h[ to /udy4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! f9d+ ( specific purposes is an important factor 9 prop] /udy1 responsibility = acquir+ t ability w fall ^u ! elem5t>y s*ool4 ,d *ildr5 ne$ ! help ( specific aims8 ,! fir/ "q to consid] is1 ,d *ildr5 s]i\sly ne$ ! help ( su* aims8 ,!y c]ta9ly d 9 "o respect1 = !y resemble _! eld]s 9 be+ afflict$ ) inatt5tion & unwill+ness to ex]t !mselves 9 /udy4 ,^! are ! (f5ses = :i* !y are mo/ (t5 scold$ at s*ool1 & ^! are _! *ief faults :5 !y attempt to /udy alone4 ,!re is no d\bt also b t ! ma9 reason :y *ildr5 improve v little 9 oral read+ dur+ ! la/ ?ree ye>s 9 ! elem5t>y s*ool is _! lack ( inc5tive to improve4 ,!y feel no great ne$ ( enunciat+ di/9ctly & ( read+ ) pleasant tones l\d en\gh to be he>d by all1 :5 all pres5t h ! same text be=e !m4 ,:y %\ld !y8 ,good aims make *ildr5 al]t1 j z !y d old] p]sons4 ,i rememb] he>+ a ,new ,york tea*] 9 a private s*ool say to h] ?irte5-ye>-old *ildr5 9 composition1 "o spr+ day3 ,i expect to sp5d my vacation at "s summ] resort2 b ,i h n yet decid$ :at "o x %all be4 ,if y h a good place 9 m9d1 ,i %\ld be glad to h y tell me :y y l x4 ,x may influ5ce my *oice4 ,%e 0 a v popul> tea*]1 & ea* pupil long$ to h h] = a companion dur+ ! summ]4 ,i nev] saw a class und]take a composition ) m eag]ness4 ,9 a c]ta9 fif?-ye> class 9 geography a conte/ betwe5 ! boys & girls = ! be/ collection ( articles manufactur$ out ( flax result$ 9 ! greate/ en?usiasm4 ,! read+ or committ+ to memory ( /ories ) ! object ( dramatiz+ !m--su* z ,! ,*ildr5's ,h\r1 9 ! second or ?ird grade--seldom fails to ar\se lively int]e/4 ,= sev]al ye>s ! memb]s ( ! highe/ two classes 9 a c]ta9 s*ool h collect$ _m ( ! be/ c>toons & witticisms4 ,!y h also be5 9 ! habit ( read+ ! magaz9es ) ! object ( select+ su* articles z might be ( special int]e/ to _! own families at home1 or to o!r classes 9 ! s*ool1 or to _! classmates1 (t5 def5d+ _! selections be=e ! class4 ,_! mo/ valuable articles h be5 classifi$ & catalogu$ = use 9 ! s*ool2 & _! joke-books1 =m$ out ( humor\s collections1 h circulat$ ?r\gh ! s*ool4 ,! effect ( ! plan 9 int]e/+ pupils 9 curr5t lit]ature has be5 excell5t4 ,a c]ta9 settlem5t work] 9 ,new ,york ,city 9 *>ge ( a club ( f\rte5- to eighte5-ye>-old boys tri$ to ar\se an int]e/ 9 lit]ature1 us+ "o plan aft] ano!r )\t success4 ,f9ally ! class und]took to read ,julius ,caes> ) ! object ( select+ ! be/ p>ts & act+ !m out 9 public4 ,?is plan succe$$2 & :ile ! act+ 0 grotesque1 ?is purpose l$ to :at 0 probably ! mo/ e>ne/ /udy+ t ^? boys _h ev] done4 ,! value ( def9ite aims = ! conduct ( ! recitation is n[ (t5 discuss$ & mu* appreciat$ by tea*]s4 ,if su* aims are s important 9 class1 ) ! tea*] pres5t1 !y are surely n less ne$$ :5 ! *ild is /udy+ alone4 ,! wor? ( specific aims = *ildr5 z a s\rce ( en]gy 9 g5]al is likewise great4 ,x is a "q :e!r *ildr5 "u ?ree ye>s ( age are ev] lazy4 ,b c]ta9ly )9 a few ye>s aft] t age--ow+ to ! bad effect ( civilization1 ,r\sseau might say--_m ( !m make great progress t[>d laz9ess ( bo? body & m9d4 ,! possibilities 9 ?is direction 7 once /rik+ly illu/rat$ 9 an orphan asylum 9 ,new ,york ,city4 ,! two hundr$ *ildr5 9 ?is asylum _h be5 9 ! habit ( m>*+ to _! meals 9 sil5ce1 eat+ 9 sil5ce1 & m>*+ out 9 sil5ce4 ,!y _h be5 tra9$ to ! lock /ep discipl9e1 until !y 7 quiet & good to a high degree4 ,! old sup]9t5d5t hav+ resign$ on acc\nt ( age1 an exp]i5c$ tea*]1 :o 0 an en?usia/ 9 education1 succe$$ him 9 t (fice4 ,feel+ depress$ by ! lack ( life among ! *ildr51 ! latt] conclud$1 aft] a few weeks1 to break ! r\t9e by tak+ ?irty ( ! old] boys & girls to a circus4 ,b %ortly be=e ! appo9t$ day "o ( ^! girls prov$ s refractory t %e 0 told t %e c\ld n be all[$ to g4 ,to ! new sup]9t5d5t's a/oni%m5t1 h[ev]1 %e did n seem disappo9t$ or ang]$2 %e m]ely rem>k$ t %e _h nev] se5 a circus & did n c>e mu* to g anyway4 ,%ortly aft]w>d he f9$ sev]al ( ! *ildr5 = misconduct4 ,_m ( !m _h a few doll>s ( _! own1 receiv$ f relatives & o!r fri5ds4 ,b ! f9es did n worry !m4 ,!y 7 n 9 ! habit ( sp5d+ money1 hav+ no occasion = x2 all t !y ne$$ 0 food1 clo?+1 & %elt]1 & ^! ! in/itution 0 b\nd to give4 ,!n he depriv$ c]ta9 unruly *ildr5 ( a %>e 9 ! games4 ,t aga9 fail$ to cause acute sorr[4 ,9 ! great city !y _h little room = play1 & _m _h n become fond ( games4 ,x f9ally prov$ difficult to discov] any?+ t !y c>$ = greatly4 ,_! discipl9e _h accompli%$ its object1 until !y 7 usually good simply because !y 7 too dull1 too want+ 9 ideas & int]e/s to be mis*iev\s4 ,_! en]gy 9 g5]al 0 l[4 ,"h 0 a dem& = specific purposes )\t limit4 ,"o ( ! fir/ aims t ! new sup]9t5d5t set up1 aft] mak+ ?is discov]y1 0 to inculcate live int]e/s 9 ^! *ildr51 a capacity to enjoy ! circus1 a love ev5 ( money1 a love ( games1 ( fl[]s1 ( read+1 & ( companion%ip4 ,8 means 0 ! fix+ ( def9ite & int]e/+ objects to be accompli%$ f day to day1 & ^! gradually re/or$ ! *ildr5 to _! normal condition4 ,?us all *ildr5 ne$ ! help ( specific aims1 & "s ne$ x sadly4 ,is x normal to expect *ildr5 to le>n to set up specific aims = !mselves8 ,!re rema9s ! v important "q1 ,are *ildr5 !mselves capable ( le>n+ to set up su* purposes8 ,or at lea/ w\ld su* attempts seem to be normal = !m8 ,?is "q _c receive a f9al answ] at pres5t1 because *ildr5 h n be5 suffici5tly te/$ 9 ?is respect4 ,x has s long be5 ! habit 9 s*ool to collect facts & leave _! be>+s on life to future accid5t1 t ! =ce ( habit makes x difficult to measure ! probabilities 9 reg>d to a v diff]5t proc$ure4 ,yet !re are "s facts t are v enc\rag+4 ,a l>ge numb] ( ! tasks t *ildr5 und]take outside ( s*ool are self impos$1 _m ( ^! includ+ mu* intellectual "w4 ,l>gely z a result ( su* tasks1 too1 !y probably le>n at lea/ z mu* outside ( s*ool z !y le>n 9 s*ool1 & !y le>n x bett]4 ,fur!r1 :5 call$ ^u 9 s*ool to d ?is k9d ( ?9k+1 !y readily respond4 ,a tea*] "o day rem>k$ to h] class1 ,i h a little girl fri5d liv+ on ! ,hudson ,riv]1 ne> ,albany1 :o has be5 ill = _m weeks4 ,x occurr$ to me t y might l to write h] "s lett]s t w\ld help h] to pass ! "t m pleasantly4 ,c\ld y d x8 ,yes1 by all means1 0 ! response4 ,!n :at w y *oose to write ab\t8 said ! tea*]4 ,"o girl soon inquir$1 ,d y ?9k t %e w\ld l to "k h[ ,i am tra9+ my bird to s+8 ,sev]al o!r int]e/+ topics 7 sugge/$4 ,! f9d+ ( desirable purposes is n beyond *ildr5's abilities4 ,individual examples1 h[ev]1 c h>dly furni% ! be/ answ] to ! "q at pres5t2 ! g5]al nature ( *ildr5 mu/ det]m9e x4 ,if *ildr5 are lead+ lives t are ri* en\gh intellectually & morally to furni% num]\s occasions to turn _! acquisitions to acc\nt1 !n x w\ld c]ta9ly be reasonable to expect !m to discov] "s ( ^! occasions4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 _! lives are comp>atively b>r51 x might be unnatural to make su* a dem& ^u !m4 ,! feel+ is r common t human exp]i5ce becomes ri* only z ! adult p]iod is rea*$2 t *ildhood is comp>atively b>r5 ( ne$s1 & valuable ma9ly z a p]iod ( /orage ( k to meet wants t w arise lat]4 ,yet is ?is true8 ,by ! "t ! adult /ate is rea*$1 "o has pass$ ?r\gh ! pr9cipal k9ds ( exp]i5ce2 ! p]iod ( /ruggle is l>gely ov]1 & ! results h regi/]$ !mselves 9 habits4 ,! adult is to a great ext5t a bundle ( habits4 ,! *ild1 & ! y\? 9 ! adolesc5t age1 on ! o!r h&1 are j go+ ! r\nd ( exp]i5ce = ! fir/ few times4 ,!y are j =m+ _! judgm5ts z to ! values ( ?+s ab\t !m4 ,_! intellectual life is abundant1 z is %[n by _! innum]able que/ions4 ,_! temptations--su* z to become angry1 to fight1 to lie1 to *eat1 & to /eal--are m num]\s & probably m sev]e ?an !y w usually be lat]2 _! opportunities to please & help o!rs1 or to (f5d & h9d]1 are )\t limit2 & _! joys & sorr[s1 ?\gh ( brief] duration ?an lat]1 are m num]\s & (t5 fully z acute4 ,9 o!r words1 !y are 9 ! mid/ ( gr[?1 ( habit =mation1 bo? intellectually & morally4 ,!irs is ! "t ( life :51 to a peculi> degree1 !y are exp]im5tally relat$ to _! environm5t4 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld !y be taught to look pa/ ?is p]iod1 to _! di/ant future z ! h>ve/ "t = _! k & p[]s8 ,! occasions are abundant n[ = turn+ facts & abilities to acc\nt1 & x is normal to expect !m to see _m ( ^! opportunities4 ,prop] developm5t requires t !y be tra9$ to look = !m1 in/ead ( look+ pa/ !m4 ,"h is se5 ! ne$ ( "o m re=m 9 education4 ,*ildr5 us$ to be reg>d$ z lack+ value 9 !mselves2 _! wor? lay 9 _! promise ( be+ m5 & wom52 & if1 ow+ to ill heal?1 ?is promise 0 v d\btful1 !y 7 put aside4 ,= education !y 7 giv5 t m5tal pabulum t 0 consid]$ valuable to ! adult2 & _! ta/es1 habits1 & mann]s 7 judg$ f ! same viewpo9t4 ,v rec5tly "o radical improvem5t has be5 effect$ 9 ?is program4 ,z illu/rat$ 9 ! doctr9e ( app]ception1 we h gr[n to respect ! natures ( *ildr51 ev5 to accept _! in/9cts1 _! native t5d5cies1 & _! exp]i5ces z ! prop] basis = _! education4 ,t is a wond]ful advance4 ,b we d n yet reg>d _! pres5t exp]i5ce z furni%+ ! motive = _! education4 ,we ne$ to take "o m /ep & recognize _! pres5t lives z ! field :]e9 ! k t !y acquire %all function4 ,we d ?is to "s ext5t2 b we lack fai? 9 ! abundance ( _! pres5t exp]i5ce1 & are always impati5tly look+ =w>d to a "t :5 _! lives w be ri*4 ,9 fe$+ *ildr5 we h our eyes prim>ily on ! pres5t2 food is giv5 !m 9 ord] to be assimilat$ & us$ n[ to satisfy pres5t ne$s2 t is ! be/ way ( gu>antee+ heal? = ! future4 ,likewise 9 giv+ !m m5tal & spiritual food1 our att5tion %\ld be direct$ prim>ily to its pres5t value4 ,x %\ld be giv5 ) ! purpose ( pres5t n\ri%m5t1 ( satisfy+ pres5t ne$s2 o!r m di/ant ne$s w !reby be be/ s]v$4 ,a few ye>s ago1 :5 ,i 0 discuss+ ?is topic ) a class at ,tea*]s ,college1 ,i happ5$ to obs]ve a recitation 9 ! ,horace ,mann s*ool 9 :i* a class ( *ildr5 0 read+ ,silas ,m>n]4 ,!y 7 frequ5tly reprov$ = _! unnaturally h>% voices1 = _! monotones1 indi/9ct enunciation1 & poor gr\p+ ( words4 ,9 ! ,spey] s*ool1 n9e blocks nor? ( ?is s*ool1 ,i _h (t5 obs]v$ ! same defects4 ,at ab\t t "t "o ( my /ud5ts1 int]e/$ 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,new ,york1 happ5$ to call ^u an old woman liv+ 9 a %anty midway betwe5 ^! two s*ools4 ,%e 0 an old inhabitant1 & "o ( ! e>ly roadways t ! /ud5t 0 hunt+ _h pass$ ne> h] h\se4 ,9 conv]sation ) ! woman he le>n$ t %e _h _h five *ildr51 all ( :om _h be5 tak5 f h] "s ye>s be=e1 )9 a =tnight1 by sc>let fev]2 & t s9ce !n %e _h be5 liv+ alone4 ,:5 he rem>k$ t %e mu/ feel lonesome at times1 te>s came to h] eyes1 & %e repli$1 ,sometimes4 ,z he 0 leav+ %e ?ank$ him = 8 call & rem>k$ t %e seldom _h any visitors2 %e add$ t1 if "s "o w\ld drop 9 n[ & !n1 ei!r to talk or to read to h]1 %e w\ld greatly appreciate x2 h] eyes _h s fail$ t %e c\ld no long] read = h]self4 ,"h 0 an excell5t *ance to improve ! *ildr5's read+ by enabl+ !m to see t ! bett] _! read+ ! m pleasure c\ld !y give to ^? ab\t !m4 ,?is seems typical ( ! pres5t relation betwe5 ! s*ool & its environ+ _w4 ,:ile ! two ne$ ea* o!r sadly1 ! s*ool is isolat$ some:at l ! old- "t mona/]y4 ,! fix+ ( specific aims = /udy c aid mat]ially 9 e/abli%+ ! normal relation1 & *ildr5 c c]ta9ly contribute to ?is end by discov]+ "s ( ^! purposes !mselves4 ,t is "o ( ! ?+s t !y %\ld le>n to d4 ,,practical ,,sugge/ions ,,= ,,tea*+ ,,*ildr5 ,,to ,,f9d ,,specific ,,aims ,,= ,,_! ,,/udy #a4 ,elim9ation ( subject-matt] t has little be>+ on life ,! elim9ation f ! curriculum ( su* subject-matt] z has no probable be>+ on ord9>y mortals is "o important /ep to take 9 giv+ *ildr5 def9ite aims 9 _! /udy4 ,!re is mu* ( ?is matt] hav+ little excuse = exi/5ce beyond ! fact t x ex]cises ! m9d2 = example3 9 ari?metic1 ! f9d+ ( ! ,greate/ ,common ,divisor z a sep>ate topic1 ! tables = ,apo!c>ies' weight & ,troy measure1 ,complex & ,comp\nd ,fractions2,footnote3 ,= a m complete li/ ( su* topics1 see ,tea*]s ,college ,record1 ,ma!matics 9 ! ,elem5t>y ,s*ool1 ,m>*1 #aijc1 by ,david ,eug5e ,smi? & ,f4 ,m4 ,mc,murry4 9 geography1 ! location ( _m unimportant capes1 bays1 capitals & o!r t[ns1 riv]s & b\nd>ies2 9 nature /udy1 _m classifications1 ! detail$ /udy ( leaves1 & ! /udy ( _m uncommon wild plants4 ,! tea*+ ( facts t _c function 9 ! lives ( pupils directly enc\rages ! m]e collect+ habit1 & ?us t5ds to defeat ! purpose "h propos$4 ,n t we d n wi% *ildr5 to collect facts2 b :ile acquir+ !m we want *ildr5 to c>ry ! responsibility ( discov]+ ways ( turn+ !m to acc\nt1 & m]e collect+ t5ds to dull ?is s5se ( responsibility4 #b4 ,! example to be set by ! tea*] ,by h] own me?od ( in/ruction ! tea*] c set an example ( :at %e desires f h] pupils 9 ! way ( concrete aims4 ,= in/ance3 7a7 dur+ recitation %e c occasionally sugge/ opportunities = ! application ( k & ability4 ,?is is a /ory t y might tell to o!r *ildr51 %e might say2 or1 ,"h is some?+ t y might dramatize4 ,y might talk ) y\r fa!r or "m ab\t ?is4 ,c\ld y read ?is al\d to y\r family8 ,aga91 7b7 9 ! assignm5t ( lessons %e might set a def9ite problem t w\ld br+ ! s*ool "w into direct t\* ) ! outside _w4 ,9 f9e art1 in/ead ( hav+ *ildr5 make designs = bord]s1 )\t any p>ticul> use = ! design1 %e might sugge/1 ,f9d "s object or wall surface t ne$s a bord]1 & see if y c design "o t w be suitable4 ,z a task 9 ari?metic = a fif?-ye> class 9 a small t[n1 %e might assign ! problem1 ,to f9d out z accurately z possible :e!r or n x pays to keep a c[4 ,f9ally1 7c7 z "p ( an exam9ation1 %e c ask ! class to recall purposes t !y h kept 9 m9d 9 ! /udy ( c]ta9 topics4 ,by su* means ! tea*] c make cle> to a class :at is meant by int]e/+ or useful aims ( /udy1 & also impress !m ) ! fact t %e feels ! ne$ ( /udy+ "u ! guidance ( su* aims4 #c4 ,! responsibility ! *ildr5 %\ld be>4 ,! tea*] ne$ n d a great am\nt ( su* "w = h] class4 ,! *ildr5 %\ld le>n to d x !mselves1 & !y w n acquire ! ability ma9ly by hav+ "s "o else d x = !m4 ,!re=e1 aft] ! *ildr5 h come to und]/& ! requirem5t fairly well1 ! tea*] might occasionally assign a lesson by specify+ only ! quantity1 z su* & su* pages1 or su* & su* topics1 9 ! geography or hi/ory1 ) ! und]/&+ t ! class %all /ate 9 ! next recitation "o or m aims = ! lesson2 = example1 if x is ! geography ( ,russia1 ,h[ x happ5s t we he> s (t5 ( fam9es 9 ,russia1 :ile we d n he> ( !m 9 o!r p>ts ( ,europe2 or1 if x is ! hi/ory ( ,columbus1 ,= :at *>act]i/ic is ,columbus to be mo/ admir$8 ,aga91 ,9 :at ways has 8 discov]y ( ,am]ica prov$ ( b5efit to ! _w8 ,! f9d+ ( su* problems w !n be a "p ( ! /udy necess>y 9 ma/]+ ! lesson4 ,likewise1 dur+ ! recitation & )\t any h9t f ! tea*]1 ! *ildr5 %\ld %[ t !y are c>ry+ ! responsibility ( e/abli%+ relations ( ! subject-matt] ) life1 by m5tion+ fur!r be>+s1 or possible uses1 t !y discov]4 ,review lessons furni% excell5t occasions = /udy ( ?is k9d4 ,x is n>r[ to review lessons only f ! po9t ( view ( ! au?or4 ,8 view-po9t %\ld be review$ (t5 en\gh to become well fix$1 b !re %\ld be o!r view-po9ts tak5 also4 ,john ,fiske has admirably pres5t$ ! hi/ory ( ! p]iod imm$iately foll[+ ! ,revolution4 ,! title ( 8 book1 ,! ,critical ,p]iod ( ,am]ican ,hi/ory1 makes u curi\s f ! beg9n+ to "k h[ ! p]iod 0 s critical4 ,?is is a f9e example ( a specific aim gov]n+ a :ole book4 ,b o!r aims 9 review might be1 ,d we owe z mu* to ,wa%+ton dur+ ?is p]iod z dur+ ! w> j prec$+8 ,or 7 o!r m5 equally or m prom95t8 ,h[ 0 ! e/abli%m5t ( a firm ,union made especially difficult by ! want ( c]ta9 mod]n inv5tions8 ,! pupils !mselves %\ld develop ! p[] to sugge/ su* que/ions4 #d4 ,! s\rces to :i* *ildr5 %\ld look = sugge/ions ,! tea*] c tea* ! *ildr5 :]e to look = sugge/ions 9 _! se>* = specific purposes4 ,dur+ meals1 ?ree times a day1 int]e/+ topics ( conv]sation are welcome2 inde$1 ! de>? ( conv]sation at su* times1 ow+ to lack ( some?+ to say1 is (t5 depress+4 ,!re is (t5 ne$ ( some?+ to unite ! family ( ev5+s1 su* z a magaz9e article read al\d1 or a good n>rative1 or a discussion ( "s timely topic4 ,!re are social ga!r+s :]e ! p don't "k :at to d2 !re are recesses at s*ool :]e !re is ! same difficulty2 !re are neighbors1 bro!rs & si/]s1 & o!r fri5ds :o are m ?an ready to be ent]ta9$1 or in/ruct$1 or help$4 ,yet *ildr5 (t5 dramatize /ories at s*ool1 )\t ev] ?9k+ ( do+ ! same = ! ent]ta9m5t ( _! family at home4 ,!y read good /ories )\t expect+ to tell !m to any "o4 ,!y collect good ideas ab\t judg+ pictures1 )\t plann+ to beautify _! homes ?r\gh !m4 ,?us ! *ildr5 c be made consci\s t !re are wants on all sides ( !m1 & by "s /udy ( _! environm5t !y c f9d _m aims t w give purpose to _! s*ool "w4 ,aga91 by a review ( _! pa/ /udies1 _! read+1 & _! exp]i5ce ( v>i\s k9ds1 !y c be rem9d$ ( objects t !y are desir\s ( accompli%+4 ,x is1 p]haps1 ne$less to say t ! tea*] h]self mu/ likewise make a c>eful /udy ( ! home1 /reet1 & s*ool life ( h] pupils1 ( _! /udy & read+1 if %e is to guide !m mo/ effectually 9 _! own se>* = desirable aims4 #e4 ,/ock+ up ) specific aims 9 advance ,f9ally1 ! tea*] c lead h] pupils to /ock up ) specific aims ev5 9 advance ( _! imm$iate ne$s4 ,a tea*] :o visits ano!r s*ool ) ! desire ( gett+ helpful sugge/ions w\ld bett] write d[n be=eh& ! v>i\s ?+s t %e wi%es to see4 ,%e c af=d to sp5d consid]able "t & en]gy ^u su* a li/ ( po9ts4 ,o!rwise1 %e is likely to ov]look half ( ! ?+s %e 0 anxi\s to inquire ab\t4 ,likewise1 *ildr5 c be taught to jot d[n 9 a notebook v>i\s problems t !y hope to solve1 v>i\s wants obs]v$ 9 _! environm5t t !y may help to satisfy4 ,*ildr5 :o are mu* int]e/$ 9 read+1 sometimes )\t outside sugge/ion make li/s ( good books t !y h he>d ( & hope to read4 ,& z !y read "s1 !y add o!rs to _! li/4 ,keep+ ?is li/ 9 m9d1 !y are on ! look\t = any ( ^! books1 & improve ! opportunity to read "o ( !m :5ev] x (f]s4 ,a simil> habit 9 reg>d to ?+s "o w\ld l to "k & d c be cultivat$1 s t "o w h a ri* /ock ( aims on h& 9 advance1 & ^! w help greatly to give purpose to ! "w lat] requir$ 9 ! s*ool4 #f4 ,! importance ( mod]ation 9 dem&s made ^u *ildr54 ,9 conclusion1 x may be ( importance to add t ?is k9d ( in/ruction c be easily ov]done1 & x is bett] to proce$ too sl[ly ?an too rapidly4 ,x is a heal?y & p]man5t developm5t t is want$1 & ! tea*] %\ld re/ satisfi$ if x is sl[4 ,x is by no means feasible to attempt to subord9ate all /udy to specific aims2 we _c see our way to accompli% t n[4 ,b we c d some?+ 9 t direction4 ,only occasional attempts ) ! y\ng] *ildr5 w be 9 place2 m consci\s ef=ts w be fitt+ among old] pupils4 ,by ! "t ! elem5t>y s*ool is f9i%$1 a fair degree ( success 9 discov]+ specific aims c be expect$4 ,yet1 ev5 if little m ?an a will+ness to take "t to try is e/abli%$1 ! ga9 w be appreciable4 ,:5 *ildr5 become int]e/$ 9 a topic1 !y are impati5t to g on & to keep go+ on4 ,?is cont9ual hurry+ =w>d cr[ds out reflection4 ,if !y le>n no m ?an to pause n[ & !n 9 ord] to f9d "s be>+s on life1 & ?us d "s indep5d5t ?9k+1 !y are pav+ ! way = ! invaluable habit ( reflection4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,supplem5t+ ,,( ,,?\ght1 ,,z ,a ,,second ,,factor ,,( ,,/udy ,! "q "h at issue ,9 ! prec$+ *apt] ! importance ( /udy+ "u ! influ5ce ( specific purposes 0 urg$4 ,^! are su* purposes z ! /ud5t really desires to accompli% by ! /udy ( text or ( o!r matt] plac$ be=e him4 ,s9ce !y are n usually includ$ 9 su* matt]1 b mu/ be conceiv$ by ! /ud5t himself1 !y con/itute a v important k9d ( supplem5t to :atev] /atem5ts may be (f]$ = /udy4 ,! que/ions n[ arise1 ,are o!r k9ds ( supplem5t+ also g5]ally necess>y8 ,if s1 :at is _! nature8 ,%\ld !y be prom95t1 or only a m9or "p ( /udy8 ,& is !re any explanation ( ! fact t au?ors are n able to express !mselves m fully & pla9ly8 ,answ]s to ^! que/ions--#a4 ,z sugge/$ by ,bible /udy4 ,= answ]s to ^! que/ions1 turn fir/ to ,bible /udy4 ,take = in/ance a m9i/]'s treatm5t ( a ,bible text4 ,select+ a v]se or two z 8 ,answ]s to !me = a s]mon1 he recalls ! conditions t call$ =? ! words2 builds ! concrete picture by ! addition ( reasonable detail2 makes comp>isons ) correspond+ views or cu/oms ( ! pres5t "t2 /ates & answ]s qu]ies t may arise2 calls att5tion to ! peculi> beauty or =ce ( c]ta9 expressions2 draws inf]5ces or coroll>ies sugge/$ 9 ! text2 &1 f9ally1 int]prets ! ?\ght or draws ! practical lessons4 ,! words 9 8 text may numb] less ?an a doz51 :ile ^? t he utt]s rea* ?\s&s2 & ! ?\ghts t he expresses may be a hundr$ times ! numb] directly visible 9 ! text4 ,leav+ ! m9i/]1 take ! layman's /udy ( ! p>able ( ! ,prodigal ,son4 ,?is is ! /ory z relat$ 9 ,luke #ae3aa-cb3 #aa4 ,& he said1 ,a c]ta9 man _h two sons3 #ab4 ,& ! y\ng] ( !m said to 8 fa!r1 ,fa!r1 give me ! portion ( goods t falle? to me4 ,& he divid$ unto !m 8 liv+4 #ac4 ,& n _m days aft] ! y\ng] son ga!r$ all toge!r1 & took 8 j\rney into a f> c\ntry1 & !re wa/$ 8 sub/ance ) riot\s liv+4 #ad4 ,& :5 he _h sp5t all1 !re arose a mighty fam9e 9 t l&2 & he began to be 9 want4 #ae4 ,& he w5t & jo9$ himself to a citiz5 ( t c\ntry2 & he s5t him into 8 fields to fe$ sw9e4 #af4 ,& he w\ld fa9 h fill$ 8 belly ) ! husks t ! sw9e did eat2 & no man gave unto him #ag4 ,& :5 he came to himself1 he said1 ,h[ _m hir$ s]vants ( my fa!r's h bread en\gh & to sp>e1 & ,i p]i% ) hung]6 #ah4 ,i w arise & g to my fa!r1 & w say unto him1 ,fa!r1 ,i h s9n$ aga9/ heav51 & be=e !e1 #ai4 ,& am no m wor?y to be call$ ?y son2 make me z "o ( ?y hir$ s]vants4 #bj4 ,& he arose1 & came to 8 fa!r4 ,b :5 he 0 yet a great way (f1 8 fa!r saw him1 & _h compassion1 & ran1 & fell on 8 neck1 & kiss$ him4 #ba4 ,& ! son said unto him1 ,fa!r1 ,i h s9n$ aga9/ heav51 & 9 ?y sight1 & am no m wor?y to be call$ ?y son4 #bb4 ,b ! fa!r said to 8 s]vants1 ,br+ =? ! be/ robe1 & put x on him2 & put a r+ on 8 h&1 & %oes on 8 feet4 #bc4 ,& br+ hi!r ! fatt$ calf1 & kill x2 & let u eat & be m]ry4 #bd4 ,= ?is my son 0 dead1 & is alive aga92 he 0 lo/1 & is f\nd4 ,& !y began to be m]ry4 #be4 ,n[ 8 eld] son 0 9 ! field2 & z he came & drew nigh to ! h\se1 he he>d music & danc+4 #bf4 ,& he call$ "o ( ! s]vants & ask$ :at ^! ?+s meant4 #bg4 ,& he said unto him1 ,?y bro!r is come2 & ?y fa!r ha? kill$ ! fatt$ calf1 because he ha? receiv$ him safe & s\nd4 #bh4 ,& he 0 angry1 & w\ld n g 92 !re=e came 8 fa!r out1 & intreat$ him4 #bi4 ,& he answ]+ said to 8 fa!r1 ,lo1 ^! _m ye>s d ,i s]ve !e1 nei!r transgress$ ,i at any "t ?y comm&m5t2 & yet ?\ nev] gave/ me a kid1 t ,i might make m]ry ) my fri5ds2 #cj4 ,b z soon z ?is ?y son 0 come1 :i* ha? dev\r$ ?y liv+ ) h>lots1 ?\ ha/ kill$ = him ! fatt$ calf4 #ha4 ,& he said unto him1 ,son1 ?\ art ev] ) me1 & all t ,i h is ?9e4 #cb4 ,x 0 meet t we %\ld make m]ry & be glad2 = ?is ?y bro!r 0 dead1 & is alive aga92 & 0 lo/1 & is f\nd4 ,h[ simple ! /ory6 ,ev5 a *ild c tell x aft] v few read+s1 & "o c\ld soon le>n ! words by he>t4 ,is "o !n ?r\gh ) x8 ,or has ! /udy !n h>dly begun8 ,note "s ( ! que/ions t ne$ to be consid]$3-- #a4 ,:at v>i\s ?\ghts probably induc$ ! "y man to leave home8 #b4 ,:at pictures ( 8 =m] life does he call to m9d :5 />v+8 ,:y did he hesitate ab\t return+8 #c4 ,:at 7 8 ?\ghts & actions z he approa*$ 8 fa!r2 ^? also ( 8 fa!r8 #d4 ,:at indication ( ! fa!r's "* is giv5 9 ! fact t he saw 8 son :ile yet a great way (f8 #e4 ,:i* is p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ sc5e8 ,:i* is lea/ pleas+8 #f4 ,h[ w\ld ! old] son h _h ! fa!r act8 #g4 ,did ! fa!r argue at l5g? ) ! old] son8 ,0 x 9 place to argue mu* ab\t su* a matt]8 #h4 ,describe ! "* ( ! eld] son4 ,:i* ( ! two is ! bett]8 #i4 ,is ! fa!r %[n to be at fault 9 any respect 9 ! tra9+ ( 8 sons8 ,if s1 h[8 #aj4 ,h[ d p ab\t u (t5 resemble ! eld] son8 #aa4 ,is ?is /ory told z a w>n+ or z a com=t8 ,h[8 ,^! are only a few ( ! _m que/ions t might well be consid]$4 ,inde$1 :ole books c\ld be1 & probably h be51 writt5 ^u ?is "o p>able4 ,yet nei!r su* que/ions nor _! answ]s are includ$ 9 ! text4 ,x seems /range t almo/ none ( ! great ?\ghts t %\ld be ga!r$ f ! /ory are !mselves includ$ ) ! n>rative4 ,b ! same is true 9 reg>d to o!r p>ts ( ! ,bible4 ,! conv]sation betwe5 ,jesus & ! ,sam>itan woman at ! well 7,john #d7 is1 p]haps1 ! greate/ conv]sation t 0 ev] held4 ,yet "o mu/ discov] ?is fact betwe5 ! l9es2 !re is no su* /atem5t includ$ 9 ! acc\nt4 ,evid5tly bo? to ! m9i/] & to ! layman ! ,bible conta9s only ! raw mat]ials = ?\ght4 ,x mu/ be supplem5t$ )\t limit1 if "o is to compreh5d x & to be n\ri%$ by x prop]ly4 #b4 ,z sugge/$ by ! /udy ( o!r lit]ature ,does ?is same hold ) reg>d to o!r lit]ature8 ,= answ]1 recall to :at ext5t ,%akespe>e's dramas are talk$ ov] 9 class1 bo? 9 high s*ools & colleges4 ,b z a type--some:at extreme1 p]haps--take ,br[n+'s ,,my ,,la/ ,,du*ess ,t's my la/ ,du*ess pa9t$ on ! wall1 ,look+ z if %e 7 alive4 ,i call ,t piece a wond]1 n[3 ,fra ,p&olf's h&s ,work$ busily a day1 & !re %e /&s4 ,w't please y sit & look at h]8 ,i said ,fra ,p&olf by design1 = nev] read ,/rang] l y t pictur$ c\nt5ance1 ,! dep? & passion ( its e>ne/ glance1 ,b to myself !y turn$ 7s9ce none puts by ,! curta9 ,i h drawn = y1 b ,i7 ,& seem$ z !y w\ld ask me1 if !y dur/1 ,h[ su* a glance came !re2 s1 n ! fir/ ,are y to turn & ask ?us4 ,sir1 't 0 n ,h] husb&'s pres5ce only1 call$ t spot ,( joy into ! ,du*ess' *eek2 p]haps ,fra ,p&olf *anc$ to say1 ,h] mantle laps ,ov] my lady's wri/ too mu*1 or ,pa9t ,mu/ nev] hope to reproduce ! fa9t ,half-flu% t dies along h] ?roat3 su* /uff ,0 c\rtesy1 %e ?\ght1 & cause en\gh ,= call+ up t spot ( joy4 ,%e _h ,a he>t--h[ %all ,i say--too soon made glad1 ,too easily impress$2 %e lik$ :ate'er ,%e look$ on1 & h] looks w5t ev]y:]e4 ,sir1 't 0 all "o6 ,my favor at h] brea/1 ,! dropp+ ( ! daylight 9 ! ,we/1 ,! b\gh ( *]ries "s (fici\s fool ,broke 9 ! or*>d = h]1 ! :ite mule ,%e rode ) r\nd ! t]race--all & ea* ,w\ld draw f h] alike ! approv+ spee*1 ,or blu%1 at lea/4 ,%e ?ank$ m51--good6 b ?ank$ ,someh[--,i "k n h[--z if %e rank$ ,my gift ( a n9e-hundr$-ye>s-old "n ,) anybody's gift4 ,:o'd /oop to blame ,?is sort ( trifl+8 ,ev5 _h y skill ,9 spee*--7:i* ,i h n7--to make y\r w ,q cle> to su* an "o1 & say1 ,j ?is ,or t 9 y disgu/s me2 "h y miss1 ,or !re exce$ ! m>k--& if %e let ,h]self be lesson$ s1 nor pla9ly set ,h] wits to y\rs1 =soo?1 & made excuse1 --,e'en !n w\ld be "s /oop+2 & ,i *oose ,nev] to /oop4 ,oh sir1 %e smil$1 no d\bt1 ,:5e'er ,i pass$ h]2 b :o pass$ )\t ,mu* ! same smile8 ,?is grew2 ,i gave comm&s2 ,!n all smiles /opp$ toge!r4 ,!re %e /&s ,z if alive4 ,w't please y rise8 ,we'll meet ,! company bel[1 !n4 ,i repeat1 ,! ,c\nt y\r ma/]'s kn[n munific5ce ,is ample w>rant t no j pret5se ,( m9e = d[ry w be disall[$2 ,?\gh 8 fair daught]'s self1 z ,i av[$ ,at />t+1 is my object4 ,nay1 we'll g ,toge!r d[n1 sir4 ,notice ,neptune1 ?\gh1 ,tam+ a sea-horse1 ?\ght a r>ity1 ,:i* ,claus ( ,innsbruck ca/ 9 bronze = me6 ,h[ mu* ! ^w la/ 9 ! title ( ?is poem sugge/s6 ,note h[ _m1 & h[ diff]5t1 are ! topics 9 ! la/ doz5 l9es4 ,yet !re is no p>agraph+ ?r\gh\t4 ,! page %\ld %[ ?+s z !y exi/ 9 ! ,duke's m9d1 & he runs f "o ?\ght to ano!r z if !y 7 all on ! same plane1 & closely relat$4 ,0 !re ev] a m va91 he>tless1 haughty1 selfi%1 b>t]+ g5tleman-wret*8 ,note h[ s+le %ort s5t5ces ev5 surprise "o by ! ext5t to :i* !y reveal "*4 ,:ole volumes are includ$ betwe5 s5t5ces4 ,"o c sc>cely read ! poem ?r\gh rapidly2 = x seems necess>y to pause "h & !re to reflect ^u & int]ject /atem5ts4 ,!re is no d\bt ab\t ! ne$ ( ext5sive supplem5t+ 9 ! case ( adult lit]ature4 ,is t true1 h[ev]1 ( lit]ature = *ildr58 ,is n ?is1 on acc\nt ( ! immaturity ( *ildr51 necess>ily s writt5 z to make su* supplem5t+ unnecess>y8 ,= a te/ let u exam9e ,longfell['s ,! ,*ildr5's ,h\r1 :i* is s popul> ) sev5- & eight-ye>-old boys & girls4 ,,! ,,*ildr5',s ,,h\r ,betwe5 ! d>k & ! daylight1 ,:5 ! night is beg9n+ to l[]1 ,comes a pause 9 ! day's occupations1 ,t is kn[n z ! ,*ildr5's ,h\r4 ,i he> 9 ! *amb] above me ,! patt] ( little feet1 ,! s\nd ( a door t is op5$1 ,& voices s(t & sweet4 ,f my /udy ,i see 9 ! lamplight1 ,desc5d+ ! broad hall /air1 ,grave ,alice1 & laugh+ ,allegra1 ,& ,edi? ) gold5 hair4 ,a :isp]1 & !n a sil5ce3 ,yet ,i "k by _! m]ry eyes1 ,!y are plott+ & plann+ toge!r ,to take me by surprise4 ,a sudd5 ru% f ! /airway1 ,a sudd5 raid f ! hall6 ,by ?ree doors left ungu>d$ ,!y ent] my ca/le wall6 ,!y climb up into my turret ,o'er ! arms & back ( my *air2 ,if ,i try to escape1 !y surr\nd me2 ,!y seem to be ev]y:]e4 ,!y almo/ dev\r me ) kisses ,_! arms ab\t me entw9e1 ,till ,i ?9k ( ! ,bi%op ( ,b+5 ,9 8 ,m\se-,t[] on ! ,rh9e6 ,d y ?9k1 ,o blue-ey$ b&itti1 ,because y h scal$ ! wall1 ,su* an old m\/a*e z ,i am ,is n a mat* = y all6 ,i h y fa/ 9 my =tress1 ,& w n let y dep>t1 ,b put y d[n into ! dungeon1 ,9 ! r\nd t[] ( my he>t4 ,& !re w ,i keep y =ev]1 ,yes1 = ev] & a day1 ,till ! walls %all crumble to ru91 ,& mold] 9 du/ away6 #a4 ,h[ w\ld we plan to dramatize ?is poem8 ,9 answ]+ ?is "q1 we mu/ consid] h[ _m p]sons are ne$$1 :at arrangem5t ( rooms & doors1 etc41 w be fitt+2 are ! la/ ?ree /anzas to be spok58 etc4 #b4 ,x seems t "h is a family 9 :i* an h\r is set aside = play4 ,:at k9d ( home mu/ t be8 #c4 ,0 ?is ! cu/om ea* day8 ,or did x happ5 only once8 #d4 ,does ! fa!r seem to enjoy x8 ,or 0 x r an unpleasant "t = him8 #e4 ,is !re any pro( t ^! 7 especially attractive *ildr58 7,voices s(t & sweet47 #f4 ,:i* is ! be/ "p ( ! la/ ?ree /anzas1 9 :i* he tells h[ mu* he loves !m8 7,mean+ ( = ev] & a day47 #g4 ,d y "k any o!r families t h a "t set ap>t ea* day = play+ toge!r8 ,:y are !re n m8 #h4 ,does su* an arrangem5t dep5d on ! p>5ts :olly8 ,or c\ld ! *ildr5 help mu* to br+ x ab\t8 ,h[8 #i4 ,h y he>d ! /ory ab\t ! ,bi%op ( ,b+5 9 8 ,m\se- ,t[] on ! ,rh9e ,riv]8 #aj4 ,mean+ ( /range words may be expla9$ 9 v>i\s ways1 p]haps "s ( !m sc>cely expla9$ at all4 ,^! are "s ( ! que/ions t c\ld well be consid]$ 9 ?is poem4 ,x is true t ?is selection1 l mo/ adult lit]ature1 is capable ( be+ enjoy$ )\t mu* addition4 ,b x is n m]e enjoym5t t is want$4 ,we are discuss+ :at /udy is necess>y 9 ord] to get ! full pr(it4 ,9 ! case ( ,haw?orne's ,wond]-,book & ,tanglewood ,tales1 num]\s que/ions & sugge/ions ne$ likewise to be int]ject$4 ,"o ( ! be/ books = five- to eight- ye>-old *ildr5 on ! life ( ,*ri/ be>s ! title ,jesus ! ,c>p5t] ( ,naz>e?4 ,x is an illu/rat$ volume ( five hundr$ pages1 :i* makes x cle> t ! orig9al ,bible text has be5 greatly supplem5t$4 ,yet x is a pity to read ev5 ?is book )\t frequ5t paus+ = additional detail4 ,?us lit]ature1 includ+ ev5 t = "y *ildr51 fails to %[ on ! surface all t ! read] is expect$ to see4 ,mu* ( x /ates only a v small "p ( ?is4 ,a piece ( lit]ature resembles a pa9t+ 9 ?is respect4 ,corot's well-kn[n pa9t+1 ,dance ( ! ,wood ,nymphs1 pres5ts only a few objects1 includ+ a l&scape ) "s trees & "s danc+ wom54 ,yet p love to sit & look at x1 p]haps to exam9e its detail & enjoy its au?or's skill1 b also to recall c\ntless memories ( ! pa/1 ( beautiful woods & pa/ures1 ( happy p>ties1 ( joys1 hopes1 & resolves1 & possibly1 too1 to r5ew resolves = ! future4 ,! v simple sc5e is ?us a s\rce ( inspiration1 a /imulus to ?9k or /udy4 ,a poem accompli%es ! same ?+4 #c4 ,z /at$ by ,rusk9 ,a w>n+ ( ! am\nt ( h>d "w t ! /ud5t ( lit]ature mu/ expect is giv5 by ,rusk9 9 ! foll[+ =cible words3 ,& be sure1 also1 if ! au?or is wor? any?+1 t y w n get at 8 mean+ all at once1--nay1 t at 8 :ole mean+ y w n = a long "t arrive 9 any wise4 ,n t he does n say :at he means1 & 9 /rong words1 too2 b he _c say x all1 & :at is m /range1 w n1 b 9 a hidd5 way1 & 9 p>ables1 9 ord] t he may be sure y want x4 ,i _c q see ! reason ( ?is1 nor analyze ! cruel retic5ce 9 ! brea/s ( wise m5 :i* makes !m always hide _! deep] ?\ght4 ,!y d n give x y by way ( help1 b ( rew>d1 & w make !mselves sure t y des]ve x1 be=e !y all[ y to rea* x4 ,b x is ! same ) ! physical type ( wisdom1 gold4 ,!re seems1 to y & me1 no reason :y ! electric =ces ( ! e>? %\ld n c>ry :atev] !re is ( gold )9 x at once to ! m\nta9 tops1 s t k+s & p might "k t all ! gold !y c\ld get 0 !re1 & )\t any tr\ble ( digg+1 or anxiety1 or *ance1 or wa/e ( "t1 cut x away1 & co9 z mu* z !y ne$$4 ,b ,nature does n manage x s4 ,%e puts x 9 little fissures 9 ! e>?1 nobody kn[s :]e4 ,y may dig long & f9d none2 y mu/ dig pa9fully to f9d any4 ,& x is j ! same ) m5's be/ wisdom4 ,:5 y come to a good book1 y mu/ ask y\rself1 ',am ,i incl9$ to "w z an ,au/ralian m9] w\ld8 ,are my pickaxes & %ovels 9 good ord]1 & am ,i 9 good trim myself1 my sleeves well up to ! elb[1 & my brea? good1 & my temp]8' ,& keep+ ! figure a little long]444 ! metal y are 9 se>* ( be+ ! au?or's m9d or mean+1 8 words are z ! rock :i* y h to cru% & smelt 9 ord] to get at x4 ,& y\r pickaxes are y\r own c>e1 wit1 & le>n+2 y\r smelt+ furnace is y\r own ?\ghtful s\l4 ,d n hope to get at any good au?or's mean+ )\t ^? tools1 & t fire2 (t5 y w ne$ %>pe/1 f9e/ *isel+ & pati5te/ fuss+ be=e y c ga!r "o gra9 ( ! metal4,footnote3 ,sesame & ,lilies #d4 ,z sugge/$ by an exam9ation ( text-books ,:5 we turn f lit]ature to ! text-books us$ 9 s*ools & colleges1 we f9d ! ne$ ( supplem5t+ greatly increas$4 ,writ]s ( lit]ature are at lib]ty to *oose any topic !y please1 & to treat x z fully z !y w4 ,b writ]s ( text-books are free 9 nei!r ( ^! respects4 ,_! subjects are det]m9$ = !m2 x is ! hi/ory1 = example1 ( a giv5 p]iod1 ! gramm> ( ! ,engli% language1 ! geography ( ! e>?4 ,& ^! mu/ be pres5t$ briefly en\gh to be cov]$ by classes )9 a prescrib$ "t4 ,= ^! reasons text-books conta9 f> less detail ?an lit]ature1 & 9 t s5se are mu* m cond5s$4 ,!y are only ! outl9es ( subjects1 z _! titles (t5 directly ackn[l$ge4 ,gre5's ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 = in/ance1 :i* has be5 ext5sively us$ z a college text1 b>ely t\*es _m topics t are treat$ at great l5g? else:]e4 ,x is natural1 !re=e1 t 9 our m advanc$ s*ools ! ^w text 9 connection ) su* books is us$ 9 mu* ! same s5se z 9 connection ) ! ,bible2 a text is t :i* m]ely introduces topics by giv+ ! b>e outl9e ( facts1 or v cond5s$ /atem5ts2 x mu/ be supplem5t$ ext5sively1 if ! facts or ?\ghts are to be appreciat$4 ,h[ ab\t ! texts us$ 9 ! elem5t>y s*ool8 ,^? us$ 9 ! highe/ two grades ne$1 p]haps1 some:at m supplem5t+ ?an ^? 9 ! high s*ool4 ,b 9 ! middle grades ?is ne$ is /ill great]4 ,9 ! m prom95t /udies call+ = text-books1 su* z hi/ory1 geography1 & ,engli% language or gramm>1 ne>ly ! same topics are treat$ z 9 ! high] grades1 & 9 sub/antially ! same mann]4 ,b s9ce ! y\ng] *ildr5 are n expect$ to take z long lessons1--& p]haps1 too1 because !y _c c>ry z l>ge books1--_! texts are made brief]4 ,?is is ma9ly accompli%$ by leav+ out mu* ( ! detail t is necess>y to make ! facts cle> & int]e/+4 ,consequ5tly1 supplem5t+ is an especially important factor ( /udy 9 ^! grades4 ,9 g5]al1 ! brief] ! text1 ! m fill+ 9 is ne$$4 ,z an illu/ration1 take ! foll[+ extract f ! fir/ page ( ,mc,master's ,*ild's ,hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 (t5 us$ ) t5-ye>-old pupils4 ,f\r hundr$ & fifty ye>s ago ! p ( we/]n ,europe 7 gett+ silks1 p]fumes1 %awls1 ivory1 spices1 & jewels f s\!a/]n ,asia1 !n call$ ! ,indies4 ,b ! ,turks 7 conqu]+ ! c\ntries across :i* ^! goods 7 c>ri$1 & x seem$ s likely t ! trade w\ld be /opp$1 t ! m]*ants began to ask if somebody c\ld n f9d a new way to ! ,indies4 ,! k+ ( ,portugal ?\ght he c\ld1 & began s5d+ 8 sailors 9 se>* ( a way ar\nd ,africa1 :i* ext5d$ s\?w>d1 nobody knew h[ f>4 ,ye> aft] ye> 8 %ips sail$ d[n ! we/ coa/1 ! la/ capta9 go+ fur!r s\? ?an ! "o be=e him1 till "o ( !m at la/ rea*$ ! s\!rn end ( ! cont95t & ent]$ ! ,indian ,ocean4 ,obs]ve a few ( ! ?\ghts betwe5 ! l9es t ne$ to be consid]$3-- #a4 ,six ?+s are "h m5tion$ z br\ght f ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,x seems odd t "s ( ^! %\ld receive m5tion z among ! mo/ important imports4 ,:i* are !y8 ,c\ld any ( !m h be5 m important !n ?an n[8 ,:y8 #b4 ,:at 7 ! r\tes ( travel1 by l&1 to ! ,indies8 7,map47 #c4 ,:]e did ! ,turks live2 & :at reasons _h !y = prev5t+ ?is trade8 #d4 ,:y c\ld n ! fir/ ,portuguese capta9 sail directly to ! s\!rn end ( ,africa8 ,aga91 take ! topic des]t 9 geography4 ,! texts usually def9e a des]t z a s&y wa/e1 (t5 a pla91 t receives too little ra9 to support mu* vegetable or animal life4 ,pictures are giv5 %[+ ! "* ( ! plants1 & p]haps ! appe>ance ( su* a region4 ,beyond t little is usually attempt$4 ,9 ! l>g] books ! dang] f s& /orms & "s o!r ?+s are includ$4 ,su* treatm5t ne$s to be supplem5t$ by num]\s que/ions1 su* z ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,:at animals t are common "h are seldom f\nd !re1 or n at all8 7,horses1 c[s1 etc41 also birds1 flies1 bugs1 etc47 #b4 ,:at plants t are common "h are n f\nd !re8 7,trees1 fl[]s1 we$s1 etc47 #c4 ,is ! wea!r p>ticul>ly enjoyable !re1 or n8 ,is x desirable to h sun%9e all ! "t8 #d4 ,:at ab\t noises ( v>i\s k9ds8 7,sil5ce s oppressive to "s p t x becomes intol]able47 #e4 ,:at w\ld be "s ( ! pleasures ( a walk 9 ! des]t8 7,color+1 *ange ( seasons1 trees along /reams1 appe>ance ( any grass47 #f4 ,:at ab\t ! effect ( /rong w9ds on ! s&8 #g4 ,imag9+ t "s "o has j cross$ a des]t1 :at dang]s d y ?9k he has enc\nt]$1 & h[ may he h escap$ f !m8 ,! ext5t to :i* ! supplem5t+ %\ld be c>ri$ ,f ! prec$+ discussion x is cle> n only t no important topic is ev] completely pres5t$1 b also t !re is sc>cely any limit to ! ext5t to :i* x may be supplem5t$4 ,m5 get new ?\ghts f ! same ,bible texts ye> aft] ye>1 & ev5 c5tury aft] c5tury4 ,h[ f>1 !n1 %\ld ! supplem5t+ be c>ri$8 ,! maximum limit _c be fix$1 & !re is no ne$ ( attempt+ x4 ,b !re is great ne$ ( kn[+ & keep+ 9 m9d ! m9imum limit2 = 9 ! pressure to hurry =w>d !re is grave dang] t ev5 ?is limit w n be rea*$4 ,:at is ?is m9imum limit8 ,briefly /at$1 x is ?is3 ,!re %\ld be en\gh supplem5t+ to r5d] ! ?\ght really n\ri%+1 quick5+1 to ! le>n]4 ,9 ! case ( lit]ature t w involve "s supplem5t+2 & 9 ! case ( ord9>y text-books x w require a good deal m4 ,is ?is /&>d met :5 ! *ild und]/&s & c reproduce 9 sub/ance ! def9ition ( des]t8 ,f> f x6 ,t def9ition is z dry & b>r5 z ! des]t itself2 x t5ds to dead5 r ?an quick54 ,! pupil mu/ g f> beyond ! m]e cold und]/&+ & reproduction ( a topic4 ,he mu/ see ! ?+ talk$ ab\t1 z ?\gh 9 its pres5ce2 he mu/ n only see ?is vividly1 b he mu/ ent] into its _s1 or feel x2 he mu/ exp]i5ce or live x4 ,o!rwise ! desir$ effect is want+4 ,?is /&>d furni%es ! reason = su* detail$ que/ions z are sugge/$ above4 ,! frequ5cy ) :i* /irr+ ev5ts1 gr& sc5]y1 & great ?\ghts are talk$ ab\t 9 class ) fair und]/&+1 b )\t ! lea/ excitem5t1 is a measure ( ! failure ( ! s- call$ bett] in/ruction to come up to ?is /&>d4 ,no really good in/ruction1 any m ?an good /ory books1 w leave "o cold t[>d ! !me 9 h&4 ,reasons :y au?ors fail to express _! ?\ght m completely ,x mu/ be confess$ t ?is /&>d calls = a l>ge am\nt ( supplem5t+4 ,!re are mean+s ( words & phrases to be /udi$1 ref]5ces to be look$ up1 details to be fill$ 9 = ! sake ( vivid pictures1 illu/rations to be furni%$ out ( "o's own exp]i5ce1 inf]5ces or coroll>ies to be drawn1 que/ions to be rais$ & answ]$1 & f9ally ! be>+s on life to be trac$4 ,x might seem t au?ors c\ld d _! "w bett]1 & !reby relieve _! read]s ( "w4 ,yet ^! omissions are n to be ascrib$ to ! evil natures ( au?ors1 nor to ! sup]abundance ( _! ?\ght1 alone4 ,read]s w\ld be dissatisfi$ if all ?is "w 7 done = !m4 ,any "o has obs]v$ t small *ildr5 are disappo9t$ if !y are n all[$ to p]=m necess>y little tasks t lie )9 _! p[]4 ,also1 !y enjoy ^? toys mo/ t are n too complete1 & t1 !re=e1 leave "s "w = _! own imag9ations4 ,?is quality ( *ildhood is *>act]i/ic ( y\? & ( adults4 ,an au?or w\ld n be =giv5 if he /opp$ 9 ! mid/ ( 8 disc\rse to expla9 a ref]5ce4 ,em95t writ]s1 l ,longfell[1 = example1 are ev5 blam$ = atta*+ ! morals to _! productions2 & t]s5ess is "o ( ! qualities ( lit]ature t is mo/ prais$4 ,9 o!r words1 old] p1 l *ildr51 love activity4 ,al?\gh !y at times hate to "w1 !y d n want au?ors to presuppose t !y are lazy or helpless2 & !y res5t too mu* assi/ance4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 ! _m omissions 9 ! pres5tation ( ?\ght are 9 accordance ) our own desires1 we w\ld d well to und]take ! necess>y supplem5t+ )\t compla9t4 ,,! ,,ability ,,( ,,*ildr5 ,,to ,,supplem5t ,,?\ght ,!re are sev]al facts indicat+ t *ildr5 h ! ability to und]take ?is k9d ( /udy+4 ,reasons = assum+ t *ildr5 h ?is k9d ( ability #a4 ,_! vivid imag9ations ,"o ( ! *ief p[]s necess>y is a vivid imag9ation by :i* concrete situations c be cle>ly pictur$1 & *ildr5 possess su* p[] to an unusual degree4 ,!y see s vividly t !y become fright5$ by ! products ( _! own imag9ations4 ,_! dolls are s truly p]sonifi$ t mi%aps to !m easily cause te>s1 & _! mi/reatm5t by /rang]s is res5t$ z ?\gh p]sonal4 ,adults h>dly equal !m 9 ?is imag9ative quality4 #b4 ,_! ability to imitate & ?9k1 z %[n 9 conv]sation ,:5 *ildr5 are left alone toge!r !y d n lack ?+s to d & say4 ,_! m9ds are active en\gh to ent]ta9 "o ano!r z well z adults d1 & n seldom bett]4 ,9 fact1 if !y rema9 natural1 !y are (t5 m int]e/+ to adults ?an o!r adults are4 ,!y rea* ev5 pr(\nd ?\ghts ) peculi> directness4 ,:5 ,i 0 attempt+1 "o day1 to ?r[ a toy boom]ang = "s *ildr51 "o ( ! little girls1 obs]v+ my want ( success1 rem>k$1 ,i saw a picture ( a man ?r[+ "o ( ^! ?+s4 ,he /ood at ! door ( 8 h\se1 & ! boom]ang w5t cle> ar\nd ! h\se4 ,b ,i suppose t p sometimes make pictures ( ?+s t !y c't d2 don't !y8 #c4 ,! success ( developm5t in/ruction ,! me?od ( tea*+ call$ developm5t in/ruction is bas$ on ! desire & ability ( *ildr5 to contribute ideas4 ,t in/ruction c\ld n succe$ z x has succe$$1 if *ildr5 did n readily conceive ?\ghts ( _! own4 ,n only d !y answ] que/ions t tea*]s put 9 su* tea*+1 b !y also propose _m ( ! que/ions t %\ld be consid]$4 ,t me?od fl\ri%es ev5 9 ! k9d]g>t54 ,9 ! k9d]g>t5 circle *ildr5 (t5 int]rupt ! lead] ) g]mane rem>ks2 & sometimes x is difficult ev5 to suppress su* self-expression4 ,"o reason ! k9d]g>tn] tells h] /ories1 r ?an reads !m1 is t %e may h h] eyes on ! *ildr5 & ?us take advantage ( _! desire to make contributions ( ?\ght4 ,! same t5d5cy is %[n 9 ! home1 :5 *ildr5 want to talk ov] :at _! p>5ts or o!r p]sons read to !m4 ,!y fail to respond 9 ?is way only :5 !y are afraid1 or :5 !y h att5d$ s*ool long en\gh to h ?is t5d5cy p>tly suppress$4 #d4 ,! "* ( *ildr5's lit]ature ,f9ally1 ! fact t *ildr5's lit]ature1 l t = adults1 presupposes mu* supplem5t+1 is /rong reason = presuppos+ t ability on _! "p4 ,any moral lessons t belong to fairy tales mu/ be rea*$ by ! *ildr5's own ?\ght2 ! same usually applies to fables also4 ,haw?orne und]/ood ! *ild m9d z few p]sons h4 ,yet x is a/oni%+ h[ mu* ability to supplem5t seems to h be5 expect$ by him4 ,x w\ld be surpris+ if su* exp]ts 7 mi/ak5 9 _! e/imate ( *ildr54 ,,practical ,,sugge/ions ,,= ,,tea*+ ,,*ildr5 ,,to ,,supplem5t ,,?\ght #a4 ,importance ( us+ text-books ,tea*]s c make use ( text-books at lea/ en\gh to give mu* practice 9 supplem5t+ text4 ,text-books are s uncommon 9 "s s*ools t "o might conclude t !y _h gone out ( fa%ion among good tea*]s4 ,yet !re is c]ta9ly no?+ 9 mod]n educational !ory t advises ! neglect ( books4 ,"s tea*]s may h imag9$ t developm5t in/ruction1 to :i* ref]5ce has j be5 made1 leans t way4 ,b developm5t in/ruction is ( importance r 9 ! fir/ pres5tation ( "s topics4 ,aft] a topic has be5 ?us develop$1 x c well be review$ & fur!r /udi$ 9 connection ) books4 ,_m tea*]s are neglect+ to use texts bo? to _! own detrim5t & to ! s]i\s disadvantage ( _! pupils4 #b4 ,k9d ( text to be pref]r$ ,tea*]s :o h lib]ty 9 *oos+ _! text-books %\ld select ^? t conta9 abundant detail4 ,t means a ?ick book1 to be sure2 & _m tea*]s are afraid ( su* books on ! gr\nd t !y mean long lessons4 ,a ?ick book may be a poor text2 b a ?9 "o is almo/ b\nd to be4 ,! reason is t books are usually made ?9 at ! exp5se ( detail2 & detail is necess>y 9 ord] to e/abli% ! relations betwe5 facts1 by :i* ! /ory =m c be secur$ & a subject be made int]e/+4 ,)\t pl5ty ( detail ! facts h to be run toge!r1 or li/$1 m]ely z s _m ?+s t are true2 !y !n =m only a skeleton1 ) all ! repulsiv5ess ( a skeleton4 ,su* a b>r5 text is b>r5 ( sugge/ions to *ildr5 = supplem5t+1 because ! ideas are too f> ap>t to indicate :at ought to fit 9 betwe54 ,! und]/&+ ought to be m common t long lessons are by no means synonym\s ) h>d lessons4 ,! h>de/ lessons to ma/] are ^? brief1 colorless pres5tations t fail to /imulate "o to see vividly & to ?9k4 ,_m a *ild :o c>ries a geography text ab\t ) him le>ns mo/ ( 8 geography f 8 geographical read]s1 simply because ! writ] does n squeeze all ! juice out ( :at he has to say 9 ord] to save space4 ,a *ild c (t5 ma/] five pages 9 su* a book m easily ?an he c "o f ! ord9>y geography1 & he w rememb] x long]4 #c4 ,"* ( ! que/ions to be put ,:atev] ! text *os51 ! recitation %\ld be s conduct$ t ! emphasis w fall on reflection r ?an on m]e reproduction4 ,to ?is end "o %\ld avoid putt+ ma9ly memory que/ions1 su* z1 ,:o 0 x--8 ,:5 0 x--8 ,:y 0 x--8 ,:at is said ab\t--8 ,ev5 ! usual reque/1 ,close ! books1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! recitation c (t5 be omitt$ to advantage4 ,:y %\ld n ! text- book 9 hi/ory & geography lie op5 9 class1 j z t 9 lit]ature1 if ?9k+ is ! pr9cipal object8 ,que/ions t require supplem5t+ c be propos$ by bo? tea*] & pupils4 ,n[ & !n "s topic c be assign$ = review1 ) ! und]/&+ t ! class1 in/ead ( reproduc+ ! facts1 %all occupy ! "t 9 talk+ !m ov]4 ,! tea*] c !n li/51 or act z critic4 ,x is a h>% comm5t>y on ! quality ( in/ruction if a lesson on ,italy1 or on a presid5tial adm9i/ration1 or on a /ory1 sugge/s no int]e/+ conv]sation to a class4 ,occasionally1 z "o feature ( a lesson1 a class might propose new po9ts ( view = ! review ( "s subject4 ,= example1 if ! ,we/]n /ates h be5 /udi$ 9 geography1 "s ( ! v>i\s ways 9 :i* !y are ( int]e/ to man might be indicat$ by que/ions1 ?us3 ,:at ab\t ! ,indians 9 t region8 ,:at pleasure might a sportsman expect !re8 ,:at sections w\ld be ( mo/ int]e/ to ! sight-se]8 ,h[ is ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t reclaim+ ! arid l&s1 & 9 :at sections8 ,:at classes ( invalids resort to ! ,we/1 & to :at p>ts8 ,h[ d ! fruits rais$ !re comp>e ) ^? fur!r ea/ 9 quality & appe>ance8 ,h[ is f>m+ diff]5tly conduct$ !re8 ,9 :at respects1 if any1 is ! ,we/ m promis+ ?an ! ,ea/ to a "y man />t+ 9 life8 ,^! are su* que/ions ab\t ! ,we/ z l>ge classes ( individuals mu/ put to !mselves 9 practical life2 !y are1 !n1 fair que/ions = ! pupil 9 s*ool to put to himself & to answ]4 ,by ?us consid]+ ! v>i\s phases ( human int]e/ 9 a subject1 *ildr5 c get _m sugge/ions = supplem5t+ ! text4 #d4 ,diff]5t types ( reproduction ,! habit ( reproduc+ ?\ght 9 diff]5t ways w also ?r[ diff]5t lights on ! subject-matt]1 & ?us (f] _m supplem5t>y ideas4 ,= example1 dramatiz+ is valuable 9 ?is way4 ,! description1 9 ! fir/ p]son1 ( "o's exp]i5ces 9 cross+ ! des]t is an illu/ration4 ,i once visit$ a ,sunday-s*ool class t 0 /udy+ ! life ( ,john ,paton1 ! not$ mission>y to ! ,new ,hebrides ,isl&s4 ,! text /at$ t "o ( ! cannibal *iefs _h be5 conv]t$1 & _h ask$ p]mission to prea* on ,sunday to ! o!r savages4 ,?is p]mission 0 grant$2 b ! text did n reproduce ! s]mon4 ,!reupon sev]al memb]s ( ! class und]took1 z a "p ( ! next ,sunday's lesson1 to deliv] su* a s]mon z !y ?\ght ! savage might h giv54 ,two ( ! boys br\ght hat*ets on t ,sunday to repres5t tomahawks1 :i* !y us$ z aids 9 mak+ ge/ures1 & _! five-m9ute spee*es %[$ a c>eful /udy ( ! :ole situation4 ,likewise ! exp]i5ces ( ,columbus might be dramatiz$1 z1 :5 ask+ = help f ! k+1 or :5 reason+ ) ! wise m5 ( ,spa91 or :5 conv]s+ ) 8 sailors on 8 fir/ voyage to ,am]ica4,footnote3 ,see ! /ory ( ,columbus 9 ,/ev5son's ,*ildr5's ,classics 9 ,dramatic ,=m1 ,a ,read] = ! ,f\r? ,grade4 ,additional sugge/ions w (t5 be obta9$ by inquir+1 ,:at "p ( ?is lesson1 if any1 w\ld y l to repres5t by draw+s8 ,or by pa9t+s8 ,or by con/ructive "w8 ,also1 ,h[ w\ld y d x8 #e4 ,! dang] ( ! ?ree ,r's & spell+ to habits ( reflection ,mu* ( :at has be5 said ab\t supplem5t+ ideas f9ds only slight application to beg9n+ read+1 writ+1 spell+1 & numb] "w4 ,! reason is t ^! subjects1 aim+ s l>gely at ma/]y ( symbols1 call = memory & skill r ?an reflection4 ,= ?is v reason ^! subjects are 9 _m ways dang]\s to prop] habits ( /udy1 & ! tea*] ne$s to be on h] gu>d aga9/ _! bad influ5ce4 ,!y are s prom95t dur+ ! fir/ few ye>s ( s*ool t *ildr5 may =m _! idea ( /udy f !m alone1 :i* !y may reta9 & c>ry ov] to o!r bran*es4 ,to avoid ?is dang]1 o!r subjects1 su* z lit]ature & nature /udy1 des]ve prom95t places 9 ! curriculum f ! beg9n+1 & special c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ to treat !m 9 su* a way t ?is easy k9d ( reflection is /rongly enc\rag$4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,organization ,,( ,,ideas1 ,,z ,a ,,?ird ,,factor ,,9 ,,/udy ,a4 ,! diff]5t values ( facts1 & _! gr\p+ into po9ts ,ext5t to :i* tea*]s treat facts z equal 9 value ,9 sev]al bran*es ( k 9 ! prim>y s*ool x is cu/om>y = tea*]s to atta* practically ! same importance to diff]5t facts4 ,?is is ! case1 = in/ance1 9 spell+1 :]e a mi/ake c\nts ! same1 no matt] :at ^w be misspell$4 ,x is l>gely ! case 9 writ+4 ,9 beg9n+ read+ "o ^w is treat$ z equal 9 value to any o!r1 s9ce 9 any review li/ e "o is requir$4 ,9 beg9n+ ari?metic ?is equality ( values is emphasiz$ by insi/5ce ^u ! complete ma/]y ( e "o ( ! comb9ations 9 ! f\r fundam5tal op]ations4 ,?r\gh\t ari?metic1 moreov]1 failure to solve any problem is ! same z ! failure to solve any o!r1 judg$ 9 ! light ( ! m>k+ sy/ems 9 use4 ,! same t5d5cy is less m>k$1 b /ill evid5t1 9 _m o!r subjects1 "s ( !m m advanc$4 ,9 geography1 tea*]s seldom recognize any inequality ( value 9 ! map que/ions1 ev5 ?\gh a "q on ! g5]al directions ( ! pr9cipal m\nta9 sy/ems 9 ,nor? ,am]ica be foll[$ by a reque/ to locate ,icel&4 ,! facts1 too1 are v (t5 /rung along 9 ! text 9 su* a mann] t x is next to impossible to di/+ui% values4 ,"h is an example f a well-kn[n text3 ,worce/] is a great railroad c5t]1 & is not$ = ! manufacture ( eng9es & ma*9]y4 ,at ,cambridge is locat$ ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 ! olde/ & "o ( ! l>ge/ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,pall ,riv]1 ,l[ell1 & ,new ,b$=d are ! great c5t]s ( cotton manufacture2 ,lawr5ce1 ( bo? cotton & wool2 ,lynn1 ,brockton1 & ,hav]hill make millions ( boots & %oes2 & at ,spr+field is a ,unit$ ,/ates ars5al1 :]e fire>ms are made4 ,holyoke has l>ge pap] mills4 ,gl\ce/] is a great fi%+ port4 ,salem has l>ge tann]ies4 ,h[ does ?is diff] f a spell+ li/1 s f> z equality ( values is conc]n$8 ,9 nature /udy all h witness$ ! typical lesson :]e "s object1 su* z a fl[]+ twig1 = example1 is plac$ 9 ! h&s ( e pupil & ea* "o is reque/$ to tell some?+ t he sees4 ,any?+ t is (f]$ is gratefully accept$4 ,:ile ?is p>ticul> k9d ( /udy is =tunately disappe>+1 ! common t5d5cy to reg>d all facts alike is /ill cle>ly %[n 9 ! case ( ! topic1 cat1 discuss$ on page #dj4 ,9 lit]ature1 failures are v (t5 condemn$ alike1 :e!r !y p]ta9 to ! mean+s ( words1 ( s5t5ces1 ( ref]5ces1 or ( :ole *apt]s4 ,until v rec5tly at lea/1 ev5 9 univ]sities1 x has be5 common to assign lessons 9 hi/ory textbooks by pages1 & to require t !y be recit$ 9 ! ord] ( ! text4 ,! tea*]1 or pr(essor ev51 9 su* cases has %[n admirable ability to place ! burd5 ( ! "w ^u ! /ud5ts by assign+ to himself ! s+le on]\s task ( ann\nc+ :o %all beg9 & :o %all g on4 ,:at recognition is !re ( v>y+ values ( facts 9 su* tea*+8 ,! effect ( su* tea*+ on me?od ( /udy ,n all ( su* in/ruction is avoidable or ev5 undesirable2 b x is s common t x has a v important effect on me?od ( /udy4 ,s long z facts are treat$ z approximately equal 9 wor?1 ! le>n] is b\nd to picture ! field ( k z a comp>atively level pla9 compos$ ( a va/ aggregation ( indep5d5t bits4 ,9 spell+1 writ+1 & beg9n+ read+ x is s _m hundr$s or ?\s&s ( words2 9 beg9n+ ari?metic x is ! v>i\s comb9ations 9 ! f\r fundam5tal op]ations2 9 geography x is a long li/ ( /atem5ts2 9 hi/ory x is an endless lot ( facts z !y happ5 to come on ! page2 9 lit]ature x is s5t5ce aft] s5t5ce4 ,"o c get possession ( ?is field1 n by tak+ ! /rategic positions1--= "u ! assumption ( equality !re are none1--b r by advanc+ ov] x sl[ly1 ma/]+ "o bit at a "t4 ,?us ! words 9 beg9n+ read+1 writ+1 & spell+ are le>n$ & reproduc$ 9 all ord]s1 prov+ !m to be indep5d5t little entities4 ,9 geography & hi/ory1 :5 ! facts are n worm$ out ( ! pupil by que/ions1 he sees ! page be=e him by 8 m9d's eye1--a fact frequ5tly reveal$ by ! movem5t ( 8 eyes :ile recit+1--& attempts to recall ea* p>agraph or /atem5t 9 its ord]4 ,9 lit]ature he ma/]s 8 difficulties s5t5ce by s5t5ce1 a me?od mo/ cle>ly %[n 9 ! case ( our greate/ classic1 ! ,bible1 :i* is almo/ univ]sally /udi$ & quot$ by v]ses4 ,?us ! unit ( progress 9 /udy is made ! s+le fact2 ! :ole ( any subject becomes ! sum ( its details2 & a subject has be5 suppos$ly ma/]$ :5 all ^! bits h be5 le>n$4 ,?is might well be call$ ! me?od ( /udy by driblets4 ,x is probably safe to say t a majority ( ! "y p 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 includ+ college /ud5ts1 /udy l>gely 9 ?is way4 ,:ile ?is me?od ( /udy is bad 9 num]\s ways1 !re are ?ree ( its faults 9 p>ticul> :i* ne$ to be consid]$ "h4 ,respects 9 :i* ?is me?od ( /udy is wrong #a4 ,facts1 z a rule1 v>y greatly 9 value ,9 ! fir/ place1 facts v>y indef9itely 9 value4 ,9 p>ts ( a few subjects !y d h practically ! same wor?1 :i* is1 no d\bt1 a s\rce ( mu* misconception ab\t prop] me?ods ( /udy4 ,9 spell+1 = in/ance1 :i* is probably z important a ^w z :51 & sea z important z flood4 ,9 a li/ ( ?ree hundr$ c>efully select$ words = spell+ = ?ird-ye> pupils1 any "o ^w might prop]ly be reg>d$ z equal to any o!r 9 wor?4 ,?is may be said also 9 reg>d to a li/ = writ+4 ,mu* ! same is true 9 reg>d to a possible li/ ( f\r hundr$ words = read+ 9 ! fir/ ye> ( s*ool4 ,9 ari?metic "o w\ld sc>cely ass]t t #d,x#g 0 m or less important ?an #i,x#h1 or #h_/b1 or #f-c1 or #db4 ,9 o!r words1 ! v>i\s comb9ations 9 ! f\r fundam5tal op]ations are1 aga91 all ( !m ess5tial to e p]son's k1 & !re=e /& on ! same plane ( wor?4 ,to "s ext5t1 !re=e1 ! ?ree ,r's & spell+ are exceptions to an important g5]al rule4 ,yet ev5 9 spell+ & beg9n+ read+ n all words by any means h ! same value4 ,*ildr5 9 ! ?ird ye> ( s*ool :o are read+ ,:itti]'s ,b>efoot ,boy ought to be able to recognize & spell ! ^w rob92 p]haps1 also1 wood*uck & tortoise2 b es*ew+ is n a "p ( _! vocabul>y & w n soon be1 & probably ! less said ab\t t ^w by ! tea*] ! bett]4 ,! mom5t we turn to o!r subjects1 facts are f\nd to v>y almo/ inf9itely 9 value1 j z metals d4 ,judg$ by ! space !y occupy1 !y may appe> to be equally important2 b !y are n to be judg$ 9 ?is way1 any m ?an m5 are4 ,accord+ to _! nature1 ?\ghts or /atem5ts are l>ge & small1 or broad & n>r[1 or f>-rea*+ & insignificant4 ,a g5]al ( an army may be ( m consequ5ce to ! welf>e ( a nation ?an a ?\s& common soldi]s2 s "o idea l t ( evolution may be wor? a full t5 ?\s& l ! fact t our neighbor's cat kitt5$ ye/]day4 #b4 ,!y are dep5d5t ^u "o ano!r = _! wor? ,9 ! second place1 facts c by no means be reg>d$ z indep5d5t4 ,z be=e1 to be sure1 ! ?ree ,r's & spell+ af=d "s exception to ?is rule4 ,9 spell+1 writ+1 & beg9n+ read+ x is important t any "o ( a l>ge numb] ( words be recogniz$ or reproduc$ at any "t1 )\t ref]5ce to any o!rs4 ,all ( ^!1 toge!r ) ! comb9ations 9 ! fundam5tal op]ations 9 ari?metic1 are (t5 call$ = s+ly1 & !y mu/1 !re=e1 be isolat$ f any possible s]ies into :i* !y might fall1 & ma/]$ sep>ately4 ,aside f ^! subjects1 facts are g5]ally dep5d5t ^u _! relations to "o ano!r = _! value4 ,tak5 alone1 !y are ineffective fragm5ts ( k1 j z a common soldi] or an (fic] 9 an army is ineffective 9 battle )\t def9ite relations to a multitude ( o!r m54 ,if ! fir/ s5t5ces on tw5ty successive pages 9 a book 7 br\ght toge!r1 !y w\ld tell no /ory4 ,!y w\ld be m]e scatt]$ fractions ( ?\ghts1 lack+ t relation to "o ano!r t w\ld give !m significance & make !m a unit4 ,tw5ty closely relat$ s5t5ces might1 h[ev]1 express a v valuable ?\ght4 ,james ,an?ony ,fr\de1 impress$ ) ?is tru? & at ! same "t recall+ ! preval5t t5d5cy to ignore x1 decl>es3 ,deta*$ facts on miscellane\s subjects1 z !y are taught at a mod]n s*ool1 are l sep>ate lett]s ( endless alphabets4 ,y may load ! me*anical memory ) !m1 till x becomes a m>vel ( ret5tiv5ess4 ,y\r "y prodigy may amaze exam9]s & delight inspectors4 ,8 a*ievem5ts may be emblazon$ 9 blue books1 & furni% matt] = flatt]+ reports on ! excell5ce ( our educational sy/em4 ,& all ?is :ile y h be5 fe$+ him ) *ips ( granite4 ,b arrange y\r lett]s into words1 & ea* ^w becomes a ?\ght1 a symbol wak+ 9 ! m9d an image ( a real ?+4 ,gr\p y\r words into s5t5ces1 & ?\ght is m>ri$ to ?\ght1 & ! *ips ( granite become s(t bread1 :olesome1 nutriti\s1 & invigorat+4 ,footnote3 ,james ,an?ony ,fr\de1 ,h&work be=e ,headwork4 ,a v simple illu/ration is f\nd 9 ! /udy ( ! dates = ! entrance ( our /ates into ! ,union4 ,tak5 "o at a "t1 ! li/ is dead4 ,b int]e/ is awak5$ ! mom5t "o discov]s t = a long p]iod ea* ,nor!rn /ate 0 mat*$ by "o 9 ! ,s\?1 s t !y ent]$ 9 pairs4 #c4 ,! sum ( ! details does n equal ! :ole4 ,f9ally1 ! :ole ( a subject is n m]ely ! sum ( its little facts4 ,y may /udy ea* day's hi/ory lesson fai?fully1 & may reta9 ev]y?+ 9 memory till ! book is f9i%$1 & /ill n "k ! ma9 ?+s 9 ! book4 ,y may und]/& & memorize ea* v]se ( a *apt] 9 ! ,bible until y c almo/ reproduce ! *apt] 9 y\r sleep1 & /ill fail to "k :at ! *apt] is ab\t4 ,probably "s read]s ( ?is text :o h repeat$ ! ,"l's ,pray] f infancy1 w\ld /ill ne$ to d "s /udy+ be=e !y c\ld tell ! two or ?ree lead+ ?\ghts 9 t pray]4 ,an especially good illu/ration ( ?is fact 9 my own exp]i5ce z a tea*] has be5 furni%$ 9 connection ) ! foll[+ p>agraph1 tak5 f ,dr4 ,john ,dewey's ,e?ical ,pr9ciples und]ly+ ,education4 ,in=mation is g5u9e or educative only 9 s f> z x effects def9ite images & conceptions ( mat]ial plac$ 9 social life4 ,discipl9e is g5u9e & educative only z x repres5ts a reaction ( ! in=mation into ! individual's own p[]s1 s t he c br+ !m "u control = social ends4 ,culture1 if x is to be g5u9e & educative1 & n an ext]nal poli% or factiti\s v>ni%1 repres5ts ! vital union ( in=mation & discipl9e4 ,x designates ! socialization ( ! individual 9 8 :ole outlook ^u life & mode ( deal+ ) x4 ,i h _h a l>ge numb] ( graduate /ud5ts :o f\nd x v difficult to /ate ! po9t ( ?is p>agraph1 al?\gh e s5t5ce is reasonably cle> & !y are 9 close sequ5ce4 ,?us ! l>g] ?\ghts1 in/ead ( be+ ! sum ( ! details1 are an outgr[? f !m1 an int]pretation ( !m2 !y are sep>ate & new ideas conceiv$ ?r\gh insight into ! relations t ! individual /atem5ts be> to "o ano!r4 ,! prop] unit ( progress 9 /udy ,f ! =ego+ we see t "s facts are v l>ge1 :ile o!rs are ( little importance1 & t any "o /atem5t1 tak5 sep>ately1 lacks significance4 ,! field ( ?\ght1 !re=e1 in/ead ( be+ pictur$ z a pla91 is to be conceiv$ z a v irregul> surface1 ) elevations ( v>i\s heights scatt]$ ov] x4 ,& j z hills & m\nta9s re/ ^u & are approa*$ by ! l[] l& ab\t !m1 s ! l>g] ?\ghts are support$ & approa*$ by ! details t relate to !m4 ,a g5]al ( an army1 desir+ to get possession ( a disput$ region1 does n plan to take & hold ! l[] l& )\t ! high] po9ts1 nor ! high] po9ts )\t ! l[] l&4 ,on ! contr>y1 ea* vantage po9t ) its approa*es con/itutes1 9 8 m9d1 "o division ( ! field1 "o /rategic section1 :i* is to be seiz$ & held4 ,& ^! divisions or units all tak5 toge!r con/itute ! region4 ,s any portion ( k t is to be acquir$ %\ld be divid$ into suitable units ( attack2 "o l>ge ?\ght toge!r ) its support+ details %\ld con/itute "o section1 ano!r l>ge ?\ght toge!r ) its associat$ details a second1 etc42 all ( ^! toge!r compos+ ! :ole field4 ,9 o!r words1 ! /ud5t1 in/ead ( mak+ progress 9 k fact by fact1 %\ld advance by gr\ps ( facts4 ,8 smalle/ unit ( progress %\ld be a consid]able numb] ( ideas s relat$ to "o ano!r t !y make a :ole2 ^? t are alike 9 _! support ( "s valuable ?\ght mak+ up a bundle1 & ! f>!r-rea*+1 controll+ idea itself con/itut+ ! b& t ties ^! bits toge!r & pres]ves _! unity4 ,su* a unit or1 po9t1 z x is mo/ (t5 call$1 is ! basal elem5t 9 ?9k+1 j z ! family is ! basal elem5t 9 society4 ,! size ( su* units ( advance4 ,su* units ( advance may v>y indef9itely 9 size2 b ! dang] is t !y w be too small4 ,a m9i/] :o rea*es 8 ?irte5?ly is n likely to be a means ( conv]t+ _m s9n]s4 ,a debat] :o makes fifte5 po9ts w h>dly f9d 8 judges en?usia/ic 9 8 favor1 no matt] h[ weak 8 oppon5ts may be4 ,a *apt] t conta9s tw5ty or ?irty p>agraphs %\ld n be rememb]$ z hav+ an equal numb] ( po9ts4 ,:at is want$ is t ! /ud5t %all feel ! =ce ( ! ideas pres5t$1 & a great lot ( little po9ts /rung toge!r _c produce a =ceful impression4 ,any ?\ght t is wor? mu* mu/ be support$ by num]\s facts & w require consid]able "t or space = pres5tation4 ,a m9i/] c h>dly e/abli% a half doz5 valuable ideas 9 "o s]mon2 he does well if he pres5ts two or ?ree ) =ce2 & he is mo/ likely to make a la/+ impression if he conf9es himself to "o4 ,drummond's ,! ,greate/ ,?+ 9 ! ,_w is an example ( ! possibilities 9 ?is direction4 ,accord+ly ! /ud5t1 9 read+ a *apt] or li/5+ to a lecture1 %\ld f9d ! relation%ips among ! small] portions ( ! ?\ght t w unify ! subject-matt] "u a v few heads4 ,if sev]al pages or a :ole lecture c be r$uc$ to a s+le po9t1 x %\ld be done4 ,he %\ld always rememb] t to ! ext5t t ! support+ details are num]\s !y w h a cumulative effect1 !reby r5d]+ ! c5tral ?\ght /rong en\gh to h a p]man5t influ5ce4 ,! mean+ ( organization ( k1 & its value4 ,su* gr\p+ ( ideas z has ?us f> be5 consid]$1 al?\gh ( ! greate/ importance1 is only ! beg9n+ ( ! organization ( k4 ,= ?us f> only ! m9imum unit ( advance has be5 "u discussion4 ,asone proce$s 9 ! /udy ( a subject ^! small] units collect 9 l>ge numb]s1 & !y mu/ !mselves be subord9at$ to /ill broad] c5tral ?\ghts1 accord+ to _! nature4 ,?is gr\p+ ( details1 accord+ to _! relation%ips1 into po9ts1 & ( su* po9ts "u /ill high] heads1 & s on until a :ole subject & ev5 ! :ole field ( k is c>efully ord]$ accord+ to ! relation%ips ( its p>ts1 is :at is meant by organization ( k4 ,sometimes an entire book is ?us organiz$ "u a s+le idea1 ,fiske's ,critical ,p]iod ( ,am]ican ,hi/ory be+ an excell5t example4 ,9 ?is volume ! conditions at ! close ( ! ,revolution>y ,w> are vividly describ$4 ,x is %[n t great debts rema9$ unpaid1 t diff]5t sy/ems ( money caus$ confusion1 & t civil w> 0 s]i\sly ?reat5$ 9 v>i\s qu>t]s4 ,^! & o!r dang]s conv9c$ sob] m5 t a firm c5tral gov]nm5t 0 indisp5sable4 ,b !n1 x 0 no easy matt] to br+ su* a gov]nm5t into exi/5ce2 & x is %[n h[ num]\s h]oic attempts 9 ?is direction b>ely escap$ failure be=e ! con/itution 0 f9ally adopt$4 ,on ! :ole1 x is safe to say t ea* p>agraph or small numb] ( p>agraphs1 :ile con/itut+ a unit1 is at ! same "t a necess>y "p ( ! *apt] to :i* x belongs2 likewise1 ea* *apt]1 :ile con/itut+ a unit1 is an integral "p ( ! book z a :ole2 & all ^! p>ts are s int]relat$ & complete t ! :ole book con/itutes a unit4 ,obs]ve ! advantage ( su* organization4 ,! p]iod ( our hi/ory imm$iately foll[+ ! ,revolution us$ to be "o ( ! lea/ int]e/+ ( topics4 ,"u ! title ,! ,p]iod foll[+ ! ,treaty ( ,p>is1 or ,! ,p]iod f ! ,close ( ! ,revolution>y ,w> to ! ,adoption ( ! ,con/itution1 ! textbooks attempt$ no?+ m ?an an enum]ation or hi/ory ( ! *ief difficulties & /ruggles ( our y\?ful nation4 ,9 "s cases1 if ,i rememb] correctly1 ?is 0 designat$ ,! ,p]iod ( ,confusion1 & its description left ! read] 9 a ?or\ghly confus$ /ate ( m9d4 ,fiske's book 0 a revelation4 ,:at _h seem$ v complex & confus$ became "h extremely simple2 :at _h be5 especially dull became "h p]haps ! mo/ excit+ topic 9 all our hi/ory4 ,& ! secret ( ! advance is f\nd to a l>ge ext5t 9 ! organization4 ,?us organization is a means ( effectiv5ess 9 ! pres5tation ( k1 z 9 ! use ( a libr>y or ! conduct ( a bus9ess4 ,! basis = ! organization ( k 9 g5]al4 ,all ! facts 9 ,mr4 ,fiske's book are organiz$ ab\t ! /irr+ "q express$ 9 8 title1 i4 e41 h[ our %ip ( /ate b>ely escap$ be+ wreck$4 ,because ?is idea is ( int5se int]e/ to u1 & ! entire book be>s ^u x cont9ually1 ! /ory is read ) bat$ brea?4 ,drummond's ,greate/ ,?+ 9 ! ,_w is ano!r excell5t example on a small] scale ( ideas c5t]$ ab\t a vital human "q4 ,?us specific problems ( v>i\s degrees ( bread?1 t are intimately relat$ to man1 c well be tak5 z ! basis = ! organization ( k 9 g5]al4 ,classical lit]ature is organiz$ on ?is basis1 :i* is call$ ! p$agogical or psy*ological basis1 & x seems desirable t o!r fields %\ld also be4 ,yet !re are o!r k9ds ( organization 9 :i* ! relation to man is n s pla9ly1 or n at all1 tak5 z ! controll+ idea4 ,= example1 biology is (t5 organiz$ on ! basis ( ! gr[+ complexity ( ! organism1 ! /ud5t beg9n+ ) ! simple1 microscopic cell1 & advanc+ to ! m & m complex =ms4 ,=m]ly1 aft] ! ,l9naean sy/em1 plants 7 classifi$ accord+ to _! simil>ity ( /ructure4 ,n[ bo? plants & animals are (t5 classifi$ on ! basis ( _! mann] ( adaptation to _! environm5t4 ,?us )9 ! field ( sci5ce !re is :at is call$ ! sci5tific basis ( organization4 ,!re is also ! logical basis ( organization ( ?\ght1 accord+ to :i* "s mo/ fundam5tal idea is tak5 z ! beg9n+ ( a sy/em1 or ! premise1 & o!r ideas are evolv$ f ?is fir/ pr9ciple4 ,r\sseau attempt$ to develop 8 educational doctr9e 9 ?is way1 />t+ ) ! ass]tion t ev]y?+ 0 good z x came f ! ,creator1 b t ev]y?+ deg5]at$ 9 ! h&s ( man4 ,john ,calv9 did ! same 9 8 sy/em ( !ology2 & he reason$ s succ9ctly f 8 few premises t any "o grant+ ^! 0 almo/ compell$ to accept 8 entire doctr9e4 ,att5tion is call$ to ^! facts "h 9 ord] to sugge/ t1 :ile ! sci5tific & ! logical bases ( organization are 9 common use1 nei!r ( !m is adequate z ! ma9 basis ( organization = a "y /ud5t :o is /udy+ a subject = ! fir/ "t4 ,! reason is t ea* ( !m secures a c>eful ord]+ ( facts only ) ref]5ce to ! relations t ^? facts be> to "o ano!r1 & n ) ref]5ce to ! relation t !y be> to man2 & 9 ?us ignor+ man !y %[ grave faults4 ,!y are indiff]5t to int]e/ on ! "p ( ! le>n]2 !y (f] no /&>d = judg+ ! relative wor?s ( facts to man2 & in/ead ( ex]t+ an influ5ce 9 ! direction ( apply+ k1 !y ex]t "s influ5ce 9 ! opposite direction by _! indiff]5ce to man's view-po9t4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t !y are ( great assi/ance 9 secur+ ?or\ghness ( compreh5sion by _! revelation ( ! relations exi/+ among facts1 & also t !y classify facts 9 a conv5i5t way = f9d+ !m lat]2 b !y are ( greate/ use to ! advanc$ /ud5t1 :o is already suppli$ ) motive & ) /&>ds = judg+ wor?1 & :o has prop] habits ( /udy already =m$2 !y c well foll[ b !y %\ld n supplant ! psy*ological basis4 ,! /ud5t's d\ble task 9 ! organization ( ideas4 ,an au?or's organization ( subject-matt] is frequ5tly poor4 ,b :e!r x be poor or good1 "s h>d "w on ! "p ( ! /ud5t is necess>y be=e ! prop] gr\p+ ( ideas c take place 9 8 own m9d4 ,! dang] is t !re w be practically no arrangem5t ( 8 ?\ghts1 z is well illu/rat$ 9 ! foll[+ lett] f an eight-ye>-old boy4 ,,de> ,,uncle ,,*>lie3 ,w y please buy "s ( my #bd package ( my ,blu9e1 if y w please buy "o package x w help me a lot4 ,"o ,saturday we play$ ball aga9/ ! ea/ side & beat twelve to #a4 ,i w get a baseball suit if ,i c sell #bd packages ( ,blu9e4 ,we _h q a blizz>d "h to-day4 ,= "o package x co/s t5 c5ts4 ,:5 we play$ ball aga9/ ! ea/ side we only _h #f boys & !y _h twelve4 ,we h a base ball team1 & ,i am ,capta91 s y see ,i ne$ a suit4 ,gret*5 & ,"m are play+ backgammon ) "o dice4 ,i cat* sometimes :5 our real cat*] is n !re4 ,:5 he is !re ,i play fir/ ,base4 ,y\r lov+ nephew1 ,,james4 ,!re is "o prom95t idea 9 ?is lett]1 t\*+ ! sale ( ,blu9e1 ) reasons2 & p>ts ( two o!rs1 conc]n+ ! wea!r & ! occupation ( "m & si/]4 ,! fir/ is ! mo/ fully treat$2 b1 z might be expect$ f an eight-ye>-old *ild1 no "o idea is support$ by suffici5t detail to r\nd x out & make x /rong4 ,9 avoid+ su* defects two ?+s are necess>y3 ,fir/1 ! /ud5t mu/ decide :at po9ts he desires to make4 ,!y %\ld be s def9itely conceiv$ t !y c be easily di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r & c ev5 be c\nt$4 ,!n1 9 ! second place1 all ! details t be> ^u a c5tral idea %\ld be collect$ & pres5t$ toge!r 9 sequ5ce "u ! po9t conc]n$4 ,by ?is mass+ ( all support+ /atem5ts "u _! prop] heads1 ov]lapp+ or duplicat+ is avoid$1 & cle>ness is ga9$4 ,also1 =ce is secur$ by ! cumulative effect ( intimately relat$ facts1 j z x is secur$ by ! conc]t$ attack by ! divisions ( an army4 ,ev5 ! bett] /ud5ts (t5 /op ) f9d+ ! ma9 ?\ghts alone4 ,& ! temptation to d no m is /rong1 s9ce tea*]s seldom require a =ceful pres5tation ( ideas 9 recitation2 !y are ?ankful to get a halt+ /atem5t ( ! pr9cipal facts4 ,b ! /ud5t %\ld rememb] t he is /udy+ = 8 own good1 n m]ely to keep tea*]s cont5t$2 & he %\ld n deceive himself by 8 own flu5cy ( spee*4 ,he %\ld =m ! habit ( (t5 ask+ himself1 ,:at is my po9t8 also1 ,:at facts h ,i (f]$ = its support1 & h ,i mass$ !m all z ,i %\ld8 ,he mu/ ?us =m ! habit ( arrang+ 8 ideas into po9ts if he wi%es to be po9t$4 ,precautions aga9/ inaccuracy 9 ! gr\p+ ( facts into po9ts4 ,! dang]s ( inaccuracy 9 ?is k9d ( /udy are num]\s4 ,fir/ ! individual /atem5ts mu/ be c>efully int]pret$4 ,a c]ta9 v intellig5t t5-ye>-old girl /udy+ ari?metic read ! problem1 ,:at is ! int]e/ on #ejj at six p] c5t = "o ye>8 ,!n1 probably "u ! influ5ce ( "s prec$+ problem1 %e f\nd f\r p] c5t ( ! pr9cipal1 & add$ ! am\nt to ! pr9cipal = h] answ]1 ?us %[+ two mi/akes 9 read+4 ,p]haps half ( ! mi/akes t *ildr5 make 9 ! solution ( problems is due to su* c>eless read+4 ,a c]ta9 fif?-ye> class 9 hi/ory read a v %ort p>agraph ab\t ! ?ree %ips t 7 secur$ = ,columbus's fir/ voyage1 ! p>agraph end+ ) ! /atem5t1 ,on bo>d ! ?ree %ips 7 exactly n9ety m54 ,:5 !y 7 ask$ lat] h[ _m m5 accompani$ ,columbus ! common answ] 01 ,two hundr$ & sev5ty1 s9ce !re 7 n9ety m5 on ea* %ip4 ,^! mi/akes are typical ( ^? t are common1 ev5 among adults1 z 9 ! read+ ( exam9ation que/ions1 = in/ance4 ,i h m ?an once ask$ graduate /ud5ts 9 a univ]sity to /ate ! "o pr9cipal ?\ght obta9$ f ! ext5d$ /udy ( an article on education1 & h receiv$ a pap] ) a ?reefold answ]1 7a71 7b71 7c74 ,su* responses are due to extreme c>elessness 9 read+ ! que/ions ask$1 z well z to a desire to be oblig+ & all[ an in/ructor "s fre$om ( *oice4 ,?us ! mean+ ( ! individual /atem5ts t con/itute ! mat]ial out ( :i* l>g] tru?s are d]iv$1 mu/ be c>efully wat*$ if ! f9al int]pretation ( an au?or's ?\ght is to be accurate4 ,! t5d5cy t[>d error is great] /ill :5 x comes to f9d+ ! c5tral ?\ght = a portion ( text4 ,?is 0 once amus+ly illu/rat$ by a class compos$ only ( ! pr9cipals & high-s*ool tea*]s 9 a c\nty in/itute1 "s sev5ty-five p]sons 9 all4 ,! text "u discussion 0 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,pr(essor ,james's well- kn[n book1 ,talks to ,tea*]s4 ,! title ( ! *apt] is ,psy*ology & ! ,tea*+ ,art2 & ,pr(essor ,james1 fe>+ t tea*]s might be expect+ too mu* f 8 field1 sets to "w to disc\rage ! idea t psy*ology c be a panacea = all ( a tea*]'s ills4 ,! l>g] portion ( ! twelve pages is devot$ to ?is object1 al?\gh ! explicit /atem5t is made1 on ! ?ird page1 t psy*ology ought c]ta9ly to give ! tea*] radical help4 ,b s little space is giv5 to ?is decl>ation t1 9 spite ( its def9it5ess & positive "*1 ! class z a :ole rea*$ ! conclusion t he 0 advis+ tea*]s n to /udy psy*ology at all4 ,9 o!r words1 !y _h fail$ to balance up "o "p ( ! *apt] aga9/ ! o!r2 & _! failure left !m 9 ! ridicul\s position ( assum+ t an au?or ( a book = tea*]s 0 dissuad+ tea*]s f read+ 8 book4 ,a ?ird & p]haps ! mo/ common s\rce ( error is f\nd 9 ! p>ticul> word+ giv5 to ! c5tral ?\ght4 ,9 ord] to be p]fectly def9ite & accurate any ?\ght %\ld be express$ 9 ! =m ( a full /atem5t4 ,x ord9>ily takes at lea/ a :ole s5t5ce to express a :ole ?\ght4 ,b x is v common = /ud5ts ev51 :o h =m$ ! habit ( ?9k+ by po9ts1 to all[ brief head+s1 consi/+ ( s+le words or %ort phrases1 to repres5t entire ?\ghts4 ,al?\gh su* head+s1 on acc\nt ( _! brevity1 may be useful1 !y are m]ely names = ! ?\ght1 n /atem5ts ( ! ?\ght itself2 & x means ! loose/ k9d ( ?9k+ to /op ) !m4 ,a m]e title1 z a lecture ,ab\t ,russia1 = in/ance1 designates only ! outside limits to :i* a p]son conf9es himself--provid$ he /icks to 8 !me4 ,x (t5 tells no m ab\t ! sub/ance ( ! ?\ght )9 ^? limits ?an a man's "n tells ab\t 8 "*4 ,x is usually easy to tell :at a page is ab\t2 b x usually requires ke5 ?9k+ to ^w its pr9cipal idea %>ply 9 a full s5t5ce4 ,_m /ud5ts are inaccurate 9 ! int]pretation ( au?ors & 9 _! own ?9k+1 n s mu* because !y lack m5tal ability z because !y lack ! en]gy to cont9ue _! ?9k+ to ?is po9t ( word+ ! c5tral idea accurately 9 a full s5t5ce4 ,,! ,,ability ,,( ,,*ildr5 ,,to ,,gr\p ,,facts ,,into ,,po9ts4 ,! gr\p+ ( facts into po9ts requires ability to p]ceive t "s /atem5ts are m valuable ?an o!rs1 )\t ref]5ce to ! space t !y happ5 to occupy on ! pr9t$ page2 x presupposes1 also1 ! p[] to re>range a /rang]'s ideas4 ,x is1 !re=e1 an aggressive k9d ( "w1 9 :i* ev5 adults (t5 fail to di/+ui% !mselves4 ,c *ildr5 be expect$ to assume su* responsibility8 ,pro(s ( su* ability4 #a4 ,z %[n by *ildr5 t5 ye>s old & y\ng]4 ,pro( t any t5-ye>-old *ild has already assum$ x 9 a simple way = "s ye>s is conta9$ 9 ! foll[+ facts3-- #a4 ,long be=e ! s*ool age is rea*$ a *ild has _h mu* practice 9 pick+ out ! logical subjects ( s5t5ces1 inasmu* z he has le>n$ to compreh5d /atem5ts made to him4 ,di/+ui%+ ! subject ( a s5t5ce is ! same k9d ( "w z di/+ui%+ ! subject ( a p>agraph or *apt]1 only x is simpl]4 #b4 ,any six-ye>-old *ild has1 likewise1 _h mu* practice 9 detect+ ! subject ( %ort conv]sations1 especially ( ^? ( int]e/ to him4 ,if he happ5s to ov]he> a conv]sation betwe5 8 p>5t & tea*] t\*+ a possible puni%m5t = himself1 he c be tru/$ to sum x up & get ! gi/ ( x all1 ev5 ?\gh "s ( ! words d n rea* him4 ,t is exactly ! k9d ( ?9k+ requir$ 9 gett+ ! po9t ( a lecture4 #c4 ,9 relat+ fairy tales & o!r /ories1 dur+ ! fir/ ye>s at s*ool1 *ildr5 easily fall into ! habit ( relat+ a "p1 or a po9t1 at a "t4 ,&1 if ! memory or ! c\rage fails1 ! tea*] gives help by ask+1 ,:at w y tell ab\t fir/8 ,& !n8 ,& !n8 ?us sett+ !m "r1 & keep+ !m s1 by hav+ !m divide ! /ory into its pr9cipal sections4 #d4 ,9 composition1 9 ! l[] & middle grades1 ! p>agraph+ ( ?\ght1 fir/ z pres5t$ on ! pr9t$ page1 !n z call$ = 9 oral recitation & 9 conv]sation1 & f9ally 9 ! *ild's writt5 =m1 is a prom95t subject ( in/ruction4 ,no "o ma9ta9s t su* "w is unnatural1 or too difficult1 = su* "y *ildr54 #e4 ,developm5t in/ruction1 :i* has already be5 m5tion$ z peculi>ly successful ) "y *ildr51 w\ld be impossible if *ildr5 7 unable to appreciate ! "* ( a pr9cipal ?\ght1 z ! topic or po9t = discussion1 & ( o!r ?\ghts z subord9ate to x4 #b4 ,z %[n 9 ! use ( diff]5t texts & ( ref]5ce books4 ,! use ( sev]al texts 9 "o subject1 z hi/ory1 by "o *ild1 & ! use ( ref]5ce books1--bo? ( :i* are common above ! fif? ye> ( s*ool1--presuppose ! ability to /udy by topics1 & to br+ toge!r f v>i\s s\rces ! facts t support a pr9cipal tru?4 #c4 ,z %[n by ! rapid improvem5t !y c make 9 su* /udy4 ,f9ally1 ! progress t *ildr5 c make1 :5 direct in/ruction 9 ?is matt] is giv5 to !m1 is good pro( ( _! ability 9 ?is direction4 ,= example1 9 a geography class compos$ ( t5- ye>-old *ildr51 ,i once assign$ = a lesson ! foll[+ section f ! text-book3-- ,,political ,,divisions4--,y w rememb] t ,spa9 0 ! nation t help$ ,columbus make 8 discov]y ( ,am]ica4 ,! ,spani>ds aft]w>d settl$ 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! cont95t1 & introduc$ ! ,spani% language !re4 ,t is /ill ! *ief language spok5 9 ,mexico1 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,mexico became indep5d5t ( ,spa9 _m ye>s ago4 ,o!r nations also s5t explor]s & made settlem5ts4 ,among ^! 7 ! ,engli%1 :o settl$ *iefly along ! ,atlantic coa/1 & f9ally came to own ! great] "p ( ! cont95t nor? ( ,mexico4 ,9 "t ! ,engli%1 :o liv$ 9 ! c5tral portion ( ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica1 wag$ w> aga9/ ,engl&1 & *ose ,george ,wa%+ton z _! lead]4 ,on ! #d? ( ,july1 #aggf1 !y decl>$ _! indep5d5ce ( ,engl&1 & f9ally won x completely4 ,?is "p became kn[n z ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 b ! region to ! nor?1 :i* ,engl& 0 able to keep1 & :i* %e /ill possesses1 is call$ ,canada4 ,f9d ea* ( ^! c\ntries on ! map 7,fig4 #abc74 ,po9t t[>d ,canada & ,mexico4 ,besides ^! ?ree l>ge nations1 sev]al small] ones occupy ,c5tral ,am]ica1 :i* lies s\? ( ,mexico4 ,aft] ! *ildr5 _h _h "t to /udy x some:at c>efully1 ,i reque/$ !m to tell briefly :at ! section 0 ab\t4 ,! fir/ ?ree replies 7 z foll[s1 9 ! foll[+ ord]1 & ^! 7 n improv$ on lat]1 )\t sugge/ion3 ,x tells ab\t discov]y4 ,x tells ab\t ! language 9 ,mexico4 ,x tells ab\t :at are nations4 ,?is 0 _! fir/ attempt at su* "w1 & x met ) meag] success4 ,! head+ 9 ! text seem$ to give !m no aid :atev]1 :i* 0 suffici5t pro( ( its unfitness = *ildr54 ,yet )9 "o mon?1 ) "s att5tion giv5 to ?is matt] e day1 ,i f\nd half ( ! class ( tw5ty to be reasonably safe 9 pick+ out ! c5tral ?\ght 9 a page ( _! text4 ,f all ^! facts x seems t *ildr5 are reasonably capable ( receiv+ in/ruction 9 reg>d to ! gr\p+ ( facts into po9ts4 ,x is evid5t1 also1 t !y ne$ su* in/ruction badly1 if !y are to /udy prop]ly ! lessons t are assign$ to !m4 ,,practical ,,sugge/ions ,,= ,,tea*+ ,,*ildr5 ,,to ,,gr\p ,,relat$ ,,facts ,,into ,,po9ts #a4 ,! tea*]'s example4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! example ( ! tea*] c be ( great influ5ce4 ,any good tea*] %\ld d m ?an ask que/ions & expla9 difficult topics4 ,%e %\ld n[ & !n talk to h] *ildr54 ,p>ticul>ly g5]al ex]cises %e %\ld give expression to o!r ideas ?an ^? imm$iately involv$ 9 in/ruction4 ,if at su* times h] ideas are c>efully gr\p$ ab\t "o or m c5tral ?\ghts1 h] pupils are likely to feel ! r\ndness & ! consequ5t cle>ness & =ce ( h] po9ts1 & to be ambiti\s to imitate h] /yle4 ,_m an adult1 no d\bt1 c recall bo? ! pleasure he exp]i5c$ 9 e>ly y\? :5 li/5+ to "s speak] :o possess$ ?is m]it1 & e>ly attempts t he made to imitate su* a /yle4 #b4 ,use ( writt5 outl9es 9 developm5t in/ruction4 ,9 developm5t in/ruction1 9 ! l[] & middle grades 9 p>ticul>1 brief head+s repres5t+ ! ma9 facts rea*$ might be plac$ on ! blackbo>d1 or writt5 d[n by ea* pupil z ! facts are e/abli%$4 ,su* writ+ is ( great assi/ance 9 keep+ ! outl9e 9 m9d4 ,frequ5tly1 ev5 9 ! l[] grades1 review outl9es might be requir$ )\t su* visual help4 #c4 ,9 connection ) ! use ( text4 7a7 ,f9d+ ( ! pr9cipal ?\ght 9 p>agraphs4 ,a t]se /atem5t ( ! pr9cipal ?\ght 9 ea* p>agraph ( "s /ory or o!r well-organiz$ text is a valuable ex]cise 9 det]m9+ ! relation t ! diff]5t s5t5ces 9 a p>agraph be> to "o ano!r1 & ! gi/ ( ! :ole4 7b7 ,f9d+ :]e a po9t beg9s & ends4 ,pupils might po9t to ! place on ! page :]e ! treatm5t ( a c]ta9 po9t beg9s2 also :]e x ends4 ,?us !y w\ld receive ex]cise 9 di/+ui%+ n only ! pr9cipal ?\ght1 b also ! turns 9 ! ?\ght1 & !re=e ! mo/ suitable /opp+ places = reflection4 7c7 ,! mak+ ( m>ks1 to indicate relative values4 ,! mo/ valuable /atem5ts might well be m>k$ 9 ! text1 "s sy/em ( m>ks--z1 = in/ance1 "o1 two1 or ?ree %ort v]tical l9es 9 ! m>g9--be+ agre$ ^u to indicate diff]5t degrees ( wor?4 ,x is v common = adults1 p>ticul>ly v c>eful /ud5ts1 ?us to m>k books t !y read4 ,unless "o does s1 x is difficult to f9d aga91 or review quickly1 ! ma9 ideas4 ,yet "o ( ! especially important ?+s to tea* "y p 9 ! h&l+ ( a book is "s way ( review+ quickly ! mo/ valuable p>ts4 ,_m p]sons :o w\ld gladly review ! few mo/ int]e/+ portions ( a book h no way ( do+ s except by read+ ! volume ?r\gh aga94 ,t takes s mu* "t t !y omit ! review altoge!r4 ,9 case ! books belong to ! s*ool or libr>y1 all su* m>ks may be objectionable4 ,c]ta9ly ! aimless m>k+ ( any book is to be condemn$4 ,b ?\ghtful m>k+1 ) ! view ( %[+ relative values1 is likely to increase ! am\nt ( reflection on ! "p ( ! "o :o makes ! m>ks4 ,x is likely1 also1 to increase ! am\nt ( reflection on ! "p ( ! lat] read]1 = he1 see+ ! m>ks1 is incl9$ to weigh ! ?\ght long en\gh to decide :e!r he agrees or disagrees ) ! previ\s read]4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! objections to su* m>k+s are insup]able1 *ildr5 c at lea/ be enc\rag$ to own "s ( ! books t !y use4 ,!y ought to be develop+ a pride 9 a libr>y ( _! own1 anyway4 ,if a book is wor? read+1 x is wor? buy+1 says ,rusk94 ,no book is wor? any?+ :i* is n wor? mu*2 nor is x s]viceable until x has be5 read & r]ead1 & lov$ & lov$ aga91 & m>k$1 s t y c ref] to ! passages y want 9 x1 z a soldi] c seize ! weapon he ne$s 9 an armory1 or a h\sewife br+ ! spice %e ne$s f h] /ore4 ,footnote3 ,rusk9's ,sesame & ,lilies4 ,x might be add$1 also1 t all ! writ+ ?us sugge/$ c\ld be kept on note pap] or 9 note books1 if =bidd5 to appe> 9 pr9t$ books4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t "o important object 9 us+ books 9 s*ool is to tea* _! prop] use outside ( s*ool4 ,to ?is end1 books %\ld be us$ 9 s*ool 9 sub/antially ! same way 9 :i* !y are expect$ to be us$ outside4 ,!re is (t5 a lack ( correspond5ce betwe5 ^! two me?ods 9 v>i\s ways4 ,:]ev] ! m>k+s indicat+ relative values happ5 to be plac$1 !y c well be comp>$ 9 class & ! disagreem5ts discuss$4 ,?is w\ld ?r[ a class into ! he>t ( ! subject-matt] ( a text on _! own initiative4 ,if x result$ 9 sp5d+ a :ole recitation 9 a discussion ( relative values1 z x frequ5tly w\ld1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t t is ! mo/ valuable k9d ( /udy4 7d7 ,! selection ( m>g9al head+s4 ,if ! books us$ conta9 no m>g9al head+s1 ! pupils might propose "s4 ,& if m>g9al head+s are f\nd 9 "s1 proposals = _! improvem5t w\ld be 9 place1 s9ce su* head+s are r>ely good4 ,= example1 ! head+ ,political ,divisions1 quot$ above1 w\ld be mu* m def9ite & significant if *ang$ to ,! ,c\ntries 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 & *ildr5 c\ld soon le>n to make su* improvem5ts4 ,head+s ( *apt]s1 likewise1 (t5 ne$ reword+ 9 a simpl]1 m def9ite & re/rictive way4 7e7 ,! collect+ ( supports = lead+ ?\ghts4 ,*oos+ "s "o ( ! pr9cipal ?\ghts1 ! *ildr5 %\ld h practice 9 f9d+ ! data t support x1 & 9 pres5t+ su* data 9 good sequ5ce & 9 an o!rwise =ceful mann]4 7f7 ,/at+ ! lead+ ?\ghts 9 close sequ5ce4 ,z "o way ( summ>iz+ review lessons ! *ildr5 might enum]ate ! lead+ ?\ghts 9 close sequ5ce1 giv+ a c>eful word+ = ea* 9 a full /atem5t4 #d4 ,z a prep>ation = ! tak+ ( notes4 ,pupils 9 ! high] grades hav+ to consult ref]5ce books frequ5tly1 & to take notes also f discussions & lectures1 %\ld receive c>eful in/ruction 9 note-tak+4 ,z prep>ation = su* "w1 ! tea*] might read to ! class1 :ile ! latt] li/5 ) ! object ( tell+ h[ _m & :at are ! ma9 po9ts4 ,sometimes !y might call halt z !y realize t a turn is be+ made & ano!r po9t is beg9n+4 ,!y %\ld be rem9d$ t ! relation%ips ( ideas1 :i* are indicat$ by punctuation & p>agraph+ on ! pr9t$ page1 are reveal$ by a read]'s or speak]'s mann]1 z :5 he makes %ort pauses betwe5 s5t5ces1 or emphasizes an idea by voice or ge/ure1 or all[s 8 voice to fall at ! end ( "s m9or ?\ght1 or turns ar\nd1 /ops to get a dr9k1 walks across ! floor1 or waits = applause at ! close ( "o ( 8 pr9cipal flights4 ,tea*] & pupils might all take notes toge!r1 sometimes on pr9cipal po9ts1 sometimes only on ! support+ data = "o su* po9t4 ,!n ! results might be comp>$1 & ! small am\nt ( writ+ necess>y might be discuss$4 ,b4 ,! neglect ( relatively unimportant facts or /atem5ts ,we h se5 t ! organization ( ideas requires ! recognition ( "s ?\ghts z c5tral1 & ! gr\p+ ( v>i\s details ab\t !m4 ,:ile x places peculi> emphasis on ^! controll+ facts1 x also recognizes details z an ess5tial "p ( k4 ,neglect z well z emphasis involv$ 9 relative values4 ,a "q n[ arises ab\t ! relative values among ^! details4 ,:ile !y are an ess5tial "p ( k1 d !y !mselves v>y indef9itely 9 wor?8 ,& :ile _m des]ve mu* att5tion1 are !re _m o!rs t may be slight$ & ev5 ignor$8 ,! fir/ "p ( ?is *apt] has really dealt ) ! emphasis t is necess>y = "s ideas4 ,b emphasis at "o po9t sugge/s neglect at ano!r po9t1 = ! two t]ms are correlative4 ,"s p]sons w\ld ev5 ass]t t neglect is z important an elem5t 9 prop] /udy z emphasis1 & t ! two t]ms %\ld be 9 equally good repute4 ,?is "p ( ! *apt] deals ) ! neglect t is due 9 prop] /udy4 ,x is1 p]haps1 a m difficult topic to treat ?an ! prec$+4 ,c]ta9ly _m tea*]s are afraid to advise "y p to neglect p>ts ( _! lessons1 le/ su* sugge/ion might seem a direct recomm5dation to be c>eless4 ,:y neglect is sc>cely all[able 9 "s subjects4 ,we h se5 t1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ! facts 9 ! ?ree ,r's & spell+ h practically ! same wor?4 ,all ( ! comb9ations ( simple numb]s mu/ be ma/]$2 likewise all ! words 9 a well- select$ li/ 9 spell+1 etc4 ,s9ce diff]5ces 9 value are want+ "h1 !re is no occasion = slight+ any "p4 ,any neglect 9 su* cases signifies an ov]sight or a mi/ake4 ,:y neglect is necess>y 9 mo/ subjects4 ,b1 z be=e1 ^! subjects to "s ext5t =m an exception to ! g5]al rule4 ,9 mo/ /udies neglect ( "s p>ts is positively necess>y4 ,x has be5 already %[n t no exact numb] ( facts ne$s to be br\ght toge!r 9 ord] to make up any p>ticul> topic or /udy4 ,besides ^? directly express$ 9 pr9t1 !re are o!rs imm$iately sugge/$2 & ! numb] ( possible ideas be>+ on a giv5 matt] is legion4 ,neglect1 !re=e1 becomes n only necess>y1 b ev5 prom95t1 z a factor 9 /udy4 ,"o might ask1 ,are n all ! /atem5ts 9 a valuable book t "o happ5s to be read+ wor?y ( c>eful consid]ation8 ,n necess>ily1 by any means4 ,! production ( ?\ght p>allels ! production ( gra94 ,an acre ( gr\nd1 t yields ?irty bu%els or eighte5 hundr$ p\nds ( :eat1 may easily gr[ two :ole tons ( /raw & *aff4 ,^! latt] are absolutely necess>y to ! =mation ( ! :eat k]nel2 yet ! consum] usually has little use = !m2 he gets pa/ !m to ! gra9 ) ! lea/ possible delay1 (t5 ?r[+ ^! o!r mat]ials away4 ,likewise1 _m ?+s t are necess>y 9 ! production ( ?\ght are ( little use to ! consum]4 ,= example1 !re are (t5 introductory rem>ks t h lo/ _! orig9al significance2 !re are asides & pleasantries2 !re are c>eful transitions f "o ?\ght to ano!r1 to avoid abruptness2 !re are usually m or less irrelevant rem>ks due to ! fact t ev5 au?ors' m9ds w&] n[ & !n2 & !re are (t5 "s ?+s t seem$ important to ! au?or :i* 9 no possible way c be ( value to ! read]4 ,= ^! reasons1 "s ?+s are to be omitt$1 if possible1 )\t be+ read1 because !y are wor?less4 ,_m details are unwor?y ( a second ?\ght4 ,_m o!r /atem5ts %\ld be ca/ aside aft] hav+ be5 c>efully en\gh exam9$ to make sure t !y w n be fur!r ne$$4 ,n only %\ld "s /atem5ts & p>agraphs be slight$1 b :ole *apt]s z well4 ,simil> practice is famili> to all 9 connection ) conv]sations & discussions2 & books are ( ! same nature z ^!1 hav+ ! same faults1 ?\gh p]haps to a less degree4 ,:at ! /ud5t wants to c>ry away is valuable ?\ght1 ) ! details t vitally conc]n x2 & ! space occupi$ by su* ?\ght & its support+ details1 z 9 ! case ( ! :eat1 is small z comp>$ ) ! space occupi$ by ! *aff t accompanies !m4 ,"s books are to be ta/$1 says ,bacon1 o!rs to be swall[$1 & "s few to be *ew$ & dige/$2 t is1 "s books are to be read only 9 "p2 o!rs to be read1 b n curi\sly att5tively2 & "s few to be read :olly & ) dilig5ce & att5tion4 ,footnote3 ,bacon's ,essays1 ,( ,/udies4 ,if he _h add$ t v _m books %\ld n be read at all1 he w\ld h cov]$ ! field4 ,z a rule1 !re=e1 x is a s]i\s error = a /ud5t to di/ribute 8 "t & en]gy some:at equally ov] a lesson or a *apt] or a book4 ,!re are times :5 he %\ld advance rapidly & ev5 skip1 z well z o!r times :5 he %\ld pond] c>efully & review mu*4 ,h[ safety & skill 9 neglect may be develop$4 #a4 ,by proce$+ f pr9cipal ?\ghts to details4 ,h[ c "o become safe & skillful 9 ?is phase ( /udy8 ,! /ud5t mu/1 ( c\rse1 read or li/5 to /atem5ts l>gely 9 ! ord] ( ! au?or's pres5tation2 b two opposite c\rses ( proc$ure are possible1 & mu* dep5ds ^u ! *oice t is made betwe5 !m4 ,on ! "o h&1 "o c proce$ s5t5ce by s5t5ce1 exam9+ ea* /atem5t c>efully1 look+ up new words & ref]5ces1 supplem5t+1 trac+ ! be>+s on "o's own life1 & do+ :atev] else is necess>y to assimilate ea* ?\ght4 ,! s+le s5t5ces c be put toge!r s z to reveal ! ?\ghts ( p>agraphs2 & ! c5tral ideas ( p>agraphs & *apt]s c likewise be br\ght toge!r1 s z to reveal ! ma9 ?\ghts ( ! "w z a :ole4 ,?us ! g5]al movem5t may be f ! details to ! l>g] features1 & ! controll+ ideas may be ! la/ to be rea*$4 ,! ,bible is v commonly /udi$ 9 ?is mann]1 ! v]ses ( a *apt] & ! *apt]s ( a book be+ tak5 "o by "o 9 ! ord] giv5 & ?or\ghly ma/]$1 & ! outl9e ( ! :ole be+ ! la/ ?+ consid]$4 ,geography & hi/ory are also frequ5tly /udi$ 9 ! same way4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :ile ! read] is /ill oblig$ to foll[ ! au?or's ord]1 he may at ! />t be ma9ly on ! outlook = ! g5]al tr5d ( ! ?\ght1 = ! pr9cipal issues t are rais$1 ) ! pr9cipal answ]s t are (f]$2 &1 if ! "w is at all difficult1 he may = ! "t pass ov] _m obscure little matt]s1 su* z new words1 /range ref]5ces1 & mean+less /atem5ts1 9 ! sole que/ = ^! l>g] elem5ts4 ,!n1 hav+ det]m9$ ^! t5tatively1 he c set to "w to exam9e ! details on :i* !y dep5d1 mak+ ! inve/igation z ?or\gh z he wi%es4 ,?us ! g5]al movem5t may be f ! pr9cipal to ! m9or ?\ghts1 & ! details may be c>efully consid]$ la/ ( all4 ,9 accordance ) ?is plan we he> x recomm5d$ t ! book ( ,job be read at a sitt+1 or1 9 case "o's _s ( devotion lacks t degree ( endurance1 at two or ?ree sitt+s4 ,likewise1 ,gray's ,elegy might be read ?r\gh )\t pause1 ev5 sev]al times1 be=e any "p is /udi$ 9 detail2 s1 also1 ! drama ( ,william ,tell2 "o act1 & p]haps ! :ole ( ! drama1 ( ,julius ,caes>2 any "o ( ,br[n+'s %ort] poems2 & ord9>y lessons or *apt]s 9 hi/ory & geography4 ,:ile ^! two c\rses may f9ally br+ ab\t ! same result1 ! latt] is mu* ! m economical plan1 = ! foll[+ reason3 ,! individual /atem5ts v>y greatly 9 value1 z we h se51 "s requir+ only slight att5tion1 :ile o!rs mu/ be closely scrut9iz$4 ,:at det]m9es _! value is _! relation to ! lead+ ideas4 ,! latt] are ! sole /&>ds ( wor?1 ! sole guides1 9 discrim9at+ among !m4 ,if1 !n1 ! /ud5t has n f\nd out :at ! lead+ ideas are1 :at basis ( selection has he8 ,h[1 !n1 is he to "k :at are ! important details & :at are ! unimportant8 ,:at c he d1 !n1 m ?an m]ely to di/ribute 8 en]gies some:at equally & bl9dly ov] ! v>i\s /atem5ts (f]$1 until ! pr9cipal ?\ghts come to light8 ,only aft] t w he be 9 a position to measure relative values & ?us to deal ) ! details intellig5tly4 ,! fir/ plan1 !re=e1 involves a great wa/e ( "t4 ,= ! same reason t x is economical to g sight-see+ ) a guide1 or at lea/ to exam9e a guidebook be=e sett+ out1 x is economical to det]m9e ! gi/ ( ! ?\ght1 ! _s & sub/ance ( ! :ole1 be=e giv+ c>eful att5tion to ! m9or p>ts4 #b4 ,by keep+ ! /&>d ( values ev] 9 m9d4 ,! /ud5t mu/ n only f9d ! c5tral idea z e>ly z possible1 b he mu/ hold x ) a firm grip4 ,bo? ( ^! ?+s require mu* t5acity ( purpose4 ,9 foll[+ ! ord] ( an au?or's pres5tation1 consid]able detail may h to be trav]s$ be=e ! ma9 ?\ght beg9s to dawn 9 ! /ud5t's m9d1 & temptations to =get ab\t ! ma9 issue & to become absorb$ 9 ^! details are ev] pres5t4 ,x is on ?is acc\nt t tea*]s att5d+ tea*]s' ga!r+s frequ5tly fail to rea* ^? topics = discussion t h be5 adv]tis$2 !y ev5 fail :5 pr9t$ reports are ! av[$ subject = conf]5ce4 ,aft] hav+ arriv$ at _! de/9ation ) mu* sacrifice1 !y seem (t5 to =get exactly :at !y came =1 or to be div]t$ f x ) surpris+ ease4 ,h[ev]1 !y are n inf]ior to o!r adults 9 ?is respect4 ,aga91 aft] hav+ settl$ ^u ! ma9 idea t5tatively1 "o mu/ hold x ) det]m9ation & use x4 ,*ildr5 (t5 fail to hold a "q 9 m9d long en\gh to give a relevant answ]4 ,i once ask$ a fif?-ye> class 9 hi/ory1 ,:o discov]$ ,am]ica8 :5 almo/ imm$iately came ! response1 ,vespucci sail$ along ! coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica & nam$ ! :ole c\ntry6 ,or !y hold x 9 m9d a mom5t1 & !n confuse x ) o!r ?+s1 or let x g entirely4 ,i ask$ ! class1 ,:at is ! color ( ! ,indians8 & receiv$ an answ] tell+ ab\t _! color & _! clo?+4 ,at ano!r "t ,i inquir$1 ,h[ long has x be5 s9ce ,am]ica 0 discov]$8 ,"o boy repli$1 ,two hundr$ & fifty ye>s1 rememb]+1 ,i suppose1 t t numb] _h rec5tly be5 us$ 9 class4 ,b ! example 9 subtraction 0 solv$ on ! blackbo>d be=e ! class1 & ! correct answ]1 #dac1 0 obta9$4 ,once m ,i said1 ,f\r hundr$ & ?irte5 ye>s s9ce :at8 ,all 7 sil5t = a mom5t1 hav+ q =gott5 ! orig9al "q4 ,!n came ! reply1 ,s9ce--s9ce--,columbus sail$ ! deep4 ,su* c>elessness among *ildr5 sometimes ar\ses ! ire ( tea*]s2 b adults are little bett]4 ,:5 a body ( !m meets = ! discussion ( a c]ta9 "q1 ! probability is t1 if ! fir/ speak] speaks directly to ! po9t1 ! second w digress some:at1 ! ?ird w t\* ! subject only slightly1 & ! f\r? w talk ab\t a diff]5t matt]4 ,_m a discussion t has />t$ (f well leads to mu* excitem5t )\t any "o's kn[+ def9itely :at ! subject ( dispute is4 ,x is r>ely ! case t e page ( a pap] t is read be=e tea*]s be>s pla9ly ^u ! subject ann\nc$4 ,only 9 p>liam5t>y discussions1 :]e !re is always a def9ite "q be=e ! h\se1 is x cu/om>y = p>ticipants to rememb] ! topic & /ick to x4 ,?is happ5s !n only because x is und]/ood t any "o may be call$ to ord] at any "t1 & = ! sake ( self-protection ea* p]son makes a special ef=t n to =get4 ,?is exceptional caution mu/ become habitual ) ! /ud5t if he is to /udy effectively4 ,he mu/ look = ! pr9cipal ?\ght until he f9ds x2 &1 hav+ f\nd x1 he mu/ nurse x by recall+ x e few m9utes1 :ile us+ x z a basis = det]m9ation ( values4 ,rapid read+ & its me?od among s*ol>s4 ,t v>i\s rates ( read+ are desirable1 ev5 to ! po9t ( skipp+ ov] mu* matt]1 is indicat$ by ! way 9 :i* "s em95t m5 h /udi$4 ,= in/ance1 ,joseph ,cook 9 8 ,h9ts = ,home ,read+ rem>ks1 ,x is said t ,c>lyle reads on an av]age a doz5 books a day4 ,( c\rse he exam9es !m *iefly ) 8 f+]s1 & aft] long practice is able to f9d at once ! jugul> ve9 & c>otid art]y ( any au?or4 ,likewise1 ,john ,qu9cy ,adams 0 said to h 'a c>nivor\s in/9ct = ! jugul> ve9' ( an argum5t4 ,footnote3 ,page #hj4 ,rapid read+1 says ,koopman1 ,footnote3 ,koopman1 ,! ,ma/]y ( ,books1 p4 #dg4 is !444 difficult art ( skipp+ ne$less words & s5t5ces4 ,to recognize !m z ne$less )\t read+ !m1 is a feat t w\ld be ?\ght impossible1 if s*ol>s ev]y:]e did n daily p]=m x4 ,) ! turn+ ( a few leaves to pluck out ! he>t ( a book's my/]y--?is is ! high art ( read+1 ! cr[n+ pro( t ! read] has atta9$ ! ma/]y ( books4 ,! fact t ! fir/ & la/ p>ts ( bo? p>agraphs & *apt]s v (t5 reveal _! lead+ ?\ght1 is ( c\rse a great aid 9 su* rapid read+4 ,is ! _s ( induction "h oppos$8 ,x is p]t95t to ask :e!r ?is me?od ( /udy does n oppose ! _s ( induction4 ,m5 l ,c>lyle seem to ignore t _s :5 !y turn quickly to ! c5tral ideas or a book &1 aft] read+ ^!1 ca/ ! "w aside4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t ! m9ds ( su* m5 are s well /ock$ ) in=mation t mo/1 & sometimes all1 ( ! au?or's details may be unnecess>y to !m2 !y are already prep>$ = ! g5]alization4 ,! ord9>y /ud5t1 proce$+ m sl[ly1 c also be on ! wat* at ! />t = ! ma9 issues1 )\t (f5d+ aga9/ induction4 ,9 s do+ he is n necess>ily attempt+ to ma/] ! ab/ractions fir/2 he may be m]ely try+ to f9d out :at ! ma9 que/ions are1 9 ord] to supply himself ) a guide4 ,_m an au?or /ates 8 pr9cipal problem ne> ! beg9n+ ( 8 treatm5t1 & !n x is easy = ! read] or li/5] to view all ! details 9 its light4 ,b :5 ?is is n ! case1 ! /ud5t mu/ g 9 que/ ( x 9 ord] to get ! sett+ = all ! /atem5ts1 r ?an 9 ord] to assimilate x4 ,he mu/ see ! :ole 9 "s p]spective be=e he c /udy ! p>ts intellig5tly4 ,! wor? ( specific purposes z discuss$ 9 pp4 #ca-fj is cle>ly se5 9 ?is connection4 ,relation ( su* neglect to ?or\ghness4 #a4 ,a common conception ( ?or\ghness & its influ5ce on practice4 ,x is ( vital importance fur!r to inquire :at relation su* neglect be>s to ?or\ghness 9 /udy4 ,! answ] dep5ds ^u ! mean+ atta*$ to ! ^w ?or\gh4 ,we (t5 he> x said t ,trifles make p]fection1 & p]fection is no trifle2 also t ?or\ghness has to d ) details4 ,aga91 z a w>n+ aga9/ c>elessness 9 little matt]s1 we are told t-- ,= ! want ( a nail ! %oe 0 lo/4 ,= ! want ( a %oe ! horse 0 lo/4 ,= ! want ( ! horse ! rid] 0 lo/4 ,= ! want ( ! rid] ! battle 0 lo/4 ,= ! loss ( ! battle ! k+dom 0 lo/4 ,!re is c]ta9ly a valuable tru? 9 ^! maxims1 & "s p1 !re=e1 accept !m at _! face value4 ,call+ to m9d t _m ( ! greate/ discov]ies h h+$ on seem+ly insignificant facts1 & t ! _w-r5[n$ ,g]man sci5ti/s are di/+ui%$ by inf9ite pa9s 9 reg>d to details1 !y conceive t ! /ud5t is prim>ily conc]n$ ) trifles4 ,kn[+ t ! doll>s w take c>e ( !mselves if ! dimes are c>efully sav$1 !y reason t k is prop]ly ma/]$ if ! little ?+s receive close att5tion4 ,x becomes _! ambition1 !re=e1 to let no?+ t is little escape !m4 ,9 ?is _s ! consci5ti\s /ud5t1 l>gely id5tify+ consci5ti\sness ) ?or\ghness1 keeps a special wat* = little ?+s1 feel+ t ! small] an item is ! m fully x te/s 8 ?or\ghness1 & ! m m]itori\s he is if he att5ds to x4 ,! influ5ce ( ?is notion ( ?or\ghness ^u practice has be5 m>k$ 9 "s s*ools4 ,& s9ce spell+ furni%es excell5t mat]ial = te/+ c>e = details1 t subject has (t5 be5 giv5 high rank p>tly = t special reason4 ,i h kn[n "o l>ge tra9+ s*ool = tea*]s 9 :i* = tw5ty ye>s & m probably m "t & en]gy on ! "p ( bo? faculty & /ud5ts 7 exp5d$ on spell+ ?an on any o!r s+le subject4 ,x 0 unp>donable n to cross ! t or dot ! i1 n to ins]t ! hyph5 or ! p]iod4 ,hav+ writt5 a ^w 9 spell+1 x 0 a he9\s (f5se to *ange x aft] second ?\ght1 & a doz5 misspell$ words p] t]m s]i\sly endang]$ "o's diploma at ! end ( ! ?ree-ye> c\rse4 ,no "o c d5y great m]it to su* /r5u\sness4 ,s def9ite an aim1 appli$ to all subjects & rel5tlessly pursu$ by a :ole faculty1--z 0 ! case 9 ?is s*ool1--compell$ /ud5ts to "w till !y ov]work$1 & ! s*ool 0 !re=e reg>d$ z excell5t4 ,yet ?is conception makes ?or\ghness a purely quantitative matt]2 x accepts ?or\ghness z mean+ ?r\ghness or complet5ess1 signify+ ! inclusion ( ev]y?+ f beg9n+ to end1 or f cov] to cov]4 #b4 ,! correct notion ( ?or\ghness4 ,?is notion ( ?or\ghness1 h[ev]1 is c]ta9ly wrong 9 oppos+ all neglect2 & ! above-quot$ maxims %[ !mselves1 9 _! disreg>d = relative values1 to be only half tru?s1 ,9 ! s*ool j m5tion$ !re 0 small emphasis ( relative wor?s & ( ! use ( judgm5t 9 ! *oice ( objects to receive "o's att5tion4 ,z ?or\ghness consi/$ 9 att5tion to details1 little ?+s became p] se wor?y ( /udy1 & comp>ative wor? 0 on t acc\nt ov]look$4 ,b1 z we h se51 !re is no hope ( ma/]+ all ! ideas connect$ ) any topic1 s t ! /ud5t mu/ be reconcil$ to ! ex]cise ( judgm5t 9 mak+ selection4 ,?is *oice mu/ be ex]cis$1 too1 among ! details !mselves2 x is n conf9$ to a selection ( ! l>ge ?\ghts 9 di/9ction f ! details4 ,details v>y inf9itely among !mselves 9 value2 "s1 l ! horse%oe nail1 easily be> a vital relation to l>ge results2 o!rs1 l ! use ( a hyph5 9 a ^w1 9 all probability be> no important relation to any?+4 ,^? t h ?is vital relation are ess5tial & ne$ c>eful att5tion2 ! o!rs are non-ess5tial & des]ve = t reason to be neglect$4 ,9 o!r words1 ?or\ghness is a qualitative r ?an a quantitative matt]2 x is qualitative because x involves c>eful selection 9 accordance ) ! nature & relation ( ! details4 ,! /ud5t1 to :om ?or\ghness is a "q ( allness ne$s m5tal endurance z a *ief virtue2 ! real /ud5t1 on ! o!r h&1 requires con/ant ex]cise ( judgm5t4 ,9 brief1 ! prop] k9d ( ?or\ghness calls = a good degree ( good s5se4 ,! ?or\ghness t is "h advocat$ implies no und]e/imate ( little ?+s2 x only condemns want ( discrim9ation among !m4 ,ev5 ! pa9/ak+ ,g]man sci5ti/ is no devotee to all ?+s t are little4 ,c>ry+ on 8 inve/igation ) ref]5ce to "s def9ite problem1 he is conc]n$ only ) su* details z are closely relat$ to x4 ,if he is unc]ta9 j :at s-call$ little ?+s d relate to x1--z has be5 ! case1 = in/ance1 9 ! inve/igation ( ! cause ( yell[ fev]1--he c>efully inve/igates "o ?+ aft] ano!r4 ,b 9 s do+ he discrim9ates v %>ply among details1 ?r[+ _m aside )\t hesitation1 briefly exam9+ "s1 & f9ally settl+ on c]ta9 ones = exhau/ive /udy4 ,x is only ^? little ?+s t are ?us relat$ to some?+ ( real value t des]ve att5tion4 ,! ma!matician is a /ickl] = little ?+s4 ,he insi/s t figures %\ld be pla9ly made1 & t #a #a %\ld nev] be all[$ to equal #c4 ,he is :olly 9 ! "r1 because ! slighte/ error 9 read+ a numb]1 9 plac+ a decimal po9t1 or 9 f9d+ a sum mu/ vitiate ! :ole result4 ,little ?+s ( t sort are call$ little1 b !y are 9 reality big4 ,x is un=tunate t su* matt]s are (t5 call$ trifles1 = a trifle is usually suppos$ to be some?+ t is ( v little acc\nt2 ! "n ?us misleads4 ,su* details are ess5tial2 o!r details are non-ess5tial4 ,x w\ld be well if p w\ld m g5]ally divide details into ^! two classes1 & apply ! t]m trifles only to ! latt] sort4 ,by neglect+ non-ess5tials "o c\ld f9d m "t = ! details t are ess5tial4 ,neglect ( "s ?+s1 !re=e1 in/ead ( be+ oppos$ to ?or\ghness1 is a direct & necess>y means to x4 ,"o _c d5y t ?is notion ( ?or\ghness has its dang]s1 = x places ! responsibility ^u ! /ud5t ( us+ 8 own judgm5t4 ,t is always dang]\s4 ,if ! /ud5t lacks e>ne/ness1 or insight1 or balance1 he is b\nd to make mi/akes4 ,he is likely to make !m anyway2 & he may m]ely pick & *oose accord+ to com=t or :im1 & d ! mo/ desultory1 c>eless /udy+4 ,x w\ld be easi] = him to look out = all ! little ?+s ?an to discrim9ate among !m1 = intellig5t selection requires m real ?9k+4 ,! dang]s 9 ^! conceptions1 & ! conclusion4 #a4 ,! dang] 9 ?is conception ( ?or\ghness4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t neglect ( details 9 g5]al has n be5 advocat$2 x is only a judici\s selection among !m4 ,& su* selection calls = no m en]gy or ability ?an selection among l>g] facts4 ,if we c tru/ /ud5ts at all to di/+ui% values among ! l>g] ?\ghts--z e "o kn[s t we mu/--!re is ! same reason = tru/+ !m to di/+ui% ! relative wor?s ( details4 #b4 ,! dang] 9 ! alt]native plan4 ,! dang]s ( ! alt]native plan %\ld also be borne 9 m9d4 ,suppose t a capable /ud5t is taught to let no trifles escape him4 ,! dang] !n is t1 to ! ext5t t he is e>ne/1 he w fall 9 love ) little ?+s1 until 8 vision = l>g] ?+s becomes cl\d$4 ,he may always be int5d+ to pass beyond ^! to ! l>g] issues2 b he is 9 dang] ( fail+ s regul>ly t he w come 9 "t to value details 9 !mselves1 n = :at !y lead to2 ! details become ! l>ge ?+s1 & ! really l>ge matt]s are =gott54 ,a =m] pr(essor 9 a l>ge normal s*ool illu/rat$ ?is t5d5cy exactly4 ,at sixty ye>s ( age he 0 an unusually well-in=m$1 cultur$ man1 b he _h develop$ a mania = little ?+s4 ,he _h *>ge ( ! practice dep>tm5t1 & ea* fall t]m x 0 cu/om>y to receive applications f ab\t two hundr$ /ud5ts = ! practice tea*+ = t t]m4 ,ea* applicant fill$ out a blank1 giv+ 8 "n1 age1 pref]r$ /udy to tea*1 pref]r$ age ( *ildr51 & exp]i5ce 9 tea*+4 ,^! pap]s _h to be briefly exam9$2 !n at f\r o'clock 9 ! aft]noon ( ! same fir/ day all ^! applicants 7 to be call$ toge!r 9 "o gr\p = in/ructions ab\t _! tea*+4 ,by ?is arrangem5t ! practice tea*+ c\ld be />t$ (f v promptly4 ,on "o occasion 9 ! writ]'s k1 h[ev]1 ?is g5tleman c\ld n resi/ ! temptation to blue-p5cil e mi/ake 9 spell+1 punctuation1 gramm>1 etc41 t he c\ld f9d 9 ?is entire set ( pap]s1 :i* mu/ h occupi$ ne>ly two h\rs4 ,mean:ile1 ?is task 0 s hugely absorb+1 he entirely =got to notify ! two hundr$ applicants t !y 7 want$ at f\r o'clock1 & ?us "o day out ( a ye> ( less ?an two hundr$ 0 l>gely lo/ = ! practice tea*+4 ,! ma9 fault ( half ( ! good tea*]s 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools to-day is ov]-consci5ti\sness ab\t little ?+s4 ,believ+ t e mi/ake 9 writt5 "w %\ld be correct$1 t ! blackbo>d %\ld be kept ?or\ghly clean1 t ea* day's lessons %\ld be c>efully plann$1 t1 9 %ort1 e little duty %\ld be well p]=m$1 !y putt] away at su* tasks until !re is no "t left = mu* l>g] duties1 su* z physical ex]cise1 sociability1 & g5]al read+4 ,z a result !y become habitually tir$1 unsympa!tic1 & n>r[1 & !re=e s*ooli%4 ,x is a /range comm5t>y on education :5 consci5ti\sness means p>ticul> c>e = little ?+s1 z x v (t5 does among tea*]s4 ,x is desirable t a tea*] prep>e ea* day's lessons 9 full1 & t %e d a hundr$ o!r ?+s ea* day1 z well4 ,b :5 %e _c d all ^!--& %e nev] c--x is highly important t %e apportion h] "t accord+ to relative values2 = in/ance1 x is f> bett] t %e omit "s ( h] prep>ation ( lessons = ! sake ( recreation1 if recreation w\ld o!rwise be omitt$4 ,p are unfitt$ = ! "w ( life until !y view x 9 fair p]spective4 ,"o ( ! important objects ( abundant & broad educational !ory = tea*]s is to help !m pres]ve ! prop] balance betwe5 l>ge & small ?+s2 &1 ow+ to ! common t5d5cy to neglect ! l>g] ?+s = ! small]1 "o ( ! prom95t duties ( s*ool pr9cipals & sup]visors is to rem9d bo? tea*]s & /ud5ts ( ! l>g] values 9 life 9 g5]al & 9 /udy 9 p>ticul>4 #c4 ,! conclusion4 ,x is evid5t t grave dang]s are at h&1 :e!r "o slights "s details or attempts to ma/] !m all4 ,b no matt] :at ! dang]s are1 !re is "o "r ?+ = ! /ud5t to d1 t is1 to develop ! habit ( weigh+ wor?s1 ( s5s+ ! relative values ( ! facts t he meets4 ,good judgm5t consi/s l>gely 9 ! prop] appreciation ( relative values2 & s9ce t is "o ( ! v prom95t factors 9 successful liv+1 z well z 9 /udy1 x is "o ( ! mo/ important abilities = ! /ud5t to cultivate4 ,n only ! equal valuation ( all details1 b ! treatm5t ( v>i\s rules & virtues z absolute1 is likewise directly ho/ile to ?is habit ( m9d4 ,"y p :o are taught to be always economical1 or always punctual1 or always regul>1 are !reby tempt$ to sub/itute ?\ghtless ob$i5ce = ex]cise ( judgm5t4 ,x is n always wise to be sav+4 ,a c]ta9 college boy own$ ?ree pairs ( gloves2 "o pair 0 s old & soil$ t x 0 suitable only = use 9 ! c>e ( ! furnace2 ! o!r two pairs 7 q new4 ,h[ev]1 hav+ be5 taught to be always sav+1 he wore ! old pair to college dur+ mu* ( 8 s5ior ye>1 & sav$ ! o!r two4 ,he 0 true to 8 e>ly tea*+ at ! exp5se ( good s5se4 ,!re are few circum/ances 9 life t c be prop]ly treat$ by rule ( ?umb4 ,good judgm5t is call$ = at e turn2 & ! habit ( consid]+ relative values 9 reg>d to all affairs is "o t ! /ud5t %\ld con/antly cultivate1 no matt] :at dang]s h to be enc\nt]$4 ,,ability ,,( ,,*ildr5 ,,to ,,neglect ,,unimportant ,,details ,?is ability is s intimately relat$ to ! ability t is necess>y 9 gr\p+ relat$ facts t ! "o c h>dly exi/ )\t ! o!r4 ,yet x is well to obs]ve :at a dem& !re is = neglect 9 ord9>y s*ool "w1 & h[ ?is dem& is met by *ildr54 ,mi/akes 9 beg9n+ read+ are v common1 su* z say+ a = an1 ! = ?u1 n paus+ = a comma1 leav+ out a ^w1 putt+ 9 a ^w1 etc4 ,:5 fairy tales are relat$1 slight omissions1 mi/akes 9 gramm>1 too frequ5t use ( &1 etc4 are to be expect$4 ,9 ! pupil's bo>d "w1 p5man%ip1 & writt5 composition m9or errors are innum]able4 ,:at is to be done ) all ^!8 ,c]ta9ly _m ( !m mu/ be entirely pass$ ov]1 or m important ?+s w nev] be rea*$4 ,9 _! lit]ature & 9 _! ref]5ce books _m little difficulties are met ) t mu/ likewise be ov]look$4 ,take = in/ance ! foll[+ typical p>agraph f ,haw?orne's ,gorgon's ,head3 ,well1 !n1 cont9u$ ! k+1 /ill ) a cunn+ smile on 8 lips1 ,i h a little adv5ture to propose to y2 &1 z y are a brave & ent]pris+ y\?1 y w d\btless look ^u x z a great piece ( good luck to h s r>e an opportunity ( di/+ui%+ y\rself4 ,y mu/ "k1 my good ,p]seus1 ,i ?9k ( gett+ m>ri$ to ! beautiful ,pr9cess ,hippodamia2 & x is cu/om>y1 on ^! occasions1 to make ! bride a pres5t ( "s f>-fet*$ & elegant curiosity4 ,i h be5 a little p]plex$1 ,i mu/ hone/ly confess1 :]e to obta9 any?+ likely to please a pr9cess ( h] exquisite ta/e4 ,b1 ?is morn+1 ,i flatt] myself1 ,i h ?\ght ( precisely ! article4 ,"h is an adult's vocabul>y1 z well z an adult's ideas1 ) p]haps a doz5 new words1 & any?+ l ma!matical ?or\ghness 9 ! /udy ( ?is p>agraph w\ld de/roy its attractiv5ess4 ,x is well = tea*]s to consid] :at w\ld be a ?or\gh treatm5t ( su* a section4 ,encyclop$ias & o!r ref]5ce works also pres5t _m /range words & difficult p>agraphs t *ildr5 _c /op to exam9e ) c>e4 ,9 _! ord9>y s*ool "w1 !re=e1 *ildr5 f9d _m details t mu/ be ov]look$2 ! m important ?+s _c be accompli%$ unless ^! less important ones are ignor$4 ,x w\ld be /range if *ildr5 7 q incapable ( do+ :at is s pla9ly requir$ ( !m4 ,x is true t !y c be taught to rea* ! extreme ( fooli%ness 9 ! insignificance ( ! details t !y m5tion4 ,b x is also true t a fair am\nt ( wise guidance w lead !m to ex]cise good judgm5t 9 _! selection4 ,9 o!r words1 ?or\ghness z a relative & qualitative matt]1 r ?an only quantitative1 c be appreciat$ by !m4 ,any tea*] :o has te/$ !m c>efully 9 ?is respect is likely to agree to ?is ass]tion4 ,x is z natural = a lot ( *ildr5 to condemn ! m5tion ( useless detail1 because ( its wa/e ( "t1 z x is = !m to condemn selfi% or immoral conduct4 ,,practical ,,sugge/ions ,,= ,,tea*+ ,,*ildr5 ,,to ,,neglect ,,relatively ,,unimportant ,,details #a4 ,plac+ responsibility ^u *ildr54 ,! responsibility ( decid+ :at %all be neglect$ %\ld v (t5 be left ) ! *ildr51 no matt] h[ _m mi/akes & h[ mu* loss ( "t x may tempor>ily cause4 ,criticisms & sugge/ions f ! tea*] w\ld be 9 place lat]4 ,_m p>5ts z well z tea*]s refuse to place ?is responsibility ^u *ildr5 = fe> ( ! mi/akes t !y w make4 ,on acc\nt ( ?is fe> !y make x z ne>ly z possible unnecess>y = *ildr5 to judge freely1 by giv+ !m arbitr>y rules to foll[1 or by direct+ !m exactly :at !y %all d ea* mom5t4 ,?is cultivates poor judgm5t by depriv+ *ildr5 ( ! v practice t w make _! judgm5ts reliable2 x prev5ts ! s*ool requirem5ts f correspond+ to ^? 9 life outside4 ,confid5ce 9 ! g5]al & gr[+ good s5se ( *ildr5 is a presupposition 9 ! s5sible p>5t & tea*]4 ,hav+ su* confid5ce1 _! mission is to let ^! "y p alone mu* ( ! "t2 to direct1 n to control ! selections t !y make1 assum+ ! role ( advis]s & critics b n dictators4 ,?is tra9+ t[>d indep5d5t judgm5t %\ld beg9 ev5 9 ! fir/ ye> ( s*ool4 ,if ,johnny raises 8 h& 9 beg9n+ read+ to /ate t ,m>y said a = !1 ! tea*] ne$ n ei!r accept or reject ! criticism4 ,%e may m]ely turn to ! :ole class & ask :e!r t is a helpful correction to make4 ,a simil> c\rse may be pursu$ ) _m corrections & sugge/ions 9 lat] ye>s4 ,9 ?is way a class s5se ( :at is fitt+ or valuable 9 ! way ( neglect c be develop$4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t *ildr5 _c judge ! wor? ( details )\t a basis ( "s sort4 ,unless1 !re=e1 !y helplessly rely ^u ! direction ( ! tea*] 9 ea* case1 !y mu/ be taught :at ! read+ or o!r subject is =4 ,!y mu/ gradually get a fair idea1 = in/ance1 ( :at good read+ is1 & realize t x includes pleasant tones1 a c>eful gr\p+ ( words1 mu* inflection ( voice1 & cle> enunciation ( f9al consonants4 ,z !y become acqua9t$ ) ?is /&>d 9 read+1 !y w readily le>n to ov]look su* details z h little to d ) its atta9m5t4 ,x is true t x saves mu* "t = ! tea*] h]self to det]m9e :at %all or %all n receive att5tion1 or at lea/ = h] to accept or reject a *ild's sugge/ion dogmatically1 r ?an to all[ him or ! :ole class to pass ^u its wor?4 ,also1 ! con/ant dem& = m facts tempts tea*]s to save "t 9 ?is way4 ,b aga91 x behooves ! tea*] z well z ! pupil to use judgm5t1 & n sacrifice "o ( ! ma9 objects ( an education 9 ord] to save "s "t4 #b4 ,class /udy ( pr9t$ articles4 ,*ildr5 :o use ref]5ce works might n[ & !n /udy an encyclop$ic article toge!r m]ely to see :at p>ts %\ld be slight$4 ,:5 look+ = a c]ta9 fact !y w discov]1 f ! way ! p>agraphs beg91 t "o p>agraph aft] ano!r c be disc>d$ )\t be+ read 9 full4 ,9 ! same _s newspap]s might be /udi$ by ! old] *ildr51 to det]m9e f ! head+s :at articles ne$ n be read at all1 :at ones 9 a cursory mann]1 & :at ones c>efully1 if any4 ,simil> /udy ( "s magaz9es might be 9 place4 ,x is a duty ( ! s*ool ?us to accu/om pupils to prop] me?ods ( read+ common k9ds ( pr9t$ matt]4 #c4 ,r$uction ( reproductions4 ,pupils might occasionally be ask$ to reproduce a /ory or any o!r l9e ( ?\ght z fully z !y wi%4 ,suppose t x occupies six pages4 ,!n !y might be reque/$ to r$uce x to ?ree pages1 & p]haps1 f9ally1 to "o page1 elim9at+ ea* "t :at is ( lea/ importance4 ,su* an ex]cise compels a v c>eful /udy ( relative values4 #d4 ,hold+ & c>ry+ a po9t4 ,hav+ decid$ ^u a def9ite problem = consid]ation1 all grades ( le>n]s might be held responsible = detect+ beg9n+ w&]+s ( ?\ght4 ,!y might accu/om !mselves to ! responsibility ( ris+ to a po9t ( ord] at su* times1 /at+ ! ma9 "q & ask+ ! suspect$ p]son to %[ ! relevancy ( 8 rem>ks4 ,!re is no reason :y ! tea*] %\ld c>ry ?is responsibility alone2 inde$1 x is an imposition on ! *ildr51 *eck+ _! gr[? 9 judgm5t & p[] ( initiative4 ,aga91 at times /ud5ts 9 all grades might be all[$ full fre$om1 9 ord] to %[ h[ quickly !y w engage 9 discussion1 & ev5 become excit$1 ) no def9ite "q be=e !m4 ,!y may n realize _! error1 h[ev]1 until ask$ to /ate :at !y are consid]+4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! "q at issue may be z mu* neglect$ 9 ! read+ ( books z 9 p>ticipation 9 discussion2 on ?is acc\nt ! me?od ( read+ might be te/$ 9 a simil> mann]4 #e4 ,enc\ragem5t ( diff]5t rates ( read+4 ,f9ally1 v>y+ rates ( read+ %\ld be enc\rag$1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! subject matt]4 ,:ile "s books %\ld be p]us$ v sl[ly & ?\ghtfully1 o!rs %\ld be cov]$ z rapidly z possible4 ,9 ! case ( _m novels1 = in/ance1 ! ideas are s simple t !y c be compreh5d$ z rapidly z ! words c be scann$4 ,_m p]sons1 h[ev]1 c read only z fa/ z !y c pron\nce ! words4 ,!y foll[ an e/abli%$ s]ies ( associations3 fir/1 ! ^w is obs]v$2 ?is image calls up its s\nd2 ! s\nd !n recalls ! mean+4 ,?us ! ord] is sight1 s\nd1 mean+4 ,t is a r\ndab\t way ( arriv+ at ! mean+ ( a page & is usually le>n$ 9 *ildhood4 ,x expla9s :y _m an educat$ adult c read v little fa/] sil5tly ?an al\d4 ,"s adults read fa/ simply by skimm+ ov] ! less important p>ts1 :i* is (t5 ju/ifi$4 ,"s1 h[ev]1 save "t by associat+ ! =m ( a ^w directly ) its mean+1 leav+ ! s\nd out ( consid]ation4 ,!n by runn+ ! eye along rapidly !y d\ble & treble ! ord9>y rate ( advance4 ,x is said t ,"l ,macaulay read sil5tly ab\t z rapidly z a p]son ord9>ily ?umbs ! pages2 & he mu/ h se5 ! individual words1 because 8 rem>kable memory (t5 enabl$ him to reproduce ! text v]batim4 ,! sl[-read+ adult c1 by practice1 le>n to take 9 a :ole l9e or m almo/ at a glance1 9 place ( ?ree or f\r words1 & c ?us increase 8 rate ( advance4 ,b habit is s p[]ful t ! rapid eye-movem5t necess>y 9 rapid read+1 toge!r ) ! direct association ( ! =m ( a ^w ) its mean+1 %\ld be le>n$ 9 *ildhood4 ,to ?is end1 *ildr5 %\ld (t5 be tim$ 9 _! read+1 be+ all[$ only a few seconds or m9utes to cov] a c]ta9 am\nt4 ,"s ex]cises might be giv5 !m1 too1 s z to accu/om !m to tak+ 9 a consid]able numb] ( words at a glance4 ,mean:ile1 h[ev]1 pa9s %\ld be tak5 to avoid ! impression t rapid read+ is always 9 place4 ,matt] t requires mu* reflection1 l ! ,bible = example1 may well be read sl[ly4 ,x is n m]ely rapid read+1 b v>y+ rates accord+ to ne$1 t ! tea*] %\ld enc\rage4 ,!re is no expectation t *ildr5 w le>n to h&le books z ,c>lyle did4 ,b !y %\ld be guid$ by ! same g5]al pr9ciples1 & %\ld =m practical acqua9tance ) ^! pr9ciples :ile 9 s*ool4 ,ord9>ily !re is a /rik+ contra/ betwe5 ! use ( books 9 s*ool & outside1 & ! diff]5t rates ( read+ 9 ! two places af=d a /rik+ illu/ration4 ,text 9 s*ool is tak5 up 9 a g+]ly fa%ion1 sc>cely en\gh ( x be+ assign$ = "o lesson to get ! *ild int]e/$4 ,!n ?is is review$ ov] & ov] until any int]e/ t may orig9ally h be5 excit$ is long s9ce de/roy$4 ,?or\ghness is aim$ at1 at ! exp5se ( life4 ,9 indep5d5t read+ outside ( s*ool ! opposite c\rse is pursu$4 ,9 ! reaction f ! s*ool influ5ce *ildr5 revel 9 _! fre$om to d ! ?+s t _! tea*]s =bid1 & !y accord+ly g rac+ ?r\gh _! volumes4 ,bo? me?ods are at fault4 ,! s*ool h&l+ ( books is intol]ably sl[2 t outside is likely to be too rapid4 ,9 g5]al1 ! me?od ( us+ books 9 s*ool %\ld m closely resemble t desir$ else:]e4 ,! s*ool me?od is ! fir/ to be re=m$4 ,x is seldom wise to be s ?or\gh 9 ! treatm5t ( a text z to kill x = ! le>n]4 ,z a rule long] textbook lessons %\ld be assign$ 9 ! elem5t>y s*ool1 & less att5tion %\ld be giv5 to ! m9or facts4 ,!n1 if necess>y1 ! same g5]al field %\ld be cov]$ f ano!r po9t ( view1 ?r\gh ano!r text4 ,?is *ange ( me?od is already l>gely realiz$ 9 our beg9n+ read+1 & p>tly realiz$ 9 sev]al o!r subjects4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,judg+ ,,( ,,! ,,s\ndness ,,& ,,g5]al ,,wor? ,,( ,,/atem5ts1 ,,z ,a ,,f\r? ,,factor ,,9 ,,/udy ,we h already se5 t prop] /udy places mu* responsibility ^u ! /ud5t4 ,in/ead ( all[+ him to be an aimless collector ( facts1 x requires him to discov] specific purposes t ! facts may s]ve4 ,) su* purposes 9 m9d he mu/ supplem5t au?ors' /atem5ts 9 num]\s ways1 & also pass judgm5t on _! relative values4 ,?is all requires mu* aggressiv5ess4 ,! problem "h4 ,a problem n[ confronts u t sugge/s ev5 great] aggressiv5ess4 ,! /atem5ts t "o he>s or f9ds 9 pr9t are (t5 some:at exagg]at$1 or di/ort$1 or grossly incorrect1 or !y may be entirely true4 ,:o is to pass judgm5t ^u _! quality8 ,has ! "y /ud5t any prop] basis = c>ry+ t responsibility8 ,press+ nature ( ?is problem4 #a4 ,9 read+ newspap]s & magaz9es4 ,?is problem is =c$ ^u "o :5 read+ newspap]s1 p>ticul>ly dur+ political campaigns4 ,"o pap] lauds a c&idate z a great adm9i/rator1 :ile ano!r condemns him z a doctr9aire4 ,"o advocates protective t>iff & ! gold /&>d1 :ile ano!r urges rev5ue t>iff only & free silv]4 ,among ! news columns "o article pr$icts w>1 :ile ano!r disc]ns signs ( peace4 ,russia is at "o "t pictur$ z mov+ fa/ t[>d complete an>*y1 :ile at ano!r "t %e is %[n to be mak+ important political advances4 ,! ,japanese are prais$ = _! high /&>ds ( life1 & are aga9 condemn$ = _! immorality4 ,magaz9e articles %[ disagreem5ts j z /rik+4 ,public m51 political policies1 corporations1 & religi\s beliefs are approv$ or condemn$ accord+ to ! individual writ]4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! prop] attitude = ! read]8 ,is he to reg>d "o au?ority z ab\t z good z ano!r1 or is he himself to di/+ui% among !m & judge ea* accord+ to ! evid5ce t is (f]$8 #b4 ,9 ! use ( books4 ,d',aubigne's ,hi/ory ( ! ,re=mation is an extremely int]e/+ "w2 b x treats ! ,re=mation f ! ,prote/ant view-po9t1 & is on t acc\nt unacceptable to ,ca?olics4 ,! hi/ory ( our ,civil ,w> pres5ts "o s]ies ( facts :5 writt5 by a nor!rn]2 a v diff]5t s]ies :5 writt5 by a s\!rn]2 & a /ill diff]5t "o :5 writt5 by an ,engli%man4 ,%all ! /ud5t ( ei!r ( ^! p]iods adopt ! views ( ! au?or t he happ5s to be read+8 ,or %all he assume a view-po9t ( 8 own8 ,or %all he d nei!r8 ,c>lyle & ,rusk9 indulge 9 mu* exagg]ation1 rely+ on /rik+ /atem5ts = increas$ effect4 ,%akespe>e possibly int5d$ to pres5t an exagg]at$ type ( ! ,jew 9 ! "* ( ,%ylock4 ,%all ! /ud5t recognize exagg]ation z su*8 ,or %all he take all /atem5ts lit]ally8 ,or %all he avoid do+ ei!r1 pres]v+ an inactive m9d8 ,9 8 "w on ,education1 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] /ates t acquirem5t ( e k9d has two values--value z k & value z discipl9e4 ,besides its use = guidance 9 conduct1 ! acquisition ( ea* ord] ( facts has also its use z m5tal ex]cise4 ,_m /ud5ts ( education w\ld ass]t t "o v important value ( k is "h ov]look$1 i4 e41 its p[] to inspire & en]gize1 a value t lit]ature possesses to a high degree4 ,assum+ t !y are correct1 d>e ! "y /ud5t pass su* a criticism8 ,or w\ld su* a critical attitude on 8 "p t[>d a high au?ority be imp]t95t8 ,! fir/ p>agraph 9 ,r\sseau's ,emile runs z foll[s3 ,com+ f ! h& ( ! ,au?or ( all ?+s1 ev]y?+ is good2 9 ! h&s ( man ev]y?+ deg5]ates4 ,man obliges "o soil to n\ri% ! productions ( ano!r1 "o tree to be> ! fruits ( ano!r2 he m+les & conf\nds climates1 elem5ts1 seasons2 he mutilates 8 dog1 8 horse1 8 slave4 ,he ov]turns ev]y?+1 disfigures ev]y?+2 he loves de=mity1 mon/]s2 he desires t no?+ %\ld be z ,nature made x1 n ev5 man himself4 ,to please him man mu/ be brok5 9 l a horse2 man mu/ be adapt$ to man's own fa%ion1 l a tree 9 8 g>d54 ,at ! bottom ( ! fir/ page ( ! translation ( ,emile by ,miss ,wor?+ton is a note by ,jules ,/eeg1 ,depute1 ,p>is1 be>+ on ! above fir/ p>agraph & runn+ z foll[s3 ,x is useless to enl>ge ^u ! absurdity ( ?is !ory1 & ^u ! flagrant contradiction into :i* ,r\sseau all[s himself to fall4 ,if he is "r1 man ought to be left )\t education1 & ! e>? )\t cultivation4 ,?is w\ld n be ev5 ! savage /ate4 ,b want ( space =bids u to pause at ea* l /atem5t ( our au?or1 :o at once busies himself 9 nullify+ x4 ,oppos+ /atem5ts l ^! are c]ta9ly en\gh to place ! /ud5t 9 a dilemma4 ,prop] attitude ( ! /ud5t t[>d au?orities4 ,"h are contradictions 9 political & religi\s beliefs & news items2 v diff]5t int]pretations ( hi/orical ev5ts2 exagg]ations bord]+ on misrepres5tations2 & evid5t omissions & absurdities on ! "p ( educational philosoph]s4 ,! wea!r bureau repres5ts ,old ,reliability h]self1 9 comp>ison ) au?ors4 ,:at attitude %all ! adult /ud5t assume t[>d su* contradictory & faulty /atem5ts8 ,%all he reg>d himself z only a foll[]1 tak+ ea* pres5tation ( ?\ght at its face value1 sitt+ humbly at ! feet ( suppos$ speciali/s1 & c>efully pres]v+ 9 memory z _m ( _! pr9cipal op9ions & conclusions z possible8 ,%all he assume ! position ( a m]e receiv] & collector8 ,t is manife/ly impossible1 = t w\ld mean an ego divid$ a ?\s& times4 ,x w\ld prev5t ! f9al us+ ( k by ! le>n]1 in/ead ( direct+ its use wisely2 = ! _m oppos+ ideas & cross purposes w\ld nullify "o ano!r4 ,besides t1 wise application requires f> m ?an a good memory z a guide1 s9ce memory takes no acc\nt ( ! adaptations always requir$ by new conditions4 ,:e!r he likes x or n1 ! /ud5t _c escape ! responsibility ( det]m9+ = himself ! fairness & g5]al reliability ( ! newspap]s & magaz9es t he reads2 he mu/ expect bias 9 hi/orians1 & mu/ measure ! ext5t ( x z well z he c by /udy+ _! biographies & by obs]v+ _! c>e 9 reg>d to data & logic2 he mu/ scrut9ize v critically ! ideas ( ! _w's greate/ essayi/s & dramati/s4 ,if a philosoph]1 l ,r\sseau1 (f]s brilliant tru?s on "o page1 & equally brilliant p]v]sions ( tru? on ! next page1 ! /ud5t mu/ pond] (t5 & long 9 ord] to keep 8 be>+s2 & if footnotes attempt to po9t out "s ( ^! absurdities1 he mu/ decide = himself :e!r ,r\sseau or ! comm5tator %[s ! sup]ior wisdom4 ,above all1 says ,koopman1 he ! /ud5t mu/ make sure h[ f> he c tru/ ! au?or4 ,footnote3 ,koopman1 ,! ,ma/]y ( ,books1 p4 #dg4 ,read n to contradict & confute1 nor to believe & take = grant$1 nor to f9d talk & disc\rse1 b to weigh & consid]1 says ,bacon4 ,footnote3 ,bacon's ,essays ,( ,/udies4 ,e book we read may be made a r\nd 9 ! ev]-l5g!n+ ladd] by :i* we climb to k & to t temp]ance & s]5ity ( m9d :i*1 z x is ! ripe/ fruit ( wisdom1 is also ! sweete/4 ,b ?is c only be if we read su* books z make u ?9k1 & read !m 9 su* a way z helps !m to d s1 t is1 by endeavor+ to judge !m1 & ?us to make !m an ex]cise r ?an a relaxation ( ! m9d4 ,desultory read+ except z consci\s pa/ime1 hebetates ! bra9 & slack5s ! b[ /r+ ( ,w4 ,footnote3 ,l[ell1 ,books & ,libr>ies4 ,! /ud5t1 !re=e1 mu/ set himself up z judge ( :atev] ideas appe> be=e him4 ,!y are up = trial on _! s\ndness & wor?2 he mu/ uncov] _! m]its & defects1 & pass judgm5t on _! g5]al value4 ,if he is ha/y & c>eless1 he suff]s ! p5alty ( bad judgm5t2 & if he refra9s f judg+ at all1 he becomes "o :o does n "k 8 own m9d1 a weakl+4 ,:o reads ,incessantly1 & to 8 read+ br+s n ,a _s & judgm5t equal or sup]ior ,unc]ta9 & unsettl$ /ill rema9s1 ,deep v]s$ 9 books & %all[ 9 himself4 ,footnote3 ,milton1 ,p>adise ,rega9$1 ,book #d1 l9e #cbb4 ,! necessity ( ?is attitude 9 ! acceptance z well z 9 ! rejection ( ideas4 ,! ne$ ( su* an attitude may be grant$ :5 ! rejection ( ideas is necess>y4 ,b !re are _m works t h be5 tri$ = ages & f\nd und\bt$ly excell5t4 ,!re are _m m51 also1 :o are ackn[l$g$ au?orities 9 _! specialties4 ,9 ! case ( su* books & m51 :]e little if any negative criticism is to be expect$1 _c ! /ud5t set out m]ely to enjoy ! m]its & n bo!r ab\t ! defects8 ,c he n1 !re=e1 ab&on ! critical attitude & accept outright :at is (f]$8 ,t dep5ds on h[ mu* is involv$ 9 real acceptance4 ,a wise "y woman :o rejects a suitor does s = reasons ( "s sort2 h] reasons %\ld c]ta9ly n be less cle> if %e accepts him2 on ! contr>y1 !y are m likely to h be5 inve/igat$ ) c>e4 ,! rejection ( a lov] is1 !n1 no m positive ?+1 involves no m intellig5ce & emotion1 ?an 8 acceptance4 ,aga91 a compet5t sup]visor ( in/ruction :o accepts z good "s recitation t he has obs]v$1 does s on ! basis ( specific po9ts ( m]it t he has se54 ,o!rwise 8 acceptance is only flatt]y & is unacceptable to an e>ne/ tea*]4 ,s1 9 g5]al1 ! acceptance ( any l9e ( ?\ght or action presupposes a consci\sness ( c]ta9 m]its4 ,intellig5t acceptance is ?\ghtful or critical4 ,!re is a common idea t acceptance is f> m easy & f> less aggressive ?an negative criticism4 ,! contr>y1 h[ev]1 is probably true4 ,! =m] idea is due to ! fact t mu* acceptance1 z ( political & religi\s doctr9e1 = example1 is only nom9al or v]bal2 x is n intellig5t or critical en\gh to be g5u9e4 ,any "o c f9d fault1 x is (t5 decl>$2 b ! recognition ( m]it requires special insight4 ,rejection1 !re=e1 is no m aggressive or positive ?an acceptance2 & if "o ( ^! calls = a m critical attitude & m m5tal en]gy ?an ! o!r1 x is probably ! latt]4 ,relation ( ! critical attitude to sympa?y & respect4 ,:at is ! relation ( ?is critical attitude to sympa?y = an au?or8 ,"o ( ! ess5tial conditions 9 ! prop] /udy ( a book is t x be approa*$ ) an op51 sympa!tic m9d4 ,"o mu/ look at ! _w ?r\gh ! au?or's eyes 9 ord] to und]/& & appreciate :at he says1 & t is possible only :5 "o feels high respect = him & is 9 close sympa?y ) him4 ,to ?is end1 x may be well at times = ! /ud5t to annihilate 8 own p]sonality1 z ,rusk9 advises1 s z to lose himself 9 ano!r's ?\ght4 ,if ! critical attitude 7 incompatible ) su* respect & sympa?y1 its value might well be que/ion$4 ,b t is n ! case4 ,a s5sible p>5t :o is 9 close/ sympa?y ) a *ild f9ds no great difficulty 9 see+ its defects & ev5 9 adm9i/]+ puni%m5t = !m4 ,!re are p>5ts & tea*]s :o _c ?us comb9e real sympa?y ) ! critical attitude2 b !y are too weak & fooli% to re> *ildr54 ,helpful fri5d%ips among adults1 also1 are n bas$ ^u bl9d admiration2 !y presuppose ability to disc]n faults & ev5 c\rage n[ & !n to m5tion !m4 ,"o _c be a true s*ol> )\t mak+ a simil> comb9ation4 ,! unque/ion+ frame ( m9d t all[s a sympa!tic approa* to an au?or m>ks "o /age 9 /udy2 b ?is mu/ be foll[$ by ! critical attitude be=e ! /udy is complete4 ,t ! two attitudes are n incompatible is well /at$ by ,port] 9 ! foll[+ words3 ,we %\ld read ) an indep5d5t judgm5t & a critical _s4 ,x does n foll[1 because we %\ld treat an au?or ) confid5ce & respect1 t we are to accept all 8 op9ions & may n revise 8 conclusions & argum5ts by our own4 ,inde$1 we %all be/ ev9ce our respect = 8 ?\ghts by subject+ !m to our own revision4 ,footnote3 ,noah ,port]1 ,books & ,read+1 p4 #eb4 ,h[ daily life requires simil> indep5d5ce ( judgm5t4 ,:ile ! dem& ?us made ^u ! s*ol> seems great1 !re is no?+ surpris+ ab\t x2 = ! s*ol>'s relation to an au?or is sub/antially ! same z t ( any adult to o!r p]sons ) :om he has deal+s4 ,if y g to a /ore to pur*ase a pair ( rubb]s1 y _c surr5d] y\rself complac5tly to any cl]k :o happ5s to wait ^u y4 ,he is v likely to be satisfi$ to sell y rubb]s t are too long or too %ort1 too wide or too n>r[1 or at lea/ n ( ! %ape ( y\r %oes4 ,or he may want to sell y /orm rubb]s :5 y pref] l[ ones4 ,unless1 !re=e1 y c>ry a /&>d 9 m9d & reject :atev] fails to meet x1 y are v likely to buy rubb]s t won't be satisfactory4 ,! same is true if y g to a tailor = clo?+2 unless y "k him to be unusually reliable1 x is n en\gh = him to tell y t a coat fits2 y mu/ te/ ! /atem5t by y\r own obs]vation4 ,"s ye>s ago a h\se t ,i occupi$ 9 ,new ,york ,city became infe/$ ) rats1 &1 want+ to rea* ! kit*5 f ! cell>1 !y gnaw$ an in* hole ?r\gh a lead dra9 pipe f ! laundry tubs1 t lay 9 _! way4 ,! hole 0 beh9d a cupbo>d 9 ! kit*51 v close to ! wall1 & n easy to rea*4 ,if clean clo?+ 0 to be _h1 ! pipe _h to be fix$2 b :5 a plumb] 0 call$ 91 he /at$ t a c>p5t] w\ld be ne$$ to remove ! cupbo>d1 & aga9 to replace x aft] ! "w 0 complet$4 ,! pipe hav+ ! hole1 he add$1 w\ld ne$ to be tak5 out1 &1 z x 0 "o arm ( a l>g] pipe t _h two o!r bran*es1 ! pipe ) ! ?ree arms w\ld h to be remov$ & ano!r put 9 its place4 ,! entire "w 0 e/imat$ to co/ ab\t fifte5 doll>s4 ,z t seem$ a l>ge am\nt to inve/ 9 a rat hole1 ano!r plumb] 0 consult$2 b he made sub/antially ! same report4 ,/ill n be+ satisfi$1 ,i w5t to a h>dw>e /ore & ask$1 ,h y a man :o c sold] a ?9 metal plate ov] a small hole 9 a lead pipe8 ,! hole is ab\t an in* 9 diamet] & some:at difficult to rea*2 b ! "w c be done by any "o :o kn[s 8 bus9ess4 ,! m]*ant said t he _h su* a man4 ,! man 0 s5t ov]2 he did ! "w 9 a few m9utes1 & ! bill 0 sev5ty-five c5ts4 ,plumb]s are probably z hone/ & capable 9 _! l9es z mo/ classes ( workm52 b _m p]sons h le>n$ to _! sorr[ n to place !mselves z clay 9 _! h&s4 ,a man :o builds a h\se %\ld keep m ?an half an eye on 8 ar*itect1 o!rwise ! h\se is likely to cause num]\s lifelong regrets4 ,ev5 "o's physician is n to be implicitly obey$ on all occasions4 ,if a pati5t kn[s t qu99e acts z a poison ^u him1 z x does ^u "s p]sons1 he mu/ refuse to take x4 ,also1 if a physician gives too mu* m$ic9e1 z physicians h be5 kn[n to d1 "o mu/ discov] ! fact = himself1 or 8 alim5t>y canal may suff]4 ,su* m5 are m]ely types ( ! _m p]sons :o surr\nd u & help u to live2 we mu/ be judges ( ! conduct ( ea* ( !m t[>d u1 if we wi% to be heal?y & happy4 ,mu/ we1 !n1 pass ^u ev]y?+2 & is no p]son to be fully tru/$8 ,h[ c any "o f9d "t = ! ex]cise ( s mu* wisdom8 ,& :at are speciali/s =8 ,c]ta9ly _m1 _m ?+s mu/ be tak5 = grant$4 ,:5 y bo>d a tra91 y _c make sure t ! tra9m5 are all qualifi$ = _! positions & t all p>ts ( ! tra9 & ( ! track are 9 prop] condition4 ,if1 h[ev]1 y *oose a poorly manag$ road1 9 place ( a well-manag$ "o1 y are m likely to be kill$ on ! j\rney4 ,9 o!r words1 :ile _m ?+s mu/ be assum$1 ! responsibility ( det]m9+ :at !y %all be re/s ) y1 & y suff] ! p5alty ( any bad selection4 ,y\r own judgm5t is /ill y\r guide4 ,_m p]sons mu/ likewise be tru/$4 ,b :o %all !y be1 & to :at ext5t8 ,! objects ( *oice h n[ be5 m]ely %ift$ f ?+s to human be+s1 & indep5d5t judgm5t mu/ /ill be ex]cis$ ! same z be=e4 ,! difficulty is fully z great1 too4 ,says ,holmes1 ,we h all to assume a /&>d ( judgm5t 9 our own m9ds1 ei!r ( ?+s or p]sons4 ,a man :o is will+ to take ano!r's op9ion has to ex]cise 8 judgm5t 9 ! *oice ( :om to foll[1 :i* is (t5 z nice a matt] z to judge ( ?+s = "o's self4 ,footnote3 ,holmes1 ,autocrat ( ! ,breakfa/ ,table4 ,reasons = ! use ( indep5d5t judgm5t may be f\nd 9 lack ( k on ! "p ( o!rs1 or ( skill1 or ( judgm5t1 or ( en]gy1 or ( hone/y4 ,b !re is a m fundam5tal reason ?an ei!r incompet5ce or di%one/y1 & x is f\nd 9 ! peculi> circum/ances ( ea* p]son4 ,! po9t ( view ( an ar*itect is n ! same z t ( ! own] ( a h\se4 ,e "o hundr$ doll>s add$ to ! co/ ( a build+ rejoices ! ar*itect's he>t because x increases 8 income4 ,on ! o!r h&1 e hundr$ doll>s ?us add$ t5ds to produce depression 9 ! own]'s m9d4 ,simil>ly1 ! po9t ( view ( any speciali/ or fri5d is diff]5t f y\rs2 x c nev] be fully y\r own4 ,j because no "o c look at y\r affairs f y\r own po9t ( view1 no "o is fully qualifi$ to judge !m = y1 & y mu/ rely ^u y\rself4 ,! p ) :om we trade1 !re=e1 ! speciali/s & fri5ds to :om we g1 l ! au?ors t ! /ud5t consults1 are all relat$ to u m]ely z advis]s4 ,no "o ( !m is fitt$ to tell u exactly :at to d1 & ! prop] attitude t[>d !m all is t ( fri5dly suspicion4 ,greatness ( ea* p]son's responsibility = judg+4 ,?is conception ( ea* p]son's relation to ideas & to ! _w at l>ge places 8 judgm5t on a high plane4 ,:e!r he w or n1 e man is intellectually a sov]eign ^: own judgm5t 9 ! decision ( all 8 affairs is 8 c\rt ( la/ resort4 ,?is is a grave responsibility1 inde$2 & x is no wond] t _m %r9k f x4 ,yet :at bett] /ate c be conceiv$8 ,?is responsibility proves ! dignity ( manhood2 x is ! price ( be+ a man4 ,fairly good judgm5t1 ex]cis$ indep5d5tly ( ev]ybody1 is "o ess5tial condition ( self-direction & ( lead]%ip ( o!rs4 ,! importance ( good judgm5t is (t5 emphasiz$2 & ! reason = x is "h evid5t1 s9ce x mu/ guide u at e turn4 ,! reason = education ( judgm5t is also evid5t4 ,e p]son is b\nd to make _m mi/akes2 b he w make f> few] :5 8 ability to judge has be5 prop]ly tra9$4 ,! utt] inadequacy ( in/ruction t aims ma9ly at acquisition ( facts is likewise evid5t2 = ! ex]cise ( judgm5t involves ! use or adaptation ( k to p>ticul> conditions1 & ! m]e possession ( facts be>s little relation to ?is ability4 ,! basis t e /ud5t has = judg+ wor?4 ,x may seem presumptu\s = a "y /ud5t ( education to pass judgm5t ^u ! greate/ writ]s on education t ! _w has produc$1 su* z ,sp5c] & ,r\sseau4 ,c]ta9ly ! op9ions ( su* great m5 are f> m valuable & reliable1 on ! :ole1 ?an ^? ( an immature /ud5t4 ,! ar*itect's k ( build+1 likewise1 is sup]ior to t or a novice 9 t l9e4 ,grant$1 !re=e1 t no "o p]son is 9 a position to judge = ano!r1 :at "r1 :at basis has ?is o!r1 p>ticul>ly ! inexp]i5c$ p]son1 to judge any & e sort ( affairs = himself8 ,he has basis en\gh4 ,speak+ ( ! value ( exp]t k1 ,ari/otle says3 ,moreov]1 !re are "s arti/s ^: works are judg$ ( solely1 or 9 ! be/ mann]1 n by !mselves b by ^? :o d n possess ! art2 = example1 ! k ( ! h\se is n limit$ to ! build]2 ! us]1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! ma/] ( ! h\se w ev5 be a bett] judge ?an ! build]1 j z ! pilot w judge bett] ( a rudd] ?an ! c>p5t]1 & ! gue/ w judge bett] ( a fea/ ?an ! cook4 ,footnote3 ,ari/otle1 ,politics 7,j[ett71 p4 #hh4 ,! reason t ! non-exp]t c ?us sometimes ev5 surpass ! exp]t himself 9 judg+ ( ! latt]'s "w is f\nd 9 ! fact t ! non-exp]t z well z ! speciali/ has _h mu* valuable exp]i5ce be>+ on ! speciali/'s l9e4 ,a v important tru? is "h sugge/$ conc]n+ ! /ud5t4 ,no?+ t "o is fitt$ to /udy is :olly new or /range to him4 ,any p]son mu/ h _h exp]i5ces t p>allel an au?or's ?\ght 9 ord] to und]/& t au?or4 ,=1 accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( app]ception1 intimately relat$ pa/ exp]i5ce is ! sole basis = ! compreh5sion ( new facts4 ,values are no new] or /rang] to ! /ud5t ?an o!r phases ( exp]i5ce4 ,! /ud5t's relat$ pa/1 !re=e1 furni%es z good a basis = judg+ s\ndness or wor? z x does = gett+ at mean+s4 ,:51 = in/ance1 he reads ,sp5c]'s /atem5t t acquisition ( e k9d has two values1--value z k & value z discipl9e--he c v]ify ea* use out ( 8 own life4 ,he c det]m9e = himself t ! ass]tion holds4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he c q likely recall h[ he has sometimes be5 ar\s$ & /irr$ to new ef=t by ?+s t he has read2 & he may1 9 consequ5ce1 "q :e!r ,sp5c] has n "h ov]look$ "o great value ( k4 ,aga91 :5 ! /ud5t is told by ,r\sseau t 9 ! h&s ( man ev]y?+ deg5]ates1 he c1 no d\bt1 ju/ify ! ass]tion to "s ext5t by recall+ obs]v$ in/ances ( su* deg5]ation4 ,b1 9 addition1 :5 he recalls :at he has obs]v$ & read ab\t ! wond]ful advance made by man t[>d a high] civilization1 & realizes t ,r\sseau is d5y+ t !re has be5 an advance1 he is 9 a position to consid] :e!r ,r\sseau is ma9ly 9 ! "r or ma9ly 9 ! wrong4 ,x is true t ! /ud5t may be wrong 9 8 conclusions2 also t1 ev5 ?\gh he be (t5 "r1 he may become a confirm$ fault- f9d]4 ,b t is n disc\rag+1 = he is surr\nd$ ) dang]s4 ,! ess5tial fact rema9s t1 j z 8 pa/ relat$ exp]i5ce furni%es a fair basis = und]/&+ ! mean+ ( :at he he>s & reads1 s1 also1 x furni%es a fair basis = e/imat+ its value4 ,,ability ,,( ,,*ildr5 ,,to ,,judge ,,values ,a conception ( *ild nature t d5ies su* ability4 ,_m p]sons :o agree to ! necessity ( indep5d5t judgm5t on ! "p ( adults may demur at ! idea ( plac+ simil> responsibility ^u *ildr54 ,are n *ildr5 normally uncritical & imitative or passive8 !y say4 ,& if we tea* !m to judge & criticise freely1 are !y n v likely to develop priggi%ness t w result 9 immode/y & disrespect = o!rs8 ,memory1 says ,john ,h5ry ,newman1 is "o ( ! fir/ develop$ ( ! m5tal faculties2 a boy's bus9ess1 :5 he goes to s*ool1 is to le>n1 t is1 to /ore up ?+s 9 8 memory4 ,= "s ye>s 8 intellect is little m ?an an in/rum5t = tak+ 9 facts1 or a receptacle = /or+ !m2 he welcomes !m z fa/ z !y come to him2 he lives on :at is )\t2 he has 8 eyes ev] ab\t him2 he has a lively susceptibility ( impressions2 he imbibes in=mation ( e k9d2 & little does he make 8 own 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w1 liv+ r ^u 8 neighbors all ar\nd him4 ,he has op9ions1 religi\s1 political1 lit]>y1 &1 = a boy1 is v positive 9 !m & sure ab\t !m2 b he gets !m f 8 s*oolfell[s1 or 8 ma/]s1 or 8 p>5ts1 z ! case may be4 ,su* z he is 9 8 o!r relations1 su* also is he 9 8 s*ool ex]cises2 8 m9d is obs]vant1 %>p1 ready1 ret5tive2 he is almo/ passive 9 ! acquisition ( k4 ,i say ?is is no disp>agem5t ( ! idea ( a clev] boy4 ,geography1 *ronology1 hi/ory1 language1 natural hi/ory1 he heaps up ! matt] ( ^! /udies z treasures = a future day4 ,x is ! sev5 ye>s ( pl5ty ) him2 he ga!rs 9 by h&fuls1 l ! ,egyptians1 )\t c\nt+2 & ?\gh1 z "t goes on1 !re is ex]cise = 8 argum5tative p[]s 9 ! elem5ts ( ma!matics1 & = 8 ta/e 9 ! poets & orators1 /ill :ile at s*ool1 or at lea/ till q ! la/ ye>s ( 8 "t1 he acquires & little m2 & :5 he is leav+ = ! univ]sity he is ma9ly ! creature ( =eign influ5ces & circum/ances1 & made up ( accid5ts1 homog5e\s or n z ! case may be4 ,footnote3 ,john ,h5ry ,newman1 ,scope & ,nature ( ,univ]sity ,education1 ,disc\rse ,v4 ,?is view ( *ildhood is some:at common2 & accord+ to x *ildr5 are almo/ exclusively receptive1 any active ex]cise ( judgm5t sc>cely beg9n+ be=e college entrance4 ,ext5t ( su* ability4 #a4 z evid5c$ by individual examples ( *ildr5's judgm5ts4 ,let u see to :at ext5t ?is view holds :5 exam9$ 9 ! light ( *ildr5's actual conduct4 ,a fir/-grade pupil :o _h att5d$ ! k9d]g>t5 ! previ\s ye> rem>k$ to 8 =m] k9d]g>t5 tea*]1 ,i wi% ,i 0 back 9 ! k9d]g>t54 ,:y8 said ! k9d]g>tn]4 ,because1 said he1 we did h>d ?+s 9 ! k9d]g>t5 la/ ye>4 ,!n he add$ confid5tially1 ,y "k our tea*] 0 9 ! f\r? grade la/ ye>4 ,%e us$ to come 9 to see u :5 we 7 play+1 & %e ?9ks we c't d any?+ else4 ,:y1 ! ?+s %e gives u to d are dead easy4 ,8 tea*] h]self aft]w>d admitt$ t 8 criticism 0 j4 ,a small boy1 be+ ask$ if he w5t to ,sunday s*ool1 repli$ ,yes4 ,h y a good tea*]8 0 ! next "q2 to :i* came ! response1 ,yes1 pretty good2 good = a ,sunday s*ool4 ,%e w\ld n be mu* good = day s*ool4 ,wasn't he probably "r8 ,a five-ye>-old boy 0 tak5 to ,sunday s*ool = ! fir/ "t by 8 nurse4 ,!re ! *ief topic ( in/ruction happ5$ to be et]nal puni%m5t4 ,on ! way home he 0 n altoge!r good1 & ! nurse1 9 ! _s ( ! day's lesson1 assur$ him t he w\ld g to ! bad place :5 he di$1 & w\ld burn !re always4 ,:5 he ent]$ ! h\se he hurri$1 sobb+1 to 8 "m & decl>$ vehem5tly3 ,nurse says ,i'll g to ! bad place :5 ,i die1 & t ,i'll burn !re always4 ,i won't burn always2 ,i "k ,i won't6 ,i may burn a little bit4 ,b ,i'm bad only "p ( ! "t2 ,i am good "p ( ! "t2 & ,i "k ,i won't burn always4 ,8 reason+ on !ology 0 z s\nd z t ( _m a prea*]4 ,i 0 /&+ ne> a second-ye> class 9 read+ "o day :5 ,i ov]he>d a boy say ,nons5se6 to himself1 aft] read+ a section4 ,i agre$ ) him too fully to (f] any repro(4 ,an eight-ye>-old girl said to h] "m1 ,may ,i iron my apron8 ,i iron$ a pill[case4 ,did ,s>ah ! maid say t y iron$ x well8 ask$ ! "m4 ,no1 %e didn't say any?+1 0 ! response4 ,b ,i "k t ,i iron$ x well4 ,is t an entirely passive attitude8 ,rebecca _h sp5t six ye>s 9 ! public s*ools ( two l>ge cities :5 %e ent]$ ! sev5? grade ( ! ,/ate ,normal ,s*ool4 ,%e _h be5 call$ a quiet *ild1 n]v\s & timid1 by diff]5t tea*]s4 ,aft] a v few days 9 ! new s*ool1 h[ev]1 %e volunte]$ ?is expression ( h] ?\ghts3 ,i didn't ?9k ! ,normal ,s*ool w\ld be any?+ l t4 ,x's v diff]5t f ! public s*ools4 ,!re only ! tea*] has op9ions & %e does all ! talk+2 b 9 ! ,normal ,s*ool ! *ildr5 c h op9ions1 & !y c express !m1 & ,i l x4 ,any "o :o has _h close contact ) *ildr5 kn[s t !y h a rem>kably ke5 s5se ( ! ju/ice or inju/ice ( puni%m5ts inflict$ ^u !m4 ,z a rule1 ,i w\ld r tru/ _! judgm5t ( _! tea*]s ?an _! p>5ts' judgm5t1 al?\gh x is true t p>5ts =m su* judgm5t l>gely f he>+ rem>ks f _! *ildr54 ,*ildr5 are reasonably reliable1 also1 9 judg+ "o ano!r's conduct1 :i* !y are prone to d4 ,su* facts z ^! indicate t x is q natural = *ildr5--ev5 v "y ones--to pass judgm5t ( "s k9d on ?+s ab\t !m1 & t _! judgm5ts are fairly s\nd4 ,!y are h>dly to be call$ m]ely passive receiv]s ( ideas1 mildly agree+ ) ! p ab\t !m4 #b4 ,z evid5c$ by ! requirem5ts ( ! s*ool4 ,! s*ool pla9ly assumes ! pres5ce ( ?is ability by ! requirem5ts t x makes ( *ildr54 ,"o ( ! common que/ions 9 ! comb9ation ( =ms & colors1 ev5 9 ! k9d]g>t51 is1 ,h[ d y l t8 ,9 in/ruction 9 f9e art ?r\gh\t ! grades _! judgm5t z to :at is mo/ beautiful is cont9ually appeal$ to4 ,! judg+ ( "o ano!r's compositions & o!r s*ool products is a common task = pupils4 ,9 connection ) fairy tales six-ye>-olds are frequ5tly ask$ :at !y ?9k ( ! /ory4 ,_m say1 ,x is beautiful2 b n[ & !n a bold _s decl>es1 ,i don't l x4 ,*ildr5 are expect$ to judge ! quality ( lit]ature1 di/+ui%+ ) ease betwe5 :at is lit]al & :at is imag9ative1 or figurative1 or humor\s4 ,:5 !y read t ! rope ) :i* ! p[]ful ,f5ris-,wolf 0 b\nd 0 made out ( su* ?+s z ! s\nd ( a cat's foot/eps1 ! roots ( ! m\nta9s1 ! brea? ( a fi% & ! s9ews ( a be>1 & no?+ c\ld break x1 ,footnote3 ,hamilton ,mabie's ,norse ,my?s1 p4 #aff4 !y are n deceiv$2 !y only smile4 ,n[ & !n !y make mi/akes2 b 9 g5]al su* /ories z ,?r\gh ! ,look+-,glass & ! ,uncle ,remus /ories d n ov]tax _! p[] to int]pret conditions4 ,:at lit]ature or hi/ory is !re = *ildr5 t omits ! pass+ ( moral judgm5ts8 ,c9d]ella is approv$ ( = h] goodness1 ,william ,tell = 8 indep5d5ce1 ,columbus = 8 boldness2 ,c9d]ella's si/]s are condemn$ = _! selfi%ness1 & ,gessl] = 8 meanness4 ,)\t su* ex]cise ( judgm5t ^! two /udies w\ld miss "o ( _! ma9 b5efits4 ,! data t mu/ be collect$ 9 nature /udy & hi/ory = ! pro( ( /atem5ts give mu* practice 9 ! weigh+ ( evid5ce2 & ! self- gov]nm5t t is n[ s common1 9 v>i\s degrees1 9 good s*ools is suppos$ to be bas$ ^u a reasonable ability to weigh out ju/ice4 ,?us ! me?od bo? ( in/ruction & ( gov]nm5t 9 our bett] s*ools presupposes ! ability on ! "p ( pupils to judge wor?2 & ! bett] tea*]s h consid]$ x s important t !y h con/antly /riv5 to develop x ?r\gh in/ruction1 j z s5sible p>5ts h plac$ ^u _! *ildr5 "s ( ! responsibility ( buy+ _! own clo?+1 do+ ! m>ket+1 & plann+ "w at home1 9 ord] to cultivate ! p[] to make wise *oice4 ,if ! ability to judge 7 really want+ 9 *ildr51 our suppos$ly be/ me?ods ( tea*+ & gov]n+ !m w\ld ne$ to be ab&on$4 #c4 ,z evid5c$ by requirem5ts ( *ild life4 ,! be/ pro( t *ildr5 possess ?is ability is t !y c sc>cely get on )\t x4 ,sev]al ye>s ago1 :5 ,i rea*$ ,indianapolis on a j\rney1 ,i gave my bag to a boy t5 or elev5 ye>s ( age to c>ry to my hotel4 ,:ile we 7 walk+ along toge!r ano!r boy /opp$ him & drew him to "o side4 ,i obs]v$ t !y 7 hav+ a s]i\s conv]sation1 & :5 we soon proce$$ fur!r ,i inquir$ :at ! tr\ble 04 ,t boy1 said he1 wants me to divvy up ) him4 ,:at d y mean by t8 said ,i4 ,he wants me to give him half ( ! money t ,i am to get f y = c>ry+ ?is bag1 0 ! reply4 ,b1 ,i respond$ indignantly1 he has n help$ y at all4 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld he receive any?+8 ,he %\ldn't1 came ! answ]2 b he belongs to a cr[d ( fell[s1 & he told me t if ,i didn't divvy up ) !m !y w\ld p\nd ! life out ( me4 ,i pond]$ = "s "t1 b ,i gave no advice4 ,:at advice %\ld h be5 giv58 ,?is is a /rik+ ease2 b x only illu/rates v =cibly t *ildr5 are n m]ely sleep+1 & eat+ :at is giv5 to !m1 l cattle & %eep4 ,l adults !y are surr\nd$ ) human be+s & are lead+ moral lives4 ,at home1 9 s*ool1 on ! /reet1 a hundr$ times a day !y mu/ size up p & situations & decide :at is be/ to d4 ,if !y are weak 9 su* decisions1 !y are reg>d$ z weak 9 g5]al2 & if v weak1 o!r p]sons mu/ assume responsibility = !m & tote !m ?r\gh life4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if !y are /rong1 !y are class$ z s5sible p]sons1 & !y get on well4 ,*ildr5 di/+ui% !mselves z balanc$ & s5sible1 j z adults d1 simply because !y are wise 9 measur+ values4 ,^? p]sons :o reg>d *ildhood z almo/ solely a p]iod = receiv+ k1 seem to ?9k t active life really beg9s only :5 "o becomes ( age4 ,! fact is1 x beg9s f eighte5 to tw5ty-"o ye>s soon] ?an t2 & ?r\gh\t all ^? e>li] ye>s "o has ne>ly z great a v>iety ( trials1 & trials usually ( great] int5sity = ! mom5t1 ?an adults h4 ,9 ! mid/ ( s mu* ne$1 x w\ld be /range1 inde$1 if "o 7 end[$ ) no p[]1 call$ judgm5t1 to cope ) difficult situations1 if "o _h only ! p[] to collect facts4 ,t w\ld leave u too helpless2 x c]ta9ly w\ld n be adaptation to environm5t1 or normal evolution4 ,9 conclusion1 !re=e1 ^? :o d5y a fair degree ( s\nd judgm5t to *ildr5 d5y :at seems a m>k$ natural t5d5cy ( *ildhood2 !y pass a sweep+ criticism ^u :at is n[ suppos$ to be ! be/ me?od ( in/ruct+ & gov]n+ *ildr52 &1 f9ally1 !y d5y to ! *ild ! "o p[] t c make 8 k usable & insure 8 adaptation to 8 environm5t4 ,self- reliance1 :i* p>5ts & tea*]s /rive = s mu*1 becomes !n impossible among *ildr51 = self-reliance is no?+ m ?an indep5d5t direction ( self1 made possible by p[] to judge conditions4 ,c]ta9ly mo/ p]sons are unwill+ to take ?is position 9 reg>d to ! nature ( *ildhood4 ,!y w agree t a twelve- ye>-old boy1 sitt+ = an h\r 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & he>+ him conv]se freely1 )\t =m+ judgm5ts ab\t him1 & _m fairly accurate ones too1 w\ld be an abnormality4 ,dang] ( priggi%ness4 ,:at ab\t ! ?reat5$ priggi%ness & relat$ evils t may result :5 ! responsibility = pass+ judgm5t frequ5tly is laid ^u *ildr58 ,c]ta9ly a mode/ s5se ( "o's own m]it & prop] respect = o!rs are highly desirable qualities4 ,^! qualities1 h[ev]1 are n greatly endang]$ by ! ex]cise ( intellectual indep5d5ce1 = x is little relat$ to immode/y & imp]t95ce4 ,a few ye>s ago :5 _m di/+ui%$ sci5ti/s celebrat$ 9 ,b]l9 ! discov]y ( ! ,ro5tg5 rays1 ,mr4 ,ro5tg5 himself 0 n pres5t4 ,al?\gh he _h possess$ boldness en\gh to enl>ge ! conf9es ( k1 he lack$ ! c\rage to face ! m5 :o _h met to d him honor1 & he telegraph$ 8 regrets4 ,/4 ,paul1 ,erasmus1 & ,melan*?on 71 intellectually1 among ! mo/ indep5d5t ( m52 b ,/4 ,paul possess$ ! humility ( ! true ,*ri/ian1 & bo? ,erasmus & ,melan*?on 7 extremely mode/4 ,pe/alozzi 0 once s5t by 8 gov]nm5t z a memb] ( a commission to int]view ,napoleon4 ,on 8 return f ,p>is he 0 ask$ :e!r he saw ,napoleon4 ,no1 said he1 ,i did n see ,napoleon1 & ,napoleon did n see me4 ,recogniz+ ! greatness ( a real educator1 he took away ! brea? ( 8 fri5ds by rank+ himself alongside ,napoleon z a truly great man4 ,yet he 0 "o ( ! mo/ mode/1 *ildlike m5 t ! _w has ev] kn[n4 ,^! examples %[ t ! ke5e/1 bolde/ ( analy/s & critics may yet be ! humble/ ( m54 ,self-reliance is ! m common "n = simil> indep5d5ce among *ildr52 & x is no m ne>ly relat$ to priggi%ness 9 _! case ?an 9 ! case ( adults4 ,! five-ye>-old *ild w (t5 reject /atem5ts f 8 p>5ts1 ev5 ?\gh he h ! greate/ respect & love = !m4 ,x is only natural = him to d s :5 ass]tions t he he>s d n tally ) 8 own exp]i5ce2 & he w reta9 su* boldness ?r\gh\t life unless made subs]vi5t by bad education4 ,!re is "s dang]1 h[ev]1 t ! cultivation ( ?is indep5d5ce may make "o a *ronic fault-f9d]4 ,x %\ld n be =gott51 !re=e1 t judg+ means approv+ z well z condemn+1 & 9 case ( *ildr5 probably mu* m ( ! =m] ?an ( ! latt]4 ,9 addition1 c>e %\ld be tak5 t *ildr5 %all pass judgm5t only on matt]s ly+ fairly )9 _! exp]i5ce1 & %all recognize ! ne$1 too1 ( giv+ good reasons = _! conclusions4 ,if ^! precautions be tak51 ! dang] ( priggi%ness is r$uc$ to ! m9imum4 ,:at dang] rema9s c af=d to be risk$2 = indep5d5t judgm5t is ! v basis ( s*ol>%ip among adults1 & m5tal submissiv5ess 9 *ildhood is n ! be/ prep>ation = x4 ,,practical ,,sugge/ions ,,= ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,indep5d5t ,,judgm5t ,,among ,,*ildr5 #a4 ,plac+ responsibility ^u *ildr5 at s*ool4 ,responsibilities t require ex]cise ( judgm5t %\ld be plac$ ^u *ildr5 ?r\gh\t ! s*ool1 f ! k9d]g>t5 on4 ,sc>cely a recitation ne$ pass )\t opportunities ( ?is k9d4 ,= example1 *ildr5 c det]m9e ! correctness ( answ]s to que/ions put 9 class1 c weigh ! relative m]its & ! effici5cy ( tasks p]=m$1 c propose suitable ways ( illu/rat+ topics1 su* z lumb]+1 irrigation1 m9+1 etc4 ,! wisdom ( plans = pres]v+ ord] 9 ! s*ool1 = decorat+ ! build+1 & = improv+ ! s*ool 9 o!r respects c also be submitt$ to _! judgm5t4 ,x is by ! ex]cise ( judgm5t 9 _m ways t "y p w become judici\s 9 num]\s directions4 ,x is n difficult = any tea*] to d "s "w ( ?is k9d1 b x is difficult to be consi/5t 9 x4 ,_m tea*]s :o are zeal\s 9 cultivat+ indep5d5t judgm5t a "p ( ! "t1 und]m9e ?is influ5ce at o!r times by arbitr>y decisions or by a p]sonality s ov]p[]+ t x all[s no free scope to ! *ild's p]sonality4 #b4 ,/udy ( responsibilities borne at home4 ,"s /udy ( ! responsibilities t diff]5t *ildr5 be> at home may prove v pr(itable4 ,:ile "s c>ry mu* responsibility !re1 o!rs are giv5 no option z to :5 !y %all />t to s*ool ea* day1 or h[ !y %all dress1 or :o %all buy _! clo!s1 or h[ !y %all sp5d money4 ,?us !y are all[$ no opportunity to decide ?+s = !mselves or to develop indep5d5t judgm5t4 ,int]views ) individual p>5ts1 & p>5ts' meet+s1 may prove v fruitful along ?is l9e4 #c4 ,consid]ation ( ! use to be made ( advice4 ,9 ord] to tea* ! nature ( self-reliance & ! scope ( its ex]cise1 ! use to be made ( ! advice ( fri5ds %\ld be a topic = occasional discussion4 ,_m a "y man & woman hesitates to ask ! advice ( o!rs = fe> t !y may be (f5d$ if ! advice giv5 is n foll[$4 ,!y are ju/ifi$1 too1 = _m p]sons are (f5d$ 9 ?is way4 ,! propriety ( reject+ advice %\ld be f> m g5]ally und]/ood ?an x is4 ,!n *ildr51 z well z "y m5 & wom51 w\ld seek x mu* (t5]1 to _! la/+ b5efit4 #d4 ,examples ( comb9ations ( mode/y ) indep5d5ce4 ,s9ce mode/y %\ld be cultivat$ along ) indep5d5t judgm5t1 examples ( di/+ui%$ m5 & wom5 :o h comb9$ ^! two qualities %\ld n[ & !n be consid]$4 #e4 ,obs]vation ( habits ( pupils 9 use ( judgm5t4 ,x is well to m>k out = special att5tion su* pupils z seem to be untrue to _! own exp]i5ce 9 judg+1 or su* z seem to lack ! en]gy to use x z a basis ( judgm5t4 ,= example1 _m elev5- & twelve-ye>-old *ildr5 9 _! /udy ( ,excelsior feel t ! "y man v ra%ly expos$ himself & m]it$ 8 dea?4 ,yet "s ( ^! w suppress ?is judgm5t1 & ev5 praise him z a noble y\?1 9 ord] to please _! tea*]1 or because !y ?9k t t is :at !y ought to say4 ,!y lack ! boldness to be hone/ ) !mselves4 ,aga91 v _m "y p fail to ?9k f> en\gh to weigh & consid]4 ,!y /op %ort ) ! concrete n>rative1 fail+ to judge :e!r ! /ory is reasonable1 :e!r ! *>act]s are repres5tative1 :e!r ! moral is s\nd1 etc4 ,?us !y omit a portion ( ! ?9k+ t %\ld be expect$ ( !m4 ,:e!r !y are want+ 9 m5tal en]gy or d n realize t ?is is "o ( ! important p>ts ( /udy1 !y %\ld be tak5 9 h&4 ,"r habits ( m9d are ev5 m important ?an k4 #f4 ,reports ( m]its ( pr9t$ matt]1 ) discussion4 ,z "o means ( ov]com+ ! defect j m5tion$1 diff]5t *ildr51 or diff]5t committees ( a class1 might exam9e ! same newspap]s1 magaz9es1 articles 9 ref]5ce books1 etc41 & !n report on _! m]its indep5d5tly ( "o ano!r1 giv+ _! reasons4 ,! discussions t w\ld be likely to foll[ z ! result ( disagreem5ts w\ld be ( ! highe/ value4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,memoriz+1 ,,z ,a ,,fif? ,,factor ,,9 ,,/udy ,all ! intellectual value = u ( a /ate ( m9d dep5ds on our aft]-memory ( x1 says ,pr(essor ,james4 ,footnote3 ,william ,james's ,psy*ology1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #fdd4 ,importance ( memory4 ,9 o!r words1 !re w\ld be little object importance 9 read+1 or reflection1 or travel1 or 9 exp]i5ce 9 g5]al1 if su* exp]i5ce c\ld n lat] be recall$ s z to be fur!r enjoy$ & us$4 ,want ( ref]5ce ?us f> to memory does n1 !re=e1 signify any lack ( appreciation ( its wor?4 ,no "t is likely to come :5 a l[ e/imate w be plac$ ^u memory4 ,usual prom95ce ( memoriz+ z a factor 9 /udy1 & ! result4 ,h[ prom95t memoriz+ %\ld be1 h[ev]1 is a "q ( great importance4 ,! f\r factors ( /udy t h n[ be5 consid]$ are ! f9d+ ( specific aims1 ! supplem5t+ ( ! ?\ght ( au?ors1 ! organiz+ ( ideas1 & ! judg+ ( _! g5]al wor?4 ,^! f\r activities toge!r con/itute a l>ge "p ( :at is call$ ?9k+4 ,memoriz+--mean+ !reby1 9 contra/ to ?9k+1 ! consci\s ef=t to impress ideas ^u ! m9d s t !y c be reproduc$--has usually be5 a m prom95t "p ( /udy ?an all ^! f\r comb9$4 ,! ,jesuits1 = example1 :o 7 lead]s 9 education = two hundr$ ye>s1 made repetition ! "m ( /udies1 & x is /ill s prom95t1 ev5 among adults1 t ! av]age /ud5t reg>ds memoriz+ z ! ne>e/ synonym = ! t]m /udy+4 ,repetition1 or drill1 h[ev]1 is f> f an inspir+ k9d ( employm5t4 ,x involves no?+ new or refre%+2 x is m]e hamm]+1 t makes no claim ^u involunt>y att5tion4 ,:5 x is s prom95t1 !re=e1 x /ultifies ! m9d1 />v+ & disc\rag+ ! /ud5t & defeat+ ! ma9 purpose ( /udy4 ,reasons = su* prom95ce4 ,if ! "w ( memoriz+ is s un9t]e/+ & ev5 injuri\s1 :y is x made s prom95t8 ,!re are probably num]\s reasons2 b only ?ree w "h be consid]$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 memoriz+ is m sup]ficial ?an real ?9k+1 & p g5]ally pref] to be some:at sup]ficial & me*anical4 ,x takes en]gy to dig into ?+s1 &1 be+ r lazy1 we are v (t5 cont5t to rema9 on ! outside ( !m4 ,*ildr5 %[ 9 _m little ways h[ natural x is to be me*anical4 ,= in/ance1 r ?an ?9k ! ideas adv]b & pres5t active p>ticiple1 !y w recognize words end+ 9 ly z adv]bs1 & ^? end+ 9 + z pres5t active p>ticiples4 ,!y w class words z prepositions or conjunctions by memoriz+ ! entire li/ ( ea*1 r ?an by ?9k+ ! relations t ^! p>ts ( spee* express4 ,"y m5 & wom51 likewise1 w memorize demon/rations 9 geometry r ?an reason !m out1 & w memorize o!r p's op9ions r ?an attempt to ?9k = !mselves4 ,ev5 ?\gh x is (t5 really easi] to rely ^u "o's own p[] to ?9k ?an ^u memory1 x takes "s dep? ( nature to recognize ! fact & act accord+ly4 ,tea*]s %[ ?is t5d5cy z pla9ly z /ud5ts4 ,9 prep>+ lesson plans1 = example1 v few w get beyond :at is me*anical & =mal4 ,! reason t recitations are s l>gely memory te/s1 too1 is t tea*]s put m]e memory que/ions m easily ?an !y put que/ions t provoke ?\ght4 ,x is1 !re=e1 a well- e/abli%$ natural trait t is back ( s mu* me*anical memoriz+4 ,a second reason = ! prom95ce ( memoriz+ is f\nd 9 ! desire to /r5g!n ! memory ?r\gh its ex]cise4 ,we "k t ! arm may be develop$ by ! lift+ ( weights1 s t x w be /rong] = lift+ any?+ t comes 9 its way4 ,s x has long be5 a common belief t memory1 z a faculty ( ! m9d1 c\ld be develop$ by any k9d ( ex]cise s z to be /rong] = all k9ds ( recall4 ,_m words 9 spell+1 _m dates 9 hi/ory1 _m places 9 geography1 _m facts 9 gramm> & ev5 9 ! m advanc$ /udies1 h be5 le>n$ r because !y 7 suppos$ to develop memory ?an = any o!r reason4 ,?us ! desire ( /r5g!n+ memory has consid]ably increas$ ! am\nt ( memoriz+4 ,! belief t memoriz+ normally prec$es ?9k+ r ?an foll[s x1 is a ?ird v important reason = ! prom95ce ( memoriz+4 ,! mo/ important "p ( e ,mussulman's tra9+1 says ,batzel1 is to le>n ! ,koran1 by :i* mu/ be und]/ood le>n+ x by he>t1 = x w\ld be wrong to wi% to und]/& ! ,koran till "o knew x by he>t4 ,footnote3 ,batzel1 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #bah4 ,we hold no consci5ti\s scruples aga9/ und]/&+ /atem5ts be=e attempt+ to memorize !m2 b "o might ?9k t we did1 = our practice 9 memoriz+ ,scripture g5]ally corresponds to t ( ! ,mussulman 9 le>n+ ! ,koran4 ,i v5ture to affirm1 also1 t ! av]age /ud5t habitually beg9s ! /udy ( 8 lessons by memoriz+1 ) ! expectation ( do+ :atev] ?9k+ is necess>y lat]4 ,! av]age tea*] conducts recitations 9 ! same mann]4 ,!re is ! def5se = ?is practice1 too1 9 ! fact t x seems logical to get ! raw mat]ials = reflection into our possession be=e try+ to reflect ^u !m4 ,! result1 h[ev]1 is t a surpris+ly small am\nt ( ?9k+ is done2 = ! memoriz+ requires s mu* "t & en]gy t1 9 spite ( good int5tions1 ! ?9k+ is po/pon$ = a m conv5i5t season until x con/itutes an insignificant "p ( /udy1 :ile memoriz+1 ! drudg]y ( /udy becomes its ma9 factor4 ,h[ ?is prom95ce may be r$uc$4 ,if x is possible to r$uce ! prom95ce ( me*anical memoriz+1 x is highly desirable to d s1 = x is unreasonable to defeat ! ends ( education 9 ! attempt to educate4 ,let u see h[ ?is may be accompli%$4 #a4 ,by provid+ m motivation4 ,!re is no complete cure = our t5d5cy t[>d ! sup]ficial & me*anical1 due to m5tal laz9ess2 ! defect is too deep4 ,yet to ! ext5t t we increase our motive = ef=t a cure is f\nd4 ,live purposes give =ce2 !y make "o e>ne/ en\gh to fix ! :ole att5tion ^u a task1 & to det]m9e to get at ! he>t ( x2 !y deep5 "o's nature4 ,full conc5tration ( att5tion1 due to int]e/ & ex]cise ( w p[]1 is "o ( ! *ief conditions ( rapid memoriz+4 ,"s ( ! ways 9 :i* su* purposes may be suppli$ h already be5 discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iii4 #b4 ,by ab&on+ attempts to /r5g!n ! g5]al p[] ( memory4 ,9 ! second place1 we c af=d to ab&on all attempts to develop ! g5]al p[] ( memory4 ,! p[] ( v>i\s crude mat]ials to reta9 impressions t are made ^u !m v>ies greatly accord+ to _! nature4 ,jelly1 = in/ance1 has little su* p[]2 s& has little m2 clay possesses x 9 a high] degree1 & /one 9 a f> high] /ill4 ,b :atev] p]si/5ce ( impressions a giv5 lot ( any "o ( ^! mat]ials may possess1 x c nev] be *ang$1 x is a fix$ quantity4 ,! same holds 9 reg>d to ! bra9 matt]4 ,"s m5 h bra9s t reta9 almo/ ev]y?+4 ,pr(essor ,james tells1 ,footnote3 ,psy*ology1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ffj4 = in/ance1 ( a ,p5nsylvania f>m] :o c\ld rememb] ! day ( ! week on :i* any date _h fall5 = =ty-two ye>s pa/1 & also ! k9d ( wea!r at ! "t4 ,he tells fur!r ( an acqua9tance :o rememb]$ ! old addresses ( num]\s ,new ,york ,city fri5ds1 addresses t ! fri5ds _h long s9ce mov$ f & =gott52 no?+ t ?is man _h ev] he>d or read seem$ to escape him4 ,o!r p]sons1 on ! o!r h&1 possess little p[] to reta9 names1 dates1 quotations1 & scatt]$ facts2 _! desultory memory1 z x is call$1 is v poor4 ,b :atev] native ret5tive p[] any p>ticul> bra9 happ5s to h1 c nev] be alt]$4 ,! g5]al p]si/5ce ( impressions ( ea* p]son is a physiological or physical p[] dep5d+ on ! nature ( 8 bra9 matt]1 & x is inv>iable4 ,no am\nt ( culture w\ld seem capable ( modify+ a man's g5]al ret5tiv5ess1 ,footnote3 ,psy*ology1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ffc4 says ,james4 ,aga91 ,!re c be no improvem5t ( ! g5]al or elem5t>y faculty ( memory4 ,footnote3 ,talks to ,tea*]s1 p4 #abc4 ,our desultory memories1 9 o!r words1 are giv5 to u once = all4 ,x is commonly suppos$1 on ! contr>y1 t p]sons :o memorize a great deal1 su* z actors1 greatly /r5g!n _! g5]al memory 9 t way4 ,i h c>efully que/ion$ sev]al mature actors on ! po9t1 says ,james1 & all h d5i$ t ! practice ( le>n+ p>ts has made any su* diff]5ce z is alleg$4 ,footnote3 ,psy*ology1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ffd4 ,actors c]ta9ly d increase _! ability to memorize c]ta9 k9ds ( subject-matt]4 ,any "o :o has mu* practice 9 le>n+ li/s ( names1 ev51 is likely to increase 8 ability = t & simil> tasks1 j z "o :o le>ns to play t5nis well is aid$ !reby 9 play+ baseball4 ,! reason = su* improvem5t1 h[ev]1 is f\nd l>gely1 if n :olly1 9 improvem5t 9 "o's me?od ( "w1 z w be made cle> lat]1 r ?an 9 any increase 9 g5]al ret5tive p[]4 ,:ile ! "q ( improv+ ! memory is some:at 9 dispute1 ,footnote3 ,see ,educational ,review = ,june1 #aijh4 & "s psy*ologi/s ass]t t any k9d ( memoriz+ w h "s effect on all o!r k9ds1 x is safe to say t m]e ex]cise ( memory is1 = all practical purposes1 useless z a means ( /r5g!n+ g5]al memory4 ,only ^? ?+s1 !re=e1 %\ld be memoriz$ t are intr9sically wor?y ( be+ reproduc$4 #c4 ,by improv+ ! me?od ( memoriz+4 ,ev5 ?\gh a p]son's native ret5tive p[] _c be improv$1 ! skill ) :i* he uses :atev] p[] he has c be increas$4 ,m5 :o lift pianos f9d ! "w v difficult at fir/2 b soon x becomes reasonably easy4 ,! great] ease is n due to any m>k$ increase 9 /r5g?1 b r to increas$ skill 9 us+ /r5g?4 ,x is due to improvem5t 9 me?od2 !y le>n h[4 ,s x may be ) memoriz+4 ,a l>ge portion ( su* "w is usually awkw>d1 consi/+ ( repetitions t consume mu* "t & en]gy4 ,b x is possible s to improve ! me?od t memory tasks w occupy comp>atively little "t4 ,h[ facts are recall$4 ,be=e discuss+ ways 9 :i* ! me?od ( memoriz+ c be improv$1 x is necess>y to consid] h[ facts are recall$4 ,impressions are n /or$ away 9 ! bra91 & aft]w>d recall$1 9 an isolat$ /ate1 or indep5d5tly ( "o ano!r4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y are m or less intimately relat$ z !y are le>n$1 & recall always takes place ?r\gh association ( "s sort4 ,:atev] appe>s 9 ! m9d mu/ be introduc$2 &1 :5 introduc$1 x is z ! associate ( some?+ already !re4 ,footnote3 ,james's ,talks to ,tea*]s1 p4 #aah4 ,! breakfa/ ,i ate ?is morn+ recalls ! p]sons :o sat ar\nd ! table2 memory ( "o ( ^? p]sons rem9ds me ( a task t ,i 0 to att5d to to-day2 t task sugge/s ! fact t ,i mu/ also g to ! bank to get "s money1 etc4 ,?us e fact t is recall$ is m>%al$ =? by ! aid ( "s o!r t is connect$ ) x1 & :i* acts z ! cue to x4 ,?is is s fully true t !re is ev5 ! possibility ( trac+ our sequ5ce ( ideas backw>d /ep by /ep z f> z we wi%4 ,! laws ( association gov]n1 9 fact1 all ! tra9s ( our ?9k+ :i* are n int]rupt$ by s5sations break+ on u f )\t1 says ,james4 ,footnote3 ,ibid4 ,h[ me?od ( memoriz+ may be improv$4 ,s9ce any idea is recall$ ?r\gh its connection ) o!r ideas1 ! great] ! numb] & ! clos5ess ( su* relations1 ! bett] *ance x /&s to be reproduc$4 ,improvem5t 9 "o's me?od ( memoriz+1 9 o!r words1 mu/ consi/ ma9ly 9 increas+ ! numb] & clos5ess ( associations among facts4 ,a li/ ( unrelat$ words is extremely difficult to rememb]2 e additional relation furni%es a new approa* to any fact2 &1 ! clos] ?is relation1 ! m likely x is to cause ! reproduction4 #a4 ,by m ( less me*anical association4 ,ev5 ! simple/ associations1 t are l>gely me*anical1 may be important aids to memory4 ,= example1 x is mu* easi] to le>n ! telephone numb] #abcf by rememb]+ t ! sum ( ! fir/ ?ree numb]s =ms ! f\r? ?an by memoriz+ ea* figure sep>ately4 ,tea*] is a ^w ^: spell+ (t5 causes tr\ble2 b :5 tea* is associat$ ) ea*1 :i* is seldom misspell$1 ! difficulty is remov$4 ,!re & _! are two words ^: spell+ is a s\rce ( mu* confusion2 b x is ov]come :5 !re is associat$ ) :]e & "h1 & _! ) h]1 y\r1 our1 etc4 ,sight1 site1 & cite are /ill worse /umbl+-blocks 9 spell+2 b ! difficulty is l>gely ov]come :5 sight is firmly associat$ ) light & night1 site ) situation1 & cite ) recite4 ,! association ( ! s\nd ( a ^w ) its mean+ is an important help 9 rememb]+ ! mean+s ( "s words1 z rasp+1 = example4 ,pr(essor ,james1 ,i believe1 tells ( "s "o :o =got 8 umbrella s (t5 t he practic$ associat+ umbrella ) doorway until ! two ideas 7 almo/ insep>able4 ,!n1 :5ev] he pass$ ?r\gh a doorway on 8 way out ( doors1 he 0 rem9d$ to take 8 umbrella along4 ,:ile !re might be "s disadvantages 9 ?is p>ticul> association1 x =cibly sugge/s ! value ( association 9 g5]al4 ,! v>i\s mnemonic sy/ems t h be5 s widely adv]tis$ h usually be5 no?+ m ?an plans = ! me*anical association ( facts4 ,sometimes1 to be sure1 x has be5 m difficult to rememb] ! sy/em ?an to memorize ! facts !mselves2 yet !y1 too1 give witness to ! value ( association4 ,i once ask$ a ?irte5-ye>-old girl1 9 a hi/ory class1 :5 ,eli ,:itney liv$4 ,%e gave ! exact mon? & day1 b fail$ to recall ei!r ! ye> or ! "p ( ! c5tury1 or ev5 ! c5tury4 ,h] answ] %[$ pla9ly t h] me?od ( /udy 0 d\bly wrong2 = %e n only (f5d$ aga9/ relative values 9 le>n+ ! mon? & day :ile =gett+ ! c5tury1 b %e reveal$ no t5d5cy to associate ,:itney's inv5tion ) any p>ticul> p]iod ( hi/ory4 ,ev5 cross-que/ion+ br\ght no su* t5d5cy to light4 ,%e 0 dep5d+ on m]e ret5tiv5ess to hold dates 9 m9d4 ,! habit ( memoriz+ facts 9 ?is disconnect$ way is common among adults z well z *ildr51 & z a rem$y aga9/ x ! /ud5t %\ld =m ! habit ( frequ5tly ask+ himself ! "q1 ,) :at am ,i associat+ ?is fact or idea8 ,9 contra/ ) associations t are m or less me*anical1 !re are vital associations t are possible 9 all /udies conta9+ ri* subject-matt]4 #b4 ,by close ?\ght association4 7#a7 ,?r\gh att5tion to ! outl9e4 ,e>ly association ( ! pr9cipal ideas1 or e>ly recognition ( ! outl9e ( ?\ght1 is p]haps ! mo/ important ( ^!4 ,"o c proce$ s5t5ce by s5t5ce1 or bit by bit1 9 memoriz+ z 9 ?9k+1 add+ "o su* fragm5t aft] ano!r until ! :ole is le>n$4 ,b ! e>ly recognition ( ! ma9 ideas 9 _! prop] sequ5ce is f> sup]ior4 ,^! ess5tials give peculi> control ov] ! details by gr\p+ !m 9 an ord]ly mann] & furni%+ _! cue s t ! :ole is m easily memoriz$4 ,?is is true ev5 9 ! case ( v]bal memoriz+1 z is evid5c$ by a c]ta9 m9i/] quot$ by ,pr(essor ,james4 ,z = memory1 m9e has improv$ ye> by ye>1 except :5 9 ill-heal?1 l a gymna/'s muscle4 ,be=e tw5ty x took ?ree or f\r days to commit an h\r-long s]mon2 aft] tw5ty1 two days1 "o day1 "o-half day1 & n[ "o sl[ analytic1 v att5tive or adhesive read+ does x4 ,b memory seems to me ! mo/ physical ( intellectual p[]s4 ,bodily ease & fre%ness h mu* to d ) x4 ,!n !re is great diff]5ce ( facility 9 me?od4 ,i us$ to commit s5t5ce by s5t5ce4 ,n[ ,i take ! idea ( ! :ole1 !n its lead+ divisions1 !n its subdivisions1 !n its s5t5ces4 ,footnote3 ,james1 ,psy*ology1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ffh4 ,?us e>ly att5tion to organization is a l>ge factor 9 memoriz+1 z 9 /udy t aims pr9cipally at compreh5sion ( ! ?\ght4 ,:]e good organization is want+1--z 9 trac+ lessons 9 geography1 & o!r m]e te/s ( facts1--?is aid to memoriz+ is lack+1 & "o mu/ dep5d m ^u brute memory p[]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :]e ! portions ( "o's k h become s closely int]relat$ & s well organiz$ t !y =m a well-knit sy/em ( ?\ght1 "o's ability to rememb] may be surpris+4 ,sp5c] & ,d>w9 7 examples ( m5 ^: ideas 7 ?us organiz$4 ,nei!r ( !m possess$ ph5om5al memories to />t )2 b _! obs]vations s g5]ally f\nd a gr\p ( close relations to su/a9 !m1 & ^! gr\ps 7 associat$ ) "o ano!r 9 su* a close & ord]ly way1 t ! outl9e ( ! :ole c\ld be easily survey$1 & any fact c\ld be quickly reproduc$1 j z any book c be spe$ily f\nd 9 a well-organiz$ libr>y4 ,?us1 z we gr[ old]1 if ! organization ( our k is improv+1 ! p[] ( reproduc+ x w likewise be increas+4 7#b7 ,?r\gh comp>isons4 ,comp>isons are ano!r means ( e/abli%+ valuable ?\ght connections4 ,/udy by topics1 also1 furni%es special opportunity = comp>isons4 ,x is g5]ally bett]1 says ,james ,baldw91 to le>n :at diff]5t writ]s h ?\ght & said conc]n+ t matt] ( :i* y are mak+ a special /udy4 ,n _m books are to be read ha/ily ?r\gh4 ,footnote3 ,james ,baldw91 ,! ,book ,lov]1 p4 #dc4 ,koopman likewise decl>es1 ,a s+le trial w prove to any /ud5t ! sup]iority1 9 int]e/1 ( ! topical & comp>ative ov] ! *ronological & consecutive me?od ( /udy+ hi/ory4 ,footnote3 ,koopman1 ,ma/]y ( ,books1 p4 #dc4 ,aga91 ,! /ud5t :o has n kn[n ! pleasure ( read+ all ! works ( an au?or1 z a /udy 9 p]sonality1 has a great s\rce ( enjoym5t /ill be=e him4 ,footnote3 ,ibid41 p4 #dd4 ,_m p]sons h ! feel+ t x is a moral duty1 aft] hav+ begun a book1 to read x ?r\gh4 ,"h is ! recomm5dation t our read+ = a "t conv]ge to "o po9t2 t we f9d1 = example1 :at sev]al psy*ologies h to say on "o topic1 su* z memory1 r ?an read "o psy*ology f cov] to cov]4 ,! value ( comp>ison = ?or\ghness has already be5 emphasiz$4 ,its value f ! view-po9t ( memory is great1 n only because x insures m la/+ impressions due to increas$ int]e/1 z j sugge/$1 b also because ea* new comp>ison1 :ile review+1 also e/abli%es new & clos] associations among old ideas4 ,memoriz+ ( ,kipl+'s ,seal ,lullaby4 ,accord+ to ! above1 we c be/ memorize by e/abli%+ :atev] associations seem int]e/+ & reasonable4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ,kipl+'s ,seal ,lullaby3-- ,oh6 ,hu% !e1 my baby1 ! night is beh9d u1 ,& black are ! wat]s t sp>kl$ s gre54 ,! moon1 o'er ! comb]s1 looks d[nw>d to f9d u ,at re/ 9 ! holl[s t ru/le betwe54 ,:]e bill[ meets bill[1 !re s(t be ?y pill[2 ,ah1 we>y wee flipp]l+1 curl at ?y ease6 ,! /orm %all n wake !e1 nor %>k ov]take !e1 ,asleep 9 ! arms ( ! sl[-sw++ seas4 ,! music ( ! rhy?m leads "o to read x al\d f "t to "t4 ,! fir/ two l9es are an ann\ncem5t ( b$time2 ! next ?ree tell :]e ! re/+ place is1 & ! la/ ?ree give assurance ( safety--t is ! outl9e4 ,any "o has (t5 obs]v$ h[ black ! wat]s become z night approa*es1 & ! picture is vividly recall$ z ! fir/ c\plet is read4 ,comb]s is almo/ a /range ^w1 b its use makes its mean+ reasonably cle>4 ,is !re a cradle ( "s sort8 ,& a good pill[1 too8 ,is !re any t5d]ness indicat$ on ! "p ( ! "m8 ,any pet names appli$8 ,:at dang]s might cause uneas9ess8 ,:i* is ! mo/ beautiful "p8 ,:at lullabies ( our *ildhood does ?is recall8 ,h[ does ?is "o comp>e 9 beauty ) ,rock-a-bye-baby8 ,let u s+ ea*1 9 ord] to judge4 ,:at m>k$ contra/ is !re betwe5 ! two1 9 ! latt] "p8 ,i fir/ ran across ?is lullaby 9 company ) two fri5ds1 to ea* ( :om x 0 entirely new4 ,x appeal$ to u s /rongly t we read x al\d sev]al times & talk$ x ov]4 ,we consid]$ "s que/ions su* z ! above1 & comp>$ x ) ,rock-a-bye-baby1 disagree+ some:at 9 our op9ions4 ,:5 we left x1 ea* ( u ne>ly or q knew x by he>t1 al?\gh we _h sc>cely ?\ght ( try+ to memorize x4 ,9 ?is way ! association ( ideas ) "o ano!r1 p>ticul>ly ) ?+s t h be5 long *]i%$1 is a v valuable aid to memory4 ,:]e ! fault 9 cramm+ lies4 ,to "s p]sons ?is me?od ( memoriz+ ?r\gh association ( ideas w seem v sl[4 ,x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t !re is a m rapid way1 call$ cramm+4 ,e mature /ud5t has f\nd t1 "u great pressure1 he c commit to memory ! sub/ance ( ?\ght1 & ev5 ! words1 = an a/oni%+ am\nt ( matt]4 ,! difficulty is1 h[ev]1 t x w hold only up to a c]ta9 h\r1 ! h\r aft] exam9ation1 = example2 !n x goes s rapidly t "o c fairly feel x slipp+ away4 ,su* rapid memoriz+ is a witness to ! value ( v close att5tion 9 /udy2 b ! rapid escape is te/imony to ! necessity ( a clos] association ( facts4 ,ow+ to undue ha/e ! ideas are cr[d$ into ! memory )\t becom+ intimately relat$1 or ti$ toge!r1 9 num]\s ways4 ,!n1 :5 "s "p is =gott51 z is sure to happ51 ! o!r p>ts1 be+ unrelat$ to x1 (f] no cue = its reproduction4 ,?us "o "p aft] ano!r is lo/2 &1 ev5 ?\gh ! ideas are closely relat$ by nature1 ! lack ( appreciation ( su* relation%ip on ! "p ( ! /ud5t all[s ! :ole to escape z rapidly z m]e li/s ( facts4 ,to be firmly rememb]$1 ei!r a great am\nt ( drill is necess>y1 or else ! ideas mu/ be assimilat$1 & assimilation _c be hurri$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,! pr9cipal means ( mak+ me*anical memorization less prom95t4 ,! ord9>y plan ( /udy1 by :i* memoriz+ prec$es ?9k+1 results1 z we h se51 9 cr[d+ out ?9k+ by leav+ little "t & en]gy = x4 ,memoriz+ ?us becomes a sub/itute = ?9k+1 & makes /udy an extremely dull task4 ,?is is an inv]sion1 h[ev]1 ( ! true ord]4 ,if ?9k+ is made to prec$e consci\s attempts to memorize1 ! n\ri%+ "* ( /udy is assur$1 & direct attempts at memoriz+ become l>gely unnecess>y1 because mo/ ( ! memoriz+ has already be5 accompli%$ unconsci\sly4 ,9 o!r words1 memoriz+ !n becomes a by-product ( ?9k+1 in/ead ( a sub/itute = x4 ,we (t5 regret ! prom95ce ( memoriz+ 9 /udy1 & "h is probably ! pr9cipal means ( r$uc+ x4 ,!re w be less ( x1 to ! ext5t t we d m ?9k+2 & !re w be f> m ?9k+ if we put ?9k+ fir/ 9 "t1 !reby mak+ x fir/ 9 importance4 ,i once saw ,kipl+'s ,seal ,lullaby pres5t$ to sev5-ye>-old *ildr54 ,! tea*] read x al\d f ! blackbo>d1 !n ! class read x4 ,!n ! class set to "w to memorize x1 a l9e or two at a "t4 ,?is 0 a good example ( bad me?od1 = adults z well z = *ildr54 ,if !y _h plann$ fir/ to enjoy ! poem by try+ to read x sev]al times al\d ) expression1 by talk+ x ov]1 illu/rat+ x & s++ x1 ! memoriz+ w\ld h tak5 c>e ( itself4 ,z x 01 _! tea*]'s ha/e to h x le>n$1 am\nt$ to a direct advocacy ( ! pr9ciple ( cramm+2 = !y 7 attempt+ to memorize ?r\gh =ce r ?an ?r\gh association ( ideas4 ,"o reason old] /ud5ts practice cramm+ to su* an ext5t is t !y h nev] be5 fully taught a bett] me?od2 ! s*ools h nev] fully /ood = a bett] me?od ( memoriz+4 ,s long z memoriz+ is put fir/ 9 "t1 & !re=e 9 importance1 ^? p]sons :o h quick memories w be held up z ! ideal /ud5ts1 :e!r !y h high] abilities or n4 ,quick memories1 h[ev]1 are poor educators inde$ unless !y are c\pl$ ) unusual e>ne/ness & en]gy4 ,) all classes ( /ud5ts1 !re=e1 ! ?9k+ %\ld habitually prec$e attempts to memorize4 ,examples ( improvem5t 9 memory ?r\gh clos] att5tion & bett] me?od4 ,f all t has be5 said1 x is pla9 t h[ to memorize is closely b\nd up ) ! "q :5 to memorize4 ,we are n[ ready to appreciate ! /atem5t t good memoriz+ is really good ?9k+1 & t improvem5t 9 memory is ma9ly improvem5t 9 att5tion & 9 me?od ( ?9k+4 ,?is is 9 g5]al true1 ev5 9 spite ( "s op9ions to ! contr>y4 ,?url[ ,we$1 ! j\rnali/ & politician1 = example1 greatly increas$ 8 ability to rememb]1 & attribut$ ! improvem5t to an increase 9 8 g5]al p[] ( memory1 due to its ex]cise4 ,he relates 8 exp]i5ce 9 ! foll[+ words3-- ,my memory 0 a sieve4 ,i c\ld rememb] no?+4 ,dates1 names1 appo9tm5ts1 faces--ev]y?+ escap$ me4 ,i said to my wife1 ,ca!r9e1 ,i %all nev] make a successful politician1 = ,i _c rememb]1 & t is a prime necessity ( politicians4 ,my wife told me ,i mu/ tra9 my memory4 ,s1 :5 ,i came home t night1 ,i sat d[n & sp5t fifte5 m9utes try+ sil5tly to recall ) accuracy ! pr9cipal ev5ts ( ! day4 ,i c\ld rememb] b little at fir/2 n[ ,i rememb] t ,i c\ld n !n recall :at ,i _h = breakfa/4 ,aft] a few days' practice ,i f\nd ,i c\ld recall m4 ,ev5ts came back to me m m9utely1 m accurately1 & m vividly ?an at fir/4 ,aft] a =tnight or s ( ?is1 ,ca!r9e said1 ,:y don't y relate to me ! ev5ts ( ! day1 in/ead ( recall+ !m to y\rself8 ,x w\ld be int]e/+1 & my int]e/ 9 x w\ld be a /imulus to y4 ,hav+ great respect = my wife's op9ion1 ,i began a habit ( oral confession1 z x 71 :i* 0 cont9u$ = almo/ fifty ye>s4 ,e night1 ! la/ ?+ be=e retir+1 ,i told h] ev]y?+ ,i c\ld rememb] t _h happ5$ to me1 or ab\t me1 dur+ ! day1 ,i g5]ally recall$ ! di%es ,i _h _h = breakfa/1 d9n]1 & tea2 ! p ,i _h se51 & :at !y _h said2 ! editorials ,i _h writt5 = my pap]1 giv+ h] a brief ab/ract ( !m4 ,i m5tion$ all ! lett]s ,i _h s5t & receiv$1 & ! v language us$1 z ne>ly z possible2 :5 ,i _h walk$ or ridd5--,i told h] ev]y?+ t _h come )9 my obs]vation4 ,i f\nd ,i c\ld say my lessons bett] & bett] e ye>1 & in/ead ( ! practice gr[+ irksome1 x became a pleasure to g ov] aga9 ! ev5ts ( ! day4 ,i am indebt$ to ?is discipl9e = a memory ( some:at unusual t5acity1 & ,i recomm5d ! practice to all :o wi% to /ore up facts1 or expect to h mu* to d ) influ5c+ m54 ,footnote3 ,quot$ by ,james1 ,psy*ology1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ffe4 ,pr(essor ,james comm5ts on ?is exp]i5ce z foll[s3-- ,i d n d\bt t ,mr4 ,we$'s practical comm& ( 8 pa/ exp]i5ces 0 mu* great] aft] fifty ye>s ( ?is h]oic drill ?an x w\ld h be5 )\t x4 ,expect+ to give 8 acc\nt 9 ! ev5+1 he att5d$ bett] to ea* incid5t ( ! day1 nam$ & conceiv$ x diff]5tly1 set 8 m9d ^u x1 & 9 ! ev5+ w5t ov] x aga94 ,he did m ?9k+ ab\t x1 & x /ay$ ) him 9 consequ5ce4 ,b ,i v5ture to affirm pretty confid5tly444 t ! same matt]1 casually att5d$ to & n ?\ght ab\t1 w\ld h /uck 9 8 memory no bett] at ! end ?an at ! beg9n+ ( 8 ye>s ( h]oic self-discipl9e4 ,he _h acquir$ a bett] me?od ( not+ & record+ 8 exp]i5ces1 b 8 physiological ret5tiv5ess 0 probably n a bit improv$4 ,footnote3 ,james1 ,psy*ology1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #fff4 ,aga91 z to ! memoriz+ ( facts by actors1 ,pr(essor ,james says3-- ,:at x has done = !m is to improve _! p[] ( /udy+ a "p sy/ematically4 ,_! m9d is n[ full ( prec$5ts 9 ! way ( intonation1 emphasis1 ge/iculation2 ! new words awak5 di/9ct sugge/ions & decisions2 are caught up1 9 fact1 into a preexi/+ network1 l ! m]*ant's prices or ! a?lete's /ore ( records1 & are recollect$ easi]1 al?\gh ! m]e native t5acity is n a :it improv$1 & is usually1 9 fact1 impair$ by age4 ,x is a case ( bett] rememb]+ by bett] ?9k+4 ,simil>ly :5 s*oolboys improve by practice 9 ease ( le>n+ by he>t1 ! improvem5t w1 ,i am sure1 be always f\nd to reside 9 ! mode ( /udy ( ! p>ticul> piece 7due to ! great] int]e/1 ! great] sugge/iv5ess1 ! g5]ic simil>ity ) o!r pieces1 ! m su/a9$ att5tion1 etc41 etc47 & n at all to any enhancem5t ( ! brute ret5tive p[]4 ,footnote3 ,ibid41 p4 #ffd4 ,! prom95ce ( drill4 ,x /ill rema9s to consid] ! ext5t to :i* m]e repetition or drill %\ld be prom95t4 ,"s help t[>d an answ] may be f\nd 9 c]ta9 rec5t inve/igations into ! value ( drill1 & 9 c]ta9 rec5t improvem5ts 9 me?od4 ,spell+1 ari?metic1 & language be+ ! subjects t h requir$ ! l>ge/ am\nt ( drill1 ^! w be ! pr9cipal /udies "h consid]$4 ,dr4 ,o4 ,p4 ,cornman 9 8 ,spell+ 9 ! ,elem5t>y ,s*ool rec\nts "s v int]e/+ inve/igations into ! value ( drill 9 t subject4 ,9 two s*ools1 ea* conta9+ ! usual eight grades1 ! use ( ! spell+ book & home lessons 9 ! subject 7 ab&on$ = a p]iod ( ?ree ye>s4 ,at ! same "t ! p]iod :i* _h be5 devot$ to /udy+ & recit+ 9 spell+ 9 s*ool 0 omitt$ f ! s*ool program1 mak+ ! ma/]y ( spell+ entirely an incid5tal matt]4 ,! results ?us obta9$ 7 !n comp>$ ) ! results previ\sly obta9$ 9 spell+ 9 ^? two s*ools1 & also 9 a numb] ( o!r s*ools t devot$ f t5 to fifty m9utes daily to spell+4 ,! conclusion rea*$ 0 t ! spell+ drill z at pres5t adm9i/]$ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry adds little or no?+ to ! effectiv5ess ( ! m]e incid5tal tea*+ ( spell+2 ,footnote3 ,cornman1 ,spell+ 9 ! ,elem5t>y ,s*ool1 p4 #ff4 or1 aga91 t x is ( s little importance z to be practically negligible4 ,footnote3 ,ibid41 p4 #fe4 ,?is result may h be5 due to a consid]able ext5t to poor texts 9 spell+ & to ! ineffective me?ods ( drill+ us$4 ,a l>ge portion ( ! "t sp5t on ari?metic 9 ! fir/ six grades is usually occupi$ ) drill4 ,"s s*ools devote a full fif? ( _! "t to ?is /udy1 ?us mak+ ! drill 9 ari?metic v prom95t4 ,x is commonly suppos$ t s mu* repetition greatly improves ! results4 ,yet1 accord+ to inve/igations und]tak5 by ,dr4 ,c4 ,w4 ,/one1 a l>ge am\nt ( "t sp5t on ari?metic is no gu>antee ( a high degree ( effici5cy4 ,if "o 7 to *oose at r&om among ! s*ools ) m ?an ! m$ian "t giv5 to ari?metic1 ! *ances are t he w\ld get a s*ool ) an inf]ior product2 &1 conv]sely1 if "o 7 to *oose among ! s*ools ) less ?an ! m$ian "t co/1 ! *ances are ab\t equal t he w\ld get a s*ool ) a sup]ior product 9 ari?metic4 ,footnote3 ,/one1 ,ari?metical ,abilities3 ,"s ,factors ,det]m9+ ,!m1 p4 #fb4 ,su* conclusions z ^! give gr\nd = suspicion ( any v l>ge am\nt ( drill1 ev5 9 ^! drill subjects2 x involves too mu* wa/e4 ,"o important reason = ! wa/e is ! fact t drills usually are un9t]e/+ or lack motive1 & on t acc\nt att5tion lags1 until "o le>ns sl[ly or n at all4 ,x is true t "o c & ought to w to d c]ta9 necess>y ?+s4 ,b ev5 adults are s made t an act ( w insures close att5tion = only a mom5t at a "t1 !n att5tion lags aga92 su/a9$ att5tion is assur$ only :5 ! "w und]tak5 is subord9at$ to "s real int]e/1 s t att5tion is involunt>y4 ,rec5t advances 9 me?od ( /udy+ language (f] fur!r sugge/ions 9 reg>d to ! advisable prom95ce ( drill4 ,9 ! /udy ( mod]n languages1 = example1 x us$ to be ! cu/om to dep5d l>gely ^u drill = ! ma/]y ( a vocabul>y1 & ( ! =ms ( ! v]bs1 n\ns1 & o!r p>ts ( spee*4 ,likewise 9 tea*+ *ildr5 to read ,engli% x 0 cu/om>y = mu* drill on new words to prec$e ! actual use ( su* words 9 read+4 ,n[ mu* m rapid progress is effect$ bo? 9 mod]n languages & 9 our v]nacul> by greatly increas+ ! am\nt ( matt] read & decreas+1 correspond+ly1 ! quantity ( drill4 ,! sugge/ion1 !re=e1 is "h made t n only ! ext5sive drills ( =m] times involve mu* wa/e1 b also t !y are probably unnecess>y4 ,fur!r ?an t1 s9ce a clos] & m abundant association ( facts has already elim9at$ a l>ge am\nt ( drill1 x may be expect$ t ! good "w ( elim9ation w g on mu* f>!r4 ,v ext5sive drills 9 ! future1 !re=e1 d n promise to be a recomm5dation = ! tea*] :o is responsible = employ+ !m2 !y w be ! resort ( ^? p]sons :o lack ! en]gy or ability to d a high] k9d ( "w1 t is1 to ?9k4 ,we ne$ n congratulate ourselves1 h[ev]1 t drills w ev] disappe> entirely2 "s drill1 l "s puni%m5ts = *ildr51 w probably always be 9 place1 & a consid]able am\nt is /ill necess>y4 ,we mu/ expect a fair am\nt because we %all probably nev] be bright en\gh to make ! associations ( ideas fully take ! place ( review by drill4 ,9 p>ticul> x mu/ be rememb]$ t ^? portions ( our k t we expect to use daily mu/ become second nature to u1 or be r$uc$ to habit2 t means t _m facts mu/ become famili> en\gh to be reproduc$ in/antly )\t ef=t4 ,t is ! case1 = example1 ) ! multiplication table4 ,?\ghtful association is only a good beg9n+ 9 ! =mation ( habits2 repetition also has a v important place1 :i* mu/ be cont9u$ until ! k /&s at our comm& )\t ?9k+4 ,,! ,,ability ,,( ,,*ildr5 ,,to ,,memorize ,,by ,,?9k+ ,! crucial "q4 ,no "o d\bts ! ability ( *ildr5 to memorize2 t is ! "o ?+ t !y h always be5 kn[n to be able to d4 ,"o argum5t = tea*+ !m =eign languages z well z _m ?+s un9telligible to !m n[1 b possibly useful lat]1 is t !y c le>n !m s easily4 ,t is ! gr\nd also1 on :i* mu* v]batim memoriz+ ( lit]ature & ,scripture1 t !y c\ld n hope soon to appreciate1 has be5 requir$ ( !m4 ,! crucial "q 9 ?is connection1 !re=e1 is n1 ,c *ildr5 memorize8 b r1 ,are !y capable ( m ?an me*anical memoriz+1 or le>n+ by rote8 ,c !y ?9k well en\gh to memorize l>gely ?r\gh association ( ideas1 l old] p]sons8 ,*ildr5's ability to memorize by ?9k+4 ,! answ] to ?is "q has already be5 practically giv54 ,x has be5 %[n t *ildr5 c conceive specific purposes2 c supplem5t ! ?\ght ( au?ors2 c measure ! relative importance ( facts well en\gh to e/abli% fair organization among !m2 & c judge ! s\ndness & g5]al wor? ( /atem5ts4 ,!y n only c d ^! ?+s1 b !y normally d d !m2 _! pres5t daily lives con/antly call = ^! sev]al k9ds ( m5tal activity4 ,^! sev]al factors1 h[ev]1 l>gely compose ! activity ( associat+ ideas ) "o ano!r1 or ( ?9k+4 ,*ildr5 c1 !re=e1 memorize ?r\gh ?9k+1 j z naturally z adults c4 ,! desirable prom95ce ( su* memoriz+ 9 *ildhood4 ,:ile v ext5sive drills are p]haps g5]ally recogniz$ z que/ionable 9 ! case ( adult /ud5ts1 !re is a t5d5cy to reg>d !m z entirely prop] 9 *ildhood4 ,& ! helplessness ( *ildr5--9 spite ( frequ5t little rebellions on _! "p--prev5ts ! e/abli%m5t ( a contr>y conviction4 ,we admit t a consid]able am\nt ( drill is gu>ante$ to *ildr5 ?r\gh ! ?ree ,r's & spell+1 :e!r any "o approves ( x or n4 ,b :at ab\t mu* beyond ?is m9imum8 ,%all ! tea*] will+ly increase ! am\nt by neglect+ possible associations )9 ^? f\r subjects1 & also by requir+ mu* memoriz+ ( lit]ature & facts 9 o!r subjects t _c be appreciat$ at ! "t8 ,or %all %e reg>d ! close association ( ideas z ! normal activity ( *ildr5 & a great quantity ( drill & rote le>n+ z at lea/ v]g+ on ! abnormal & ! unheal?y8 ,^! are que/ions ( great importance 9 ! in/ruction ( *ildr54 ,x seems safe to affirm t1 9 g5]al1 !re are ! same reasons = reg>d+ drill & ?\ghtless memoriz+ z an evil--?\gh to "s ext5t a necess>y "o--9 *ildhood z 9 adult life4 ,inde$1 if !re be any diff]5ce1 ! evil is probably great] 9 *ildhood1 = drill furni%es no n\ri%m5t to *ildhood1 :ile t is peculi>ly ! p]iod ( gr[?1 :5 abundance ( n\ri%m5t is mo/ important4 ,grant$ t ! ability ( *ildr5 to memorize ?+s t d n bright5 ! eye is /rik+1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t _! m5tal & moral gr[? 9 num]\s directions is also /rik+4 ,x is f> m important t _! spiritual welf>e z a :ole be provid$ =--z live ideas ly+ )9 _! sph]e ( exp]i5ce c be made to provide = x--?an t !y />ve !mselves n[ = ! sake ( /or+ up mat]ial = ! future4 ,! latt] plan %[s a v l[ e/imate ( *ild-nature1 & a misappreh5sion ( ! relation ( ! pres5t to ! future4 ,aside f ?is1 x is 9 ! elem5t>y s*ool t *ildr5 mu/ ma9ly acquire _! p]man5t habits ( /udy2 ! me?ods ( "w !re acquir$ w n be made ov] on ent]+ ! high s*ool or college4 ,if !y !re become accu/om$ to beg9n+ _! lessons by memoriz+1 & to memoriz+ words )\t appreciat+ _! import1 ! *ances are good t !y w h ! same habits lat]4 ,:y n1 if !re is any?+ 9 habit8 ,at lea/1 !y w h mu* to ov]come if !y re=m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if !y !re beg9 ! ma/]y ( lessons by /udy+ ! ?\ght1 & memorize l>gely ?r\gh ! association ( ideas1 !y are likely to cont9ue t plan lat]4 ,by ?us becom+ ?\ghtful 9 reg>d to *ildi% matt]s1 !y give be/ promise ( be+ ?\ghtful on l>g] subjects lat]4 ,9 all ^! rem>ks !re is no int5tion ( mak+ philosoph]s out ( *ildr52 b !re is a feel+ ( ! necessity ( pres]v+ & develop+ _! live-m9d$ness4 ,opposition to ?is feel+ indicates t *ildr5 are n expect$ to d mu* ?9k+ ev5 9 _! own sph]e ( exp]i5ce4 ,,practical ,,sugge/ions ,,= ,,tea*+ ,,*ildr5 ,,to ,,memorize ,,prop]ly ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ! dep? & h5ce ! p]man5ce ( impressions v>ies z ! degree ( att5tion v>ies4 ,= example1 if a *ild's :ole att5tion is giv5 to a "n1 or a date1 or ! spell+ ( a ^w1 he may reta9 x 9 memory aft] hav+ he>d x only once2 o!rwise x may h to be repeat$ sev]al times4 #a4 ,ne$ ( conc5tration ( att5tion1 & me?od ( secur+ x4 ,*ildr51 h[ev]1 easily fall into ! secur+ x4 habit ( divid+ _! att5tion betwe5 "w & play1 s t half ( _! "t is wa/$2 yet !y labor "u ! impression t !re is mu* virtue m]ely 9 sp5d+ "t on lessons4 ,divid$ att5tion is n conf9$ to *ildr51 ei!r4 ,x is frequ5tly obs]v$ t ann\ncem5ts made be=e l>ge s*ools are nev] und]/ood rightly by all1 simply because !re are always "s :o are ?9k+ p>tly ( some?+ else4 ,a c]ta9 pr(essor ( ,engli% 9 "o ( our l>ge univ]sities has = ye>s be5 9 ! habit ( dictat+ ! foll[+ directions1 ) illu/rations1 to 8 /ud5ts beg9n+ composition3 ,fold ! pap] l5g?wise f "r to left1 leav+ ! s+le edge to y\r "r h&4 ,endorse on ! fir/ ?ree l9es4 ,d n use abbreviations 9 writ+ ! date4 ,omit all punctuation1 or1 if y punctuate1 use commas at ends ( l9es & aft] date ( mon?4 ,9 classes rang+ f =ty to sev5ty-five p]sons1 z _m z #ij p] c5t h fail$ to foll[ ^! directions4 ,:at bett] pro( is ne$$ ( common laxness ( att5tion8 ,to rem$y ?is evil among *ildr5 tea*]s w\ld d well to ref] mu* less to ! "t sp5t 9 /udy & mu* m to ! k9d ( att5tion giv54 ,m ?an t c be done4 ,*ildr5 are (t5 direct$ to pay close att5tion1 or to conc5trate _! att5tion fully1 sometimes )\t compreh5d+ ! mean+ ( ! comm&1 & m (t5 )\t kn[+ :at /eps to take 9 ord] to obey4 ,bo? difficulties c be p>tially ov]come by fix+ "t limits to tasks1 ev5 9 ! l[] grades4 ,= example1 two m9utes c be ann\nc$ z ! limit = read+ a half page 9 ! second read]4 ,"u t /imulus ! *ildr5 w d _! be/2 & :5 !y h und]gone sev]al su* te/s successfully1 ref]5ce to ^! te/s w expla9 :at is meant by close att5tion2 ref]5ce to _! successes also w in/ill confid5ce t !y "k h[ to give close att5tion1 = !y c d aga9 :at !y h already frequ5tly done4 ,! dawdl+ t is s common among *ildr5 is p>tly due to lack ( an ideal1 & su* "t limits %\ld be resort$ to some:at frequ5tly 9 ord] to keep ! ideal fre% 9 m9d1 z well z to cultivate confid5ce t ! ideal c be realiz$4 ,milit>y gov]nm5ts (t5 obta9 undivid$ att5tion to a rem>kable degree1 %[+ t att5tion is a ?+ t c be cultivat$ 9 "s directions4 ,simil> det]m9ation to secure x %\ld be ex]cis$ 9 ! s*ool1 only ! pressure appli$ %\ld be ( a diff]5t k9d4 #b4 ,dang] ( cramm+ & its avoidance4 ,college /ud5ts are n ! only ones :o gulp d[n facts1 hold !m undige/$ = a few h\rs1 & !n disgorge !m4 ,_m *ildr5 /udy l>gely 9 ?is way 9 prep>ation = _! daily recitations1 z is %[n by ! fact t !y reta9 facts a v %ort "t1 ev5 ?\gh !y seem to "k ea* day's lessons4 ,x is true 9 spell+1 = example1 & 9 geography & hi/ory4 ,x is true likewise 9 v]batim memoriz+ ( poetry & ,bible v]ses on ,sunday morn+s4 ,! g5]al rem$y = ?is evil is f\nd 9 ! requirem5t t ideas be associat$1 & z f> z possible enjoy$1 be=e any special attempt is made to memorize4 ,?is is mo/ difficult 9 spell+2 b "s associations are possible !re1 z sugge/$ 7p4 #afh74 ,x is comp>atively easy 9 geography & hi/ory1 aft] *ildr5 h receiv$ "s in/ruction z to me?od4 ,x is impossible 9 v]batim memoriz+ ( lit]ature1 if selections are made t are f> beyond *ildr5's appreciation4 ,b !re is no ne$ ( su* selections2 !re are pl5ty ( poems & ,bible v]ses t c be at lea/ p>tly und]/ood & really enjoy$ by v "y p1 & x is t k9d t %\ld be *os54 ,naturally ! ?9k+ t is ?us requir$ _c be expect$ 9 l>ge am\nt f ! y\ng] *ildr51 = !y w feel & enjoy mu* m ?an !y c analyze4 ,also1 x %\ld1 p]haps1 be expect$ v little 9 memoriz+ t is entirely volunt>y1 z :5 a poem is le>n$ by "s *ild simply because he likes x4 ,b memoriz+ t is a "p ( s*ool "w1 & !re=e a "p ( s]i\s /udy1 %\ld be und]tak5 9 ?is way1 because x is ! "r way4 ,! numb] ( associations1 too1 is n s important z ! me?od ( /udy t ! *ild gradually adopts4 #c4 ,ways ( lead+ *ildr5 to memorize ?r\gh ?9k+ 9 /udy p]iods4 ,h[ *ildr5 /udy 9 prep>ation = ! recitation w dep5d ^u h[ ! recitation itself is conduct$1 ^u :at is fir/ call$ = !re & :at is mo/ emphasiz$4 ,! reason t memoriz+ con/itutes ! ma9 "p ( /udy1 n only 9 ! elem5t>y s*ool1 b 9 ! high s*ool & ! college1 is t reproduction has be5 ! pr9cipal ?+ requir$ 9 ! recitations all along ! l9e4 ,x is ! "* ( ! recitation1 !re=e1 t mu/ fir/ be *ang$4 ,! que/ions t are consid]$ 9 ! recitation are ! factor ( greate/ influ5ce4 ,if ! *ildr5 f9d t ! tea*]'s que/ions usually beg9 ) :at1 or :]e1 or :51 !reby m]ely call+ = direct reproduction ( ! sub/ance ( text1 %e may talk ev] s mu* ab\t "r me?ods ( /udy1 b !y w memorize be=e ?9k+ & )\t ?9k+4 ,v _m ( ! que/ions %\ld te/ n s mu* k ( ! text z ! pupil's way ( treat+ ! text4 ,! _s ( ! tea*]'s usual g5]al "q %\ld be1 ,h[ h y associat$ or relat$ ^! facts8 ,& "s ( h] detail$ que/ions might well be3 ,:at object d y see 9 /udy+ ?is topic8 ,:at /atem5ts "h ne$ fill+ out1 & h[ h y done x8 ,:at are ! mo/ important ideas "h8 ,or ! mo/ beautiful8 ,h[ d ^! /atem5ts rem9d y ( o!rs t y already "k8 ,h y f\nd any ( ^! /atem5ts que/ionable8 ,&1 if s1 h[8 ,?us ! conduct ( ! recitation w %[ ! k9ds ( que/ions t mu/ be expect$4 ,gradually ! tea*] %\ld refra9 f putt+ ! que/ions h]self & leave t to ! pupils4 ,t becomes v important z !y mature2 = h[ o!rwise w !y le>n to /udy alone8 ,! que/ions %\ld include high] =ms ( comp>ison f> m ?an is cu/om>y4 ,mu* ( ! /udy ( geography1 = example1 %\ld consi/ ( ! comp>ison ( c\ntries ) "o ano!r4 ,poems %\ld be comp>$ & gr\p$4 ,! ,*ildr5's ,h\r1 ,sn[-,b\nd1 ,evangel9e1 & ! p>able ( ! ,prodigal ,son tak5 toge!r reveal a conception ( home life t is n obta9$ by ! /udy ( lit]>y selections 9 an isolat$ way4 ,s ,burke's ?ree addresses1 ,on ,taxation1 9 #aggd1 ,on ,conciliation1 9 #agge1 & ,lett]s to ! ,%]iffs ( ,bri/ol1 9 #aggg1 ?r[ light on "o ano!r & =m a unit4 ,su* comp>isons cont9ually review orig9al facts1 & 9 t way elim9ate mu* cu/om>y drill4 ,prep>ation = su* comp>ison 9 ! /udy p]iod prop]ly puts m]e memoriz+ f> 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,! cross lights t diff]5t /udies ?r[ ^u "o ano!r ?r\gh c>eful correlation--z :5 lit]ature & hi/ory deal ) ! same topic--are valuable 9 a simil> mann] & %\ld be includ$ 9 ! que/ions t are consid]$4 ,f9ally1 :5 ! text is s intol]ably dull t x disc\rages reflection1 in/ead ( /imulat+ x1--z is n seldom ! case1--x v (t5 lies )9 ! tea*]'s p[] to accompli% h] objects ma9ly by ! use ( o!r books t are supplem5t>y & = ref]5ce4 ,?is %e %\ld d )\t hesitation4 ,mu* r\t9e drill on geography text1 = in/ance1 c be avoid$ by us+ geographical read]s4 ,po9t$ que/ions1 ( c\rse1 w\ld be 9 control "h z 9 o!r cases4 ,^! v>i\s ?\ght que/ions1 com+ f tea*] & pupils1 %\ld n be res]v$ until t[>d ! close ( ! recitation1 to be put !n if any "t is left4 ,t defeats _! object4 ,!y %\ld occupy ! "t f ! beg9n+ ( ! p]iod2 x is ! memory que/ions t %\ld foll[1 if !re is "t & if !y are ne$$4 ,! ord] 9 "t = ! ?9k+ & ! special attempt to memorize is "o ( ! mo/ vital matt]s1 & x is highly important t ! recitation itself /& = ! ord] t is expect$ 9 private /udy4 #d4 ,conditions = ! be/ k9d ( drill4 ,:ile x is ! sign ( a weak m9d to give great prom95ce to drill1 "s drill is unavoidable4 ,!re are two conditions t mu/ be fulfill$ 9 ord] to secure ! be/ k9d4 ,"o is t suffici5t motive be provid$ to secure v close att5tion4 ,! use ( motor activity may be an important aid 9 ?is direction1 z :5 *ildr5 are all[$ to walk ab\t & po9t 9 locat+ places 9 geography1 to dramatize 9 reproduc+ lit]ature1 & to use s& & clay 9 repres5tation ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,emulation is a p[]ful motive1 b has s _m dang]s t x %\ld be us$ sp>+ly4 ,! coop]ative _s is ! k9d t ! s*ool %\ld cultivate1 & heat$ competition does n readily lead to coop]ation4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 mu* pr(it & no dang] 9 mak+ comp>isons among "o's own products4 ,! tea*] h]self may be "o ( ! mo/ pot5t factors secur+ close att5tion4 ,if %e has =ce & has cultivat$ ! fri5d%ip ( h] pupils until !y are anxi\s to please h]1 h] appeals to _! own wills w n be 9 va94 ,if1 9 addition1 h] skill 9 h&l+ a class inspires confid5ce1 %e c d mu* t[>d conduct+ h] class ?r\gh drills )\t wa/e ( "t4 ,v _m drills are failures ma9ly because ! tea*] is a poor manag]1 n kn[+ h[ to di/ribute mat]ials quietly & quickly & to assign & sup]vise "w s t all are kept busy4 ,! /rong p]sonality1 h[ev]1 has its dang]s1 also1 = x may c>ry *ildr5 ?r\gh drills in/ead ( lett+ !m c>ry !mselves4 ,9 ! ma91 unless *ildr5 furni% _! own /eam :5 !y "w ) a tea*]1 !y w h little /eam to d "w :5 left to !mselves4 ,! heal?ie/ provision = motive 9 drills is f\nd 9 ! recognition ( a giv5 drill z a necess>y /ep t[>d ! accompli%m5t ( "s already greatly desir$ end4 ,a *ild w will+ly practice mix+ colors 9 ord] to obta9 a c]ta9 %ade1 if he is mu* int]e/$ 9 pa9t+ a c]ta9 k9d ( cal5d>4 ,& he w gladly drill ^u ! r5d]+ ( a poem1 if he is anxi\s to surprise 8 "m ) x on h] bir?day4 ,su* subord9ation ( un9t]e/+ tasks to l>g] purposes is highly educative1 & no "o has f\nd ! limit to :i* x c be c>ri$4 ,! second condition ( successful drills is t !y be %ort4 ,ev5 "u ! mo/ favorable circum/ances *ildr5 _c long rema9 al]t on subject-matt] t lacks intr9sic int]e/4 ,9 brief1 !re=e1 drills to be effective mu/ be made %>p by ! pres5ce ( motive1 & mu/ be %ort4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,us+ ,,( ,,ideas1 ,,z ,a ,,six? ,,factor ,,9 ,,/udy ,! indef9it5ess ( ! endpo9t ( /udy4 ,! /ud5t has accompli%$ mu* :5 he has discov]$ "s ( ! clos] relations t a topic be>s to life2 :5 he has supplem5t$ ! ?\ght ( ! au?or2 :5 he has det]m9$ ! relative importance ( diff]5t p>ts & giv5 !m a correspond+ organization2 :5 he has pass$ judgm5t on _! s\ndness & g5]al wor?2 & :51 f9ally1 he has gone ?r\gh :atev] drill is necess>y to fix ! ideas firmly 9 8 memory4 ,is he !n ?r\gh ) a topic1 or is m "w to be done8 ,dige/ion ( food is likewise a long process1 ! food hav+ to be act$ ^u 9 v>i\s ways 9 ! m\?1 ! /oma*1 & ! inte/9es4 ,b ) food !re is always a c]ta9 end to be rea*$1 call$ assimilation1 :i* is ! actual *ang+ ( its nutrim5t into ! solids & liquids ( our bodies4 ,is !re a simil>ly def9ite end to be rea*$ 9 ! /udy process8 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t :ile we c def9e ?is end some:at %>ply 9 words1 x is v difficult to "k :5 x has be5 actually rea*$4 ,_m a bus9ess man has felt conv9c$ t he und]/ood a c]ta9 bus9ess project p]fectly1 until ! outcome has prov$ ! contr>y4 ,bus9ess failures are l>gely due to su* deception4 ,ev5 highly educat$ m5 are (t5 surpris$ at _! want ( ma/]y ( que/ions t !y _h suppos$ to be fully )9 _! grasp4 ,socrates sp5t mu* ( 8 "t br++ su* surprises to ! promis+ b ov]confid5t "y m5 ( ,a!ns4 ,rob]t ,y4 ,hayne1 ! di/+ui%$ *ampion ( nullification1 no d\bt exp]i5c$ su* a surprise :5 ,web/] deliv]$ 8 great spee* on t subject4 ,! actual ma/]y ( subjects is p]haps nev] complete2 x is only relative4 ,ev5 a *ild may h z good a grasp ( "o subject z a philosoph] has ( ano!r1 & ea* may be deceiv$ 9 reg>d to ! ext5t ( 8 und]/&+4 ,! common ignorance z to h[ mu* /udy is necess>y = ! ma/]y ( k is sugge/$ by ! common ignorance z to h[ mu* "w is necess>y = ! assimilation ( food4 ,x takes f ?ree to five h\rs = food t has be5 eat5 to get beyond ! /oma*1 & p ord9>ily assume t ! assimilative process is pretty well complet$ by t "t4 ,! fact is1 h[ev]1 t x is !n only well begun2 = x requires f t5 to twelve h\rs to dispose fully ( a meal1 & mo/ ( ! "w ( dige/ion takes place aft] ! food leaves ! /oma*4 ,:ile ! assimilation ( k is :at ! /ud5t is suppos$ to aim at1 h[ mu* t involves is ev5 less und]/ood4 ,importance ( z great def9it5ess 9 ! endpo9t z possible4 ,9 ! dige/ion ( food our organisms provide = !mselves1 s t we d n ne$ to worry greatly ov] "s ignorance ( ! process4 ,b our responsibility 9 ! assimilation ( k is mu* great]1 = t does n g on un9t]rupt$ly ev5 :ile we sleep2 x w be c>ri$ only s f> z we h ! en]gy & insight to take x4 ,t be+ ! case1 x is v easy = "o to /op too soon 9 ! /udy ( a topic4 ,= in/ance1 :5 a lesson 9 hi/ory has be5 only memoriz$1 ! dige/ive process has be5 c>ri$ little fur!r ?an physical dige/ion has be5 tak5 :5 food rea*es ! /oma*4 ,t is1 x is b>ely begun4 ,yet v _m "y p /op ne> ?is po9t1 & !y sometimes ev5 take cr$it to !mselves = gett+ s f>4 ,we might add compreh5sion ( ! ?\ght to ! "w ( memoriz+ & /ill be f> f ! end4 ,we c h compreh5d$ & memoriz$ ! ,beatitudes1 = example1 & be z free f any effect f !m z ! prov]bial duck's back is f ! effect ( wat]4 ,we c pass good exam9ations 9 psy*ology & logic ) ! same abs5ce ( influ5ce4 ,t c]ta9ly does n signify assimilation4 ,assimilation means ! spiritual n\ri%m5t t is receiv$ by mak+ new ?\ght homog5e\s ) "o's own ?\ght1 by mak+ x an integral "p ( "o's self4 ,rememb]+ h[ "y p g5]ally /udy1 x seems probable t _m ( !m sp5d a l>ge "p ( _! "t provid+ = n\ri%m5t t !y nev] get4 ,!y d a lot ( h>d "w collect+ ! raw mat]ials ( k )\t work+ !m ov] s z to reap ei!r ! pleasure or ! pr(it int5d$4 ,"h is :]e "s ( ! wa/e 9 education lies4 ,x is highly important1 !re=e1 t ! /ud5t rea* z def9ite z possible a conception ( ! endpo9t to be atta9$ 9 /udy4 ,al?\gh ! mean+ ( assimilation may n be p]fectly cle>1 a few ( its *>act]i/ics at lea/ may be di/+ui%$1 s t we c feel "s c]ta9ty z to h[ f> we h got 9 ! process1 & h "s notion z to h[ mu* m mu/ be done 9 ord] to rea* ! approximate goal4 ,! endpo9t accept$ 9 ma/]y ( ! useful arts4 ,/udy ( ! useful arts1 su* z ! v>i\s trades1 consi/s ( two di/9ct p>ts4 ,on ! "o h&1 facts mu/ be ma/]$ t p]ta9 to ! nature ( mat]ials1 to me?ods ( us+ implem5ts or tools1 & to plans tor con/ruction4 ,9 cab9et-mak+1 = example1 ! qualities ( woods & pa9ts1 ! rules = us+ ! saw1 plane1 & *isel1 & ! v>i\s ideas gov]n+ designs = h\sehold furniture mu/ all receive att5tion4 ,9 o!r words1 a consid]able body ( !ory mu/ be acquir$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?is !ory mu/ f9d application "u p>ticul> conditions2 a table mu/ be made out ( c]ta9 mat]ials1 ) c]ta9 tools1 accord+ to a c]ta9 design4 ,?is also involves mu* ?9k+2 b1 9 addition to all t1 !re is execution ( !ory1 call$ do+ or practice4 ,!re is1 fur!r1 a def9ite relation betwe5 ^! two p>ts1 = ! !ory is m]ely a means to an end4 ,:at is want$ is a good product1 & ! !ory is valuable to ! ext5t t x affects ! product4 ,! useful arts1 z /udies1 /&1 !re=e1 bo? = !ory & = ! application or use ( !ory1 & ! latt] is ! goal4 ,no "o ?9ks ( pursu+ any "o ( ! trades )\t includ+ ! use ( 8 k 9 practice z ! culm9at+ "p ( 8 "w4 ,to :at ext5t %\ld o!r bran*es ( k resemble ! useful arts 9 _! comb9ation ( k ) ! use ( k8 ,%\ld ! use ( ideas be _! goal8 ,! answ] mu/ dep5d ^u "o's conception ( ! purpose ( life 9 g5]al &1 !re=e1 ( education4 ,! endpo9t 9 ! /udy ( o!r subjects4 ,abilities ( v>i\s k9ds 9 ! animal _w f9d _! purpose n 9 !mselves b 9 adaptation to environm5t4 ,fe> on ! "p ( ! rabbit1 = in/ance1 increases its spe$ 9 runn+1 & 9 t way protects its life4 ,! be>'s /r5g? aids 9 repell+ its enemies1 & ! intellig5ce ( bo? animals f9ds its purpose bo? 9 protection aga9/ enemies & 9 f9d+ food4 ,liv+1 9 ! case ( animals1 ?us means gett+ on1 & any ability1 :e!r physical or intellectual1 is ( importance to ! ext5t t x makes su* gett+ on successful4 ,! endpo9t among animals1 !n1 is ! use ( _! p[]s 9 effect+ adaptation to _! environm5t4 ,man's environm5t is f> broad] ?an t ( animals1 be+ moral & spiritual z well z physical4 ,b 8 relation to x is sub/antially ! same2 = 8 success is likewise measur$ by ! degree ( adaptation accompli%$4 ,human abilities are n ma9ly valuable 9 !mselves1 b r z means 9 secur+ full] adaptation1 complete liv+2 t is1 !y are valuable = _! use4 ,! end to be atta9$ 9 education is 9 full h>mony ) ?is idea4 ,! object ( education mo/ emphasiz$ 9 rec5t ye>s is effici5cy1 :i* means p[] to accompli%4 ,x presupposes a good degree ( intellig5ce1 ! m ! bett]1 b x goes beyond t2 = an effici5t p]son is "o :o does ?+s4 ,k )\t ! ability to apply or use x leaves "o !oretical1 :i*1 is a t]m ( reproa*4 ,! v>i\s subjects ( in/ruction recognize ! necessity ( use v pla9ly4 ,pa9t+ & music1 = example1 conta91 ea*1 a l>ge body ( !ory4 ,!y also include an abundance ( practice1 a practice1 too1 t c5t]s 9 ! bett]m5t ( man's condition4 ,lit]ature deals l>gely ) ideals1 pres5t+ ! !ory ( liv+4 ,b ?is !ory is valuable *iefly z a guide to conduct4 ,! /ud5t ( lit]ature :o pr(esses admiration = its ideas )\t apply+ !m to himself has d]iv$ only a small "p ( ! b5efit f x t he %\ld4 ,lit]ature is l religion 9 ?is respect4 ,! latt] emphasizes ! wor? ( insight into div9e tru? & ( fai? 9 ,god2 b bo? ?is insight & fai? are to f9d _! fruitage 9 conduct4 ,pure religion & undefil$ be=e ,god & ! ,fa!r is ?is1 says ! apo/le1 to visit ! fa!rless & wid[s 9 _! affliction1 & to keep himself unspott$ f ! _w4 ,footnote3 ,james #a1 #bg4 ,simil>ly1 a /udy ( philosophy t does n end 9 affect+ our own philosophy ( life1 & !reby our conduct1 has be5 unsuccessful1 ev5 ?\gh exam9ations h be5 successfully pass$4 ,pure sci5ce is k t has be5 prov$ & prop]ly organiz$2 & x is highly desirable t speciali/s devote _! lives to its fur!r developm5t4 ,! ma9 reason1 h[ev]1 is t its applications may f9ally be m abundant2 & sci5ce us$ = ! purpose ( education mu/ recognize ! relation ( su* k to man z "o ( its integral & prom95t p>ts4 ,s long z effici5cy is ! recogniz$ purpose ( education1 !re is little excuse = a "y p]son's /udy+ sci5ce ap>t f its applications1 or pure sci5ce4 ,!re is "s pr(it 9 x1 b !re is m pr(it 9 some?+ bett]4 ,t k9d ( /udy %\ld be left to ! speciali/4 ,mu* has be5 said 9 times pa/ ab\t art = art's sake1 sci5ce = ! sake ( sci5ce1 & k = ! sake ( k2 b ^! are vague expressions t w excite little int]e/ s long z ! wor? ( a man is det]m9$ by :at comes out ( him1 by ! s]vice he r5d]s1 r ?an by :at ent]s 94 ,o!r bran*es ( k us$ = educative purposes1 !re=e1 resemble ! useful arts 9 ! recognition ( _! be>+s on man1 _! actual use z ! goal 9 _! /udy4 ,:y ! us+ ( k z an endpo9t 9 /udy ne$s emphasis4 ,x might be unnecess>y to emphasize ?is matt] 7 x n t ?is conception ( /udy has be5 rea*$ only aft] long developm5t & is /ill actively oppos$4 ,! old ,greeks /ood = a v diff]5t idea4 ,to ,plato1 ! use ( ! intellect = practical purposes 0 subord9ate & almo/ disgraceful4 ,! summation ( exi/5ce 0 to be f\nd 9 reflection1 & ! ambition ( ! educat$ man 0 to escape f ! concrete _w1 9 ord] to live 9 ! _w ( ab/ract tru?4 ,_m ( ! monks ( ! ,middle ,ages resembl$ ! anci5t ,greeks 9 ?is reg>d1 desir+ to sep>ate !mselves z completely z possible f society = ! sake ( ! contemplation ( spiritual matt]s4 ,reflection1 contemplation1 0 ?us n a means to an end b an end 9 itself1 & ! ?9k] or dream]1 r ?an ! effici5t man1 0 ! ideally educat$ p]son4 ,t goal is n[ condemn$ = its extreme selfi%ness2 we want m5 & wom5 z citiz5s :o are glad to id5tify !mselves ) _! fell[ be+s & ambiti\s = effici5t s]vice among !m1 n ^? :o consci5ti\sly ignore ! _w4 ,yet !re are /ill pla9 t5d5cies 9 ?is direction1 z is se5 9 ! fact t an education t is lib]al & cultural is (t5 contra/$ ) "o t is useful z be+ ( a high] ord]4 ,t alone is lib]al education1 says ,c>d9al ,newman1 :i* /&s on its own pret5sions1 :i* is indep5d5t ( sequel1 expects no complem5t1 refuses to be in=m$ 7z x is call$7 by any end or absorb$ into any art1 9 ord] duly to pres5t itself to our contemplation4 ,footnote3 ,scope & ,nature ( ,univ]sity ,education1 p4 #ace4 ,lib]al education is some?+ :i* is desirable1 ?\gh no?+ come ( x2 wor? possess+ = :at x is1 & n m]ely = :at x does4 ,art = art's sake1 r ?an art = man's sake1 w\ld ?us repres5t ! true _s ( a lib]al college c\rse1 9 ! e/imation ( ?is au?or2 ! admission ( s]vice to mank9d z a prom95t purpose1 p>ticul>ly z its goal1 w\ld deprive x ( its lib]al "*1 & 9 ! same degree expose x to condemnation4 ,t is /range doctr9e inde$4 ,lib]al is orig9ally a t]m oppos$ to n>r[ & re/rict$1 & a lib]al education might prop]ly be contra/$ ) ! v n>r[ bread-&-butt] k9d t aims at ! ma/]y ( art )\t !ory4 ,b h[ ! re/riction caus$ by ! pres5ce ( wor?y specific purposes ( a ?\s& k9ds is inimical to ! broad5+ effects ( /udy & to its g5]al value is difficult to compreh5d4 ,! hypo!sis guid+ a sci5tific inve/igation n>r[s ! "w only en\gh to give x po9t1 & a well-*os5 p>ticul> aim w h ! same effect on any /udy4 ,fur!r ?an t1 ! consci\sness 9 advance t any conclusions rea*$ mu/ be te/$ by actual conditions has only a good influ5ce by n]v+ u to d our be/2 & ! actual te/ is ( value 9 in=m+ u z to ! degree ( s\ndness ( our ideas4 ,all p]sons mu/ be %ock$ by ! misfit betwe5 :at !y suppos$ to be true & :at !y f9d by trial to be fact1 be=e !y w wak5 up & d _! be/ ?9k+4 ,! sup]abundance ( advice t ba*elor uncles & maid5 aunts (f] 9 reg>d to ! re>+ ( *ildr5 is due to ! fact t _! !ory has n be5 ref9$ by practice4 ,x is ! direct contact ) ! _w 9 ! use ( k t reveals ! latt]'s real significance & t conv]ts x into exp]i5ce2 & x is only ! k t becomes exp]i5ce t really c\nts 9 education4 ,aga91 9 argu+ ! "q ( all[+ normal s*ools to grant degrees1 a c]ta9 well-kn[n educator decl>es3 ,:]e ability to ex]cise a practical art is conc]n$1 degrees are or %\ld be valueless4 ,!y %\ld be re/rict$ m]ely to ! position ( evid5ces ( culture4 ,= ?is reason normal s*ools %\ld n grant degrees4 ,footnote3 ,ye> ,book ( ,national ,society = ,sci5tific ,/udy ( ,education1 #aije1 p4 #ic4 ,our bett] normal s*ools--:i* are ! only k9d t might be expect$ to grant degrees--give in/ruction 9 lit]ature1 hi/ory1 geography1 f9e art1 etc41 ! same z ! degree-conf]r+ colleges4 ,to ^! subjects ! normal s*ool adds ! hi/ory ( education & ! pr9ciples ( education1 :i* are presumably h>mless s long z !y are n appli$1 & !y usually are n4 ,!re rema9 !n ! subjects t involve practice1 su* z special me?od c\rses1 appli$ psy*ology & practice tea*+2 ^! mu/ be ! baneful /udies4 ,! good f\r- ye> normal s*ool c\rse presumably requires z mu* ?9k+ & o!r /r5u\s "w z t ( ! college4 ,b ! pres5ce ( ! la/ gr\p ( subjects signifies t ?is /udy is to culm9ate 9 ! use ( k2 & !re's ! rub4 ,x is ?is latt] fact t vitiates ! c\rse & precludes ! cultural effect t a college c\rse insures4 ,if ?is is a prop] int]pretation1 x is1 inde$1 /range doctr9e4 ,"o c und]/& h[ c>p5try might n h z great a cultural effect z lit]ature2 b "o w\ld ?9k t1 if ! unte/$ & !re=e half-dige/$ ?\ghts ( lit]ature h a c]ta9 cultural effect1 ! same ?\ghts might h a full] ref9+ influ5ce if _! mean+ & =ce 7 m fully realiz$ 9 ! way _! use 9 life might secure _! realization2 & "o w\ld ?9k t ! same might hold 9 reg>d to any subject4 ,! difficulty is t !re are two oppos+ notions ( culture4 ,on ! "o h& !re are p]sons :o conceive culture to be a ref9em5t t is directly endang]$ by contact ) ! realities ( life1 = in/ance by p>ticipation 9 local politics & o!r social conte/s1 & by su* practice ( *>ity z mu/ be accompani$ by physical ex]tion & bad smells4 ,culture is1 to !m1 ! "n = t s]5ity & l(t9ess ( m9d t c be atta9$ & pres]v$ only by keep+ a safe di/ance f ! madd+ cr[d2 & ! cultur$ man is pictur$ by !m z sitt+ 9 a com=table *air1 pref]ably ) a book 9 8 h&1 & rapt 9 m$itation on l(ty !mes4 ,on ! o!r h& !re are ^? :o conceive t culture--if m ?an a v5e]--is a ref9em5t t c be atta9$ only by direct p>ticipation 9 social life4 ,su* contact ) ! _w may br+ emb>rassm5t1 temptation1 & failure1 z well z _! opposites2 b all ( ^!1 in/ead ( debas+1 are ! v exp]i5ces t purify & make g5tle2 !y are ! fire )\t :i* ! ref9+ process c\ld n take place4 ,culture means to ^! p ! ennobl+ effect ( su* actual /ruggles ^u a p]son's :ole outlook on life & ^u 8 way 9 g5]al ( conduct+ himself2 & ! cultur$ man is pictur$ by !m z 9 action1 ev5 ) 8 sleeves roll$ up1 engag$ 9 ! accompli%m5t ( high purposes4 ,culture is s valuable a quality t ea* p]son mu/ det]m9e = himself :i* ( ^! two conceptions ( x is s\nd1 be=e he c decide :e!r ! us+ ( k is wor?y ( be+ made ! goal 9 /udy or n4 ,bread? ( mean+ ( ! t]m use4 ,9 decl>+ t ! us+ ( k is ! prop] endpo9t 9 /udy1 x is important t ! bread? ( mean+ ( ! t]m use be held 9 m9d4 ,! application ( k 9 e>n+ a livelihood cov]s only a small "p ( :at is includ$4 ,a man is us+ 8 k :5 he is gett+ inspiration f poetry t he has memoriz$1 or draw+ new conclusions f previ\sly acquir$ facts4 ,he is us+ x1 fur!r1 :5 he ent]ta9s 8 family ) x1 or by its means makes himself o!rwise agreeable to !m4 ,he is us+ x :5 x is made to c\nt 9 ! re>+ ( *ildr51 or 9 ! p]=mance ( ! manifold duties ( memb]%ip 9 a community1 or 9 wor%ip+ ,god4 ,9 %ort1 x is be+ us$ :5 its cont5t is turn$ to acc\nt 9 ! accompli%m5t ( purposes1 :atev] !y be1 or is made to function 9 "o's daily adaptation to physical1 moral1 & religi\s environm5t4 ,/ates 9 ! assimilation ( k4 ,! /ud5t %\ld cont9ually c>ry 9 m9d ! fact t facility 9 ! use ( k is ! end ( 8 /udy1 & ! only reliable pro( ( m5tal assimilation4 ,x is a long road1 h[ev]1 to ?is goal1 & any cle>ly m>k$ /ages t mu/ be pass$ ?r\gh 9 rea*+ x %\ld be well kn[n1 s9ce !y w help ! /ud5t greatly to keep 8 be>+s & pres]ve 8 c\rage4 ,"h are giv5 a few su* /ages4 #a4 ,collection ( crude mat]ials4 ,fir/1 "u ! influ5ce ( z full a sympa?y ) ! au?or z possible1 "o obta9s a fair compreh5sion ( ! ?\ght4 ,mu* supplem5t+ may be necess>y to ?is end1 z well z c>eful consid]ation ( relative values4 ,?is may require "o or sev]al p]usals ( ! ?\ght1 accord+ to ! difficulty ( ! subject & to individual ability4 ,pro( ( compreh5sion may be giv5 by ! expression ( ! ?\ght 9 "o's own words1 ei!r f memory or ) ! book op54 ,su* /udy is a comp>atively passive k9d ( "w1 call+ = subord9ation ( ! /ud5t to ! au?or1 & am\nts to little m ?an a collection ( ! crude mat]ials ( k4 ,! correspond+ /age 9 ! assimilation ( food w\ld be1 p]haps1 its prep>ation & ma/ication4 #b4 ,selection & reorganization ( ! pr(itable portion ( ^! mat]ials4 ,:at am ,i gett+ f ?is au?or8 or ,:at pr(it is ?is mat]ial br++ me8 is ! pr9cipal consid]ation 9 ! second /age4 ,) ! ?\ght ( pr(it upp]mo/ 9 m9d1 ! /ud5t recalls or fur!r def9es any specific purposes ( ! /udy t may h occurr$ to him2 "u _! guidance he ca/s aside z non-ess5tial mu* ( :at is pres5t$1 & c5t]s 8 att5tion on ^? ideas t seem to h real value = him4 ,^! he fur!r re-words1 9 ord] to det]m9e _! v ess5ce1 & also c>efully weighs4 ,9 addition he reorganizes !m1 unless _! orig9al organization appe>s to him peculi>ly fitt+4 ,! self mu/ ent] s fully1 9 true assimilation1 t nei!r ! au?or's word+ nor 8 organization is likely to prove satisfy+4 ,"o w seldom quote ano!r's words or foll[ 8 ord] ( treatm5t :5 pres5t+ a topic t has be5 really dige/$4 ,n seldom ! la/ po9t made by an au?or w become ! fir/ 9 ! /ud5t's m9d1 %[+ h[ radical ! reorganization may be4 ,?is /ep1 requir+ mu* discrim9ation & ex]cise ( judgm5t f ! le>n]'s own view-po9t---!reby entirely subord9at+ ! au?or to ! /ud5t--requires a high degree ( indep5d5ce4 ,x might be call$ ! pr(it-draw+ /age1 or ! /age 9 :i* ! "p t promises pr(it is extract$4 ,! correspond+ /ep 9 ! assimilation ( food is :at is te*nically call$ dige/ion1 :i* is ! sep>ation ( ! nutriti\s f ! wa/e elem5ts1 or ! conv]sion ( food into *yme1 prep>atory to assimilation4 #c4 ,translation ( ?is portion into exp]i5ce4 ,ev5 aft] a p]son has det]m9$ :at portion ( ! crude mat]ials c be ( value to him & has reorganiz$ x 9 a satisfactory mann]1 x may /ill seem some:at /range to him1-ano!r p]son's ?\ght r ?an 8 own4 ,?is is an indication t m "w mu/ be done1 = assimilation ( k1 l assimilation ( food1 requires ! full id5tity ( ! n\ri%+ matt] ) ! self4 ,a ?\ght is n a ?\ght1 says ,dr4 ,dewey1 unless x is "o's own4 ,footnote3 ,s*ool & ,society1 p4 #ff4 ,! /ud5t may ?us f> h rea*$ no?+ m ?an a consci\sness ( facts by !mselves1 :ile consci\sness ( !m z a "p ( ! self is a mu* m advanc$ /age4 ,9 ord] to rea* ?is la/ po9t ! /ud5t may f9d x necess>y to review ! ?\ght a numb] ( times 9 v>i\s ways1 /at+ ! p]t95t que/ions & _! answ]s4 ,he may also practice mak+ ! ma9 po9ts ) =ce1 us+ !m ei!r "u imag9$ or "u actual conditions4 ,9 su* a mann] !y are toss$ ab\t1 ov]haul$1 & re/at$1 until a mu* clos] & m abundant association ( ! ideas ) "o ano!r & ) ! pa/ exp]i5ce ( ! le>n] is secur$2 he w>ms up to !m until he welds !m to himself4 ,z a result a s5se ( own]%ip ( ! k is f9ally e/abli%$1 a condition 9 :i* "o l>gely loses consci\sness ( ! orig9al word+ &1 p]haps1 ev5 ( ! orig9al s\rce ( ! ?\ght4 ,! ideas n[ seem simple & _! control easy1 & "o enjoys ! feel+ ( increas$ /r5g? due to real n\ri%m5t receiv$4 ,! feel+ ( own]%ip is fully ju/ifi$1 too1 =1 no matt] :]e ! ?\ght may h orig9at$1 x has be5 work$ ov] until x has be5 giv5 a new color & has receiv$ "o's own /amp1 ! /amp ( self4 ,?is is ! /ep 9 :i* ! pr(itable matt] extract$ f ! crude mat]ials is translat$ into ! le>n]'s own exp]i5ce2 x corresponds to t "p ( food assimilation 9 :i* ! nutriti\s portion ( our food1 secur$ ?r\gh dige/ion1 is made ov] into ! bone1 tissue1 & muscle ( ! body4 #d4 ,=mation ( habit4 ,:ile ^! /eps ov]lap m or less1 ea* repres5ts a di/9ct advance4 ,/udy ( _m topics may be all[$ to /op at ?is po9t1 al?\gh x %\ld be und]/ood t assimilation is p]haps nev] complete1 & t ! appreciation ( a great ?\ght1 toge!r ) ! ability to use x1 may cont9ue to gr[ f ye> to ye>4 ,on t acc\nt "o %\ld expect to review f "t to "t1 by use & o!rwise1 ! valuable exp]i5ces t h already be5 ma/]$ ?r\gh /udy4 ,c]ta9 portions ( k1 h[ev]1 _c be left z prop]ly "u our control :5 !y h be5 translat$ into exp]i5ce z describ$4 ,/udy has ?us f> br\ght ! /ud5t only to ! ability to use 8 k ) fair ease consci\sly1 & ext5sive portions ( k h to be us$ q unconsci\sly2 !y mu/ n only become truly ours b !y mu/ become second nature to u4 ,9 all ! trades1 = example1 ! _m facts ab\t ! use ( mat]ials & tools1 etc41 mu/ be appli$ )\t ?9k+ be=e skill is atta9$4 ,! same holds 9 ! f9e arts4 ,9 gramm>1 k ( ! rules mu/ be c>ri$ ov] into habit be=e "o's spee* is safely grammatical4 ,k ( ! political & moral tru?s conta9$ 9 hi/ory & lit]ature mu/ likewise be conv]t$ into habit be=e prop] conduct is assur$4 ,9 le>n+ h[ to /udy "o mu/ fall into ! habit ( associat+ ideas1 weigh+ values1 & c>ry+ po9ts1 unconsci\sly1 be=e ! subject is prop]ly ma/]$4 ,n9ety-n9e hundr$?s1 or1 possibly1 n9e hundr$ & n9ety-n9e ?\s&?s ( our activity is purely automatic & habitual1 says ,pr(essor ,james1 f our ris+ 9 ! morn+ to our ly+ d[n ea* night4 ,our dress+ & undress+1 our eat+ & dr9k+1 our greet+s & p>t+s1 our hat-rais+s & giv+ way = ladies to prec$e1 nay1 ev5 mo/ ( ! =ms ( our common spee*1 are ?+s ( a type s fix$ by repetition z almo/ to be class$ z reflex actions4 ,footnote3 ,james1 ,talks to ,tea*]s1 p4 #fe4 ,pr(essor ,james is "h ref]r+ ma9ly to motor activity2 b habit is evid5tly a l>ge factor 9 all phases ( life2 &1 :ile _m ( ! valuable ?\ghts assimilat$ by /udy probably d n ne$ to be appli$ unconsci\sly1 x is safe to say t prom95t portions ( mo/ bran*es ( k mu/ be conv]t$ into habit1 or become second nature1 be=e we c be said to h rea*$ ! desirable endpo9t 9 _! pursuit4 ,! ext5t ( ?is la/ advance1 9 :i* exp]i5ce becomes habit1 is indicat$ by ! wide diff]5ce t exi/s betwe5 us+ a correct =m ( spee* consci\sly & us+ x unconsci\sly1 = ev5 ye>s ( trial may int]v5e betwe5 ! two4 ,repetition by use1 "u z ne>ly natural conditions z possible1 mu/ be ! pr9cipal means ( gett+ ?r\gh ?is f\r? /ep4 ,b su* practice %\ld be influ5c$ by c]ta9 v important precautions /at$ by ,pr(essor ,james4 ,he has 9 m9d prim>ily ! =mation ( moral habits 9 8 sugge/ions1 b !y apply 9 l>ge measure also to ! =mation ( o!r habits4 #a4 ,9 ! acquisition ( a new habit1 or ! leav+ (f ( an old "o1 we mu/ take c>e to laun* ourselves ) z /rong & decid$ an initiative z possible4 ,accumulate all ! possible circum/ances :i* %all re9=ce ! "r motives2 put y\rself assidu\sly 9 conditions t enc\rage ! new way2 make engagem5ts incompatible ) ! old2 take a public pl$ge1 if ! case all[s2 9 %ort1 envelop y\r resolution ) e aid y "k4 #b4 ,nev] suff] an exception to occur till ! new habit is securely root$ 9 y\r life4 ,ea* lapse is l ! lett+ fall ( a ball ( /r+ :i* "o is c>efully w9d+ up2 a s+le slip undoes m ?an a great _m turns w w9d aga94 #c4 ,seize ! v fir/ possible opportunity to act on e resolution y make1 & on e emotional prompt+ y may exp]i5ce 9 ! direction ( ! habits y aspire to ga94 ,x is n 9 ! mom5t ( _! =m+ b 9 ! mom5t ( _! produc+ motor effects1 t resolves & aspirations communicate ! new 'set' to ! bra94 ,footnote3 ,james1 ,talks to ,tea*]s1 pp4 #fg-gj4 ,see also ,james1 ,psy*ology1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,*apt] ,,iv1 ,habit4 ,! "t & labor necess>y 9 real assimilation ( k4 ,x is evid5t t real assimilation ( k is a v complex process1 requir+ a great am\nt ( "t & labor4 ,& be assur$1 also1 says ,rusk91 if ! au?or is wor? any?+1 y w n get at 8 mean+ all at once--nay1 t at 8 :ole mean+ y w n = a long "t arrive1 9 any wise4 ,footnote3 ,rusk91 ,sesame & ,lilies4 ,rusk9 is "h d\btless ref]r+ ma9ly to insight into ! ?\ght2 b1 z has be5 %[n1 a po9t is n assimilat$ :5 "o m]ely sees x cle>ly2 insight into an idea usually prec$es exp]i5ce or own]%ip ( x by a long int]val2 & ! latt] g5]ally prec$es habit by ano!r long p]iod4 ,we are famili> ) ^! facts z appli$ to me*anical subject- matt]1 su* z ! multiplication tables & =ms ( disc\rse4 ,we recognize t we mu/ come back to ^! ov] & ov] aga9 if we are to obta9 automatic control ov] !m4 ,yet we act z ?\gh !re 0 gr\nd = assum+ t ! m f]tile ideas1 :i* are to be r$uc$ to habits ( ?\ght & conduct1 require less en]gy & pati5ce4 ,!re is no ju/ification = any su* assumption2 x w\ld seem m reasonable to expect to devote m "t to ! latt]1 r ?an less4 ,probably n mu* k acquir$ ei!r 9 s*ool or college is c>ri$ ?r\gh ! ?ree or f\r /ages nam$ above2 b x is also true t comp>atively little ( t k becomes a s\rce ( p[]1 & x is safe to assume t ! "o fact is at lea/ "p explanation ( ! o!r4 ,x is highly important1 !re=e1 t ! /ud5t become e>ly reconcil$ to ! fact t ! real ma/]y ( k is a long & labori\s process4 ,,*ildr5',s ,,capacity ,,to ,,include ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,k ,,z ,a ,,factor ,,9 ,,_! ,,/udy ,! natural t5d5cy to c>ry ideas into execution4 ,"o ( ! mo/ attractive baits t c be (f]$ to a discont5t$1 re/less *ild is to propose t he d some?+2 & hav+ receiv$ su* a proposal1 8 impati5ce ov] delay 9 its execution %[s h[ closely 8 nature l9ks do+ ) ?9k+ & plann+4 ,! games ( *ildr5 call = comp>atively little /udy2 yet *ildr5's desire to be act+ is s dom9ant t !y c sc>cely wait to le>n ! rules be=e beg9n+ to play4 ,an eight- ye>-old girl :o _h be5 /udy+ at home ) h] "m compla9$ to a fri5d1 ,"m doesn't h me d any?+6 ,%e has _h me read & spell & le>n ari?metic1 & t's all4 ,x is p>tly because we h come to appreciate1 9 rec5t ye>s1 ?is press+ ne$ ( do+1 t we h be5 re=m+ ! elem5t>y s*ool by introduc+ manual tra9+1 cook+1 & sew+4 ,"o ( ! e>ly surprises & disappo9tm5ts ( *ildr5 produc$ by adults is ! failure ( ! latt] to c>ry into practice plans t !y h be5 he>d to make1 & ideals t !y h pr(ess$ to admire4 ,hav+ set up specific aims1 su* z 7 sugge/$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iii1 *ildr5 expect to realize !m 9 practice1 because in/9ct tells !m t ! value ( !ory is f\nd 9 its application4 ,t is ! reason t !y s (t5 inquire1 ,:at is ! use ( x8 9 connection ) _! /udy at s*ool1 & t !y disapprove s he>tily ( any project t won't "w4 ,value ( ?is t5d5cy 9 education4 ,liv+ means sub/antially ! same ?+ ) *ildr5 z ) adults4 ,!y h ! same g5]al environm5t z adults2 !y /udy ! same l>ge fields ( k2 & !y likewise f9d ! object ( education 9 effici5cy4 ,!re are ! same reasons1 !re=e1 z 9 ! case ( m mature /ud5ts1 = mak+ ! us+ ( k ! aim ( _! /udy4 ,! prospect ( apply+ k is a s\rce ( motive = all grades ( le>n]s4 ,i h nev] se5 a class m att5tive to e detail ( its proc$ure ?an 7 a c]ta9 gr\p ( girls :o felt "u obligations to eat ! /rawb]ry jam t !y 7 mak+ at s*ool4 ,fur!rmore1 ! actual do+ ( ! ?+s imag9$ is a great cl>ifi] ( ?\ght = *ildr51 z is %[n 9 ! v ext5sive use t ! s*ool makes ( motor activity 9 num]\s /udies1 & p>ticul>ly ( dramatiz+ 9 lit]ature & hi/ory4 ,x is also ! mo/ natural te/ ( ! practicability ( ! plans ( *ildr51 & on t acc\nt a means ( develop+ _! s\ndness ( judgm5t4 ,?is is well illu/rat$ by a c]ta9 six-ye>-old girl :o 0 mak+ a doll's dress4 ,aft] work+ 9 a v absorb$ way = a "t %e impati5tly exclaim$1 ,i won't h any lace 9 my sleeves6 ,:y n8 ask$ "o ( h] playmates4 ',cause ,i c't see any way to put x on1 0 ! reply4 ,"o ( ! *ief reasons :y ! exp]i5ce ( *ildr5 outside ( s*ool is s educative is ! fact t _! ideas & plans are ?us cont9ually correct$ by trial4 ,briefly1 !re=e1 x is normal = *ildr5 to c>ry ideas into execution1 & !re is ! same ne$ ( x z 9 ! case ( adults4 ,x might be add$ t ! peculi> ease ) :i* *ildr5 =m habits furni%es a special reason :y ! conv]sion ( ideas into habits %\ld con/itute a v important "p ( _! /udy4 ,,practical ,,sugge/ions ,,= ,,tea*+ ,,*ildr5 ,,to ,,make ,,! ,,us+ ,,( ,,k ,a ,,"p ,,( ,,_! ,,/udy #a4 ,special recognition ( ^? facts t %\ld be translat$ into habit4 ,:ile all ( "o's k %\ld become famili> en\gh to =m exp]i5ce1 "s ( x %\ld be work$ ov] until x is translat$ into habit4 ,facts ( ?is latt] k9d %\ld be cle>ly di/+ui%$ f o!rs1 9 ord] t !y may receive ! special att5tion due !m4 ,! moral tru?s ( lit]ature & hi/ory belong pla9ly to ?is gr\p4 ,b !re are _m o!rs1 su*1 = in/ance1 z ! pictur+ ( places ^u ! e>?'s surface r ?an ^u maps2 ! association ( places ) _! latitudes2 9 ! case ( su* a live problem z protective t>iff1 ! association ( ! ma9 facts 9 its hi/ory2 ! association ( our lead+ transportation r\tes ) ! progress ( our c\ntry2 look+ to ! evid5ce 9 consid]+ ! value ( /atem5ts2 & ! accurate & po9t$ word+ ( que/ions & answ]s4 ,! habits t %\ld be insi/$ ^u 9 ari?metic are pretty well agre$ ^u1 su* z neatness ( writt5 "w1 accuracy ( oral & writt5 /atem5ts1 ! /atem5t ( a problem 9 "o's own words1 9 case ! mean+ is at all d\btful1 & ! use ( ! approximate answ] z a guide 9 f9d+ ! exact answ]4 ,b only :5 ! great importance ( su* proc$ures is def9itely recogniz$ are !y likely to receive ! att5tion necess>y to conv]t !m into habits4 ,if accuracy ( /atem5t 7 recogniz$ z "o ( ! v valuable habits to be acquir$ 9 lit]ature & geography1 z well z 9 ari?metic1 mu* m ef=t w\ld probably be put =? to e/abli% t habit 9 ^? /udies4 ,rules = ?9k+ & = ! expression ( ?\ght t %\ld result 9 habits1 l ! rules ( gramm>1 p]vade all ! /udies1 b until ?is fact is bett] e/abli%$1 & until ! pr9cipal habits to be expect$ f ea* /udy are m cle>ly def9$1 some:at z 9 ari?metic1 !re w be mu* wa/$ ef=t 9 /udy because important p>ts ( ! "w w n be c>ri$ to completion4 #b4 ,/udy+ = "o's own b5efit4 ,! av]age good /ud5t sc>cely gets beyond ! fir/ ( ! f\r /ages ( /udy outl9$1 i4 e41 ! collection ( ! crude mat]ials ( k4 ,"o v important reason tor ?is is t he fixes 8 eyes too int5tly ^u 8 tea*] 9 ! prep>ation ( 8 lessons2 he /udies to satisfy h] r ?an himself1 z ?\gh someh[ ! s*ool 0 e/abli%$ = h] b5efit4 ,?is subord9ation to ! tea*] is %[n 9 ! attitude t[>d m>ks2 _m a college /ud5t1 ev51 waits helplessly until he c le>n 8 m>k be=e he kn[s :e!r or n he has done well2 he seems to lack any conviction ( 8 own ab\t ! matt]4 ,! /ud5t :o feels responsibility prim>ily to himself1 & !re=e bo!rs little ab\t m>ks1 is r>e4 ,yet ! selection ( t portion ( ! subject-matt] t promises pr(it1 & its conv]sion into exp]i5ce1 presuppose ! ability to subord9ate bo? au?or & tea*] to ! self1 inde$ to =get ab\t bo?4 ,no tea*] c direct a /ud5t j :at to select1 or in=m him :5 x has become exp]i5ce ) him2 ! real /ud5t mu/ h a self big en\gh to c>ry t responsibility alone4 ,weakness 9 ?is respect manife/s itself v e>ly4 ,_m a *ild is s absorb$ 9 8 tea*] z n to "k :5 he kn[s a ?+ until ! tea*]'s approval is giv54 ,9 "s s*ools probably half ( ! pupils t5 to twelve ye>s ( age fall into su* a halt+1 apologetic frame ( m9d1 t !y w\ld sc>cely risk a meal on ! accuracy ( any /atem5t t !y make4 ,9 comp>ison1 ! boy :o won't /udy1 :o plays hookey on w>m spr+ days 9 spite ( 8 tea*]'s w>n+s1 & :o o!rwise defies 8 tea*]1 is to be admir$2 he is pres]v+ 8 individuality1 8 mo/ important possession4 ,x is l>gely ! tea*]'s fault if *ildr5 %[ no p[] to discrim9ate ! values ( facts to !mselves1 & to det]m9e :5 !y "k a ?+4 ,!y w n always %[ wisdom 9 _! selections1 & w n always be "r :5 !y feel sure4 ,a good degree ( reliability 9 ^! respects is some?+ t has to be acquir$ by long tra9+4 ,b ! _s ( self-reliance is a *ild's bir?right1 & if x is lack+ 9 8 /udy x is because 8 nature has be5 und]m9$4 ,tea*]s1 !re=e1 %\ld take great pa9s to avoid a dogmatic mann] t[>d *ildr52 !y %\ld impress ^u !m ! fact t !y are prim>ily responsible to !mselves 9 _! /udy1 & t tea*]s are only advis]s or assi/ants 9 intellectual matt]s1 & n ma/]s4 ,no d\bt _m a college /ud5t f9ds x next to impossible to accompli% ! second & ?ird /ages 9 /udy "h outl9$1 simply because he f9ds no individual self )9 him to satisfy2 x has be5 s long & s fully subord9at$ to o!rs t x has become dw>f$1 or has lo/ its native p[] to react2 on t acc\nt indep5d5t selection is difficult & ! s5se ( own]%ip is weak4 #c4 ,means ( influ5c+ pupils to use _! k4 7#a74 ,! recitation4 ,! pr9cipal means on :i* ! tea*] mu/ rely = influ5c+ *ildr5 to include ! us+ ( k z a "p ( _! /udy1 is ! recitation4 ,s9ce at lea/ mo/ ( ! recitation p]iod is necess>ily sp5t 9 talk+1 x might at fir/ seem t x c\ld accompli% little 9 ! way ( apply+ :at "o le>ns4 ,b :5 x is rememb]$ t p]haps ! ma9 use ( k is f\nd 9 conv]sation & discussion1 ! situation ne$ n seem s hopeless4 ,! great ?+1 !n1 is to see t ! talk ( ! class room takes place "u z natural conditions z s]i\s conv]sation & discussion else:]e1 ?us duplicat+ real life4 ,we "k t *ildr5 may spell words correctly 9 li/s t !y w miss 9 writ+ lett]s1 & t !y c solve problems 9 ari?metic correctly 9 s*ool t seem q beyond !m :5 accid5tally met z actual problems outside4 ,su* facts emphasize ! tru? t only actual life secures a full & normal te/ ( k1 &1 !re=e1 t ! recitation secures x only to ! ext5t t x duplicates life4 ,"h is se5 a fundam5tal weakness ( ! cu/om>y recitation4 ,x te/s only ! pres5ce ( facts 9 ! m9ds ( pupils1 :ile ! outside _w te/s _! ability to use ^! facts1 :i* is ano!r & f> m difficult matt]1 requir+ true assimilation4 ,n m]ely t2 b ! cu/om>y recitation makes a sympa!tic tea*] ! c5t] ( activity1 %e putt+ mo/ ( ! que/ions1 int]pret+ ! answ]s1 =ekn[+ :at ! *ildr5 are try+ to say1 & decid+ all issues4 ,! *ildr5 are n expect$ to (f] ideas t are new to any "o pres5t1 & !y ev5 ackn[l$ge responsibility only to ! tea*]1 look+ t[>d h]1 address+ _! /atem5ts to h]1 & usually endeavor+ only to make h] he>4 ,all ?is holds l>gely 9 college recitations z well z else:]e1--9 case ! /ud5ts h ! privilege ( do+ any?+ beyond li/5+ to tea*]s !re4 ,?is is an extremely unnatural situation & an inadequate te/1 z is indicat$ by ! fact t ! replies to ! tea*]'s que/ions seldom convey cle> mean+ to /rang]s pres5t4 ,su* recitations secure f> less individuality ( ?\ght & f> less directness & =ce 9 its expression ?an is acceptable any:]e outside ( ! academic atmosph]e4 ,! special importance ( hav+ ! s*ool p]iods duplicate life conditions is se5 9 ! fact t ! "* ( ! recitation det]m9es ! "* ( ! prep>ation = x4 ,bo? ! *ild & ! m mature /ud5t w ord9>ily g only s f> 9 prep>ation z is necess>y 9 ord] to meet ! dem&s made ^u !m 9 class4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! recitation does no?+ m ?an give a weak te/ ( ! pres5ce ( facts1 ! prep>ation w include little selection & reorganization ( facts & little ef=t to translate !m into exp]i5ce4 ,h[1 !n1 %\ld ! cu/om>y recitation be modifi$8 ,let ! "y p come toge!r mu* ( ! "t = ! same purpose t !y h 9 s]i\s conv]sation outside2 i4e41 n to rehe>se or recite1 b to talk ov] e>ne/ly po9ts t are wor? talk+ ov]4 ,) an assign$ topic = a lesson1 & ) a tea*] pres5t z advis] & critic1 let !m comp>e _! conceptions ( :at seem to !m ! pr9cipal facts1 supplem5t+1 reject+1 & select+ :at seems to !m fit4 ,! relation%ip t !y w\ld be> t[>d "o ano!r might be ! same z 9 any social ga!r+2 b s9ce x w\ld be real "w & n ent]ta9m5t t !y 7 attempt+1 att5tion w\ld be c5t]$ on a def9ite subject & rem>ks w\ld be m po9t$4 ,:ile ! tea*] w\ld pres]ve ord] 9 ! usual fa%ion1 & might (t5 come to _! aid by correct+ & advis+1 responsibility = tak+ ! initiative & = mak+ fair progress w\ld re/ prim>ily ^u ! *ildr51 s t !y w\ld be adopt+ an attitude & a me?od t c\ld be directly transf]r$ to ! home & else:]e4 ,?is is ! ideal t ,dr4 ,dewey urges 9 8 ,s*ool & ,society :5 he says3 ,! recitation becomes a social meet+ place2 x is to ! s*ool :at ! spontane\s conv]sation is at home1 except t x is m organiz$1 foll[+ def9ite l9es4 ,! recitation becomes ! social cle>+ h\se1 :]e exp]i5ces & ideas are ex*ang$ & subject$ to criticism1 :]e misconceptions are correct$1 & new l9es ( ?\ght & inquiry are set up4 ,footnote3 ,dr4 ,john ,dewey1 ,s*ool & ,society1 p4 #fe4 ,! recitation !n becomes a p]iod :]e *ildr5 talk be=e ! tea*] r ?an to h]2 & 9 que/ion+ & answ]+ "o ano!r 9 a natural way !y n only le>n po9t$ness 9 ?9k+1 b !y increase & te/ _! k by us+ x4 ,?us !y give witness to ! tru? ( ,bacon's words3 ,:osoev] ha? 8 m9d fraught ) _m ?\ghts1 8 wits & und]/&+ d cl>ify & break up 9 ! communicat+ & disc\rs+ ) ano!r2 he tosse? 8 ?\ghts m easily2 he m>%alle? !m m ord]ly2 he see? h[ !y look :5 !y are turn$ into words2 f9ally1 he waxe? wis] ?an himself2 & t m by an h\r's disc\rse ?an by a day's m$itation4444,a man 7 bett] relate himself to a /atue or picture1 ?an to suff] 8 ?\ghts to pass 9 smo!r4 ,footnote3 ,bacon's ,essays1 ,( ,fri5d%ip4 ,:5 _m ( ! s*ool p]iods are occupi$ 9 ?is way1 ! lessons are n likely to be prep>$ ) ! tea*] fir/ 9 m9d2 :at ! o!rs w say1 :at !y w accept & reject & enjoy1 z well z :at "o c "o's self pres5t & ma9ta91 w *iefly occupy ! att5tion4 ,! *ild w !n be selective 9 8 /udy1 hav+ a view-po9t ( 8 own2 & he may ev5 practice ! =cible pres5tation ( 8 ideas 9 ! privacy ( 8 /udy--be=e a /atue or picture if ne$ be4 ,moreov]1 ) ! use ( 8 k 9 prospect1 he w cease to rely weakly ^u 8 tea*] to tell him :e!r or n he kn[s1 because he w c>ry 8 own /&>d4 ,!re is no reason = assum+ t all recitations %\ld be sp5t 9 ?is mann]1 nor1 p]haps1 half ( !m2 & !y w\ld n prove highly successful )\t tra9+ on ! "p ( bo? tea*]s & pupils4 ,b su* a me?od ( proc$ure %\ld be common1 & x %\ld be fundam5tal to o!r /udy4 ,9 fact1 x has succe$$ admirably :]e tri$ by intellig5t tea*]s4 7#b74 ,! s*ool & home life ( ! pupil4 ,:ile ! recitation c furni% occasion1 9 ! way describ$1 = ! fir/ use ( k1 its use mu/ be c>ri$ mu* fur!r be=e a fair degree ( assimilation c be assur$4 ,= ?is purpose ! community life ( ! s*ool1 includ+ ! conduct ( ! *ildr5 t[>d "o ano!r 9 ! s*oolroom & on ! playgr\nd1 may be ( great value4 ,a tea*] ( six-ye>-old *ildr5 c1 by close obs]vation1 f9d _m ways 9 :i* ! morals conta9$ 9 fairy tales t %e tells w apply to _! daily lives1 & ) skill %e c draw _! att5tion to ! fact 9 a helpful mann]4 ,s1 any tea*] :o is e>ne/ & obs]vant ( ! ?\ght1 spee*1 & g5]al conduct ( h] pupils c f9d num]\s ne$s = ! ideas t h be5 pres5t$ 9 class4 ,! community life ( a s*ool is n v mu* n>r[] ?an t ( any ord9>y social community1 su* z a village2 & c]ta9ly 9 a village ! uses ( k are )\t limit1 if "o w only f9d !m4 ,if1 9 addition to a close wat* ( ! s*ool life1 ! tea*] f9ds en]gy to /udy ! home life ( h] pupils1 ev5 to visit !m 9 _! homes1 s z to become acqua9t$ ) _! p>5ts & _! home conditions1 %e c ga!r _m m sugge/ions = ! application ( s*ool k4 ,if %e !n makes m5tion ( su* uses at fitt+ times1 & also z a "p ( exam9ations calls ^u pupils to report on uses actually made ( facts le>n$1 %e c bo? secure mu* real use ( k acquir$ at s*ool & at ! same "t cultivate responsibility = its fur!r use4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,provision ,,= ,a ,,t5tative ,,ra!e ,,?an ,a ,,fix$ ,,attitude ,,t[>d ,,k1 ,,z ,a ,,sev5? ,,factor ,,9 ,,/udy4 ,a fix$ attitude t[>d facts & conclusions is h>mful 9 sev]al ways4 ,! foll[+ incid5ts sugge/ h[ greatly x int]f]es ) ! usefulness ( k4 ,reasons :y a fix$ attitude t[>d ideas is undesirable4 #a4 ,x int]f]es ) ! usefulness ( k4 ,a c]ta9 man liv+ 9 "o ( ! suburbs ( ,great] ,new ,york 0 commission$ by 8 wife to buy "s flannel = h] at "o ( ! l>ge dep>tm5t /ores 9 ! city4 ,%e knew exactly :at %e want$1 = %e _h already pur*as$ "s ( ! goods at ?is /ore4 ,s %e gave h] husb& a sample1 ) ! explicit directions1 emphasiz$1 t ! new piece %\ld be ( exactly ! same quality1 ) :ite edges1 & "o y>d wide4 ,on arriv+ at ! "r c\nt]1 ! man deliv]$ 8 sample & gave 8 ord]4 ,b1 aft] "s se>*+1 ! cl]k said1 ,! exact ?+ t y want has all be5 sold2 b ,i h "h j ! "r piece1 ?r[+ d[n a bolt1 except t x is slightly co>s]4 ,c\ld y take t8 ,recall+ 8 wife's in/ructions1 ! man repli$1 ,no1 some:at d\btfully4 ,aft] m se>*+ ! cl]k said1 ,well1 ,i h "h a piece ( j ! desir$ quality1 & "o y>d wide1 only x has r$ edges4 ,c\ld y n use t8 & he ?rew ano!r bolt d[n on ! c\nt]4 ,aga91 rememb]+ ! emphasis on ! directions receiv$1 ! man respond$ weakly1 ,no1 ,i ?9k n4 ,f9ally1 aft] fur!r se>*1 ! cl]k produc$ a ?ird bolt1 ) ! rem>k1 ,?is w probably suit y4 ,x is ! exact quality t y want1 & has :ite edges4 ,! only objection is t x is n q a y>d wide4 ,c y n take x8 ,:5 = a ?ird "t ! hesitat+ response came1 ,i ?9k n1 ! cl]k turn$ away ) an expression ( disgu/ = 8 cu/om]1 m+l$ ) sorr[ & pity4 ,al?\gh ! man _h done 8 be/1 he did n feel sure ( 8 wife's approval on 8 return home4 ,:5 %e ask$ = 8 pur*ase he /at$ t he _h fail$ to make x1 & expla9$ ! circum/ances4 ,well1 %e repli$1 b :y didn't y use y\r own judgm5t & take "o ( ! o!r pieces8 ,to :i* he respond$1 ,i und]/ood t ,i 0 n expect$ to use any judgm5t4 ,y /rongly emphasiz$ ! fact t y want$ mat]ial exactly l ! sample1 ) :ite edges & j "o y>d wide4 ,y told me no?+ ab\t :at 0 to be made out ( ! goods4 ,h[1 !n1 0 ,i 9 a position to d any?+ m ?an to foll[ y\r exact directions8 ,t end$ ! discussion2 b ! ne$ ( less fix$ness 9 in/ructions giv5 0 /rongly impress$ ^u ! husb&1 & a simil> ne$ 9 ! foll[+ ( in/ructions 0 equally impress$ ^u ! wife4 ,!y 7 ?us agre$ z to ! desirabl5ess ( "s adaptability 9 "o's ideas4 ,a c]ta9 class ( girls 0 le>n+ to make ,fr5* cream c&y1 & ! recipe = ! same1 namely1 #a cup ( sug>1 #a_/c cup ( wat]1 #a salt-spoon ( cream ( t>t>4 0 plac$ on ! bo>d = !m to foll[4 ,aft] read+ ! recipe & li/5+ to "s directions f ! tea*]1 includ+ special emphasis on accuracy ( measurem5ts1 ! class set to "w & produc$ "s c&y t ev5 ! visitors 7 glad to eat4 ,! recipe seem$ s simple t "o ( ! visitors a few days lat] propos$ to 8 little daught] t !y make "s ,fr5* cream c&y at home4 ,!y measur$ out a cup ( sug> & "o-?ird ( a cup ( wat]2 b !re 0 a halt :5 x 0 discov]$ t !re 0 no salt-spoon 9 ! h\se4 ,! man's wife came to _! rescue1 h[ev]1 by giv+ !m "s idea ( ! size ( su* a spoon4 ,!n x 0 f\nd t !y _h no cream ( t>t>4 ,on fur!r consultation ) ! wife x 0 le>n$ = ! fir/ "t t ! object ( cream ( t>t> 0 to prev5t too quick granulation1 & t probably "s o!r acid-l sub/ance1 su* z v9eg> or lemon juice1 might d j z well4 ,s a small am\nt ( v9eg> 0 us$ in/ead1 & reasonably good c&y 0 produc$4 ,9 a lat] attempt ! exact am\nt ( wat] necess>y to a cup ( sug> _h be5 =gott51 & too mu* wat] 0 us$2 b by boil+ ! mixture long]1 excell5t c&y 0 made4 ,z a result ( ^! exp]im5ts x 0 f\nd t only en\gh wat] 0 ne$$ to dissolve ! sug>1 & t any "o ( sev]al o!r ?+s w\ld d z well z cream ( t>t> to prev5t granulation4 ,)\t ?is k !re w\ld be _m a family :i*1 ei!r on acc\nt ( bad memory ( proportions or ( want ( c]ta9 mat]ials1 c\ld make no use ( ! recipe4 ,su* k secur$ "s adaptability or flexibility 9 ! directions1 !reby greatly ext5d+ _! use4 ,"o ( ! common objections to prep>+ lesson plans = tea*+ is t !y c seldom be foll[$4 ,m ?an t1 x is decl>$1 *ildr5 h su* a disappo9t+ way ( do+ & say+ ! unexpect$1 t a c>efully memoriz$ lesson plan is likely to h9d] ! tea*] 9 adapt+ h]self to h] pupils1 & on t acc\nt may d m h>m ?an good4 ,^! objections conta9 mu* tru?2 & if prep>+ a lesson plan means mapp+ out only "o fix$ proc$ure1 !y may be entirely valid4 ,t is n1 h[ev]1 :at su* prep>ation %\ld signify4 ,"o ( ! pr9cipal objects ( mak+ "o plan is to ?9k out o!rs1 t may be foll[$ or n z occasion dem&s4 ,t k9d ( prep>ation1 in/ead ( ty+ a tea*]'s h&s1 keeps h] sup]ior to any fix$ c\rse & gives fre$om to deal skillfully ) almo/ any k9d ( response4 ,^! examples may be suffici5t to %[ t a fix$ attitude t[>d directions & plans1 or t[>d k 9 g5]al1 is a s]i\s b>ri] to its application4 ,! conditions are always *ang+1 & "o's ideas mu/ be capable ( correspond+ modification if _! full use is to be enjoy$4 #b4 ,x is oppos$ to progress4 ,our attitude t[>d k is intimately relat$ also to ! progress t we make2 a fix$ /ate ( m9d precludes reflection ab\t "o's c\rse by preclud+ a feel+ ( its ne$4 ,m5 frequ5tly %[ bl9dness to new tru?4 ,boss politicians c\nt ^u f eighty to eighty-five p] c5t ( all vot]s /&+ pat & vot+ accord+ to p>ty1 no matt] :at facts may be discov]$ aga9/ "o c&idate & 9 favor ( ano!r4 ,?is fact is :at gives ! bosses _! security4 ,x 0 ?\ght to be a wond]ful sign ( progress a few ye>s ago :5 sixty ?\s& out ( six hundr$ ?\s& vot]s 9 a c]ta9 election 9 ,massa*usetts ignor$ p>ty l9es & vot$ accord+ to ! m]its ( ! c&idate4 ,"o reason t we h s _m m$iaeval educational in/itutions is t p]sons 9 control h s _m fix$ ideas4 ,!re are few colleges & univ]sities to- day1 = in/ance1 9 :i* c\rses t prep>e "y wom5 = home- keep+1 su* z dome/ic sci5ce & dome/ic art1 receive cr$it t[>d a degree4 ,progressive *anges 9 any l9e are condition$ ^u s5sitiv5ess t[>d *ang+ circum/ances & new ideas1 & a fix$ attitude is directly oppos$ to su* responsiv5ess4 #c4 ,x is oppos$ to peace & happ9ess4 ,hi/ory is full ( in/ances ( ! ext5t to :i* intol]ance result+ f fix$ convictions may c>ry p4 ,innum]able murd]s & _m w>s1 entail+ untold suff]+1 h f\nd _! pr9cipal cause 9 religi\s bigotry4 ,educational & political bigotry are likewise s\rces ( mu* bad feel+ & unhapp9ess4 ,family disputes1 z betwe5 fa!r & son1 are 9 l>ge measure due to too great fix$ness ( views & op9ions2 & mu* ( ! discont5t ( old age is f\nd 9 ! inability ( old p to ab&on _! old-fa%ion$ notions1 s z to adju/ !mselves to new conditions & enjoy !m4 ,a fix$ attitude t[>d ideas is1 !re=e1 f> f an unmix$ virtue2 x s]i\sly limits ! usefulness ( k2 x greatly *ecks progress2 & x /rongly opposes peace & happ9ess4 #d4 ,x f9ds little ju/ification 9 ! nature ( k4 ,f9ally1 a fix$ attitude t[>d ideas f9ds little ju/ification 9 ! nature ( k4 ,if suppos$ facts 7 always true1 & if !y 7 always truly und]/ood1 a fix$ /ate ( m9d t[>d !m might /ill f9d ju/ification2 b t is f> f ! case4 ,probably "s ?+s are true = all "t1 su*1 = example1 z ! facts ( ! multiplication table1 propositions 9 geometry1 & "s ( ! laws ( physics4 ,b p]fect reliability is atta*$ to v little ( our k4 ,"s ( ! fundam5tal propositions 9 ! exact sci5ces ( physics & *emi/ry are only hypo!ses1 t h und]gone ext5sive modification 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,political op9ions are subject to con/ant *ange4 ,sixty ye>s ago ! secret ballot 0 fe>$ z "o ( ! wor/ ( evils1 le/ vot]s might !n wreak awful v5geance ^u ^? 9 au?ority2 n[ its desirability is unque/ion$4 ,s _m new ideas h become e/abli%$ 9 rec5t ye>s ab\t ! nature ( *ildhood1 ! aims ( ! s*ool1 & ev5 ! use ( s*ool build+s1 t education is a radically diff]5t field f :at x 0 only tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,9 ! same way1 facts 9 all l9es are ev] und]go+ modification1 & evolution prophesies su* modification ?r\gh all "t to come4 ,ev5 our /atem5ts ( sci5tific law1 in/ead ( be+ f9al1 only express man's int]pretation ( unv>y+ ph5om5a ( nature1 & are subject to error1 l all o!r "w ( man4 ,huxley decl>es t ! day-fly has bett] gr\nds = call+ a ?und] /orm sup]natural ?an has man1 ) 8 exp]i5ce ( an inf9itesimal fraction ( duration1 to say t ! mo/ a/oni%+ ev5t t c be imag9$ is beyond ! scope ( natural causes4 ,footnote3 ,t4 ,h4 ,huxley1 ,life ( ,hume1 p4 #acb4 ,ev5 )9 ! field ( sci5ce1 !re=e1 we c nev] feel sure t ! la/ ^w has be5 said1 & ! be/ e/abli%$ conclusions may h to submit to correction4 ,turn+ f ! bett] e/abli%$ fields ( k to su* o!r facts z influ5ce daily life1 we f9d !m to be rem>kably unc]ta94 ,! facts ab\t ! wea!r1 t guide ! f>m]1 = in/ance1 are only beg9n+ to be fully kn[n1 & consequ5t miscalculations 9 ! plann+ & ! c>e ( crops are )\t limit4 ,9 ord]+ goods only six mon?s 9 advance1 ! m]*ant mu/ be controll$ by probabilities1 _m ( :i* are only n>r[ly di/+ui%able f guesses4 ,! facts t e/abli% fri5d%ips are frequ5tly /ill less tangible1 bl9d feel+s ( aff9ity & fai? alone be+ n seldom ! basis ( ! attraction4 ,?us our s-call$ k ranges all ! way f ideas t possess a v high degree ( probability to ^? t are a product ( fai? & hope1 ! great] portion ( !m approa*+ ! latt]4 ,m ?an t1 ev5 9 cases :]e ! /atem5ts ( pr9ciples1 z 9 physics & e?ics1 seem ?or\ghly reliable1 ! v>iety ( _! application is s great & any individual's horizon is s n>r[1 t errors 9 _! application to concrete cases mu/ be v common4 ,correct !ory ab\t any matt] by no means c>ries ) x ! correct application ( t !ory1 z e "o f9ds out soon] or lat]4 ,x foll[s1 !n1 t ! highe/ wisdom repres5ts only a r\gh approximation to ! tru?1 & t ord9>y facts are m ne>ly hypo!ses ?an c]ta9ties4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 s few ideas are fully reliable & unalt]ably fix$1 a settl$ attitude t[>d !m is undesirable1 n only because x is oppos$ to utility1 gr[?1 & happ9ess1 b because x f9ds no w>rant 9 ! real nature ( k4 ,! prop] attitude t[>d k4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! prop] attitude t[>d k8 ,:ile "o %\ld n be ultra-cons]vative1 z ?\gh ev]y?+ 7 f9ally settl$1 nei!r %\ld "o be ultra-radical1 z ?\gh no?+ 7 e/abli%$2 bigotry & skepticism are alike to be condemn$4 ,! ideal /ate ( m9d is illu/rat$ by lead]s 9 indu/rial pursuits1 l manufactur+4 ,!y confid5tly make ! fulle/ possible use ( exi/+ k p]ta9+ to _! bus9ess1 includ+ ! late/ inv5tions1 :ile !y keep a v c>eful look\t = fur!r improvem5ts4 ,t is1 !y pres]ve an unprejudic$1 op5 m9d t[>d bo? ! old & ! new4 ,x is j su* a t5tative attitude t[>d k t all p %\ld cultivate4 ,s mu* ( ! old is defective1 & s mu* new tru? may come to light at any mom5t1 t ! fair1 judicial m9d is always 9 dem&1 a m9d t is ev] ready = new adju/m5ts & t weighs & decides solely accord+ to evid5ce4 ,colonel ,f4 ,w4 ,p>k] us$ to decl>e t ! gr&e/ discov]y ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 0 ! susp5d$ judgm5t4 ,yet ?is attitude is "o t has long be5 insi/$ ^u z ess5tial to ! sci5ti/2 inde$1 x is mo/ g5]ally call$ ! sci5tific attitude4 ,x is /range1 h[ev]1 t ^? fields 9 :i* facts are be/ e/abli%$ %\ld be ! ones 9 :i* ! importance ( a t5tative attitude is mo/ emphasiz$4 ,"o w\ld ?9k t its wor? = ! non-sci5tific man w\ld be f> great]1 = ! facts t he he>s ab\t p & ?+s1 :i* guide him daily1 are f> less reliable1 & 8 consequ5t necessity ( *ang+ 8 views is mu* m frequ5t4 ,! relation ( ?is attitude to en]getic action4 ,:ile a t5tative attitude t[>d k may be ( great importance = ! sci5ti/ or !oretical /ud5t1 may x n be ev5 h>mful to ! ord9>y p]son8 ,=ce or en]gy is "o ( ! *ief requirem5ts 9 ! _w ( action2 & if a p]son becomes mu* impress$ ) ! unreliability ( 8 ideas1 z seems necess>y 9 ! cultivation ( a t5tative attitude1 may he n come f9ally to lack decision & en]gy8 ,c]ta9ly we n[ & !n see examples ( indecision & half-he>t$ action1 due at lea/ 9 "p to appreciation ( oppos+ po9ts ( view & to consequ5t unc]ta9ty ( conclusions4 ,!re may be su* a dang]2 b x is1 on ! :ole1 to be c\rt$ r ?an avoid$2 =1 :ile examples ( indecision are sometimes se51 examples ( too decid$ convictions & ( excessive en]gy 9 pu%+ !m are f> m common4 ,x is n m]e action t is want$1 b safe action4 ,=ce mu/ be "u ! guidance ( reason if x is to be free f dang]1 & reason is h>dly possible )\t an int]e/$ b imp>tial attitude t[>d evid5ce4 ,possibly ! en]gy ( educators w\ld be at lea/ tempor>ily increas$ if !y =mulat$ & subscrib$ to def9ite educational cre$s2 b ! p>tiality t w\ld ?us be enc\rag$ w\ld soon lead to /rife & wa/$ ef=t4 ,a t5tative attitude und\bt$ly does limit activity some:at1 b only z good judgm5t limits x1 = x is "o ( ! lead+ factors 9 su* judgm5t4 ,x t5ds to elim9ate misguid$ ef=t1 & to *eck o!r action until its object is f\nd to be wor?y4 ,ea* ( ^! effects is highly desirable4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is no reason :y x %\ld be expect$ to dim9i% en]gy aft] favorable judgm5t on a project has be5 pass$4 ,x does n imply indiff]5ce or any lack ( devotion2 x m]ely favors ! subord9ation ( en?usiasm to insight1 & delays expression ( ! =m] till ! latt] has giv5 lief4 ,! result is likely to be great] & bett] su/a9$ ef=t ?an o!rwise1 because ! te/$ excell5ce ( ! cause mu/ be a s\rce ( inspiration & w help to c>ry "o ?r\gh disc\rag+ int]vals4 ,wa%+ton & ,l9coln 7 bo? di/+ui%$ = fre$om f bl9d prejudices & correspond+ op5ness to ! influ5ce ( new ideas2 b !y 7 also di/+ui%$ = uncommon en]gy & firmness 9 ! pursuit ( _! ma9 purposes4 ,a t5tative attitude t[>d ideas is1 !re=e1 a real aid to en]getic action 9 all b unwor?y & d\btful causes2 9 ^! cases x is a v desirable h9drance4 ,footnote3 ,= a valuable discussion ( ?is g5]al topic1 see ,j4 ,w1 ,j5ks' ,citiz5%ip & ! ,s*ools1 p>ticul>ly ,*apt] ,i4 ,,h[ ,,?is ,,matt] ,,conc]ns ,,*ildr5 ,a receptive /ate ( m9d is suppos$ to be "o ( ! peculi> m]its ( *ildr54 ,inde$1 !y are s sympa!tic ) any view t ! la/ pres5tation t !y happ5 to he> 9 reg>d to a disput$ matt] is likely to be ! "o t !y accept4 ,x might seem1 !re=e1 t !re is no ne$ ( emphasiz+ ! importance ( op5-m9d$ness z a factor 9 _! education4 ,t is f> f ! case1 h[ev]4 ,*ildr5 are peculi>ly op5-m9d$ t[>d _m ?+s2 b x is ma9ly ^? t !y h _h no previ\s opportunity to le>n ab\t4 ,x is h>d to take sides on a matt] t y h nev] he>d (4 ,b ! te/ ( an imp>tial m9d is f\nd 9 ^? matt]s t are already some:at famili>1 s t "o has already _h "s temptation to *oose a side4 ,note h[ *ildr5 act 9 su* cases4 ,h[ readily !y decl>e allegiance to ! political p>ty ( _! fa!rs & %\t ) all ! vehem5ce ( /&-patt]s6 ,h[ /ubbornly !y insi/ ^u _! tea*]'s me?od ( solv+ problems 9 ari?metic :5 _! p>5ts und]take to assi/ !m by %[+ a bett] way6 ,!y are ne>ly z intol]ant z _! p>5ts on su* occasions4 ,h[ ha/ily !y take sides 9 disputes among fri5ds6 ,& h[ v frequ5tly _! impati5ce ) ! /atem5ts & op9ions ( _! companions gets !m into qu>rels & fights6 ,:5 we recall ! great v>iety ( decisions t !y rea* 9 daily life1 & ! impulsiv5ess ) :i* _m ( !m are made & support$1 x becomes evid5t t precautions aga9/ prejudice & intol]ance are n at all out ( place 9 _! education4 ,! ne$ is emphasiz$1 too1 :5 we realize t _m p]sons adopt inflexible views on s great a numb] ( disput$ que/ions1 t !y %[ signs ( becom+ old fogies q e>ly 9 life4 ,old fogyism beg9s at an e>li] age ?an we ?9k1 says ,pr(essor ,james4 ,i am almo/ afraid to say s1 b ,i believe t 9 ! majority ( human be+s x beg9s at ab\t tw5ty-five4 ,footnote3 ,talks to ,tea*]s1 p4 #afj4 ,if in/ances ( intol]ance become num]\s en\gh to beg9 to class a majority ( u z old fogies at ?is age1 c]ta9ly _m t5d5cies t[>d a fix$ /ate ( m9d mu/ appe> & ne$ treatm5t at a mu* e>li] age4 ,! matt] is ( special importance ) "y *ildr51 ow+ to ! nature ( ! s*ool curriculum dur+ ! e>ly ye>s ( s*ool4 ,beg9n+ read+1 writ+1 & spell+ are sy/ems ( conv5tional signs1 :]e au?ority & n reason decides :at is "r4 ,ari?metic1 also1 consi/s ( absolutely def9ite1 indisputable facts4 ,?us ! facts 9 ! ?ree ,r's & spell+1 :i* make up mo/ ( ! curriculum 9 ! majority ( s*ools = ! e>li] ye>s1 %[ no flexibility :atev]4 ,!y mu/ be le>n$ z fix$ ?+s1 & !y t5d to give ! impression t ! def9it5ess & f9ality belong+ to !m are to be expect$ 9 all subjects4 ,?is impression is /r5g!n$1 too1 r ?an de/roy$1 by ! behavior ( av]age p>5ts4 ,! conditions are1 !re=e1 v favorable = ! developm5t ( snap judgm5ts & fix$ attitudes among *ildr51 unless su* influ5ces are c\nt]act$ by v c>eful tra9+4 ,,specific ,,sugge/ions ,,fob ,,cultivat+ ,a ,,t5tative ,,attitude ,,among ,,bo? ,,*ildr5 ,,& ,,m ,,mature ,,/ud5ts #a4 ,acqua9tance ) a v>iety ( views4 ,univ]sity /ud5ts prep>+ = sup]vision ( in/ruction (t5 obs]ve recitations toge!r1 ) ! object ( discuss+ _! m]its & defects4 ,no matt] h[ c>efully !y may h analyz$ a recitation1 x is int]e/+1 :5 !y come to comp>e conclusions1 to obs]ve h[ _! view-po9ts v>y1 h[ _m ?+s ea* p]son has ov]look$1 & h[ widely _! judgm5ts at fir/ diff]4 ,_m a /ud5t :o has pursu$ su* a c\rse ( /udy has rea*$ ! conviction t no "o p]son is capable ( discov]+ all ! important factors 9 ?irty m9utes ( in/ruction1 & t 8 own conclusions are probably faulty 9 num]\s s]i\s respects4 ,?is impression 9 reg>d to ! fallibility ( individual judgm5t has a :olesome effect on any t5d5cy to be too positive & fix$1 :ile x directly eng5d]s respect = o!r p's op9ions4 ,frequ5t discussion ( que/ions 9 class1 ev5 among y\ng] *ildr51 c h a simil> influ5ce1 z c also ! use ( ref]5ce works & diff]5t texts on a subject4 ,! "y /ud5t %\ld come to reg>d acqua9tance ) v>y+ views z necess>y to ! =mation ( a reliable op9ion on any topic & ( s\nd judgm5t 9 g5]al4 ,t conviction w compel him to keep on ! look\t = new light4 ,says ,john ,/u>t ,mill3 ,! :ole /r5g? & value1 !n1 ( human judgm5t1 dep5d+ on ! "o prop]ty t x c be set "r :5 x is wrong1 reliance c be plac$ on x only :5 ! means ( sett+ x "r are kept con/antly at h&4 ,9 ! case ( any p]son ^: judgm5t is really des]v+ ( confid5ce1 h[ has x become s8 ,because he has kept 8 m9d op5 to criticism ( 8 op9ion & conduct4 ,because x has be5 8 practice to li/5 to all t c\ld be said aga9/ him2 to pr(it by z mu* ( x z 0 j1 & exp\nd to himself1 & on occasion to o!rs1 ! fallacy ( :at 0 fallaci\s4 ,because he has felt t ! only way 9 :i* a human be+ c make "s approa* to kn[+ ! :ole ( a subject1 is by he>+ :at c be said ab\t x by p]sons ( e v>iety ( op9ion1 & /udy+ all modes 9 :i* x c be look$ at by e v>iety ( m9d4 ,no wise man ev] acquir$ 8 wisdom 9 any mode b ?is2 nor is x ! nature ( human intellect to become wise 9 any o!r mann]4 ,footnote3 ,john ,/u>t ,mill4 ,on ,lib]ty1 ,*apt] ,,ii4 #b4 ,sl[ness 9 pass+ judgm5t4 ,a second means by :i* a /ud5t may be kept f too positive & fix$ an attitude is by be+ tra9$ to feel satisfi$ t _m a cle>ly /at$ problem t has aris5 ) him _c be def9itely & f9ally answ]$ at ! pres5t "t1 & p]haps n at all4 ,sl[ness 9 pass+ judgm5t may usually be urg$ ) propriety4 ,ev5 ! m]e attempts to reply to a qu]y %\ld occasionally be *eck$ 9 class :5 x is evid5t t !y are ha/y4 ,"s answ]s %\ld be delay$ ev5 sev]al days1 ! "t mean:ile be+ occupi$ ) ! collection ( data4 ,too _m difficult que/ions are answ]$ at a sitt+1 ) meag] reflection & inve/igation1 z ?\gh f9al answ]s 9 g5]al c\ld be obta9$ easily & quickly4 ,!re are "s problems also t %\ld n be answ]$ at all2 n because !y are n valuable1 b because _! solutions _c yet be und]/ood by ! /ud5t1 or are z yet impossible4 ,! consci\sness t k is too difficult1 or is positively want+ "h & !re1 de/roys ov]confid5ce 9 ! complet5ess ( "o's atta9m5ts & awak5s ! ne$ ( fur!r /udy4 ,"o ( ! pr9cipal values ( _m a recitation1 9 any grade ( "w1 %\ld consi/ 9 ! unsolv$ problems t h be5 word$4 #c4 ,cultivation ( sympa?y4 ,a good measure ( k9dly feel+ 9 "o's make-up is1 p]haps1 ! greate/ s+le rem$y aga9/ a too /atic condition ( ideas4 ,feel+ seems to h a d\ble function 9 mak+ "o op5 & pla/ic4 ,a k9dly attitude t[>d new ideas is necess>y be=e !y c be view$ long en\gh to h _! value te/$4 ,we mu/ be positively fri5dly1 or will+ to see wor?1 be=e we c see x4 ,sympa?y ?us secures a he>+ = new ideas4 ,x 0 because ! ,jews lack$ ?is feel+ & consequ5t will+ness1 t ,jesus condemn$ !m = see+ n1 ?\gh !y _h eyes1 & = he>+ n1 ?\gh !y _h e>s4 ,feel+ is also a condition ( ! appreciation ( new ?\ght aft] x has once secur$ a he>+4 ,by a sort ( intuition ! significance ( a fact is (t5 felt long be=e ! intellect has furni%$ pro( ( its value1 ! p[] ( feel+ supply+ motive 9 ?is way = ! intellect to d its "w4 ,&1 aga91 until ! conclusions =m$ by ! intellect h rea*$ ! feel+s1 !y ex]t little influ5ce ^u "o's ways ( ?9k+ & act+4 ,cold s]mons h little effect on mo/ p]sons1 ev5 ?\gh1 _! logic =ces ass5t to !m4 ,appreciation ( wor? ?us greatly dep5ds ^u "o's capacity ( feel+4 ,consid]able w>m? ( he>t or mell[ness ( nature due to sympa?y is1 !re=e1 an important factor 9 r5d]+ "o will+ to li/5 to new ideas & to be influ5c$ by !m4 ,)\t mu* feel+1 a man is likely to be n>r[ & unyield+4 ,gradgr9d1 9 ,dick5s's ,h>d ,times1 is a %9+ example ( ?is type4 ,9 8 excessive devotion to h>d facts 8 emotional nature atrophi$1 until ! _m valuable cues or sugge/ions ab\t ! conduct ( 8 bus9ess & ! tra9+ ( 8 *ildr5 t a k9dli] nature w\ld h caught f ! ev5ts occurr+ ab\t him1 fail$ to affect him1 & on t acc\nt he w5t to sma%4 ,he admirably illu/rates 9 a negative way ,c>lyle's /rik+ /atem5t t nev] wise head yet 0 )\t w>m he>t1 & he ?r[s light on ! pr(\ndness ( ,sa9t ,paul's mean+ :5 he said1 ,love is444nev] conceit$444b has full sympa?y ) tru?4 ,)\t an abundance ( affection a man is self-c5t]$1 a selfi% ari/ocrat4 ,sympa?y or love all[s ! ideas ( o!rs to be lift$ to a plane on a level ) 8 own & ?us helps greatly t[>d 8 tol]ance & receptiv5ess4 ,x is true t ! sci5ti/ urges ! elim9ation ( all p]sonal feel+ 9 8 inve/igations4 ,he wants to be z purely intellectual z possible1 9 ord] to see ?+s z !y are1 :ile p]sonal bias t5ds to color facts & to t ext5t to vitiate !m4 ,x is *iefly1 h[ev]1 prejudice ( all sorts 9 te/+ & judg+ tru? t he is anxi\s to avoid1 r ?an any feel+ ( unalloy$ int]e/ 9 x4 ,a c]ta9 w>m? ( feel+ is necess>y = its compreh5sion z well z its evaluation4 ,! biologi/1 = in/ance1 mu/ be 9 close sympa?y ) birds 9 ord] to und]/& !m1 j z a "m mu/ be 9 close sympa?y ) h] *ild 9 ord] to und]/& him4 ,x w\ld sc>cely be wor? :ile to include ^! ?\ghts 7 we n able to pres]ve & increase our capacity ( feel+1 9 k9d & degree1 j z we c pres]ve & increase our k4 ,x is p>tly ) ?is object t we h s broad a curriculum1 ev5 9 ! prim>y s*ool1 includ+ music1 pa9t+1 & lit]ature1 z well z o!r subjects4 ,lit]ature c]ta9ly possesses great value = develop+ broad sympa?y2 x is at lea/ a "q if lit]>y m5 d n exhibit less prejudice t[>d new ideas ?an sci5ti/s1 al?\gh s mu* emphasis is plac$ ^u induction1 & judgm5t accord+ to evid5ce1 9 ! tra9+ ( ! latt] t !y might be expect$ to be especially op5-m9d$4 ,9 addition to broad /udy1 we c take pa9s n to /udy too mu*1 t is1 n s mu* z to cr[d out ! emotional life4 ,insight is only "o ( sev]al l>ge factors 9 a good education1 & ! ambiti\s /ud5t is always 9 dang] ( becom+ too exclusively intellectual = ! highe/ s*ol>%ip4 ,! true relation ( insight to feel+ is well illu/rat$ 9 ,l9coln's life1 :5 9 ! mid/ ( ! mo/ s]i\s & press+ problems he took "t = je/+ & humor\s tales4 ,9 spite ( condemnation by 8 subord9ates = levity1 he _h excell5t gr\nds = su* conduct2 = n only 0 relaxation secur$ 9 ?is mann]--:i* 0 important en\gh--b 8 own natural w>m? ( sympa?y 0 also re/or$1 :i* 0 ( greate/ value 9 weigh+ ! wor? ( sugge/ions & ev5ts4 ,humor is an important aid to any s]i\s p]son 9 pres]v+ balance2 a good laugh re/ores p]spective4 ,:ile x is ! duty ( ! m mature /ud5t to cultivate = himself a _m-sid$ emotional life1 ev5 at ! exp5se ( "s k1 x is ! duty ( tea*]s ( *ildr5 9 p>ticul> to give !m mat]ial help 9 ?is direction4 ,!re are few s*ools t d n emphasize le>n+ to ! neglect ( feel+4 ,! tea*] c help fir/ ( all by avoid+ sett+ a coldly intellectual example4 ,9 addition %e c /udy ! conduct ( *ildr5 ) ! object ( correct+ _! n>r[ness4 ,_m a *ild :o isolates himself f conv]sation & play at recess is gr[+ "o-sid$1 :e!r he sp5ds ! "t 9 do+ no?+ or 9 /udy+4 ,he %\ld be influ5c$ to enjoy play & social life1 j z he %\ld be influ5c$ to /udy1 & x is ! tea*]'s task to s+le out su* cases & re/ore !m to _! normal condition4 #d4 ,subord9ation ( au?ority to reason4 ,"y p c le>n to di/+ui% betwe5 au?ority on ! "o h& & evid5ce or reason on ! o!r1 & to subord9ate ! =m] to ! latt]1 ?us all[+ conclusions to be bas$ *iefly on facts r ?an on p]sons4 ,! ass]tion ( au?ority ov] *ildr51 requir+ bl9d ob$i5ce on _! "p 9 matt]s ( discipl9e1 is v common4 ,simil> ass]tion ( au?ority ov] bo? *ildr5 & adults 9 intellectual matt]s is also common4 ,! au?ority ( cu/om1 = in/ance1 z repres5t$ 9 ! tea*]1 is dom9ant 9 beg9n+ read+1 writ+1 spell+1 & 9 language 9 g5]al4 ,9 _m advanc$ subjects1 also1 /ud5ts are accu/om$ to accept _m /atem5ts z true simply because ! in/ructors decl>e !m to be4 7#a7 ,! two bases ( conclusions4 ,"s subjects1 h[ev]1 to a peculi> degree elim9ate au?ority1 bas+ conclusions ma9ly on reason4 ,ma!matics af=ds an example4 ,p]sonal au?ority s9ks s completely out ( sight "h t ev5 a *ild c d>e sometimes to correct ! tea*]4 ,:ile ! majority ( /udies lie betwe5 ! extremes repres5t$ by lit]ature & ma!matics1 x is safe to say t conclusions g5]ally c be bas$ ^u reasons t are fairly )9 ! und]/&+ & ! rea* ( "y p1 if x seems desirable4 7#b7 ,inf]iority ( au?ority to reason4 ,bl9d ob$i5ce is ( d\btful value 9 ! discipl9e ( *ildr51 because x is s un9tellig5t2 x is well call$ bl9d4 ,bl9d submission to au?ority 9 intellectual matt]s1 on ! "p ( ei!r *ildr5 or adults1 is no less objectionable4 ,x is n any p]son's m]e ass]tion t makes a ?+ true1 b evid5ce ( "s sort2 & evid5ce is likewise usually necess>y to make x int]e/+ & compreh5sible4 ,! artificiality ( ! au?ority ( a tea*] z ! ma9 support = conclusions is pla9ly se5 9 ! fact t !re is no sub/itute = x outside ( & aft] s*ool & college4 ,its evil influ5ce is also evid5t f ! fact t p]sons accu/om$ to rely mu* ^u x easily come to ov]look evid5ce to ! ext5t ( bl9dly jump+ to conclusions4 ,&1 hav+ =m$ _! op9ions indep5d5tly ( reason1 !y _c be easily influ5c$2 = an attitude t has n be5 rea*$ rationally is n likely to be modifi$ rationally4 ,submission to au?ority easily ends 9 ! mo/ extreme dogmatism4 7#c7 ,! t5d5cy ( au?ority to usurp ! place ( reason4 ,!re is a /rong t5d5cy1 h[ev]1 = au?ority to usurp ! place ( reason4 ,9 p5man%ip1 = example1 ! tea*] (t5 dictates ! prop] position ( ! body1 in/ead ( acqua9t+ ! *ild ) ! reasons = x4 ,! rules = composition are usually dogmatically pres5t$1 9 spite ( ! fact t !re are pla9 reasons back ( mo/ ( !m4 ,if1 = in/ance1 a s5t5ce did n beg9 ) "s l>ge m>k1 su* z a capital1 & end ) "s o!r pla9ly se5 m>k1 x w\ld be difficult to di/+ui% "o s5t5ce f ano!r1 s z to read4 ,/atem5ts 9 geography 7 long bas$ on au?ority1 l ^? 9 gramm>2 9 fact1 only v rec5tly has ! causal idea become prom95t 9 geography4 ,high-s*ool /ud5ts ( physics v g5]ally want to "k :at ! tea*] wi%es !m to see 9 an exp]im5t be=e feel+ sure :at !y d see2 & college /ud5ts ( politics1 r ?an dep5d ^u ! evid5ce itself1 are incl9$ to le>n ! political views ( _! pr(essors z ! means ( f9d+ out :at !y !mselves ?9k4 ,!re are good reasons = ?is t5d5cy to base conclusions ^u au?ority4 ,x takes mu* m k ( a subject & mu* great] skill 9 its pres5tation to make ! reasons = facts cle>4 ,fur!rmore1 x requires a good degree ( en]gy & moral c\rage on ! "p ( tea*]s to decl9e ! complim5t t "y p conf] ^u !m 9 pref]r+ to tru/ !m r ?an evid5ce2 & x also requires a good degree ( en]gy on ! "p ( /ud5ts to rely ^u _! own /udy ( facts4 ,x is n surpris+1 !re=e1 if ! av]age tea*] makes himself ! ma9 au?ority = ! /atem5ts t he makes 9 class1 & if ! av]age /ud5t readily accepts 8 au?ority4 ,t is ! easi] way to get ?r\gh a day4 7#d7 ,h[ ?is t5d5cy may be combat$4 ,z ! fir/ /ep 9 combat+ ?is t5d5cy1 bo? tea*]s & /ud5ts mu/ decide h[ highly !y value a sci5tific me?od ( arriv+ at conclusions4 ,h]et(ore our int]e/ 9 conclusions z valuable in=mation has be5 s great t ! me?od ( rea*+ !m has be5 neglect$2 x matt]$ little h[ mu* prejudice or bl9d acceptance ( au?ority 0 connect$ ) !m1 s long z !y 7 und]/ood & rememb]$4 ,if su* neglect has be5 wrong1 & if a habit ( bas+ op9ions on c>efully select$ facts is approximately z important z k itself1--z is probably true1--!n we h f\nd suffici5t motive = s]i\s ef=t t[>d re=m4 ,! next /ep is to make ! words premises1 evid5ce1 pro(1 z prom95t 9 /udy z ! ^w conclusions4 ,9 reason+1 says ex- ,presid5t ,eliot1 ! selection ( ! premises is ! all-important "p ( ! process4444,! ma9 reason = ! pa9fully sl[ progress ( ! human race is to be f\nd 9 ! inability ( ! great mass ( p to e/abli% correctly ! premises ( an argum5t4444,e s*ool ought to give direct in/ruction 9 fact- det]m9+ & tru?-seek+2 & ! difficulties ( ^! processes ought to be pla9ly & incessantly po9t$ out4 ,footnote3 ,atlantic ,mon?ly1 ,! ,s*ool1 ,novemb]1 #aijc1 p4 #ehd4 ,"s college /udies1 z physics1 = in/ance1 might be taught prim>ily = ! sake ( me?od r ?an subject-matt]1 & all college subjects1 s f> z possible1 %\ld emphasize ! value ( ! "r me?od ( /udy4 ,b sci5tifically tra9$ college /ud5ts1 ) _! snap judgm5ts 9 fields outside ( _! specialties1 give conv9c+ pro( t emphasis on me?od 9 "o or a few /udies tak5 up s late 9 life _c inculcate ! g5]al habit ( m9d desir$4 ,su* tra9+ mu/ beg9 mu* e>li]1 mu/ 9 fact ext5d ?r\gh\t ! :ole p]iod ( /udy1 z ,dr4 ,eliot sugge/s4 ,tea*]s 9 ! elem5t>y s*ool 9 p>ticul> mu/ assume responsibility = develop+ a sci5tific habit ( ?9k+1 j z !y assume responsibility = correct spee*1 & mu/ insi/ ^u ! "o 9 e subject z !y d ^u ! o!r4 #e4 ,! ref]r+ ( disagreem5ts ( view to l>ge facts or pr9ciples4 ,! t5d5cy to dogmatize c be fur!r ov]come if disagreem5ts ( view are habitually ref]r$ = decision to l>ge facts or pr9ciples4 ,suppose t a dispute has aris5 z to :5 phonics %\ld be introduc$ 9 beg9n+ read+1 & h[ prom95t x %\ld be made4 ,a1 wi%+ to tea* *ildr5 to read z soon & z rapidly z possible1 w\ld drill ^u li/s ( phonetic words & ^u s5t5ces compos$ only ( su* words1 no matt] h[ artificial !y might be4 ,b1 consid]+ o!r ?+s m important 9 beg9n+ s*ool life ?an le>n+ to read1 /rongly opposes any ext5sive & sy/ematic use ( phonics4 ,reit]ation ( views1 & ev5 ! cu/om>y pro(s ( success by trial1 may avail no?+4 ,b reit]ation may lead to d]ogatory rem>ks1 :5 ea* becomes impress$ ) ! /ubbornness & meanness ( ! o!r4 ,suppose1 h[ev]1 t ,b1 rememb]+ t details ( me?od are det]m9$ by l>ge pr9ciples1 runs back to 8 l>ge/ controll+ idea 9 beg9n+ read+1 ! ne$ ( live m9ds or ( lively ?\ght on ! "p ( ! *ildr54 ,suppose t he %[s t ext5sive use ( phonics dur+ ! fir/ ye> ( s*ool means ! use ( words )\t mean+1 a t5d5cy t is m>k$ 9 pray]s & greet+s & t has to be actively combat$ ?r\gh\t s*ool & college life4 ,suppose t he %[s1 fur!r1 t ! ma9 progress ( ! be/ prim]s & read]s 9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s has be5 9 opposition to ?is t5d5cy & 9 ! direction ( int]e/+ ?\ght1 & t good expression ( ?\ght r ?an ! m]e pron\nc+ ( words is ! *ief elem5t 9 good read+4 ,a l>ge pr9ciple ?us br\ght to be> is likely to accompli% "o ( ?ree ?+s3 7a7 x may lead to full agreem5t2 7b7 or x may itself be agre$ ^u1 :ile ! details are /ill objects ( dispute4 ,b 9 t case ! l>ge ?\ght1 hav+ put ! details 9 prop] p]spective1 prev5ts unpleasant conflict by reveal+ _! comp>ative littl5ess4 ,also1 agreem5t on ! l>ge po9t conv9ces ea* disputant ( ! o!r's p>tial sanity1 at lea/1 & ?us pres]ves h>mony2 7c7 or1 f9ally1 ! pr9ciple itself may become an object ( dispute4 ,ev5 !n ! l>g5ess ( ! idea places ! discussion on a high plane1 & ! disputants1 impress$ ) ! dignifi$1 imp]sonal "* ( ! ?\ght1 are dis9cl9$ to p]sonalities4 ,?is value ( a pr9ciple is (t5 illu/rat$ 9 ! "w ( criticis+ "y tea*]s4 ,let ! critic condemn ) au?ority "o feature ( a recitation aft] ano!r1 mak+ free use ( ! pron\n ,i1 & ! "y tea*] criticis$ is likely to gl>e at him 9 ris+ wra?4 ,b let ! critic omit ! %[ ( au?ority entirely1 ev5 ! use ( ,i1 m]ely (f]+ ! reasons = c]ta9 objections1 p>ticul>ly "s broad pr9ciple ( me?od ^: relation to ! matt] 9 h& is p]fectly pla91 & h>mony is almo/ b\nd to prevail1 no matt] h[ complete ! condemnation may be4 ,?us p w be> ) "o ano!r1 ei!r agree+ or agree+ to disagree1 s long z discussions c5t] ab\t pr9ciples2 b )\t ?is condition intol]ance & ill feel+ easily manife/ !mselves4 #f4 ,! delay+ ( judgm5t till ! evid5ce has be5 consid]$4 ,hav+ grant$ ! ne$ ( rely+ on reasons1 & l>ge ones1 r ?an on au?ority1 ! habit c be inculcat$ ( delay+ judgm5t until ! evid5ce has be5 consid]$4 ,x might seem sup]flu\s to add ?is sugge/ion1 did x n frequ5tly happ5 t p get ! c>t be=e ! horse 9 ?is mann]4 ,= example1 x is common = debat]s to *oose sides z soon z a "q is agre$ ^u1 & to d _! /udy+ aft]w>d4 ,!n1 hav+ committ$ !mselves to "o side1 !y /udy & argue 9 ord] to w9 r ?an to get light4 ,x be+ reg>d$ z ridicul\s = p>tisans to be on bo? sides ( a "q at once1--ev5 ?\gh "o's convictions (t5 place "o !re1--!y ignore /rong oppos+ argum5ts1 bol/] up _! own weak ass]tions by flu5cy ( spee* & a bold mann]1 & try to sub/itute witticisms = ?\ght1 :5 ?\ght is lack+4 ,:ile su* ef=ts increase k1 !y pit p]sonality aga9/ p]sonality 9 su* a way t ! ego r ?an tru? becomes ! ma9 object ( int]e/1 & on t acc\nt _! influ5ce z a :ole is extremely injuri\s4 ,t k9d ( discussion is n hone/1 & its _s is f> remov$ f t ( ! true sci5ti/4 ,"y p %\ld avoid tak+ sides1 at lea/ at ! beg9n+ ( _! /udy ( a problem1 & probably discussion %\ld take ! place ( debat+4 ,at any rate1 ! s+le po9t1 r ?an ! :ole "q1 might =m ! unit ( debate4 ,!y %\ld be taught to argue on bo? sides ( a "q1 accord+ to belief1 j z frank p]sons d 9 conv]sation1 to recognize ! /r5g? ( oppos+ argum5ts1 & to confess _! own weak po9ts4 ,!n !y w\ld be mak+ tru? _! aim1 r ?an victory4 ,su* discussions are mu* m typical ( life ?an ord9>y debates2 & if ! latt] seem necess>y z a prep>ation = "s pr(essions--:i* is deplorable1 if true--"o %\ld wait to acquire su* ability until pr(essional tra9+ beg9s4 #g4 ,avoidance ( too positive =ms ( spee*4 ,aside f debates1 p are (t5 tempt$ to commit !mselves too positively 9 reg>d to facts by too positive =ms ( spee*4 ,we s (t5 he> ,i "k 9 place ( ,i suspect or ,i surmise2 & ! speak]1 hav+ committ$ himself almo/ be=e he kn[s x1 repeats ! ass]tion to make himself m sure1 mean:ile wond]+ h[ sure he is4 ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 speaks 9 8 autobiography ( hav+ acquir$ ! habit ( express+ himself 9 t]ms ( mode/ diffid5ce1 nev] us+1 he says1 :5 ,i advance any?+ t may possibly be disput$1 ! words c]ta9ly1 und\bt$ly1 or any o!rs t give ! air ( positiv5ess to an op9ion2 b r say1 ',i conceive or appreh5d a ?+ to be s-or-s'2 ',x appe>s to me1' or ',i %\ld n ?9k x s-or-s1 = su*-&-su* reasons'2 or ',i imag9e x to be s'2 or ',x is s1 if ,i am n mi/ak54' ,?is habit1 ,i believe1 has be5 ( great advantage to me1 :5 ,i h _h occasion to inculcate my op9ions1 & p]suade m5 into measures t ,i h be5 f "t to "t engag$ 9 promot+4 ,&1 z ! *ief ends ( conv]sation are to in=m or be in=m$1 to please or p]suade1 ,i wi% well-mean+ & s5sible m5 w\ld n less5 _! p[] ( do+ good by a positive1 assum+ mann]1 t seldom fails to disgu/1 t5ds to create opposition1 & to defeat mo/ ( ^? purposes = :i* spee* 0 giv5 to u4 ,footnote3,autobiography1 p4 #ba1 ( edition ( ,cassell ,co4 ,frankl9 is "h consid]+ intemp]ate =ms ( spee* f ! po9t ( view ( o!rs4 ,b !y h a correspond+ bad effect on ! speak]1 mak+ him m dogmatic ! m he indulges 9 !m1 until he loses ! p[] to be tol]ant ( o!r p]sons4 ,discussion & conv]sation %\ld be consci5ti\sly utiliz$ by ! /ud5t = ! practice ( intellectual hone/y1 ( s9c]ity ) himself1 = su* s9c]ity lies at ! v f\ndation ( true s*ol>%ip4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,provision ,,= ,,individuality1 ,,z ,,an ,,eigh? ,,factor ,,9 ,,/udy ,! *ange 9 appreciation ( ! self4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 p seem$ to take pride 9 self- depreciation4 ,believ+ 9 total depravity1 !y 7 suspici\s ( all natural t5d5cies1 & ! cru%+ out ( /rong desires seem$ no evil4 ,ob$i5ce to ,ano!r's w 0 ! "o supreme virtue1 & ! kill+ ( human nature1 ! annihilation ( self1 0 ! condition ( its atta9m5t4 ,footnote3 ,see ,john ,/u>t ,mill1 ,on ,lib]ty1 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,b ! wat*words ( mod]n education--self-activity1 self- expression1 self-developm5t1 self-reliance1 self-control--indicate a v diff]5t attitude n[4 ,! emphasis "h plac$ on self recognizes x z ! c5t] ( virtue2 & ! suffixes1 activity1 expression1 etc41 decl>e ! unfold+ ( in/9cts & o!r native p[]s1 up to ! po9t ( indep5d5ce1 to be a great desid]atum 9 education4 ,^! wat*words signify t ! con/itution ( an infant1 l t ( a "y plant1 fixes a c]ta9 goal )9 broad limits = x to rea*1 ! n>r[] limits be+ left to be det]m9$ by social ideals4 ,!y signify fur!r t ?is goal c be rea*$ only by ! unfold+ ( inn] p[]s1 & t ! purpose ( ! educator1 l t ( ! g>d5]1 is n to create b m]ely to furni% ! food & environm5t mo/ favorable to gr[?4 ,9 brief1 ! object ( education mu/ be atta9$ by quick5+ to ! utmo/1 r ?an by annihilat+1 ! self4 ,?is conception holds good1 too1 = e human be+1 9 spite ( ! inf9ite v>iety ( individuals4 ,=1 accord+ to ! doctr9e ( int]e/1 :i* is a t]m ultimately relat$ to ^! o!r t]ms & equally emphasiz$ ) !m1 only t spiritual food c be expect$ to be truly assimilat$ by any p]son :i* appeals to 8 peculi> nature2 all else fails ( real n\ri%m5t1 no matt] h[ mu* drill may be giv5 to x4 ,?us ! sov]eignty ( e individual is recogniz$4 ,psy*ologically speak+1 !re are no sa9ts among u to set ! /&>d = o!rs4 ,ea* p]son is wor?y ( ex]cis+ 8 own *oice1 ( hav+ 8 own way2 inde$1 he mu/ ex]cise ?is privilege if he is to act rightly4 ,causes ( ?is *ange4 ,:at respect we h come to h = ourselves6 ,h we1 !n1 put (f corruption & become p]fect8 ,& is ! mill5nium at h&8 ,f> f x4 ,we h m]ely discov]$ ! me?od by :i* we c become good2 &1 /at$ briefly1 x is t e "o mu/ be true to himself1 or mu/ be himself4 ,x is n /range t1 9 ?is age ( sci5tific inve/igation1 we h come to "k m ab\t our own natures ?an we did two hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,& ! k ga9$ t\*es two great que/ions3 fir/1 ! orig9al "* ( ! infant m9d2 & second1 its me?od ( advance4 ,z to ! =m]1 we are n[ conv9c$ t ! *ild is orig9ally end[$ ) c]ta9 impulses & in/9cts1 or ) c]ta9 in/9ctive t5d5cies1 su* z fe>1 love1 curiosity1 imitation1 pride1 con/ructiv5ess1 appreciation ( beauty1 & conv]sational p[]1 ,footnote3 ,see ,james1 ,talks to ,tea*]s1 ,*apt] ,,vii2 also ,dewey1 ,s*ool & ,society1 ,*apt] ,,ii4 & t ^! con/itute ! f\ndation or />t+ po9t = all educational endeavor4 ,z to ! latt]1 progress takes place by ! unfold+ ( ^! in/9ctive t5d5cies1 by _! developm5t r ?an by _! repression4 ,fur!r ?an t1 s9ce ev]ybody is unlike ev]ybody else 9 8 native impulses1 & s9ce 8 environm5t likewise v>ies1 e p]son mu/ expect to diff] f all o!rs1 m or less1 9 k1 desires1 & actions4 ,corruption may be z common z =m]ly1 p]haps m s1 requir+ m vigor\s re/rictions ?an ev]2 b ! prop] way = any "o to advance is to use ! peculi> tal5ts = good ) :i* nature has end[$ him1 9 ! peculi> way fitt+ to himself4 ,he may n d ev]y?+ he likes2 b :atev] he does d mu/ be an outgr[? ( 8 own pa/1 9 h>mony ) himself & !re=e an expression ( himself1 if x is to prove effective4 ,! value ( individuality 9 ,engli% composition4 ,?is tru? is (t5 illu/rat$ 9 ! gov]nm5t ( *ildr54 ,a "y tea*] :o attempts to gov]n a class 9 j ! same way z ! pr9cipal does x1 ?us rely+ ^u imitation1 is doom$ to failure4 ,pupils quickly detect ! lack ( native =ce1 ( g5u95ess1 9 su* a tea*]1 & lose respect on t acc\nt4 ,b ! vital "* ( ?is ?\ght is be/ illu/rat$ 9 ,engli% composition4 ,x has long be5 recogniz$ t m]it 9 t field is pres5t to ! ext5t t "o gives expression to "o's own ideas1 & is lack+ to ! ext5t t ! ideas are borr[$4 ,:atev] is to be fre% & valuable mu/ be> ! peculi> /amp ( ! au?or pres5t+ x4 ,! reason = ?is is t only ?r\gh self-expression is a natural product obta9$4 ,s long z ,i am consci\sly imitat+ ano!r1 or am unconsci\sly s w>p$ by him z to ignore my own nature & exp]i5ce1 ,i am s\nd+ a false note4 ,:at ano!r ?9ks1 no matt] h[ good x may be1 _c prop]ly repres5t me1 & com+ f me z m9e1 ! want ( h>mony injures4 ,i am 9 t case m]ely pret5d+1 & ! outcome is faulty because x is a %am4 ,i might mu* bett] give expression to my own ideas1 rememb]+ ,w5dell ,phillips's ass]tion t any man :o is ?or\ghly int]e/$ 9 himself is int]e/+ to o!r p4 ,real int]e/ 9 self 7:i* is a v diff]5t ?+ f egotism7 implies hone/y ) self & consequ5t fre$om f subjection to ano!r4 ,!n naturalness1 :i* bord]s closely on orig9ality & is ! fir/ gu>antee ( excell5ce1 is assur$4 ,naturalness is assur$1 too1 9 my expression ( o!r p's ideas1 provid$ ^! h become my own prop]ty by "r ( true assimilation4 ,9 t case !y h receiv$ my own /amp1 s t ,i am /ill (f]+ some?+ at fir/ h&4 ,! virility ( ev5 ?is k9d ( ?\ght is well illu/rat$ 9 ! foll[+ composition by a twelve-ye>-old boy3-- ,! ,*9ese & ,japanese may look alike 9 appe>ance2 b !y are n "o bit alike4 ,once ^u a "t !y bo? 7 ! mo/ civiliz$ p 9 ! _w4 ,!n ,confucius came 9 & told !m t !y %\ld le>n no m & d exactly :at _! ance/ors did4 ,bo? c\ntries believ$ 9 ?is = a long "t4 ,!n ! ,unit$ ,/ates butt$ 9 & told !m ( _! dang]2 !y said t !y 7 go+ backw>d in/ead ( =w>d1 & w\ld be conqu]$ by ano!r nation if !y did n pick up4 ,! ,*9ese w\ld n li/5 to ?is & said ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h no "r to int]f]e4 ,b ,japan ?\ght !re 0 "s tru? 9 ?is1 & s ! ,unit$ ,/ates s5t ov] ma*9es1 built factories1 laid railroad tracks1 etc4 ,! result is t ,japan is w9n+ ! w> %e is fight+ ) ,russia4 ,h[ composition typifies life 9 g5]al4 ,engli% composition is p]haps ! be/ s+le te/ ( ! g5]al heal?fulness ( s*ool in/ruction1 & x typifies life 9 g5]al4 ,! pret5d$ appreciation ( an au?or1 an affect$ mann]1 ins9c]ity 9 ! pr(ession ( fri5d%ip & religion1 any?+ t admits a deceitful1 artificial elem5t is p]nici\s 9 composition z well z 9 life4 ,:atev] is good mu/ be true4 ,9 consequ5ce1 no matt] h[ ext5sively p]sons diff] f "o ano!r1 ! fir/ ess5tial to ! highe/ effici5cy ( ea* is fidelity to 8 own nature4 ,we he> a great deal ab\t self-made m51 m5 :o h wre/$ success f a /ubborn _w )\t ! help ( ! s*ools4 ,!y are examples ( ^? :o are guid$ f )9 r ?an f )\t4 ,b e man1 s f> z he is a man1 is self-made4 ,he has _h to use 8 own obs]vation to see2 8 own reason & judgm5t to =esee2 8 own discrim9ation to decide2 & 8 own firmness to /& by 8 decisions4 ,footnote3 ,see ,john ,/u>t ,mill1 ,on ,lib]ty1 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,8 adaptation to 8 environm5t has be5 self-accompli%$1 & ! fir/ condition ( its success has be5 a noble self-respect4 ,tru/ 9 self is a pr]equisite to ability to d1--we mu/ believe t we c1 be=e we c1--& ob$i5ce to inn] prompt+s is a necess>y antec$5t to su* tru/4 ,x 0 true wisdom t l$ ,polonius to close 8 bless+ on ,la]tes ) ! advice1 ,?is above all3 ,to ?9e own self be true2 & x mu/ foll[1 z ! night ! day1 ?\ can/ n !n be false to any man4 ,"* itself is deeply involv$4 ,z ,mill says3 ,a p]son ^: desires & impulses are 8 own--are ! expression ( 8 own nature1 z x has be5 develop$ & modifi$ by 8 own culture--is said to h "*4 ,"o ^: desires & impulses are n 8 own1 has no "*1 no m ?an a /eam eng9e has a "*4 ,footnote3 ,ibid4 ,necessity ( accept+ ! self z x is4 ,accord+ly1 x behooves e "o to accept himself z he is4 ,no d\bt e "o at times becomes dissatisfi$ ) himself ev5 to ! po9t ( despair4 ,feel+ 8 own weakness1 & see+ ! _m sup]ior qualities ( p]sons ab\t him1 he ?9ks h[ mu* m successful he might be if only he 7 "s o!r p]son1 & envy takes possession ( him4 ,b !re is a "t 9 e man's education1 says ,em]son1 :5 he arrives at ! conviction t envy is ignorance2 t imitation is suicide2 t he mu/ take himself = bett] = worse z 8 portion2 t1 ?\gh ! wide univ]se is full ( good1 no k]nel ( n\ri%+ corn c come to him b ?r\gh 8 toil be/[$ on t plot ( gr\nd 7himself7 :i* is giv5 to him to till4 ,footnote3 ,em]son1 essay on ,self-reliance4 ,& ?is conviction mu/ n be accompani$ ) self-reproa*4 ,any "o :o habitually feels a%am$ ( himself is %orn ( p[] to d 8 prop] "w 9 ! _w4 ,! nature & rightfulness ( ! desir$ cont5tm5t ) self & ( prop] self-confid5ce are sugge/$ by ,em]son 9 ! words3 ,:at pretty oracles nature yields u on ?is text 9 ! face & behavior ( *ildr51 babes1 & ev5 brutes4444,_! m9d be+ :ole1 _! eye is z yet unconqu]$1 & :5 we look 9 _! faces1 we are disconc]t$4 ,infancy con=ms to nobody2 all con=m to x2 s t "o babe commonly makes f\r or five out ( ! adults :o prattle & play to x4 ,s ,god has arm$ y\? & pub]ty & manhood no less ) its own piquancy & *>m1 & made x enviable & graci\s & its claims n to be put by1 if x w /& by itself4444,! non*alance ( boys :o are sure ( a d9n] & w\ld disda91 z mu* z a "l1 to d or say aught to conciliate "o1 is ! heal?y attitude ( human nature4 ,footnote3 ,ibid4 ,is su* individuality conducive to social coop]ation8 ,b are su* unconqu]$1 unconciliatory m9ds desirable :]e social coop]ation is a necessity1 z 9 pres5t society8 ,are n ^? p]sons pref]able z citiz5s :o readily put by _! claims & con=m8 ,n by any means6 ,x might be t wisdom w\ld decl>e ! suppos$ claim unf\nd$1 & t en]gy to combat x1 r ?an will+ness to con=m to x1 is want$4 ,?\gh yield+ is (t5 a virtue1 un9tellig5t con=mity is weakness4 ,intellig5t & vigor\s reaction ( ! individual aga9/ all claims = con=mity1 suffici5t to judge !m1 is a pr]equisite ev5 to actual con=mity1 & x is only a well-develop$ individuality t is capable ( su* reaction4 ,ev5 milit>y discipl9e1 :i* repres5ts ! extreme 9 its dem& = slavi% mass action1 greatly values individual indep5d5ce4 ,soldi]s (t5 become isolat$ f _! sup]iors 9 ! mid/ ( combat1 & are left to act on _! own initiative1 sometimes decid+ ! fate ( battles by _! res\rcefulness4 ,x is p>tly appreciation ( ! wor? ( individuality 9 all walks ( life t has spurr$ ! ,european nations to educate ! masses 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,ord9>y social life makes a con/ant dem& = individual judgm5t & self-reliance4 ,a high av]age ( ability & "* is requir$ = ! ma9t5ance ( our democratic society2 b t av]age c be atta9$ only :5 ! p]sons :o compose society individually atta9 t av]age1 t is1 :5 _! individuality is highly develop$4 ,:y x is necess>y to emphasize ! importance ( individuality "h4 ,summ>iz+ ! prec$+ discussion1 we see t ! ideal man is n "o :o is afraid1 a%am$1 & s]vile1 b "o :o believes 9 himself & d>es realize himself r ?an imitate o!rs1 "o1 9 %ort1 :o lives naturally & hone/ly4 ,he possesses a p]sonality comm&+ en\gh to produce self-respect1 & an individuality bold en\gh to m>k 8 ?\ghts & actions z 8 own4 ,:y is x necess>y to emphasize ?is matt] s mu*1 p>ticul>ly ) ref]5ce to "y p8 ,9 our c\ntry1 :]e ! *ildr5 are s (t5 *>g$ ) ov]boldness1 & :]e comm]cial individualism s]i\sly ?reat5s society1 is !re real dang] t ! intellectual self may be neglect$ & t individuality may consequ5tly be lack+8 #a4 ,vigor ( ! reaction requir$ 9 prop] /udy4 ,rememb]+ t me?od ( /udy is our !me1 let u fir/ recall ! degree ( vigor necess>y 9 provid+ = ! elem5ts ( /udy t h be5 nam$4 ,!n let u consid] "s ( ! ways 9 :i* /ud5ts %[ unnaturalness & a t5d5cy t[>d self-suppression4 ,a p]son mu/ /& some:at firmly ^u 8 own feet 9 ord] to set up = himself su* specific aims1 z guides = /udy1 z h be5 urg$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,! supplem5t+ ( an au?or's /atem5ts is n s difficult1 al?\gh "o mu/ be able to see ar\nd & beyond him1 9 ord] to realize :at additions are advisable4 ,! appreciation ( relative wor?s1 p>ticul>ly ! recognition ( ! organiz+ ideas 9 ! treatm5t ( a subject1 is a task t requires a high degree ( self-reliance4 ,judg+ ( ! s\ndness & g5]al wor? ( ?\ghts is c]ta9ly n any easi]4 ,any "o c memorize2 b to memorize 9 ! prop] way requires all ! ability j ref]r$ to4 ,! us+ ( k1 involv+ ! selection ( ! m promis+ "p & its application until x becomes a "p ( ! self & ev5 habitual1 is impossible )\t a high degree ( m5tal vigor4 ,f9ally1 ! precautions to be tak5 9 ord] to pres]ve a tol]ant attitude presuppose a p]sonality mov$ by purposes f> high] ?an ^? ( ! av]age p]son4 ,altoge!r1 !re=e1 prop] /udy is impossible )\t a self t is en]getic & firm4 ,x %\ld be not$1 too1 h[ little ! m]e quantity ( k t "o has happ5$ to collect c\nts4 ,x is n s mu* le>n+ z individuality t is requir$ to meet ^! dem&s2 on t acc\nt ! *ild c /udy j z truly1 )9 8 sph]e ( exp]i5ce1 z c ! adult4 #b4 ,failure to ass]t ! simple/ rights 9 class4 ,n[ let u consid] ! evid5ces ( unnaturalness & ( want ( ! boldness necess>y = real /udy4 ,9 bo? s*ool & college1 :5 memb]s ( ! class ignore _! mates by address+ only ! in/ructor1 (t5 speak+ too l[ to be he>d by o!rs pres5t1 !re is usually little compla9t4 ,al?\gh ea* p]son is a direct los]1 he seems reconcil$ to su* neglect4 ,v _m "y p lack ! c\rage to ask que/ions 9 ord] to und]/& a po9t2 & ev5 :5 ask$ if !y und]/& & if !y d n wi% to put "s que/ions1 !y /ill are too timid to respond2 n seldom !y decl>e t !y und]/& :5 !y "k t !y d n4 ,tea*]s att5d+ tea*]s' in/itutes are z bad z *ildr5 9 ?is respect4 ,su* conduct is n due to any desire to deceive1 b to self-depreciation2 x is m agreeable to prev>icate ?an to ass]t "o's self4 #c4 ,subs]vi5ce to au?ority4 ,! m]e desire to please a tea*] influ5ces pupils ( all ages to wat* ! tea*]'s expressions & ge/ures & to answ] :at is want$1 r ?an :at is s9c]ely ?\ght4 ,9 ,sunday s*ool1 9 p>ticul>1 *ildr5 c sc>cely be got to give s9c]e answ]s2 !y are s eag] to please t !y say :at !y ?9k !y ought to ?9k1 r ?an :at !y really ?9k4 ,undue respect = pr(essors (t5 has an ov]p[]+ influ5ce on univ]sity /ud5ts4 ,! writ] has kn[n ( sev]al in/ances :]e /ud5ts ( good ability h almo/ lo/ ! p[] to proce$ ) an argum5t1 on ! unexpect$ discov]y t _! view 0 oppos$ to t ( "s in/ructor4 ,! subs]vi5ce to books is z /rik+ z t to tea*]s4 ,! hi/ory lesson ( a c]ta9 class ( elev5-ye>-old *ildr5 conta9$ ! foll[+ p>agraph on ! appe>ance ( ! ,indians3 ,:5 ! fir/ :ite m5 came to our %ores1 !y f\nd ! c\ntry inhabit$ by ! p ,columbus _h nam$ ,indians4 ,!y _h copp]- color$ sk91 co>se1 jet-black hair1 high *eek bones1 ?ick lips1 small eyes1 & no :isk]s4 ,! *ildr5 _h consid]able difficulty 9 reproduc+ ! sub/ance ( ?is p>agraph1 attempt+ x sev]al times4 ,! writ]1 :o 0 obs]v+ ! class1 rememb]$1 h[ev]1 hav+ se5 an ,indian exhibition only a few weeks be=e1 :i* includ$ ,indian m51 squaws1 boys & girls1 & ev5 papooses1 & :i* ?is same class _h visit$ 9 a body4 ,aft] ?ree r unsuccessful attempts to relate ! cont5ts ( ! p>agraph1 ! class 7 rem9d$ ( _! visit to ! ,indians1 & 7 !n ask$ to tell h[ !y look$4 ,=gett+ ab\t ! text1 !y _h no difficulty 9 do+ ?is1 = !y 7 speak+ out ( _! own exp]i5ce4 ,subjects l geography & gramm> likewise frequ5tly conta9 facts t pupils h long kn[n2 yet 9 s*ool !re is su* an undue respect = pr9t t _m *ildr5 d>e n subord9ate su* matt] to _! own exp]i5ce1 & = t reason !y h ! same difficulty ) x z ?\gh x 7 new4 ,x is r>e = ev5 ! college /ud5t to ass]t 8 indep5d5ce ( bo? tea*] & book4 ,"o ( ! greate/ surprises t ! writ] receiv$ 9 a two ye>s' college c\rse 0 produc$ 9 a rhetoric class4 ,! /ud5ts 7 ord9>ily assign$ ab\t tw5ty pages ( advance text p] day1 :i* 0 reproduc$ 9 ! recitation4 ,on "o occasion a /ud5t :o 0 call$ ^u did v well until he 0 int]rupt$ by ! pr(essor 9 *>ge on acc\nt ( an omitt$ topic4 ,! pr(essor gave ! cue1 b obta9$ no response2 !n1 s9ce ! /ud5t usually knew 8 lesson1 ! pr(essor ex]cis$ a special degree ( pati5ce & tri$ twice m to />t him (f4 ,fail+1 h[ev]1 he impati5tly ask$1 ,:y didn't y tell ab\t s & s8 ,:y1 repli$ ! /ud5t1 ,i did rememb] some?+ ab\t t2 b ,i didn't ?9k t x 0 wor? talk+ ab\t4 ,9 ! e/imation ( ! entire class t man des]v$ a m$al1 & ! writ] /ill ?9ks s4 ,!re is subject-matt] 9 mo/ text-books t /ud5ts are call$ ^u to memorize :i* !y feel is n wor? reproduction1 & !y are (t5 "r2 b mo/ college /ud5ts are z /ill z mice :5 x comes to decl>+ ! fact4 ,_! timidity 9 purely intellectual matt]s is equal$ only by _! boldness 9 play+ pranks t require m]e physical c\rage4 ,subs]vi5ce to m]e cu/om is z common z t to tea*] & to pr9t4 ,if c]ta9 pictures or musical selections h come to be g5]ally admir$1 few p]sons to :om !y fail to appeal h ! c\rage to ackn[l$ge ! fact4 ,!re is mu* pret5d$ enjoym5t 9 art gall]ies4 ,! rate ( progress acquiesc$ 9 by /ud5ts is (t5 great] ?an fidelity to self w all[4 ,! am\nt ( text & ! numb] ( ref]5ces assign$ frequ5tly leave no possible "t = reflection1 al?\gh reflection is ! sole means by :i* ! self c react on ideas s z truly to assimilate !m4 ,n seldom bo? tea*]s & /ud5ts are consci\s ( ?is fact & ev5 lam5t x1 yet !y cont9ue 9 ! same c\rse4 ,! result is t ! av]age /ud5t le>ns to disreg>d 8 own que/ions1 d\bts1 & sugge/ions1 & is smo!r$ by 8 /udies4 ,only ! exceptional nature rebels1 z 9 case ( ! rhetoric1 & foll[s 8 own gait1 ev5 9 opposition to ! tea*]4 #d4 ,! abnormal lack ( initiative 9 class4 ,9 ord] to te/ ! p[] ( initiative ( "y p 9 /udy1 ! writ] once select$ a class ( tw5ty *ildr51 rang+ f t5 to twelve ye>s ( age1 :o 7 do+ ! "w ( ! fif? s*ool ye>4 ,!y 7 only av]age pupils 9 home advantages & native ability4 ,b ! s*ool to :i* !y belong$1 be+ ! practice dep>tm5t ( a tra9+ college = tea*]s1 und\bt$ly all[$ a great] degree ( fre$om to ! individual & possess$ m m]its ?an ! ord9>y public s*ool4 ,n9e ( ! *ildr5 _h att5d$ ?is p>ticul> s*ool f ! beg9n+1 & sev]al ( ! o!rs _h gone !re "o or m ye>s2 & e "o ( ! five diff]5t tea*]s t ! class _h _h1 _h be5 a graduate ( a /ate normal s*ool1 or ( a tea*]s' college1 or ( bo?4 ,"h1 if any:]e1 "o might expect a good degree ( indep5d5ce on ! "p ( ! pupils4 ,also1 ! writ] _h be5 p]sonally acqua9t$ ) ! class f ! beg9n+1 s t !y felt reasonably at home ) him :5 he took *>ge ( !m 9 geography & hi/ory4 ,aft] sp5d+ two ?irty-m9ute p]iods ) !m on successive days1 consid]+ v>i\s review que/ions 9 geography1 ! writ]1 act+ z tea*]1 assign$ !m ! foll[+ lesson ( map que/ions 9 ! text- book3-- ,"h is a relief map ( ! cont95t on :i* we live4 ,:at great highl& d y f9d 9 ! ,we/8 ,9 ! ,ea/8 ,9 :at direction does ea* ext5d8 ,:i* is ! broad] & high]8 ,:]e is ! l[e/ l& betwe5 ^! two highl&s8 ,trace ! ,mississippi ,riv]4 ,"n "s ( its l>ge/ tribut>ies1 etc4 ,?is lesson 0 to be /udi$ 9 class al\d2 t is1 ! writ] 0 n to d any tea*+ or give any help2 he 0 to assume z ne>ly z possible ! attitude ( a li/5]1 do+ no?+ m ?an call ^u "s "o n[ & !n to g on or to d :at ought to be done next4 ,! *ildr5 7 to d all t 0 necess>y to dispose ( ! que/ions prop]ly1 ev5 to ! ext5t ( correct+ "o ano!r freely4 ,) ?is und]/&+ a girl 0 call$ on to beg94 ,%e arose & read1 ,"h is a relief map ( ! cont95t on :i* we live4 ,:at great highl& d y f9d 9 ! ,we/8 ,9 ! ,ea/8 ,!n %e /opp$1 & /ood />+ at ! book4 ,%e may h ne$$ to inquire ! mean+ ( relief2 or %e may h be5 9 d\bt :e!r or n %e %\ld turn to ! relief map opposite1 :i* 0 small1 or to ! bett] map two pages fur!r ov]2 or to ! wall map hang+1 roll$ up1 9 front ( ! class4 ,b1 al?\gh %e 0 n noticeably emb>rass$1 %e did none ( ^! ?+s4 ,%e wait$ to be told j :at to d1 & %e wait$ pati5tly--until aid f ! tea*] arriv$4 ,9 response to ! next "q1 ,9 :at direction does ea* highl& ext5d8 ! two great highl&s1 ! ,rockies & ! ,appala*ians1 7 describ$ z p>allel2 & ! pupil 0 pass+ to ! next "q )\t objections f any s\rce1 :5 ! tea*] aga9 _h to int]f]e4 ,! boy :o 0 call$ ^u = ! ?ird "q1 ,:i* is ! broad] & high]8 /epp$ to ! wall map & po9t$ out ! ,rockies4 ,b1 z no "o ask$ :y !y 7 suppos$ to be broad] & high]1 ! tea*] sugge/$ t "q himself4 ,"s "o gave ! correct reason = consid]+ !m ! broad]2 b by t "t ! entire class _h =gott5 t !re 0 a second "p to ! "q1 & 7 pass+ on :5 !y 7 rem9d$ by ! tea*] ( ! omitt$ "p4 ,9 response to ! f\r? "q1 call+ = ! location ( ! l[e/ l& betwe5 ^! two highl&s1 f\r or five /epp$ to ! map 9 succession1 %[+ wide disagreem5t4 ,yet no "o ask$ any "o else ,:y8 or propos$ any way ( settl+ ! dispute1 or ev5 ev9c$ any responsibility = f9d+ "o4 ,!y w\ld h proce$$ to ! next "q _h !y n aga9 be5 halt$ by ! tea*]4 ,9 trac+ ! ,mississippi ,riv]1 only ab\t "o-half ( x 0 po9t$ out2 i4e41 f ,cairo s\?w>d4 ,b no "o ent]$ compla9t1 & ! next "q 0 actually read be=e ! tea*] reque/$ m accurate "w4 ,! girl call$ on to "n "s ( its l>ge/ tribut>ies /ood sil5t4 ,possibly ! ^w tribut>ies puzzl$ h]2 b %e lack$ ! =ce necess>y to make a reque/ = help4 ,%e seem$ to be wait+ = ! tea*] to ask h] if %e didn't ne$ to ask "s "o else = ! def9ition4 ,s ! tea*] compli$ & ! def9ition 0 giv54 ,b !n all fail$ = a "t to answ] ! orig9al "q1 app>5tly because !y c\ld n break x into its two p>ts1 fir/ trac+ ! pr9cipal tribut>ies on ! map1 !n f9d+ ! names atta*$ to !m4 ,^! responses are repres5tative ( ! writ]'s e>li] exp]i5ces ) ^! *ildr54 ,al?\gh !y 7 n fright5$1 & pla9ly und]/ood t !y 7 to g any:]e 9 ! room1 & 7 to d or say any?+ t 0 necess>y1 !y almo/ inv>iably wait$ to be told :5 to /ep to ! bo>d2 :5 an answ] 0 wrong2 :5 some?+ _h be5 ov]look$ or =gott52 :5 ! po9t] %\ld be tak5 up or laid aside2 & :5 !y 7 ?r\gh ) a "q4 ,betwe5 ?ree & f\r recitation p]iods ( ?irty-five m9utes ea* 7 consum$1 be=e !y 7 able to d all t 0 necess>y 9 answ]+ ! extremely simple que/ions above1 ) a half-doz5 m1 )\t help4 ,_! frequ5t smiles ( *agr91 too1 prov$ beyond "q t !y 7 fully 9 e>ne/ 9 _! ef=ts4 ,?is helplessness 0 n exhibit$ on ! fir/ few days ei!r4 ,x 0 _! cu/om to wait = assi/ance & directions--ev5 to sit d[n--& x 0 a cu/om s well e/abli%$ t five weeks ( daily "w ) !m 9 hi/ory & geography1 ) ! av[$ object ( break+ x up1 only b>ely began a re=m4 ,o!r *ildr51 z a rule1 w\ld sc>cely d bett]4 ,b ^! are cases ( *ildr54 ,w\ld n a class 9 a normal s*ool or a college %[ great] capacity = lead]%ip8 ,n (t54 ,( c\rse !y possess great] m5tal p[]2 b ! subject-matt] ) :i* !y are /ruggl+ is m difficult4 ,any tea*] ( su* a class :o unexpect$ly elim9ates himself f a recitation by sil5ce1 & :o asks ! /ud5ts to provide a sub/itute f )9 !mselves = 8 "p ( ! "w1 is likely to feel disappo9t$ ov] ! result4 ,:o w ass]t t su* lack ( initiative is natural8 #e4 ,! evil effects ( su* suppression4 ,h[ docile "y p are1 aft] all1 9 intellectual matt]s6 ,!y lack ! c\rage to res5t neglect 9 class1 to ackn[l$ge t !y d n und]/&1 & to ask que/ions2 !y lose _! initiative & ev5 indep5d5t p[] to ?9k1 :5 9 ! pres5ce ( tea*]s2 & !y ignore _! own exp]i5ce 9 favor ( pr9t4 ,!y are s b5t on satisfy+ o!rs t !y suppress _! own inn] prompt+s4 ,9 do+ ?is !y seem to confuse moral ) intellectual qualities1 act+ z ?\gh ! sacrifice ( self 9 /udy 0 equally virtu\s ) its sacrifice 9 a moral way4 ,yet li/5 to ,em]son's w>n+3-- ,books 7& he might h said tea*]s7 are ! be/ ( ?+s well us$2 abus$1 among ! wor/4 ,:at is ! "r use8 ,!y are = no?+ b to inspire4 ,i _h bett] nev] see a book ?an to be w>p$ by its attraction clean out ( my own orbit1 & made a satellite in/ead ( a sy/em4 ,! "o ?+ 9 ! _w1 ( value1 is ! active s\l4 ,?is e man is entitl$ to2 ?is e man conta9s )9 him1 al?\gh 9 almo/ all m5 ob/ruct$1 & z yet unborn4444,und\bt$ly !re is a "r way ( read+1 s x be /]nly subord9at$4 ,man ,?9k+ mu/ n be subdu$ by 8 in/rum5ts4 ,footnote3 ,! ,am]ican ,s*ol>4 ,! evil 9 a "y /ud5t's be+ subdu$ by 8 in/rum5ts is t he is made artificial & dep5d5t1 & !reby ceases to be a :ole unit4 ,! artificiality is (t5 %[n 9 ! voice4 ,_m s*ools1 ow+ to ! re/ra9t t _! pupils are all[$ to feel1 are guilty ( e/abli%+ a special recitation voice1 di/+ui%$ f t ord9>ily us$ 9 conv]sation by its diff]5t pit*1 & (t5 amus+ly di/+ui%$1 too1 :5 "s int]ruption dur+ recitation causes a "q ab\t outside or home matt]s to be answ]$ 9 ! natural way4 ,_m educat$ adults h suff]$ s mu* 9 ?is respect t !y _c read 9 natural tones4 ,! dep5d5ce1 fur!r1 is %[n 9 any attempt to produce ?\ght4 ,:5 a /ud5t has =m$ ! habit ( collect+ & valu+ ! ideas ( o!rs1 r ?an 8 own1 ! self becomes dw>f$ f neglect & buri$ "u ! mass ( borr[$ ?\ght4 ,he may !n pass good exam9ations1 b he _c ?9k4 ,di/ru/ ( self has become s deep-root$ t he in/9ctively looks away f himself to books & fri5ds = ideas2 & any?+ t he produces _c be good1 because x is n a true expression ( self4 ,?is is ! class ( p t ,mill describes 9 ! words1 ,!y l 9 cr[ds2 !y ex]cise *oice only among ?+s commonly done2 peculi>ity ( ta/e1 ecc5tricity ( conduct1 are %unn$ equally ) crimes2 until1 by d9t ( n foll[+ _! own nature1 !y h no nature to foll[2 _! human capacities are )]$ & />v$2 !y become incapable ( any /rong wi%es or native pleasures1 & are g5]ally )\t ei!r op9ions or feel+s ( home gr[?1 or prop]ly _! own4 ,footnote3 ,on ,lib]ty1 ,*apt] ,,iii ,su* p _c p]=m ! h>d tasks requir$ 9 /udy1 because !y h lo/ _! native p[] to react on ! ideas pres5t$4 ,! evil is mo/ s]i\s ) "y *ildr5 because ( _! y\?4 ,_m ( !m1 :ile mak+ good progress 9 ! ?ree ,r's1 outgr[ _! t5d5cy to ask que/ions & to raise objections1 9 o!r words lose _! m5tal boldness or orig9ality1 by ! "t !y h att5d$ s*ool f\r ye>s4 ,b all along1 f ! k9d]g>t5 to ! college1 !re is almo/ a likelihood t ! self w be und]m9$ :ile acquir+ k1 & t1 9 consequ5ce1 "o w become p]man5tly weak5$ :ile suppos$ly be+ educat$4 ,9 ?is respect x is dang]\s to att5d a s*ool ( any grade4 ,:y individuality is s difficult to pres]ve & develop4 ,famili> z ! voice ( ! m9d is to ea*1 says ,em]son1 ! highe/ m]it we ascribe to ,moses1 ,plato1 & ,milton is t !y set at naught books & tradition1 & spoke n :at m51 b :at !y1 ?\ght4 ,footnote3 ,essay ( ,self-reliance4 ,x is evid5tly exceptional = "o's ?\ghts & actions to be q fully "o's own4 ,9 matt]s ( dress ho/s ( p]sons w\ld r be fa%ionable ?an com=table2 & 9 matt]s ( ! intellect subord9ation to o!rs is ev5 m common4 ,"o great reason = ?is is t p d n "k h[ to be true to !mselves2 !y d n compreh5d !mselves well en\gh = t4 ,"k ?yself 0 a dictum ( ,socrates t %\ld prec$e ! comm& ,be true to ?yself1 because x is a pr]equisite to x4 ,b if x takes a lit]>y g5ius to reveal our ?\ghts to u1 z x (t5 does1 c]ta9ly ! av]age p]son w n discov] 8 own *>act]i/ics alone4 ,ev5 ) firm int5tions he w m]ely grope ab\t1 & f bl9dness & want ( skill w /ifle a good portion ( 8 own nature4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if he goes to s*ool1 :atev] peculi>ities he may possess are liable to suppression ?r\gh ! tea*] & ! curriculum1 ! two *ief ag5cies ( ! s*ool4 ,= ! av]age elem5t>y tea*] is n greatly conc]n$ ab\t pres]v+ & develop+ individuality1 & ! av]age high-s*ool tea*] or college pr(essor /ill less4 ,inde$1 _m tea*]s are conv9c$ t !re is too mu* ( x already1 z %[n 9 ! discipl9e1 & insi/ ^u z mu* uni=mity z possible1 because x is less tr\blesome4 ,:5 x comes to ! curriculum1 ! commonly recogniz$ purpose ( in/ruction is acquisition ( k r ?an developm5t ( self4 ,b if a /ud5t sets out to amass z mu* in=mation z possible1 he is almo/ sure to be cov]$ up by 8 collection2 &1 ev5 if he proce$s sl[ly en\gh to admire & try to imitate ! good t he f9ds 9 8 spiritual inh]itance & pres5t environm5t1 he is 9 no less dang] ( be+ ma/]$ by 8 in/rum5ts4 ,?us x happ5s t :ile self-expression %\ld be "o ( ! great purposes ( ! s*ool1 annihilation ( self is a common outcome4 ,! positive "* ( provision = individuality z a factor 9 /udy4 ,x foll[s f ! prec$+ t provision = individuality is a v positive factor 9 /udy1 "o requir+ mu* "t & en]gy & on :i* all ! o!rs t h be5 m5tion$ are dep5d5t4 ,a p]son mu/ h ! c\rage to ass]t 8 rights 9 intellectual matt]s1 mu/ believe 9 ! wor? ( 8 own pa/1 & mu/ n all[ 8 reg>d = o!rs to weak5 8 tru/ 9 self4 ,all ?is requires a high degree ( self-respect1 :i* c be atta9$ only by c>eful cultivation4 ,z he comes m & m 9 contact ) ! ideas1 desires1 de$s1 & examples ( o!r p]sons1 & ! dem& = con=mity gr[s m press+1 he mu/ res]ve special "t & en]gy = /udy+ 8 own p[]s & ta/es & = discov]+ 8 own ?\ghts ab\t ! _m subjects ( /udy 9 :i* he engages4 ,9 ! /udy ( _m a poem1 = example1 m "t w be requir$ to det]m9e 8 own attitude t[>d x1 to f9d himself 9 reg>d to x1 ?an to und]/& its mean+4 ,rememb]+ t "o purpose ( education is developm5t ( ! self1 he mu/ ev] be on 8 gu>d aga9/ be+ w>p$ out ( %ape by o!rs1 & mu/ !re=e (f] a c]ta9 normal resi/ance to ev]y?+ t is pres5t$ to him4 ,to pres]ve & develop "o's self ?us normally1 x is safe to say t any /ud5t %\ld h z mu* e/eem = himself1 intellectually1 z = o!rs1 & %\ld sp5d at lea/ z mu* "t & en]gy ^u himself 9 f9d+ out :at he himself ?9ks & feels1 z ^u o!rs4 ,,practical ,,sugge/ions ,,fob ,,pres]v+ ,,& ,,develop+ ,,individuality ,! value ( tol]ance on ! "p ( tea*]s1 z discuss$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 is pla9ly se5 9 ?is connection4 ,unless a tea*]'s mann] t[>d a pupil indicates a high degree ( respect1 ! pupil's respect = himself is 9 dang] ( be+ weak5$4 ,a s>ca/ic attitude is ev5 worse ?an a dogmatic "o2 beyond d\bt1 ! prop] self-e/eem ( _m a "y p]son has be5 p]man5tly und]m9$ by 8 tea*]'s %>p tongue2 s>casm is ! extreme ( intol]ance4 #a4 ,! relation betwe5 tea*]s & /ud5ts4 ,!re %\ld be a cle>] und]/&+1 too1 ab\t ! function ( tea*]s 9 g5]al4 ,_m in/ructors give ! impression t educational in/itutions exi/ = _! b5efit1 r ?an = ! good ( _! /ud5ts2 & f ! />t ! latt] are =c$ into ! position ( suppliants4 ,if que/ions are ask$1 impati5ce is %[n2 & if objections to /atem5ts are rais$1 imp]t95ce is *>g$4 ,su* treatm5t t5ds to c[ ! av]age /ud5t & ?us to limit 8 p[] to react ^u ideas4 ,:ile tea*]s may be real au?orities 9 subject-matt]1 !y c nev] be any?+ m ?an assi/ants 9 ! self-developm5t ( _! /ud5ts4 ,!y %\ld m op5ly assume ?is subord9ate position1 plac+ ! prim>y responsibility ^u ! le>n]2 !y w\ld !n be less likely to subord9ate ! inn] gr[? ( ! /ud5t1 :i* x is _! highe/ function to aid1 to ! m]e acquisition ( k4 ,if1 h[ev]1 tea*]s practically compel subs]vi5ce by an arrogant mann]1 or by ! assignm5t ( lessons mu* too long = "o's normal rate ( advance1 or by ! assignm5t ( subject-matt] t seems to h no possible value1 :at %\ld ! /ud5t d8 ,%\ld he smo!r 8 own desires & op9ions 9 ! attempt to satisfy 8 tea*]8 ,r>ely1 if ev]2 he w n gr[ inw>dly by suppress+ ! self4 ,on ! contr>y1 :5 he feels himself 9 s]i\s re/ra9t1 he %\ld frankly /ate 8 grievances1 & ! tea*]1 ev5 ?\gh a college pr(essor1 %\ld receive & pond] su* /atem5ts s]i\sly1 rememb]+ t "o reason he is paid a sal>y is t he %all ex]cise skill 9 adapt+ himself to ! psy*ological condition ( 8 /ud5ts4 ,if ^! frank /atem5ts evoke no fri5dly response1 !n prote/ may be 9 place1 & sometimes revolt1 j z :5 political lib]ty is assail$4 ,( c\rse1 a good degree ( pati5ce & tol]ance %\ld always be ex]cis$ t[>d "o's tea*]2 b !re is ne$ ( m moral c\rage among "y p to meet ! disapproval ( tea*]s & _! puni%m5ts 9 ! =m ( scold+s & l[ m>ks4 ,_m a college /ud5t unresi/+ly submits to a s>ca/ic1 dictatorial tea*] :5 he ought to %[ res5tm5t & /& on 8 rights4 ,resi/ance to tea*+ au?ority may be j z vital a "p ( /udy z ! rejection ( ! conclusions ( an au?or4 ,until su* ideas are m g5]ally practic$1 a normal1 vigor\s self1 :i* is ! fir/ factor 9 s*ol>%ip1 is 9 dang]4 ,intellectual lib]ty is n less important ?an political lib]ty1 & (t5 wor? a fight4 ,x is odd t mu* blood has be5 %$ = ! atta9m5t ( political & religi\s fre$om1 :ile ! tyranny ( m9d ov] m9d1 :i* is exce$+ly common 9 ! class room1 has sc>cely be5 recogniz$ z a s]i\s evil4 ,x c be acc\nt$ = only by ! fact t bo? tea*]s & p>5ts h be5 m int]e/$ 9 ! quantity ( k acquir$ ?an 9 ! inn] gr[? ( le>n]s4 #b4 ,recognition ( individual *>act]i/ics4 ,e p]son has _m peculi>ities t are important factors 9 8 /udy & t %\ld be not$ by all conc]n$ ) great c>e4 ,= example1 aside f ! desirable rate ( advance = ea* p]son1 :i* has already be5 m5tion$1 a /ud5t maybe eye-m9d$1 or e>- m9d$1 or motor-m9d$4 ,t is1 he may be peculi>ly dep5d5t ^u 8 eyes1 ne$+ to see a /atem5t 9 pr9t r ?an to he> x read1 & incl9$ to visualize or image ev5 ! mo/ ab/ract ?\ght4 ,or he may le>n be/ ?r\gh ! e>1 want+ to he> /atem5ts read1 r ?an see !m4 ,or he may be peculi>ly dep5d5t on motor activity1 pref]r+ to write 8 spell+ lesson1 r ?an to see ! words only or to spell !m orally2 su* a p]son w ne$ to ge/iculate freely1 to imitate movem5ts & act out sc5es1 r ?an see or he> only v]bal descriptions4 ,"s p]sons are naturally regul> & sy/ematic 9 _! "w1 foll[+ a def9ite program ea* day & arrang+ facts z well z furniture 9 an ord]ly way4 ,o!rs are pa9$ by regul>ity & sy/em1 & f9d x impossible to re=m !mselves4 ,!y c "w well only :5 !y feel l x1 & !re=e by spurts4 ,"s d _! be/ ?9k+ "u ! /imulus ( discussion & opposition1 o!rs are di/urb$ by su* conditions & c ?9k be/ 9 private4 ,"s are especially devot$ to facts1 be+ sci5tifically m9d$ & int]e/$ 9 ! objects ab\t !m4 ,o!rs are idea-lov]s1 c>+ little = ! concrete _w ( nature1 b attract$ to lit]ature1 hi/ory1 & music4 ,o!rs1 /ill1 are p>ticul>ly /rong 9 execution1 r>ely consid]+ !ory ap>t f practice4,footnote3 ,see ,presid5t ,hadley's article 9 ,h>p]'s ,magaz9e1 ,june1 #aije4 ,"s ( ! peculi>ities t we discov] 9 ourselves are weaknesses t %\ld be disc\rag$ & combat$ to ! utmo/2 o!rs require m or less modification4 ,b !re is no *oice conc]n+ mo/ ( !m2 _! sum con/itutes our nature1 & we mu/ accept !m4 ,!y are our orig9al capital1 our s\rce ( /r5g? on :i* all increase ( /r5g? mu/ be graft$4 ,& we %\ld become well acqua9t$ ) !m1 j z ! eng9e] %\ld "k ! prop]ties ( /eam4 ,full acqua9tance is impossible1 & ev5 approximate k ( ! ext5t ( "o's p[]s _c be rea*$1 until "o has become deeply int]e/$ 9 "s project & load$ ) responsibility 9 reg>d to x4 ,b by humbly & dilig5tly obs]v+ "o's bett] t5d5cies1 & by giv+ full expression to !m1 "o may atta9 a fair degree ( self-k4 ,"o ( ! special duties ( tea*]s & p>5ts is to come to ! assi/ance ( "y p 9 su* /udy1 help+ !m to recognize _! /rong & weak po9ts & to und]/& !mselves )\t gett+ disc\rag$ or excit$4 ,if we fail to enjoy a book or musical conc]t t ar\ses ! en?usiasm ( o!rs1 we may well admit ! fact to ourselves1 & p]haps to o!rs1 ) nei!r pride nor %ame1 b z a fact4 ,su* facts reveal u to ourselves1 & %\ld be not$ ) ! consci\sness t1 if /r5g? is n f\nd 9 "o direction1 x is likely to be discov]$ 9 "s o!r4 #c4 ,responsibility = initiative4 ,x is obvi\s f prec$+ /atem5ts t bo? *ildr5 & old] /ud5ts mu/ become f> m accu/om$ to tak+ ! initiative dur+ in/ruction1 if !y are to take x 9 private /udy4 ,! way to prep>e = lead]%ip1 :e!r ( self or ( o!rs1 is to und]take su* lead]%ip "u wise guidance4 ,!re are two degrees ( responsibility 9 recitation t are some:at common4 ,suppose1 = example1 t a class 9 manual tra9+ is to make a tile out ( clay1 to be plac$ "u a c(fee pot4 ,aft] propos+ ?is task ! tea*] 7#a7 might fur!r /ate t ! tile mu/ be six in*es squ>e & "o-half in* ?ick2 t x mu/ h a level surface2 t a ball ( clay ( a c]ta9 size w be ne$$ 9 ord] to make a tile ( ! desir$ size2 t x mu/ be press$ into %ape ma9ly by ! use ( ! ?umbs2 t c>eful measur+ w be necess>y to secure ! prop] dim5sions2 t squ>e corn]s c be obta9$ by plac+ "s squ>e-corn]$ object directly ov] ! corn]s ( ! tile1 = comp>ison2 & t a level surface c be/ be obta9$ by sight+ c>efully across ! surface1 s z to detect any irregul>ities4 ,aft] ^! & p]haps o!r in/ructions h be5 giv5 by ! tea*]1 ! *ildr5 may be direct$ to beg9 "w4 ,or1 aft] ! task has be5 propos$1 ! tea*] 7#b7 might simply ask ! ma9 que/ions t ne$ to be consid]$1 lett+ ! pupils f9d ! solutions = ! same z f> z possible4 ,= example3 ,h[ l>ge %\ld ! tile be made8 ,:at %\ld be its %ape8 ,:at k9d ( surface mu/ x h8 ,h[ mu/ ! clay be work$ into ! desir$ %ape8 ,h[ make sure ( ! dim5sions8 ,( squ>e corn]s8 ,( a level surface8 ,! fir/ plan %[s practically ! lecture me?od 9 op]ation4 ,! tea*] pres5ts all ( ! ideas1 & ! *ildr5 h ! position ( li/5]s or foll[]s4 ,t me?od places ! m9imum degree ( responsibility ^u pupils1 ! responsibility = att5tion1 & is q common 9 ! poor] s*ools & 9 colleges4 ,! second plan all[s ! *ildr5 to jo9 actively ) ! tea*] 9 produc+ ! ideas involv$ 9 ! solution ( ! problem4 ,x %[s ! developm5t me?od 9 op]ation1 :i* places mu* m responsibility ^u ! class4 ,b ! tea*] ev5 "h takes practically all ( ! initial /eps4 ,%e is ! "o :o breaks ! l>ge problem up into its p>ts2 :o det]m9es ! word+ ( ! que/ions & ! ord] 9 :i* !y %all be consid]$4 ,! *ildr5 foll[ h] cue2 !y are subject to h] con/ant direction1 & m]ely make response to h] specific bidd+s4 ,! rea*+ ( new ?\ght by !m "u su* imm$iate /imulus & sugge/ion involves responsibility = ?9k+1 to be sure1 b v little responsibility = ! initial ?9k+ or = initiative4 ,nei!r ( ^! me?ods1 !re=e1 pla9ly develops ! p[] ( self- direction4 ,tra9+ 9 ! ex]cise ( initiative is provid$1 n :5 "y p are foll[+ "s o!r p]son's plan & answ]+ "s o!r p]son's que/ions1 b :5 !y are oblig$ to conceive _! own plans & _! own que/ions4 ,"h is ! crux ( ! :ole matt]4 ,"s o!r me?od1 !re=e1 is desirable1 & x is n difficult to f9d4 ,aft] ! mak+ ( ! tile has be5 propos$1 ! tea*] might simply ask1 ,h[ w y plan ?is piece ( "w8 leav+ ! conception ( ! ma9 que/ions1 toge!r ) ! answ]s1 z f> z possible to ! *ildr54 ,!y w\ld "k t a c]ta9 size w\ld ne$ to be det]m9$ ^u1 fix$ by ! size ( a c(fee pot2 t ! %ape w\ld h to be consid]$1 ! r\nd or squ>e =m be+ *os5 accord+ to p]sonal pref]5ce & ease ( mak+2 t ! ?ickness w\ld be a factor1 x be+ important t ! tile be ?9 en\gh to be reasonably light1 b ?ick en\gh n to break easily or to let heat ?r\gh2 t a level surface is desirable1 bo? = ! sake ( beauty & utility2 & t "s way mu/ be f\nd = press+ ! clay into %ape4 ,all ( ^! ideas lie )9 _! p]sonal exp]i5ce & !re=e call only = common k & common s5se4 ,all or mo/ ( ?is "p ( ! plan1 includ+ ! correction ( any mis/atem5ts1 c\ld be made by ! *ildr5 ) little or no help f ! tea*]4 ,:]e _! k is m limit$1 h[ev]1 %e %\ld come to _! aid1 ei!r tell+ or develop+1 z ! case requir$4 ,= in/ance1 %e might possibly tell outright h[ mu* clay ea* w\ld probably ne$1 also h[ ! clay %\ld be press$ into %ape2 & develop ! me?od ( mak+ sure ( prop] dim5sions1 ( squ>e corn]s 7or ( r\ndness7 & ( a level surface4 ,?is task 9 manual tra9+ is typical ( lessons 9 g5]al4 ,9 _! ma/]y !re is always a proc$ure ( "s sort to be foll[$1 & n[ & !n1 at lea/1 ?is proc$ure lies 9 :ole or 9 "p s fully )9 ! class exp]i5ce t !y %\ld h ! responsibility ( mapp+ x out4 ,sometimes 9 ! l[] grades su* "w might occupy a :ole recitation p]iod2 aga91 only a few m9utes4 ,z ! exp]i5ce increases1 ?is responsibility %\ld increase1 s t ! high] grades %\ld (t5 %[ *ildr5 /at+ ! ma9 que/ions to be consid]$ 9 _! lessons1 )\t help1 j z !y h long be5 9 ! habit ( /at+ ! ma9 /eps to be tak5 9 individual problems 9 ari?metic )\t aid4 ,9 v _m recitations *ildr5 %\ld h responsibility = reject+ "s ( ! answ]s & = accept+ o!rs4 ,! writ] is acqua9t$ ) "o eigh?-ye> class 9 :i* n only all ?is is done1 b ! *ildr5 frequ5tly det]m9e _! own lesson assignm5ts1 report+ 9 class :at home "w 0 attempt$ ! previ\s ev5+ & h[ x 0 done4 ,^! reports are !n subject$ to g5]al criticism & sugge/ion4 ,if su* practices become successfully e/abli%$ 9 ! elem5t>y s*ool1 !y w h to be adopt$ high] up1 = v %ame if = no o!r reason4 #d4 ,pa/ exp]i5ce z ! pr9cipal s\rce ( new ideas4 7#a7 ,illu/rations4 ,socrates 0 "o ( ! mo/ f]tile ?9k]s t ev] liv$2 yet he sc>cely travel$ beyond ! walls ( ,a!ns1 & 0 accus$ ( always talk+ ab\t ! mo/ commonplace objects1 su* z brass f\nd]s & lea!r cutt]s & sk9 dress]s4 ,he cle>ly illu/rates ! fact t f]tility ( ?\ght be>s little relation to "o's quantity ( le>n+1 b dep5ds r ^u ! use made ( su* v simple raw mat]ial z any ord9>y p]son possesses4 ,! ,*ildr5's ,h\r z discuss$ on pages #fi-gj %[ h[ "o's pa/ may be us$ 9 ! production ( ?\ght4 ,! poem tells ( an h\r set aside by ! family = play4 ,! fact t we "k ?is to be a v r>e ?+ prompts ! que/ions1 ,0 x cu/om>y 9 ?is family1 or did x happ5 only once8 ,! fact t _m fa!rs w\ld be bor$ by su* an h\r sugge/s ! qu]y1 ,did ?is fa!r really enjoy x8 ,! fact t ! cu/om is s uncommon raises ! fur!r inquiry1 ,0 !re any special m]it among ^! *ildr5 t l$ to x8 ,also1 ,:y is ! cu/om n m common8 ,&1 s9ce "s "o mu/ take ! lead 9 e/abli%+ su* an h\r1 ! qu]y foll[s1 ,c *ildr5 !mselves accompli% any?+ 9 ?is direction8 ,?us facts t are well kn[n lead to new ideas4 ,no matt] :at we he> or read1 or :at topic is giv5 to u to pond]1 ?\ghts additional to ^? directly pres5t$ are likely to be rea*$ by ref]5ce to pa/ relat$ exp]i5ce4 ,t "o %\ld look to pa/ exp]i5ce z an almo/ unlimit$ s\rce ( new ?\ght is "o ( ! mo/ important tru?s = any p]son to be> 9 m9d :o is endeavor+ to le>n to ?9k4 7#b7 ,! common neglect ( exp]i5ce4 ,x is v common1 h[ev]1 = p]sons :o are ri* 9 exp]i5ce t\*+ "s subject t !y are /udy+ to fail almo/ entirely to use x4 ,?is 0 once well illu/rat$ by ab\t tw5ty "y wom5 :o 7 specializ+ 9 dome/ic sci5ce4 ,at _! own sugge/ion1 !y prep>$ writt5 plans = tea*+ h[ to bake sweet potatoes2 ! writ] 0 to correct ^! & discuss !m ) ! class4 ,b aft] c>efully exam9+ all ! pap]s & f9d+ rem>kably few facts includ$1 he ask$ ! class :at 0 really necess>y1 aft] all1 9 ! bak+ ( sweet potatoes1 beyond putt+ !m1 clean1 into a hot ov5 & tak+ !m out :5 done4 ,he reque/$ !m to enum]ate ! facts t really ne$$ to be taught4 ,aft] p]haps two m9utes ( m$itation !y %eepi%ly admitt$ t !re 0 really v little to pres5t on ! topic1 & t !y _h c>efully writt5 out plans only because plans 7 expect$1 & !y want$ "s practice4 ,s9ce x 0 subject-matt]1 r ?an me?od1 t 0 ne$$1 ! discussion 0 !n direct$ to ! facts involv$ 9 bak+ ! potatoes4 ,a dispute soon arose :5 "o rem>k$1 ,y %\ld nev] cut a sweet potato1 o!rs inquir+ :at %\ld !n be done ) ^? t 7 p>tly uns\nd1 & h[ potatoes ( v diff]5t sizes c\ld be bak$ toge!r4 ,num]\s o!r que/ions 7 consid]$1 z foll[s3-- ,:at is ! be/ way to clean !m8 ,is x be/ to all[ !m to lie long 9 wat]8 ,%\ld ! ov5 be v hot1 or is a sl[ heat pref]able8 ,%\ld any?+ be done ) !m :ile bak+8 ,h[ c !y be protect$ aga9/ burn+8 ,h[ mu* "t is necess>y = ! bak+8 ,or w x v>y8 ,if s1 :y8 ,h[ tell :5 !y are done8 ,is x necess>y to take !m out & /rike !m ) ! palm ( ! h&1 break+ !m slightly8 ,h[ get !m out )\t burn+ "o's self8 ,s9ce "o cookbook says t we want dry & mealy potatoes & ano!r /ates t !y %\ld be moi/ & sweet1 :i* is "r8 ,also1 :at diff]5t /eps %\ld be tak5 to secure ea* k9d8 ,"s p]sons p>boil ! potatoes be=e bak+ !m4 ,is t desirable8 ,:at ab\t ! advisability ( bak+ !m ) butt]1 sug>1 & salt8 ,are !re o!r ways ( bak+ !m8 ,:at *anges does ! heat effect 9 ! potato8 ,%\ld !y be s]v$ imm$iately8 ,or1 if gue/s are n prompt1 is !re any way ( keep+ !m 9 good condition8 ,mo/ ( ^! que/ions arose = ! fir/ "t 9 ! discussion1 n hav+ be5 ref]r$ to 9 any ( ! plans4 ,yet1 no d\bt1 all ! memb]s ( ! class _h bak$ sweet potatoes _m times1 _h read cookbooks z (t5 z novels1 &--s9ce !y 7 n altoge!r "y--_h scores ( times be5 call$ ^u to eat potatoes t 7 n clean1 or 7 uns\nd1 or n done1 or 7 ta/eless1 or burnt1 or soggy1 or cold4 ,!re=e1 probably n "o ( ! que/ions 0 entirely new to any "o ( ! /ud5ts1 s t ! raw mat]ial = ?\ght 0 pres5t 9 abundance & ev5 v close at h&4 7#c7 ,reasons = su* neglect4 ,:y1 !n1 did !y s neglect _! pa/8 ,above all1 :y %\ld two m9utes ( reflection on ! subject m>k _! limit8 ,=1 hav+ giv5 to !mselves ! signal tor all /ray ideas on ! bak+ ( sweet potatoes to assemble1 _! mann] indicat$ no hope ( fur!r returns aft] ! expiration ( t brief p]iod4 ,a p>tial answ] is t !y did n "k :]e to look = ideas4 ,b an additional answ] is t !y did n "k h[ to look to _! pa/1 & !y accord+ly lack$ confid5ce4 ,inde$1 !y knew t !y c\ld n ?9k1 s :at 0 ! use ( wa/+ m ?an two m9utes = ! sake ( appe>ances8 ,x does require "s k & confid5ce to ?9k out a subject 9 view ( "o's exp]i5ce4 ,:5 we are some:at famili> ) a subject1 "s ideas 9 reg>d to x may come v readily1 s t ! fir/ few m9utes ( reflection may be easily sp5t & fairly rew>d$4 ,b ! ability really to ?9k is te/$ aft] ?is p]iod4 ,!n we mu/ "k h[ to ov]haul our pa/ & mu/ h fai? t we w get some?+ f x4 ,we mu/ se>* our exp]i5ce ?r\gh & ?r\gh1 view+ x f "o po9t & !n ano!r 9 ! ke5 look\t = sugge/ions4 ,& we mu/ "k t _m ( ! be/ ?\ghts1 probably mo/ ( !m1 d n come1 l a fla%1 fully into be+1 b f9d _! beg9n+s 9 dim feel+s1 9 fa9t intuitions1 t ne$ to be enc\rag$ & coax$ be=e !y c be surely felt & def9$4 ,! writ]'s exp]i5ce 9 ! obs]vation ( recitations ) graduate /ud5ts has (t5 illu/rat$ ?is fact4 ,n seldom a recitation has be5 obs]v$ t has app>5tly pleas$ mo/ ( ! obs]v]s1 b t has produc$ only an uncom=table feel+ on 8 "p4 ,at ! close ( ! recitation he _h no m def9ite ideas ab\t its m]its ?an 8 /ud5ts2 b he 0 consci\s ( ?is feel+ ( discom=t produc$1 & knew t if he foll[$ x up he w\ld probably arrive at "s important ?\ghts4 ,occasionally 8 ma9 po9ts 9 an ext5d$ discussion ( a recitation h be5 rea*$ 9 ?is way4 ,usually he has f\nd aft]w>d t 8 /ud5ts h _h ! same feel+ z he2 b !y 7 sc>cely consci\s ( ! fact1 &1 ev5 if consci\s1 !y fail$ to realize its wor? z a s\rce ( sugge/ion4 ,?us vague premonitions furni% ! clew to mu* ( ! be/ ?\ght4 ,v (t5 "o ( ! *ief diff]5ces betwe5 a ?9k] & "o :o _c ?9k lies 9 ! att5tion giv5 to premonitory feel+s ( pleasure1 discom=t1 d\bt1 suspicion1 etc42 ! latt] ignores su*1 :ile ! =m]1 :5 he lacks cle> ideas1 or all ideas1 ev5 %akes himself to discov] h[ he feels1 & pati5tly labors to def9e 8 feel+s & trace !m to _! s\rce4 7#d7 ,h[ confid5ce 9 ! value ( "o's pa/ may be develop$4 ,b h[ dep5d5t su* /udy is ^u self-confid5ce6 ,unless we h fai? 9 ! ri*ness ( our own exp]i5ce1 & belief t a c>eful inspection ( x w be rew>d$1 we lack ! c\rage & pati5ce necess>y = success4 ,h[ c su* confid5ce be cultivat$8 ,ma9ly by cultivat+ ! habit ( turn+ fir/ to self :5 reflective ?\ght is requir$4 ,x is presuppos$ t we mu/ consult ! libr>y & ! _w ab\t u = raw facts ( v>i\s k9ds1 = hi/orical ev5ts1 sci5tific data1 views ( m51 descriptions1 etc42 b :5 our own ?\ght is want$ on a topic ) :i* we are some:at famili>1 & on :i* we are suppos$ to h "s ideas1 let u =m ! habit ( turn+ to ourselves fir/2 to o!rs z helps lat]4 ,if o!r au?orities are consult$ fir/1 !re is dang] t ! fir/ impressions1 ! fir/ ?\ghts1 ( ! /ud5t w nev] come to light2 ! ideas ( o!rs w hide ^! & become _! sub/itutes1 !reby eng5d]+ di/ru/ 9 self4 ,b by giv+ att5tion fir/ to self1 by giv+ x ! fir/ *ance1 its contributions c be recogniz$2 t enc\rages x to gr[ & atta9 vigor1 s t1 :5 outside helps are lat] consult$1 x c react ^u !m & ma9ta9 itself4 ,e "y p]son %\ld d en\gh ?9k+ on a subject1 be=e attempt+ to f9d :at o!rs ?9k ab\t x1 to h some?+ to oppose to ^! o!rs1 z a basis ( judgm5t4 ,t w keep ! self upp]-mo/ & cultivate ! confid5ce desir$4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 we wait until we h f\nd :at o!rs ?9k1 be=e attempt+ to f9d :at we ?9k1 o!rs w d our ?9k+ = u1 & we w ev] be suff]+ f ! timidity t ,em]son lam5ts 9 ! words3-- ,a man %\ld le>n to detect & wat* t gleam ( light :i* fla%es across 8 m9d f )91 m ?an ! lu/] ( ! firmam5t ( b>ds & sages4 ,yet he dismisses )\t notice 8 ?\ght1 because x is 84 ,9 e "w ( g5ius we recognize our own reject$ ?\ghts2 !y come back to u ) a c]ta9 ali5at$ maje/y4 ,great works ( art h no m affect+ lesson = u ?an ?is4 ,!y tea* u to abide by our spontane\s impression ) good- humor$ inflexibility !n mo/ :5 ! :ole cry ( voices is on ! o!r side4 ,else to-morr[ a /rang] w say ) ma/]ly good s5se precisely :at we h ?\ght & felt all ! tune1 & we %all be =c$ to take ) %ame our own op9ion f ano!r4 ,footnote3 ,em]son1 essay on ,self-reliance4 ,,"p ,,iii ,,conclusions ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,full ,,mean+ ,,( ,,/udy3 ,,relation ,,( ,,/udy ,,to ,,*ildr5 ,,& ,,to ,,! ,,s*ool ,! mean+ ( /udy4 ,true or logical /udy is n aimless m5tal activity or a passive reception ( ideas only = ! sake ( hav+ !m4 ,x is ! vigor\s application ( ! m9d to a subject = ! satisfaction ( a felt ne$4 ,in/ead ( be+ aimless1 e portion ( ef=t put =? is an organic /ep t[>d ! accompli%m5t ( a specific purpose2 in/ead ( be+ passive1 x requires ! reaction ( ! self ^u ! ideas pres5t$1 until !y are supplem5t$1 organiz$1 & t5tatively judg$1 s t !y are held well 9 memory4 ,! /udy ( a subject has n rea*$ its end until ! guid+ purpose has be5 accompli%$ & ! k has be5 s assimilat$ t x has be5 us$ 9 a normal way & has become exp]i5ce4 ,&1 f9ally1 s9ce ! dang] ( subm]g5ce ( self among s mu* =eign ?\ght is s great1 x is n complete--at lea/ = "y /ud5ts--until precautions = ! pres]vation ( individuality h be5 includ$4 ,! common notion t /udy %\ld consi/ ( ?9k+ is1 !re=e1 q "r4 ,9 ,h9ts = ,home ,read+ 7p4 #ea7 ,h5ry ,w>d ,bee*] says ( himself3 ,read+ ) me incites to reflection in/antly4 ,i _c sep>ate ! orig9ation ( ideas f ! reception ( ideas2 ! consequ5ce is1 z ,i read ,i always beg9 to ?9k 9 v>i\s directions1 & t makes my read+ sl[2 & t be+ ! orig9 ( x psy*ologically1 x has gr[n into su* a habit t1 if ,i read a novel ev51 ,i read sl[ly4 ,lat] he advises 7p4 #ie71 ,nev] give m "t to read+ a book ?an to reflect+ ^u its cont5ts4 ,9 criticism ( ! cu/om>y ha/e 9 read+1 on ! o!r h&1 ,mr4 ,gors*5 decl>es3 ,hone/ly1 ,i mu/ say1 ,i believe t a va/ numb] ( read]s d n all[ :at ,i may call ! fr5zi$ curr5t ( _! eyes1 z !y read1 to be /opp$ by ev5 a mom5t ( calm reflection or ?\ght4 ,footnote3 ,aspects ( ,mod]n ,/udy1 by ,"r ,honorable ,g4,j4 ,gors*51 ,d4,c4,l41 ,m4,p41 p4 #ci4 ,real assimilation ( ideas has to be sl[2 & :ile "s read+1 ow+ to ! simplicity ( subject- matt]1 %\ld be z rapid z ! eye c travel1 ! rate at :i* gr\nd is usually cov]$ is too great to make assimilation possible4 ,! eight factors ( /udy t h be5 treat$ are n to be reg>d$ z sep>ate /ages ( advance t mu/ foll[ "o ano!r t&em fa%ion4 ,! pr9cipal /ages ?r\gh :i* ! le>n] passes are only f\r 9 numb] z outl9$ 9 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,yet "s ( ! eight factors necess>ily foll[ o!rs4 ,= example1 ! conception ( ! specific aim %\ld1 if possible1 come fir/1 :ile memoriz+ %\ld usually come late1 p>tly if n :olly z ! by-product ( ?9k+2 & ! actual us+ ( k %\ld come la/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 provision = a t5tative attitude & = individuality %\ld be made frequ5tly ?r\gh\t "o's /udy4 ,sev]al ( ^! factors1 !re=e1 may be 9 evid5ce 9 any "o ( ! f\r *ief /ages ( advance describ$4 ,! ability ( *ildr5 to le>n to /udy4 ,we h se5 t *ildr5 possess ! ability to und]take ! k9d ( "w requir$ by ea* ( ! sev]al factors ( /udy4 ,9 fact1 outside ( s*ool1 !y are cont9ually apply+ _! m9ds 9 ! meet+ ( specific ne$s1 z adults are1 !reby employ+ mo/1 if n all1 ^! factors4 ,!re is1 accord+ly1 no fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 _! /udy & t ( adults1 al?\gh ! relative prom95ce ( ! v>i\s phases may v>y some:at2 9 o!r words1 ^! factors ( /udy are g5]al pr9ciples l ! pr9ciples ( tea*+1 & likewise applicable to all ages4 ,no ass]tion is "h made t *ildr5 "k intuitively h[ to d ?is sy/ematic k9d ( /udy+2 !y m]ely h ! qualities ( m9d & ! exp]i5ce pr]equisite to rational /udy1 & are !re=e 9 a position to receive in/ruction on ! subject ) pr(it4 ,:y "y p h n be5 le>n+ to /udy prop]ly alone4 ,e "o recognizes ! fact t "y p1 z a rule1 h n be5 le>n+ to /udy prop]ly alone4 ,!re are two reasons = ?is1 :i* des]ve v c>eful consid]ation4 ,"o is t ! diff]5ce betwe5 /udy+ ) a tea*] & /udy+ alone has be5 ov]look$4 ,x has be5 assum$ t ! two 7 practically id5tical1 s t ! "o 0 full prep>ation = ! o!r1 :ile 9 fact !re is a v /rik+ diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,consid] :at happ5s 9 class in/ruction1 & !n h[ indep5d5t /udy diff]s f x4 ,:5 a "y p]son sets to "w to ma/] a lesson ) ! aid ( a tea*] !re is a "q ( h[ mu* two p]sons c accompli% toge!r4 ,"o ( ! two is mature1 m or less in=m$ 9 g5]al1 m or less v]s$ 9 ! pr9ciples ( /udy1 & m or less skill$ 9 _! application4 ,! o!r is immature1 & only "u favorable circum/ances fully will+ to apply himself4 #a4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 /udy+ alone & ) a tea* has be5 ov]look$4 ,z !y ord9>ily "w1 _! relation to ea* o!r is well def9$4 ,9 case text has be5 assign$1 ! tea*] asks v>i\s que/ions1 pu%es ! pupil aga9/ difficulties1 po9ts out crucial ?\ghts1 calls a halt "h & !re = review & drill1 supplies motive = att5tion by reprim&+ or prais+ or pummel+1 z ! case may be1 & n seldom becomes flu%$ 9 ! face f ex]tion4 ,9 ! case ( developm5t in/ruction 9 :i*1 )\t ! help ( a text1 ! ?\ght is sl[ly unfold$ by means ( "q & answ]1 ! tea*] is ! recogniz$ ma/] ( ! discussion4 ,%e usually selects ! g5]al topic1 breaks x into its p>ts1 & !n conc5trates h] abilities on h] que/ions1 endeavor+ to make !m %ort en\gh n to require too su/a9$ att5tion1 simple en\gh to be reasonably easy1 & attractive en\gh to be sure bait4 ,9 %ort1 %e ex]ts h]self to ! utmo/ to conceive que/ions ( j ! "r size & quality2 &1 if %e is v skillful1 h] morsels ( k w prove s entic+ t !y w be swall[$ & dige/$ )\t pa91 & p]haps )\t consci\s ef=t4 ,9 case lectur+ is ! me?od foll[$1 ! tea*] is /ill m pla9ly ! sole produc] ( ?\ght1 x be+ ! mission ( ! /ud5t to li/51 compreh5d1 & reta94 ,9 ea* ( ^! cases ! tea*] is ! ackn[l$g$ lead]4 ,h] p]sonality1 z repres5t$ by voice1 ge/ure1 & mann]1 is drawn ^u = /imulus2 %e gives directions1 puts ! que/ions1 & makes ! corrections1 or sees t !y are made4 ,if %e is acc\nt$ a good tea*]1 %e is probably m active ?an h] pupils & gr[s tir$ fir/4 ,n[1 suppose t ! tea*] drops out & leaves ! "y p]son to attack a simil> lesson alone4 ,h[ is ! situation *ang$8 ,! purpose 9 ! =m] case 0 ! assimilation ( ! facts 9 ! lesson by ! pupil4 ,t is /ill ! purpose4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 no *ange 9 t respect4 ,! me?od employ$ 9 ! =m] case may be assum$ to be z fully 9 accord ) ! laws ( ! pupil's m9d z ! tea*] c\ld make x4 ,9 %ort1 ! topic "u consid]ation _h to be c>efully brok5 into its p>ts1 & v>i\s ke5 que/ions t\*+ ! mean+ & value ( ea* _h to be conceiv$ 9 ord] t !y might be consid]$ & answ]$4 ,! same m9d is /ill pres5t to be m9i/]$ to1 s t1 s f> z possible1 sub/antially ! same me?od mu/ be foll[$4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 no important *ange 9 ?is respect4 ,! purpose & ! me?od 9 g5]al be+ ! same1 x is cle> t ! two situations duplicate ea* o!r to a l>ge ext5t4 ,! same quantity ( "w mu/ be done1 & 9 practically ! same way4 ,b !re is a v /rik+ diff]5ce4 ,:5 ! two /udi$ toge!r1 ! tea*] n only did a "p ( ! "w1 b %e 0 ! lead]2 ! pupil 0 a foll[]1 do+ only ! subord9ate "p4 ,n[1 be+ alone1 he mu/ d ! pr9cipal "p1 9 addition to ! o!r4 ,he mu/ divide 8 topic into p>ts1 & conceive all ! que/ions t are wor?y ( att5tion2 9 brief1 he mu/ det]m9e ! c\rse ( proc$ure himself1 or take ! initiative4 ,h]e9 is f\nd ! great diff]5ce betwe5 /udy+ ) a tea*] & /udy+ alone1 & x is a fundam5tal "o4 ,capacity = self- direction or initiation is n necess>y 9 ! usual class in/ruction2 b x becomes indisp5sable ! mom5t "o und]takes indep5d5t /udy4 7#a7 ,! nature & importance ( initiative by ! pupil4 ,?is capacity is n simply a matt] ( k4 ,"o p]son may "k mu* m ?an ano!r ab\t ! factors involv$ 9 a propos$ project1 & /ill be inf]ior to ! o!r 9 ability to plan its execution4 ,x is n simply a matt] ( boldness1 ei!r1 nor ( en]gy1 al?\gh bo? ( ^!1 z well z k1 are necess>y elem5ts4 ,x signifies1 9 ! ma91 r a c]ta9 p[] ( inv5tion1 or a res\rcefulness 9 plann+ "w1 a res\rcefulness t is sure to be ex]cis$1 h[ev]1 only 9 case ! o!r factors j m5tion$ are also pres5t4 ,p[] ( initiative is ! key to prop] /udy4 ,if diff]5t lessons 7 ma/]$ 9 exactly ! same mann]1 x might n be important4 ,b t is n ! case1 = e new lesson br+s a new situation4 ,exp]i5c$ tea*]s "k t "o ye> ( in/ruction 9 a c]ta9 /udy does n free !m f ! necessity ( ext5sive prep>ation1 if requir$ to tea* ! same subject a second ye>4 ,! discov]y ( ?is fact is "o ( ! s]i\s disappo9tm5ts ( "y tea*]s4 ,! same holds 9 /udy4 ,e new lesson1 e new book1 mu/ be ma/]$ 9 a way peculi> to itself2 ea* af=ds a new te/ ( res\rcefulness4 ,?us ! ex]cise ( initiative is a con/ant & v important factor 9 all indep5d5t /udy4 7#b7 ,:y p[] ( initiative _c be acquir$ ?r\gh imitation4 ,p[] ( initiative might /ill prove no s\rce ( difficulty1 if x 7 some?+ t c\ld be acquir$ ma9ly by imitation4 ,b !re is ! rub ! case ( ! geography class m5tion$ on page #beh %[s conclusively t ! natural t5d5cy ( "y p to imitate ! example ( initiative set by _! tea*]s gives v little gu>antee ( ! ex]cise ( simil> initiative on _! "p :5 /udy+ alone4 ,& !re are pla9 reasons = ?is4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re is ! wide/ diff]5ce betwe5 see+ & do+1 betwe5 !ory & practice 9 g5]al1 s t "o may obs]ve an action & /ill fail utt]ly to duplicate x4 ,t is v common4 ,b1 9 addition1 ! p[] ( initiative1 be+ really ! ability to orig9ate or />t1 calls = a good degree ( orig9ality &1 !re=e1 lies l>gely outside ! field ( imitation4 ,9 ! second place1 ! long- cont9u$ foll[+ ( a lead]1 in/ead ( fitt+ "o to lead1 may directly unfit "o = t responsibility4 ,9 ! case ( ! geography class x _h be5 ! lead] :o _h det]m9$ h[ ea* lesson %\ld be attack$2 :o _h ex]cis$ res\rcefulness 9 meet+ unexpect$ ob/acles2 :o _h assum$ responsibility = decid+ :at ! crucial que/ions 71 & :5 ! answ]s 7 correct & complete2 & :o _h suppli$ ! en]gy t made ?+s g4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 c\ld x be expect$ t ^! *ildr51 9 _! tea*]'s abs5ce1 w\ld exhibit ^! same qualities8 ,h>dly4 ,"o does n le>n to make an indep5d5t plan1 to %[ res\rcefulness1 to c>ry responsibility1 & to supply motive = ef=t--9 brief1 to take ! initiative--by hav+ "s "o else p]=m ^! tasks = "o4 ,9 o!r words1 dep5d5ce is n ! prep>ation = indep5d5ce4 ,inde$1 great skill on ! "p ( a tea*] 9 ^! respects almo/ precludes su* skill on ! "p ( pupils4 ,if all[$ prom95ce ye> aft] ye>1 x s und]m9es self- reliance t "o's helplessness :5 alone is greatly increas$4 ,! *ildr5 ( ! geography class _h _h ne>ly five ye>s ( tra9+ 9 lean+ on "s "o else1 s t x 0 extremely difficult to make !m /& alone4 ,!y 7 l common soldi]s especially tra9$ to obey _! (fic]s1 yet expect$ to ma9ta9 _! =m] effici5cy :5 sudd5ly left )\t (fic]s4 ,!y 7 ev5 m helpless 9 ! s*ool-room1 9 ! pres5ce ( a lead]1 ?an outside4 ,by ov]look+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 /udy+ ) a lead] & alone1 !re=e1 ! tea*] ov]looks initiative1 & 9 consequ5ce %e n only fails to develop t p[]1 b %e may easily und]m9e x by accu/om+ pupils to dep5d5ce ^u h]4 ,"h is "o ( ! reasons :y "y p h n be5 le>n+ to /udy prop]ly by !mselves4 #b4 ,"s ( ! factors ( /udy h also be5 ov]look$ by tea*]s4 7#a7 ,examples4 ,a second reason is t "s ( ! factors ( /udy !mselves h long be5 neglect$ or ov]look$ by tea*]s1 z 0 /at$ 9 a g5]al way 9 ,*apt] ,i4 ,x is n cu/om>y1 = example1 = tea*]s to set up specific objects 9 _! in/ruction1 :i* %all furni% motive & be guides 9 /udy4 ,inde$1 x is r>e except among "s prim>y tea*]s4 ,:ile ! supplem5t+ ( text is some:at common 9 "s subjects1 su* z lit]ature1 any cle> notion z to :at %\ld be und]/ood by ?or\ghness is r>e inde$2 & consequ5tly ! :ole matt] ( relative values & ( organization is poorly compreh5d$4 ,*ildr51 & ev5 old] /ud5ts1 are n infrequ5tly reprim&$ = presum+ to judge ! m]its ( subject- matt]1 a fact t pla9ly indicates h[ little ! importance ( pass+ on ! g5]al wor? ( ideas is appreciat$4 ,manual tra9+ & a few k9dr$ bran*es recognize ! actual us+ ( ideas z _! endpo9t2 b no "o w ass]t t !y are reg>d$ z types ( o!r subjects 9 t respect4 ,any "o w admit t special provision = ! developm5t ( a t5tative attitude t[>d facts is v exceptional2 & /ud5ts are s commonly subm]g$ by _! /udies1 t !re is h>dly ne$ to affirm t consci\s provision = ! pres]vation & developm5t ( individuality is r>e4 ,memoriz+ is ! only univ]sally recogniz$ factor 9 /udy2 & ! supplem5t+ ( ! au?or ranks next to x4 ,:e!r1 aside f ^! two1 any or all ( ! o!r factors receive att5tion1 dep5ds ^u ! individual tea*]2 z a rule !y are sadly neglect$1 or omitt$ outright f consid]ation4 ,?is be+ true1 x is uncommon = /ud5ts to c>ry _! /udy ?r\gh ! ?ree or f\r /ages necess>y 9 ! prop] assimilation ( k 7see p4 #bjc71 because ^! /ages are accompli%$ only by do+ ! "w involv$ 9 ^! sev]al factors4 ,v little k1 = in/ance1 is c>ri$ ov] into habit1 ! f\r? /age4 ,! f\r fundam5tal op]ations 9 ari?metic & a few facts 9 composition & gramm> are %9+ exceptions4 ,v few tea*]s h ev] ev5 ask$ !mselves :at portions ( _! diff]5t subjects ( in/ruction %\ld result 9 habits2 :atev] habits become actually e/abli%$1 !re=e1 are a matt] ( accid5t r ?an ( intellig5t plann+ by tea*]s4 ,e /ud5t rea*es ! ?ird /age ( assimilation ) "s ( 8 k2 t is1 he ov]hauls x until x is translat$ into 8 own exp]i5ce4 ,b :at a small proportion ( all t he le>ns becomes weld$ to him1 by ! w>m? ( 8 feel+ = x1 s t he =gets :]e x 0 obta9$ & feels x to be 8 own6 ,almo/ any college /ud5t c "n :ole c\rses t he pursu$1 to :i* he nev] w>m$ up appreciably4 ,h[ small ?is am\nt is1 is sugge/$ by ! small quantity t is c>ri$ ev5 ?r\gh ! second /age1 :]e ! pupil or /ud5t boldly subord9ates bo? au?or & tea*] to himself & asks :at pr(it he is gett+2 :]e he ca/s aside z non-ess5tial mu* ( :at is pres5t$1 & c5t]s 8 att5tion on :at seems ( real value to him1 to weigh & p]haps reorganize x4 ,_m a /ud5t nev] consci\sly rea*es ?is /age1 & might be afraid to let 8 tea*] "k ! fact if he did4 ,c]ta9ly _m a tea*] w\ld reg>d any ex]cise ( *oice by ! /ud5t1 9 ! subject-matt] assign$1 z an act ( imp]t95ce4 ,evid5tly mo/ /udy does n c>ry assimilation beyond ! fir/ /age1 9 :i* ! crude mat]ials ( k are m]ely collect$4 ,& ?is n because "y p are lazy & disob$i5t1 b because !y are practically taught to /op !re by _! tea*]s4 ,!y tell ! tru? :51 recall+ practice1 !y almo/ univ]sally decl>e t /udy+ is ma9ly memoriz+2 & ,hel5 ,kell]'s compla9t t %e _h to /udy s mu* t %e did n h "t to ?9k1 expresses a v common exp]i5ce4 ,ev5 if !re 7 no difficulty 9 reg>d to initiative1 !re=e1 prop] me?ods ( /udy c\ld n be acquir$ ?r\gh imitation1 because in/ruction does n set up a model ( /udy t is wor?y ( imitation4 ,beyond d\bt1 ! me?od ( in/ruction w\ld duplicate ! me?od ( /udy if ea* 7 "r1 & ?us an example might be put be=e ! /ud5t = him to foll[4 ,b !re is no su* example at pres5t1 & :ile /ud5ts are upbraid$ = n /udy+ prop]ly1 !y are furni%$ no means ( le>n+ ! "r way4 7#b7 ,:y ! factors 9 /udy h be5 s neglect$ by tea*]s4 ,! reason = ?is /range neglect ( ! factors 9 /udy is probably due pr9cipally to ! exagg]at$ importance ( ! tea*]4 ,believ+ 9 ! maxim ,z is ! tea*]1 s is ! s*ool1 we h plac$ ! c5t] ( gravity ( ! s*ool 9 ! tea*]4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! 7normal7 tra9+ s*ool1 says ,presid5t ,millis1 is to make ! tea*] self-consci\s1 conc]n$ ab\t h] own p]=mance1 ab\t :e!r %e did ?is or t 9 ! approv$ way1 :e!r h] voice 0 prop]ly modulat$1 :e!r %e utiliz$ illu/rative & supplem5t>y mat]ial 9 due proportion1 :e!r %e foll[$ copy fai?fully1 :e!r %e got /&>diz$ results4 ,! t5d5cy ( sup]vision is to produce ! same attitude ( ! tea*]4 ,! success ( ! tea*] is grad$ on h] s*ol>%ip1 h] culture1 h] /&>diz$ atta9m5ts1 h] que/ion+1 h] c>e ( ! prop]ty1 h] attitude t[>d ! community & ! sy/em1 h] sympa?y ) ! sup]visor's notions--9 %ort1 h] p$agogical ability1 :i* is n[ made a l>ge factor 9 det]m9+ h] ration ( bread & butt]1 is measur$ by h] p]=mance & h] p]sonal *>ms4 ,footnote3 ,presid5t ,w4,a4 ,millis1 ,tra9+ ,pupils 9 ! ,art ( ,/udy1 ,! ,educator-,j\rnal1 ,oct41 #aijh4 ,books deal+ ) education %[ ! same tr5d4 ,!re are hundr$s ( volumes on me?od2 b !y almo/ inv>iably tell ab\t :at ! tea*] %\ld d1 t is1 !y c5t] 9 ! tea*]1 n 9 ! pupil4 ,no wond] t tea*]s come to reg>d !mselves z ! :ole ?+1 & sometimes act z ?\gh educational in/itutions exi/$ pr9cipally = _! b5efit4 ,?is exagg]ation ( ! tea*]'s function has l$ ! tea*] habitually to picture ! le>n] 9 ! pres5ce ( a help]2 & ) t ?\ght1 x has h>dly seem$ necess>y to ask :e!r or n ! le>n] %\ld set up specific aims z guid+ motives 9 /udy2 ! tea*] w\ld furni% ^? h]self 9 class1 & p]haps project h] influ5ce outside ov]night by ?reats if requir$4 ,x has h>dly seem$ necess>y to inquire h[ ! le>n] w\ld "k :5 8 "w 0 f9i%$1 or to :at ext5t he %\ld pass judgm5t on ?\ghts pres5t$1 = h] que/ions & o!r te/s w\ld insure prop] ?or\ghness1 & h] pres5ce w\ld *eck unfitt+ boldness 9 judg+4 ,x has h>dly seem$ necess>y to consid] h[ f> he %\ld proce$ 9 ! ma/]y ( a topic1 or h[ he %\ld avoid be+ dogmatic1 = %e w\ld let him "k :5 ! endpo9t 0 rea*$--if he did n /op too soon ( 8 own accord--& %e w\ld reprove too positive an attitude4 ,f9ally1 x has h>dly seem$ necess>y to enum]ate ! v>i\s ways 9 :i* he might protect 8 individuality1 because su* protection has always be5 reg>d$ z "o ( ! tea*]'s prom95t duties1 & %e w\ld (f] x z occasion dem&$4 ,?us1 ) aid = ! pupil always ne> at h&1 ! ne$ ( c>eful inve/igation into ! problems ( private /udy & h[ !y %\ld be met has n be5 felt by tea*]s to be press+4 ,b ! tea*] h]self has be5 at lea/ some?+ ( a /ud5t :ile tea*+2 & %e may h made an ext5sive /udy ( ! le>n+ process z treat$ "u app]ception1 att5tion1 induction1 & d$uction1 int]e/1 etc4 ,h[1 !n1 has %e escap$ a close acqua9tance ) ! pr9cipal factors 9 /udy8 ,! answ] is t z a tea*] %e has always ?\ght ( h]self z giv+ aid1 & has nev] felt ! ne$ ( exam9+ into h] own me?od ( /udy4 ,:y %\ld %e1 if %e has nev] be5 consci\s ( any p>ticul> weakness 9 t respect8 ,9 %ort1 %e has be5 too mu* absorb$ 9 h]self to analyze ! problems ( indep5d5t /udy to be und]tak5 by h] pupils1 & yet n en\gh absorb$ 9 h]self to inve/igate h] own /udy4 ,h] psy*ology & p$agogy h n be5 valueless by any means2 b1 lack+ ! imag9ation to picture h] pupils at "w alone1 & ! sympa?y to feel _! confusion at su* times1 %e has n be5 prompt$ to make an exam9ation ( ! requirem5ts !y %\ld meet :5 sep>at$ f h]4 ,l _m p]sons 9 o!r fields1 %e has be5 too mu* int]e/$ 9 ! results to consid] ! process itself4 ,%e 9 ?is case repres5ts high-s*ool & college tea*]s ev5 m ?an ^? 9 ! grades4 ,?is1 at lea/ 9 "p1 expla9s :y ! me?od ( individual /udy has be5 s neglect$4 ,*anges necess>y be=e "y p w le>n h[ to /udy4 #a4 ,plac+ ! c5t] ( gravity ( ! s*ool 9 ! le>n]4 ,! fir/ *ange to be made1 9 ord] t "y p may le>n h[ to /udy1 is to place ! c5t] ( gravity ( ! s*ool :]e x belongs--9 ! le>n]4 ,! great "q ( me?od1 !n1 becomes1 ,h[ %all "o le>n8 ,n1 fir/ ( all1 ) ! aid ( ! tea*]1 b alone4 ,:at are ! ma9 tasks t %\ld be p]=m$ 9 private /udy1 & h[ %\ld !y be accompli%$8 ,^! que/ions give ! "r po9t ( view by c5t]+ att5tion 9 ! pupil1 & = t reason !y are ! fir/ que/ions t tea*]s & books on me?od %\ld consid]4 ,e "o w comm5d ! insight ( ! "m :o said to an in/ructor1 ,if y w tea* my boy h[ to prep>e 8 lessons1 ,i w att5d to 8 recit+4 ,if lessons are prop]ly prep>$1 ! te/+ ( k w be simple4 ,! problem ( indep5d5t /udy hav+ rea*$ "s solution1 h[ to come to ! aid ( ! indep5d5t /ud5t1 or h[ to imp>t k1 foll[s z a n>r[] & subord9ate "q4 ,if ! =m] has be5 adequately treat$1 ! latt] w introduce few new psy*ological po9ts1 because a full treatm5t ( me?od ( /udy w require a c>eful consid]ation ( app]ception1 induction & d$uction1 int]e/1 association ( ideas1 att5tion1 etc4 ,above all1 x w give a new conception ( ! mean+ & scope ( self- activity4 ,tea*+ w !n call ma9ly = a review ( su* topics1 al?\gh f a diff]5t & v important view-po9t4 #b4 ,modify+ ! subject-matt] ( ! recitation4 ,me?od ( /udy w !n become a l>ge subject = regul> in/ruction4 ,ev5 9 ! k9d]g>t5 & ! fir/ ye>s ( s*ool x w receive "s att5tion1 = t is ! "t :5 *ildr5 beg9 to acquire good m5tal habits or to fall into p]nici\s ones4 ,)\t mak+ s "y pupils fully consci\s t !y are le>n+ to /udy1 ! tea*] w lead !m to move _! eyes rapidly ov] ! pr9t$ page1 s z to read simple /ories quickly 9 sil5ce1 & ) good expression orally4 ,?is is already done by good tea*]s4 ,%e w accu/om !m to responsibility = discov]+ ! be>+s ( obs]vations 9 nature-/udy1 ( /ories1 "w 9 color1 etc41 on _! home lives1 & ?us pave ! way = collect+ k "u guidance ( def9ite aims4 ,%e w cultivate 9 !m ! p[] to fill out ! au?or's picture1 until situations are m vividly se5 & felt ?an n[4 ,%e w require !m to ?9k & talk m %>ply by po9ts1 & to use judgm5t 9 neglect+ really unimportant details1 tra9+ _! consci5ces to all[ su* neglect1 if su* tra9+ is ne$$4 ,%e w enc\rage !m to pass judgm5t on ! m]its ( facts t !y le>n1 :ile influ5c+ !m n to feel too sure4 ,%e w see t !y d :atev] ?9k+ is to be done on poems & o!r matt] t is to be memoriz$ be=e ! memoriz+ itself is und]tak51 s t ! important habit ( memoriz+ ?r\gh ?\ght1 r ?an )\t x1 %all beg9 to be firmly fix$4 ,%e w lead !m to und]/& t !y are n ?r\gh ) ! /udy ( topics until ! ideas h be5 us$ 9 "s way1 p]haps _m times4 ,&1 p>ticul>ly1 %e w put =? ef=t to keep !m natural 9 :atev] !y d & say1 reasonably cont5t$ ) _! abilities1 & self-reliant4 ,:ile mo/ ( su* in/ruction w be incid5tal1 a portion ( _m a recitation w be directly occupi$ 9 ?is way4 ,by ! "t ! fif? ye> ( s*ool has be5 rea*$ ! pr9cipal facts conc]n+ ea* ( ! prom95t factors ( /udy c be talk$ ab\t freely1 z s mu* def9itely und]/ood k1 & ! *ildr5 c be expect$ to apply !m 9 _! v>i\s /udies4 ,_m a :ole recitation c be sp5t 9 supplem5t+ au?ors' /atem5ts1 9 det]m9+ pr9cipal ?\ghts1 & 9 do+ _m o!r ?+s sugge/$ 9 ! prec$+ pages1 ! tea*] directly emphasiz+ su* ?+s z ess5tial p>ts ( prop] /udy1 & requir+ !m 9 ! prep>ation ( lessons4 ,_m a :ole recitation1 also1 may be occupi$ 9 discuss+ h[ lessons h be5 prep>$1 ! tea*] n seldom pres5t+ h] own way 9 detail & all[+ h] pupils to comp>e !irs ) x4 ,ab/ract !ory ab\t me?od ( /udy w ?us be avoid$4 ,p]haps1 mo/ ( all1 ! tea*] w fix ^u ! second /age ( /udy 7p4 #bjd7 z ! crucial po9t 9 me?od1 9 :i* ! *ildr5 select :at seems ( real value to !m & let ! re/ g4 ,( c\rse !y w (t5 err1 & !n x w devolve ^u ! tea*] to %[ ! value ( :at !y h reject$4 ,if %e _c d t1 ei!r h] m9d or ! curriculum w ne$ to be improv$4 ,:ile ?is seems a grave responsibility to place ^u pupils ( ! elem5t>y s*ool1 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t !y %\ld "k h[ to /udy by ! "t !y complete t c\rse2 & !y _c possibly le>n h[1 )\t deal+ boldly ) values1--! values ( facts 9 comp>ison ) "o ano!r1 or relative values1 & _! values to ! self1 or g5]al values4 ,we h long want$ "y p to "k h[ to /udy1 )\t all[+ !m *oice among ideas1 t is1 )\t plac+ !m 9 ! conditions t w\ld p]mit x4 ,! fact t dur+ ! lat] ye>s ( ! elem5t>y s*ool *ildr5 mu/ *oose almo/ daily outside ( s*ool betwe5 good & bad lit]ature z pres5t$ 9 books1 p]iodicals1 & newspap]s1 & t !y actually select & reject freely 9 _! own read+1 %[s h[ normal x is to d su* "w 9 s*ool1 & h[ important x is to make x prom95t4 ,me?od ( /udy w !n h prec$5ce ov] o!r aims ( ! s*ool1 ev5 rank+ above ! acquisition ( o!r k4 ,possibly z mu* z "o-f\r? ( all ! s*ool "t might be devot$ prim>ily to ?is problem1 al?\gh )9 t p]iod mu* subject- matt] 9 ! /udies w\ld also be ma/]$4 ,:ile *ildr5 complet+ ! curriculum ( ! elem5t>y s*ool might !n be well en\gh acqua9t$ ) ! g5]al pr9ciples ( /udy1 9 _! practical applications1 to /op ! cu/om>y compla9ts ( tea*]s & p>5ts 9 t reg>d1 me?od ( /udy w\ld /ill be f> f ma/]$4 ,=1 besides ! g5]al pr9ciples1 !re are special pr9ciples peculi> to ea* bran* ( k1 j z !re are bo? g5]al & special me?ods ( tea*+4 ,prop] /udy ( ari?metic1 = example1 does n fully include ! me?od ( /udy+ algebra1 to say no?+ ( gramm>2 nei!r does ! me?od 9 algebra duplicate t 9 geometry2 nor ! me?od 9 ,engli%1 t 9 ,lat92 nor ! me?od 9 ,lat9 t 9 ,fr5*4 ,z ea* new bran* is begun1 !re=e1 two or ?ree weeks might ne$ to be sp5t prim>ily 9 consid]+ h[ x %\ld be /udi$1 & n[ & !n1 lat]1 an h\r %\ld be occupi$ 9 ! same way4 ,topics 9 le>n+ to /udy t are too broad = ! limits ( any p>ticul> bran* w\ld ne$ to be taught f "t to "t4 ,= in/ance1 ! use ( ! table ( cont5ts1 or ( ! index ( a book1 ( ! libr>y catalogue1 ( encyclop$ias & o!r ref]5ce works1 %\ld become famili> 9 ! elem5t>y s*ool1 z well z "s facts ab\t tak+ & pres]v+ notes4 ,9 high s*ool & college fur!r sy/ematic in/ruction w\ld be ne$$ on ! f9d+ ( articles & books treat+ ( c]ta9 topics1 on ! keep+ ( notes1 possibly to ! ext5t ( e/abli%+ a c>d catalogue = !m1 & on ! g5]al use ( a libr>y4 ,"s att5tion to me?ods ( /udy w\ld be 9 place1 !re=e1 ev5 9 college4 ,on ! :ole1 ! cont5t ( ! regul> s*ool p]iod w\ld be consid]ably modifi$4 ,/udy p]iods1 bo? sup]vis$ & indep5d5t1 devot$ ei!r to me?od ( /udy or to subject-matt]1 w\ld be f> m common2 &1 :ile ! reproduction ( facts w\ld /ill be necess>y1 x ne$ n be ! dom9ant feature ( ! s*ool2 = improv$ me?ods ( /udy1 or bett] ?9k+1 w\ld r5d] mu* ( ! m]e te/+ ( ! pres5ce ( facts1 su* z we n[ h1 sup]flu\s4 ,/udy p]iods1 or1 pref]ably1 ?9k+ p]iods1 z ! "n 9 ! regul> s*ool program1 w\ld !n be recogniz$ z m fitt+ ?an recitation2 ! latt] is a belittl+ "n4 #c4 ,modify+ ! me?od ( ! recitation4 ,f9ally1 9 ord] t initiative1 good judgm5t1 & ev5 skill1 may be acquir$ 9 apply+ ! pr9ciples ( /udy1 "y p mu/ d a mu* l>g] "p ( ! "w 9 class ?an has be5 cu/om>y4 ,presid5t ,millis's /atem5ts are aga9 em95tly s\nd1 :5 he decl>es3 ,x is :at ! pupil c d1 n :at ! tea*] c d1 t c\nts4 ,he may be fasc9at$ by ! brilliant p]=mances ( 8 tea*]1 he may be pull$ & pu%$ ab\t "u a skillful cross- exam9ation1 he may manipulate app>atus1 he may see ! :eels g r\nd & r\nd1 & come out ( x all ) little actual ga9 ( p[] to d ?+s = himself or = o!rs4 ,!re is m ?an a little dang] t we h c>ri$ ! ref9em5ts ( tea*+ to ! extreme ( defeat+ its prop] ends4444,a college pr(essor ( my acqua9tance 0 criticis$ by a /ud5t = c>ry+ ! ball too mu* 9 class6 ,no coa* ev] built up a w9n+ team by c>ry+ ! ball himself4 ,! pupil mu/ be active4 ,he mu/ c>ry ! ball4 ,he mu/ ask & answ] que/ions4 ,he mu/ make z well z solve problems4 ,he mu/ be 9 ! game himself1 if he is to le>n to play ! game4 ,he mu/ be indep5d5tly productive4 ,he mu/ le>n to d ?+s = himself1 9 a way :i* he has adopt$ = himself4 ,footnote3 ,ibid ,*ildr5 & old] /ud5ts1 !re=e1 mu/ become accu/om$ to tak+ ! initiative & do+ ! o!r "w ( /udy 9 class1 if !y are to d ^! ?+s outside4 ,"o day :5 read+ ,haw?orne's /ory ( ,! ,gorgon's ,head ) a f\r?-ye> class1 ! writ] /opp$ at an int]e/+ po9t & ask$1 ,d y ev] /op to talk ov] :at y read8 ,or d y always 'g on' & 'keep go+ on'8 ,we always g "r on1 repli$ sev]al4 ,we sometimes /op1 said a few1 among :om 0 ,eddie4 ,v well1 said ,i1 let u /op "h a mom5t to talk4 ,:at h y to say1 ,eddie8 ,o1 we don't talk2 ! tea*] does ! talk+1 said he1 ) a mo/ non*alant air4 ,:at likelihood 0 !re t t class1 aft] _! f\r ye>s ( s*ool tra9+1 w\ld %[ a fair degree ( indep5d5ce 9 _! /udy ( lit]ature1 if _! tea*] 7 sudd5ly /ruck dumb8 ,x is a matt] ( r frequ5t rem>k t *ildr5 accu/om$ to lively p>ticipation 9 class discussion "u a skillful tea*] too (t5 exp]i5ce a disappo9t+ relapse ! mom5t ! tea*] abs5ts h]self4 ,! peculi> /imulus be+ gone1 !y n only fail to rise to ! occasion by conceiv+ su* que/ions z %e might ask2 b ev5 aft] ! que/ions are put1 !y are ov]come by a /range m5tal lassitude & make little response4 ,! /imulus to "w mu/ come f )9 r ?an f )\t1 if "o's /ate is to be heal?y4 ,fur!rmore1 j z ! *ildr5 mu/ d a l>g] "p ( ! "w 9 class1 ! tea*] mu/ d less4 ,"o foll[s z a consequ5ce ( ! o!r4 ,! old-fa%ion$ c\ntry s*ool neglect$ its pupils s mu* t k 0 poorly dige/$4 ,! mod]n s*ool v naturally proposes to correct t evil4 ,accord+ly1 ! good tea*] ( to- day lives v close to h] *ildr54 ,9 _m a s*ool %e does n leave !m to !mselves five m9utes 9 a :ole day4 ,) h] ke5 eye %e detects _! v /ate ( m9d1 & by ! %>pe/ ( que/ions reveals _! slighte/ error4 ,z a result1 _! k is mu* m ?or\gh ?an x us$ to be1 m ( x is acquir$1 & x is acquir$ ) less ef=t4 ,b1 mean:ile1 new evils h crept 94 ,! tea*]1 9 spite ( h] bett] prep>ation1 is work+ h>d] ?an ev]1 mu* too h>d4 ,%e does m ?9k+ 9 class ?an any "o ( h] pupils1 & m talk+ ?an all ( !m put toge!r4 ,at ! same "t1 %e is und]m9+ _! indep5d5ce4 ,! old-fa%ion$ s*ool1 by leav+ ! pupil alone a good %>e ( ! "t1 ?rew him ^u 8 own res\rces en\gh to develop a fair degree ( self-reliance4 ,x possess$ ! m]it at lea/ ( n prev5t+ ! ex]cise ( indep5d5ce4 ,! mod]n s*ool1 by provid+ a help] close at h& e mom5t1 t5ds 9 ! opposite direction4 ,! ga9 on ! :ole is que/ionable4 ,! good ( ! old mu/ be pres]v$ :ile ! add$ good ( ! new is realiz$4 ,! wise tea*] ( ! future1 !re=e1 w d m = h] *ildr5 ?an lead !m to le>n rapidly & ?or\ghly2 %e w endeavor to develop _! self-reliance & judgm5t 9 /udy & 9 o!r matt]s j z f> z possible4 ,= ?is end %e w1 m (t5 ?an at pres5t1 plan to act m]ely z *airman ( discussion1 r ?an z lead] ( x & an active p>ticipant 9 x4 ,%e w induce h] pupils to /udy al\d be=e h]1 p>ticul>ly to take su* initial /eps z lie pla9ly )9 _! p[]4 ,%e w (f] sugge/ions f "t to "t1 b n to ! ext5t ( depriv+ !m ( responsibility = det]m9+ ! ma9 que/ions & answ]+ !m4 ,! long] %e in/ructs a class1 ! less talk+ %e w d1 because !y1 hav+ gr[n m res\rceful & indep5d5t1 w be able to d x !mselves1 x be+ "o ( h] objects to %[ !m h[ !y c get along )\t h]4 ,%e w prove mo/ useful :5 %e is lea/ ne$$4 ,b h] pres5ce w /ill be necess>y1 =1 :ile %e w no long] h to prod !m e mom5t by que/ions1 h] te/+ w always be important1 & h] great] maturity ( k w r5d] h] sugge/ions & criticisms always valuable4 ,! art ( tea*+ w !n consi/ n only 9 ability to pres5t ideas b also 9 ability to keep /ill4 ,t is by no means a small task4 ,"u _m circum/ances x is n difficult to hold "o's tongue4 ,b :5 a tea*] is confront$ by a class 9 :i* e "o has ! duty ( say+ some?+1 x is ei!r pa9ful or ridicul\s if no "o says any?+4 ,x is !n t ! poor tea*] is oblig$ to talk mu* 9 ord] to keep ?+s go+4 ,! really good tea*] is ! "o :o und]/&s ! secret ( delegat+ responsibility to h] pupils1 & n ! lea/ ( h] rew>ds is ! fact t %e is all[$ to re/ h] voice4 ,home /udy ,! fir/ condition to be met 9 reg>d to home /udy is to assign only su* "w z ! pupils are kn[n by ! tea*] to be able to d rightly1 & )\t too great physical /ra94 ,) ! att5tion to me?od ( /udy t has be5 urg$1 ?is condition c be easily met4 ,t means1 h[ev]1 t _m a topic _c be assign$ = ! home z x is approa*$1 = x w fir/ require "s consid]ation at s*ool4 ,?us ! home /udy ( a lesson w v (t5 foll[ r ?an prec$e its /udy at s*ool4 ,! assignm5t ( lessons m]ely by pages is n[ (t5 decri$1 & ju/ly1 because x leaves ! *ild s utt]ly )\t a guide z to me?od4 ,b1 :5 me?od ( /udy has be5 prop]ly taught1 su* an assignm5t w\ld (t5 be fitt+4 ,! responsibility w\ld !n fall ^u ! pupil ( det]m9+ :at x 0 good =1 ( select+ & reorganiz+ ! pr9cipal p>ts1 etc42 b he c\ld meet t responsibility because he w\ld und]/& :at ?+s he 0 to d & w\ld "k h[ to d !m4 ,p>5ts %\ld n be expect$ to take a h& 9 tea*+ _! *ildr5 h[ to /udy1 = t is altoge!r too l>ge a task1 & involves too mu* special prep>ation4 ,if !y obs]ve t a *ild does n "k h[1 !y w\ld bett] leave him alone1 direct+ him to apply to 8 tea*] = in/ruction4 ,p>5ts are m b5t ^u obta9+ results & gett+ rid ( _! *ildr5--s f> z s*ool "w is conc]n$--?an are tea*]s1 s t ! duties assign$ to !m %\ld be few & ( a simple "*4 ,!re are "s important ?+s = p>5ts to d1 h[ev]4 ,!y %\ld take pa9s to provide prop] physical surr\nd+s = home /udy1 includ+ quiet1 prop] light & temp]ature4 ,!y %\ld ex]t an influ5ce 9 ! direction ( regul> h\rs1 ( a %ort p]iod ( relaxation imm$iately be=e & aft] meals & be=e b$time1 & ( "s v>iety ( occupation dur+ ! long] p]iods ( /udy1 s t fatigue may be avoid$4 ,9 addition1 !y %\ld /imulate _! *ildr5 by br++ pressure to be> on ! lazy ones1 by he>+ lessons n[ & !n1 &1 above all1 by ask+ que/ions t call = a review ( facts z well z = _! use 9 conv]sation4 ,!y may give "s help2 b1 if !y d1 !y %\ld by all means avoid fall+ into disputes ab\t me?od4 ,! *ild is "r 9 pref]r+ to d a ?+ 9 ! tea*]'s way1 = x is to ! tea*] t he is f9ally responsible2 & p>5ts ought to be broad en\gh to try to foll[ ! tea*]'s plan4 ,!y c help _! *ildr5 mo/ by %[+ conc]n = !m1 really inspect+ _! writt5 "w in/ead ( m]ely pret5d+ to1 & o!rwise manife/+ g5u9e int]e/ 9 _! tasks4 ,are *ildr5 capable ( ! initiative necess>y = indep5d5t /udy8 ,two que/ions rema9 to be consid]$1 ! fir/ ( :i* p]ta9s to initiative4 ,if indep5d5t /udy requires t "o practically duplicate ! "w ( ! tea*] by tea*+ "o's self1 c *ildr5 9 ! elem5t>y s*ool be expect$ to /udy alone1 or c !y ev5 be tra9$ to x8 ,mu* p[] ( initiative is r>e ev5 among adults4 ,mu* ( ! in/ruction ( tea*]s !mselves is poor ow+ to a lack ( indep5d5t ?9k+4 ,:at success1 !n1 c come to *ildr5 :5 !y are s5t (f to /udy _! lessons 9 private8 ,9 reply1 x is safe to say t !y c be s tra9$1 provid$ !y h "s native capacity = self-reliance t c be us$ z a basis = su* tra9+4 ,& t !y h su* capacity c sc>cely be que/ion$4 ,9 _! *oice & lead]%ip ( games & o!r play2 9 _! plans = con/ructive "w2 9 _! s]i\s tasks set by !mselves at home2 9 _! selection ( topics = conv]sation & ev5 9 ! turns t _! rem>ks take1 *ildr5 pla9ly %[ p[] ( initiative4 ,intellig5t p>5ts recognize ?is fact1 & !y n infrequ5tly take successful measures to cultivate ?is p[]4 ,k9d]g>tn]s also recognize x4 ,inde$1 !y expect *ildr5 :o are little m ?an infants to propose suitable tasks1 toge!r ) ! me?od ( _! execution1 9 ! k9d]g>t51 & to c>ry ! responsibility ( lead]%ip 9 ! conv]sation ( ! circle & 9 ! games4 ,! res\rcefulness ( a t5-ye>-old boy 0 rec5tly sugge/$ 9 a c]ta9 class 9 composition4 ,! subject t !y 7 writ+ on 0 ,m9+ 9 ! ,f> ,we/1 & spell+ 0 a s]i\s ob/acle = "o y\?1 z x 0 = mo/ ( 8 mates4 ,f9ally1 ) app>5t innoc5ce1 he ask$ 8 tea*] if he might n describe 8 exp]i5ces z a m9] 9 ! m9]'s own dialect4 ,on receiv+ h] cons5t he glori$ 9 8 fre$om by misspell+ ne>ly e ^w t he us$4 ,evid5tly1 lat5t p[] ( self-direction is "o ( ! native t5d5cies ( *ildhood4 ,! /atem5t may be v5tur$1 also1 t :ile ! field ( exp]i5ce ( *ildr5 is v diff]5t f t ( adults1 ! ex]cise ( initiative )9 t field is z common among *ildr5 z x is among adults )9 _! own field4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 a good basis 9 *ildr5 = assum+ ! initiative4 ,b x is only a basis4 ,unless ?is native t5d5cy t[>d self-direction is c>efully develop$ 9 connection ) ! /udies 9 s*ool1 f ye> to ye>1 x w ( c\rse prove inadequate to ! dem&s ( prop] /udy4 ,& t v (t5 happ5s4 ,9 spite ( ! fact t s*ools exi/ = ! sake ( education1 !re is _m a s*ool ^: pupils %[ a peculi> s*ool helplessness2 t is1 !y are capable ( less initiative 9 connection ) _! s*ool tasks ?an !y commonly exhibit 9 ! accompli%m5t ( o!r tasks4 ,9 its que/ = k ! s*ool may ?us easily prove inf]ior to ! /reet & ! av]age home 9 ! developm5t ( ?is extremely valuable p[]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if *ildr5's native capacity = tak+ initiative has be5 c>efully develop$1 well-select$ subjects ( /udy ne$ make no excessive dem&s ^u !m4 ,! topics to be consid]$ w be f\nd s ne>ly )9 _! exp]i5ce t _! ability to /udy alone w be tax$ only to a normal degree4 ,*ildr51 !re=e1 c be expect$ to ex]cise ! initiative t is necess>y = indep5d5t /udy f ye> to ye>1 provid$ _! tea*]s f ye> to ye> d _! duty 9 develop+ t p[]4 ,is !re "t = tea*+ h[ to /udy8 ,f9ally1 ev5 ?\gh *ildr5 be capable ( le>n+ to /udy alone1 is !re "t = su* in/ruction1 p>ticul>ly if x is to be ! prim>y object ?r\gh\t possibly a qu>t] ( ! elem5t>y-s*ool "t1 & dur+ a consid]able "t lat]8 ,is n ! curriculum already full en\gh1 inde$ full to completion8 ,:ile x is true t x has begun to be r$uc$ by ! selection ( only su* matt] z be>s a pla9 relation to our lives1 z c be und]/ood by ! le>n]1 & z con/itutes "s "p ( a l>ge topic1 :5 su* r$uction has be5 complet$ !re may /ill rema9 twice z mu* z ought to be taught4 ,%all we1 !n1 ev5 :ile mak+ ^! elim9ations1 make additions t may m ?an equal !m8 ,! addition "h propos$ is n s al>m+4 ,= a long "t "s ( our univ]sity dep>tm5ts ( physics h aim$ r to tea* ! sci5tific me?od 9 laboratory inve/igations ?an to imp>t a k ( ! facts 9 physics2 & "s ( our dep>tm5ts ( practical politics h be5 m conc]n$ ab\t ! me?od ( inve/igat+ political problems ?an ab\t ! conclusions rea*$ conc]n+ !m4 ,9 su* cases ! acceptance ( prop] me?od z ! prim>y purpose has n preclud$ ! acquisition ( mu* subject- matt]1 = ! me?od has be5 taught ?r\gh ! subject-matt]4 ,! same w\ld hold 9 tea*+ prop] me?od ( /udy4 ,b1 aside f t1 att5tion to prop] me?od ( /udy w result 9 greatly r$uc+1 r ?an 9 increas+1 ! "w ( bo? tea*] & pupil1 & 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 x w r$uce ! quantity ( subject-matt]4 ,x is /range t1 9 spite ( ! hue & cry ( tea*]s & sup]9t5d5ts aga9/ ov]cr[d+ 9 ! elem5t>y s*ool1 !y are really ! ones :o make out ! c\rse ( /udy1 & !re are no p]sons back ( !m requir+ !m to include a l>ge am\nt4 ,beyond a m9imum portion ( ! ?ree ,r's1 spell+1 & geography1 :i* are requir$ by society1 almo/ any?+ & ev]y?+ c\ld be omitt$ if !y greatly desir$ x4 ,b !y h =c$ "y p to /udy 9 mu* ! same way z !y !mselves visit ,european c\ntries1 /ra9+ to get a bird's-eye view ( ev]y?+1 & settl+ on no?+ long en\gh to "k x intimately & to enjoy x deeply4 ,!y ju/ify ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s rem>k to ! effect t he w\ld h kn[n no m ?an a great _m o!r p]sons1 if he _h read z _m books z !y _h4 ,! difficulty has be5 t tea*]s1 ) ! c5t] ( gravity ( ! s*ool )9 !mselves1 h lack$ a /&>d = det]m9+ _! pupils' normal rate ( advance4 ,! curriculum t !y h outl9$ has be5 m]ely ! sum ( ^? ?+s t !y h deem$ good1 t !y w\ld l to h ! *ildr5 "k2 & ! *ildr5 h be5 set to "w to consume all ^! good ?+s1 j l g\rm&s4 ,) ! c5t] ( gravity 9 ! *ild1 h[ev]1 & ) ! prop] me?od ( /udy 9 ! lead1 ! le>n]'s real p[] ( assimilation becomes ! /&>d = 8 rate ( advance4 ,&1 s9ce assimilation is a v sl[ process1 includ+ mu* discrim9ation among ideas z well z _! use1 comp>atively few topics c be und]tak54 ,appreciation ( prop] /udy !n makes ext5sive elim9ations s evid5tly necess>y t !y become compulsory4 ,s long z we did n look closely at ! m9ds ( *ildr51 & !y seem$ to ?rive physically1 we h lack$ pro( t !y 7 surfeit+2 att5tion to /udy reveals ! fact too pla9ly = x to be ignor$4 ,x is n m]ely ! tea*]1 ei!r1 t w be embold5$ to ca/ aside subject-matt]4 ,! pupil himself1 "u ! influ5ce ( specific purposes1 a cle> notion ( ?or\ghness1 & 8 own conception ( values1 w quickly pass ov] _m ( ! facts t are assign$ 9 8 lessons4 ,if he pays little att5tion to a full half ( any s*ool text t possesses lit]>y m]it1 he w probably n be f> 9 ! wrong4 ,= p]spective is ess5tial 9 all pres5tation ( ?\ght1 & !re are usually z _m ?+s 9 ! backgr\nd1 necess>y & yet to be ignor$1 z !re are 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,besides r$uc+ ! am\nt ( matt] to be /udi$1 prop] me?od ( /udy+ w fur!r relieve bo? tea*] & pupil f ov]work by elim9at+ mu* friction 9 ! process ( /udy4 ,! want ( axle grease on a wagon does n increase ! actual weight ( a ton ( coal1 b x makes ! pull+ a lot h>d]2 likewise1 awkw>d me?ods ( /udy d n increase ! curriculum 9 fact1 b !y d 9 effect1 by mak+ progress sl[] & m tax+4 ,!re are ho/s ( "y p :o are will+ & are try+ to be /udi\s1 :o d n "k h[4 ,!y1 z well z ! lazy ones1 h to be dragg$ along by _! tea*]s1 & x is ?is dragg+ m ?an ! ?9k+ t exhau/s !m all4 ,x is ! disc\ragem5t result+ f ?is condition t drives _m pupils out ( s*ool & _m tea*]s into matrimony4 ,:ile num]\s ?+s compete ) x z a s\rce ( wa/e 9 education1 unnecess>y friction 9 me?od ( /udy is probably ! greate/ s\rce ( wa/e2 & x is z fooli% to ignore ! fact long] z x w\ld be = a manufactur] to refuse to oil & repair 8 ma*9]y4 ,!re is no "q1 !re=e1 ab\t ! advisability ( tak+ "t to tea* prop] me?od ( /udy4 ,9 spite ( helpful r$uctions 9 ! curriculum f o!r s\rces1 we mu/ look to prop] me?od ( /udy z ! pr9cipal means by :i* "w = bo? ! tea*] & ! pupil w be made light]1 m effective1 & m enjoyable4