,juliet ,su!rl&1 ,*>les ,franks & !     
,onl9e ,di/ribut$ ,pro(read+  ,team4    
,,! ,,tru? ,,ab\t ,,jesus ,,is ,,he ,a  
,,my?8    ,,illu/rat$    ,m4 ,m4        
,mangas>ian    ,illu/ration3 ,woman     
,crucifi$4 ,9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,eti5ne1    
,france4  ,= a ,long ,"t ,?is ,be>d$    
,woman ,0 ,suppos$ to be ! ,*ri/        
,if x is n hi/orically true t su* & su* 
?+s happ5$  9 ,pale/9e eighte5 c5turies 
ago1 :at becomes ( ,*ri/ianity8         
--,?omas ,huxley4            ,,cont5ts  
,,"p ,i    ,a ,,p>able  ,,9 ,,confid5ce 
,,is ,,jesus ,a ,,my?8  ,,! ,,problem   
,,/at$  ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,docum5ts        
,,virg9 ,,bir?s  ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,!    
,,cross  ,,sil5ce ,,( ,,contempor>y     
,,writ]s  ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,jesus ,a     
,,religi\s ,,drama  ,,! ,,jesus ,,(     
,,paul ,,n ,,! ,,jesus ,,( ,,! ,,gospels
  ,,is ,,*ri/ianity ,,real8    ,,"p ,,ii
    ,,is ,,! ,,_w ,,indebt$ ,,to        
,,*ri/ianity8    ,,paganism ,,&         
,,*ri/ianity1 ,,or ,,*ri/ianity  ,,n    
,,suit$ ,,to ,,we/]n ,,races    ,,"p    

,,iii    ,,"s ,,mod]n ,,op9ions ,,(     
,,jesus  ,a ,,rhetorical ,,jesus  ,,we  
,,owe ,,ev]y?+ ,,to ,,jesus  ,a ,,lib]al
 ,,jew ,,praises ,,jesus                
,,app5dix--,,replies ,,to ,,cl]ical     
,,critics          ,by education mo/ h  
be5 misl$1  ,s !y believe because !y 7 s
 br$2  ,! prie/ cont9ues :at ! nurse    
began1  ,& ?us ! *ild imposes on ! man4 
,,dryd54          ,,preface      ,!     
foll[+ "w (f]s 9 book =m ! s]ies (      
/udies on !  "q ( ! hi/oricity ( ,jesus1
 pres5t$ f "t to "t  be=e ! ,indep5d5t  
,religi\s ,society 9 ,or*e/ra ,hall4 ,no
 ef=t  has be5 made to *ange ! mann] ( !
 spok51 into ! m  regul> =m ( ! writt51 
^w4                            ,m4 ,m4  
,,mangas>ian4    ,,or*e/ra ,,hall       
,,*icago            ,illu/ration3       
,picture 9 ,h]culaneum1 ( ! ,days (     
,pompeii1 ,%[+  ,cupid ,cr[n$ ) a       
,cross4            ,,"p ,i4          ,a 
,,p>able        ,i am today tw5ty-five  
hundr$ ye>s old4 ,i h be5 dead = ne>ly  
z _m ye>s4 ,my place ( bir? 0 ,a!ns2 my 

grave 0 n f> f  ^? ( ,x5ophon & ,plato1 
)9 view ( ! :ite glory ( ,a!ns  & !     
%imm]+ wat]s ( ! ,aegean sea4    ,aft]  
sleep+ 9 my grave = _m c5turies ,i awoke
 sudd5ly--,i  _c tell h[ nor :y--& 0    
transport$ by a =ce beyond my  control  
to ?is new day & ?is new city4 ,i arriv$
 "h at daybreak1  :5 ! sky 0 /ill dull &
 dr[sy4 ,z ,i approa*$ ! city ,i  he>d  
bells r++1 & a little lat] ,i f\nd !    
/reets a/ir )  ?rongs ( well dress$ p 9 
family gr\ps w5d+ _! way  hi!r & ?i!r4  
,evid5tly !y 7 n go+ to "w1 = !y  7     
accompani$ by _! *ildr5 9 _! be/ clo!s1 
& a  pleasant expression 0 ^u _! faces4 
,?is mu/ be a day ( fe/ival & wor%ip1   
devot$ to "o ( _!  gods1 ,i murmur$ to  
myself4    ,look+ ab\t me ,i saw a      
g5tleman 9 a neat black dress1 smil+1 & 
8 h& ext5d$ to me ) great cordiality4   
,he mu/ h realiz$ ,i  0 a /rang] & wi%$ 
to t5d] 8 hospitality to me4 ,i accept$ 
x gratefully4 ,i clasp$ 8 h&4 ,he press$
 m9e4 ,we gaz$ = a  mom5t sil5tly into  
ea* o!r's eyes4 ,he und]/ood my         

bewild]m5t  amid my novel surr\nd+s1 &  
(f]$ to enlight5 me4 ,he expla9$  to me 
! r++ ( ! bells & ! mean+ ( ! holiday   
cr[ds  mov+ 9 ! /reets4 ,x 0            
,sunday--,sunday be=e ,*ri/mas1 & !  p 7
 go+ to ! ,h\se ( ,god4    ,( c\rse y   
are go+ !re1 too1 ,i said to my fri5dly 
guide4    ,yes1 he answ]$1 ,i conduct ! 
wor%ip4 ,i am a prie/4    ,a prie/ (    
,apollo8 ,i int]rogat$4    ,no1 no1 he  
repli$1 rais+ 8 h& to comm& sil5ce1     
,apollo is  n a god2 he 0 only an idol4 
,an idol8 ,i :isp]$1 tak5 by surprise4  
,i p]ceive y are a ,greek1 he said to   
me1 & ! ,greeks1 he  cont9u$1 not)/&+ _!
 di/+ui%$ accompli%m5ts1 7  an idolatr\s
 p4 ,!y wor%ipp$ gods t did n exi/4 ,!y 
built temples to div9ities :i* 7 m]ely  
empty names--empty  names1 he repeat$4  
,apollo & ,a!ne--& ! entire ,olympian   
lot  7 no m ?an inv5tions ( ! fancy4    
,b ! ,greeks lov$ _! gods1 ,i prote/$1  
my he>t clamor+ 9  my brea/4    ,!y 7 n 
gods1 !y 7 idols1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 a 
god  & an idol is ?is3 an idol is a ?+2 

,god is a liv+ be+4 ,:5  y _c prove !   
exi/5ce ( y\r god1 :5 y h nev] se5  him1
 nor he>d 8 voice1 nor t\*$ him--:5 y h 
no?+  provable ab\t him1 he is an idol4 
,h y se5 ,apollo8 ,h y  he>d him8 ,h y  
t\*$ him8    ,no1 ,i said1 9 a l[ voice4
    ,d y "k ( any "o :o has8    ,i _h to
 admit t ,i did n4    ,he 0 an idol1 !n1
 & n a god4    ,b _m ( u ,greeks1 ,i    
said1 h felt ,apollo 9 our he>ts &  h   
be5 inspir$ by him4    ,y imag9e y h1   
return$ my guide4 ,if he 7 really div9e 
he w\ld be liv+ to ?is day4    ,is he1  
!n1 dead8 ,i ask$4    ,he nev] liv$2 & =
 ! la/ two ?\s& ye>s or m 8  temple has 
be5 a heap ( ru9s4    ,i wept to he> t  
,apollo1 ! god ( light & music1 0 no    
m--t 8 fair temple _h fall5 into ru9s & 
! fire ^u 8  alt> _h be5 ext+ui%$2 !n1  
wip+ a te> f my eyes1 ,i said1  ,oh1 b  
our gods 7 fair & beautiful2 our        
religion 0 ri* &  picturesque4 ,x made !
 ,greeks a nation ( poets1 orators1     
arti/s1  w>riors1 ?9k]s4 ,x made ,a!ns a
 city ( light2 x creat$ !  beautiful1 ! 

true1 ! good--yes1 our religion 0 div9e4
    ,x _h only "o fault1 int]rupt$ my   
guide4    ,:at 0 t8 ,i inquir$1 )\t kn[+
 :at 8 answ] w\ld be4    ,x 0 n true4   
,b ,i /ill believe 9 ,apollo1 ,i        
exclaim$2 he is n dead1 ,i "k  he is    
alive4    ,prove x1 he said to me2 !n1  
paus+ = a mom5t1 if y produce  him1 he  
said1 we %all all fall d[n & wor%ip him4
 ,produce ,apollo  & he %all be our god4
    ,produce him6 ,i :isp]$ to myself4  
,:at blasphemy6 ,!n1 tak+  he>t1 ,i told
 my guide h[ m ?an once ,i _h felt      
,apollo's radiant  pres5ce 9 my he>t1 & 
told him ( ! immortal l9es ( ,hom]      
conc]n+ ! div9e ,apollo4 ,d y d\bt      
,hom]8 ,i said to him2  ,hom]1 ! inspir$
 b>d8 ,hom]1 ^: inkwell 0 z big z ! sea2
  ^: imp]i%able page 0 ,"t8 ,hom]1 ^: e 
^w 0 a drop  ( light8 ,!n ,i proce$$ to 
quote f ,hom]'s ,iliad1 ! ,greek        
,bible1 wor%ipp$ by all ! ,hell5es z !  
r>e/ ,manuscript betwe5  heav5 & e>?4 ,i
 quot$ 8 description ( ,apollo1 ?an ^:  
lyre  no?+ is m musical1 ?an ^: spee*   

ev5 honey is n sweet]4  ,i recit$ h[ 8  
"m w5t f t[n to t[n to select a wor?y   
place to give bir? to ! "y god1 son (   
,zeus1 ! ,supreme ,be+1  & h[ he 0 born 
& cradl$ amid ! m9i/rations ( all !     
goddesses1 :o ba!d him 9 ! runn+ /ream &
 f$ him )  nect> & ambrosia f ,olympus4 
,!n ,i recit$ ! l9es :i*  picture       
,apollo bur/+ 8 b&s1 leap+ =? f 8       
cradle1 &  spread+ 8 w+s l a swan1 so>+ 
sunw>d1 decl>+ t he  _h come to ann\nce 
to mortals ! w ( ,god4 ,is x possible1  
,i  ask$1 t all ?is is pure fabrication1
 a fantasy ( ! bra91 z  unsub/antial z !
 air8 ,no1 no1 ,apollo is n an idol4 ,he
 is a god1  & ! son ( a god4 ,! :ole    
,greek _w w be> me witness t  ,i am     
tell+ ! tru?4 ,!n ,i look$ at my guide  
to see :at  impression ?is outbur/ (    
s9c]e en?usiasm _h produc$ ^u him1  & ,i
 saw a cold smile ^u 8 lips t cut me to 
! he>t4 ,x  seem$ z if he wi%$ to say to
 me1 ,y poor delud$ pagan6 ,y are  n    
intellig5t en\gh to "k t ,hom] 0 only a 
mortal aft] all1  & t he 0 writ+ a play 

9 :i* he manufactur$ ! gods (  :om he   
sang--t ^! gods exi/$ only 9 8          
imag9ation1 &  t today !y are z dead z  
is _! inv5tor--! poet4    ,by ?is "t we 
/ood at ! entrance ( a l>ge edifice :i* 
my  guide said 0 ! ,h\se ( ,god4 ,z we  
walk$ 9 ,i saw innum]able  little lights
 bl9k+ & w9k+ all ov] ! spaci\s int]ior4
  ,!re 71 besides1 pictures1 alt>s &    
images all ar\nd me4 ,!  air 0 heavy )  
inc5se2 a numb] ( m5 9 gorge\s ve/m5ts 7
  pass+ to & fro1 b[+ & kneel+ be=e !   
v>i\s lights &  images4 ,! audi5ce 0 ^u 
its knees envelop$ 9 sil5ce--a  sil5ce s
 solemn t x aw$ me4 ,obs]v+ my anxiety  
to und]/&  ! mean+ ( all ?is1 my guide  
took me aside & 9 a :isp] told  me t ! p
 7 celebrat+ ! anniv]s>y ( ! bir?day (  
_! beautiful ,savior--,jesus1 ! ,son (  
,god4    ,s 0 ,apollo ! son ( ,god1 ,i  
repli$1 ?9k+ p]haps t aft]  all we might
 f9d ourselves 9 agreem5t ) "o ano!r4   
,=get ,apollo1 he said1 ) a sugge/ion ( 
sev]ity 9 8 voice4  ,!re is no su*      
p]son4 ,he 0 only an idol4 ,if y 7 to   

se>*  = ,apollo 9 all ! univ]se y w\ld  
nev] f9d any "o answ]+  to 8 "n or      
description4 ,jesus1 he resum$1 is !    
,son ( ,god4 ,he  came to our e>? & 0   
born ( a virg94    ,aga9 ,i 0 tempt$ to 
tell my guide t t 0 h[ ,apollo became   
inc>nate2 b ,i re/ra9$ myself4    ,!n   
,jesus grew up to be a man1 cont9u$ my  
guide1 p]=m+  unhe>d-( wond]s1 su* z    
tread+ ! seas1 giv+ sight1 he>+  & spee*
 to ! bl9d1 ! deaf & ! dumb1 conv]t+    
wat] into  w9e1 fe$+ ! multitudes       
miracul\sly1 pr$ict+ com+ ev5ts  &      
resurrect+ ! dead4    ,( c\rse1 ( y\r   
gods1 too1 he add$1 x is claim$ t !y    
p]=m$ miracles1 & ( y\r oracles t !y    
=etold ! future1  b !re is ?is          
diff]5ce--! ?+s relat$ ( y\r gods are a 
fiction1 ! ?+s told ( ,jesus are a fact1
 & ! diff]5ce  betwe5 ,paganism &       
,*ri/ianity is ! diff]5ce betwe5 fiction
  & fact4    ,j !n ,i he>d a wave (     
murmur1 l ! ru/l+ ( leaves 9 a  =e/1    
sweep ov] ! b[$ audi5ce4 ,i turn$ ab\t &
  unconsci\sly1 my ,greek curiosity     

impell+ me1 ,i pu%$ =w>d  t[>d :]e !    
great] c&le lights 7 blaz+4 ,i felt t   
p]haps ! commotion 9 ! h\se 0 !         
ann\ncem5t t ! ,god  ,jesus 0 ab\t to   
make 8 appe>ance1 & ,i want$ to see him4
 ,i  want$ to t\* him1 or1 if ! cr[d 7  
too l>ge to all[ me t  privilege1 ,i    
want$1 at lea/1 to he> 8 voice4 ,i1 :o  
_h nev]  se5 a god1 nev] t\*$ "o1 nev]  
he>d "o speak1 ,i :o _h  believ$ 9      
,apollo )\t ev] hav+ kn[n any?+ provable
 ab\t  him1 ,i want$ to see ! real ,god1
 ,jesus4    ,b my guide plac$ 8 h&      
quickly ^u my %\ld]1 & held me  back4   
,i want to see ,jesus1 ,i ha/5$1 turn+  
t[>d him4 ,i said ?is  rev]5tly & 9 good
 fai?4 ,w he n be "h ?is morn+8 ,w  he n
 speak to 8 wor%ipp]s8 ,i ask$ aga94 ,w 
he n p]mit  !m to t\* him1 to c>ess 8   
h&1 to clasp 8 div9e feet1 to  inhale ! 
ambrosial fragrance ( 8 brea?1 to bask 9
 ! gold5  light ( 8 eyes1 to he> ! music
 ( 8 immaculate acc5ts8 ,let  me1 too1  
see ,jesus1 ,i plead$4    ,y _c see him1
 answ]$ my guide1 ) a trace (           

emb>rassm5t  9 8 voice4 ,he does n %[   
himself any m4    ,i 0 too mu* surpris$ 
at ?is to make any imm$iate reply4    ,=
 ! la/ two ?\s& ye>s1 my guide cont9u$1 
x has n  pleas$ ,jesus to %[ himself to 
any "o2 nei!r has he be5 he>d  f = !    
same numb] ( ye>s4    ,= two ?\s& ye>s  
no "o has ei!r se5 or he>d ,jesus8 ,i   
ask$1 my eyes fill$ ) wond] & my voice  
quiv]+ )  excitem5t4    ,no1 he answ]$4 
,w\ld n t1 !n1 ,i v5tur$ to ask1        
impati5tly1 make ,jesus z  mu* ( an idol
 z ,apollo8 ,& are n ^! p on _! knees   
be=e a god ( ^: exi/5ce !y are z mu* 9 !
 d>k z 7  ! ,greeks ( fair ,apollo1 & ( 
^: pa/ !y h only rumors  su* z ,hom]    
reports ( our ,olympian gods--z         
idolatr\s z !  ,a!nians8 ,:at w\ld y    
say1 ,i ask$ my guide1 if ,i 7 to dem&  
t y %\ld produce ,jesus & prove him to  
my eyes & e>s z y  h ask$ me to produce 
& prove ,apollo8 ,:at is ! diff]5ce     
betwe5 a c]emony p]=m$ 9 honor ( ,apollo
 & "o p]=m$ 9  honor ( ,jesus1 s9ce x is
 z impossible to give oracul>           

demon/ration ( ! exi/5ce ( ! "o z ( !   
o!r8 ,if ,jesus is  alive & a god1 &    
,apollo is an idol & dead1 :at is !     
evid5ce1  s9ce ! "o is z invisible1 z   
inaccessible1 & z unproducible z  ! o!r8
 ,&1 if fai? t ,jesus is a god proves   
him a god1 :y  w n fai? 9 ,apollo make  
him a god8 ,b if wor%ipp+ ,jesus1  :om =
 ! be/ "p ( ! la/ two ?\s& ye>s no man  
has se51  he>d or t\*$2 if build+       
temples to him1 burn+ inc5se ^u 8       
alt>s1 b[+ at 8 %r9e & call+ him ,god1  
is n idolatry1  nei!r is x idolatry to  
k9dle fire ^u ! lum9\s alt>s ( !  ,greek
 ,apollo1--,god ( ! dawn1 ma/] ( !      
en*ant$ lyre--he )  ! b[ & arr[ tipp$ ) 
fire6 ,i am n d5y+1 ,i said1 t  ,jesus  
ev] liv$4 ,he may h be5 alive two ?\s&  
ye>s ago1 b  if he has n be5 he>d f     
s9ce1 if ! same ?+ t happ5$  to ! p liv+
 at ! "t he liv$ has happ5$ to him1     
namely--if  he is dead1 !n y are        
wor%ipp+ ! dead1 :i* fact /amps  y\r    
religion z idolatr\s4    ,&1 !n1        
rememb]+ :at he _h said to me ab\t !    

,greek  my?ology be+ beautiful b n true1
 ,i said to him3 ,y\r temples  are inde$
 gorge\s & co/ly2 y\r music is gr&2 y\r 
alt>s are  sup]b2 y\r litany is         
exquisite2 y\r *ants are melt+2 y\r     
inc5se1 & bells & fl[]s1 y\r gold &     
silv] vessels are all  9 r>e ta/e1 & ,i 
d>e say y\r dogmas are subtle & y\r     
prea*]s eloqu5t1 b y\r religion has "o  
fault--x is n  true4    ,illu/ration3   
,swa/ika4 ,e>li] ,=m ( ! ,cross4        
,illu/ration3 ,! ,lamb 9 ! ,holy        
,sepul*re1 ,mosaic ( ! ,,iv  ,c5tury1   
,s>cophagus ( ,luc de ,be>n4 ,%[+ !     
,lamb on ! ,cross4          ,,9         
,,confid5ce        ,i %all speak 9 a    
/raight=w>d way1 & %all say today :at   
p]haps ,i %\ld say tomorr[1 or t5 ye>s f
 n[1--b %all say  x today1 because ,i _c
 keep x back1 because ,i h no?+ bett]   
to say ?an ! tru?1 or :at ,i hold to be 
! tru?4 ,b :y seek  tru?s t are n       
pleasant8 ,we _c help x4 ,no man c      
suppress  ! tru?4 ,tru? f9ds a crack or 
crevice to crop out (2 x bobs up  to !  

surface & all ! volume & weight ( wat]s 
c n keep x  d[n4 ,tru? prevails6 ,life1 
dea?1 tru?--behold1 ^! ?ree no p[]  c   
keep back4 ,& s9ce we are doom$ to "k ! 
tru?1 let u  cultivate a love = x4 ,x is
 ( no avail to cry ov] lo/ illusions1   
to long = vani%$ dreams1 or to call to !
 dep>t+ gods to come  back4 ,x may be   
pleasant to play ) toys & dolls all our 
life1 b  evid5tly we are n meant to     
rema9 *ildr5 always4 ,! "t comes  :5 we 
mu/ put away *ildi% ?+s & obey ! summons
 ( tru?1  /]n & high4 ,a p :o fe> ! tru?
 c nev] he a free  p4 ,if :at ,i w say  
is ! tru?1 d y "k ( any good  reason :y 
,i %\ld n say x8 ,& if = prud5tial      
reasons ,i %\ld  sometimes hold back !  
tru?1 h[ w\ld y "k :5 ,i am tell+  :at  
,i believe to be ! tru?1 & :5 ,i am     
hold+ x back =  reasons ( policy8    ,! 
tru?1 h[ev] unwelcome1 is n injuri\s2 x 
is error :i*  raises false hopes1 :i*   
de/roys1 degrades & pollutes1 & :i*1    
soon] or lat]1 mu/ be ab&on$4 ,0 x n    
,sp5c]1 :om ,d>w9  call$ our great      

philosoph]1 :o said1 ,repulsive z is its
 aspect1  ! h>d fact :i* dissipates a   
*]i%$ illusion is pres5tly f\nd  to     
conta9 ! g]m ( a m salut>y belief8 ,spa9
 is decay+  today because h] tea*]s1 =  
policy's sake1 are )hold+ !             
disagreeable tru? f ! p4 ,holy wat] &   
sa9t$ bones c  give a nation illusions &
 dreams1 b nev]1--/r5g?4    ,a difficult
 subject is 9 ! nature ( a *all5ge to ! 
m9d4 ,"o  difficult task attempt$ is    
wor? a ?\s& commonplace ef=ts  complet$4
 ,! majority ( p avoid ! difficult & fe>
 dang]4  ,b he :o w\ld progress mu/ ev5 
c\rt dang]4 ,political &  religi\s      
lib]ty 7 discov]$ ?r\gh p]il & /ruggle4 
,!  _w owes its emancipation to human   
d>+4 ,_h ,columbus fe>$  dang]1 ,am]ica 
might h slept = ano!r ?\s& ye>s4    ,i h
 a difficult subject 9 h&4 ,x is also a 
delicate "o4 ,b ,i  am det]m9$ n only to
 "k1 if x is possible1 ! :ole tru?  ab\t
 ,jesus1 b also to communicate t tru? to
 o!rs4 ,"s p  c keep _! m9ds %ut4 ,i _c2
 ,i mu/ %>e my intellectual life  ) !   

_w4 ,if ,i liv$ a ?\s& ye>s ago1 ,i     
might h  collaps$ at ! sight ( ! burn+  
/ake1 b ,i feel sure ,i w\ld  h des]v$ !
 /ake4    ,p say to me1 sometimes1 ,:y d
 y n conf9e y\rself to moral  & religi\s
 exhortation1 su* z1 ',be k9d1 d good1  
love "o  ano!r1 etc4'8 ,b !re is m ( a  
moral tonic 9 ! op5 &  c&id discussion (
 a subject l ! "o 9 h&1 ?an 9 a         
multitude ( platitudes4 ,we feel our    
moral fib] /iff5 into =ce  & purpose "u 
! inspiration ( a p]il d>$ = !          
advancem5t  ( tru?4    ,tell u :at y    
believe1 is "o ( ! reque/s frequ5tly    
address$ to me4 ,i nev] deliv] a lecture
 9 :i* ,i d n1 ei!r  directly or        
indirectly1 give full & free expression 
to my fai? 9  ev]y?+ t is wor?y ( fai?4 
,if ,i d n believe 9 dogma1 x  is       
because ,i believe 9 fre$om4 ,if ,i d n 
believe 9 "o inspir$  book1 x is because
 ,i believe t all tru? & only tru? is   
inspir$4 ,if ,i d n ask ! gods to help  
u1 x is because ,i believe  9 human     
help1 s mu* m real ?an sup]natural help4

 ,if ,i d n  believe 9 /&+ /ill1 x is   
because ,i believe 9 progress4 ,if ,i   
am n attract$ by ! vision ( a di/ant    
heav51 x is because ,i  believe 9 human 
happ9ess1 n[ & "h4 ,if ,i d n say ,"l1  
,"l6 to ,jesus1 x is because ,i b[ my   
head to a great] ,p[] ?an  ,jesus1 to a 
m effici5t ,savior ?an he has ev]       
be5--,sci5ce6    ,oh1 he te>s d[n1 b    
does n build up1 is ano!r criticism ab\t
  my "w4 ,x is n true4 ,no prea*] or    
prie/ is m con/ructive4  ,to build up _!
 *ur*es & ma9ta9 _! cre$s ! prie/s      
pull$ d[n & de/roy$ ! magnific5t        
civilization ( ,greece &  ,rome1 plung+ 
,europe into ! d>k & /]ile ages :i* la/$
 ov]  a ?\s& ye>s4 ,:5 ,galileo wav$ 8  
h&s = joy because he  believ$ he _h     
enri*$ humanity ) a new tru? & ext5d$ ! 
sph]e ( k1 :at did ! *ur* d to him8 ,x  
conspir$ to  de/roy him4 ,x %ut him up 9
 a dungeon6 ,clapp+ tru? into jail2     
gagg+ ! m\? ( ! /ud5t--is t build+ up or
 te>+ d[n8  ,:5 ,bruno light$ a new tor*
 to increase ! light ( ! _w1  :at 0 8   

rew>d8 ,! /ake6 ,dur+ all ! ages t !    
*ur*  _h ! p[] to police ! _w1 e "t a   
?9k] rais$ 8  head he 0 clubb$ to dea?4 
,d y ?9k x is k9d ( u--does x  squ>e )  
our s5se ( ju/ice to call ! prie/       
con/ructive1 &  ! sci5ti/s & philosoph]s
 :o h help$ p to _!  feet--help$ !m to  
self-gov]nm5t 9 politics1 & to self-help
 9  life1--de/ructive8 ,c\nt y\r        
rights--political1 religi\s1 social1    
intellectual--& tell me :i* ( !m 0      
conqu]$ = y by !  prie/4    ,he is      
irrev]5t1 is /ill ano!r ha/y criticism  
,i h he>d  advanc$ aga9/ ! rationali/4  
,i wi% to tell y some?+4 ,b  fir/ let u 
be imp]sonal4 ,! epi!ts irrev]5t1       
blasphem]1  a!i/1 & infidel1 are flung  
at a man1 n f pity1 b f  envy4 ,n hav+ !
 c\rage or ! indu/ry ( our neighbor :o  
works  l a busy bee 9 ! _w ( m5 & books1
 se>*+ ) ! sweat  ( 8 br[ = ! real bread
 ( life1 wett+ ! op5 page be=e  him ) 8 
te>s1 pu%+ into ! wee h\rs ( ! night 8  
que/1 animat$ by ! faire/ ( all loves1 !
 love ( tru?1--we  ease our own indol5t 

consci5ce by call+ him names4 ,we pret5d
  t x is n because we are too lazy or   
too selfi% to "w z h>d  or ?9k z freely 
z he does1 b because we d n want to be z
  irrev]5t z he is t we keep ! w9d[s (  
our m9ds %ut4 ,to  excuse our own       
m$iocrity we call ! man :o tries to get 
out ( !  rut a blasphem]4 ,& s we ask ! 
_w to praise our indiff]5ce  z a great  
virtue1 & to d5\nce ! consci5ti\s toil &
 ?\ght  ( ano!r1 z blasphemy4           
,illu/ration3 ,! ,lamb ,/&+ ,^u !       
,gospels4 ,,viii ,c5tury4    ,,is       
,,jesus ,a ,,my?8        ,:at is a my?8 
,a my? is a fanciful explanation ( a    
giv5  ph5om5on4 ,obs]v+ ! sun1 ! moon1 &
 ! />s ov]head1 !  primitive man wi%$ to
 acc\nt = !m4 ,?is 0 natural4 ,! m9d    
craves = k4 ,! *ild asks que/ions       
because ( an inborn  desire to "k4 ,man 
feels ill at ease ) a s5se ( a m5tal    
vacuum1  until 8 que/ions are answ]$4   
,be=e ! days ( sci5ce1 a  fanciful answ]
 0 all t c\ld be giv5 to man's que/ions 
ab\t  ! physical _w4 ,! primitive man   

guess$ :]e k fail$  him--:at else c\ld  
he d8 ,a my?1 !n1 is a guess1 a /ory1 a 
speculation1 or a fanciful explanation (
 a ph5om5on1 9 ! abs5ce  ( accurate     
in=mation4    ,_m are ! my?s ab\t !     
heav5ly bodies1 :i*1 :ile we call  !m   
my?s1 because we "k bett]1 7 to !       
anci5ts tru?s4 ,!  ,sun & ,moon 7 once  
bro!r & si/]1 ?\ght ! *ild-man2 b  !re  
arose a dispute betwe5 !m2 ! woman ran  
away1 & ! man  ran aft] h]1 until !y    
came to ! end ( ! e>? :]e l& &  sky met4
 ,! woman jump$ into ! sky1 & ! man aft]
 h]1 :]e  !y kept *as+ ea* o!r =ev]1 z  
,sun & ,moon4 ,n[ & !n  !y came close   
en\gh to snap at ea* o!r4 ,t 0 _!       
explanation ( an eclipse4 7,*ildhood ( !
 ,_w4--,edw>d ,clodd47  ,) ?is my?us1 ! 
primitive man 0 satisfi$1 until 8       
develop+ intellig5ce realiz$ its        
inadequacy4 ,sci5ce 0 born (  t         
realization4    ,dur+ ! middle ages x 0 
believ$ by ,europeans t 9 c]ta9  p>ts ( 
! _w1 9 ,india1 = in/ance1 !re 7 p :o _h
  only "o eye 9 ! middle ( _! =eheads1 &

 7 m l  mon/]s ?an humans4 ,?is 0       
imag9>y k1 :i* travel &  rese>* h       
correct$4 ,! my? ( a "o-ey$ p liv+ 9    
,india  has be5 replac$ by accurate     
in=mation conc]n+ ! ,h9doos4  ,likewise1
 be=e ! sci5ce ( anci5t languages 0     
p]fect$--be=e  ar*aeology _h dug up     
buri$ cities & deciph]$ ! hi]oglyphics  
on ! monum5ts ( antiquity1 mo/ ( our k  
conc]n+ !  e>li] ages 0 my?ical1 t is to
 say1 x 0 k n bas$  on inve/igation1 b  
made to ord]4 ,j z ! !ologians /ill     
speculate ab\t ! o!r _w1 primitive man  
speculat$ ab\t ?is  _w4 ,ev5 we mod]ns1 
n v long ago1 believ$1 = in/ance1 t  !  
l& ( ,egypt 0 visit$ by t5 fanta/ic     
plagues2 t 9 "o  bloody night e fir/    
born 9 ! l& 0 sla92 t ! angel (  a      
tribal-god dipp$ 8 h& 9 blood & pr9t$ a 
r$ m>k ^u !  doors ( ! h\ses ( ! ,jews  
to protect !m f h>m2 t ,ph>aoh  & 8     
armies 7 dr[n$ 9 ! ,r$ ,sea2 t ! *ildr5 
( ,israel  w&]$ = =ty ye>s ar\nd ,m\nt  
,s9ai2 & s =?1 & s =?4  ,b n[ t we c    
read ! inscriptions on ! /one pages dug 

out (  anci5t ru9s2 n[ t we c compel a  
buri$ _w to reveal its  secret & to tell
 u its /ory1 we d n h to g on mak+ my?s 
ab\t ! anci5ts4 ,my?s die :5 hi/ory is  
born4    ,x w be se5 f ^! examples t !re
 is no h>m 9 my?-  mak+ if ! my? is     
call$ a my?4 ,x is :5 we use our        
fanciful  k to d5y or to %ut out real & 
sci5tific k t  ! my? becomes a /umbl+   
block4 ,& ?is is precisely ! use to  :i*
 my?s h be5 put4 ,! k+ ) 8 sword & !    
prie/ )  8 curses1 h support$ ! my?     
aga9/ sci5ce4 ,:5 a man  pret5ds to     
believe t ! ,santa ,claus ( 8 *ildhood  
is real1  & tries to compel also o!rs to
 play a "p1 he becomes positively       
immoral4 ,!re is no h>m 9 believ+ 9     
,santa ,claus z a my?1 b  !re is 9      
pret5d+ t he is real1 because su* an    
attitude (  m9d makes a m]e trifle (    
tru?4    ,is ,jesus a my?8 ,!re is 9 man
 a faculty = fiction4 ,be=e hi/ory  0   
born1 !re 0 my?2 be=e m5 c\ld ?9k1 !y   
dream$4 ,x 0  ) ! human race 9 its      
infancy z x is ) ! *ild4 ,!  *ild's     

imag9ation is m active ?an its reason4  
,x is easi] =  x to fancy ev5 ?an to    
see4 ,x ?9ks less ?an x guesses4 ,?is   
wild flight ( fancy is *eck$ only by    
exp]i5ce4 ,x is reflection  :i*         
introduces a bit into ! m\? (           
imag9ation1 curb+ its pace  & subdu+ its
 re/less _s4 ,x is1 !n1 z we gr[ old]1  
&1  if ,i may use ! ^w1 rip]1 t we le>n 
to di/+ui% betwe5  fact & fiction1      
betwe5 hi/ory & my?4    ,9 *ildhood we  
ne$ play?+s1 & ! m fanta/ic & biz>re  !y
 are1 ! bett] we are pleas$ ) !m4 ,we   
dream1 = in/ance1  ( ca/les 9 !         
air--gorge\s & clo!d ) ! azure hue ( !  
skies4 ,we fill ! space ab\t & ov] u )  
spirits1 fairies1  gods1 & o!r invisible
 & airy be+s4 ,we covet ! ra9b[4 ,we    
rea* out = ! moon4 ,our feet d n really 
beg9 to t\* ! firm  gr\nd until we h    
rea*$ ! ye>s ( discretion4    ,i "k !re 
are ^? :o wi% !y c\ld always rema9      
*ildr51--liv+  9 dreaml&4 ,b ev5 if ?is 
7 desirable1 x is n possible4           
,evolution is our de/9y2 ( :at use is x1

 !n1 to take up arms  aga9/ de/9y8      
,let x be borne 9 m9d t all ! religions 
( ! _w 7 born  9 ! *ildhood ( ! race4   
,sci5ce 0 n born until man _h matur$4   
,!re is 9 ?is ?\ght a  _w ( mean+4      
,*ildr5 make religions4    ,gr[n up p   
create sci5ce4    ,! cradle is ! womb ( 
all ! fairies & fai?s ( mank9d4    ,!   
s*ool is ! bir?place ( sci5ce4          
,religion is ! sci5ce ( ! *ild4         
,sci5ce is ! religion ( ! matur$ man4   
,9 ! discussion ( ?is subject1 ,i appeal
 to ! mature1 n to  ! *ild m9d4 ,i      
appeal to ^? :o h cultivat$ a ta/e =    
tru?--:o are n easily sc>$1 b :o c screw
 _! c\rage to  ! /ick+ po9t & foll[ to !
 end tru?'s lead+4 ,! multitude  is ev] 
jo9$ to its idols2 let !m alone4 ,i     
speak to ! disc]n+  few4    ,!re is an  
important diff]5ce betwe5 a lectur] & an
 orda9$  prea*]4 ,! latt] c comm& a he>+
 9 ! "n ( ,god1 or 9  ! "n ( ! ,bible4  
,he does n h to satisfy 8 he>]s ab\t  ! 
reasonabl5ess ( :at he prea*es4 ,he is  
,god's m\?piece1 & no  "o may disagree )

 him4 ,he c also invoke ! au?ority ( !  
*ur* & ( ! ,*ri/ian _w to en=ce         
acceptance ( 8  tea*+4 ,! only way ,i   
may comm& y\r respect is to be          
reasonable4  ,y w n li/5 to me = ,god's 
sake1 nor = ! ,bible's sake1  nor yet = 
! love ( heav51 or ! fe> ( hell4 ,my    
only  protection is to be rational--to  
be tru?ful4 ,9 o!r words1 !  prea*] c   
af=d to ignore common s5se 9 ! "n (     
,revelation4  ,b if ,i dep>t f x 9 !    
lea/1 or am caught once play+ fa/  &    
loose ) ! facts1 ,i w irretrievably lose
 my /&+4    ,illu/ration3 ,9 ,use ,^u   
,hea!n ,alt>s ,c5turies ,be=e           
,*ri/ianity4 ,our answ] to ! "q1 ,is    
,jesus a ,my?8 mu/  dep5d m or less ^u  
orig9al rese>*1 z !re is v little       
writt5 on ! subject4 ,! majority (      
writ]s assume t a p]son  answ]+ to !    
description ( ,jesus liv$ "s two ?\s&   
ye>s  ago4 ,ev5 ! few :o ent]ta9 d\bts  
on ! subject1 seem to hold  t :ile !re  
is a l>ge my?ical elem5t 9 ! ,jesus     
/ory1  nev]!less !re is a hi/orical     

nucleus r\nd :i* has clu/]$  ! elaborate
 leg5d ( ! ,*ri/4 ,9 all probability1 !y
 argue1  !re 0 a man call$ ,jesus1 :o   
said _m helpful ?+s1 & l$ an  exempl>y  
life1 & all ! miracles & wond]s repres5t
 !  accretions ( fond & pi\s ages4      
,let u place ourselves entirely 9 ! h&s 
( ! evid5ce4 ,z f>  z possible1 let u be
 passive1 %[+ no pr$isposition "o way or
  ano!r4 ,we c af=d to be indep5d5t4 ,if
 ! evid5ce proves !  hi/oricity (       
,jesus1 well & good2 if ! evid5ce is n  
suffici5t  to prove x1 !re is no reason 
:y we %\ld fe> to say s2 besides1  x is 
our duty to in=m ourselves on ?is "q4 ,z
 intellig5t  be+s we desire to "k :e!r  
?is ,jesus1 ^: wor%ip is n only  co/+ ! 
_w millions ( ! p's money1 b :i* is also
  draw+ to 8 s]vice ! "t1 ! en]gies1 !  
affection1 !  devotion1 & ! labor (     
humanity1--is a my?1 or a reality4 ,we  
believe t all religi\s p]secutions1 all 
sect>ian w>s1 hatr$s  & intol]ance1 :i* 
/ill cramp & embitt] our humanity1 w\ld 
be  replac$ by love & bro!rhood1 if !   

sects c\ld be made to see  t !          
,god-,jesus !y are qu>rel+ ov] is a my?1
 a %ad[ to  :i* cr$ulity alone gives    
sub/ance4 ,l p :o h be5  fight+ 9 ! d>k1
 fe>+ "s dang]1 ! sects1 once reliev$ ( 
! ?raldom ( a tradition :i* has be5 h&$ 
d[n to !m by a  *ildi% age & c\ntry1 w  
turn ar\nd & embrace "o ano!r4 ,9  e    
s5se1 ! subject is an all-absorb+ "o4 ,x
 goes to ! root  ( ?+s2 x t\*es ! vital 
p>ts1 & x means life or dea? to  !      
,*ri/ian religion4    ,illu/ration3     
,asc5sion ( ,jesus1 ,n9? ,c5tury4       
,illu/ration3 ,juno ,nurs+ ,h] ,div9e   
,*ild1 ,m>s4          ,,! ,,problem     
,,/at$      ,let me n[ give an idea ( ! 
me?od ,i propose to foll[ 9 ! /udy  (   
?is subject4 ,let u suppose t a /ud5t   
liv+ 9 ! ye> #cjjj  desir$ to make sure 
t su* a man z ,abraham ,l9coln really   
liv$  & did ! ?+s attribut$ to him4 ,h[ 
w\ld he g ab\t x8    ,a man mu/ h a     
bir?place & a bir?day4 ,all ! records   
agree z  to :]e & :5 ,l9coln 0 born4    
,?is is n en\gh to prove 8  hi/oricity1 

b x is an important l9k 9 ! *a94        
,nei!r ! place nor ! "t ( ,jesus' bir?  
is kn[n4 ,!re has  nev] be5 any         
unanimity ab\t ?is matt]4 ,!re has be5  
consid]able confusion & contradiction   
ab\t x4 ,x _c be prov$  t ! tw5ty-fif? (
 ,decemb] is 8 bir?day4 ,a numb] ( o!r  
dates 7 obs]v$ by ! ,*ri/ian *ur* at    
v>i\s times z !  bir?day ( ,jesus4 ,!   
,gospels give no date1 & appe> to be q  
unc]ta9--really ignorant ab\t x4 ,:5 x  
is rememb]$ t !  ,gospels purport to h  
be5 writt5 by ,jesus' intimate          
companions1  & dur+ ! lifetime ( 8      
bro!rs & "m1 _! sil5ce on  ?is matt]    
becomes significant4 ,! selection ( !   
tw5ty-fif? (  ,decemb] z 8 bir?day is n 
only an arbitr>y "o1 b t date1  hav+ be5
 f "t immemorial d$icat$ to ! ,sun1 !   
inf]5ce  is t ! ,son ( ,god & ! ,sun (  
heav5 enjoy+ ! same  bir?day1 7 at "o "t
 id5tical be+s4 ,! fact t ,jesus'  dea? 
0 accompani$ ) ! d>k5+ ( ! ,sun1 & t !  
date  ( 8 resurrection is also associat$
 ) ! position ( ! ,sun at  ! "t ( !     

v]nal equ9ox1 is a fur!r intimation t we
 h  9 ! /ory ( ! bir?1 dea?1 &          
resurrection ( ,jesus1 an  anci5t &     
ne>ly univ]sal ,sun-my?1 in/ead (       
v]ifiable  hi/orical ev5ts4 ,! /ory (   
,jesus = ?ree days 9 ! he>t (  ! e>?2 ( 
,jonah1 ?ree days 9 ! belly ( a fi%2 (  
,h]cules1  ?ree days 9 ! belly ( a :ale1
 & ( ,little ,r$ ,rid+ ,hood1  sleep+ 9 
! belly ( a great black wolf1 repres5t !
 attempt (  primitive man to expla9 !   
ph5om5on ( ,day & ,night4 ,! ,sun is    
swall[$ by a dragon1 a wolf1 or a :ale1 
:i* plunges ! _w  into d>kness2 b !     
dragon is kill$1 & ! ,sun rises         
triumphant  to make ano!r ,day4 ,?is    
anci5t ,sun my? is ! />t+ po9t (  ne>ly 
all miracul\s religions1 f ! days (     
,egypt to !  tw5tie? c5tury4            
,illu/ration3 ,! ,p]sian ,god1 ,mi?ra4  
,all ! ,gods ,h ! ,sol>  ,disc ,ar\nd   
,_! ,heads1 ,%[+ ,t ,sun-,wor%ip ,0 ,"o 
( !  ,e>lie/ ,=ms ( ,religion4    ,!    
/ory :i* ,ma!w relates ab\t a rem>kable 
/>1 :i* sail+  9 ! air po9t$ out to "s  

unnam$ magicians ! cradle or cave 9  :i*
 ! wond]-*ild 0 born1 helps fur!r to    
id5tify ,jesus )  ! ,sun4 ,:at became ( 
?is p]=m+ />1 or ( ! magicians1  & _!   
co/ly gifts1 ! records d n say4 ,x is m 
likely t  x 0 ! a/rological pr$ilections
 ( ! gospel writ] :i* l$  him to assign 
to 8 ,god-*ild a /> 9 ! heav5s4 ,!      
belief t  ! />s det]m9e human de/9ies is
 a v anci5t "o4 ,su*  expressions 9 our 
language z ill-/>r$1 a lucky />1        
disa/]1 lunacy1 & s on1 indicate ! hold 
:i* a/rology  once enjoy$ ^u ! human    
m9d4 ,we /ill call a melan*oly man1     
,saturn9e2 a *e]ful man1 ,jovial2 a     
quick-temp]$ man1  ,m]curial2 %[+ h[    
closely our ance/ors associat$ !        
movem5ts ( cele/ial bodies ) human      
affairs4 ,footnote3 ,*ildhood  ( !      
,_w4--,edw>d ,clodd4 ,! prom95ce1 !re=e1
 ( ! sun  & />s 9 ! ,gospel /ory t5ds to
 %[ t ,jesus is an  a/rological r ?an a 
hi/orical "*4    ,t ! "t ( 8 bir?1 8    
dea?1 & suppos$ resurrection is  n      
v]ifiable is g5]ally admitt$4    ,?is   

unc]ta9ty robs ! /ory ( ,jesus1 to an   
ext5t at lea/1 (  ! atmosph]e ( reality4
    ,! tw5ty-fif? ( ,decemb] is         
celebrat$ z 8 bir?day4 ,yet !re  is no  
evid5ce t he 0 born on t day4 ,al?\gh ! 
,gospels are  sil5t z to ! date on :i*  
,jesus 0 born1 !re is circum/antial     
evid5ce 9 ! acc\nts giv5 ( ! ev5t to %[ 
t ! tw5ty-  fif? ( ,decemb] c\ld n h be5
 8 bir?day4 ,x sn[s 9  ,pale/9e1 ?\gh a 
w>m] c\ntry1 & we "k t 9 ,decemb] !re   
are no %eph]ds t5d+ _! flocks 9 ! night 
"t 9 t  c\ntry4 ,(t5 at ?is "t ( ! ye> !
 fields & hills are  cov]$ ) sn[4 ,h5ce1
 if ! %eph]ds sleep+ 9 ! fields  really 
saw ! heav5s op5 & he>d ! angel-song1 9 
all  probability x 0 9 "s o!r mon? ( !  
ye>1 & n late 9  ,decemb]4 ,we "k1 also1
 t e>ly 9 ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity !      
mon?s ( ,may & ,june enjoy$ ! honor (   
conta9+ ! day (  ,jesus' bir?4          
,illu/ration3 ,isis ,nurs+ ,h] ,div9e   
,*ild1 #cjjj ,b4 ,c4    ,( c\rse1 x is  
immat]ial on :i* day ,jesus 0 born1 b :y
 is x  n kn[n8 ,yet n only is ! date ( 8

 bir? a matt] (  conjecture1 b also !   
ye> 9 :i* he 0 born4 ,mat!w1 "o (  !    
,evangeli/s1 sugge/s t ,jesus 0 born 9  
,k+ ,h]od's "t1  = x 0 ?is k+ :o1 he>+ f
 ! ,magi t a ,k+ ( !  ,jews 0 born1     
decid$ to de/roy him2 b ,luke1 ano!r    
,evangeli/1  intimates t ,jesus 0 born  
:5 ,quir9us 0 rul] ( ,judea1 :i*  makes 
! date ( ,jesus' bir? ab\t f\rte5 ye>s  
lat] ?an !  date giv5 by ,mat!w4 ,:y ?is
 discrepancy 9 a hi/orical docum5t1  to 
say no?+ ab\t inspiration8 ,! !ologian  
might say t ?is  little difficulty 0    
introduc$ purposely into ! scriptures to
  e/abli% its infallibility1 b x is only
 religi\s books t are  pron\nc$         
infallible on ! /r5g? ( ! contradictions
 !y  conta94    ,aga91 ,mat!w says t to 
escape ! evil designs ( ,h]od1 ,m>y &   
,joseph1 ) ! infant ,jesus1 fl$ into    
,egypt1 ,luke says no?+  ab\t ?is hurri$
 flight1 nor ( ,h]od's int5tion to kill 
! infant  ,messiah4 ,on ! contr>y he    
tells u t aft] ! =ty days (             
purification 7 ov] ,jesus 0 publicly    

pres5t$ at ! temple1  :]e ,h]od1 if he  
really1 z ,mat!w relates1 wi%$ to seize 
him1  c\ld h done s )\t difficulty4 ,x  
is impossible to reconcile  ! flight to 
,egypt ) ! pres5tation 9 ! temple1 & ?is
  inconsi/5cy is c]ta9ly insurm\ntable &
 makes x look z if !  n>rative _h no    
value :atev] z hi/ory4    ,:5 we come to
 ! m important *apt]s ab\t ,jesus1 we   
meet )  great] difficulties4 ,h y ev]   
notic$ t ! day on :i*  ,jesus is suppos$
 to h di$ falls inv>iably on a ,friday8 
,:at is  ! reason = ?is8 ,x is evid5t t 
nobody kn[s1 & nobody ev]  knew ! date  
on :i* ! ,crucifixion took place1 if x  
ev] took  place4 ,x is s obscure & s    
my?ical t an artificial day has  be5    
fix$ by ! ,ecclesia/ical c\ncils4 ,:ile 
x is always on a  ,friday t !           
,crucifixion is commemorat$1 ! week 9   
:i* ! day  occurs v>ies f ye> to ye>4   
,good ,friday falls n be=e !  spr+      
equ9ox1 b z soon aft] ! spr+ equ9ox z ! 
full moon  all[s1 ?us mak+ ! calculation
 to dep5d ^u ! position ( !  sun 9 !    

,zodiac & ! phases ( ! moon4 ,b t 0     
precisely  ! way ! day = ! fe/ival ( !  
pagan goddess ,oe/]a 0  det]m9$4 ,!     
,pagan ,oe/]a has become ! ,*ri/ian     
,ea/]4 ,does  n ?is fact1 z well z ^?   
already t\*$ ^u1 make ! /ory  ( ,jesus  
to read v mu* l ! /ories ( ! ,pagan     
deities4    ,! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 ,orig91 =
 in/ance1 9 8 reply to !  rationali/    
,celsus :o que/ion$ ! reality ( ,jesus1 
in/ead (  produc+ evid5ce ( a hi/orical 
nature1 appeal$ to ! my?ology  ( !      
pagans to prove t ! /ory ( ,jesus 0 no m
 incr$ible  ?an ^? ( ! ,greek & ,roman  
gods4 ,?is is s important t we  ref] our
 read]s to ,orig9's own words on !      
subject4 ,be=e  reply+ to ,celsus1 x is 
necess>y to admit t 9 ! matt] (  hi/ory1
 h[ev] true x might be1 writes ?is      
,*ri/ian ,fa!r1 x  is (t5 v difficult & 
sometimes q impossible to e/abli%  its  
tru? by evid5ce :i* %all be consid]$    
suffici5t4  ,footnote3 ,orig9 ,contre   
,celse4 #a4 #eh et ,suiv4 ,ibid4 ,?is is
 a  pla9 admission t z e>ly z ! second &

 ?ird c5turies !  claims put =? ab\t    
,jesus did n admit ( positive hi/orical 
demon/ration4 ,b 9 ! abs5ce ( evid5ce   
,orig9 (f]s !  foll[+ metaphysical      
argum5ts aga9/ ! sceptical ,celsus3 #a4 
,su*  /ories z are told ( ,jesus are    
admitt$ to be true :5 told (  pagan     
div9ities1 :y c !y n also be true :5    
told ( !  ,*ri/ian ,messiah8 #b4 ,!y mu/
 be true because !y are !  fulfillm5t ( 
,old ,te/am5t prophecies4 ,9 o!r words1 
! only  pro(s ,orig9 c br+ =? aga9/ !   
rationali/ic criticism (  ,celsus is1 t 
to d5y ,jesus w\ld be equival5t to d5y+ 
bo? !  ,pagan & ,jewi% my?ologies4 ,if  
,jesus is n real1 says ,orig91 !n       
,apollo 0 n real1 & ! ,old ,te/am5t     
prophecies h n be5  fulfill$4 ,if we are
 to h any my?ology at all1 he seems to  
argue1  :y object to add+ to x ! my?us (
 ,jesus8 ,!re c\ld n be a  m damag+     
admission ?an ?is f "o ( ! mo/          
conspicu\s  def5d]s ( ,jesus' /ory aga9/
 e>ly criticism4    ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 ano!r 
e>ly ,fa!r1 (f]s ! foll[+ argum5t  aga9/

 unbeliev]s 9 ! ,*ri/ian leg5d3 ,:5 we  
say also t  ! ,^w1 :i* is ! fir/ bir? ( 
,god1 0 produc$ )\t sexual  union1 & t  
he1 ,jesus ,*ri/1 our tea*]1 0 crucifi$1
 di$1  & rose aga91 & asc5d$ into heav51
 we prop\nd no?+  diff]5t f :at y       
believe reg>d+ ^? :om y e/eem sons  (   
,jupit]4 ,footnote3 ,fir/ ,apology1     
,*apt] xxi 7,anti-,nic5e  ,libr>y74 ,:i*
 is ano!r way ( say+ t ! ,*ri/ian my?us 
is  v simil> to ! pagan1 & %\ld !re=e be
 equally true4  ,press+ 8 argum5t fur!r1
 ?is int]e/+ ,fa!r discov]s _m          
resemblances betwe5 :at he himself is   
prea*+ & :at ! pagans  h always believ$3
 ,= y "k h[ _m sons y\r e/eem$  writ]s  
ascribe to ,jupit]4 ,m]cury1 ! int]pret+
 ^w 7he spells  ?is ^w ) a small w :ile 
9 ! above quotation he uses a  capital w
 to d5ote ! ,*ri/ian inc>nation7 & tea*]
 (  all2 ,aesculapius444:o asc5d$ to    
heav52 "o ,h]cules444&  ,p]seus2444&    
,bell]ophon1 :o1 ?\gh sprung f mortals1 
rose to  heav5 on ! horses ( ,pegasus4  
,footnote3 ,ibid4 ,if ,jupit] c  h1     

,ju/9 ,m>tyr seems to reason1 half a    
doz5 div9e sons1 :y  _c ,jehovah h at   
lea/ "o8    ,illu/ration3 ,! ,unsex$    
,*ri/1 ,nak$ ,9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,anto9e1  
,t\rs1 ,france4    ,in/ead ( produc+    
hi/orical evid5ce or appeal+ to         
cr$itable  docum5ts1 z "o w\ld to prove 
! exi/5ce ( a ,caes> or an  ,alex&]1    
,ju/9 ,m>tyr draws ^u pagan my?ology 9 8
 reply to  ! critics ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,all
 he seems to ask = is t ,jesus be  giv5 
a high] place among ! div9ities ( !     
anci5t _w4    ,to help _! cause !       
,*ri/ian apologi/s n infrequ5tly also   
*ang$ ! s5se ( c]ta9 ,old ,te/am5t      
passages to make !m  support ! miracul\s
 /ories 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,= example1  
hav+ borr[$ f ,ori5tal books ! /ory ( ! 
god 9 a mang]1  surr\nd$ by />+ animals1
 ! ,*ri/ian fa!rs introduc$ a  pr$iction
 ( ?is ev5t into ! foll[+ text f ! book 
(  ,habakkuk 9 ! ,bible3 ,accompli% ?y  
"w 9 ! mid/ ( !  ye>s1 9 ! mid/ ( ! ye>s
 make kn[n1 etc4 ,footnote3 ,hab4  iii4 
#b4 ,?is ,old ,te/am5t text appe>$ 9 !  

,greek translation z  foll[s3 ,?\ %alt  
manife/ ?yself 9 ! mid/ ( two animals   
:i* 0 fulfill$ ( c\rse :5 ,jesus 0 born 
9 a /able4 ,h[  weak mu/ be "o's case to
 resort to su* tactics 9 ord] to comm&  
a foll[+6 ,& :5 x is rememb]$ t ^!      
follies 7 deem$  necess>y to prove !    
reality ( :at has be5 claim$ z ! mo/    
/up5d\s ev5t 9 all hi/ory1 "o c readily 
see ^u h[ fragile  a f\ndation is built 
! /ory ( ! ,*ri/ian ,god-man4    ,let u 
cont9ue3 ,abraham ,l9coln's associates &
 contempor>ies are  all kn[n to hi/ory4 
,! imm$iate companions ( ,jesus appe> to
 be1  on ! o!r h&1 z my?ical z he is    
himself4 ,:o 0 ,mat!w8 ,:o  0 ,m>k8 ,:o 
7 ,john1 ,pet]1 ,judas1 & ,m>y8 ,!re is 
absolutely  no evid5ce t !y ev] exi/$4  
,!y are n m5tion$ except 9  ! ,new      
,te/am5t books1 :i*1 z we %all see1 are 
suppos$ copies  ( suppos$ orig9als4 ,if 
,pet] ev] w5t to ,rome ) a new  doctr9e1
 h[ is x t no hi/orian has tak5 note (  
him8 ,if ,paul  visit$ ,a!ns & prea*$ f 
,m>s ,hill1 h[ is x t !re is no  m5tion 

( him or ( 8 /range ,gospel 9 ! ,a!nian 
*ronicles8  ,= all we "k1 bo? ,pet] &   
,paul may h really exi/$1 b x  is only a
 guess1 z we h no means ( asc]ta9+4 ,!  
unc]ta9ty  ab\t ! apo/les ( ,jesus is q 
9 keep+ ) ! unc]ta9ty  ab\t ,jesus      
himself4    ,! report t ,jesus _h twelve
 apo/les seems also my?ical4 ,!  numb]  
twelve1 l ! numb] sev51 or ?ree1 or =ty1
 plays an  important role 9 all         
,sun-my?s1 & po9ts to ! twelve signs ( !
  ,zodiac4 ,jacob _h twelve sons2 !re 7 
twelve tribes ( ,israel2  twelve mon?s 9
 ! ye>2 twelve gates or pill>s ( heav51 
etc4 ,9  _m ( ! religions ( ! _w1 !     
numb] twelve is sacr$4 ,!re  h be5 few  
god-saviors :o did n h twelve apo/les or
  mess5g]s4 ,9 "o or two places1 9 !    
,new ,te/am5t1 ,jesus is made  to s5d   
out ! sev5ty to evangelize ! _w4 ,"h    
aga9 we see  ! pres5ce ( a my?4 ,x 0    
believ$ t !re 7 sev5ty  diff]5t nations 
9 ! _w--to ea* nation an apo/le4 ,sev5ty
  wise m5 are suppos$ to h translat$ !  
,old ,te/am5t1 sitt+ 9  sev5ty diff]5t  

cells4 ,t is :y _! translation is call$ 
! ,septuag9t ,b x is all a leg5d1 z !re 
is no evid5ce (  sev5ty s*ol>s work+ 9  
sev5ty individual cells on ! ,hebrew    
,bible4 ,"o ( ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs decl>es t  
he saw ^! sev5ty  cells ) 8 own eyes4   
,he 0 ! only "o :o saw !m4    ,t !      
,twelve ,apo/les are fanciful may he    
inf]r$ f !  obscurity 9 :i* ! great]    
numb] ( !m h rema9$4 ,pet]1  ,paul1     
,john1 ,james1 ,judas1 occupy ! /age    
almo/ exclusively4 ,if ,paul  0 an      
apo/le1 we h f\rte51 in/ead ( twelve4   
,leav+ out  ,judas1 & c\nt+ ,mat?ias1 :o
 0 elect$ 9 8 place1 we h  ?irte5       
apo/les4    ,! numb] =ty figures also 9 
_m primitive my?s4 ,! ,jews 7  9 !      
wild]ness = =ty ye>s2 ,jesus fa/$ = =ty 
days2 f  ! resurrection to ! asc5sion 7 
=ty days2 ,moses 0 on !  m\nta9 ) ,god =
 =ty days4 ,an acc\nt 9 :i* su*         
scrupul\s  att5tion is %[n to suppos$   
sacr$ numb]s is apt to be m  artificial 
?an real4 ,! biograph]s ( ,l9coln or (  
,socrates d n  seem to be int]e/$ 9     

numb]s4 ,!y write hi/ory1 n /ories4     
,aga91 _m ( ! contempor>ies ( ,l9coln   
be> writt5 witness to  8 exi/5ce4 ,!    
hi/orians ( ! "t1 ! /atesm51 !          
publici/s1 ! *ronicl]s--all seem to be  
acqua9t$ ) him1 or to  h he>d ( him4 ,x 
is impossible to expla9 :y !            
contempor>ies  ( ,jesus1 ! au?ors &     
hi/orians ( 8 "t1 d n take notice  (    
him4 ,if ,abraham ,l9coln 0 important   
en\gh to h attract$ !  att5tion ( 8     
contempor>ies1 h[ mu* m ,jesus4 ,is x   
reasonable  to suppose t ^! ,pagan &    
,jewi% writ]s knew ( ,jesus1--_h  he>d (
 8 incomp>ably great works & say+s1--b  
omitt$ to  give him a page or a l9e8    
,c\ld !y h be5 9 a conspiracy  aga9/    
him8 ,h[ else is ?is unanim\s sil5ce to 
be acc\nt$ =8  ,is x n m likely t !     
wond]-work+ ,jesus 0 unkn[n to  !m8 ,&  
he 0 unkn[n to !m because no su* ,jesus 
exi/$ 9  _! day4    ,%\ld ! /ud5t1 look+
 into ,abraham ,l9coln's hi/ory1 discov]
  t no "o ( 8 biograph]s knew positively
 j :5 he liv$ or  :]e he 0 born1 he w\ld

 h reason to conclude t because (  ?is  
unc]ta9ty on ! "p ( ! biograph]s1 he mu/
 be m  exact+ ?an he o!rwise w\ld h be54
 ,t is precisely our  position4 ,(      
c\rse1 !re are 9 hi/ory great m5 ( ^:   
bir?places or bir?days we are equally   
unc]ta94 ,b we believe 9  _! exi/5ce1 n 
because no "o seems to "k exactly :5 &  
:]e !y 7 born1 b because !re is ov]:elm+
 evid5ce  corroborat+ ! o!r reports ab\t
 !m1 & :i* is suffici5t to  remove !    
suspicion sugge/$ by ! d>kness hang+ ov]
 _!  nativity4 ,is !re any evid5ce /rong
 en\gh to prove ! hi/oricity  ( ,jesus1 
9 spite ( ! fact t n ev5 8 suppos$      
companions1  writ+ dur+ ! lifetime (    
,jesus' "m1 h any def9ite  in=mation to 
give4    ,b let u cont9ue4 ,! reports   
curr5t ab\t a man l ,l9coln are         
v]ifiable1 :ile _m ( ^? ab\t ,jesus are 
( a nature t no  am\nt ( evid5ce c      
confirm4 ,t ,l9coln 0 ,presid5t ( ^!    
,unit$ ,/ates1 t he sign$ !             
,emancipation ,proclamation1 & t  he 0  
assass9at$1 c be readily au!nticat$4    

,b h[ c any am\nt ( evid5ce satisfy "o's
 self t ,jesus 0  born ( a virg91 =     
in/ance8 ,su* a report or rumor c nev]  
ev5  be exam9$2 x does n l5d itself to  
evid5ce2 x is beyond !  sph]e ( hi/ory2 
x is n a legitimate "q = inve/igation4  
,x belongs to my?ology4 ,inde$1 to put  
=? a report ( t nature  is to =bid ! use
 ( evid5ce1 & to comm& =cible           
acquiesc5ce1 :i*1 to say ! lea/1 is a v 
suspici\s  circum/ance1 calculat$ to    
hurt r ?an to help ! ,jesus /ory4    ,! 
report t ,jesus 0 ,god is equally       
impossible ( v]ification4  ,h[ are we to
 prove :e!r or n a c]ta9 p]son 0 ,god8  
,jesus may  h be5 a wond]ful man1 b is e
 wond]ful man a ,god8 ,jesus may  h     
claim$ to h be5 a ,god1 b is e "o :o    
puts =? su*  a claim a ,god8 ,h[1 !n1   
are we to decide :i* ( ! num]\s         
c&idates = div9e honors %\ld be giv5 our
 votes8 ,& c we by  vot+ = ,jesus make  
him a ,god8 ,obs]ve to :at confusion !  
m]e  attempt to foll[ su* a report leads
 u4    ,a human ,jesus may or may n h   

exi/$1 b we are z sure z we  c be (     
any?+1 t a virg9-born ,god1 nam$ ,jesus1
 su* z we  mu/ believe 9 or be et]nally 
lo/1 is an impossibility--except to     
cr$ulity4 ,b cr$ulity is no evid5ce at  
all1 ev5 :5 x is  dignifi$ by ! "n (    
fai?4 ,let u pause = a mom5t to         
reflect3 ,! f9al argum5t = ! exi/5ce ( !
 miracul\s ,jesus1  prea*$ 9 *ur* &     
,sunday-s*ool1 ^! two ?\s& ye>s1 z !    
sole savior ( ! _w1 is an appeal to     
fai?--! same to :i*  ,mohamm$ resorts to
 e/abli% 8 claims1 & ,brigham ,"y to    
prove  8 revelation4 ,!re is no o!r     
possible way by :i* ! virg9-  bir? or ! 
godhood ( a man c be e/abli%$4 ,& su* a 
fai?  is nev] free1 x is always ma9ta9$ 
by ! sword n[1 & by  hell-fire h]eaft]4 
,once m1 if x _h be5 report$ ( ,abraham 
,l9coln t he  pr$ict$ 8 own             
assass9ation2 t he promis$ "s ( 8 fri5ds
  !y w\ld n die until !y saw him com+   
aga9 ^u ! cl\ds (  heav52 t he w\ld give
 !m ?rones to sit ^u2 t !y c\ld  safely 
dr9k deadly poisons 9 8 "n1 or t he w\ld

 grant !m  any reque/ :i* !y might make1
 provid$ !y ask$ x = 8  sake1 we w\ld be
 ju/ifi$ 9 conclud+ t su* a ,l9coln nev]
  exi/$4 ,yet ! mo/ impossible utt]ances
 are put 9 ,jesus' m\?4  ,he is made to 
say3 ,:atsoev] ye %all ask 9 my "n t w  
,i  d4 ,no man :o makes su* a promise c 
keep x4 ,x is n say+s  l ! above t c    
prove a man a ,god4 ,has ,jesus kept 8  
promise8  ,does he give 8 p ev]y?+1 or  
:atsoev] !y ask ( him8  ,b1 x is answ]$1
 ,jesus only meant to say t he w\ld give
  :atev] he himself consid]$ good = 8   
fri5ds to h4 ,inde$6  ,is t ! way to    
crawl out ( a contract8 ,if t is :at he 
meant1  :y did he say some?+ else8 ,c\ld
 he n h said j :at  he meant1 9 ! fir/  
place8 ,w\ld x n h be5 fair] n  to h    
giv5 8 fri5ds any occasion = false      
expectations8 ,bett]  to promise a      
little & d m1 ?an to promise ev]y?+ & d 
no?+4 ,b to say t ,jesus really ent]$   
into any su* agreem5t  is to ?r[ d\bt ^u
 8 exi/5ce4 ,su* a "* is too wild to  be
 real4 ,only a my?ical ,jesus c\ld      

virtually h& ov] !  gov]nm5t ( ! univ]se
 to c\rti]s :o h petitions to press  ^u 
8 att5tion4 ,moreov]1 if ,jesus c\ld    
keep 8 promise1 !re  w\ld be today no   
mis]y 9 ! _w1 no orphans1 no *ildless   
mo!rs1 no %ipwrecks1 no floods1 no      
fam9es1 no disease1 no crippl$  *ildr51 
no insanity1 no w>s1 no crime1 no wrong6
 ,h n a  ?\s&1 ?\s& pray]s be5 (f]$ 9   
,jesus' "n aga9/ e  evil :i* has pl\gh$ 
! face ( our e>?8 ,h ^! pray]s be5      
answ]$8 ,!n :y is !re discont5t 9 ! _w8 
,c ! foll[]s  ( ,jesus move m\nta9s1    
dr9k deadly poisons1 t\* s]p5ts1 or "w  
great] miracles ?an are ascrib$ to      
,jesus1 z x 0 promis$ t  !y w\ld d8 ,h[ 
_m self-delud$ prophets ^! extravagant  
claims  h produc$6 ,& :o c numb] ! bitt]
 disappo9tm5ts caus$ by  su* impossible 
promises8    ,george ,jacob ,holyoake1 (
 ,engl&1 tells h[ 9 ! days ( utt]       
pov]ty1 8 believ+ "m ask$ ! ,"l1 aga9 & 
aga9--on h]  knees1 ) te>s /ream+ f h]  
eyes1 & ) absolute fai? 9  ,jesus'      
ability to keep ,8 promise1--to give h] 

/>v+ *ildr5  _! daily bread4 ,b ! m     
f]v5tly %e pray$ ! heavi] grew  ! burd5 
( h] life4 ,a /one or wood5 idol c\ld n 
h be5  m indiff]5t to a "m's te>s4 ,my  
m9d a*es z ,i ?9k (  ^? days1 writes    
,mr4 ,holyoake4 ,"o day he w5t to see ! 
,rev4 ,mr4  ,cribbace1 :o _h invit$     
inquir]s to 8 h\se4 ,d y really         
believe1 ask$ "y ,holyoake to !         
cl]gyman1 t :at we ask 9  fai? we %all  
receive8 ,x nev] /ruck me1 cont9ues ,mr4
 ,holyoake1  t ! prea*]'s ?readb>e      
dress1 8 half-fami%$ look1 &  necessity 
( tak+ up a collection ! previ\s night  
to pay exp5ses  %[$ t fai? 0 n a s\rce (
 income to him4 ,x nev] /ruck  me t if  
help c\ld be obta9$ by pray] no *ur*    
w\ld be ne$y1  no believ] w\ld be poor4 
,:at answ] did ! prea*] give to         
,holyoake's e>ne/ "q8 ,! same :i* !     
prea*]s ( today  give3 ,he p>ri$ 8 answ]
 ) _m words1 & at l5g? said t  ! promise
 0 to be tak5 ) ! provision t :at we    
ask$ =  w\ld be giv51 if ,god ?\ght x = 
our good4 ,:y !n1 did n  ,jesus expla9 t

 important proviso :5 he made ! promise8
 ,0  ,jesus only mak+ a half /atem5t1 ! 
o!r half ( :i* he w\ld  reveal lat] to  
protect himself aga9/ disappo9t$        
petition]s4 ,b  he said3 ,if ye ask     
any?+ 9 my "n1 ,i w d x1 & ,if x  7 n s1
 ,i w\ld h told y4 ,did he n mean j :at 
he  said8 ,! tru? is t no hi/orical     
p]son 9 8 s5ses ev] made  su*           
extraord9>y1 su* impossible promises1 & 
! report t  ,jesus made !m only goes to 
confirm t _! au?or is only a  leg5d>y   
be+4    ,:5 ?is tru? dawn$ ^u ,mr4      
,holyoake he ceas$ to petition ,heav51  
:i* 0 l dropp+ a bucket into an empty   
well1 & began to  look else:]e = help4  
,footnote3 ,bygones ,wor?               
,rememb]+4--,george  ,jacob ,holyoake ,!
 _w owes its advancem5t to ! fact t m5  
no  long] look to ,heav5 = help1 b help 
!mselves4 ,self-ef=t1 &  n pray]1 is !  
rem$y aga9/ ignorance1 slav]y1 pov]ty1 &
  moral degradation4 ,=tunately1 by     
hold+ up be=e u an impossible  ,jesus1 )
 8 impossible promises1 ! *ur*es h      

succe$$ only  9 po/pon+1 b n 9 prev5t+1 
! progress ( man4 ,?is is a  complim5t  
to human nature1 & x is well e>n$4 ,x is
 also a promise  t 9 "t humanity w be   
completely emancipat$ f e phantom  :i* 9
 ! pa/ has sc>$ x into sil5ce or        
submission1 &        ,a l(ti] race ?an  
e'er ! _w       ,ha? kn[n %all rise     
,) flame ( lib]ty 9 _! s\ls1       ,&   
light ( sci5ce 9 _! eyes4               
,illu/ration3 ,portion ( ,manuscript    
,suppos$ to ,be ,copy ( ,lo/  ,orig9als4
    ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,docum5ts        ,!  
docum5ts conta9+ ! /ory ( ,jesus are s  
unlike ^? ab\t  ,l9coln or any o!r      
hi/orical "*1 t we mu/ be d\bly         
vigilant 9 our inve/igation4    ,!      
,*ri/ians rely ma9ly on ! f\r ,gospels =
 ! hi/oricity (  ,jesus4 ,b ! orig9al   
docum5ts ( :i* ! books 9 ! ,new         
,te/am5t are claim$ to be fai?ful copies
 are n 9 exi/5ce4  ,!re is absolutely no
 evid5ce t !y ev] 7 9 exi/5ce4  ,?is is 
a /atem5t :i* c n be controv]t$4 ,is x  
conceivable  t ! e>ly believ]s lo/ ?r\gh

 c>elessness or purposely  e docum5t    
writt5 by an apo/le1 :ile gu>d+ ) all   
protect+ jeal\sy & zeal ! writ+s (      
anonym\s p]sons8 ,is  !re any valid     
reason :y ! contributions to ,*ri/ian   
lit]ature  ( an inspir$ apo/le %\ld p]i%
 :ile ^? ( a nameless scribe  are       
pres]v$1 :y ! orig9al ,gospel ( ,mat!w  
%\ld drop quietly  out ( sight1 no "o   
kn[s h[1 :ile a suppos$ copy ( x 9 an   
ali5 language is pres]v$ = _m c5turies8 
,jesus himself1 x is  admitt$1 did n    
write a s+le l9e4 ,he _h come1 accord+  
to  popul> belief1 to reveal ! w (      
,god--a mo/ important mission  inde$1 & 
yet he n only did n put ?is revelation 9
 writ+  dur+ 8 lifetime1 & ) 8 own h&1  
:i* x is natural to  suppose t a div9e  
tea*]1 expressly come f heav51 w\ld h   
done1 b he left ?is all-important duty  
to anonym\s *ronicl]s1  :o1 naturally1  
made en\gh mi/akes to split up ,*ri/5dom
 into  innum]able factions4 ,x is wor? a
 mom5t's pause to ?9k ( !  p]secutions1 
! cruel w>s1 & ! c5turies ( hatr$ &     

bitt]ness :i* w\ld h be5 sp>$ our       
un=tunate humanity1 if  ,jesus himself  
_h writt5 d[n 8 message 9 ! cle>e/ &    
pla9e/ mann]1 in/ead ( leav+ x to 8     
suppos$ disciples to  publi% x to ! _w1 
:5 he c\ld no long] correct _!  mi/akes4
    ,moreov]1 n only did ,jesus n write 
himself1 b he has n ev5  tak5 any pa9s  
to pres]ve ! writ+s ( 8 apo/les1 ,x is  
well  kn[n t ! orig9al manuscripts1 if  
!re 7 any1 are n[h]e to  be f\nd4 ,?is  
is a grave matt]4 ,we h only suppos$    
copies (  suppos$ orig9al manuscripts4  
,:o copi$ !m8 ,:5 7 !y copi$8  ,h[ c we 
be sure t ^! copies are reliable8 ,& :y 
are !re  ?\s&s ^u ?\s&s ( v>i\s read+s 9
 ^!1 num]\s  suppos$ copies8 ,:at means 
h we ( decid+ :i* v]sion or  read+ to   
accept8 ,is x possible t z ! result (   
,jesus' adv5t  into our _w1 we h only a 
basketful ( nameless & dateless  copies 
& docum5ts8 ,is x conceivable1 ,i ask1 t
 a ,god w\ld s5d  8 ,son to u1 & !n     
leave u to w&] ?r\gh a pile ( du/y      
manuscripts to f9d out :y ,he s5t ,8    

,son1 & :at ,he taught :5  on e>?8    ,!
 only answ] ! ,*ri/ian *ur* c give to   
?is "q is t  ! orig9al writ+s 7         
purposely all[$ to p]i%4 ,:5 a  preci\s 
docum5t conta9+ ! te/am5t ( ,almighty   
,god1 &  inscrib$ = an et]nal purpose by
 ! ,holy ,gho/1 disappe>s  altoge!r !re 
is absolutely no o!r way ( acc\nt+ = its
  disappe>ance ?an by say+1 z we h      
sugge/$1 t its div9e  au?or mu/ h       
int5tionally )drawn x f circulation4    
,god  moves 9 a my/]i\s way is ! la/    
resort ( ! believ]4 ,?is is  ! "o       
argum5t :i* is left to !ology to fight  
sci5ce )4  ,un=tunately x is an argum5t 
:i* w\ld prove e cult & ism  "u ! heav5s
 true4 ,! ,mohamm$an1 ! ,mazdaian1 & !  
,pagan  may also fall back ^u fai?4 ,!re
 is no?+ :i* fai? c n  cov] up f !      
light4 ,b if a fai? :i* ignores evid5ce 
be n  a sup]/ition1 :at !n is           
sup]/ition8 ,i wond] if ! ,ca?olic      
,*ur*1 :i* pret5ds to believe--& :i*    
d]ives q an income  f ! belief--t ,god  
has miracul\sly pres]v$ ! wood ( !      

cross1 ! ,holy ,sepul*re1 9 ,j]usalem1 !
 coat ( ,jesus1 & q  a numb] ( o!r      
mem5tos1 c expla9 :y ! orig9al          
manuscripts  7 lo/4 ,i h a suspicion t  
!re 7 no orig9al  manuscripts4 ,i am n  
sure ( ?is1 ( c\rse1 b if nails1 bones &
  holy places c\ld be miracul\sly       
pres]v$1 :y n also manuscripts8  ,x is  
reasonable to suppose t ! ,deity w\ld n 
h p]mitt$  ! mo/ important docum5ts     
conta9+ ,8 ,revelation to drop into  "s 
hole & disappe>1 or to be gnaw$ into du/
 by ! insects1  aft] hav+ _h !m writt5  
by special inspiration4    ,aga91 :5 ^! 
docum5ts1 su* z we f9d !m1 are exam9$1 x
  w be obs]v$ t1 ev5 9 ! mo/ elem5t>y   
intellig5ce :i*  !y pret5d to furni%1 !y
 are hopelessly at v>iance ) "o  ano!r4 
,x is1 = example1 utt]ly impossible to  
reconcile ,mat!w's  g5ealogy ( ,jesus ) 
! "o giv5 by ,luke4 ,9 copy+ ! names (  
! suppos$ ance/ors ( ,jesus1 !y tamp] ) 
! li/ z giv5 9  ! book ( ,*ronicles1 9 !
 ,old ,te/am5t1 & !reby ju/ly  expose   
!mselves to ! *>ge ( bad fai?4 ,"o      

evangeli/ says  ,jesus 0 desc5d$ f      
,solomon1 born ( h] t _h be5 ! wife  (  
,urias4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ,david ord]$ 
,urias kill$ 9 a  c[>dly mann]1 t he may
 m>ry 8 wid[1 :om he covet$4  ,accord+  
to ,mat!w1 ,jesus is "o ( ! (fspr+ ( ?is
 adult]\s  relation4 ,accord+ to ,luke1 
x is n ?r\gh ,solomon1 b ?r\gh  ,na?an1 
t ,jesus is connect$ ) ! h\se ( ,david4 
,aga91 ,luke tells u t ! "n ( ! fa!r (  
,joseph 0 ,heli2  ,mat!w says x 0       
,jacob4 ,if ! writ]s ( ! gospels 7      
contempor>ies ( ,joseph !y c\ld h easily
 le>n$ ! exact "n  ( 8 fa!r4    ,aga91  
:y d ^! biograph]s ( ,jesus give u !    
g5ealogy (  ,joseph if he 0 n ! fa!r (  
,jesus8 ,x is ! g5ealogy ( ,m>y  :i* !y 
%\ld h giv5 to prove ! desc5t ( ,jesus f
 !  h\se ( ,david1 & n t ( ,joseph4 ,^! 
irreconcilable  diff]5ces betwe5 ,luke1 
,mat!w & ! o!r evangeli/s1 g to  prove t
 ^! au?ors possess$ no reliable         
in=mation conc]n+  ! subjects !y 7 writ+
 ab\t4 ,= if ,jesus is a hi/orical  "*1 
& ^! biograph]s 7 really 8 imm$iate     

associates1  & 7 inspir$ besides1 h[ are
 we to expla9 _! blund]s &              
contradictions ab\t 8 g5ealogy8    ,a   
good illu/ration ( ! my?ical or         
unhi/orical "* ( !  ,new ,te/am5t is    
furni%$ by ! /ory ( ,john ! ,bapti/4 ,he
 is  fir/ repres5t$ z confess+ publicly 
t ,jesus is ! ,*ri/2  t he himself is n 
wor?y to unloose ! lat*et ( 8 %oes2 &  t
 ,jesus is ! ,lamb ( ,god1 :o take? away
 ! s9s ( !  _w4 ,john 0 also pres5t1 !  
gospels say1 :5 ! heav5s  op5$ & a dove 
desc5d$ on ,jesus' head1 & he he>d !    
voice  f ! skies1 cry+3 ,he is my belov$
 ,son1 9 :om ,i am well  pleas$4    ,is 
x possible t1 a few *apt]s lat]1 ?is    
same ,john =gets 8  public              
confession1--! dove & ! voice f         
heav51--& actually  s5ds two ( 8        
disciples to f9d out :o ?is ,jesus is1  
,footnote3  ,mat!w xi4 ,! only way we c 
acc\nt = su* /range conduct is  t !     
compil] or editor 9 "q _h two diff]5t   
my?s or  /ories be=e him1 & he wi%$ to  
use !m bo?4    ,a fur!r pro( ( ! loose &

 extravagant /yle ( ! ,gospel  writ]s is
 furni%$ by ! conclud+ v]se ( ! ,f\r?   
,gospel3  ,!re are also _m o!r ?+s :i*  
,jesus did1 ! :i*1 if !y  %\ld be       
writt51 e "o1 ,i suppose t ev5 ! _w     
itself  c\ld n conta9 ! books t %\ld be 
writt54 ,?is is m l  ! language ( a     
my?-mak] ?an ( a hi/orian4 ,h[ mu*      
reliance  c we put 9 a report] :o is    
giv5 to su* exagg]ation8 ,to say  t ! _w
 itself w\ld be too small to conta9 !   
unreport$  say+s & do+s ( a tea*] ^:    
public life possibly did n  la/ long]   
?an a ye>1 & ^: report$ words & de$s    
fill only  a few pages1 is to prove "o's
 /atem5ts unwor?y ( s]i\s  consid]ation4
    ,& x is wor? our :ile to note also t
 ! docum5ts :i* h  come d[n to our "t & 
:i* purport to be ! biographies (       
,jesus1 are n only writt5 9 an ali5     
language1 t is to say1 9 a  language :i*
 0 n t ( ,jesus & 8 disciples1 b nei!r  
are !y dat$ or sign$4 ,jesus & 8 twelve 
apo/les 7 ,jews2 :y  are all ! f\r      
,gospels writt5 9 ,greek8 ,if !y 7      

orig9ally  writt5 9 ,hebrew1 h[ c we    
tell t ! ,greek translation is          
accurate1 s9ce we c n comp>e x ) !      
orig9als8 ,& :y are  ^! ,gospels        
anonym\s8 ,:y are !y n dat$8 ,b z we    
%all say  some?+ m on ?is subject 9 !   
pres5t volume1 we conf9e  ourselves at  
?is po9t to reproduc+ a fragm5t ( !     
manuscript  pages f :i* our ,greek      
,translations h be5 made4,footnote3 ,see
  page #eg4 ,x is admitt$ by s*ol>s t   
ow+ to ! difficulty (  read+ ^! anci5t &
 imp]fect & also conflict+ texts1 an    
accurate translation is impossible4 ,b  
?is is ano!r way ( say+  t :at ! *ur*es 
call ! ,^w ( ,god is n only ! ^w (  man1
 b a v imp]fect ^w1 at t4    ,! belief 9
 ,jesus1 !n1 is f\nd$ on second>y       
docum5ts1 alt]$  & edit$ by v>i\s h&s2  
on lo/ orig9als1 & on anonym\s          
manuscripts ( an age consid]ably lat]   
?an ! ev5ts !re9  relat$--manuscripts   
:i* contradict ea* o!r z well z         
!mselves4 ,su* is cle>ly & und5iably !  
basis = ! belief 9  a hi/orical ,jesus4 

,x 0 ?is s5se ( ! insuffici5cy ( !      
evid5ce :i* drove ! mission>ies (       
,*ri/ianity to commit  =g]ies4    ,if   
!re 0 ample evid5ce = ! hi/oricity (    
,jesus1 :y did 8  biograph]s resort to  
=g]y8 ,! foll[+ admissions by ,*ri/ian  
writ]s !mselves %[ ! helplessness ( !   
e>ly prea*]s 9 !  pres5ce ( inquir]s :o 
ask$ = pro(s4 ,! *ur* hi/orian1         
,mo%eim1 writes t1 ,! ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs   
deem$ x a pi\s act to  employ deception 
& fraud4 ,footnote3 ,ecclesia/ical      
,hi/41 ,vol4 ,i1  ,p4 #bdg4    ,aga91 he
 says3 ,! greate/ & mo/ pi\s tea*]s 7   
ne>ly all  ( !m infect$ ) ?is leprosy4  
,w n "s believ] tell u  :y =g]y & fraud 
7 necess>y to prove ! hi/oricity (      
,jesus4 ,ano!r hi/orian1 ,milman1 writes
 t1 ,pi\s fraud 0  admitt$ & av[$ by !  
e>ly mission>ies ( ,jesus4 ,x 0 an  age 
( lit]>y frauds1 writes ,bi%op          
,ellicott1 speak+ ( ! times  imm$iately 
foll[+ ! alleg$ crucifixion ( ,jesus4   
,dr4 ,giles  decl>es t1 ,!re c be no    
d\bt t great numb]s ( books 7  writt5 ) 

no o!r purpose ?an to deceive4 ,& x is !
 op9ion  ( ,dr4 ,rob]tson ,smi? t1 ,!re 
0 an enorm\s float+ mass (  spuri\s     
lit]ature creat$ to suit p>ty views4    
,books :i* are n[  reject$ z apo*ryphal 
7 at "o "t receiv$ z inspir$1 &  books  
:i* are n[ believ$ to be infallible 7 at
 "o "t  reg>d$ z ( no au?ority 9 !      
,*ri/ian _w4 ,x c]ta9ly is  puzzl+ t !re
 %\ld be a :ole lit]ature ( fraud & =g]y
  9 ! "n ( a hi/orical p]son4 ,b if     
,jesus 0 a my?1 we c  easily expla9 !   
leg5ds & traditions spr++ up 9 8 "n4    
,! e>ly foll[]s ( ,jesus1 !n1 realiz+ ! 
=ce ( ?is  objection1 did actually      
resort to int]polation & =g]y 9 ord]  to
 prove t ,jesus 0 a hi/orical "*4    ,"o
 ( ! olde/ critics ( ! ,*ri/ian religion
 0 a ,pagan1 kn[n  to hi/ory "u ! "n (  
,porphyry2 yet1 ! e>ly ,fa!rs did n     
hesitate to tamp] ev5 ) ! writ+s ( an   
av[$ oppon5t (  _! religion4 ,aft] issu+
 an edict to de/roy1 among o!rs1 !      
writ+s ( ?is philosoph]1 a "w1 call$    
,philosophy ( ,oracles1  0 produc$1 9   

:i* ! au?or is made to write almo/ z a  
,*ri/ian2 & ! "n ( ,porphyry 0 sign$ to 
x z its au?or4  ,/4 ,augu/9e 0 "o ( !   
fir/ to reject x z a =g]y4  ,footnote3  
,geo4 ,w4 ,foote4 ,crimes ( ,*ri/ianity4
 ,a m a/\nd+  inv5tion ?an ?is alleg$ "w
 ( a hea!n be>+ witness to  ,*ri/ is    
difficult to produce4 ,d ^! =g]ies1 ^!  
apocryphal  writ+s1 ^! int]polations1   
freely admitt$ to h be5 !  prevail+     
practice ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 help to    
prove !  exi/5ce ( ,jesus8 ,& :5 to ?is 
:olesale manufacture ( d\btful  evid5ce 
is add$ ! t]rible v&alism :i* ne>ly     
de/roy$ e  great ,pagan classic1 we c =m
 an idea ( ! desp]ate means to  :i* !   
e>ly ,*ri/ians resort$ to prove t ,jesus
 0 n a  my?4 ,x all goes to %[ h[       
difficult x is to make a man out ( a    
my?4          ,illu/ration3 ,! ,goddess 
,"m 9 ! ,grecian ,pan!on4    ,,virg9    
,,bir?s        ,/ories ( gods born (    
virg9s are to be f\nd 9 ne>ly e age  &  
c\ntry4 ,!re h be5 _m virg9 mo!rs1 &    
,m>y ) h]  *ild is b a rec5t v]sion ( a 

v old & univ]sal my?4 ,9  ,*9a & ,india1
 9 ,babylonia & ,egypt1 9 ,greece &     
,rome1 div9e  be+s select$ f among !    
daught]s ( m5 ! pure/ & mo/  beautiful  
to s]ve !m z a means ( entrance into !  
_w (  mortals4 ,wi%+ to take ^u !mselves
 ! human =m1 :ile  reta9+ at ! same "t  
_! div9ity1 ?is compromise--( an  e>?ly 
"m ) a div9e fa!r--0 effect$4 ,9 ! =m ( 
a  swan ,jupit] approa*$ ,l$a1 z 9 !    
guise ( a dove1 or a  ,p>acletus1       
,jehovah ov]%ad[$ ,m>y4    ,a nymph ba?+
 9 a riv] 9 ,*9a is t\*$ by a lotus     
plant1 &  ! div9e ,fohi is born4    ,9  
,siam1 a w&]+ sunbeam c>esses a girl 9  
h] te5s1 & !  great & wond]ful deliv]]1 
,codom1 is born4 ,9 ! life ( ,buddha  we
 read t he desc5d$ on 8 "m ,maya1 9     
lik5ess z !  heav5ly que51 & ent]$ h]   
womb1 & 0 born f h] "r  side1 to save ! 
_w4 ,footnote3 ,/ories ( ,virg9 ,bir?s4 
,ref]5ce3 ,"l ,mac>tney4 ,voyage dans   
'int]view de la ,*9e et en  ,t>t>ie4    
,vol4 ,i1 ,p4 #dh4 ,see also ,les       
,vi]ges ,m]es et les ,naissance         

,miraculeuse4 ,p4 ,sa9tyves4 ,p4 #ai1   
etc4 ,9 ,greece1 ! "y god  ,apollo      
visits a fair maid ( ,a!ns1 & a ,plato  
is u%]$ into !  _w4    ,9 anci5t        
,mexico1 z well z 9 ,babylonia1 & 9     
mod]n ,corea1 z 9  mod]n ,pale/9e1 z 9 !
 leg5ds ( all l&s1 virg9s gave bir?  &  
became div9e mo!rs4 ,footnote3 ,/ories (
 ,virg9 ,bir?s4  ,ref]5ce3 ,"l          
,mac>tney4 ,voyage dans 'int]view de la 
,*9e et en  ,t>t>ie4 ,vol4 ,i1 ,p4 #dh4 
,see also ,les ,vi]ges ,m]es et les     
,naissance  ,miraculeuse4 ,p4 ,sa9tyves4
 ,p4 #ai1 etc4    ,b ! real home ( virg9
 bir?s is ! l& ( ! ,nile4 ,eighte5      
hundr$ ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 we f9d c>v$ on  
"o ( ! walls ( !  great temple ( ,luxor 
a picture ( ! annunciation1 conception &
  bir? ( ,k+ ,amuno?ph ,,iii1 an almo/  
exact copy ( !  annunciation1 conception
 & bir? ( ! ,*ri/ian ,god4 ,( c\rse no  
"o w ?9k ( ma9ta9+ t ! ,egyptians borr[$
 ! idea  f ! ,ca?olics ne>ly two ?\s&   
ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4  ,! /ory 9 !  
,gospel ( ,luke1 ! fir/ & second *apt]s 

is1  says ,malv]t1 a reproduction1 'po9t
 by po9t1' ( ! /ory 9  /one ( !         
miracul\s bir? ( ,amuno?ph4 ,footnote3  
,sci5ce &  ,religion ,p4 #if4           
,illu/ration3 ,! ,annunciation1 ,bir?1 &
 ,adoration ( ,am5ophis (  ,egypt1      
,ne>ly #bjjj ,ye>s ,be=e ,*ri/4    ,%>pe
 9 8 ,egyptian ,my?ology1 page #ai1     
gives ! foll[+  description ( ! ,luxor  
picture1 quot$ by ,g4 ,w4 ,foote 9 8    
,bible  ,romances1 page #abf3 ,9 ?is    
picture we h ! annunciation1 !          
conception1 ! bir? & ! adoration1 z     
describ$ 9 ! fir/ &  second *apt]s (    
,luke's ,gospel4 ,massey gives a m m9ute
  description ( ! ,luxor picture4 ,!    
fir/ sc5e on ! left h&  %[s ! god ,taht1
 ! div9e ,^w or ,loges1 9 ! act ( hail+ 
! virg9 que51 ann\nc+ to h] t %e is to  
give bir? to a  son4 ,9 ! second sc5e ! 
god ,kneph 7assi/$ by ,ha?or7 gives life
  to h]4 ,?is is ! ,holy ,gho/1 or ,_s t
 causes conception4444,next  ! "m is    
seat$ on ! midwife's /ool1 & ! *ild is  
support$  9 ! h&s ( "o ( ! nurses4 ,!   

f\r? sc5e is t ( !  adoration4 ,"h !    
*ild is en?ron$1 receiv+ homage f ! gods
  & gifts f m54 ,footnote3 ,natural     
,g5esis4 ,massey1 ,vol4  ,,ii1 ,p4      
#cih4 ,! picture on ! wall ( ! ,luxor   
temple1 !n1 is "o ( !  s\rces to :i* !  
anonym\s writ]s ( ! ,gospels w5t = _!   
miracul\s /ory4 ,x is no wond] !y       
suppress$ _! own id5tity  z well z !    
s\rce f :i* !y borr[$ _! mat]ial4    ,n 
only ! idea ( a virg9 "m1 b all ! o!r   
miracul\s  ev5ts1 su* z ! /able cradle1 
! guid+ />1 ! massacre (  ! *ildr51 !   
flight to ,egypt1 & ! resurrection &    
bodily  asc5sion t[>d ! cl\ds1 h n only 
be5 borr[$1 b are ev5  sc>cely alt]$ 9 !
 ,new ,te/am5t /ory ( ,jesus4           
,illu/ration3 ,! ,nativity ( ! ,god     
,dionysius1 ,museum ( ,naples4     ,t ! 
e>ly ,*ri/ians borr[$ ! leg5d ( ,jesus f
 e>?ly  s\rces is too evid5t to be ev5  
que/ion$4 ,g]ald ,massey 9 8  great "w  
on ,egyptian orig9s demon/rates !       
id5tity ( ,m>y1 !  "m ( ,jesus1 ) ,isis1
 ! "m ( ,horus4 ,he says3 ,! mo/        

anci5t1 gold-b$iz5$1 smoke-/a9$         
,byzant9e pictures ( !  virg9 & *ild    
repres5t ! my?ical "m z ,isis1 & n z a  
human "m ( ,naz>e?4 ,footnote3 ,vol4 ii1
 ,p4 #dhg4 ,sci5ce &  rese>* h made ?is 
fact s c]ta9 t1 on ! "o h&  ignorance1 &
 on ! o!r1 int]e/ only1 c cont9ue to    
claim  inspiration = ! au?ors ( ! undat$
 & unsign$ fragm5t>y  docum5ts :i* pass 
= ! ,^w ( ,god4 ,if1 !n1 ,jesus is      
/ripp$  ( all ! borr[$ leg5ds & miracles
 ( :i* he is ! subject2  & if we also   
take away f him all ! tea*+s :i*        
collect$  f ,jewi% & ,pagan s\rces h be5
 attribut$ to him--:at w  be left ( him8
 ,t ! ideas put 9 8 m\? h be5 cull$ &   
compil$ f o!r s\rces is z demon/rable z 
! ,pagan orig9 (  ! leg5ds relat$ ( him4
    ,ne>ly e "o ( ! dogmas & c]emonies 9
 ! ,*ri/ian cult  7 borr[$ f o!r & old] 
religions4 ,! resurrection my?1  !      
asc5sion1 ! eu*>i/y1 baptism1 wor%ip by 
kneel+ or  pro/ration1 ! fold+ ( ! h&s  
on ! brea/1 ! r++ (  bells & ! burn+ (  
inc5se1 ! ve/m5ts & vessels us$ 9  *ur*1

 ! c&les1 holy wat]1--ev5 ! ^w ,mass 7  
all  adopt$ & adapt$ by ! ,*ri/ians f ! 
religions ( !  anci5ts4 ,! ,tr9ity is z 
mu* ,pagan1 z mu* ,indian or ,buddhi/1 z
  x is ,*ri/ian4 ,! idea ( a ,son ( ,god
 is z old z ! olde/  cult4 ,! sun is !  
son ( heav5 9 all primitive fai?s4 ,!   
physical sun becomes 9 ! c\rse (        
evolution1 ! ,son (  ,righte\sness1 or !
 ,son ( ,god1 & heav5 is p]sonifi$ z !  
,fa!r on ,high4 ,! halo ar\nd ! head (  
,jesus1 ! horns ( !  old] deities1 !    
rays ( light radiat+ f ! heads ( ,h9du &
  ,pagan gods are incontrov]tible       
evid5ce t all gods 7 at "o  "t--! sun 9 
heav54          ,illu/ration3           
,prehi/oric ,crosses ,discov]$ 9 ,pagan 
,sepul*res  7,italy74    ,,! ,,orig9 ,,(
 ,,! ,,cross        ,only ! un9=m$1 (   
:om1 we regret to say1 !re are a great  
_m1 & :o are ! ma9 support ( ! old      
religions1 /ill believe  t ! cross      
orig9at$ ) ,*ri/ianity4 ,l ! dogmas ( ! 
,tr9ity1 ! virg9 bir?1 & ! resurrection1
 ! sign ( ! cross  or ! cross z an      

emblem or a symbol 0 borr[$ f ! m       
anci5t fai?s ( ,asia4 ,p]haps "o ( ! mo/
 important discov]ies  :i* primitive man
 felt oblig$ nev] to be ungrateful en\gh
 to  =get1 0 ! production ( fire by !   
friction ( two /icks  plac$ across ea*  
o!r 9 ! =m ( a cross4 ,z e>ly z ! /one  
age we f9d ! cross c>v$ on monum5ts :i* 
h be5 dug out (  ! e>? & :i* c be se5 9 
! museums ( ,europe4 ,on ! co9s  ( lat] 
g5]ations z well z on ! alt>s (         
prehi/oric times we  f9d ! sacr$ symbol 
( ! cross4 ,! dead 9 anci5t cemet]ies   
slept "u ! cross z !y d 9 our day 9     
,ca?olic *ur*y>ds4    ,illu/ration3     
,h\se ( ,goodness1 ) ,cross4 ,egyptian1 
#bjjj ,b4 ,c4    ,9 anci5t ,egypt1 z 9  
mod]n ,*9a1 ,india1 ,corea1 ! cross is  
v5]at$ by ! masses z a *>m ( great p[]4 
,9 ! ,musee  ,guimet1 9 ,p>is1 we h se5 
specim5s ( pre-,*ri/ian crosses4 ,9  !  
,l\vre ,museum "o ( ! hea!n gods c>ries 
a cross on 8  head4 ,dur+ 8 second      
j\rney to ,new ,zeal&1 ,cook 0 surpris$ 
to  f9d ! natives m>k+ ! graves ( _!    

dead ) ! cross4 ,we  saw1 9 ! ,museum ( 
,/4 ,g]ma91 an anci5t div9ity ( ,gaul1  
be=e  ! conque/ ( ! c\ntry by ,julius   
,caes>1 we>+ a g>m5t on  :i* 0 wov5 a   
cross4 ,9 ! same museum an anci5t alt> (
 ,gaul  "u ,paganism1 _h a cross c>v$ ^u
 x4 ,t ! cross 0 n  adopt$ by ! foll[]s 
( ,jesus until a lat] date may be inf]r$
  f ! sil5ce ( ! e>li] gospels1 ,mat!w1 
,m>k & ,luke1 on  ! details ( !         
crucifixion1 :i* is m fully develop$ 9 !
  lat] gospel ( ,john4 ,! fir/ ?ree     
evangeli/s say no?+ ab\t  ! nails or !  
blood1 & give ! impression t he 0 hang$4
  ,writ+ ( ! two ?ieves :o 7 s5t5c$ to  
receive ! same  puni%m5t1 ,luke says1   
,"o ( ! malefactors t 0 hang$ )  him4 ,!
 idea ( a ble$+ ,*ri/1 su* z we see on  
crosses 9  ,ca?olic *ur*es1 is n pres5t 
9 ^! e>li] descriptions ( !             
crucifixion2 ! ,*ri/ians ( ! "t ( ,orig9
 7 call$ !  foll[]s ( ! god :o 0 hang$4 
,9 ! f\r? gospel we see !  beg9n+s ( !  
leg5d ( ! cross1 ( ,jesus c>ry+ or fall+
  "u ! weight ( ! cross1 ( ! nail pr9ts 

9 8 h&s &  feet1 ( ! spe> draw+ ! blood 
f 8 side & sme>+ 8  body4 ,( all ?is1 ! 
fir/ ?ree evangeli/s are q ignorant4    
,illu/ration3 ,pagan ,prie/ (           
,h]culaneum ,we>+ ! ,cross4             
,illu/ration3 ,cross ( ! ,*9ese ,emp]or 
,f\-,hi1#biec ,ye>s ,be=e  ,*ri/4       
,illu/ration3 ,discov]$ 9 ,newgrange1   
,irel&4 ,an ,anci5t ,pagan  ,cross4     
,let x be fur!r not$ t x 0 n until eight
 hundr$ ye>s  aft] ! suppos$ crucifixion
 t ,jesus is se5 9 ! =m ( a  human be+  
on ! cross4 ,n 9 any ( ! pa9t+s on !    
anci5t  catacombs is f\nd a crucifi$    
,*ri/4 ,! e>lie/ cross be>+ a  human be+
 is ( ! eigh? c5tury4 ,= a long "t a    
lamb ) a  cross1 or on a cross1 0 !     
,*ri/ian symbol1 & x is a lamb :i*  we  
see entomb$ 9 ! holy sepul*re4 ,9 m ?an 
"o mosaic (  e>ly ,*ri/ian times1 x is n
 ,jesus1 b a lamb1 :i* is ble$+  = !    
salvation ( ! _w4 ,h[ a lamb came to    
play s important a  role 9 ,*ri/ianity  
is v>i\sly expla9$4 ,! simil>ity betwe5 
! "n ( ! ,h9du god1 ,agni & ! mean+ ( ! 

same ^w 9  ,lat91 :i* is a lamb1 is "o  
!ory4 ,ano!r is t a ram1 "o (  ! signs (
 ! zodiac1 (t5 conf\nd$ by ! anci5ts ) a
 lamb1  is ! orig9 ( ! popul> rev]5ce = 
! lamb z a symbol--a  rev]5ce :i* all   
religions bas$ on sun-wor%ip %>$4 ,!    
lamb 9  ,*ri/ianity takes away ! s9s ( !
 p1 j z ! pas*al  lamb did 9 ! ,old     
,te/am5t1 & e>li] /ill1 j z x did 9     
,babylonia4    ,illu/ration3 ,us$ by a  
,prie/ ( ,bac*us1 ,%[+ ! ,cross4        
,illu/ration3 ,engrav+ ( ! ,,xi ,c5tury4
    ,illu/ration3 ,lamb on ,cross4      
,illu/ration3 ,f a ,picture 9 ! ,*ur* ( 
,g5e/4 ,a ,lamb ,c>ry+  ! ,cross4       
,illu/ration3 ,! ,lamb & ! ,cross1 ,,ix 
,c5tury4    ,to ! same effect is !      
foll[+ lett] ( ! bi%op ( ,m5de1 9       
,france1 be>+ date ( ! ye> #hjj ,a4 ,d43
 ,because ! d>kness has  disappe>$1 &   
because also ,*ri/ is a real man1 ,pope 
,adrian  comm&s u to pa9t him "u ! =m ( 
a man4 ,! lamb ( ,god mu/  n any long]  
be pa9t$ on a cross1 b aft] a human =m  
has be5  plac$ on ! cross1 !re is no    

objection to h a lamb also  repres5t$ ) 
x1 ei!r at ! foot ( ! cross or on !     
opposite side4 ,footnote3 ,translat$ f !
 ,fr5* ( ,didron4  ,quot$ by ,malv]t4   
,we leave x to our read]s to draw !     
necess>y  conclusions f ! above lett]4  
,h[ did a lamb hold its place on  !     
cross = eight hundr$ ye>s8 ,if ,jesus 0 
really crucifi$1 &  t fact 0 a matt] (  
hi/ory1 :y did x take eight hundr$ ye>s 
= a ,*ri/ian bi%op to write1 n[ t ,*ri/ 
is a real man1  etc48 ,today1 x w\ld be 
consid]$ a blasphemy to place a lamb on 
a  cross4    ,on ! tomb/ones ( ,*ri/ians
 ( ! f\r? c5tury are pictures           
repres5t+1 n ,jesus1 b a lamb1 work+ !  
miracles m5tion$ 9  ! gospels1 su* z    
multiply+ ! loaves & fi%es1 & rais+     
,laz>us f ! dead4    ,illu/ration3      
,mosaic ( ,/4 ,prax$es1 ,v ,c5tury1 ,%[+
 ! ,lamb  ,*ri/4    ,illu/ration3 ,!    
,lamb ,sl[ly ,becom+ ,human4            
,illu/ration3 ,! ,lamb ,multiply+ !     
,loaves & ,fi%es1 ,,iv ,c5tury          
,s>cophagus4    ,! fir/ repres5tations (

 a human =m on ! cross diff]            
consid]ably f ^? :i* prevail at ! pres5t
 "t4    ,illu/ration3 ,! ,lamb          
,resurrect+ ,laz>us1 ,,iv ,c5tury       
,s>cophagus4    ,:ile ! figure on !     
mod]n cross is almo/ nak$1 ^? on !      
e>li] ones are clo!d & completely cov]$4
 ,we>+ a fl[+  tunic1 ,jesus is /&+     
/raight aga9/ ! cross ) 8 arms          
out/ret*$1 z ?\gh 9 ! act ( deliv]+ an  
address4  ,frequ5tly1 at 8 feet1 on !   
cross1 !re is /ill pa9t$ !  figure ( a  
lamb1 :i* by & by1 he is go+ to replace 
altoge!r4  ,gradually ! robe disappe>s f
 ! crucifi$ "o1 until we see him        
crucifi$1 z 9 ! adjo9+ picture1 ) h>dly 
any clo!s on1  & we>+ an expression (   
great agony4    ,illu/ration3 ,mod]n    
,*ri/4          ,illu/ration3 ,*ri/ & ! 
,twelve ,apo/les1 ,c>ry+ ,swa/ikas &    
,sol> ,discs ,in/ead ( ! ,cross4        
,s>cophagus1 ,milan4    ,,! ,,sil5ce ,,(
 ,,pr(ane ,,writ]s        ,9 all        
hi/orical matt]s1 we _c ask = m ?an a   
reasonable assurance conc]n+ any "q4 ,9 

fact1 absolute  c]ta9ty 9 any bran* (   
human k1 ) ! exception (  ma!matics1    
p]haps1 is impossible4 ,we are f9ite    
be+s1 limit$ 9  all our p[]s1 &1 h5ce1  
our conclusions are n only relative1 b  
!y %\ld ev] be held subject to          
correction4 ,:5 our law c\rts  s5d a man
 to ! gall[s1 !y c h no m ?an a         
reasonable  assurance t he is guilty2 :5
 !y acquit him1 !y c h no  m ?an a      
reasonable assurance t he is innoc5t4   
,positive  assurance is unatta9able4 ,! 
dogmati/ is ! only "o :o claims to      
possess absolute c]ta9ty4 ,b 8 claim is 
no m ?an a gr\ndless  assumption4 ,:51  
!re=e1 we le>n t ,josephus1 = in/ance1  
:o  liv$ 9 ! same c\ntry & ab\t ! same  
"t z ,jesus1 & wrote  an ext5sive hi/ory
 ( ! m5 & ev5ts ( 8 day & c\ntry1  does 
n m5tion ,jesus1 except by int]polation1
 :i* ev5 a  ,*ri/ian cl]gyman1 ,bi%op   
,w>burton1 calls a rank =g]y1 & a  v    
/upid "o1 too1 we c be reasonably sure t
 no su* ,jesus z  is describ$ 9 ! ,new  
,te/am5t1 liv$ ab\t ! same "t & 9  !    

same c\ntry ) ,josephus4    ,! failure (
 su* a hi/orian z ,josephus to m5tion   
,jesus t5ds to  make ! exi/5ce ( ,jesus 
at lea/ reasonably d\btful4    ,few     
,*ri/ians n[ place any reliance ^u !    
evid5ce f ,josephus4  ,! e>ly ,fa!rs    
made ?is ,jew admit t ,jesus 0 ! ,son ( 
,god4  ,( c\rse1 ! admission 0 a =g]y4  
,de ,qu9cey says ! passage is  kn[n to  
be a =g]y by all m5 n lunatics4 ,( "o   
o!r suppos$  ref]5ce 9 ,josephus1 ,canon
 ,f>r> says3 ,?is passage 0 e>ly  tamp]$
 ) by ! ,*ri/ians4 ,! same writ] says   
?is ( a ?ird  passage3 ,respect+ ! ?ird 
passage 9 ,josephus1 ! only "q  is :e!r 
x be p>tly or entirely spuri\s4 ,l>dn]1 
! great  ,engli% !ologian1 0 ! fir/ man 
to prove t ,josephus 0 a  poor witness =
 ,*ri/4    ,9 exam9+ ! evid5ce f pr(ane 
writ]s we mu/ rememb] t  ! sil5ce ( "o  
contempor>y au?or is m important ?an !  
suppos$ te/imony ( ano!r4 ,!re 0 liv+ 9 
! same "t )  ,jesus a great ,jewi% s*ol>
 by ! "n ( ,philo4 ,he 0 an  ,alex&rian 
,jew1 & he visit$ ,j]usalem :ile ,jesus 

0 tea*+ &  work+ miracles 9 ! holy city4
 ,yet ,philo 9 all 8 works nev]  once   
m5tions ,jesus4 ,he does n seem to h    
he>d ( him4 ,he c\ld  n h help$ m5tion+ 
him if he _h really se5 him or he>d (   
him4 ,9 "o place 9 8 works ,philo is    
describ+ ! diff]5ce  betwe5 two ,jewi%  
names1 ,hosea & ,jesus4 ,jesus1 he says1
 means  savi\r ( ! p4 ,:at a f9e        
opportunity = him to h add$  t1 at t v  
"t1 !re 0 liv+ 9 ,j]usalem a savi\r by  
! "n ( ,jesus1 or "o suppos$ to be1 or  
claim+ to be1 a  savi\r4 ,he c\ld n h   
help$ m5tion+ ,jesus if he _h ev] se5   
or he>d ( him4    ,we h else:]e ref]r$  
to ! significant sil5ce ( ! ,pagan      
hi/orians & miscellane\s writ]s on !    
wond]ful ev5ts n>rat$  9 ! ,new         
,te/am5t4 ,b a few rem>ks may be add$ "h
 9  explanation ( ! suppos$ te/imony (  
,tacitus4    ,! quotation f ,tacitus is 
an important "o4 ,t "p ( !  passage :i* 
conc]ns u is some?+ l ?is3--,!y h _!    
d5om9ation f ,*re/us1 put to dea? z a   
crim9al by ,pontius  ,pilate dur+ !     

reign ( ,tib]ius4 ,i wi% to say 9 ! fir/
 place  t ?is passage is n 9 ! ,hi/ory (
 ,tacitus1 kn[n to !  anci5ts1 b 9 8    
,annals1 :i* is n quot$ by any anci5t   
writ]4 ,! ,annals ( ,tacitus 7 n kn[n to
 be 9 exi/5ce  until ! ye> #adfh4 ,an   
,engli% writ]1 ,mr4 ,ross1 has und]tak51
 9  an int]e/+ volume1 to %[ t ! ,annals
 7 =g$ by an  ,italian1 ,bracciol9i4 ,i 
am n compet5t to say :e!r or n ,mr4     
,ross proves 8 po9t4 ,b is x conceivable
 t ! e>ly ,*ri/ians  w\ld h ignor$ s    
valuable a te/imony _h !y kn[n ( its    
exi/5ce1 & w\ld !y n h kn[n ( x _h x    
really exi/$8  ,! ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs1 :o n 
only collect$ assidu\sly all t  !y c\ld 
use to e/abli% ! reality ( ,jesus--b :o 
did n  hesitate ev5 to =ge passages1 to 
inv5t docum5ts1 & also to  de/roy !     
te/imony ( witnesses unfavorable to _!  
cause--w\ld  h c]ta9ly us$ ! ,tacitus   
passage _h x be5 9 exi/5ce 9  _! day4 ,n
 "o ( ! ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs 9 8 controv]sy )
  ! unbeliev]s has quot$ ! passage f    
,tacitus1 :i* passage is  ! *ur*'s      

/ronge/ pro( ( ! hi/oricity ( ,jesus1   
outside !  gospels4    ,b1 to beg9 )1   
?is passage has ! appe>ance1 at lea/1 ( 
be+ p5n$ by a ,*ri/ian4 ,x speaks ( su* 
p]secutions ( !  ,*ri/ians 9 ,rome :i*  
contradict all t we "k ( ,roman         
civilization4 ,! abuse ( ,*ri/ians 9 !  
same passage may h  be5 introduc$       
purposely to cov] up ! id5tity ( !      
writ]4 ,!  t]rible outrages aga9/ !     
,*ri/ians m5tion$ 9 ! text f  ,tacitus  
are suppos$ to h tak5 place 9 ! ye> #fd 
,a4 ,d4  ,accord+ to ! ,new ,te/am5t1   
,paul 0 9 ,rome f ! ye> #fc to  ! ye>   
#fe1 & mu/1 !re=e1 h be5 an eye-witness 
( !  p]secution "u ,n]o4 ,let me quote f
 ! ,bible to %[ t !re  c\ld h be5 no su*
 p]secution z ! ,tacitus passage        
describes4  ,! la/ v]se 9 ! book ( ,acts
 reads3 ,& he 7,paul7 abode two  :ole   
ye>s 9 8 own hir$ dwell+1 & receiv$ all 
t w5t 9  unto him1 prea*+ ! k+dom (     
,god1 & tea*+ ?+s conc]n+  ! ,"l ,jesus 
,*ri/ ) all boldness1 none =bidd+ him4  
,h[  is ?is picture ( peace &           

tranquility to be reconcil$ ) !  *>ge t 
! ,romans roll$ up ! ,*ri/ians 9 /raw   
mats &  burn$ !m to illum9ate ! /reets  
at night1 & also t !  lions 7 let loose 
^u ! disciples ( ,jesus8    ,moreov]1 x 
is g5]ally kn[n t ! ,romans 7 indiff]5t 
to  religi\s propag&a1 & nev] p]secut$  
any sect or p>ty 9 !  "n ( religion4 ,9 
,rome1 ! ,jews 7 free to be ,jews2 :y   
%\ld  ! ,jewi% ,*ri/ians--& ! e>ly      
,*ri/ians 7 ,jews--h be5  ?r[n to !     
lions8 ,9 all probability ! p]secutions 
7 mu*  mild] ?an ! ,tacitus passage     
describes1 & politics 0 ! real  cause4  
,until n v long ago1 x 0 univ]sally     
believ$ t ,william ,tell  0 a hi/orical 
"*4 ,b x is n[ prov5 beyond any         
reasonable  d\bt1 t ,tell & 8 apple are 
altoge!r my?ical4  ,not)/&+ t a great   
poet has made him ! !me ( a p[]ful      
drama1 & a great compos] devot$ "o ( 8  
op]as to 8 h]oic  a*ievem5ts2 not)/&+   
also t ! ,swiss %[ ! crossb[  ) :i* he  
is suppos$ to h %ot at ! apple on 8     
son's head--he  is n[ admitt$ to be only

 a leg5d>y h]o4 ,! pr9cipal argum5ts    
:i* h l$ ! educat$ _w to revise its     
views conc]n+ ,william  ,tell are t1 !  
,swiss hi/orians1 ,fab] & ,hamurb91 :o  
liv$ %ortly  aft] ! h]o1 & :o wrote !   
hi/ory ( _! c\ntry1 z ,josephus  did t (
 81 d n m5tion ,tell4 ,_h su* a man     
exi/$ be=e _!  "t1 !y c\ld n h fail$ to 
ref] to him4 ,_! complete sil5ce  is    
damag+ beyond help to ! hi/oricity (    
,tell4 ,nei!r does !  hi/orian1 :o 0 an 
eye witness ( ! battle ( ,morg>t5 9     
#acae1  m5tion ! "n ( ,tell4 ,! ,zuri*  
,*ronicle ( #adig1 also omits to  ref]  
to 8 /ory4 ,9 ! acc\nts ( ! /ruggle ( ! 
,swiss aga9/  ,au/ria1 :i* drove ! =m]  
into rebellion & ultimate indep5d5ce1   
,tell's "n _c be f\nd4 ,yet all ^!      
argum5ts are n half s  damag+ to !      
,william ,tell /ory1 z ! sil5ce (       
,josephus is to !  ,jesus /ory4 ,jesus 0
 suppos$ to h work$ great] wond]s & to h
  creat$ a wid] s5sation ?an ,tell2     
!re=e1 x is m difficult to  expla9 !    
sil5ce ( hi/orians l ,josephus1 ,pl9y & 

,qu9tilian2  or ( philosoph]s l ,philo1 
,s5eca & ,epictetus1 conc]n+ ,jesus1    
?an to expla9 ! sil5ce ( ! ,swiss       
*ronicl]s conc]n+ ,tell4          ,,!   
,,jesus ,,/ory ,a ,,religi\s ,,drama    
,we h n[ progress$ f> en\gh 9 our       
inve/igation to pause a  mom5t =        
reflection be=e we proce$ any fur!r4 ,i 
am consci\s (  no int5tional            
misrepres5tation or suppression ( !     
facts relat+  to ! "q 9 h&4 ,if ,i h    
err$ ?r\gh ignorance1 ,i %all  correct  
any mi/ake ,i may h made1 if "s good    
read] w take !  tr\ble to enlight5 me4  
,i am also satisfi$ t ,i h n comm&$  !  
evid5ce1 b h all[$ ! evid5ce to comm&   
me4 ,i am n  int]e/$ 9 ei!r prov+ or    
disprov+ ! exi/5ce ( ! ,new-  ,te/am5t  
,jesus4 ,i am n an advocate1 ,i am r an 
umpire1 :o  he>s ! evid5ce & pron\nces 8
 decision accord+ly4 ,let !  lawy]s or !
 advocates argue pro & con4 ,i only     
weigh1--& ,i  am sure1 imp>tially1--!   
evid5ce :i* ! witnesses (f]4 ,we h  he>d
 & exam9$ q a numb] ( ^!1 &1 ,i1 at     

lea/1 am  compell$ to say1 t unless     
/rong] evid5ce be =?com+1 a  hi/orical  
,jesus has n be5 prov5 by ! evid5ce ?us 
f> tak5  94 ,?is does n mean t !re is no
 evid5ce :atev] t ,jesus  0 a real      
exi/5ce1 b t ! evid5ce is n en\gh to    
prove x4    ,to condemn or to acquit a  
man 9 a c\rt ( law1 !re mu/ n only  be  
evid5ce1 b en\gh ( x to ju/ify a        
decision4 ,!re is "s  evid5ce = almo/   
any imag9able proposition2 b t is n     
en\gh4 ,n only does ! evid5ce (f]$ to   
prove ,jesus'  hi/oricity1 already      
exam9$1 fail to give ?is assurance1 b1  
on  ! contr>y1 x l5ds mu* support to !  
opposite supposition1  namely1 t 9 all  
probability1 ,jesus 0 a my?--ev5 z      
,mi?ra1  ,osiris1 ,isis1 ,h]cules1      
,sampson1 ,adonis1 ,moses1 ,attis1      
,h]mes1  ,h]acles1 ,apollo ( ,tyanna1   
,*ri%na1 & ,indra1 7 my?s4    ,! /ory ( 
,jesus1 we are con/ra9$ to say1         
possesses all !  *>act]i/ics ( !        
religi\s drama1 full ( />tl+ episodes1  
?rill+ situations1 dramatic action &    

d5\em5t4 ,x reads m  l a play ?an pla9  
hi/ory4 ,f su* evid5ce z ! gospels      
!mselves furni%1 ! conclusion t he 0 no 
m ?an !  pr9cipal "* 9 a religi\s play  
receives mu* support4 ,my/]y  & morality
 plays are ( a v anci5t orig94 ,9 e>li] 
times1  almo/ all popul> in/ruction 0 by
 means ( ,tableaux vivant4    ,z a great
 sc5ic or dramatic p]=mance1 ) ,jesus z 
! h]o1  ,judas z ! villa9--) conspiracy 
z its plot1 & ! trial1 !  resurrection &
 asc5sion z its f9ale1 ! /ory is        
intellig5t  en\gh4 ,= in/ance1 z !      
curta9 rises1 x discloses ^u !  /age    
%eph]ds t5d+ _! flocks 9 ! gre5 fields  
"u !  moonlit sky2 aga91 z ! sc5e %ifts1
 ! cl\ds break1 ! heav5s  op51 & voices 
are he>d f above1 ) a :ite-w+$ *orus    
*ant+ an an!m4 ,! next sc5e sugge/s a   
/able ) ! cattle  9 _! /alls1 mun*+ hay4
 ,9 a corn] ( ! /able1 close to a       
mang]1 imag9e a "y woman1 /oop+ to kiss 
a newly born babe4  ,anon appe> ?ree    
be>d$ & ri*ly co/um$ m51 ) pres5ts 9  _!
 h&s1 b[+ _! heads 9 ec/atic adoration4 

,surely en\gh  ?is is n hi/ory3 ,x does 
n read l hi/ory4 ,! elem5t (  fiction   
runs ?r\gh ! entire ,gospels1 & is its  
w>p & wo(4  ,a c>eful analysis ( ! v>i\s
 incid5ts 9 ?is ensemble w  n fail to   
conv9ce ! unprejudic$ read] t :ile !y   
possess  all ! ess5tials = dramatic     
pres5tation1 !y lack !  requirem5ts (   
real hi/ory4    ,! op5$-heav5s1         
angel-*oirs1 graz+ flocks1 wat*ful      
%eph]ds1 wor%ip+ magicians1 ! /able     
crib1 ! "m &  *ild1 ! wond]ful />1 !    
pres5ts1 ! an!m--all ^!1  :ile !y fit   
admirably z /age sett+1 are que/ionable 
mat]ial  = hi/ory4 ,no hi/orical p]son 0
 ev] born 9 s spectacul> a  mann]4 ,!   
,gospel acc\nt ( ,jesus is an embelli%$1
 ornam5tal1  ev5 s5sationally dramatic  
creation to s]ve z an introduction = a  
leg5d>y h]o4 ,simil> !atrical furniture 
has be5 us$ ?\s&s  ( times to introduce 
o!r leg5d>y *>act]s4 ,all ! ,savior     
,gods  7 born sup]naturally4 ,!y 7 all  
half god1 half man4 ,!y 7  all ( royal  
desc5t4 ,miracles & wond]s att5d$ _!    

bir?4 ,jesus  0 n an exception4 ,we     
reject z my?ical ! bir?-/ories ab\t     
,mi?ra1 & ,apollo4 ,:y accept z hi/ory  
^? ab\t ,jesus8 ,x re/s  ) ! prea*]s (  
,*ri/ianity to %[ t :ile ! god-man (    
,p]sia1 or ( ,greece1 = example1 0 a    
my?1 ! god-man (  ,pale/9e is hi/orical4
    ,! dramatic elem5t is aga9 pla9ly   
se5 9 ! acc\nt ( !  betrayal ( ,jesus4  
,jesus1 :o prea*es daily 9 ! temples1 & 
9  ! public places2 :o talks to !       
multitude on ! m\nta9 & at  ! seaside2  
:o fe$s ?\s&s by miracle2 ! report ( ^: 
wond]ful cures has rea*$ ! ends ( ! e>?1
 & :o is (t5  foll[$ by su* a cru% t to 
rea* him an op5+ has to be made  9 !    
ceil+ ( ! h\se :]e he is /opp+2 :o goes 
9 & out  be=e ! p & is con/antly disput+
 ) ! eld]s &  lead]s ( ! nation--is1    
nev]!less1 repres5t$ z be+ s  unkn[n t 8
 enemies h to resort to ! device ( brib+
 )  ?irty silv] co9s "o ( 8 disciples to
 po9t him out to !m1 &  :i* is to be    
done by a kiss4 ,?is might make a great 
sc5e ^u !  /age1 b x is n ! way ?+s     

happ5 9 life4    ,!n read h[ ,jesus is  
c>ri$ be=e ,pilate ! ,roman gov]nor1 &  
h[ :ile he is be+ tri$ a c\ri] ru%es 9 )
 a lett] f  ,pilate's wife :i* is       
dramatically torn op5 & read al\d 9 !   
pres5ce ( ! cr[d$ c\rt4 ,! lett]1 x is  
said1 0 ab\t a  dream ( ,pilate's wife1 
9 :i* "s gho/ tells h] t ,jesus is      
innoc5t1 & t h] husb& %\ld n proce$     
aga9/ him4 ,is ?is  hi/ory8 ,roman      
jurisprud5ce _h n deg5]at$ to t ext5t z 
to  p]mit ! dreams ( a woman or ( a man 
to influ5ce ! c\rse (  ju/ice4 ,b ?is   
lett] episode 0 inv5t$ by !             
playwright--if ,i  may use ! phrase--to 
prolong ! dramatic susp5se1 to          
complicate  ! situation1 to twi/ ! plot1
 & !reby r5d] ! impression  produc$ by 8
 piece m la/+4 ,! lett] & ! dream did n 
save ,jesus4 ,pilate 0 n influ5c$ by 8  
dream+ wife4 ,%e  dream$ 9 va94    ,9 ! 
next place we he> ,pilate pron\nc+      
,jesus guiltless2 b1  =?)1 he h&s him   
ov] to ! ,jews to be kill$4 ,does ?is   
read  l hi/ory8 ,did ev] a ,roman c\rt  

witness su* a trial8 ,to  pron\nce a man
 innoc5t & !n to say to 8 prosecutors3  
,if y  wi% to kill him1 y may d s1 is   
extraord9>y conduct4 ,!n1  proce$+1     
,pilate takes wat] & o/5tati\sly wa%es 8
 h&s1 a  proce$+ introduc$ by a ,greek  
or ,lat9 scribe1 :o wi%$1 9 all         
probability1 to ?r[ ! blame ( !         
crucifixion entirely ^u !  ,jews4       
,pilate1 repres5t+ ! ,g5tile _w1 wa%es 8
 h&s ( !  responsibility = ! dea? (     
,jesus1 :ile ! ,jews are made to say1   
,8 blood be ^u u & our *ildr54          
,imag9e ! clamor+1 h[l+ ,jews1 trampl+  
on "o ano!r1  ge/iculat+ furi\sly1 gna%+
 _! tee?1 foam+ at ! m\?1  & spitt+ 9 "o
 ano!r's face z !y %\t1 ,crucify him6   
,crucify him6 ,a v p[]ful /age sett+1 to
 be sure--b x is  impossible to imag9e t
 su* disord]1 su* an>*y c\ld be  p]mitt$
 9 any c\rt ( ju/ice4 ,b ?9k once m ( ^?
  t]rible words plac$ 9 ! m\?s ( !      
,jews1 ,8 blood be ^u u  & our *ildr54  
,?9k ( a p op5ly curs+ !mselves &  ask+ 
! :ole ,*ri/ian _w to p]secute !m       

=ev]--,8 blood  be ^u u & our *ildr54   
,next1 ! compos]s ( ! gospels conduct u 
to ! ,g>d5 (  ,ge?semane1 t we may see  
!re ! h]o ( ! play 9 8 agony1  fight+ ! 
great battle ( 8 life alone1 ) nei!r    
help nor  sympa?y f 8 di/ract$ foll[]s4 
,he is %[n to u !re1 on  8 knees1 cry+  
te>s ( blood--sobb+ & groan+ "u !  %ad[ 
( an almo/ cru%+ fe>4 ,trembl+ly he     
prays1 ,let ?is cup  pass f me--if x be 
possible2 & !n1 yield+ to ! t]ror  cr[d+
 9 ^u him1 he sighs 9 ! he>+ ( all !    
ages1 ,!  _s is will+1 b ! fle% is weak1
 precisely ! excuse giv5  by ev]ybody = 
n do+ :at !y w\ld d if !y c\ld4 ,n[1 we 
ask 9 all s]i\sness1 is x likely t a    
,god :o _h come d[n f  heav5 purposely  
to dr9k t cup & to be ! m>tyr-,savior ( 
humanity--w\ld seek to be sp>$ ! fate = 
:i* he 0 orda9$  f all et]nity8    ,!   
objection t ,jesus' hesitation on ! eve 
( ! crucifixion1 z  well z 8 cry (      
despair on ! cross1 7 meant to %[ t he  
0 z human z he 0 div9e1 does n solve !  
difficulty4 ,9 t  ev5t ,jesus1 !n1 0    

m]ely act+--feign+ a fe> :i* he did n   
feel1 & pret5d+ to dread a dea? :i* he  
knew c\ld n hurt  him4 ,if1 h[ev]1      
,jesus really felt al>m$ at ! approa* ( 
dea?1  h[ mu* brav]1 !n1 7 _m ( 8       
foll[]s :o aft]w>ds fac$  dang]s &      
tortures f> m cruel ?an 8 own6 ,we      
hone/ly ?9k  t to h put 9 ,jesus' m\? ! 
words above quot$1 & also to  h         
repres5t$ him z clos+ 8 public c>e] ) a 
%riek on !  cross3 ,my ,god1 my ,god1 :y
 ha/ ?\ =sak5 me8 0 tantam\nt to  an    
admission by ! writ]s t !y 7 deal+ ) a  
symbolic  ,*ri/1 an ideal figure1 ! h]o 
( a play1 & n a hi/orical  "*4    ,x is 
highly dramatic1 to be sure1 to see !   
sun d>k5$1 to feel  ! :ole e>? quak+1 to
 behold ! graves ripp$ op5 & ! dead     
reappe> 9 _! %r\ds--to he> ! h]o himself
 te>+ 8 own  he>t ) t cry ( %udd]+      
angui%1 ,my ,god6 my ,god6--b x  is n   
hi/ory4 ,if su* a man z ,jesus really   
liv$1 !n 8  biograph]s h only giv5 u a  
c>icature ( him4 ,h[ev] beautiful  "s ( 
! say+s attribut$ to ,jesus1 & :atev] ! 

s\rce !y  may h be5 borr[$ f1 !y are n  
en\gh to prove 8  hi/oricity4 ,b ev5 z !
 ,t5 ,comm&m5ts d n prove ,moses to  h  
be5 a hi/orical p]sonage or ! au?or ( ! 
books & de$s  attribut$ to him1 nei!r d 
! p>ables & miracles ( ,jesus prove  him
 to h once visit$ ?is e>? z a god1 or to
 h ev5 exi/$  z a man4    ,socrates &   
,jesus6 ,comp>e ! q natural behavior (  
,socrates 9  prison ) t ( ,jesus 9 !    
,g>d5 ( ,ge?semane4 ,! ,greek sage  is  
s]5e4 ,jesus is al>m$4 ,! night agony ( 
8 s\l1 8 te>s (  blood1 8 pitiful       
collapse :5 he prays1 if x be possible  
let  ?is cup pass f me1--all ?is w\ld be
 v impressive on !  bo>ds1 b !y seem    
incr$ible ( a real man engag$ 9 sav+ a  
_w4 ,once m we say t ! def5se t x 0 !   
man 9 ,jesus  & n ! god 9 him t broke   
d[n1 w\ld be unju/ to ! memory  ( ?\s&s 
( m>tyrs :o di$ by a m t]rible dea? ?an 
t (  ,jesus4 ,z else:]e /at$1 b :i* _c  
be too (t5 emphasiz$1  :at man w\ld n h 
embrac$ dea? ) en?usiasm1--)\t a        
mom5t's misgiv+1 did he ?9k t by 8 dea?1

 dea? & s9  w\ld be no m6 ,:o w\ld %r9k 
f a cross :i* is go+ to save  millions  
to millions add$ f et]nal burn+s4 ,he   
mu/ be a  phantom1 inde$1 :o trembles & 
cries l a fright5$ *ild  because he _c h
 ! cr[n )\t ! cross6 ,:at a spectacle  =
 ! real h]oes cr[d+ ! gall]ies ( hi/ory6
 ,x is difficult  to see ! %r9k+ &      
%udd]+ ,savior ( ! _w1 8 face  ba!d 9   
p]spiration1 blood ooz+ out ( 8 =ehead1 
8 lips  pale1 8 voice break+ into a     
%riek1 ,my ,god1 my ,god1 :y ha/ ?\     
=sak5 me6--x is difficult to witness all
 ?is & n to pity  him4 ,poor ,jesus6 he 
is go+ to save ! _w1 b :o is go+ to     
save him8    ,if we comp>e ! trial (    
,jesus ) t ( ,socrates1 ! fictiti\s     
nature ( ! =m] _c possibly escape       
detection4 ,socrates 0 s  well kn[n 9   
,a!ns1 t x 0 n necess>y = 8 accus]s to  
bribe "o ( 8 disciples to betray him4   
,jesus %\ld h be5 ev5  bett] kn[n 9     
,j]usalem ?an ,socrates 0 9 ,a!ns4 ,he 0
 daily  prea*+ 9 ! synagogues1 & 8      
miracles _h giv5 him an  eclat :i*      

,socrates did n enjoy4    ,socrates is n
 tak5 to c\rt at night1 b\nd h& & feet4 
,jesus is  arre/$ 9 ! gl>e ( tor*lights1
 aft] he is betray$ by ,judas  ) a kiss2
 !n he is b\nd & =c$ into ! high prie/'s
  pres5ce4 ,all ?is is admirable sett+ =
 a /age1 b !y are no  m ?an t4    ,!    
disciples ( ,socrates behave l real m51 
^? ( ,jesus are  actors4 ,!y run away2  
!y hide & foll[ at a di/ance4 ,"o ( !m  
curses him4 ,! cock cr[s1 ! apo/ate     
rep5ts4 ,?is reads l a  play4    ,9 !   
pres5ce ( 8 judges1 ,socrates makes 8   
own def5se4 ,"o by  "o he meets ! *>ges4
 ,jesus refus$1 accord+ to two ( !      
evangeli/s1 to op5 8 m\? at 8 trial4    
,?is is dramatic1 b x  is n hi/ory4 ,x  
is n conceivable t a real p]son accus$ z
  ,jesus 01 w\ld h refus$ a great       
opportunity to disprove !  *>ges aga9/  
him4 ,socrates' def5se ( himself is "o (
 !  classics4 ,jesus' sil5ce is a       
conundrum4 ,b he answ]$ no?+1  ,b ,jesus
 z yet answ]$ no?+1 ,& he answ]$ him    
nev] a  ^w1 is ! report ( two ( 8       

biograph]s4 ,! o!r two  evangeli/s1 z is
 usual1 contradict ! =m] & produce !    
foll[+ dialogues betwe5 ,jesus & 8      
judges1 :i* f beg9n+  to end possess all
 ! m>ks ( unreality3    ,pilate4--,art  
?\ ! ,k+ ( ! ,jews8    ,jesus4--,saye/  
?\ ?is ?+ ( ?yself1 or did o!rs tell x  
!e ( me8    ,pilate--,art ?\ a ,k+8     
,jesus4--,?\ saye/ t ,i am a ,k+4    ,is
 x possible t a real man1 n to say !    
,savior ( ! _w1  w\ld give su* unmean+ &
 evasive replies to /raight=w>d         
que/ions8 ,does x n read l a page f     
fiction8    ,9 ! pres5ce ( ! prie/s ( 8 
own race ,jesus is z indef9ite  &       
sophi/ical z he is be=e ! ,roman        
,pilate4    ,! ,prie/s--,art ?\ !       
,*ri/--tell u8    ,jesus4--,if ,i tell y
 ye w n believe me4    ,! ,prie/s4--,art
 ?\ ! ,son ( ,god8    ,jesus4--,ye say t
 ,i am4    ,9 ! fir/ answ] he refuses to
 reveal himself because he does n  ?9k  
he c comm& belief 9 himself2 9 8 second 
answ] he ei!r  blames !m = say+ he 0 !  
,son ( ,god1 or quotes _! own  te/imony 

to prove t he is ! ,son ( ,god4 ,b if !y
 believ$ he  0 ,god1 w\ld !y try to kill
 him8 ,is x n un?9kable8 ,he  intimates 
t ! prie/s believe he is ! ,son (       
,god--,ye say t  ,i am4 ,surely1 x is m 
probable t ^! dialogues 7 inv5t$  by 8  
anonym\s biograph]s ?an t !y really     
repres5t an actual  conv]sation betwe5  
,jesus & 8 judges4    ,comp>e 9 ! next  
place ! mann] 9 :i* ! public trials (   
,socrates & ,jesus are conduct$4 ,!re is
 ord] 9 ! ,a!nian  c\rt2 !re is an>*y 9 
! ,j]usalem c\rt4 ,witnesses & accus]s  
walk up to ,jesus & slap him on ! face1 
& ! judge does n  reprove !m = x4 ,!    
c\rt is 9 ! h&s ( r[dies &  hoodlums1 :o
 %\t ,crucify him1 & aga91 ,crucify him4
 ,a ,roman  judge1 :ile admitt+ t he    
f9ds no guilt 9 ,jesus des]v+ (  dea?1  
is nev]!less repres5t$ z h&+ him ov] to 
! mob to  be kill$1 aft] he has himself 
sc\rg$ him4 ,no ,roman judge c\ld  h    
behav$ z ?is ,pilate is report$ to h    
behav$ t[>d an  accus$ p]son on trial = 
8 life4 ,all t we "k ( civiliz$         

gov]nm5t1 all t we "k ( ! jurisprud5ce (
 ,rome1 contradicts  ?is inspir$ acc\nt 
( a pret5d$ hi/orical ev5t4 ,if ,jesus 0
  ev] tri$ & condemn$ to dea? 9 a ,roman
 c\rt1 an acc\nt ( x  t c comm& belief  
has yet to be writt54    ,aga91 :5 we   
come to consid] ! r&om1 disconnect$ &   
fragm5t>y =m 9 :i* ! tea*+s ( ,jesus are
 pres5t$1 we  _c avoid ! conclusion t he
 is a dramatis p]sona br\ght  ^u ! /age 
to give expression n to a consi/5t1     
connect$ &  c>efully work$-out ?\ght1 b 
to voice ) _m breaks &  int]ruptions1 ! 
ideas ( 8 *ang+ manag]s4 ,he is made to 
play  a numb] ( contradictory roles1 &  
appe>s 9 ! same /ory 9  totally diff]5t 
*>act]s4    ,"o editor or compil] ( !   
,gospel describes ,jesus z an ascetic & 
a m5dicant1 w&]+ f place to place1 )\t a
 ro( ov] 8  head1 & crawl+ at ev5tide   
into 8 cave 9 ! ,m\nt ( ,olives4  ,he   
introduces him z ! ,man ( ,sorr[s1 fa/+ 
9 ! wild]ness1  c\nsel+ p to "p ) _!    
ri*es1 & promis+ ! ,k+dom  ( ,heav5 to  
,laz>us1 ! begg>4    ,ano!r r$actor     

ann\nces him z eat+ & dr9k+ at !        
banquets ( publicans & s9n]s1--a        
w9e-bibb+ ,son ( ,man4  ,john ! ,bapti/ 
came nei!r eat+ nor dr9k+1 b ! ,son (   
,man  came bo? eat+ & dr9k+1 :i*1 if x  
means any?+1 means  t ,jesus 0 ! v      
opposite ( ! ascetic ,john4    ,a       
p>tisan ( ! doctr9e ( non-resi/ance puts
 9 ,jesus' m\? !  words3 ,resi/ n evil2 
,! meek %all inh]it ! e>?1 etc41  &     
c\nsels t he :o smites u on ! "o *eek   
%\ld be  p]mitt$ to /rike u also on !   
o!r1 & t to him :o robs u  ( an         
und]g>m5t1 we %\ld also h& ov] our out] 
g>m5ts4    ,ano!r draws ! picture ( a   
militant ,jesus :o c\ld nev] endorse    
su* precepts ( indol5ce & resignation4  
,! k+dom ( heav5 is  tak5 by viol5ce1   
cries ?is new ,jesus1 & intimates t no  
su* begg> l ,laz>us1 sitt+ all day long 
) ! dogs & 8  sores1 c ev] e>n s great a
 prize4 ,) a sc\rge 9 8 h&s  ?is ,jesus 
ru%es ^u ! trad]s 9 ! temple-c\rt1      
upturns _!  tables & :ips _! own]s into 
! /reets4 ,surely ?is 0  resi/ance ( !  

mo/ pron\nc$ type4 ,! "r to use physical
  =ce c\ld n h be5 giv5 a bett]         
endorsem5t ?an by ?is  example ( ,jesus4
    ,x w n help matt]s to say t ^!      
money-*ang]s 7  violat+ a div9e law1 &  
ne$$ *a/isem5t ) a :ip4 ,is n  ! man :o 
smites u ^u ! *eek1 or robs u ( our     
clo?+1  equally guilty8 ,moreov]1 ^!    
trad]s 9 ! out] c\rts ( !  synagogue 7  
r5d]+ ! wor%ip]s a useful s]vice4 ,j z  
c&les1 ros>ies1 images & lit]ature are  
sold 9 *ur* ve/ibules  = ! accommodation
 ( ,ca?olics1 s 7 doves1 pigeons &      
,hebrew  co9s1 necess>y to ! ,jewi%     
sacrifices1 sold 9 ! temple-c\rts  = !  
,jewi% wor%ip]4 ,! money *ang] :o       
suppli$ ! pi\s ,jew  ) ! only sacr$ co9 
:i* ! prie/s w\ld accept 0 n v  mu* less
 important to ! ,jewi% religion ?an !   
rabbi4 ,to h  fall5 ^u ^! trad]s ) a    
weapon1 & to h caus$ !m !  loss ( _!    
prop]ty1 0 c]ta9ly ! mo/ inconsi/5t ?+ t
  a meek & l[ly ,jesus prea*+           
non-resi/ance c\ld h done4    ,aga92 "o 
writ] makes ,jesus ! tea*] p> excell5ce 

( peace4  ,he c\nsels =giv5ess (        
injuries n sev5 times1 b sev5ty times  t
 numb]--mean+ unlimit$ love & *>ity4    
,love y\r enemies1  ,bless !m t curse y1
 is 8 unusual advice4 ,b ano!r h&       
ret\*es ?is picture1 & we h a ,jesus :o 
breaks 8 own gold5  rule4 ,?is o!r      
,jesus heaps abuse ^u ! p :o displease  
him2  calls 8 enemies vip]s1 s]p5ts1    
devils1 & pr$icts =  !m et]nal burn+s 9 
sulphur & brim/one4 ,h[ c\ld he :o said1
  ,come unto me all ye t are heavy lad51
 say also1 ,dep>t f me  ye curs$8 ,:o   
curses !m8 ,h[ c !re be an ev]la/+ hell 
9  a univ]se ^: au?or advises u to love 
our enemies1 to bless !m  t curse u1 &  
to =give sev5ty times sev58 ,h[ c\ld !  
same  ,jesus :o said1 ,bless$ are !     
peacemak]s1 say also1 ,i came n  to br+ 
peace1 b a sword8 ,is x possible t !    
same ,jesus :o  comm&s u to love our    
enemies1 comm&s u also to hate fa!r1    
"m1 wife & *ild1 = 8 "n's sake8 ,yes6 ! 
same ,jesus :o  said1 ,put up ?y sword 9
 its %ea?1 also comm&s u to sell our    

effects & buy a sword4    ,once m3 ,a   
believ] 9 ! div9ity ( ,jesus--,i am go+ 
to say--inv5ts  ! foll[+ text3 ,! ,fa!r 
& ,i are "o4 ,an oppon5t to ?is         
,tr9it>ian dogma introduces a correction
 :i* robs ! above text (  its au?ority3 
,! ,fa!r is great] ?an ,i1 & makes      
,jesus admit  op5ly t !re are "s ?+s    
kn[n to ! fa!r only4 ,x is  difficult n 
to see 9 ^! passages ! beg9n+s ( !      
t]rible  controv]sies :i*1 />t+ ) ,pet] 
& ,paul1 h come d[n to  our day1 & :i* w
 n end until ,jesus %all take 8 place   
among  ! my?ical saviors ( ! _w4    ,to 
h>monize ^! _m & diff]5t ,jesuses into  
some?+ l  unity or consi/5cy a ?\s&     
books h be5 writt5 by ! cl]gy4  ,!y h n 
succe$$4 ,h[ c a ,jesus repres5t$ at "o 
"t z  ! image ( div9e p]fection1 & at   
ano!r z prote/+ aga9/  be+ call$ good1 =
 none is good1 save "o1 ,god1--h[ c ^!  
two conceptions be reconcil$ except by a
 resort to artificial &  arbitr>y       
int]pretations8 ,if su* insurm\ntable   
contradictions 9  ! tea*+s & "* ( ano!r 

w\ld weak5 our fai? 9 8  hi/oricity1 !n 
we are ju/ifi$ 9 inf]r+ t 9 all         
probability ,jesus 0 only a "n--! "n (  
an imag9>y /age  h]o1 utt]+ ! conflict+ 
?\ghts ( 8 prompt]s4    ,aga91 su*      
phrases z1 & he 0 caught up 9 a         
cl\d1--describ+  ! asc5sion & consequ5t 
disappe>ance ( ,jesus1 betray !  anxiety
 ( ! au?ors ( ! ,gospels to br+ _!      
m>vel\s /ory  to a close4 ,n kn[+ h[ to 
t]m9ate ! c>e] ( an imag9>y  ,messiah1 8
 creators inv5t$ ! above me?od (        
dispat*+ him4  ,he 0 caught up 9 a      
cl\d1--b = t1 ! n>rators w\ld h  be5    
oblig$ to cont9ue _! /ory indef9itely4  
,9 trag$y ! play ends ) ! dea? ( ! h]o1 
b if !  biograph]s ( ,jesus _h giv5 a   
simil> excuse = br++ _!  n>rative to a  
f9ale1 !re w\ld h be5 ! dang] ( _!  be+ 
ask$ to po9t out 8 grave4 ,he 0 caught  
up 9 a cl\d1  reliev$ !m ( all          
responsibility to produce 8 rema9s if   
call$  ^u to d s1 &1 at ! same "t1      
furni%$ !m ) an excuse to  br+ _! /ory  
to a close4    ,x w\ld h>dly be         

necess>y1 7 we all unbias$1 to look =   
any  fur!r pro(s ( ! my?ical & fanciful 
nature ( ! ,gospel  n>ratives ?an ?is   
exp$i5t to :i* ! writ]s resort$4 ,to    
que/ions1 ,:]e is ,jesus8 ,:at became ( 
8 body8 etc41 !y  c\ld answ]1 ,he 0     
caught up 9 a cl\d4 ,b a c>e] t ends 9  
! cl\ds 0 nev] begun on ! e>?4          
,illu/ration3 ,co9 ( ! ,,xii ,c5tury1   
,%[+ ,halo ,ar\nd ,lamb's  ,head4       
,let u imag9e ourselves 9 ,j]usalem 9 ! 
ye> ,"o1 ( !  ,*ri/ian era1 :5 !        
apo/les1 z x is claim$1 7 proclaim+     
,jesus z ! ,messiah1 crucifi$ & ris54   
,desir+ to be conv9c$  be=e believ+ 9 ! 
/range /ory1 let u suppose ! foll[+     
conv]sation betwe5 ! apo/les &          
ourselves4 ,we ask3    ,h[ long h y kn[n
 ,jesus8    ,i h kn[n him = "o ye>4     
,& ,i = two4    ,& ,i = ?ree4    ,has   
any ( y kn[n him = m ?an ?ree ye>s8     
,no4    ,0 he ) 8 apo/les = "o ye> or = 
?ree8    ,= "o4    ,no1 = ?ree4    ,y   
are n c]ta91 !n1 h[ long ,jesus 0 ) 8   
apo/les4    ,no4    ,h[ old 0 ,jesus :5 

crucifi$8    ,ab\t ?irty-"o4    ,no1    
ab\t ?irty-?ree4    ,no1 he 0 mu* old]1 
ab\t fifty4    ,y _c tell ) any c]ta9ty1
 !n1 8 age at ! "t ( 8  dea?4    ,no4   
,y say he 0 tri$ & crucifi$ 9 ,j]usalem 
be=e y\r own eyes1  c y rememb] ! date (
 ?is great ev5t8    ,we _c4    ,7 y     
pres5t :5 ,jesus 0 tak5 d[n f ! cross8  
,we 7 n4    ,y _c tell1 !n1 :e!r he 0   
dead :5 tak5 d[n4    ,we h no p]sonal k4
    ,7 y pres5t :5 he 0 buri$8    ,we 7 
n1 because we 7 9 hid+ = our lives4     
,y d n "k1 !re=e1 :e!r he 0 actually    
buri$1 or :]e  he 0 buri$4    ,we d n4  
,7 any ( y pres5t :5 ,jesus came =? f ! 
grave8    ,n "o ( u 0 pres5t1    ,!n1 y 
7 n ) him :5 he 0 tak5 d[n f ! cross2 y 
7 n ) him :5 he 0 int]r$1 & y 7 n pres5t
 :5  he rose f ! grave4    ,we 7 n4     
,:51 !re=e1 y say1 he 0 dead1 buri$ &   
rose aga91 y are  rely+ ^u ! te/imony ( 
o!rs8    ,we are4    ,w y m5tion ! names
 ( "s ( ! witnesses :o saw ,jesus come  
=? f ! tomb8    ,m>y ,magdal5e1 & %e is 
"h & may be que/ion$4    ,7 y pres5t1   

,m>y1 :5 ! angels roll$ away ! /one1 &  
:5 ,jesus came =? f ! dead8    ,no1 :5  
,i rea*$ ! bury+ place e>ly 9 ! morn+1 !
 grave  _h already be5 vacat$1 & !re 0  
no "o sleep+ 9 x4    ,y saw him1 !n1 z !
 apo/les did1 aft] he _h ris58    ,yes4 
,b y did n see anybody rise out ( !     
grave4    ,i did n4    ,are !re any     
witnesses :o saw ! resurrection8    ,!re
 are _m :o saw him aft] ! resurrection4 
,b if nei!r !y nor y saw him dead1 &    
buri$1 & did n see  him rise1 ei!r1 h[ c
 y tell t a mo/ a/\nd+ &  suppos$ly     
impossible miracle _h tak5 place betwe5 
! "t y saw  him la/ & :5 y saw him aga9 
two or ?ree days aft]8 ,is x n  m       
natural to suppose t1 be+ 9 a hurry on  
acc\nt ( !  approa*+ ,sabba?1 ,jesus1 if
 ev] crucifi$1 0 tak5 d[n f !  cross    
be=e he _h really di$1 & t he 0 n buri$1
 z rumor  /ates1 b rema9$ 9 hid+2 & 8   
%[+ himself to y "u  cov] ( d>kness & 9 
seclud$ spots & 9 ! dead ( night only1  
w\ld seem to confirm ?is explanation4   
,y admit also t ! ris5 ,jesus did n     

pres5t himself at !  synagogues ( ! p1 9
 ! public /reets1 or at ! palace (  !   
,high ,prie/ to conv9ce !m ( 8          
,messiah%ip4 ,d y n ?9k  t if he _h done
 ?is1 x w\ld !n h be5 impossible to d5y 
8 resurrection8 ,:y1 !n1 did ,jesus hide
 himself aft] he came out  ( ! grave8   
,:y did he n %[ himself also to 8       
enemies8 ,0 he  /ill afraid ( !m1 or did
 he n c>e :e!r !y believ$ or n8  ,if s1 
:y are y try+ to conv]t !m8 ,! "q waits 
= a  reasonable answ]2 ,:y did n ,jesus 
*all5ge ! :ole _w )  ! evid5ce ( 8      
resurrection8 ,y say y saw him          
occasionally1 a  few mom5ts at a "t1 n[ 
"h1 & n[ !re1 & f9ally on ! top  ( a    
m\nta9 :5ce he 0 caught up 9 a cl\d &   
disappe>$  altoge!r4 ,b t cl\d has melt$
 away1 ! sky is cle>1 &  !re is no      
,jesus visible !re4 ,! cl\d1 !n1 _h no?+
 to hide4  ,x 0 unnecess>y to call 9 a  
cl\d to close ! c>e] ( y\r  ,*ri/4 ,!   
grave is empty1 ! cl\d has vani%$4 ,:]e 
is ,*ri/8  ,9 heav56 ,ah1 y h at la/    
remov$ him to a _w unkn[n1 to !         

undiscov]$ c\ntry4 ,leave him !re6      
,criticism1 d\bt1  inve/igation1 ! light
 ( day1 _c cross its %ores4 ,leave him  
!re6    ,illu/ration3 ,/4 ,m>g>et ( !   
,ca?olic ,*ur*1 ,we/m9/]1  ,engl&4      
,illu/ration3 ,! ,goddess ,a/>te ,c>ry+ 
a ,cross1 ,briti% ,museum4          ,,! 
,,jesus ,,( ,,paul        ,! c5tral     
figure ( ! ,new ,te/am5t is ,jesus1 & ! 
"q we  are try+ to answ] is1 :e!r we h  
suffici5t evid5ce to prove  to ! unbias$
 m9d t he is hi/orical4 ,an idea ( !    
intellectual calib] ( ! av]age *ur*man  
may be _h by ! nature  ( ! evid5ce he   
(f]s to ju/ify 8 fai? 9 ! hi/orical     
,jesus4 ,! :ole _w celebrates annually !
 nativity ( ,jesus2 h[  c\ld !re be a   
,*ri/mas celebration if !re nev] 0 a    
,*ri/8  asks a ,*icago cl]gyman4 ,!     
simplicity ( ?is plea w\ld be  t\*+ 7 x 
n t x calls att5tion to ! pa9ful        
ineffici5cy ( ! pulpit z an educator4 ,!
 *ur* go] is tra9$  to believe1 n to    
?9k4 ,! tru? is )held f him "u !  pi\s  
pret5se t fai?1 & n k1 is ! ess5tial ?+4

  ,a habit ( untru?fulness is cultivat$ 
by sy/ematically sacrific+  ev]y?+ to   
or?odoxy4 ,?is habit 9 ! end de/roys    
"o's  consci5ce = any tru?s :i* are     
prejudicial to "o's int]e/4 ,b  is x    
true t ! ,*ri/mas celebration proves a  
hi/orical ,jesus8    ,we c only (f] a   
few additional rem>ks to :at we h       
already  said else:]e 9 ^! pages on !   
,pagan orig9 ( ,*ri/mas4 ,x  w make u   
grateful to rememb] t j z we h to g to !
  ,pagans = ! orig9s ( our civiliz$     
in/itutions--our c\rts (  ju/ice1 our   
art & lit]ature1 & our political &      
religi\s  lib]ties--we mu/ ?ank !m also 
= our m]ry fe/ivals1 su* z  ,*ri/mas &  
,ea/]4 ,! ignorant1 ( c\rse1 d n "k     
any?+  ab\t ! value & weal? ( ! legacy  
bequea!d to u by our  glori\s ance/ors (
 ,greek & ,roman times1 b ! educat$ c h 
no excuse = any failure to own _!       
ev]la/+ indebt$ness to !  ,pagans4 ,x w 
be impossible today to write ! hi/ory ( 
civilization )\t giv+ to ! classical _w 
! lead+ role4  ,b :ile accept+ ! gifts (

 ! ,pagan peoples we h abus$ !  giv]s4  
,a b5efici>y :o w defame a b\nte\s      
b5efactor is  unwor?y ( 8 good =tune4 ,i
 regret to say t ! ,*ri/ian  *ur*1      
not)/&+ t x owes _m ( its mo/ preci\s   
privileges to ! ,pagans1 has return$ =  
s]vice r5d]$ insol5ce  & vitup]ation4   
,no g5]\s or j in/itution w\ld treat a  
rival  z ,*ri/ianity has treat$         
,paganism4    ,bo? ,*ri/mas & ,ea/] are 
,pagan fe/ivals4 ,we d n "k1 no "o      
kn[s1 :5 ,jesus 0 born2 b we "k ! "t ( !
 w9t]  sol/ice :5 ! sun beg9s to retrace
 8 /eps1 turn+ 8 radiant  face t[>d our 
e>? once m4 ,x 0 ?is ev5t1 a natural1   
demon/rable1 univ]sal1 ev5t1 t our      
,european ance/ors celebrat$  ) song &  
dance--) gre5 bran*es1 ?r\gh :i* tw9kl$ 
a  ?\s& light$ c&les1 & ) ! ex*ange (   
good wi%es &  gifts4 ,has ! *ur* _h !   
c\rage to tell its p t  ,*ri/mas is a   
,pagan fe/ival :i* 0 adopt$ & adapt$ by 
!  ,*ri/ian _w1 reluctantly at fir/1 & 9
 ! end z a measure (  compromise only8  
,! ,prote/ants1 especially1 conv5i5tly  

=get !  sev]e ,puritanic legislation    
aga9/ ! obs]vance ( ?is ,pagan  fe/ival1
 bo? 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica4 ,x is ! return 
to ,paganism  :i* has giv5 to ,*ri/mas &
 ,ea/] _! great popul>ity1 z x  is !    
revival ( ,paganism :i* is ev]y:]e      
replac+ ! ,bible  ideas ( mon>*ic       
gov]nm5t ) republicanism4 ,& yet1       
repeat$ly1  & )\t any scruples (        
consci5ce1 prea*] & p claim  ^! fe/ivals
 z ! gifts ( _! cre$ to humanity1 &     
quote  !m fur!r to prove ! hi/orical    
exi/5ce ( _! god-man1  ,jesus4 ,x 0 ?is 
op5 & p]si/5t p]v]sion ( hi/ory by !    
*ur*1 ! manufacture ( evid5ce on ! "o   
h&1 ! suppression  ( witnesses prejudic$
 to h] int]e/s on ! o!r1 & !  delib]ate 
=g+ ( docum5ts1 :i* provok$ ,c>lyle into
 ref]r+  to "o ( its bran*es z ! great  
ly+ ,*ur*4    ,we h said en\gh to %[ t1 
9 all probability--= let u n  be        
dogmatic--! /ory ( ,jesus1--8 bir? &    
betrayal by "o ( 8  own disciples1 8    
trial 9 a ,roman c\rt1 8 crucifixion1   
resurrection & asc5sion1--belongs to !  

ord] ( imag9ative  lit]ature4 ,conceiv$ 
at fir/ z a religi\s drama1 x receiv$ _m
  new accretions z x travel$ f c\ntry to
 c\ntry & f age to  age4 ,! piece %[s   
signs ( hav+ be5 t\*$ & ret\*$ to  make 
x acceptable to ! diff]5t c\ntries 9 :i*
 x 0 play$4  ,! h& ( ! adapt]1 !        
int]polator & ! revis] is  unmi/akably  
pres5t4 ,z an allegory1 or z a dramatic 
composition1  meant = ! religi\s /age1 x
 prov$ "o ( ! /ronge/  productions (    
,pagan or ,*ri/ian times4 ,b z real     
hi/ory1 x lacks  ! fundam5tal           
requisite--probability4 ,z a play1 x is 
/irr+ &  /rong2 z hi/ory1 x lacks       
naturalness & consi/5cy4 ,!  miracul\s  
is ev] outside ! prov9ce ( hi/ory4      
,jesus 0 a  miracle1 & z su*1 at lea/1  
we are safe 9 decl>+ him un-  hi/orical4
    ,we pass on n[ to ! pres5tation (   
evid5ce :i* we v5ture to  ?9k           
demon/rates ) an almo/ ma!matic         
precision1 t ! ,jesus  ( ! f\r gospels  
is a leg5d>y h]o1 z unhi/orical z       
,william  ,tell ( ,switz]l&4 ,?is       

evid5ce is furni%$ by ! epi/les  be>+ ! 
signature ( ,paul4 ,he has be5 accept$ z
 n only !  greate/ apo/le ( ,*ri/ianity1
 b 9 a s5se also ! au?or (  its !ology4 
,x is g5]ally admitt$ t ! epi/les be>+ !
  "n ( ,paul are among ! olde/          
apo/olical writ+s4 ,!y are old]  ?an !  
gospels4 ,?is is v important in=mation4 
,:5 ,paul 0  prea*+1 ! f\r gospels _h n 
yet be5 writt54 ,f !  epi/les ( ,paul1 (
 :i* !re are ab\t ?irte5 9 !            
,bible--mak+  ! ,new ,te/am5t l>gely !  
"w ( ?is "o apo/le--we le>n t  !re 7 9  
diff]5t p>ts ( ,asia1 a numb] ( ,*ri/ian
 *ur*es  already e/abli%$4 ,n only      
,paul1 !n1 b also ! ,*ri/ian  *ur* 0 9  
exi/5ce be=e ! gospels 7 compos$4 ,x    
w\ld be  natural to inf] t x 0 n !      
gospels :i* creat$ ! *ur*1  b ! *ur* :i*
 produc$ ! gospels4 ,d n lose sight ( ! 
fact t :5 ,paul 0 prea*+ to ! ,*ri/ians 
!re 0 no  writt5 biography ( ,jesus 9   
exi/5ce4 ,!re 0 a *ur* )\t  a book4     
,9 comp>+ ! ,jesus ( ,paul ) ! ,jesus ^:
 portrait is drawn  = u 9 ! gospels1 we 

f9d t !y are n ! same p]sons at  all4   
,?is is decisive4 ,paul kn[s no?+ ab\t a
 miracul\sly born  savior4 ,he does n   
m5tion a s+le "t1 9 all 8 ?irte5        
epi/les1 t ,jesus 0 born ( a virg91 or t
 8 bir? 0  accompani$ ) heav5ly signs & 
wond]s4 ,he knew no?+ ( a  ,jesus born  
aft] ! mann] ( ! gospel writ]s4 ,x is n 
imag9able t he knew ! facts1 b suppress$
 !m1 or t he  consid]$ !m unimportant1  
or t he =got to ref] to !m 9 any  ( 8   
public utt]ances4 ,today1 a prea*] is   
expell$ f 8  d5om9ation if he suppresses
 or ignores ! miracul\s conception (  ! 
,son ( ,god2 b ,paul 0 guilty ( t v     
h]esy4 ,h[ expla9  x8 ,x is q simple3 ,!
 virg9-born ,jesus 0 n yet  inv5t$ :5   
,paul 0 prea*+ ,*ri/ianity4 ,nei!r he1  
nor  ! *ur*es he _h organiz$1 _h ev]    
he>d ( su* a p]son4 ,!  virg9-born      
,jesus 0 ( lat] orig9 ?an ! ,apo/le     
,paul4    ,let ! mean+ ( ?is discrepancy
 betwe5 ! ,jesus ( ,paul1 t is  to say1 
! e>lie/ portrait ( ,jesus1 & ! ,jesus (
 ! f\r  evangeli/s1 be fully grasp$ by !

 /ud5t1 & x %\ld prove  beyond a d\bt t 
9 ,paul's "t ! /ory ( ,jesus' bir? f !  
virg9-"m & ! ,holy ,gho/1 :i* has s9ce  
become a c>d9al  dogma ( ! ,*ri/ian     
*ur*1 0 n yet 9 circulation4 ,jesus _h  
n yet be5 ,hell5iz$2 he 0 /ill a ,jewi% 
,messiah ^: com+  0 =etold 9 ! ,old     
,te/am5t1 & :o 0 to be a prophet l  unto
 ,moses1 )\t ! remote/ sugge/ion ( a    
sup]natural orig94    ,no proposition 9 
,euclid is saf] f contradiction ?an t1  
if  ,paul knew :at ! gospels tell ab\t  
,jesus1 he w\ld h1 at lea/  once or     
twice dur+ 8 long m9i/ry1 giv5 evid5ce (
 8  k ( x4 ,! conclusion is inevitable t
 ! gospel ,jesus is  lat] ?an ,paul & 8 
*ur*es4 ,paul /ood ne>e/ to ! "t (      
,jesus4 ,( ^? ^: writ+s are suppos$ to h
 come d[n to u1  he is ! mo/            
repres5tative1 & 8 epi/les are ! fir/   
lit]ature ( ! new religion4 ,& yet !re  
is absolutely n a  s+le h9t or sugge/ion
 9 !m ( su* a ,jesus z is depict$ 9  !  
gospels4 ,! gospel ,jesus 0 n yet put   
toge!r or compil$1  :5 ,paul 0 prea*+4  

,once m2 if we p]use c>efully &         
critically ! writ+s ( ,paul1  ! e>lie/ &
 greate/ ,*ri/ian apo/le & mission>y1 we
 f9d  t he is n only ignorant ( ! gospel
 /ories ab\t ! bir? &  miracles (       
,jesus1 b he is equally & j z innoc5tly 
ignorant  ( ! tea*+s ( ,jesus4 ,9 !     
gospels ,jesus is ! au?or ( !  ,s]mon on
 ! ,m\nt1 ! ,"l's ,pray]1 ! ,p>able ( ! 
,prodigal  ,son1 ! ,/ory ( ,dives1 !    
,good ,sam>itan1 etc4 ,is x conceivable 
t a prea*] ( ,jesus c\ld g ?r\gh\t ! _w 
to conv]t  p to ! tea*+s ( ,jesus1 z    
,paul did1 )\t ev] quot+ a  s+le "o ( 8 
say+s8 ,_h ,paul kn[n t ,jesus _h prea*$
 a  s]mon1 or =mulat$ a pray]1 or said  
_m inspir$ ?+s ab\t !  "h & ! h]eaft]1  
he c\ld n h help$ quot+1 n[ &  !n1 f !  
words ( 8 ma/]4 ,if ,*ri/ianity c\ld h  
be5  e/abli%$ )\t a k ( ! tea*+s (      
,jesus1 :y1 !n1  did ,jesus come to     
tea*1 & :y 7 8 tea*+s pres]v$ by  div9e 
inspiration8 ,b if a k ( ^! tea*+s (    
,jesus is  indisp5sable to mak+ conv]ts1
 ,paul gives n ! lea/ evid5ce  t he     

possess$ su* k4    ,b ! ,apo/le ,paul1  
judg+ f 8 _m epi/les to ! e>lie/        
conv]ts to ,*ri/ianity1 :i* are really 8
 te/imony1 suppos$ to  h be5 seal$ by 8 
blood1 appe>s to be q z ignorant ( a    
,jesus :o w5t ab\t work+ miracles1--op5+
 ! eyes ( ! bl9d1  giv+ heal? to ! sick1
 he>+ to ! deaf1 & life to ! dead1--z   
he is ( a ,jesus born ( a virg9 woman & 
! ,holy ,gho/4 ,is n  ?is rem>kable8    
,does x n l5d /rong confirmation to !   
idea t  ! miracle-work+ ,jesus ( !      
gospels 0 n kn[n 9 ,paul's "t1  t is to 
say1 ! e>lie/ ,jesus kn[n to ! *ur*es 0 
a p]son  altoge!r diff]5t f 8 namesake 9
 ! f\r evangeli/s4 ,if  ,paul knew ( a  
miracle-work+ ,jesus1 "o :o c\ld fe$ !  
multitude  ) a few loaves & fi%es--:o   
c\ld comm& ! grave to op51 :o  c\ld ca/ 
out devils1 & cleanse ! l& ( ! f\le/    
disease (  leprosy1 :o c\ld1 & did1 p]=m
 _m o!r wond]ful works to  conv9ce !    
unbeliev+ g5]ation ( 8 div9ity1--is x   
conceivable t ei!r int5tionally or      
inadv]t5tly he w\ld h  nev] once ref]r$ 

to !m 9 all 8 prea*+8 ,is x n almo/     
c]ta9 t1 if ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ians knew ( ! 
miracles (  ,jesus1 !y w\ld h be5       
greatly surpris$ at ! failure ( ,paul   
to ref] to !m a s+le "t8 ,& w\ld n ,paul
 h told !m (  ! promise ( ,jesus to give
 !m p[] to "w ev5 great] miracles  ?an 8
 own1 _h he kn[n ( su* a promise4 ,c\ld 
,paul really h  left out ( 8 m9i/ry s   
ess5tial a *apt] f ! life (  ,jesus1 _h 
he be5 acqua9t$ ) x8 ,! miracul\s fills 
up !  great] portion ( ! f\r gospels1 & 
if ^! docum5ts 7  dictat$ by ! ,holy    
,gho/1 x means t !y 7 too important to  
be left out4 ,:y1 !n1 does n ,paul speak
 ( !m at all8 ,!re is  only "o          
reasonable answ]3 ,a miracle-work+      
,jesus 0 unkn[n to  ,paul4    ,:at w\ld 
we say ( a disciple ( ,tol/oi1 =        
example1 :o came to  ,am]ica to make    
conv]ts to ,c\nt ,tol/oi & nev] once    
quot$  any?+ t ,tol/oi _h said8 ,or :at 
w\ld we ?9k ( !  ,*ri/ian mission>ies :o
 g to ,india1 ,*9a1 ,japan & ,africa to 
prea* ! gospel1 if !y nev] m5tion$ to ! 

p ( ^!  c\ntries ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 ! 
,p>able ( ! ,prodigal ,son1  ! ,"l's    
,pray]--nor quot$ a s+le text f !       
gospels8 ,yet  ,paul1 ! fir/ mission>y1 
did ! v ?+ :i* w\ld be  inexplicable 9 a
 mod]n mission>y4 ,!re is only "o       
rational  explanation = ?is3 ,! ,jesus (
 ,paul 0 n born ( a virg92 he  did n "w 
miracles2 & he 0 n a tea*]4 ,x 0 aft] 8 
day  t su* a ,jesus 0--,i h to use aga9 
a /rong ^w--inv5t$4    ,x has be5 h9t$  
by c]ta9 pr(essional def5d]s (          
,*ri/ianity  t ,paul's specific mission 
0 to introduce ,*ri/ianity among !      
,g5tiles1 & n to call att5tion to !     
miracul\s elem5t 9 !  life ( 8 ,ma/]4 ,b
 ?is is a v lame def5se4 ,:at is        
,*ri/ianity1 b ! life & tea*+s ( ,jesus8
 ,& h[ c x be  introduc$ among !        
,g5tiles )\t a k ( ! doctr9es &  works (
 its f\nd]8 ,paul gives no evid5ce (    
possess+ any  k ( ! tea*+s ( ,jesus1 h[ 
c\ld he1 !n1 be a  mission>y (          
,*ri/ianity to ! hea!n8 ,!re is no o!r  
answ]  :i* c be giv5 ?an t ! ,*ri/ianity

 ( ,paul 0 some?+  radically diff]5t f !
 ,*ri/ianity ( ! lat] gospel writ]s1  :o
 9 all probability 7 ,greeks & n ,jews4 
,moreov]1 x is kn[n  t ,paul 0 reprim&$ 
by 8 fell[-apo/les = c>ry+  ,*ri/ianity 
to ! ,g5tiles4 ,:at bett] def5se c\ld   
,paul h  giv5 = 8 conduct ?an to h quot$
 ! comm&m5t ( ,jesus--    ,g ye into all
 ! _w & prea* ! gospel to e creature4   
,& he w\ld h quot$ ! div9e text _h he   
be5 famili> )  x4 ,nay1 ! o!r apo/les   
w\ld n h tak5 him to task =  obey+ !    
comm&m5t ( ,jesus _h !y be5 famili> )   
su* a  comm&m5t4 ,x all goes to support 
! proposition t ! gospel  ,jesus 0 ( a  
date lat] ?an ! apo/olic times4    ,t ! 
au?orities ( ! *ur* realize h[ damag+ to
 ! reality  ( ! gospel ,jesus is !      
inexplicable sil5ce ( ,paul conc]n+     
him1 may be se5 9 _! va9 ef=t to f9d 9 a
 passage put 9  ,paul's m\? by ! unkn[n 
au?or ( ! book ( ,acts1 evid5ce  t ,paul
 does quote ! say+s ( ,jesus4 ,! passage
 ref]r$ to is  ! foll[+3 ,x is m bless$ 
to give ?an to receive4 ,paul is  made  

to /ate t ?is 0 a say+ ( ,jesus4 ,9 !   
fir/ place1  ?is quotation is n 9 !     
epi/les ( ,paul1 b 9 ! ,acts1 (  :i*    
,paul 0 n ! au?or2 9 ! second place1 !re
 is no su*  quotation 9 ! gospels4 ,!   
position1 !n1 t !re is n a  s+le say+ ( 
,jesus 9 ! gospels :i* is quot$ by ,paul
 9 8  _m epi/les is unassailable1 &     
c]ta9ly fatal to ! hi/oricity  ( !      
gospel ,jesus4    ,aga91 f ,paul himself
 we le>n t he 0 a zeal\s ,hebrew1 a     
,ph>isee ( ,ph>isees1 /udy+ ) ,gamaliel 
9 ,j]usalem1 presumably  to become a    
rabbi4 ,is x possible t su* a man c\ld  
rema9 totally  ignorant ( a miracle     
work] & tea*] l ,jesus1 liv+ 9 !  same  
city ) him8 ,if ,jesus really rais$     
,laz>us f ! grave1 &  ent]$ ,j]usalem at
 ! head ( a procession1 wav+ bran*es &  
%\t+1 hosanna--if he 0 really crucifi$ 9
 ,j]usalem1 &  asc5d$ f "o ( its        
environs--is x possible t ,paul nei!r   
saw ,jesus nor he>d any?+ ab\t ^!       
miracles8 ,b if he knew all  ^! ?+s ab\t
 ,jesus1 is x possible t he c\ld g ?r\gh

 !  _w prea*+ ,*ri/ )\t ev] once ref]r+ 
to !m8 ,x is m  likely t :5 ,paul 0     
/udy+ 9 ,j]usalem !re 0 no  miracul\s   
,jesus liv+ or tea*+ 9 any "p ( ,judea4 
,if m5 make _! gods !y also make _!     
,*ri/s4 ,footnote3  ,*ri/ianity &       
,my?ology4 ,j4 ,m4 ,rob]tson1 to :om !  
au?or  ackn[l$ges 8 indebt$ness1 = !    
diff]5ce betwe5 ,paul's ,jesus  & t ( ! 
,gospels4 ,x is frequ5tly urg$ t x 0    
impossible = a b& ( illit]ate fi%]m5 to 
h creat$ out (  _! own fancy s glori\s a
 "* z t ( ,jesus1 & t x  w\ld be m      
miracul\s to suppose t ! unique say+s ( 
,jesus  & 8 incomp>ably p]fect life 7   
inv5t$ by a few pla9 p  ?an to believe 9
 8 actual exi/5ce4 ,b x is n hone/ to   
?r[  ! "q into t =m4 ,we d n "k :o 7 !  
au?ors (  ! gospels4 ,x is pure         
assumption t !y 7 writt5 by pla9        
fi%]m54 ,! au?ors ( ! gospels d n       
disclose _! id5tity4  ,! words1 accord+ 
to ,mat!w1 ,m>k1 etc41 repres5t only !  
guesses or op9ions ( translators &      
copyi/s4    ,bo? 9 ! gospels & 9        

,*ri/ian hi/ory ! apo/les are  repres5t$
 z illit]ate m54 ,b if !y spoke ,greek1 
& c\ld also  write 9 ,greek1 !y c\ld n h
 be5 j pla9 fi%]m54 ,t  !y 7 ,greeks1 n 
,jews1 & m or less educat$1 may be      
safely  inf]r$ f ! fact t !y all write 9
 ,greek1 & "o ( !m  at lea/ seems to be 
acqua9t$ ) ! ,alex&rian s*ool (         
philosophy4 ,jesus 0 suppos$ly a ,jew1 8
 twelve apo/les all  ,jews--h[ is x1 !n1
 t ! only biographies ( him extant are  
all  9 ,greek8 ,if 8 fi%]m5 disciples 7 
capable ( composition 9  ,greek1 !y c\ld
 n h be5 illit]ate m51 if !y c\ld n h   
writt5 9 ,greek--:i* 0 a r>e            
accompli%m5t = a ,jew1 accord+  to :at  
,josephus says--!n ! gospels 7 n writt5 
by !  apo/les ( ,jesus4 ,b ! fact t ?\gh
 ^! docum5ts are 9 a  language ali5 bo? 
to ,jesus & 8 disciples1 !y are unsign$ 
&  undat$1 goes to prove1 we ?9k1 t _!  
editors or au?ors wi%$  to conceal _!   
id5tity t !y may be tak5 = ! apo/les    
!mselves4    ,9 ! next place x is       
equally an assumption t ! portrait (    

,jesus is incomp>able4 ,x is n[ prov5   
beyond a d\bt t !re is  n a s+le say+ ( 
,jesus1 ,i say ?is delib]ately1 :i* _h n
  already be5 kn[n bo? among ! ,jews &  
,pagans4 ,footnote3  ,sometimes x is    
urg$ by pettifogg+ cl]gym5 t1 :ile x is 
true  t ,confucius gave ! ,gold5 ,rule  
six hundr$ ye>s be=e ,jesus1 x  0 9 a   
negative =m4 ,confucius said1 ,d n unto 
ano!r :at y  w\ld n ano!r to d unto y4  
,jesus said1 ,d unto o!rs1 etc4  ,b e   
negative has its correspond+            
affirmation4 ,moreov]1 are  n ! ,t5     
,comm&m5ts 9 ! negative8 ,b ! ,greek    
sages gave !  ,gold5 ,rule 9 z positive 
a =m z we f9d x 9 ! ,gospels4 ,&  may ,i
 d to o!rs z ,i w\ld t o!rs %\ld d to   
me1 said  ,plato4--,j[ett ,trans41      
,v4--#dhc4 ,p4    ,besides1 if ! only   
diff]5ce betwe5 ,jesus & ,confucius1 !  
"o a  ,god1 ! o!r a m]e man1 0 t !y bo? 
said ! same ?+1 !  "o 9 ! negative1 !   
o!r 9 ! positive1 x is n en\gh to  prove
 ,jesus inf9itely sup]ior to ,confucius4
 ,_m ( ,jesus' own  comm&m5ts are 9 !   

negative3 ,resi/ n evil1 = in/ance4  ,& 
z to 8 life2 x is 9 no s5se sup]ior or  
ev5 z l>ge & z  _m sid$ z t ( ,socrates4
 ,i "k "s consid] x blasphemy to  comp>e
 ,jesus ) ,socrates1 b t mu/ be         
attribut$ to prejudice  r ?an to reason4
    ,& to ! "q t if ,jesus be my?ical1  
we _c acc\nt =  ! rise & progress ( !   
,*ri/ian *ur*1 we answ] t !  ,pagan gods
 :o occupi$ ,m\nt ,olympus 7 all my?ical
 be+s--m]e  %ad[s1 & yet ,paganism 0 !  
religion ( ! mo/ advanc$ &  cultur$     
nations ( antiquity4 ,h[ c\ld an imag9>y
 ,zeus1 or  ,jupit]1 draw to 8 temple ! 
elite ( ,greece & ,rome8 ,& if !re  is  
no?+ /range 9 ! rise & spread ( ! ,pagan
 *ur*2 9 !  rapid progress ( ! wor%ip ( 
,osiris1 :o nev] exi/$2 9 !  wond]ful   
success ( ! religion ( ,mi?ra1 :o is b a
 "n2 if !  wor%ip ( ,adonis1 ( ,attis1 (
 ,isis1 & ! leg5ds ( ,h]acles1          
,prome!us1 ,h]cules1 & ! ,h9doo         
tr9ity1--,brahma1 ,%iva1  ,*ri%na1--) _!
 rock-hewn temples1 c be expla9$ )\t    
believ+ 9 ! actual exi/5ce ( ^! gods--:y

 n ,*ri/ianity8  ,religions1 l ev]y?+   
else1 are born1 !y gr[ old & die4 ,!y   
%[ ! h&iwork ( :ole races1 & ( diff]5t  
epo*s1 r  ?an ( "o man or ( "o age4 ,"t 
gives !m bir?1 & *ang+  environm5ts     
det]m9e _! c>e]4 ,j z ! portrait (      
,jesus we  see 9 %ops & *ur*es is an    
inv5tion1 s is 8 "*4 ,!  arti/ gave him 
8 features1 ! !ologian 8 attributes4    
,:at are ! elem5ts out ( :i* ! ,jesus   
/ory 0 evolv$8 ,!  ,jewi% p 7 9 con/ant 
expectation ( a ,messiah4 ,! belief     
prevail$ t 8 "n w\ld be ,jo%ua1 :i* 9   
,engli% is ,jesus4  ,! mean+ ( ! ^w is  
savior4 ,9 anci5t ,syrian my?ology1     
,jo%ua 0 a ,sun ,god4 ,! ,old-,te/am5t  
,jo%ua1 :o /opp$ ! ,sun1  0 9 all       
probability ?is same ,syrian div9ity4   
,accord+ to  tradition ?is ,jo%ua1 or   
,jesus1 0 ! son ( ,m>y1 a "n :i*  )     
slight v>iations is f\nd 9 ne>ly all !  
old my?ologies4  ,greek & ,h9doo        
div9ities 7 mo!r$ by ei!r a ,m>y1       
,m]iam1  ,myrrah1 or ,m]ri4 ,m>ia or    
,m>es is ! olde/ ^w = sea--!  e>lie/    

s\rce ( life4 ,! anci5ts look$ ^u !     
sea-wat] z !  "m ( e liv+ ?+4 ,jo%ua 7or
 ,jesus71 son ( ,m>y1 0  already a "p ( 
! religi\s outfit ( ! ,asiatic _w :5    
,paul  began 8 mission>y t\rs4 ,8       
,jesus1 or ano9t$ "o1 crucifi$ or  sla91
 did 9 no s5se repres5t a new or orig9al
 message4 ,x is no  m /range t ,paul's  
my?ological savior %\ld loom into       
prom95ce & ca/ a spell ov] all ! _w1 ?an
 t a my?ical  ,apollo or ,jupit] %\ld   
rule = ?\s&s ( ye>s ov] ! faire/        
portions ( ! e>?4    ,x is also well    
kn[n t !re is 9 ! ,talmud ! /ory ( a    
,jesus1 ,b51 or son1 ( ,p&ira1 :o liv$  
ab\t a hundr$ ye>s be=e  ! ,gospel      
,jesus1 & :o 0 hang$ f a tree4 ,i       
believe ?is ,jesus  is q z leg5d>y z !  
,syrian ,hes\s1 or ,jo%ua4 ,b may x n   
be t su* a leg5d accept$ z true--to !   
anci5ts all leg5ds  7 true--contribut$  
its %>e t[>d m>k+ ! outl9es ( !  lat]   
,jesus1 hang$ on a cross8 ,my idea has  
be5 to %[ t !  mat]ials = a ,jesus my? 7
 at h&1 & t1 !re=e1 to  acc\nt = ! rise 

& progress ( ! ,*ri/ian cult is no m    
difficult ?an to expla9 ! widely spread 
religion ( ! ,indian  ,*ri%na1 or ( !   
,p]sian ,mi?ra4 ,footnote3 ,= a full]   
discussion  ( ! v>i\s *ri/s 9 my?ology  
read ,rob]tson's ,*ri/ianity  &         
,my?ology & 8 ,pagan ,*ri/s4    ,n[1 :y 
h ,i giv5 ^! conclusions to ! _w8 ,w\ld 
,i n h  made m fri5ds--provok$ a w>m]   
response f ! public at  l>ge--_h ,i     
repeat$ 9 pleasant acc5ts ! famili>     
phrases ab\t  ! glory & beauty &        
sweetness ( ! ,savior ,god1 !           
,virg9-born  ,*ri/8 ,in/ead ( t1 ,i h   
run ! risk ( ali5at+ !  sympa?ies ( my  
fell[s by intimat+ t ?is ,jesus :om     
,*ri/5dom wor%ips today z a god1 ?is    
,jesus at ^: alt> !  ,*ri/ian _w b5ds   
its knees & b[s its head1 is z mu* ( an 
idol z 0 ,apollo ( ! ,greeks2 & t we--we
 ,am]icans ( !  tw5tie? c5tury--are an  
idolatr\s p1 inasmu* z we wor%ip a  "n1 
or at mo/1 a man ( :om we "k no?+       
provable4          ,illu/ration3        
,italian ,sculpture ( ! ,x ,c5tury4     

,,is ,,*ri/ianity ,,real8        ,x is  
assum$1 )\t f\ndation1 z ,i hope to %[1 
t !  religion ( ,jesus alone c save !   
_w4 ,we are n surpris$ at  ! claim1     
because !re has nev] be5 a religion :i* 
has be5 too  mode/ to make a simil>     
claim4 ,no religion has ev] be5 satisfi$
 to  be "o ( ! saviors ( man4 ,ea*      
religion wants to be ! only  savior (   
man4 ,!re is no monopoly l religi\s     
monopoly4 ,!  indu/rial corporations )  
all _! gre$ are less exact+ ?an  !      
,ca?olic *ur*1 = in/ance1 :i* keeps     
heav5 itself "u  lock & key4    ,b :at  
is meant by salvation8 ,let u consid]   
its religi\s mean+  fir/4 ,an unbias$   
inve/igation ( ! dogmas & _! suppos$    
hi/orical f\ndations w prove t !        
salvation :i*  ,*ri/ianity (f]s1 & !    
means by :i* x proposes to effect !     
_w's salvation1 are extremely fanciful 9
 nature4 ,if ?is po9t  c\ld be made     
cle>1 !re w be less reluctance on ! "p (
 !  public to li/5 to ! evid5ce on !    
un-hi/oricity ( ! f\nd]  ( ,*ri/ianity4 

,we are told t ,god1 :o is p]fect1      
creat$ ?is _w ab\t half a  hundr$       
c5turies ago4 ,( c\rse1 be+ p]fect      
himself ! _w  :i* he creat$ 0 p]fect1   
too4 ,b ! _w did n /ay p]fect  v long4  
,nay1 f ! heights x fell1 n sl[ly1 b    
sudd5ly1  into ! l[e/ dep?s (           
degradation4 ,h[ a _w :i* ,god _h       
creat$ p]fect1 c\ld 9 ! tw9kl+ ( an eye 
become s vile z to  be curs$ by ! same  
be+ :o a mom5t be=e _h pron\nc$ x  good1
 & besides be h&$ ov] to ! devil z fuel 
= et]nal  burn+s1 only cr$ulity c       
expla94 ,i am giv+ ! /ory ( :at is      
call$ ! plan ( salvation1 9 ord] to %[  
its my?ical nature4  ,9 ! prec$+ pages  
we h discuss$ ! "q1 ,is ,jesus a  ,my?1 
b ,i believe t :5 we h reflect$ ^u !    
/ory (  man's fall & 8 suppos$ subsequ5t
 salvation by ! blood (  ,jesus1 we %all
 conclude t ! function1 or ! (fice1 :i* 
,jesus  is said to p]=m1 is z my?ical z 
8 p]son4    ,! /ory ( ,ed5 possesses all
 ! m>ks ( an allegory4 ,adam &  ,eve1 & 
a p]fect _w sudd5ly plung$ f a sn[y     

:it5ess  into ! blackness ( hell1 are ! 
?\ghts ( a *ild :o  exagg]ates because (
 an z yet undiscipl9$ fancy4 ,yet1 if   
,adam &  ,eve are unreal1 !ologically   
speak+1 ,jesus is unreal4 ,if !y are    
allegory & my?1 s is ,jesus4 ,x is      
claim$ t x 0 ! fall (  ,adam :i*        
necessitat$ ! dea? ( ,jesus1 b if       
,adam's fall be a  fiction1 z we "k x   
is1 ,jesus' dea? z an atonem5t mu/ also 
be a  fiction4    ,9 ! fall ( ,adam1 we 
are told1 humanity itself fell4 ,c\ld   
any?+  be m fanciful ?an t8 ,& :at 0    
,adam's s98 ,he covet$  k4 ,he wi%$ to  
improve 8 m9d4 ,he exp]im5t$ )  =bidd5  
?+s4 ,he d>$ to take ! initiative4 ,& = 
t  imag9>y crime1 ev5 ! g5]ations n yet 
born are to be =ev]  blight$4 ,ev5 !    
animals1 ! fl[]s & vegetables 7 curs$ = 
x4 ,c y conceive ( any?+ m my?ical ?an  
t8 ,"o ( !  ,engli% div9es ( ! age (    
,calv9 decl>$ t orig9al s91--,adam's  s9
 imput$ to u1--0 s awful1 t if a man _h 
nev] be5 born  he w\ld yet h be5 damn$ =
 x4 ,x is f ?is my?ical s9  t a my?ical 

,savior saves u4 ,& h[ does he d x8 ,9 a
 v  my?ical way1 z we %all see4    ,:5 !
 _w fell1 x fell into ! devil's h&s4 ,to
 r$eem a "p  ( x1 at lea/1 ! deity      
concludes to give up 8 only son = a     
ransom4 ,?is is int]e/+4 ,god is        
repres5t$ z be+ greatly  (f5d$1 because 
! _w :i* he _h creat$ p]fect 0 all 9 a  
heap be=e him4 ,to placate himself he   
sacrific$ 8 son--n  himself4    ,b1 z   
intimat$ above1 he does n int5d to      
re/ore ! :ole _w  to its pri/9e purity1 
b only a "p ( x4 ,?is is al>m+4 ,he     
creates ! :ole _w p]fect1 b n[ he is    
satisfi$ to h only  a portion ( x r$eem$
 f ! devil4 ,if he c save at all1 pray1 
:y n save all8 ,?is is n an irrelevant  
"q :5 x is  rememb]$ t ! :ole _w 0      
creat$ p]fect 9 ! fir/  place4    ,!    
refusal ( ! deity to save all ( 8 _w f !
 devil w\ld  lead "o to believe t ev5 :5
 ,god creat$ ! _w p]fect he  did n mean 
to keep all ( x to himself1 b meant t "s
 ( x1  ! great] "p ( x1 z "s !ologians  
cont5d1 %\ld g to !  devil6 ,surely ?is 

is no?+ b my?4 ,let u hope = ! sake (   
our ideals t all ?is is no m ?an !      
*ildi% prattle (  primitive man4    ,b  
let u return to ! /ory ( ! fall ( man2  
,god decides to save  a "p ( 8 ru9$     
p]fect _w by ! sacrifice ( 8 son4 ,!    
latt] is suppos$ to h said to 8 fa!r3   
,puni% me1 kill me1  accept my blood1 & 
let x pay = ! s9s ( man4 ,he ?us        
int]c$$ = ! elect1 & ! deity 0 mollifi$4
 ,z ,jesus  is also ,god1 x foll[s t "o 
,god tri$ to pacify ano!r1 :i* is  pure 
my?4 ,"s !ologians h ano!r !ory--!re is 
room "h  = _m !ories4 ,accord+ to ^!1   
,god gave up 8 son z a  ransom1 n to    
himself1 b to ! devil1 :o n[ claim$ ! _w
 z  8 own4 ,i he>d a di/+ui%$ m9i/]     
expla9 ?is 9 !  foll[+ mann]3 ,a poor   
man ^: h\se is mortgag$ he>s t "s       
philan?ropi/ has r$eem$ ! prop]ty by    
pay+ (f ! mortgage4  ,! s\l ( man 0 by !
 fall ( ,adam mortgag$ to ! devil4 ,god 
has rais$ ! mortgage by ab&on+ 8 son to 
be kill$ to satisfy  ! devil :o held !  
mortgage4 ,! debt :i* we ow$ has be5    

paid  by ,jesus4 ,by ?is arrangem5t !   
devil loses 8 legal "r to our  s\ls & we
 are sav$4 ,all we ne$ to d is to       
believe 9 ?is /ory  & we'll be sure to g
 to heav54 ,& to ?9k t intellig5t       
,am]icans n only accept all ?is z       
inspir$1 b d5\nce ! man  :o v5tures to  
intimate mode/ly t x might be a my?1 z a
  blasphem]6 ,o1 judgm5t6 cries         
,%akespe>e1 ?\ ha/ fl$ to  bruti% bea/s1
 & m5 h lo/ _! reason4    ,! morality   
:i* ! ,*ri/ian *ur* tea*es is ( z       
my?ical a  nature z ! /ory ( ! fall1 & !
 blood-atonem5t4 ,x is n  natural       
morality1 b some?+ q un9telligible &    
fictiti\s4  ,= in/ance1 we are told t we
 _c ( ourselves be righte\s4 ,we  mu/   
fir/ h ! grace ( ,god4 ,!n we are told t
 we _c h  ! grace ( ,god unless he gives
 x to u4 ,& he w n give x to  u unless  
we ask = x4 ,b we _c ask = x1 unless he 
moves u  to ask = x4 ,& !re we are4 ,we 
%all be damn$ if we d n come  to ,god1 &
 we _c come to ,god unless he calls u4  
,besides1 c\ld  any?+ be m my?ical ?an a

 righte\sness :i* c only be  imput$ to  
u1--any righte\sness ( our own be+ b    
fil?y rags8    ,! ,*ri/ian religion has 
! appe>ance ( be+ "o great my?1         
con/ruct$ out ( _m m9or my?s4 ,x is !   
same )  ,mohamm$anism1 or ,judaism1 :i* 
latt] is ! mis*iev\s p>5t (  bo? !      
,mohamm$an & ! ,*ri/ian fai?s4 ,x is !  
same ) all  sup]natural cre$s4 ,my? is !
 dom9at+ elem5t 9 !m all4  ,comp>$ ) ^! 
,asiatic religions h[ glori\s is sci5ce6
 ,h[  :olesome1 helpful1 & lum9\s1 are  
h] comm&m5ts6    ,if ,i 7 to comm& y to 
believe t ,m\nt ,olympus 0 once  t5ant$ 
by blue-ey$ gods & _! consorts1--sipp+  
nect> &  ambrosia ! live-long day1--y w 
answ]1 ,oh1 t is only  my?ology4 ,if ,i 
7 to tell y t y _c be sav$ unless y     
believe t ,m9]va 0 born full-fl$g$ f !  
bra9 ( ,jupit]1  y w laugh at me4 ,if ,i
 7 to tell y t y mu/ puni% y\r  innoc5t 
sons = ! guilt ( _! bro!rs & si/]s1 y w 
answ] t ,i insult y\r moral s5se4 ,&    
yet1 e ,sunday1 !  prea*] repeats ! my? 
( ,adam & ,eve1 & h[ ,god kill$ 8       

innoc5t son to please himself1 or to    
satisfy ! devil1 & )  bat$ brea?1 & on  
y\r knees1 y :isp]1 ,am54    ,h[ is x t 
:5 y read ! lit]ature ( ! ,greeks1 !    
lit]ature ( ! ,p]sians1 ! lit]ature (   
,h9doo/an1 or ( !  ,mohamm$an _w1 y     
discrim9ate betwe5 fact & fiction1      
betwe5  hi/ory & my?1 b :5 x comes to ! 
lit]ature ( ! ,jews1 y  /amm]1 y /utt]1 
y bite y\r lips1 y turn pale1 & fall ^u 
y\r face be=e x z ! savage be=e 8 feti%8
 ,y w\ld  consid] x unreasonable to     
believe t ev]y?+ a ,greek1 or a  ,roman1
 or an ,arab ev] said 0 inspir$4 ,& yet1
 m5 h be5  h\nd$ to dea? = n believ+ t  
ev]y?+ t a ,jew ev]  said 9 old5 times 0
 inspir$4    ,i d n h to use argum5ts1  
,i hope1 to prove to an intellig5t      
public t an infallible book is z mu* a  
my? z ! ,g>d5 (  ,ed51 or ! ,/> (       
,be?lehem4    ,a my?ical ,savior1 a     
my?ical ,bible1 a my?ical plan (        
salvation6    ,:5 we subject :at are    
call$ religi\s tru?s to ! same te/s by  
:i* we det]m9e sci5tific or hi/orical   

tru?s1 we discov] t  !y are n tru?s at  
all2 !y are only op9ions4 ,any /atem5t  
:i* snaps "u ! /ra9 ( reason is unwor?y 
( cr$5ce4 ,b x  is claim$ t religi\s    
tru? is discov]$ by intuition & n by    
inve/igation4 ,! believ]1 x is claim$1  
feels 9 8 own s\l--he  has ! witness ( !
 _s1 t ! ,bible is infallible1 & t      
,jesus is ! ,savior ( man4 ,! ,*ri/ian  
does n h to look into  ! argum5ts = or  
aga9/ 8 religion1 x is said1 be=e he    
makes  up 8 m9d2 he kn[s by an inw>d    
assurance2 he has prov$ x to 8  own     
deep]mo/ be+ t ,jesus is real & t he is 
! only  ,savior4 ,b :at is t b ano!r k9d
 ( argum5t8 ,! argum5t is  q inadequate 
to inspire assurance1 z y w pres5tly    
see1 b  x is an argum5t nev]!less4 ,to  
say t we mu/ believe & n  reason is a   
k9d ( reason+1 ,?is device ( reason+    
aga9/  reason+ is resort$ to by p :o h  
be5 compell$ by mod]n  ?\ght to give up1
 "o aft] ano!r1 ! /rongholds ( _!       
position4 ,!y run "u %elt] ( :at !y call
 fai?1 or !  inw>d witness ( ! _s1 or ! 

intuitive argum5t1 hop+  !reby to escape
 ! enemy's fire1 if ,i may use s        
objectionable a  phrase4    ,:at is     
call$ fai?1 !n1 or an intuitive         
spiritual assurance1 is a  species (    
reason+2 let its wor? be te/$ hone/ly4  
,9 ! fir/ place1 fai? or ! intuitive    
argum5t w\ld prove too  mu*4 ,if ,jesus 
is real1 not)/&+ t !re is no reliable   
hi/orical data to w>rant ! belief1      
because ! believ] feels 9  8 own s\l t  
,he is real & div9e1 ,i answ] t1 ! same 
mode  ( reason+--& let u n =get1 x is a 
k9d ( reason+--w\ld  prove ,mohamm$ a   
div9e savior1 & ! wood5 idol ( ! savage 
a god4  ,! ,african ,bu%man trembles    
be=e an image1 because he feels 9 8  own
 s\l t ! ?+ is real4 ,does t make x     
real8 ,! ,moslem  cries unto ,mohamm$1  
because he believes 9 8 inn]mo/ he>t t  
,mohamm$ is ne> & c he> him4 ,he w risk 
8 life on t assurance4  ,to quote to him
 hi/ory & sci5ce to prove t ,mohamm$ is 
dead &  unable to save1 w\ld be ( no    
avail1 = he has ! witness ( !  _s 9 him1

 an intuitive assurance1 t ! great      
prophet sits on  ! "r h& ( ,allah4 ,an  
argum5t :i* proves too mu*1 proves      
no?+4    ,9 ! second place1 an intuition
 is n communicable4 ,i may h an         
intuition t ,i see spirits all ab\t me  
?is morn+4 ,!y come1  !y g1 !y nod1 !y  
bru% my =ehead ) _! w+s4 ,b d  y see !m1
 too1 because ,i see !m8 ,!re is !      
diff]5ce  betwe5 a sci5tific            
demon/ration & a purely metaphysical    
assumption4 ,i c\ld g to ! blackbo>d &  
assure y1 z ,i am  myself assur$1 t two 
p>allel l9es runn+ 9 ! same direction  w
 n & _c meet4 ,t is demon/ration4 ,a    
fev] pati5t :5  9 a /ate ( delirium1 & a
 fright5$ *ild 9 ! d>k1 see  ?+s4 ,we d 
n d5y t !y d1 b _! te/imony does n      
prove t ! ?+s !y see are real4    ,:at  
is ?is ,i see be=e me8 cries ,macbe?1 ! 
murd]]1 & he  %rieks & %akes f head to  
foot--he draws 8 sword & ru%es  ^u      
,banquo's gho/1 :i* he sees coldly />+  
at him4 ,b is t  any pro( t :at he saw  
we c\ld see also8 ,yes1 we c\ld1 if we  

7 9 ! same fr5zy6 ,& x is ! revivali/'s 
aim1 by creat+ a  g5]al excitem5t1 to   
make ev]ybody see ?+s4 ,doctor1 ,doctor1
  help6 !y are com+ to kill me2 !re !y  
are--! assass9s1--"o1  two1 ?ree--oh1   
help1 & ! pati5t jumps out ( b$ to      
escape !  b&itti cr[d+ 9 ^u him4 ,b is t
 any reason :y !  att5d+ physician1 8   
pulse normal & 8 br[ cool1 %\ld  believe
 t ! room is fill+ up ) assass9s8 ,i    
obs]ve p  jump up & d[n1 z !y d 9       
hol9ess meet+s2 ,i he> !m say  !y see   
angels1 !y see ,jesus1 !y feel 8        
pres5ce4 ,b is t  any evid5ce = y or me8
 ,an intuitive argum5t is n             
communicable1  &1 !re=e1 x is no argum5t
 at all4    ,our or?odox fri5ds are     
f9ally driv5 by mod]n ?\ght1 :i* is     
gr[+ bold] e day1 to ! only refuge left 
= !m4 ,x is !  "o already m5tion$4      
,grant$ t ,jesus 0 an imag9>y "*1  ev5  
!n1 z an ideal1 !y argue1 he is an      
inspiration1 & ! mo/  effective moral   
=ce ! _w has ev] kn[n4 ,we d n c>e1 !y  
say1 :e!r ! /ory ( 8 bir?1 trial1 dea?1 

& resurrection is  my? or actual hi/ory2
 su* a man z ,jesus may nev] h exi/$1  !
 ?+s he is report$ z say+ may h be5 put 
9 8 m\? by  o!rs1 b :at ( t--is n !     
picture ( 8 "* p]fect8  ,are n !        
,beatitudes beautiful--no matt] :o said 
!m8 ,to  /r5g!n ?is position !y call our
 att5tion to ,%akespe>e's  creations1 ! 
majority ( :om--,hamlet1 ,o!llo1 ,le>1  
,portia1  ,imog51 ,desdemona1 are       
fictiti\s4 ,yet :]e are !re gr&] m51 or 
f9] wom58 ,^! *ildr5 ( ,%akespe>e may   
nev] h liv$1 b1  surely1 !y w nev] die4 
,9 ! same s5se1 ,jesus may be j z  ideal
 a "* z ^? ( ,%akespe>e1 !y say1 & /ill 
be !  light ( ! _w4 ,a ,new ,york prea*]
 is report$ z say+ t if  ,*ri/ianity is 
a lie1 x is a glori\s lie4    ,my answ] 
to ! above is t su* an argum5t evades   
in/ead (  fac+ ! "q4 ,x is rec$+ f a    
position "u cov] ( a  rhetorical        
manoeuvre4 ,x is a retreat 9 disguise4  
,if ,*ri/ianity is  a glori\s lie1 !n   
call x su*4 ,! "q "u discussion is1  ,is
 ,jesus ,hi/orical8 ,to answ] t x is    

immat]ial :e!r or n he  is hi/orical1 is
 to admit t !re is no evid5ce t he is   
hi/orical4 ,to urge t1 unhi/orical ?\gh 
he be1 he is1  nev]!less1 ! only savior 
( ! _w1 is1 ,i regret to say1 n  only   
evasive1--n only does x beg ! "q1 b x is
 also  cle>ly di%one/4 ,h[ long w !     
trem5d\s ecclesia/ical  ma*9]y la/1 if x
 7 c&idly av[$ t x is d\btful :e!r  !re 
ev] 0 su* a hi/orical "* z ,jesus1 or t 
9 all  probability he is no m real ?an  
"o ( ,%akespe>e's creations8  ,:at6 all 
^! pray]s1 ^! *ur*es1 ^! d5om9ations1 ^!
  sect>ian w>s :i* h %$ oceans ( human  
blood--^!  un=tunate p]secutions :i* h  
black5$ ! face ( man--!  fe> ( hell & ! 
devil :i* has bla/$ millions (          
lives--all  ^! = a ,*ri/ :o may1 aft]   
all1 be only a picture6    ,nei!r is x  
true t ?is pictorial ,jesus sav$ ! _w4  
,he has  _h two ?\s& ye>s to d x 91 b z 
mission>ies are /ill  be+ s5t out1 x    
foll[s t ! _w is yet to be sav$4 ,!     
argum5t pres5t$ else:]e 9 ^! pages may  
"h be recapitulat$4    ,!re 0 w> be=e   

,*ri/ianity2 has ,jesus aboli%$ w>8     
,!re 0 pov]ty & mis]y 9 ! _w be=e       
,*ri/ianity2 has  ,jesus remov$ ^!      
evils8    ,!re 0 ignorance 9 ! _w be=e  
,*ri/ianity2 has ,jesus  de/roy$        
ignorance8    ,!re 7 disease1 crime1    
p]secution1 oppression1 slav]y1         
massacres1 & blood%$ 9 ! _w be=e        
,*ri/ianity2 alas1 are  !y n /ill ) u8  
,:5 ,jesus %all succe$ 9 pacify+ 8 own  
disciples2 9 heal+  ! sect>ian _w ( its 
endless & bitt] qu>rels1 !n x w  be "t  
to ask :at else ,jesus has done =       
humanity4    ,if ! _w is improv+ at all1
 & we believe x is1 ! progress  is due  
to ! fact t man pays n[ m att5tion to   
?is life  ?an =m]ly4 ,he is ?9k+ less ( 
! o!r _w & m (  ?is4 ,he no long] s+s ) 
! believ]3        ,! _w is all a fleet+ 
%[         ,= man's delusion giv54      
,its smiles ( joy1 its te>s ( woe1      
,deceitful %9e1 deceitful fl[1          
,!re's no?+ true b heav54    ,h[ c\ld p 
) su* feel+s labor to improve a _w !y   
hat$8 ,h[ c\ld !y be 9 ! lea/ int]e/$ 9 

social or  political re=ms :5 !y 7      
con/antly repeat+ to !mselves--         
,i'm a pilgrim1 & ,i'm a /rang]--       
,i c t>ry1 ,i c t>ry1 b a night4    ,t  
^! same p %\ld n[ claim n only a "p ( ! 
cr$it  = ! _m improvem5ts1 b all (      
x--say+ t1 b = _!  religion ! _w w\ld n[
 h be5 a hell1 ,footnote3 ,rev4 ,frank  
,gunsaulus1 ( ! ,c5tral ,*ur*1 ,*icago4 
,see ,a ,new ,cate*ism4--,m4 ,m4        
,mangas>ian4 is really a little too mu* 
= ev5 ! mo/ s]5e  temp]am5t4    ,:i* ( !
 religions has p]secut$ z long & z      
rel5tlessly z  ,*ri/ianity8    ,:i* ( ! 
_m fai?s ( ! _w has oppos$ ,sci5ce z    
/ubbornly & z bitt]ly z ,*ri/ianity8    
,9 ! "n ( :at o!r prophets h m p be5    
burn$ at !  /ake ?an 9 ! names ( ,jesus 
& ,moses8    ,:at o!r revelation has    
giv5 rise to s _m sects1 ho/ile &       
irreconcilable1 z ! ,*ri/ian8    ,:i*   
religion has furni%$ z _m effective     
texts = political  oppression1 polygamy1
 slav]y1 & ! subjection ( woman z !     
religion ( ,jesus & ,paul8    ,is       

!re1--has !re ev] be5 ano!r cre$ :i*    
makes salvation  dep5d5t on             
belief1--!reby enc\rag+ hypocrisy1 &    
mak+ hone/  inquiry a crime8    ,to s5d 
a ?ief to heav5 f ! gall[s because he   
believes1 & an  hone/ man to hell       
because he d\bts1 is t ! virtue :i* is  
go+ to save ! _w8    ,! claim t ,jesus  
has sav$ ! _w is ano!r my?4    ,a       
pictorial ,*ri/1 !n1 has n done any?+ = 
humanity to  des]ve ! trem5d\s          
exp5diture ( "t1 en]gy1 love1 &         
devotion1 :i* has = two ?\s& ye>s tax$ !
 res\rces (  civilization4    ,! pass+  
away ( ?is imag9>y savior w relieve ! _w
 ( an  unproductive inve/m5t4    ,we    
conclude3 ,hone/y1 l *>ity1 mu/ beg9 at 
home4 ,unless we c  tell ! tru? 9 our   
*ur*es we w nev] tell ! tru? 9 our      
%ops4 ,unless our tea*]s1 ! m9i/]s (    
,god1 are hone/1 our  insurance         
companies & corporations w h to be      
wat*$4 ,p]mit  %am 9 y\r religi\s life1 
& ! disease w spread to e  memb] ( !    
social body4 ,if y may keep religion 9 !

 d>k1 &  cry hu%1 hu%1 :5 p ask t x be  
br\ght out into !  light1 :y may n      
politics or bus9ess cultivate a simil>  
p>tiality  = d>kness8 ,if ! k+ cries1   
rebel1 :5 a citiz5 asks =  ju/ice1 x is 
because he has he>d ! prie/ cry1        
infidel1 :5 a  memb] ( 8 *ur* ask$ =    
evid5ce4 ,religi\s hypocrisy is !  "m ( 
all hypocrisies4 ,cure a man ( t1 & !   
human _w  w recov] its heal?4    ,n s   
long ago1 ne>ly ev]ybody believ$ 9 !    
exi/5ce ( a  p]sonal devil4 ,p saw him1 
he>d him1 describ$ him1 danc$ )  him1 & 
claim$1 besides1 to h :ipp$ him4 ,lu!r  
hurl$ 8  ink/& at him1 & ,am]ican wom5  
accus$ z wit*es 7 put to  dea? 9 ! "n ( 
! devil4 ,yet all ?is evid5ce has n sav$
  ! devil f pass+ out ( exi/5ce4 ,:at   
has happ5$ to !  devil w happ5 to !     
gods4 ,man is ! only real savior4 ,if he
 is  n a savior1 !re is no o!r4         
,illu/ration3 ,! ,h9du ,tr9ity4         
,,"p ,,ii4          ,,is ,,! ,,_w       
,,indebt$ ,,to ,,*ri/ianity8        ,b1 
says ! believ]1 aga91 z a la/ resort1   

,jesus1 :e!r  real or my?ical1 has      
c]ta9ly sav$ ! _w1 & is its only  hope4 
,if ?is ass]tion c be support$ ) facts1 
!n surely x  w\ld matt] v little :e!r   
,jesus really liv$ & taught1 or  :e!r he
 is a m]e picture4 ,al?\gh ev5 !n x w\ld
 be m  tru?ful to say we h no           
satisfactory evid5ce t su* a tea*]  z   
,jesus ev] liv$1 ?an to affirm          
dogmatically 8 exi/5ce1 z x  is n[ done4
 ,:atev] ,jesus may h done = ! _w1 he   
has  c]ta9ly n fre$ u f ! obligation (  
tell+ ! tru?4 ,i  call special att5tion 
to ?is po9t4 ,because ,jesus has sav$ ! 
_w1 grant+ = ! mom5t t he has1 is no    
reason :y we %\ld  be indiff]5t to !    
tru?4 ,nay1 x w\ld %[ t ,jesus has n    
sav$ ! _w1 if we c g on & speak ( him z 
an actual  exi/5ce1 born ( a virg9 &    
ris5 f ! dead1 & 9 8 "n  p]secute "o    
ano!r--oppose ! advance ( sci5ce1 d5y   
fre$om (  ?\ght1 t]rorize *ildr5 & wom5 
) pictures ( hell-fire &  seek to       
e/abli% a spiritual monopoly 9 ! _w1 :5 
! evid5ce  9 h& seems cle>ly to indicate

 t su* a p]son nev] exi/$4    ,we %all  
quote a *apt] f ,*ri/ian hi/ory to give 
our read]s an  idea ( h[ mu* ! religion 
( ,jesus1 :5 implicitly believ$ 91  c d 
= ! _w4 ,we h gone to ! e>lie/ c5turies 
= our  examples ( ! influ5ce ex]t$ by   
,*ri/ianity ^u ! ambitions  & passions (
 human nature1 because x is g5]ally     
suppos$ t  ,*ri/ianity 0 !n at its be/4 
,let u1 !n1 pres5t a picture (  ! _w1   
/rictly speak+1 ( ! ,roman ,empire1 dur+
 ! fir/  f\r or five hundr$ ye>s aft]   
its conv]sion to ,*ri/ianity4    ,we    
select ?is specific p]iod1 because      
,*ri/ianity 0 at ?is "t  fifte5 hundr$  
ye>s ne>] to its s\rce1 & 0 m virile &  
aggressive ?an x has ev] be5 s9ce4      
,%akespe>e speaks ( ! uses ( adv]sity2 b
 ! uses (  prosp]ity are ev5 great]4 ,! 
prov]b says t adv]sity tries a  man4    
,:ile !re is consid]able tru? 9 ?is1 !  
fact is t  prosp]ity is a mu* sur]      
crit]ion ( "*4 ,x is impossible to      
tell1 = in/ance1 :at a man w d :o has   
nei!r ! p[] nor  ! opportunity to d     

any?+4 ,opportunity1 says a ,fr5* writ]1
  is ! clev]e/ devil4 ,bo? our good &   
bad qualities wait ^u  opportunity to %[
 !mselves4 ,x is q easy to be virtu\s :5
  ! opportunity to d evil is lack+4     
,beh9d ! prison b>s1 e  crim9al is a    
p5it5t1 b ! cr$it belongs to ! iron b>s 
&  n to ! crim9al4 ,to be good :5 "o _c 
be bad1 is an  indiff]5t virtue4    ,x  
is ) in/itutions & religions z )        
individuals--!y %\ld  be judg$ n by :at 
!y pret5d 9 _! weakness1 b by :at !y  d 
:5 !y are /rong4 ,*ri/ianity1           
,mohamm$anism & ,judaism1 !  ?ree k9dr$ 
religions--we call !m k9dr$ because !y  
are relat$  9 blood & are ! (fspr+ ( !  
same soil & climate--^!  ?ree k9dr$     
religions mu/ be int]pret$ n by :at !y  
pr(ess  today1 b by :at !y did :5 !y _h 
bo? ! p[] & !  opportunity to d z !y    
wi%$4    ,:5 ,*ri/ianity1 or            
,mohamm$anism1 0 pr(ess$ only by a small
  h&ful ( m5--twelve fi%]m51 or a doz5  
camel-driv]s ( !  des]t--nei!r p>ty     
advocat$ p]secution4 ,! wor/ puni%m5t   

:i* ei!r religion held out 0 a di/ant & 
a future puni%m5t2  b z soon z          
,*ri/ianity conv]t$ an ,emp]or1 or      
,mohamm$ became  ! victori\s w>rior1--t 
is to say1 z soon z1 spr++ =?1  !y pick$
 up ! sword & felt _! grip sure ^u its  
hilt1 ?is  future & di/ant puni%m5t     
mat]ializ$ into a pres5t &  p]si/5t     
p]secution ( _! oppon5ts4 ,is n t       
sugge/ive8  ,!n1 aga91 :5 9 ! c\rse (   
human evolution1 bo? ,*ri/ianity  &     
,mohamm$anism lo/ ! secul> support--!   
?rone1 ! favor (  ! c\rts1 ! imp]ial    
treasury--!y fell back once m ^u  future
 p5alties z ! sole m5ace aga9/ an       
unbeliev+ _w4 ,z  religion gr[s1        
secul>ly speak+1 weak]1 & is m          
completely  divorc$ f ! temporal1 ev5 ! 
future p5alties1 f be+ bo?  lit]al &    
frightful1 pale into h>mless figures (  
spee*4    ,x 0 b a %ort "t aft] !       
conv]sion ( ! ,emp]or  ,con/ant9e1 t !  
foll[+ edict 0 publi%$ ?r\gh\t !        
prov9ces ( ! ,roman ,empire3    ,o ye   
enemies ( tru?1 au?ors & c\nsellors (   

dea?--we enact by ?is  law t none ( y   
d>e h]eaft] to meet at y\r              
conv5ticles444nor  keep any meet+s ei!r 
9 public build+s or private h\ses4 ,we  
h comm&$ t all y\r places ( meet+--y\r  
temples--be pull$  d[n or confiscat$ to 
! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4    ,! man :o affix$ 8 
signature to ?is edict 0 a mon>*1 t is  
to say1 a man :o _h ! p[] to d z he     
lik$4 ,! man &  mon>*1 !n1 :o affix$ 8  
imp]ial signature to ?is fir/  docum5t (
 p]secution 9 ,europe--! fir/1 because1 
z ,r5an has  beautifully rem>k$1 ,we may
 se>* 9 va9 ! :ole ,roman law  be=e     
,con/ant9e = a s+le passage aga9/ fre$om
 ( ?\ght1  & ! hi/ory ( ! imp]ial       
gov]nm5t furni%es no in/ance ( a        
prosecution = ent]ta9+ an ab/ract       
doctr9e1--?is is glory  en\gh = !       
civilization ':i* we call ,pagan & :i* 0
  replac$ by ! ,asiatic religion--! man 
& ! mon>* :o fa!r$  ! fir/ in/rum5t (   
p]secution 9 our ,europe1 :o introduc$  
into  our mid/ ! craz$ h\nds ( religi\s 
w>s1 unkn[n ei!r 9  ,greece or ,rome1   

,con/ant9e1 has be5 held up by ,c>d9al  
,newman z a  patt]n to all succe$+      
mon>*s4 ,only an ,engli%man1 a          
,european1  infect$ ) ! malady ( ! ,ea/1
 c\ld hold up ! au?or ( su*  an         
edict1--an edict :i* pro/itutes ! ,/ate 
to ! s]vice ( a  fad--z a patt]n4    ,if
 we ask$ = a mod]n illu/ration ( :at a  
*ur* w d :5 x  has ! p[]1 !re is !      
example ( ,russia4 ,russia is today     
c5turies beh9d ! o!r ,european nations4 
,%e is ! mo/  un=tunate1 ! mo/ ignorant1
 ! mo/ pov]ty-p9*$ c\ntry1 )  ! mo/     
or?odox type ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,:at is !   
diff]5ce betwe5  ,greek ,*ri/ianity1 su*
 z prevails 9 ,russia1 & ,am]ican       
,*ri/ianity6 ,only ?is3 ,! ,*ri/ian     
,*ur* 9 ,russia has bo? !  p[] & !      
opportunity to d ?+s1 :ile ! ,*ri/ian   
*ur* 9  ,am]ica or 9 ,france has n4 ,we 
mu/ judge ,*ri/ianity z a religion  by  
:at x does 9 ,russia1 m ?an by :at x    
does n d 9 ,france  or ,am]ica4 ,!re 0 a
 "t :5 ! *ur* did 9 ,france & 9  ,engl& 
:at x is do+ n[ 9 ,russia1 :i* is a     

fur!r  confirmation ( ! fact t a        
religion mu/ be judg$ n by :at x        
pret5ds 9 its weakness1 b by :at x does 
:5 x c4 ,9 ,russia1  ! prie/ c tie a    
man's h&s & feet & deliv] him up to !   
gov]nm5t2 & x does s4 ,9 ,prote/ant     
c\ntries1 ! *ur*1 be+  depriv$ ( all its
 badges & pr]ogatives1 is m mode/ &     
humble4 ,! poet ,he9e gives eloqu5t     
expression to ?is idea :5 he  says3     
,religion comes begg+ to u1 :5 x c no   
long] burn u4    ,!re w be no revolution
 9 ,russia1 nor ev5 any radical         
improvem5t ( exi/+ conditions1 s long z 
! ,greek ,*ur* has  ! education ( !     
masses 9 *>ge4 ,to become politically   
free1 m5  mu/ fir/ be intellectually    
emancipat$4 ,if a ,russian is n  p]mitt$
 to *oose 8 own religion1 w he be       
p]mitt$ to *oose  8 own =m ( gov]nm5t8  
,if he w all[ a prie/ to impose 8       
religion ^u him1 :y may he n p]mit !    
,cz> to impose despotism  ^u him8 ,if x 
is wrong = him to "q ! t5ets ( 8        
religion1 is x n equally wrong = him to 

discuss ! laws ( 8  gov]nm5t8 ,if a     
slave ( ! *ur*1 :y may he n be also a   
slave  ( ! /ate8 ,if !re is room ^u 8   
neck = ! yoke ( !  *ur*1 !re w be room1 
also1 = ! yoke ( ! autocracy4 ,if he  is
 9 ! habit ( b5d+ 8 knees1 :at diff]5ce 
does x make to  h[ _m or to :om he b5ds 
!m8    ,n until ,russia has become      
religi\sly emancipat$1 w %e conqu]      
political fre$om4 ,%e mu/ fir/ ca/ out (
 h] m9d ! fe> ( !  *ur*1 be=e %e c ent] 
into ! glori\s fell[%ip ( ! free4  ,9   
,turkey1 all ! mis]y ( ! p w n s mu* z  
cause a  ripple ( discont5t1 because !  
,moslem has be5 br\ght up to submit  to 
! ,sultan z to ! %ad[ on e>? ( ,allah4  
,bo? 9 ,russia &  ,turkey1 ! prote/ants 
are ! h]etics4 ,! or?odox ,turk & !     
or?odox ,*ri/ian p]mit )\t a murmur bo? 
! prie/ & !  k+ to impose ^u !m at !    
po9t ( a bayonet1 ! "o 8  religion1 & ! 
o!r 8 gov]nm5t4 ,x is only by tak+ !    
education ( ! masses out ( ! h&s ( !    
cl]gy t ei!r  c\ntry c enjoy any        
prosp]ity4 ,or?odoxy & autocracy are    

tw9s4    ,let me n[ try to pres5t to y a
 picture ( ! _w "u  ,*ri/ianity ab\t !  
ye> #djj ( ! pres5t era4 ,let u discuss 
?is phase ( ! subject 9 a lib]al _s1    
ext5uat+ no?+1  nor sett+ d[n aught 9   
malice4 ,please int]pret :at ,i say 9 ! 
next few m9utes metaphorically1 & p>don 
me if my picture is a  repellant "o4    
,we are 9 ! ye> ( our ,"l1 #djj3    ,i  
rose up e>ly ?is morn+ to g to *ur*4 ,z 
,i approa*$ !  build+1 ,i saw !re a     
great multitude ( p unable to secure    
admission into ! edifice4 ,! huge iron  
doors 7 clos$1 & ^u  !m 0 affix$ a      
notice f ! au?orities1 to ! effect t all
  :o wor%ip$ 9 ?is *ur* w\ld1 by !      
au?ority ( ! /ate1 be  kn[n & treat$    
h]eaft] z infam\s h]etics1 & be expos$  
to  ! extreme p5alty ( ! law if !y      
p]si/$ 9 hold+ s]vices  !re4 ,b ! p>ty  
to :i* ,i belong$ he$$ n ! prohibition1 
b beat aga9/ ! doors furi\sly & effect$ 
an entrance into !  *ur*4 ,! excitem5t  
ran high2 m5 & lead]s %\t$1 ge/iculat$  
& came to bl[s4 ,! ,ar*bi%op 0 urg$ to  

asc5d 8 episcopal  ?rone & (ficiate at !
 alt> 9 spite ( ! =mal int]diction      
aga9/ him4 ,he cons5t$4 ,b he _h n      
proce$$ f> :5 soldi]s1  ) a wild ru%1   
p\r$ into ! build+ & began to dis*>ge   
arr[s at ! panic-/rick5 p4 ,in/antly    
p&emonium 0 let  loose4 ,! (fic]s comm&+
 ! soldi]s dem&$ ! head ( !  (f5d+      
,ar*bi%op4 ,! wor%ip]s made an attempt  
to resi/2 !n  blood 0 %$1 ! sight ( :i* 
reel$ p's heads1 &1 9 an  in/ant1 !     
sanctu>y 0 turn$ into a h\se ( murd]4   
,tak+  advantage ( ! upro>1 ! ,ar*bi%op1
 assi/$ by 8 secret>ies1  escap$ ?r\gh a
 secret door beh9d ! alt>4              
,illu/ration3 ,engrav+ ( ,,xv ,c5tury   
,repres5t+ ! ,tr9ity4    ,on my way home
 f ?is t]rible sc5e1 ,i fell ^u a       
procession (  monks4 ,!y 7 c>ry+ images 
& relics1 & a bann] ^u :i*  7 inscrib$  
^! words3 ,! ,virg9 ,m>y1 ,"m ( ,god4 ,z
 !y  m>*$ on1 _! numb] increas$ by new  
additions4 ,b sudd5ly !y  enc\nt]$ ano!r
 b& ( monks1 c>ry+ a diff]5t bann]1     
be>+ ! same words :i* 7 on ! o!r p>ty's 

bann]1 b  in/ead ( ,! ,virg9 ,m>y1 ,"m (
 ,god1 _! bann] read3 ,!  ,virg9 ,m>y1  
,"m ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,! two processions  
cla%$1 &  a bloody enc\nt] foll[$2 9 an 
in/ant images1 relics & bann]s  7 all 9 
an indiscrim9ate heap4 ,! troops 7 call$
 out aga91  b su* 0 ! zeal ( ! conflict+
 p>ties t n until !  majority ( !m 7    
disabl$ & exhau/$1 0 tranquility        
re/or$4    ,look+ ab\t me1 ,i saw !     
spire ( a neighbor+ *ur*4 ,my  curiosity
 prompt$ me to w5d my /eps ?i!r4 ,z soon
 z ,i ent]$1  ,i 0 recogniz$ z belong+  
to ! =bidd5 sect1 & 9 an in/ant  a      
hundr$ fi/s ra9$ d[n bl[s ^u my head4   
,he has pollut$ !  sanctu>y1 !y cri$4   
,he has committ$ sacrilege4 ,no qu>t] to
  ! enemies ( ! true *ur*1 cri$ o!rs1 & 
x 0 a miracle  t1 beat51 bruis$1 my     
clo!s torn f my back1 ,i rega9$ !       
/reet4 ,a few seconds lat]1 look+ up !  
/reets1 ,i saw ano!r  troop ( soldi]s1  
ru%+ d[n t[>d ?is *ur* at full spe$4 ,x 
seems t :ile ,i 0 be+ beat5 9 ! ma9     
auditorium1 9 !  bapti/ry ( ! *ur* !y 7 

kill+1 9 cold blood1 !  ,ar*bi%op1 :o 0 
suspect$ ( a pr$ilection = ! opposite   
p>ty1 & :o _h refus$ to retract or      
resign f 8 (fice4 ,!  next day ,i he>d t
 "o hundr$ & ?irty-sev5 bodies 7 tak5   
out ( ?is build+4    ,seiz$ ) t]ror1 ,i 
n[ began to run1 b1 alas1 ,i _h worse   
exp]i5ces 9 /ore = me4 ,i 0 compell$ to 
pass ! pr9cipal  squ>e 9 ! c5t] ( ! city
 be=e ,i c\ld rea* a place (  safety4   
,:5 ,i rea*$ ?is squ>e1 x _h ! appe>ance
 ( a  v]itable battlefield4 ,x 0 ,sunday
 morn+1 & ! p>tisans (  rival bi%ops1   
diff]+ 9 _! int]pretation ( !ological   
doctr9es1 7 fight+ ea* o!r l madd5$1    
malignant  creatures4 ,"o c\ld he>1 ov] 
! babel ( discordant yells1  scriptural 
phrases4 ,! words1 ,! ,son is equal to !
 ,fa!r1 ,!  ,fa!r is great] ?an ! ,son1 
,he is begott5 ( ! same sub/ance  z !   
,fa!r1 ,he is ( l sub/ance1 b n ( ! same
  sub/ance1 ,y are a h]etic1 ,y are an  
a!i/1 7 inv>iably  accompani$ ) bl[s1   
/abs & sword ?ru/s1 until1 z an eye-    
witness1 ,i c take an oa? t ,i saw !    

/reets lead+ out ( !  squ>e delug$ )    
palpitat+ human blood4 ,sudd5ly ! comm&]
 (  ! cavalry1 ,h]mog5es1 rode ^u ! sc5e
 ( feud & blood%$4 ,he  ord]$ ! foll[]s 
( ! rival bi%ops to disp]se1 b in/ead ( 
m9d+ 8 au?ority1 ! zealots ( bo? sides  
ru%$ ^u 8  horse1 tore ! rid] f ! saddle
 & began to beat him ) clubs  & /ones   
:i* !y pick$ up f ! /reet4 ,he manag$ to
 escape  into a h\se close by1 b !      
religi\s rabble surr\nd$ ! h\se  & set  
fire to x4 ,h]mog5es appe>$ at ! w9d[1  
begg+ = 8  life4 ,he 0 attack$ aga91 &  
kill$1 & 8 mangl$ body dragg$  ?r\gh !  
/reets & ru%$ into a dit*4    ,!        
spectacle inflam$ me1 be+ a sect>ian    
myself4 ,i felt a%am$  t ,i 0 n %[+ an  
equal zeal = my p>ty4 ,i1 too1 long$ to 
fight1 to kill1 to be kill$1 = my       
religion4 ,&1 anon6 !  opportunity      
pres5t$ itself4 ,i saw1 look+ up ! /reet
 to my  "r1 a gr\p ( my fell[-believ]s1 
:o1 l myself1 %ut out (  _! own *ur* by 
! or?odox au?orities1 arm$ ) :ips load$ 
) lead & ) clubs1 7 ent]+ a h\se4 ,i    

foll[$ !m4 ,z  we w5t 91 we comm&$ !    
head ( ! family & 8 wife to  appe>4 ,:5 
!y did1 we ask$ !m if x 0 true t 9 _!   
pray]s to ,m>y !y _h refra9$ f ! use ( !
 words1 ,!  "m ( ,god4 ,!y hesitat$ to  
give a direct answ]1 :]eupon we  us$ !  
club1 & !n1 ! sc\rge4 ,!n !y said !y    
believ$ 9  & rev]$ ! bless$ virg91 b    
w\ld n1 ev5 if we kill$ !m1  say t %e 0 
! "m ( ,god4 ,?is ob/9acy exasp]at$ u & 
we felt x to be our religi\s duty1 = !  
honor ( our div9e  ,que51 to p]petrate  
su* cruelties ^u !m z w\ld %ock y\r     
g5tle e>s to he>4 ,we held !m ov] sl[ly 
burn+ fires1 flung  lime into _! eyes1  
appli$ roa/$ eggs & hot irons to !      
s5sitive p>ts ( _! bodies1 & ev5 gagg$  
!m to =ce !  sacram5t into _!           
m\?s44444,z we w5t f h\se to h\se1 b5t  
^u our mission1 ,i rememb] an expression
 ( "o ( ! p>ty :o  said to ! poor woman 
:o 0 begg+ = m]cy3 ,:at6 %all ,i be     
guilty ( defraud+ ! v5geance ( ,god (   
its victims8 ,a sudd5  *ill ran d[n my  
back4 ,i felt my fle% creep4 ,l a drop (

 poison  ! ?\ght embodi$ 9 ^? words     
p]v]t$ :atev] ( pity or  humanity 0 left
 9 me1 & ,i felt t ,i 0 only help+ to   
secure  victims ) :i* to fe$ ! v5geance 
( ,god6    ,illu/ration3 ,tr9ity 9      
,,xiii ,c5tury4    ,i 0 will+ to be a   
mon/] = ! glory ( ,god6    ,! ,*ri/ian  
sect to :i* ,i belong$ 0 "o ( ! olde/ 9 
,*ri/5dom4 ,our ance/ors 7 call$ !      
,puritans ( ! f\r? &  fif? c5turies4 ,we
 believe t no "o c be sav$ outside ( our
  communion4 ,:5 a ,*ri/ian ( ano!r *ur*
 jo9s u1 we re-baptize  him1 = we d n   
believe 9 ! validity ( o!r baptisms4 ,we
 are  s p>ticul> t we d5y our cemet]ies 
to any o!r ,*ri/ians ?an  our own       
memb]s4 ,if we f9d t we h1 by mi/ake1   
buri$ a memb]  ( ano!r *ur* 9 our       
cemet]y1 we dig up 8 bones1 t he may  n 
pollute ! soil4 ,:5 "o ( ! *ur*es (     
ano!r d5om9ation  falls into our h&s1 we
 fir/ fumigate ! build+1 & ) a %>p      
knife we scrape ! wood (f ! alt>s ^u :i*
 o!r ,*ri/ian  prie/s h (f]$ pray]s4 ,we
 w1 "u no consid]ation1 all[ a  bro!r   

,*ri/ian f ano!r *ur* to commune ) u2 if
 by  /eal? anyone does1 we sp>e n 8     
life4 ,b we are p]secut$ j  z sev]ely z 
we p]secute1 ourselves4 ,footnote3 ,?is 
sect  7,donati/7 & o!rs1 la/$ = a long  
"t1 & made ,asia &  ,africa a hornet's  
ne/1--a blood-/a9$ ar5a1 ( feud & riot &
  massacre1 until ,mohamm$anism put an  
end1 9 ^! p>ts ( ! _w1  n only to ^!    
sects1 b to ,*ri/ianity itself4    ,z ! 
sun 0 sett+1 fatigu$ ) ! holy ,sabba?'s 
religi\s  duties1 ,i />t$ to g home4 ,on
 my way back1 ,i saw ev5 wild]1  bloodi]
 sc5es1 betwe5 rival ecclesia/ical      
factions1 /reets ev5  r$d] ) blood1 if  
possible1 yea1 c]ta9 sections ( ! city  
seem$ z if a /orm ( hail1 or tongues (  
flame _h swept ov] !m4  ,*ur*es 7 on    
fire1 c[l$ monks attack+ bi%ops'        
resid5ces1  rival prelates hold+        
upro>i\s debates1 :i* almo/ always      
t]m9at$ 9 blood%$1 &1 to cap ! day ( _m 
vicissitudes1 ,i  saw a be> on          
exhibition :i* _h be5 giv5 its fre$om by
 !  rul]1 z a rew>d = 8 fai?ful s]vices 

9 dev\r+ h]etics4  ,! ,*ri/ian rul] kept
 two fi]ce be>s by 8 own *amb]1 to :i*  
^? :o did n hold ! or?odox fai? 7 ?r[n 9
 8 pres5ce  :ile he li/5$ ) delight to  
_! groans4    ,:5 ,i rea*$ home1 ,i 0   
pant+ = brea?4 ,i _h liv$ ?r\gh  ano!r  
,sabba? day4 ,footnote3 ,if ! read] w   
take ! pa9s to  read ,dean ,milman's    
,hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity1 & 8 ,hi/ory (    
,lat9  ,*ri/ianity2 also ,gibbon's      
,d[nfall ( ! ,roman ,empire1 &          
,mo%eim's ,hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity1 he w   
see t we h  exagg]at$ no?+4 ,!          
,a?anasian & ! ,arian1 ! ,donati/ &     
,sabellian1 ! ,ne/orian & ,alex&rian    
factions conv]t$ ! e>ly  c5turies into a
 long reign ( t]ror4    ,i feel l cov]+ 
my face = tell+ y s grewsome a tale4 ,b 
if ?is 7 ! f\r? or ! fif? c5tury1 in/ead
 ( !  tw5tie?1 & ?is 7 ,con/ant9ople1 or
 ,alex&ria1 or ,antio*1  in/ead (       
,*icago1 ,i w\ld h sp5t j su* a ,sunday 
z ,i h  describ$ to y4 ,9 giv+ y ?is    
conc5trat$ view ( human  society 9 !    
great capitals ( ,*ri/5dom 9 ! ye> #djj1

 ,i h  re/ra9$1 r ?an spurr$1 my        
imag9ation4 ,rememb]1 also1 t  ,i h     
conf9$ my rem>ks to a specific & %ort   
p]iod 9 hi/ory1  & h exclud$ f my       
g5]alization all ref]5ce to !  c5turies 
( religi\s w>s :i* tore ,europe limb f  
limb1--!  :olesale ext]m9ations1 !      
crusades1 :i* repres5t$ "o ( !  madde/  
spells ( misguid$ & co/ly zeal :i* ev]  
/ruck our  e>?1 ! p]secution ( !        
,hugu5ots1 ! ext]m9ation ( !  ,albig5ses
 & ( ! ,wald5ses1--! massacre ( ,/4     
,b>?olomew1 !  ,inquisition ) its r$ h& 
^u ! intellect ( ,europe1 !  ,anabapti/ 
outrages 9 ,g]many1 ! ,smi?field fires 9
 ,engl&1 !  religi\s outrages 9 ,scotl&1
 ! ,puritan excesses 9 ,am]ica1--!      
reign ( wit*craft & sup]/ition ?r\gh\t !
 tw5ty c5turies--,i  h n t\*$ my picture
 ) any colors borr[$ f ^!  t]rible      
*apt]s 9 ! hi/ory ( our un=tunate e>?4  
,i h also  left out all ref]5ce to      
,papal ,rome1 ) its dungeons1 its /akes1
  its massacres & its burn+s4 ,i h said 
no?+ ( ,galileo1  ,van9i1 ,campanella or

 ,bruno4 ,i h pass$ ov] all ?is 9       
sil5ce4  ,y c imag9e1 n[1 h[ mu* m      
repellant & appall+ ?is  repres5tation (
 ! ,roman _w "u ,*ri/ianity w\ld h be5  
_h ,i /ret*$ my canvas to include also  
^! lat] c5turies4    ,b ,i tremble to be
 "o-sid$ or unju/1 & s ,i ha/5 to say t 
dur+ ! tw5ty c5turies' reign ( our      
religion1 ! _w has also  se5 "s ( !     
faire/ fl[]s spr+ out ( ! soil ( our    
e>?4  ,dur+ ! pa/ tw5ty c5turies !re h  
be5 m5 & wom51  call+ !mselves          
,*ri/ians1 :o h be5 z g5]\s1 z h]oic  & 
z deeply consecrat$ to high ideals z any
 ! _w has ev]  produc$4 ,*ri/ianity has1
 9 _m in/ances1 s(t5$ ! mann]s (        
b>b>ians & elevat$ ! moral tone (       
primitive peoples4 ,x gives  u m        
pleasure to speak ( ! good :i* religions
 h  accompli%$ ?an to call att5tion to !
 evil !y h caus$4 ,b  ?is raises a v    
important "q4 ,:y d y n conf9e  y\rself1
 we are (t5 ask$1 to ! virtues y f9d 9  
,*ri/ianity or ,mohamm$anism1 in/ead (  
discuss+ s frequ5tly  _! %ort-com+s8 ,is

 x n bett] to praise ?an to blame1 to   
recomm5d ?an to f9d fault8 ,?is is a    
fair "q1 & we may  j z well meet x n[ z 
at any o!r "t4    ,su* is ! economy (   
nature t no man1 or in/itution or       
religion1  c be altoge!r evil4 ,! poet  
spoke ! tru? :5 he said3 ,!re  is a s\l 
( goodness 9 ?+s evil4 ,evil1 9 a l>ge  
s5se1 is !  raw mat]ial ( ! good4 ,all  
?+s contribute to ! education (  man4 ,!
 "q1 !n1 :e!r an in/itution is helpful  
or hurtful1  is a relative "o4 ,! "* (  
an in/itution1 z t ( an  individual1 is 
det]m9$ by its rul+ passion4 ,despotism1
 =  in/ance1 is g5]ally consid]$ to be  
an evil4 ,& yet1 a hundr$  good ?+s c be
 said ( despotism4 ,! ,fr5* p1 ov] a    
hundr$ ye>s ago1 ov]?rew ! mon>*y4 ,&   
yet ! mon>*y _h  r5d]$ a ?\s& s]vices to
 ,france4 ,x 0 ! mon>*y t  creat$       
,france1 t ext5d$ h] t]ritory1 develop$ 
h] comm]ce1  built h] great cities1     
def5d$ h] fronti]s aga9/ =eign          
invasion1 & gave h] a place among !     
fir/-class nations (  ,europe4 ,0 x j1  

!n1 to pull d[n an in/itution t _h done 
s mu* = ,france8    ,:y did ! ,am]icans 
ov]?r[ ,briti% rule 9 ?is c\ntry8 ,_h n 
,engl& r5d]$ innum]able s]vices to !    
colony8 ,0 %e n "o  ( ! mo/ progressive1
 mo/ civiliz+ influ5ces 9 ! mod]n  _w8  
,0 x j1 !n1 t we %\ld h beat5 out ( ! l&
 a  gov]nm5t t _h p]=m$ = u s _m fri5dly
 acts8    ,ref]r+ once m to ! case (    
,russia3 ,:y d ! awak5$ p  9 t c\ntry   
dem& ! ov]?r[ ( ! autocracy8 ,is !re    
no?+ good to be said ( ,russian         
autocracy8 ,h n ! ,cz>s lov$  _! c\ntry 
& f\ght = h] prosp]ity8 ,h !y n br\ght  
,russia up to h] pres5t size1 population
 & political influ5ce 9  ,europe8 ,h !y 
n beautifi$ h] cities & enact$ laws = ! 
protection ( _! subjects8 ,is x "r1 !n1 
9 spite ( all ^!  ?+s t autocracy has   
done = ,russia1 to seek to ov]?r[ x8    
,once m3 ,:y d ! mission>ies g into     
,india & ,*9a & ,japan  try+ to replace 
! ance/ral religion ( ^! p ) !  ,*ri/ian
 fai?8 ,:y does ! mission>y labor to    
ov]?r[ !  wor%ip ( ,buddha1 ,confucius &

 ,zoroa/]8 ,h n ^! great  tea*]s help$  
humanity8 ,h !y n r5d]$ any s]vices to  
_!  c\ntrym58 ,are !re no tru?s 9 _!    
tea*+s8 ,are !re no  virtues 9 _! lives8
 ,is x "r1 !n1 t ! mission>y %\ld       
criticise ^! anci5t fai?s8              
,illu/ration3 ,conception ( ,tr9ity1    
,n9? ,c5tury4    ,let u take an example 
f ne>] home4 ,we 7 talk+ "s ye>s  ago ) 
a g5tleman :o _h j return$ f ,d[ie's    
,zion4 ,he 0  surpris$ to f9d !re a     
clean1 ord]ly & well-behav$ p1  app>5tly
 q happy4 ,he said t aft] 8 exp]i5ces   
!re1 he  w\ld r d bus9ess ) ,d[ie & 8 m5
 ?an ) ! av]age  memb] ( o!r religi\s   
bodies4 ,he f\nd ! ,d[ieites hone/1     
reliable & peaceful4 ,n[1 all ?is may be
 true1 & ,i hope x is2  b :at ( x8      
,d[ieism is an evil1 not)/&+ ?is recital
 (  its virtues4 ,x is an evil1 because 
x arre/s ! intellectual  developm5t (   
man1 because x makes dw>fs ( ! p x      
conv]ts1  because x p9*es ! =ehead ( ea*
 conv]t into t ( ei!r a  *>latan or an  
idiot4 ,we regret to h to use ^! h>%    

t]ms4 ,b  ,d[ieism is d5\nc$1 because x 
br+s up human be+s z if !y  7 %eep1     
because x robs !m ( ! mo/ glori\s gift (
 life1  ! fre$om to gr[1 ,d[ieism is an 
evil1 because x makes ! human  race     
m$iocre by contract+ its intellect d[n  
to ! measure ( a  cre$4 ,we w\ld mu* r t
 ! ,d[ieites smok$ & drank &  swore1 ?an
 t !y %\ld fe> to ?9k4 ,!re is hope = a 
bad  man4 ,!re is no hope = ! /upid4    
,9 ! case ( an in/itution or a religion1
 !n1 x is n by add+  up ! debit & cr$it 
columns & /rik+ a balance %eet t !  "q  
:e!r x has help$ or hurt mank9d is to be
 det]m9$4 ,we  _c1 = in/ance1 place     
n9ety-n9e vices 9 "o column1 & a  hundr$
 virtues 9 ano!r1 & conclude !refrom t !
  in/itution or ! religion %\ld be      
pres]v$4 ,nor1 conv]sely  speak+1 c we  
place a hundr$ vices aga9/ n9ety-n9e    
virtues1  &1 !re=e1 condemn1 !          
in/itution4 ,ev5 z a man is hang$ =  "o 
act 9 8 life1 9 spite ( ! ?\s& good acts
 :i* may be  quot$ aga9/ ! "o evil de$1 
s an in/itution or a religion is  honor$

 or condemn$1 z we said above1 = its    
rul+ passion4  ,mohamm$anism1 ,judaism &
 ,*ri/ianity h done mu* good1 j z  o!r  
religions h1 b !y are condemn$ today by 
mod]n ?\ght1  because !y are a          
conspiracy aga9/ reason--because !y     
combat  progress1 z if x 7 a crime6     
,ano!r criticism frequ5tly advanc$ aga9/
 u is t we fail to  realize t all ! evil
 ( :i* ,*ri/ianity is said to h be5  !  
cause1 is only ! result ( human         
ignorance & passion4 ,:5  att5tion is   
call$1 = in/ance1 to ! intol]ance &     
/ubborn  opposition to sci5ce1 (        
,*ri/ianity1 ! answ] giv5 is1 t ?is     
conduct is n only n inspir$ by ! _s (   
,*ri/ianity1 b  t x is 9 direct         
contradiction to its tea*+s4 ,!         
,*ri/ians  claim t all ! lum9\s *apt]s 9
 hi/ory h be5 inspir$ by  _! religion1  
all its sorr[ful & black pages h be5    
writt5 by  ! passions ( m54 ,b ?is      
apology1 :i*1 we regret to say1 is 9  e 
prea*]'s m\?1 is n an hone/ "o4 ,9 our  
op9ion1 bo?  ,mohamm$anism &            

,*ri/ianity1 z also ,judaism1 are       
responsible =  ! evil z well z ! good !y
 h accompli%$ 9 ! _w4 ,!y  are          
responsible = ! lives !y h de/roy$1 z = 
! lives  !y h sav$4 ,!y are responsible 
= ! passions !y h  ar\s$1--= ! hatr$1 ! 
p]secutions & ! religi\s w>s (  !       
c5turies1 z = ! piety & *>ity !y h      
enc\rag$4    ,! c5tral idea 9 all ! ?ree
 religions m5tion$ above1 is t  ,god has
 reveal$ 8 w to man4 ,!re is1 we say    
frankly1 ! root  ( all ! evil :i*       
religion has inflict$ ^u our un=tunate  
e>?4 ,! poison is 9 bo? ! fl[] & ! fruit
 :i* t idea  br+s =?4 ,if x be true t   
,god has reveal$ 8 w1 t he  has told u1 
= in/ance1 to believe 9 ! ,tr9ity1 !    
atonem5t1  ! fall ( man1 & ! dogma (    
et]nal puni%m5t1 & we refuse to  d s1 w 
we n1 !n1 be reg>d$ z ! mo/ odi\s1 ! mo/
  he9\s1 ! mo/ rebelli\s1 ! mo/         
sacrilegi\s1 ! mo/ /iff-  neck$1 ! mo/  
crim9al p 9 ! _w8 ,?9k ( refus+ to      
believe z ,god has dictat$ to u6 ,?9k ( 
say+ no6 to "o's  ,creator & ,fa!r 9    

,heav56 ,?9k ( ! consequ5ces ( diff]+  )
 ,god1 & tempt+ o!rs to d ! same6 ,is x 
at all /range  t dur+ ! e>ly c5turies ( 
,*ri/ianity1 ! p :o  hesitat$ to agree )
 ! deity1 or to believe z he want$ !m   
to1  7 look$ ^u z inc>nate fi5ds1 z !   
accomplices ( ! devil  & ! enemies ( !  
human race1 & 7 treat$ accord+ly8    ,! 
doctr9e ( salvation by fai? makes       
p]secution inevitable4 ,if to  refuse to
 believe 9 ! ,tr9ity1 or 9 ! div9ity (  
,*ri/1 is a  crime aga9/ ,god & w be    
puni%$ by an et]nity ( hell 9 !  next   
_w1 & if su* a man endang]s ! et]nal    
salvation ( 8  fell[s1 is x n ! duty (  
all religi\s p to endeavor to  ext]m9ate
 him & 8 race1 n[ arid "h8 ,h[ c        
,*ri/ian p  tol]ate ! rebel aga9/ _!    
,god1 :5 ,god himself has pron\nc$      
s5t5ce ( dea? aga9/ him8 ,:y n foll[ !  
example ( !  deity1 z set =? 9 !        
p]secutions ( ! ,old ,te/am5t8    ,:5 we
 h a ,god = a tea*]1 ! highe/ & sure/   
virtue is  unconditional acquiesc5ce4   
,judaism1 ,mohamm$anism & ,*ri/ianity1  

9 giv+ u a ,god = a tea*]1 h tak5 away f
 u ! lib]ty  to ?9k = ourselves4 ,ea* "o
 ( ^! ?ree religions makes              
unconditional ob$i5ce ! price ( !       
salvation x (f]s1 b d  y "k :at o!r ^w 9
 ! ,engli% language unconditional       
ob$i5ce is a synonym (8--,sil5ce6 ,a    
dumb _w1 a tongue-ti$  humanity alone c 
be sav$6 ,! good man is ! man on 8 knees
 )  8 m\? 9 ! du/4 ,b sil5ce is /]ility6
 ,sil5ce is slav]y6  ,?9k1 !n1 ( ! "* ( 
a religion :i* makes free spee*1  free  
?\ght1 a crime--:i* hurls hell aga9/ !  
,prote/ant6    ,!re is a ?ird "q to be  
answ]$3 ,x is true1 !y say to u1  t !re 
are _m ?+s 9 ! ,koran1 ! ,old ,te/am5t &
 !  ,new1 :i* are really injuri\s1 & :i*
 ought to be disc>d$1 b  !re are also _m
 beautiful pr9ciples1 noble s5tim5ts &  
high  educational maxims 9 ^!           
scriptures4 ,:y n1 !n1 dwell ^u  ^!1 &  
pass 9 sil5ce ov] ! objectionable tea*+s
 ( ^!  religions8 ,x is n necess>y to   
repeat aga9 t 9 all s-call$  sacr$      
scriptures1 !re are glori\s tru?s4 ,x   

c\ld n h be5  o!rwise4 ,all lit]ature1  
:e!r secul> or religi\s1 is ! voice  (  
man & sweeps ! :ole compass ( human love
 & hope4 ,we h no  objection to quot+ f 
! ,v$das1 ! ,ave/as1 ! ,koran or !      
,bible2 nor d we hesitate to admire &   
enjoy & praise g5]\sly  ! ravi%+ly      
beautiful utt]ances ( ! poets & prophets
 ( all  times & climes4 ,nev]!less1 x   
rema9s true t ! mod]n _w  f9ds m        
practical help & inspiration 9 secul>   
au?ors1 9 !  books ( sci5ce &           
philosophy1 ?an 9 ^! s-call$ inspir$    
scriptures4 ,jesus1 :o is popul>ly      
believ$ to h prea*$ !  ,s]mon on !      
,m\nt1 has said little or no?+ :i* c    
help !  mod]n _w z mu* z ! sci5tific    
revelations ( a /ud5t l  ,d>w91 or ( a  
philosoph] l ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 or ( a poet 
l  ,goe! or ,%akespe>e4 ,we "k ?is w    
s\nd l blasphemy to !  believ]1 b a     
mom5t's hone/ & fe>less reflection w    
conv9ce  ev]yone ( ! fact t nei!r       
,mohamm$ nor ,jesus _h 9 view  mod]n    
conditions :5 !y deliv]$ _! s]mons4     

,jesus c\ld h  _h no idea ( a _w outside
 ( 8 little ,pale/9e4 ,! ?\ght (  ! _m  
races ( ! _w m+l+ toge!r 9 "o c\ntry    
c\ld  nev] h occurr$ to him4 ,8 vision  
did n embrace ! vi/a (  two ?\s& ye>s1  
nor did 8 m9d rise to ! level ( !       
problems  :i* today tax ! bra9 & he>t ( 
man4 ,jesus believ$ implicitly  t ! _w  
w\ld spe$ily come to an end1 t ! sun & !
  moon w\ld soon fall f ! face ( ! sky1 
& t p liv+  !n 9 ,pale/9e w\ld n ta/e ( 
dea? be=e !y saw ! ,son (  ,man return  
^u ! cl\ds4 ,jesus _h no idea ( a       
progressive  evolution ( humanity4 ,x 0 
beyond him to conceive ! consolidation  
( ! nations into "o fell[%ip1 ! new     
res\rces :i* sci5ce  w\ld tap1 or ! new 
en]gies :i* human indu/ry w\ld *all5ge4 
,jesus 0 9 peaceful ignorance ( ! social
 & int]national  problems :i* confront !
 _w ( today4 ,! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1  !n1 
:i* is said to be ! be/ 9 our gospels1 c
 be ( little  help to u1 = x c\ld n h   
be5 meant = u4 ,& x is v  easy to %[ t !
 mod]n _w ignores1 n out ( disrespect to

  ,jesus1 b by ! =ce ( circum/ances & ! 
evolution ( society1  ! pr9ciples       
conta9$ 9 t r5[n$ s]mon4    ,i 0 wait+ =
 transportation at ! corn] ( "o ( !     
pr9cipal  /reets ( ,*icago1 ! o!r day1  
:51 look+ ab\t me1 ,i saw !  trem5d\s   
build+s :i* comm]ce & weal? h re>$ 9 our
  mid/4 ,on "o h& 0 a sav+s bank1 on !  
o!r a colossal  national bank1 & up &   
d[n ! /reet a ?\s& equally solid &      
sub/antial build+s1 devot$ to ! int]e/s 
( comm]ce &  civilization4 ,to br+ out &
 emphasize ! wide brea* betwe5 !  man :o
 prea*$ ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 &          
progressive &  aggressive1 busy &       
weal?y1 mod]n ,*icago1 ,i took ! words (
  ,jesus & m5tally inscrib$ !m ^u !     
walls ( ^! build+s4  ,^u ! sav+s bank--&
 a sav+s bank repres5ts economy1        
frugality1 self-sacrifice1              
self-re/ra9t1--! desire ( ! p  to       
provide = ! unc]ta9ties ( ! future1 to  
lay by some?+  = ! education ( _!       
*ildr51 = ! ma9t5ance ( _!  families :5 
!y !mselves h ceas$ to live1--,i pr9t$  

^u !  facade ( ?is in/itution1          
figuratively speak+1 ^! words ( !       
,ori5tal ,jesus3    ,take no ?\ght ( !  
morr[1 = ! morr[ w take c>e (  itself4  
,& ^u ! impos+ front ( ! national bank1 
,i wrote3 ,lay n up  = y\rselves        
treasures on e>?4 ,if we foll[$ ^!      
tea*+s1  w\ld n our indu/rial & social  
life s9k at once to ! level (  ! /agnat+
 ,asiatics8    ,pursu+ ?is comp>ison    
betwe5 ,jesus & mod]n life1 ,i inscrib$ 
^u ! h&some *ur*es ^: pews br+ enorm\s  
incomes1 & on  ! palatial resid5ces (   
,bi%ops1 ) sal>ies ( f tw5ty-five  to a 
hundr$ ?\s& doll>s1 ^! words3    ,h[    
h>dly %all a ri* man ent] into ! k+dom (
 ,heav51 &1  ,x is easi] = a camel to g 
?r\gh ! eye ( a ne$le ?an = a  ri* man  
to ent] ! k+dom ( ,heav54    ,9 pla9    
words1 ! gospel condemns weal?1 & cries1
 ,woe unto y  ri*1 & ,sell all ?\ ha/ & 
give x to ! poor1 :i*1 by !  way1 w\ld  
only be %ift+ ! temptation ( weal? f "o 
class to  ano!r4 ,buckle 0 ne>] ! tru?1 
& m mod]n 9 _s1 :5  he ascrib$ !        

progress ( man to ! pursuit ( tru? & !  
acquisition ( weal?4    ,b let u apply !
 tea*+s ( ,jesus to /ill o!r phases (   
mod]n life4 ,"s ye>s ago our ,cuban     
neighbors appeal$ to ! ,unit$  ,/ates = 
protection aga9/ ! cruelty & tyranny (  
,spani% rule4  ,we s5t soldi]s ov] to   
aid ! oppress$ & d[n-trodd5 p 9 !       
,isl&4 ,n[1 suppose1 in/ead ( s5d+      
iron-clads & admirals1--,s*ley1         
,sampson & ,dewey1--we _h advis$ !      
,cubans to resi/ n evil1  & to submit to
 ! p[]s t be1 or suppose ! ,g5]al ( our 
army1 or ! ,secret>y ( our navy1 _h     
c\nsel$ s]i\sly our  soldi]s to rememb] 
! words ( ,jesus :5 fight+ ! ,spani>ds3 
,if a man smite !e on "o *eek1 etc4     
,write ^u our halls (  ju/ice & c\r?\ses
 & /atute books1 & on e lawy]'s desk1   
^! solemn words ( ,jesus3 ,he t take?   
away ?y coat1 let him  h ?y cloak also4 
,introduce into our ,con/itution1 !     
pride & bulw>k ( our  lib]ties1         
gu>antee+ religi\s fre$om unto all1--^! 
words (  ,paul3 ,if any man prea* any   

o!r gospel ?an t :i* ,i h  prea*$ unto  
y1 let him be accurs$4 ,?9k ( plac+     
ne>ly fifty  millions ( our ,am]ican    
population "u a curse6    ,tell ?is to !
 work]s 9 organiz$ *>ities3 ,give to e  
man  t aske? ( !e1 :i*1 if foll[$1 w\ld 
make a sci5ce (  *>ity impossible4      
,to ! work+m51 or ! oppress$ seek+      
r$ress & prote/+  aga9/ evil1 tell ?is3 
,bless$ are !y t are p]secut$1 :i*  is  
equival5t to enc\rag+ !m to submit to1 r
 ?an to resi/1  oppression4     ,or ^u  
our colleges & univ]sities1 our libr>ies
 & laboratories  consecrat$ to sci5ce1  
write ! words3 ,! wisdom ( ?is _w is    
fooli%ness ) ,god1 & ,god has *os5 !    
fooli% to conf\nd !  wise4    ,ah1 yes1 
! fooli% ( ,asia1 x is true1 succe$$ 9  
conf\nd+ !  philosoph]s ( ,europe4      
,abraham1 ,isaac1 ,jacob1 ,moses1       
,jesus1 did  replace ,socrates1 ,plato1 
,ari/otle1 ,s5eca1 ,cic]o1 ,caes> & !   
,anton9es6 ,b x 0 a trance1 a spell1 a  
delirium only1 & x did  n la/1--x c\ld n
 la/4 ,! *>m is at la/ brok54 ,europe is

  =ev] free f ! exorcism ( ,asia4    ,i 
believe ! heal? & sanity & virtue ( our 
,europe w\ld  increase a hundr$ fold1 if
 we c\ld1 f ?is day =?1 cease to  pret5d
 pr(ess+ by ^w ( m\? :at 9 our own he>ts
 & lives  we h completely outgr[n4 ,if  
we c\ld be s9c]e & brave2 if our  lead]s
 & tea*]s w\ld only be hone/ ) !mselves 
& hone/  ) ! mod]n _w1 !re w\ld1 inde$1 
be a new e>? & a new  humanity4    ,b ! 
pa/ is pa/4 ,x is = u to s[ ! se$s :i* 9
 ! day  ( _! fruition %all emancipate   
humanity f ! press+ yoke (  a /ubborn   
,asiatic sup]/ition1 & pu% ! future ev5 
beyond !  beauty & lib]ty ( ! old ,pagan
 _w6          ,illu/ration3 ,figures on 
a ,pho5ician ,vase1 ,%[+ ! ,use ( !     
,cross1 ,evid5tly 9 ,"s ,c]emony ( a    
,religi\s ,nature4    ,,*ri/ianity ,,&  
,,paganism        ,*ri/ianity z an      
,asiatic cult is n suitable to ,european
 races4 ,to  prove ?is1 let u make a    
c>eful comp>ison betwe5 ,paganism &     
,*ri/ianity4 ,!re are _m fooli% ?+s1 &  
_m excell5t  ?+s1 9 bo? ! ,pagan & !    

,*ri/ian religions4 ,we are n  conc]n$ )
 p>ticul> beliefs & rites2 x is         
,paganism z a  philosophy ( life1 &     
,*ri/ianity z a philosophy ( life1 t we 
desire to inve/igate4 ,& at ! ?re%old ( 
our inve/igation we  mu/ be> 9 m9d t    
,paganism 0 born & grew into maturity 9 
,europe1 :ile ,asia 0 ! cradle (        
,*ri/ianity4 ,x w\ld be  sup]flu\s to   
und]take to prove t 9 politics1 9       
gov]nm5t1 9  lit]ature1 9 art1 9 sci5ce1
 9 ! g5]al culture ( ! p1  ,europe 0    
always 9 advance ( ,asia4    ,d we "k ( 
any good reason1 :5 x comes to religion1
 :y ,asia  %\ld be incomp>ably sup]ior  
to any?+ ,europe has produc$ 9  t l9e8  
,unless we believe 9 miracles1 ! natural
 inf]5ce w\ld  be t a p :o 7 bett]      
educat$ 9 e way ?an !  ,asiatics %\ld h 
also possess$ ! bett] religion4 ,i admit
 t  ?is is only inf]5tial1 or a priori  
reason+1 & t x /ill  rema9s to be %[n by
 ! recital ( facts1 t ,europe n only    
ought to h produc$ a bett] religion ?an 
,asia1 b t %e  did4    ,9 my op9ion1    

betwe5 ! ,pagan & ,*ri/ian view ( life  
!re is  ! same diff]5ce t !re is betwe5 
a ,european & an ,asiatic4  ,:at makes a
 ,roman a ,roman1 a ,greek a ,greek1 & a
 ,p]sian a ,p]sian8  ,t is a v int]e/+1 
b also a v difficult "q4 ,:y  are n all 
nations alike8 ,:y is ! oak m robu/ ?an 
! spruce8  ,:at are ! subtle influ5ces  
:i* op]ate 9 ! womb ( nature1  :]e !    
embryos ( races are n\ri%$ into =m &    
individuality8 ,i _c answ] t "q         
satisfactorily1 & ,i am  n go+ to       
attempt to answ] x at all4 ,we "k !re is
 a radical  diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,european 
& ! ,asiatic2 we "k t ,ori5tal  &       
,occid5tal culture are ! anti!ses ( ea* 
o!r1 & n[h]e  else is ?is se5 m cle>ly  
?an 9 _! int]pretations ( !  univ]se1 t 
is to say1 9 _! religions4    ,9 ord] to
 und]/& ! ,ori5tal races1 we mu/ discov]
 !  /&po9t f :i* !y take _! obs]vations4
    ,b fir/1 x is admitt$1 ( c\rse1 t   
!re are ,europeans :o are  m ,asiatic 9 
_! habits ( life & ?\ght ?an ! ,asiatics
  !mselves1 &1 conv]sely1 !re are       

,asiatics :o 9 _s1 en]gy  &             
progressiv5ess are abrea/ ( ! mo/       
advanc$ repres5tatives  ( ,european     
culture4    ,nor has ,asia be5 altoge!r 
b>r52 %e has blossom$ 9 _m spots1  & %e 
nurs$ ! flame ( civilization at a "t :5 
,europe 0 n  yet ev5 cradl$4    ,to %[ !
 intellectual po9t ( view ( ! ,asiatic1 
let me quote a  passage f ! ,book (     
,job1 :i* c]ta9ly is an ,ori5tal        
composition1 & "o ( ! f9e/3    ,h[1 !n1 
c man be ju/ifi$ ) ,god1 or h[ c he be  
clean t  is born ( a woman8 ,man t is a 
worm1 & ! son ( man1 :i*  is a worm4    
,?is1 !n1 is ! /&po9t ( ! ,ori5tal4 ,he 
believes he is a  poor little worm4 ,8  
philosophy mu/ necess>ily trail 9 ! du/4
  ,a worm _c h ! ?\ghts ( an eagle2 a   
worm _c h !  imag9ation ( a ,titan2 a   
worm sees ! _w only z a worm may4  ,?is 
is ! angle ( vision ( ! ,asiatic4 ,he   
calls himself a worm1  & naturally 8    
view ( life %r9ks to ! limits ( 8       
/&po9t4 ,to he p]fectly fair1 h[ev]1 we 
mu/ admit !re are  passages 9 all !     

bibles ( ! ,ori5t :i* are z d>+ z ^?    
f\nd 9 any ,european book1 b !y repres5t
 only ! /ray+s (  ! ,ori5tal m9d1 n its 
normal pulse4 ,! habitual acc5t ( !     
,ori5tal is t man1 call+ a woman 8 "m1  
is a worm4 ,9 !  ,psalms ( ,david1 or   
:oev] wrote ! book1 we read ^! words3 ,i
  am a worm1 & n a man4 ,:at did !      
,ori5tal see 9 ! worm1  :i* induc$ him  
to select x out ( all ?+s z ! orig9al1 s
  to speak1 ( man8 ,! worm crawls &     
creeps & wri!s4  ,no?+ is s di/ress+ z  
to see its helpless wiggl+--& its  home 
is 9 ! du/2 dirt is its daily food4     
,moreov]1 x is 9 dang]  ( be+ /amp$ or  
trampl$ into annihilation at any in/ant4
 ,a worm  repres5ts ! m9imum ( wor?1--! 
dregs 9 ! cup ( exi/5ce2  x is ! scum or
 ! fro? ( life1 :i* "o may bl[ into !   
air4  ,x is impossible to desc5d l[] ?an
 ?is 9 self-abasem5t4    ,:5 ! ,ori5tal1
 !re=e1 says t man is a worm or ,i am a 
worm1 he is j z mu* obey+ ! cumulative  
pressure ( 8  ,asiatic ance/ry1 & voic+ 
! inh]it$ submission ( ! ,ori5tal  m9d1 

z ,prome!us1 ) ! vulture at 8 brea/1 &  
%ak+ 8  h& 9 ! face ( ! gods1 expresses 
! revolt ( ! ,european  m9d4 ,! normal  
/ate = ! ,asiatic is submission2 = !    
,european  x is indep5d5ce4 ,slav]y has 
a fasc9ation = ! *ildr5 ( !  ea/4 ,! air
 ( indep5d5ce is too %>p = !m4 ,!y crave
 a  ma/]1 a ,sultan or a ,cz>1 :o %all  
own !m body & s\l4 ,?r\gh  long         
practice1 !y h acquir$ ! art ( s]vility 
& flatt]y1  ( salaams & pro/rations--an 
art 9 :i* !y h become s  effici5t t x   
w\ld be to !m l ?r[+ away s mu* capital 
to ab&on its practice4 ,!y expect to g  
to ,heav5 on _! knees4  ,?is is n said  
to hurt ! feel+s ( ! races ( ! ,ori5t4  
,we  are expla9+ ! influ5ce ( absolutism
 ^u ! products &  t5d5cies ( ! human    
m9d4 ,! religion ( ! ,ori5t1 !n1        
not)/&+ its _m beautiful features l its 
politics1 is a  product ( ! suppress$   
m9d1 :i* f9ds 9 ! creep+ worm (  ! du/ !
 measure ( its own wor?4 ,h[ diff]5t is 
! ,european  f ! ,asiatic 9 ?is respect6
 ,! latt] crawls ^u ! /age (  ?is       

magnific5t univ]se ) ! timidity1        
hesitancy & trembl+s  ( a worm4 ,true to
 8 br++ up1 he falls pro/rate1 ov]:elm$ 
by  ! m>vel\s imm5sities op5+ be=e him &
 ! abysses yawn+  at 8 feet4 ,he        
contracts & dw9dles 9 size1 implor+ )   
out/ret*$ h&s to be sp>$ because he is a
 poor worm4 ,x is a  "p ( 8 religion or 
philosophy t if he admits he is no?+ b  
a worm1 ! dread p[]s w n consid] him a  
rival or a rebel1 b  w look ^u him z a  
confirm$ subject1 & p]mit him to live4  
,?is is 8 art1 ! /rategy by :i* he hopes
 to secure 8  salvation4    ,!re has    
nev] be5 a republic 9 ,asia1 :i* is     
ano!r way (  say+ t ! ,asiatic m9d has  
nev] ass]t$ its indep5d5ce4  ,h5ce its  
?\ght smacks ( slav]y4 ,9 politics1 z 9 
religion1 !  ,asiatic has always be5    
passive4 ,he has nev] be5 an actor1 b   
only  a spectator4 ,x is 8 to nod !     
head1 fold ! arms & b5d !  knee4 ,on e>?
 he mu/ h a k+ & a pope1 & 9 heav5 an   
,allah  or a ,jehovah4 ,he has n be5    
creat$ = himself1 b = ! glory  ( 8 e>?ly

 & heav5ly ,lords4 ,?is radical diff]5ce
 betwe5  ,european self-appreciation &  
,asiatic self-depreciation furni%es !   
key to ! problem "u discussion4         
,paganism is ! religion ( a self-gov]n+ 
race4 ,buddhism1 ,judaism1              
,mohamm$anism1 & ,*ri/ianity are        
religions born on a soil :]e man  is    
own$ by ano!r4 ,x w be impossible to    
imag9e ,m>cus ,aurelius1  = in/ance1    
crawl+ ^u 8 knees be=e any be+1 or call+
  himself a worm4 ,"o mu/ h 9 8 blood ! 
ta9t ( a ?\s&  ye>s ( slav]y1 be=e he c 
/oop s l[4 ,m>cus ,aurelius 0 a         
g5tleman4 ,! ,european conception ( a   
g5tleman implies self-respect  &        
indep5d5ce2 ! ,ori5tal conception ( a   
g5tleman implies self-  abasem5t &      
acquiesc5ce4 ,! ,ori5tal g5tleman is a  
man :o s]ves  8 k+ z ?\gh he 7 8 slave4 
,b obs]ve n[ h[ ! ,ori5tal proce$s to   
pull d[n 8 m9d to !  level ( 8 body1 :i*
 he has lik5$ to a worm4 ,:5 ,i 0 /ill a
  ,presbyt]ian m9i/]1 ,i 0 invit$ to    
address a ,sunday-s*ool camp-  meet+ at 

,asbury ,p>k 9 ,new ,j]sey4 ,!re 7 o!r  
speak]s  besides myself2 "o ( !m1 kn[n z
 a ,sunday-s*ool lead]1 _h  br\ght ) him
 a *>t ( ! human he>t1 :i*1 :5 he arose 
to  address ! *ildr51 he spread on a    
blackbo>d be=e !m3 ,?is is  a picture ( 
y\r he>t be=e y h accept$ ,jesus4 ,:at d
 y  ?9k ( x8 he ask$ ! s*ool4 ,x is all 
black1 0 ! answ]2  & x 04 ,he _h drawn a
 totally black picture to repres5t !    
he>t ( ! *ild be=e conv]sion4    ,9 all 
! lit]ature ( ,pag&om1 !re is n ! lea/  
intimation  ( s fe>ful an idea z ! total
 depravity ( human nature4 ,!  ,pagans  
nev] ?\ght1 spoke1 or he>d ( su* a ?+4  
,x 0  inconceivable to !m2 !y w\ld h    
recoil$ f x z f a  species ( b>b>ism4   
,h[ radically diff]5t1 !n1 mu/ ,european
  culture h be5 f ! ,asiatic4 ,!re is a 
gulf well-nigh  impassible betwe5 !     
?\ght ( a free-born citiz5 & t ( !      
oppress$ & enslav$ ,ori5tal4    ,b let u
 cont9ue4 ,n satisfi$ ) ?9k+ ( himself z
 a worm1  & ( 8 intellectual & moral    
nature z totally degrad$1 !  ,ori5tal   

/rikes ) ! same p>alyz+ /roke1 at ! _w 9
  :i* he lives1 until x1 too1 )]s &     
becomes an ugly &  he9\s ?+4 ,he calls !
 _w a vale ( te>s1 rul$ by !  p[]s (    
d>kness1 & groan+ "u a primeval curse4  
,! _w1  ! fle% & ! devil become a trio (
 iniquity & s94 ,"s (  y 9 y\r e>li]    
days mu/ h sung t ,me?odi/ hymn :i*     
repres5ts ! _w z a sn>e & a delusion3   
,! _w is a fleet+ %[       ,= man's     
illusion giv54    ,giv56 ,?9k ( believ+ 
t ! _w has be5 purposely giv5 u  to lead
 u a/ray4 ,! ?\ght /agg]s ! m9d4 ,x     
sugge/s a  t]rible conspiracy aga9/ man4
 ,= 8 ru91 sun1 moon & />s co-  op]ate )
 ! devil4 ,help6 we cry1 z we realize   
our inability to  cope ) ! trem5d\s p[]s
 hurl+ !mselves aga9/ u l  bill[s ( !   
rag+ sea1 & tak+ our brea? away4 ,x     
sugge/s  t we are plac$ 9 a _w :i* has  
be5 made purposely beautiful1  9 ord] to
 tempt u into s94 ,?9k ( su* a belief6  
,x is t ( a  slave4 ,x is ,asiatic2 x is
 n ,european4 ,nei!r y nor ,i1 9 all    
our read+s1 h ev] come across any su*   

attitude t[>d nature 9  ,pagan          
lit]ature4 ,! ,greeks & ! ,romans lov$  
nature & made  lovely gods out (4 e     
runn+ brook1 c>ess+ zephyr1 danc+  wave1
 gli/5+ dew1 sail+ cl\d1 beam+ />1      
beautiful woman1 or  brave man4 ,!      
,ori5tal suspects nature & reg>ds h]    
smiles--!  %9+ ( ! sun1 ! p]fume ( !    
mead[s1 ! swell ( ! sea1  ! flutt]+ ( ! 
bran*es tipp$ ) blossoms1 ! em]ald      
grass1 ! sapphire sky--looks ^u all ^! z
 ! s$uctive  advances ( a pro/itute 9 ^:
 embrace lurks dea?6    ,b1 once m2 n   
satisfi$ ) dragg+ ! _w d[n to !  plane (
 8 totally deprav$ nature1 & t aga9 to !
 level (  ! worm1 ! ,asiatic projects 8 
fatal ?\ght into ! next _w  &1 cross+ ! 
grave1 t sil5t & pa9less home ( a tir$  
race1 he cr[ds ! beyond ) a ?\s& ?\s&   
pa9s & a*es  & horrors & fires--)       
sulphur & brim/one & burn+ hells4  ,8   
fright5$ imag9ation invokes d>k &       
inf]nal be+s )\t  numb]1 fann+ ) _! d>k 
w+s ! v air he brea!s4 ,?is  is too     
revolt+ to ?9k (4 ,poor slave6 ,inur$ to

 suff]+1--to !  la%1 to oppression's    
cru%+ heel1--he d>e n dream ( a pa9less 
future1 ( a quiet1 peaceful sleep at    
life's end1 nor has he !  div9e audacity
 to inv5t a new _w :]e9 ! mis]y & slav]y
  ( 8 pres5t exi/5ce w be               
impossible1--:]e all 8 tyrants  w be    
dead1 :]e he %all ta/e ( sweet fre$om & 
become himself  a god4 ,9 8 timidity &  
%r9k+ submission1 ) ! spr+ (  8 he>t    
brok51 8 _s cru%$1 all indep5d5ce       
/rangl$ 9  8 s\l1--he puts 9 ! bigge/   
corn] ( 8 heav5 ev51--a  hell6    ,nor  
does he pause !re1 b1 /++ 8 slave       
imag9ation once  m1 he decl>es t ?is    
future ( torture & hell-fire is         
ev]la/+4 ,he _c improve ^u t4 ,deep] 9  
degradation  he _c desc5d4 ,t is ! d>ke/
 ?\ght he c h1 &1  /range to say1 he    
hugs x to 8 bosom z a "m w\ld h] *ild4  
,! doctr9e ( hell is ! ?\ght ( a slave &
 ( a c[>d4 ,no  free-horn man1 no brave 
s\l c\ld ev] h inv5t$ s abhorr5t an     
idea4 ,only "u a regime ( absolutism1   
only "u an ,ori5tal ,sultan  ^: caprice 

is law1 ^: v5geance is t]rible1 ^:      
favors are  fickle1 ^: p[] is cru%+1 ^: 
gre$ is insatiable1 ^:  torture         
in/rum5ts are )\t numb]1 & ^: d>k       
dungeons always  res\nd ) ! rattl+ (    
*a9s & ! groans ( m>tyrs--only  "u su* a
 regime c\ld man h inv5t$ an un5d+ hell4
 ,b we  7 mi/ak5 :5 we said t hell 0 !  
d>ke/ t ! ,asiatic  0 capable (4 ,he has
 graft$ ^u ! ,european m9d a belief :i* 
is d>k] /ill4    ,is !re any?+ m preci\s
 9 human life ?an *ildr58 ,!  /]ne/ he>t
 melts1 ! fi]ce/ features relax1 at !   
sight ( an  innoc5t1 sweet1 laugh+1     
frolick+ babe 9 its "m's arms4 ,look  at
 its glori\s eyes1 s full ( surprises1 s
 deep1 s appeal+6  ,look at ! s(t r\nd  
h&s1 ! little feet1 ! exquisite m\?1    
op5+ l a bud6 ,he> its prattle1 :i* is  
no?+ b ! m9d  beg9n+ to /ir6 ,wat* its  
ge/ures1 ! fir/ language ( !  *ild6 ,see
 x ) its t9y arms ab\t its "m's neck4   
,m>k its joy  :5 x is kiss$4 ,:at else 9
 our human _w is m beautiful1  m div9e8 
,& yet1 & yet1 ! slave cre$ ( ,asia has 

drawn into  its burn+ net ( damnation   
ev5 ! cradle4 ,john ,burr\ghs describes 
h[ 9 a ,ca?olic cemet]y ne> :]e he lives
 he 0 %[n a  neglect$1 unkept corn]1 us$
 = ! burial ( unbaptiz$ *ildr54         
,consecrat$ gr\nd is d5i$ to !m1 & s _! 
poor bodies are  huddl$ toge!r 9 ?is    
pr(ane plot1 unbless$ & unsav$4 ,i d n  
wi% to live 9 a _w :]e su* absurdities  
are n only  c\nt5anc$1 b :]e !y are     
exalt$ ev5 to ! dignity ( a  religion6  
,o holy *ildr56 ,o sweet *ildr56 huddl$ 
toge!r 9 unconsecrat$  gr\nd1 & ?us     
expos$ to ! cruelty ( indescribable     
demons6 ,c  y he> me8 ,i am a man (     
compassion4 ,i c =give ! murd]]4 ,i  c  
p>don & pity ! meane/ wret* & take him  
into my arms1 b  ,i confess t ev5 if ,i 
_h a he>t z big z ! ocean1 ,i c\ld n1   
,i w\ld n1 =give ! cre$ t c be guilty ( 
su* inhumanity  aga9/ y1--de>1 innoc5t  
ones1 :o 7 born to brea! b = a  mom5t ! 
h>% air ( ?is _w6 ,:5 su* gloom ov]p[]s 
me &  wr+s f my lips su* h>d words1 ,i  
f9d "s little respite 9  contemplat+ !  

old ,pagan _w 9 its be/ days4 ,i ha/5 = 
consolation to my ,pagan fri5ds1 & 9 _! 
sanity f9d heal+ =  my bruis$ he>t4     
,9 "o ( 8 lett]s1 ! ,greek ,plut>* says 
?is ab\t *ildr51  :i* ,i want y to      
comp>e ) :at ,/4 ,augu/9e1 !            
repres5tative ( ! ,asiatic cre$1 says on
 ! same subject4 ,x is  irreligi\s1     
writes ,plut>*1 to lam5t = ^? pure s\ls 
7!  *ildr57 :o h pass$ into a bett] life
 & a happi] dwell+  place4 ,footnote3   
,plut>* ,ad ,uxorem4 ,comp4 ,lecky's    
,hi/ory (  ,european ,morals4 ,vol4 ,i4 
,comp>e ?is ,pagan t5d]ness = *ildr5  ) 
! ,asiatic doctr9e ( infant damnation b 
rec5tly ?r[n out  ( ! ,presbyt]ian cre$4
 ,yet1 if ,/4 ,augu/9e is to be believ$1
 x  is a h]esy to reject ! damnation (  
unbaptiz$ infants3 ,:osoev]  %all tell1 
writes ?is ,fa!r ( ! *ur*1 t infants    
%all be  quick5$ 9 ,*ri/ :o di$ )\t     
p>tak+ 9 8 sacram5t1 does  bo?          
contradict ! apo/les' tea*+ & condemn ! 
:ole *ur*4  ,footnote3 ,/4 ,augu/9e     
,epi/4 #aff4 ,x is inf9itely m religi\s 

to disagree ) ! apo/les & ! *ur*1 if t  
is _!  tea*+4 ,! ,pagan view ( *ildr5 is
 ! holi] view4 ,! doctr9e  ( ! damnation
 ( *ildr5 c\ld only f9d lodgm5t 9 ! bra9
 (  a slave or a madman4 ,x is ,asiatic 
& altoge!r =eign to !  culture (        
,europe4    ,all t we h advanc$ ?us f>  
may be summ$ up 9 "o phrase3  ,asia     
inv5t$ ! idea t man is a fall5 be+4 ,?is
 idea1 :i*  is ! dors esp9al1--!        
backbone--( ,*ri/ianity1 nev] = once    
ent]$ ! m9d ( ! ,european4 ,we h already
 quot$ f ,job &  ! ,psalms2 ! foll[+ is 
f ! book ( ,j]emiah3 ,! he>t is         
deceitful above all ?+s & desp]ately    
wick$4 ,?is is "o ( !  texts ^u :i* !   
doctr9e ( ! fall ( man is bas$4 ,we     
repeat  t only "u a religion ( slav]y1  
:]e "o slave vies )  ano!r to abase     
himself be=e 8 lords & ma/]s1 c\ld su*  
an  idea h be5 inv5t$4 ,!re is n a man 9
 all our sacr$  scriptures :o c\ld /&   
be=e ! deity erect & unaba%$1 or  :o    
c\ld speak 9 ! acc5ts ( a ,cic]o :o     
said1 ,we boa/ ju/ly  ( our own virtue1 

:i* we c\ld n d if we d]iv$ x f !  deity
 & n f ourselves1 or ?is f ,epictetus1  
,x is  *>act]i/ic ( a wise man t he     
looks = all 8 good & evil  f himself4   
,su* indep5d5ce 0 =eign to a race t     
believ$  itself fall54    ,9 fur!r      
confirmation ( our position1 x may be   
said t !  models :i* ! ,pagans set up = 
emulation 7 m5 l !mselves1  only nobl]4 
,! models :i* ! ,ori5tals set up =      
imitation1 on  ! o!r h&1 7 sup]natural  
be+s1 or m5 :o 7 suppos$ to  possess    
sup]natural p[]s4 ,! great m5 = !       
,ori5tal are m5  :o c "w miracles1 :o   
possess magical p[]s1 :o possess secrets
  & c "k h[ to influ5ce !               
deity1--,moses1 ,jo%ua1 ,david1         
,joseph1 ,isaiah1 ,jesus1 ,paul1--all   
demi-div9ities4 ,! ,pagans1 on !  o!r   
h&1 select$ natural m51 m5 l !mselves1  
:o _h e>n$  ! admiration ( _! fell[s4   
,let me quote to y ,plut>*'s  eloqu5t   
s5t5ce relative to ?is subject3 ,:5ev]  
we beg9 an  ent]prise or take possession
 ( a *>ge1 or exp]i5ce a calamity1  we  

place be=e our eyes ! examples ( !      
greate/ m5 ( our own  or ( bygone ages1 
& we ask ourselves h[ ,plato1 or        
,epam9ondas1 or  ,lycurgus1 or          
,agesilaus1 w\ld h act$4 ,look+ into ^! 
p]sonages1 z into a fai?ful mirror1 we c
 rem$y our defects 9  ^w or de$4    ,!  
,we/m9/] ,cate*ism1 :i* 9 its ess5tials 
is a resume ( our  ,asiatic religion1   
emphasizes ! doctr9e ( ! fall ( man1 (  
:i*  ! ,pagan _w knew no?+1 & refus$ to 
believe x until prie/s  succe$$ 9       
dom9at+ ! m9d ( ,europe3 ,! cate*ism    
foll[+  ! ,scripture tea*es t444we are n
 only a dis9h]it$ family1  b we are     
p]sonally deprav$ & demoraliz$4         
,footnote3  ,we/m9/] ,cate*ism1         
,comm5ts4 ,goodness6 ! ,ori5tal         
imag9ation1  abus$ by slav]y1 _c rid    
itself ( ! idea ( be+  dis9h]it$1 turn$ 
out into ! cold1 orphan$ & smitt5 )     
moral sores f head to foot4 ,to !       
,pagan1 su* a description ( man  w\ld h 
be5 ! acme ( absurdity4 ,aga93 ,x 7!    
fall7 affirms  t he 7man7 is all wrong1 

9 all ?+s & all ! "t4  ,footnote3       
,we/m9/] ,cate*ism1 ,comm5ts4 ,if ?is 0 
com=t+  news to ! ,asiatic1 ! ,pagan _w 
w\ld h reject$ ! idea z  unwor?y ( m5 9 
_! s5ses4 ,once m3 ,all mank9d by _!    
fall  lo/ communion ) ,god1 are "u 8    
wra? & curse1 & s made  liable to all   
mis]ies 9 ?is life & to ! pa9s ( hell   
=ev]4  ,footnote3 ,we/m9/] ,cate*ism1   
,comm5ts4 ,& ?is is ! ,gospel we  h     
import$ f ,asia6    ,is x n pa!tic8     
,c\ld slav]y ev] /rike a deep] bottom   
?an  t8 ,/&+ be=e 8 own]1 ! ,asiatic1 ( 
8 own *oice1 h&s  himself ov] to be     
degrad$1 to be plac$ 9 *a9s & deliv]$ up
  to ! torm5ts ( hell =ev]4 ,i despair (
 man4 ,i w\ld cry my  he>t out if ,i    
p]mitt$ myself to dwell ^u ! folly &    
/upidity  & slav]y ( :i* man volunt>ily 
makes himself ! victim4 ,?9k  ( x6 ,a   
man & a woman1 nobody kn[s :]e or :51   
are suppos$ to  h ta/$ ( ! fruit ( a    
tree2 ! ,ori5tal m9d1 ) its  cr\*+      
imag9ation1 p\nces ^u ?is flimsy1       
fanciful tale )  ! appetite ( a c>rion  

cr[1 & exalts x to ! dignity ( an       
excuse = ! et]nal damnation ( a :ole _w4
 ,i am daz$6 ,i c  say no m6    ,let u  
recapitulate4 ,! ,ori5tal di/ru/ ( !    
natural man1 born (  self-depreciation1 
:i* is ! fruit ( prolong$ slav]y1       
develops  into a sort ( m5tal cank]     
spread+ at a rag+ pace until !  :ole    
univ]se1 ) its glori\s sun & />s1       
becomes an object (  horror & loa?+4 ,n 
satisfi$ ) ?9k+ ( himself z a worm1  ( 8
 intellectual & moral nature z totally  
deprav$1 he  communicates 8 disease to !
 _w 9 :i* he lives until x1 too1  %r9ks 
& wa/es away4 ,!n ! disease1 f9d+ no m  
on ?is  side ( ! grave to fe$ ^u1 leaps 
ov] ! grave & conv]ts !  beyond1 ! virg9
 worlds1 into an inf]no ) :i* to satiate
 its  fe>4 ,inde$ frightful are ! ?\ghts
 ( a slave p6    ,let me n[1 9          
conclusion1 call y\r att5tion to ano!r  
diff]5ce  betwe5 ! ,occid5tal & !       
,ori5tal m9d4 ,:5 ! body is feeble  or  
ill-n\ri%$1 x is less liable to resi/   
disease2 likewise :5 !  m9d is al>m$1   

c[$1 or p9*$ ) fe>1 x becomes m expos$  
to sup]/ition4 ,sup]/ition is ! disease 
( ! m9d4 ,x w keep  away f robu/ m9ds1 z
 physical disease f a body 9 heal?4 ,n[1
  ! ,asiatic m9d1 sc>$ into sil5ce &    
subjection1--/>v$ to a  m]e %ad[ ( :at x
 %\ld be1 falls an easy prey to all !   
maladies  t m9d is heir to4 ,! ,european
 m9d1 on ! o!r h&1 ) room  & air to move
 & gr[ 91 develops a vitality :i* (f]s  
resi/ance  to all attacks ( m5tal       
disease4 ,t expla9s :y sup]/ition ?rives
  ) ignorance & slav]y1 & expires :5    
sci5ce & lib]ty ga9  ! asc5d5cy4        
,sanit>y precautions prev5t physical    
disease2 k  & lib]ty con/itute !        
!rapeutics ( ! m9d4 ,:y is ! ,ori5tal  s
 prone or p>tial to miracle & my/]y8 ,8 
m9d is sick4 ,to believe  is easi] to   
him ?an to reason4 ,he foll[s ! l9e ( ! 
lea/  resi/ance3 he has inv5t$ fai? t he
 may n h to ?9k4 ,!  m5tal cells 9 8    
bra9 are s />v$1 s devitaliz$1 t !y h   
to be :ipp$ into movem5t4 ,only !       
biz>re1 ! mon/r\s1 !                    

sup]natural1--demons1 gho/s1 dream      
worlds1 miracles & my/]ies1--c  hold 8  
att5tion4 ,n sci5ce1 b metaphysics1 b>r5
 speculation1--is  ! product ( !        
,ori5tal m9d4 ,! philosoph] ,bacon      
describes !  ,asiatic :5 he speaks ( m5 
:o h hi!rto dwelt b little1 or  r only  
slightly t\*$ ^u exp]i5ce1 :il/ !y h    
wa/$  mu* "t on !ories & fictions ( !   
imag9ation4    ,aga93 ,i sometimes ?9k t
 if x be true t mono!ism1 ! idea  ( "o  
,god1 0 fir/ discov]$ 9 ,asia1 x mu/ h  
be5 sugge/$  to !m by ! regime (        
,absolutism1 "u :i* !y liv$4 ,unlike    
,asia1 democratic ,europe believ$ 9 a   
republic ( gods4 ,poly!ism is  m        
consonant ) ! republican idea1 ?an      
mono!ism4 ,if we w\ld  let ! ,am]ican   
,presid5t rule ! l& )\t ! aid ( ! two   
h\ses ( congress or 8 cab9et m9i/]s1 8  
p[] w\ld be  inf9itely m ?an x is n[1 b 
8 ga9 w\ld be ! p's  loss4 ,8 increas$  
p[] w\ld only repres5t s mu* m p[]  tak5
 away f ! p4 ,"o ,god means n only m    
slaves1 b  m abject1 m helpless ones4   

,"o ,god is a c5tralization :i*  r$uces 
man's lib]ty to a m9imum4 ,) m gods1 &  
gods at times  disagree+ among !mselves1
 & all bidd+ = man's support1 man  w\ld 
c\nt = m4 ,! ,greeks c\ld n tol]ate a   
,jehovah1 or an  ,allah1 be=e :om !     
,ori5tal rabble b5t ! knee4 ,allah kn[s1
  exclaims ! ,moslem2 t is :y !         
,mohamm$ans cont9ue 9  ignorance4 ,allah
 is great1 cries aga9 ! ,turk4 ,t is :y 
he  himself is small4 ,! m p[]ful !     
sov]eign1 ! small] !  subject4    ,n[   
?is leads u to a f9al reflection ^u !   
diff]5ce betwe5  ! m9d br\ght up "u     
re/ra9t1--9 slav]y1--& ! m9d ( !  free4 
,! ,pagan1 to quote ,lecky1 believ$ t to
 become acceptable  to ! deity1 "o mu/  
be virtu\s2 ! ,asiatic doctr9e1 on !    
contr>y1 taught t ! mo/ h]oic ef=ts (   
human virtue are  insuffici5t to av]t a 
s5t5ce ( et]nal condemnation1 unless    
unit$ ) an implicit belief 9 ! dogmas ( 
religion4 ,9 o!r  words1 ! noble/ ( m5  
_c be sav$ by 8 own m]its (  "* alone1 =
 ev5 :5 we h done our be/1 we are b     

unpr(itable slaves1 quot+ a ,bible text4
 ,only by ! m]its (  ,*ri/1 or by !     
grace ( ,god1 c any man be sav$4 ,h y   
ev]  paus$ to ?9k ( ! purport ( ?is     
piece ( ,ori5talism8 ,x wipes  out e    
imag9able claim or "r ( man4 ,ev5 :5 he 
is j &  great & good1 he has no rights1 
he is z vile z ! vile/4 ,only  ! favor (
 ! k+ c save1--only ! grace ( ,god1 :o c
 save  ! ?ief on ! cross if he s        
pleases4 ,is he n absolute8 ,if he      
ext5ds 8 scept]1 y live2 if he smiles y 
are sp>$2 if he  patronizes y1 y are    
=tunate4 ,he says1 live6 y live4 ,he    
says1  die6 y die4 ,?is is ! apo!osis ( 
despotism exalt$ into a  revelation4    
,:at1 !n1 is our cre$1 b ! ?\ghts ( an  
ea/]n slave  population1 cr++ be=e !    
?rone ( a ,sultan1 & "o by "o  sign+    
away _! lib]ties8 ,! f\ndation ( all    
real gr&eur is  a _s ( pr\d & l(ty      
indep5d5ce1 says ,buckle2 b t is  n ! _s
 ( ,asia1 or ( its religion4 ,x is1 & we
 ought to try  to keep x1 ! _s ( !      
,we/]n _w4    ,i _c imag9e h[ we 9 ?is  

c\ntry1 born ( /urdy p>5ts1 born  ( !   
fre$om-lov+ ,pagans ( ,rome & ,greece1  
born ( m5 :o %ook  _! h&s 9 ! face (    
heav51 & pull$ ! gods (f _!  ?rones :5  
!y violat$ ! rights ( man1--,i _c und]/&
 h[  we h ?r[n ov]bo>d ! pr\d1 l(ty _s (
 indep5d5ce (  ! ,pagans1--our =efa!rs1 
& tak5 ^u our necks ! /rangl+  yoke ( ! 
slave-?\ght ( ,asia6                    
,illu/ration3 ,*ri/1 ,half ,woman1 at   
,baptism 9 ,jordan4 ,ca!dral (  ,*>tres1
 ,france4            ,,"p ,,iii4        
,,"s ,,mod]n ,,op9ions ,,ab\t ,,jesus4  
,*ri/ianity dwells ) noxi\s exagg]ation 
ab\t ! p]son (  ,jesus4--,em]son4       
,*ri/mas is ! season 9 ! ye> :5 pulpit &
 press dwell1 )  :at ,em]son calls      
noxi\s exagg]ation1 ab\t ! "w & life1 z 
well z ! p]son ( ,jesus4 ,we h1 ly+ be=e
 u1 ! ,*ri/mas  s]mon ( s progressive a 
tea*] z ! ,rev4 ,j5k9 ,lloyd ,jones4    
,footnote3 ,unit>ian-,indep5d5t prea*] (
 ,all ,s\ls ,*ur*1  ,*icago4 ,"h is 8   
text3 ,& ! ,^w became fle% & dwelt among
  u1 & we beheld 8 glory1 glory z ( !   

only begott5 f !  ,fa!r4--,john #a3ad4  
,h[ our educat$ neighbor c f9d food =   
sob]  reflection 9 s my/ical &          
metaphysical an effusion1 is m ?an  we c
 tell4 ,:o is ! ,^w t became fle%8 ,& :5
 did !  ev5t take place8 ,:at does x    
mean to be ! only begott5 f  ! ,fa!r8   
,we "k :at x means 9 ! or?odox s5se1 b  
:at  does x mean f ! ,unit>ian /&po9t ( 
,mr4 ,jones8 ,b ! text  fai?fully       
reflects ! disc\rse :i* foll[s4 ,x is   
replete )  unlimit$ complim5ts to ?is   
,^w :i* became fle% & assum$  ! "n (    
,jesus4 ,! foll[+ is a fair sample3     
,i am compell$ to ?9k ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e?
 z an epo*-mak+ s\l1  an era-=m+ _s1 a  
"* 9 :om ! light ( an illu/ri\s  race & 
a holy ance/ry 0 focaliz$1 a p]sonality 
f :i*  radiat$ t subtle1 creative p[] ( 
! _s :i* defies all  analysis1 :i*      
baffles def9ition1 :i* ov]fl[s all      
words4    ,goodness6 ?is is /rong       
rhetoric1 & we regret t ! evid5ce       
ju/ify+ s sweep+ an appreciation has be5
 )held f u4  ,al?\gh ! doctor says t    

,jesus defies all analysis1 baffles     
def9ition & ov]fl[s all words1 he       
nev]!less proce$s to  devote fifte5     
pages to ! impossible task4 ,i am       
compell$ to ?9k  ( him z "o :o won ! "r 
( preem95ce 9 ! _w's  hi/ory1 cont9ues  
,mr4 ,jones1 z if he _h n said en\gh4   
,t is a def9ite claim1 & p]sonally1 we  
w\ld be glad to see x  made good4 ,b    
tru? compels u to /ate t ! claim is     
unju/4  ,)\t ent]+ into ! "q ( !        
au!nticity ( ! gospels1  a "q :i* we h  
discuss$ at "s l5g? 9 our pamphlet on  !
 ,wor%ip ( ,jesus1 we beg to submit t   
!re is no?+ 9 !  gospels1--! only       
records :i* speak ( him1--to entitle him
 to !  "r ( preem95ce 9 ! _w's hi/ory4  
,no "o kn[s bett]  ?an ,mr4 ,jones t !  
say+s attribut$ to ,jesus--! f9e/ (     
!m--are to be f\nd 9 ! writ+s ( ,jewi% &
 ,pagan tea*]s  ant$at+ ! bir? ( ,jesus 
by _m c5turies4    ,0 x1 !n1 = 8 works1 
if n = 8 words1 t ,jesus won  ! "r (    
preem95ce 9 ! _w's hi/ory8 ,:at did he d
 t  0 n done by 8 pr$ecessors8 ,0 he !  

only "o :o work$  miracles8 ,_h ! dead  
nev] be5 rais$ be=e8 ,_h ! bl9d1 &  !   
lame1 & ! deaf1 rema9$ altoge!r neglect$
 be=e ,jesus  took compassion ^u !m8    
,moreov]1 :at cr$it is !re 9 op5+  !    
eyes ( ! bl9d or 9 rais+ ! dead by      
miracle8 ,did x co/  ,jesus any ef=t to 
p]=m miracles8 ,did x imply a sacrifice 
on 8  "p to utilize a small measure ( 8 
inf9ite p[] = !  good ( man8 ,:o1 if he 
c\ld by miracle fe$ ! hungry1 clo! !    
nak$ & give light & s\nd to ! bl9d &    
deaf1 w\ld be selfi%  en\gh n to d s8   
,if ,mr4 ,jones does n believe 9        
miracles1 !n  ,jesus contribut$ ev5 less
 ?an _m a doctor contributes today to  !
 welf>e ( ! _w4 ,m poor & diseas$ p are 
visit$  & m$ic9$ gratuit\sly by a mod]n 
physician 9 "o mon?1 ?an  ,jesus cur$   
miracul\sly 9 ! two or ?ree ye>s ( 8    
c>e]4  ,jesus1 if he 0 ! only begott5 ( 
,god1 z ,mr4 ,jones' text  /ates1 0 n 9 
any dang] ( contract+ disease himself1  
:i* is  n ! case ) ! doctors & nurses :o
 ext5d _! s]vices to  p afflict$ )      

contagi\s & abhorr5t diseases4 ,moreov]1
  ,jesus' p[] mu/ h come to him div9ely1
 :ile we h to /udy1  labor1 & conqu] ) !
 sweat ( our br[ any p[] = good t  we   
may possess4 ,if ,jesus z a ,god op5$ ! 
eyes ( ! bl9d1 w\ld  x n h be5 k9d] if  
he _h prev5t$ bl9dness altoge!r8 ,if    
,jesus c op5 ! eyes ( ! bl9d1 !n1 :y is 
!re bl9dness 9  ! _w8 ,h[ _m ( ! _w's   
multitude ( suff]]s did ,jesus  help8   
,:i* ( u1 if he _h ! div9e p[]1 w\ld n h
 ext5d$  x unto e suff]+ *ild ( man8 ,( 
:at b5efit is x to op5  ! eyes ( a few  
bl9d p1 two ?\s& ye>s ago1 9 "o  c\ntry1
 :5 he c\ld1 by 8 unique div9ity1 h done
 s mu*  m8 ,mr4 ,jones falls into !     
or?odox habit ( n apply+ to ,jesus  !   
same canons ( criticism by :i* human    
be+s are judg$4    ,b p]haps ! preem95ce
 ( ,jesus lay 9 8 will+ness to give  8  
life = u4 ,noble is e s\l :o pref]s tru?
 & duty to  life4 ,b 0 ,jesus ! only "o1
 or ev5 ! fir/ to (f] himself  z a      
sacrifice ^u ! alt> ( humanity8 ,if     
,jesus di$ = u1 h[  _m ?\s&s h di$ =    

him--& by inf9itely m cruel dea?s8  ,x  
is easi] = an only begott5 ( ,god1      
himself a ,god--:o kn[s  dea? c h no p[]
 ov] him--:o sees a ?rone prep>$ = him  
9 heav5--:o is sure ( ris+ f ! dead on !
 ?ird day--to  face dea?1 ?an = an      
ord9>y mortal4 ,yet ,jesus %[$ less     
c\rage1 if 8 report]s are reliable1 ?an 
almo/ any m>tyr ^:  "n %9es ^u memory's 
gold5 page4    ,! ,european *ur*es are  
full ( pictures %[+ ,jesus suff]+       
indescribable agonies z ! critical h\r  
draws nigh4 ,we saw1 9  ,p>is1 a pa9t+  
call$ ,! ,holy ,face1 ,la ,sa9te ,face1 
:i*  01 truly1 too horrible to look ^u2 
big te>s ( blood trickl+  d[n 8 *eeks1 8
 head almo/ droop+ ov] 8 *e/1 an        
expression ( excruciat+ pa9 ^u 8        
features1 8 eyes fairly  implor+ =      
help1--he is really break+ d[n "u !     
weight (  8 cross4 ,comp>e ?is picture )
 ! s]5ity ( ,socrates dr9k+  ! hemlock 9
 prison6    ,nor w\ld x d to say t ?is  
is only ! ,ca?olic way (  repres5t+     
,jesus 9 8 passion4 ,! picture is 9 !   

gospels1 x  may be se5 9 ! ,g>d5 (      
,ge?semane & on ! cross ) all its       
realism4 ,f> be x f u to )hold f ,jesus1
 if he really  suff]$ z ! gospels       
report1 "o iota ( ! love & sympa?y he   
des]ves1 b :y conv]t ! :ole _w into a   
black canvas ^u  :i* to ?r[ ! sole      
figure ( ,jesus8 ,:i* ( u1 poor1 weak1  
s9ful ?\gh we are1 w\ld n be glad to    
give 8 life1 if !reby  he c\ld save a   
_w8 ,d y ?9k we w\ld m\rn & groan & weep
  te>s ( blood1 or collapse1 j :5 we    
%\ld be ! brave/1 if we  ?\ght t by our 
dea? we w\ld become ! div9e ,savior (   
all  mank9d8 ,w\ld we /amm]1 ,let ?is   
cup pass f me1 if x be  possible1 or te>
 our he>ts ) a cry ( despair3 ,my ,god1 
my ,god1  :y ha/ ?\ =sak5 me1 if we knew
 t ! et]nal welf>e ( !  human race      
dep5d$ ^u our dea?8 ,if ! ,russian or   
,japanese soldi]  c take 8 home & wife &
 *ildr51--8 hopes & loves1 8  life1--8  
all1--& ?r[ !m into ! m\? ( ! cannon1   
dy+  ) a %\t ^u 8 lips1--:o w\ld        
hesitate to d ! same1 :5  n ! salvation 

( "o c\ntry alone1 b ( ! :ole _w1       
dep5d$ ^u x8 ,!re are examples ( h]oism 
9 ! annals ( man  :i* w\ld br+ ! blu% to
 ! *eeks ( ,jesus1 if 8 biograph]s  h n 
abus$ 8 memory4    ,:]e91 !n1 0 !       
preem95ce ( ,jesus8 ,^u :at gr\nds does 
,mr4 ,jones claim1 ) unlimit$ rhetoric1 
to use 8 own expression1  = ,jesus ! "r 
( preem95ce 9 ! _w's hi/ory8    ,:ile   
!re is nei!r a comm5dable say+ nor an   
act attribut$ to  ,jesus 9 our gospels  
:i* tea*]s old] ?an himself _h n already
  said or done1 !re are "s ?+s 9 :i* 8  
s5iors cle>ly  out%9e him4 ,k+ ,asoka1 =
 in/ance1 ! ,buddhi/ sov]eign (  ,india1
 #bej ye>s be=e ,jesus1 9 "o ( 8 edicts 
*isel$ on !  rocks ( ,india1 decl>$     
aga9/ human slav]y & (f]$ ! sweet  gift 
( lib]ty to all 9 captivity4 ,jesus us$ 
! ^w slave 9 "o  ( 8 p>ables 7improp]ly 
translat$ s]vant71 )\t express+  himself
 on ! subject1 except to intimate t :5 a
 slave does all  8 duty fai?fully1 ev5  
!n he is only an unpr(itable slave1     
unwor?y ( ! ?anks ( 8 ma/]4 ,!re 0      

slav]y ( ! wor/  k9d 9 ! _w ( ,jesus1 & 
yet he nev] op5$ 8 m\? to  d5\nce !     
awful curse4 ,x is claim$ t ,jesus'     
doctr9e ( love  0 indirectly a          
condemnation ( slav]y4 ,ev5 !n1 inasmu* 
z o!r  & e>li] tea*]s did m ?an /rike   
only indirectly at !  anci5t evil1--= !y
 n only taught ! bro!rhood ( man1 too1  
b express$ !mselves1 besides1 positively
 on ! subject (  slav]y1--!y h a prior  
claim to ! "r ( preem95ce 9 !  _w's     
hi/ory1 if !y c>$ any?+ ab\t ranks &    
titles4    ,! doctr9e ( humanity to     
animals1 our dumb neighbors1 is a       
positive  t5et 9 ,buddhism2 is x 9      
,*ri/ianity8    ,two & a half c5turies  
be=e ,jesus1 "u ! influ5ce ( ,buddha's  
tea*+1 ,k+ ,asoka conv5$ a religi\s     
,p>liam5t1 (f]+ to ea*  & e             
repres5tative ( o!r religions1 absolute 
religi\s  lib]ty4 ,is !re any trace (   
su* tol]ance 9 any ( ! say+s (  ,jesus8 
,on ! contr>y1 ! claim ( ,jesus t he is 
! light1 !  way1 ! tru?1 & t no man c   
come to ! fa!r except ?r\gh  him1 leaves

 no room = ! greate/ ( all              
boons--lib]ty1 )\t  :i* e promise (     
religion is only a mock]y & a *eat4 ,n  
ev5 heav5 & et]nal life c be accept$ z a
 consid]ation =  ! loss ( lib]ty4 ,!    
lib]ty ( tea*+ is ali5 to a tea*] :o    
claims1 z ,jesus did1 t he alone is     
infallible1 & t all :o  came be=e him 7 
?ieves & robb]s4    ,( c\rse1 ,mr4      
,jones w d5y t ,jesus ev] said any ( !  
?+s  ascrib$ to him :i* spoil 8 ideal   
picture ( him4 ,b he f9ds 8  ideal      
,jesus1 ^: p]sonality defies analysis1  
baffles def9ition  & ov]fl[s all words1 
9 ! gospels2 if ^! are n reliable1  :at 
becomes ( 8 argum5t8 ,if ! writ]s ( our 
gospels be> false  witness aga9/ ,jesus 
:5 !y repres5t him z curs+ ! fig  tree1 
z call+ 8 enemies li>s & devils1 z call+
 !  ,g5tiles dogs1 z claim+ equality )  
,god1 z m5ac+ )  damnation all :o       
disagree ) him1--:at security h we t !y 
speak tru?fully :5 !y put ! beatitudes 9
 8 m\?8 ,we h no  m reliable au?ority = 
attribut+ to ,jesus ! beatitudes ?an  we

 h = hold+ him responsible = ! curses   
attribut$ to him  9 ! gospels4    ,to   
return to our comp>ison betwe5 ,jesus & 
8 illu/ri\s  colleagues4 ,x is ) *e]ful 
praise & g5]\s pleasure t we  express   
our admiration = _m ( ! say+s1 p>ables1 
& precepts  attribut$ to ,jesus4 ,! fact
 t !y are mu* old] ?an ,jesus1  m       
univ]sal ?an ,*ri/ianity1 only enhances 
_! value &  reflects glory ^u ! human   
race1 a glory ( :i* ,jesus1 too1 z a    
bro!r1 if he ev] exi/$1 has 8 %>e4 ,we  
love & admire e  tea*] :o has a message 
= humanity2 we feel our indebt$ness to  
!m & w\ld deem ourselves =tunate if we  
c\ld contribute to !  advancem5t ( _!   
noble influ5ce2 b we h no idols1 & 9 our
  pan!on1 tru? is above all4 ,we h no   
hesitation to sacrifice ev5  ,jesus to !
 ,tru?4 ,if we 7 9 ,india1 & "s ,h9doo  
prea*]  spoke ( ,buddha1 z ,mr4 ,jones  
does ( ,jesus1 z a p]sonality defy+  all
 analysis1 baffl+ def9ition & ov]fl[+   
all words--"o :o  has won ! "r to       
preem95ce 9 ! _w's hi/ory1--we w\ld     

prote/ aga9/ x1 9 ! int]e/ ( ,jesus &   
o!r tea*]s1 z we  n[ prote/ aga9/ ,mr4  
,jones' ,jesus1 9 ! int]e/ ( tru?4 ,we  
h a suspicion1 h[ev]1 t if ,mr4 ,jones1 
or prea*]s ( 8  /yle1 7 ,h9doos1 !y w\ld
 speak ( ,buddha1 z !y n[1 be+          
,*ri/ians1 speak ( ,jesus--e*o+ 9 bo?   
in/ances !  popul> op9ion4    ,! be/ way
 to illu/rate ,mr4 ,jones' /yle (       
reason+ is to quote a  few examples f 8 
s]mon3    ,! /ory ( ! ,good ,sam>itan   
has _h a p[] beyond ! /ory (  ! s5seless
 blight+ ( ! fig tree2 ! ages h lov$ to 
?9k  ( ,jesus talk+ ) ! woman at ! well 
m ?an !y h lov$  to ?9k ( him z         
manufactur+ w9e at ,cana4 ,no man is s  
or?odox  b t he reads m (t5 ! ,s]mon on 
! ,m\nt ?an he does !  /ory ( ! dr[n+ ( 
! pigs4    ,b if he did n dr[n ! pigs1 !
 report] :o says he did might  h also   
collect$ f anci5t s\rces ! texts 9 !    
,s]mon on  ! ,m\nt & put !m 9 ,jesus'   
m\?4    ,aga93    ,! dauntless crusad]s 
:o n[ 9 physical armam5t & aga9 9 !  m  
invuln]able armam5t ( ! _s1 w5t =?1     

reckless (  dang]1 reg>dless ( co/1 to  
rescue ! _w f hea!n h&s or  to ga!r s\ls
 into ! fold ( ,*ri/4    ,we c h>dly    
believe ,mr4 ,jones speak+ ( rescu+ ! _w
 f  hea!n h&s1 etc4 ,:o 7 ! hea!n8 ,&   
?9k (  c\nt5anc+ ! craze ( ! crusades1  
:i* co/ a million lives to  possess !   
empty sepul*re ( a my?ical ,savior6 ,is 
x "o ( !  m]its ( ,*ri/ianity t x calls 
o!r p hea!n1 or t  x kills !m & lays    
wa/e _! l&s = an empty grave8    ,once  
m3    ,jesus _h trem5d\s                
expectations4444,he believ$ mightily 9 !
  future1 n z "s glory-rimm$ heav5 aft] 
dea?1 b z a  conqu]+ k+dom ( love &     
ju/ice4 ,jesus took l>ge /ock 9         
tomorr[2 he laugh$ at ! prud5ce t nev]  
d>es1 ! mock  righte\sness ( ! l$g] t   
presumes to balance ! books & pay  all  
acc\nts up to date4 ,he knew t ! prud5ce
 ( comm]ce1 !  ?rift ( trade1 !         
exclusive pride ( ! synagogue1 mu/ be   
brok5  ?r\gh ) a l>g] hope & a div9]    
ent]prise4 ,he believ$ !re  0 to be a   
day aft] today & recogniz$ 8 obligation 

to x2 he  ackn[l$g$ ! debt :i* c nev] be
 paid to ! pa/ & :i* is  paid only by   
enl>g+ ! res\rces ( ! future4 ,life1 to 
,jesus1  0 an op5 acc\nt2 he 0 a =w>d   
look]2 he 0 hone/ en\gh to  recognize 8 
obligations to ! unborn4 ,p]haps ?is    
adv5tur\s  _s 9 ! realms ( morals1 ev5 m
 ?an 8 he>t ( love1 has  made him !     
sup]lative lead] ( m54    ,we s9c]ely   
wi% all ?is 7 true1 & w\ld be glad to h 
,mr4  ,jones furni% u ) ! texts or      
evid5ces :i* h l$ him to 8  conclusions4
 ,w\ld n 8 adjectives be equally        
appropriate 9  describ+ any o!r tea*] he
 admires8 ,jesus _h trem5d\s            
expectations4 ,well1 ?\gh ?is is some:at
 vague z a tribute to  ,jesus1 we       
presume ! prea*] means t ,jesus 0 an    
optimi/4 ,!  reports1 un=tunately1      
flatly contradict ,mr4 ,jones4 ,jesus 0 
a man  ( sorr[s4 ,he expressly decl>$ t 
?is e>? belong$ to !  devil1 t ! road   
:i* l$ to de/ruction 0 cr[d$1 :ile few  
w\ld ent] ! n>r[ gates ( life4 ,he said3
 ,_m are call$ b  few are *os52 he told 

8 disciples to conf9e _! good "w to  !  
lo/ %eep ( ! ,h\se ( ,israel1 & intimat$
 t x 7 n  wise to take ! bread ( *ildr5 
78 p7 & give x to !  dogs 7o!r p74 ,! ,g
 ye into all ! _w is a po/-             
resurrection int]polation1 & ,mr4 ,jones
 does n believe 9 !  miracle ( !        
resurrection4 ,jesus look$ =w>d to !    
spe$y end+  & de/ruction ( ! _w1 :5 !   
sun & moon w\ld turn black1  & ! />s    
w\ld fall2 & he d\bt$ :e!r he w\ld f9d  
any  fai? 9 ! _w :5 ! son ( man come?2 &
 x 0 ,jesus :o  expect$ to say to ! p on
 8 left1 dep>t f me1 ye curs$1  into    
ev]la/+ puni%m5t4 ,?is is ! tea*]1 ^:   
pessimism  is g5]ally admitt$1 ( :om    
,mr4 ,jones says t1 he _h trem5d\s      
expectations4    ,he believ$ !re 0 to be
 a day aft] today1 & recogniz$ 8        
obligation to x1 writes ,mr4 ,jones 9 8 
indiscrim9ate laudation (  ,jesus4 ,is t
 :y he said ,take no ?\ght ( ! morr[1 & 
pr$ict$ ! spe$y de/ruction ( ! _w8 ,he  
ackn[l$g$ !  debt :i* c nev] be paid to 
! pa/4 ,a s5t5ce l ?is has  all !       

e>-m>ks ( a glitt]+ g5]ality4 ,did      
,jesus %[ gratitude  to ! pa/ :5 he     
d5\nc$ all :o _h prec$$ him 9 ! field ( 
love & labor z ?ieves & robb]s8 ,equally
 unc]ta9 is !  foll[+3 ,he 0 hone/ en\gh
 to recognize 8 obligations to !        
unborn4 ,h[ does our cl]ical neighbor   
arrive at su* a conclusion8  ,f :at     
tea*+ or say+ ( ,jesus does he inf] 8   
respect =  ! rights ( po/]ity8 ,inde$1  
h[ c\ld a tea*] :o said1 ,he  t believe?
 n %all be damn$1 he describ$ z         
recogniz+ !  rights ( future g5]ations8 
,to m5ace ) damnation ! future  inquir] 
or d\bt] is to seek to enslave z well z 
to insult !  g5]ations yet to be born1  
in/ead ( recogniz+ 8 obligations  to !m4
 ,! ,jesus ,mr4 ,jones is writ+ ab\t is 
n 9 ! gospels4    ,d y ask me if ,i am a
 ',*ri/ian'8 writes ,mr4 ,jones1 & he   
answ]s ! "q ?us3 ,i d n "k4 ,are y8 ,if 
anyone is  incl9$ to give me t high "n1 
) ! spiritual & e?ical  connotation 9   
m9d1 ,i am complim5t$ & w try to m]it x4
 ,z  our excell5t neighbor is /ill 9 !  

d>k1 & does n "k :e!r  or n1 or 9 :at   
s5se he is a ,*ri/ian--unless he is     
all[$ to  def9e ! ^w himself1--& z he   
also intimates t he w\ld l  to be a     
,jesus ,*ri/ian1 b n a ,*ur* ,*ri/ian1  
we humbly  beg to express ?is op9ion3 ,!
 ,am]ican *ur*es ( today1  not)/&+ all  
_! %ortcom+s1 are1 on e "q (  e?ics &   
sci5ce1 ( *>ity & ! humanities1 f> 9    
advance (  ,jesus1 & t 9 ^! *ur*es !re  
are m5 & wom5 :o 9  bread? ( m9d &      
nobility ( _s are z good1 & ev5 bett]   
?an ,jesus4    ,does our neighbor grasp 
our mean+8 ,*>g+ all ! bad 9 a  religion
 to ! acc\nt ( man1 & attribut+ all !   
good to ,god1  or to a demi-god1 is1    
aft] all1 only a dodge4 ,_h n !         
disciples  ( ,jesus be5 brav] ?an _!    
ma/]1 8 religion w\ld n h  come d[n to  
u4 ,& _h ! ,*ri/ian *ur* liv$ up to !   
lett]  ( ?is ,semitic tea*]1 ,europe    
w\ld nev] h embrac$  ,*ri/ianity4 ,by   
mod]niz+ ,jesus1 by select+ 8 m ess5tial
  tea*+s1 & relegat+ 8 ecc5tricities to 
! backgr\nd1 by  mak+ 8 "n synonym\s ) !

 be/ aspirations ( humanity1 by         
idealiz+ 8 "* & enclos+ x ) a human     
halo1 !  *ur*es h sav$ ,jesus f         
oblivion4 ,jesus 0 a tribal tea*]1  !   
*ur* univ]saliz$ him2 ,jesus _h no      
gospel = wom51 !  *ur* has aft] mu*     
hesitation & wav]+ conv]t$ him to !     
,european attitude t[>d wom52 ,jesus 0  
sil5t on ! "q (  slav]y1 ! *ur*es h urg$
 him ) success to *ampion !  cause ( !  
bondsman2 ,jesus d5\nc$ lib]ty (        
consci5ce :5 he  ?reat5$ ) hell-fire !  
unbeliev]2 b ! *ur*es h won  him ov] to 
! mod]n secul> pr9ciple ( religi\s      
tol]ance2 ,jesus  believ$ only 9 !      
salvation ( ! elect1 b ! *ur* to a      
c]ta9 ext5t has succe$$ 9 reconcil+ him 
to ! l>g] hope2  ,jesus 0 an ascetic1   
pref]r+ ! s+le life to ! joys ( !  home1
 & fa/+ & pray+ to ! duty & privilege ( 
labor1 b  ! *ur* 9 ,am]ica & ,prote/ant 
,europe at lea/ has made ,jesus a  lov] 
& a seek] ( weal? & k1 ! two great =ces 
(  civilization4 ,no long] does ,jesus  
say1 hate y\r fa!r & "m2  no long] does 

he cry 9 our great ?or\ghf>es1 bless$   
are !  poor2 no long] is 8 voice he>d   
d5\nc+ ?is _w z belong+  to ! devil4 ,! 
mod]n *ur*1 mod]niz$ by sci5ce1 has 9   
turn  mod]niz$ ! gospels4 ,& yet ,mr4   
,jones pref]s to be a ,*ri/ian  su* z   
,jesus 04 ,he is repeat+ "o ( ^? phrases
 :i*  apologi/s use :5 !y give ,god all 
! praise & man all !  blame4    ,9      
conclusion3 ,mr4 ,jones admits t        
,*ri/ianity is n unique1 t  ,buddha     
conqu]$ great] tyrannies ?an ,*ri/2 t   
humility &  self-sacrifice444h _w-wide  
f\ndations2 b he draws no  conclusions f
 ^! important facts1 b returns 9 a hurry
 to say  t ,jesus is ! f9e/ & de>e/     
/ream swell+ ! mighty tide  ( hi/ory4 ,!
 only objection we h to ,mr4 ,jones'    
,jesus is t he  is n real4              
,,ano!r ,,rhetorical ,,jesus        ,!  
,rev4 ,w4 ,h4 ,h4 ,boyle1 ( ,/4 ,paul1  
improves ev5 on ,mr4 ,jones'  sup]lative
 tribute to ,jesus4 ,he says3    ,c y   
imag9e su* a ?+ z a black sun1 or !     
rev]sal (  creation or ! annihilation ( 

primal light8 ,!n1 give re/ to          
imag9ation & sob]ly ?9k :at x w\ld mean 
to h ! spiritual  processes ( two       
mill5niums rev]s$1 to h ! light ( life 9
  ! unique p]sonally ( ,jesus =ev]      
eclips$4    ,"h is an idolator1 inde$4  
,to make an idol ( 8 ,jesus he takes a  
sponge1 & )\t a tw+e ( consci5ce1 wipes 
out all ! beauty  & gr&eur ( ! anci5t   
_w4 ,has ?is g5tleman nev] he>d (       
,greece8 ,dur+ a %ort exi/5ce1 9 only   
two c5turies & a half1  t little l& (   
,greece a*iev$ triumphs 9 ! life ( ! m9d
  s unp>allel$ z to br+ all ! subsequ5t 
c5turies ^u _!  knees be=e x4 ,9        
philosophy1 9 poetry1--lyrical1 epical1 
dramatic1--9 sculpture1 9 /atesman%ip1 9
 e?ics1 9 lit]ature1  9                 
civilization1--:]e is !re ano!r ,greece8
    ,oh1 l& ( ,sophocles6 ^: poetry is !
 mo/ p]fect fl[] !  e>? has ev]         
borne1--( ,phidias & ,praxiteles6 ^:    
immortal  *ildr5 "t _c de/roy1 ?\gh !   
gods are dead--^:  ma/]pieces ! e>? we>s
 z ! be/ gem ^u h] br[1--(  ,ari/otle6 !

 intellect ( ! _w1--( ,socrates6 ! p>5s 
philosophiae1 & its fir/ m>tyr6--(      
,ari/ides6 ! ,j--(  ,phocion &          
,epam9ondas6--( ,*illon & ,an>*>*is6 ^: 
devotion  to duty & beauty h p]fum$ !   
c5turies6 ,o1 ,a!ns1 ! bloom  ( ! _w6   
,he> ?is sect>ian cl]gyman1 9 8 black   
,sunday  robes1 clos+ 8 eyes ^u all ?9e 
immortal contributions1 pull+  d[n l a  
v&al1 z did ! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 ! libr>ies
 &  temples1 ! culture & civilization ( 
! anci5t _w--!  monum5ts ( ?y unfad+    
glory--to build !re) a p$e/al = 8       
my?ical ,*ri/6    ,i c imag9e ! rev]5d  
advocate say+3 ,b !re 0 slav]y 9        
,greece1 & immorality1 too1--( c\rse1 & 
is ! ,*ri/ian _w  free f !m8 ,has ,*ri/ 
aft] two ?\s& ye>s aboli%$ w>8  ,inde$1 
he came to br+1 z he says1 n peace1 b a 
sword6 ,has  ,jesus heal$ ! _w ( !      
maladies = :i* we blame ! ,pagan  _w8   
,has he made humanity free8 ,has he sav$
 ! _w f ! fe>  ( hell8 ,has he r$eem$   
man f ! blight ( ignorance8 ,has he     
brok5 ! yoke ( sup]/ition & prie/-craft8

 ,has he ev5  succe$$ 9 unit+ into "o   
lov+ fold 8 own disciples8 ,h[1  !n1 c  
?is cl]gyman1 ) any consci5ce = tru?1   
comp>e a  _w depriv$ ( ! god ( 8 sect1  
to a tomb--to a bl9d man  grop+ "u a    
black5$ sun8 ,mu/ a man rob ! long pa/ 9
 ord]  to provide clo?+ = 8 idol8 ,mu/  
he close 8 eyes ^u all  hi/ory be=e he c
 behold ! beauty ( 8 own cult8    ,b let
 u quote aga93    ,to efface f ! /atute 
books ( ,*ri/5dom e law :i* has  its    
basal pr9ciple 9 ,*ri/ian e?ics2 to     
aboli% e in/itution  :i* m9i/]s to human
 ne$ & mis=tune 9 ! "n ( ,him ^:        
sympa?y is ! he>t ( ! div9e2 to l[] e   
s5se ( moral  obligation betwe5 man &   
man to ! old level ( ,paganism to sil5ce
  ! great oratorios :i* h made music !  
e*o ( ! div9e2 to  take d[n f ! gall]ies
 ( ! _w ! sacr$ canvases )  :i* g5ius   
has sanctifi$ !m2 to oblit]ate f        
memorial  symbolism ! cross ( sublime   
r5unciation :i* has be5 ! rebuke  (     
human selfi%ness2 to disb& e            
organization :i* makes  pray]1 ?r\gh !  

m]it ( "o great "n1 ! h& ( man ^u !  arm
 ( ,god--y may be able to ?9k ( an ocean
 )\t a h>bor1 (  a sky )\t a sun1 ( a   
g>d5 )\t a fl[]1 ( a face )\t a  smile1 
( a home )\t a "m2 b1 c y ?9k ( a _w )  
hol9ess & happ9ess 9 x & ,jesus gone out
 ( x8 ,y _c1  ',!n1 come1 let u adore   
him1' etc41 etc4    ,obs]ve h[ ?is      
special plead] avoids brea?+ s mu* z a  
^w  ab\t any ( ! _m evils :i* may be    
laid at ! door ( 8  religion ) z mu* %[ 
( reason z ! b5efits he enum]ates4      
,:at ab\t ! d>k ages :i* held all       
,europe = ! space ( a  ?\s& ye>s 9 !    
clut*es ( an ignorance ! l ( :i* no  o!r
 religion 9 ! _w _h kn[n8    ,:at ab\t !
 atroci\s inquisition to :i* no o!r     
religion 9 !  _w _h ev] be5 able to give
 ! sw+ t ,*ri/ianity did8    ,:at ab\t !
 p]secution & burn+ ( helpless wom5 z   
wit*es8  ,is !re any?+ z infam\s z t 9  
any religion outside ( ours8    ,:at    
ab\t ! :olesale massacres 9 ! "n ( !    
true fai?8    ,:at ab\t ! c5turies (    
religi\s w>s1 ! mo/ imbecile z well  z !

 mo/ bloody1 f ! effects ( :i* ,g]many1 
,france1 ,italy  & ,engl& are /ill      
suff]+ today8    ,& ne$ we also call    
att5tion to t ob/9ate resi/ance to      
sci5ce & progress1 :i* rew>d$ e discov]]
 ( a new p[]  = man1 ) ! halt] or !     
/ake1 :i* fill$ ! dungeons )  ! elite ( 
,europe1--:i* ev5 dug op5 graves to     
puni% !  bones ( ! dead savants &       
illum9ators ( man8    ,! ,pagans1 9 _!  
gladitorial games1 sacrific$ ! lives (  
slaves3 ,*ri/ianity made a holocau/ ( ! 
noble/ intellects (  ,europe4    ,& %all
 we speak ( ! bigotry1 ! fanaticism1 !  
bitt]  sect>ian prejudices :i* to ?is   
day embitt] ! life ( ! _w8  ,are n ^!1  
too1 ! fruits ( ,*ri/ianity8    ,we "k !
 answ] :i* ! rev]5d g5tleman w\ld make  
to ?is3  ,all ! evils y speak ( are     
*>geable1 n to ,*ri/ianity1 b  to its   
abuse4 ,b we h already %[n t t argum5t  
won't d4  ,we might z well say t all !  
evil ( ,paganism 0 due to its  abuse4 ,!
 m]e fact t ,*ri/ianity l5t itself to   
su* fe>ful  di/ortions1 & 0 capable (   

ar\s+ ! wor/ passions 9 man on  su* a   
fe>ful scale1 is condemnation en\gh4 ,x 
%[s t !re 0  9 x a pot5tiality = evil   
beyond comp>e4 ,moreov]1 :]e9 does a    
div9e religion diff] f a man-made cult1 
if x is equally  p[]less to protect     
itself aga9/ p]v]sion8 ,9 :at s5se is   
,jesus  a god1 :ile all 8 rivals 7 m]e  
m51 if he is z helpless to  prev5t !    
abuse ( 8 tea*+s z !y 78 ,b x w\ld n be 
difficult to %[ t ! *>act]i/ic crimes we
 h s*$ul$ are  ! direct inspiration ( a 
religion claim+ exclusiv5ess &          
infallibility4 ,su* texts z1 !re is no  
o!r nam$ giv5 "u  heav5 by :i* m5 c be  
sav$2 ,let su* an "o 7! man :o w  n be  
conv]t$7 be l a hea!n & a publican to y2
 ,john's  advice to refra9 f say+ ,god  
spe$ to ! ali5 9 fai?2 !  bible comm& n 
to suff] a wit* to live2 & _m ( ! dogmas
  :i* might be cit$1--corrupt$ !        
sympa?ies1 p]v]t$ !  judgm5t ( ! noble/1
 :ile at ! same "t !y /ung ! evil-  m9d$
 into some?+ l madness4 ,! _w knew no?+ 
( !  tyranny ( dogma1 or religi\s       

oppression & p]secution1  comp>atively  
speak+1 until ! adv5t ( !               
,jewi%-,*ri/ian  ,*ur*4    ,v]ily ,i say
 unto y1 x %all be m tol]able = ! l& (  
,sodom & ( ,gomorrah1 9 ! day ( judgm5t1
 ?an = t city1  said ,jesus1 speak+ ( ! 
p :o might n accept 8 tea*+s4  ,h[ c    
,*ri/ianity be a religion ( love1 & h[ c
 x believe 9  tol]ance1 :5 x ?reat5s !  
unbeliev] ) a fate worse ?an  t ( ,sodom
 & ,gomorrah8    ,! b5efits :i* ! ,rev4 
,boyle p>ades z ! direct fruit ( 8      
cult1 did n appe> until aft] !          
,r5aissance1 t is to say1--!  return to 
,pagan culture & ideals4 ,! art & sci5ce
 & !  humanities :i* he praises1 foll[$ 
^u ! gradual decl9e ( !  ,jewi%-,*ri/ian
 religion :i* _h already de/roy$ two    
civilizations4    ,b ,greece & ,rome    
triumph$4 ,to ?is day1 if we ne$ models 
9  poetry1 9 art1 9 philosophy1 9       
lit]ature1 9 politics1 9  patriotism1 9 
s]vice to ! public1 9 h]oism & devotion 
to  ideals--we mu/ g to ! ,greeks & !   
,romans4 ,n t ^!  nations 7 by any means

 p]fect1 b because !y h n be5  surpass$4
 ,9 our colleges & s*ools1 :5 we wi% to 
br+ up our  *ildr5 9 ! ways ( wisdom &  
beauty1 we d n give !m !  ,*ri/ian fa!rs
 to read1 we give !m ! ,pagan classics4 
,we ask ?is ,/4 ,paul cl]gyman to read  
,gibbons' tribute to ,pagan ,rome3  ,if 
a man 0 call$ ^u to fix a p]iod 9 !     
hi/ory ( ! _w  dur+ :i* ! condition ( ! 
human race 0 mo/ happy &  prosp]\s1 he  
w\ld )\t hesitation "n t :i* elaps$ f  !
 dea? ( ,domitian to ! accession (      
,commodus4 ,?is p]iod  includ$ su* m5 & 
rul]s z ,n]va1 ,trajan1 ,adrian1        
,anton9us ,pius1  & above all1 ! greate/
 ( !m all--! greate/ rul] our e>?  has  
ev] own$--,m>cus ,aurelius ,anton9us4   
,let ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,h4 ,h4 ,boyle  look   
ov] ! names ( ! k+s ( ,israel & (       
,*ri/ian ,france1  ,spa91 ,italy &      
,engl&1 & f9d among !m any "o t c come  
up  to ! /ature ( ^! ,pagan mon>*s4     
,,we ,,owe ,,ev]y?+ ,,to ,,jesus        
,b1 behold6 ano!r cl]gyman ) ! claim t !
 mod]n _w  owes all its joy & *e]1 dur+ 

! ,*ri/mas season1 to ! babe  9         
,be?lehem4 ,:at 0 x t br\ght ab\t su* a 
condition t  cr[ds ! /ores1 t ov]fl[s ! 
mails1 & loads ! express  ) packages ( e
 description8 ,! little babe 9 ,be?lehem
 set  all ?is 9 motion1--! wrea?1 !     
holly1 are all f him4    ,:5 we read !  
above & m to ! same effect1 we wrote to 
!  ,rev4 ,w4 ,a4 ,b>tlett1 ,footnote3   
,pa/or ,fir/ ,congregational ,*ur*1     
,*icago4 ! au?or ( ! words quot$1 ask+  
him if he 0  correctly report$4 ,we     
reproduce h]e) a copy ( our lett]3      
,,dec1 #bj1 #aijd4  ,rev4 ,w4 ,a4       
,b>tlett1  ,wa%+ton ,b\l4 & ,ann ,/41   
,*icago    ,,de> ,,mr4 ,,b>tlett3 ,9 !  
report ( y\r s]mon ( la/ ,sunday y are  
repres5t$ z claim+ t x is to ! babe 9   
,be?lehem we owe  ! ,*ri/mas fe/ival1 ! 
giv+ ( pres5ts1 etc41 etc4 ,i write to  
asc]ta9 :e!r ?is report has /at$ y\r    
position correctly8 ,i am  sure y "k t  
,*ri/mas is only a recomposition ( an   
old ,pagan  fe/ival1 & t giv+ pres5ts at
 ?is season is a mu* old]  practice ?an 

,*ri/ianity4 ,( c\rse1 y d n believe t  
,*ri/mas is celebrat$ 9 ,decemb] & on ! 
#be? ( ! mon?  because ,jesus 0 born on 
t day4 ,y "k z well z ,i d ( !  ,pagan  
fe/ivals celebrat$ 9 ! mon? ( ,decemb]  
?r\gh\t !  ,roman ,empire--celebrations 
:i* 7 accompani$ ) ! giv+ &  receiv+ (  
pres5ts4 ,moreov]1 y "k also1 z e /ud5t 
does1  t 9 ! ,lat9 c\ntries ( ,europe x 
is n on ,*ri/mas day1 b  on ,new ,ye>'s 
day1 t pres5ts are ex*ang$4 ,surely y   
w\ld n  claim t = ,new ,ye>'s day1 too1 
! _w is indebt$ to !  ,be?lehem babe4 ,y
 mu/ also h kn[n t ! use ( ! ev]gre5  & 
! holy 0 9 vogue among ! ,druids (      
,pagan times4 ,be k9d  en\gh1 !re=e1 to 
give me1 if ,i am n ask+ too mu*1 !     
facts  :i* l$ y to make ! /atem5t to :i*
 ,i h call$ y\r  att5tion1 & believe me1
 ) great respect1 etc4    ,to ?is       
neighborly lett] ! rev]5d g5tleman did n
 condesc5d to  s5d an ackn[l$gm5t4 ,we  
knock$ at 8 door1 z x 71 & he1 a  m9i/] 
( ! ,gospel1 decl9$ to op5 x unto u4    
,cl]gym51 z a  rule1 say t !y are happy 

:5 p w let !m prea* !  gospel to !m4 ,9 
our case1 we sav$ ! cl]gyman f call+ ^u 
u1 we call$ ^u him--t is to say1 we     
wrote & gave him an  opportunity to     
enlight5 u1 to br+ 8 influ5ce to be> ^u 
u1  to op5 our eyes to ! error ( our    
ways1--& he w\ld h no?+  to d ) u4 ,0 n 
our s\l wor? sav+8 ,did ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,a4 
,b>tlett consid] u beyond hope8 ,we ask 
?is cl]gyman to place 8  h& ^u 8        
consci5ce & ask himself :e!r he did !   
bro!rly  ?+ 9 n return+ a fri5dly &     
k9dly answ] to our hone/  inquiry =     
tru?4 ,b he did n answ] u1 because he _h
 no real  fai? 9 8 gospel4 ,x 0 n good  
en\gh = an inquir]4    ,b ! cl]gyman1   
accord+ to reports1 made an attempt on !
 ,sunday  foll[+ ! receipt ( our lett]1 
be=e 8 congregation1 to  answ]          
indirectly our "q4 ,he d5i$ t ,*ri/mas 0
 a  recomposition ( an old ,pagan       
fe/ival1 & said t ! e>ly  ,*ri/ians fa/$
 & wept because ( ^! ,pagan fe/ivals1 & 
t z e>ly z ! second c5tury1 ! bir? (    
,jesus 0  commemorat$4 ,9 %ort1 he      

pron\nc$ x a di/ortion ( hi/ory to      
assign to ! ,*ri/mas fe/ival a ,pagan   
orig94 ,9 8 great "w on  ! ,hi/ory (    
,civilization1 ,buckle says ?is1 to :i* 
we call  ,dr4 ,b>tlett's att5tion3 ,z   
soon z em95t m5 gr[n unwill+ to  ent]   
any pr(ession1 ! lu/] ( t pr(ession w be
 t>ni%$2  fir/ its reputation w be      
less5$1 !n its p[] abridg$4 ,we  fe> ?is
 is true ( ,mr4 ,b>tlett's pr(ession4   
,h[ c ,*ri/ian m9i/]s hope to engage !  
int]e/ ( ! read+  public if !y !mselves 
ab/a9 f read+8 ,ask a secul>  newspap]  
ab\t ! orig9 ( ! ,*ri/mas celebration1 &
 x  w tell y ! tru?4 ,on ! v ,sunday t  
,dr4 ,b>tlett 0  d5\nc+1 9 8 *ur*1 our  
claim t ! ,pagans gave u !  ,decemb]    
season ( joy & m]ry-mak+1 z a di/ortion 
( hi/ory1  & editorial 9 ! ,*icago      
,tribune said ?is3    ,b ! fe/ive "* ( !
 celebration1 ! giv+ ( pres5ts1  ! fea/+
 & m]rim5t1 ! use ( ev]gre5 & holly &   
mi/letoe1 are all remnants ( ,pagan     
rites4    ,cont9u+1 ! same editorial    
call$ att5tion to ! antiquity (  !      

in/itution3    ,long be=e ! %eph]ds on !
 ,judean pla9s saw ! /> rise 9  ! ea/ & 
he>d ! tid+s ( ,peace on e>?1 good w to 
man1  ! ,roman populace surg$ ?r\gh !   
/reets at ! fea/ ( ,saturn1  giv+       
!mselves up to wild lic5se & boi/]\s    
m]ry mak+4 ,!y  ex*ang$ pres5ts1 !y     
decorat$ _! dwell+s & temples )  gre5   
b\ghs2 slaves 7 giv5 special privileges1
 & ! _s (  good w 0 abroad among m54    
,?is ,roman ,saturnalia came at !  w9t] 
sol/ice1 ! same z does our ,*ri/mas day1
 :ile ! bir?  ( ,*ri/ is widely believ$ 
to h tak5 place at "s o!r season  ( !   
ye>4    ,b ,dr4 ,b>tlett may h _h 9 m9d 
! quotation f ,ana/asius3    ,our ,"l1  
,jesus ,*ri/1 0 born ( ! ,holy ,virg91  
,m>y1 9  ,be?lehem1 at "o o'clock 9 !   
aft]noon ( ,decemb] #be?1--appe>+  to   
quote f "s old manuscript :i*1          
un=tunately1 is n to be  f\nd any:]e4 ,b
 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 9 ! ye> #baj ,a4  
,d41  dismisses all guesses z to :5     
,jesus 0 born1--! #ah? ( ,april1  #ai? (
 ,may1 etc41--z products ( reckless     

speculation4 ,m>* #bh?  is giv5 z       
,jesus' bir?day 9 ,de ,pas*a ,computius1
 9 ! ye> #bdc4  ,jan4 #e? is ! date     
def5d$ by ,epiphanius4 ,b>ada5s1 ,bi%op 
(  ,odessa1 says3 ,no "o kn[s exactly ! 
day ( ! nativity ( our  ,"l3 ?is only is
 c]ta9 f :at ,luke writes1 t he 0 born 9
  ! night4 ,poor ,dr4 ,b>tlett1 8       
,decemb] #be? does n receive  support f 
! ,fa!rs4    ,= our cl]ical bro!r's     
sake1 we quote "s m f !  ,tribune       
editorial3    ,primeval man look$ ^u !  
sun z ! revelation ( div9ity4 ,:5  !    
%orte/ day ( ! ye> 0 pass$1 :5 ! sun    
began 8 m>*  nor?w>d1 ! primitive man   
rejoic$ 9 ! ?\ght ( ! com+  se$time &   
summ]1 & he made fea/s & revelry ! mode 
(  express+ ! gladness ( 8 he>t4 ,among 
! sun wor%ip]s (  ,p]sia1 among !       
,druids ( ! f> nor?1 among !            
,pho5icians1  among ! ,romans1 & among !
 anci5t ,go?s & ,saxons ! w9t]  sol/ice 
0 ! occasion ( fe/ivities4 ,_m ( !m 7   
rude &  b>b>\s1 b !y 7 all di/+ui%$ by  
he>ty & pr(use  hospitality4    ,& yet  

our neighbor calls x di/ortion ( hi/ory 
to connect  ,*ri/mas ) ! ,pagan fe/ival1
 celebrat$ ab\t ?is "t4 ,we  quote once 
m f ! ,secul> press3    ,! ,*ri/ian *ur*
 did n aboli% ^! hea!n c]emonies1 b     
graft$ ^u !m a deep] spiritual mean+4 ,=
 ?is reason  ,*ri/mas is an in/itution  
:i* memorializes ! be/ !re 0 9  ,pagan  
man4 ,its good *e]1 its *>ity1 its      
sports1 its fea/+1 &  ! features :i* mo/
 ende> x to *ildr5 are all ! h]itage (  
our ,pagan ance/ors4    ,h[ refre%+ ?is1
 comp>$ ) ! cl]gyman's sil5ce1 or cry ( 
di/ortion4 ,b 9 "o ?+ ! doctor is       
correct4 ,! e>ly  ,*ri/ians did bewail !
 ,pagan fe/ivals1 z !y did ev]y?+ else  
t 0 ,pagan4 ,b x did n help !m at all2  
!y 7 compell$  to acquiesce4 ,!         
,*ri/ians h fa/$ & pray$ also aga9/     
sci5ce1 progress1 & mod]n ?\ght1 b :at  
good has x done8 ,!y  ask$ ,god to hook 
,!odore ,p>k]'s tongue2 to ov]?r[ ,d>w91
 &  to conf\nd ! wisdom ( ?is _w1 b !   
pray] rema9s  unansw]$4 ,yes1 ! doctor  
is "r1 ! *ur* has fa/$ &  pray$ aga9/   

religi\s tol]ance1 aga9/ ! use ( ,sunday
 z a  day ( recreation1--! op5+ (       
gall]ies & libr>ies on t  day1 !        
advancem5t ( wom51 ! emancipation ( !   
negro1 !  secul>ization ( education1 !  
revision ( old cre$s1 & a  ?\s& o!r ?+s4
 ,b _! opposition has only damag$ _! own
  cause4 ,!y did try to suppress !      
,pagan fe/ival1 :i* we call  ,*ri/mas1 &
 ! ,puritans 9 ?is c\ntry1 until        
rec5tly1 ab/a9$  f all recognition ( !  
day1 & call$ x ,pop]y1 &  ,paganism1 b  
_! ef=ts bore no fruit4 ,dr4 ,b>tlett1  
if he w  read1 w le>n t = _m ye>s1 9    
,engl& & 9 ?is c\ntry1  ! obs]vance (   
,*ri/mas 0 =bidd5 by law "u sev]e       
p5alties4 ,z to our be+ indebt$ = ! *e] 
& m]rim5t ( !  ,decemb] fe/ival to !    
,be?lehem babe1 ! doctor mu/ in=m       
himself ( ^? acts ( ,p>liam5t :i*1 "u ! 
,puritan regime1  compell$ p to m\rn on 
,*ri/mas day & to ab/a9 f  m]rymak+4 ,9 
,*ri/ian ,connecticut1 = a man to h a   
sprig (  holly 9 8 h\se on ,*ri/mas day 
0 a f9able crime4 ,9  ,massa*usetts1 any

 ,*ri/ian detect$ celebrat+ ,*ri/mas 0  
f9$  five %ill+s & co/s4 ,b1 see1 hav+  
fail$ to suppress ^!  good in/itutions1 
!y n[ turn ab\t & claim t !y h always   
believ$ 9 !m1 & t1 9 fact1 we w\ld n n[ 
be enjoy+ any  "o ( ^! b5efits b = !    
,*ri/ian ,*ur*4    ,9 conclusion1 we h  
"o o!r ^w to say to ! ?ree cl]ical      
tea*]s f ^: writ+s we h quot$4 ,aga9/ !m
 we are  con/ra9$ to br+ ! *>ge (       
loos5ess 9 ?\ght4 ,!y seem to  h little 
consci5ce = evid5ce4 ,mr4 ,jones says1 =
 in/ance3    ,9 %ort1 ,i am compell$ to 
?9k t ?is ,light ( ,s\ls1 ?is  sav+ &   
r$eem+ _s1 0 ! lov$ & lov+ *ild (       
,joseph1  ! c>p5t]1 & ! loyal wife ,m>y4
 ,i believe ?is1  not)/&+ ! /ories (    
immaculate conceptions1 />-guid$  magi1 
*oir+ angels & ador+ %ep>ds t ga!r$     
ar\nd !  bir?-night4    ,:i* is ano!r   
way ( say+ t he is compell$ to believe  
aga9/ ! evid5ce1 m]ely because x is 8   
pleasure or int]e/ to  d s4 ,?is is n v 
edify+1 to be sure4 ,mr4 ,jones takes   
all 8  in=mation ab\t ,joseph & ,m>y &  

,jesus f ! gospels1 & yet  ! gospels    
cle>ly contradict 8 conclusions4 ,m>y1 !
 "m (  ,jesus1 gives h] ^w ( honor t    
,joseph 0 n ! fa!r ( h]  *ild1 & ,joseph
 himself te/ifies t he is n ,jesus'     
fa!r1 b  ,mr4 ,jones pays no att5tion to
 _! te/imony2 he wi%es ,joseph to be  ! 
fa!r ( ,jesus1 & t ought to be suffici5t
 evid5ce1 he  ?9ks4 ,we quote f !       
gospel3    ,n[ ! bir? ( ,jesus ,*ri/ 0  
on ?is wise3 ,:5 8 "m ,m>y  _h be5      
betro!d to ,joseph1 be=e !y came toge!r 
%e 0 f\nd  ) *ild ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,&   
,joseph1 h] husb&1 be+ a  righte\s man1 
& n will+ to make h] a public example1 0
  m9d$ to put h] away privily4 ,b :5 he 
?\ght on ^! ?+s1  behold1 an angel ( !  
,"l appe>$ unto him 9 a dream1 say+1    
,joseph1 ?\ son ( ,david1 fe> n to take 
unto !e ,m>y ?y wife2  = t :i* is       
conceiv$ 9 h] is ( ! ,holy ,gho/4       
,n[1 if ,joseph admits he 0 n ,jesus'   
fa!r1 & ,m>y corroborates  8 te/imony   
7,see ,luke1 #a/ *apt]71 ,jesus 01 if he
 ev] liv$1  & ! records :i* give ,mr4   

,jones 8 ideal ,jesus are reliable1 !   
son ( a man :o has succe$$ 9 conceal+ 8 
id5tity1 unless1 (  c\rse1 we believe 9 
! virg9 bir?4 ,if ! real fa!r ( ,jesus  
_h come =? & own$ 8 son1 & ,m>y _h      
ackn[l$g$ t he  0 ! fa!r ( h] *ild1 :at 
w\ld h become ( ,*ri/ianity8  ,we hope  
^! cl]gym5 :o h dwelt1 z ,em]son says1 )
 noxi\s  exagg]ation ab\t ! p]son (     
,jesus1 w reflect ^u ?is1 &  :ile do+ s1
 w !y n also rememb] ?is o!r say+ ( !   
,concord philosoph]3 ,! vice ( our      
!ology is se5 9 !  claim444t ,jesus 0   
some?+ diff]5t f a man4    ,we take our 
leave ( ! ?ree cl]gym51 assur+ !m t 9   
:at  we h said we h n be5 actuat$1 9 !  
lea/1 by any p]sonal  motive :atev]1 & t
 we h only done to !m :at we w\ld h  !m 
d to u4    ,illu/ration3 ,head ( a ,god 
) ,horns4 ,museum ( ,/4 ,g]ma94         
,a ,,lib]al ,,jew ,,on ,,jesus          
,,felix ,,adl]1 ,,praises ,,jesus       
,t x is v easy = s*ol>s to foll[ ! p    
in/ead (  lead+ !m1 & to side ) ! view t
 comm&s ! majority1  receives fre%      

confirmation f ! rec5t utt]ances ( !    
f\nd]  ( ! ,e?ical ,culture ,society 9  
,new ,york4 ,pr(essor ,adl]1 ! son  ( a 
rabbi1 & at "o "t a free?9k]1 has sl[ly 
drift$ into  or?odox wat]s1 aft] hav+   
tri$ = a p]iod ( ye>s ! op5  seas1 & has
 become a m en?usia/ic *ampion ( ! god (
 !  ,*ri/ians ?an _m a ,*ri/ian s*ol>   
:om we c\ld "n4 ,!  p5dulum 9 ! ,adl]   
case has swung cle> to ! opposite side4 
,we d  n f9d fault ) a man because he   
*anges 8 views1 we only ask  = reasons =
 ! *ange4 ,x w be se5 by ! foll[+       
extracts  f ,adl]'s pr9t$ lectures t he 
has made absolutely no critical  /udy ( 
! s\rces ( ! ,jesus /ory1 b has m]ely1 &
 hurri$ly  at t1 accept$ ! conv5tional  
e/imate ( ,jesus & enl>g$ ^u  x4 ,jesus 
is entitl$ to all ! praise :i* is due   
him1 b x mu/  fir/ be %[n t 9 prais+ him
 we are n sacrific+ ! tru?4  ,prais+ any
 man at su* a co/ is m]ely flatt]+ !    
masses &  b[+ to ! fa%ion ( ! day4      
,let u he> :at ,pr(essor ,adl] has to   
say ab\t ,jesus4 ,he writes3    ,x has  

be5 said t if ,*ri/ came to ,new ,york  
or ,*icago1 !y  w\ld /one him 9 ! v     
*ur*es4 ,x is n s6 ,if ,*ri/ came to    
,new ,york or ,*icago1 ! publicans &    
s9n]s w\ld sit at 8 feet6  ,= !y w\ld "k
 t he c>$ = !m bett] ?an !y 9 _!        
d>kness knew h[ to c>e = !mselves1 & !y 
w\ld love him z  !y lov$ him 9 ! days ( 
yore4    ,?is w\ld s\nd pi\s 9 ! m\? ( a
 ,moody or a ,torrey1 b1 we  confess1 x 
s\nds l affectation 9 ! m\? ( ! free    
?9k+  son ( a rabbi4 ,t ,pr(4 ,adl]     
ent]s "h into a field = :i*  8 e>ly     
,jewi% tra9+ has n fitt$ him1 is app>5t 
f !  ha/y way 9 :i* he has put 8 s5t5ces
 toge!r4 ,x has be5  said1 he writes1 t 
if ,*ri/ came to ,new ,york or ,*icago1 
!y  w\ld /one him 9 ! v *ur*es4 ,x is n 
s4 ,:y is x n s8  ,& he answ]s3 ,if     
,*ri/ came to ,new ,york or ,*icago1 !  
publicans  & s9n]s w\ld sit at 8 feet4  
,b :at has ! reception :i*  publicans & 
s9n]s might give ,jesus to d ) h[ !     
*ur*es  w\ld receive him8 ,he proves t  
,jesus w\ld n be /on$ 9 !  *ur*es ( ,new

 ,york & ,*icago by say+ t ! publicans &
  s9n]s w\ld sit at 8 feet4 ,does he    
mean t ,new ,york &  ,*icago *ur*es &   
publicans & s9n]s are ! same ?+8        
,publicans & s9n]s might welcome him1 & 
/ill ! *ur*es  might /one him1 :i* 9    
fact1 accord+ to ,adl]'s own admission1 
0 ! case 9 ,j]usalem1 :]e ! synagogues  
conspir$ aga9/  ,jesus1 :ile ,m>y       
,magdal5e sat at 8 feet4 ,nor are 8     
words ab\t  ! publicans & s9n]s lov+    
,jesus z !y lov$ him 9 !  days ( yore   
edify+4 ,:o does he mean by ! publicans 
&  s9n]s1 & h[ _m ( !m lov$ ,jesus 9 !  
days ( yore1 &  :y %\ld ?is class ( p h 
felt a special love = him8    ,on ! "q (
 ! resurrection ( ,jesus1 ,pr(4 ,adl]   
says ?is3    ,x is sometimes ins9uat$ t 
! entire ,*ri/ian doctr9e dep5ds  on !  
acc\nts conta9$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1      
purport+ t ,jesus  actually rose on !   
?ird day & 0 se5 by 8 foll[]s2 & t  if  
^! reports are f\nd to be contradictory1
 unsupport$ by  suffici5t evid5ce1 & 9  
!mselves incr$ible1 !n ! bottom  falls  

out ( ! belief 9 immortality z repres5t$
 by  ,*ri/ianity4    ,x 0 ! ,apo/le     
,paul himself :o said t if ,jesus has n 
ris5  f ! dead1 !n is our fai? 9 va91--&
 we are1 ( all m51  mo/ mis]able4 ,s1 y 
see1 fri5d ,adl]1 x is n sometimes      
ins9uat$1 z y say1 b x is op5ly1 & to   
our ?9k+1  logically ass]t$1 t if ,jesus
 did n rise f ! dead1 !  :ole fabric (  
,*ri/ian es*atology falls to ! gr\nd4 ,b
 we mu/  rememb] t ,pr(4 ,adl] has n be5
 br\ght up a ,*ri/ian4 ,he has  acquir$ 
8 ,*ri/ian pr$ilections only rec5tly1 s 
to speak1 h5ce  8 unfamili>ity ) its    
,scriptures4 ,cont9u+1 ! ,pr(essor says3
    ,b simil> reports h aris5 9 ! _w "t 
& aga91  app>itions ( ! dead h be5 se5 &
 h be5 tak5 = real2  & yet su* /ories1  
aft] be+ curr5t = a "t1 inv>iably h     
pass$ into oblivion4 ,:y did ?is        
p>ticul> /ory p]si/1 despite  ! paucity 
& ! insuffici5cy ( ! evid5ce8 ,:y did x 
get  itself believ$ & take root8    ,:at
 %all we ?9k ( su* reason+ f ! plat=m ( 
a  presumable rationali/ movem5t8 ,does 

n ! ,pr(essor "k t !  /ory ( !          
resurrection ( ,jesus is n orig9al1 b a 
repetition  ( old] /ories ( ! k9d8 ,_h !
 _w nev] he>d ( su* aft]-  dea?         
app>itions be=e ,jesus' day1 x w\ld nev]
 h inv5t$ !  /ory ( 8 resurrection4 ,&  
h[ does ! ,pr(essor "k t !  /ory (      
,jesus' resurrection is n go+ to meet ! 
same fate :i*  has ov]tak5 all o!r      
simil> /ories8 ,is x n already pass+    
into ! %ade ( neglect8 ,are n !         
intellig5t among !  ,*ri/ians !mselves  
beg9n+ to expla9 ! resurrection ( ,jesus
  allegorically1 d5y+ altoge!r t he rose
 f ! dead 9 a  lit]al s5se8 ,moreov]1 ! 
pre-,*ri/ian /ories ( simil>            
resurrections liv$ to an old age1--two  
or ?ree ?\s& ye>s--be=e  !y di$1 & !    
/ory ( ,jesus' resurrection has yet to  
prove its  ability to live long]4 ,all  
miracul\s beliefs are disappe>+1 &  !   
/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian resurrection w n be an
 exception4 ,b  ,pr(4 ,adl]'s motive 9  
believ+ t ! /ory ( ! resurrection  (    
,jesus %all live1 is to (f] x z an      

argum5t = immortality1  & 9 s do+ he    
/ra9s ! ,engli% language 9 laud+ ,jesus4
 ,he  says3    ,9 my op9ion1 p believ$ 9
 ! resurrection ( ,jesus because  ( !   
prec$5t conviction 9 ! m9ds ( !         
disciples t su* a  man z ,jesus c\ld n  
die1 because ( ! conviction t a         
p]sonality ( su* sup]lative excell5ce1 s
 radiant1 s  incomp>ably l(ty 9 mi5 &   
port & spee* & int]c\rse )  o!rs1 c\ld n
 pass away l a =gott5 w9d1 t su* a />   
c\ld n be qu5*$4    ,we regret to say t 
!re are z _m assumptions 9 ! above      
s5t5ce z !re are l9es 9 x4 ,( c\rse1 if 
we are =  emotionalism & n = exact &    
accurate conclusions1 ,adl]'s  e/imate (
 ,jesus is z rhetorical z t ( ,jones or 
,boyle1 b if  we h any love = hi/orical 
tru?1 !re is n ev5 ! %ad[ (  evid5ce1 = 
in/ance1 t ! disciples c\ld n believe t 
su* a man z ,jesus c\ld die4 ,on !      
contr>y1 ! disciples left  him at !     
cross & fl$1 & believ$ him dead1 until x
 0  report$ to !m t he _h be5 se5 alive1
 & ev5 !n "s  d\bt$1 & "o wi%$ to feel !

 fle% ) 8 f+]s be=e he  w\ld cr$it 8    
eyes4 ,jesus _h to eat & dr9k ) !m1 he  
_h to  op5 _! eyes1 & p]=m v>i\s        
miracles be=e !y w\ld  believe t he 0 n 
dead4 ,! text :i* says t ! apo/les      
hesitat$ to believe 9 ! resurrection    
because z yet !y knew n  ! scripture1 t 
he w\ld rise f ! dead1 %[s conclusively 
h[ imag9>y is ! idea t !re 0 a prec$5t  
conviction 9  ! m9ds ( ! disciples t su*
 a man z ,jesus c\ld n die4  ,app>5tly x
 0 all a matt] ( prophecy1 n ( moral "* 
at  all4 ,yet 9 ! face ( all ! evid5ce  
to ! contr>y1 ,pr(4 ,adl]  tells 8      
,c>negie ,hall audi5ce1 :o un=tunately  
are ev5 less  in=m$ 9 ,*ri/ian doctr9e  
?an _! lead]1 t !re 0 a  prec$5t        
conviction 9 ! m9ds ( ! disciples t su* 
a man z  ,jesus c\ld n die4 ,& :at gave 
! disciples ?is suppos$  prec$5t        
conviction8 ,t a p]sonality ( su*       
sup]lative  excell5ce1 s radiant1 s     
incomp>ably l(ty 9 mi5 & port &  spee* &
 int]c\rse ) o!rs1 c\ld n pass away l a 
=gott5 w9d1 t su* a /> c\ld n be qu5*$4 

,we are simply  a/oni%$1 & griev$ z     
well1 to see ! use :i* s enlight5$ a    
man z ,pr(4 ,adl] makes ( 8 gifts4 ,w   
?is ,jewi% admir] ( !  god ( ,*ri/5dom  
k9dly tell u :]e9 ,jesus 0 sup]latively 
excell5t1 or incomp>ably l(ty 9 mi5 &   
port & spee* &  int]c\rse ) o!rs8 ,0 !re
 a weakness f\nd 9 m5 l  ,buddha1       
,confucius1 ,socrates1 etc41 f :i*      
,jesus 0 free8 ,t  ,jesus creat$ no su* 
ideal impression ^u 8 disciples1 is %[n 
by  ! fact t !y repres5t$ him z a       
sect>ian & an egoti/ :o  d5\nc$ all :o  
_h prec$$ him z unwor?y ( respect & to  
be  despis$4 ,& h[ c\ld a man ^: public 
life did n cov] m  ?an two or ?ree ye>s 
( "t1 & :o liv$ z a celibate & a  monk1 
return+ e night to 8 cave 9 ! ,m\nt (   
,olives1 tak+  no active "p 9 ! bus9ess 
life--support+ no family or p>5ts1      
assum+ no civil or social duties--h[ c  
su* a man1 we ask1 be  held up z a model
 = ! m5 & wom5 ( today8 ,jesus1 accord+ 
to  8 biograph]s1 believ$ he c\ld raise 
! dead1 & ann\nc$  himself ! equal (    

,god4 ,i & my fa!r are "o1 he is report$
 to  h said2 & "o ( 8 apo/les writes3   
,he 7,jesus7 ?\ght x no  robb]y to be   
equal to ,god4 ,ei!r ?is report is true1
 or x is n4  ,if x is1 :at %all we ?9k (
 a man :o ?\ght he 0 a god &  c\ld raise
 ! dead8 ,if ! report is n true1 :at    
reliance c we  place 9 8 biograph]s :5 !
 ?+s :i* !y affirm ) !  greate/         
confid5ce are to be reject$8    ,yet    
,pr(4 ,adl]1 swept (f 8 feet by ! popul>
 & conv5tional  en?usiasm ab\t ,jesus1  
describes him z a p]sonality ( su*      
sup]lative excell5ce1 s radiant1 s      
incomp>ably l(ty 9 mi5 &  port & spee* &
 int]c\rse ) o!rs1 t 8 foll[]s c\ld  n  
believe he 0 a m]e mortal4 ,b :]e is !  
,jesus to correspond  to ?is rhetorical 
language8 ,he is n 9 ! anonym\s gospels4
 ,!re  we f9d only a fragm5t>y "* pat*$ 
or piec$ toge!r1 z x  71 by v>i\s       
contributors--a "* made up ( ! mo/      
contradictory elem5ts1 z we h tri$ to %[
 9 ! prec$+  pages4 ,! ,jesus ( ,adl] is
 n 9 hi/ory1 he is n ev5 9  my?ology4   

,!re is no "o ( t "n & answ]+ t         
description  9 ! f\r gospels4    ,t a   
loose way ( speak+ gr[s ^u "o if "o is n
 c>eful1 &  t s\nd+ phrases & hone/     
hi/orical criticism are n ! same  ?+1 w 
be se5 by ,pr(4 ,adl]'s lavi% praise (  
,john ,calv94 ,he  speaks ( him 9 t]ms  
almo/ z gl[+ z he does ( ,jesus4 ,he    
calls  ,calv9 t mighty & noble man4     
,t ,calv9 rul$ ,g5eva l a ,russian      
autocrat2 t he 0 mighty  9 a community 9
 :i* ,jacques ,gruet 0 behead$ because  
he _h  danc$1 & also because he _h      
committ$ ! grave (f5se (  say+ t ,moses 
0 only a man & no "o kn[s :at ,god said 
to  him1 & 9 :i* ,mi*ael ,s]vetus 0     
burn$ alive = hold+  op9ions contr>y to 
^? :i* ! ,g5evan pope 0 int]e/$  91--is 
readily conc$$4 ,b 0 ,calv9 mighty 9 a  
b5efic5t  s5se8 ,did 8 p[] save p f !   
,prote/ant inquisition8  ,0 n ! ,g5eva (
 8 day call$ ! ,prote/ant ,rome8 ,& if  
he did n use 8 p[]ful influ5ce to fur!r 
religi\s tol]ance  & intellectual       
hone/y2 if he did n use 8 position to   

save m5  f ! grip ( sup]/ition & ! fe> (
 hell1 h[ c ,pr(4 ,adl]  ref] to him z t
 mighty & noble man--,john ,calv98    ,x
 is n our purpose to grudge ,calv9 any  
complim5ts :i* ,felix  ,adl] wi%es to   
pay him4 ,:at we grieve to see is1 t he 
%\ld1  indirectly at lea/1 recomm5d to !
 admiration ( 8 read]s a man  :o1 if he 
exi/$ today & act$ z he did 9 ! ,g5eva (
 !  sixte5? c5tury1 w\ld be reg>d$ by e 
morally &  intellectually awak5$ man1 z 
a crim9al4 ,has n ,felix ,adl]  exam9$ !
 evid5ce :i* incrim9ates ,calv9 & proves
 him beyond  d\bt z ! murd]] ( ,s]vetus8
 ,if he 7,s]vetus7 comes to ,g5eva1  ,i 
%all see t he does n escape alive1 wrote
 ,john ,calv9 to  ,!odore ,beza4 ,& he  
c>ri$ out 8 fe>ful m5ace2 ,s]vetus 0 put
  to dea? by ! mo/ horrible puni%m5t ev]
 inv5t$--he 0 burn$  alive 9 a smok+    
fire4 ,:at did ?is mighty & noble man d 
to save  a /rang] & a s*ol> f s atroci\s
 a fate8 ,let 8 eulogi/1  ,pr(4 ,adl]1  
answ]4 ,x w n d to say t ^? 7 diff]5t   
times4 ,a ?\s& voices 7 rais$ aga9/ !   

wanton & cruel  murd] ( ,s]vetus1 b     
,calv9's 0 n among !m4 ,9 fact1 :5      
,calv9 himself 0 a fugitive & a w&]]1 he
 _h writt5 9 favor  ( religi\s tol]ance1
 b no soon] did he become ! ,prote/ant  
pope ( ,g5eva1 ?an he develop$ into an  
ext]m9ator ( h]esy by  fire4 ,su* is !  
mighty & noble man held up = our        
admiration4  ,mighty he 01 b we ask     
aga91 0 he mighty 9 a noble s5se8    ,_h
 ,calv9 be5 consid]$ a mighty & noble   
man by ! re=m]s  :o prec$$ ,pr(4 ,adl]1 
!re w\ld h be5 no ,e?ical ,culture      
societies 9 ,am]ica today4 ,pr(4 ,adl]  
is indebt$ = ! lib]ties  :i* he enjoys 9
 ,new ,york to ! ,voltaires & !         
,condorcets1 :o  reg>d$ ,calv9 & 8 isms 
z p]nici\s to ! intellectual life  (    
,europe1 & did all !y c\ld to lead ! p  
away f !m4  ,?9k ( ! lead] ( ! ,e?ical  
,societies exalt+ a p]secutor1 to  say  
no?+ ( 8 abom9able !ology1 or ( 8 five  
aliases1  z t mighty & noble man2--,john
 ,calv96 ,we feel grateful to  ,pr(4    
,adl] = organiz+ ! ,e?ical ,societies 9 

,am]ican1 b we  w\ld be pleas$ to h him 
expla9 9 :at s5se a man ( ,calv9's      
small sympa?ies & t]rible de$s c\ld be  
call$ bo? noble &  mighty4 ,footnote3   
,see ,! ,k+dom ( ,god 9 ,g5eva ,"u      
,calv94--,m4  ,m4 ,mangas>ian4    ,x 0  
pr$ict$ "s ye>s ago t ! f\nd] ( !       
,e?ical  ,societies w be=e long return  
to ! ,jewi% fai? ( 8 fa!rs4  ,h[ev] ?is 
may be1 we h se51 9 8 e/imate ( ,jesus &
 ,john  ,calv91 evid5ces ( 8 e/rangem5t 
f rationalism1 ( :i* 9  8 y\ng] days he 
0 s able a *ampion4 ,9 8 criticism ( !  
,russian sci5ti/1 ,met*nik(f1 ( !       
,pa/eur ,in/itute 9 ,p>is1  ,pr(4 ,adl]1
 endors+ ! popul> e/imate ( ,jesus1     
accepts also !  popul> attitude t[>d    
sci5ce4 ,he appe>s to pref] ! doctr9e ( 
special creation to ! !ory ( evolution4 
,we w\ld n h  believ$ ?is ( ,felix ,adl]
 if we did n h ! evid5ce be=e  u4 ,we   
speak ( ?is to %[ ! relation betwe5 an  
exagg]at$  praise ( a popul> idol1 & a  
d5ial ( ! conclusions ( mod]n  sci5ce4  
,x is ! popul> view :i* ,pr(4 ,adl]     

*ampions 9 bo?  in/ances4 ,9 8 criticism
 ( ,met*nik(f's able book1 ,! ,nature  (
 ,man1 ,pr(4 ,adl] writes3    ,& to     
acc\nt = ! reason 9 man1 ?is div9e sp>k 
t has be5  set ablaze 9 him1 x is n     
suffici5t to po9t to an ape z our       
ance/or4 ,if we are desc5d$ f an        
an?ropoid ape on ! physical  side1 we   
are n desc5d$ f him 9 any /rict s5se ( !
 ^w on  our rational side2 = z life is  
born ( life1 s reason is born (  reason1
 & if ! an?ropoid ape does n possess    
reason z we  possess x1 x _c be said t  
on our rational side we are 8  prog5y4  
,if ! above _h be5 writt5 fifty ye>s    
ago1 :5 ! doctr9e (  evolution 0 a      
h]esy1 or by an or?odox cl]gyman (      
today1 we w\ld  h tak5 no note ( x4 ,b  
com+ z x does f ! wor?y  f\nd] ( !      
,e?ical ,movem5t 9 ,am]ica1 x des]ves   
att5tion4  ,if1 says ,dr4 ,adl]1 we are 
desc5d$ f an an?ropoid ape on !         
physical side1 we are n desc5d$ f him 9 
any /rict s5se (  ! ^w on our rational  
side4 ,he is n sure1 evid5tly1 t ev5    

physically man is ! successor ( !       
an?ropoid ape1 b he is sure  t we are n 
desc5d$ f him444on our rational side4   
,is ,dr4  ,adl]1 !n1 a duali/8 ,does he 
believe t !re are two et]nal  s\rces1 f 
"o ( :i* we get our bodies1 & f ! o!r   
our  rational side8 ,& :y _c ,dr4 ,adl] 
be a moni/8 ,he answ]s1  = z life is    
born ( life1 s reason is born ( reason1 
& if !  an?ropoid ape does n possess    
reason z we possess x1 x _c be  said t  
on our rational side we are 8 prog5y4 ,n
 s1 good  doctor6 ,!re is no life )\t   
reason4 ,d we mean to say t !           
jelly-fi%1 ! creep+ worm1 or ! bud on ! 
tree has reason8 ,yes2  n z mu* reason z
 a horse or a dog1 & c]ta9ly n z mu* z a
  ,met*nik(f or an ,adl]1 b ^! l[] =ms (
 life c\ld n h  surviv$ b = ! elem5t (  
rationality 9 !m4 ,we may call ?is      
in/9ct1 s5sation1 prompt+s ( nature1 b  
:at's 9 a "n8 ,!  diff]5ce betwe5 a pump
 & a wat* is only a diff]5ce (          
me*anism4 ,! /one & ! s\l repres5t      
diff]5t /ages (  progression1 n diff]5t 

sub/ances4 ,if a *>coal c be  trans=m$  
into a diamond1 :y may n nature1 ) !    
res\rces (  inf9ity at h] comm&1 ref9e a
 /one into a s\l8 ,let u n m>vel  at    
?is2 x is n less ?9kable ?an !          
proposition ( two  indep5d5t s\rces (   
life1 ! "o physical1 ! o!r rational4 ,if
  life is born ( life1 :]e did ! fir/   
life come f8 ,let u  h an answ] to t "q4
 ,& if1 z ! pr(essor says1  reason is   
born ( reason1 h[ did ! fir/ reason     
come8 ,is x n  v mu* simpl] to ?9k 9    
moni/ic t]ms1 ?an to sep>ate life  f    
reason1 & m9d f matt]1 z ,pr(4 ,adl]    
does 9 ! words  quot$ above8 ,:y _c m9d 
be a /ate ( matt]8 ,:at objection is    
!re to ?9k+ t matt]1 ref9$1 elevat$1    
rip5$1 cultur$1  becomes bo? s5ti5t &   
rational8 ,if matt] c feel1 c see1 c    
he>1 c x n also ?9k8 ,does n ! horse    
see1 he> & ?9k8  ,!re is no l[]+ ( !    
dignity ( man to say t he ta/es )  8    
palate1 sees ) 8 eyes1 he>s ) 8 e>s1 &  
?9ks )  ! gray matt] 9 8 bra94 ,remove 8
 optic n]ve & he becomes  bl9d1 de/roy !

 ganglia 9 8 bra91 & he becomes m9dless4
 ,gold  is z mu* matt] z ! du/1 b x is v
 mu* m preci\s2 s  is m9d inf9itely m   
preci\s ?an ! matt] :i* c only feel1    
see1 ta/e or he>4 ,if ! an?ropoid ape   
does n possess reason z  we possess x1 x
 _c be said t on our rational side we   
are 8  prog5y1 says ,dr4 ,adl]3 ,b1     
suppose we 7 to say t if our  remote    
,african or ,au/ralian savage ance/ors  
did n possess reason  z we possess x1 x 
_c be said t on our rational side we are
  _! prog5y1 ,! *ild 9 ! cradle does n  
possess reason z we  d1 any m ?an does !
 an?ropoid ape1 b ! beg9n+s (  reason   
are 9 bo?4 ,let ! worm climb & he w     
ov]take man4 ,?is  is a mo/ hopeful1 a  
mo/ beautiful gospel4 ,its _s is n "o ( 
isolation & exclusiv5ess f ! re/ (      
nature1 b "o (  fell[%ip & sympa?y4 ,we 
are all--plants1 trees1 birds1 bugs1    
animals--all memb]s ( "o family1 *ildr5 
at v>i\s ages &  /ages ( gr[? ( ! same  
great "m1--,nature4 ,we quote aga93     
,:5 ,i ask him 7,met*nik(f7 :5ce d ,i   

come1 he po9ts to !  simian /age :i* we 
h left beh9d2 b ,i w\ld look beyond t   
/age to "s ultimate f\nt ( be+1 to :i*  
all t is highe/ 9  me & 9 ! _w ar\nd me 
c be trac$1 a s\rce ( ?+s equal  to !   
be/ t ,i c conceive4    ,b if !re is "s 
ultimate f\nt ( be+1 to :i* our highe/  
nature c be trac$1 :5ce did our l[]     
nature come8 ,is ,pr(4  ,adl] try+ to   
say ,god8 ,we d n object to ! ^w1 we    
only ask  t he give ! ^w a m            
intelligible mean+ ?an has yet be5      
giv54 ,if ,god is ! ultimate f\nt ( be+ 
to :i* all t is  highe/ 9 u c be trac$1 
:o or :at is ! ultimate f\nt to  :i* all
 t is l[e/ 9 u c be trac$8 ,let u h !   
names (  ! two ultimate f\nts ( be+1 &  
also to :at /ill m ultimate  f\nts ^!   
f\nts may be trac$4    ,9 our op9ion    
,dr4 ,adl] has fail$ to d ju/ice to     
,pr(4  ,met*nik(f4 ,x is no answ] to !  
,d>w9ian ,!ory1 :i* !  ,russian sci5ti/ 
accepts 9 e>ne/1 & 9 all its            
fullness1--n  fractionally1 z ,adl]     
seems to d--to say t x does n expla9    

ev]y?+4 ,no "o claims t x does4 ,n all !
 my/]y ( life  has be5 cle>$4 ,evolution
 has (f]$ u only a new key1 s to  speak1
 ) :i* to attempt ! doors :i* h n yield$
 to  metaphysics4 ,& if ! key has n op5$
 all ! doors1 x has  op5$ _m4 ,pr(4     
,adl] seems to ?9k t ! doctr9e (        
evolution  expla9s only ! physical      
desc5t ( man2 = ! g5esis ( !  spiritual 
man1 he looks = "s sup]natural f\nt 9 ! 
skies4  ,well1 t is n sci5ce2 t is      
!ology1 & ,adl]'s e/imate (  ,jesus is j
 z !ological z 8 criticism ( evolution4 
,,app5dix        ,! argum5t 9 ?is volume
 w be bett] und]/ood if we give to  our 
read]s ! comm5ts & criticisms :i* our   
little pamphlet1  ,jesus a ,my?1 & ,!   
,mangas>ian-,crapsey ,debate on !       
,hi/oricity  ( ,jesus1 ,footnote3       
,price1 #be;c4 ,indep5d5t ,religi\s     
,society1  ,or*e/ra ,hall1 ,*icago4     
call$ =? f or?odox & lib]al  cl]gym54   
,we %all pres5t ^! toge!r ) our reply z 
!y  appe>$ on ! ,sunday ,programs ( !   
,indep5d5t ,religi\s ,society4          

,criticism is welcome4 ,if ! criticism  
is j1 x prev5ts u f  mak+ ! same mi/ake 
twice2 if x is unju/1 x gives u an      
opportunity to correct ! error our      
critic has fall5 into4 ,no "o's  k is   
p]fect4 ,b ! "q is1 does a tea*]        
suppress !  facts8 ,does he insi/ on    
rema9+ ignorant ( ! facts8          ,,f 
,,! ,,sunday ,,programs    ,i      ,n[ t
 ! debate on "o ( ! mo/ vital que/ions (
 mod]n  religi\s ?\ght--,! ,hi/oricity (
 ,jesus--is 9 pr9t1 a few  fur!r        
reflections on "s m9or po9ts 9 ,dr4     
,crapsey's argum5t may  add to ! value (
 ! publi%$ copy4    ,,rev4 ,,dr4        
,,crapsey3 ,n[1 ,i say ?is is ! great   
law ( religi\s  v>iation1 t 9 almo/ e   
in/ance1 inde$1 ,i ?9k1 9 e  s+le       
in/ance 9 hi/ory1 all su* movem5ts beg9 
) a s+le  p]sonality4 7,p4 #e1          
,mangas>ian-,crapsey ,debate47          
,,answ]3 ,! only way ?is "q c be settl$ 
is by appeal+ to  hi/ory4 ,mi?raism is a
 v>iant religion1 :i* at "o "t spread   
ov] ! ,roman ,empire & came ne>         

outclass+ ,*ri/ianity4 ,yet1  ,mi?ra1   
repres5t$ z a "y man1 & wor%ip$ z a god1
 is a my?4  ,h[1 !n1 did ,mi?raism      
arise8    ,religions1 z well z _!       
v>iations1 appe> z new bran*es d ^u  an 
old tree4 ,! new bran* is q z mu* !     
product ( ! soil  & climate z ! p>5t    
tree4 ,l ,brahmanism1 ,judaism1 ,%9to & 
! ,babylonian & ,egyptian ,cults1 :i* _h
 no s+le f\nd]s1  ,*ri/ianity is a      
deposit to :i* ,hell5ic1 ,judaic & ,lat9
  t5d5cies h ea* contribut$ its quota4  
,b ! popul> imag9ation craves a ,mak] = 
! ,univ]se1 a f\nd]  = ,rome1 a fir/ man
 = ! human race1 & a great *ief z !     
/>t] ( ! tribe4 ,9 ! same way x fancies 
a div9e1 or semi-  div9e be+ z ! au?or (
 its cr$o4    ,because ,mohamm$ is      
hi/orical1 x does n foll[ t ,moses is   
also  hi/orical4 ,t argum5t w\ld prove  
too mu*4    ,,rev4 ,,dr4 ,,crapsey3 ,we 
w\ld be 9 ! same position t !  a/ronom]s
 7 :5 !y discov]$ ! great planet        
,uranus--f  _! k ( ! movem5ts ( ^!      
bodies !y 7 conv9c$  t ^! p]turbations  

c\ld be occasion$ by no?+ less ?an a    
great planet ly+ outside ( ! !n view (  
mank9d47,p4 #f1  ,ibid47    ,,answ]3 ,b 
! a/ronom]s did n re/ until !y conv]t$ !
  probability ( a ne>-by planet into    
demon/ration4 ,jesus is /ill  a         
probability4    ,,rev4 ,,dr4 ,,crapsey3 
,we h ( ,jesus a v di/9ctly outl9$      
hi/ory4 ,!re is no?+ vague ab\t him4    
7,p4 #ab1 ,ibid47    ,,answ]3 ,b 9 !    
same s5t5ce ! doctor takes all ?is back 
by  add+3 ,!re are a great _m ?+s 9 8   
hi/ory t are n  hi/orical4 ,if s1 !n we 
d n possess a v di/9ctly outl9$  hi/ory1
 b at be/ a mixture ( fact & fiction4   
,,rev4 ,,dr4 ,,crapsey3 ,we c foll[     
,jesus' hi/ory f ! "t t he  ent]$ ^u 8  
public c>e] until ! "t t c>e] clos$1 j  
z easily z we c foll[ ,caes>1 etc4 7,p4 
#ab1 ,ibid47    ,,answ]3 ,h[ long 0 ! "t
 f ! op5+ ( ,jesus' public  c>e] until !
 "t t x clos$8--,"o ye>6--accord+ to !  
?ree gospels4 ,x s\nds q a p]iod to     
speak ( foll[+ 8  public c>e] f beg9n+  
to end1 especially :5 comp>$ )          

,caes>'s1 until x is rememb]$ t ! entire
 public c>e] (  ,jesus cov]s ! space (  
only "o ye>4 ,?is is a mo/ decisive     
argum5t aga9/ ! hi/oricity ( ,jesus4 ,) 
! exception ( "o  ye>1 8 :ole life is   
hid 9 imp5etrable d>kness4 ,we "k no?+  
( 8 *ildhood1 no?+ ( 8 old age1 if he   
liv$ to be old1 &  ( 8 y\?1 we "k j     
en\gh to fill up a ye>4 ,"u !           
circum/ances1 !re is no comp>ison betwe5
 ! public c>e] ( a  ,caes> or a         
,socrates cov]+ f fifty to sev5ty ye>s (
 "t1 &  t ( a ,jesus ( ^: life only "o  
brief ye> is ?r[n ^u !  canvas4    ,an  
hi/orical ,jesus :o liv$ only a ye>6    
,,rev4 ,,dr4 ,,crapsey3 ,! ,*ri/ ,i     
admit to be purely my?ological4444!  ^w 
,*ri/1 y "k1 means ! ano9t$ "o4444!y 7! 
,hebrews7  expect$ ! com+ ( t           
,*ri/4444,b t is purely a my?ical       
title4 7,! ,debate--,p4 #ce47           
,,answ]3 ,did ! ,hebrews !n expect !    
com+ ( a title8 ,7  !y look+ =w>d to    
see+ ! anci5t ?rone ( ,david re/or$ by  
a title8 ,by ,messiah or ,*ri/ ! ,jews  

did n mean a "n1 b a  man--a real fle% &
 bone savior1 ano9t$ or appo9t$ by      
heav54    ,b if ! ',*ri/' :i* ! ,hebrews
 expect$ 0 purely my?ical1  :at makes ! 
same ',*ri/' 9 ! suppos$ ,tacitus       
passage  hi/orical8 ,! ,new ,te/am5t    
,jesus is ,jesus ,*ri/1 & ! apo/le      
,john speaks ( ^? :o confess n t ,jesus 
,*ri/ is come 9 !  fle%--m>k 8 words--n 
,*ri/1 b ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,! apo/le  does n
 sep>ate ! two names4 ,!re 7 ^?1 !n1 9 !
 e>ly  *ur* :o d5i$ ! hi/oricity1 n ( a 
title1--= :at mean+  w\ld !re be 9 d5y+ 
t a title is come 9 ! fle%1--b  ( a     
p]son1 kn[n z ,jesus ,*ri/4    ,& :at   
c\ld ! doctor mean :5 he speaks ( a     
title be+  my?ological8 ,!re are no     
my?ological titles4 ,titles are words1  
& we d n speak ( ! hi/oricity or !      
non-hi/oricity (  words4 ,we _c say (   
words z we d ( m51 t "s are  hi/orical &
 o!rs are my?ical4 ,william ,tell is a  
my?--n !  "n1 b ! man ! "n /&s =4       
,william is ! "n (  _m real p1 & s is   
,tell4 ,!re 7 _m ano9t$ k+s1  :o are    

hi/orical1 & ! "q is1 ,is ,jesus        
,*ri/--or  ,jesus ! ,ano9t$--also       
hi/orical8 ,to answ] t ,jesus is        
hi/orical1 b ,! ,ano9t$ is n1 is to     
evade ! "q4    ,:5 ,mo%eim decl>es t ,! 
preval5t op9ion among e>ly  ,*ri/ians 0 
t ,*ri/ exi/$ 9 appe>ance only1 he c\ld 
n  h meant by ',*ri/' only a title4 ,!re
 is no mean+ 9 say+  t a man's title    
exi/$ 9 appe>ance only8    ,we d n speak
 ( a title be+ born1 or crucifi$2 & :5  
"s  e>ly ,*ri/ians d5i$ t ,jesus ,*ri/ 0
 ev] born or ev]  crucifi$1 !y _h 9 m9d 
n a title b a p]son4    ,9 conclusion3  
,if ! ',*ri/' by :om ! ,hebrews meant1 n
 a m]e  "n1 b a man1 0 purely           
my?ological1 z ! rev]5d debat]  pla9ly  
admits 7see pages #ce1 #cf ( ,!         
,debate7--t is1 if :5  ! ,hebrews said3 
,*ri/ is com+1 !y 7 "u ! influ5ce  ( an 
illusion1--:y may n ! ,*ri/ians :5 !y   
say t  ',*ri/' has come1 be also "u !   
influ5ce ( an illusion8 ,!  ,hebrew     
illusion said1 ,*ri/ 0 com+2 ! ,*ri/ian 
illusion says1  ,*ri/ has come4 ,!      

,hebrews _h no evid5ce t ',*ri/' 0 com+1
  al?\gh t expectation 0 a great factor 
9 _! religion2 &  ! ,*ri/ians h no m    
evid5ce = say+ ',*ri/' has come1  al?\gh
 t belief is a great factor 9 _!        
religion4          ,,ii      ,! m9i/] ( 
! ,s\? ,congregational ,*ur*1 :o he>d ! 
debate1  has publicly call$ y\r lectur] 
an unscrupul\s sophi/1 :o  practices    
imposition ^u a popul> audi5ce & :o put 
=?  s5t5ce aft] s5t5ce :i* e s*ol>      
pres5t knew to be a  p]v]sion ( ! facts 
s outrage\s z to be laughable4    ,z "o 
( ! lead+ morn+ pap]s said1 ! above is n
 a reply  to argum5ts made by ,mr4      
,mangas>ian4    ,invit$ by sev]al p to  
prove ^! *>ges1 ! ,rev]5d  replies3 ,9 !
 abs5ce ( any full report ( :at he 7,m4 
,m4  ,mangas>ian7 said1 or ( any notes  
tak5 at ! "t1 ,i am unable to  furni% y 
) quotations4 ,:5 ! ,rev]5d g5tleman 0  
address+ ! public 8 memory 0 /rong en\gh
 to enable him to  say1 s5t5ce aft]     
s5t5ce 0 put =? by ,mr4 ,mangas>ian :i* 
e s*ol> pres5t knew to be a p]v]sion ( !

 facts4 ,b :5  call$ ^u to m5tion a few 
( !m1 8 memory =sakes him4 ,our  critic 
is n c>eful to make 8 /atem5ts agree ) !
 fact4    ,"o in/ance1 h[ev]1 he is able
 to rememb] :i* :5 x fell ^u  my e>s1 he
 writes1 x /ruck me ) su* amazem5t1 t x 
completely drove f my m9d a s]ies ( mo/ 
a/oni%+ /atem5ts  ( v>i\s sorts :i* _h j
 prec$$ x4    ,we refra9 f comm5t+ on ! 
excuse giv5 to expla9 s  significant a  
failure ( memory4 ,! in/ance ref]r$ to 0
 ab\t  ! d5ial ( "s 9 apo/olic times t  
,jesus ,*ri/ is come 9  ! fle%4 ,b z    
,mr4 ,mangas>ian _h h>dly spok5 m ?an   
tw5ty  m9utes :5 he t\*$ ^u ?is po9t1 x 
is n likely t x  c\ld h be5 prec$$ by a 
s]ies ( mo/ a/oni%+ /atem5ts  ( v>i\s   
sorts4    ,& :at 0 ! /atem5t :i*1 :ile x
 crippl$ 8 memory1 x did  n mod]ate 8   
zeal8 ,we w let him pres5t x himself2 ,i
 ref] to  ! use he made ( "o or two     
passages 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1  m5tion+ "s 
:o d5y 't ,jesus ,*ri/ is come 9 !      
fle%4' ',s  t1' he w5t on to say1 '!re 7
 ^? ev5 among ! e>ly  ,*ri/ians !mselves

 :o d5i$ t ,jesus _h come 9 ! fle%4 ,(  
c\rse1 !y 7 ca/ out z h]etics4' ,"h came
 an impressive  pause1 & !n )\t fur!r   
explanation or qualification1 he        
proce$$ to some?+ else4    ,?is is 8 mo/
 s]i\s compla9t4 ,does x ju/ify ha/y    
language8    ,/4 ,john writes ( ^? :o   
confess$ n t ,jesus ,*ri/ is come  9 !  
fle%4 ,! natural mean+ ( ! words is t   
ev5 9  apo/olic times "s d5i$ ! fle% &  
bone ,jesus1 & reg>d$ him  z an idea or 
an app>ition--some?+ l ! ,holy ,gho/4   
,all *ur*  hi/orians admit ! exi/5ce (  
sects t d5i$ ! ,new ,te/am5t  ,jesus--! 
,gno/ics1 ! ,ess5es1 ! ,ebionites1 !    
,m>cionites1 !  ,c]9?ians1 etc4    ,z ! 
debate is n[ 9 pr9t1 fur!r comm5t on ?is
 w\ld n be  necess>y4    ,incid5ts l !  
above1 h[ev]1 %\ld *ange e lukew>m      
rationali/ into a devot$ soldi] ( tru? &
 honor4    ,to u1 m important ?an any?+ 
pres5t$ on ?is subject1 is ?is  evid5ce 
( ! exi/5ce ( a v e>ly dispute among !  
fir/  disciples ( ,jesus on ! "q ( :e!r 
he 0 real or m]ely an  app>ition4 ,!    

,apo/le ,john1 9 8 epi/le1 cle>ly /ates 
t ev5  among ! fai?ful !re 7 ^? :o      
confess n t ,jesus ,*ri/  is come 9 !   
fle%4 ,?is is v important4 ,z e>ly z    
,john's  "t1 if he is ! writ] ( !       
epi/le1 ,jesus' hi/oricity 0  que/ion$4 
,! gospel ( ,john also h9ts at ! exi/5ce
 9 ! primitive *ur*  ( ,*ri/ians :o did 
n accept ! reality ( ,jesus4 ,:5 d\bt+  
,?omas is told ( ! resurrection1 he     
answ]s t he mu/ feel !  pr9ts ( ! nails 
) 8 f+]s be=e he w believe1 & ,jesus  n 
only grants ! wi%es ( ?is skeptical     
apo/le1 b he also eats  9 ! pres5ce ( !m
 all1 :i* /ory is told evid5tly to      
sil5ce  ! critics :o ma9ta9$ t ,jesus 0 
only a _s1 ! ,wisdom  ( ,god1 an        
emanation1 a light1 & n real fle% &     
bones4          ,,iii      ,! same      
cl]gyman1 to :om a copy ( !             
,mangas>ian-,crapsey ,debate  0 s5t1 has
 writt5 a five page criticism ( x4    ,!
 /r5g? ( a giv5 criticism is det]m9$ by 
ask+3 ,does x 9  any way impair !       
s\ndness ( ! argum5t aga9/ :i* x is     

direct$8 ,critics h discov]$ mi/akes 9  
,d>w9 & ,haeckel1 b  are ^! mi/akes (   
su* a nature z to prove fatal to ! !ory 
(  evolution8    ,to be effective1      
criticism mu/ be aim$ at ! he>t ( an    
argum5t4 ,a man's life is n 9 8 hat1 :i*
 c\ld be knock$ (f1  or 9 8 clo!s--:i*  
c\ld be torn 9 places by 8 assailant    
)\t 9 ! lea/ weak5+ 8 oppon5t's         
position4 ,x is ! bl[  t disables :i*   
c\nts4    ,to *>ge t we h said          
',gospel1' :]e we %\ld h said           
',epi/le1' or ',trullum' in/ead (       
',trullo'2 t x 0 n ,b>nabas1  b ,ni*olas
 :o d5i$ ! ,gospel ,jesus1 & t !re 7    
v>iations ( ?is d5ial1 does n at all    
disprove ! fact t1  accord+ to !        
,*ri/ian scriptures !mselves1 among !   
apo/olic  foll[]s !re 7 ^? to :om ,jesus
 ,*ri/ 0 only a phantom4    ,milman1 !  
,*ri/ian hi/orian1 /ates t ! belief ab\t
 ,jesus  ,*ri/ adopt$ by almo/ all !    
,gno/ic sects1 0 t ,jesus  ,*ri/ 0 b an 
app>5t human be+1 an impassive phantom1 
7,hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,vol4 #b1 ,p4   

#fa74 ,0 ev] su* a view  ent]ta9$ (     
,caes>1 ,socrates or ( any o!r hi/orical
 "*8    ,on page #bh ( ,! ,debate we    
say3 ,! ,apo/le ,john compla9s (        
^?4444:o confess n t ,jesus ,*ri/ is    
come 9 ! fle%4 ,to  ?is ! cl]gyman      
replies3    ,! ,apo/le ,john nev] made  
any su* compla9t4 ,critical s*ol>%ip  is
 pretty well agre$ t he did n write !   
epi/les ascrib$ to  him4    ,we h a     
lecture on ,h[ ! ,bible 0 ,inv5t$1 & ?is
  cl]gyman's admission t at lea/ p>ts ( 
! bible are  inv5t$ is v gratify+4    ,9
 a =m] communication1 ?is same cl]gyman 
tri$ to prove t !  ,apo/le ,john's      
compla9t does n at all imply a d5ial ( !
  hi/orical ,jesus4 ,9 8 rec5t lett] he 
d5ies t ! apo/le ev]  made su* a        
compla9t4    ,john did n write !        
epi/les1 !n1 :i* ! ,*ri/ian *ur* =  two 
?\s& ye>s1 & at a co/ ( millions (      
doll>s1 & at !  great] sacrifice ( tru? 
& progress has be5 proclaim+ to !  _w z 
! "w ( ! inspir$ ,john6    ,! /r5u\s    
ef=ts to get ar\nd ?is t]rible text 9 ! 

,holy  ,bible1 %[ :at a decisive argum5t
 x is4 ,e ex]tion to meet x  only       
tight5s ! text1 l a rope1 ar\nd ! neck (
 ! belief 9  ! hi/orical ,jesus4 ,our   
desire1 9 engag+ 9 ?is argum5t1 is to   
turn ! ?\ght & love ( ! _w f a my?ical  
be+1 to  humanity1 :i* is bo? real &    
pres5t4    ,on page #bb ( ,! ,debate1 we
 say3 ,/4 ,paul tells u t he liv$  9    
,j]usalem at a "t :5 ,jesus mu/ h be5   
hold+ ! att5tion  ( ! city2 yet he nev] 
met him4 ,to ?is ! cl]gyman replies3    
,paul tells u no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,9 a spee*  
:i* is put into !  m\? ( ,paul--put into
 ! m\? ( ,paul6 ,is ?is ano!r in/ance  (
 =g]y8 ,john did n write ! epi/les1 &   
,paul's spee* 9 !  ,book ( ,acts 0 put  
into 8 m\?6 ,w ! cl]gyman tell u :i*    
p>ts ( ! bible are n inv5t$8    ,let u  
make a rem>k3 ,! *ur* p blame u = n     
believ+ 9  ! tru/wor?9ess ( ! bible2 b  
:5 we reply t if ! bible  is tru/wor?y1 
!n ,paul mu/ h be5 9 ,j]usalem ) ,jesus1
 &  ,john admits t "s d5i$ ! hi/orical  
,jesus1 we are blam$ =  n kn[+ bett] ?an

 to prove any?+ by quot+ ,paul & ,john z
  if ev]y?+ !y said 0 tru/wor?y4    ,9  
o!r words1 only ^? passages 9 ! bible   
are au!ntic :i*  ! cl]gy quote2 ^? :i* !
 rationali/s quote are spuri\s4 ,9  !   
meantime1 ! au!ntic z well z ! spuri\s  
passages toge!r  compose ! *ur*es' ,^w (
 ,god4          ,,iv      ,9 a lett] (  
prote/ to ,mr4 ,mangas>ian1 ,rabbi      
,hirs*1 ( ?is city1  asks3 ,0 x "r = y  
to assume t ,i 0 correctly report$ by  !
 ,news8 ,aft] /at+ :at he _h said 9 8   
int]view )  ! report]1 ! ,rabbi         
cont9ues3 ,b said ,i to ! report] all   
^! possible allusions d n prove t ,jesus
 exi/$4444,y see  9 reality ,i agre$ )  
y4 ,i p]sonally believe ,jesus liv$4 ,b 
,i  h no pro( = ?is beyond my feel+ t ! 
movem5t ) :i*  ! "n is associat$ c\ld   
ev5 = ,paul n h tak5 its  nom5clature   
)\t a p]sonal sub/ratum4 ,b1 & ?is ,i   
told !  report] also1 ?is does n prove t
 ! ,jesus ( ! ,gospels is  hi/orical4   
,rabbi ,hirs* writes 9 ?is same lett] t 
he did n  say ,jesus 0 m5tion$ 9 !      

,rabb9ical ,books4 ,! ,news reports !   
,rabbi z say+1 ,b we "k ?r\gh !         
,rabb9ical ,books t ,jesus  liv$4    ,a 
committee f our ,society wait$ on !     
editor ( ! ,daily ,news  = an           
explanation4 ,! editor promis$ to locate
 ! responsibility  = ! contradiction4   
,z ! report 9 ! ,news 0 all[$ to /& =   
f\r days )\t  correction1 & z ,rabbi    
,hirs* did n ev5 privately1 by lett] or 
by phone1 disclaim responsibility = !   
article1 to ,mr4 ,mangas>ian1  ! latt]  
claims he 0 ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ t ! publi%$
  report 0 reliable4 ,b x is ) pleasure 
t ! ,indep5d5t  ,religi\s ,society gives
 ,rabbi ,hirs* ?is opportunity to expla9
 8  position4 ,we hope he w also let u  
"k :e!r he said to !  report]3 ,i d n   
believe 9 ,mr4 ,mangas>ian's argum5t t  
,*ri/ianity has inspir$ massacres1 w>s &
 inquisitions4 ,x is a  /ock argum5t & n
 to ! po9t4 ,?is is extraord9>y2 & z  ! 
,rabbi does n "q ! /atem5t1 we inf] t x 
is a  correct report ( :at he said4     
,?\gh we h room = only "o  quotation f !

 ,jewi%-,*ri/ian ,scriptures1 x w be    
en\gh to  %[ ! relation ( religion to   
p]secution3    ,& ?\ %alt consume all ! 
p :i* ! ,"l1 ?y ,god1 %all  deliv] !e2  
?9e eye %all h no pity ^u !m4    ,:y 7  
wom5 put to dea? z wit*es8 ,:y 7 ,quak]s
 hang$8 ,=  :at economic & political    
reasons1 :i* ! ,rabbi ?9ks are          
responsible = p]secution1 0 ! bl9d ,d]by
 girl :o d\bt$ !  ,real ,pres5ce1 burn$ 
alive at ! age ( tw5ty-two8          ,v 
,! ,rev4 ,w4 ,e4 ,b>ton1 ( ,oak ,p>k1 is
 "o ( ! able/  ,congregational m9i/]s 9 
! ,we/4 ,he has rec5tly express$        
himself on ! ,mangas>ian-,crapsey       
,debate4 ,let u he> :at he has to  say  
on ! hi/oricity ( ,jesus4    ,! ,rev]5d 
g5tleman beg9s by an uncompromis+ d5ial 
( our  /atem5ts1 & ends by virtually    
admitt+ all t we cont5d =4  ,?is morn+  
we w write ( 8 d5ials2 next ,sunday1 ( 8
  admissions4    ,mr4 ,mangas>ian1 says 
,dr4 ,b>ton1 has n giv5 evid5ce ( 8     
skill z a logician or ( 8 accuracy 9 !  
use ( hi/ory4 ,!n he  proce$s to        

apologize1 9 a way1 = ! "* ( 8 reply to 
our  argum5t1 by say+ t ,mr4            
,mangas>ian's argum5ts1 =tunately1 d  n 
require to be tak5 v s]i\sly1 = !y are n
 9 !mselves  s]i\s4    ,not)/&+ ?is     
prote/1 ,dr4 ,b>ton proce$s to d 8 be/  
to  reply to our position4    ,9 ,!     
,debate we call att5tion to ! fact t    
accord+ to !  ,new ,te/am5t1 ,paul 0 9  
,j]usalem :5 ,jesus 0 tea*+ &  p]=m+ 8  
miracles !re4 ,yet ,paul nev] seems to h
 met ,jesus1  or to h he>d ( 8 tea*+s or
 miracles4 ,to ?is ,dr4 ,b>ton  replies3
 ,we _c "k & are n b\nd to expla9 :]e   
,paul 0  on ! few occasions :5 ,jesus   
publicly visit$ ,j]usalem4    ,! above  
reply1 we are compell$ to say1 mu* to   
our regret1 is n  ev5 hone/4 ,)\t       
actually tell+ any untru?s1 x sugge/s   
indirectly two falsehoods3 ,fir/1 t     
,jesus 0 n mu* 9  ,j]usalem--t he 0 !re 
only on a few occasions2 & t1  !re=e1 x 
is n /range t ,paul did n see him or he>
 ( 8  prea*+ or miracles2 & second1 t   
,paul 0 abs5t f ! city  :5 ,jesus 0 !re4

 ,! "q is n h[ (t5 ,jesus visit$        
,j]usalem1 b h[ conspicu\s 0 ! "p he    
play$ !re4 ,he may  h visit$ ,j]usalem  
only once 9 all 8 life1 yet if he prea*$
  !re daily 9 ! synagogues2 if he p]=m$ 
great miracles !re2  if he m>*$ ?r\gh ! 
/reets foll[$ by ! palm-wav+  multitude 
%\t+ ,hosanna1 etc42 if he attack$ !    
high-prie/ &  ! ph>isees !re1 to :i*    
latt] class ,paul belong$2 & if he  0   
arre/$1 tri$ & publicly execut$ !re2 &  
if 8 tea*+  /irr$ ! city f c5t] to      
circumf]5ce1--x w\ld n be hone/  to     
intimate t ! few times ,jesus visit$    
,j]usalem1 ,paul 0  engag$ else:]e4     
,! ,rev]5d debat] attempts to belittle !
 ,j]usalem c>e] (  ,jesus1 by sugge/+ t 
he 0 n !re mu*1 :5 accord+ to !         
,gospels1 x 0 9 t city t 8 m9i/ry began 
& culm9at$4    ,aga91 to our argum5t t  
,paul nev] ref]s to any ( ! tea*+s  (   
,jesus1 ! ,rev]5d replies3 ,nor is x (  
consequ5ce t ,paul  seldom quotes !     
words ( ,jesus4 ,seldom---w\ld imply t  
,paul quotes ,jesus sometimes4 ,we say  

,paul gives n a s+le quotation  to prove
 t he knew ( a tea*+ ,jesus4 ,he _h he>d
 ( a  crucifi$1 ris51 ,*ri/--"o :o _h   
also in/itut$ a bread & w9e  supp]1 b ( 
,jesus z a tea*] & ( 8 tea*+1 ,paul is  
absolutely ignorant4    ,b by say+ ,paul
 seldom quotes ,jesus1 ,dr4 ,b>ton tries
 to  produce ! impression t ,paul quotes
 ,jesus1 ?\gh n v (t51  :i* is n true4  
,!re is n a s+le miracle1 p>able or     
moral  tea*+ attribut$ to ,jesus 9 !    
,gospels ( :i* ,paul seems to  possess  
any k :atev]4    ,nor is x true t x is (
 no consequ5ce t ,paul seldom quotes  ! 
words ( ,jesus4 ,= x proves t ! ,gospel 
,jesus 0 unkn[n  to ,paul1 & t he 0     
creat$ at a lat] date4    ,once m2 we   
say t ! only ,jesus ,paul knew 0 ! "o he
 met 9  a trance on 8 way to ,damascus4 
,to ?is ! pa/or ( ! ,fir/               
,congregational ,*ur* ( ,oak ,p>k       
replies 9 ! same we-d-n-c>e-  to-expla9 
/yle4 ,he says3 ,nor is x ( consequ5ce t
 ,paul values  comp>atively lightly1    
hav+ kn[n him 9 ! fle%4    ,! words     

,paul valu$ comp>atively lightly are z  
mislead+ z !  words ,paul seldom quotes 
,jesus4 ,paul nev] quotes ,jesus'       
tea*+s1 & he nev] met ,jesus 9 ! fle%4  
,! cl]gyman's  words1 h[ev]1 convey !   
impression t ,paul knew ,jesus 9 !      
fle%1 b he valu$ t1 k comp>atively      
lightly1 t is  to say1 he did n ?9k mu* 
( x4 ,& ,dr4 ,b>ton is "o ( !  =emo/    
div9es ( ! c\ntry4    ,& n[ ab\t 8      
admissions3          ,,vi      ,i4 ,!   
,gospels1 by :omev] writt51 says !      
cl]gyman1 are  reliable4 ,by :omev]     
writt56 ,aft] two ?\s& ye>s1 x is  /ill 
unc]ta9 to :om we are indebt$ = ! /ory (
 ,jesus4 ,:at1  9 ,dr4 ,b>ton's op9ion1 
c\ld h influ5c$ ! fram]s ( ! life  (    
,jesus to suppress _! id5tity8 ,& :y    
does n ! *ur*  in/ead ( pr9t+ ! words1  
,! ,gospel accord+ to ,mat!w or  ,john1 
:i* is n true1--pr9t1 ,! ,gospel by     
:omev]  writt58    ,,ii4 ,at ! v lea/1  
f\r ( ,paul's epi/les are g5u9e1 says ! 
same cl]gyman4 ,only f\r8 ,paul has     
?irte5 epi/les 9 ! bible1  & ( only f\r 

( !m is ,dr4 ,b>ton c]ta94 ,:at are !   
rema9+  n9e do+ 9 ! ,holy ,bible8 ,& :i*
 'f\r' does ! cl]gyman  accept z        
d\btlessly g5u9e8 ,only ye/]day all     
?irte5 ( ,paul's  lett]s 7 infallible1 &
 !y are s /ill :]ev] no que/ions  are   
ask$ ab\t !m4 ,x is only :]e !re is     
intellig5ce &  inquiry t f\r ( !m at    
lea/ are reliable4 ,z hone/y &  culture 
increase1 ! numb] ( inspir$ epi/les     
decreases4 ,:at !  ,am]icans are too    
enlight5$ to accept1 ! *ur* s5ds to !   
hea!n4    ,,iii4 ,x is true t e>ly a    
sect grew up :i*4444held t ,jesus  c\ld 
n h _h a body ( c>nal fle%2 b !y did n  
"q  t he _h really liv$4 ,accord+ to    
,dr4 ,b>ton1 ^! e>ly  ,*ri/ians did n   
d5y t ,jesus _h really liv$1--!y only   
d5i$  t ,jesus c\ld h _h a body ( c>nal 
fle%4 ,we wond] h[ _m  k9ds ( fle% !re  
are accord+ to ,dr4 ,b>ton4 ,moreov]1   
does n  ! bible tea* t ,jesus 0 tempt$ 9
 all ?+s1 & 0 a man (  l passions1 z    
ourselves8 ,! good man controls 8       
appetites &  passions1 b 8 fle% is n any

 diff]5t f anybody else's4 ,if  ,jesus  
did n h a body l ours1 !n he did n exi/ 
z a human  be+4 ,our po9t is1 t if !    
,new ,te/am5t is reliable1 9 !  "t ( !  
apo/les !mselves1 ! ,gno/ics1 an        
influ5tial body (  ,*ri/ians1 d5i$ t    
,jesus 0 any m ?an an imag9>y  exi/5ce4 
,b1 pleads ! cl]gyman1 ^! sects believ$ 
t  ,jesus 0 real1 ?\gh n c>nal fle%4    
,:at k9d ( fle% 0 he  !n8 ,if by c>nal !
 ,gno/ics meant 's5sual1' !n1 ! apo/les 
9 d5\nc+ !m = reject+ a c>nal ,jesus1   
mu/ h held t  ,jesus 0 c>nal or s5sual4 
,h[ does ! ,rev]5d ,b>ton l !           
conclusion to :i* 8 own reason+ leads   
him8    ,,iv4 ,x is true t !re 7 lit]>y 
fictions 9 ! age foll[+  ! apo/les4 ,?is
 admission is 9 answ] to ! *>ge t ev5 9 
! fir/ c5turies ! ,*ri/ians 7 compell$  
to resort to =g]y  to prove ! hi/oricity
 ( ,jesus4 ,! doctor admits ! *>ge1     
except t he calls x by ano!r "n4 ,!     
diff]5ce betwe5  fiction & =g]y is ?is3 
! =m] is1 :at x claims to be2 !  latt]  
is a lie p>ad+ z a tru?4 ,fiction is    

hone/ because x does  n try to deceive4 
,=g]y is di%one/ because its object is  
to  deceive4 ,if ! ,gospel 0 a novel1 no
 "o w\ld object to its  my?ology1 b     
pret5d+ to be hi/orical1 x mu/ squ>e its
 claims  ) ! facts1 or be br&$ z a =g]y4
    ,v4 ,we may n h ! precise words     
,jesus utt]$2 ! portrait may  be        
color$24444tradition may h _h its       
influ5ce2 b ,jesus 0  real4 ,a mo/      
rem>kable admission f a cl]ical6 ,x     
conc$es all  t high] criticism cont5ds  
=4 ,we are n sure ei!r ( ,jesus'  words 
or ( 8 "*1 intimates ! ,rev]5d prea*]4  
,precisely4    ,9 comm5t+ on our rem>k t
 9 ! eigh? c5tury ,pope ,hadrian  call$ 
^u ! ,*ri/ian _w to ?9k ( ,jesus z a    
man1 ,dr4  ,b>ton replies ) consid]able 
temp]3 ,to date p's "r to  ?9k ( ,jesus 
z a man f t decree is n to be *>act]iz$ 
by  any polite t]m4 ,our neighbor1 9 !  
fir/ place1 misquotes u 9  8 ha/e4 ,we  
nev] presum$ to d5y anyone ! "r to ?9k (
  ,jesus :at he pleas$1 be=e or aft] !  
eigh? c5tury4 7,!  ,debate1 p4 #bh47 ,we

 7 call+ att5tion to ,pope ,hadrian's   
ord]  to replace ! lamb on ! cross by ! 
figure ( a man4 ,b by :at  polite       
language is ! conduct ( ! ,*ri/ian      
*ur*--:i* to  ?is day pr9ts 9 its bibles
 ,translat$ f ! ,orig9al ,greek1  :5 no 
orig9al manuscripts are 9 exi/5ce--to be
 *>act]iz$8    ,dr4 ,b>ton's ef=ts to   
save 8 cre$ rem9d u ( ! ,japanese       
prov]b3 ,x is no use m5d+ ! lid1 if !   
pot be brok54          ,,vii      ,! mo/
 rem>kable cl]ical ef=t ?us f>1 :i* ,!  
,mangas>ian-  ,crapsey ,debate has call$
 =?1 is t ( ! ,rev4 ,e4 ,v4 ,%ayl]1     
rector ( ,grace ,episcopal ,*ur* ( ,oak 
,p>k4    ,9 answ] to y\r qu]y1 :i* ,i   
receiv$1 ,i beg to give !  foll[+       
/atem5t4 ,facts1 n !ories4 ,! date ( y\r
 own lett]  #aijh tells :at8 #aijh ye>s 
aft] :at8 ,! look+ =w>d ( !  _w to ,him4
    ,rev4 ,%ayl] has an orig9al way (   
prov+ ! hi/oricity ( ,jesus4  ,e "t we  
date our lett]s1 sugge/s ! cl]gyman1 we 
prove t  ,jesus liv$4 ,! anci5t ,greeks 
reckon$ "t by ! ,olympiads1 :i*  fact1  

accord+ to ?is int]e/+ cl]gyman1 ought  
to prove t !  ,olympic games 7 in/itut$ 
by ! ,god ,h]acles or ,h]cules1 son (   
,zeus2 ! ,roman ,*ronology began ) !    
build+ ( ,rome by ,romulus1  :i* by !   
same reason+ w\ld prove t ,romulus &    
,remus1 born  ( ,m>s1 & nurs$ by a      
%e-wolf1 are hi/orical4    ,rev4 ,%ayl] 
has =gott5 t ! ,*ri/ian era 0 n         
introduc$  into ,europe until ! six?    
c5tury1 & ,dionysius1 ! monki% au?or  ( 
! era1 did n compute "t f ! bir? (      
,jesus1 b f !  day on :i* ! ,virg9 ,m>y 
met an angel f heav54 ,?is date         
prevail$ 9 _m c\ntries until #agde4     
,w\ld ! date on a lett]  prove t an     
angel appe>$ to ,m>y & hail$ h] z !     
future  ,"m ( ,god8 ,accord+ to ?is     
cl]gyman1 sci5ti/s1 in/ead (  /udy+ !   
cru/ ( ! e>? & mak+ geological          
inve/igations  to asc]ta9 ! probable age
 ( ! e>?1 ought to look at ! date  9 !  
m>g9 ( ! bible :i* tells exactly ! _w's 
age4    ,rev4 ,%ayl] cont9ues3 ,! places
 :]e he 0 born1 labor$ &  di$ are /ill  

extant1 & h no value ap>t f su*         
te/imony4    ,:ile ?is is amus+1 we are 
go+ to d5y ourselves ! pleasure (       
laugh+ at x2 we w d our be/ to give x a 
s]i\s answ]4 ,if  ! exi/5ce ( su* a     
c\ntry z ,pale/9e proves t ,jesus is    
real1 ! exi/5ce ( ,switz]l& mu/ prove t 
,william ,tell is  hi/orical2 & !       
exi/5ce ( an ,a!ns mu/ prove t ,a!ne &  
,apollo really liv$2 & f ! fact t !re is
 an ,engl&1 ,rev4  ,%ayl] w\ld prove t  
,rob9 ,hood & 8 b& really liv$ 9 #aafj4 
,! ,rev]5d kn[s ( ano!r 'fact' :i* he   
?9ks proves ,jesus  )\t a d\bt3    ,a   
l9e ( apo/les & bi%ops com+ "r d[n f him
 by 8  appo9tm5t to ,&]son ( ,*icago1   
%[s t ,jesus is hi/orical4  ,x does1 b  
only to ,episcopalians4 ,! ,ca?olics & !
 o!r sects  d n believe t ,&]son is a   
desc5dant ( ,jesus4 ,did ! prie/s  (    
,baal or ,molo* prove t ^! be+s exi/$8  
,! ,rev]5d has ano!r argum5t3    ,!     
,*ri/ian ,*ur*--:51 :y & h[ did x beg98 
,:i*  ,*ri/ian *ur*1 bro!r8 ,y\r own    
*ur* began ) ,h5ry ! ,eigh?  9 #aecd1 ) 

p]secution & murd]1 :5 ! k+1 8 h&s wet  
) ! blood ( 8 own wives & m9i/]s1 made  
himself !  supreme head ( ! *ur* 9      
,engl&4 ,! ,me?odi/ *ur* began )  ,john 
,wesley n mu* ov] a hundr$ ye>s ago2 !  
,presbyt]ian *ur*  began ) ,john ,calv9 
:o burn$ 8 gue/ on a sl[ fire 9 ,g5eva  
ab\t ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago2 & ! ,lu!ran  
*ur* began )  ,m>t9 ,lu!r 9 ! sixte5?   
c5tury1 ! man :o said ov] 8 own         
signature3 ,x 0 ,i1 ,m>t9 ,lu!r1 :o slew
 all ! peasants 9 !  ,peasants ,w>1 = ,i
 comm&$ !m to be slaught]$4444,b ,i ?r[ 
! responsibility on our ,"l ,god :o     
in/ruct$ me to give ?is  ord]2 & !      
,roman ,ca?olic *ur*1 ! p>5t ( ! small] 
*ur*es--all *ips f ! same block--began  
its real c>e] )  ! fir/ ,*ri/ian        
,emp]or1 ,con/ant9e1 :o hang$ 8 fa!r-9- 
law1 /rangl$ 8 bro!r-9-law1 murd]$ 8    
nephew1 behead$ 8  elde/ son1 & kill$ 8 
wife4 ,gibbon writes ( ,con/ant9e t  !  
same ye> ( 8 reign 9 :i* he conv5$ !    
c\ncil ( ,nice  0 pollut$ by !          
execution1 or r murd]1 ( 8 elde/ son4   

,b our cl]ical neighbor f ,oak ,p>k has 
"o m argum5t3 ,:y is  ,sunday obs]v$    
in/ead ( ,saturday8 ,well1 :y8 ,sun-day 
is ! day (  ! ,sun1 ^: glori\s exi/5ce 9
 ! lovely heav5s ov] our heads  has nev]
 be5 d\bt$2 x 0 ! day :i* ! ,pagans     
d$icat$ to  ! ,sun4 ,sunday exi/$ be=e !
 ,jesus /ory 0 kn[n1--!  anniv]s>y ( ^: 
suppos$ resurrection falls 9 ,m>* "o    
ye>1  & 9 ,april ano!r4 ,if ,jesus rose 
at all1 he rose on a c]ta9 day1  & !    
apo/les mu/ h kn[n ! date4 ,:y !n is !re
 a  diff]5t date e ye>8    ,rev4 ,%ayl] 
concludes3 ,hav5't "t to g deep] n[1 &  
he  intimates t to d5y 8 'facts' is ei!r
 to be a fool or a li>4  ,we w n comm5t 
on ?is4 ,we are int]e/$ 9 argum5ts1 n 9 
epi!ts4          ,,viii      ,"o ( our  
,sunday programs1 ! o!r day1 f\nd its   
way into a  *ur*4 ,x w5t f>!r2 x made   
its appe>ance 9 ! pulpit4    ,9 my h& ,i
 hold ! notice ( a publication be>+ !   
title ,is  ,jesus a ,my?8 said ,dr4     
,boyle4 ,?is1 too1 j z ?\gh ,paul nev]  
bore te/imony4    ,?is gave ! cl]gyman a

 spl5did opportunity to pres5t 9 cle> & 
conv9c+ =m ! evid5ce = ! reality (      
,jesus4 ,b "o ?+  prev5t$ him3--! lack (
 evid5ce4    ,!re=e1 aft] ann\nc+ !     
subject1 he dismiss$ x1 by rem>k+  t    
,paul's te/imony 0 en\gh4    ,! ,rev4   
,morton ,culv] ,h>tzell1 9 a lett]1 (f]s
 ! same  argum5t4 ,let ,mr4 ,mangas>ian 
fir/ disprove ,paul1 he writes4 ,!      
argum5t 9 a nut%ell is ?is3 ,jesus is   
hi/orical because he is  gu>ante$ by    
,paul4    ,b :o gu>antees ,paul8        
,aside f ! fact t ! ,jesus ( ,paul is   
ess5tially a diff]5t  ,jesus f ! gospel 
,jesus !re /ill rema9s ! "q1 ,:o is     
,paul8 ,let u see h[ mu* ! *ur* s*ol>s  
!mselves "k ab\t  ,paul3    ,! place &  
mann] & occasion ( 8 dea? are n less    
unc]ta9 ?an ! facts ( 8 lat] life444,!  
*ronology (  ! re/ ( 8 life is z        
unc]ta9444,we h no means ( kn[+  :5 he 0
 born1 or h[ long he liv$1 or at :at    
dates ! sev]al  ev5ts ( 8 life took     
place4    ,ref]r+ to ! epi/les ( ,paul1 
! same au?ority says3 ,! *ief  ( ^!     

prelim9>y que/ions is ! g5u95ess ( !    
epi/les  be>+ ,paul's "n1 :i* if !y be  
8--yes1 ,,if--    ,! ,*ri/ian s*ol> ^:  
article on ,paul is pr9t$ 9 !           
,britannica1 & f :i* we are n[ quot+1   
gives fur!r  expression to ?is unc]ta9ty
 by add+ t c]ta9 ( ,paul's  epi/les h   
giv5 rise to disputes :i* _c easily be  
settl$  9 ! abs5ce ( collat]al          
evid5ce444,! pa/oral epi/les444h  giv5  
rise to /ill grav] que/ions1 & are      
probably ev5 less  def5sible4    ,let ! 
read] rememb] t ! above is n f a        
rationali/1 b  f ! ,rev4 ,edw9 ,hat*1   
,d4 ,d41 ,vice-,pr9cipal1 ,/4 ,m>y      
,hall1  ,ox=d1 ,engl&4    ,7 we dispos$ 
to quote rationali/ au?orities1 !       
argum5t  aga9/ ,paul w\ld be f> m       
decisive4 ,b we are satisfi$ to re/  !  
case on or?odox admissions alone4    ,! 
/ronge/ argum5t !n ( cl]gym5 :o h       
attempt$ an answ]  to our position is   
some?+ l ?is3    ,jesus is hi/orical    
because a man by ! "n ( ,paul says s1   
?\gh  we d n "k mu* ab\t ,paul4    ,x is

 j su* evid5ce z ! above t l$ ,pr(4     
,goldw9 ,smi? to  exclaim3 ,jesus has   
fl[n4 ,i believe ! leg5d ( ,jesus 0 made
 by  _m m9ds work+ "u a great religi\s  
impulse--"o man add+ a  p>able1 ano!r an
 exhortation1 ano!r a miracle /ory2--&  
,george  ,eliot to write3 ,! mat]ials = 
a real life ( ,*ri/ d n  exi/4    ,9 !  
ef=t to untie ! ,jesus-knot by ,paul1 ! 
*ur* has  increas$ ! numb] ( knots to   
two4 ,9 o!r words1 ! *ur* has  proce$$  
on ! !ory t two unc]ta9ties make a      
c]ta9ty4    ,we promis$ to squ>e also ) 
! facts ( hi/ory our /atem5t  t ! *ief  
conc]n ( ! *ur*1 ,jewi%1 ,*ri/ian1 or   
,mohamm$an1 is n righte\sness1 b        
or?odoxy4          ,,ix      ,speak+ 9  
?is city1 ,rev4 ,w4 ,h4 ,wray ,boyle (  
,lake ,=e/1 decl>$  t unbelief 0        
responsible = ! wor/ crimes 9 hi/ory4   
,he  m5tion$ ! plac+4    --( a nude     
woman on a p$e/al 9 ! city ( ,p>is4     
--! assass9ation ( ,william ,mc,kinley4 
--,! same unbelief s5t a murd]] d[n !   
isle ( a *ur* 9  ,d5v] to pluck ! symbol

 ( ! sacram5t f ! h&s ( a prie/  & slay 
him at ! alt>4    ,! /ory ( a nude      
woman1 etc41 is pure fiction1 & t ! two 
murd]s 7 caus$ by unbelief is m]e       
assumption4 ,to help 8 cre$1  ! prea*]  
resorts to fable4 ,we %all prove our    
position by quot+  facts3    ,i4        
,,hypatia ,footnote3 ,see ,au?or's1 ,!  
,m>tyrdom ( ,hypatia4 0  dragg$ into a  
,*ri/ian *ur* by monks 9 ,alex&ria1 &   
be=e !  alt> %e 0 /ripp$ ( h] clo?+ &   
cut 9 pieces ) oy/]  %ells1 & murd]$4   
,h] innoc5t blood /a9$ ! h&s ( !  cl]gy1
 :o also h&le ! ,holy ,sacram5ts4 ,%e 0 
murd]$ n by a  craz$ individual b by !  
ord]s ( ! bi%op ( ,alex&ria4 ,h[  does !
 true /ory ( ,hypatia comp>e ) ! fable (
 a nude woman  plac$ on a p$e/al 9 !    
city ( ,p>is8 ,! ,rev]5d mu/ answ]1  or 
nev] tell an untru? aga94    ,hypatia 0 
murd]$ 9 *ur*1 & by ! cl]gy1 because %e 
0 n  or?odox4    ,,ii4 ,,poltrot1 !     
,prote/ant1 9 ! #af? c5tury assass9at$  
,francois1 ! ,ca?olic duke ( ,guise1 9  
,france1 & ! lead]s (  ! *ur*1 in/ead ( 

disclaim+ responsibility = ! act1       
publicly prais$ ! assass91 & ,!odore    
,beza1 ! colleague (  ,calv91 promis$   
him a cr[n 9 heav54 7,de l'etat etc1 ,p4
 #hb4  ,quot$ by ,jules ,simon47        
,,iii4 ,,james ,,clem5t1 a ,ca?olic1    
assass9at$ ,h5ry ,,iii4 ,= ?is act  !   
cl]gy plac$ 8 portrait on ! alt> 9 !    
*ur*es betwe5  two great light$         
c&le-/icks4 ,because he _h kill$ a      
h]etic  pr9ce1 ! ,ca?olics pres5t$ !    
assass9's "m ) a purse4  7,esprit de la 
,ligue ,i4 ,,iii4 ,p4 #ad47    ,if x 0  
unbelief t inspir$ ! murd] ( ,mc,kinley1
 :at inspir$  ! assass9s ( ,hypatia &   
,h5ry ,,iii8    ,we read 9 ! ,bible t   
,g54 ,sis]a1 a hea!n1 hav+ lo/ a        
battle1 begg$ = %elt] at ! t5t ( ,jael1 
a fri5dly woman1 b  ( ! ,bible fai?4    
,jael assur$ ! un=tunate /rang] t he 0  
safe 9 h] t5t4 ,! tir$ w>rior fell      
asleep f great we>9ess4  ,!n ,jael pick$
 a t5t-peg & ) a hamm] 9 h] h& walk$    
s(tly unto him1 & smote ! nail into 8   
temples1 & fa/5$ x  into ! gr\nd444,s he

 di$4    ,! ,,bible calls ?is assass9   
bless$ above wom54 7,judge ,,iv4 #ah1   
etc47 ,%e _h kill$ a h]etic4    ,9 ea* (
 ! in/ances giv5 above1 ! assass9 is    
honor$ because  he committ$ murd] 9 !   
int]e/ ( ! fai?4 ,we ask ?is  cl]gyman &
 8 colleagues :o are only too anxi\s to 
*>ge e  act ( viol5ce to unbelief 9 _!  
cre$s--,:at ab\t ! crimes (  believ]s8