,,confid5tial6                          
,,= ,,use ,,( ,,(fic]s ,,only           
,,notes                                 
,,on                 ,,tra9+ ,,= ,,rifle
 ,,fire ,,9 ,,tr5* ,,w>f>e              
,,compil$ ,,f ,,=eign ,,reports         
,,army ,,w> ,,college                   
,,april1 #aiag    ,illu/ration          
,,wa%+ton                               
,,gov]nm5t ,,pr9t+ ,,(fice              
#aiag                                   
,,w> ,,dep>tm5t1                        
,docum5t ,no4 #egc4                     
,(fice ( ,! ,adjutant ,g5]al4           
,,w> ,,dep>tm5t1                        
,,wa%+ton1 ,april #bd1 #aiag4    ,!     
foll[+ ,notes on ,tra9+ = ,rifle ,fire 9
 ,tr5* ,w>f>e are  publi%$ = ! in=mation
 & guidance ( all conc]n$4    #behbicc1 
,a4 ,g4 ,o4    ,,by ,,ord] ,,( ,,!      
,,secret>y ,,( ,,w>3                    
,h4 ,l4 ,,scott1                        
,major ,g5]al1 ,*ief ( ,/aff4           
,,(ficial3       ,h4 ,p4 ,mc,c,a,i,n1   
,! ,adjutant ,g5]al4                    

----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,tra9+ ,,9 ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,rifle   
,,= ,,tr5* ,,w>f>e4      #a4 ,tra9+ 9 ! 
use ( ! rifle includes t ( ! bayonet4   
,fire  action is alone treat$ 9 ?is     
pap]1 in/ruction 9 ! use ( !  bayonet   
hav+ already be5 discuss$ else:]e4      
#b4 ,! rifleman 9 ! tr5*es1 no less ?an 
9 ! op51 requires z  prelim9>y          
prep>ation ! c\rses ( individual &      
combat in/ruction  prescrib$ 9 ! ,small 
,arms ,fir+ ,manual4 ,! object ( ?is    
pap] is  n to sup]s$e any portion ( ?is 
manual1 b to supplem5t x by  /ress+ ^?  
features ( tr5* rifle fire t ! exp]i5ce 
(  actual w> has %[n to be possess$ ( an
 importance t 0 n fully  appreciat$ :5 !
 manual 0 prep>$4 ,s f> z rifle fire    
exclusively f tr5*es is conc]n$1 !      
importance ( individual  aim$ fire up to
 ! range ( #djj y>ds is ! pr9cipal      
feature t  has be5 s develop$ by !      
peculi> conditions prevail+ on !  8we/]n
 front0 dur+ ! pres5t ,european w>1 & ! 

tra9+ t  ne$s to be /ress$ naturally    
comes "u ! head ( 8individual           
in/ruction40 ,!re is also a second      
feature1 ess5tial to effici5t           
collective fir+ ei!r f tr5*es or 9 !    
op51 t has nev]  receiv$ ! att5tion 9   
our au?oriz$ manuals t its importance   
m]its1 ?\gh t importance has long be5   
recogniz$ & has be5  ably treat$ at !   
,s*ool ( ,musketry4 ,x is t ( !         
necessity =  satisfactory work+ me?ods (
 describ+ t>gets4 ,! gr[? ( ?is         
necessity has be5 co9cid5t ) !          
developm5t ( fire discipl9e1  direction1
 & control4    #c4 ,! special importance
 ( individual aim$ fire 9 tr5* w>f>e has
  be5 develop$ 9 ,europe dur+ ! pres5t  
w> 9 connection ) :at  is !re t]m$      
8snip+10 :i* has become a specially     
important &  highly te*nical s]vice1    
?\gh x is m]ely a developm5t ( :at has  
long be5 kn[n & practic$ 9 ! ,unit$     
,/ates "u ! "n (  8%>p%oot+40 ,a        
consid]ation ( "s ( ! conditions "u :i* 
8snip+0 is conduct$ w assi/ 9 emphasiz+ 

its importance & 9  indicat+ ! special  
qualifications & in/ruction ess5tial to 
effici5cy4    #d4 ,9 mod]n tr5* w>f>e1 z
 x exi/s 9 ,europe to-day1 ea*          
bellig]5t occupies a sy/em ( tr5*es1 (  
:i* ! =emo/1 or  fire tr5*es1 are       
frequ5tly sep>at$ by only a few y>ds1 & 
r>ely  by m ?an f\r or five hundr$ y>ds4
 ,9 re> ( ! fire tr5*es  !re is a       
labyr9? ( cov]1 approa*1 support1       
res]ve1 & o!r  tr5*es4 ,ea* sy/em is    
/r5g!n$ by ob/acles1 ! mo/ =midable  &  
also ! mo/ common ( ^! are ! b>b$-wire  
entanglem5ts4  ,^! tr5*es & ob/acles are
 be+ cont9ually damag$ by !  oppos+     
artill]y fire1 & e opportunity is seiz$ 
= raid+  enemy tr5*es ?r\gh ! op5+s s   
made4 ,"o ( ! important  functions ( !  
snip] is t ( protect+ 8 own tr5*es f    
enemy raids & 8 comrades f fire ( snip]s
 & ! prev5tion (  repair ( enemy tr5*es 
& ob/acles 9 ord] to keep ! road op5 to 
raids f 8 own side4 ,to ^! ends he      
endeavors to meet ) a  bullet e exposure
 ( ev5 a few squ>e in*es ( ! head or    

limb (  an enemy & at ! same "t to      
cons]ve 8 own life4 ,to atta9 !  fir/   
object1 t ( hitt+ ! enemy1 requires !   
be/ possible  facilities = obs]vation & 
fire1 c\pl$ ) special qualities &       
te*nical skill on ! "p ( ! snip]4 ,!    
atta9m5t ( ! second  object1 t ( cons]v+
 "o's own life1 w dep5d l>gely ^u !     
judgm5t & skill display$ 9 select+ &    
conceal+ ! position (  ! fir]4 ,ea* ( ^!
 requirem5ts calls = special tra9+ & =  
special qualities inh]5t 9 ! snip]4 ,to 
! tra9+ & skill (  ! exp]t game %ot mu/ 
be add$ ! craft9ess ( ! poa*]4    #e4 ,f
 ! prec$+ p>agraphs x is evid5t t !     
s]vice (  snip+ c n be conduct$ 9 a     
haphaz>d way1 b1 on ! contr>y1  requires
 = its effici5t conduct a c>efully      
select$1 organiz$1  equipp$1 & tra9$    
p]sonnel4    7a7 ,organization4--,bas$  
^u ! be/ available in=mation f  ,europe1
 !re %\ld be organiz$ 9 ea* battalion ( 
,infantry a  8snip+0 gr\p compos$ ( #a  
noncommission$ (fic] & #bd privates4    
7b7 ,qualifications gov]n+              

selections4--,ea* memb] ( ! snip+  gr\p 
%\ld be a well-tra9$1 intellig5t1       
discipl9$ soldi]2 a dead  %ot at %ort & 
mid ranges2 brave1 yet cauti\s2 cool1   
obs]vant1  pati5t1 res\rceful1 & prompt4
 ,9 addition to ! above1 !              
noncommission$ (fic] 9 comm& ( ! gr\p   
%\ld be a compet5t  in/ructor 9 all t is
 includ$ 9 ! tra9+ ( ! snip] &  %\ld    
possess good judgm5t 9 ! selection &    
prep>ation (  snip]s' po/s4    7c7      
,tra9+4--,9 addition to ! prelim9>y     
tra9+ contemplat$  9 7b71 ! foll[+      
features %\ld be specially develop$3    
,rifle practice4--,! snip] mu/ become   
exp]t 9 a broad] s5se ?an  is impli$ by 
! ^w z employ$ 9 ord9>y m>ksman%ip      
classification4 ,ord9>ily 8 t>get w be a
 small & fleet+ "o1  & 8 tra9+ %\ld be  
su* z to enable him to quickly &        
accurately deliv] a s+le %ot at objects 
v>y+ f a #d-;in*  loophole at #ajj y>ds 
to ^? ! size ( a man's body at #hjj     
y>ds4  ,! small object at %ort range w  
be ! mo/ frequ5t t>get &  indicates !   

mo/ important rifle tra9+4 ,! "* ( !    
t>get  emphasizes ! importance ( extreme
 accuracy ( fire1 & accuracy (  fire    
implies1 9 addition to correctness (    
aim1 correct k (  range1 a correct k (  
ext]nal influ5ces1 su* z light1 heat1   
moi/ure1 w9d1 & ! p]sonal equation ( !  
fir] & ! rifle4  ,! snip] mu/ cont9ually
 practice bo? ) ! milit>y sights &  ) ! 
adjuncts suppli$ him & "u conditions    
closely resembl+  ^? t w obta9 9 actual 
tr5* "w4 ,! importance (  concealm5t w  
usually result 9 fire be+ deliv]$ f re/1
 &  ! h&l+ ( ! rifle mu/ n be accompani$
 by exposure ( 8  position4 ,! soldi] :o
 has be5 ?or\ghly tra9$ 9 ! c\rses      
prescrib$ 9 ! ,small ,arms ,fir+ ,manual
 w h no difficulty 9  improvis+ fir+    
ex]cises ) small bobb+ or disappe>+     
t>gets  t w develop skill along ! l9es  
indicat$ above4 ,9 e  ex]cise ! judgm5t 
( ! fir] %\ld be express$ z to !        
influ5ce ( a cold piece1 a hot piece2   
cl\ds1 heat1 moi/ure1 w9d2 a  worn      
rifle2 f\l+2 rec5t clean+ & oil+1 or    

:atev] exi/+  condition may ex]t an     
influ5ce on ! pa? ( ! bullet4 ,!        
e/imation ( ranges & _! det]m9ation by  
use ( range f9d]s  %\ld =m an important 
"p ( ! tra9+ ( a snip]4                 
,reconnaissance & sc\t+4--,"u ?is head  
is includ$ all mann]  ( obs]vation ) a  
view to obta9+ in=mation4 ,! snip]'s    
field  ( action w be limit$1 b )9 its   
sph]e x w be gov]n$ by  ! same pr9ciples
 t are prescrib$ = reconnaissance p>ties
 &  sc\ts1 & w include ! intelligible   
r5d]+ ( reports4    ,to ?is end ! snip] 
mu/ be tra9$ 9 ! read+ ( maps1 !  mak+ (
 sket*es1 ! use ( ! prismatic compass1 !
 simpl] &  m common conv5tional signs1 &
 ! r5d]+ ( bo? v]bal &  writt5 reports4 
,t ! subject may n seem too l>ge &      
=midable  to him1 8 in/ruction %\ld be  
progressive & z simple z possible1  )   
due c>e to impress him ) ! necessity =  
ev]y?+ he is  requir$ to d4 ,! ,am]ican 
soldi] w r>ely fail to respond if he  c 
see ! reasonabl5ess ( ! dem& made ^u    
him4 ,let him see t  8 own life & t ( 8 

comrades may dep5d ^u ! accuracy (  8 k 
( ! foll[+3    #a4 ,! location ( our own
 front l9e & t ( ! enemy1 s f> z  !y are
 )9 8 visual range4    #b4 ,! location (
 any kn[n or suspect$ enemy snip]'s     
po/s1  ma*9e-gun emplacem5ts1 obs]vation
 po/s1 li/5+ po/s1 comm&  /ations1 or   
probable r\tes ( advance4    #c4 ,!     
location & importance ( dom9at+ po9ts 9 
ei!r l9e4    #d4 ,! importance ( be+    
able to pick out on ! gr\nd any po9ts ( 
special importance or dang] indicat$ on 
sket*es or maps turn$ ov]  to him1 & to 
det]m9e f maps drawn to scale ! ranges  
to su*  po9ts4    #e4 ,h[ to f9d 8 way  
by ! aid ( a map or sket* f 8 po/ to    
any specifi$ po9t 9 our own tr5*es1 &   
back aga94    #f4 ,! importance ( be+   
able to intelligibly record &           
graphically  repres5t matt]s (          
importance to 8 comm&+ (fic] or to !    
snip] :o is to relieve him4 ,9 ?is      
connection ! special importance  ( exact
 tru? 9 /atem5ts ( fact1 & ( ! c>eful   
sep>ation (  matt]s ( fact f ^? ( m]e   

report or conjecture1 %\ld be duly      
/ress$4 ,he>say & conjecture are (t5 (  
great importance1 b  %\ld be transmitt$ 
z su*1 & 9 ! case ( conjecture ! reasons
  !re= %\ld be /at$4    ,! above are    
simply a few in/ances to sugge/ to !    
in/ructor h[ to  g ab\t ! matt] (       
in/ruction4 ,_m m5 w be already famili> 
) ! subject1 & ! me?od may be abridg$1 b
 9 ! case ( an  entirely un9/ruct$ man a
 /ep-by-/ep me?od ( in/ruction mu/ be   
foll[$4 ,! tra9+ %\ld be su* t x w be an
 entirely  natural matt] = ! snip] to   
obs]ve & report z to3    #a4 ,! attitude
 ( ! enemy 7:e!r aggressive1 al]t1      
active1 etc474    #b4 ,description (    
enemy se51 uni=m1 arms1 etc4    #c4 ,any
 new "w evid5t2 su* z tr5*es & ob/acles 
/r5g!n$1  new emplacem5ts1 etc4    #d4  
,position ( ma*9e guns1 obs]vation po/s1
 snip] po/s1 etc41  discov]$4    #e4    
,po9ts 9 our own l9es f\nd to be        
specially dang]\s1 & po9ts  ( enemy l9e 
t m5ace !m4    #f4 ,r\tes kn[n to be us$
 by ! enemy4    #g4 ,r\tes ( patrols4   

#h4 ,po9ts :]e ammunition or supplies   
are believ$ to be dump$4    #i4 ,ranges 
to prom95t or important po9ts4 ,?is     
in=mation w be  less likely to mislead  
if ! foll[+ rules are obs]v$3           
,c>efully indicate ! po9t f :i* ea*     
range is tak54    ,use prom95t1 easily  
id5tifi$ l&m>ks z ref]5ce po9ts4        
,indicate by :om & h[ ranges 7 det]m9$4 
#aj4 ,report any repairs ne$$ 9 tr5*es  
or ob/acles4    #aa4 ,position (        
suspect$ m9es4    #f4                   
,equipm5t4--,telescopes1 r l[ p[]1 are  
pref]able to field  glasses = obs]vation
 & reconnaissance4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to  
r5d]  !m z inconspicu\s z possible &    
prev5t _! location by !  enemy ?r\gh    
reflection ( light f ! object glass4    
,telescopic p]iscope4    ,rifle         
re/4--,v>i\s sorts h be5 devis$1 usually
 n m]ely to s]ve  ! purpose ( a re/1 b  
to exp$ite resumption ( aim & *ange 9   
direction or elevation4    ,telescopic  
sights4    ,snip]scope4--7,a device =   
aim+ ) ! head bel[ ! l9e ( sight4       

,reports indicate t ) ?is device !      
t5d5cy is to %oot high1  & t !y are only
 reasonably accurate up to ranges ( #bjj
 y>ds4  ,!y are usually us$ ov] p>apets1
 betwe5 s&bags4 ,prop] adju/m5t  is     
ess5tial & great c>e necess>y to prev5t 
d]angem5t47    ,/eel helmet & mask4     
,maps1 sket*es1 note-book1 message      
blanks1 p5cils1 pocket knife4    ,ea*   
po/ %\ld h a range *>t = use ( all      
reliefs4    ,! above is additional to ! 
normal equipm5t ( ! soldi]4    #g4      
,duties ( comm&] ( snip+ gr\p3    7a7   
,tra9+ ( snip]s & ma9t5ance ( effici5cy4
    7b7 ,to sup]vise ! "w ( 8 unit4     
7c7 ,responsibility = c>e ( equipm5t4   
7d7 ,to receive & transmit to ! prop]   
au?ority all in=mation  turn$ ov] by !  
po/s he relieves & by 8 own po/s4    7e7
 ,to select ! positions = snip]'s po/s &
 sup]vise !  con/ruction ( loopholes &  
o!r special arrangem5ts :5 n  already   
provid$4    ,illu/ration3      ,a       
,,snip]scope4      #h4 ,location (      
snip]'s po/s4--,?\gh engag$ 9 tr5* w>f>e

  snip]s are n inv>iably locat$ 9       
tr5*es4 ,:5 n s locat$ !  snip] w avail 
himself ( su* cov] z be/ suits 8        
purpose4 ,if  practicable he w s dress  
himself z to bl5d ) 8 surr\nd+s1  giv+  
p>ticul> att5tion to 8 face & h&s4      
,masks (  inconspicu\s color are        
sometimes worn4 ,he mu/ /udy ! maps & ! 
gr\nd & endeavor to det]m9e 9 advance   
good localities =  obs]vation & good    
l9es ( approa*4 ,8 l9e ( retreat mu/    
also be  decid$ on z e>ly z possible4 ,!
 arts ( ! de]/alk] &  poa*]1 or ^?      
practic$ 9 our e>ly ,indian tr\bles w be
 (  great use "u ^! circum/ances1 z 8   
success w dep5d l>gely  ^u 8 pati5ce &  
cunn+4 ,h\ses & o!r build+s %\ld be     
view$ ) di/ru/1 z !y may be closely     
obs]v$ by ! enemy4  ,trees w also       
receive ?is scrut9y4 ,! be/ cov] w be t 
:i*  is lea/ likely to be suspect$ (    
af=d+ concealm5t = a man4               
,illu/ration3      ,,! ,,snip] ,,)      
,,telescopic ,,sight4 ,,8 ,,obs]v] ,,)  
,,p]iscope4      ,illu/ration3      ,a  

,,prep>$ ,,snip] ,,position4 ,a ,,snip] 
,,us+ ,a ,,snip]scope4      ,snip]'s    
positions 9 tr5*es may1 accord+ to      
circum/ances1 be  locat$ 9 7a7 ! front  
l9e1 7b7 p>ados1 7c7 approa* tr5*es1    
7d7 connect+ tr5*1 7e7 dummy tr5*1 7f7  
support tr5*es1 or  any o!rs af=d+ !    
desir$ facilities4 ,! comm&] mu/ /udy  !
 t]ra91 ! enemy's tr5*es1 ! advantages &
 disadvantages (  ea* position consid]$1
 bo? ) ref]5ce to facilities =          
obs]vation1 fire1 & concealm5t1 & )     
ref]5ce to dang] f  ! enemy1 & select t 
:i* w be/ s]ve ! purpose4 ,he mu/  !n   
decide z to measures = promot+          
obs]vation & concealm5t1  & sup]vise _! 
execution & ! con/ruction ( ! necess>y  
loopholes4 ,loopholes may be arrang$ (  
s&bags1 iron pipes1 boxes1  etc4 ,x is  
bett] to h !m run obliquely r ?an       
p]p5dicul>ly  ) respect to ! tr5* l9e1 &
 a curta9 %\ld be provid$ to  prev5t _! 
be+ discov]$ by light %[+ ?r\gh ! hole4 
,loopholes ne> ! gr\nd are n z readily  
se5 z ^? high] up1  & ^? locat$ among   

dbris & loose e>?1 leaves1 bran*es1     
tumbl$ sods1 etc41 are less easily      
detect$ ?an ^? locat$ 9 a  smoo? slope4 
,:5 con/ruct+ loopholes c>e %\ld be tak5
 to  di/urb previ\sly exi/+ conditions z
 little z possible le/ !  enemy obs]ve !
 *ange & pr(it by ! h9t4 ,sev]al        
loopholes  %\ld be provid$ = ea* po/ z !
 discov]y ( "o by ! enemy  r5d]s x      
wor?less = future use1 & cont9u$ use (  
"o loophole  w soon] or lat] result 9   
detection4    ,! be/ positions are      
usually 9 re> ( ! fir/ l9e1 s plac$ z   
to comm& a view ( ! enemy's tr5*es up to
 at lea/ #djj y>ds4 ,?is  is n always   
possible & ! be/ possible mu/ be        
select$4 ,9 any  case alt]native        
positions mu/ be arrang$4 ,support      
tr5*es may af=d  bett] locations ?an !  
fire tr5*es1 b !y h ! objection (       
increas+ ! range4 ,if ! po/ is deta*$ an
 important consid]ation  is :e!r or n x 
c be ent]$ or left unobs]v$ dur+        
daylight4    #i4 ,conduct ( !           
snip]4--,snip]s %\ld "w 9 pairs1 ex*ang+

  duties ( obs]v] e #ae or #bj m9utes4  
,!y %\ld be reliev$ e  two h\rs or (t5]4
 ,x may be advantage\s to relieve "o e  
h\r4    ,!y w nev] fire m]ely to annoy1 
z ?is w lead to disclosure (  !         
position1 ) no adequate result4 ,!y w   
closely exam9e _!  %elt] & see t ! fire 
op5+ is s con/ruct$ z n to be  affect$  
by ! bla/ ( ! rifle4 ,if %oot+ ?r\gh a  
small ap]ture  9 brickwork1 ! op5+ %\ld 
be kept wet to prev5t du/ be+ bl[n  out 
by ! dis*>ge4 ,newly con/ruct$ loopholes
 %\ld be left unus$  = a "t1 s z to see 
if ! enemy has detect$ x4 ,! curta9 w   
always be kept 9 su* position z to      
prev5t light %[+ ?r\gh4  ,snip]s mu/ n  
be l$ by ruses to fire fruitlessly &    
disclose _!  positions4 ,fire to kill4  
,if a l>ge t>get is discov]$1 d n fire  
if  x is possible to in=m ! ma*9e guns  
or ! artill]y4 ,se>*  con/antly = ma*9e 
guns & snip]s2 sma% 8 p]iscopes4        
,attacks w af=d great opportunities = ! 
snip]1 z ! enemy  w !n n be s al]t = !m1
 be+ busy ) o!r matt]s4 ,less  caution w

 !re=e be necess>y4 ,f a position on a  
flank or  any:]e t he c fire )\t        
int]f]5ce ) our own m51 he  selects !   
mo/ useful t>gets1 su* z ma*9e-gun m51  
(fic]s &  noncommission$ (fic]s1 snip]s1
 artill]y obs]v]s1 etc4 ,he closely     
obs]ves ! flanks1 :i* are favorite      
places f :i* to break up an  attack1 &  
endeavors to =e/all ! enemy's fire4 ,if 
! attack  succe$s1 he cov]s ! work+     
p>ties dur+ ! organization ( !  captur$ 
tr5* & wat*es = evid5ces ( an int5d$    
c\nt]attack4  ,if ?is is made1 he fires 
on ! enemy z he %[s himself 9 !  approa*
 tr5*es1 pick+ (f lead]s :5 possible4   
,mu* night "w = snip]s w r>ely be       
advantage\s4 ,! t>gets are  !n          
practically limit$ to patrols & s5tries1
 & !re is great  dang] ( fir+ into our  
own m5 or be+ fir$ on by !m4 ,! fla%  ( 
! rifle w disclose ! position if c>e is 
n tak5 to conceal  x4 ,avoid ! enemy's  
li/5+ po/s4 ,le>n ! h\rs at :i* !  enemy
 repairs ! gaps 9 8 ob/acles or p>apets 
& wat* = him4    #aj4 ,description (    

t>gets4--,9 p>agraph #b ref]5ce 0 made  
to !  necessity = a satisfactory work+  
sy/em = designat+ or  describ+ t>gets4  
,"o ( our pres5t emb>rassm5ts lies 9 !  
multiplicity ( me?ods & ! incid5t       
confusion 9 ! m9d ( !  soldi]4 ,ano!r   
s\rce ( error lies 9 ! t5d5cy ( m5 to   
fancy  t ! e>s ( li/5+ soldi]s take 9 & 
dige/ a description  z rapidly z ! eye c
 travel f po9t to po9t4 ,! e>1 z  comp>$
 ) ! eye1 is v sl[4 ,! imm$iate d$uction
 f ?is  is t descriptions mu/ be %orn ( 
all unnecess>y words1 & t  !y mu/ be z  
simple & cle> z possible4 ,x also       
emphasizes !  advantage ( foll[+ s f> z 
practicable fix$ me?ods (  expression4  
,recruits %\ld be taught ! g5]al plan   
foll[$ 9  describ+ t>gets 9 ord] t !y   
may wa/e no "t f lack (  compreh5sion ( 
! relation ( ! diff]5t elem5ts ( !      
description or ! t]ms employ$4    ,! use
 ( a s+le =m w n suffice1 s9ce 9 "s     
cases !  t>get is s evid5t t no mi/ake c
 be made1 & ! simple  designation su* z 
8,t troop ( :ite-horse cavalry1 range   

#a1jjj  y>ds10 w id5tify x beyond all   
"q2 :ile 9 o!r cases !  p>ticul> t>get  
may be s obscure & liable to confusion )
 o!r  t>gets t a ref]5ce po9t & "s sy/em
 ( coord9ates mu/ be  employ$4    ,9    
g5]al1 t>gets ) ref]5ce to _!           
designation w fall "u  ! foll[+ heads3  
7a7 ,^? t /& out s pla9ly t !re c be no 
possibility  ( d\bt z ! t>get meant4    
7b7 ,^? t are pla9ly visible1 b are     
liable to be confus$ )  o!r t>gets ( a  
simil> nature & range4    7c7 ,^? less  
di/9ctly visible & m difficult to pick  
up on  acc\nt ( peculi> backgr\nd1      
confusion ) o!r objects1 etc4    7d7    
,t>gets visible only ?r\gh field        
glasses1 & t may or may  n pres5t !     
additional difficulties ( dang] (       
confusion )  o!r objects4    ,case 7a7  
has already be5 ref]r$ to4 ,! sy/em     
consi/s 9 !  simple ann\ncem5t (3 #a4 ,!
 objective4 #b4 ,! range4    ,+5i\s p   
sometimes comb9e horizontal & v]tical   
clock sy/ems  9 designat+ a t>get :5ev] 
possible to d s1 b ?is is a  violation (

 ! rule ( simplicity & %\ld nev] be done
 unless  evid5tly necess>y4 ,! m]e fact 
t x is necess>y or desirable to  use a  
ref]5ce po9t does n 9 all cases require 
use ( bo? sy/ems1  z ! ref]5ce po9t may 
be s evid5t t no clock coord9ation is   
necess>y4 ,:5 su* designation is        
necess>y1 ! horizontal clock  face is   
us$ 9 coord9at+ ! ref]5ce po9t & !      
v]tical clock  face = locat+ ! subsequ5t
 po9ts4    #aa4 ,in/ruction 9 t>get     
description is simple b mu/ be ?or\ghly 
und]/ood4 ,an illu/ration by means (    
case 7d7 w cov] ! entire  subject s f> z
 necess>y4    7a7 ,expla9 to ! recruits 
! use ( ! horizontal clock sy/em z  a   
means ( indicat+ directions4 ,in=m !m t 
!y are1 9 ?is  sy/em1 always at ! c5t] (
 ! dial4 ,call out v>i\s h\rs &  require
 ea* recruit to ext5d 8 arm 9 !         
direction he und]/&s  is indicat$4      
,expla9 & correct errors4    ,expla9 !  
use ( ! v]tical clock sy/em1 impress+ ! 
recruits  ) ! fact t 9 ?is sy/em !      
ref]5ce po9t is always at !  c5t] (     

dial4 ,call out an h\r & require !      
recruit to "n "s  object t is locat$ on 
! h& ( ! clock at ! designat$ h\r4  ,a  
diagram on pap] may be ( assi/ance4     
,expla9 & correct errors4    ,expla9 to 
! recruit t ! angle subt5d$ by ! wid? ( 
"o  f+] at arm's l5g? f ! eye & t       
subt5d$ by ! leaf (  ! re> sight to 8   
rifle at #ad in*es f ! eye has a *ord   
#ej  y>ds long at #a1jjj y>ds di/ance4  
,! f+] wid? & ! sight leaf  ?us become  
kn[n z units1 & ei!r may be us$ 9       
indicat+  di/ances lat]ally4    ,hav+   
select$ a ref]5ce po9t1 "n "s object ne>
 x & require  ! recruit to tell y h[ _m 
units 7f+]s or sight leafs7  ap>t !y    
are4    ,illu/ration3      ,,sket* ,,%[+
 ,,g]man ,,fix$ ,,rifle ,,re/ ,,= ,,fir+
 ,,?r\gh ,,loop ,,holes4      7,captur$ 
at ! ,bluff47      ,,note4--,bo? lat]al 
& horizontal movem5t is giv5 & ! rifle c
      be v firmly clamp$ :5 ! requir$   
aim is f\nd4                            
,,case 7,b74    ,illu/ration3           
,,horizontal ,,clock ,,face ,,sy/em     

7,,us$ ,,:5 ,,t>gets ,,are ,,visible74  
,,sy/em4             ,,example4         
,,example4               #a4 ,ann\nce   
direction,t>get #b o'clock     ,t>get   
#aa o'clock4       #b4 ,ann\nce         
objective,a ho/ile patrol     ,a ho/ile 
patrol4        #c4 ,ann\nce range       
,range #a1jjj          ,range #ijj4     
,,proc$ure4      #a4 ,all look along !  
l9e po9t+ t[>d ! indicat$ o'clock (    a
 horizontal clock face ^: c5t] is at !  
fir+ po9t &    ^: #ab o'clock m>k is    
directly p]p5dicul> to ! fir+ l9e4      
#b4 ,look = ! objective at--      #c4 ,a
 po9t on ?is l9e at a di/ance equal to !
 designat$ range4      ,,note4--,! clock
 "h repres5t$ mu/ be consid]$ z         
horizontal1    n v]tical z %[n4 ,= !    
purpose ( illu/ration p]spective    0 n 
consid]$4 ,! obs]v] occupies ! c5t] (   
clock4                                  
,,case 7,c74    ,illu/ration3           
,,v]tical ,,clock ,,face ,,sy/em 7,,us$ 
,,:5 ,,t>gets ,,are ,,small ,,or        
,,indi/9ct74               ,,sy/em4     

,,example ,a4      ,,example ,b4        
,,example ,c4         #a4 ,ann\nce !    
,ref]5ce po9t ,ref]5ce po9t ,ref]5ce    
po9t      g5]al           at #ab o'clock
   to our "r    to our "r               
direction ( !                  front    
front4             ref]5ce po9t         
#b4 ,ann\nce !   ,s+le h\se    ,high    
peak       ,high peak4           ref]5ce
 po9t   ) #b                            
7! mo/         *imneys                  
prom95t object                          
9 ! zone                                
indicat$7                               
#c4 ,ann\nce       ,t>get at #h         
,t>get at #e     ,t>get at #d           
position (       o'clock         o'clock
         o'clock4           t>get )     
respect to                              
ref]5ce po9t                            
#d4 ,ann\nce !   ,ma*9e-gun     ,a      
ho/ile patrol,a ho/ile                  
objective                               
patrol4          #e4 ,ann\nce range     
,range #a1jjj     ,range #ijj           

,range #hjj4                            
,,proc$ure4      #a4 ,all m5 look 9     
direction indicat$ by #a4      #b4      
,ref]5ce po9t is f\nd 9 ! indicat$      
direction4      #c4 ,a clock face       
7v]tical7 is imag9$ c5t]$ on ref]5ce    
po9t    & look along ! l9e ?r\gh !      
indicat$ o'clock1 &      #d4 ,f9d !     
objective at --      #e4 444444 y>ds f !
 fir+ l9e4                              
,,case 7,d74    ,illu/ration3           
,,sight ,,leaf1 ,,f+]1 ,,or ,,unit      
,,sy/em4      7,:5 t>gets are indi/9ct  
or invisible1 & to def9e sectors47      
,,sy/em         ,,example ,a4           
,,example ,b4      ,,example ,c4        
#a4 ,ann\nce       ,ref]5ce po9t        
,ref]5ce po9t ,ref]5ce po9t             
direction (      at #ab o'clock   at #a 
o'clock    at #a o'clock4      ref]5ce  
po9t                                    
us+ horizontal                          
clock sy/em if                          
necess>y                                
#b4 ,ann\nce       ,h\se1 )     ,di/ant 

hill    ,di/ant hill4        ref]5ce    
po9t   f5ce ar\nd                       
x1 on hill                              
#c4 ,ann\nce       ,t>get1 #h           
,t>get1 #h       ,t>get1 #e4cj          
position (       o'clock #b             
o'clock #d       o'clock4               
t>get )       units           units     
respect to !                            
ref]5ce po9t                            
#d4 ,ann\nce !   ,l9e (         ,skirmi%
 l9e1 #b,skirmi% l9e1 #b     objective  
intr5*m5ts1  units           units4     
#c units                                
#e4 ,ann\nce !   ,range #ijj            
,range #hjj       ,range #a1jjj4        
range                                   
,,note4--8,units0 mean #ej mils  f+]    
sight leaf4 ,x is usual to   indicate 9 
?is sy/em ! po9t ( ! t>get ne>e/ !      
ref]5ce                                 
po9t4    ,:5 he is fairly famili> ) !   
use ( ! horizontal & !  v]tical clock   
sy/em = indicat+ directions1 & ) ! use (
  f+]s & sight leaf = measur+ lat]al    

di/ances f a ref]5ce  po9t1 "w him up f 
simple to difficult examples ( t>get    
designation4    ,) case 7d7 z an        
illu/ration1 call ! direction ( !       
ref]5ce po9t4 ,see t all look 9 ! "r    
direction4 ,"n !  ref]5ce po9t4 ,require
 x to be indicat$ on pap]1 at ! c5t] (  
a clock dial4 ,call1 8,t>get #h         
o'clock40 ,h a l9e drawn f !  c5t] ( !  
dial 9 ! prop] direction4 ,ann\nce1     
8,f\r units40 ,h  ^! e/imat$ by f+]s & )
 ! sight leaf 9 ! prop]  direction &    
endeavor to !n locate "s object t %\ld  
s]ve z a  *eck on ! "w4 ,cont9ue        
simil>ly ) ! actual ann\ncem5t (  ! "* (
 ! t>get3 8,skirmi% l9e1 etc40    ,x may
 sometimes be advantage\s to indicate ! 
range & h !  sights set be=e describ+ ! 
t>get1 z m5 frequ5tly lose !  t>get :ile
 _! eyes are (f x 9 sight-sett+4    ,!  
tra9+ necess>y to make a 8w> %ot0 does n
 /op ) mak+  ! recruits skillful 9      
%oot+4 ,o!r qualities mu/ receive       
att5tion & be develop$4 ,?is is         
accompli%$ 9 8 o!r drills4    ,8        

developm5t into a w> %ot mu/ be         
sy/ematic & progressive4 ,9  ! diagram  
?is idea is c>ri$ out4                  
----------------    ,c>e ( arms1        
pages #be        ---    & #hc-hd4       
----------------        ,sight+         
drills1         ---    pages #be to #ce4
        ----------------    --,gall]y   
,practice4    ,position &               
aim+ drills1  ---      pages #ce to #dg4
          ----------------              
,deflection               & elevation   
---      drills1 pages             #dg  
to #ej4                                 
----------------       --,kn[n di/ance  
,effect ( w9d            practice4    & 
advice to               riflem51 pages  
------      #ej to #ea2                 
#gh to #hb4                             
----------------                        
,self-control4   ------                 
----------------              ,use (    
gr\nd                                   
& cov]1      -----------,combat         
practice4 -- ,,w> ,,%ot4    ,infantry   

,drill                                  
,regulations4                           
----------------              ,e/imat+  
di/ance1       ---------    pages #ec to
 #eg4              ----------------     
,t>get          ---------               
description4                            
----------------              ,fire     
discipl9e1                  ,infantry   
,drill  ---------    ,regulations1      
page #fe4            ----------------   
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,transcrib]',s ,,notes       #a4       
,sil5tly correct$ typographical errors &
 v>iations 9 spell+4   #b4 ,ana*roni/ic1
 non-/&>d1 & unc]ta9 spell+s reta9$ z   
pr9t$4   #c4 ,enclos$ italics font 9    
und]scores4