file :i* includes ! orig9al illu/rations4 ,see #fajcd-;h4htm or #fajcd-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ca*e_/epub_/ #fajcd_/pg#fajcd-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/files_/#fajc d_/fajcd-;h4zip7 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are available ?r\gh ,int]net ,ar*ive4 ,see https3_/_/ar*ive4org_/details_/d\rispa9t ]s(#jjpott ,,d\ris ,,& ,,! ,,pa9t]s ,,( ,,greek ,,vases ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,,kan?>os ,,& ,,kylix 7,cup74 ,by ,d\ris4 ,brussels & ,l\vre ,museums4 ,,d\ris ,,& ,,! ,,pa9t]s ,,( ,,greek ,,vases by ,,edmond ,,potti] ,membre de ,l',in/itut ,translat$ by ,bett9a ,kahnweil] ,) a ,preface by ,jane ,ell5 ,h>rison ,hon4,d4,litt4,durham1 ,hon4,ll4,d4,ab]de5 ,london ,john ,murray1 ,albem>le ,/reet1 ,w4 #aiji ,,d$icat$ ,,9 ,,love ,,& ,,gratitude ,,to ,,augu/ ,,lewis ,,preface ,! translator ( ,m4 ,potti]'s monograph on ,d\ris has k9dly ask$ me to write1 by way ( preface1 a few words on ! relation ( ,greek vase-pa9t+ to ,greek lit]ature & to ,greek my?ology4 ,i d ?is ) ! m pleasure because ?is relation has1 ,i ?9k1 be5 some:at s]i\sly misund]/ood1 & ,m4 ,potti]'s delightful monograph :i*1 ?anks to ,miss ,kahnweil]1 is n[ giv5 to u 9 ,engli% =m1 %\ld d mu* to cle> away misconception & to set ! matt] be=e u 9 a light at once ju/] & m vivid4 99 99 99 99 99 ,fir/ let u consid] = a mom5t ! relation betwe5 ,greek art & ,greek lit]ature4 ,9 classical matt]s we are all ( u1 s*ol>s & /ud5ts alike1 br$ up 9 a tradition t is lit]>y4 ,our e>lie/ contact ) ! ,greek m9d is ?r\gh ,greek poets1 hi/orians1 philosoph]s4 ,?is is well1 = ^! rema9--all said--! supreme revelation4 ,b ?is priority ( lit]>y contact begets1 almo/ inevitably1 a c]ta9 confusion ( ?\ght4 ,br$ z we are 9 a lit]>y tradition1 we come lat] to be confront$ ) o!r utt]ances ( ! ,greek m9d1 = example graphic art--vase-pa9t+4 ,?is we naturally seek to relate to our e>li] & purely lit]>y conceptions4 ,:at has come to u second we in/9ctively make subord9ate1 ancill>y4 ,greek art1 & especially :at we call a 8m9or art10 su* z vase-pa9t+1 is ! 8h&-maid0 ( ,greek poetry1 or1 to drop metaphor1 ! function ( ,greek art1 is1 we ?9k1 to illu/rate ,greek lit]ature4 ,public & publi%] alike dem& n[adays t books on ,greek lit]ature1 on ,greek my?ology1 ev5 editions ( ,greek plays1 %\ld be 8illu/rat$0 f ,greek art4 ,by illu/ration is meant translation1 ! transf]5ce ) ! m9imum ( alt]ation ( an idea express$ 9 "o art into ! m$ium ( ano!r4 ,7 x possible 9 a "w ( art to sep>ate ! idea express$ f ! =m 9 :i* x is express$1 su* transf]5ce might be an eligible & ev5 elegant pa/ime4 ,b e "o kn[s t su* sep>ation ( idea & =m is 9 art impossible4 ,translation ( poetry f "o language to ano!r is prec>i\s1 a ?+ only to be attempt$ by a poet2 translation f "o art to ano!r is a task s inh]5tly b>r5 t ! ,greek1 till 8 decad5ce1 left x1 in/9ctively1 unattempt$4 ,aga9/ ! poison ( ?is 8illu/ration0 !ory ,m4 ,potti]'s monograph is ! be/ antidote1 & all /ud5ts ( ! ,greek m9d w be grateful to ,miss ,kahnweil] = mak+ 8 monograph m easily accessible4 ,m4 ,potti] focuses our att5tion on ! p]sonal arti/1 a man n int5t on 8illu/rat+0 ano!r man's "w1 b on produc+ works ( art ( 8 own4 ,d\ris uses sometimes ! same mat]ial z ,hom] or ,arkt9os1 b he %apes x to 8 own decorative ends2 he draws 8 inspiration naturally & necess>ily r f graphic ?an f lit]>y tradition4 99 99 99 99 99 ,b5ea? ! 8illu/ration0 fallacy !re lurks1 z reg>ds my?ology1 ano!r & a subtl] misconception4 ,until q rec5t ye>s my?ology has be5 aga9 to s*ol>s & /ud5ts alike1 a ?+ ( 8my?ological allusions10 a matt] to be 8look$ up0 ) a view to ! elucidation ( obscure passages 9 ,p9d> or dramatic *oruses4 ,ev5 n[adays my?ology rema9s1 to _m a well-furni%$ s*ol>1 a sort ( by-product1 an elegant outgr[? ( ! ,greek m9d1 a ?+ m]ely 8poetical10 by :i* he means hav+ no t\* ) reality4 ,or1 at be/1 if ! s*ol> be himself a poet1 he loves my?ology )\t analys+ x1 he feels x z a dream t haunts1 a ?+ t att5ds & allures him ?r\gh ! wa/e places ( s*ol>%ip1 m real & m abid+ ?an any realism1 a ?+ to him s intimate t he does n ask ! :y ( x4 ,?anks to ! impact ( ano!r /udy1 an?ropology1 we are awake n[ & look at my?ology ) o!r eyes4 ,we "k t my?ology is n a la/1 lovely1 lit]>y fl[]1 b a ?+ primitive1 deep-seat$1 long ant$at+ any?+ t c be call$ lit]ature1 n a sep>ate 8subject0 at all1 b r a mode ( ?9k+ common at an e>ly /age to all subjects4 ,my?ology is n ! outcome ( an idle1 vagrant fancy1 b a necess>y /ep 9 ! evolution ( human ?\ght2 a /r5u\s /ep tak5 by man t[>ds k1 t[>ds ! fa%ion+ & ord]+ ( ! _w ( m5tal conceptions4 ,my?ology is ! "m-e>? out ( :i* = ! ,greeks gr[ ^? /ately1 fruit-be>+ trees1 lit]ature1 art1 hi/ory1 philosophy4 ,a ,greek vase-pa9t] does n 8illu/rate0 my?ology1 he utt]s x 9 l9e & col\r z ! poet utt]s x 9 words & rhy?m4 ,take a simple in/ance f ! "w ( ,d\ris1 ! kylix 9 ! ,l\vre1 9 ! c5tre ( :i* is pa9t$ ,eos c>ry+ ! body ( ,memnon4 ,! my?ologi/1 t is man 9 8 e>ly days ( ?9k+1 _c conceive or "n ! ab/ract1 empty 8dawn40 ,! gl[ ( morn+ is to him ! pr9t ( une>?ly yet human f+]s4 ,he images 8dawn0 z 8,dawn10 9 t]ms ( humanity1 t is ( ! "o & only ?+ he inw>dly felt & knew--himself4 ,! dawn is = him a beautiful woman1 & to complete h] humanity1 %e is a "m4 ,lit]ature1 :i* is at fir/ b /ory-tell+1 took up ! tale1 & knew t ,eos ! ,dawn :o rose 9 ! ,ea/ _h a *ild ( ! ,ea/ = h] son1 & m\rn$ = him 9 8 dea?1 & c>ri$ him away = 8 burial4 ,! vase-pa9t] is a my?ologi/ too1 & he takes a my?ological /ory = 8 motive1 b 8 art has o!r ends ?an t ( ! poet4 ,he may h he>d ! /ory recit$ at a ,pana!naic fe/ival1 j z he may h se5 x pa9t$ on "s ,/oa or ,les*e4 ,b he does n illu/rate x1 does n translate f an ali5 art into 8 own4 ,he takes ! my? & lets 8 own art say :at x & only x c say4 ,he has se5 9 ! human body ! vision ( a heav5ly patt]n2 he gives u ! grace ( a b5d+ body1 ! poise ( a fly+ foot1 ! swiftness ( /raight l9es1 ! maje/y & poignancy ( limbs />k 9 dea?4 ,t is all1 &1 surely1 en\gh4 ,,jane ,,ell5 ,,h>rison4 ,,cont5ts ,,*ap4 ,,page ,i4 ,,h[ ,,designs ,,on ,,vases ,,repres5t ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,greek ,,pa9t+ #a ,,ii4 ,,! ,,social ,,condition ,,( ,a ,,vase ,,pa9t] ,,at ,,a!ns #i ,,iii4 ,,! ,,work%op ,,& ,,tools ,,( ,,d\ris #bc ,,iv4 ,,h[ ,,d\ris ,,work$ #cj ,v4 ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,,d\ris #dc ,,conclusion #hj ,,bibliography #hg ,,index #hi ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,fig4 ,page #a4 ,kan?>os & ,kylix 7dr9k+ cups7 by ,d\ris4 ,brussels & ,l\vre ,museums4 ,tak5 f ,photographs ,frontispiece #b4 ,work%op ( a ,vase ,pa9t] 7r$ figur$ hydria 9 ,caputi ,collection at ,ruvo71 f ,blmn]4 ,te*nologie und ,t]m9olog4 d] ,gew]be und ,kn/e1 ii41 p4 #he1 ,fig4 #ae #d #c4 ,! pa9t] ,smikros & 8 companions 7r$ figur$ krat] 9 ! ,brussels ,museum71 f ,monum5ts et ,mmoires de la ,fondation ,piot 7article by ,c4 ,gasp>i1 ix41 #aijb1 ,pl4 #b7 #h #d4 ,a ,pott]'s ,work%op2 modell+ & bak+ ( vases 7black-figur$ hydria1 ,muni* ,museum71 f ,bir*1 8,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,pott]y10 #aheh1 p4 #bdi #ab #e4 ,a display ( ,vases & a pur*as] 7r$ figur$ kylix pa9t$ by ,ph9tias1 ,baltimore ,museum74 ,h>twig's ,mei/]s*al51 ,pl4 #ag #af #f4 ,y\?s ex]cis+ 9 ! ,pal/ra 7r$ figur$ kylix by ,d\ris1 ,l\vre ,museum71 f an orig9al ,photograph #bj #g4 ,aphrodite ^u h] ,swan 7,poly*rome on :ite backgr\nd1 ,briti% ,museum71 f ,a4 ,murray & ,a4 ,smi?1 8,:ite ,attic ,vases10 ,pl4 #ae #bd #h4 ,eos c>ry+ ,memnon1 h] dead son 7r$ figur$ kylix by ,d\ris1 ,l\vre ,museum71 f an orig9al ,photograph #bh #i4 ,conte/ ( ,m5elaos & ,p>is 7ext]ior ( prec$+ "o71 f an orig9al ,photograph #cb #aj4 ,conte/ ( ,ajax & ,hector 7ext]ior ( prec$+ "o71 f an orig9al ,photograph #cf #aa4 ,! ,adv5tures ( ,!seus 7r$ figur$ kylix by ,d\ris1 ,briti% ,museum71 f ,e4 d',ei*?al et ,?4 ,re9a* ,pomes *oisis de ,bac*ylide1 p4 #dh #dj #ab4 ,!seus & ,k]kyon2 ,!seus & ! ,m>a?onian bull 7rev]se ( r$ figur$ cup by ! pott] ,euphronios1 9 ! ,l\vre ,museum7 tak5 f ,furtwngl] ,rei*hold ,grie*is*e ,vas5mal]ei1 ,pl4 #e #dd #ac4 ,n]eids appeal+ to ,n]eus & ,doris 7r$ figur$ cup by ,d\ris1 ,l\vre ,museum71 tak5 f ,wi5] ,vorlegebltt51 vii41 ,pl4 #b #dh #ad4 ,sil5i play+ & danc+ 7r$ figur$ vase by ,d\ris1 ,briti% ,museum7 ,furtwngl] ,rei*hold ,grie*is*e ,vas5mal]ei1 ,pl4 #dh #eb #ae4 ,h]a & ,iris attack$ by ,sil5i 7r$ figur$ cup by ,brygos1 ,briti% ,museum71 ,furtwngl] ,rei*hold ,grie*is*e ,vas5mal]ei1 ,pl4 #ag #ed #af4 ,conte/ ( ,ajax & ,ulysses2 ! vot+ ( ! ,greek ,*iefs 7r$ figur$ cup by ,d\ris1 ,vi5na ,museum71 ,furtwngl] ,rei*hold ,grie*is*e ,vas5mal]ei1 ,pl4 #ed #ef #ag4 ,ulysses re/or+ ! ,arms ( ,a*illes to ,neoptolemos 7int]ior ( prec$+ "o71 ,furtwngl] ,rei*hold ,grie*is*e ,vas5mal]ei1 ,pl4 #ed #fj #ah4 ,a*illes kill+ ,trolos 7r$ figur$ cup by ,euphronios1 ,p]ugia ,museum7 tak5 f ,rayet et ,collignon1 ,cramique ,grecque1 ,fig4 #gj #fd #ai4 ,soldi]s arm+ 7r$ figur$ cup by ,d\ris1 ,vi5na ,museum71 ,furtwngl] ,rei*hold1 ,pl4 #ec #fh #bj4 ,greek ,hoplite & ,p]sian ,/&>d-be>] 7r$ figur$ cup by ,d\ris1 ,l\vre ,museum71 ,wi5] ,vorlegebltt51 vii41 ,pl4 #c4 ,great surface indicates re/oration #gj #ba4 ,seat$ ,y\? hold+ a ,h>e 7r$ figur$ kylix by ,d\ris1 ,l\vre ,museum71 f an orig9al ,photograph #gb #bb4 ,int]ior ( a ,s*ool 7r$ figur$ kylix by ,d\ris1 ,b]l9 ,museum71 f ,monum5ti dell' ,in/4 ,ar*41 ix41 ,pl4 #ed #gf #bc4 ,a ,s*oolma/]4 ,b]l9 ,museum1 f ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*al51 ,pl4 #df #hj #bd4 ,zeus c>ry+ (f a ,woman 7attribut$ to ,d\ris1 ,l\vre ,museum71 f an orig9al ,photograph #hd #be4 ,a ,pa9t] at ,"w 7fragm5t1 ,bo/on ,museum71 ,jahrbu* des ,ar*4 ,in/ituts1 xiv41 #ahii1 ,pl4 #d1 ,h>twig #hf ,,d\ris ,,& ,,! ,,pa9t]s ,,( ,,greek ,,vases ,,*apt] ,i ,,h[ ,,designs ,,on ,,vases ,,repres5t ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,greek ,,pa9t+ ,?is book has n be5 writt5 = ! pr(essional ar*ologi/4 ,:ile speak+ ( ,d\ris1 we propose to give ! read+ public an idea ( ! *ief *>act]i/ics ( ,greek pa9t+4 ,x may be ask$ :y ! title ( ?is little book is n ,polygnotos or ,p>rhasios4 ,z we are treat+ ( anci5t pa9t+1 :y n *oose z a /udy "o ( ^! fam\s m51 ^: works give to ! art ( 8 "t its di/9ctive "*8 ,! answ] is simple4 ,n a s+le pa9t+ is pres]v$ by ! ma/]s :o1 ) ! sculptors ,phidias1 ,polykleitos1 ,praxiteles1 & ,lysippos1 made ! ages ( ,p]icles & ,alex&] illu/ri\s4 ,n a fragm5t ( _! pa9t+s nor a piece ( _! frescoes has escap$ de/ruction4 ,un=tunate *ance has ?us kept ! mo/ glori\s p]iod ( ,greek pa9t+ hidd5 f our view4 ,rec5t discov]ies 9 ,myc51 ,tiryns1 ,crete1 & ,melos h reveal$ a/oni%+ works ( ! pre-,hell5ic age1 & !y h re/or$ to u frescoes contempor>y ) ,m9os & ,agamemnon4 ,& = m ?an a c5tury ! excavations at ,pompeii & ,h]culaneum h made kn[n all ! details ( ! decoration ( ,roman h\ses at ! "t ( ,augu/us & ,titus4 ,b betwe5 ^! two p]iods--sep>at$ by fifte5 or tw5ty c5turies--all is obscurity1--a d>k gap :i* a few m>ble panels 9 ! museum ( ,a!ns are q insuffici5t to cov]4 ,^! pale remnants ( fun]eal monum5ts f ! ,k]ameikos1 frescoes pa9t$ on m>ble1 reproduc$ ! life & lik5ess ( ! dep>t$4 ,lit]ature /ill rema9s4 ,pausanias1 ,pl9y1 ,lucian1 & o!rs h enum]at$ & describ$ ! celebrat$ works ( anci5t pa9t+1 & indicat$ ! *ief *>act]i/ics ( ! great ma/]s4 ,9 c]ta9 passages ev5 ! te*nique is m5tion$ & analys$4 ,) ! help ( ?is lit]ature we c1 9 a g5]al way1 trace ! hi/ory ( ,greek pa9t+1 & x is *iefly f ^! records t su* classic books h be5 writt5 z ,brunn's ,ges*i*te d] ,kn/l] & ,woltmann's ,ges*i*te d] ,mal]ei4 ,= ga9+ a ?or\gh k ( ! data ( ! subject1 ! great value ( ^! books is unque/ionable4 ,b !re is no d\bt t a hi/ory compil$ f texts becomes excessively dry1 ev5 ?\gh illu/rations are borr[$ f ,pompeii & ,h]culaneum4 ,:at impression w\ld any "o :o _h nev] se5 a pa9t+ by ,raphael or ,mi*elangelo receive by m]ely read+ ab\t !m8 ,fur!rmore1 _m anci5t au?ors1 f> f be+ accurate or full 9 _! in=mation1 are hopelessly brief2 (t5 ! subject ( a pa9t+ & ! "n ( its au?or are m5tion$ 9 b ?ree words4 ,let u suppose t two ?\s& ye>s h5ce our desc5dants %\ld f9d a guide-book & read1 8,! ,sacr$ ,grove ( ! ,muses1 by ,puvis de ,*avannes40 ,:at conclusions c\ld !y draw 9 reg>d to ! composition ( ! pa9t+ or ! tal5t ( its au?or8 ,su* is our position 9 reg>d to _m works ( antiquity4 ,ev5 if1 z is sometimes ! case1 ! descriptions are full1 z 9 a passage :]e ,pausanias enum]ates all ! p]sons 9 ! two frescoes ( ,polygnotos at ,delphi1 ,! ,visit to ,hades & ,! ,capture ( ,troy1 ! same d>kness /ill exi/s z to ! plac+ ( ! figures1 _! expression1 _! attitude1 & ! te*nique ( ! col\r+4 ,?anks to ! /udy devot$ to pa9t$ vases1 we are n[ able to get a bett] idea ( & ?r[ a little m light on ! /yle & composition ( ,greek pa9t+4 ,m4 ,paul ,gir>d's book1 ,la ,pe9ture ,antique is an in/ance4 ,ne>ly all ! illu/rations 9 ! *apt]s devot$ to classic ,greece are tak5 f ! decoration ( vases4 ,to return to a comp>ison made above4 ,"o :o knew no?+ ( ,raphael's "w1 b :o _h se5 "s faence ( ,urb9o reproduc+ c]ta9 works ( ! "t1 w\ld 9 e way be m capable ?an ^? :o _h n ( und]/&+ ! ma/]'s composition & 8 /yle4 ,he w\ld und\bt$ly /ill lose _m ?+s4 ,he nev] w\ld realise ! h>mony ( 8 col\rs or ! l(t9ess & purity ( 8 designs4 ,?is is1 alas6 :at we mu/ say1 9 comp>+ ! pa9t+ ( a ,greek vase ) ! lo/ pa9t+s ( ,polygnotos or ,zeuxis4 ,! reflection ( a lo/ art is all t rema9s to u6 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,,! ,,work%op ,,( ,a ,,vase ,,pa9t]4 ,caputi ,collection1 ,ruvo4 ,we %\ld add1 h[ev]1 t ! di/9ction betwe5 ,greek manufactur]s & _! models mu/ h be5 less m>k$ ?an 9 lat] ages4 ,( ?is we _c give mat]ial pro(1 b f c]ta9 details we arrive at ?is conclusion4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! ,attic craftsman 0 end[$1 z r>ely any "o has be51 ) ! art ( design & ! s5se ( /yle4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! anci5t fresco1 p>ticul>ly ( ! fif? c5tury1 0 only draw+ 9 flat col\rs1 )\t %ad+ or modell+4 ,h5ce1 !re did n exi/ ! gulf :i* 9 mod]n times sep>ates a reproduction due to me*anical means f a pa9t+ execut$ ) all ! f9e %ades & skilful di/9ctions ( *i>o oscuro4 ,9 ,greece1 a pa9t] ( frescoes or a pa9t] ( vases 0 above all ?+s a good draughtsman4 ,"h is a common measure :i* r$uces ! di/ance betwe5 !m4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( orig9al pa9t+s we mu/ desc5d a /ep & h rec\rse to ! vase indu/ry1 & ?us discov] dimly ! nature ( pictorial art 9 ! be/ times ( classic ,greece4 ,b "h ano!r "q arises4 ,9 treat+ ( ,greek c]amics1 is ! "n ( ,d\ris ! mo/ important "o among ! _m arti/s pres5t+ !mselves to our m9d8 ,he =m$ "o ( ! ,pleades1 :o1 betwe5 ! expulsion ( ! tyrant ,hippias 7#eaj ,b4,c47 & ! ,p]sian w>s 7#dij-dgi ,b4,c471 br\ght ! manufacture ( ,a!nian pott]y to its culm9at+ po9t4 ,8 rivals ,euphronios & ,brygos h1 h[ev]1 be5 consid]$ m skill$ or m inspir$ 9 _! "w4 ,:y !n *oose ,d\ris z ! mo/ repres5tative type ( ,greek pa9t+8 ,?is is ! reason4 ,we "k at pres5t ab\t "o hundr$ names ( manufactur]s & pa9t]s ( vases4 ,^? :o dur+ ! be/ p]iod h left ! greate/ numb] ( works are ,euphronios1 ,d\ris1 ,hi]on1 & ,brygos4 ,leav+ aside simple fragm5ts1 & only c\nt+ pieces helpful = s]i\s /udy1 we possess ( ! fir/-nam$ t5 sign$ works1 ( ! ?ird tw5ty1 ( ! f\r? eight4 ,( ,d\ris tw5ty-eight are kn[n4 ,! great] numb] alone w\ld ju/ify our *oice4 ,b ano!r & m important consid]ation may be add$ to ! =m]4 ,manufactur]s ( vases h diff]5t tradem>ks = _! w>e4 ,!y trace _! "n ) a pa9t-bru% on ! body ( ! vase1 or else incise x 9 f9e lett]s on ! foot or h&le4 ,! mode 9 :i* _! "n occurs v>ies3 8,s-&-s made10 or else 8,s-&-s pa9t$40 ,!re c be no unc]ta9ty z to ! latt] phrase2 x ref]s to ! arti/ :o execut$ ! pa9t+s decorat+ ! vase4 ,b ?is t]m is f> less frequ5t ?an ! =m]1 :i* has caus$ _m discussions4 8,s-&-s made08 ,is x a m elliptical way ( imply+ ! design]1 or is x ! pott] :o speaks 9 contra/ to ! pa9t] & design]8 ,or1 aga91 did ! same man make ! vase & !n pa9t x8 ,is x ! ma/]1 ! ov]se] :o directs ! entire manufacture1 & :o1 aft] ! diff]5t processes ( modell+1 ( decoration1 & ( bak+ h be5 execut$ "u 8 direction & accord+ to 8 plans1 affixes to ! w>e ( 8 h\se a sort ( comm]cial trade-m>k8 ,all ^! op9ions h be5 support$ at diff]5t times4 ,we _c say t ! subject has be5 fully elucidat$4 ,9 consequ5ce we run a great risk ( mi/ake 9 say+ t a pa9t+ is a c]ta9 pott]'s workman%ip1 :5 ! vase does n explicitly /ate :o pa9t$ x4 ,! inevitable conclusion rema9s2 to argue ) c]ta9ty ab\t pa9t]s ( vases we c only tru/ "o expression3 8,s-&-s pa9t$40 ,9 ! mo/ prom95t gr\p ( pott]s ( ! fif? c5tury1 x is ,d\ris :o be/ fulfils all ^! conditions1 & relieves u ( all unc]ta9ties on ?is subject4 ,he is a craftsman1 & c make a pot or h "o made "u 8 direction4 ,! museum at ,brussels possesses a kan?>os :i* 8,d\ris made0 7,fig4 #a74 ,b he is above all a draughtsman & executes all 8 pa9t+s himself1 = ! tw5ty-eight examples m5tion$1 includ+ ! kan?>os at ,brussels1 be> ! words1 8,d\ris pa9t$40 ,ev5 ,euphronios1 to :om ,kle9 devot$ an entire book1 mak+ ?is arti/ fam\s--& :o to _m repres5ts ! vase pa9t] p> excell5ce--only sign$ z draughtsman ?ree or f\r vases1 & z craftsman sev54 ,z pott] & pa9t]1 ,d\ris fulfils ! necess>y qualifications ( a ma/]-craftsman2 above all z draughtsman & pa9t]1 he satisfies mo/ fully our desire ( f9d+ 9 ! decoration ( pa9t$ vases a reflection ( ! great contempor>y art4 ,?is is :y ! *oice ( 8 "n seem$ to u imp]ative4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,,! ,,pa9t] ,,smikros ,,& ,,8 ,,companions4 ,krat] 9 ! ,brussels ,museum4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,social ,,condition ,,( ,a ,,vase ,,pa9t] ,,at ,,a!ns ,a biography ( ,d\ris mu/ n be expect$4 ,no classical writ] has hon\r$ "o ( ^! pott]s ev5 s f> z to m5tion 8 "n4 ,anci5t lit]ature has only left "s brief allusions to ! craft1 "s inscriptions recall+ _! d$ications 9 sanctu>ies4 ,! vases !mselves & ! inscriptions trac$ !reon =m ! cle>e/ te/imony we possess4 ,"h aga9 we mu/ be guid$ by discretion & n drift into romance4 ,a le>n$ ,g]man assumes t ,eu?ymides1 a celebrat$ pott] ( ! fif? c5tury & a contempor>y ( ,d\ris1 mu/ h di$ "y1 :ile 8 rival ,euphronios1 aft] a long c>e]1 di$ at an advanc$ age4 ,he q =gets t ! numb] ( sign$ vases to be attribut$ to any individual arti/ is liable to be dim9i%$ or increas$ by a *ance discov]y1 & t we are /ill f> f be+ able to survey at a glance ! complete production ( a manufactur]4 ,eu?ymides may h produc$ f> m ?an ,euphronios2 we h1 h[ev]1 only recov]$ sev5 ( 8 vases4 ,an enquiry into ! lives ( vase pa9t]s mu/ be conf9$ to a consid]ation ( ! g5]al conditions ( _! position4 ,all inf]5ce z to special facts is necess>ily conjectural & fictiti\s4 ,mod]n hi/orians h made kn[n to u ?is important fact3 trade 9 ,a!ns1 z 9 o!r ,greek cities1 0 *iefly 9 ! h&s ( ^? call$ 8,metics10 t is to say1 /rang]s liv+ 9 ! city & giv5 c]ta9 political rights regulat$ by special laws4 ,a!ns possess$ laws mo/ fav\rable to ! metics1 & f ! "t ( ,solon1 accord+ to ,plut>*1 /rang]s cr[d$ into ?is g5]\s city1 :i* (f]$ su* obvi\s advantages to settl]s4 ,dur+ ! "t ( ! ,peloponnesian w> 7#dca ,b4,c47 ! numb] ( metics _h increas$ to #if1jjj1 z comp>$ ) #abj1jjj citiz5s--an enorm\s proportion4 ,x is !re=e to be suppos$ t _m manufactur]s at ! beg9n+ ( ! fif? c5tury 7 ali5s or desc5d$ f =eign families4 ,?is hypo!sis is confirm$ by ! pott]s' names1 _m ( :i* are =eign3 ,sky!s 7! ,scy?ian71 ,lydos 7! ,lydian71 ,amasis 7"n ( an ,egyptian ,ph>aoh ( ! six? c5tury71 ,kol*os 7inhabitant ( ,col*is71 ,?rax 7( ,?race71 ,sikanos & ,sikelos 7! ,sicilian71 ,brygos 7"n ( a ,mac$onian or ,illyrian p71 etc4 ,beside ^!1 h[ev]1 we meet ) _m purely ,greek or ,attic names--,klitias1 ,ergotimos1 ,niko/h5es1 ,epiktetos1 ,pamphaios1 ,euphronios1 ,hi]on1 ,megakles1 & o!rs4 ,9 c]ta9 cases1 ! craftsman's patronymic foll[s1 z ,kleom5es1 son ( ,nikias2 ,eu?ym$es1 son ( ,polios4 ,?is indicates a freeman & citiz5 ( ,a!ns4 ,once we ev5 f9d ! deme m5tion$3 ,nikias1 son ( ,h]mokles1 ( ! deme ,anaphly/os4 ,we "h cat* a glimpse ( a society :]e ! actual citiz5 associates freely ) _m naturalis$ ali5s4 ,x is probable t slaves or fre$m5 7 also employ$1 z "o may guess f ! foll[+ nicknames3 ,paidikos 7beautiful *ild71 ,smikros 7! little "o71 ,mys 7! rat74 ,d\ris' "n does n appe> to be ,attic4 ,x is always writt5 ,doris on vases1 b we "k t 9 ^? times ! diph?ong ou 0 simply express$ by o4 ,! "n ,doris does n exi/ 9 ! catalogue ( m5's names :i* has come d[n to u1 :ile ! "n ,d\ris is well-kn[n4 ,x may h be5 ( ,ionian orig94 ,to resume1 ! ,k]ameikos ( ,a!ns =m$ a di/rict by itself1 a little _w :]e all sorts ( p belong+ to diff]5t races & societies jo/l$ "o ano!r4 ,! ma/] 0 ! manag] ( ! factory & a craftsman1 capable ( mak+ a vase z well z pa9t+ x1 design+ ! =ms1 ! ornam5ts1 & ! subjects4 ,8 assi/ants1 :o 7 sometimes all[$ ! hon\r ( sign+1 7 employ$ "u 8 direction 9 ! %ap+ & decorat+ ( pott]y2 ev5 wom5 took "p 9 ?is "w1 z we see on a beautiful vase-pa9t+ 7,fig4 #b7 to be describ$ lat]4 ,la/ly1 !re 7 ! workm5 engag$ 9 work+ ! clay1 prep>+ ! glaze & ! col\rs1 tak+ c>e ( ! ov5s1 mov+ mat]ials1 etc4 ,comp>+ ! arrangem5ts 9 a mod]n c]amic factory1 "o w f9d ab\t ! same conditions & ^! ?ree grades ( work]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,a ,,pott]',s ,,work%op4 ,,modell+ ,,& ,,bak+ ,,( ,,vases4 ,hydria4 ,muni* ,museum4 ,we mu/ naturally picture ?+s 9 ,greece on a mode/ scale3 ! ent]prise conduct$ at less exp5se ?an n[adays1 ! capital small]1 & ! /aff r$uc$ to ^? /rictly requir$4 ,above all1 x is necess>y to rememb] t ! division ( lab\r 0 f> less m>k$ 9 anci5t times ?an ) u4 ,! same man 0 capable ( diff]5t tasks1 he 0 employ$ accord+ to 8 ability & intellig5ce4 ,!re 0 no?+ ( ! me*anical _s1 :i* n[adays has pass$ into ! man f ! ma*9e1 &1 = ! sake ( great] spe$ & precision1 isolates a workman 9 a corn] ( ! factory )\t tea*+ him any?+ else4 ,und\bt$ly a social hi]>*y exi/$ & weigh$ heavily ^u ! individual2 to be citiz51 metic1 or slave impli$ pr(\ndly diff]5t conditions ( life1 :i* rais$ m =midable b>ri]s betwe5 classes ?an ) u4 ,b 9 ! ex]cise ( art or indu/ry ! life ( ! anci5ts pres5ts itself "u a s+ul>ly democratic aspect4 ,_! workm5 %>$ _! m5tal "w f> m ?an ours d1 & 7 famili> ) all ! details ( ! craft4 ,?is x is :i* gives to ! indu/rial art ( ! ,greeks a m>k$ di/9ction4 ,no matt] h[ mode/ ! "w1 "o feels a liv+ intellig5ce !re94 ,! hi/ory ( vases is mo/ sugge/ive 9 ?is respect4 ,we nev] f9d ! /iffness ( me*anical lab\r1 ! monotony ( copy repeat$ to satiety4 ,all are n ma/]pieces--f> f x4 ,b n "o is q devoid ( individuality1 & ! be/ pro( t c be giv5 is t two pa9t$ ,greek vases exactly id5tical d n exi/4 ,:e!r ,d\ris 0 metic or citiz51 we may ?9k ( him z a craftsman1 :o by 8 k & skill _h acquir$ an important position 9 ! t[n1 & direct$ "o ( ^! fl\ri%+ e/abli%m5ts 9 ! pott]s' qu>t]1 ne> ! ,dipylon ,gate1 & j at ! entrance to ! ,necropolis4 ,8 w>e help$ to c>ry ! fame ( ,attic ta/e into di/ant l&s4 ,we "k t ! majority ( ,greek vases h be5 ga!r$ f ,etruscan tombs1 :]e !y =m$ ! p]sonal prop]ty ( ! dead aft] hav+ be5 us$ by families at banquets & at religi\s c]emonies4 ,simil> f9ds h be5 made 9 _m o!r sites ( ! anci5t _w3 9 ! isl&s ( ,sicily1 ,rhodes1 ,melos2 on ! coa/ ( ,africa1 9 ,cyr5aica2 9 ! ,?racian ,*]sonese1 ev5 z f> z ! ,crimea4 ,b n[h]e h ! f9ds be5 ri*] ?an 9 ,etruria2 ?is 0 ! fav\rite m>ket = ,attic w>e dur+ ! six? & ! great] "p ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,aft] ! disa/r\s w> 9 ,sicily1 :5 communication ) ! ,tyrrh5ian ,sea 0 sev]$1 !y turn$ to s\!rn ,italy1 ! ,isl&s1 ,africa1 & ! ,scy?ian colonies4 ,! trade 9 vases 0 n limit$ to ! home m>ket1 to ! cu/om]s ( ,a!ns & ! neighb\rhood4 ,! mo/ important & mo/ ?riv+ "p ( ! indu/ry 0 ! export into =eign c\ntries4 ,:at we to-day t]m l'article de ,p>is scatt]$ ov] all ! _w some:at recalls ! fav\r enjoy$ by ,attic productions 9 t age4 ,great pr(its mu/ h be5 realis$4 ,?is trade 0 aga9 comb9$ ) o!r important exports4 ,x w\ld be an error to consid] ! pa9t$ vase z a curio simply made = ! pleasure ( ! eyes ( ! collector or arti/1 l ! porcela9 ( ,*9a & ( ,japan to-day4 ,! ,greeks _h no bric--brac4 ,we may ev5 say t !re 7 no art amateurs or collectors4 ,utility 0 ! only f\ndation ( art3 x =m$ its heal? & /r5g?4 ,we d n believe a /atue 0 ev] made1 ev5 9 ! fif? c5tury1 simply = ! pleasure ( creat+ a beautiful piece ( "w4 ,ea* art object _h a practical purpose1 & only exi/$ by virtue ( a want3 (f]+s to ! gods1 consecrations aft] victories1 h\sehold ut5sils1 votive (f]+s at ! alt> & ! tomb4 ,x foll[s t indu/rial art 0 /ill m intimately connect$ ) practical ne$s4 ,! amphora1 :i* appe>s z a speciality ( ,a!ns 9 ! c]amic indu/ry1 conta9$ ! fam\s oil ga!r$ 9 ! pla9--to-day /ill fam\s = its olive groves--or w9e f ,p>nes4 ,we "k positively t ! ,pana!naic amphor giv5 z prizes at ! fea/s 9 hon\r ( ,a!ne conta9$ ! sav\ry oil produc$ by ! sacr$ plants ( ! goddess4 ,victors c>ri$ ^! to _! homes z trophies4 ,!re is no reason to believe t o!r vases 7 treat$ diff]5tly4 ,:y %\ld ! pa9t$ amphor1 su* z are f\nd f ! six? c5tury onw>ds 9 great numb]s 9 ,etruscan tombs1 be s5t =? empty f ! work%ops ( ,cor9?1 ,*alkis1 or ,a!ns8 ,!y c]ta9ly once conta9$ a product priz$ by ! inhabitants ( ,ca]e & ,vols9ii m ?an ! beauty ( ! pa9t+ on _! ext]ior4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is beautiful decoration1 :i* 0 a sort ( trade-m>k ( ,greek produce1 ri* families 9 ,italy ord]$ entire 8table s]vices0 f ,a!ns = special use at banquets & religi\s fe/ivals4 ,!y n only compris$ receptacles = oil & w9e--amphor1 krat]es1 leky?oi1 decant]s = w9e z ! o9o*oai1 hold]s ( wat] z ! hydria--b also vases = dr9k+1 su* z ! kylix1 ! kan?>os1 & ! skyphos1 & ev5 plates & platt]s4 ,f ! fif? c5tury onw>ds ,a!ns _h succe$$ 9 de/roy+ all competition4 ,%e _h become ! unique c5tre ( ?is trade4 ,! "* ( ! art !n obta9$ decisive importance4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,a ,,display ,,( ,,vases ,,& ,a ,,pur*as]4 ,kylix by ,ph9tias4 ,baltimore ,museum4 ,! manufacture ( ! kylix--:i* 0 ess5tially ! in/rum5t ( joy & gaiety1 pass+ at banquets f h& to h& & admir$ by e "o z x pass$--receiv$ an impetus until !n unkn[n4 ,h5ce x 0 9 consequ5ce ( be+ 9 close connection ) ! export trade & ) ! two o!r great indu/ries ( w9e & oil t ! c]amic art ( ,a!ns develop$ s extraord9>ily4 ,! manufactur]s mu/ frequ5tly h made l>ge =tunes4 ,hi/orians tell u t ! great =tunes 9 ,a!ns 7 9 ! h&s ( ! metics4 ,x is n a/oni%+ to he> ( ri* (f]+s be+ made on ! ,acropolis by manufactur]s1 "s ( :om 7 pott]s4 ,on ! p$e/al ( an (f]+ we read ! "n ( ! pott] ,euphronios4 ,a votive /ele1 9 a /yle ( delicate ar*aism1 repres5ts 9 bas-relief a manufactur] ( vases seat$1 hold+ two dr9k+ cups 9 "o h&4 ,un=tunately a great "p ( ! inscription is effac$1 b "o c /ill di/+ui% ! end ( a "n 8,,ios0 :i* might be ,euphronios4 ,! /yle ( ! sculpture & ! accept$ date ( ! c]ami/ w\ld agree4 ,! mo/ beautiful ar*aic /atue f\nd on ! ,acropolis is sign$ by "o ( ! greate/ sculptors ( ! f\r? c5tury1 ,ant5or1 & be>s a d$ication made by a c]ta9 ,ne>*os1 :o might be a mak] ( black-figur$ vases--"o ( :i* is pres]v$4 ,?is id5tification is un=tunately n c]ta91 b is admitt$ by sev]al ar*ologi/s1 & implies no?+ improbable4 ,if "o c\ld def9itely prove t ! pott] ,ne>*os _h ord]$1 ( a fam\s sculptor1 an important "w = an (f]+ to ! goddess ,a!ne z a ti! ( 8 ga9s1 we %\ld possess mo/ important evid5ce z to ! social & pecuni>y condition ( craftsm54 ,ano!r curi\s record ( ! mode ( life l$ by c]ta9 pott]s is giv5 on a vase 9 ! ,museum at ,brussels4 ,a pa9t] has pa9t$ 8 own portrait 9 ! features ( a "y man at a banquet lean+ on a c\*1 fea/+ 9 ! gay company ( fri5ds & hetairai 7,fig4 #c74 ,he is a contempor>y ( ,d\ris nam$ ,smikros4 ,"o day1 8 purse be+ well fill$ 9 consequ5ce ( good ord]s1 he & "s companions ( ! /udio indulg$ 9 ! pleasures ! city yield$4 ,if1 by su* in=mation we may consid] ! pecuni>y position ( pott]s z fairly good1 %all we conclude t _! education 0 equal to t ( ! be/ ,a!nian society8 ,"h x may be well to ent] a prote/ aga9/ ! commonly accept$ op9ion4 ,vase pa9t]s are usually cr$it$ ) qualities ( orig9ality am\nt+ to positive g5ius4 ,! m]it ( ! composition & ( ! *oice ( subject1 ! skill 9 plac+ ! figures1 ! inv5tion ( attitude & movem5t1 are all attribut$ to !m4 ,h>twig1 an au?or :o has closely /udi$ ! ,greek dr9k+ cups ( ! fif? c5tury1 goes s f> 9 8 admiration z to reject z fanciful any connection betwe5 ! works ( ?is indu/ry & ! great works ( contempor>y art4 ,he grants t vase pa9t]s copy "o ano!r1 & t !y borr[ mutually subjects = designs & ev5 p]sons4 ,b he ma9ta9s t _! prov9ce rema9s indisput$ly !irs1 & "o ne$ n look = copies f celebrat$ works 9 _! art4 ,?is op9ion appe>s1 l _m o!rs1 to conta9 a tru? & an error4 ,x is q true1 t to look = a commonplace reproduction ( great art ^u pa9t$ vases w\ld be useless4 ,_m subjects are /rictly design$ = ! express purpose ( ! vase1 = ! =m ( its surface1 & are drawn f sc5es ( ev]yday life :i* 7 con/antly "u ! draughtsman's eyes1 sc5es ( ! pal/ra1 ( banquets1 milit>y armam5ts1 processions ( cavalry1 etc4 ,:o c\ld imag9e a ,greek draughtsman n copy+ ,nature8 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 h[ c "o ?9k ( an artisan z skill$ z an ,a!nian c]ami/1 :o c\ld rema9 indiff]5t to ! lessons ( ! great ma/]s8 ,w\ld n 8 eyes & bra9 be fill$ ) ! works ( art :i* made all public build+s & sanctu>ies museums 9 ! op5 air8 ,& 9 t case1 :at /range rule w\ld =bid him to borr[ _m ( ! subjects & p]sons f ^! sup]ior models8 ,^! w\ld be ab/racts1 free compositions1 adaptations1 b nev]!less a borr[+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,,y\?s ,,ex]cis+ ,,9 ,,! ,,pal,,/ra4 ,kylix by ,d\ris4 ,l\vre ,museum4 ,fur!rmore1 :at we h j said ( vase manufactur]s places !m 9 a popul> class ^: memb]s did n %9e by education4 ,m]*ants ( free /atus1 metics1 fre$m5 or slaves c\ld n =m a society comp>able to ! "o 9 :i* liv$ a ,polygnotos or a ,phidias4 ,isocrates says scornfully3 8,:o w\ld d>e comp>e ,phidias to a mak] ( t]racottas1 or ,zeuxis & ,p>rhasios to a pa9t] ( votive (f]+s80 ,he w\ld und\bt$ly h said ! same ( vase pa9t]s4 ,we affirm1 9 fact1 t _m ( ^! work]s 7 q illit]ate2 "s 7 cont5t simply to trace %am lett]s or lett]s 9 juxtaposition1 )\t any mean+1 9 ! place ( ! usual inscription4 ,_m made gross mi/akes1 or mix$ ! dialect ( _! own c\ntry ) t ( ,a!ns4 ,"s did n ev5 "k h[ to spell ! "n ( ! pott] = :om !y 7 work+1 b wrote x 9 ?ree or f\r diff]5t ways4 ,^! little facts help to illu/rate ! inf]ior condition ( ?is society4 ,to look "h = great arti/s1 philosoph]s or ?9k]s1 rivals ( ,p9d> & s*ylus1 ( ,phidias & ,polygnotos1 w\ld be contr>y to all likelihood4 ,if ,euphronios1 ,d\ris or ,brygos _h g5ius1 x 0 entirely 9 _! prov9ce z skill$ draughtsm51 guid$ & influ5c$ by beautiful models1 besides be+ bus9ess m5 & prud5t m]*ants4 ,! idea ( rais+ su* m5 to ! height ( creators & inv5tors w\ld c]ta9ly h greatly a/oni%$ ! ,a!nians4 ,to sum up1 ,nature & liv+ tru?--! works ( great ma/]s & ! tea*+s ( ! pa/--^! =m ! d\ble s\rce f :i* all arti/s1 at all times1 h drawn4 ,x w\ld seem difficult to exclude f "o or ! o!r ! pa9t]s ( ,greek vases4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 /udy+ !m we feel1 al?\gh _! social position is humble1 & _! private education m$iocre1 t !y are peculi>ly great1 inasmu* z _! arti/ic s5se is always al]t1 always emul\s ( competitors or works ( art ab\t !m1 &1 f9ally1 great 9 t dom9ant quality :i* ! ,greek c>ries )9 him--a ke5 s5sitiv5ess to all t is beautiful 9 life4 ,z artisans1 craftsm51 m]*ants & metics1 !y move 9 a l[] sph]e 9 _! city2 b no?+ %[s m cle>ly ! p[] ( ! environm5t ?an see+ 9 ,a!ns1 :i* _h become ! spiritual c5tre ( ,greece1 ! work+ man's _w rais+ itself )\t ef=t f its dead level to ! intellectual life ( ! high] classes3 a ph5om5on all ! m rem>kable z x occurr$ 9 an anci5t society1 t is to say1 9 an era :5 ! social b>ri]s 7 inflexibly rigid4 ,may mod]n democracies be inspir$ by ?is example & und]/& t ! education ( ! masses comes f ! highly-gift$1 & ! masses w nev] be high-m9d$ :5 ^? :om =tune has plac$ above !m are wor?less4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,work%op ,,& ,,tools ,,( ,,d\ris ,we mu/ reg>d ,d\ris f two po9ts ( view3 ! craftsman & ! arti/4 ,let u fir/ see :at 8 work%op 0 l4 ,aga91 all ! docum5ts we possess are ! vases !mselves1 or t]racotta tablets :i* s]v$ z votive (f]+s4 ,we see ^u !m workm5 9 ! act ( turn+ or pa9t+ pots1 light$ ov5s1 pott]y expos$ = sale1 etc4 ,^u a black-figur$ hydria at ,muni* 7,fig4 #d7 we see su* an e/abli%m5t divid$ into two p>ts3 to ! left is ! work%op :]e ! turn+1 %ap+ & poli%+ ( vases takes place2 to ! "r1 "u ! sup]vision ( an ag$ man1 :o app>5tly is ! ma/]1 are o!r workm5 c>ry+ f9i%$ pots to dry & bake !m4 ,9 ! extreme corn] is ! high ov5 decorat$ ) a ,sil5us mask4 ,"h1 a vase f ,ruvo 7,fig4 #b7 takes u to a pa9t]'s /udio4 ,?ree pa9t]s1 ea* grasp+ a bru%1 are decorat+ ! body & neck ( two krat]es & "o kan?>os1 :ile o!r vases on ! gr\nd are await+ _! turn4 ,to ! "r1 on a plat=m1 a woman is pa9t+ ! h&le ( a l>g] krat]2 above h] "s small pots are lean+ aga9/ ! wall4 ,! composition is +5i\sly complet$ by ! appe>ance ( two ,victories & ,a!ne arm$ ) helmet & lance1 :o solemnly cr[n ! workm5 b5d+ ov] _! "w--a poetic symbol to glorify ! fame ( ,a!nian indu/ry4 ,! act ( pa9t+ is illu/rat$ ^u "s vase fragm5ts1 :]e we see ! arti/ work+ ) a v f9ely-po9t$ bru% 7,fig4 #be74 ,la/ly1 "s ,cor9?ian platt]s %[ u workm5 turn+ vases & wat*+ ! bak+1 & ! kiln fill$ ) piles ( pott]y4 ,"o ev5 repres5ts a m]*ant %ip ) a c>go ( pott]y1 o9o*oai or small p]fume bottles1 de/9$ = "s l& across ! sea4 ,we w m5tion "o o!r kylix by ! pa9t] ,ph9tias1 ^u :i* are display$ a pott]'s w>es4 ,a numb] ( vases are plac$ on ! gr\nd1 & a y\? ) a purse 9 8 h& is /oop+ 9 ! act ( *oos+ 8 pur*ase 7,fig4 #e74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,,aphrodite ,,^u ,,h] ,,swan4 ,:ite backgr\nd4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,all ^! sc5es are small g5re pictures l ,! ,b>b]s or ,! ,lace ,mak]s ( ,holl& & ,fl&]s 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,!y tea* u ! *ief *>act]i/ics ( ! c]amic art4 ,an e/abli%m5t ( ?is k9d implies sev]al build+s4 ,! vase turn]s or mak]s w\ld be 9 a sep>ate room f ! pa9t]s4 ,"o or m ov5s w\ld be requir$ 9 a c\rt1 ) a %$ = ! /orage ( raw mat]ials1 & = knead+ & ref9+ ! clay4 ,la/ly1 we mu/ assume t !re 7 "s rooms = w>eh\s+ & a sale-room adjo9+ ! factory1 9 addition to rooms = ! ma/]s & night-wat*m54 ,no matt] h[ mode/ ! /aff1 x w\ld am\nt to fifte5 or tw5ty p]sons1 c\nt+ n only ^? 9 *>ge ( ! factory1 b lab\r]s & /ok]s4 ,^u ! hydria at ,muni* 7,fig4 #d71 9 a pa9t+ necess>ily re/rict$1 we c c\nt eight p]sons4 ,^u ! vase f ,ruvo 7,fig4 #b7 ! /udio conta9s f\r work]s--?ree m5 & "o woman--all pa9t+4 ,to obta9 a correct idea ( ! /aff "o mu/ at lea/ treble ?is numb]4 ,h5ce a pott] l ,d\ris mu/ h sup]9t5d$ a factory repres5t+ a comm]cial ent]prise ( "s importance4 ,we mu/ n ?9k ( an arti/1 :o1 9 8 solit>y /udio1 at 8 leisure & accord+ to 8 inspiration1 sket*es subjects or =ms = vases1 & leaves ! execution to o!rs4 ,we mu/ n =get x is an indu/ry4 ,?is practical purpose mu/ pr(\ndly influ5ce "o's op9ions z to ! nature ( ! pott]'s /udies1 8 mann] ( compos+1 & ! pr(it he expects f 8 ent]prise4 ,we w n discuss po9ts ( te*nique :i* dem& too detail$ an enquiry1 & w\ld raise que/ions n yet solv$4 ,let u ?9k ( ! mat]ials z ga!r$ 9 ! h&s ( ! craftsman3 clay c>efully *os5 & ref9$1 col\rs = glaz+ & ret\*+1 lu/res int5d$ to bright5 ! natural col\r ( ! clay1 & ! black = ! design1 :eels & m\lds1 rules & compass1 %>p po9ts = sket*+1 bru%es ( all k9ds1 etc4 ,! mo/ commonly us$ & mo/ valuable +r$i5t is ! black glaze1 ! composition ( :i* is /ill unkn[n2 its basis is oxide ( iron4 ,x is us$ = draw+s on r$ clay1 to trace features1 p]sons1 accessories & decorations1 & to cov] ! backgr\nd4 ,x is to ! ,greek :at ,indian ink is to ! draughtsman ( ,japan4 ,9 bak+1 x takes on a w>m1 velvety tone1 sometimes a little olive1 sometimes x becomes 9 ! flames a little yell[ or r$4 ,x is bright5$ by a brilliant lu/re :i* frequ5tly produces ! effect ( a mirror1 b x nev] has ! cold or waxy tone :i* disfigures mod]n imitations ( antique vases4 ,x is ?ick & ri*1 & =ms1 aft] dry+1 a slight prom95ce p]ceptible to ! f+]4 ,la/ly1 x is inde/ructible1 ev5 by acids1 & does n *ange ) "t1 unless ! surface ( ! clay b5ea? x has be5 t\*$ by damp1 9 :i* case x flakes (f4 ,! inv5tion ( ?is black 0 "o ( ! mo/ beautiful discov]ies 9 anci5t indu/ry4 ,if we c\ld only discov] its =mula x w\ld /ill be ( ! greate/ importance4 ,x 0 9 use f ! "t ( ! ,myc5an age1 t is to say1 m ?an a ?\s& ye>s be=e our era2 ev5tually pott]s br\ght x to p]fection1 increas+ its delicacy1 ?ickness & brilliancy4 ,ab\t ! "t ( ,d\ris x _h rea*$ its p]fection & reta9$ its excell5ce until ! end ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,aft] ! capture ( ,a!ns & ! ru9 ( ! pott]s' work%ops1 ! recipe 0 lo/ or ! manufacture ( x became neglect$1 = vases ( ! f\r? c5tury1 f\nd 9 ,botia & 9 ,s\!rn ,italy1 %[ a great det]ioration 9 ?is respect4 ,next to ! black1 8 bru% is ( ! greate/ importance to ! ,a!nian arti/4 ,its nature has be5 mu* discuss$4 ,9 "s ( ! illu/rations cit$1 we see x 9 ! h&s ( workm5 :ile draw+ 7,figs4 #b & #be74 ,x consi/s ( a ?9 h&le1 d\btless ( wood1 to :i* is jo9$ a long & ?9 po9t4 ,"s suppose x to be ! b>bule ( a bird's fea!r2 ! fea!rs ( ! woodcock are p>ticul>ly suitable = v delicate l9es4 ,9 ! op9ion ( o!rs x is m]ely a hog's bri/le4 ,! bru%es v>y 9 ?ickness accord+ to ! numb] & /\tness ( ! bri/les employ$4 ,! ,greeks mu/ h be5 able to pa9t ) "o s+le bri/le1 a me?od requir+ great pati5ce & special skill 9 load+ ! bru% ) pa9t & guid+ x on ! clay2 b 9 ?is mann] p>ticul>ly delicate l9es ( ev5 /r5g? f end to end c be obta9$4 ,exp]im5ts h be5 made ) ord9>y pa9t1 prov+ ?is conclusively4 ,( c\rse ! pa9t] mu/ h _h ?ick] bru%es at 8 disposal ) :i* to trace heavi] outl9es4 ,! backgr\nd _h to be put 9 ) heavy & broad bru%es4 ,b ! f9e bru% is ! tool above all o!rs ) :i* ! ,greek draughtsman accompli%$ wond]ful feats1 plac+ l9es ( extraord9>y delicacy side by side1 or ?r[+ out a l9e at a s+le /roke1 ! impeccable /raightness ( :i* delights & surprises ! eye4 ,we h reason to believe t x 0 n a tool = craftsm5 only4 ,pa9t]s ( frescoes & l>ge pa9t+s _h ! same difficulties to cont5d )1 if we are to give cr$5ce to an anecdote by ,pl9y3 = ,apelles & ,protog5es compet$ :o %\ld draw ! mo/ p]fect & f9e/ l9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,,eos ,,c>ry+ ,,memnon1 ,,h] ,,dead ,,son4 ,kylix by ,d\ris4 ,l\vre ,museum4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,h[ ,,d\ris ,,work$ ,let u n[ wat* ! craftsman at "w4 ,we h said t ,d\ris 0 a pott]1 b t usually he left to o!rs ! c>e ( mak+ vases accord+ to well-kn[n models1 & res]v$ to himself ! task ( decoration4 ,9 :at !n does 8 "* ( pa9t] consi/8 ,fir/ he mu/ decide on ! subject4 ,! ,greeks tri$1 z mu* z possible1 to adapt ! design to ! purpose ( ! vase4 ,an amphora or a krat] w\ld n usually h ! same design z a kylix4 ,!re 7 no rules on ! subject1 & ! utmo/ lib]ty 0 giv5 ! arti/4 ,nev]!less1 we notice t grave subjects & p]sonages 9 attitudes ( repose are giv5 ! pref]5ce on l>ge vases1 :i* _h /able bases & 7 r>ely mov$1 z h>moniz+ be/ ) _! broad surface & v]tical l9es4 ,animat$ or ev]yday subjects are bett] adapt$ to ! horizontal sides ( a kylix1 :i* circulat$ freely 9 ! h&s ( gue/s4 ,= ! same reason1 we may say t ! pa9t+ ( l>ge vases rema9$ ess5tially cons]vative1 m atta*$ to anci5t me?ods & subjects1 :ile ! pa9t+ ( ! kylix con/antly call$ =? new ideas3 h5ce its great importance 9 ! fif? c5tury4 ,c]ta9 ar*ologi/s claim to h discov]$ two di/9ct bran*es 9 ! indu/ry--b t is an error4 ,! same di/+ui%$ arti/s produc$ ! l>ge krat] & ! kylix1 z = example ,euphronios4 ,b x w\ld be m correct to di/+ui% two s*ools side by side1 & ^? arti/s :o by pref]5ce decorat$ ! kylix 7 m 8progressive40 ,d\ris is ( ?is numb]1 if n 9 /yle1 at lea/ 9 ! *oice ( 8 subjects4 ,he tries to create new designs2 he draws f daily life1 banquet sc5es1 danc+ sc5es1 sc5es f ! pal/ra 7,fig4 #f71 amor\s sc5es--well adapt$ = a dr9k+ cup4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if he approa*es h]oic or my?ical compositions1 he makes use ( ! opportunity to draw beautiful bodies 9 motion1 rape or battle episodes3 ,! ,n]eids fly+ f ,peleus 7,fig4 #ac72 ,!seus kill+ ! ,m9otaur & ,attic robb]s 7,fig4 #aa72 or ! battles ( h]oes 9 ,hom]1 z ^? ( ,m5elaos & ,p>is or ,ajax & ,hector 7,figs4 #i & #aj74 ,at o!r times1 we f9d allusions to rec5t glori\s ev5ts :i* _h tak5 place 9 ,greece1 a ,greek soldi] /rik+ d[n a ,p]sian 7,fig4 #bj71 ,hoplites & ,asiatic ar*]s at close qu>t]s4 ,he belong$ to t gr\p ( arti/s :o are always look+ = action1 = ! new & ! mod]n4 ,aft] :at orig9als did ! pa9t] compose8 ,we are q ignorant "h1 & _c specify )\t fall+ into fiction & hypo!sis4 ,7 !re sket* books1 repres5t+ ! individual obs]vations ( ! arti/1 tak5 f ,nature or f great contempor>y works8 ,or did 1 tablets ( wood or panels ( t]racotta1 s]ve = prelim9>y sket*es8 ,did a pa9t]1 z x 71 design a 8model0 :i* he transf]r$ to clay or gave to 8 workm5 z a !me to "w ^u8 ,all ^! que/ions rema9 unansw]$4 ,"o is =c$ to surmise t ! ma/] sign$ only works on :i* he himself _h work$1 ^? :i* he design$ & circulat$ z 8 late/ productions1 ! editio pr9ceps1 s to speak1 inscrib$ ) 8 signature4 ,b :5 a subject once compos$ 0 repeat$ 9 ! work%op1 copi$ ) slight v>iations by workm51 ! pott]y1 no matt] :at its comm]cial value1 0 no long] entitl$ to ?is p]sonal c]tificate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,,conte/ ,,( ,,m5elaos ,,& ,,p>is4 ,ext]ior ( prec$+ ,cup4 ,subjects ?us compos$ ) free repetition mu/ be v num]\s1 = !re is1 z x 71 a /rong family lik5ess among _m ( !m3 battle sc5es1 banquets1 ga!r+s ( y\?s1 games 9 ! pal/ra4 ,ano!r important fact1 mu/ be /at$1 no ob/acle 0 plac$ aga9/ plagi>ism 9 anci5t times2 on ! contr>y1 x 0 ! _s & ess5ce ( indu/rial art4 ,we h pro( ( ?is 9 ! t]racottas z well z 9 ! vases4 ,e "o copies or imitates 8 neighb\r4 ,!re is no copyright or pat5t = arti/ic prop]ty1 an idea :i* has become ! subject ( legislation only 9 mod]n times4 ,consid]+ ! communi/ic way 9 :i* ^! ,greek craftsm5 liv$1 at a "t :5 production 0 s int5se1 & ! p]sonal reputation ( a pott] might prove s great a factor 9 8 =tune1 we c readily und]/& h[ any man may h be5 l$ to protect himself aga9/ plagi>ism by means ( a signature :i* au!nticat$ a production4 ,a krat] by ,euphronios1 a kylix by ,d\ris or ,brygos1 might be p>ticul>ly s\ght aft] by c]ta9 cu/om]s 9 ,greece & ,etruria4 ,:y %\ld !y n be assur$ t !y _h 9 _! h&s an orig9al "w ( a great ma/]1 & n a copy made by workm5 or competitors8 ,h we n clocks sign$ by ,b\lle1 & *e/s ( draw]s by ,ries5]1 :i* are ?us di/+ui%$ f simil> objects1 sometimes v beautiful1 b :i*1 )\t a trade-m>k1 d n repres5t orig9al "w8 ,su* !n is ! s5se 9 :i* we %\ld und]/& ! signature ( a vase by ,d\ris4 ,he s\ght1 devis$ & compos$ ! design4 ,& ev5 m1 8 own h&s c>ri$ out ! pa9t+4 ,let u n[ reflect ^u ! mat]ial side ( ! pa9t]'s trade4 ,! arti/ beg9s ) a simple sket* made by means ( a h>d po9t1 x may simply be ! %>p5$ end ( a bit ( wood1 :i* scrat*es ! unbak$ clay1 leav+ decid$ traces aft] ! f9al pa9t+1 bak+ & glaz+4 ,!re is h>dly a beautiful vase ( ?is p]iod1 sign$ or n1 :i* does n %[ ^! traces4 ,?is sket* suffici5tly proves ! absolute indep5d5ce ( ! work] 9 reg>d to 8 model1 & contradicts ! op9ion ( ^? :o ma9ta9 t ! transf] 0 made ) compasses4 ,on ! contr>y1 "o feels h[ free ! "w is1 & t ! arrangem5t 0 inv5t$ entirely to suit ! object decorat$4 ,& :at enables u to foll[ ! me?od ( sket*+ /ill m closely1 is ! fact t ! /roke ( ! bru%1 com+ aft]1 has n always exactly foll[$ its l9es4 ,!re h be5 alt]ations at ! la/ mom5t1 a l[]$ arm has be5 rais$1 a foot advanc$1 etc4 ,x is impossible to d\bt ! spontane\s "*1 9 "s respects ! improvisation ( ! design4 ,x is1 besides1 r>e to outl9e completely e p]son 9 a sket*4 ,frequ5tly ! outl9es ( "o or two1 ) _! *ief *>act]i/ics1 are drawn1 & ^! det]m9e ! re/4 ,:5 ! sket* is f9i%$1 ! pa9t] beg9s to put 9 8 col\r4 ,he fir/ takes a broad bru% & rapidly indicates 9 black ! outl9es ( ! figures :i* compose 8 picture3 ?is broad /roke ( ! bru% *>g$ ) m col\r & =m+ a projection r\nd ! figures c be easily di/+ui%$4 ,next come ! f9e bru%es1 compos$ ( only "o bri/le1 giv+ 9 accurate & precise /rokes ! *ief l9es ( ! bodies & ! folds ( ! g>m5ts2 o!rs1 a little heavi]1 are us$ to indicate ! hair1 ! be>d1 ornam5ts on ! g>m5ts1 etc4 ,! black may be us$ 9 a v>iety ( tones4 ,by dilut+ x a m fluid matt] 0 obta9$1 r grey1 :i* 0 frequ5tly us$ = ! "u sides ( objects1 = r5d]+ muscul> details1 ! wavy folds 9 drap]y1 locks ( hair1 etc4 ,usually ?is dilut$ black w\ld turn yell[ 9 ! bak+4 ,an unobtrusive poly*rome is ! result :i* ! pa9t]s us$ ) +5uity2 !y 7 ?us able to produce blonde hair or slightly gold5 folds ( g>m5ts4 ,we h already /at$ t1 9 ord] to c>ry out ^! v f9e l9es1 ! arti/ probably held 8 bru% firmly1 n only ) ! tips ( 8 f+]s1 b ) clos$ h& z ! ,japanese pa9t]s /ill d 7,figs4 #b & #be74 ,he mu/ move sl[ly & firmly 9 trac+ ^! f9e l9es4 ,con/antly oblig$ to take fre% col\r1 he sometimes _h to break a l9e two or ?ree times2 b ^! jo9+s are only visible ) a magnify+ glass4 ,x is said t x 0 impossible to make any correction ( ! /roke1 & t ! faultless execution ( ! l9es proves ! wond]ful skill ( ! ,greeks4 ,we believe ?is to be an error4 ,a wet sponge probably suffic$ to remove any draw+s or p>ts ( !m f ! clay1 & :5 x 0 dry ! arti/ c\ld beg9 "w aga94 ,x 0 a "q ( pati5ce & skill4 ,x is because correction 0 s easy1 t ! results atta9$ are usually p]fect4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,,conte/ ,,( ,,ajax ,,& ,,hector4 ,ext]ior ( prec$+ ,cup4 ,! pa9t+ f9i%$1 ! pot 0 h&$ ov] to a workman to fill 9 ! backgr\nd betwe5 ! figures ) black z well z ! foot & ! edges ( ! h&les4 ,aft] ! black _h dri$1 ! pot 0 return$ to ! arti/'s h&s to be ret\*$ ) col\r4 ,9 ! six? c5tury1 9 ! black-figur$ /yle1 _m col\rs 7 us$1 z violet-r$ & :ite4 ,at ! "t ( ,d\ris1 ! r$ figur$ vases display$ v few complem5t>y col\rs4 ,great simplicity *>act]iz$ ! ta/e ( ! times4 ,a few r$ l9es suffic$ to indicate fillets ti$ 9 ! hair1 belts hold+ swords1 ! re9s ( horses1 etc4 ,r$ 0 likewise us$ to trace inscriptions or ! signature ( ! arti/ 7,fig4 #h74 ,o!rs pref]r$ to inscribe x 9 black on ! foot ( h&le 7,fig4 #ae74 ,o!rs aga9 incis$ x ) a /yle 9 ! ?ick col\r4 ,:ite only returns aga9 to fav\r aft] ! ,p]sian w>s4 ,ab\t ! "t ( ,d\ris1 9 ! work%op ( "o ( 8 rivals--,brygos--:o may h be5 a little y\ng]1 attempts 7 made to height5 ! effect ( ! r$ figures by a little gild+ cauti\sly plac$ on ! outl9es ( ! arm\r1 helmets & vases = libations4 ,x is a return to ! ri* poly*romy1 :i* lat] cont9ues to develop1 & ends 9 ^? pretty little gilt vases devot$ to sc5es ( *ild life1 belov$ by ,attic cu/om]s t[>ds ! end ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,z f> z we "k1 ,d\ris does n seem to h tak5 "p 9 ! manufacture ( ! beautiful dr9k+ cups ) a :ite backgr\nd & fresco tones ( br[n1 r$ & violet1 ) :i* ! work%ops ( ,euphronios & 8 successors 7 busy 7,fig4 #g74 ,he adh]es to ! classical me?od ( figures left 9 ! r$ clay1 & only ret\*$ by a few w9e-col\r$ l9es4 ,x may be said t he is n a col\ri/4 ,to 8 eyes1 z to ^? ( ,+res1 draw+ is ! v f\ndation ( ! art4 ,:5 ! draw+s 7 f9i%$1 8 *ief task 0 done2 b 8 position z manufactur] did n p]mit him to rema9 indiff]5t to ! re/4 ,he _h to c>ry 8 pa9t$ pott]y to ! dry+ place1 &1 aft] ! requir$ "t1 to h x bak$4 ,?is is a v delicate "p ( ! manufacture ( vases1 on :i* its success greatly dep5ds4 ,anci5t ov5s 7 probably v imp]fect4 ,!re are _m examples ( oxidization by contact ) ! flame1 :i* improp]ly r$d5s ! side ( a vase or turns half a figure orange4 ,! supports on :i* vases 7 plac$1 :ile dry+1 sometimes left r\nd m>ks4 ,9 "o kn[n in/ance1 9 consequ5ce ( two fre%ly pa9t$ vases t\*+ "o ano!r1 ! ho(s ( a horse h become impress$ ^u ! face ( a y\?4 ,defects 9 ! mat]ial 7 m liable !n ?an n[ to expose ! c]ami/ to breakage & v>i\s accid5ts1 :i* at all times h be5 ! despair ( ! manufactur]1 & :i* an ,hom]ic s+] already ascrib$ to special demons1 8,syntrips1 ,sm>agos1 ,asbetos1 ,sabaktes1 ,omodamos1 gods fatal to ! furnace40 ,we h already describ$ a kiln adorn$ ) a head ( ,sil5us1 a prophylactic feti%1 de/9$ to ca/ out evil influ5ces 7,fig4 #d74 ,at la/ ! pott]y is tak5 out ( ! ov54 ,! ma/] c contemplate 8 "w1 te/ ! delicacy ( its sides1 exam9e ! fusion ( ! col\rs1 /udy ! *ange ( tone 9 ! bak+4 ,o!r workm5 come to imm]se ! vases 9 a prep>$ ba?1 :i* w glaze ! entire visible surface1 bright5 ! r$ ( ! clay1 ! backgr\nd & all ! black l9es1 b w leave ! ret\*+ dull4 ,we are q ignorant ( ! +r$i5ts ( ! ba? :i* s ?or\ghly accompli%$ all ?is & gave ! pott]y its spl5d\r4 ,we only "k t a r$ precipitate 0 =m$1 traces ( :i* are frequ5tly visible "u ! foot & ^u ! clay :i* _h rema9$ uncov]$4 ,among vases ( ! decl9e1 ?is r$ ov]runs ! entire draw+ & gives an unpleasant appe>ance to ! :ole2 9 ?is case1 z ) ! black1 ei!r ! recipe ( ! glaze _h be5 lo/1 or else ! "w 0 badly execut$4 ,possibly a dry rubb+ ) lea!r or "s o!r sub/ance add$ f9i% to ! glaze4 ,we mu/ n ev5 yet reg>d ! pott]'s "w z f9i%$4 ,he _h to sup]9t5d ! sale1 attract cu/om]s1 conf] ) %ip[n]s 9 reg>d to ! export4 ,nor 0 adv]tis+ unkn[n to ! anci5ts4 ,x adopt$ _m devices4 ,"s pott]s contriv$ to pa9t on ! vase subjects or inscriptions allud+ to ! products !re94 ,!re are sc5es ( w9e & oil sales1 ) s5t5ces1 prais+ ! m]*&ise or ! hone/y ( ! m]*ant4 ,!re are inc5tives to ! pleasure ( dr9k+1 fri5dly greet+s & wi%es ( good heal? to him :o w use ! kylix or kan?>os4 ,ev5 ! details ( ! pott]'s trade h s]v$ z matt] = repres5tation1 to recall to ! cu/om] ! fame ( ,attic work%ops4 ,! prettie/ allegory is ! "o we m5tion$ above1 :]e we saw ,a!ne accompani$ by two little ,victories ent]+ a work%op ( pa9t]s & plac+ cr[ns on ! heads ( ! workm5 7,fig4 #b74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,,! ,,adv5tures ,,( ,,!seus4 ,by ,d\ris4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,b ! means mo/ frequ5tly adopt$ to attract buy]s 0 to inscribe on ! body ( a vase ! "n ( "s "y man ( di/+ui%$ family 9 ,a!ns1 kn[n ei!r = 8 beauty or 8 =tune1 & 9 ?is way to ga9 ! good-w ( a ri* cu/om]1 :o w\ld br+ ! patronage ( all 8 family & fri5ds4 ,we h a l>ge numb] ( su* inscriptions :]e9 ! manufactur] invokes 8! h&some ,leagros10 8! h&some ,glaukon10 or 8! h&some ,megakles10 etc41 & we recognize 9 ^! names well-kn[n memb]s ( ! ,a!nian ari/ocracy 7,figs4 #e1 #g1 #h74 ,x w be rememb]$ t ! ,italian pott]s ( ! sixte5? c5tury put into circulation coppe amatorie1 be>+ portraits ( beautiful wom51 surr\nd$ by inscriptions celebrat+ ,lucrezia diva or 8! fair ,camilla40 ,?is is a simil> idea4 ,la/ly1 we h "o example ( a p]sonal adv]tisem5t 9 r an aggressive =m1 com+ f ,eu?ymides1 a contempor>y & rival ( ,euphronios4 ,^u an amphora 9 ! ,museum at ,muni*1 ! boa/ful craftsman has writt5 ?is defiant apo/rophe3 8,euphronios has nev] done s well60 ,^! m9ute details enable u to p5etrate into ! mat]ial life ( ! work%op4 ,we cat* a glimpse ( ! gre$y /ruggles = ga91 ! ambitions & rivalries involv$ 9 all comm]cial ent]prise4 ,x is ! seamy side ( ?is beautiful art1 :i* to-day appe>s to u s pure & free f all mat]ial consid]ations4 ,z 9 all human ef=ts1 !re 7 und\bt$ly 9 reality _m compet+ int]e/s1 _m cruel c>es1 mu* deceit & hatr$4 ,b "t has done its "w2 has ?r[n a veil ov] ! mean & petty ?+s 9 life1 & only all[$ ^? to survive :i* are truly sane & useful4 ,let u rejoice 9 n kn[+ :e!r ,d\ris 0 a successful bus9ess man1 :e!r he hone/ly made a =tune1 or :e!r he di$ mis]ably 9 debt4 ,t :i* rema9s ( 8 "w is ! spiritual1 ! true & fruitful "p ( 8 life4 ,8 draw+s tea* u :at he 01 n z an individual1 b z an arti/1 z a memb] ( ! great ,a!nian family1 & ?is x is :i* int]e/s u above all4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,,d\ris ,we w only consid] "h ! works sign$ by ,d\ris1 & leave aside a consid]able numb] ( anonym\s vases attribut$ to him4 ,we only wi% to argue f indisputable records4 ,! numb] consi/s ( tw5ty-six dr9k+ cups1 "o kan?>os1 & "o vase = cool+ w9e1 =m+ 9 all ab\t eighty pa9t+s1 :i* c be divid$ into ?ree di/9ct gr\ps3 #a4 ,my?ical & h]oic subjects1 adv5tures ( gods & h]oes4 #b4 ,m>tial subjects1 sc5es ( arm+ & battle4 #c4 ,subjects ( ev]yday life1 banquets1 conv]sations & ex]cises 9 ! pal/ra4 ,x w\ld1 no d\bt1 be int]e/+ to /udy ^! subjects *ronologically1 & to foll[ /ep by /ep ! c>e] ( ! arti/2 b we c\ld n place mu* confid5ce 9 a detail$ enum]ation ( dates4 ,we w select ! fir/ gr\p z mo/ cle> & precise4 ,?is w n prev5t our exam9+ ! num]\s & div]se /yles ?r\gh :i* ! tal5t ( ,d\ris pass$4 ,on ! :ole1 we may say !re 7 two *ief p]iods 9 8 /yle3 ! "o1 :ile he adh]$ to anci5t traditions1 & 8 draw+s rema9$ /iff & ar*aic2 ! o!r1 :5 8 bru% became flexible to a rem>kable degree1 & :5 he began to create4 ,x is ! /ory ( _m arti/s1 bo? anci5t & mod]n4 #a4 ,my?ical & ,h]oic ,subjects4 ,! kylix ( ,eos & ,memnon 7,figs4 #h1 #i1 #aj71 well kn[n to visitors ( ! ,l\vre1 is n only ! olde/ b ! "o :i* be/ illu/rates ! fir/ p]iod ( ,d\ris1 & des]ves ! close/ att5tion f lov]s ( art4 ,x is a ma/]piece ( ,greek c]amic art1 at a "t :5 ! pa9t+ ( r$ figures1 :ile /ill reta9+ ! /iff1 ar*aic =ms1 f9ds means to move ! feel+s by purity ( l9e & a deep s5se ( life4 ,! vase1 by ! pott] ,kalliades1 9 itself reveals an old %ape 7,fig4 #a "r7 ) ! foot %ort & squat1 ! sides heavy1 a deep b[l & %ort h&les1 foll[+ ! models ( ,niko/h5es & ,pamphaios ( ! six? c5tury4 ,lat] ,d\ris made a kylix ( f> m graceful outl9e1 ) a %all[] b[l1 a high] /em made sl5d] 9 ! middle1 & light] h&les1 su* z "o sees 9 ! work%ops ( ,euphronios1 ,hi]on & ,brygos 7,fig4 #a left74 ,on ?is kylix !re are a great numb] ( inscriptions3 ne>ly e p]son is designat$ by "n4 ,besides ! signatures ( ! pott] & pa9t] we c read ! "n ( ! h&some ,h]mog5es 7,fig4 #h71 & ) x a fragm5t ( a phrase1 ! mean+ ( :i* rema9s d\btful4 ,sev5te5 or eighte5 words 9 all are scatt]$ 9 f9e r$ lett]s ov] ! inn] surface & ! rev]se ( ! cup4 ,?is pr(usion ( writ+ is 9 itself ar*aic2 m5 7 communicative 9 e>ly times1 & delight$ 9 labell+ _! figures l our old illum9ators ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,m rec5t works ( ,d\ris h lo/ ?is useless mode ( expression4 ,pa9t+ is its own int]pret]1 & has no fur!r ne$ ( ?is awkw>d assi/ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,,!seus ,,& ,,k]kyon1 ,,& ,,! ,,/ruggle ,,) ,,! ,,m>a?onian ,,bull4 ,kylix by ,euphronios4 ,l\vre ,museum4 ,! composition is syn!tic4 ,x conta9s ?ree ev5ts 9 ! ,trojan w>4 ,on ! rev]se are ! combats ( ,m5elaos & ,p>is1 ,ajax & ,hector2 on ! inn] side ! ,e?iopian ,k+ ,memnon lies dead 9 ! arms ( 8 "m1 ! goddess ,eos 7! ,dawn74 ,"s ar*ologi/s :o h /udi$ ^! pa9t+s h tri$ to f9d "h a /rong & le>n$ unity1 a k9d ( drama 9 ?ree acts1 ev5 at ! exp5se ( ! inscriptions4 ,brunn ev5 ma9ta9$ t ! latt] 7 faulty1 z he conceiv$ !re9 an ,a*illeid1 celebrat+ ?ree diff]5t feats ( ! great h]o4 ,o!rs h refus$ to see any ref]5ce to ! ,epics1 & h not$ ! diff]5ces :i* di/+ui%$ ! text ( ,hom] f ^! pa9t+s4 ,= in/ance1 ,d\ris has plac$ beh9d ,m5elaos ! goddess ,aphrodite1 protectress ( ,troy1 :i* seems inconsi/5t2 beh9d ,p>is we see ,artemis c>ry+ h] b[2 beh9d ,ajax is ! goddess ,a!ne4 ,^! div9ities d n figure 9 ! ,hom]ic acc\nt4 ,z reg>ds ! dea? ( ,memnon1 x appe>s to belong to an epic by ano!r cyclic poet1 ,arkt9os ( ,miletos4 ,x is ! imag9ation ( ! poet t collect$ at r&om1 z x 71 ^! scatt]$ subjects1 & unit$ !m accord+ to 8 fancy4 ,! op9ion we hold amid ^! conflict+ views w be m easily und]/ood by ref]5ce to ! *apt]s on ! social & m5tal conditions ( ! ,a!nian pott]s4 ,to suppose !m to h conceiv$ !mes ( deep mean+1 elaborat$ l an ode ( ,p9d> or a *orus ( ,sophocles ) /rophe1 anti/rophe & epode1 seems mo/ unlikely2 & if1 9 ord] to ga9 good results1 ! inscriptions mu/ be *ang$1 we d n hesitate to reject su* a proc$ure z contr>y to all sci5tific me?od4 ,:o c believe t ^! pr(\nd ?9k]s 7 s /upid z n to write correct inscriptions8 ,on ! o!r h&1 we "k en\gh ( ! art ( ! p]iod1 ( ! advance made 9 design1 to expect a c]ta9 unity 9 ! :ole4 ,x is ! _s ( ! entire s*ool to unite ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! vase by subjects closely connect$1 or at lea/ relat$4 ,9 ! pres5t case we believe ! ,trojan w> to be ! great !me unit+ ! ?ree pa9t+s4 ,?is 0 ! mo/ *]i%$ subject1 ev5 ) ! p4 ,we mu/ rememb] t a pa9t] ( vases _h no?+ 9 common ) a mod]n design] :o has a text to illu/rate be=e 8 eyes4 ,x is h>dly likely t manuscripts ( ,hom] or ,arkt9os 7 f\nd on ! "w-b5*es ( ! ,k]ameikos4 ,= ^! craftsm51 memory or ! remembrance ( "s recitation at ! ,pana!naic fe/ivals _h to take ! place ( ! book4 ,9 consequ5ce1 ! *ief episode mu/ h made a decid$ impression on ! m9d1 )\t involv+ accuracy 9 m9or details4 ,9 re-read+ ! ,iliad1 ,book ,,iii4 7,m5elaos & ,p>is71 & ,book ,,vii4 7,ajax & ,hector71 we ga9 ! impression t ! arti/1 :oev] he 0 7= ! craftsman may h copi$ a kn[n "w71 has "h reproduc$ ! ess5tial elem5ts ( ! drama4 ,9 add+ p]sons1 z ,a!ne beh9d ,p>is1 or ,aphrodite beh9d ,m5elaos1 ! arti/ simply adh]$ to ! conditions ( ! composition ( a pa9t+1 :i* at ?is p]iod scrupul\sly obey$ ! rules ( symmetry4 ,aphrodite is plac$ !re to re/ra9 ! arm ( ,m5elaos1 z ! ge/ure ( h] "r h& indicates4 ,artemis1 z a companion figure on ! o!r side1 repres5ts ! protect+ gods ( ,troy 7,fig4 #i72 two goddesses 7 n too mu* to wat* ov] ! h&some ,p>is4 ,! o!r rev]se 7,fig4 #aj7 simil>ly con=ms to1 & div]ges f1 ! ,hom]ic text4 ,z 9 ! poem1 ,hector /ruck by a rock ?r[n by 8 adv]s>y s9ks to 8 knees & ,apollo advances to support him4 7,! irregul>ly %ap$ object above indicates ! /one47 ,9 ,hom]1 ,a!ne does n appe>1 b "h1 plac$ z %e is beh9d ,ajax1 :om %e appe>s to be pu%+ =w>d ) a ge/ure1 %e repres5ts ! protect+ goddess ( ! ,greeks4 ,! symmetry ( ! two sides is ess5tial4 ,! decorative tradition requires x1 & ! pa9t] sets 8 pr(essional duty be=e 8 respect = a poetic text1 9 :i* no "o saw any?+ m ?an a g5]al !me = beautiful subjects & attitudes4 ,we are q conv9c$ t ! great pa9t]s took exactly ! same lib]ties ) ! cyclic poems !y int]pret$4 ,! description ( ! ma/]piece ( ,polygnotos1 ,! ,tak+ ( ,troy1 be>s witness to ?is4 ,! arti/ seems to h compli$ ) ! g5]al in=mation giv5 9 ! epic1 b n to h illu/rat$ any giv5 text4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,,n]eids ,,appeal+ ,,to ,,n]eus ,,& ,,doris4 ,by ,d\ris4 ,l\vre ,museum4 ,9 spite ( ! ar*aic /iffness1 ! execution ( ! subjects delights u by ! purity ( l9e & ! great c>e 9 detail4 ,! pa9t+ is simply a draw+1 h>dly ret\*$ ) a few r$ l9es4 ,x is l a dry po9t engrav+1 9 :i* all ! l9es are some:at prom95t4 ,! symmetrical & p>allel folds ( ! g>m5ts1 details ( ! arm\r1 ! imbrications1 ! *as+ ( ! helmets & cuirasses1 ! locks & curls ( hair1 are m>vels ( pati5t & consci5ti\s "w4 ,! ornam5ts1 z c>efully f9i%$ z ! re/1 h ! same /iff & r metallic precision4 ,la/ly1 ! black glaze1 ?ick & velvety1 gives an extraord9>y brilliancy to ! entire vase4 ,9 consid]+ ! pa9t+ ( ! int]ior 7,fig4 #h71 we move upw>ds ano!r /ep4 ,9 its small compass1 we consid] x "o ( ! f9e/ pa9t+s h&$ d[n to u f anci5t times4 ,x consoles u some:at = ! loss ( s _m ma/]pieces1 & we _c suppose t a pott]1 work+ alone 9 8 work%op1 inv5t$ ?is fir/ ,mat] dolorosa1 :i* is z t\*+ z a ,mantegna or a ,rog] ,van d] ,weyd54 ,n[h]e is a copy f a great pa9t+ m =cibly evid5t4 ,e "o mu/ be impress$ by ! /rik+ resemblance ( ?is ,pagan & ,greek creation to ! emblem t has mov$ ,*ri/ian s\ls = s _m c5turies4 ,eos1 /&+ ) out/ret*$ & beat+ w+s1 b5ds t[>d ! dead face ( h] son ,memnon1 h] /ra9$ arms support+ 8 rigid body4 ,! goddess1 :o repres5ts ! radiant morn+ & ! promises ( ,nature awak5+ ) ! dawn1 is "h simply a despair+ "m impr9t+ on h] m9d ) "o long look ! belov$ features %e w see no m2 ! contra/ is pr(\ndly sad1 & a creation wor?y ( a great poet4 ,! body ( ! p[]ful pr9ce ( ! ,e?iopians1 ! ally ( ,priam1 is entirely nude z x 0 tak5 up on ! battlefield :]e 8 adv]s>y ,a*illes _h robb$ him ( 8 arm\r4 ,! /iff legs are /ret*$ out1 ! left foot /ill contract$ ) pa91 ! arms sw+ limply1 ! head drops1 :ile ! di%evell$ hair1 ! delicate be>d1 & ! clos$ eyes ar\se an irresi/ible memory ( ! dead ,*ri/4 ,we h a true ,piet be=e our eyes4 ,:at miracle 9 art1 :at unexpect$ *ance unites ,pagan & ,*ri/ian art to express ! same ?\ght1 9 ! same =m8 ,is x n a pro( t across ! c5turies great arti/s %>e ! same ?\ghts1 & to express ! emotions ( life create a univ]sal language8 ,is x n ?is aga9 :i* attracts u 9 ,hom]1 9 ^? nev] to be =gott5 sc5es1 express+ s well ! deep feel+s ( all m5 at all times2 ! f>ewell ( ,hector & ,&roma*e1 ! return ( ,ulysses to ,i?aca8 ,art so>s above "t & space1 m ?an all else x embodies ! solid>ity ( succe$+ g5]ations )\t any k ( "o ano!r4 ,a kylix 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ) ,! ,adv5tures ( ,!seus 7,fig4 #aa71 ( m rec5t =m & /yle1 tea*es u /ill bett] t beh9d ! vase pa9t] may be conceal$ o!r & great] p]sonalities1 :o are ! true creators ( ! "w ( art4 ,a fam\s kylix f ! work%op ( ,euphronios %[s u simil> sc5es glorify+ ! ,a!nian h]o1 =m+ ) ! ,eos & ,memnon1 by ,d\ris1 & ,! ,tak+ ( ,troy1 by ,brygos1 a glori\s trio ( c]amic ma/]pieces1 ( :i* ! ,l\vre is ju/ly pr\d4 ,9 comp>+ ! works ( ,d\ris ) ^? com+ f ! work%ops ( ,euphronios1 ! idea sugge/s itself t !y ei!r copi$ "o ano!r or borr[$ f "o common orig9al4 ,bo? suppositions are possible4 ,z already m5tion$1 no law or cu/om prohibit$ arti/ic plagi>ism4 ,if ,d\ris knew ( ! beautiful "w execut$ by 8 colleague1 no?+ prev5t$ him f adopt+ x = 8 own use4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! broad /yle ( ,euphronios' production & ! peculi> "* ( ! adv5ture ( ,!seus recov]+ ! r+ ( ,m9os f ! bottom ( ! sea1 a subject treat$ by ,mikon1 "o ( ! great pa9t]s ( ! fif? c5tury1 f9ally ! great numb] ( works ( art :i* at ?is p]iod celebrat$ ! national h]o's glory1 lead u to believe t a pott] _h no ne$ to look ov] 8 neighb\r's %\ld] to ga9 sugge/ions = a !me ( ,!seus4 ,he 0 surr\nd$ by models 9 pa9t+1 sculpture1 pa9t$ bas-reliefs1 models1 c>v$ & engrav$4 ,! supposition ( a common model or sev]al models1 f :i* a craftsman1 9 a way1 *ose ! desir$ subject1 seems mo/ probable4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,,sil5i ,,play+ ,,& ,,danc+4 ,vase by ,d\ris4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,x is only 9 ?is s5se & ) su* res]vation t ^! two cups c be comp>$4 ,9 look+ at ! sup]b vase 9 ! ,l\vre1 no "o w hesitate to give ! pref]5ce to ! work%op ( ,euphronios4 ,9 ! int]ior is ,! ,visit ( ,amphitrite2 9 ?is pa9t+ ! au?or has reta9$ all ! s]i\sness ( great religi\s art ) a t\* ( ar*aism 9 ! draw+ & position ( ! *>act]s1 %[+ !reby t he has copi$ an anci5t fresco2 :ile1 on ! contr>y1 on ! rev]ses1 ! combats ( ,!seus ) ! robb]s ,skiron1 ,prokru/es & ,k]kyon1 & ! /ruggle ) ! ,m>a?onian bull1 are treat$ z 9 metopes1 ) bold1 vigor\s l9es1 giv+ r a feel+ ( ! influ5ce ( sculpture 7,fig4 #ab74 ,! composition ( ,d\ris 7,fig4 #aa7 is m firmly knit1 because x conc5trates all ! att5tion on ! adv5tures ( ! h]o aga9/ mon/]s & robb]s4 ,9 ! int]ior is ! fight ) ! ,m9otaur1 an anci5t & classic !me f ! six? c5tury2 on ! rev]ses1 ! defeat ( ,k]kyon1 ( ,skiron & ,s9is1 & ! hunt ( ! bo> ( ,krommyon2 two wom5 give "s v>iety & animation to ! :ole1 ! nymph ,phaia :o liv$ at ,krommyon1 & ! goddess ,a!ne :o protects h] fav\rite h]o at 8 lab\rs4 ,"h aga9 is a closely-knit trilogy2 b1 we mu/ confess1 ! execution is f> inf]ior to t ( ! cup ( ,euphronios4 ,x is accurate & a little commonplace4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 noticeable a desire to express l&scape1 a c>e = ext]nal ornam5t1 visible 9 ! palm tree & ! small trees plac$ ab\t1 & by a cloak ?r[n ^u a tree trunk4 ,x is a r>e m>k among ,greek pa9t]s1 & wor?y ( note4 ,we w look m rapidly at ! pa9t+s ( ! kan?>os at ,brussels1 ! importance ( :i*1 z be+ a vase m\ld$ by ,d\ris himself1 we h already m5tion$ 7,fig4 #a74 ,! figures repres5t 8,h]akles' conte/ ) ! ,amazons10 an old type1 ne>ly a c5tury old1 b ) ! add$ beauty ( a cle> & accurate /yle1 & an admirably c]ta9 execution4 ,nor are ! subjects new :i* are treat$ ^u ano!r kylix 9 ! ,l\vre1 ,! ,rape ( ,!tis by ,peleus4 ,b ,d\ris des]ves ! cr$it ( hav+ skilfully reviv$ an old subject kn[n on ,cor9?ian & ,attic vases ( ! six? c5tury4 ,x is possible to foll[ 9 ! ,l\vre ! same pa9t+ done 9 turn by a ,cor9?ian1 !n by an ,attic pa9t] ( black figures1 & la/ly by ,d\ris4 ,x is ( great int]e/ to foll[ ! developm5t ( ! composition & ( ! gr\p+ ( ! figures1 ( _! attitudes1 & ( ! draw+ itself4 ,we p]ceive "h ! same diff]5ces z 9 comp>+ a ,madonna ( ,cimabue ) "o ( ,lippi4 ,symmetry ( figures1 /iff & angul> outl9es & sev]e features h giv5 place to life & t5d] t\*es ( ! bru%4 ,at ! same "t1 ! close connection ( ^! successive works appe>s mo/ /rik+--! l9k ) ! pa/ has nev] be5 sev]$2 ! fundam5tal conception has always rema9$ ! same2 improvem5t has come f )91 & ext5ds to e little detail4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,,h]a ,,& ,,iris ,,attack$ ,,by ,,sil5i4 ,by ,brygos4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,d\ris has ext5d$ 8 composition & unit$ ! two rev]se sides ( ! kylix4 ,on "o1 ! h]o seizes ! goddess1 :o /ruggles 9 8 grasp & has summon$ to h] aid ! magic art ( trans=mations4 ,^! are giv5 ) all ! navet ( primitive art3 to tell u t ,!tis *anges into a lion1 & lat] into a s]p5t1 ! arti/ has drawn on "o side a "y lion seat$ on ! %\ld] ( ! goddess1 & te>+ ) 8 tee? ! arm ( h] ravi%]2 on ! o!r a s]p5t lifts its twi/$ coils & d>ts its ?reat5+ jaws at him4 ,! companions ( ,!tis1 ! ,n]eids1 fright5$ by s bold an attack1 take flight1 & ?is gives ! pa9t] an opportunity ( %[+ u "y girls runn+ 9 _m graceful attitudes--! arms are toss$ 9 ge/ures t are /ill angul>2 ! b>e feet & legs escape f ! drap]y1 %[+ ! r lean suppl5ess ( ^! "y maid5s4 ,x is1 at ! same "t1 a skilful me?od ( unit+ ! :ole2 9 fact1 on ! o!r rev]se we see o!r nymphs runn+1 :o come to tell ! god ,n]eus & 8 wife ,doris ( ! attempt4 ,bo? are seat$ on ornam5t$ ?rones ) ! ,olympian maje/y ( a ,jupit] & a ,juno 7,fig4 #ac74 ,all ! beauty ( ! fam\s gr\p 9 ! ,pana!naic ,frieze is already visible 9 _! movem5ts & _! attitude4 ,illu/ration3 ,,conte/ ,,( ,,ajax ,,& ,,ulysses4 ,fig4 #af4 ,,! ,,vot+ ,,( ,,! ,,greek ,,*iefs4 ,by ,d\ris4 ,vi5na ,museum4 ,un=tunately ! int]ior is defac$ & re/or$1 b ! arti/ has %[n no less +5uity 9 its design4 ,he has tak5 a !me frequ5tly us$ by pa9t]s ( r$ figures1 & ?us r5d]$ r commonplace--! libation2 b in/ead ( %[+ u ! well-kn[n sc5e ( a soldi] dep>t+ on a campaign & receiv+ ! full cup f a woman1 he has enl>g$ ! subject1 & %[s u ! god ,poseidon seat$1 receiv+ a libation cup f ! h&s ( a goddess1 probably 8 wife1 ,amphitrite4 ,aga9 a syn!tic trilogy prevails 9 ?is composition3 9 ! upp] "p ( ! vase ! god ( ! sea & 8 consort are ?ron$2 9 ! l[] "p is enact$ a little drama :i* takes place on ! sea%ore1 & has sea-gods z actors4 ,ev]y:]e we f9d ! intellig5t skill ( ! ,greek1 & ! easy art ) :i* he beautifies all he t\*es4 ,0 all ?is ! p]sonal "w ( ,d\ris8 or does ! model he copies & foll[s des]ve mu* ( ! cr$it8 ,x w always rema9 an op5 "q4 ,z we possess a kylix by ! pott] ,hi]on 7x has ev5 be5 ascrib$ to ,d\ris71 ano!r by ! pa9t] ,pei?9os1 & _m anonym\s vases :i* repeat 9 simil> =m ! details ( ,! ,rape ( ,!tis1 we aga9 incl9e t[>ds ! second hypo!sis4 ,h[ _m sanctu>ies 9 ,greece1 d$icat$ to ! gods ( ! sea1 mu/ h conta9$ pa9t+s or reliefs ( ?is k9d6 ,x is ! v>iety ( models1 9 a ^w1 :i* be/ expla9s ! v>iety ( /yles among pa9t]s ( vases4 ,z we rem>k$ above1 no vase pa9t] is ( great] int]e/ 9 ?is respect ?an ,d\ris4 ,if any "o wi%es to e/imate at a s+le glance 8 (t5 puzzl+ v]satility1 he ne$ only look at ! my?ological pa9t+ on a l>ge receptacle = w9e 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,fig4 #ad74 ,! *oice ( ! subject1 ,! ,bac*ic ,?iasos1 repeat$ to satiety ^u black-figur$ amphor ( ! six? c5tury1 leads u to expect only a commonplace pa9t+1 b ! arti/ in/ead br+s u face to face ) "o ( ! mo/ spirit$ sket*es ,greek art has left to u4 ,d\ris %[s himself d>+1 amus+1 free almo/ to indec5cy1 & "o asks h[ ! same bru% :i* pa9t$ _m little pa9t+s1 r /iff 9 _! symmetry1 c\ld become animat$ to ! po9t ( inv5t+ ^! funambuli/ic movem5ts ( wild bea/s let loose4 ,^! are ,sil5i play+ & danc+4 ,arrang$ 9 a r[1 l m\ntebanks ^u _! /age1 !y ab&on !mselves to frantic sports "u ! lead]%ip ( a h]ald co/um$ z ,h]mes1 on 8 head ! petasos1 & 9 8 h& ! caduceus4 ,"o l[]s 8 head to dr9k f a cup plac$ on ! floor2 a second1 9 a half-ly+ position1 has ! cont5ts ( a goat sk9 & a w9e jug p\r$ toge!r into 8 m\? by two ( 8 companions2 o!rs toy 9 a ludicr\s fa%ion ) kan?>oi1 or dance on "o foot1 & try by b5d+ =w>d to rea* a full cup4 ,ev5 expurgat$1 ?is pa9t+ suffici5tly %[s ! unbridl$ gaiety & fun :i* ! ,greek design] all[$ himself4 ,9 t aga9 he resembles ! ,japanese draughtsman1 9 love ) buffoon]ies & acrobatic po/ures4 ,^? :o only l to ?9k ( ,greek art z s]i\s & moraliz+1 c take _! own view4 ,greek art knew all & d>$ all--works su* z 7 plac$ ^u s*ool walls to elevate ?\ght1 & su* z 7 hidd5 "u a cloak4 ,! same bru% drew ! t\*+ image ( ,eos & ,memnon1 & ?is sc5e ( a pagan1 ,k]messe4 ,9 ,a!ns ?is surpris$ no "o4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 classifi$ our arti/s1 & conf9$ !m to _! specialities4 ,we d n admit t a 8s]i\s0 arti/ c\ld cause laught]1 & we h our pr(essional c>icaturi/s4 ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 x is true1 did n disda9 to draw ! grotesque4 ,nei!r anci5t pa9t+ nor sculpture fe>$ ! ugly or ! comic2 b !y gave to ea* a mean+4 ,!y did n cause laught] = ! sake ( laugh+4 ,!y did n cause fe> = ! sake ( fright5+4 ,^! important elem5ts 9 real life h a symbolic & allegoric mean+4 ,! head ( ,m$usa appe>s z a survival ( vani%$ mon/]s1 :i* t]rifi$ man :5 he s\ght to e/abli% 8 dom9ion on e>?4 ,! ,le>nan hydra is1 on ! mo/ anci5t vases1 a gigantic octopus gripp+ ,h]akles & ,iolaos1 z ! octopus clasps ,gilliatt 9 ,les travailleurs de la m]4 ,! grimac+ mask ( ! satyr is ! inh]itance ( a v e>ly conception trans=m$ by art4 ,x w\ld n be difficult to prove1 docum5ts 9 h&1 t ! l>ge an?ropoid apes met by ! ,phnicians 9 _! explorations 9 ,africa1 & drawn by !m on _! metal cups ( ! sev5? c5tury1 furni%$ ! ,ionian arti/s1 :5 comb9$ ) ! ,bes ( ! ,egyptians1 ) ! prototype ( ! hairy & %aggy ,sil5us1 ) ! flat-nos$ face1 t "o sees on c]ta9 s>cophagi ( ,klazom5ai4 ,?is is :at we admire 9 ! ,sil5i ( ,d\ris4 ,! skilful1 dry po9t ( ! arti/ knew h[ to pres]ve1 :5 he sket*$ !m on clay1 all _! simian agility1 _! droll1 gorilla-l features1 ! relax$1 s9ewy & flexible limbs1 :]e9 we recognize ! vigor\s bea/ 9 semblance ( a man4 ,we only "k ( "o o!r arti/ :o has r5d]$ ?is b\nd+ animal gait ( ! ,sil5i ) equal success--! pa9t] ( a kylix f ! work%op ( ! pott] ,brygos1 :i* is und\bt$ly inspir$ by a satyric drama2 "h ! goddess ,h]a & h] companion ,iris are 9 great di/ress ?r\gh fall+ into ! mid/ ( su* a wild b&4 ,=tunately ,h]mes ) fair words1 & ,h]akles ) 8 club1 arrive 9 "t to re/ra9 ^! ra% & disrespectful fell[s 7,fig4 #ae74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,,ulysses ,,re/or+ ,,! ,,arms ,,( ,,a*illes ,,to ,,neoptolemos4 ,int]ior ( prec$+ ,cup4 ,let u f9i% ?is review ( ! my?ological subjects ) a kylix f ! ,museum 9 ,vi5na on :i* we see ,! ,conte/ ov] ! ,arms ( ,a*illes 7,figs4 #af & #ag74 ,x w give u an opportunity ( /udy+ dramatic !mes 9 ! h&s ( ,d\ris1 drawn f epic poetry1 & adopt$ by ! writ]s ( trag$y4 ,we "k h[1 lat]1 ,sophocles 9 8 ,ajax ) ! ,sc\rge1 %[$ ! fatal result ( ! unexpect$ qu>rel aris+ betwe5 ,ulysses & ,ajax = ! possession ( ! div9e weapons1 :i* ,!tis _h giv5 to h] son ,a*illes4 ,?is ev5t 0 a fav\rite !me1 & _h be5 treat$ 9 c]amic pa9t+ f ! six? c5tury onw>ds4 ,9 :at "w & :at k9d ( production did ,d\ris seek 8 inspiration8 ,we %all always rema9 ignorant ( ?is4 ,we only wi% to %[ by ?is example 9 h[ great a measure ! ,greek !atre influ5c$ composition & ev5 ! /yle ( pa9t$ vases4 ,sev]al black-figur$ vases1 "s ( :i* are 9 ! ,l\vre1 repres5t ?is ,conte/2 ! two h]oes h come to bl[s & are fall+ ^u ea* o!r fi]cely1 :ile ,agamemnon & o!r ,greeks ex]t !mselves to sep>ate !m4 ,?is fundam5tal !me 0 n lo/ on ,d\ris1 = he made use ( x on "o ( ! rev]ses ( 8 kylix 7,fig4 #af74 ,b1 foll[+ 8 fancy or o!r models ( :i* we "k no?+1 he adds two o!r episodes3 7#a7 on ! o!r rev]se1 ,! ,vot+ ( ! ,greek ,*iefs1 :o all br+ _! votes 9 ! %ape ( pebbles1 & place !m on an alt> 9 ! pres5ce ( ! goddess ,a!ne1 ?us aw>d+ ! victory to ,ulysses 7,fig4 #af72 7#b7 9 ! int]ior1 ,ulysses & ,neoptolemos1 a pa9t+ =m+1 z x 71 ! h]oic cata/rophe ( ! drama1 :]e ! victor r5\nces ! glori\s weapons & re/ores !m g5]\sly to ! son ( ,a*illes1 s t he 9 turn may we> !m & accompli% ! ru9 ( ! ,trojans 7,fig4 #ag74 ,"h1 aga91 ,d\ris' fav\rite mann] ( composition results 9 a trilogy4 ,we h ! ?ree acts 9 a trag$y1 dom9at$ by ! memory ( ,a*illes & ! epic ( ! ,trojan w>4 ,! fact w at once be recall$ t to ! ,greek !atre1 z conceiv$ by s*ylus & 8 imm$iate pr$ecessors1 a simil> arrangem5t 0 n unkn[n4 ,we f9d _m su* examples ( ab\t ! "t ( ! ,p]sian w>s1 n only by ,d\ris1 b by 8 rivals z well4 ,to look "h = an exact copy ( "s contemporane\s "w w\ld und\bt$ly be absurd4 ,we c h>dly insi/ too /rongly on ?is po9t4 ,! abs5ce ( ! co/umes & accessories ( ! !atre1 :i* 7 s individual & expressive 9 _! conv5tions1 is an indication t ! pa9t] did n try to depict on clay ! liv+ spectacle he _h j witness$4 ,9 a lat] age1 ! ,greek vases ( s\!rn ,italy freely transf]r$ sc5es f trag$ies1 b 9 ?is anci5t p]iod we h no su* examples4 ,! composition is d]iv$ f ! !atre j z 9 ! kylix ( ,eos & ,memnon1 m5tion$ above1 x dep5ds on ,hom]4 ,x is a g5]al impression t ! m9d ( ! arti/ has absorb$1 & x helps him to arrange 8 subjects bett]4 ,pr(essor ,c>l ,rob]t has v well rem>k$ t ! vases ( ! six? c5tury h ! 8epic0 mann]2 !y tell /ories & relate to u 9 detail l ! anci5t s+]s4 ,^? ( ! gr\p ( ,d\ris h a 8dramatic0 mann]2 !y habitually appeal to u by syn!tic gr\p+s1 :i* we accurately t]m 9 ! language ( ! !atre tableaux1 & :i* sum up an entire sc5e4 ,we w\ld fur!r rem>k t 9 ,d\ris & 8 contempor>ies1 ! figures assume attitudes :i* "o might call 8sc5ic40 ,on "o side ( ! pa9t+ ( ! ,vot+ 7,fig4 #af71 ,ulysses1 ) uplift$ h&s1 expresses at once a/oni%m5t & delight to see h[ ! heap ( little /ones :i* repres5t ! votes 9 8 fav\r is gr[+2 :ile1 on ! o!r side1 9 ! "r corn] ( ! sc5e1 ,ajax1 alone & des]t$ & feel+ defeat inevitable1 cov]s 8 head ) 8 cloak to hide 8 disgrace1 a dramatic figure1 sugge/+ ! (t5 cit$ "w ( ,timan!s--,agamemnon hid+ 8 face s z n to witness ! sacrifice ( 8 daught] ,iphig5eia4 ,we /ill c\ld cite vases f ! ,l\vre--beautiful examples--%[+ ,a*illes return+ sad & 9 despair to 8 t5t4 ,:at caus$ ?is beautiful & tragic inspiration8 ,:o creat$ ^! attitudes ( mute eloqu5ce if n ! ,greek drama8 ,d we n "k t "o ( ! great effects 9 ! drama ( s*ylus 0 precisely 8 plac+ on ! /age an immovable ,niobe1 & a /]n ,a*illes1 :o answ]$ ! messages ( ,agamemnon simply ) unrel5t+ sil5ce8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,,a*illes ,,kill+ ,,tro,,los4 ,by ,euphronios4 ,l\vre ,museum4 ,! poetry 9 ! be/ compositions ( ,d\ris is entirely d]iv$ f memories ( ! epic & memories ( ! drama4 ,x matt]s little :e!r he inv5t$ !m or :e!r !y 7 sugge/$ to him2 x is ! v ess5ce ( ,greek pa9t+ disclos$ be=e our eyes1 ) its _s ( fre$om & ready adaptation4 ,ev]y?+ is helpful & sugge/ive to an arti/4 ,:e!r d]iv$ f epic recitations1 f lyric /rophes1 or f ! !atre1 ^! float+ images all become fix$ by 8 bru% & take def9ite %apes1 :i* 9 turn w haunt ! imag9ation ( o!r arti/s & guide _! h&s4 ,:at a ri* f]tility ( art1 :i* multipli$ its creations on all h&s1 & unit$ all classes ( ! ,a!nian p into a k9d ( bro!rhood ( lab\r6 #b4 ,m>tial ,subjects4 ,battle-sc5es _h = ?ree c5turies be5 ! classic subject ( indu/rial design4 ,z ) all primitive peoples1 w> _h be5 at fir/ ! *ief occupation ( ! ,greeks1 & 9 consequ5ce "o ( ! *ief s\rces ( art4 ,! ,dipylon vases cov]$ ) w>riors1 *>iots1 boats1 dead & w\nd$1 or ) pomp\s fun]al sc5es are contempor>y ) ! ,iliad4 ,f ! sev5? to ! fif? c5tury ! w>rior subject 0 repeat$ to satiety ^u all c]amics ) black figures4 ,h[ w ,d\ris pr(it by ?is8 ,sev5 dr9k+ cups be>+ tw5ty pa9t+s are devot$ to ?is /yle4 ,mo/ ( !m are subject to ! rules ( symmetric composition1 :i* we obs]v$ on ! ,memnon kylix1 9 ! conte/s ( ,m5elaos & ,p>is1 & ( ,ajax & ,hector4 ,tru? & tradition unite 9 giv+ to ?is subject ! appe>ance ( a simple duel1 ! second>y p]sonages1 z x 71 =m+ a frame4 ,sometimes a w\nd$ man plac$ betwe5 ! two *ampions indicates ! cause ( ! enc\nt]1 & at ! same "t =ms ! c5tre ( ! gr\p4 ,?is primitive s*eme1 mu* us$ by ! ,cor9?ians1 is f\nd aga9 9 _m ( ,d\ris' pa9t+s4 ,x is evid5t t he did n give himself great tr\ble to inv5t1 & t he only reproduces a well-kn[n !me4 ,"o may say z mu* ( ! battle1 consid]$ z a h&-to-h& fight2 five hoplites are engag$ 9 a /ruggle 9 a regul> & prescrib$ mann]1 :]e ! combatants1 ord9>ily pair$ two & two1 display _! /r5g? 9 ! attitudes ( well discipl9$ duelli/s4 ,x is only a v>iant ( ! prec$+ subject4 ,^! works tea* u no?+ new ) reg>d to ! art ( ,d\ris1 & are only ( value 9 s f> z ! m9ute ma/]y ( 8 bru% is conc]n$4 ,we mu/ look else:]e = 8 +5i\s m9d--9 ! sc5es ( arm+ & ! battles ( ,greeks & ,p]sians4 ,arm+ is only an episode ( milit>y life4 ,in/ead ( %[+ u ! battle1 ! pa9t] all[s u to be pres5t at ! prep>ations4 ,a /rong effect has be5 produc$ on a kylix made 9 ! work%op ( ,euphronios3 ,a*illes1 9 ambu%1 surprises ,trolos1 ! y\nge/ son ( ,priam1 :o comes to draw wat] at a f\nta92 he pursues him across ! pla9 z he flees 9 8 *>iot4 ,! al>m is giv51 & "o sees ! ,trojans ha/ily arm+ & runn+ to ! royal *ild's assi/ance4 ,b !y come too late4 ,9 ano!r pa9t+ we see ! crime already accompli%$2 )\t pity = ! t5d] ye>s or ! cries ( 8 victim1 ! h]o cuts (f ! boy's head by ! alt> ( ,apollo1 :]e he has tak5 refuge 7,fig4 #ah74 ,! conceptions ( ,d\ris are n s dramatic4 ,! design ( ! kylix 9 ,vi5na1 :i* is a ma/]piece ( its k9d1 all[s u 9 a mann] to p5etrate into a ,greek camp1 at ! h\r :5 all are prep>+ = ! manuvres or ! battle 7,fig4 #ai74 ,x is m$iocre1 ev5 a little commonplace1 z reg>ds obs]vation1 b x is clev] by ! realism ( ! small practical details4 ,9 ! int]ior is ! classic sc5e ( a libation1 a soldi] be=e 8 dep>ture pray+ to ! gods2 a woman br+s him w9e :i* %e p\rs into a sacrificial cup4 ,on ! rev]se1 an encampm5t2 ! al>m has s\nd$1 e "o seeks 8 arms 9 ha/e1 "o 8 sword1 ano!r 8 lance or helmet4 ,! monotony ( ! subject _h to be v>i$4 ,! pa9t] has succe$$ 9 ?is by introduc+ "s old & be>d$ m5 :o help & enc\rage ! y\?s1 & a woman :o br+s a %ield & a sword4 ,no?+ c be m animat$ ?an ! faces & ge/ures ( ^! "y m5 arm+ !mselves4 ,"o tries 8 sword & draws x p>tly out ( ! scabb>d1 ano!r b9ds ! fillet ab\t 8 hair1 s z to adju/ 8 helmet m firmly2 8 companion1 ) a f9ical ge/ure1 turns up 8 sleeve & ! l[] "p ( 8 tunic4 ,else:]e 7,fig4 #ai71 a hoplite already helmet$ places greaves on 8 legs1 ano!r dons 8 corselet1 a ?ird hangs 8 sword at 8 side & puts ! %\ld] belt ov] 8 %\ld]1 a f\r? makes a little ge/ure ( comic despair %[+ t he has =gott5 to place a cre/ on 8 helmet1 :ile ! la/ raises & ties 8 long hair4 ,^! are sket*es drawn f life1 & are almo/ l ! sket*-book ( an arti/ :o has accompani$ soldi]s at _! manvres4 ,:at we t]m 8milit>y pa9t+10 9 its famili> & picturesque =m1 dates f ! ,greeks4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,,soldi]s ,,arm+4 ,by ,d\ris4 ,vi5na ,museum4 ,! /yle ( ?is kylix is anci5t1 & x dates f ! e>lie/ p]iod 9 ! c>e] ( ,d\ris4 ,al?\gh f\nd at ! same "t & 9 ! same place z ! o!r kylix at ,vi5na 7,fig4 #af71 repres5t+ ,! ,conte/ ( ,ajax & ,ulysses1 al?\gh sign$ by ! same pa9t] & m\ld$ by ! same pott] ,py?on1 x repres5ts an entirely diff]5t mann]4 ,"h is a /yle /ill ar*aic1 ! heads l>ge1 ! bodies r ?ickset1 ! drap]ies ) regul> & symmetrical l9es1 an extreme m9ut5ess 9 all details4 ,!re1 ! proportions are rev]s$1 ! bodies l5g!n$1 ) small heads1 ! g>m5ts ) wavy folds1 ! entire execution fre] & ) less c>e = detail4 ,no "o w\ld ?9k ( attribut+ ! two vases to ! same ma/] if !y did n be> ! "n ( ,d\ris4 ,?is comp>ison p]mits u to appreciate ! nature ( ! *anges t took place 9 a ,greek pott]'s c>e]4 ,he is n a craftsman :o is satisfi$ to rema9 9 ! r\t9e ( a uni=m me?od4 ,he is an arti/ :o wi%es to le>n1 :o reflects & develops4 ,h]r ,h>twig has well demon/rat$ t !re 0 a 8fir/0 z well z a 8second0 /yle 9 ,d\ris1 z 9 our days 9 ,corot or ,fant9-,lat\r4 ,to introduce glori\s memories ( ! ,p]sian invasion1 only rec5tly repuls$ by ! ,greeks1 0 ano!r mode ( rejuv5at+ ! w>rior subjects4 ,^! direct allusions to ! ,p]sian w>s1 are1 to our great surprise1 only r>ely f\nd on ! monum5ts4 ,x is a *>act]i/ic trait ( ! idealism 9 :i* ! art ( ! fif? c5tury delights4 ,any?+ 9 ! =m ( anecdote or accid5t1 all t =ms ! wo( ( mat]ial facts1 is only ( slight int]e/ to x4 ,x fe>s also to provoke ! gods by extoll+ ! gr&eur ( ,a!ns1 & h5ce allegory & symbol are us$ 9 pref]5ce4 ,! ,treasury ( ! ,a!nians1 rais$ at ,delphi f a ti! ( ! spoils ( ,m>a?on1 glorifi$ ! de$s ( ,h]akles & ,!seus4 ,! p$im5ts ( ! ,temple at g9a1 probably made aft] ,salamis1 %[ ! ,trojans conqu]$ by ,hom]ic h]oes4 ,to celebrate ,greece's second victory ov] ,asia1 images ( ! ,trojan horse 7 plac$ on ! ,acropolis & on ! slopes ( ,delphi4 ,indu/rial pa9t+ con=ms to ! same pr9ciples4 ,w>rior subjects 7 frequ5tly repres5t$ by battle-sc5es betwe5 ,greeks & ,asiatics1 b appe> only to conta9 allusions to ! ,epic1 or else to ! battle ( ,h]akles ) ! ,amazons 7,fig4 #a71 :i* recalls ! great de$s ( ! ,greeks' ance/ors aga9/ b>b>ians4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,,greek ,,hoplite ,,& ,,p]sian ,,/&>d ,,be>]4 ,by ,d\ris4 ,l\vre ,museum4 ,we may say t ,d\ris gave pro( ( orig9ality by frankly deal+ ) mod]n subjects4 ,a kylix at ! ,l\vre1 un=tunately damag$ & re/or$1 %[s 9 ! int]ior an hoplite /rik+ ) 8 sword a fall5 b>b>ian soldi]1 :o holds a /&>d ) two squ>e-%ap$ flags 7,fig4 #bj74 ,?is typical accessory leaves no d\bt z to ! mean+ ( ! pa9t+4 ,a bann] w\ld nev] be plac$ 9 ! h&s ( a ,trojan4 ,x is v probable t ! victors ( ,m>a?on pick$ up ,p]sian /&>ds on ! battlefield ) ! spoils1 & t we h "h ! reproduction ( su* a trophy4 ,we look ^u ?is sket* ( ,d\ris z a preci\s record ( ! army l$ by ,datis & ,artaph]nes 9 #dij4 ,= ! vase is n ( a /yle to be dat$ aft] #dhj1 t is to say1 aft] ! second invasion conduct$ by ,x]xes 9 p]son4 ,o!r vases attribut$ to ! pa9t] ,onesimos repres5t battles ( ,greeks aga9/ ,asiatics on horseback1 v reali/ic 9 =m4 ,"h "o may aga9 see copies f life4 ,la/ly1 ,greeks & ,p]sians are fight+ on ! sculptur$ frieze :i* adorns "o side ( ! small temple ( ,nike ,apt]os on ! ,acropolis4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 are r>e allusions to ! greate/ milit>y a*ievem5ts ( ! c5tury4 ,x is n difficult to imag9e :at !y w\ld h produc$ 9 mod]n art4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 bew>e ( cr$it+ ,d\ris ) an exagg]at$ initiative1 & we mu/ n =get t among ! lo/ works ( ,greek art1 a pa9t+ by ,m&rocles is m5tion$1 dat+ f ,d>ius' exp$ition into ,scy?ia1 ,! ,cross+ ( ! ,bosphorus1 & at ,a!ns a ,battle ( ,m>a?on1 attribut$ to ,pana9os1 9 :i* ,miltiades & ! *ief ,greek g5]als 7 se5 repuls+ ! ,asiatic phalanxes4 ,d\ris & ,onesimos did n lack models to guide !m into ?is *annel4 ,! value ( _! works is above all 9 ! good =tune :i* has pres]v$ !m to u1 & gives u1 if n ! lett]1 at lea/ ! _s ( ! pa9t+ d$icat$ to contempor>y hi/ory4 #c4 ,ev]yday ,sc5es4 ,"h1 aga91 x is conv5i5t to divide ! "w ( ,d\ris into two p>ts4 ,at times1 l all ! manufactur]s1 he made use ( old subjects ) h>dly any *ange2 !n1 aga91 he s\ght new ideas & popul>iz$ unus$ !mes4 ,! latt]1 ( c\rse1 w *iefly occupy our att5tion4 ,a g5]al /atem5t %\ld fir/ be made3 ! "w ( ,d\ris1 z we actually "k x1 %[s a di/9ct pref]5ce = liv+ subjects4 ,( 8 eighty pa9t+s we c c\nt sev5te5 d$icat$ to my?ical subjects1 tw5ty-two to milit>y life1 & =ty-"o to ev]yday sc5es4 ,! proportion 9 fav\r ( contempor>y life is m ?an ?ree-f\r?s4 ,comp>+ ^! ) works sign$ 9 ! work%ops ( ,euphronios 7fifte5 my?ical subjects1 two w>rior subjects1 & eight ev]yday sc5es71 f ! work%op ( ,brygos 7sev5te5 my?ical1 "o w>rior1 & six ev]yday sc5es71 we obs]ve t ! proportion is rev]s$ by ! two mo/ di/+ui%$ rivals ( ,d\ris4 ,we may1 !re=e1 note ?is *>act]i/ic 9 8 "w :i* he has 9 common ) ano!r great design]1 ,hi]on 7tw5ty-?ree my?ical & ?irty-"o famili> sc5es74 ,^! two arti/s ?us prep>$ ! way = ! g5re picture1 :i* 0 to dom9ate ! second half ( ! fif? c5tury1 & to make wom5 & *ildr5 ! fav\rite subjects ( pa9t]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,,seat$ ,,y\? ,,hold+ ,a ,,h>e4 ,by ,d\ris4 ,l\vre ,museum4 ,! mo/ frequ5t !mes are sc5es f ! pal/ra 7,fig4 #f74 ,y\?s are wre/l+1 runn+1 jump+1 dumb-bells 9 h&1 or ?r[+ ! discus2 ! tea*]s ( gymna/ics wat* ! sports1 rod 9 h&1 ready to puni% ! lazy or *eck any brutality4 ,sometimes a small column1 or a bas9 int5d$ = ablutions1 a pick-axe1 or a javel9 ?r[n d[n1 indicates :]e ! sc5e takes place4 ,only ?is mu* w\ld a ,greek draughtsman p]mit himself z sc5]y4 ,man alone1 action or liv+ =ms1 are ! subjects ( 8 /udy2 nor does he seek1 z we d1 to end[ ) s5tim5t ! objects 9 8 environm5t4 ,l&scape1 :i* moves u1 leaves him q indiff]5t4 ,b :at k ( ! human =m1 :at love ( l9e & cont\r6 ,8 %ort1 skilful bru% moves freely on ! clay1 ?r[+ out delicate outl9es1 simplify+ ! muscles & giv+ only ! mo/ ess5tial1 break+ or spread+ out ! long folds ( ! drap]y1 emphasiz+ ! flexible sp9e1 draw+ s9ewy h&s & grave pr(iles ) /rong *9s & heavy lips4 ,he attacks ! difficulties ov] :i* ar*aic art _h n yet triumph$--=e%ort5+ & ?ree-qu>t] poses4 ,kimon ( ,kleonai1 a great pa9t] ( ! six? c5tury1 _h prov$ h[ effective ! latt] c\ld be4 ,9 ! /ructure ( ! eye he attacks ano!r difficult problem1 try+ to modify ! ev]la/+ & awkw>d conv5tion ( e>li] times--a face 9 pr(ile ) an eye full face4 ,he tries _m =ms--r\nd1 triangul>1 op5 on "o side4 ,"o feels ! solution1 :i* h5ce=? %all be t ( all draughtsm51 gr[+ "u 8 f+]s4 ,all ?is is sugge/$ by ! /udy ( 8 beautiful pa9t+s1 9 :i* ,d\ris has n inv5t$ mu*1 = ! s*ool :i* prec$$ him1 t ( ,epiktetos1 ( ,paidikos1 ( ,*akrylion1 (f]$ simil> /udies1 b he unfolds a con/ant desire = p]fection ( =m4 ,9 8 "w "o may note ! clev] & economical device ( draw+ _m p]sons by means ( v few models4 ,9 8 sc5es ( ! pal/ra1 consi/+ ( t5 or twelve p]sons1 he uses1 9 fact1 only two models--a be>d$ man & a y\?1 :o are se5 "u diff]5t aspects4 ,_m ( 8 contempor>ies made use ( ! same device4 ,x may be inf]r$ t 9 ^! sc5es ! pa9t] us$ liv+ models m frequ5tly ?an else:]e2 x is a companion or an appr5tice :o has pos$ & has be5 turn$ ab\t on e side4 ,9 consequ5ce1 ! composition is n s bold1 b m commonplace ?an 9 ! my?ic pa9t+s inspir$ by sup]ior models4 ,n[h]e is ?is inability to gr\p ! figures 9 famili> sc5es m app>5t ?an 9 a kylix at ! ,l\vre1 9 spite ( an abundance ( humor\s detail & pretty silh\ettes4 ,:at c be m graceful ?an ! figure ( ,! ,y\? & ! ,h>e 7,fig4 #ba78 ,seat$ on a /ool & lean+ on a /ick1 he looks ) t5d]ness at ! nimble little creature1 :i* ! ,a!nians lik$ to tame1 & :i* pr[l$ ab\t _! h\ses z cats d ) u4 ,at ! same "t x 0 a love tok51 & "o frequ5tly sees on c]amic pa9t+s grave p]sons advance hold+ by ! e>s ?is frisky gift1 :i* !y (f] to "y boys4 ,plato's ,banquet in=ms u on ?is well-kn[n cu/om ( ! ,greeks4 ,on ! inn] circle1 fram+ l a m$allion ,! ,y\? & ! ,h>e1 runs a b&1 repeat+ a design t5 times 9 almo/ ! same =m--a be>d$ man re/s on 8 /ick1 address+ fri5dly words to a boy seat$ be=e him4 ,"o holds a lyre2 ano!r a h>e2 o!rs are wrapt1 z if *illy1 9 _! cloaks4 ,simil> !mes decorate ! two rev]se sides4 ,9 all "o c c\nt ?irty-?ree p]sons1 b !re are 9 reality only two actors4 ,x is z if a metope ) two figures 7 con/antly repeat$1 ) "s v>iety1 ^u all ! free space ( ! vase4 ,ea* detail ( ! gr\p is execut$ ) ze/ & _s1 b composition does n exi/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,,int]ior ,,( ,a ,,s*ool4 ,by ,d\ris4 ,b]l9 ,museum4 ,! kylix 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum1 ,! ,int]ior ( a ,s*ool 7,fig4 #bb71 %[s ! same fault1 al?\gh x may be consid]$ z ,d\ris' ma/]piece 9 ev]yday sc5es4 ,b ! subject is ( su* int]e/ to u1 & ?r[s s mu* light on ! life ( ,greek s*ol>s1 t we ?9k no long] ( imp]fections nor ( ! sy/ematic /iffness ( ! gr\ps4 ,"h1 aga91 ,d\ris is se5 z an orig9al & f]tile initiator4 ,he "h ab&ons ! pal/ra & ! gymna/ic ex]cises1 repeat$ a hundr$ times1 & takes u into ! s*ool-room :]e ! music-ma/] & ! gramm>ian give _! lessons2 on "o rev]se1 lessons on ! lyre & recitations are giv51 on ! o!r1 lessons 9 writ+ & flute-play+4 ,9 ! int]ior1 a simple figure ( a nude y\? ty+ 8 s&al1 %[s ! boy1 ^: task is f9i%$1 prep>+ to run & play4 ,x is a *>m+ & sob] pa9t+1 we %\ld call x to-day1 8an in/antane\s impression10 giv+ a glimpse ( life :i* p>ticul>ly attracts u4 ,h[ 7 ! y\?s ( ,a!ns educat$8 ,^u t !me bulky volumes h be5 writt54 ,z ,m4 ,paul ,gir>d has %[n 9 8 ,education ,a?ni5ne1 ?is kylix ( ,d\ris tea*es u bett] ?an ! texts4 ,we see "h ! importance ! ,greeks atta*$ to musical in/ruction4 ,! ^w 8music0 express$ ! entire education2 lit]>y /udies1 in/rum5tal music & s++4 ,music walk$ h& 9 h& ) lit]ature & gymna/ic ex]cises4 ,plato ev5 w5t s f> z to say t ! art ( t\*+ ! s\l ) song inspir$ ! desire = virtue4 ,he reject$1 h[ev]1 z voluptu\s & en]vat+1 c]ta9 ,ionian & ,lydian modes4 ,we mu/ rememb] t music 0 int5d$ *iefly1 z repres5t$ on ! vase 9 ,b]l91 to accompany ! song1 & t ! words 7 m significant ?an ! melody4 ,pray]s1 invocations1 w>-songs1 moral maxims1 all contribut$ to make music a p[]ful in/rum5t ( education1 & ! app>5tly p>adoxical words ( old ,damon may 9 ?is way be expla9$1 :5 he said t ! rules ( music c\ld n be *ang$ )\t %ak+ ! /ate itself4 ,! kylix ( ,d\ris corresponds closely ) ^! ideas4 ,lit]ature is repres5t$1 on ! "o h&1 by a ma/] ( declamation hold+ a writt5 scroll1 ^u :i* we read ! beg9n+ ( an epic poem t a pupil is ab\t to recite 7,fig4 #bb72 on ! o!r side1 a "y ma/] is trac+ a page ( writ+1 :ile a pupil /&s ready to copy x4 ,mean:ile ! tutors ( ! boys sit on /ools1 wait+ = ! lessons to be f9i%$ to conduct !m home4 ,no o!r anci5t arti/ has p]mitt$ u to ent] s intimately into ,a!nian life4 ,:at we t]m 8g5re pa9t+0 has appe>$4 ,x is ! la/ & p]haps ! mo/ f]tile inspiration t ,d\ris d]iv$ f great contempor>y art4 ,x p]mits u1 at ! same "t1 to admire ! flexibility ( a great tal5t1 />t+ ) religi\s & h]oic subjects 9 ! sev]e /yle ( ,eos & ,memnon1 & atta9+ to ! graceful & brilliant compositions ( ,! ,y\? & ! ,h>e1 & ,! ,int]ior ( a ,s*ool4 ,!re is an amus+ sket* f ! work%op ( ,euphronios1 :i* may be plac$ by ! side ( ^! pa9t+s1 %[+ a writ+-tea*] b5d+ =w>d 9 8 *air1 ) =ef+] rais$ & ?reat5+1 z if he 7 scold+ ! little fell[s confid$ to 8 c>e 7,fig4 #bc74 ,,conclusion ,if we h succe$$ 9 reproduc+ ! r complex physiognomy ( ,d\ris1 we hope we h cle>ly indicat$ its two-fold "*4 ,8 tal5t & 8 orig9ality d n raise him above ! conditions impos$ ^u 8 craft4 ,x w\ld be an error to ascribe g5ius to him4 ,he owes 8 importance1 on ! "o h&1 to ! disappe>ance ( great pa9t+s1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 to ! innate qualities ( ! ,greek race1 :i* ev5 inve/$ popul> works ) fre$om & beauty4 ,julius ,lange1 ! ,dani% ar*ologi/1 has said t to judge ,greek pa9t+ f ! vases is l judg+ ! light ( ! sun by ! reflection we receive f ! moon4 ,b if1 9 ?is reg>d1 indu/rial art is inf]ior to ! lo/ ma/]pieces1 let u n =get t x is ne>] to ! p1 ^: ?\ghts x s =cibly expresses4 ,s ! anonym\s sculptors ( images 9 our ca!dral reveal to u ! m$ival ,fr5* s\l f> bett] ?an ! great arti/s c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,a ,,s*oolma/]4 ,b]l9 ,museum4 ,) ^! ?\s& sket*es ^u fragile clay we c retrace an evolution :i* la/$ f\r or five c5turies1 & creat$ ! art ( draw+1 z x is practis$ by all mod]n nations4 ,inde$1 aft] long endeav\rs1 ! ,greeks 7 ! fir/ :o %att]$ ! tyrannic conv5tions to :i* arti/s _h con=m$1 9 ,egypt1 ,*aldea & ,assyria4 ,!y refus$ to disjo9t ! human =m on ! pretext ( %[+ x f a true anatomical po9t ( view4 ,= ! artificial reality ( ! body drawn 9 sections1 !y sub/itut$ a liv+ silh\ette seiz$ 9 rapid movem5t1 r5d]$ ) all its irregul>ities ( =m & its lack ( symmetry4 ,?is prov$ ! victory ( art ov] sci5ce4 ,"o became accu/om$ to figures half turn$ to ! spectator1 to p]spective1 to p>ts half hidd5 or suppress$1 "o le>nt to consid] ,nature n z %e is1 b z "o sees h]4 ,! ori5tation ( art 0 completely *ang$4 ,! inv5tion ( =e%ort5+ & ( modell+ by means ( %ad[s belongs to ! ,greeks4 ,bo? _h consid]able influ5ce on ! ,roman _w1 & lat] on mod]n times4 ,we may comp>e ^! discov]ies to ^? 9 physics or 9 *emi/ry :i* entirely revolutioniz$ ! doma9 ( sci5ce4 ,x is an error to suppose t ! sci5ti/ alone is capable ( discov]ies :i* humanity at l>ge is call$ ^u to enjoy4 ,9 art ! same action & reaction take place1 & a solid>ity unit+ ! pa/ & pres5t is n less p[]ful4 ,betwe5 an ,egyptian fresco & an oil pa9t+ by ,van ,eyck !re is sc>cely any?+ 9 common z reg>ds conception & process4 ,betwe5 a draw+ by ,d\ris & ! ,/ratonice ( ,+res a resemblance is v p]ceptible1 almo/ a k9d ( bro!rhood4 ,! draw+s ( ,d\ris tea* u to und]/& yet ano!r ?+4 ,greek pa9t+ at ?is p]iod _h a cause at he>t :i* ! entire fif? c5tury upheld ) passionate conviction--! belief t ! aim ( ! pla/ic arts is ! repres5tation ( man4 ,aft] ! ,cretans & ,myc5ans _h d]iv$ su* admirable inspirations f ! vegetable k+dom1 f ! m>9e fauna & flora1 aft] ! picturesque /udies ( birds & de] :i* ! ,ionians _h transmitt$ to ! ,cor9?ian & ,attic pott]s1 we see ,greek pa9t+ gradually elim9at+ all ?is f design1 9 ord] to devote itself exclusively to ! repres5tation ( ! human =m4 ,no?+ c turn x aside f ?is c\rse4 ,:e!r x is a "q ( gods & goddesses1 h]oes1 or ev5 citiz5s1 x is always ! human =m 9 all its aspects1 9 all its attitudes1 dignifi$ or famili>1 :i* ! draughtsman obs]ves4 ,n[h]e has su* complete absorption ( ! arti/ic imag9ation be5 se54 ,lat]1 aft] ,alex&]1 ! ,greeks !mselves some:at modifi$ _! attitude1 & le>nt once m to contemplate non-human nature2 b ! limits )9 :i* ,greek ?\ght _h volunt>ily conf9$ itself rema9$ sev]e dur+ ! c5tury ( ,p]icles4 ,accord+ to an expression ( ,victor ,br>d1 x 0 a g>d5 ( humanity 9 :i* man 0 ! mo/ beautiful plant4 ,to ?is bias we owe "s ( ! pure/ ma/]pieces ( :i* humanity c boa/4 ,^? ( sculpture are fam\s 9 all l&s2 ^? ( pa9t+ 7 no less wor?y ( admiration1 b we only c judge !m by ! designs on vases4 ,!seus & ! ,m>a?onian ,bull on ! kylix by ,euphronios 7,fig4 #ab71 ! ,memnon by ,d\ris 7,fig4 #h71 or ! ,zeus c>ry+ (f a ,woman ^u an anonym\s kylix 9 ! ,l\vre 7,fig4 #bd7 :i* is attribut$ to him1 ! ,aphrodite on ! ,swan 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,fig4 #g7 by a some:at lat] arti/1 be> comp>ison ) ! mo/ beautiful draw+s ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,nev] has ! beauty ( ! human =m 9 motion be5 r5d]$ ) m s9c]e joy4 ,"h1 aga91 ! ,greeks prep>$ ! pa? = ! mod]ns1 tea*+ ! dignity ( man by prov+ him to be m important & necess>y 9 art ?an all else4 ,x is no long] ,nature rul+ & cru%+ ) its imm5sity mank9d ignorant ( itself4 ,x is human ?\ght1 on ! contr>y1 project+ itself on ! ext]nal _w1 & tak+ possession ( x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,,zeus ,,c>ry+ ,,(f ,a ,,woman4 ,l\vre ,museum4 ,?is is :y we admire anci5t art1 & :y a draw+ by ,d\ris tells u s _m ?+s4 ,d\btless ,d\ris has 8 message4 ,he nev] suspect$ x2 he did n make x 8 aim2 he 0 ! unconsci\s in/rum5t ( a great p & ( a great revolution4 ,?is x is :i* makes works ( ! pa/ ( su* great value4 ,only "t c %[ :at !y conta9$ ( beauty & ( f]tility1 ev5 unkn[n to _! au?ors4 ,! creative =ce animat+ !m is beyond ! individual2 x spr+s f ! dep?s ( ! race :i* produces !m4 ,! sculptor :o fa%ion$ ! ,v5us ( ,melos c\ld n =esee ! fame 8 /atue w\ld a*ieve1 :i* he probably execut$ aft] _m o!r simil> ones4 ,leon>do da ,v9ci w\ld be greatly surpris$ at :at we see 9 8 ,gioconda4 ,anatole ,france says3 8,ea* g5]ation imag9es anew ! antique ma/]pieces1 & 9 ?is mann] communicates to !m a progressive immortality40 ,x is n t we are dup$ by a delusion1 b "t has done its "w2 mov+ on1 x has discov]$ unexpect$ wor? 9 c]ta9 objects4 ,r5an made ! pr(\nd rem>k1 8,admiration is hi/oric40 ,inde$1 n only is di/ance necess>y1 b ! we>+ effect ( c5turies1 to di/+ui% ! good f ! bad1 ! et]nal f ! p]i%able1 to recognize ! actual importance ( a ?\ght or an inv5tion4 ,^? :o love to m$itate w n g 9 va9 to ! ,l\vre to look at ! kylix ( ,eos & ,memnon4 ,!y w see a reflection ( t :i* =m$ ! gr&eur & beauty ( ,greek pa9t+ dur+ ! mo/ fl\ri%+ p]iod ( its hi/ory1 & !y w recognize 9 "o ( its noble/ expressions an art = ev] lo/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,a ,pa9t] at ,"w1 ,bo/on ,museum4 ,,bibliography ,,r\lez1 9 ,nuove ,memorie dell' ,in/ituto1 ii41 #ahfe1 p4 #cic4 ,,helbig1 9 ,annali dell' ,in/ituto ar*41 xlv41 #ahgc1 p4 #ec4 ,,froehn]1 ,les ,muses de ,france1 #ahgc1 p4 #cg4 ,,rayet-,,collignon1 ,hi/4 de la ,cramique ,grecque1 #ahhh1 p4 #agh4 ,,luck5ba*1 9 ,jahrbu* fr class4 ,philologie1 suppl4 ,b& xi41 #ahhj1 p4 #eah;f4 ,,c>l ,,rob]t1 ,bild und ,li$1 #ahha1 pp4 #bh1 #hg1 #ih1 #bad4 ---- ,sc55 d] ,ilias und ,ai?iopis1 #ahia4 7,,xv4 ,hallis*es ,w9ckelmanns ,programm47 ,,mei]1 9 ,ar*ol4 ,zeitung1 #ahhc1 p4 #a4 ,w4 ,,kle91 ,euphronios1 #ahhf4 ---- ,die grie*4 ,vas5 mit ,mei/]signatur51 #ahhg4 ---- ,die grie*4 ,vas5 mit ,liebl+s9s*rift51 #ahih4 ,,ts\ntas1 9 ,ephmris ar*ologique d',a?nes1 iii41 #ahhf1 p4 #dj4 ,,loewy1 9 ,jahrbu* des deuts*4 ar*4 ,in/ituts1 iii41 #ahhh1 p4 #aci4 ,,jane ,e4 ,,h>rison1 9 ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 x41 #ahhi1 p4 #bca4 ---- ,greek ,vase ,pa9t+s1 #ahid1 p4 #ba4 ,,reis*1 9 ,mit!ilung5 des ar*4 ,in/4 ,rmis*e ,ab?41 v41 #ahij1 p4 #cca4 ---- 9 ,fe/s*rift fr ,gomp]z1 #aijb1 p4 #dei4 ,f4 ,d,,mml]1 9 ,bonn] ,/udi51 #ahij1 p4 #gg4 ,p4 ,,h>twig1 ,die grie*4 ,mei/]s*al51 #ahic1 pp4 #bjj;f41 #ehc;f4 ,,furtw,,ngl] ,,& ,,rei*hold1 ,die grie*4 ,vas5mal]ei1 #aijd1 pp4 #gf1 #aad1 #bdf1 #bfg4 ,,mi*aelis1 9 ,ar*ologis*e ,zeitung1 #ahgc1 p4 #a4 ,,murray1 ,designs f ,greek ,vases1 #ahid1 p4 #ab;f4 ,,t>bell1 9 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,ar*ology1 #aijj1 iv41 p4 #ahc4 ,,bir*1 ,hi/4 ,anci5t ,pott]y1 ed4 ,walt]s1 #aije1 i41 p4 #dcd4 ,,index ,a*illes1 #ej1 #fb1 #fd1 #fg ,acropolis1 #ag1 #ac1 #gb g9a1 temple at1 #gj s*ylus1 #ba1 #fb1 #fd ,africa1 #ad1 #ae ,agamemnon1 #b1 #fa1 #fd ,ajax1 #cb1 #df1 #dh1 #fa1 #fd ,alex&]1 #b1 #hc ,amasis1 #aa ,amphitrite1 #ef ,amphora1 #af1 #cj ,anaphly/os1 deme ( #aa ,ant5or1 #ah ,apelles1 #bi ,aphrodite1 #dh ---- on h] swan1 #hd ,apollo1 #dh ,arkt9os ( ,miletos1 #df1 #dg ,artemis1 #dh ,a!ne1 #ah1 #df1 #dh1 #ec1 #fb ,a!nian pott]y1 #f ,a!nians1 ,treasury (1 #gj ,a!ns1 #b1 #aj1 #af1 #bg ,attic craftsm51 #e ---- ta/e1 #ad ,augu/us1 #b ,br>d1 ,victor1 #hc ,b]l9 ,museum kylix1 #gg ,bes ( ! 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index 0 n *eck$ = prop] alphabetization or correct page ref]5ces4 ,page xiv3 8,wi5] ,vorlegebltt50 %\ld be 8,wi5] ,vorlegebltt]04 ,page #hg3 8,ephmris ar*ologique d',a?nes0 %\ld be 8,ephmris ar*ologique d',a?nes04