,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,goodness ,,by ,,george ,,h]b]t ,,palm] ,al=d ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy ,9 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity ,illu/ration3 ,t\t bi5 ou ri5 #aijc ,a4 ,f4 ,p4 ,,bonitate ,,s+ul>i ,,multis ,,dilectae ,,v5u/ate ,,litt]is ,,consiliis ,,prae/anti ,,nup] ,e ,,domo ,,et ,,gaudio ,,meo ,,ereptae ,,preface ,! sub/ance ( ^! *apt]s 0 deliv]$ z a c\rse ( lectures at ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 ,d>tm\? & ,wellesley ,colleges1 ,we/]n ,res]ve ,univ]sity1 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia1 & ! ,tw5tie? ,c5tury ,club ( ,bo/on4 ,a "p ( ! six? *apt] 0 us$ z an address be=e ! ,phi ,beta ,kappa ,society ( ,h>v>d1 & ano!r "p be=e ! ,philosophical ,union ( ,b]keley1 ,cali=nia4 ,sev]al ( ^! audi5ces h mat]ially aid$ my "w by _! se>*+ criticisms1 & all h help$ to cle> my ?\ght & simplify its expression4 ,s9ce discussions necess>ily s sev]e h be5 felt z vital by companies s div]se1 ,i v5ture to (f] !m "h to a wid] audi5ce4 ,previ\sly1 9 ,! ,field ( ,e?ics1 ,i m>k$ out ! place :i* e?ics occupies among ! sci5ces4 ,9 ?is book ! fir/ problem ( e?ics is exam9$4 ,! two volumes w =m1 ,i hope1 an easy yet s]i\s introduction to ?is grave/ & mo/ p]petual ( /udies4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,d\ble ,,aspect ,,( ,,goodness ,i4 ,difficulties ( ! inve/igation ,,ii4 ,ga9s to be expect$ ,,iii4 ,extr9sic goodness ,,iv4 ,imp]fections ( extr9sic goodness ,v4 ,intr9sic goodness ,,vi4 ,relations ( ! two k9ds ,,vii4 ,diagram ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,misconceptions ,,( ,,goodness ,i4 ,enl>gem5t ( ! diagram ,,ii4 ,great] & less] good ,,iii4 ,high] & l[] good ,,iv4 ,ord] & weal? ,v4 ,satisfaction ( desire ,,vi4 ,adaptation to environm5t ,,vii4 ,def9itions ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,self-,,consci\sness ,i4 ,! f\r factors ( p]sonal goodness ,,ii4 ,unconsci\sness ,,iii4 ,reflex action ,,iv4 ,consci\s exp]i5ce ,v4 ,self-consci\sness ,,vi4 ,its degrees ,,vii4 ,its acquisition ,,viii4 ,its in/ability ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,self-,,direction ,i4 ,consci\sness a factor ,,ii4 7,a7 ,! int5tion ,,iii4 7#a7 ,! end1 aim1 or ideal ,,iv4 7#b7 ,desire ,v4 7#c7 ,decision ,,vi4 7,b7 ,! volition ,,vii4 7#a7 ,delib]ation ,,viii4 7#b7 ,ef=t ,,ix4 7#c7 ,satisfaction ,,*apt] ,v ,,self-,,developm5t ,i4 ,reflex influ5ce ( self-direction ,,ii4 ,v>ieties ( *ange ,,iii4 ,accid5tal *ange ,,iv4 ,de/ructive *ange ,v4 ,trans=m+ *ange ,,vi4 ,developm5t ,,vii4 ,self-developm5t ,,viii4 ,me?od ( self-developm5t ,,ix4 ,te/ ( self-developm5t ,x4 ,actual ext5t ( p]sonality ,,xi4 ,possible ext5t ( p]sonality ,,xii4 ,practical consequ5ces ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,self-,,sacrifice ,i4 ,difficulties ( ! conception ,,ii4 ,x is impossible ,,iii4 ,x is a sign ( degradation ,,iv4 ,x is ne$less ,v4 ,x is irrational ,,vi4 ,its frequ5cy ,,vii4 ,def9ition ,,viii4 ,its rationality ,,ix4 ,di/+ui%$ f culture ,x4 ,its self-ass]tion ,,xi4 ,its incalculability ,,xii4 ,its positive "* ,,xiii4 ,conclusion ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,nature ,,& ,,_s ,i4 ,summ>y ( ! prec$+ argum5t ,,ii4 ,_s sup]ior to nature ,,iii4 ,naturali/ic t5d5cy ( ! f9e arts ,,iv4 ,naturali/ic t5d5cy ( sci5ce & philosophy ,v4 ,naturalism 9 social e/imates ,,vi4 ,self-consci\sness burd5some ,,vii4 ,impossibility ( full consci\s guidance ,,viii4 ,advantages ( unconsci\s action ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,?ree ,,/ages ,,( ,,goodness ,i4 ,advantage ( consci\s guidance ,,ii4 ,example ( piano-play+ ,,iii4 ,! me*anization ( conduct ,,iv4 ,contra/ ( ! fir/ & ?ird /ages ,v4 ,! cure = self-consci\sness ,,vi4 ,! revision ( habits ,,vii4 ,! doctr9e ( praise ,,viii4 ,! propriety ( praise ,i ,,! ,,d\ble ,,aspect ,,( ,,goodness ,9 und]tak+ ! foll[+ discussion ,i =esee two grave difficulties4 ,my read] may well feel t goodness is already ! mo/ famili> ( all ! ?\ghts we employ1 & yet he may at ! same "t suspect t !re is some?+ ab\t x p]plex+ly ab/ruse & remote4 ,famili> x c]ta9ly is4 ,x att5ds all our wi%es1 acts1 & projects z no?+ else does1 s t no e/imate ( its influ5ce c be excessive4 ,:5 we take a walk1 read a book1 make a dress1 hire a s]vant1 visit a fri5d1 att5d a conc]t1 *oose a wife1 ca/ a vote1 ent] into bus9ess1 we always d x 9 ! hope ( atta9+ some?+ good4 ,! clue ( goodness is accord+ly a v]itable guide ( life4 ,on x dep5d actions f> m m9ute ?an ^? j m5tion$4 ,we nev] raise a h&1 = example1 unless ) a view to improve 9 "s respect our condition4 ,motionless we %\ld rema9 =ev]1 did we n believe t by plac+ ! h& else:]e we might obta9 some?+ :i* we d n n[ possess4 ,consequ5tly we employ ! ^w or "s synonym ( x dur+ pretty mu* e wak+ h\r ( our lives4 ,wi%+ "s te/ ( ?is frequ5cy ,i turn$ to ,%akespe>e1 & f\nd t he uses ! ^w good fifte5 hundr$ times1 & x's d]ivatives goodness1 bett]1 & be/1 ab\t z _m m4 ,he c\ld n make m5 & wom5 talk "r )\t incessant ref]5ce to ?is directive conception4 ,b :ile ?us famili> & influ5tial :5 mix$ ) action1 & j because ( t v fact1 ! notion ( goodness is bewild]+ly ab/ruse & remote4 ,p 9 g5]al d n obs]ve ?is curi\s circum/ance4 ,s9ce !y are s frequ5tly enc\nt]+ goodness1 bo? laym5 & s*ol>s are apt to assume t x is altoge!r cle> & requires no explanation4 ,b ! v rev]se is ! tru?4 ,famili>ity obscures4 ,x bre$s in/9cts & n und]/&+4 ,s inwov5 has goodness become ) ! v web ( life t x is h>d to dis5tangle4 ,we _c easily deta* x f encompass+ circum/ance1 look at x nak$ly1 & say :at 9 itself x really is4 ,nev] appe>+ 9 practical affairs except z an elem5t1 & always intimately associat$ ) some?+ else1 we are puzzl$ h[ to break up t intimacy & give to goodness indep5d5t mean+4 ,x is z if oxyg5 7 nev] f\nd alone1 b only 9 connection ) hydrog51 c>bon1 or "s o!r ( ! eighty elem5ts :i* compose our globe4 ,we might feel its wide influ5ce1 b we %\ld h difficulty 9 describ+ :at ! ?+ itself 04 ,j s if any *ance doz5 p]sons %\ld be call$ on to say :at !y mean by goodness1 probably n "o c\ld (f] a def9ition :i* he w\ld be will+ to hold to = fifte5 m9utes4 ,x is true1 ?is /range /ate ( ?+s is n peculi> to goodness4 ,o!r famili> conceptions %[ a simil> t5d5cy1 & j ab\t 9 proportion1 too1 to _! importance4 ,^? :i* c\nt = mo/ 9 our lives are lea/ easy to und]/&4 ,:at1 = example1 d we mean by love8 ,ev]ybody has exp]i5c$ x s9ce ! _w began4 ,= a c5tury or m1 noveli/s h be5 fix+ our att5tion on x z our *ief conc]n4 ,yet nobody has yet succe$$ 9 mak+ ! matt] q pla94 ,:at is ! /ate8 ,sociali/s are try+ to tell u1 & we are try+ to tell !m2 b ea*1 x mu/ be own$1 has ab\t z mu* difficulty 9 und]/&+ himself z 9 und]/&+ 8 oppon5t1 ?\gh ! two sets ( vague ideas /ill conta9 reality en\gh = vigor\s /rife4 ,or take ! v simple/ ( conceptions1 ! conception ( =ce--t :i* is presuppos$ 9 e species ( physical sci5ce2 ages are likely to pass be=e x is satisfactorily def9$4 ,n[ ! conception ( goodness is some?+ ( ?is sort1 some?+ s wr\ght into ! total framework ( exi/5ce t x is hidd5 f view & n sep>ately obs]vable4 ,we "k s mu* ab\t x t we d n und]/& x4 ,= ord9>y purposes probably x is well n to seek to und]/& x4 ,acqua9tance ) ! /ructure ( ! eye does n help see+4 ,to det]m9e be=eh& j h[ polite we %\ld be w\ld n facilitate human int]c\rse4 ,& possibly a complet$ s*eme ( goodness w\ld r confuse ?an ease our daily actions4 ,sci5ce does n readily connect ) life4 ,= mo/ ( u all ! "t1 & = all ( u mo/ ( ! "t1 in/9ct is ! bett] prompt]4 ,b if we mean to be e?ical /ud5ts & to exam9e conduct sci5tifically1 we mu/ evid5tly at ! outset come face to face ) ! mean+ ( goodness4 ,i am consequ5tly (t5 surpris$ on look+ into a treatise on e?ics to f9d no def9ition ( goodness propos$4 ,! au?or assumes t ev]ybody kn[s :at goodness is1 & t 8 own bus9ess is m]ely to po9t out "u :at conditions x may be _h4 ,b few read]s d "k :at goodness is4 ,"o suspects t frequ5tly ! au?ors ( ^! treatises !mselves d n1 & t a hazy condition ( m9d on ?is c5tral subject is ! cause ( mu* loose talk aft]w>ds4 ,at any rate1 ,i feel sure t no?+ c m ju/ly be dem&$ ( a writ] on e?ics at ! beg9n+ ( 8 und]tak+ ?an t he %\ld attempt to unravel ! subtleties ( ?is all-important conception4 ,hav+ already 9 a previ\s volume m>k$ out ! ,field ( ,e?ics1 ,i believe ,i _c wisely g on discuss+ ! sci5ce t ,i love1 until ,i h made cle> :at mean+ ,i ev]y:]e atta* to ! obscure & famili> ^w good4 ,?is ^w be+ ! e?ical writ]'s *ief tool1 bo? he & 8 read]s mu/ le>n its con/ruction be=e !y proce$ to use x4 ,to ! /udy ( t curi\s nature ,i d$icate ?is volume4 ,,ii ,to ^? :o jo9 9 ! inve/igation ,i _c promise h\rs ( ease4 ,! task is an ardu\s "o1 call+ = critical disc]nm5t & a k9d ( dis9t]e/$ delight 9 /udy+ ! high intricacies ( our p]sonal /ructure4 ,my read]s mu/ foll[ me ) c>e1 & inde$ d mu* ( ! "w !mselves1 ,i be+ b a guide4 ,= my purpose is n s mu* to imp>t z to reveal4 ,wi%+ m]ely to make p aw>e ( :at has always be5 9 _! m9ds1 ,i ?9k at ! end ( my book ,i %all be able to say1 ,^! read]s ( m9e "k n[ no m ?an !y did at1 ! beg9n+4 ,yet if ,i say t1 ,i hope to be able to add1 b !y see va/ly m significance 9 x ?an !y once did1 & h5ce=? w f9d ! _w int]e/+ 9 a degree !y nev] knew be=e4 ,9 atta9+ ?is new int]e/ !y w h exp]i5c$ too t highe/ ( human pleasures1--! joy ( cle>1 cont9u\s1 & en]getic ?9k+4 ,few human be+s are s in]t t !y are n ready to look into ! d>k places ( _! m9ds if1 by do+ s1 !y c ?r[ light on obscurities !re4 ,i ought1 h[ev]1 to say t ,i _c promise "o ga9 :i* "s ( my read]s may be seek+4 ,9 no l>ge degree c ,i induce 9 !m t goodness ( :i* we talk4 ,"s may come to me 9 consci\s weakness1 desir+ to be made bett]4 ,b ?is ,i d n und]take4 ,my aim is a sci5tific "o4 ,i am an e?ical tea*]4 ,i want to lead m5 to und]/& :at goodness is1 & ,i mu/ leave ! m important "w ( attract+ !m to pursue x to prea*] & morali/4 ,/ill1 indirectly !re is moral ga9 to be _h "h4 ,"o _c contemplate long su* exalt$ !mes )\t receiv+ an impulse1 & be+ lift$ into a region :]e do+ wrong becomes a little /range4 ,:51 too1 we reflect h[ _m human ills spr+ f misund]/&+ & intellectual obscurity1 we see t :atev] t5ds to illum9ate m5tal problems is ( l>ge consequ5ce 9 ! practical issues ( life4 ,9 consid]+ :at we mean by goodness1 we are apt to imag9e t ! t]m applies especially1 possibly entirely1 to p]sons4 ,x seems z if p]sons alone are entitl$ to be call$ good4 ,b a little reflection %[s t ?is is by no means ! case4 ,!re are ab\t z _m good ?+s 9 ! _w z good p]sons1 & we are oblig$ to speak ( !m ab\t z (t54 ,! goodness :i* we see 9 ?+s is1 h[ev]1 f> simpl] & m easily analyz$ ?an t :i* appe>s 9 p]sons4 ,x may accord+ly be well 9 ^! fir/ two *apt]s to say no?+ :atev] ab\t su* goodness z is peculi> to p]sons1 b to conf9e our att5tion to ^? phases ( x :i* are %>$ alike by p]sons & ?+s4 ,,iii ,h[ !n d we employ ! ^w good8 ,i d n ask h[ we ought to employ x1 b h[ we d4 ,= ! pres5t we %all be engag$ 9 a psy*ological inquiry1 n an e?ical "o4 ,we ne$ to get at ! pla9 facts ( usage4 ,i w !re=e ask ea* read] to look into 8 own m9d1 see on :at occasions he uses ! ^w1 & decide :at mean+ he atta*es to x4 ,tak+ up a few ( ! simple/ possible examples1 we w ?r\gh !m inquire :5 & :y we call ?+s good4 ,"h is a knife4 ,:5 is x a good knife8 ,:y1 a knife is made = some?+1 = cutt+4 ,:5ev] ! knife slides ev5ly ?r\gh a piece ( wood1 unimp$$ by any?+ 9 its own /ructure1 & ) a m9imum ( ef=t on ! "p ( him :o /e]s x1 :5 !re is no disposition ( its edge to b5d or break1 b only to d its appo9t$ "w effectively1 !n we "k t a good knife is at "w4 ,or1 look+ at ! matt] f ano!r po9t ( view1 :5ev] ! h&le ( ! knife neatly fits ! h&1 foll[+ its l9es & pres5t+ no ob/ruction1 s t x is a pleasure to use x1 we may say t 9 ^! respects also ! knife is a good knife4 ,t is1 ! knife becomes good ?r\gh adaptation to its "w1 an adaptation realiz$ 9 its cleavage ( ! wood & 9 its con=mity to ! h&4 ,its goodness always has ref]5ce to some?+ outside itself1 & is measur$ by its p]=mance ( an ext]nal task4 ,a simil> goodness is also f\nd 9 p]sons4 ,:5 we call ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates good1 we mean t he adapts himself easily & effici5tly to ! ne$s ( 8 p4 ,he detects ^? ne$s be=e o!rs fully feel !m1 is sagaci\s 9 devices = meet+ !m1 & p[]ful 9 c>ry+ out 8 patriotic purposes ?r\gh :atev] selfi% opposition4 ,! ,presid5t's goodness1 l ! knife's1 ref]s to qualities )9 him only s f> z ^! are adju/$ to t :i* lies beyond4 ,or take some?+ n s palpable4 ,:at glori\s wea!r6 ,:5 we woke ?is morn+1 drew aside our curta9s & look$ out1 we said ,x is a good day6 ,& ( :at qualities ( ! day 7 we ?9k+8 ,we meant1 ,i suppose1 t ! day 0 well fitt$ to its v>i\s purposes4 ,int5d+ to g to our (fice1 we saw !re 0 no?+ to h9d] our do+ s4 ,we knew t ! /reets w\ld be cle>1 p 9 amiable mood1 bus9ess & social duties w\ld move =w>d easily4 ,heal? itself is promot$ by su* sun%9e4 ,9 fact1 :atev] our plans1 9 call+ ! day a good day we meant to speak ( x z excell5tly adapt$ to some?+ outside itself4 ,?is signification ( goodness is lucidly put 9 ! rem>k ( ,%akespe>e's ,portia1 ,no?+ ,i see is good )\t respect4 ,we mu/ h "s respect or end 9 m9d 9 ref]5ce to :i* ! goodness is reckon$4 ,good always means good =4 ,t little preposition _c be abs5t f our m9ds1 ?\gh x ne$ n audibly be utt]$4 ,! knife is good = cutt+1 ! day = bus9ess1 ! ,presid5t = ! bl9d ne$s ( 8 c\ntry4 ,omit ! =1 & goodness ceases4 ,to be bad or good implies ext]nal ref]5ce4 ,to be good means to fur!r some?+1 to be an effici5t means2 & ! end to be fur!r$ mu/ be already 9 m9d be=e ! ^w good is spok54 ,! respects or ends 9 ref]5ce to :i* goodness is calculat$ are (t51 x is true1 obscure & difficult to seize if "o is unfamili> ) ! curr5ts ( m5's ?\ghts4 ,i sometimes he> ! "q ask$ ab\t a m]*ant1 ,is he good8--a "q natural en\gh 9 *ur*es & ,sunday-s*ools1 b "o :i* s\nds r que] on '*ange4 ,b ^? :o ask x h a special respect 9 m9d4 ,i believe !y mean1 ,w ! man meet 8 notes8 ,9 _! mode ( ?9k+ a m]*ant is ( consequ5ce only 9 f9ancial life4 ,:5 !y h le>n$ :e!r he is capable ( p]=m+ 8 functions !re1 !y g no f>!r4 ,he may be ! mo/ vici\s ( m5 or a v]itable sa9t4 ,x w make no diff]5ce 9 induc+ comm]cial associates to call him good4 ,= !m ! ^w indicates solely responsibility = bus9ess pap]4 ,a usage m curi\s /ill occurs 9 ! nurs]y4 ,!re :5 ! "q is ask$1 ,has ! baby be5 good8 "o discov]s by degrees t ! anxi\s "m wi%es to "k if x has be5 cry+ or quiet4 ,?is elem5t>y life has z yet n acquir$ positive /&>ds ( measurem5t4 ,x mu/ be reckon$ 9 negative t]ms1 failure to di/urb4 ,heav5 kn[s x does n always atta9 to ?is4 ,b x is its utmo/ virtue1 quietude4 ,9 %ort1 :5ev] we inspect ! usage ( ! ^w good1 we always f9d beh9d x an implication ( "s end to be rea*$4 ,good is a relative t]m1 signify+ promotive (1 conducive to4 ,! good is ! useful1 & x mu/ be useful = some?+4 ,sil5t or spok51 x is ! m5tal ref]5ce to some?+ else :i* puts all mean+ into x4 ,s ,hamlet says1 ,!re's no?+ ei!r good or bad1 b ?9k+ makes x s4 ,if ,i h 9 m9d ,a z an end s\ght1 !n ,x is good4 ,b if ,b is ! end1 ,x is bad4 ,x has no goodness or badness ( its own4 ,no new quality is add$ to an object or act :5 x becomes good4 ,,iv ,b ?is result is disappo9t+1 n to say p>adoxical4 ,to call a ?+ good only ) ref]5ce to :at lies outside itself w\ld be almo/ equival5t to say+ t no?+ is good4 ,= if ! mom5t any?+ becomes good x ref]s all its goodness to some?+ beyond its own walls1 %\ld we ev] be able to discov] an object end[$ ) goodness at all8 ,! knife is good 9 ref]5ce to ! /ick ( wood2 ! wood1 9 ref]5ce to ! table2 ! table1 9 ref]5ce to ! writ+2 ! writ+1 9 ref]5ce to a read]'s eyes2 8 eyes1 9 ref]5ce to support+ 8 family--:]e %all we ev] /op8 ,we c nev] cat* up ) goodness4 ,x is always promis+ to disclose itself a little way beyond1 & !n evad+ u1 slipp+ f "u our f+]s j :5 we are ab\t to t\* x4 ,?is mean+ ( goodness is self-contradictory4 ,& x is also too l>ge4 ,x includes m to goodness ?an prop]ly belongs !re4 ,if we call ev]y?+ good :i* is good =1 ev]y?+ :i* %[s adaptation to an end1 !n we %all be oblig$ to c\nt a multitude ( matt]s good :i* we are accu/om$ to ?9k ( z evil4 ,fil? w be good1 = x promotes fev]s z no?+ else does4 ,e>?quakes are good1 = %ak+ d[n h\ses4 ,x is inapposite to urge t we d n want fev]s or %ak5 h\ses4 ,wi%es are provid$ no place 9 our mean+ ( good4 ,goodness m]ely assi/s1 promotes1 is conducive to any result :atev]4 ,x m>ks ! functional "*1 )\t reg>d to ! desirability ( t :i* ! function effects4 ,b ?is is unsatisfactory & may well set u on a se>* = supplem5t>y mean+s4 ,v ,:5 we ask if ! ,v5us ( ,milo is a good /atue1 we h to confess t x is good beyond almo/ any object on :i* our eyes h ev] re/$4 ,& yet x is n good = any?+2 x is no means = an outside end4 ,r1 x is good 9 itself4 ,?is possibility t ?+s may be good 9 !mselves 0 once br\ght =cibly to my att5tion by a trivial incid5t4 ,w&]+ ov] my fields ) my f>m] 9 autumn1 we 7 survey+ ! wrecks ( summ]4 ,!re on ! pl\gh$ gr\nd lay a great gold5 object4 ,he po9t$ to x1 say+1 ,t is a good big pumpk94 ,i said1 ,yes1 b ,i don't c>e ab\t pumpk9s4 ,no1 he said1 nor d ,i4 ,i said1 ,y c>e = !m1 ?\gh1 z !y gr[ l>ge4 ,y call$ ?is a good big "o4 ,no6 ,on ! contr>y1 a pumpk9 t is l>ge is wor? less4 ,gr[+ makes x co>s]4 ,b t is a good big pumpk94 ,i saw !re 0 "s mean+ 9 8 m9d1 b ,i c\ld n make out :at x 04 ,soon aft] ,i he>d a s*oolboy tell+ ab\t hav+ _h a good big ?ra%+4 ,i knew t he did n l su* ?+s4 ,8 phrase c\ld n indicate approval1 & :at did x signify8 ,he c\pl$ ! two words good & big2 & ,i ask$ myself if !re 0 betwe5 !m any natural connection8 ,on reflection ,i ?\ght !re 04 ,if y wi% to f9d ! full pumpk9 nature1 "h y h x4 ,all t a pumpk9 c be is set =? "h z n[h]e else4 ,& = t matt]1 anybody :o might fooli%ly wi% to explore a ?ra%+ w\ld f9d all he s\ght 9 ?is "o4 ,9 %ort1 :at seem$ to be int5d$ 0 t all ! functions con/itut+ ! ?+s talk$ ab\t 7 pres5t 9 ^! in/ances & h>d at "w1 mutually assi/+ "o ano!r1 & jo9+ to make up su* a r\nd$ :ole t f x no?+ 0 omitt$ :i* possibly might r5d] its organic :ol5ess complete4 ,"h !n is a notion ( goodness widely unlike ! "o previ\sly develop$4 ,goodness n[ appe>s %ut up )9 v]ifiable b\nds :]e x is n cont9ually ref]r$ to some?+ :i* lies beyond4 ,an object is "h reckon$ n z good =1 b z good 9 itself4 ,! ,v5us ( ,milo is a good /atue n ?r\gh :at x does1 b ?r\gh :at x is4 ,& p]haps x may conduce to cle>ness if we n[ give te*nical names to our two contra/$ conceptions & call ! =m] extr9sic goodness & ! latt] intr9sic4 ,extr9sic goodness w !n signify ! adju/m5t ( an object to some?+ :i* lies outside itself2 intr9sic w say t ! _m p[]s ( an object are s adju/$ to "o ano!r t !y coop]ate to r5d] ! object a firm totality4 ,bo? w indicate relation%ip2 b 9 ! "o case ! relations consid]$ are extra se1 9 ! o!r int] se4 ,goodness1 h[ev]1 w ev]y:]e po9t to organic adju/m5t4 ,if ?is d\ble aspect ( goodness is z cle> & important z ,i believe x to be1 x mu/ h left its record 9 language4 ,& 9 fact we f9d t popul> spee* di/+ui%es wor? & value 9 mu* ! same way z ,i h di/+ui%$ intr9sic & extr9sic goodness4 ,to say t an object has value is to decl>e x ( consequ5ce 9 ref]5ce to some?+ o!r ?an itself4 ,to speak ( its wor? is to call att5tion to :at its own nature involves4 ,9 a some:at simil> fa%ion ,mr4 ,bradley di/+ui%es ! ext5sion & h>mony ( goodness1 & ,mr4 ,alex&] ! "r & ! p]fect4 ,,vi ,:51 h[ev]1 we h got ! two sorts ( goodness di/9ctly p>t$1 our next bus9ess is to get !m toge!r aga94 ,are !y 9 fact altoge!r sep>ate8 ,is ! extr9sic goodness ( an object entirely deta*able f its intr9sic8 ,i ?9k n4 ,!y are inv>iably f\nd toge!r4 ,inde$1 extr9sic goodness w\ld be impossible 9 an object :i* did n possess a fair degree ( intr9sic4 ,h[ c\ld a table1 = example1 be useful = hold+ a glass ( wat] if ! table 7 n well made1 if p[]s appropriate to tables 7 n pres5t & mutually coop]at+8 ,unless equipp$ ) intr9sic goodness1 ! table c exhibit no extr9sic goodness :atev]4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 intr9sic goodness1 coh]5ce ( inn] con/itution1 is always f\nd att5d$ by "s degree ( extr9sic goodness1 or influ5ce ov] o!r ?+s4 ,no?+ exi/s entirely by itself4 ,ea* object has its relation%ips1 & ?r\gh ^! is knitt$ into ! frame ( ! univ]se4 ,/ill1 ?\gh ! two =ms ( goodness are ?us regul>ly unit$1 we may fix our att5tion on ! "o or ! o!r4 ,accord+ z we d s1 we speak ( an object z intr9sically or extr9sically good4 ,= t matt]1 "o ( ! two may sometimes seem to be pres5t 9 a prepond]at+ degree1 & to det]m9e by its pres5ce ! "* ( ! object4 ,9 judg+ ord9>y physical ?+s1 ,i believe we usually te/ !m by _! s]viceability to u--by _! extr9sic goodness1 t is--r ?an bo!r our heads ) ask+ :at is _! inn] /ructure1 & h[ full ( organization !y may be4 ,:]eas1 :5 we come to e/imate human be+s1 we ord9>ily reg>d x z a k9d ( indignity to assess prim>ily _! extr9sic goodness1 i4 e41 to ask *iefly h[ s]viceable !y may be & to ignore _! inn] wor?4 ,to sum up a man 9 t]ms ( 8 labor value is ! moral error ( ! slavehold]4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we seek ! highe/ po9t to :i* ei!r k9d ( excell5ce may be c>ri$1 x w be f\nd :]e ea* mo/ fully assi/s ! o!r4 ,b ?is is n easy to imag9e4 ,:5 ,i set a glass ( wat] on ! table1 ! table is und\bt$ly slightly %ak5 by ! /ra94 ,if ,i put a l>ge book ^u x1 ! /ra9 ( ! table becomes app>5t4 ,putt+ a hundr$ p\nd weight ^u x is an exp]im5t t is p]il\s4 ,= ! extr9sic goodness ( ! table is at w> ) ! intr9sic2 t is1 ! employm5t ( ! table we>s x out4 ,9 do+ its "w & fitt+ into ! l>ge relation%ips = :i* tables exi/1 its inn] organization becomes disjo9t$4 ,9 "t x w g to pieces4 ,we c1 h[ev]1 imag9e a magic table1 :i* might be consolidat$ by all x does4 ,at fir/ x 0 a little weak1 b by uphold+ ! glass ( wat] x grew /rong]4 ,z ,i laid ! book on x1 its jo9ts acquir$ a t5acity :i* !y lack$ be=e2 & only aft] receiv+ ! hundr$ p\nd weight did x acquire ! full /r5g? ( :i* x 0 capable4 ,t w\ld inde$ be a m>vel\s table1 :]e use & inn] con/ruction cont9ually help$ ea* o!r4 ,some?+ l x we may h]eaft] f9d possible 9 c]ta9 regions ( p]sonal goodness1 b no su* p]petual motion is possible to ?+s4 ,= !m employm5t is co/ly4 ,,vii ,i h already /ra9$ my read]s' att5tion suffici5tly by ^! ab/ract /atem5ts ( matt]s te*nical & m9ute4 ,let u /op ?9k+ = a :ile & obs]ve4 ,i w draw a picture ( goodness & tea* ! eye :at sort ( ?+ x is4 ,we h only to foll[ 9 our draw+ ! conditions already laid d[n4 ,we agre$ t :5 an object 0 good x 0 good = some?+2 s t if ,a is good1 x mu/ be good = ,b4 ,?is in/rum5tal relation1 ( means to end1 may well be indicat$ by an arr[ po9t+ out ! direction 9 :i* ! influ5ce moves4 ,b if ,b is also to be good1 x too mu/ be connect$ by an arr[ ) ano!r object1 ,c1 & ?is 9 ! same way ) ,d4 ,! process might evid5tly be cont9u$ =ev]1 b w be suffici5tly %[n 9 ! ?ree /ages ( ,figure #a4 ,"h ! arr[ always expresses ! extr9sic goodness ( ! lett] :i* lies beh9d x1 9 ref]5ce to ! lett] :i* lies be=e4 ,fig4 #a ,b draw+ our diagram 9 ?is fa%ion & f9d+ a little gap betwe5 ,d & ,a1 ! complet+ m9d ( man longs to fill up t gap4 ,we h no w>rant = do+ any?+ ( ! sort2 b let u try ! exp]im5t & see :at effect w foll[4 ,"u ! new arrangem5t we f9d t n only is ,d good = ,a1 b t ,a1 be+ good = ,b & = ,c1 is also good = ,d4 ,to express ^! facts 9 full x w\ld be necess>y to put a po9t on ea* end ( ! arr[ connect+ ,a & ,d4 ,fig4 #b ,b ! same w\ld be true ( ! relation betwe5 ,a & ,b2 t is1 ,b1 be+ good = ,c & = ,d1 is also good = ,a4 ,or1 z simil> reason+ w\ld hold ?r\gh\t ! figure1 all ! arr[s appe>+ !re %\ld be suppli$ ) heads at bo? ends4 ,& !re is "o fur!r correction4 ,a is good = ,b & = ,c2 t is1 ,a is good = ,c4 ,! same relation %\ld also be indicat$ betwe5 ,b & ,d4 ,s t to r5d] our diagram complete x w\ld be necess>y to supply x ) two diagonal arr[s hav+ d\ble heads4 ,x w\ld !n assume ! foll[+ =m4 ,fig4 #c ,"h is a picture ( intr9sic goodness4 ,9 ?is figure we h a :ole repres5t$ 9 :i* e "p is good = e o!r "p4 ,b ?is is m]ely a pictorial /atem5t ( ! def9ition :i* ,kant once gave ( an organism4 ,by an organism he says1 we mean t assemblage ( active & diff]+ p>ts 9 :i* ea* "p is bo? means & end4 ,extr9sic goodness1 ! relation ( means to end1 we h express$ 9 our diagram by ! po9t$ arr[4 ,b z soon z we fill$ 9 ! gap betwe5 ,d & ,a ea* arr[ 0 oblig$ to po9t 9 two directions4 ,we _h an organic :ole in/ead ( a lot ( ext]nal adju/m5ts4 ,9 su* a :ole ea* "p has its own function to p]=m1 is active2 & all mu/ diff] f "o ano!r1 or !re w\ld be m]e repetition & aggregation in/ead ( organic supplem5tation ( end by means4 ,an organism has be5 m briefly def9$1 & ! curi\s mutuality ( its support express$1 by say+ t x is a unit made up ( coop]ant p>ts4 ,& ea* ( ^! def9itions expresses ! notion ( intr9sic goodness :i* we h already rea*$4 ,intr9sic goodness is ! expression ( ! fullness ( function 9 ! con/ruction ( an organism4 ,i h else:]e 7,! ,field ( ,e?ics7 expla9$ ! epo*-mak+ "* 9 any life ( ?is conception ( an organism4 ,until "o has come 9 sight ( x1 he is a *ild4 ,:5 once he beg9s to view ?+s organically1 he is--at lea/ 9 outl9e--a sci5tific1 an arti/ic1 a moral man4 ,exp]i5ce !n becomes coh]5t & rational1 & ! disjo9t$ modes ( immaturity1 ugl9ess1 & s9 no long] attract4 ,at no p]iod ( ! _w's hi/ory has ?is truly =mative conception ex]cis$ a wid] influ5ce ?an today4 ,x is accord+ly wor? :ile to depict x ) di/9ctness1 & to %[ h[ fully x is wr\ght into ! v nature ( goodness4 ,,ref]5ces ,,on ,,! ,,d\ble ,,aspect ,,( ,,goodness ,alex&]'s ,moral ,ord] & ,progress1 bk4 ii4 *4 ii4 ,bradley's ,appe>ance & ,reality1 *4 xxv4 ,sidgwick's ,me?ods1 bk4 i4 *4 ix4 ,sp5c]'s ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics1 pt4 i4 *4 iii4 ,muirhead's ,elem5ts ( ,e?ics1 bk4 iv4 *4 ii4 ,ladd's ,philosophy ( ,conduct1 *4 iii4 ,kant's ,practical ,reason1 bk4 i4 *4 ii4 ,! ,mean+ ( ,good1 by ,g4,l4 ,dick9son4 ,,ii ,,misconceptions ,,( ,,goodness ,i ,our diagram ( goodness1 z drawn 9 ! la/ *apt]1 has its special imp]fections1 & ?r\gh ^! _c fail to sugge/ c]ta9 errone\s notions ( goodness4 ,to ^! ,i n[ turn4 ,! fir/ ( !m is connect$ ) its own me?od ( con/ruction4 ,x w be rememb]$ t we arbitr>ily ?rew an arr[ f ,d to ,a1 ?us mak+ :at 0 hi!rto an end become a means to its own means4 ,0 ?is legitimate8 ,does any su* clos$ circle exi/8 ,x c]ta9ly does n4 ,our univ]se conta9s no?+ t c be repres5t$ by t figure4 ,inde$ if any:]e su* a self-suffic+ organism did exi/1 we c\ld nev] "k x4 ,=1 by ! hypo!sis1 x w\ld be altoge!r adequate to itself & )\t relations beyond its own b\nds4 ,& if x 7 ?us cut (f f connection ) ev]y?+ except itself1 x c\ld n ev5 affect our k4 ,x w\ld be a clos$ univ]se )9 our univ]se1 & be = u z good z z]o4 ,we mu/ own1 !n1 t we h no acqua9tance ) any su* p]fect organism1 :ile ! facts ( life reveal conditions widely unlike ^? "h repres5t$4 ,:at ^! conditions are becomes app>5t :5 we put significance into ! lett]s hi!rto employ$4 ,let our diagram become a picture ( ! organic life ( ,john4 ,!n ,a might repres5t 8 physical life1 ,b 8 bus9ess life1 ,c 8 civil1 ,d 8 dome/ic2 & we %\ld h ass]t$ t ea* ( ^! sev]al functions 9 ! life ( ,john assi/s all ! re/4 ,8 physical heal? favors 8 comm]cial & political success1 :ile at ! same "t mak+ him m valuable 9 ! dome/ic circle4 ,b home life1 civic em95ce1 & bus9ess prosp]ity also t5d to confirm 8 heal?4 ,9 %ort1 e "o ( ^! factors 9 ! life ( ,john mutually affects & is affect$ by all ! o!rs4 ,b :5 ?us suppli$ ) mean+1 ,figure #c evid5tly fails to express all x %\ld say4 ,b is int5d$ to exhibit ! bus9ess life ( ,john4 ,b ?is is surely n liv$ alone4 ,?\gh call$ a function ( ,john1 x is r a function ( ! community1 & he m]ely %>es x4 ,i _h no "r to conf9e to ,john himself t :i* pla9ly /ret*es beyond him4 ,let u correct ! figure1 !n1 by lay+ (f ano!r beside x to repres5t ,pet]1 "o ( ^? :o %>es 9 ! bus9ess exp]i5ce ( ,john4 ,?is common bus9ess life ,fig4 #d ( !irs1 ,b1 we may say1 enables ,pet] to gratify 8 own adv5tur\s disposition1 ,e2 & ?is aga9 /imulates 8 sci5tific ta/es1 ,f4 ,b ,pet]'s em95ce 9 sci5ce comm5ds him s to 8 t[nsm5 t he comes to %>e aga9 ,c1 ! civic life ( ,john4 ,yet z be=e 9 ! case ( ,john1 ea* ( ,pet]'s p[]s works =w>d1 backw>d1 & across1 con/ruct+ 9 ,pet] an organic :ole :i* /ill is int]lock$ ) ! life ( ,john4 ,ea*1 :ile hav+ functions ( 8 own1 has also functions :i* are %>$ ) 8 neighbor4 ,nor w\ld ?is involvem5t ( functions pause ) ,pet]4 ,to make our diagram really repres5tative1 ea* ( ! two individuals ?us f> drawn w\ld ne$ to be surr\nd$ by a multitude ( o!rs1 all %>+ 9 "s degree ! functions ( _! neighbors4 ,or r ea* individual1 once connect$ ) 8 neighbors1 w\ld f9d all 8 functions affect$ by all ^? possess$ by 8 entire gr\p4 ,= fe> ( mak+ my figure un9telligible ,fig #e4 ?r\gh its fullness ( relations1 ,i h s5t out arr[s 9 all directions f ! lett] ,a only2 b 9 reality !y w\ld run f all to all4 ,& ,i h also ?\ght t we p]sons affect "o ano!r q z decid$ly ?r\gh ! :ol5ess ( our *>act]s z we d ?r\gh any int]lock+ ( s+le traits4 ,su* totality ( relation%ip ,i h tri$ to sugge/ by connect+ ! c5tres ( ea* little squ>e ) ! c5tres ( adjac5t ones4 ,john z a :ole is ?us %[n to be good = ,pet] z a :ole4 ,we h successively f\nd ourselves oblig$ to broad5 our conception until ! goodness ( a s+le object has come to imply t ( a gr\p4 ,! two phases ( goodness are ?us se5 to be mutually dep5d5t4 ,extr9sic goodness or s]viceability1 t :]e an object employs an already con/itut$ :ol5ess to fur!r ! :ol5ess ( ano!r1 _c proce$ except ?r\gh intr9sic goodness1 or t :]e fullness & adju/m5t ( functions are express$ 9 ! con/ruction ( an organism4 ,nor c intr9sic goodness be suppos$ to exi/ %ut up to itself & p>t$ f extr9sic influ5ce4 ,! two are m]ely diff]5t modes or po9ts ( view = assess+ goodness ev]y:]e4 ,goodness 9 its mo/ elem5t>y =m appe>s :]e "o object is connect$ ) ano!r z means to end4 ,b ! m elaborately complicat$ ! relation becomes1 & ! ri*] ! entanglem5t ( means & ends--int]nal & ext]nal--9 ! adju/m5t ( object or p]son1 s mu* ampl] is ! goodness4 ,ea* object1 9 ord] to possess any good1 mu/ %>e 9 t ( ! univ]se4 ,,ii ,b ! diagram sugge/s a second "q4 ,are all ! functions "h repres5t$ equally influ5tial 9 =m+ ! organism8 ,our figure implies t !y are1 & ,i see no way ( draw+ x s z to avoid ! implication4 ,b x is an error4 ,9 nature our p[]s h diff]5t degrees ( influ5ce4 ,we _c suppose t ,john's physical1 comm]cial1 dome/ic1 & political life w h precisely equal weight 9 ! =mation ( 8 be+4 ,"o or ! o!r ( !m w play a l>g] "p4 ,accord+ly we v prop]ly speak ( great] goods & less] goods1 mean+ by ! =m] ^? :i* are m l>gely contributory to ! organism4 ,9 our physical be+1 = example1 we may inquire :e!r sight or dige/ion is ! great] good2 & our only means ( arriv+ at an answ] w\ld be to /op ea* function & !n note ! comp>ative consequ5ce to ! organism4 ,)\t dige/ion1 life ceases2 )\t sight1 x is r5d]$ uncom=table4 ,if we are consid]+ m]ely ! relative am\nts ( bodily ga9 f ! two functions1 we mu/ call dige/ion ! great] good4 ,9 a table1 excell5ce ( make is apt to be a great] good ?an excell5ce ( mat]ial1 ! "* ( ! c>p5try hav+ m effect on its durability ?an does ! special k9d ( wood employ$4 ,! v d\bts ab\t su* results :i* arise 9 c]ta9 cases confirm ! tru? ( ! def9ition "h propos$2 = :5 we hesitate1 x is on acc\nt ( ! difficulty we f9d 9 det]m9+ h[ f> ma9t5ance ( ! organism dep5ds on ! "o or ! o!r ( ! qualities comp>$4 ,! mean+ ( ! t]ms great] & less] is cle>] ?an _! application4 ,a function or quality is c\nt$ a great] good 9 proportion z x is believ$ to be m completely ( ! nature ( a means4 ,,iii ,ano!r "q unsettl$ by ! diagram is s closely connect$ ) ! "o j exam9$ z (t5 to be confus$ ) x4 ,x is ?is3 ,are all functions ( ! same k9d1 rank1 or grade8 ,!y are n2 & ?is qualitative diff]5ce is indicat$ by ! t]ms high] & l[]1 z ! quantitative diff]5ce 0 by great] & less4 ,b diff]5ces ( rank are m slipp]y matt]s ?an diff]5ce ( am\nt1 & easily l5d !mselves to arbitr>y & caprici\s treatm5t4 ,9 ord9>y spee* we are apt to employ ! words high & l[ z m]e signs ( approval or disapproval4 ,we talk ( "o occupation1 enjoym5t1 "w ( art1 z sup]ior to ano!r1 & mean h>dly m ?an t we l x bett]4 ,probably !re is n ano!r pair ( t]ms curr5t 9 e?ics :]e ! laudatory usage is s liable to slip into ! place ( ! descriptive4 ,our oppon5t's e?ics always seem to embody l[ ideals1 our own to be ( a high] type4 ,accord+ly ! t]ms %\ld n be us$ 9 controv]sy unless we h 9 m9d = !m a precise mean+ o!r ?an eulogy or disp>agem5t4 ,& su* a mean+ !y c]ta9ly may possess4 ,z ! t]m great] good is employ$ to indicate ! degree 9 :i* a quality s]ves z a means1 s may ! high] good %[ ! degree 9 :i* x is an end4 ,dige/ion1 :i* 0 j n[ c\nt$ a great] good ?an sight1 might /ill be rightly reckon$ a l[]2 = :ile x contributes m l>gely to ! con/itution ( ! human organism1 x on t v acc\nt expresses less ! purposes to :i* t organism w be put4 ,x is true we h se5 h[ 9 any organism e p[] is bo? means & end4 ,x w\ld be impossible1 !n1 to "p out its p[]s1 & call "s altoge!r great & o!rs altoge!r high4 ,b ?\gh !re is purpose 9 all1 & con/ruction 9 all1 c]ta9 are m m>k$ly ! "o ?an ! o!r4 ,"s express ! sup]9t5d+ functions2 o!rs1 ! subs]vi5t4 ,"s condition1 o!rs are condition$ by4 ,9 man1 = example1 ! intellectual p[]s c]ta9ly s]ve our bodily ne$s4 ,b t is n _! pr9cipal (fice2 r1 9 !m ! aims ( ! entire human be+ receive expression4 ,to aboli% ! di/9ction ( high & l[ w\ld be to try to oblit]ate f our und]/&+ ( ! _w all e/imates ( ! comp>ative wor? ( its p>ts2 & ) ^! e/imates its rational ord] w\ld also disappe>4 ,su* attempts h (t5 be5 made4 ,9 extreme poly!ism !re are no sup]iors among ! gods & no inf]iors1 & *aos consequ5tly reigns4 ,a simil> *aos is project$ into life :51 z 9 ! poetry ( ,walt ,:itman1 all grades ( importance are /ripp$ f ! p[]s ( man & ea* is rank$ z ( equal dignity ) e o!r4 ,t !re is difficulty 9 apply+ ! di/9ction1 & det]m9+ :i* function is high & :i* l[1 is evid5t4 ,to fix ! purposes ( an object w\ld (t5 be presumptu\s4 ,) su* p]plexities ,i am n conc]n$4 ,i m]ely wi% to po9t out a p]fectly legitimate & ev5 important signification ( ! t]ms high & l[1 q ap>t f _! popul> employm5t z laudatory or depreciative epi!ts4 ,x surely is n amiss to call ! legibility ( a book a high] good ?an its %ape1 size1 or weight1 ?\gh 9 ea* ( ^! "s quality ( ! book is express$4 ,,iv ,a fur!r po9t ( possible misconception 9 our diagram is ! numb] ( factors repres5t$4 ,z "h %[n1 ^! are b f\r4 ,!y might bett] be =ty4 ,! m ri*ly functional a ?+ or p]son is1 ! great] its goodness4 ,pov]ty ( p[]s is ev]y:]e a =m ( evil4 ,= h[ c !re be l>g5ess ( organization :]e !re is little to organize8 ,or :at is ! use ( organization except z a mode ( furni%+ ! smoo!/ & mo/ compact expression to p[]s8 ,weal? & ord] are accord+ly ev]y:]e ! d\ble traits ( goodness1 & a *ief te/ ( ! wor? ( any organism w be ! div]sity ( ! p[]s x includes4 ,?r\gh\t my discussion ,i h tri$ to help ! read] to keep ?is tw(old goodness 9 m9d by ! use ( su* phrases z fullness ( organization4 ,yet x mu/ be confess$ t betwe5 ! two elem5ts ( goodness !re is a k9d ( opposition1 ne$ful ?\gh bo? are = ea* o!r4 ,ord] has 9 x mu* t is repressive2 & weal?--9 ! s5se ( fecundity ( p[]s--is1 especially at its beg9n+1 apt to be disord]ly4 ,:5 a new p[] spr+s into be+1 x is usually *aotic or rebelli\s4 ,x has some?+ else to att5d to besides br++ itself into accord ) :at already exi/s4 ,!re is viol5ce 9 x1 a lack ( sobriety1 & only by degrees does x f9d its place 9 ! s*eme ( ?+s4 ,?is is mo/ obs]vable 9 liv+ be+s1 because x is *iefly !y :o acquire new p[]s4 ,b !re are traces ( x ev5 among ?+s4 ,a *emical acid & base meet+1 are pretty c>eless ( ev]y?+ except ! atta9m5t ( _! own action4 ,human be+s are born1 & = "s "t rema91 clamor\s1 oblig+ ! _w ar\nd to att5d m to !m ?an !y to x4 ,!re is ev] a confusion 9 exub]ant life :i* bewild]s ! onlook]1 ev5 :ile he admits t life _h bett] be4 ,! deep opposition betwe5 ^! contra/$ sides ( goodness is mirror$ 9 ! conflict+ moral ideals ( cons]vatism & radicalism1 ( socialism & individualism1 :i* h nev] be5 abs5t f ! societies ( m51 nor ev51 ,i believe1 f ^? ( animals4 ,cons]vatism insi/s on unity & ord]2 radicalism on weal?y life1 div]sifi$ p[]s1 p>ticul> indep5d5ce4 ,ei!r1 left to itself1 w\ld cru% society1 "o by empty+ x ( initiative1 ! o!r by splitt+ x into a company ( w>r+ atoms4 ,ord9>ily ea* is dimly aw>e ( its ne$ ( an oppon5t1 yet does n on t acc\nt d5\nce him ! less1 or less eag]ly /ruggle to expel him f prov9ces ass]t$ to be its own4 ,by temp]am5t c]ta9 classes ( ! community are naturally dispos$ to become *ampions ( ! "o or ! o!r ( ^! supplem5tal ideals4 ,arti/s1 = ! mo/ "p1 incl9e to ! ideal ( ab\nd+ life1 exult 9 ea* novel manife/ation :i* x c be made to assume1 & sc(f at ord] z ,phili/9ism4 ,morali/s1 on ! o!r h&1 lay griev\s /ress on ord]1 z if x _h any value ap>t f its promotion ( life4 ,assum+ t suffici5t exub]ance w come1 unfo/]$ by morality1 !y %ut x out f _! *>ge1 make duty to consi/ 9 *eck+ in/9ct1 & devote !mselves to prun+ ! spr\t+ man4 ,b ?is is absurdly to n>r[ e?ics1 ^: true aim is to trace ! laws involv$ 9 ! con/ruction ( a good p]son4 ,9 su* con/ruction ! supply ( moral mat]ial1 & ! fo/]+ ( a wide div]sity ( vigor\s p[]s1 is z necess>y z br++ ^! p[]s into prop] work+ =m4 ,ri*ness ( "* is z important z correctness4 ,! _w's b5efactors h (t5 be5 "o-sid$ & faulty m54 ,none ( u c be complete2 & we _h bett] n be mu* di/urb$ ov] ! fact1 b r set ourselves to gr[ /rong en\gh to c>ry (f our defects4 ,because e?ics has n always kept its eyes op5 to ?is obvi\s duality ( goodness x has (t5 incurr$ ! contempt ( practical m54 ,! e?ical writ]s ( our "t h done bett]4 ,!y h come to see t ! goodness ( a p]son or ?+ consi/s 9 its be+ z ri*ly div]sifi$ z is possible up to ! limit ( h>moni\s1 work+1 & also 9 be+ ord]ly up to ! limit ( repression ( p[]s4 ,beyond ei!r ( ^! limits evil beg9s4 ,:at ,i h express$ 9 my diagram z ! fulle/ organization is int5d$ to lie )9 !m4 ,v ,x rema9s to comp>e ! view ( goodness "h pres5t$ ) two o!rs :i* h met ) wide approval4 ,! compet5ce ( my own w be te/$ by see+ :e!r x c expla9 ^!1 or !y x4 ,goodness is sometimes def9$ z t :i* satisfies desire4 ,?+s are n good 9 !mselves1 b only z !y respond to human wi%es4 ,a c]ta9 comb9ation ( colors or s\nds is good1 because ,i l x4 ,a republic we ,am]icans consid] ! be/ =m ( gov]nm5t because we believe t ?is m completely ?an any o!r meets ! legitimate desires ( its p4 ,i "k a little boy :o aft] ta/+ ) gu/o 8 morn+'s oatmeal w\ld turn = sympa?y to ea* o!r p]son at table ) ! ass]tive inquiry1 ,good8 ,good8 ,good8 ,he knew no good b enjoym5t1 & ?is 0 s ke5 t he expect$ to f9d x repeat$ 9 ea* ( 8 fri5ds4 ,x is true we (t5 call actions good :i* are n imm$iately pleas+2 = example1 ! cutt+ (f ( a leg :i* is cru%$ pa/ ! possibility ( cure4 ,b ! leg1 if left1 w cause /ill m di/ress or ev5 dea?4 ,9 ! la/ analysis ! ^w good w be f\nd ev]y:]e to ref] to "s satisfaction ( human desire4 ,if we c\nt afflictions good1 x is because we believe t ?r\gh !m p]man5t peace may be/ be rea*$4 ,& rightly d ^? "n ! ,bible ! ,good ,book :o ?9k t x m ?an any o!r has help$ to alleviate ! woes ( man4 ,) ?is def9ition ,i %all n qu>rel4 ,s f> z x goes1 x seems to me n incorrect4 ,9 all good ,i too f9d satisfaction ( desire4 ,only1 ?\gh true1 ! def9ition is 9 my judgm5t vague & inadequate4 ,= we %all /ill ne$ "s /&>d to te/ ! goodness ( desires4 ,!y !mselves may be good1 & "s ( !m are bett] ?an o!rs4 ,x is good to eat c&y1 to love a fri5d1 to hate a foe1 to he> ! s\nd ( runn+ wat]1 to practice m$ic9e1 to ga!r weal?1 le>n+1 or po/age /amps4 ,b ?\gh ea* ( ^! repres5ts a natural desire1 !y _c all be c\nt$ equally good4 ,!y mu/ be tri$ by "s /&>d o!r ?an !mselves4 ,= desires are n deta*able facts4 ,ea* is significant only z a piece ( a life4 ,9 connection ) t life x mu/ be judg$4 ,& :5 we ask if any desire is good or bad1 we really inquire h[ f> x may play a "p 9 company ) o!r desires 9 mak+ up a h>moni\s exi/5ce4 ,by its organic quality1 accord+ly1 we mu/ ultimately det]m9e ! goodness ( :atev] we desire4 ,if x is organic1 x c]ta9ly w satisfy desire4 ,b we _c rev]se ?is /atem5t & ass]t t :atev] satisfies desire w be organically good4 ,my own mode ( /atem5t is1 !re=e1 cle>] & m adequate ?an ! "o "h exam9$1 because x br+s out fully important consid]ations :i* 9 ?is are only impli$4 ,:atev] contributes to ! solidity & weal? ( an organism is1 f ! po9t ( view ( t organism1 good4 ,,vi ,a second inadequate def9ition ( goodness is t x is adaptation to environm5t4 ,?is is a f> m important conception ?an ! prec$+2 b aga91 :ile n untrue1 is /ill1 9 my judgm5t1 p>tial & ambigu\s4 ,:5 its mean+ is made cle> & exact1 x seems to co9cide ) my own2 = x po9ts out t no?+ c be sep>ately good1 b becomes s ?r\gh fulfillm5t ( relations4 ,ea* ?+ or p]son is surr\nd$ by _m o!rs4 ,to !m x mu/ fit itself4 ,be+ b a "p1 its goodness is f\nd 9 s]v+ t :ole ) :i* x is connect$4 ,t is a good o> :i* suits well ! h&s ( ! r[]1 ! r[-lock ( ! boat1 & ! resi/+ wat]4 ,! :ite fur ( ! pol> be>1 ! tawny hide ( ! lion1 ! camel's hump1 giraffe's neck1 & ! light feet ( ! antelope1 are all alike good because !y adapt ^! creatures to _! special conditions ( exi/5ce & ?us favor _! survival4 ,nor is !re a diff]5t /&>d = moral man4 ,8 actions :i* are acc\nt$ good are call$ s because !y are ^? ?r\gh :i* he is adapt$ to 8 surr\nd+s1 fitt$ = ! society ( 8 fell[s1 & adju/$ ) ! be/ *ance ( survival to 8 encompass+ physical _w4 ,:ile ,i h w>m approval = mu* t appe>s 9 su* a doctr9e1 ,i ?9k ^? :o accept x may easily ov]look c]ta9 important elem5ts ( goodness4 ,at be/ x is a description ( extr9sic goodness1 = x sep>ates ! object f its environm5t & makes ! response ( ! =m] to an ext]nal call ! measure ( its wor?4 ,( t inn] wor?1 or intr9sic goodness1 :]e fullness & adju/m5t ( relations g on )9 & n )\t1 x says no?+4 ,yet ,i h %[n h[ impossible x is to conceive "o ( ^! k9ds ( goodness )\t ! o!r4 ,b a grav] objection /ill--or r ! same objection press$ m closely--is ?is4 ,! pres5t def9ition naturally br+s up ! picture ( c]ta9 con/ant & /able surr\nd+s enclos+ an environ$ object :i* is to be *ang$ at _! dem&4 ,no su* /ate ( ?+s exi/s4 ,!re is no fix$ environm5t4 ,x is always fixable4 ,e environm5t is pla/ic & d]ives its "*1 at lea/ p>tially1 f ! environ$ object4 ,ea* /one s5ds out its little gravitative & *emical influ5ce ^u surr\nd+ /ones1 & !y are diff]5t ?r\gh be+ 9 its neighborhood4 ,! two become mutually affect$1 & x is no m suitable to say t ! object mu/ adapt itself to its environm5t ?an t ! environm5t mu/ be adapt$ to its object4 ,inde$1 9 p]sons ?is second =m ( /atem5t is ! m important2 = ! =c+ ( circum/ances into accordance ) human ne$s may be said to be ! *ief bus9ess ( human life4 ,! man :o adapts himself to 8 ignorant1 lic5ti\s1 or mal>ial surr\nd+s1 is n a type ( ! good man4 ,( c\rse disreg>d ( environm5t is n good ei!r4 ,circum/ances h _! honorable p[]s1 & ^! require to be /udi$1 respect$1 & employ$4 ,sometimes !y are s /rong z to leave a p]son no o!r c\rse ?an to adapt himself to !m4 ,he _c adapt !m to himself4 ,plato has a good /ory ( h[ a native ( ! little village ( ,s]iphus tri$ to expla9 ,!mi/ocles by means ( environm5t4 ,y w\ld n1 he said to ! great man1 h be5 em95t if y _h be5 born 9 ,s]iphus4 ,probably n1 answ]$ ,!mi/ocles1 nor y1 if y _h be5 born 9 ,a!ns4 ,! def9ition we are discuss+1 !n1 is n true--inde$ x is h>dly intelligible--if we take x 9 ! "o-sid$ way 9 :i* x is usually ann\nc$4 ,! dem& = adaptation does n proce$ exclusively f environm5t1 surr\nd+s1 circum/ance4 ,! /one1 ! tree1 ! man1 con=ms ^! to itself z truly z x is con=m$ to !m4 ,!re is mutual adaptation4 ,und\bt$ly ?is is impli$ 9 ! def9ition1 & ! petty employm5t ( x :i* ,i h be5 attack+ w\ld be reject$ also by its wis] def5d]s4 ,b :5 its mean+ is ?us fill$ out1 its vagu5ess r5d]$ cle>1 & ! mutual influ5ce :i* is impli$ becomes cle>ly ann\nc$1 ! def9ition turns into ! "o :i* ,i h (f]$4 ,goodness is ! expression ( ! l>ge/ organization4 ,its aim is ev]y:]e to br+ object & environm5t into fulle/ coop]ation4 ,we h se5 h[ 9 any organic relation%ip e "p is bo? means & end4 ,goodness t5ds t[>d organism2 & s f> z x obta9s1 ea* memb] ( ! univ]se receives its own appropriate expansion & dignity4 ,! pres5t def9ition m]ely /ates ! great tru? ( organization ) too objective an emphasis2 z t :i* f\nd ! satisfaction ( desire to be ! gr\nd ( goodness ov]-emphasiz$ ! subjective side4 ,! "o is too legal1 ! o!r too ae/hetic4 ,yet ea* calls att5tion to an important & supplem5t>y factor 9 ! =mation ( goodness4 ,,vii ,9 clos+ ^! dull def9+ *apt]s1 9 :i* ,i h tri$ to sum up ! notion ( goodness 9 g5]al--a conception s ?9 & empty t x is equally applicable to ?+s & p]sons--x may be well to ga!r toge!r 9 a s+le gr\p ! sev]al def9itions we h rea*$4 ,intr9sic goodness expresses ! fulfillm5t ( function 9 ! con/ruction ( an organism4 ,by an organism is meant su* an assemblage ( active & diff]+ p>ts t 9 x ea* "p bo? aids & is aid$ by all ! o!rs4 ,extr9sic goodness is f\nd :5 an object employs an already con/itut$ :ol5ess to fur!r ! :ol5ess ( o!rs4 ,a "p is good :5 x furni%es t & t only :i* may add value to o!r p>ts4 ,a great] good is "o m l>gely contributory to ! organism z its end4 ,a high] good is "o m fully expressive ( t end4 ,probably1 too1 x w be f\nd conv5i5t to set d[n "h a c\ple ( o!r def9itions :i* w h]eaft] be expla9$ & employ$4 ,a good act is ! expression ( selfhood z s]vice4 ,by an ideal we mean a m5tal picture ( a bett] /ate ( exi/5ce ?an we feel has actually be5 rea*$4 ,,ref]5ces ,,on ,,misconceptions ,,( ,,goodness ,alex&]'s ,moral ,ord] & ,progress1 bk4 iii4 *4 i4 ,section #aj4 ,m>t9eau's ,types ( ,e?ical ,!ory1 vol4 ii4 bk4 i4 *4 i4 ,section #b4 ,mack5zie's ,manual ( ,e?ics1 *4 v4 ,section #ac *4 vii4 ,section #b4 ,janet's ,!ory ( ,morals1 *4 iii4 ,dewey's ,outl9es ( ,e?ics1 ,section lxvii4 ,sp5c]'s ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics1 pt4 i4 *4 #c4 ,,iii ,,self-,,consci\sness ,i ,9 ! prec$+ *apt]s ,i h exam9$ only ^? features ( goodness :i* are common alike to p]sons & to ?+s4 ,goodness 0 !re se5 to be ! expression ( function 9 ! con/ruction ( an organism4 ,t is1 :5 we ask if any be+1 object1 or quality is good1 we are really inquir+ h[ organic x is1 h[ mu* x contributes ( ri*es or solidity to "s :ole or o!r4 ,!re mu/1 !n1 be z _m v>ieties ( goodness z !re are modes ( con/ruct+ organisms4 ,a special set ( functions w produce "o k9d ( organism1 a diff]5t set ano!r2 & ea* ( ^! w express a peculi> v>iety ( goodness4 ,if1 !n1 into ! con/ruction ( a p]son conditions ent] :i* are n f\nd 9 ! mak+ ( ?+s1 ^! conditions w r5d] p]sonal goodness to "s ext5t unlike ! goodness ( ev]y?+ else4 ,n[ ,i suppose t 9 ! contacts ( life we all feel a m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 p]sons & ?+s4 ,we "k a p]son :5 we see him1 & are q sure he is n a ?+4 ,yet if we 7 call$ on to say precisely :at x is we "k1 & h[ we "k x1 we %\ld f9d ourselves 9 "s difficulty4 ,no d\bt we usually recognize a human be+ by 8 =m & motions1 b we assume t c]ta9 inn] traits regul>ly att5d ^! outw>d matt]s1 & t 9 ^! traits ! real gr\nd ( diff]5ce betwe5 p]son & ?+ is to be f\nd4 ,h[ _m su* di/+ui%+ diff]5ces exi/8 ,obvi\sly a multitude2 b ^! are1 ,i believe1 m]ely v>i\s manife/ations ( a few fundam5tal *>act]i/ics4 ,probably all c be r$uc$ to f\r1-- !y are self-consci\sness1 self-direction1 self-developm5t1 & self-sacrifice4 ,:]ev] ^! f\r traits are f\nd1 we feel at once t ! be+ :o has !m is a p]son4 ,:atev] creature lacks !m is b a ?+1 & requires no p]sonal att5tion4 ,i might say m4 ,^! f\r are s likely to g toge!r t ! appe>ance ( "o gives confid5ce ( ! re/4 ,if1 = example1 we discov] a be+ sacrific+ itself = ano!r1 ev5 ?\gh we h n previ\sly ?\ght ( x z a p]son1 x w s /ir sympa?y t we %all see 9 x a lik5ess to our own k9d4 ,or1 f9d+ a creature capable ( /e]+ itself1 ( decid+ :at its ends %all be1 & adju/+ its _m p[]s to rea* !m1 we _c help feel+ t !re is mu* 9 su* a be+ l ourselves1 & we are consequ5tly indispos$ to ref] its movem5ts to me*anic adju/m5t4 ,if1 !n1 ^! are ! f\r conditions ( p]sonality1 ! di/9ctive functions by :i* x becomes organically good1 !y w evid5tly ne$ to be exam9$ some:at m9utely be=e we c rightly compreh5d ! nature ( p]sonal goodness1 & detect its sep>ation f goodness 9 g5]al4 ,su* an exam9ation w occupy ?is & ! ?ree succe$+ *apt]s4 ,b ,i %all devote myself exclusively to su* features ( ! f\r functions z connect !m ) e?ics4 ,_m int]e/+ metaphysical & psy*ological que/ions connect$ ) !m ,i pass by4 ,,ii ,!re is no ne$ ( elaborat+ ! ass]tion t a p]son is a consci\s be+4 ,to ?is all w at once agree4 ,m important is x to inspect ! /ages ?r\gh :i* we rise to consci\sness1 = ^! are (t5 ov]look$4 ,p imag9e t !y are self- consci\s ?r\gh & ?r\gh1 & t !y always h be54 ,!y assume t ! entire life ( a p]son is ! expression ( consci\sness alone4 ,b ?is is errone\s4 ,to a l>ge degree we are alli$ ) ?+s4 ,:ile self-consci\sness is our di/9ctive pr]ogative1 x is f> f be+ our only possession4 ,r we might say t all :i* belongs to ! "u _w is ours too1 :ile self- consci\sness appe>s 9 u z a k9d ( surplusage4 ,no d\bt x is by ! di/9ctive traits1 ^? :i* are n %>$ ) o!r creatures1 t we def9e our special "*2 b ^! are n our sole end[m5t4 ,our life is gr\nd$ 9 unconsci\sness1 & ) ?is1 z /ud5ts ( p]sonal goodness1 we mu/ fir/ make acqua9tance4 ,yet h[ c we become acqua9t$ ) x8 ,h[ gr[ consci\s ( ! unconsci\s8 ,we c b m>k x 9 a negative way & call x ! abs5ce ( consci\sness4 ,t is all4 ,we _c be directly aw>e ( ourselves z unconsci\s4 ,inde$1 we _c be q sure t ! physical ?+s ab\t u1 ev5 organic objects1 are unconsci\s4 ,if somebody %\ld decl>e t ! cov]s ( ?is book are consci\s1 & respond to ev]y?+ wise or fooli% :i* ! writ] puts betwe5 !m1 !re w\ld be no way ( confut+ him4 ,all ,i c\ld say w\ld be1 ,i see no signs ( x4 ,my read]s occasionally give a response & %[ t !y d or d n agree ) :at ,i say4 ,b ! volume itself lies 9 /olid passivity1 (f]+ no resi/ance to :atev] ,i record 9 x4 ,s9ce1 !n1 !re is no evid5ce 9 behalf ( consci\sness1 ,i d n unw>rantably assume its pres5ce4 ,i save my belief = objects :]e x is indicat$1 & indicate its abs5ce else:]e by call+ su* objects unconsci\s4 ,b if 9 human be+s consci\sness appe>s1 :at are its m>ks1 & h[ is x kn[n8 ,ought we n to def9e x at />t+8 ,i believe x _c be def9$4 ,def9ition is tak+ an idea to pieces4 ,b !re are no pieces 9 ! idea ( consci\sness4 ,x is elem5t>y1 some?+ 9 :i* all o!r pieces beg94 ,t is1 9 attempt+ to def9e consci\sness1 ,i mu/ 9 e def9ition employ$ really assume t my he>] is acqua9t$ ) x already4 ,i _c !n def9e x )\t cov]t ref]5ce to exp]i5ce4 ,i might v>y ! t]m & call x aw>$ness1 int]nal obs]vation1 psy*ic response4 ,i might say x is t :i* accompanies all exp]i5ce & makes x to be exp]i5ce4 ,b ^! are n def9itions4 ,a simple way to fix att5tion on x is to say t x is :at we feel less & less z we s9k into a swoon4 ,:at ?is is1 ,i _c m precisely /ate4 ,b 9 swoon or sleep we are all famili> ) its dim9ution or increase1 & we recognize 9 x ! v color ( our be+4 ,aft] my fri5d's rem>k ,i am 9 a diff]5t /ate f t 9 :i* ,i 0 be=e4 ,some?+ has affect$ me :i* may abide4 ,?is is n ! case ) a /one po/1 or at lea/ !re are no signs ( x !re4 ,! po/1 !n1 is unconsci\s4 ,we call ourselves consci\s4 ,9 unconsci\sness our lives began1 & f x !y h n altoge!r em]g$4 ,yet unconsci\sness is a matt] ( degree4 ,we may be v mu* aw>e1 aw>e b slightly1 vani%+ly1 n at all4 ,ev5 ?\gh we nev] exi/$ unconsci\sly1 we may fairly assume su* a blank t]m9us 9 ord] ! bett] to figure ! pres5t condition ( our m9ds4 ,!y %[ s9k+ degrees mov+ (f 9 t direction2 :5 we ?9k out ! s]ies1 we come logically to a po9t :]e !re is no consci\sness at all4 ,su* a po9t analogy also incl9es u to conc$e4 ,9 our body we come ^u unconsci\s sections4 ,?is body seems to h "s connection ) myself2 yet ( its l>ge results only1 & n ( its m9ut] op]ations1 c ,i be di/9ctly aw>e4 ,9 l mann] x is held t )9 ! m9d processes cumulate & rise to a c]ta9 height be=e !y cross ! ?re%old ( consci\sness4 ,bel[ t ?re%old1 ?\gh actual processes1 !y are unkn[n to u4 ,! tea*+ ( mod]n psy*ology is t all m5tal action is at ! />t unconsci\s1 requir+ a c]ta9 bulk ( /imulus 9 ord] to em]ge into conditions :]e we become aw>e ( x4 ,! cumulat$ result we "k2 ! m9ute factors :i* mu/ be ga!r$ toge!r to =m t result1 we d n "k4 ,i d n pron\nce judgm5t on ?is psy*ological "q4 ,i /ate ! belief m]ely 9 ord] to %[ h[ probable x is t our consci\s life is sup]pos$ ^u unconsci\s conditions4 ,9 conduct itself ,i believe e "o w ackn[l$ge t 8 mom5ts ( consci\sness are l vivid peaks1 :ile ! great mass ( 8 acts--ev5 ^? ) :i* he is mo/ famili>--occur unconsci\sly4 ,:5 we read a ^w on ! pr9t$ page1 h[ mu* ( x d we consci\sly obs]ve8 ,mod]n tea*]s ( read+ (t5 decl>e t detail$ consci\sness is "h unnecess>y or ev5 injuri\s4 ,bett]1 !y say1 take ! ^w1 n ! lett]1 z ! unit ( consci\sness4 ,b tak+ m]ely ! lett]1 h[ m9utely are we consci\s ( its curvatures8 ,some:]e consci\sness mu/ /op1 re/+ on ! support ( unconsci\s exp]i5ces4 ,mat!w ,arnold has decl>$ conduct to be ?ree f\r?s ( life4 ,if we mean by conduct consci\sly direct$ action1 x is n "o f\r?4 ,yet h[ev] fragm5t>y1 x is t :i* r5d]s all ! re/ significant4 ,,iii ,j above our unconsci\s m5tal modifications appe> ! reflex actions1 or in/9cts4 ,"h exp]i5ce is translat$ into action be=e x rea*es consci\sness2 t is1 ?\gh ! actions accompli% intellig5t ends1 !re is no previ\s k ( ! ends to be accompli%$4 ,a fla% ( light falls on my eye1 & ! lid closes4 ,x seems a wise act4 ,! brilliant light is too fi]ce4 ,x might damage ! delicate organ4 ,prud5tly1 !re=e1 ,i draw ! small curta9 until ! light has gone1 !n raise x & resume communication ) ! out] _w4 ,my action seems plann$ = protection4 ,9 reality !re 0 no plan4 ,probably en\gh ,i did n p]ceive ! fla%2 ! lid1 at any rate1 w\ld close equally well if ,i did n4 ,9 fall+ f a height ,i d n decide to sacrifice my arms r ?an my body1 & accord+ly /ret* !m out4 ,!y /ret* !mselves1 )\t int5tion on my "p4 ,h[ any?+ s bl9d yet s sagaci\s c occur w become cle>] if we take an illu/ration f a widely diff]5t field4 ,to-day we are all a good deal dep5d5t on ! telephone2 ?\gh1 n be+ a pati5t man1 ,i c seldom br+ myself to use x4 ,x has "o irritat+ feature1 ! c5tral (fice1 or p]haps ,i might m accurately say1 ! c5tral (fice girl4 ,:5ev] ,i try to communicate ) my fri5d1 ,i mu/ fir/ call up ! c5tral (fice1 z x is briefly call$ & longly execut$4 ,n until att5tion !re has be5 ) difficulty obta9$ c ,i come into connection ) my fri5d2 = ?r\gh a human consci\sness at t m$iat+ po9t e message mu/ pass4 ,9 t c5tral (fice are accord+ly ?ree necess>y ?+s2 viz41 an incom+ wire1 a consci\sness1 & an outgo+ wire2 & ,i am helpless till all ^! ?ree h be5 br\ght into coop]ation4 ,really ,i h (t5 ?\ght life too %ort = ! p]=mance ( su* tasks4 ,& app>5tly our ,creator ?\ght s at ! beg9n+1 :5 9 contriv+ ma*9]y = u he disp5s$ ) ! h9d]+ factor ( a c5tral (fice op]ator4 ,= appli$ to our previ\s example ( a fla% ( light1 ! incom+ message corresponds to ! s5su\s report ( ! fla%1 ! outgo+ message to ! closure ( ! eye1 & ! un=tunate c5tral (fice girl has disappe>$4 ,! aff]5t n]ve reports directly to ! eff]5t1 )\t pass+ ! message ?r\gh consci\sness4 ,a =tune awaits him :o w contrive a simil> improvem5t = ! telephone4 ,a special s\nd s5t into ! swit*-box mu/ automatically1 & )\t human int]v5tion1 oblige an indicat$ wire to take up ! utt]$ words4 ,! cont9u\s arc ?us e/abli%$1 )\t employm5t ( ! at pres5t necess>y girl1 w exactly repres5t ! exquisite ma*9]y ( reflex action :i* ea* ( u be>s ab\t 9 8 own bra94 ,"h1 z 9 our improv$ telephone1 ! ann\ncem5t itself e/abli%es ! connections ne$ful = f>!r transmission1 )\t employ+ ! judgm5t ( any op]at+ (ficial4 ,by su* means p[] is economiz$ & action becomes extremely swift & sure4 ,promptness1 too1 be+ ( ! utmo/ importance = protective purposes1 creatures :i* are ri* 9 su* in/9cts h a l>ge practical advantage ov] ^? :o lack !m4 ,x is (t5 assum$ t brutes alone are in/9ctive1 & t man mu/ delib]ate ov] ea* occasion4 ,b ?is is f> f ! fact4 ,probably at bir? man has z _m in/9cts z any o!r animal4 ,& ?\gh z consci\sness awakes & takes control1 "s ( ^! become unnecess>y & fall away1 new ones--z w h]eaft] be %[n--are cont9ually e/abli%$1 & by !m ! heavy "w ( life is = ! mo/ "p p]=m$4 ,p]sonal goodness _c be rightly und]/ood till we p]ceive h[ x is sup]pos$ on a broad reflex me*anism4 ,,iv ,b high] 9 ! p]sonal life ?an unconsci\sness1 high] ?an ! reflex in/9cts1 are ! consci\s exp]i5ces4 ,by ^!1 we = ! fir/ "t became aw>e ( :at is go+ on )9 u & )\t4 ,messages s5t f ! out] _w are /opp$ at a c5tral (fice e/abli%$ 9 consci\sness1 look$ ov]1 & deciph]$4 ,we judge :e!r !y require to be s5t 9 "o direction or ano!r1 or :e!r we may n re/ 9 _! simple cognizance4 ,e mom5t we receive a multitude ( su* messages4 ,!y are n always call$ =1 b !y come ( !mselves4 ,my h& c>elessly fall+ on ! table reports 9 t]ms ( t\*4 ,a p]son ne> me laughs1 & ,i mu/ he>4 ,i see ! fl[]s on ! table2 smell reports !m too2 :ile ta/e decl>es _! leaves to be bitt] & pung5t4 ,all ?is "t ! inn] organs1 ) ! processes ( brea?+1 blood circulation1 & n]v\s action1 are ann\nc+ _! acute or massive exp]i5ces4 ,cont9ually1 & n by our own *oice1 our m9ds are affect$ by ! transactions ar\nd4 ,s5sations occur-- ,! eye1 x _c *oose b see2 ,we _c bid ! e> be /ill2 ,our bodies feel1 :]e'er !y be1 ,aga9/ or ) our w4 ,^! itemiz$ exp]i5ces ?us p\r+ 9 ^u our passive selves are f\nd to v>y endlessly also 9 degree1 "t1 & locality4 ,?r\gh su* v>iations inde$ !y become itemiz$4 ,!re=e is space & !re=e "t1 says ,em]son1 t m5 may "k t ?+s are n huddl$ & lump$1 b sund]$ & divisible4 ,v ,h we n1 !n1 "h rea*$ ! highe/ po9t ( p]sonal life1 self-consci\sness8 ,no1 t is a peak high] /ill1 = ?is is b consci\sness4 ,und\bt$ly f consci\sness self-consci\sness gr[s1 (t5 appe>+ by degrees & be+ extremely difficult to discrim9ate4 ,yet ! two are n ! same4 ,possibly 9 m>k+ ! contra/ betwe5 !m ,i may be able to ga9 ! collat]al advantage ( ridd+ myself ( ^? di/urb]s ( e?ical discussion1 ! brutes4 ,:5ev] ,i am ne>+ an explanation ( "s moral intricacy "o ( my /ud5ts is sure to come =w>d ) a dog & to ask :e!r :at ,i h said %[s t dog to be a moral & responsible be+4 ,s ,i l to wat* af> & bani% ! brutes betimes4 ,p]haps if ,i be/[ a little att5tion on !m at pres5t1 ,i may keep ! creatures out ( my pages = ! future4 ,_m writ]s ma9ta9 t brutes diff] f u precisely 9 ?is p>ticul>1 t :ile !y possess consci\sness !y h n self- consci\sness4 ,a brute1 !y say1 has j su* exp]i5ces z ,i h be5 describ+3 he ta/es1 smells1 he>s1 sees1 t\*es4 ,all ?is he may d ) great] int5sity & precision ?an we4 ,b he is entirely wrapp$ up 9 ^! sep>ate s5sations4 ,! s+le exp]i5ce holds 8 att5tion4 ,he kn[s no o!r self ?an t2 or1 /rictly speak+1 he kn[s no self at all4 ,x is ! exp]i5ce he kn[s1 & n himself ! exp]i5c]4 ,we say1 ,! cat feels h]self w>m2 b is x q s8 ,does %e feel h]self1 or does %e feel w>m8 ,:i*8 ,if we may tru/ ! writ]s to :om ,i h ref]r$1 we ought r to say1 ,! cat feels w>m ?an t %e feels h]self w>m2 = ?is latt] /atem5t implies a di/9ction ( :i* %e is 9 no way aw>e4 ,%e does n set (f h] pass+ moods 9 contra/ to a self :o might be w>m or cold1 active or idle1 hungry or satiat$4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ! in/ant occupies h] s entirely t 9 reality ! cat ceases to be a cat & becomes = ! mom5t j w>m4 ,s x is 9 all h] seem+ activities4 ,:5 %e *ases a m\se we rightly say1 ,%e is *as+ a m\se1 = !n %e is no?+ else4 ,su* a /ate ( ?+s is at lea/ conceivable4 ,we c imag9e mom5t>y exp]i5ces to be s engross+ t ! animal is exclusively occupi$ ) !m1 unable to note connections ) pa/ & future1 or ev5 ) h]self1 _! p]ceiv]4 ,?r\gh v fullness ( ,consci\sness brutes may be lack+ 9 self-consci\sness4 ,:e!r ?is is ! case ) ! brutes or n1 some?+ q diff]5t occurs 9 u4 ,no p>ticul> exp]i5ce c satisfy u2 we accord+ly say1 n ,i am an exp]i5ce1 b ,i h an exp]i5ce4 ,to be able to ?r[ (f ! bondage ( ! mom5t is ! di/9ctive *>act]i/ic ( a p]son4 ,:5 ,%elley wat*es ! skyl>k1 he envies him 8 p[] ( :ole-he>t$ly seiz+ a mom5t>y joy4 ,!n turn+ to himself1 & feel+ t 8 own condition1 if broad]1 is on t v acc\nt m liable to sorr[1 he cries1-- ,we look be=e & aft]1 ,& p9e = :at is n4 ,t is ! m>k ( man4 ,he looks be=e & aft]4 ,! outlook ( ! brute1 if ! que/ionable acc\nt :i* ,i h giv5 ( him is correct1 is diff]5t4 ,he looks to ! pres5t exclusively4 ,! mom5t>y exp]i5ce takes all 8 att5tion4 ,if x does n1 he too 9 8 little degree is a p]son4 ,c\ld we det]m9e ?is simple po9t 9 ! brute's psy*ology1 he w\ld at once become available = e?ical mat]ial4 ,at pres5t we _c use him = su* purposes1 nor say :e!r he is selfi% or self-sacrific+1 possess$ ( moral /&>ds & acc\ntable1 or driv5 by subtle yet automatic reflexes4 ,! obvi\s facts ( him may be int]pret$ plausibly 9 ei!r way1 & he _c speak4 ,till he c give u a cle>] acc\nt ( ?is c5tral fact ( 8 be+1 we %all n "k :e!r he is a poor relation ( ours or is r ak9 to rocks1 & cl\ds1 & trees4 ,i incl9e to ! =m] guess1 & am ready to believe t betwe5 him & u !re is only a diff]5ce ( degree4 ,b s9ce 9 any case he /&s at an extreme di/ance f ourselves1 we may = purposes ( explanation assume t di/ance to be absolute1 & talk ( him z hav+ no %>e 9 ! pr]ogative ann\nc$ by ,%elley4 ,s reg>d$1 we %all say ( him t he does n comp>e or adju/4 ,he does n organize exp]i5ces & "k a s+le self runn+ ?r\gh !m all4 ,:5ev] an exp]i5ce takes him1 x swall[s 8 self--a self1 x is true1 :i* he nev] _h4 ,x is sometimes assum$ t ,%elley 0 ! fir/ to ann\nce ?is weighty di/9ction4 ,philosoph]s ( c\rse 7 famili> ) x long ago1 b ! poets too _h notic$ x be=e ! skyl>k told ,%elley4 ,burns says to ! m\se3-- ,/ill ?\ art ble/1 comp>$ wi' me6 ,! pres5t only t\*e? !e3 ,b1 ooh6 ,i backw>d ca/ my e'e ,on prospects dre>6 ,an' =w>d ?o' ,i canna see1 ,i guess an' fe>4 ,?is look+ backw>d & =w>d :i* is ! gr\nd ( man's gr&eur1 is also1 ,burns ?9ks1 ! gr\nd ( 8 mis]y2 = 9 x is root$ 8 self-consci\sness1 some?+ widely unlike ! itemiz$ consci\sness ( ! brute4 ,%akespe>e1 too1 f\nd 9 u ! same di/9ctive trait4 ,hamlet reflects h[ ,god has made u ) su* disc\rse1 look+ be=e & aft]4 ,we possess disc\rse1 c move ab\t intellectually1 & are n %ut up to ! mom5t4 ,b ages be=e ,%akespe>e ! fact _h be5 obs]v$4 ,hom] knew all ab\t x1 & 9 ! la/ book ( ! ,odyssey extols ,hali!rses1 ! son ( ,ma/or1 z "o able to look be=e & aft]4 ,greek text omitt$4 ,?is is ! m>k ( ! wise man1 n m]ely m>k+ (f p]son f brute1 b p]son f p]son accord+ to ! degree ( p]sonality atta9$4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ! *ild to %[ little =esight1 little h9dsight4 ,he takes ! pres5t z x comes1 & lives 9 x4 ,we :o are m mature & rational contemplate him ) ! same envy we feel = ! skyl>k & ! m\se1 & (t5 say1 ,w\ld ,i too c\ld s suck ! joys ( ! pres5t1 )\t reflect+ t some?+ else is com+ & some?+ else is gone4 ,,vi ,yet aft] becom+ possess$ ( self-consci\sness1 we d n /eadily reta9 x4 ,/ates ( m9d occur :]e ! self slips out1 ?\gh vivid consci\sness rema9s4 ,z ,i sit 9 my *air & fix my eye on ! di/ance1 a daydream or rev]ie comes ov] me4 ,i see a picture1 ano!r1 ano!r4 ,somebody speaks & ,i am recall$4 ,:y1 "h ,i am6 ,?is is ,i4 ,i f9d myself once m4 ,i _h lo/ myself--p>adoxical yet accurate expression4 ,we h _m su* to indicate ! disappe>ance ( self-consci\sness at mom5ts ( elation4 ,i 0 absorb$ 9 ?\ght1 we say2 ! ,i 0 suck$ out by /r5u\s att5tion else:]e4 ,i 0 swept away ) grief1 i4e41 ,i vani%$1 :ile grief held sway4 ,i 0 transport$ ) delight1 ,i 0 ov]:elm$ ) %ame1 &--p]haps mo/ beautiful ( all ^! fragm5ts ( poetic psy*ology1--,i 0 beside myself ) t]ror1 ,i felt myself1 to be ne>1 b 0 /ill p>t$2 ?r\gh ! fe> ,i c\ld m]ely cat* glimpses ( ! "o :o 0 t]rifi$4 ,^! & simil> phrases sugge/ ! in/ability ( self- consci\sness4 ,x is n fix$1 once & =ev]1 b v>ies cont9ually & )9 a wide range ( degree4 ,we l to ?9k t man possesses full self-consci\sness1 :ile o!r creatures h none4 ,our m9ds are dispos$ to "p (f ?+s ) %>pness1 b nature c>es less ab\t %>p divisions & seems on ! :ole to pref] subtle gradations & un/able v>ieties4 ,s ! self has all degrees ( vividness4 ,( x we nev] h an exp]i5ce b>ely4 ,x is always 9 "s condition1 color$ by :at x is mix$ )4 ,i "k myself speak+ or angry or he>+2 ,i "k myself1 t is1 9 "s special mood4 ,b nev] am ,i able to sund] ?is self f ! special mass ( consci\sness 9 :i* x is imm]s$ & to gaze ^u x pure & simple4 ,at times t mass ( consci\sness is s engross+ t h>dly a trace ( ! self rema9s4 ,at times ! s5se ( be+ %ut up to "o's self is positively oppressive4 ,betwe5 ! two extremes !re is endless v>iation4 ,:5 we call self-consci\sness ! pr]ogative ( man we d n mean t he fully possesses x1 b only t he may possess x1 may possess x m & m2 & t 9 x1 r ?an 9 ! m]ely consci\s life1 ! significance ( 8 be+ is f\nd4 ,,vii ,probably we are born )\t x4 ,we "k h[ gradually ! infant acquires a ma/]y ( its s5su\s exp]i5ce2 & x is likely t = a long "t aft] x has obta9$ comm& ( its s+le exp]i5ces x rema9s unaw>e ( its selfhood4 ,9 a classic passage ( ,9 ,memoriam ,t5nyson has /at$ ! case ) t bl5d+ ( wit*]y & sci5tific precision ( :i* he alone among ! poets seems capable3-- ,! baby1 new to e>? & sky1 ,:at "t 8 t5d] palm is pre/ ,aga9/ ! circle ( ! brea/1 ,has nev] ?\ght t '?is is ,i4' ,b z he gr[s he ga!rs mu*1 ,& le>ns ! use ( ',i' & 'me1' ,& f9ds ',i am n :at ,i see1 ,& o!r ?an ! ?+s ,i t\*4' ,s r\nds he to a sep>ate m9d1 ,f :5ce cle> memory may beg91 ,z ?ro' ! frame t b9ds him 9 ,8 isolation gr[s def9$4 ,until he has sep>at$ 8 m9d f ! objects ar\nd1 & ev5 f 8 own consci\s /ates1 he _c p]ceive himself & obta9 cle> memory4 ,no *ild recalls 8 fir/ ye>1 = ! simple reason t dur+ t ye> he 0 n !re4 ,( c\rse !re 0 exp]i5ce dur+ t ye>1 !re 0 consci\sness2 b ! *ild c\ld n discrim9ate himself f ! cr[d+ exp]i5ces & s rea* self- consci\sness4 ,at :at precise "t ?is mom5t\s possibility occurs _c be told4 ,probably ! "t v>ies widely 9 diff]5t *ildr54 ,9 any s+le *ild x ann\nces itself by degrees1 & usually s subtly t its e>ly manife/ations are h>dly p]ceptible4 ,occasionally1 especially :5 long def]r$1 x breaks ) ! sudd5ness ( an epo*1 & ! *ild is aw>e ( a new exi/5ce4 ,a little girl ( my acqua9tance turn$ f play to h] "m ) ! cry1 ,:y1 mamma1 little girls don't "k t !y are4 ,%e _h j discov]$ x4 ,9 a fam\s passage ( 8 autobiography1 ,jean ,paul ,ri*t] has record$ ! great *ange 9 himself3 ,nev] %all ,i =get ! inw>d exp]i5ce ( ! bir? ( self-consci\sness4 ,i well rememb] ! "t & place4 ,i /ood "o aft]noon1 a v "y *ild1 at ! h\se-door1 & look$ at ! logs ( wood pil$ on ! left4 ,sudd5ly an inw>d consci\sness1 ',i am a ,me1' came l a fla% ( lightn+ f heav51 & has rema9$ ev] s9ce4 ,at t mom5t my exi/5ce became consci\s ( itself1 & =ev]4 ,! k t ,i am an ,i _c be convey$ to me by ano!r human be+1 nor c ,i p]ceive any?+ simil> 9 him4 ,ea* mu/ asc]ta9 x = himself4 ,accord+ly !re is only "o ^w 9 e language :i* is absolutely unique1 be>+ a diff]5t mean+ = e "o :o employs x4 ,t is ! ^w ,i4 ,= me to use x 9 ! s5se t y d w\ld prove t ,i _h lo/ my wits4 ,:atev] ent]s into my usage is out ( x 9 y\rs4 ,obvi\sly1 !n1 ! mean+ ( ?is ^w _c be taught4 ,ev]y?+ else may be4 ,:at ! table is1 :at is a triangle1 :at virtue1 heav51 or a sph]odactyl1 y c tea* me4 ,:at ,i am1 y _c2 = no "o has ev] _h an exp]i5ce correspond+ to ?is except myself4 ,p 9 speak+ to me call me ,john1 ,baby1 or ,n$1 an ext]nally descriptive "n :i* has sub/antially a common mean+ = all :o see me4 ,:5 ,i beg9 to talk ,i repeat ?is "n imitatively1 & ?9k+ ( myself z o!rs d4 ,i speak ( myself 9 ! ?ird p]son4 ,yet h[ e>ly t ref]5ce to a ?ird p]son beg9s to be saturat$ ) self- consci\sness1 :o c say8 ,be=e ! ^w ,i is employ$1 ,johnny or ,baby may h be5 div]t$ into an egoi/ic significance4 ,all we c say is t ,i _c be rightly employ$ until consci\sness has ris5 to self-consci\sness4 ,,viii ,& :5 x has s ris51 its unity & coh]5ce are by no means secure4 ,i h already po9t$ out h[ (t5 x is lo/ 9 mom5ts :5 ! consci\s elem5t becomes p>ticul>ly int5se4 ,b 9 morbid conditions too x sometimes und]goes a disruption /ill m peculi>4 ,j z dis9tegration may attack any o!r organic unit1 s may x appe> 9 ! p]sonal life4 ,! records ( hypnotism & o!r relat$ ph5om5a %[ cases :]e self-consci\sness appe>s to be di/ribut$ among sev]al selves4 ,^! curi\s exp]i5ces h receiv$ m att5tion 9 rec5t ye>s ?an ev] be=e4 ,!y d n1 h[ev]1 belong to my field1 & to consid] !m at any l5g? w\ld only div]t att5tion f my prop] topic4 ,b !y des]ve m5tion 9 pass+ 9 ord] to make pla9 h[ wayw>d is self-consci\sness1-- h[ f> f an assur$ possession ( its unity4 ,?is unity seems tempor>ily susp5d$ on occasion ( swoon or n]v\s %ock4 ,an int]e/+ case ( its loss occurr$ 9 my own exp]i5ce4 ,_m ye>s ago ,i 0 fond ( horseback rid+2 & hav+ a horse t 0 unusually easy 9 ! saddle1 ,i p]si/$ 9 rid+ him long aft] my groom _h w>n$ me ( dang]4 ,he _h gr[n weak 9 ! knees & 0 incl9$ to /umble4 ,rid+ "o ev5+1 ,i came to a little bridge4 ,i rememb] wat*+ ! rays ( ! sunset z ,i approa*$ x4 ,some?+ too ( my college "w 0 9 my m9d1 associat$ ) ! ev5+ colors4 ,& !n--well1 !re 0 no !n4 ,! next ,i knew a voice 0 call+1 ,is t y8 ,& ,i 0 surpris$ to f9d t x 04 ,i 0 ent]+ my own gateway1 lead+ my horse4 ,i answ]$ bl9dly1 ,some?+ has happ5$4 ,i mu/ h be5 rid+4 ,p]haps ,i h fall54 ,i put my h& to my face & f\nd x bloody4 ,i l$ my horse to 8 po/1 ent]$ ! h\se1 & relaps$ aga9 into unconsci\sness4 ,:5 ,i came to myself1 & 0 que/ion$ ab\t my la/ remembrance1 ,i recall$ ! little bridge4 ,we w5t to x ! next day4 ,!re lay my rid+ :ip4 ,!re 9 ! s& 7 ! m>ks ( a body :i* _h be5 dragg$4 ,pla9ly x 0 !re t ! accid5t _h occurr$1 yet x 0 ?ree qu>t]s ( a mile f my h\se4 ,:5 ?r[n1 ,i _h /ruck on my =ehead1 mak+ an ugly hole 9 x4 ,two or ?ree ga%es 7 on o!r p>ts ( ! head4 ,b ,i _h app>5tly /ill held ! re91 _h ris5 ) ! horse1 _h walk$ by 8 side till ,i came to f\r corn]s 9 ! road1 _h !re tak5 ! prop] turn1 pass$ ?ree h\ses1 & ent]+ my own gate !n = ! fir/ "t became aw>e ( :at 0 happ5+4 ,:at _h be5 happ5+8 ,ab\t tw5ty m9utes w\ld be requir$ to p]=m ?is elaborate s]ies ( actions1 & !y _h be5 p]=m$ exactly z if ,i _h be5 guid+ !m1 :ile 9 reality ,i knew no?+ ab\t !m4 ,%all we call my conduct unconsci\s c]ebration8 ,yes1 if we l l>ge words :i* cov] ignorance4 ,i d n see h[ we c c]ta9ly say :at 0 go+ on4 ,p]haps dur+ all ?is "t ,i _h nei!r consci\sness nor self-consci\sness4 ,i may h be5 a m]e automaton1 "u ! control ( a s]ies ( reflex actions4 ,! feel+ ( ! re9s 9 my h&s may h set me erect4 ,! feel+ ( ! gr\nd b5ea? my feet may h project$ ^! along _! way2 & all ?is ) no m consci\sness ?an ! fall+ man has 9 /ret*+ out 8 h&s4 ,or1 on ! contr>y1 ,i may h be5 sep>ately consci\s 9 ea* little in/ant2 b 9 ! %ak5 condition ( ! bra9 may n h _h p[] to sp>e = glu+ toge!r ^! in/ants & knitt+ !m into a :ole4 ,x may be x 0 only memory :i* fail$4 ,i cite ! case to %[ ! prec>i\s "* ( self-consci\sness4 ,x appe>s & disappe>s4 ,our life is glorifi$ by its pres5ce1 & f x obta9s its :ole significance4 ,:atev] we are conv9c$ possesses x we c]ta9ly decl>e to be a p]son4 ,yet x is a gradual acquisition1 & mu/ be c\nt$ r a goal ?an a possession4 ,"u x1 z ! height ( our be+1 are rang$ ! ?ree o!r /ages1--consci\sness1 reflex action1 & unconsci\sness4 ,,ref]5ces ,,on ,,self-,,consci\sness ,james's ,psy*ology1 *4 x4 ,royce's ,/udies ( ,good & ,evil1 *4 vi4-ix4 ,f]ri]'s ,philosophy ( ,consci\sness1 9 8 ,philosophical ,rema9s4 ,calk9s's ,introduction to ,psy*ology1 bk4 ii4 ,wundt's ,human & ,animal ,psy*ology1 lect4 xxvii4 ,,iv ,,self-,,direction ,i ,9 ! la/ *apt] ,i began to discuss ! nature ( goodness di/9ctively p]sonal4 ,?is has its orig9 9 ! diff]+ con/itutions ( p]sons & ?+s4 ,into ! mak+ ( a p]son f\r *>act]i/ics ent] :i* are n ne$$ 9 ! =mation ( a ?+4 ,! mo/ fundam5tal ( ^! ,i exam9$4 ,p]sons & ?+s are unlike 9 ?is1 t ea* =ce :i* /irs )9 a self- consci\s p]son is correlat$ ) all 8 o!r =ces4 ,s great & c5tral is ?is correlation t a p]son c say1 ,i h an exp]i5ce1 n--z1 possibly1 ! brutes--,i am an exp]i5ce4 ,yet al?\gh a p]son t5ds ?us to be an organic :ole1 he did n beg9 8 exi/5ce 9 consci\s unity4 ,probably ! e>ly /ages ( our life are to be s\ght r 9 ! regions ( unconsci\sness4 ,ris+ out ( unconsci\s conditions into reflex actions--^? +5i\s provisions = our security at times :5 we h no direct+ p[]s ( our own--we gradually pass into conditions ( consci\sness1 :]e we are able to seize ! s+le exp]i5ce & to be absorb$ 9 x4 ,out ( ?is em]ges by degrees an appreh5sion ( ourselves contra/$ ) our exp]i5ces4 ,ev51 h[ev]1 :5 ?is self-consci\sness is once e/abli%$1 x may on vivaci\s or morbid occasions be ov]?r[n4 ,x by no means att5ds all ! ev5ts ( our lives4 ,yet x m>ks all conduct t c be call$ good4 ,goodness :i* is di/9ctively p]sonal mu/ 9 "s way express ! =mation & ma9t5ance ( a self-consci\s life4 ,b m is ne$$4 ,a p]son fa%ion$ 9 ! way describ$ w\ld be aw>e ( himself1 aw>e ( 8 m5tal *anges1 p]haps aw>e ( an objective ord] ( ?+s produc+ ^! *anges1 & /ill might h no real %>e himself 9 :at 0 go+ on4 ,we c at lea/ imag9e a be+ m]ely contemplative4 ,he sits z a spectator at 8 own drama4 ,tra9s ( associat$ ideas pass be=e 8 int]e/$ gaze2 a multitude ( transactions occur 9 8 contemplat$ surr\nd+s2 b he is p[]less to int]v5e4 ,he passively beholds1 & does no?+4 ,if su* a /ate ( ?+s c be imag9$1 & if some?+ l x occasionally occurs 9 our exp]i5ce1 x does n repres5t our normal condition4 ,our life is no m]e affair ( vision4 ,self- consci\sness c\nts z a factor4 ,?r\gh x *anges arise bo? )\t & )94 ,i accord+ly entitle ?is f\r? *apt] ,self- direction4 ,9 x ,i propose to consid] h[ our life goes =? 9 action2 = 9 fact :]ev] self-consci\sness appe>s1 !re is develop$ also a c5tre ( activity1 & an activity ( an altoge!r peculi> k9d4 ,x is well kn[n t 9 int]pret+ ^! facts ( action ! judgm5t ( e?ical writ]s is divid$4 ,lib]t>ians & det]m9i/s are "h at issue4 ,into _! controv]sy ,i d n desire to ent]4 ,i mean to attempt a brief summ>y ( ^? facts relat+ to human action :i* are tol]ably well agre$ ^u by writ]s ( bo? s*ools4 ,9 ^! !re are intricacies en\gh4 ,to raise ! h&1 to wave x 9 ! air1 to lay x on ! table aga91 w\ld ord9>ily be reckon$ simple matt]s4 ,yet op]ations s simple z ^! ,i %all %[ pass ?r\gh half a doz5 /eps1 ?\gh !y are ord9>ily p]=m$ s swiftly t we d n notice _! sev]al p>ts4 ,9 life mu* is knitt$ toge!r :i* _c be und]/ood )\t dissection4 ,9 su* dissection ,i mu/ n[ engage4 ,z a good p$agogue ,i mu/ discuss op]ations sep>ately :i* 9 reality get all _! mean+ ?r\gh be+ f\nd toge!r4 ,aga9/ ! necess>y di/ortions ( su* a me?od ! read] mu/ be on 8 gu>d4 ,,ii ,9 ! total process ( self-direction !re are evid5tly two ma9 divisions1--a m5tal purpose mu/ be =m$1 & !n ?is purpose mu/ be s5t =? into ! out] _w4 ,x is !re accept$ by ^? ag5cies ( a physical sort :i* wait to d our bidd+4 ,! =mation ( ! m5tal purpose ,i w1 = ! sake ( brevity1 call ! int5tion1 & to ! s5d+ ( x =? ,i w give ! "n volition4 ,t ^! t]ms are n always conf9$ )9 ^! limits is pla94 ,b ,i %all n =ce _! mean+ unduly by employ+ !m s1 & ,i ne$ a pair ( t]ms to m>k ! great contra/$ sides ( self-direction4 ,! int5tion 7,a7 %all designate ! subjective side4 ,b ^? objective adju/m5ts :i* fit x to em]ge & seek 9 an out] _w its full expression ,i %all call ! volition 7,b74 ,= ! pres5t1 !n1 reg>d+ entirely ! =m]1 let u see h[ an int5tion arises1--h[ self-consci\sness sets to "w 9 /irr+ up activity4 ,to ga9 cle>ness ,i %all di/+ui% ?ree subord9ate /ages1 designat+ !m by special names & num]als4 ,,iii ,at ! />t we are guid$ by an end or ideal ( :at we w\ld br+ ab\t4 ,to a be+ de/itute ( self-consci\sness only a s+le sort ( action is at any mom5t possible4 ,:5 a c]ta9 =ce falls ^u x1 x meets ) a fix$ response4 ,or1 if ! causative =ces are _m1 :at happ5s is b ! well-e/abli%$ resultant ( ^! =ces op]at+ ^u a be+ z def9ite 9 nature z !y4 ,su* a be+ contemplates no future to be rea*$ ?r\gh motions set up )9 x4 ,its motions d n occur = ! sake ( realiz+ 9 com+ "t p[]s z yet b half-exi/5t4 ,x is n guid$ by ideals4 ,its actions set =? m]ely :at x /eadily is1 n :at x might be4 ,some?+ l ! opposite ( all ?is %apes p]sonal acts4 ,a p]son has imag9ation4 ,he contemplates future ev5ts z possible be=e !y occur1 & ?is contemplation is "o ( ! v factors :i* br+ !m ab\t4 ,= example3 :ile writ+ "h1 ,i c emancipate my ?\ght f ?is pres5t act & set myself to imag9+ my situation an h\r h5ce4 ,at t "t ,i p]ceive ,i may be /ill at my writ+-desk1 ,i may be walk+ ! /reets1 ,i may be at ! !atre1 or call+ on my fri5d4 ,a doz51 a hundr$1 future possibilities are depict$ z op5 to me4 ,on "o or ano!r ( ^! ,i fix my att5tion1 !reby giv+ x a causal =ce ov] o!r pres5t ideas1 & r5d]+ its future realization likely4 ,s enorm\sly important is imag9ation4 ,by x we effect our emancipation f ! pres5t4 ,)\t ?is p[] to summon pictures ( situations :i* at pres5t are n1 we %\ld be exactly l ! ?+s or brutes already describ$4 ,= 9 ! ?+ a det]m9$ sequ5ce foll[s e impulse4 ,!re is no ambigu\s future disclos$1 no v>iety ( possibilities1 no alt]natives4 ,pres5t ?+s "u def9ite causes h b a s+le issue2 & if ! acc\nt giv5 ( ! brute is correct1 8 condition is unlike t ( ?+s only 9 ?is respect1 t 9 him curi\s automatic spr+s are provid$ :i* set him 9 appropriate motion :5ev] he is expos$ to h>m1 s enabl+ him suitably to face a future ( :i*1 h[ev]1 he =ms no image4 ,9 bo? brutes & ?+s !re is entire limitation to ! pres5t4 ,?is is n ! case ) a p]son4 ,he takes ! future into 8 reckon+1 & ov] him x is at lea/ z influ5tial z ! pa/4 ,a p]son1 ?r\gh imag9ation lay+ hold ( future possibilities1 has innum]able auxili>y =ces at 8 comm&4 ,*oice appe>s4 ,a depict$ future ?us held by att5tion = causal purposes is no long] a m]e idea2 x becomes an ideal4 ,b 9 ord] to trans=m ! depict$ future f an idea to an ideal1 ,i mu/ conceive x z root$ 9 my nature1 & 9 "s degree dep5d5t on my p[]4 ,attract$ by ! brilliancy ( ! cresc5t moon1 ,i ?9k :at sport x w\ld be to hang on "o ( its horns & kick my heels 9 ! air4 ,b no1 t rema9s a m]e picture4 ,x w n become an ideal1 = x has no relation to my /ructure & p[]s4 ,b !re are o!r imag9able futures1--go+ to ,europe1 becom+ a physician1 writ+ a book1 buy+ a h\se1 :i*1 ?\gh n fully compatible ) "o ano!r1 /ill repres5t1 ea* "o ( !m1 "s capacity ( m9e4 ,att5tion to "o or ! o!r ( ^! w make x a reality 9 my life4 ,!y are compet+ ideals1 & because ( su* competition my future is unc]ta94 ,! ambigu\s future is accord+ly a c5tral *>act]i/ic ( a p]son4 ,he c imag9e all sorts ( /ates ( himself :i* z yet h no exi/5ce1 & "o ( ^! select$ z an ideal may become effici5t4 ,?is fir/ /age1 !n1 9 ! =mation ( ! purpose1 :]e v>i\s depict$ future possibilities are summon$ = assessm5t1 may be call$ our fa%ion+ ( an ideal4 ,,iv ,b a second /age succe$s1 ! /age ( desire4 ,inde$1 ?\gh ,i call x a second1 x is really b a special aspect ( ! fir/2 = ! ideal :i* ,i =m always repres5ts "s improvem5t 9 myself4 ,an ideal :i* did n promise to bett] me 9 "s way w\ld be no ideal at all4 ,x w\ld be q inop]ative4 ,i nev] rise f my *air except ) ! hope ( be+ bett] (f4 ,)\t ?is1 ,i %\ld sit =ev]4 ,b ,i feel uneas9ess 9 my pres5t position1 & conceive ! possibility ( n be+ con/ra9$2 or ,i ?9k ( "s ne$ful "w :i* rema9s unexecut$ z long z ,i sit "h1 & t "w undone ,i p]ceive w leave my life less satisfactory ?an x might be4 ,& ?is imag9$ bett]m5t mu/ always be 9 "s s5se my own4 ,if x is a picture ( ! ga9s ( "s "o else q unconnect$ ) myself1 x w n />t my action4 ,b x w be object$ t we d (t5 act unselfi%ly & 9 behalf ( o!r p]sons4 ,inde$ we d4 ,p]haps our impulses are m l>gely d]iv$ f o!rs ?an f ourselves1 yet f desire our own %>e is nev] q elim9at$4 ,i give to ! poor4 ,b x is because ,i hate pov]ty2 or because ,i am attract$ by ! face1 ! /ory1 or ! suppos$ "* ( him :o receives2 or because ,i am unable to sep>ate my int]e/s f ^? ( humanity ev]y:]e4 ,9 "s subtle =m ! ,i-elem5t ent]s4 ,leave x out1 & ! action w\ld lose its value & become me*anical4 ,:at ,i did w\ld be no expression ( self-consci\s me4 ,& su* und\bt$ly is ! case ) mu* ( our conduct4 ,! reflex actions1 describ$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 & _m ( our habits too1 conta9 no precise ref]5ce to our self4 ,intellig5t1 purposeful1 moral conduct1 h[ev]1 is ev]y:]e %ap$ by ! hope ( improv+ ! condition ( him :o acts4 ,we d n act till we f9d some?+ )9 or ab\t u unsatisfactory4 ,if contemplat+ myself 9 my actual conditions ,i c\ld pron\nce !m all good1 creation w\ld = me be at an end4 ,to />t x1 "s s5se ( ne$ is requir$4 ,accord+ly ,i h nam$ desire z ! second /ate 9 ! =mation ( a purpose1 = desire is precisely ?is s5se ( disp>ity betwe5 our actual self & t possible bett]$ self depict$ 9 ! ideal4 ,popul> spee*1 h[ev]1 does n "h /ate ! matt] q fully4 ,we (t5 talk z if our desires 7 = o!r ?+s ?an ourselves4 ,we say1 = example1 ,i want a glass ( wat]4 ,9 reality x is n ! wat] ,i want4 ,t is b a fragm5t ( my desire4 ,x is wat] plus self4 ,only s is ! desire fully utt]$4 ,behold+ my pres5t self1 my ?ir/y & defective self1 ,i p]ceive a side ( myself requir+ to be bett]$4 ,accord+ly1 among imag9$ pictures ( possible futures ,i id5tify myself ) t "o :i* repres5ts me suppli$ ) wat]4 ,b x is n wat] t is ! object ( my desire1 x is myself z bett]$ by wat]4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ?is bett]m5t ( self is a con/ant factor ( all desire1 we d n ord9>ily "n x4 ,we say1 ,i desire weal?1 ,i desire ! success ( my fri5d1 or ! fre$om ( my c\ntry1 omitt+ ! important & nev] abs5t portion ( ! desire1 ! bett]m5t ( self4 ,( c\rse a /age 9 ! =mation ( ! purpose s important z desire receives a multitude ( names4 ,p]haps ! simple/ is appetite4 ,9 appetite ,i d n "k :at ,i want4 ,i am bl9dly impell$ 9 a c]ta9 direction4 ,i d n p]ceive t ,i h a suff]+ self1 nor "k t ?is p>ticul> suff]+ w\ld be bett]$ by t p>ticul> supply4 ,appetite is a m]e in/9ct4 ,9 ! me*anic /ructure ( my be+ x is plann$ t )\t compreh5sion ( ! want ,i %all be impell$ to ! s\rce ( supply4 ,b :5 appetite is p]meat$ ) a consci\sness ( :at is lack+1 ,i appreh5d x z a ne$4 ,?r\gh ne$s we become p]sons4 ,! capacity = dissatisfaction is ! sublime ?+ 9 man4 ,we c "k our poor e/ate4 ,we c say1 ,t :i* ,i am ,i w\ld n be4 ,pass+ ! bl9d po9t ( appetite1 we come into ! region ( want or ne$2 if we !n c disc]n :at is requisite to supply ?is ne$1 we may be said to h a desire4 ,t desire1 if specific & urg5t1 we call a wi%4 ,all ^! v>ieties ( desire include ! same two factors3 on ! "o h& a recognition ( pres5t defect 9 ourselves1 on ! o!r imag9ation ( possible bett]$ conditions4 ,dim9i% ei!r1 & p]sonal p[] is n>r[$4 ,! ri*] a man's imag9ation1 & ! m abundant 8 pictures ( possible futures1 ! m res\rceful he becomes4 ,pond]+ on desire z root$ 9 ! s5se ( defect1 we may feel less regret t our age is "o n easily satisfi$4 ,nev] 7 !re s _m discont5ts1 because !re 7 nev] s _m aspirations4 ,x is true !re may be a devili% discont5t or a div9e "o4 ,!re is a discont5t )\t def9ite aims1 "o :i* m]ely rejects :at is n[ possess$2 & !re is "o :i* seeks :at is wisely atta9able4 ,yet aft] all1 x is a small price to pay = aspiration t x is (t5 att5d$ by vagu5ess & unwisdom4 ,v ,b be=e ! =mation ( ! purpose is complete x mu/ pass ?r\gh a ?ird /age1 ! /age ( decision4 ,ideals & desires are n en\gh1 or r !y are too _m2 = !re may be a multitude ( !m4 ,c]ta9 ideals are desir$ = supply+ c]ta9 ( my wants1 o!rs = supply+ o!rs4 ,b on exam9ation ^! _m desirable ideals w (t5 prove conflict+2 all _c be atta9$1 or at lea/ n all at once4 ,among !m ,i mu/ pick & *oose1 r$uc+ & ord]+ _! numb]4 ,?is process is decision4 ,/>t+ ) my ambigu\s future1 imag9ation br+s multifold possibilities ( good be=e me4 ,b be=e ^! c be all[$ to issue miscellane\sly into action1 comp>ison & selection r$uce !m to a s+le be/4 ,i accord+ly assess ! _m desirable b compet+ ideals & see :i* ( !m w on ! :ole mo/ h>moni\sly supplem5t my imp]fections4 ,on t ,i fa/51 & ! int5tion is complete4 ,all ?is is obvi\s4 ,b "o "p ( ! process1 & p]haps ! mo/ important "p1 is apt to receive less att5tion ?an x des]ves4 ,9 decision we easily become engross$ ) ! s+le select$ ideal1 & d n s fully p]ceive t our *oice implies a rejection ( all else4 ,yet ?is x is--?is cutt+ (f--:i* rightly gives a "n to ! :ole op]ation4 ,! be/ is arriv$ at only by a process ( exclusion 9 :i* we successively cut (f su* ideals z d n t5d to ! l>ge/ supply ( our contemplat$ defects4 ,walk+ by ! c&y-%op1 & see+ ! tempt+ *ocolates1 ,i feel a /rong desire = !m4 ,my m\? wat]s4 ,i hurry into ! %op & deposit my five- c5t piece4 ,9 ! ev5+ ,i f9d t by sp5d+ five c5ts = ! *ocolates ,i am cut (f f obta9+ my newspap]1 a loss unconsid]$ at ! "t4 ,b to decide = any?+ is to decide aga9/ a multitude ( o!r ?+s4 ,tak+ is /ill m l>gely leav+4 ,! full ext5t ( ?is negative decision (t5 escapes our notice1 & ?r\gh ! v fact ( *oos+ a good we bl9dly neglect a be/4 ,,vi ,"h1 !n1 are ! ?ree /eps 9 ! =mation ( ! purpose1--! ideal1 ! desire1 & ! decision1--ea* e>li] "o prep>+ ! way = t :i* is to foll[4 ,b an int5tion is altoge!r useless if x pauses "h4 ,x 0 =m$ to be s5t =?1 to he entru/$ to =ces /ret*+ beyond ! int5d+ m9d4 ,! laws ( nature are to take x 9 *>ge4 ,! ,g]mans h a good prov]b3 ,a /one once ?r[n belongs to ! devil4 ,:5 once x p>ts f our h&s1 x is no long] ours4 ,x is tak5 up1 = evil or = good1 by ag5cies o!r ?an our own4 ,if we mi/ake ! ag5cy to :i* we intru/ x1 enorm\s mis*ief may ensue1 & we %all he helpless4 ,^! ag5cies1 accord+ly1 ne$ c>eful scrut9y be=e be+ call$ on to "w _! w4 ,! bus9ess ( scrut9iz+ !m & ( turn+ ov] ! purpose to _! keep+1 =ms ! second half 7,b7 ( self-direction4 ,9 contra/ ) 7,a71 ! =mation ( ! purpose or ! int5tion1 ?is may be call$ ! realization ( ! purpose1 or volition4 ,volition1 x is true1 is (t5 employ$ m compreh5sively1 b we %all d ! t]m no viol5ce if we conf9e its mean+ to ! dis*>ge ( our subjective purpose into ! objective _w4 ,volition !n w also1 "u our s*eme1 h ?ree subord9ate /ages4 ,,vii ,! fir/ ( !m ,i w call delib]ation1 9 ord] to approximate x z closely z possible to ! prec$+ decision4 ,hav+ n[ my purpose decisively =m$1 ,i h to ask myself :at physical means w be/ c>ry x out4 ,i summon be=e my m9d z complete a li/ z possible ( nature's conveyances1 & judge :i* ( !m w ) ! greate/ effici5cy & economy execute my int5tion4 ,"h ,i am at a fri5d's h\se1 b ,i h decid$ to g to my own4 ,i mu/ comp>e1 !n1 ! diff]5t modes ( gett+ !re1 s z to pick out j t "o :i* involves ! lea/ exp5diture & ! mo/ c]ta9 result4 ,"o way occurs to me :i* ,i h nev] tri$ be=e1 a swift & int]e/+ way4 ,i might g by balloon4 ,9 t balloon ,i c\ld sail at my ease ov] ! tops ( ! h\ses & across ! beautiful riv]4 ,:5 ! t[] ( ,memorial ,hall comes 9 sight1 ,i c\ld pull a cord & drop g5tly d[n at my own door1 hav+ mean:ile _h ! seclusion & exaltation ( an unusual ride4 ,:at a delightful exp]i5ce6 ,b !re is "o disadvantage4 ,balloons are n always at h&4 ,i might be oblig$ to wait "h = h\rs1 = days1 be=e gett+ "o4 ,i dismiss ! ?\ght ( a balloon4 ,x does n altoge!r suit my purpose4 ,or1 ,i might call a c>riage4 ,s ,i %\ld secure solitude & a c]ta9 spe$1 b %\ld pay = ^! ) noise1 jolt+1 & m money ?an ,i c well sp>e4 ,!re w\ld be wait+1 too1 be=e ! c>riage comes4 ,p]haps ,i _h bett] ask my fri5d to l5d me 8 arm & to escort me home4 ,9 ?is !re w\ld be dignity & a sav+ ( my /r5g?4 ,we c\ld talk by ! way1 & ,i always f9d him int]e/+4 ,b %\ld ,i be will+ to be s mu* behold5 to him1 & w\ld n ! w9d to-day make our walk & talk difficult8 ,bett] po/pone till summ] wea!r4 ,& aft] all !re is ,bo/on's mo/ common mode ( locomotion "r at h&1 ! electric c>4 ,/range x 0 n ?\ght ( be=e6 ,! five-c5t piece sav$ f ! *ocolates w c>ry me1 swiftly1 safely1 & ) indep5d5ce4 ,x is 9 ?is way t we g ?r\gh ! process ( delib]ation4 ,all ! possible means ( effect+ our purpose are summon$ = judgm5t4 ,! feasibility ( ea* is exam9$1 & ! co/ involv$ 9 its employm5t4 ,comp>ison is made betwe5 ! advantages (f]$ by diff]5t ag5cies2 & (t5times at ! close we are 9 a sad puzzle1 f9d+ ^! advantages & disadvantages s ne>ly balanc$4 ,"o1 h[ev]1 is f9ally judg$ sup]ior 9 fitness4 ,to ?is we tie ourselves1 mak+ x ! *annel = our out-g4 ,! :ole process1 !n1 9 its detail$ comp>ison & f9al fixation1 is id5tical ) t to :i* ,i h giv5 ! "n ( decision1 except t ! comp>isons ( decision ref] to inn] facts1 ^? ( delib]ation to out]4 ,,viii ,we n[ rea* ! climax ( ! :ole process1 ef=t1 ! actual s5d+ =? ?r\gh ! delib]ately *os5 *annel ( ! ideal desir$ & decid$ on4 ,to x all ! re/ is m]ely prelim9>y1 & 9 x ! f9al move is made :i* commits u to ! de$4 ,ab\t x1 !re=e1 we may well desire ! complete/ in=mation4 ,to tell ! tru?1 ,i h none to give1 & nobody else has4 ,! nature ( ! op]ation is sub/antially unkn[n4 ,?\gh some?+ :i* we h be5 p]=m+ all day long1 we & all our ance/ors1 no "o ( u has succe$$ 9 gett+ a good sight ( :at actually takes place4 ,our purposes are prep>$ z ,i h describ$1 & !n ^? purposes--some?+ altoge!r m5tal--*ange on a sudd5 to mat]ial motions4 ,h[ is ! transmutation accompli%$8 ,h[ d we pass f a m5tal picture to a set ( motions 9 ! physical _w8 ,:at is ! bridge connect+ ! two8 ,! bridge is always d[n :5 we direct our gaze ^u x1 ?\gh firm :5 any act w\ld cross4 ,nor c we trace our passage any m easily 9 ! opposite direction4 ,:5 my eyes are turn$ on my wat*1 = example1 ! vibrations ( light /rik+ its face are reflect$ on ! pupil ( my eye4 ,!re ! little motions1 previ\sly exi/+ only 9 ! surr\nd+ e!r1 are communicat$ to my optic n]ve4 ,?is vibrates too1 & by its motion excites ! matt] ( my bra91 & !n--well1 ,i h a s5sation ( ! :ite face ( my wat*4 ,b :at 0 conta9$ 9 t !n is precisely :at we d n und]/&4 ,incom+ motions may be transmut$ into ?\ght2 or1 z 9 ef=t1 outgo+ ?\ght may be transmut$ into motion4 ,b alike 9 bo? cases1 on ! nature ( t transmutation1 ! v ?+ we mo/ desire to "k1 we get no light4 ,9 reg>d to ?is crucial po9t no "o1 mat]iali/ or ideali/1 c (f] a sugge/ion4 ,we may ( c\rse1 9 fault ( explanation1 re/ate ! facts 9 clumsy circumlocution4 ,call+ ?\ght a k9d ( motion1 we may say t 9 action x propagates itself f ! m9d ?r\gh ! bra9 into ! out] _w2 :ile 9 ! appreh5sion ( an idea motions ( ! out] _w pass into ! bra91 & !re set up ^? motions :i* we "k z ?\ght4 ,b aft] su* explanations ! my/]y rema9s exactly :]e x 0 be=e4 ,h[ does a m5tal motion come out ( a bodily motion1 or a bodily f a m5tal8 ,x is wis] to ackn[l$ge a my/]y & to m>k ! spot :]e x occurs4 ,?is m>k+ ( ! spot may1 h[ev]1 illum9ate ! surr\nd+ t]ritory4 ,if we _c expla9 ! nature ( ! crucial act1 x may /ill be well to /udy its range4 ,h[ widely is ef=t ex]cis$8 ,we %\ld naturally answ]1 z widely z ! habitable globe4 ,i c sit 9 my (fice 9 ,bo/on & c>ry on bus9ess 9 ,*9a4 ,:5 ,i t\* a button1 great %ips are load$ on ! opposite side ( ! e>? & cross ! int]v5+ oceans to "w ! bidd+ ( a p]son !y h nev] se54 ,p]haps "s day we may s5d our volition beyond ! globe & ent] into communication ) ! inhabitants ( ,m>s4 ,x w\ld seem idle1 !n1 to talk ab\t ! limitations ( volition & a re/rict$ range ( w4 ,b 9 fact t w is re/rict$1 & its range is mu* n>r[] ?an ! globe4 ,= :5 we consid] ! matt]1 ) precision1 x is n exactly ,i :o h op]at$ 9 ,*9a4 ,i op]ate only :]e ,i am4 ,9 t\*+ ! button my direct ag5cy ceases4 ,x is true t connect$ ) t button are wires conduct+ to a wide v>iety ( consequ5ces4 ,b ab\t ! details ( t conduction ,i ne$ "k no?+4 ,! wire w "w equally well :e!r ,i und]/& or d n und]/& electricity4 ,its work+ is n m9e1 b its own4 ,! pressure ( my f+] ends my act1 :i* is !n tak5 up & c>ri$ =w>d by automatic & me*anical adju/m5ts requir+ nei!r sup]vision nor consci\sness on my "p4 ,we might !n m accurately say t my direct volition is circumscrib$ by my own body4 ,my f+] tips1 my lips1 my nodd+ head are ! po9ts :]e ,i "p ) full control1 ?\gh indef9itely beyond ^! ,i c =eca/ *anges :i* ! automatic ag5cies1 once set a/ir1 w induce4 ,am ,i nigg>dly 9 ?us conf9+ ! action ( ea* ( u )9 8 own body8 ,is ! range ( volition ?us m>k$ out too n>r[8 ,on ! contr>y1 x is probably /ill too wide4 ,we are z p[]less to direct our bodies z we are to manage affairs 9 ,*9a4 ,?is1 at lea/1 is ! mod]n psy*ological doctr9e ( ef=t4 ,x is n[ believ$ t volition is entirely a m5tal affair1 & is conf9$ to ! s+le act ( att5tion4 ,x is alleg$ t :5 ,i att5d to an ideal1 fix+ my m9d fully ^u x1 ! results are altoge!r simil> to :at occurr$ on my t\*+ ! button4 ,e idea t5ds to pass automatically into action ?r\gh ag5cies ab\t :i* ,i "k z little z ,i d ab\t ocean telegraphs4 ,?is physical frame ( m9e is a curi\s organic me*anism1 9 :i* reflex actions & in/9cts d _! bl9d "w at a h9t f me4 ,i am said to raise my arm4 ,b nev] hav+ be5 a /ud5t ( anatomy & physiology1 ,i h n ! lea/ idea h[ ! rise 0 effect$2 & if ,i am told t n]ves excite muscles1 & ^! 9 turn contract l cords & pull ! arm ?is way or t1 ! rise w n be accompli%$ a bit bett] = ! in=mation4 ,=1 z 9 electric transmission1 x is n ,i :o d ! "w4 ,my "p is att5tion4 ,! re/ is adapt$ automatism4 ,:5 ,i h driv5 ev]y?+ else out ( my m9d except ! picture ( ! ris+ arm1 x rises ( itself1 ! aft]-effects on n]ves & muscles be+ appreh5d$ by me z ! s5se ( ef=t4 ,we _c1 !n1 ex]cise our w ) a w&]+ m9d4 ,s long z sev]al ideas are conflict+ly att5d$ to1 !y h9d] ea* o!r4 ,?is we v]ify 9 regrettable exp]i5ces e day4 ,on wak+ ?is morn+1 = example1 ,i saw x 0 "t to get up4 ,b ! b$ 0 com=table1 & !re 7 int]e/+ matt]s to ?9k (4 ,i meant to get up1 = breakfa/ 0 wait+1 & !re 0 t new book to be exam9$1 & t lett] to be writt54 ,h[ long w\ld ?is require1 & h[ %\ld ! lett] be plann$8 ,b ,i mu/ get up4 ,possibly ^? call]s may come4 ,& %all ,i want to see !m8 ,x is really "t to get up4 ,:at a curi\s figure ! patt]n ( ! pap] makes1 view$ 9 ?is light6 ,! breakfa/ bell6 ,out ( my head g all vagrant reflections1 & sudd5ly1 be=e ,i c notice ! process1 ,i f9d myself 9 ! middle ( ! floor4 ,t is ! way4 ,f wav]+ ?\ghts no?+ comes4 ,b sudd5ly "s s\nd1 "s sight1 "s significant int]e/1 raises ! depict$ act into exclusive vividness ( att5tion1 & our "p is done4 ,! spr+ has be5 t\*$1 & ! physical ma*9]y1 ( :i* we may "k little or no?+1 does its "w4 ,!re x /&s ready1 ! automatic ma*9]y ( ?is exquisite frame ( ours1 wait+ = ! unconfus$ signal1--our only "p 9 ! p]=mance1--!n automatically x spr+s to action & pu%es our purpose into ! out] _w4 ,su* at lea/ is ! fa%ionable tea*+ ( psy*ologi/s to-day4 ,volition is full att5tion4 ,x has no wid] scope4 ,) bodily adju/m5ts x does n m$dle4 ,^! move by _! own me*anic law4 ,( real connection betwe5 body & m9d we "k no?+4 ,we c only say t su* p>allelism exi/s t physical action occurs on occasion ( complete m5tal vision4 ,no d\bt ?is !ory leaves mu* to be desir$ 9 ! way ( cle>ness4 ,:at is meant by fix+ ! att5tion exclusively8 ,is unrelat$ s+l5ess possible among our m5tal pictures8 ,or h[ n>r[ly mu/ ! field ( att5tion be occupi$ be=e ^! /range spr+s are set 9 motion8 ,at ! end ( ! explanation d n mo/ ( ! puzzl+ problems ( scope1 fre$om1 & selection rema91 exi/+ n[ z problems ab\t ! nature & work+ ( att5tion in/ead (1 z =m]ly1 problems ab\t ! em]g5ce ( ! int5tion into outw>d nature8 ,no d\bt ^! classical problems puzzle u /ill4 ,b a g5u9e advance t[>d cl>ity is made :5 we conf9e !m )9 a small area by id5tify+ volition ) m5tal att5tion4 ,nor w x be any?+ to ! po9t to say1 ,b ,i "k myself z a physical creature to be involv$ 9 ef=t4 ,! /ra9 ( volition is felt 9 my head1 9 my arm1 ?r\gh\t my entire body4 ,nobody d5ies x4 ,aft] we h att5d$1 & ! ma*9]y is set 9 motion1 we feel its results4 ,! physical *anges involv$ 9 action are z appreh5sible 9 our exp]i5ce z are any o!r natural facts1 & are rememb]$ & anticipat$ 9 ea* new act4 ,,ix ,only "o /age m rema9s1 & t is an inv>iable "o1 ! /age ( satisfaction4 ,x is =tunately provid$ t pleasure %all att5d e act4 ,pleasure probably is no?+ else b ! s5se t "s "o ( our functions has be5 appropriately ex]cis$4 ,e "t1 !n1 t an int5tion has be5 tak51 up 9 ! way j describ$1 c>ri$ =? into ! complex _w1 & !re conduct$ to its m>k1 a gratifi$ feel+ arises4 ,yes1 ,i h accompli%$ x4 ,t is good4 ,i felt a defect1 ,i desir$ to remove x1 & bett]m5t is "h4 ,we _c speak a ^w1 or raise a h&1 p]haps ev5 draw a brea?1 )\t some?+ ( ?is glad s5se ( life4 ,x may be int5se1 x may be slight or middl+2 b 9 "s degree x is always !re4 ,= ?r\gh action we realize our p[]s4 ,?is seem+ly fix$ _w is f\nd to be pla/ic 9 our h&s4 ,we modify x4 ,we direct some?+1 mean some?+4 ,no long] idle drift]s on ! tide1 ?r\gh our desires we br+ t tide our way4 ,& 9 ! s5se ( self-direct$ p[] we f9d a satisfaction1 great or small accord+ to ! magnitude ( our und]tak+4 ,9 su* a catalogue ( ! elem5ts ( action z has j be5 giv5 !re is some?+ uncanny4 ,c we n pick up a p9 )\t go+ ?r\gh all six /ages8 ,%\ld we ev] d any?+1 if to d ev5 ! simple/ we 7 oblig$ to d six ?+s8 ,h ,i n made matt]s ne$lessly elaborate8 ,no1 ,i h n unduly elaborat$4 ,we are made j s complex4 ,yet z a good tea*] ,i h falsifi$4 ,= ! sake ( cle>ness ,i h be5 treat+ sep>ately matt]s :i* g toge!r4 ,!re are n six op]ations1 !re is b "o4 ,9 ?is "o !re are six /ages2 t is1 !re are six po9ts ( view f :i* ! s+le op]ation may advantage\sly be survey$4 ,b ^! d n exi/ ap>t4 ,!y are all intimately bl5d$1 ea* affect+ all ! re/4 ,because ( our dull faculties we _c und]/&1 ?\gh we c "w1 !m en bloc4 ,he :o w\ld r5d] !m compreh5sible mu/ commit ! viol5ce ( pluck+ !m asund]1 hold+ !m up deta*$ly1 & say+1 ,( su* div]se /uff is our active life compos$4 ,b 9 reality ea* gets its mean+ ?r\gh connection ) all ! o!rs4 ,life ne$ n t]rify because = purposes ( v]ification x mu/ be repres5t$ z s intricate an affair4 ,x is ,i :o h brok5 up its simplicity1 & x belongs to my read] to put x toge!r aga94 ,,ref]5ce ,,on ,,self-,,direction ,james's ,psy*ology1 *4 xxvi4 ,sigw>t's ,d] ,begriff des ,woll5's1 9 8 ,kle9e ,s*rift54 ,a4 ,alex&]'s ,!ories ( ! ,w4 ,mun/]b]g's ,die ,will5%&lung4 ,h(fd+'s ,psy*ology1 *4 vii4 ,v ,,self-,,developm5t ,i ,conceivably a be+ su*1 z has be5 describ$ might advance no f>!r4 ,consci\s he might be1 obs]vant ( ev]y?+ go+ on )9 him & )\t2 occupi$ too ) induc+ ! v *anges he obs]ves1 & yet ) no aim to enl>ge himself or improve ! _w ?r\gh any ( ! *anges s induc$4 ,complete )9 himself at ! beg9n+1 he might be equally s at ! close1 8 activity be+ und]tak5 = ! m]e sake ( action1 & n = any b5eficial results foll[+ 9 its tra94 ,/ill1 ev5 su* a be+ w\ld be bett] (f :ile act+ ?an if quiet1 & by 8 read9ess to act w\ld %[ t he felt ! ne$ ( at lea/ tempor>y bett]m5t4 ,9 actual cases ! ne$ goes deep]4 ,a be+ capable ( self-direction ord9>ily has capacities imp]fectly realiz$4 ,*ang+ o!r ?+s1 he also *anges himself2 & x becomes a "p ( 8 aim 9 action to make ^! *anges advantage\s1 & ea* act helpfully reactive4 ,accord+ly ! aim at self-developm5t regul>ly att5ds self-direction4 ,i c\ld n1 !re=e1 prop]ly discuss my la/ topic )\t 9 "s measure anticipat+ ?is4 ,e ideal ( action1 ,i 0 oblig$ to say1 includes )9 x an aim at "s sort ( bett]m5t ( ! actor4 ,our bus9ess1 !n1 9 ! pres5t *apt] is n to ann\nce a new !me1 b simply to r5d] explicit :at be=e 0 impli$4 ,we mu/ deta* f action ! influ5ce :i* x ?r[s back ^u u1 ! actors4 ,we mu/ make ?is influ5ce pla91 exhibit its me?od1 & %[ :]e9 x diff]s f o!r processes 9 "s respects simil>4 ,,ii ,! mo/ obvi\s fact ab\t self-developm5t is t x is a species ( *ange1 & t *ange is associat$ ) sadness4 ,h]aclitus1 ! weep+ philosoph] ( ! ,greeks1 discov]$ ?is fact five hundr$ ye>s be=e ,*ri/4 ,no?+ abides1 he said1 all is fleet+4 ,we /& 9 a mov+ tide1 unable to ba! twice 9 ! same /ream2 be=e we c /oop a second "t ! flood is gone4 ,9 e age ?is is ! common !me ( lam5tation = poet1 morali/1 common man & woman4 ,all o!r causes ( sadness are second>y to x4 ,z soon z we h compreh5d$ any?+1 h fitt$ x to our lives & le>n$ to love x1 x is gone4 ,su* is ! aspect :i* *ange ord9>ily pres5ts4 ,x is ti$ up ) grief4 ,we reg>d :at is preci\s z /able2 & yet we are oblig$ to confess t no?+ on e>? is /able--no?+ among physical ?+s1 & j z little among m5tal & spiritual ?+s4 ,b !re are _m k9ds ( *ange4 ,we are apt to confuse !m ) "o ano!r1 & 9 s do+ to c>ry ov] to ! nobl] sorts ?\ghts applicable only to ! l[]4 ,9 beg9n+1 !n1 ! discussion ( self-developm5t1 ,i ?9k x w conduce to cle>ness if ,i (f] a conspectus ( all imag9able *anges4 ,i w set !m 9 gr\ps & %[ _! diff]5t k9ds1 exhibit+ fir/ ^? :i* are mo/ elem5t>y1 !n ^? m complex1 & f9ally ^? s d>k & important t !y pass ov] into a region ( my/]y & p>adox4 ,,iii ,probably all w agree t ! simple/ possible *ange is ! accid5tal sort1 t :]e only relations ( space are alt]$4 ,my wat*1 n[ ly+ 9 ! middle ( ! desk1 is %ift$ to ! "r side1 is laid 9 its case1 or is lo/ 9 ! /reet4 ,i call ^! *anges accid5tal1 because !y 9 no way affect ! nature ( ! wat*4 ,!y are n really *anges 9 x1 b 9 its surr\nd+s4 ,! wat* /ill rema9s :at x 0 be=e4 ,to ! same gr\p we might ref] a l>ge numb] ( o!r *anges :]e no inn] alt]ation is wr\ght4 ,! wat* is n[ 9 a brilliant light2 ,i lay my h& on x1 & x is 9 d>kness4 ,its place has n be5 *ang$1 b t ( ! light has be54 ,_m ( ! commone/ *anges 9 life are ( ?is sort4 ,!y are accid5tal or extrane\s *anges4 ,9 !m1 ?r\gh all its *ange1 ! ?+ abides4 ,!re is no necess>y alt]ation ( its nature4 ,,iv ,b unhappily ?is is n ! only species ( *ange4 ,x is n t :i* has br\ght a wail f ! ages1 :5 m5 h se5 :at !y prize slip away4 ,! common root ( sorr[ has be5 de/ructive *ange4 ,hold+ ! wat* 9 my h&1 ,i may drop x on ! floor2 & at once ! cry/al1 :i* has be5 s transp>5tly protective1 is gone4 ,if ! floor is ( /one1 ! back ( ! wat* may be wr5*$ away1 ! :eels ( its delicate ma*9]y j>r$ asund]4 ,de/ruction has come ^u x1 & n m]ely an extrane\s accid5t4 ,9 consequ5ce ( alt]$ surr\nd+s1 dissolution is wr\ght )94 ,*ange ( a lam5table sort has come4 ,:at be=e 0 a beautiful :ole1 organically con/itut$ 9 ! way describ$ 9 my fir/ two *apt]s1 has be5 torn asund]4 ,:at we =m]ly beheld ) delight has disappe>$4 ,& let u n accept false com=t4 ,we (t5 he> x said t1 aft] all1 de/ruction is an illusion4 ,!re is no su* ?+4 ,:at is once 9 ! _w is "h =ev]4 ,no p>ticle ( ! wat* c by any possibility be lo/4 ,& :at is true ( ! wat* is true ( ?+s f> high]1 ( p]sons ev54 ,:5 p]sons decay & die1 may n _! de/ruction be only 9 outw>d seem+8 ,we _c imag9e absolute cessation4 ,z well imag9e an absolute beg9n+4 ,!re is no loss4 ,ev]y?+ abides4 ,only to our appreh5sion d de/ructive *anges occur4 ,we are all famili> ) consolation ( ?is sort1 & h[ inw>dly unsatisfactory x is6 ,= :ile x is true t no p>ticle ( ! wat* is de/roy$1 x is precisely ^? p>ticles :i* 7 9 our m9ds ( little consequ5ce4 ,almo/ equally well !y might h be5 ( gold1 silv]1 or /eel4 ,! preci\s "p ( !1 wat* 0 ! organization ( its p>ticles1 & t is gone4 ,! face & =m ( my fri5d c inde$ be blott$ out 9 no s+le item4 ,b ,i c>e no?+ = its mat]ial items1 ,! totality may be wreck$1 & x is t totality to :i* my affections cl+4 ,& s x is 9 ! _w ar\nd--mat]ial rema9s1 organic :ol5ess goes4 ,x is almo/ a s>casm ( nature t %e c\nts our preci\s ?+s s *eap1 :ile ! bricks & mort> ( :i* ^! are made--matt]s on :i* no human affection c fa/5--%e holds = ev]la/+4 ,! lam5tations ( ! ages1 !n1 h n err$4 ,some?+ tragic is involv$ 9 ! framework ( ! univ]se4 ,9 ord] to abide1 divulsion mu/ occur4 ,de/ruction ( organism is go+ on all ar\nd u1 & ev] w g on4 ,?+s mu/ unceas+ly be torn ap>t4 ,"o might call ?is de/ructive & lam5table *ange ! only /eadfa/ feature ( ! _w4 ,v ,yet aft] all1 & (t5 9 ?is v process ( divulsion1 we cat* glimpses ( a nobl] sort ( *ange1 ,= !re is a ?ird species to :i* ,i might p]haps give ! "n ( trans=m+3 *ange4 ,:51 = example1 a c]ta9 portion ( oxyg5 & a c]ta9 portion ( hydrog51 ea* hav+ its own di/9ctive qualities1 are br\ght into contact ) "o ano!r1 !y utt]ly *ange4 ,! qualities ( bo? disappe>1 & a new set ( qualities takes _! place4 ,! old ones are gone1--gone1 b n lo/2 = !y h be5 trans=m$ into new ones ( a pr$et]m9$ & con/ant k9d4 ,only a s+le sort ( *ange is op5 to ^! elem5ts :5 9 ea* o!r's pres5ce1 & 9 precisely t way !y w always *ange4 ,9 s *ang+ !y d n1 x is true1 fully keep _! pa/2 b a fix$ relation to x !y d keep1 & "u c]ta9 conditions may return to x aga94 ,! trans=m+ *anges ( *emi/ry1 !n1 are ( a diff]5t nature f ^? ( ! me*anic de/ruction j describ$4 ,9 ^? ! ru9$ organism leaves n a wrack beh9d4 ,9 *emic *ange some?+ def9ite is held1 some?+ t orig9ally 0 plann$ & c he prophesi$4 ,an end is atta9$3 ! fix$ comb9ation ( j s mu* oxyg5 ) j s mu* hydrog5 = ! mak+ ( ! new sub/ance1 wat]4 ,"h *ange is productive1 & is n m]e wa/e1 z 9 organic de/ruction4 ,some?+1 h[ev]1 is lo/--! old qualities2 = ^! _c be re/or$ except ?r\gh ! disruption ( ! new sub/ance1 ! wat] 9 :i* !y are comb9$4 ,,vi ,b !re is a m peculi> *ange ( a high] ord] /ill1 t :i* we speak ( z developm5t1 evolution1 gr[?4 ,?is sort ( *ange might be describ$ z movem5t t[>d a m>k4 ,:5 ! se$ beg9s to be trans=m$ 9 ! e>?1 x is adapt$ n m]ely to ! next /age2 b t /age has ref]5ce to "o f>!r on1 & t to /ill o!rs4 ,x w\ld h>dly be a metaphor to decl>e t ! :ole elm is already prophesi$ :5 its se$ is laid 9 ! e>?4 ,= ?\gh ! entire tree is n !re1 ?\gh 9 ord] t ! se$ may become an elm x mu/ h a helpful environm5t1 /ill a c]ta9 plan ( movem5t elmw>ds is1 we may say1 already s*em$ 9 ! se$4 ,"h accord+ly1 *ange--f> f be+ a loss--is a cont9ual increm5t & revelation4 ,& s9ce ! lat] /ages successively disclose ! mean+ ( ^? :i* w5t be=e1 ^! lat] /ages might ) accuracy he /yl$ ! tru? ( _! pr$ecessors1 & ^? be acc\nt$ 9 comp>ison trivial & mean+less until ?us *ang$4 ,?is sort ( *ange c>ries its pa/ along ) x4 ,9 ! de/ructive *anges :i* we 7 lam5t+ a mom5t ago1 ! pa/ 0 lo/ & ! new began z an indep5d5t affair4 ,ev5 9 *emic *ange ?is 0 true to a c]ta9 ext5t4 ,yet !re1 ?\gh ! pa/ 0 lo/1 a future 0 prophesi$4 ,9 ! case ( developm5t ! future1 s f> f annihilat+ ! pa/1 is its exhibition on a l>g] scale4 ,! full significance ( any s+le /age is n manife/ until ! f9al "o is rea*$4 ,i suppose :5 we arrive at ?is ?\ght ( *ange z express+ developm5t1 our lam5tation may well turn to rejoic+4 ,possibly ?is may be ! reason :y ! gloom :i* is a noticeable feature ( ! ?\ght ( _m prec$+ c5turies has 9 our "t some:at disappe>$4 ,:ile our ambitions are g5]ally wid]1 & we might seem1 !re=e1 m expos$ to disappo9tm5t1 ,i ?9k ! la/ half ( ! c5tury :i* has clos$ has be5 a "t ( l>ge hopefulness4 ,p]haps x has n yet gone s f> z rejoic+1 = failure & sorr[ are /ill by no means extirpat$4 ,b at lea/ ! ?\ghts ( our day h become turn$ r to ! future ?an ! pa/1 a result :i* has att5d$ ! wid] compreh5sion ( developm5t4 ,to call developm5t ! discov]y ( our c5tury w\ld1 h[ev]1 be absurd4 ,ari/otle bases 8 :ole philosophy ^u x1 & x 0 already v5]able 9 8 "t4 ,yet ! _m writ]s :o h exp\nd$ ! doctr9e dur+ ! la/ fifty ye>s h br\ght ! ?\ght ( x home to ! common man4 ,x has ent]$ into daily life z nev] be=e1 & has done mu* to protect u aga9/ ! sadness ( de/ructive *ange4 ,p]ceiv+ t *anges1 app>5tly de/ructive1 repeat$ly br+ to light mean+ previ\sly undisclos$1 we m will+ly ?an our ance/ors "p ) ! imp]fect t a pa? to ! p]fect may be op5$4 ,is n ?is1 !n1 ! great conception ( *ange :i* we n[ ne$ to /udy z self-developm5t8 ,i believe n4 ,"o ess5tial feature is omitt$4 ,9 ! typical example :i* ,i h j review$1 ! gr[? ( an elm f its se$1 we _c say t ! se$ exp&s itself ) a view to becom+ a tree4 ,t w\ld be to c>ry ov] into ! tree's exi/5ce notions borr[$ f an ali5 sph]e4 ,inde$1 to ass]t t !re has be5 any g5u9e developm5t f ! se$ up to ! f9i%$ tree is to use t]ms 9 an accommodat$1 metaphoric1 & hypo!tical way4 ,developm5t !re c]ta9ly has be5 z e/imat$ by an outsid]1 an onlook]1 b n z p]ceiv$ by ! tree itself4 ,x has n kn[n :]e x 0 go+4 ,out ( ! unkn[n e>? ! se$ pu%es its way into ! /ill less kn[n air4 ,b 9 do+ s x is devoid ( purpose4 ,nor1 if we end[ x ) consci\sness1 c we suppose x w\ld behold its end & seek x4 ,! =ces driv+ x t[>d t end are n consci\s =ces2 !y are me*anic =ces4 ,?r\gh e /age x is pu%$ f beh9d1 n drawn f be=e4 ,!re is no causative goal set up1 allur+ ! se$ onw>d4 ,9 speak+ z if !re 71 we employ language :i* c h significance only = rational be+s4 ,we may hold t !re is a rational plan ( ! univ]se :i* t se$ is fulfill+4 ,b if s1 ! plan does n belong to ! se$4 ,x is impos$ f )\t1 & ! se$ does its bidd+ unaw>es4 ,,vii ,b we may imag9e a diff]5t /ate ( affairs4 ,let u assume t :5 ! se$ spr\t$ x =eknew ! elm t 0 to be4 ,e "t x suck$ 9 its slight moi/ure x 0 g5tly adapt+ ?is n\ri%m5t to ! fulfillm5t ( its ultimate end1 ask+ itself :e!r ! small mat]ial _h bett] be be/[$ on ! left b\gh or ! "r1 :e!r c]ta9 leaves %\ld curve m obliquely t[>d ! sun1 & :e!r x _h bett] wave its bran*es & cat* ! pass+ breeze or leave !m quiet4 ,if we c\ld rightly imag9e su* a /ate ( ?+s1 our tree w\ld be mu* unlike its bro!rs ( ! =e/2 =1 sup]9t5d+ its own developm5t1 x w\ld be n a ?+ at all b a p]son4 ,we p]sons are 9 ?is v way entru/$ ) our gr[?4 ,a plan !re is1 a normal mode ( gr[?1 a significance to :i* we may atta94 ,b t significance is n impos$ on u f )\t1 z an inevitable ev5t1 already settl$ ?r\gh our pa/4 ,on ! contr>y1 we detect x af> z a possibility1 are ?us put 9 *>ge ( x1 & s become 9 l>ge degree our own upbuild]s4 ,developm5t is movem5t t[>d a m>k4 ,9 self-developm5t ! m>k to be rea*$ is 9 ! consci\s keep+ ( him :o is to rea* x4 ,t[>d x he may m or less fully direct 8 c\rse4 ,& :at an a/oni%+ /ate ( ?+s !n appe>s6 ,self-developm5t involves a k9d ( contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,h[ c ,i build if at pres5t !re is no ,i8 ,:y %\ld ,i build if at pres5t !re is an ,i8 ,:i*ev] alt]native we take1 we fall into :at looks l absurdity4 ,yet on t absurdity p]sonal life is bas$4 ,!re is no avoid+ x4 ,wordswor? has d>+ly /at$ ! p>adox3 ,s build we up ! be+ t we are4 ,on com+ into ! _w we are only sket*$ out4 ,( ea* ( u !re is a gr\nd plan ( :i* we progressively become aw>e4 ,hidd5 f u 9 our e>ly ye>s1 x resides 9 ! m9ds ( our p>5ts1 j z ! plan ( ! tree's /ructure is 9 ! keep+ ( nature4 ,gradually ?r\gh our advanc+ ye>s & ! c>e ( ^? ar\nd u we cat* sight ( :at we might be4 ,detect+ 9 ourselves possibilities1 we make out _! relation to a plan n yet realiz$4 ,we accord+ly take ourselves 9 h& & say1 ,if any p]sonal good is to come to me1 x mu/ be ( my mak+4 ,i _c own myself till ,i am l>gely ! au?or ( myself4 ,f day to day ,i mu/ con/ruct1 & :5ev] ,i act /udy h[ ! action w affect my bett]m5t1--:e!r by p]=m+ x ,i am likely to degrade or to consolidate myself4 ,& to ?is process !re mu/ be no end4 ,obvi\sly1 no?+ l ?is c\ld occur if our actual condition 7 our ideal condition4 ,self-developm5t is op5 only to a be+ 9 :om !re are possibilities z yet unfulfill$4 ,! ?+s ar\nd u h _! def9ite con/itution4 ,!y c d exactly ?us & no m4 ,:at %all be ! effect ( any impulse fall+ on !m is already assur$4 ,if ! condition ( ! brutes is any?+ l t :i* we disrespectfully attribut$ to !m1 !n !y are 9 ! same case2 !y too are %ut up to fix$ responses1 & h 9 !m no unfulfill$ capacities4 ,x is ! possession ( su* empty capacities :i* makes u p]sonal4 ,well has x be5 said t he :o c decl>e1 ,i am t ,i am1 is ei!r ,god or a brute4 ,no human be+ c say x4 ,to describe myself z if ,i 7 a settl$ fact is to make myself a ?+4 ,my life is 9 t :i* may be4 ,! ideals ( exi/5ce are my realities1 & ought is my peculi> v]b4 ,is has no o!r application to a p]son ?an to m>k h[ f> he has advanc$ along 8 ideal l9e4 ,7 he to pause at any po9t z if complete1 he w\ld cease to be a p]son4 ,,viii ,b x is necess>y to trace some:at c>efully ! me?od ( su* self-developm5t4 ,h[ d we proce$8 ,be=e ! ar*itect built ! ,/ate ,h\se1 he drew up a plan ( ! f9i%$ build+1 & !re 0 no mov+ ( /one1 mort>1 or tool1 till ev]y?+ 0 complete on pap]4 ,ea* workman :o did any?+ subsequ5tly did x 9 def]5ce to t p]fect$ design4 ,ea* /one br\ght = ! great /ructure 0 numb]$ = its place & _h its jo9t+ cut 9 adaptation to ! rema9+ /ones4 ,if1 !n1 ea* "o ( u is to become an ar*itect ( himself1 x might seem necess>y to lay out a plan ( our complete exi/5ce be=e sett+ out 9 life1 or at :atev] mom5t we become aw>e t h5ce=? our con/ruction is to be 9 our own *>ge4 ,only ) su* a plan 9 h& w\ld ord]ly build+ seem possible4 ,?is is a common belief1 b 9 my judgm5t an errone\s "o4 ,inde$ ! :ole analogy ( ! ar*itect & 8 me*anisms is mislead+4 ,we r>ely h 9 m9d ! total plan ( our unrealiz$ be+ & r>ely ought we to h4 ,our "w beg9s at a diff]5t po9t4 ,we d n1 l ! ar*itect1 usually beg9 ) a ?\ght ( completion4 ,ba!r we are fir/ /irr$ by a s5se ( weakness4 ,9 my own education ,i f9d ?is to be true4 ,aft] "s ye>s z a boy 9 a ,bo/on public s*ool1 ,i w5t to ,phillips ,academy 9 ,&ov]1 !n to ,h>v>d ,college1 & subsequ5tly to a ,g]man univ]sity1 & :y did ,i d all ?is8 ,did ,i h 9 m9d ! picture ( myself z a le>n$ man8 ,i w n d5y t su* a fancy drift$ ?r\gh my bra94 ,b x 0 indi/9ct & occasional4 ,i did n ev5 "k :at x 0 to be a le>n$ man4 ,i d n "k n[4 ,! driv+ =ce t 0 on me 0 some?+ q diff]5t4 ,i f\nd myself disagreeably ignorant4 ,read+ books & newspap]s1 ,i cont9ually f\nd matt]s ref]r$ to ( :i* ,i knew no?+4 ,look+ out on ! univ]se1 ,i did n und]/& x2 & look+ into ! yet m m>vel\s univ]se )91 ,i 0 /ill m griev\sly p]plex$4 ,i ?\ght life n wor? liv+ on su* t]ms4 ,i det]m9$ to get rid ( my ignorance & to endure su* limitations ( k no long]4 ,is !re1 ,i ask$1 any place :]e at lea/ a portion ( my /upidity may be set aside8 ,i remov$ a little fraction at s*ool1 b reveal$ also enorm\s expanses :i* ,i _h n suspect$ be=e4 ,i !re=e press$ on f>!r1 & to-day am /ill engag$ 9 ! almo/ hopeless attempt to extirpate my ignorance4 ,:at incites me cont9ually is ! s5se ( h[ small ,i am1 n t :i* a few mom5ts ago seem$ my be/ inc5tive--! picture ( myself z l>ge4 ,t on ! :ole has _h comp>atively little influ5ce4 ,( c\rse ,i d n ass]t t we are altoge!r )\t visions ( a l>g] life4 ,t is f> f be+ ! case4 ,7 x s1 desire w\ld cease4 ,we mu/ contra/ ! pov]ty ( ! pres5t ) ! fullness ( a possible future1 or we %\ld n incl9e to turn f t pres5t4 ,yet our gr& driv+ =ce is t s5se ( limitation1 ( want or ne$1 :i* 0 discuss$ 9 ! la/ *apt]4 ,& our aim is r at a bett] ?an at a be/1 at ! removal ( "s small di/9ct h9drance ?an at arrival at a complet$ goal4 ,we come ^u excell5ce piecemeal1 & d n1 l ! ar*itect1 look ^u x 9 its entirety at ! outset4 ,yet 9 ! pursuit ( ?is bett]1 ! m vividly we c figure ! com+ /ages1 ! m easily w !y be atta9$4 ,= ?is purpose ! c>e]s ( ^? :o h gone be=e u are helpful1-- reports ab\t ! great ones ( ! pa/1 & ! revelations ( !mselves :i* !y h left u 9 lit]ature & in/itutions4 ,example is a p[]ful ag5t 9 mak+ our foot/eps quick & true4 ,b x has its dang]s1 & may be a means ( t]rify+ unless we feel t ev5 9 our l[ e/ate !re are capacities ally+ u ) our exempl>4 ,! fir/ vision ( excell5ce is ov]:elm+4 ,we draw back1 kn[+ t we d n look l t1 & we _c be> to behold :at is s sup]ior4 ,b by degrees1 feel+ our k9%ip ) excell5ce1 we are befri5d$4 ,i w\ld n1 !n1 make rigid /atem5ts 9 reg>d to ?is po9t ( me?od4 ,grateful z ,i believe we %\ld be = e s5se ( ne$1 ?is is obvi\sly n en\gh4 ,to "s ext5t we mu/ h 9 m9d ! bett]m5t :i* we may obta9 ?r\gh supply+ t ne$4 ,yet ,i d n ?9k a full plan ( our ultimate goal is usually desirable4 ,9 small matt]s x is (t5 possible & conv5i5t4 ,i plan my /ay 9 ,europe be=e go+ !re4 ,i figure my bus9ess prospects be=e =m+ a p>tn]%ip4 ,b 9 pr(\nd] affairs1 ,i m wisely set out f ! ?\ght ( ! pres5t1 & ! pat5t ne$ ( improv+ x1 ?an f ! future ) its ideal p]fection4 ,goe!'s rule is a good "o3-- ,will/ du ins ,un5dliebe s*reit58 ,s su*t das ,endli*e1 na* all5 ,seit54 ,w\ld y rea* ! inf9ite8 ,!n ent] into f9ite ?+s1 work+ out all t !y conta94 ,,ix ,if 9 work+ !m out a te/ is want$ to enable u to decide :e!r we are work+ wisely or to our h>m1 ,i believe su* a te/ may be f\nd 9 ! congruity ( ! new ) ! old4 ,%all ,i by add+ a fre% p[] to myself /r5g!n ^? ,i already possess8 ,by tak+ ?is pa?1 ri* 9 a c]ta9 sort ( good z x und\bt$ly is1 %all ,i be div]t$ f pa?s :]e my special goods lie8 ,"h ,i am1 a /ud5t ( e?ics4 ,a fri5d calls & tells me ( ! *>ms ( a/ronomy1 a /udy und\bt$ly maje/ic & delightful4 ,s9ce ,i desire to take all k = my prov9ce1 :y n hurry (f at once to /udy a/ronomy8 ,no inde$4 ,no a/ronomy = me4 ,i draw a r+ ab\t t subject & say1 ,preci\s subject1 fundam5tally valuable = all m54 ,b ,i w rema9 ignorant ( x1 because x is n q congru\s ) ! /udies ,i already h on h&4 ,t mu/ be my te/3 n h[ important is ! /udy itself1 b h[ important is x = me8 ,h[ f> w x help me to accept & develop ^? limitations to :i* ,i am n[ pl$g$8 ,9 ?is acceptance ( limitation1 !re=e1 :i* seems at fir/ s humiliat+1 ,i believe we h ! />t+ po9t ( all self- developm5t4 ,our v imp]fections1 once accept$1 prove our be/ means ( disc]n+ m4 ,t is a pr(\nd rem>k ( ,hegel's t k ( a limit is a k beyond t limit4 ,let u consid] = a mom5t :at x means4 ,suppose ,i %\ld come ^u ,kasp> ,haus]1 %ut 9 8 little room4 ,& h[ long h y be5 "h1 ,i ask4 ,ev] s9ce ,i 0 born1 he answ]s4 ,inde$6 ,h[ mu*1 !n1 d y "k8 ,no?+ beyond ! walls ( ?is room4 ,might ,i n fairly reply1 ,y contradict y\rself4 ,h[ c y "k any?+ ab\t walls ( a room unless y also "k ( mu* beyond !m8 ,we _c conceive a limit except z a limit f some?+4 ,accord+ly1 :5 we detect our ignorance we become by t v fact n ignorant4 ,we h gone beyond ourselves & h se5 t we are n :at we %\ld be4 ,& ?is is ! way ( self-developm5t4 ,becom+ aw>e ( our imp]fections1 we by t v fact cont9ually lay hold on :atev] p]fect is )9 our rea*4 ,x ,:5 !n we ask :e!r at any mom5t we are fully p]sons1 we mu/ answ]1 ,no4 ,! actual ext5t ( p]sonality is at any "t small4 ,x is r a goal ?an some?+ ev] atta9$4 ,we h se5 t x is n to be describ$ 9 t]ms ( ! v]b to be4 ,we _c say ,i am a p]son1 b1 only ,i ought to be a p]son4 ,i am seek+ to be4 ,! great body ( our life is1 we "k1 a purely natural affair4 ,our in/9cts1 our wayw>d impulses1 our unconnect$ disord]ly purposes-- ^!1 :i* fill ! l>g] portion ( our exi/5ce1 d n express our p]sonal nature4 ,ea* ( !m goes on its own way1 neglectful ( ! :ole4 ,!re=e we mu/ confess t at no "t c we acc\nt ourselves complet$ p]sons4 ,ju/ly we use su* /range expressions z ,he is mu* ( a p]son1 ,he is v little ( a p]son4 ,p]sonality is an affair ( degree4 ,we are mov+ t[>d x1 b h n yet arriv$4 ,man p>tly is & :olly hopes to be4 ,& c we ev] arrive8 ,i d n see h[4 ,we are *as+ a fly+ goal4 ,! ne>] we approa*1 ! f>!r x removes4 ,%all we call ?is fact disc\rag+1 !n1 or ev5 say t self-developm5t is a useless process1 s9ce x nev] c be fulfill$8 ,i ?9k n4 ,i %\ld r specify ?is feature ( x z our *ief s\rce ( enc\ragem5t2 = ,i hold t only ^? aims :i* d ?us conta9 an inf9ite elem5t & are1 /rictly speak+1 unatta9able1 move mank9d to passionate pursuit4 ,probably all w agree t ri*es1 fame1 & wisdom are ideals :i* pr$om9antly move u1 & !y are all unatta9able4 ,suppose1 "s morn+1 :5 ,i see a m]*ant sett+ (f = 8 (fice q too e>ly1 ,i ask him :y he is ha/5+ s4 ,he answ]s1 ,:y1 !re is money to be made4 ,& z ,i int5d to be a ri* man "s day1 ,i mu/ leave home com=ts & be prompt at my desk4 ,b ,i p]si/1 ,y h =gott5 some?+4 ,x occurs to me t y nev] c be ri*4 ,no ri* man 0 ev] se54 ,:oev] has obta9$ a million doll>s c get a million m1 & ! man ( two millions c become "o ( ?ree4 ,obvi\sly1 !n1 nei!r y nor any "o c become a completely ri* man4 ,%\ld ,i /ay t m]*ant f 8 exit by rem>ks ( ?is k9d8 ,if he answ]$ at all1 he w\ld m]ely say1 ,don't read too mu*4 ,y _h bett] mix m ) m54 ,& ,i %\ld get no bett] treatm5t f ! s*ol>1 ! man :o is seek+ wisdom4 ,x is true no really wise man ev] 0 on e>?1 or ev] w be4 ,b t is ! v reason :y we are all s impassion$ = wisdom1 because e bit we seize only op5s ! door to m4 ,if we c\ld get x 9 full1 if "s "t or o!r1 kn[+ t we are n[ wise1 we c\ld sit d[n 9 our arm*airs ) no?+ fur!r to d1 x w\ld be a dea? bl[ to our colleges4 ,nobody w\ld att5d !m or c>e = wisdom long]4 ,an aim :i* "o c rea*1 & discov] to be f9ally end$1 moves only *ildr54 ,!y w make collections ( birds' eggs1 ?\gh conceivably !y might obta9 e species 9 ! neighborhood4 ,b ^! are n ! ?+s :i* excite e>ne/ m54 ,!y run aft] fame1 because !y c nev] be q fam\s4 ,!y may become kn[n to e p]son on _! /reet1 b !re is ! /reet beyond4 ,or to e "o 9 _! t[n1 b !re are o!r t[ns4 ,or if to e p]son on e>?1 !re are /ill ! aft] ages4 ,entire fame _c be _h2 & exactly on t acc\nt x /irs e impulse ( our nature 9 pursuit4 ,n[ ! aim at p]sonal p]fection is precisely ( ?is sort4 ,z s]vants ( righte\sness we _c accept any o!r precept ?an ,be ye p]fect z y\r ,fa!r :i* is 9 heav5 is p]fect4 ,b we "k su* p]fection to be unatta9able1 ,yet ,i sometimes d\bt :e!r we /ate ! matt] truly s4 ,w\ld x n be ju/] to say t p]fection c always be atta9$1 & t x is ab\t ! only ?+ :i* c be8 ,we might well say ( all ! inf9ite ideals t !y diff] f ! f9ite ones simply 9 ?is1 t ! f9ite c be atta9$ b once1 & !n are end$1 :ile ! inf9ite are cont9ually atta9$4 ,at no mom5t ( 8 life %all ! m]*ant be cut (f f becom+ ri*]1 or ! s*ol> f gr[+ wis]1 or ! public b5efactor f acquir+ fur!r fame4 ,^! aims1 !n1 are always atta9able2 = 9 !m :at we ?9k ( z ! goal is n1 z 9 o!r cases1 a s+le po9t :i*1 once rea*$1 r5d]s ! re/ ( life useless & li/less4 ,! goal "h is ! l9e ( increase4 ,to be mov+ along t l9e %\ld be our daily endeavor4 ,our prop] utt]ance %\ld be1 ,i 0 nev] s good z to-day1 & ,i hope nev] to be s bad aga94 ,,xi ,b :5 we h se5 h[ sl5d] is our actual p]fection1 h[ slight mu/ be reckon$ ! atta9m5t ( p]sonality at any mom5t1 we are br\ght face to face ) ! pr(\nd problem ( its possible ext5t4 ,h[ f> c ! self be develop$8 ,inf9itely8 ,is ea* "o ( u an inf9ite be+8 ,i w n say s4 ,i d n l to make a /atem5t :i* runs beyond my own exp]i5ce4 ,b conf9+ myself to ?is1 let u see :at x w %[4 ,:5 at any "t ,i seek to p]fect myself1 does my atta9m5t ( any grade ( improvem5t prev5t or fur!r ano!r /ep8 ,all w agree t x simply op5s a new door4 ,p]haps ,i am seek+ to )draw f habits ( m5dacity1 & beg9n+ to tell ! tru?4 ,!n e "t ,i tell ! tru? ,i %all discov] m tru? to tell4 ,& w ?is process ev] come to an end8 ,i h no?+ to d ) ev]s4 ,i c only say t ea* "t ,i try x1 advance is m possible1 n less possible4 ,9 ! p]sonal life !re is1 if ,i may say s1 no provision = *eckage4 ,z ,i und]/& x1 9 ! animal life !re is su* provision4 ,9 my fir/ *apt] ,i 0 po9t+ out ! diff]5ce betwe5 extr9sic & intr9sic goodness2 & ,i said t ! table's ent]+ into use & hold+ objects on its top t5d$ to de/roy x1 ?\gh we might imag9e a magic table 9 :i* e ex]cise ( function w\ld be pres]vative4 ,n[ 9 ! p]sonal nature we f9d j su* a magical provision4 ,ea* "t a p]son normally ex]ts himself he makes fur!r ex]tion 9 ^? normal ways m possible4 ,& if ?is is true ( all p]sonal action )9 our exp]i5ce1 :at "r h we to set a limit to x any:]e8 ,x may n be suitable to say t ,i "k myself inf9ite1 b x is c]ta9ly true t ,i _c conceive myself z f9ite4 ,i c readily see t ?is body ( m9e has 9 x :at ,i h call$ a provision = *eckage4 ,e "t ! blood moves 9 my ve9s x leaves its little deposit4 ,fur!r motion ( t blood is slightly imp$$4 ,b e "t a moral purpose moves my life1 x makes ! next move sur]4 ,x is impossible to draw l9es ( limitation 9 moral developm5t4 ,,xii ,su*1 !n1 is ! va/ conception ) :i* we h be5 deal+4 ,goodness1 to be p]sonal1 mu/ express p]petual self-developm5t4 ,all ! moral aims ( life may be summ$ up 9 ! s+le ^w1 self- realization4 ,c\ld ,i fully realize myself1 ,i %\ld h fulfill$ all righte\sness1 & ?is view is sanction$ by ! ,great ,tea*] :5 he asks1 ,:at %all a man give 9 ex*ange = 8 life8--8 life1 8 s\l1 8 self4 ,if any "o fully believ$ ?is1 & liv$ z if all 8 desires 7 fulfill$ s long z he _h opportunities ( self-developm5t1 he might be said to h insur$ himself aga9/ e cata/rophe4 ,little c\ld h>m him4 ,:atev] occurr$1 in/ead ( exclaim+1 ,h[ calamit\s6 he w\ld simply ask1 ,:at fre% opportunities d ^! /range circum/ances pres5t = enl>g$ liv+8 ,let me add ?is new discipl9e to :at ,i _h be=e4 ,seek+ z ,i am to become exp&$ into ! inf9ite1 ?is exp]i5ce discloses a new av5ue ?i!r4 ,all ?+s "w toge!r = good to !m t love ! ,"l4 ,,ref]5ces ,,on ,,self-,,developm5t ,bradley's ,e?ical ,/udies1 essay vi4 ,gre5's ,prolegom5a ( ,e?ics1 bk4 iii4 *4 ii4 ,alex&]'s ,moral ,ord] & ,progress1 bk4 iii4 *4 iv4 ,muirhead's ,elem5ts ( ,e?ics1 bk4 iii4 *4 iii4 ,mack5zie's ,manual ( ,e?ics1 pt4 i4 *4 vii4 ,dewey 9 ,philos4 ,j\rnal1 ,dec41 #ahic4 ,,vi ,,self-,,sacrifice ,i ,! view ( human goodness pres5t$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt] is "o :i* is at pres5t f9d+ rem>kably wide acceptance4 ,philosoph]s are (t5 reproa*$ ) an indisposition to agree1 & naturally :]e inquiry is active div]sity w obta94 ,b to-day !re appe>s a /range unanimity z reg>ds ! ultimate =mula ( e?ics4 ,! empirical s*ools /ate ?is z ! highe/ =m ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce2 ! ideali/ic1 z self-realization4 ,! two are ! same s f> z !y bo? reg>d morality z hav+ to d ) ! developm5t ( life 9 p]sons4 ,^! curi\s be+s1 bo? also ackn[l$ge1 c nev] re/ till !y atta9 a complet5ess n[ incalculable4 ,( c\rse !re is abundant div]sity 9 ! application ( su* =mulae4 ,9 int]pret+ !m we come ^u problems no less urg5t & tangl$ ?an ^? :i* vex$ our fa!rs4 ,:o & :at is a p]son8 ,h[ f> is he deta*able f nature8 ,h[ f> f 8 fell[ m58 ,is 8 individuality an illusion1 & ea* ( u only an imp]fect phase ( a s+le univ]sal be+1 s t 9 /rictness we mu/ own t !re is none good b "o1 t is ,god8 ,^! & k9dr$ que/ions naturally oppress ! ?\ght ( our "t4 ,yet all are b s _m attempts to pu% ! =mula ( self-realization into entire cle>ness4 ,! consid]able agreem5t 9 e?ical =mulae ev]y:]e noticeable %[s t at lea/ s mu* advance has be5 made3 morality has ceas$ to be prim>ily repressive1 & is n[ reg>d$ z ! ample/ exhibit ( human nature1 free f e ext]nal precept1 h[ev] sacr$4 ,man is ! measure ( ! moral univ]se1 & ! developm5t ( himself 8 s+le duty4 ,b :5 we ?us accept self-realization z our supreme aim1 we br+ ourselves into seem+ conflict ) "o ( our pr(\nde/ moral in/9cts4 ,x is self-sacrifice t calls =? f all mank9d1 z no?+ else does1 ! di/9ctively moral response ( rev]5ce4 ,intellig5ce1 skill1 beauty1 le>n+--we admire !m all2 b :5 we see an act ( self-sacrifice1 h[ev] small1 an awe falls on u2 we b[ our heads1 fe>ful t we might n h be5 capable ( any?+ s glori\s4 ,we ?us ackn[l$ge self-sacrifice to be ! v culm9ation ( ! moral life4 ,he :o und]/& x has compreh5d$ all righte\sness1 human & div9e4 ,b h[ does self-sacrifice accord ) self-developm5t8 ,w he :o is busy cultivat+ himself sacrifice himself8 ,is !re n a k9d ( conflict betwe5 ! two8 ,yet c we ab&on ei!r8 ,& if n1 mu/ n ! =mula ( self- realization accept modification8 ,?is1 !n1 is ! problem to :i* ,i mu/ n[ turn3 ! possible adju/m5t ( ^! two imp]ative claims1--! claim to realize "o's self & ! claim to sacrifice "o's self4 ,& ,i %all mo/ easily set my !me be=e my read]s if ,i /ate at once ! f\r hi/oric objections to ! reality ( self-sacrifice4 ,i call !m hi/oric1 = !y h appe>$ & reappe>$ 9 ! hi/ory ( e?ics1 & h be5 work$ out !re on a great scale4 ,:ile n altoge!r consi/5t ) "o ano!r1 no "o ( !m is unimportant4 ,toge!r !y compactly pres5t ^? conflict+ consid]ations :i* mu/ be borne 9 m9d :5 we attempt to compreh5d ! subtleties ( self- sacrifice4 ,i w endeavor to /ate !m briefly & sympa!tically4 ,fir/1 self-sacrifice is psy*ologically impossible4 ,no man ev] p]=ms a /rictly dis9t]e/$ act1 z has be5 %[n 9 my *apt] on self-direction4 ,be=e desire w />t1 8 own int]e/ mu/ be engag$4 ,9 action we seek to accompli% some?+1 & betwe5 t some?+ & ourselves "s sort ( valu$ connection mu/ be felt4 ,e wi% indicates t ! wi%] exp]i5ces a ne$ :i* he ?9ks might be suppli$ by ! object wi%$ =4 ,x is true t wi%es & wills are (t5 direct$ ^u ext]nal objects1 b only because we believe t our own well-be+ is involv$ 9 _! union ) u4 ,i devote myself to my fri5d z my fri5d1 c\nt+ 8 happ9ess & my own insep>able4 ,7 he s entirely a =eign] t ,i _h no int]e/ 9 him1 my sacrifices = him--ev5 if conceivable--w\ld be mean+less4 ,!y acquire mean+ only ?r\gh my s5se ( a tie betwe5 him & me4 ,my s]vice ( him may be reg>d$ z my escape f petty selfi%ness into broad selfi%ness1 f imm$iate ga9 to remote ga94 ,b ! prospect ( ga9 9 "s =m1 proximate or ultimate1 ga9 (t5 ( an impalpable & spiritual sort1 always att5ds my wi% & w4 ,! aim at self-realization1 h[ev] hidd51 is ev]y:]e ! root ( action4 ,no belittlem5t ( ourselves c appe> desirable except z a /ep t[>d ultimate enl>gem5t4 ,self-sacrifice 9 any true & ?or\gh-go+ s5se nev] occurs4 ,s cog5t is ?is objection1 & s frequ5tly does x appe>1 n only 9 e?ical discussion b 9 ! m9ds ( ! /ruggl+ multitude1 t he :o has n fac$ x1 & tak5 its tru? well to he>t1 c h little compreh5sion ( self-sacrifice4 ,b x is a bless$ fact t ?\s&s :o compreh5d self-sacrifice little practise x l>gely4 ,,iii ,a second objection /rips (f ! glory ( self-sacrifice & reg>ds x z a sad necessity4 ,:ile !re is no?+ 9 x to attract or be approv$1 ! lam5table fact is t we are s cr[d$ toge!r & dispos$ to trample on "o ano!r t1 p>tially to escape1 we mu/ ea* agree to abate some?+ ( our own 9 behalf ( a neighbor's ga94 ,we _c ea* be all we w\ld4 ,x is a sign ( our mean e/ate t aga9 & aga9 we ne$ to cut (f sections ( :at we c\nt valuable 9 ord] to save any portion4 ,only by su* compromises are we able to get along ) "o ano!r4 ,he :o refuses !m f9ds himself expos$ to /ill great] loss4 ,! h>d conditions "u :i* we live appe> 9 ! fact t su* re/ra9t is inevitable4 ,i call self- sacrifice1 !re=e1 a sad necessity4 ,?is !ory ( sacrifice is urg$ by ,hobbes & by ! lat] morali/s :o foll[ 8 d>+ lead4 ,x %\ld be c\nt$ among ! objections because1 :ile x admits ! fact ( self-sacrifice1 x d5ies its dignity4 ,,iv ,a ?ird objection decl>es sacrifice to be ne$less4 ,its v appe>ance re/s on a misconception4 ,we mi/ak5ly suppose t 9 abat+ our own = ! sake ( our neighbor's good1 we lose4 ,9 reality ?is is our true mode ( enl>gem5t4 ,! int]e/s ( ! individual & society are n ho/ile or ali51 b supplem5tal4 ,society is no?+ b ! l>g] individual2 s t he alone realizes himself :o ent]s mo/ fully into social relations1 mak+ ! well-be+ ( society 8 own4 ,?is is pla9 en\gh :5 we /udy ! work+ ( a small & compreh5sible portion ( society4 ,! *ild does n lose ?r\gh id5tification ) family life4 ,t is 8 great means ( realiz+ himself4 ,to assume contra/ & antagonism betwe5 family int]e/ & ! int]e/ ( ! *ild is palpably unw>rant$ & untrue4 ,equally unw>rant$ is a simil> assumption 9 ! broad] ranges ( society4 ,:5 we talk ( sacrifice1 we ref] m]ely to ! fir/ /age & out] aspect ( ! act4 ,und]nea?1 self-int]e/ is gu>d$1 ! individual giv+ up 8 individuality only ?r\gh obta9+ a l>g] individuality /ill4 ,su* id5tity ( int]e/ betwe5 society & ! individual ! morali/s ( ! eighte5? c5tury are nev] tir$ ( po9t+ out4 ,if !y are "r1 & ! id5tity is complete1 !n sacrifice is aboli%$ or is only a g5]\s illusion4 ,b ^! m5 nev] q succe$$ 9 p]suad+ ! ,engli% p ( _! doctr9e1 at lea/ !y nev] c>ri$ _! ?\ght fully ov] into ! common m9d4 ,v ,t common m9d has always ?\ght ( sacrifice 9 a widely diff]5t way1 b 9 "o :i* r5d]s x /ill m incompreh5sible4 ,self- sacrifice x reg>ds z a glori\s madness4 ,?\gh ! only act :i* ev] =ces u to b[ 9 rev]5t awe1 x is insolubly my/]i\s1 irrational1 crazy p]haps1 b sup]b4 ,= 9 x we d n delib]ate4 ,we he> a call1 we %ut our e>s to prud5ce1 & ) c\rage\s bl9dness z reg>ds damage ( our own1 we ha/5 headlong to meet ! ne$s ( o!rs4 ,to reckon h]oism1 to c\nt1 up oppos+ ga9s & losses1 balanc+ !m "o aga9/ ano!r 9 ord] cle>-sight$ly to act1 is to r5d] h]oism impossible4 ,into x !re ent]s an elem5t ( insanity4 ,! sacrific] mu/ feel t he c>es no?+ = :at is rational1 b only = :at is holy1 = 8 duty4 ,! rational & ! holy1--9 ! m9d ( him :o has n be5 di/urb$ by !oretic controv]sy ^! two /& 9 h>% anti!sis1 & ! anti!sis has be5 approv$ by important e?ical writ]s ( our "t4 ,! rational man is1 ( c\rse1 ne$$ 9 ! humdrum "w ( life4 ,8 ass]tive & sagaci\s _s cle>s _m a tangl$ pa?way4 ,b he gets no rev]5ce1 ! *>act]i/ic response ( self-sacrifice4 ,?is is res]v$ = him :o says1 ,no prud5ce = me6 ,i w he admirably crazy4 ,let me fl+ myself away1 s only !re come salvation to o!rs4 ,su*1 !n1 are ! f\r massive objections3 self-sacrifice is unreal psy*ologically1 ae/hetically1 morally1 or rationally3 ,b negative consid]ations are n en\gh4 ,no am\nt ( demon/ration ( :at a ?+ is n w ev] reveal :at x is4 ,objections are m]ely ( value = cle>+ a field & m>k+ ! spots on :i* a /ructure _c be re>$4 ,! s]i\s task ( erect+ t /ructure some:]e /ill rema9s4 ,to x ,i n[ address myself4 ,,vi ,:at we ne$ to consid] fir/ is ! reality & wide range ( self- sacrifice4 ,! mom5t ! t]m is m5tion$ !re spr+ up be=e our m9ds c]ta9 typical examples ( x4 ,we see ! soldi] advanc+ t[>d ! battlefield1 to /ake 8 life = a c\ntry 9 ^: prosp]ity he may nev] %>e4 ,we see ! infant fall+ into ! wat]1 & ! full-gr[n man fl++ 9 aft] x 8 own assur$ & valu$ life 9 hopes ( rescu+ t incipi5t & unc]ta9 ?+1 a little *ild4 ,yes1 ,i myself came on a case ( h]oism h>dly less /rik+4 ,i 0 rid+ my bicycle along ! public /reet :5 !re da%$ pa/ me a runaway horse ) a c>riage at 8 heels1 bo? mov+ s madly t ,i ?\ght all ! city 0 9 dang]4 ,i pursu$ z rapidly z ,i c\ld1 & z ,i ne>$ my home1 saw horse & c>riage /&+ by ! sidewalk4 ,by ! horse's head /ood a negro4 ,i w5t up to him & said1 ,did y cat* t horse8 ,yes1 sir1 he answ]$4 ,b1 ,i said1 he 0 go+ at a furi\s pace4 ,yes1 sir4 ,& he might h run y d[n4 ,yes1 sir1 b ,i "k horses1 & ,i 0 afraid he w\ld hurt "s ( ^! *ildr54 ,!re he /ood1 ! big br[n h]o1 unexalt$1 soo?+ ! /ill re/ive horse & unaw>e ( hav+ done any?+ out ( ! ord9>y4 ,i ent]$ my h\se a%am$4 ,_h ,i possess$ su* skill1 w\ld ,i h v5tur$ my life 9 su* a fa%ion8 ,su* are "s ( ! %9+ examples ( self-sacrifice :i* occur to u at ! fir/ m5tion ( ! ^w4 ,b we %all mislead ourselves if we conf9e our ?\ghts to cases s climactic1 triumphant1 & spectacul>4 ,de$s l ^! dazzle & d n invite to full analysis ( _! nature4 ,let u turn to affairs m usual4 ,i h happ5$ to "k intimately memb]s ( ?ree pr(essions-- m9i/]s1 nurses1 tea*]s-& ,i f9d self-sacrifice a matt] ( daily practice ) !m all4 ,to x ! m9i/] is d$icat$4 ,he mu/ n look = ga94 ,he has a sal>y1 ( c\rse2 b x is mu* 9 ! nature ( a fee1 a means ( insur+ him a c]ta9 k9d ( liv+4 ,& :ile x is common en\gh to f9d a m9i/] /udy+ h[ he may make money 9 8 p>i%1 x is common] f> to f9d "o b5t on see+ h[ he c make righte\sness prevail !re1 ?\gh x ov]:elm him4 ,! o!r pr(essions d n s manife/ly aim at self-sacrifice4 ,!y are di/9ctly money-mak+4 ,!y exact a giv5 sum = a giv5 s]vice4 ,/ill1 9 !m too h[ con/antly d we see t t :i* is giv5 f> outruns t :i* is paid =4 ,i h wat*$ pretty closely ! "w ( a doz5 or m tra9$ nurses1 & ,i believe x ,w\ld be h>d to f9d any class 9 ! community %[+ a high] av]age ( e/imable "*4 ,h[ quiet !y are "u ! mo/ irritat+ circum/ances6 ,h[ fully !y p\r !mselves into ! lives ( _! pati5ts6 ,h[ prompt is ! deft h&6 ,h[ consid]ate ! swift intellig5ce6 ,_! he>ts are agl[ ov] :at c be giv51 n ov] :at c be got4 ,a simil> temp] is widely obs]vable among tea*]s1 especially among ^? ( ! l[] grades4 ,paid ?\gh !y are = a c]ta9 task1 h[ indispos$ !y are to limit !mselves to t task or to conf9e _! c>e ( _! *ildr5 to ! s*oolroom6 ,! h>d-work$ creatures acquire an intimate int]e/ 9 ! little lives &1 he$less ( !mselves1 are cont9ually ready to sp5d & be sp5t = ^? :o _c "k :at !y receive4 ,among su* tea*]s ,i f9d self-sacrifice z broad1 z deep1 z g5u9e1 if n s /rik+1 z t ( ! soldi] 9 ! field4 ,evid5tly1 !n1 self-sacrifice may be wide-spread & may p]meate ! in/itutions ( ord9>y life2 be+ f\nd ev5 9 occupations prim>ily ord]$ by pr9ciples ( give & take1 :]e x expresses itself 9 a k9d ( surplusage ( giv+ above :at is prescrib$ 9 ! contract4 ,9 ?is =m x ent]s into trade4 ,! high-m9d$ m]*ant is n conc]n$ m]ely ) gett+ 8 money back f an article sold4 ,he int]e/s himself 9 ! ?or\ghly excell5t quality ( t article1 9 ! accommodation ( 8 cu/om]s1 ! s\ndness ( 8 bus9ess me?ods1 & ! honorable /&+ ( 8 firm4 ,& :5 we turn to our public (ficials1 h[ frequ5t x is--h[ frequ5t 9 spite ( :at ! newspap]s say--to f9d m5 eag] = ! public good1 m5 ready to take labor on !mselves if only ! /ate may be sav$ f co/ & damage6 ,b ,i /ill und]e/imate ! preval5ce ( ! pr9ciple4 ,our in/ances mu/ be homeli] yet4 ,ea* day come petty citations to self- sacrifice :i* are accept$ z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,z ,i walk to my lecture-room somebody /ops me & says1 ,:at is ! way to ,b]keley ,/reet8 ,d ,i reprov+ly answ]1 ,y mu/ h made a mi/ake4 ,i h no int]e/ 9 ,b]keley ,/reet4 ,i ?9k x is y :o are go+ !re1 & :y are y putt+ me to inconv5i5ce m]ely t y may ! m easily f9d y\r way8 ,%\ld ,i answ] s1 he w\ld ?9k & possibly say1 ,!re are /range p 9 ,cambridge1 remot] f human k9d ?an any kn[n else:]e4 ,e "o w\ld feel a/oni%m5t at ! man :o decl9$ to be> 8 little portion ( a neighbor's burd54 ,our commone/ acceptance ( society involves self- sacrifice1 & 9 all our trivial int]c\rse we expect to put ourselves to unrew>d$ inconv5i5ce = ! sake ( o!rs4 ,,vii ,:at ,i h set myself to make pla9 9 ?is s]ies ( grad$ examples is simply ?is3 self-sacrifice is n some?+ exceptional1 some?+ occurr+ at crises ( our lives1 some?+ = :i* we ne$ p]petually to be prep>+ ourselves1 s t :5 ! great occasion comes we may be ready to lay ourselves ^u its alt>4 ,su* romanticism di/orts & obscures4 ,self-sacrifice is an ev]yday affair4 ,by x we live4 ,x is ! v air ( our moral lungs4 ,)\t x society c\ld n g on = an h\r4 ,& t is precisely :y we rev]5ce x s--n = its r>ity1 b = its importance4 ,no?+ else1 ,i suppose1 s in/antly calls on ! behold] = a b[+ ( ! head4 ,ev5 a slight exhibit ( x s5ds ?r\gh ! s5sitive obs]v] a ?rill ( rev]5t abasem5t4 ,o!r acts we may admire2 o!rs we may envy2 ?is we adore4 ,p]haps we are n[ prep>$ to sum up our descriptive acc\nt & ?r[ :at we h obs]v$ into a sort ( def9ition4 ,i mean by self- sacrifice any dim9ution ( my own possessions1 pleasures1 or p[]s1 9 ord] to increase ^? ( o!rs4 ,naturally :at we fir/ ?9k ( is ! p>t+ ) possessions4 ,t is :at ! ^w *>ity mo/ readily sugge/s1 ! giv+ up ( "s physical object own$ by u :i*1 ev5 at ! mom5t ( giv+1 we ourselves desire4 ,b ! gift may be o!r ?an a physical object4 ,:5 ,i w\ld gladly sit1 ,i may /& 9 ! c> = ! sake ( giv+ ano!r ease4 ,b ! greate/ conceivable self-sacrifice is :5 ,i give myself3 :51 t is1 ,i 9 "s way all[ my own p[]s to be n>r[$ 9 ord] t ^? ( "s "o else may be enl>g$4 ,p>5ts are famili> ) su* exquisite *>ity1 p>5ts :o put !mselves to daily h>d%ip because !y want education = _! boys4 ,b !y h no monopoly 9 ?is k9d4 ,i :o /& 9 ! gu>dian%ip ( y\? h frequ5t occasion to miss a favorite pupil1 boy or girl1 :o ?r[s up a college tra9+ & goes home--(t51 9 my judgm5t1 mi/ak5ly--to support1 or m]ely to *e]1 ! family !re4 ,( c\rse su* gifts are incomp>able4 ,no p>t+ ) "o's goods1 no ab&onm5t ( "o's pleasures1 c be measur$ aga9/ !m4 ,yet ?is is :at is go+ on all ov] ! c\ntry :]e devot$ "m1 gallant son1 loyal husb&1 are limit+ _! own range ( exi/5ce = ! sake ( broad5+ t ( c]ta9 :om !y hold de>4 ,,viii ,b :5 we h ?us assembl$ our omnipres5t facts & set !m 9 ord] = cool assessm5t1 ! enigma ( self-sacrifice only appe>s ! m cle>ly4 ,:y %\ld a man sacrifice himself8 ,:y volunt>ily accept loss8 ,ea* ( u has b a s+le life4 ,ea* feels ! pressure ( 8 own ne$s & desires4 ,^! po9t ! way to enl>gem5t4 ,h[1 !n1 c ,i dis9t]e/$ly pref] ano!r's ga98 ,ea* ( u is p5n$ )9 ! range ( 8 solit>y consci\sness1 :i* may be broad5$ or n>r[$ b _c be pass$4 ,x is incumb5t on u1 !re=e1 to /udy our own enri*m5t4 ,anticipat+ :atev] might confirm or crumble our be+1 we %\ld /r5u\sly seize ! "o & reject ! o!r4 ,delib]ately to turn t[>d loss w\ld seem to be crazy4 ,:at %\ld a man accept 9 ex*ange = 8 life8 ,"h is ! difficulty1 a difficulty ( ! pr(\nde/ & mo/ in/ructive sort4 ,if we c\ld see our way cle>ly ?r\gh x1 little 9 e?ics w\ld rema9 obscure4 ,! common mode ( meet+ x is to leave x ?us p>adoxical4 ,self-sacrifice bani%es rationality & is a glori\s madness4 ,b su* a conclusion is a repell5t "o4 ,h[ c x be8 ,reason is man's di/9ctive *>act]i/ic4 ,:ile brutes act bl9dly1 :ile ! punctual physical univ]se m9utely obeys laws ( :i* x kn[s no?+1 usually x is op5 to man to judge ! pa? he w pursue4 ,%all we !n say t1 ?\gh reason is a conv5i5ce 9 all ! l[] /ret*es ( life1 :5 we rea* self-sacrifice1 our s+le awesome height1 x ceases8 ,i _c ?9k s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i hold t 9 self-sacrifice we h a case n ( glori\s madness1 b ( some:at extreme rationality4 ,h[1 !n1 is rational contra/$ ) irrational guidance8 ,z we "h approa* ! c5tral & mo/ difficult "p ( our discussion1 cle>ness w oblige me to ent] into "s detail4 ,:5 a *ild looks at a wat*1 he sees a s+le object4 ,x is some?+ !re1 a some?+ altoge!r deta*$ f 8 consci\sness1 f ! table1 f o!r objects ar\nd4 ,x is a brute fact1 "o s+le ?+1 complete 9 itself4 ,su* is ! *ild's p]ception4 ,b a man ( und]/&+ looks at x diff]5tly4 ,its deta*$ s+l5ess is n to him ! mo/ important tru? 9 reg>d to x4 ,its mean+ mu/ r be f\nd 9 ! relations 9 :i* x /&s1 relations :i*1 seem+ at fir/ to lie outside x1 really ent] into x & make x :at x is4 ,! rational man w\ld accord+ly see x all alive ) ! qualities ( gold1 brass1 /eel1 ! metals ( :i* x is compos$4 ,he w\ld f9d x incompreh5sible ap>t f ! m9d ( its mak]1 & w\ld n reg>d t m9d & wat* z two ?+s1 b z matt]s ess5tially relat$4 ,inde$1 ^! relations w\ld run wid] /ill1 & reason w\ld n re/ satisfi$ until ! wat* 0 unit$ to "t itself1 to ! v framework ( ! univ]se4 ,ap>t f ?is x w\ld be mean+less4 ,9 %ort1 if a man compreh5ds ! wat* 9 a rational way he mu/ compreh5d x 9 :at may he call$ a conjunct way4 ,! *ild might picture x z ab/ract & s+le1 b x c\ld really be kn[n only 9 connection ) all t exi/s4 ,( c\rse we pause f> %ort ( su* full k4 ,our reason _c /ret* to ! inf9ity ( ?+s4 ,b j s f> z relations c be trac$ betwe5 ?is object & all o!r objects1 s mu* ! m rational does ! k ( ! wat* become4 ,rationality is ! compreh5d+ ( any?+ 9 its relations4 ,! p]ceptive1 isolat$ view is irrational4 ,b if ?is is true ( s simple a matt] z a wat*1 x is d\bly true ( a complex human be+4 ,! *ild imag9es he c compreh5d a p]son too 9 isolation1 b rational prov]b-mak]s long ago told u1 ,"o p]son1 no p]son4 ,ea* p]son mu/ be conceiv$ z ti$ 9 ) all 8 fell[s4 ,we h se5 h[ 9 ! case ( ! wat* we 7 almo/ oblig$ to ab&on ! ?\ght ( a s+le object & to speak ( x z a k9d ( c5tre ( con/itutive relations4 ,a plexus ( ties runs 9 e direction1 & :]e ^! cross !re is ! wat*4 ,s x is among human be+s4 ,if we try = a mom5t to conceive a p]son z s+le & deta*$1 we %all f9d he w\ld h no p[]s to ex]cise4 ,no emotions w\ld be 81 :e!r ( love or hate1 = !y imply objects to ar\se !m1 no occupations ( civiliz$ life1 = ^! involve mutual dep5d5cy4 ,f spee* he w\ld be cut (f1 if !re 7 nobody to speak to2 nor w\ld any su* in/rum5t z language be ready = 8 use1 if ance/ors _h n coop]at$ 9 its con/ruction4 ,8 v ?\ghts w\ld become a mean+less s]ies ( impressions if !y indicat$ no reality beside !mselves4 ,s empty w\ld be t fiction1 ! s+le & isolat$ individual4 ,! real creature1 rational & conjunct man1 is he :o /&s 9 liv+ relation%ip ) 8 fell[s1 !y be+ a v]itable "p ( him & he ( !m4 ,man is ess5tially a social be+1 n a be+ :o happ5s to be liv+ 9 society4 ,society ent]s into 8 inmo/ fibre1 & ap>t f society he is n4 ,yet ?is does n mean t society1 any m ?an ! individual1 has an indep5d5t exi/5ce1 prior1 complete1 & au?oritative4 ,:at w\ld society be1 p>t$ f ! individuals :o compose x8 ,no m ?an an individual :o does n embody social relation%ips4 ,! two are mutual conceptions1 diff]5t aspects ( ! same ?+4 ,we may view a p]son ab/ractly1 fix+ att5tion on 8 s+le c5tre ( consci\sness2 or we may view him conjunctly1 att5d+ to 8 multif>i\s ties4 ,n[ :at is di/9ctive ( self-sacrifice is t x insi/s 9 a some:at extreme way on ?is second & rational mode ( reg>d4 ,x is a frank confession ( int]lock+ lives4 ,x says1 ,i h no?+ to d ) ! ab/ract1 isolat$1 & f9ite self4 ,t is a matt] ( no consequ5ce4 ,:at ,i c>e ab\t is ! conjunct1 social1 & inf9ite self--t self :i* is insep>able f o!rs4 ,:]e t calls1 ,i s]ve4 ,! self-sacrific+ p]son kn[s no int]e/ ( 8 own sep>ate f ^? ( 8 fa!r & "m1 8 wife & *ildr54 ,he _c ask :at is good = himself & set x 9 contra/ ) :at is good = !m4 ,= 8 own broad] exi/5ce is pres5t$ 9 ^! de> memb]s ( 8 family4 ,& su* a man1 s f> f be+ mad1 is wise z few ( u are4 ,glori\s inde$ is ! self- sacrific]1 because he is s sane1 because 9 him all pett9ess & deta*m5t are swept away4 ,he appe>s mad only to ^? :o /& at ! opposite po9t ( view1 b 9 8 eyes x is !y :o are ridicul\s4 ,9 fact1 ea* mu/ be c\nt$ crazy or wise accord+ to ! view we take ( :at con/itutes ! real p]son4 ,i rememb] a /ory curr5t 9 our newspap]s dur+ ! ,civil ,w>4 ,j be=e a battle1 an (fic] ( our army1 kn[+ ( :at consequ5ce x 0 t 8 regim5t %\ld hold its gr\nd1 ha/5$ to ! re> to see t none ( 8 m5 7 /raggl+4 ,he met a c[>dly fell[ try+ to rega9 ! camp4 ,turn+ ^u him 9 a passion ( disgu/1 he said1 ,:at6 ,d y c\nt y\r mis]able little life wor? m ?an t ( ?is great army8 ,wor? m to me1 sir1 ! man repli$4 ,h[ s5sible6 ,h[ entirely j f 8 own po9t ( view1 t ( ! isolat$ self6 ,tak+ only ?is into acc\nt1 he 0 b a moral *ild1 incapable ( compreh5d+ any?+ s difficult z a conjunct self4 ,he imag9$ t c\ld he b save ?is eat+1 brea?+1 feel+ self1 no matt] if ! c\ntry 7 lo/1 he w\ld be a ga9]4 ,:at folly6 ,:at w\ld exi/5ce be wor? outside ! total int]-relation%ip ( human be+s call$ 8 l&8 ,b ?is fact he c\ld n p]ceive4 ,to risk 8 sep>ate self 9 su* a cause seem$ absurd4 ,turn = a mom5t & see h[ absurd ! sep>ate self appe>s f ! po9t ( view ( ! conjunct4 ,:5 our ,"l hung ^u ! cross1 ! je]+ soldi]s %\t$1 ,he sav$ o!rs1 himself he _c save4 ,no1 he c\ld n2 & 8 inability seem$ to !m ridicul\s1 :ile x 0 9 reality 8 glory4 ,8 true self he 0 sav+--himself & all mank9d--! only self he valu$4 ,,ix ,n[ x is ?is /range complexity ( our be+1 compell+ u to view ourselves 9 bo? a sep>ate & a conjunct way1 :i* creates all ! difficulty 9 ! problem ( self-sacrifice4 ,b ,i d>e say t :5 ,i h ?us %[n ! reality & wor? ( ! conjunct self1 x w be felt t self-sacrifice is altoge!r illusory2 = :ile x seems to produce loss1 x is 9 fact ! avoidance ( :at entails littl5ess4 ,s says ,em]son3-- ,let love rep9e & reason *afe1 ,!re came a voice )\t reply3 ',t is man's p]dition to be safe ,:5 = ! tru? he ought to die4 ,h we n1 !n1 by expla9+ ! rationality ( self-sacrifice1 expla9$ away ! :ole matt] & practically id5tifi$ x ) self-culture8 ,!re is plausibility 9 ?is view--& x has (t5 be5 ma9ta9$--b n complete tru?4 ,= evid5tly ! emotions excit$ by culture & sacrifice are directly antagoni/ic4 ,t[>d a man pursu+ ! aim ( culture we exp]i5ce a feel+ ( approval1 n unmix$ ) suspicion1 b we give him none ( t rev]5t adoration :i* is ! prop] response to sacrifice4 ,& if ! feel+s ( ! behold] are contra/$1 s also are ! psy*ological processes ( ! p]=m]4 ,! man ( culture />ts ) a s5se ( defect :i* he seeks to supplem5t2 ! sacrific]1 ) a s5se ( fullness :i* he seeks to empty4 ,he :o turns to self-culture says1 ,i h progress$ ?us f>4 ,i h ga9$ ?us mu* ( :at ,i w\ld acquire4 ,b /ill ,i am poor4 ,i ne$ m4 ,let me ga!r z abundantly z possible on e side4 ,b ! ?\ght ( him :o turns to self- sacrifice is1 ,i h be5 ga9+1 b ,i only ga9$ to give4 ,"h is my opportunity4 ,let me p\r out z l>gely z ,i may4 ,he contemplates f9al impov]i%m5t4 ,accord+ly ,i 0 oblig$ to say 9 my def9ition t ! self-sacrific] seeks to height5 ano!r's possessions1 pleasures1 or p[]s at ! co/ ( 8 own4 ,und\bt$ly at ! end ( ! process he (t5 f9ds himself ri*] ?an at ! beg9n+4 ,p]haps ?is is ! normal result2 b x is n contemplat$4 ,psy*ologically ! sacrific] is fac+ 9 a diff]5t direction4 ,x ,yet1 ?\gh ! motive ag5cies ( ! two are ?us contra/$1 ,i ?9k we mu/ ackn[l$ge t sacrifice no less ?an culture is a p[]ful =m ( self-ass]tion4 ,to miss ?is is to miss its ess5tial "*1 & at ! same "t to miss ! safegu>ds :i* %\ld protect x aga9/ wa/e4 ,= to say1 ,i w sacrifice myself is to leave ! important "p ( ! bus9ess unexpress$4 ,! weighty matt] is 9 ! cov]t preposition =4--,i w sacrifice myself =1 ,an approv$ object is aim$ at4 ,we are n prim>ily int]e/$ 9 negat+ ourselves4 ,only our e/imate ( ! importance ( ! object ju/ifies our int5d$ loss4 ,?is object %\ld accord+ly be scrut9iz$4 ,self-sacrifice is noble if its end is noble1 b become repreh5sible :5 its object is petty or undes]v+4 ,omit or ov]look t ^w =1 & self-sacrifice loses its exalt$ "*4 ,x s9ks into asceticism1 "o (t5 mo/ degrad+ ( moral ab]rations4 ,9 asceticism we prize self-sacrifice = its own sake4 ,we hunt out :at we value mo/2 we judge :at w\ld mo/ completely fulfill our ne$s2 & !n we aboli% x4 ,aboli% x = :at8 ,= no?+ b ! m]e sake ( aboli%+4 ,?is is to turn morality upside d[n2 & 9 place ( ! ,*ri/ian ideal ( ab\nd+ life1 to set up ! pessimi/ic aim ( impov]i%m5t4 ,!re is no?+ ( ?is k9d 9 self-sacrifice4 ,"h we ass]t ourselves1 our conjunct selves4 ,we e/imate :at w be be/ = ! community ( man & seek to fur!r ?is at :atev] co/ to our isolat$ individuality4 ,by ?is d$ication to a des]v+ object sacrifice is purifi$1 ennobl$1 & made /rong4 ,we speak ( ! glori\s de$ ( him :o plunges into ! wat] to save a *ild4 ,b x is a fooli% & immoral ?+ to risk "o's life = a /one1 a co91 or no?+ at all4 ,is ! object des]v+8 we mu/ ask1 or %all ,i res]ve myself = great] ne$8 ,too easily does our sympa!tic & s5tim5tal age1 recklessly eulogi/ic ( altruism1 hurry into self-sacrifice4 ,altruism 9 itself is wor?less4 ,t an act is unselfi% c nev] ju/ify its p]=mance4 ,he :o w\ld be a great giv] mu/ fir/ be a great p]son4 ,our m51 & /ill m our wom51 ne$ z urg5tly ! gospel ( self-developm5t z t ( self-sacrifice2 ?\gh ! two are naturally supplem5tal4 ,our only means ( e/imat+ ! propriety & dignity ( sacrifice is to inquire h[ closely connect$ ) ourselves is its object4 ,until we c ju/ify ?is connection1 we h no "r to incur x1 = g5u9e sacrifice is always an act ( self- ass]tion4 ,9 sav+ 8 regim5t & contribut+ 8 %>e t[>d sav+ 8 c\ntry1 ! soldi] ass]ts 8 own int]e/s4 ,he is a good soldi] 9 proportion z he feels ^! int]e/s to be 82 :ile ! des]t] is condemn$1 n = refus+ to give 8 life to an ali5 c\ntry & regim5t1 b because he 0 small en\gh to imag9e t ^! great con/itu5ts ( himself 7 ali54 ,i tell ! man on ! /reet ! way home because ,i _c "p 8 bewild]m5t f my own4 ,! problem always is1 ,:at may ,i suitably reg>d z m9e8 ,& 9 solv+ x1 we %\ld /udy z c>efully t = :i* we propose to sacrifice ourselves z any?+ :i* we might seek to obta94 ,triviality or lack ( p]man5t consequ5ce is z objectionable 9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r4 ,! only safe rule is t self-sacrifice is self-ass]tion1 is a judgm5t z reg>ds :at we w\ld welcome to be a portion ( our conjunct self4 ,p]haps an extreme case w %[ ?is mo/ cle>ly4 ,jesus pray$1 ,n my w1 b ?9e1 be done4 ,he did n !n lose 8 w4 ,he ass]t$ & obta9$ x4 ,= 8 w 0 t ! div9e w %\ld be fulfill$1 & fulfill$ x 04 ,he set aside "o =m ( 8 w1 8 private & isolat$ w1 kn[+ x to be delusive4 ,b 8 true or conjunct w--& he knew x to be 8 true "o--he abundantly obta9$4 ,x is no wond]1 !n1 t 9 expla9+ ^! ?+s to 8 disciples he says1 ,my meat x is to d ! w ( my ,fa!r4 ,t is always ! language ( g5u9e self-sacrifice4 ,! act is n complete until ! s5se ( loss has disappe>$4 ,,xi ,yet :ile ,i hold t self-sacrifice is ?us ! v extreme ( rationality1 gr\nd+ z x does all wor? 9 ! relational or conjunct selfhood1 ,i _c disguise f myself t x conta9s an elem5t ( trag$y too4 ,?is my read]s w already h felt & w h begun to rebel aga9/ my insi/5ce t self-sacrifice is ! fulfillm5t ( our be+4 ,= ?\gh x is true t :5 opposition arises betwe5 ! conjunct & sep>ate selves our l>ge/ safety is ) ! =m]1 ! v fact t su* opposition is possible involves trag$y4 ,"o "p ( ! nature becomes array$ aga9/ ano!r4 ,we mu/ die to live4 ,our l[] goods are f\nd incompatible ) our high]4 ,pleasure1 com=t1 prop]ty1 fri5ds1 possibly life itself1 h become ho/ile to our m inclusive aims & mu/ be ca/ aside4 ,x is true t :5 ! tragic anti!sis is pres5t$ & we c rea* our high] goods only by loss ( ! l[]1 hesitation is ru94 ,x is true too t on acc\nt ( t elem5t ( self-ass]tion to :i* ,i h drawn1 att5tion1 ! g5u9e sacrific] is ord9>ily unaw>e ( any su* trag$y4 ,b none ! less trag$y is !re4 ,to suppose x abs5t w\ld /rip sacrifice ( :at we reg>d z mo/ *>act]i/ic4 ,nor c we pause "h4 ,^? :o w\ld call self-sacrifice a glori\s madness h /ill fur!r ju/ification4 ,a leap into ! d>k we mu/ at lea/ admit x to be1 ,= trace x rationally z f> z we may1 !re always rema9s unc]ta9ty at ! close4 ,!re is1 = example1 unc]ta9ty ab\t ultimate results4 ,! "m toil+ = h] *ild1 & neglect+ = its sake mo/ ( :at w\ld r5d] h] own life ri*1 c nev] "k t ?is *ild w gr[ up to p[]4 ,! day may come :5 %e w wi% x _h di$ 9 *ildhood4 ,! glory ( h] action is b\nd up ) ?is d>kness4 ,7 ! soldi]1 m>*+ to ! field1 sure t 8 side w\ld be victori\s1 he w\ld be only half a h]o4 ,! consequ5ces ( self-sacrifice c nev] be c]ta91 =ese51 calculable4 ,!re mu/ be risk4 ,omit x1 & ! sacrifice disappe>s4 ,inde$ no?+ 9 life :i* calls =? high admiration is free f ?is t\* ( fai? & c\rage1 ?is movem5t into ! unkn[n4 ,x is at ! v he>t ( self-sacrifice4 ,b besides ! unkn[n "* ( ! result !re is usually unc]ta9ty z reg>ds ! co/4 ,! sacrific] does n give accord+ to measure4 ,i d n say ,i w att5d to ?is sick p]son up to su* & su* a po9t1 b :5 t po9t is rea*$ ,i %all h done en\gh4 ,?is w\ld h>dly be self-sacrifice4 ,i r say1 ,"h ,i am4 ,take me1 use me to ! full1 sp5d ( me :atev] y ne$4 ,h[ mu* t w be1 ,i d n "k4 ,s !re is an elem5t ( d>kness 9 ourselves4 ,& possibly ,i ought to m5tion a ?ird v>iety ( ^! incalculabilities ( sacrifice4 ,we d n plan ! case4 ,a :ile ago1 meet+ a lit]>y man ^: product is ( mu* consequ5ce to ! community & himself1 ,i ask$ him h[ 8 book 0 com+ on4 ,badly1 he answ]$4 ,j n[ an ag$ relative has fall5 ill4 ,!re is no o!r place :]e %e c be prop]ly dispos$1 & s %e has be5 br\ght to my h\se4 ,i mu/ c>e = h]1 my home w be mu* brok5 up1 & my "w mu/ be set aside4 ,i said1 ,is t y\r duty8 ,h y n a m important obligation to y\r book8 ,b he answ]$1 ,"o _c *oose a duty4 ,i did n fully agree4 ,i ?9k we %\ld c>efully weigh duties1 ev5 if we d n *oose !m4 ,morality w\ld o!rwise become ! sport ( accid5t4 ,b ,i p]ceive t 9 ! la/ analysis no duty is made by ourselves4 ,x is giv5 u by some?+ m au?oritative ?an we1 some?+ :i* we _c alt]1 fully e/imate1 or )\t damage evade4 ,necessity is laid ^u u1 sometimes an invad+ necessity4 ,we are walk+ our well-ord]$ pa?1 pursu+ "s de> aims1 :5 h>% be=e u /&s a wait+ duty1 bidd+ u lay aside t 9 :i* we are engag$ & take x4 ,i h said ,i believe a degree ( scrut9y is ne$ful "h4 ,we %\ld ask1 :at =8 ,we %\ld correlate ! new duty ) ^? already pl$g$4 ,& probably an int]rupt+ duty is less (t5 ! "o x is well to foll[ ?an "o :i* has _h some?+ ( our "t & c>e4 ,few fre% calls c h ! weighty claim ( loyalty to obligation already incurr$4 ,b1 aft] all1 t on :i* we f9ally decide has n sprung f our own wi%es4 ,x subjects ^? wi%es to itself4 ,/&+ ov] aga9/ u1 x summons u to d its bidd+1 & all[s u no m to be our own self-direct$ ma/]s4 ,,xii ,summ+ up1 !n1 ! j>r+ *>act]i/ics ( self-sacrifice1--its frequ5cy1 rationality1 ass]tiv5ess1 ne>ness to self--culture2 yes1 & its d>k] traits ( risk1 immeasurability1 & au?oritativ5ess1 --does x n beg9 to appe> t ,i h be5 call+ x by a wrong "n8 ,self-sacrifice is a negative t]m4 ,x lays /ress on ! ?\ght t ,i set myself aside1 become 9 "s way less ?an ,i 0 be=e4 ,& no d\bt ?r\gh all ?is intricate discussion c]ta9 belittlem5ts h be5 ackn[l$g$1 ?\gh ^! h also be5 %[n to lie along ! pa? ( l>g5ess4 ,!re are1 !re=e1 9 self-sacrifice bo? negative & positive elem5ts4 ,b :y select its "n f ! subord9ate "p8 ,:y turn to ! front its incid5tal negations8 ,?is is topsy-turvy nom5clature4 ,bett] blot ! ^w self-sacrifice f our diction>ies4 ,devotion1 s]vice1 love1 d$ication to a cause1 --^! words m>k its real nature & are ! only descriptions ( x :i* its practic]s w recognize4 ,t damage to ! ab/ract self :i* *iefly impresses ! outsid] is some?+ ( :i* ! sacrific] is h>dly aw>e4 ,h[ exquisitely a/oni%$ are ! m5 9 ! p>able :5 call$ to receive rew>d = _! g5]\s gifts6 ,"l1 :5 saw we !e an hung]$ & f$ !e1 or ?ir/y & gave !e dr9k8 ,:5 saw we !e sick or 9 prison & came unto !e8 ,!y ?\ght !y _h only be5 foll[+ _! own desires4 ,p]haps ! mo/ admirable case ( self-sacrifice is t 9 :i* no s+le p]son appe>s :o is pr(it$ by our loss4 ,! s*ol>1 ! arti/1 ! sci5tific man d$icate !mselves to ! int]e/s ( undiff]5tiat$ humanity4 ,!y s]ve _! undeciph]able race1 n kn[+ :o w obta9 ga9s ?r\gh _! toils4 ,9 _! sublime b5efactions !y /udy ! wants ( no individual p]son1 n ev5 ( !mselves4 ,yet1 turn to a man ( ?is type & try to call 8 att5tion to ! privations he endures1 & :at w be 8 answ]8 ,i h no coat8 ,i h no d9n]8 ,i h little money8 ,p d n honor me z !y honor o!rs8 ,yes1 ,i believe ,i lack ^! trifles4 ,b ?9k :at ,i possess6 ,?is great subject2 or r1 x possesses me4 ,& x %all h ( me :atev] x requires4 ,9 su* s]vice ( ! absolute is f\nd ! highe/ expression ( self-sacrifice1 ( social s]vice1 ( self-realization4 ,! doctr9e t ?\gh union ) a reason & righte\sness n exclusively our own ea* ( u may h\rly be r5ew$ is ! v he>t ( e?ics4 ,,xiii ,i h attempt$ to cut out a cle> pa? ?r\gh an e?ical jungle ov]gr[n ) ! exub]ance ( human life4 ,i h n succe$$1 & x is probably impossible to succe$4 ,9 ! subject itself !re is p>adox4 ,conflict+ elem5ts ent] into ! v con/itution ( a p]son4 ,to trace !m ev5 imp]fectly "o mu/ be pati5t ( ref9em5ts1 accessible to qualifications1 & ev] ready to admit ! opposite ( :at has be5 labori\sly e/abli%$4 ,we all desire ?r\gh /udy to w9 a swift simplicity4 ,b nature abhors simplicity3 %e complicates2 %e =ces ^? :o w\ld "k to take pa9s1 to proce$ cauti\sly1 & to feel _! way along f po9t to po9t4 ,?is ,i h tri$ to d2 & ,i believe t ! inquiry1 ?\gh intricate1 prim>ily sci5tific1 & only p>tially successful1 ne$ n altoge!r lack practical consequ5ce4 ,our age is bewild]$ betwe5 h]oism & gre$4 ,to ea* x is drawn m p[]fully ?an any age prec$+4 ,nei!r ( ! two does x q compreh5d4 ,if we c r5d] ! nobl] some:at m intelligible1 we may increase ! confid5ce ( ^? :o n[1 half-a%am$1 foll[ its glori\s b bl9dly compulsive call4 ,,ref]5ces ,,on ,,self-,,sacrifice ,sp5c]'s ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics1 pt4 i4 *4 xi41 xii4 ,bradley's ,appe>ance & ,reality1 p4 #dad-dbi4 ,pauls5's ,e?ics1 bk4 ii4 *4 #f4 ,wundt's ,facts ( ! ,moral ,life1 *4 iii41 ,section #d 7g74 ,sidgwick's ,me?ods1 conclud+ *apt]4 ,kidd's ,social ,evolution1 *4 #e4 ,s4 ,bryant 9 ,j\rnal ( ,e?ics1 ,apr4 #ahic4 ,bradley 9 ,j\rnal ( ,e?ics1 ,oct4 #ahid4 ,mack5zie1 9 ,j\rnal ( ,e?ics1 ,apr4 #ahie4 ,,vii ,,nature ,,& ,,_s ,i ,at ?is culm9ation ( our long discussion1 a discussion mu* confus$ by its necess>y mass ( details1 x may be well to pause a mom5t1 to fix att5tion on ! great l9es along :i* we h be5 mov+1 & to m>k ! po9ts on :i* !y appe> to conv]ge4 ,we h reg>d$ goodness z divid$ into two v unequal p>ts4 ,! fir/ two *apt]s treat$ ( goodness 9 g5]al1 a species :i* be+ %>$ alike by p]sons & ?+s is 9 no s5se di/9ctive ( p]sons4 ,! la/ f\r *apt]s h be5 giv5 to ! m complex task ( explor+ ! goodness ( p]sons4 ,9 ?+s we f\nd t goodness consi/s 9 hav+ _! manifold p>ts drawn into integral :ol5ess4 ,& ?is is true also ( p]sons4 ,b ! modes ( organization 9 ! two cases 7 s unlike z to require long elucidation4 ,our conclusion w\ld seem to be t :ile goodness is ev]y:]e expressive ( organization1 p]sonal conduct is good only :5 consci\sly organiz$1 guid$1 & aim$ at ! developm5t ( a social self4 ,we h se5 h[ self-consci\sness lies at ! f\ndation ( p]sonality1 %>ply discrim9at+ p]sons f ?+s4 ,we h se5 too t :]ev] x is pres5t1 ! p]son curi\sly directs himself1 pass+ ?r\gh all ! v>ieties ( purposive activity :i* 7 catalogu$ 9 ! *apt] on self- direction4 ,b su* activity implies a be+ ( v>iable1 n ( fix$ p[]s1 a be+ accord+ly capable ( enl>gem5t1 & ) possibilities 9 him :i* e mom5t r5d]s real4 ,?is progressive realization ( himself1 ?is developm5t1 he--s f> z he is good-- consci\sly conducts4 ,& f9ally we f\nd 9 ! p]son ! /range fact t he conceives ( 8 good self z ess5tially 9 conjunction ) 8 fell[ man1 & recognizes t p>t$ (f & 9 sep>ate ab/ractness he is no p]son at all4 ,accord+ly p]sonal organization1 direction1 enl>gem5t1 conjunction4 ,"u our analysis two anti!tic worlds em]ge1 a _w ( nature & ( _s1 ! =m] guid$ by bl9d =ces1 ! latt] self-manag$4 ,unlike spiritual be+s1 natural objects are "u ali5 control2 h n ! p[] ( developm5t1 & :5 br\ght into close conjunction ) o!rs are liable to disruption4 ,,ii ,accept+ ?is vital di/9ction1 we see t ! "w ( spiritual man w consi/ 9 progressively subjugat+ :atev] natural p[]s he f9ds )9 him & )\t1 r5d]+ !m all expressive ( self-consci\s purpose4 = we m5 are n altoge!r spiritual2 9 u two elem5ts meet4 ,our spirituality is sup]pos$ on a natural basis4 ,l ?+s1 we h our natural aptitudes1 bl9d t5d5cies1 e/abli%$ functions ( body & m9d4 ,^! are all s]viceable & organic2 b to become spiritual all ne$ to be r$eem$1 or drawn ov] into ! field ( consci\sness1 :]e our special /amp may be set ^u !m4 ,:5 we speak ( a good act1 we mean an act :i* %[s ! results ( su* r$emption1 "o ^: e "p has be5 /udi$ 9 relation to e o!r "p1 & has ?us be5 made to be> our own image & sup]scription4 ,& ?is is ess5tially ! ,*ri/ian ideal1 t _s %all be "l ( nature4 ,i ought to reject my natural life1 acc\nt+ x n my life at all4 ,until %ap$ by myself1 x is m]ely my opportunity = life1 mat]ial furni%$1 out ( :i* my true & consci\s life may be con/ruct$4 ,widely is ?is contra/$ ) ! pagan conceptions1 :]e man appe>s ) p[]s z fix$ z ! ?+s ar\nd him4 ,inde$1 9 _m =ms ( paganism !re is no di/9ction betwe5 p]sons & ?+s4 ,!y are bl5d$4 ,& su* bl5d+ usually op]ates to ! disp>agem5t ( ! p]son2 = ?+s be+ m num]\s1 & _! laws m urg5t1 ! p[]s ( man become lo/ 9 ^? ( nature4 ,or if di/9ction is made1 & m5 9 "s dim fa%ion become aw>e t !y are diff]5t f ?+s1 /ill x is ! t5d5cy ( paganism to subord9ate p]son to nature4 ,! *ild is sacrific$ to ! sun4 ,! sun is n ?\ght ( z exi/+ = ! *ild4 ,f ! ,*ri/ian po9t ( view ev]y?+ seems turn$ upside d[n4 ,man is absorb$ 9 natural =ces1 natural =ces are rev]5c$ z div9e1 & self-consci\sness--if notic$ at all--is reg>d$ z an imp]t95t accid5t4 ,9 ! ,*ri/ian ideal all ?is is rev]s$4 ,man is call$ to be ma/] ( himself1 & !re=e ( all else4 ,! _m beautiful adju/m5ts ( ! natural _w are ?\ght to possess dignity only s f> z !y accept ! consci\s purposes put by u 9 _! keep+4 ,& 9 man himself goodness is held to exi/ only 9 proportion z 8 conduct expresses fullness ( self-consci\sness1 fullness ( direction1 & fullness ( consci\s conjunction ) o!r p]sons4 ,i d n see h[ we c escape ?is conclusion4 ,! c>eful argum5tation ?r\gh :i* ! previ\s *apt]s h br\ght u obliges u to c\nt conduct valuable 9 proportion z x be>s ! impress ( self-consci\s m9d4 ,,iii ,yet x mu/ be own$ t dur+ ! la/ few c5turies d\bts h aris5 ab\t ! ju/ice ( ?is ,*ri/ian ideal4 ,! simple conception ( a _w ( _s & a _w ( nature array$ aga9/ ea* o!r1 ! "o ( !m exactly :at ! o!r is n1 ! _w ( _s ! sup]ior1 ! _w ( nature to be fr[n$ on1 us$ possibly1 b always 9 subord9ation to spiritual purposes1--?is view1 dom9ant z x 0 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 & /ill l>gely influ5tial1 has be5 /eadily fall+ into disrepute4 ,!re is ev5 a t5d5cy 9 pres5t e/imates to rev]se ! anci5t valuation & all[ sup]iority to nature4 ,su* a trans=mation is /rik+ly evid5t 9 ^? s5sitive record]s ( human ideals1 ! ,f9e ,arts4 ,let u see :at at diff]5t times !y h judg$ be/ wor?y ( record4 ,e>ly pa9t+ dealt ) man alone1 or r ) p]sons2 = p]sonality 9 its transc5d5t =ms--sa9ts1 angels1 ,god himself-- 0 usually pref]r$ above little man4 ,except ! spiritual1 no?+ 0 reg>d$ z ( consequ5ce4 ,! pr9ciple ( e>ly pa9t+ might be summ$ 9 ! pr\d say+1 ,on e>? !re is no?+ great b man2 9 man !re is no?+ great b m9d4 ,x is true :5 man is ?us deta*$ f nature he h>dly appe>s to advantage or 9 8 appropriate sett+4 ,b ! e>ly pa9t]s w\ld tol]ate no?+ natural ne> _! spl5did p]sons4 ,!y cov]$ _! backgr\nds ) gild+1 s t a glory surr\nd$ ! entire figure1 ?r[+ out ! p]sonality %>p & /rong4 ,no?+ broke its effect4 ,b aft] all1 "o comes to see t we inhabit a _w2 nature is cont9ually ab\t u1 & man really %[s 8 em95ce mo/ fully :5 /&+ dom9ant ov] nature4 ,e>ly pa9t+1 accord+ly1 began to set 9 a little l&scape ar\nd ! human figures1 contra/+ ! p]son ) t :i* 0 n himself4 ,b an indep5d5t int]e/ c\ld n fail to spr+ up 9 ^! accessories4 ,by degrees ! l&scape is elaborat$ & ! figure subord9at$4 ,! figure is !re by prescription1 ! l&scape because p enjoy x4 ,nature beg9s to ass]t h] claims2 & man1 ! em95t & wor?y repres5tative ( old ideals1 retires f 8 anci5t prom95ce4 ,:5 ! ,r5aissance revolt$ aga9/ ! tea*+s ( ! m$iaeval *ur*1 ! disposition to return to nature 0 insol5tly /rong4 ,natural impulses 7 glorifi$1 ! physical _w attract$ att5tion1 & ev5 began to be /udi$4 ,hi!rto x _h be5 ?\ght des]v+ ( /udy only because 9 a few respects x 0 able to m9i/] to man4 ,b 9 ! ,r5aissance m5 /udi$ x = its own sake4 ,gradually ! di/9ction betwe5 man & nature grew fa9t1 s t a k9d ( pan!ism arose 9 :i* a g5]al p[]1 at once natural & spiritual1 appe>$ z ! rul] ( all4 ,we individual m5 em]ge = a mom5t f ?is great c5tral p[]1 ultimately relaps+ into x4 ,nature _h acquir$ coord9ate1 if n sup]ior1 rights4 ,yet ! full expression ( ?is indep5d5t int]e/ 9 nature is m rec5t ?an is usually obs]v$4 ,l&scape pa9t+ goes back b little beyond ! ye> sixte5 hundr$4 ,x is only two or ?ree c5turies ago t pa9t]s discov]$ ! physical _w to be wor?y ( repres5tation = its own sake4 ,z ! wor? ( nature ?us became v9dicat$ 9 pa9t+1 p>allel *anges 7 wr\ght 9 ! o!r arts4 ,arts less di/9ctly rational began to ass]t !mselves1 & ev5 to take ! lead4 ,! art mo/ *>act]i/ic ( mod]n times1 ! "o :i* mo/ widely & poignantly appeals to u1 is music4 ,b 9 music we are n di/9ctly consci\s ( a mean+4 ,mo/ ( u 9 li/5+ to music =get ourselves "u its lull+ *>ms1 ab&on ourselves to its spell1 & by x are swept away1 p]haps to ! inf9ite1 p]haps to an oblit]ation ( all cle> ?\ght4 ,is x n l>gely because we are s h>d press$ "u ! anxi\s conditions ( mod]n life t music becomes su* an enorm\s solace & /r5g?8 ,i d n say t no o!r factors h contribut$ to ! vogue ( music1 b c]ta9ly x is widely priz$ z an effective means ( escape f ourselves4 ,music too1 ?\gh e>ly kn[n 9 calm & elem5t>y =ms1 has )9 ! la/ two c5turies be5 develop$ into almo/ a new art4 ,( all ! arts poetry is ! mo/ /rik+ly rational & articulate4 ,its mat]ial is pla9 ?\ght1 pla9 words4 ,we employ 9 x ! app>atus ( consci\s life4 ,poetry 0 !re=e conc]n$ 9 e>ly times entirely ) ?+s ( ! _s4 ,x dealt ) p]sons1 & ) !m alone4 ,x celebrat$ epic actions1 record$ sagaci\s judgm5ts1 or utt]$ 9 lyric song emotions prim>ily felt by an individual1 yet int]pret+ ! common lot ( man4 ,b !re has occurr$ a great *ange 9 poetry too1 a *ange notable dur+ ! la/ c5tury b initiat$ long be=e4 ,poetry has be5 gr[+ naturali/ic1 & is to-day dispos$ to reject all sev]ance ( body & _s4 ,! great nature movem5t :i* we associate ) ! names ( ,c[p]1 ,burns1 & ,wordswor?1 has )drawn man's att5tion f consci\s responsibility1 & has taught him to adore bl9d & va/ =ces :i* he _c fully compreh5d4 ,we all "k ! refre%m5t & ! deep5+ ( life :i* ?is my/ic new poetry has br\ght4 ,b x is h>d to say :e!r poetry is n[adays a spiritual or a natural art4 ,_m ( u w\ld incl9e to ! latt] view1 & w\ld hold t ev5 9 deal+ ) p]sons x treats !m z embodim5ts ( natural =ces4 ,our in/9cts & unguid$ passions1 ! features :i* mo/ id5tify u ) ! physical _w1 are com+ m & m to be ! subjects ( mod]n poetry4 ,,iv ,nature1 mean:ile1 t "p ( ! univ]se :i* is n consci\sly guid$1 has become )9 a c5tury our favorite field ( sci5tific /udy4 ,! v ^w sci5ce is popul>ly appropriat$ to naturali/ic inve/igation4 ,( c\rse ?is is a p]v]sion4 ,orig9ally x 0 believ$ t ! prop] /udy ( mank9d 0 man4 ,& probably we %\ld all /ill ackn[l$ge t ! /udy ( p]sonal /ructure is z truly sci5ce z /udy ( ! /ructure ( physical objects4 ,yet s p[]fully is ! tide sett+ t[>d rev]5ce = ! unconsci\s & ! sub-consci\s t sci5ce1 our ^w = k1 has lo/ its univ]sality & has tak5 on an almo/ exclusively physical "*4 ,p]haps !re 0 only "o f>!r /ep possible4 ,philosophy itself1 ! /udy ( m9d1 might be reg>d$ z a /udy ( ! unconsci\s4 ,& ?is /ep has be5 tak54 ,books n[ be> ! p>adoxical title ,philosophy ( ! ,unconsci\s1 & inve/igation ( ! sub- consci\s processes is p]haps ! mo/ di/9ctive trait ( philosophy to-day4 ,m & m x is believ$ t we _c adequately explore a p]son )\t prob+ b5ea? consci\sness4 ,! bl9d processes c no long] be rul$ out4 ,nature & _s _c be p>t$ z our fa!rs suppos$ !y might4 ,probably ,kant is ! la/ great s*ol> :o w ev] try to hold t di/9ction firm1 & he is h>dly successful4 ,9 spite ( 8 vigor\s anti!ses1 h9ts ( cov]t connection betwe5 ! oppos$ =ces are n abs5t4 ,inde$1 if ! two are s widely p>t$ z 8 usual language ass]ts1 x is h>d to see h[ 8 e?ics c h mundane wor?4 ,curi\sly en\gh too1 at ! v "t :5 ,kant 0 reviv+ ?is anci5t di/9ction1 & (f]+ x z ! solid basis ( p]sonal & social life1 ! opposite belief receiv$ its mo/ clamor\s ann\ncem5t1 res\nd+ ?r\gh ! civiliz$ _w 9 ! tea*+s ( ,r\sseau4 ,r\sseau w>ns u t ! consci\s con/ructions ( man are full ( artifice & deceit1 & lead to corruption & pa94 ,consci\s guidance %\ld1 consequ5tly1 be bani%$1 & man %\ld return to ! peace1 ! ease1 & ! c]ta9ty ( nature4 ,v ,n[ ,i d n ?9k x is wor? :ile to blame or praise a movem5t s va/ z ?is4 ,if x is folly to draw an indictm5t aga9/ a nation1 x is great] folly to indict all mod]n civilization4 ,we mu/ n say t philosophy & ! f9e arts took a wrong turn at ! ,r5aissance1--at lea/ x is useless to call on !m n[ to turn back4 ,! _w seldom turns back4 ,x absorbs1 x re-creates1 x br+s new significance into ! old] ?\ght4 ,all progress1 ,goe! tells u1 is spiral1--com+ out at ! place :]e x 0 be=e1 b high] up4 ,no1 we _c wisely blame or praise1 b we may pati5tly /udy & und]/&4 ,t is :at ,i am attempt+ to d "h4 ,! movem5t describ$ is no negligible accid5t ( our "t4 ,x is _w-wide1 & %[s progress /eadily 9 a s+le direction4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 to prove t su* a *ange 9 moral e/imates has occurr$1 x 0 h>dly necess>y to survey ! c\rse ( hi/ory4 ,! evid5ce lies close ar\nd u1 & is f\nd 9 ! /&>ds ( ! society 9 :i* we move4 ,:o are ! p mo/ priz$8 ,are !y ! mo/ self-consci\s8 ,t %\ld be ! case if our long argum5t is s\nd4 ,our prec$+ *apt]s w\ld urge u to fill life ) consci\sness4 ,9 proportion z consci\sness droops1 human goodness becomes meagre2 z our acts are fill$ ) x1 !y gr[ excell5t4 ,^! are our !oretic conclusions1 b ! exp]i5ce ( daily life does n be> !m out4 ,if1 = example1 ,i f9d ! p]son :o is talk+ to me wat*es ea* ^w he utt]s1 pauses aga9 & aga9 = correction1 *oos+ ! det]m9$ ^w & reject+ ! "o :i* in/9ctively comes to 8 lips1 ,i d n tru/ :at he says1 or ev5 li/5 to x2 :ile he is %ap+ 8 exact s5t5ces ,i att5d to some?+ else4 ,9 g5]al1 if a man's small actions impress u z m9utely plann$1 we turn f him4 ,x is n ! self-reflect+ p]sons1 cauti\s ( all !y d1 say1 or ?9k1 :o are popul>4 ,x is r ^? in/9ctively spontane\s creatures *>act]iz$ by ab&on--m5 & wom5 :o let !mselves g1 & ) all ! weal? ( ! _w 9 !m1 all[ x to come out ( itself--t we take to our he>ts4 ,we prize !m = _! want ( delib]ation4 ,9 %ort1 we give our unbias$ endorsem5t n to ! spiritual or consci\sly guid$ p]son1 b to him1 on ! contr>y1 :o %[s ! close/ adju/m5t to nature4 ,,vi ,yet ev5 s1 we h gone too f> afield = evid5ce4 ,fir/ we survey$ ! ages1 !n we survey$ "o ano!r4 ,b !re is "o pro(-spot ne>] /ill4 ,let u survey ourselves4 ,i am mu* mi/ak5 if !re are n among my read]s p]sons :o h all _! lives suff]$ f self-consci\sness4 ,!y h long$ to be rid ( x1 to be free to ?9k ( ! o!r p]son1 ( ! matt] 9 h&4 ,in/ead ( ?is1 _! ?\ghts are =ev] rev]t+ to _! own %>e 9 any affair4 ,too contemptible to be av[$1 & m di/ress+ ?an almo/ any o!r species ( suff]+1 excessive self-consci\sness %ames u ) our selfi%ness1 yet w n all[ u to turn f x4 ,:5 ,i g into company :]e ev]ybody is spontane\s & free1 easily utt]+ :at ! occasion calls =1 ,i c utt] only :at ,i call = & n at all :at ! occasion asks4 ,betwe5 ! two dem&s !re is always an awkw>d j>4 ,:5 tortur$ by su* exp]i5ces x does n soo! to h o!rs c>elessly rem>k1 ,oh1 j be natural6 ,t is precisely :at we %\ld l to be1 b h[8 ,t little po9t is cont9ually left unexpla9$4 ,yet obvi\sly self- consci\sness involves some?+ l a deadlock4 ,= h[ c "o consci\sly ex]t himself to be unconsci\s & try n to try8 ,we _c arrange our lives s z to h no arrangem5t 9 !m1 & :5 %ak+ h&s ) a fri5d1 = example1 be on our gu>d aga9/ notic+4 ,once lock$ up 9 ?is vici\s circle1 we seem de/9$ to be prison]s =ev]4 ,t is :at con/itutes ! angui% ( ! situation4 ,! mo/ tyrannical ( jail]s--"o's self--is ov] u1 & f 8 bondage we are p[]less to escape4 ,! tr\ble is by no means peculi> to our "t1 ?\gh probably common] =ty ye>s ago ?an at any o!r p]iod ( ! _w's hi/ory4 ,b x _h already attract$ ! att5tion ( ,%akespe>e1 :o bases on x "o ( 8 greate/ plays4 ,:5 ,hamlet w\ld act1 self-consci\sness /&s 9 8 way4 ,! h9d]+ process is describ$ 9 ! fam\s soliloquy ) a/oni%+ precision & vividness1 if only we sub/itute our mod]n t]m self-consci\sness = t :i* 0 its anci5t equival5t3-- ,?us consci5ce does make c[>ds ( u all2 ,& ?us ! native hue ( resolution ,is sickli$ o'er ) ! pale ca/ ( ?\ght2 ,& ent]prises ( great pi? & mom5t ,) ?is reg>d _! curr5ts turn awry1 ,& lose ! "n ( action4 ,& su* is our exp]i5ce4 ,we1 too1 h purpos$ all mann] ( important & s]viceable acts2 b j z we 7 sett+ !m 9 execution1 consid]ation fell ^u u4 ,we ask$ :e!r x 0 ! prop] mom5t1 :e!r he to :om x 0 to be done 0 really ne$y1 or 7 we ! fit do]1 or %\ld x be done 9 ?is way or t4 ,we hesitat$1 & ! mom5t 0 gone4 ,self-consci\sness _h aga9 demon/rat$ its incompet5ce = sup]9t5d+ a task4 ,_m ( u1 f> f reg>d+ self-consci\sness z a gr\nd ( goodness1 are dispos$ to look ^u x z a curse4 ,,vii ,be=e1 h[ev]1 attempt+ to discov] :e!r our !oretic conclusions may he drawn into "s sort ( liv+ accord ) ^! results ( exp]i5ce1 let u probe a little m m9utely into ^! latt]1 & try to le>n :at reasons !re may be = ?is v g5]al di/ru/ ( self-consci\sness z a guide4 ,hi!rto ,i h exhibit$ t di/ru/ z a fact4 ,we always f9d x s2 our neighbors f9d x s1 ! ages h f\nd x s4 ,b :y8 ,i h n po9t$ out precisely ! reasons = ! cont9ual fact4 ,let me devote a page or two to rational diagnosis4 ,to beg9 )1 ,i suppose x w be conc$$ t we really _c guide ourselves ?r\gh & ?r\gh4 ,!re are c]ta9 l>ge tracts ( life totally unam5able to consci\sness4 ,( our two mo/ important acts1 & ^? by :i* ! rema9+ ones are pr9cipally affect$1 bir? & dea?1 ! "o is necess>ily remov$ f consci\s guidance1 & ! o!r is univ]sally condemn$ if s guid$4 ,we d n--z we h previ\sly se5--happ5 to be pres5t at our bir?1 & s are q cut (f f controll+ t4 ,yet ! conditions ( bir? v consid]ably %ape ev]y?+ else 9 life4 ,we _c1 !n1 be purely spiritual2 x is impossible4 ,we mu/ be natural be+s at our beg9n+2 & at ! o!r end ! /ate ( ?+s is l>gely simil>1 = we are n all[$ to fix ! "t ( our dep>ture4 ,! ,/oics 74 ,if ! h\se smokes1 !y said1 leave x4 ,:5 life is no long] wor? :ile1 dep>t4 ,b ,*ri/ianity w n all[ ?is4 ,dea? mu/ be a natural affair1 n a spiritual4 ,i am to wait till a w&]+ bacillus alights 9 my lung4 ,he w provide a suitable exit = me4 ,b nei!r ,i nor my neighbors mu/ decide my dep>ture4 ,let laws ( nature reign4 ,& if ^! two trem5d\s ev5ts are altoge!r remov$ f consci\s guidance1 _m o!rs are b slightly am5able to x4 ,! great organic processes bo? ( m9d & body are only indirectly1 or to a p>tial ext5t1 "u ! control ( consci\sness4 ,a few p]sons1 ,i believe1 c volunt>ily susp5d ! beat+ ( _! he>ts4 ,!y are h>dly to be envi$4 ,! majority ( u let our he>ts alone1 & !y "w bett] ?an if we tri$ to "w !m4 ,?\gh x is true t we c control our brea?+1 & t we occasionally d s1 ?is also 9 g5]al we wisely leave to natural processes4 ,a simil> /ate ( affairs we f9d :5 we turn to ! m9d itself4 ,! association ( ideas1 t curi\s process by :i* "o ?\ght /icks to ano!r & ?r\gh be+ ?us l9k$ draws aft] x mat]ial = use 9 all our intellectual con/ructions1 goes on = ! mo/ "p unguid$4 ,x w\ld be pla9ly useless1 !re=e1 to treat our great di/9ction z some?+ h>d & fa/4 ,nature & _s may be contra/$2 !y _c be sund]$4 ,_s remov$ f nature w\ld become impot5t1 :ile nature w\ld !n proce$ on a mean+less c>e]4 ,!n too !re are all sorts ( degrees 9 consci\sness4 ,no man 0 ev] s consci\s ( himself & 8 acts t he c\ld n be m s4 ,:5 introspection is caus+ u our %>pe/ di/ress1 x may /ill be r5d]$ m m9ute4 ,t is "o cause ( its peculi> angui%4 ,we are always unc]ta9 :e!r our tr\bles h n aris5 f too little self-consci\sness1 & we :ip ourselves into great] nicety & elaborat5ess ( p]sonal obs]vation4 ,v>y+ ?r\gh a multitude ( degrees1 ! fullness ( consci\sness is nev] rea*$4 ,a m ?or\gh ex]cise ( x is always possible4 ,at ! la/1 nature mu/ be admitt$ z a p>tn] 9 ! control ( our lives1 & h] %>e 9 t p>tn]%ip ! pres5t age believes to be a l>ge "o4 ,,viii ,= c\ld we always consci\sly /e] our conduct1 we %\ld be unwise to d s4 ,consci\sness h9d]s action4 ,acts are excell5t 9 proportion z !y are sure1 swift1 & easy4 ,:5 we und]take any?+1 we seek to d exactly t ?+1 rea* precisely t end1 & n m]ely to hit some?+ 9 ! neighborhood4 ,occasions1 too1 run fa/1 & %\ld be seiz$ on ! m9ute4 ,action is excell5t only :5 x meets ! urg5t & evasive dem&s ( life4 ,falt]+ & hesitation are fatal4 ,nor mu/ action unduly we>y4 ,good conduct effects its results ) ! lea/ necess>y exp5diture ( ef=t4 ,:5 !re are s _m dem&s press+ ^u u1 we %\ld n all[ ourselves to become exhau/$ by a s+le act1 b %\ld keep ourselves fre% = fur!r ne$s4 ,effici5t action1 !n1 is sure1 swift1 & easy4 ,n[ ! peculi>ity ( self-consci\sness is t x h9d]s all ?is & makes action inaccurate1 sl[1 & fatigu+4 ,inaccuracy is almo/ c]ta94 ,:5 we /udy h[ some?+ is to be done1 we are apt to lay /ress on c]ta9 features ( ! situation1 & n to br+ o!rs into due prom95ce4 ,x is difficult sep>ately to correlate ! _m elem5ts :i* g to make up a desir$ result4 ,sometimes we become altoge!r puzzl$ & = ! mom5t ! action ceases4 ,:5 ,i h _h occasion to drive a screw 9 "s unusual & inconv5i5t place1 aft] sett+ ! blade ( ! screw-driv] into ! slot ,i h ask$ myself1 ,9 :i* direction does ?is screw turn8 ,b ! long] ,i ask1 ! m unc]ta9 ,i am4 ,my only solution lies 9 tru/+ my h&1 :i* kn[s a great deal m ab\t ! matt] ?an ,i4 ,:5 we once beg9 to m$itate h[ a ^w is spell$1 h[ helpless we are6 ,x is bett] to drop ! "q1 & pick up ! diction>y4 ,9 all su* cases consid]ation t5ds to confuse4 ,x t5ds to delay1 too1 z ev]ybody kn[s4 ,to survey all ! relations 9 :i* a giv5 act may /&1 to balance _! relative ga9s & losses1 & ) full sight to decide on ! c\rse :i* (f]s ! greate/ pr(it1 w\ld require ! ye>s ( ,me?uselah4 ,b at :at po9t %all we cut ! process %ort8 ,to obta9 full k1 we %\ld pass 9 review all t relates to ! act we propose2 %\ld inquire :at its remot] consequ5ces w be1 & h[ x w affect n m]ely myself1 my c\s91 my great-gr&*ild1 b ! man 9 ! next /reet1 city1 or /ate4 ,!re is no /opp+4 ,to c>ry consci\s v]ification ov] a mod]ate range is sl[ bus9ess4 ,if on ! impulse ( occasion we da% (f an action unreflect+ly1 life w be swift & simple4 ,if we try to anticipate all consequ5ces ( our task x w be sl[ & endless4 ,nor ne$ ,i dwell on ! fatigue su* consci\s "w involves4 ,9 writ+ a lett]1 we usually sit d[n be=e our pap]1 our m9ds occupi$ ) :at we w\ld say4 ,we all[ our f+]s to /roll ( !mselves across ! page1 & we h>dly notice :e!r !y move or n4 ,if anybody %\ld ask1 ,h[ did y write ! lett] s8 we %\ld be oblig$ to look on ! pap] to see4 ,b suppose1 in/ead ( writ+ 9 ?is way1 ,i come to ! task to-morr[ det]m9$ to sup]9t5d all ! "w consci\sly4 ,h[ %all ,i hold my p5 9 ! be/ possible mann]8 ,h[ %ape ?is lett] s t ea* ( its curves gets its exact bulge8 ,h[ give ! correct slant to :at is above or bel[ ! l9e8 ,i w n ask h[ long a "t a lett] prep>$ 9 ?is fa%ion w\ld require1 or :e!r :5 writt5 x w\ld be fit to read1 = ,i wi% to fix att5tion on ! exhau/ion ( ! writ]4 ,he c]ta9ly c\ld endure su* fatigue = no m ?an a s+le epi/le4 ,! s*oolboy1 :5 =c$ to x1 seldom holds out = m ?an half a page1 ?\gh he employs e contortion ( %\ld]1 tongue1 & leg to ease & div]sify ! /ruggle4 ,a doz5 ye>s ago "s nons5se v]ses 7 runn+ ?r\gh ! pap]s1--v]ses po9t+ out ) humor\s precision ! v infelicities ( consci\s control to :i* ,i am n[ direct+ att5tion4 ,!y put ! case ?us3-- ,! c5tip$e 0 happy1 q1 ,until ! toad = fun ,said1 ',pray :i* leg comes aft] :i*8' ,?is work$ h] m9d to su* a pit* ,%e lay di/ract$ 9 a dit*1 ,consid]+ h[ to run4 ,& no wond]6 ,problems s complex z ?is %\ld be left to ! disposal ( nature1 & n be drawn ov] into ! region ( spiritual guidance4 ,b ! complexities ( ! c5tip$e are simple matt]s :5 comp>$ ) ! elaborate ma*9]y ( man4 ,! human m9d (f]s m alt]natives 9 a m9ute ?an does ! c5tip$e 9 a lifetime4 ,if spiritual guidance is inadequate to ! latt]1 & is f\nd m]ely to h9d] action1 :y is n ! bl9d control ( nature necess>y = ! =m] also8 ,our age believes x is &1 ev] disp>ag+ ! consci\s _w1 atta*es /eadily great] consequ5ce to ! unconsci\s4 ,x is ! un9tellig5t me1 writes ,dr4 ,o4 ,w4 ,holmes1 /upid z an idiot1 t has to try a ?+ a ?\s& times be=e he c d x & !n nev] kn[s h[ he does x1 t at la/ does x well4 ,we h to educate ourselves ?r\gh ! pret5ti\s claims ( intellect into ! humble accuracy ( in/9ct2 & we end at la/ by acquir+ ! dext]ity1 ! p]fection1 ! c]ta9ty :i* ^? ma/]s ( arts1 ! bee & ! spid]1 inh]it f nature4 ,,ref]5ces ,,on ,,nature ,,& ,,_s ,gre5's ,prolegom5a1 ,section #big4 ,dewey's ,/udy ( ,e?ics1 ,section xli4 ,se?'s ,/udy ( ,e?ical ,pr9ciples1 pt4 i4 *4 #c1 ,section #f4 ,alex&]'s ,moral ,ord] & ,progress1 bk4 i4 *4 i4 ,section iii4 ,e>le's ,engli% ,prose1 p4 #dij-ejj4 ,palm] 9 ,! ,=um1 ,jan4 #ahic4 ,,vii ,,! ,,?ree ,,/ages ,,( ,,goodness ,i ,su* is ! mighty argum5t conduct$ ?r\gh sev]al c5turies 9 behalf ( nature aga9/ _s z a director ( conduct4 ,i h /at$ x at l5g? bo? because ( its own importance & because x is 9 seem+ conflict ) ! results ( my e>ly *apt]s4 ,b ^? results /& fa/4 ,!y 7 rea*$ ) c>e4 ,to reject !m w\ld be to oblit]ate all di/9ction betwe5 p]sons & ?+s4 ,self-consci\sness is ! indisputable pr]ogative ( p]sons4 ,only s f> z we possess x & apply x 9 action d we rise above ! imp]sonal _w ar\nd4 ,& ev5 if we admit ! cont5tion 9 behalf ( nature z sub/antially s\nd1 we are n oblig$ to accept x z complete4 ,x may be t nei!r nature nor _s c be disp5s$ ) 9 ! supply ( human ne$s4 ,ea* may h its *>act]i/ic (fice2 = ?\gh 9 ! la/ *apt] ,i h be5 sett+ =? ! sup]iorities ( natural guidance1 9 spiritual guidance !re are advantages too1 advantages ( an ev5 m fundam5tal k9d4 ,let u see :at !y are4 ,!y may be summ>ily /at$ 9 a s+le s5t5ce3 consci\sness alone gives fre% initiative4 ,di/urb+ z ! influ5ce ( consci\sness confess$ly is1 on its employm5t dep5ds e possibility ( progress4 ,natural action is regul>1 con/ant1 con=m$ to a patt]n4 ,9 ! natural _w ev5t foll[s ev5t 9 a fix$ ord]1 ,"u ! same conditions ! same result appe>s an indef9ite numb] ( times4 ,! mo/ objectionable =m ( ?is rigidity is f\nd 9 me*anism4 ,i sometimes he> ladies talk+ ab\t real lace & am on su* occasions incl9$ to speak ( my real boots4 ,!y mean1 ,i f9d1 n lace t is ! rev]se ( gho/ly1 b simply t :i* be>s ! impress ( p]sonality4 ,x is lace :i* is made by h& & %[s ! m>ks ( h& "w4 ,little irregul>ities are 9 x1 contra/+ x ) ! ma*9e sort1 :]e e piece is id5tical ) e o!r piece4 ,x might be m accurately call$ p]sonal lace4 ,! ma*9e k9d is no less real--un=tunately--b me*anism is hopelessly dull1 says ! same ?+ day aft] day1 & nev] c say any?+ else4 ,n[ ?\gh ?is co>se =m ( monoton\s process n[h]e appe>s 9 :at we call ! _w ( nature1 a re/riction sub/antially simil> does2 = natural objects v>y sl[ly & )9 ! n>r[e/ limits4 ,outside su* ord]ly v>iations1 !y are subject$ to ext]nal & di/ort+ ag5cies effect+ *anges 9 !m reg>dless ( _! ga9s4 ,bran*es ( trees h _! wayw>d & subtle curvatures1 & are any?+ b me*anical 9 outl9e4 ,b none ! less are !y helpless1 unprogressive1 & incapable ( le>n+4 ,! =ces :i* play ^u !m1 be+ v>i\s1 leave a truly v>i$ record4 ,b ea* ( ^! =ces 0 an inv>iable "o1 & _! sev]al influ5ces _c be sort$1 judg$1 & select$ by ! tree ) ref]5ce to its future gr[?4 ,criticism & *oice h no place "h1 & accord+ly any?+ l improvem5t f ye> to ye> is impossible4 ,! case ( u human be+s w\ld be ! same if we 7 altoge!r manag$ by ! sure1 swift1 & easy =ces ( nature4 ,progress w\ld cease4 ,we %\ld move on our humdrum r\nd z fix$ly con/itut$1 z submissive to ext]nal influ5ce1 & ) z little ex]tion ( intellig5ce z ! dumb objects we behold4 ,e p[] )9 u w\ld be actual1 display$ 9 its full ext5t1 & involv+ no v>iety ( future possibility4 ,we %\ld live altoge!r 9 ! pres5t1 & no *anges w\ld be imag9$ or s\ght4 ,f ?is dull r\t9e we are sav$ by ! admixture ( consci\sness4 ,= a ga9 s great we may well be ready to enc\nt] ^? difficulties ( consci\s guidance :i* my la/ *apt] detail$4 ,let ! process ( advance be inaccurate1 sl[1 & sev]e1 s only !re be advance4 ,= progress no co/ is too great4 ,i am sometimes incl9$ to congratulate ^? :o are acute suff]]s ?r\gh self-consci\sness1 because to !m ! door ( ! future is op54 ,! in/9ctive1 uncritical p]son1 :o takes life ab\t z x comes1 & ) ready acceptance responds promptly to e sugge/ion t calls1 may be z popul> z ! sun%9e1 b he is z incapable ( fur!r advance4 ,except 9 attractiv5ess1 su* a "o is usually 9 lat] life ab\t :at he 0 9 y\?2 = progress is a product ( =eca/+ intellig5ce4 ,:5 any new creation is to be introduc$1 only consci\sness c prep>e its pa?4 ,evid5tly1 !n1 !re are /rong advantages 9 guidance ?r\gh ! _s4 ,b natural guidance has advantages no less g5u9e4 ,human life is a complex & dem&+ affair1 requir+ = its ev]- enl>g+ good :atev] /r5g? c be summon$ f e side4 ,probably we mu/ ab&on t magnific5t conception ( our ance/ors1 t _s is all 9 all & nature unimportant4 ,b mu/ we1 9 def]5ce to ! temp] ( our "t1 elim9ate consci\s guidance altoge!r8 ,may n ! disp>agem5t ( rec5t ages h aris5 9 reaction aga9/ attempts to pu% consci\s guidance into regions :]e x is unsuitable8 ,conceivably ! two ag5cies may be supplem5t>y4 ,possibly we may call on our fell[ ( ! natural _w = aid 9 spiritual "w4 ,! complete ideal1 at any rate1 ( good conduct unites ! swiftness1 c]ta9ty1 & ease ( natural action ) ! selective progressiv5ess ( spiritual4 ,till su* a comb9ation is f\nd1 ei!r conduct w be insignificant or great di/ress ( self-consci\sness w be incurr$4 ,bo? ( ^! evils w be avoid$ if nature c be p]suad$ to d ! "w :i* we cle>ly int5d4 ,t is :at goodness calls on u to effect4 ,to %[+ ! /eps ?r\gh :i* x may be rea*$ ! rema9d] ( ?is *apt] w be giv54 ,,ii ,let u1 !n1 take a case ( action :]e we are try+ to create a new p[]1 to develop ourselves 9 "s direction 9 :i* we h n hi!rto gone4 ,= su* an und]tak+ consci\sness is ne$$1 b let u see h[ f> we are able to h& ov] its "w to unconsci\sness4 ,suppose1 :5 entirely ignorant ( music1 ,i decide to le>n to play ! piano4 ,evid5tly x w require ! m9ute/ wat*fulness4 ,approa*+ ! /range in/rum5t ) "s uneas9ess1 ,i try to secure exactly t position on ! /ool :i* w all[ my arms _! prop] range along ! keybo>d4 ,!re is difficulty 9 gett+ my %eet ( music to /& z x %\ld4 ,:5 x is adju/$1 ,i exam9e x anxi\sly4 ,:at is t little m>k8 ,probably ! note ,c4 ,among ^! curi\s keys !re mu/ also be a ,c4 ,i look up & d[n4 ,!re x is6 ,b c ,i br+ my f+] d[n ^u x at j ! "r angle8 ,t is accompli%$1 & gradually note aft] note is captur$1 until ,i h conqu]$ ! entire score4 ,if n[ dur+ my labori\s p]=mance a fri5d ent]s ! room1 he might well say1 ,i d n l spiritual music4 ,give me ! natural k9d :i* is n consci\sly direct$4 ,b let him return ?ree ye>s lat]4 ,he w f9d me sitt+ at ! piano q at my ease1 toss+ (f notes by ! unreg>d$ h&ful4 ,he approa*es & ent]s into conv]sation ) me4 ,i d n cease my play+2 b z ,i talk1 ,i /ill keep my m9d free en\gh to obs]ve ! sway+ b\ghs outside ! w9d[ & to enjoy ! fragrance ( ! fl[]s :i* my fri5d has br\ght4 ,! musical phrases :i* drop f my f+]s appe> to regulate !mselves & to call = little consci\s reg>d4 ,yet if my fri5d %\ld try to %[ me h[ mi/ak5 ,i _h be5 9 ! pa/1 attempt+ to manage consci\sly :at %\ld h be5 left to nature1 if he %\ld eulogize my natural action n[ & contra/ x ) my =m] awkw>dness1 he w\ld pla9ly be 9 error4 ,my pres5t naturalness is ! result ( long spiritual endeavor1 & _c be _h on *eap] t]ms2 & ! unconsci\sness :i* is n[ noticeable 9 me is n ! same ?+ z t :i* 0 ) me :5 ,i began to play4 ,x is true ! incid5tal h>d%ips connect$ ) my fir/ attack on ! piano h ceas$4 ,i f9d myself 9 possession ( a new & seem+ly unconsci\s p[]4 ,an automatic tra9 ( movem5ts has be5 con/ruct$ :i* ,i n[ direct z a :ole1 its p>ts no long] requir+ special volitional prompt+4 ,b ,i /ill direct x1 only t a l>g] unit has be5 con/itut$ = consci\sness to act ^u4 ,! naturalness :i* ?us becomes possible is accord+ly ( an altoge!r new sort2 & s9ce ! result is a complet] expression ( consci\s int5tion1 x may z truly be call$ spiritual z natural4 ,,iii ,x has n[ become pla9 t our e>ly reckon+ ( actions z ei!r natural or spiritual 0 too simple & incomplete4 ,conduct has ?ree /ages1 n two4 ,let u get !m cle>ly 9 m9d4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( life we are at ! beck & call ( e impulse1 n hav+ yet atta9$ reflective comm& ( ourselves4 ,?is fir/ /age we may rightly call t ( nature or ( unconsci\sness1 & manife/ly mo/ ( u cont9ue 9 x to "s ext5t & z reg>ds c]ta9 tracts ( action ?r\gh\t life4 ,!n reflection is ar\s$2 we become aw>e ( :at we are do+4 ,! _m details ( ea* act & ! relations :i* surr\nd x come sep>ately into consci\s att5tion = assessm5t1 approval1 or rejection4 ,?is is ! /age ( _s1 or consci\sness4 ,b x is n ! f9al /age4 ,z we h se5 9 our example1 a /age is possible :5 action runs swiftly to its int5d$ end1 b ) little ne$ ( consci\s sup]vision4 ,?is me*aniz$1 purposeful action pres5ts conduct 9 its ?ird /age1 t ( second nature or negative consci\sness4 ,z ?is ?ird is lea/ und]/ood1 is (t5 confus$ ) ! fir/1 & yet is 9 reality ! complete expression ( ! moral ideal & ( t reconciliation ( nature & _s ( :i* we are 9 se>*1 ,i w devote a few pages to its explanation4 ,! phrase negative consci\sness describes its "* mo/ exactly1 ?\gh ! mean+ is n at once app>5t4 ,positive consci\sness m>ks ! second /age4 ,!re we are oblig$ to ?9k ( ea* po9t involv$1 9 ord] to br+ x into action4 ,9 piano- play+1 = example1 ,i _h to /udy my seat at ! piano1 ! music on ! rack1 ! lett]s ( ! keybo>d1 ! position ( my f+]s1 & ! coord9ation ( all ^! ) "o ano!r4 ,to ea* su* matt] a sep>ate & positive att5tion is giv54 ,b ev5 at ! la/1 :5 ,i am play+ at my ease1 we _c say t consci\sness is altoge!r abs5t4 ,i am consci\s ( ! h>mony1 & if ,i d n direct1 ,i /ill v]ify results4 ,z an entire phrase ( music rolls (f my rapid f+]s1 ,i judge x to be good4 ,b if "o ( ! notes /icks1 or ,i p]ceive t ! phrase might be improv$ by a slightly *ang$ /ress1 ,i c *eck my spontane\s movem5ts & correct ! error4 ,!re is !re=e a wat*ful1 if n a prompt+1 consci\sness at "w4 ,x is true t1 ! fir/ note />t$1 all ! o!rs foll[ ( !mselves 9 natural sequ5ce4 ,?\gh ,i )draw att5tion f my f+]s1 !y run _! r\nd z a "p ( ! associat$ tra94 ,b if !y g awry1 consci\sness is ready ) its inhibition4 ,i accord+ly call ?is ! /age ( negative consci\sness4 ,9 x consci\sness is n employ$ z a positive guid+ =ce1 b ! mom5t inhibition or *eck is requir$ = rea*+ ! int5d$ result1 consci\sness is ready & ass]ts itself 9 ! way ( =biddal4 ,?is ?ird /age1 !re=e1 diff]s f ! fir/ ?r\gh hav+ its results embody a consci\s purpose2 f ! second1 ?r\gh hav+ consci\sness sup]9t5d ! process 9 a negative & h9d]+1 r ?an 9 a positive & prompt+ way4 ,x is ! /age ( habit4 ,i call x second nature because x is work$1 n by orig9al in/9cts1 b by a new k9d ( associative me*anism :i* mu/ fir/ be labori\sly con/ruct$4 ,ye>s ago :5 ,i began to tea* at ,h>v>d ,college1 we us$ to reg>d our /ud5ts z ro>+ animals1 likely to de/roy :atev] came 9 _! way4 ,we in/ructors 7 w>n$ to keep ! doors ( our lecture rooms b>r$4 ,z we came out1 we mu/ nev] fail to lock !m4 ,s always 9 go+ to a lecture1 z ,i pass$ ?r\gh ! /one entry & approa*$ ! door my h& s\ght my pocket1 ! key came out1 0 ins]t$ 9 ! keyhole1 turn$1 0 )drawn1 fell back into my pocket1 & ,i ent]$ ! room4 ,?is s]ies ( acts repeat$ day aft] day _h become s me*aniz$ t if on ent]+ ! room ,i _h be5 ask$ :e!r on t p>ticul> day ,i _h really unlock$ ! door1 ,i c\ld n h told4 ,! tra9 took c>e ( itself & ,i 0 n conc]n$ 9 x suffici5tly = remembrance4 ,yet x rema9$ my act4 ,on "o or two occasions1 aft] %ov+ 9 ! key 9 my usual unconsci\s fa%ion1 ,i he>d voices 9 ! room & knew t x w\ld be inappropriate to ent]4 ,in/antly ,i /opp$ & *eck$ ! rema9d] ( ! tra94 ,habitual ?\gh ! s]ies ( actions 01 & ord9>ily execut$ )\t consci\s guidance1 x z a :ole 0 aim$ at a def9ite end4 ,if ?is 7 unatta9able1 ! tra9 /opp$4 ,all are aw>e h[ l>ge a "p is play$ by su* me*anization ( conduct4 ,)\t x1 life c\ld n g on4 ,:5 a man walks to ! door1 he does n decide :]e to set 8 foot1 :at %all be ! l5g? ( 8 /ep1 h[ he %all ma9ta9 8 balance on ! foot t is d[n :ile ! o!r is rais$4 ,^! matt]s 7 decid$ :5 he 0 a *ild4 ,9 ^? infant ye>s :i* seem to u intellectually s /ation>y1 a human be+ is probably mak+ z l>ge acquisitions z at any p]iod ( 8 lat] life4 ,he is te/+ alt]natives & organiz+ exp]i5ce into ord]$ tra9s4 ,b 9 ! re/ ( u a consolidation sub/antially simil> %\ld be go+ on 9 "s section ( our exp]i5ce z long z we live4 ,= ?is is ! way we develop3 n ! total man at once1 b ?is ye> "o tract ( conduct is survey$1 judg$1 me*aniz$2 & next ye> ano!r goes ?r\gh ! same matur+ process4 ,n until su* me*anization has be5 accompli%$ is ! conduct truly ours4 ,:51 = example1 ,i am w9n+ ! p[] ( spee*1 ,i gradually cease to /udy exactly ! ^w ,i utt]1 ! tone 9 :i* x is enunciat$1 h[ my tongue1 lips1 & tee? %all be adju/$ 9 ref]5ce to "o ano!r4 ,:ile occupi$ ) ^! ?+s1 ,i am no speak]4 ,i become su* only :51 ! mom5t ,i ?9k ( a ^w1 ! actions ne$$ = its utt]ance set !mselves 9 motion4 ,) !m ,i h only a negative conc]n4 ,inde$1 z we gr[ matur] ( spee*1 collocations ( words /ick naturally toge!r & (f] !mselves to our s]vice4 ,:5 we require a c]ta9 range ( words f :i* to draw our means ( communication1 !re !y /& ready4 ,we h no ne$ to rummage ! dimness ( ! pa/ = !m4 ,me*anically !y are prep>$ = our s]vice4 ,( c\rse ?is does n imply t at "o p]iod we fooli%ly believ$ consci\sness to be an important guide1 b subsequ5tly becom+ wis]1 disc>d$ its aid4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! me*anization ( second nature is simply a mode ( ext5d+ ! influ5ce ( consci\sness m widely4 ,! conclusions ( our e>ly lectures 7 s\nd4 ,! m fully expressive conduct c be ( a self-consci\s p]sonality1 s mu* ! m w x des]ve to be call$ good4 ,b 9 ord] t x may 9 any wide ext5t receive ?is impress ( p]sonal life1 we mu/ summon to our aid ag5cies o!r ?an spiritual4 ,! m we me*anize conduct ! bett]4 ,t is :at matur+ ourselves means4 ,:5 we say t a man has acquir$ "*1 we mean t he has consci\sly survey$ c]ta9 l>ge tracts ( life1 & has decid$ :at 9 ^? regions x is be/ to d4 ,!re1 at lea/1 he w no long] ne$ to delib]ate ab\t action4 ,z soon z a case f ?is region pres5ts itself1 "s electric button 9 8 moral organism is t\*$1 & ! :ole me*anism runs (f 9 ! sure/1 swifte/1 easie/ possible way4 ,?us 8 consci\sness is set free to busy itself ) o!r affairs4 ,= 9 ?is ?ird /age we d n s mu* ab&on consci\sness z direct x ^u l>g] units2 & ?is n because small] units d n des]ve att5tion1 b because !y h be5 already att5d$ to4 ,once hav+ decid$ :at is our be/ mode ( action 9 reg>d to !m1 we wisely turn !m ov] to me*anical control4 ,,iv ,su* is ! nature ( moral habit4 ,be=e goodness c rea* excell5ce1 x mu/ be r5d]$ habitual4 ,consid]ation1 ! m>k ( ! second /age1 disappe>s 9 ! ?ird4 ,we _c c\nt a p]son hone/ s long z he has to decide on ea* occasion :e!r to take advantage ( 8 neighbor4 ,long ago he %\ld h discipl9$ himself into ma*9e-l action z reg>ds ^! matt]s1 s t ! di%one/ opportunity w\ld be in/9ctively & in/antly dismiss$1 ! hone/ de$ appe>+ spontane\sly4 ,t man has n an amiable "* :o is oblig$ to re/ra9 8 irritation1 & ?r\gh all excitem5t & inn] rage curbs himself c\rage\sly4 ,n until conduct is spontane\s1 root$ 9 a second nature1 does x indicate ! "* ( him f :om x proce$s4 ,t unconsci\sness is necess>y = ! highe/ goodness is a c>d9al pr9ciple 9 ! tea*+ ( ,jesus4 ,o!r tea*]s ( 8 nation und]took cle>ly to survey ! entirety ( human life1 to classify its situations & coolly to decide ! am\nt ( good & evil conta9$ 9 ea*4 ,righte\sness accord+ to ! ,ph>isees 0 f\nd 9 consci\s con=mity to ^! decisions4 ,!irs 0 ! me?od ( casui/ry1 ! me?od ( m9ute1 critical1 & in/ruct$ judgm5t4 ,! fields ( morality & ! law 7 practically id5tifi$1 goodness becom+ ext]naliz$ & reg>d$ z ev]y:]e sub/antially ! same = "o man z = ano!r4 ,ph>isaism1 9 %ort1 /uck 9 ! second /age4 ,jesus emphasiz$ ! unconsci\s & subjective factor4 ,he d5\nc$ ! consid]ate conduct ( ! ,ph>isees z n righte\sness at all4 ,x 0 m]e w-wor%ip4 ,jesus prea*$ a religion ( ! he>t1 & taught t righte\sness mu/ become an individual passion1 simil> to ! passions ( hung] & ?ir/1 if x w\ld atta9 to any wor?4 ,s long z evil is easy & natural = u1 & good difficult1 we are evil4 ,we mu/ be born aga94 ,we mu/ atta9 a new nature4 ,our "r h& mu/ n "k :at our left h& does4 ,we mu/ become z little *ildr51 if we w\ld ent] into ! k+dom ( heav54 ,! *ief difficulty 9 compreh5d+ ?is doctr9e ( ! ?ree /ages lies 9 ! easy confusion ( ! fir/ & ! ?ird4 ,jesus gu>ds aga9/ ?is1 n bidd+ u to be or to rema9 *ildr51 b to become su*4 ,! unconsci\sness & simplicity ( *ildhood is ! goal1 n ! />t+-po9t4 ,! unconsci\sness aim$ at is n ( ! same k9d z t ) :i* we set out4 ,9 e>ly life we cat* ! habits ( our home or ev5 d]ive our conduct f h]$it>y bias4 ,we beg91 !re=e1 z purely natural creatures1 n ask+ :e!r ! ways we use are ! be/4 ,^? ways are already fix$ 9 ! usages ( spee*1 ! etiquettes ( society1 ! laws ( our c\ntry4 ,^! ?+s make up ! uncriticis$ w>p & wo( ( our lives1 (t5 admirably beautiful lives4 ,:5 speak+ 9 my la/ *apt] ( ! way 9 :i* our age has come to eulogize guidance by natural conditions1 ,i might h cit$ z a /rik+ illu/ration ! preval5t wor%ip ( *ildhood4 ,only )9 ! la/ c5tury has ! *ild cut mu* ( a figure 9 lit]ature4 ,he is an important en\gh figure to-day1 bo? 9 & out ( books4 ,9 him nature is display$ )9 ! spiritual field1 nature ) ! possibilities ( _s1 b ^? possibilities n yet realiz$4 ,we accord+ly rev]5ce ! *ild & delight to wat* him4 ,h[ *>m+ he is1 graceful 9 movem5t1 swift ( spee*1 picturesque 9 action6 ,enviable little be+6 ,! m s because he is able to reta9 8 p]fection = s brief a "t4 ,b we all "k ! unhappy p]iod f sev5 to f\rte5 :5 he :o =m]ly 0 all grace & spontaneity discov]s t he has too _m arms & legs4 ,h[ disagreeable ! boy !n becomes6 ,be=e1 we lik$ to see him play+ ab\t ! room4 ,n[ we ask :y he is all[$ to rema94 ,= he is a ceaseless di/urb]2 con/antly noisy & con/antly aw>e ( mak+ a noise1 8 excuses are z bad z 8 indiscretions4 ,he _c speak )\t mak+ "s awkw>d blund]4 ,he is =ev] ask+ que/ions )\t kn[+ :at to d ) ! answ]s4 ,a confus$ & confus+ creature6 ,we say he has gr[n backw>d4 ,:]e be=e he 0 all t is e/imable1 he has become all t we d n wi% him to be4 ,all t we d n wi% him to be1 b c]ta9ly mu* m :at ,god wi%es him to be4 ,= if we c\ld get rid ( our s5se ( annoyance1 we %\ld see t he is "h rea*+ a high] /age1 com+ into 8 h]itage & obta9+ a life ( 8 own4 ,=m]ly he liv$ m]ely ! life ( ^? ab\t him4 ,he laid a self-consci\s grasp on no?+ ( 8 own4 ,:5 n[ at l5g? he does lay t grasp1 we mu/ p]mit him to be awkw>d1 & to u disagreeable4 ,we %\ld aid him ?r\gh ! inaccurate1 sl[1 & fatigu+ p]iod ( 8 exi/5ce until1 hav+ te/$ _m tracts ( life & le>n$ 9 !m h[ to me*anize desirable conduct1 he comes back on _! f>!r side to a *ildhood m beautiful ?an ! orig9al4 ,_m a man & woman possesses ?is discipl9$ *ildhood ?r\gh life4 ,goodness seems ! v atmosph]e !y brea!1 & ev]y?+ !y d to be exactly fitt+4 ,_! acts are p]=m$ ) full self-expression1 yet )\t /rut or intrusion ( consci\sness4 ,:atev] comes f !m is happily bl5d$ & organiz$ into ! entirety ( life4 ,su* %\ld be our aim4 ,we %\ld seek to be born aga91 & n to rema9 :]e we 7 orig9ally born4 ,v ,9 :at has n[ be5 said !re is a good deal ( com=t = ^? :o suff] ! pa9s ( self-consci\sness1 previ\sly describ$4 ,!y ne$ n seek a l[] degree ( self-consci\sness1 b only to di/ribute m wisely :at !y n[ possess4 ,9 fullness ( consci\sness !y may well rejoice1 recogniz+ its possession z a p[]4 ,b !y %\ld take a l>g] unit = its ex]cise4 ,9 meet+ a fri5d1 = example1 we are prone to ?9k ( ourselves1 h[ we are speak+ or pois+ our body4 ,b suppose we transf] our consci\sness to ! subject ( our talk1 & all[ ourselves a he>ty int]e/ 9 t4 ,leav+ ! details ( spee* & po/ure to me*aniz$ pa/ habits1 we may turn all ! =ce ( our consci\s att5tion on ! fre% issues ( ! discussion4 ,) ^! we may id5tify ourselves1 & s exp]i5ce ! enl>gem5t :i* new mat]ials br+4 ,:5 we 7 /udy+ ! intricacies ( self- sacrifice1 we f\nd t ! g5]\s man is n s mu* ! self- d5i] or ev5 ! self-=gett]1 b r he :o is m9dful ( 8 l>g] self4 ,he turns consci\sness f 8 ab/ract & isolat$ self & fixes x ^u 8 relat$ & conjunct self4 ,b t is a process :i* may g on ev]y:]e4 ,our rule %\ld be to )draw att5tion f isolat$ m9utiae1 = :i* a glance is suffici5t4 ,giv+ m]ely t glance1 we may !n leave !m to !mselves4 ,enc\rag+ !m to become me*aniz$1 we %\ld use ^! me*aniz$ tra9s 9 ! high] ranges ( liv+4 ,! cure = self-consci\sness is n suppression1 b ! turn+ ( x ^u some?+ m significant4 ,,vi ,e habit1 h[ev]1 requires p]petual adju/m5t1 or x may rule u in/ead ( all[+ u in/ead to rule ?r\gh x4 ,we d well to let alone our me*aniz$ tra9s :ile !y d n lead u into evil4 ,s long z !y run 9 ! "r direction1 in/9cts are bett] ?an int5tions4 ,b repeat$ly we ne$ to /udy results1--& see if we are arriv+ at ! goal :]e we w\ld be4 ,if n1 !n habit requires readju/m5t4 ,f su* negative control a habit %\ld nev] be all[$ to escape4 ,?is great _w ( ours does n /& /ill4 ,e mom5t its conditions are alt]+4 ,:atev] action fits x n[ w be pretty sure to be a slight misfit next ye>4 ,no "o c be ?or\ghly good :o is n a flexible p]son1 capable ( draw+ back 8 tra9s1 reexam9+ !m1 & br++ !m into bett] adju/m5t to 8 purposes4 ,x is mean+less1 !n1 to ask :e!r we %\ld be intuitive & spontane\s1 or consid]ate & delib]ate4 ,!re is no su* alt]native4 ,we ne$ bo? dispositions4 ,we %\ld seek to atta9 a condition ( swift spontaneity1 ( ab\nd+ fre$om1 ( ! abs5ce ( all re/ra9t1 & %\ld n re/ satisfi$ ) ! conditions 9 :i* we 7 born4 ,b we mu/ n suff] t ev5 ! new nature %\ld be all[$ to become altoge!r natural4 ,x %\ld be b ! natural eng9e = spiritual ends1 itself repeat$ly scrut9iz$ ) a view to _! bett] fulfillm5t4 ,,vii ,! doctr9e ( ! ?ree /ages ( conduct1 elaborat$ 9 ?is *apt]1 expla9s "s curi\s anomalies 9 ! be/[al ( praise1 & at ! same "t receives f t doctr9e f>!r elucidation4 ,:5 is conduct praisewor?y8 ,:5 may we fairly claim honor f our fell[s & ourselves8 ,!re is a ready answ]4 ,no?+ is praisewor?y :i* is n ! result ( ef=t4 ,i d n praise a lady = h] beauty1 ,i admire h]4 ,! a?lete's spl5did body ,i envy1 wi%+ t m9e 7 l x4 ,b ,i d n praise him4 ,or does ! read] hesitate2 & :ile ackn[l$g+ t admiration & envy may be our lead+ feel+s "h1 ?9k t a c]ta9 measure ( praise is also due8 ,x may be4 ,p]haps ! lady has be5 k9d en\gh by c>e to height5 h] beauty4 ,p]haps ^? p[]ful muscles are p>tly ! result ( daily discipl9e4 ,^! p]sons1 !n1 are n undes]v+ ( praise1 at lea/ to ! ext5t t !y h us$ ef=t4 ,see+ a collection ( *9a1 ,i admire ! *9a1 b praise ! collector4 ,x is h>d to obta9 su* pieces4 ,l>ge exp5se is requir$1 long tra9+ too1 & con/ant wat*fulness4 ,accord+ly ,i am int]e/$ 9 m ?an ! collection4 ,i give praise to ! own]4 ,a le>n$ man we admire1 honor1 envy1 b also praise4 ,8 wisdom is ! result ( ef=t4 ,pla9ly1 !n1 praise & blame are attributable exclusively to spiritual be+s4 ,nature is unfit = honor4 ,we may admire h]1 may wi% t our ways 7 l h]s1 & envy h] great law-abid+ calm4 ,b x w\ld be fooli% to praise h]1 or ev5 to blame :5 h] volcanoes ov]:elm our fri5ds4 ,we praise _s only1 consci\s de$s4 ,:]e self-direct$ action =ces its pa? to a wor?y goal1 we rightly praise ! director4 ,n[1 if all ?is is true1 !re seems (t5-times a /range unsuitabl5ess 9 praise4 ,we may well decl9e to receive x4 ,to praise "s ( our good qualities1 pretty fundam5tal ones too1 (t5 /rikes u z insult+4 ,y are ask$ a sudd5 "q & put 9 a difficult /rait = an answ]4 ,yes1 ,i say1 b y actually did tell ! tru?4 ,i wi% to congratulate y4 ,y 7 successful & des]ve mu* praise4 ,b :o w\ld feel com=table "u su* eulogy8 ,& :y n8 ,if tell+ ! tru? is a spiritual excell5ce & ! result ( ef=t1 :y %\ld x n be prais$8 ,b !re lies ! tr\ble4 ,i assum$ t to be a tru?-tell] requir$ /ra9 on y\r "p4 ,9 reality x w\ld h requir$ great] /ra9 = falsehood4 ,x might !n seem t ,i %\ld praise ^? :o are n easily excell5t1 s9ce ,i am =bidd5 to praise ^? :o are4 ,& some?+ l ?is seems actually approv$4 ,if a boy on ! /reet1 :o has be5 tra9$ h>dly to di/+ui% tru? f lies1 "s day /umbles into a bit ( tru?1 ,i may ju/ly praise him4 ,spl5did fell[6 ,no ^w ( falsehood !re6 ,b :5 ,i see ! fa!r ( 8 c\ntry be>+ 8 little hat*et1 praise is unfit2 = ,george ,wa%+ton _c tell a lie4 ,absurd z ?is conclusion appe>s1 ,i believe x /ates our s\nde/ moral judgm5t2 = praise nev] escapes an elem5t ( disp>agem5t4 ,x implies t ! unexpect$ has happ5$4 ,if ,i praise a man = le>n+1 x is because ,i _h suppos$ him ignorant2 if = help+ ! un=tunate1 ,i h9t t ,i did n anticipate t he w\ld reg>d any b himself4 ,:]ev] praise appe>s1 we _c evade ! sugge/ion t excell5ce is a matt] ( surprise4 ,& z nobody likes to be ?\ght ill-adapt$ to excell5ce1 praise may rightly be res5t$4 ,x is true1 !re is a gr\p ( cases :]e praise seems diff]5tly employ$4 ,we c praise ^? :om we recognize z high & lift$ up4 ,s+ praises unto ! ,"l1 s+ praises1 ! ,psalmi/ says4 ,& our he>ts respond4 ,we feel x altoge!r appropriate4 ,we d n disp>age ,god by daily praise4 ,no1 b ! elem5t ( disp>agem5t is /ill pres5t1 = we are really disp>ag+ ourselves4 ,t is ! true significance ( praise (f]$ to ! confess$ly great4 ,= !m1 ! praise is inappropriate4 ,b x is1 nev]!less1 appropriate t x %\ld be (f]$ by u little p :o /& bel[ & look up4 ,prais+ ! wise man1 ,i really decl>e my ignorance to be s great t ,i h difficulty 9 conceiv+ myself 9 8 place4 ,= me1 x w\ld require long ye>s ( =bidd+ "w be=e ,i c\ld atta9 to 8 wisdom4 ,& ev5 9 ! extreme =m ( ?is praise ( sup]iors1 sub/antially ! same mean+ holds4 ,we praise ,god 9 ord] to abase ourselves4 ,him we _c really praise4 ,t we und]/& at ! />t4 ,he is beyond comm5dation4 ,excell5ce cov]s him l a g>m5t1 & is n atta9$1 l ours1 by /ruggle ?r\gh ob/acles4 ,yet ?is diff]5ce betwe5 him & u we c only express by try+ to imag9e ourselves l him1 & say+ h[ difficult su* excell5ce w\ld !n be4 ,we h "h1 !re=e1 a sort ( rev]s$ praise1 :]e ! disp>agem5t :i* praise always c>ries falls exclusively on ! prais]4 ,& su* cases are by no means uncommon1 cases 9 :i* !re is at lea/ a pret5se on ! prais]'s "p ( sett+ himself bel[ ! "o prais$4 ,b praise usually proce$s d[n f above1 & !n1 implicitly1 we disp>age him :om we pr(ess to exalt4 ,nor d ,i see h[ ?is is to be avoid$2 = praise belongs to goodness ga9$ by ef=t1 :ile excell5ce is n rea*$ till ef=t ceases 9 second nature4 ,to ass]t ?r\gh praise t goodness is /ill a /ruggle is to set ! good man back f our ?ird /age to our second4 ,9 fact by ! "t he really rea*es excell5ce praise has lo/ its fitness1 goodness n[ be+ easi] ?an badness1 & no long] some?+ difficult1 unexpect$1 & dem&+ rew>d4 ,= ?is reason ^? p]sons are usually mo/ gre$y ( praise :o h a r l[ op9ion ( !mselves4 ,be+ afraid t !y are n rem>kable1 !y are peculi>ly delight$ :5 p assure !m t !y are4 ,accord+ly ! greate/ protection aga9/ vanity is pride4 ,! pr\d man1 assur$ ( 8 p[]s1 he>s ! little prais]s & is amus$4 ,h[ mu* m he kn[s ab\t x ?an !y6 ,inn] wor? /ops ! gre$y e>4 ,:5 we h some?+ to be va9 ab\t1 we are seldom va94 ,,viii ,b if all ?is is true1 :y %\ld praise be sweet8 ,9 c&or mo/ ( u w own t !re is little else s desir$4 ,:5 almo/ e o!r =m ( dep5d5ce is laid by1 to our secret he>ts ! good words ( neighbors are de>4 ,& well !y may be6 ,our pleasure te/ifies h[ closely we are knitt$ toge!r4 ,we _c be satisfi$ ) a sep>at$ consci\sness1 b dem& t ! consci\sness ( all %all respond to our own4 ,a glori\s infirmity !n6 ,& ! peculi> sweetness :i* praise br+s is gr\nd$ 9 ! consci\sness ( our weakness4 ,9 c]ta9 regions ( my life1 x is true1 goodness has become fairly natural2 & !re ( c\rse praise /rikes me z ill-adju/$ & di/a/eful4 ,i d n l to h my mann]s prais$1 my hone/y1 or my dilig5ce4 ,b !re are o!r tracts :]e ,i "k ,i am /ill 9 ! /age ( consci\s ef=t4 ,9 ?is ext5sive region1 aw>e ( my feebl5ess & he>+ an inw>d call to great] heights1 x w always be *e]+ to he> ^? ab\t me say1 ,well done6 ,( c\rse 9 say+ ?is !y w inevitably h9t t ,i h n yet rea*$ an end1 & _! praises w displease unless ,i too am ready to ackn[l$ge my incomplet5ess4 ,b :5 ?is is ackn[l$g$1 praise is welcome & invigorat+4 ,i suspect we deal 9 x too little4 ,if imag9ation 7 m active1 & we 7 m will+ to ent] sympa!tically ! inn] life ( our /ruggl+ & imp]fect comrades1 we %\ld be/[ x m lib]ally4 ,occasion is always at h&4 ,none ( u ev] q passes beyond ! delib]ate1 consci\s1 & praise-des]v+ l9e4 ,9 "s p>ts ( our be+ we are f>!r advanc$1 & may !re be exp]i5c+ ! peace & assurance ( a consid]able second nature4 ,b !re too p]petual v]ification is necess>y4 ,& s _m tracts rema9 unsubdu$ or capable ( high] cultivation t ?r\gh\t our lives1 p]haps on into et]nity1 ef=t w /ill f9d room = "w1 & suitable praises may att5d x4 ,,ref]5ces ,,on ,,! ,,?ree ,,/ages ,,( ,,goodness ,james's ,psy*ology1 *4 iv4 ,ba9's ,emotions & ! ,w1 *4 ix4 ,wundt's ,facts ( ! ,moral ,life1 *4 iii4 ,/eph5's ,sci5ce ( ,e?ics1 *4 vii4 ,section iii4 ,m>t9eau's ,types ( ,e?ical ,!ory1 pt4 ii4 bk4 i4 *4 iii4