,transcriber's ,notes3 ,underscores 80 before and after a word or phrase indicate italics in the original text4 ,small capitals have been converted to ,,solid capitals4 ,illustrations and footnotes have been moved so they do not break up paragraphs4 ,typographical errors have been silently corrected but other variations in spelling and punctuation remain unaltered4 ,note ,the friendly eyes that read these pages1 knowing the pathetic fails relating to their publication1 will not be content without a word to tell to other readers the story that will cause one and all to look on the little book in the same sympathetic mood4 ,the trips among the scenes of the storied past1 here recorded1 were taken not so much in search of health as in search of diversion from the sad employment of watching the inexorable approach of mortal disease4 ,the writing was undertaken to occupy a vigorous mind1 conscious that its tenement would not long endure4 ,alas6 the task was not done before its purpose had been fully completed1 and to others was left the duty of reading the final proofs4 ,such imperfections as may be found should be charged to this account1 and all the excellences are to be credited to the brave soul that fought her fight so silently that only a very few closest friends knew of the unequal battle4 ,c4 ,s4 ,g4 ,illustration3 ,the ,abbatical ,church of ,saint ,ouen is ,perhaps the ,most ,perfect ,example of the ,gothic in its ,full ,maturity ,,flowers ,,from ,,medi,,val ,,history ,,by ,,minnie ,d4 ,,kellogg ,i never can feel sure of any truth but from a clear perception of its beauty4 ,keats ,,illustrated ,,paul ,,elder ,,and ,,company ,,publishers,,san ,,francisco ,,copyright1 #aiaj ,,by ,,paul ,,elder ,,and ,,company ,contents ,page ,advertisement vii ,by ,way of ,introduction xi ,flowers of ,history from the ,romantic ,thirteenth ,century #c ,mystics as ,builders #ae ,the ,golden ,madonna of ,rheims #bf ,the ,little ,old ,abb of ,saint ,denis and the ,imagiers #ch ,the ,mystic ,cathedral of ,chartres #ej ,caen3 ,an ,eleventh ,century ,tableau #gc ,the ,grandniece of the ,grand ,inquisitor #hg ,stray ,leaves from ,old1 ,old ,books #ih ,the ,romantic ,twentieth ,century3 ,a ,deduction #aah ,a ,word ,regarding ,bibliography #aci ,index #adc ,illustrations ,facing ,page ,the ,abbatical ,church of ,saint ,ouen ,title ,as ,art1 ,early ,painting is ,often ,taken too ,seriously2 but as ,literature1 it is ,charming xiv ,the ,crucifix in the ,town ,hall of ,rouen #d ,the ,virgin ,greets the ,angel of ,death #h ,sainte ,chapelle #aj ,interior of ,sainte ,chapelle #ab ,saint ,martin ,dividing ,his ,coat1 from an ,old ,antiphone #bj ,from the ,certosa of ,pavia #bb ,tomb of ,dante1 ,ravenna #bd ,a ,recent ,tribute to ,clovis and ,saint ,remi1 on the ,interior ,frieze of the ,pantheon1 ,paris #bf ,the ,flying ,buttress #cb ,the ,sculptured ,saint ,upon a ,gothic ,cathedral #cd ,in the ,sixteenth ,century the ,french ,academy ,changed the ,name of the ,imagiers' ,guild to the ,sculptors' #db ,a ,thirteenth ,century ,window #dd ,the ,old-,time ,house of ,prayer1 which ,still ,dominates the ,city of ,chartres #eb ,a ,pillar at ,chartres #ed ,a ,view ,through the ,portail of ,chartres #ef ,a ,detail of the ,portail ,septentrionale #fj ,south ,portal of ,chartres #fd ,a ,page from the ,sculptured 8,bible of the ,laity10 ,chartres #fh ,altar-piece at ,chartres #gj ,william the ,conqueror's ,old ,fortress #gd ,dinan #hd ,old ,moats ,do ,make ,such ,charming ,gardens #hf ,a ,peep ,into the ,cranium of a ,bible ,reader in ,lope de ,vega's ,time #hh ,the ,literal1 ,limited ,god of a ,fanatic and ,father ,adam ,stock-taking in ,eden #ib ,a ,tribute to the ,scribes of the ,dark ,ages #ajj ,the ,baptistry ,doors #ajb ,a ,page from the ,bible of ,jean ,sans ,peur #aaj ,head of ,justice1 from ,fiore's ,group #acj ,an ,ideal of the ,gracious ,republic of ,venice1 ,paul ,veronese #acd ,a ,medival ,expression of ,justice ,attended by ,archangels1 by ,fiore #acf ,advertisement ,these accounts all relate to places and objects that the uncommercial traveler may casually run upon at some turn of his way4 ,subjects mentioned in ,baedeker have been considered here reflectively rather than descriptively4 ,although ,i do not propose to analyze the soil in which these flowers of history have sprung up1 nor to speak of the rank weeds growing by their sides1 ,i have tried not to blight these blossoms with falsehood4 ,certainly one-half of the truth is as true as the other and it may be infinitely pleasanter4 ,as far as they go1 these little historiettes are based upon evidence and authority4 ,i want to teach you so much history that your sympathy may grow continually wider and you may be able to realize past generations of men just as you do the present1 sorrowing for them when they failed1 triumphing with them when they prevailed2 for ,i find this one conviction never changing with me but always increasingy that one cannot live a life manfully without a wide world of sympathy and love to exercise it in4 --,burne-,jones to ,his ,son4 ,suggested itineraries for cathedral trips in ,normandy1 giving monuments of the first order only1 places readily reached by rail3 ,first4 ,land at ,bologne sur ,mer1 ,amiens1 ,laon1 ,rheims1 ,paris1 ,saint ,denis1 ,chartres1 ,caen1 ,bayeux1 ,mt4 ,san ,michele1 embark from ,cherbourg4 ,second4 ,land from ,england at ,dieppe1 or from ,america at ,havre1 proceed to ,rouen1 which possesses the most perfect example of later ,gothic in the great abbatical ,church of ,saint ,ouen2 an excellent example of flamboyant ,gothic in ,saint ,maclou2 and a large1 irregular but imposing ,gothic cathedral on the order of ,rheims2 thence to ,mt4 ,san ,michele1 most unique of medival monuments2 thence to ,caen and ,bayeux near by it1 ,chartres and ,paris4 ,amiens and ,rheims being very similar1 and on the order of ,chartres and ,notre ,dame of ,paris1 are not included in this itinerary4 ,the traveler to whom time is money will be greatly tried by the connections made and lost by the trains in ,normandy that stop at small places4 ,both these itineraries respect the idiosyncrasies of ,french railroads4 ,the motorist1 rejoicing in the excellent ,norman roads1 can combine these itineraries very easily--taking in the cathedrals of ,le ,mans1 ,bourg1 ,beauvais and ,coutances4 ,i would especially call his attention to the small but interesting ,early ,norman church at ,dols1 and to the walled town of ,san ,malo on the sea1 with picturesque little ,dinan1 fashionable ,dinard1 and a dirty little fishing village near by4 ,by ,way of ,introduction ,modern invention has actually reflected upon ancient history3 the railroad1 the steam derrick and the photograph have changed our conceptions of the past4 ,written history is now accepted as its author's opinion1 while tangible records stand forth as facts4 ,this attitude brings the ,middle ,ages particularly near to us1 for though its people wrote comparatively little1 they were wonderful builders3 their art was more literally expressive than the classic2 then1 too1 of course1 it is better preserved4 ,while the ,greeks and ,romans were our schoolmasters1 the ,europeans of the ,middle ,ages are our ancestors4 ,their experience foreshadows our own2 for however far removed from us in thought and action they may have been1 they were akin to us in feeling4 ,though the rude pioneers of ,christianity were often intensely cruel1 as you follow their history1 you may meet with some gentle deed springing from the good seed1 even when sown in stony places1 with some action in its sweetness and humility entirely beyond the pagan world4 ,in their childish story one may trace the early workings of the ,christian ideal4 ,it did not control behavior1 nor did it always direct it wisely2 morality1 being judicial and scientific1 implies a certain maturity of mind4 ,religion is simple2 it is unlogical1 sentimental and impulsive4 ,whatever this indefinable instinct may be1 it has manifested itself as a spiritualizing force in morality and an initiative force in art4 ,religion has in it a craving for a loveliness beyond all literal perception of the senses2 a philosophic mind projects this ideal in contemplation2 an artistic mind1 in symbol2 for1 as ,michael ,angelo explains1 8,rash is the thought and vain that maketh beauty from the senses grow40 ,the ,greeks did develop an art from the motif of physical beauty1 however1 but their statues1 executed before art became mature enough to produce that beauty1 have no message1 while one often catches something high and holy from a very early ,christian image4 ,it may radiate from a pretty smile on the face of a crude ,madonna1 or a graceful upturned head1 in a figure entirely destitute of anatomy1 which looks as though the simple craftsman had called upon a higher power than knowledge4 ,spiritual beauty being the ideal in ,christian art1 the image1 however rude1 which suggests it1 makes its appeal in the charmed language of that loving religion4 ,medival archives have been ransacked by ,protestants for the errors of ,catholicism2 by political economists1 who even penetrate to the ,dark ,ages in search of the chilly lessons of the dismal science1 for wisdom2 and between them what a conception we have6 ,but it is not the whole story1 for ,chaucer assures us the ,moyen ,age was a fairly livable period1 peopled by beings like ourselves2 moreover1 it was an artistic age which has left us not only a wonderful architecture but two supreme poets4 ,perhaps the fairest chroniclers of such a period are its own artists1 great and small1 for history has grown too democratic to confine herself to kings1 however worthy4 ,she does not find the crude carver voiceless who1 in default of skill1 surrounds his ,madonna with gold and loads her with rude jewels2 indeed1 she often finds her sweetest flowers growing between the lines of an unskilful brush or chisel4 ,although as painting1 medival efforts are often taken too seriously1 as literature they are charming1 for they speak of the good and the beautiful as their ,age conceived it4 ,while the written stories of the time were shallow and coarse beyond our endurance1 its painters were giving us their accounts of this life and the next 7particularly the next74 ,first come bright1 pretty colors prettily placed1 pretty thoughts of happy angels4 ,then gold backgrounds give way to skies1 and shadows creep onto the canvas4 ,then they begin to tell stories2 so eager they are that they cram four or five pictures into one1 dotting the little scenes1 by way of parenthesis1 into the backgrounds4 ,these pictures give the other half of the truth1 the tenderer side of the old life and theology4 ,what sympathetic ,bible scholars some of the artists became6 ,and1 in general1 the greatest were the tenderest4 ,albrecht ,drer's ,evangelists are interesting character studies for all time4 ,he conceives of ,saint ,mark as a plain1 simple enthusiast2 of ,saint ,paul1 as a broad-minded1 thoughtful man whom he even imagines to be bald4 ,he does not try to make either of them exactly handsome but the way ,mark looks up to ,paul is most winning4 ,a little later ,andrea del ,sarto paints a splendid account of the warring doctors of the ,church1 which shows clearly he saw beyond them3 but this takes us into the ,renaissance which has been defined as a marriage of the ,grecian and the ,gothic4 ,illustration3 ,as ,art1 ,early ,painting is ,often ,taken too ,seriously2 but as ,literature1 it is ,charming4 ,a strict analysis has come into art and it is creeping into life1--our race childhood is drawing to a close but not without leaving us many things that are sweet to remember4 ,we tell our children some of the very same stories that the wandering story-tellers used to relate to good knights and their fair ladies in the old baronial halls1--,cinderella1 ,beauty and the ,beast1 or ,puss in ,boots1--only the knights and their ladies believed them4 ,there is a pathos in medival story2 it is a tragedy of misdirected effort 7as perhaps all history is71 only the medival tragedy strikes home4 ,its actors were people of our own blood and of our own ,church--our own people only under delusions from which we have emancipated ourselves4 ,to understand their story we must take them as children and listen with them for the imaginary voices that lead them on4 ,a veritable allegory of the ,age of ,faith was presented on the great stage of history in #abab1 when two enormous armies of little boys and girls started from ,france and ,germany singing1 to march to the ,holy ,land2 if any of these children turned back1 none of them seem to have found their old homes4 ,as far as is known to history1 one child alone returned as an aged pilgrim1 to tell the tale1--how the bones of the children strewed the mountainside2 how they had been embarked on unseaworthy vessels to be sold into slavery2 how few1 how very few1 ever reached their goal2 how few1 how very few1 ever remained pure and holy4 ,connected with this tragedy was a horrible pope and a horrible doge1 but now they seem but foils to the purity of the children1 it was all so long ago4 ,and that the mystic beauty of that little legion may live lyrically in our life1 the ,twentieth ,century has set their pathetic march to music in stately oratorio2 for pure aspiration is the melody of melodies1 the veritable flower of history4 ,a certain childish disinterestedness was the tender grace of the ,age of ,faith1--8the tender grace of a day that is dead40 ,it must pass from a broader age2 taking all factors duly into account even drives it from serious history its proportion is so inconsiderable4 ,the life of ,saint ,francis1 who espoused ,my ,lady ,poverty1 is one of the sweetest examples of medival disinterestedness4 ,viewed literally1 the accounts picture a crazy man preaching to birds and fishes1 making a bargain with a wolf and injudiciously mortifying his flesh till he became blind and useless4 ,viewed by the light of their influence his teachings were revolutionary1--they brought new-found energy and sympathy into the ,church2 yet1 at best1 they were only the teachings of ,christ1 without the ,savior's beautiful sanity4 ,viewed by the results he brought about1 ,saint ,francis must have been one of the profoundest of men1 and yet his wisdom1 if he had any1 was only that of the heart4 ,sabatier has written a life of ,francis1 at once scholarly1 judicious and vivid1 but as the ,franciscan ,father remarked1 he wrote the life of ,mr4 ,francis4 ,if you would learn of ,saint ,francis of blessed memory1 you must study by yourself with loving diligence a childish old book which tells of the miracles wrought through the tail of ,saint ,francis--8,the ,little ,flowers of ,saint ,francis40 ,the fruits of history others may put before us1 but the passing fragrance of the flowers we must perceive for ourselves4 ,i here submit for your interpretation certain incidents that seem to me the outgrowth of the fine feeling of the impulsive ,moyen ,age4 ,,flowers ,,from ,,medi,,val ,,history ,flowers of ,history ,from the ,romantic ,thirteenth ,century ,i have borrowed my title from a ,thirteenth ,century chronicle1 of disputed authorship1 purporting to be a history of the world1 but from #ddg ,a4 ,d4 on it is engrossed with the story of ,england4 ,from this insular partiality of its author ,i should be inclined to award the work to the ,english claimant1 for what is a flower of history but a phase of the human story which especially charms the writer4 ,to me the ,gothic cathedrals are the flowers of ,thirteenth ,century history1 which era saw every one of the greatest of them building4 ,their cornerstones may have been laid earlier1 and the finishing touches came much later1 but they owe their character to that one wonderful century which stands apart through the ages1 thus telling its beads4 ,the written history of the ,thirteenth ,century is cruel reading1 but an age1 like a man1 has two soul sides1 and the better side is always the harder to fathom4 ,the ,thirteenth ,century opened for ,france1 the native land of the ,gothic1 with an abominable pope1 a selfish king and1 nearer at hand1 the evil of various tyrannical seigneurs4 ,the great social movement which endowed the ,french towns with their magnificent cathedrals was apart from those powers and hardly affected by their war or peace4 ,these great edifices were built by the secular clergy and the townspeople for municipal1 as well as religious1 purposes4 ,therein they held councils for deliverance from their feudal lords1 lay and ecclesiastic1 for in the ,thirteenth ,century the ,third ,estate became a political power4 ,the cathedrals express the patriotism1 generosity and civic pride of the freemen of the old towns2 they realize the dream of the socialist for the good and the beautiful held in common2 the love of the poet for beauty for its own sweet self2 and the inspiration of the artist1 working at the white heat of a rising art1 as surely as the reverence of the age of faith4 ,illustration3 ,the ,crucifix1 the ,eternal ,warning1 ,built into the ,very ,walls of the ,old ,courtroom in the ,town ,hall of ,rouen4 ,in the ,low ,countries they built city halls at an early date1 but the ,french towns did not need them1 for there the cathedrals lent pomp and circumstance to all municipal assemblages4 ,the first ,states ,general was held in ,notre ,dame of ,paris4 ,the early ,church had endeared itself to the people in many ways4 ,it entertained the traveler1 and it was well that it did1 for the public houses were of a very low order2 it instructed the children2 it ministered to the sick1 and1 if it was a crazy physician1 it was a gentle nurse4 ,the modern hospital1 the fairest monument of humanity1 is directly descended from the old ,hotels-,dieu1 where monks and nuns tended the sick4 ,in the cathedral sat the ,bishops' ,courts which1 the people felt1 were more just than the seigneurs4 ,from these old ,bishops' ,courts the beautiful ,french custom has descended of hanging a crucifix back of the judge's seat in the courts of common law where the symbol1 recalling a politic judge washing his hands of the blood of a just man1 seems more than a human warning4 ,within the consecrated walls of the church was that ever-blessed privilege of the temple--,christian1 ,pagan1 or ,jewish--sanctuary1 the right of the hunted4 ,of course it was abused1 mercy expects to be2 therein it is more divine than human2 but in a lawless day sanctuary was an unconscious protest against lynching4 ,we do read of accidents arising from it2 a ,christian ,church at ,seez was burned down in an attempt to dislodge a band of thieves1 but this embarrassing circumstance reflects on the management of those who burned it rather than upon the church4 ,a complaint comes down to us from the ,thirteenth ,century of the would-be popular clergy who allowed their parishioners to dance in their churches and even assisted at these dances and at shows peu convenable given by jugglers and clowns1 they themselves playing at chess1 all of which goes to show that we must regard these immense churches as meeting houses in the literal sense of the term and allow for the coarseness of the age in considering its amusements4 ,among other buffooneries1 at ,laon particularly1 which seems to have been very 8low church10 we read of the annual fte des innocents1 in which the choir boys dressed up as priests and went through various antics in the church1 which was given up to them for the night1 the chapter giving them a supper after4 ,at ,laon again there is public complaint of a change having been made in the hour of mass and vespers on account of a miracle play that was given in the church4 ,lovers of the drama may look leniently upon this arrangement1 whereas ,i suppose the stricter churchmen1 when the ecclesiastical supremacy came to be questioned1 even in the bishop's own church1 both at ,rheims and ,laon1 said1 8,i told you so40 ,by such concessions the clergy induced the citizens to go in with them in building#a such churches that succeeding generations have called them mad4 ,though the evolution of the ,gothic is one of the most interesting chapters in the history of architecture1 the history of the builders themselves1 if we could only have it1 might be still more fascinating4 ,indeed1 8,who builds a church to ,god and not to fame1 ,will never mark the marble with his name40 ,hence we do not know who designed some of the noblest monuments of ,gothic architecture1 but we do catch charming psychological glimpses as we watch the mystical and the practical unconsciously working together for the beautiful in these old cathedrals1 which make us wonder how such spiritual designs arose and how the artists who conceived them were able to carry them out4 ,how could an age when kings could hardly read and write1 when artists drew like children1 evolve such works of art8 ,how could an age so ignorant of physics and the abstract principles of mechanics erect such buildings8 ,some hazy legends1 fairy tales even1 with their grain of truth 7that truth which one troweth but cannot prove71 and a few scant records1 scattered among the archives of such old churches as have escaped the accidents of war and of peace1 are really all that is left us with which to picture a beautiful phase of thought and feeling which lured a childish people onward toward art1 organization and nationality4 ,from the old archives of ,chartres1 which was built so slowly1 from the old records of ,saint ,denis1 which was built so quickly1 between the lines of the nave old letters of tactful old bishops who coaxed nobles and workmen alike1 as much as they coerced them1 thereby raising fabulous sums paid in labor or in gold with which to build such temples that succeeding generations have thought them inspired1 we may pick up a few fragments of the untold story of these exquisitely poetic ,builders who taught architecture to speak a universal language4 ,illustration3 ,the ,middle ,ages ,dealt ,much in ,allegory4 ,the ,virgin ,greets the ,angel of ,death4--,a ,sermon in ,marble4 ,saint ,denis1 which immediately antedated the great ,gothic churches of ,northern ,france1 is a stately mansion with a steeple at its side1 but the ,gothic cathedrals are ,christian temples every inch2 their design itself is consecrate4 ,their lines and harmonies however varied1 however bizarre1 always resolve at last into some ideal of reverence1 while their solemn beauty speaks a various language4 ,from crypt to steeple the ,gothic church is a ,christian metaphor4 ,its ground plan is the ,cross1 while the huge cathedral with all its worshipers is but a standard bearer for loftier crosses borne upon its towers and spires4 ,from the bulwarks of their massive foundations1 laid in the ,dark ,ages1 these old churches deliberately grew more ornate1 carrying with them countless generations of architects growing steadily in pride and skill until it only required a burst of popular enthusiasm to bring forth the artistic revolution of the ,thirteenth ,century4 ,again 7but not in wrath7 the old churches were demolished simply because they were no longer the noblest possible treasure houses for their precious relics4 ,then it was that the gentle1 mystical1 ,french monarch1 who maintained his court so simply1 purchased 8,the ,crown of ,thorns0 from the mercenary ,venetians1 into whose hands it had fallen through a chattel mortgage given by those who had acquired it as a spoil of war4 ,never were the rites of the church so descriptive1 so picturesque1 so splendid1 as in the ,thirteenth ,century4 ,barefooted and in penitential garb1 but followed by a band of light1 a great procession of worshipers1 each carrying a candle1 the king and his brother met the supreme relic and bore it tenderly onward to the ,royal ,chapel in ,paris and all the cities1 towns and hamlets through which they passed were reverently illuminated4 ,then ,saint ,louis entreated the great architects of his realm1 whose genius was already proven1 to strive to design a reliquary even worthy of the ,crown of ,thorns1 and in five years the beautiful ,sainte ,chapelle arose3 like other poetry this lovely chapel was born of a passionate yearning4 ,illustration3 ,sainte ,chapelle1 which ,sprang from the ,crown of ,thorns4 ,if the cathedrals are epics of architecture1 the ,sainte ,chapelle is a sonnet1 a masterpiece of single-minded expression1 the purity of whose design established a standard4 ,no cathedral could be finished on its original plan2 it was necessarily too long in building2 but the model which was to harmonize the labors of successive builders may be sought in the little ,sainte ,chapelle of ,paris which sprang from the ,crown of ,thorns4 ,as every great work of art mirrors a human heart1 reflecting that of which its author took no note as clearly as that which stirred his conscious being1 so the ,sainte ,chapelle reflects ,saint ,louis and ,saint ,louis reflects the ,age of ,faith4 ,he was its poet who wrote in deeds4 ,it is not strange that ,louis ,,ix was canonized for he was in perfect accord with the ideals of his age1 asceticism1 chivalry1 humility and regality2 and too1 he was a great builder4 ,saint ,louis built the ,sainte ,chapelle to hold that which did not physically exist2 but as with the pen of a recording angel1 on this tablet of stone he wrote a message from the better self of his age to all humanity4 ,though history repeats1 the history of the ,gothic is as unique as that architecture itself2 when otherwise men were trammeled body and soul its builders were free to create1 to vary or to destroy4 ,in the nineteenth century1 when travel became general 78he who runs may read071 certain gentle readers like ,corroyer1 ,hugo1 ,rodin1 ,ruskin1 and most accurate of all1 ,viollet-le-,duc1 interpreted this marvelous architecture of the ,moyen ,age to the multitude4 8,they builded better than they knew2 they wrought in sad sincerity10 vaguely exclaimed the philosopher4 8,they built as well as they knew2 they built in glad sincerity10 observed the architect4 ,rodin reminds us that it is a mistake to imagine that the religious conceptions of that day were able to bring forth architectural masterpieces any more than that the religious conceptions of today are responsible for the defects in modern structures4 ,the ,gothic cathedrals are epics of labor4 ,they grew up under the hands of many designers and builders1 who were learning as they worked4 ,democracy echoes through these noble buildings into which were wrought the hope1 the promise and the enthusiasm of a rising people4 ,illustration3 ,interior of ,saint ,chapelle4 8,much more than the ogive1 the grotto1 the cavern1 the window1 is the essential of ,gothic architecture40--,august ,rodin4 ,to the inartistic eighteenth century1 whose mission was to fight tyranny1 political and religious1 these ornate structures seemed the meaningless labor of a downtrodden people4 ,i doubt if logicians like ,voltaire and ,gibbon realized the elevating joy of passionate giving that came to some of the poorest donors4 ,think of a guild of pastry cooks presenting a magnificent window to the ,church1 their ,mother6 ,no less a building than the ,cathedral of ,chartres6 ,never were the lovely things of the ,age of ,faith more beloved than in the present ,age of ,doubt4 ,we are trying to restore the noblest of the old cathedrals1 stone for stone1 and to lure back the sweetest prayers and truest penance confided to their walls to spiritualize their resurrection4 ,never were the maiden efforts of ,christian art more tenderly approached than in the technical twentieth century1 when they are studied alike by ,catholic1 ,protestant and ,jew4 ,the old theology has been very severely picked over1 but underneath its mouldy leaves1 like trailing arbutus in the spring1 the 8,little ,flowers of ,st4 ,francis0 peep up4 ,the nineteenth century concerned itself with the errors of the ,medival ,church1 but the twentieth especially reads the gentler side related by the artists1 and sometimes we catch hallowed messages from the pure in heart who have almost seen ,god4 ,mystics as ,builders ,we order the temples still standing destroyed that in their exact place may be raised the sign of the ,christian religion4 ,decree of ,valentinian ,,iii4 ,in the tribunal of history the ,christian iconoclasts have been dealt with somewhat in the manner of defendants in damage suits4 ,if a cow is killed by a railroad1 is it not naturally assumed to have been a ,durham8 ,if a statue was destroyed by a fanatic why not put in a claim for a ,phidias8 ,as a matter of fact1 by the time the early ,christians came into power the art of the day of ,pericles had been copied for over seven hundred years4 ,of art1 what worse could be said6 ,grecian art neither rose nor fell in a generation nor was it childless2 original1 though minor schools1 ,hellenic to the core1 sprang up in the ,grecian colonies and to the end the art and artists of ,rome were ,greeks4 ,but during the later ,roman ,empire the degenerate ,grecian artist commissioned by the degenerate ,roman patron was simply cumbering the earth4 ,oh1 yes1 in those luxurious days they patronized art as rich men should1 as rich men do4 ,the houses of ,herculaneum and ,pompeii teemed with articles of virtu4 ,it was not statues the world of art needed1 it was ideals4 ,in art1 it is the individual point of view that counts even if it be only that of the destroyer4 ,since art reflects life and life means change1 the iconoclast has his place4 ,a race1 or more often the meeting of two races1 may develop a school of art2 it reaches its perfection in the work of a few genii of its golden age2 to them it is given to embody the highest and best that was in the myriad of artists who have taught them and their teachers4 ,spellbound by its own perfection1 this art can move no farther4 ,the multitude seek to preserve it1 for its value has been interpreted to them in quotations of the exchange4 ,artists are satisfied to copy it1 and thereby artists they gradually cease to be4 ,the destroyer comes1--fire1 fanatic1 whirlwind1 victor or worm--the bulk and body of that art perishes1 but the ideal1 being a fruit of the spirit1 lives4 ,the final ruling of ,grecian architecture is still proclaimed from the ,parthenon1 while headless and armless the lone 8,winged ,victory0 might immortalize the action of ,grecian sculpture1 the poetry of ,grecian thought4 ,since architecture is the most national of the arts1 its movements are the easiest to trace4 ,sometimes we actually detect the designer following in the footsteps of the iconoclast4 ,indeed1 the most successful patron architecture has known1 the ,catholic ,church1 commenced as a destroyer4 ,in the south of ,france ecclesiastical architecture remained essentially classic until the ,renaissance4 ,this was largely due to one great sixth century bishop1 ,patiens de ,lyons1 who repaired the old temples and rebuilt anew on their lines so successfully that the people proudly said they could not tell the new from the old2 but in the north of ,gaul1 where ,martin of ,tours and his followers had made a clean sweep of the pagan temples and their old influence1 architectural and spiritual1 an absolutely new style of church building developed4 ,it is there that to this day we turn for the purest ,gothic4 ,of this ,martin we have some little history1 hazy though it be4 ,he was a rude barbarian of the ,roman legion1 under the ,emperor ,julian1 who embraced ,christianity and brought the glad tidings to ,tours4 ,with a soldier's idea of conquest he demolished the temples of false gods1 like other superstitious converts2 but he contended that to make the victory complete1 at least an altar to the true ,god should mark the very spot2 and he is credited with six religious foundations1 one having been a church for the laity in the town of ,tours4 ,the present age might canonize ,martin for a deed overlooked by his most ardent1 early eulogists4 ,he and ,saint ,ambrose protested against the 8new heresy0 of two ,spanish bishops who put a gnostic to death for his heretical opinions4 ,hagiology1 however1 abounds in records of ,saint ,martin1 for he became the best beloved saint of old ,gaul4 ,it is natural that those who read the ,roman ,catholic breviary literally should doubt it somewhat4 ,they fail to realize that the history of a saint lies entirely between the lines of the account4 ,the sacred lesson taught by this life rechoes in his antiphones1 responses1 versicles and lessons1 until he stands before his followers as a type of certain virtues4 ,thus ,saint ,sebastian stands for ,christian courage2 though his body is pierced with arrows and his hands are tied1 he is always represented looking bravely up to ,heaven3 torture is immaterial to him3 he is sustained by faith4 ,saint ,gregory1 gentlest of pastors1 greatest of popes1 is represented with the emblem of the ,holy ,ghost1 the dove1 perched upon his shoulder2 ,saint ,jerome1 who translated the ,scriptures1 with the ,book in his hand2 he generally has an angel near-by him4 ,two little pictures stand out in ,saint ,martin's iconography4 ,in one1 ,saint ,martin cuts his cloak in half with his sword to divide it with a beggar and beholds the ,savior abundantly clad in half of it2 and in the other1 ,saint ,martin evokes the spectre of a pretended martyr worshiped in ,tours1 who comes to life and admits that he was hanged for crime1 wherefore ,saint ,martin demolishes his shrine4 ,to the early ,church the relic was everything4 ,of course it should be pure and holy4 ,in it there was inspiration4 ,above the grave of some dear saint or1 perhaps1 only to his memory1 a shrine would arise1 and from these shrines1 like flowers from seed1 churches grew4 ,a crypt might be made to hold some hallowed dust1 where services might be held4 ,this was reminiscent of the ,roman catacombs where the first ,christians1 believing literally in the resurrection of the body1 had laid their dead1 and where1 unseen by the unsympathetic world1 they had met for holy communion4 ,the crypts of the early ,church were the mortal resting-places of friendly immortals at the great court above who1 in their robes of light1 might plead acceptably for those who would so reverently approach the heavenly throne through spirits purer than their own4 ,of course1 these pleaders must be very pure to turn their shrines to altars4 ,what spiritual value had a pretty1 paltry tomb honoring an unholy spirit8 ,roman civilization was materialistic1 but not so this new religion of ,jesus of ,nazareth4 ,now1 if things holy could pervade and hallow a building1 why should not things unholy defile it8 ,we may trace this idea carried out so literally1 so picturesquely1 so almost logically in the legends of ,martin of ,tours1 that we actually sympathize with the destructive old bishop4 ,blindly defending the dream that was in him1 he actually stands first in that long line of ecclesiastical builders who1 in the fulness of time1 jointly brought forth ,gothic architecture4 ,illustration3 ,saint ,martin ,dividing ,his ,coat1 from an ,old ,antiphone4 ,when ,saint ,martin put his rude followers to work building houses for their new faith he must have established a certain amount of unity and order among them4 ,could there have been a better way to attach his crude converts to their ,church than to induce them to work upon it8 ,while ,saint ,martin was building at ,tours1 the ,dark ,ages were setting in1 when men of action became marauders1 preying upon others2 men of thought became monks1 praying for themselves2 humanity went backwards1 and history ceased from very shame4 ,but through it all there were a few perplexed old bishops who1 whatever their failings may have been1 tried to do something for their fellows4 ,however1 in that lawless day1 they had to defend rather than expand ,christianity1 and even protect its churches1 for pagans1 too1 might be honest iconoclasts6 ,the best thing the ,dark ,ages did for civilization was to learn the builders' trade and teach it to a great many people4 ,it was a general service1 for to make a people industrious is1 sooner or later1 to make them skilful and law-abiding4 ,it is curious that ,saint ,martin who1 even while he was a bishop1 lodged in a hut covered with boughs1 should head the great line of builders who jointly and severally developed ,french ,gothic4 ,in standing for the integrity of the relic1 which was literally the seed of early ,christian art1 ,saint ,martin gave a new and a higher impetus to life1 and with it1 very indirectly1 to art4 ,seventy years after ,martin's death1 to his blessed memory ,saint ,perpetuas built 8the most beautiful church in existence10 at least so ,gregory of ,tours affirms4 ,we will not inquire on what lines1 for this was at the beginning of the ,dark ,ages1 when nothing beautiful was made4 ,a supreme recognition of the bold old iconoclast comes to us from devotees of the classic2 from certain artists and connoisseurs of the ,renaissance4 ,this unexpected tribute to iconoclasm is published upon a monument far removed from old ,gaul in time and place1 in ideal and execution4 ,illustration3 ,from the ,certosa of ,pavia4 ,one of the ,most ,elaborate ,monuments of ,catholicism4 ,in a monastery dowered with the gold of two reigning dynasties of tyrants1 dowered by the genius of two reigning dynasties of painters and sculptors1 amid surroundings perhaps the richest in the world1 where fifty monks might dream away their lives in silence1 in that lordly and exclusive playhouse for the soul of the ,renaissance1 wherein the exuberance of the ,gothic takes on the maturity of the ,renaissance in an elaboration which for once does not cloy1--in the ,certosa di ,pavia we find a tribute to crude1 old ,saint ,martin1 the iconoclast4 ,on a mural of one of the side chapels of this ,certosa behold him represented in the garb of a fifteenth century monk1 with his sanctity emphasized by a large1 glittering nimbus1 to which the aerial perspective of the otherwise maturely realistic painting is deliberately sacrificed1 calmly superintending a gilded youth of the ,renaissance while he smashes a fine ,grecian statue6 ,how did this rude act find endorsement in a temple of art8 ,how did the coarsest of the saints win a place in the heart of the ,renaissance8 ,was it because in him they saw a reflection of the subtlest honesty of ,art1 that god of the ,renaissance8 ,was it because1 above all else1 ,saint ,martin especially stood for the integrity of the ideal8 ,though this little scene on the chapel wall may have been simply historic in its import1 nothing is plainer than that the picture is intended to honor an uncompromising bishop of the early ,church4 ,through the confusion that disintegrated empire1 ,saint ,martin was a rude standard-bearer of two ideals broad enough to rebuild nations--,sincerity and ,brotherhood4 8,first he wrought and after that he taught0--and first the spirit of his teaching was put into rude pictures1 because in ,gaul so few people could read and still fewer could condense an idea into forceful words4 ,it was long1 long after an angel had appeared and carried ,saint ,martin's soul in the form of a child straight to ,god1 as a gentle old writer attests1 that a modern geologist voiced the fundamental idea of the best beloved saint of old ,gaul1 8,an honest god is the noblest work of man40 ,illustration3 ,the ,last ,resting ,place of the ,great ,poet of ,medivalism--,tomb of ,dante1 ,ravenna4 ,but the past1 as well as the present1 has its peculiar eloquence wherewith to honor the dead4 ,over one of the oldest ,christian altars spared to us by time1 in solemn1 enduring mosaic1 big and simple1 stands ,saint ,martin leading a line of saints to ,christ4 ,and this great hieratic on the wall of an old church of old ,ravenna describes1 as no language of the present may1 an early builder of the great mystic ,church which 8rests upon the brawny trunks of heroes 444 whose spans and arches are the joined hands of comrades 444 and whose heights and spaces are inscribed by the numberless musings of all the dreamers of the world40 ,the ,golden ,madonna of ,rheims ,late in the fifth century1 while the confusion of the ,dark ,ages reigned supreme1 the ,christian bishop of the ,remi was at work on the discouraging task of rebuilding his church after pagan depredations at ,rheims1 when the great joy was vouchsafed to him of baptizing ,clovis1 the ruler of the largest ,teutonic ,state of the age4 ,illustration3 ,a ,recent ,tribute to ,clovis and ,saint ,remi on the ,interior ,frieze of the ,pantheon1 ,paris4 ,saint ,remi recommended ,clovis to adore that which he had burned and to burn that which he had adored1 that the work of judicious destruction might continue4 ,clovis sent offerings to all the sanctuaries1 particularly to that of the old soldier ,saint ,martin4 ,three thousand ,franks were baptized2 ,clovis exchanged the three toads on his shield for the fleur-de-lis1 and ,france became ,christian toute de suite4 ,then ,saint ,remi dreamt of great things yet to come3 of a king and a people governed by the ,church of ,christ1 temporally and spiritually4 ,and he interpreted this dream to the people by a charming symbol3 he explained how the ,holy ,ghost1 the ,heavenly ,dove1 had brought from above some spiritual oil with which to anoint ,clovis at his baptism4 ,but to make the idea clear to these many men of childish minds and many patois1 he showed them a little ampulla filled with oil1 which1 he explained1 8the ,dove0 had brought to him from ,heaven to grace the baptism of their chief4 ,and they decided to keep the oil that was left in the ampulla for great occasions1 like coronations4 ,this wonderful ointment united the ,crown and the ,church as long as it lasted4 ,during the ,revolution a sansculotte shattered the old vessel4 ,orthodoxy claimed to have caught one drop and encased it in a beautiful new vase2 it was used again1 but its efficacy was no more4 ,and not long thereafter the ,french people decided to do without coronations1 or monasteries1 but they still love ,clovis and ,saint ,remi4 ,civilization is much indebted to the early bishops and a goodly number of them have been canonized4 ,the monastic clergy were the snobs of the ,church1 securely selfish in the magnificent fastnesses they erected for themselves in the skies2 condescending comfortably to pray for those that fed them 7though who knows but they even shirked that obligation71 while the secular clergy were working out1 amid inspiration and error1 the foundations of a ,christian civilization4 ,the idea of the early bishops that the ,church ought to rule the world was a natural and an honest mistake4 ,the later bishops were quite a different class4 ,the stout little church of ,saint ,remi near ,rheims pleads still for its brave old bishop1 though as a building it is eclipsed by the great cathedral of the city4 ,the dynasty of ,clovis passed away and the next reigning house came in with ,pepin4 ,he had good reason to approve of the ,church as an institution1 for it had early played into his hand4 ,had not the ,abb of ,saint ,denis journeyed to ,rome to secure the papal confirmation of his crown8 ,and had not ,pope ,stephen1 while enjoying the protection of that same abbey1 anointed ,charlemagne1 his little son8 ,on this was based the succession4 ,with his own good sword ,charlemagne defended it and brought a semblance of order to the land of the ,gaul and the ,frank2 and1 genius that he was1 he anticipated1 in his interest in architecture1 the genius of his great people4 ,but it was rather ,charlemagne's attitude toward church building and letters that told1 in the long run1 than any literal achievement in them during this time4 ,however1 from the reign of his youngest son1 ,louis the ,pious1 we may trace the steady1 consistent growth of an original order of building which culminated in the unparalleled ,gothic of ,northern ,france4 ,by that time the nobility had built so many sanctuaries in their domains that they had to be interdicted from establishing useless private foundations and1 in a more democratic spirit1 sixteen or seventeen churches1 all edifices of dignity1 were begun4 ,then ,bishop ,ebbon saw a golden opportunity to build a magnificent cathedral on the long-hallowed soil of ,rheims4 ,there the ,druid had raised his altar1 there the ,roman his temple1 which may have absorbed the old ,druid's stones into its walls as it had his old gods into its adaptive bosom1 to fall1 in its turn1 a mightier pile1 from which the ,christian built again and again as he grew in skill4 ,indeed1 beyond their generation the people of ,rheims were experienced builders4 ,in addition to all the stone quarried by varied worshipers of the long past at ,rheims1 ,louis the ,pious put at ,ebbon's service the materials of the city wall and sent him his favorite architect--,rumald4 ,and it was found that the new cathedral protected the city better than the old walls4 ,la paix religieuse turned away many an invader4 ,one golden cup from the altar bought off the ,norsemen 7not that it turned their hearts72 they swooped down upon ,chartres instead4 ,the old chroniclers assure us that this early ,cathedral of ,rheims was the finest in the realm4 ,it must have beggared description1 for what manner of building it was none of them seem to say4 ,but they tell of its wonderful altar of ,our ,lady1 covered with gold and studded with gems1 upon which stood a glorious virgin made of solid gold4 ,that impressed them4 ,was this altar built with the loot of war8 ,was it built in remorse1 or1 worse1 in mercenary superstition8 ,or was it lavished like the woman's precious ointment upon our ,savior8 ,this much it certainly was1--a united tribute of the material to the immaterial1 coming from many men of many minds4 ,it was about this time that the ,virgin became so peculiarly near and dear to the ,catholic world4 ,they loaded her with jewels and appealed to her as one of themselves1 human1 though divinely so4 ,they painted her on the inside of their jewel boxes that she might turn the heart of the thief2 they appealed to her in embarrassing human situations and loved her as a helpful1 pitying woman who brought religion home to them4 ,in due time this golden ,virgin of ,rheims1 so imposing1 so splendid to her rude worshipers1 gently made way for a line of tenderer virgins who were gradually infusing sweetness and skill into those who sought to spiritualize wood and stone into a suggestion of the mother of ,christ4 ,when the old ninth century church at ,rheims was burned it is supposed that the barbarians' gold was minted to rebuild the cathedral4 ,or shall we say that1 purified by fire1 the golden ,virgin arose again and again from her ashes to rebuild her shrine in maturer beauty8 ,after many fires1 in #abab the present ,cathedral of ,rheims was commenced upon the old1 old crypt2 before the middle of the century the main body of the church was complete1 and once again the ,cathedral of ,rheims was the finest in the realm6 ,in #aijc a vote was taken for the noblest ,gothic monument1 and the returns1 as always before1 were1 8the ,cathedral of ,rheims40 ,through the ,dark ,ages the people of ,rheims had not built in vain4 ,effort after effort was destroyed1 it is true1 but like the golden virgin it was minted to rebuild anew4 ,illustration3 ,did the ,idea of that ,beautiful ,structural ,device1 the ,flying ,buttress1 ,come1 ,like an ,angel ,vision1 to ,some ,baffled ,architect in ,answer to ,work and ,prayer8 ,lacking the mathematical knowledge1 which is the mainstay of the modern architect1 these early builders must have learned empirically1 that is1 in the school of defeat--but1 too1 there are triumphs there4 ,did the idea of the beautiful flying buttress 7which is simply a constructive device to strengthen walls pierced by enormous windows7 come suddenly to some baffled old architect1 as from the lips of an angel1 in answer to work and prayer8 ,these old builders of ,rheims leave us no written word1 but there is a great ,florentine architect who is a little more communicative2 he leaves a discreet hint or two of his method of reasoning and also of securing contracts4 ,regarding the construction of the projected dome of the ,cathedral of ,santa ,maria del ,fiore1 which the public regarded as impracticable1 ,brunelleschi writes3 8,yet1 remembering that this is a temple consecrated to ,god and the ,virgin1 ,i confidently trust that for a work executed in their honor1 they will not fail to infuse knowledge where it is wanting and will bestow strength1 wisdom and genius on him who shall be the author of such a project4 ,but how can ,i help you1 seeing that the work is not mine8 ,i tell you plainly that1 if it belonged to me1 my courage and power would1 beyond all doubt1 suffice to discover means whereby the work might be effected without so many difficulties1 but as yet ,i have not reflected on the matter to any extent40 ,and when he got the contract and reflected1 he turned to the 8parent past0--he went to ,rome1 where the vaulting of the ,parthenon taught him to vault that lovelier ,florentine dome which 8clasps the ancient to the modern world40 ,the builders of the ,gothic were in some ways more original than the builders of the ,renaissance2 they evolved their own bracing2 thus gradually at ,rheims1 the 8,athens of the ,middle ,ages10 a great cathedral grew up that ranks with the ,parthenon4 ,the ,greek had the subtlest of languages in which to speak of the good and the beautiful1 while where the greatest ,gothic churches were designed there was only a corrupt dead language and a partially developed living one2 but the subtle poets of ,chartres1 ,rheims1 ,amiens1 ,rouen1 ,bourges and ,laon built strongly into their cathedrals the sweetest things they had to say4 ,when the ,parthenon was constructed ,athens was so wealthy that it was one of the glories of ,pericles that he was able to spend so much so well upon the greatest capital in the world4 ,rheims was simply1 as the ,middle ,ages went1 a rich see1 and the ,middle ,ages were wretchedly poor1 yet her cathedral is the more elaborate building of the two4 ,to the end of time it is a monument of civic and religious enthusiasm2 and1 as we seek the human story1 so elusively suggested through the marvelous pile1 we realize at least how great a thing it is for each worker to give1 in perfect self-effacement1 of his best4 ,the decorations of the mighty temple are so exquisitely subservient to the great whole that the handiwork of the gifted imagier1 with that of his weaker brother1 the one serving as a foil to the other1 holds together like their prayers in the noble harmony of the great church4 ,gothic sculpture is for all sorts and conditions of men1 but least of all for artists4 ,it speaks its simple lesson distinctly4 ,it is not sculpture for sculpture's sake1 but rather for decoration and lyric expression4 ,its emaciated saint betokens sacrifice2 literally and figuratively he fills his place in the long1 narrow niche1 annihilating himself for the great church as a ,catholic priest should4 ,illustration3 ,the ,sculptured ,saint ,upon a ,gothic ,cathedral ,fills ,his ,place in the ,long1 ,narrow ,niche1 ,annihilating ,himself for the ,great ,church1 as a ,devotee ,should4 ,would you know how the ,gothic affects a sculptor8 ,says ,august ,rodin3 8,life is made up of strength and grace2 the ,gothic gives us this2 its influence has entered into my blood and grown into my being40 ,nowadays1 when all 8the world travels10 schools of art do not grow up in little communities2 intellectual boundaries are in no way geographic1 and the moral effect of one man on another is hidden from view4 ,but on the walls of the old medival churches a simpler people1 as their work improved1 show their direct obligations to one another4 ,the ,gothic cathedrals which served as ,bibles for the laity 7who1 as a rule1 could not read print7 are now the most veracious chronicles of the period that we possess4 ,their statements cannot be gainsaid1 however variously they may be understood4 ,if some of the last judgments sculptured on their walls1 with half of the figures marching toward heaven and the other half 7very similar in appearance7 moving serenely toward hell1 are rather too didactic for this age of doubt1 between the lines of these great stone volumes a gentle reader finds countless beautiful stories1 much more convincingly told1 of artists and artisans working away with smiles on their faces1 carving ,bible stories under the direction of the clergy2 devising figures to personify the virtues and vices2 inserting little angels here and there to fill out the design1 while the best artist is rewarded with the sweet honor of carving the ,madonna4 ,the barbarian's gold pays interest yet2 the spirit of the bequest is not changed2--a united tribute of the material to the spiritual coming from many men of many minds4 ,the old golden ,madonna is patroness still of the five thousand statues of the ,cathedral of ,rheims1 whose mute lips speak so various a language4 ,they tell of a day that is dead and of a day that is eternal2 they speak of substance and of spirit2 of error and of intuition2 of things human and of things divine4 ,indeed1 8,of every work of art the silent part is best1 ,of all expression1 that which cannot be expressed40 ,the ,little ,old ,abb of ,saint ,denis and the ,imagiers ,early in the twelfth century1 within the hospitable walls of the old ,abbey of ,saint ,denis1 a prince and a charity child grew up together2 there a love1 almost romantic1 developed between them4 ,when the prince became king and embarked upon a crusade he left the reins of government in the hands of his old comrade1 who in the meantime had become the ,abb of ,saint ,denis and was1 incidentally1 one of the cleverest of politicians4 ,suger paid the royal debts 7democratic good pay seems to have been an ideal with him71 and called the realm to order so successfully that statesmen came from afar to study his very novel methods1 for the crusades had set the people traveling4 ,on his return the king graciously greeted his regent as 8father of his country40 ,suger1 not to be outdone1 instituted a somewhat legendary liturgy to be celebrated annually at ,saint ,denis commemorating the merits of ,louis the ,lusty 7or ,louis the ,fat1 as we call him74 ,was this liturgy so different from the campaign songs we sing now8 ,it was really more called for1 since enthusiasm over the royal person is one of the legitimate tools of monarchy1 and ,louis ,,vi is an early monarch who deserves credit for abetting the gradual advance of ,france from a feudality to a veritable kingdom4 ,suger1 individually1 did not stand too greatly in awe of royalty1 for he peremptorily ordered ,louis ,,vii to come back from the 8,holy ,wars0 to attend to his mundane duties1 and be it credited to that monarch that he graciously obeyed the old friend of his father4 ,suger is the most interesting personality that comes down to us from ,france of the twelfth century4 ,though a few characteristic anecdotes are told of him1 we know him most intimately as the builder of ,saint ,denis and the far-seeing friend of the arts and crafts4 ,it was said that he was a good goldsmith1 and his sympathy with skilled labor lends color to the statement2 but however hazy our other impressions of ,suger may be1 we know how he loved the old ,abbey of ,saint ,denis--8sa mre et sa nourrice40 ,as a churchman he loved the blessed spot to which the angels had escorted brave old ,saint ,denis1 when1 after his martyrdom1 he picked up his head and walked along with them unto the place 8where he now resteth by his election and the puveance of ,god4 ,and there was heard so grete and swete a melody of angels that many that heard it byleuyd in oure lorde40 ,he loved the old building that ,dagobert1 the ,robin ,hood of ,french monarchs1 had built so royally1 almost five hundred years before his day1 for the poor and lowly1 and for which the pleasant ,saint ,eloi1 patron of goldsmiths1 singing as he worked1 had made the wondrously beautiful old reliquary2 and as a man of literary feeling1 he loved the old ,abbey as his ,alma ,mater4 ,but the diocese had grown1 and on festal days so pressing were the crowds who would touch the holy relics of ,saint ,denis that good people were continually being trodden underfoot by eager and other worldly worshipers4 ,so ,suger decided to enlarge the church4 ,he did not touch the dear old choir of ,saint ,denis3 that was consecrated to ,god and1 too1 it was tenderly hallowed to man by many human associations2 but he decided to add to it a great nave4 ,of course at first the crowds vigorously abetted him1 humbly harnessing themselves together like beasts of burden to draw the stone from the quarry4 ,the trumpet sounded2 banners were unfurled1 and the procession marched2 except for the murmur of those who confessed their sins to ,god1 silence reigned4 ,when the concourse arrived at the holy site1 the multitude burst forth into a song of praise4 ,their sins once disposed of1 the ardor of the multitude may have flagged1 for we read of the busy little ,abb leaving the cares of state to go himself to the forests in search of the big timber others had not the enthusiasm to find4 ,that the very earth might pay its tribute to the blessed martyr1 ,suger studded the new golden screen in front of the tomb of ,saint ,denis with gems from 8every land of the world10 and then the little old ,abb conceived of a still higher tribute3 he gathered skill from 8every country in the world0 7his world was small1 it is true72 he gave to these skilled craftsmen the honor of working on 8the ,church1 his ,mother02 besides1 they taught in the layman's school of architecture1 which he established in the yard of the old abbey4 ,to the amazement of the world1 in that day of serfdom1 ,suger voluntarily paid his workmen and paid them by the week2 and with the force and intensity that was in him1 he advanced architecture as much in the ten years he was rebuilding ,saint ,denis as others had done in a hundred4 ,the influence of his school of architecture still lives4 ,it was one of our earliest instances of systematic training for the laity1 and those who would trace the ,italian ,renaissance to ,french and classic sources1 attach especial importance to the imagiers of ,saint ,denis4 ,an immense number of statues1 varying greatly in excellence1 were made during the ,middle ,ages to decorate the churches4 ,in our meagre records of the period1 we even come across instances of peasants traveling far and spending their all to secure an especially beautiful ,madonna1 and we are assured of miraculous rewards1 spiritual and temporal1 coming to them from it4 ,actually1 through the enthusiasm and liberality of these rude people1 miracles of art have wrought their magical effect upon the imagination of generations and generations of men4 ,these imagiers became so numerous that they formed a powerful guild in which a race of sculptors was born and bred4 ,while ,sculpture was merely the hand-maiden and scribe of ,architecture1 her craftsmen were called imagiers4 ,but the imagiers became so expert that in the seventeenth century the ,french ,academy changed the name of their order to the 8,sculptor's ,guild40 ,illustration3 ,in the ,sixteenth ,century the ,french ,academy ,changed the ,name of the ,imagiers' ,guild to the ,sculptors'4 ,that the imagier loved the cathedral which he was dowering with what talent he possessed is most likely2 for1 added to the simple conscientiousness1 alike in all ages1 of the worker who loves his craft and respects himself1 was the intensity of the ,age of ,faith4 ,gothic art may have been lived more generally even than ,grecian1 for it was the only intellectual outlet of its age4 ,much of its symbolism is now a dead language4 ,we guess at the meaning of the gargoyles and grotesques1 and draw liberal interpretations from the lips of the smiling angels who spoke more familiarly to a childish people2 but when we count the decorative kings and bishops ranged in rows upon the grand faades1 their supremacy over the souls1 bodies and estates of men1 of which we know so well1 seems the myth of myths4 ,however1 we can read some of the old carvings1 which had nothing in particular to say at the time they were made1 like a book4 ,hybrid designs on pillars1 capitals and cornices speak of the chivalrous meeting of the east and the west on the broad field of art4 ,they bring up pictures of the rude crusaders overpowered by their first view of oriental elaboration1 and we smile to see how it set them imitating1 or1 better still1 adapting1 and how the arts of war may bring about the arts of peace2 for1 in the fulness of time1 those who strive1 achieve1 if not for themselves and their cause1 for others and perhaps for a better cause4 ,another art made great strides during the rebuilding of ,saint ,denis1--the glass-maker's4 ,we read about ,vitrearii as far back as ,charlemagne's time4 ,the windows they made were glass mosaics1 held together with lead instead of stucco1 forming little gem-like pictures above the holy altars1 which told sacred stories beautifully1 for in this way many scenes could be connected on one window2 besides1 color1 like music1 takes the emotions captive4 ,one must examine a statue to realize it1 but1 in the phrase of the studio1 color 8sings40 ,a childish old chronicler relates that the retainers of ,godfrey of ,bouillon were obliged almost to tear him away from the churches1 so absorbed was he in gazing on the windows4 ,was it through beautiful windows that the mystic aspiration of the mute minor poets of the cloister was finally reflected upon the man of action who took the first step1 all unconsciously1 toward the deliverance of his age from its dark1 narrow bondage8 ,illustration3 ,a ,continuous ,story1 ,related on a ,thirteenth ,century ,window4 ,as a soldier1 ,godfrey de ,bouillon had answered the call of the pilgrims who demanded protection2 as a soldier1 he had kept the peace 7when there was any to keep74 ,he was the one early crusader of whom we have record1 who seems to have had the slightest idea of the fitness of things2 indeed1 in feeling1 he was as truly a poet as a soldier4 8,so1 day after day1 in silence and in peace1 with equal measure and just sale1 did the ,duke and the people pass through the realms of ,hungary10 writes an astonished old chronicler1 for ,godfrey de ,bouillon had paid the way of his army to the ,holy ,city--an unheard of idea in warfare6 ,how quixotic he must have seemed6 ,language has changed since those windows spoke to ,godfrey of ,bouillon4 ,but when a general stops on his line of march for higher council and then steers so true through the darkest day toward a faint1 far-distant light1 must he not have seen through the glass darkly8 ,it was but a few years after this 8parfit gentil0 knight passed away before he was as dear a hero of romance as ,king ,arthur had become after many centuries1 so little was there in his life for men to forget1 so much that was sweet to dream upon4 ,i suppose his story must have been related many times in beautiful glass1 though as the panes grew larger and finer they told their stories less personally2 but gallant knights on windows far and near are still reflecting an ideal that came to the ,first ,baron of ,jerusalem through the old church's windows4 ,might it not be said of these old church builders1 who builds from the heart feeds three3 himself1 his hungry neighbor1 and ,me8 ,to make windows like those of ,saint ,denis1 an orderly1 organized factory was necessary1 and organization was the crying need of that age4 ,another astonished old chronicler repeats1 that in those days of serfdom ,suger paid his glass-workers4 ,but the men learned their rights more readily than the chroniclers4 ,thereafter we constantly run upon the records of powerful workmen's unions or guilds4 ,in fact1 we read of them later on the glass itself4 ,these splendid church windows were1 of course1 very costly1 and then1 as now1 they were usually presented to the churches4 ,we find the guilds are the proud donors of many of them2 two fine old church windows come down to us proudly representing some imagiers and glass-makers at their work1 those guilds having thus elected to 8with the angels stand40 ,complaints of the luxury of the church also come down4 ,saint ,bernard declares 8their stones were gilded with the money of the needy and wretched to charm the eyes of the rich0 7but had the poor no eyes874 ,being against the government by temperament1 ,saint ,bernard especially abominated the royal ,abbey of ,saint ,denis4 ,he complained of the 8unclean apes and befowled tigers0 upon which ,suger's imagiers developed their skill1 and it is written 7how the writer arrived at the scene he does not explain7 that as ,suger's confessor1 ,bernard commanded him to divest his mind of mundane cares and to dream only of the heavenly ,jerusalem4 ,but the world weighed on ,suger as long as he remained in it3 his dream was of two splendid powers1 ,england and ,france1 separated1 but living in peace6 ,suger was not in favor of crusades4 ,he was the one ecclesiastic who would subject the clergy as well as the laity to royal authority1 rendering unto ,csar that which was ,csar's4 ,though a priest1 in his political methods ,suger was a broad1 true and practical patriot1 and if1 unlike ,saint ,bernard1 he was not adapted for canonization1 he was a hero to his private secretary and to his king2 and he still is a hero to the modern student of architecture1 or of economics4 ,into the very walls of his big and simple old church the 8little old ,abb0 built his big and simple sermon4 ,it read3 8,let us have good1 honest1 beautiful work1 doing honor alike to ,god and man4 ,let us train our craftsmen1 pay them and respect them40 ,though ,saint ,denis may lack the mystical beauty of the best ,gothic1 so noble and satisfactory is its design that the nineteenth century could do no better than to restore it4 ,though ,suger's economics were very simple1 the twentieth century has found no better platform3 8,pay your workmen voluntarily1 and summon all1 from the king down1 into their respective fields of labor2 only when they all respond1 we shall have a lovelier church than the old ,abbey of ,saint ,denis40 ,the ,mystic ,cathedral of ,chartres ,the ,episcopal ,church recognizes three distinct divisions3 the ,high ,church1 or mystical element that1 words failing1 would speak by symbols2 the ,low ,church1 that would say what it means and mean what it says2 and the ,broad ,church1 that would set aside details and seek in religion a general harmony4 ,though they are not so formally defined1 these same divisions1 being based on human temperaments1 exist in other sects so literally that the same symbols have met with the identical adoption and objection4 ,about #bje1 ,tertullian ridiculed the use of candles on the altars of the early church1 and ,lactance took up the subject some hundred years later4 ,thereafter ,saint ,jerome laid these still troublesome candles at the door of the laity1 especially of the women4 ,however1 the symbol and the women conquered4 ,in this desultory search of ours for hints of the social history of the old ,french cathedral builders1 we meet with the high and low church elements which seem1 though this idea may be fanciful1 to have influenced the appearance even of their respective churches4 ,there is the grandly simple and direct architecture1 the ,cathedral of ,laon1 which inclined to ,low ,church1 allowing its votaries considerable latitude1 and the symbolically ornate cathedral at ,chartres1 which from remote ages has been a noted shrine of mysticism4 ,its site was holy ground to the early ,christian and perhaps to the ,druids before him4 ,tradition has it that even to them on this hallowed spot came a prophecy of the ,messiah4 7,if it did1 it probably came from some ,jewish source in the days of the ,romans47 ,there is a charming story1 more than legend1 if less than history1 of 8,notre ,dame ,sous ,terre0 of ,chartres4 ,while most of the early ,christians1 in a spirit of hatred1 were destroying false gods and their shrines1 some pioneers of ,christianity found in a grotto at ,chartres a figure which had been worshiped by the ,druids1 resembling their own ,madonna1 whereby1 to these gentle priests1 she seemed doubly hallowed4 ,accepting her grotto as already consecrate1 they located their high altar there1 upon it reinstated the old ,madonna of the ,druids1 and in a humble spirit1 along with their simple converts1 they bowed down before her1 for upon them had descended that sovereign reverence which appreciates another man's god4 ,from the time this old druidic figure was raised upon a ,christian altar to this day1 first honors have been accorded to her shrine4 ,before her or her representative have bowed1 weary and footsore1 every one of the ,french kings1 from ,clovis to ,louis ,,xv1 as well as innumerable other pilgrims1 rich or poor1 gathered from every land of ,christendom by the democracy of the church4 ,even the revolutionists recognized this 8,first ,lady of ,chartres10 for while they lumped other relics together in general destruction they paid ,notre ,dame ,sous ,terre the back-handed compliment of a special bonfire at the cathedral door4 ,illustration3 ,the ,old-,time ,house of ,prayer1 which ,still ,dominates the ,city of ,chartres4 ,the sansculottes have passed away without individual record1 but a charmingly carved representative of the old ,notre ,dame ,sous ,terre still occupies the most venerated shrine of ,chartres2 while its old-time spirit of church hospitality yet pervades the noble cathedral that has developed above her grotto1 her clergy still smile kindly upon the pilgrim and the stranger1 even though his interest in their church be solely artistic4 ,they seem to say3 8,take from our old cathedral what you may1 surely her beauty is pure and holy40 ,true religious art can but lead to some phase of piety1 as ,august ,rodin declares that all true art must4 ,it may be but a chance title2 however1 the latest book on ,french ,gothic speaks of 8,chartres1 the ,house of ,prayer02 but certainly the feeling which has been lavished on this spot1 the passionate generosity of devotees through long ages1 has brought forth one of the most sacredly beautiful churches in the world4 ,now let us investigate literally the claims of ,notre ,dame ,sous ,terre4 ,recent excavations prove that the present ,cathedral of ,chartres is built over a grotto1 where the ,druids probably held their services4 ,in excavating under and around the choir of the cathedral1 vestiges of ancient altars and idols were unearthed which prove conclusively that the symbols of the heathen were not cleared away violently4 ,the policy of ,rome tended toward religious tolerance2 the gods of the ,romans often mixed peaceably in the temples with the gods of the people ,rome conquered1 hence the cult of the ,virgin might have existed along with that of the pagan gods4 ,in the early days of ,christianity the ,virgin was not given the prominence she acquired after the eighth century2 this figure known as the druidic ,madonna may even have represented some sweet1 motherly goddess of another name4 ,symbols are elastic1 therein lies their supreme value2 they may be all things to all men4 ,words always have brought division to the church2 symbols1 unity4 ,the wisest and kindest of the early bishops had the most grace in translating the old symbols of their converts into the picturesque language of their new church4 ,for instance1 ,gregory the ,great changed the pagan memorial custom of putting food on graves on a certain fte-day to bringing flowers for the graves and praying for the dead on ,all ,souls ,day4 ,the early ,christian missionaries at ,chartres may have believed this figure to be a ,madonna or they may have translated it into one4 ,indeed1 it is not the genuineness of the figure itself that is the point of this story2 it is the attitude of the ,chartrians toward it4 ,illustration3 ,saint ,martin1 ,saint ,jerome and ,saint ,gregory1 as ,they ,stand ,forth on a ,pillar at ,chartres4 ,from the character of the ,gallo-,romaine substructure of the ,chapel of ,saint ,lubin in the crypt of ,chartres1 the list of the early bishops of that diocese and the general history of the evangelization of ,gaul1 it is inferred that ever since the beginning of the fourth century a bishop's church has stood on the site of the present cathedral4 ,mingled with all the superstition of its age there was a certain tolerant broad-church element maintained at ,chartres from the first4 ,perhaps that made the church so peculiarly dear to the people of ,france1 for though the ,french kings were crowned at ,rheims and buried at ,saint ,denis1 ,chartres seems the most intimately associated with their lives4 ,it is written that after his conversion ,clovis stopped there for further instruction1 and ,gibbon observes his measures were sometimes moderated by the milder genius of ,rome and ,christianity4 ,the ,carlovingian kings were very partial to ,chartres4 ,charles the ,bald1 who comes down to us familiarly as a church builder through an old picture in which he holds a cast of a cathedral in his hand1 conferred the most precious of relics upon ,chartres--the ,sancta ,camisia of the ,virgin6 ,robert the ,pious contributed a sapphire4 ,within her mystic walls sensible ,louis the ,fat pardoned his enemies2 there ,philippe le ,bel1 ,charles le ,bel and ,philippe de ,valois gave thanks for their victories1 childishly presenting their armor and their beloved war-horses to this ,church1 their ,mother4 ,saint ,louis marched barefooted about twenty-one miles to endow ,chartres with her beautiful ,portail ,septentrionale4 ,and when ,henry ,,iv changed his religion1 let us believe with the really good intention of bringing about a little peace on earth to ,frenchmen1 he elected to be consecrated at ,chartres1 8by reason of the peculiar devotion of his ancestors1 the ,dukes of ,vendome1 to the old cathedral1 the most ancient in ,christendom40 ,there were reasons why he could not conveniently have been crowned at ,rheims like other ,french kings1 that city being hostile to him4 ,but ,henry ,,iv always had a clever and sufficient answer4 ,to return to the material story of the old bishops' church near the well of ,saint ,lubin1 our first dated record takes us back into a feudal war4 ,in #gdc1 ,hanald duc d',aquitaine1 fighting the ,comte de ,chartres1 burned the town cathedral2 but when he realized what he had done he retired to a monastery to do penance all the rest of his days4 ,was it in superstition8 ,was it in true repentance8 ,did he burn the church by accident8 ,that might have been4 ,the simple piety of the ,dark ,ages that would build 8,the ,house of ,god0 for all time rendered the churches the strongest of buildings1 and defensive armies often resorted to them2 then1 too1 there were spiritual objections to attacking a church4 ,this factor was sometimes over-estimated4 ,illustration3 ,a ,view ,through the ,portail of ,chartres1 which ,louis ,,ix ,walked ,barefooted ,twenty-one ,miles to ,present1 in a ,lowly ,spirit1 to the ,church4 ,the ,cathedral of ,chartres was rebuilt1 only to be burned down one hundred and fifteen years after by the ,normans4 ,during this siege the non-combatants of the town confidently took refuge in the cathedral with their bishop instead of buying off the pirates with gold from the ,holy ,altar as the people of ,rheims had done 7they are all gone now and ,god knows which did best74 ,unexpectedly1 neither church nor bishop impressed the ,normans1 who overturned the city walls1 burned the buildings1 massacred the bishop1 and every one else who came in their way2 but after the ,normans left1 the ,chartrians had the cold comfort of gathering their dead and laying them away beside the ,well of ,saint ,lubin and 8through the merits of those there reposing a crowd of miracles were wrought40 ,about this period the disease we now know as erysipelas came to be highly respected4 ,in ,france it was called le mal des ardents2 in ,england1 the 8sacred fire02 for1 one thousand years ago processions like those that now visit ,lourdes were pressing on to ,chartres to drink of the holy spring4 ,the world moves1 but somewhat in a groove4 ,at this ,lourdes of the ,dark ,ages the afflicted were tended by nuns1 but we find a certain telltale regulation3--after nine days 7ample time for blood poisoning to develop unmistakably7 the sick must go home1 8cured or not40 ,was medical practice then so much worse than ours during the ,rebellion1 when old rags of the nation were collected and all sorts and conditions of women scraped them into lint full of germs for the wounded soldiers8 ,but if the church was a crazy physician1 she was a gentle nurse4 ,she established a chivalry toward the sick that no ,cervantes would laugh away4 ,it lives in medical ethics1 and the quixotic obligation of the doctor to leave no stone unturned for his patient has been the foundation of medical science4 ,some of the old ,hotels-,dieu of blessed name and memory have developed into up-to-date hospitals and medical schools1 like ,charing ,cross ,hospital1 ,london1 which still enjoys its medival benefice1 while modern hospitals1 in general1 are moral descendants of the old ideal4 ,again the old ,church of ,chartres was rebuilt1 again to stand for a little over a century4 ,this building had the satisfaction 7may we not use the figure1 for the medival church was very human7 of seeing the ,normans1 under ,rollo1 defeated by an army marching under its blessed standard1 the ,sancta ,camisia of the ,virgin borne aloft as a banner4 ,but later1 ,rollo married the daughter of ,charles the ,simple1 settled down in ,normandy1 presented his castle to the see of the ,bishop of ,chartres and adopted the ,christian religion4 ,a double victory for the church6 ,many of the first ,norman converts were baptized a dozen times1 for the sake of excitement or for the white garment given them at the ceremony4 ,thereafter the funeral of ,rollo was rendered doubly memorable by the slaughter of one hundred captives and rich gifts to the monasteries4 ,in spite of the ,sancta ,camisia1 in spite of all the remains of all of the martyrs that had been aggregating in the martyrium under the church for seven hundred years1 in #ifb ,richard of ,normandy burned the cathedral with the town4 ,but the relics had not been powerless1 for this was the last pagan outbreak4 ,the church had the holy triumph of ,christianizing her adversaries1 and the martyrium1 between the excellence of its building material1 the water of the spring of ,saint ,lubin near by1 and 8the merits of those there reposing10 remained intact and was found in the excavations of #aija2 but the spring is gone2 it was probably diverted by the foundations of the present cathedral4 ,though a paralyzing conviction had come upon the people1 ,bishop ,vulpard immediately started to rebuild4 ,it had somehow been very generally decided that the world would come to an end in the year #ajjj1 so near at hand4 ,how did this private information regarding the future affect the multitude8 ,they probably took it riotously1--at least1 such has been the experience in times of plague and horror1 when it seemed that the race was about to be wiped out4 ,indeed1 it is only for others that the saner1 better life is led--best of all1 unconsciously led4 ,illustration3 ,a ,detail of the ,portail ,septentrionale4 ,we do know that at that time church building flagged4 ,ah1 be it credited to these old builders1 they worked for others rather than themselves6 ,nevertheless1 the latter part of the tenth century is the day of vast and massive crypts of which ,chartres is one of the noblest examples4 ,let us hope that brave old ,vulpard lived to see it under way4 ,history has very little to say of the delusion regarding the year #ajjj1 except that it shows that the church gained ground therefrom4 ,many persons thought it well to present their goods to the churches since they could not use them much longer themselves4 ,scarce as records are1 we have one instance of the church helping the world out of one of the dilemmas arising from this misunderstanding4 ,we do know positively that the valuables of the ,church of ,saint ,benignus of ,dijon were all sold to relieve the famine of the year #ajja4 ,probably the ground had not been sown the previous autumn4 ,however often it has fallen from grace1 in the main the ,christian ,church has won its way by service4 ,however often its services have been mistaken1 it has maintained the ideal that the ,christian should serve the world4 ,instead of the world's coming to an end according to their schedule1 to the astonishment of the ,chartrians1 lightning singled out their holy church and burned it to the ground4 ,some of the more or less logically inclined suggested that some of the pilgrims might have been guilty of indiscretions within its consecrated walls and thus have brought down this celestial disaster4 ,the church had a particularly charming bishop at that time who arose to the astonishing occasion and called for help from the whole religious world regardless of nationality4 ,he might be known as the successful correspondent of history4 ,we still have some of his letters4 ,the one to ,cnut1 ,king of ,england and ,denmark1 is certainly a flower of history1 showing1 as it does1 the sympathy of a great king with a great scholar 7as the times went7 and a great movement4 ,fulbert writes1 in acknowledgment of ,cnut's donation to his building fund3 8,when we saw the offering which you deigned to send us1 we admired at once your astonishing wisdom and religious spirit2 your wisdom1 in that you1 a prince1 divided from us by language and by sea1 are zealously concerned not only with the things around you but also with things that touch us2 in your religious spirit1 in that you1 of whom we have heard speak as a pagan king1 show yourself a very ,christian and generous benefactor of churches and servants of ,god4 ,we render lively thanks to the ,king of kings through whose mercy your gifts have descended upon us1 and we beseech ,him to make your reign happy and prosperous1 to deliver your soul from all sin40 ,the result of ,fulbert's appeals proves that ,christianity had established a brotherhood on earth4 ,though much of ,fulbert's structure was burned within ten years the church inherits both spiritually and materially from him2 his crypt is left and it gives lines to the splendid church we know4 ,saint ,thierry rebuilt the upper church1 and it grew in beauty under ,saint ,ivo1 who succeeded in getting the ear of ,mathilda of ,england4 ,not that ,saint ,ivo was a snob1 for in his time we may see among the records timely rebukes to royalty and dignified acknowledgment of the services of individual workmen upon the mighty edifice4 ,after all1 there is nothing sweeter than the 8widow's mite40 ,a great deal is said by social historians about the tax upon the communities for these splendid churches1 but they overlook the joy of public giving1 which also moulds and unites a people4 ,and now this wonderful old church1 which echoes from tower to crypt with the human story1 commences to speak picturesquely of the wild ,holy ,wars4 ,the heavy ,dark ,ages developed its crypt4 ,the body of the church passed through many metamorphoses in the time intervening until a period of the greatest religious enthusiasm crowned the cathedral with its marvelous towers4 ,illustration3 ,a ,thirteenth ,century ,statement of the ,liability of ,pride to ,have a ,fall ,solemnly ,proclaimed on the ,south ,portal of ,chartres4 ,in all history is there a movement more extraordinary1 more far-reaching1 more curious than the crusades8 ,they are about as surprising to a reader today as they were to the ,emperor of ,constantinople when the first disorderly army appeared at his gates4 ,the monk1 ,guibert1 who1 at least1 seemed to have more grasp of the subject than any other contemporary writer1 ingeniously suggested that 8,god invented the crusades as a new way for his laity to atone for their sins and merit salvation40 ,certainly they thus atoned for the great sin of inertia4 ,no army1 ,i suppose1 was ever more confident1 more surprised or more disappointed than that of the crusaders4 ,however1 this much is to be said in favor of ,guibert's hypothesis4 ,from that time forth the laity took their place in the march of civilization4 ,they arose and left the ,dark ,ages behind4 ,new views were forced upon them at the point of the sword1--most needed of all1 new civic ideals4 ,separation and longing and the sweet sorrow of parting awoke the spirit of poetry1 the craving for beauty2 and all this new thought and feeling was soon to blossom forth in the one art1 whose metier the people had already learned1--architecture4 ,through a long admixture of races1 by the twelfth century 7hardly before it7 there had arisen in ,gaul genuine ,frenchmen1 who from the beginning were most artistic artisans and most enthusiastic partisans4 ,they spent more on their crusades and on their churches than their neighbors1 and they were to reap the rewards of extravagance1 always more imposing than those of economy4 ,money poured into the church alike from those who went to the ,holy ,land1 and from those who thus excused themselves from going4 ,incidentally the ,holy ,wars diverted a disorderly element of nobles and serfs from ,france to ,palestine4 ,during the period of the crusades the ,cathedral of ,chartres suffered from two fires just sixty years apart2 thus in rebuilding1 the overflowing religious excitement of the era came to be lavished upon the very stones of the cathedral4 ,in #aacd a great fire in the town of ,chartres damaged the cathedral so far as to make it necessary to restore the faade4 ,in spite of their own losses the ,chartrians decided that their church should be finer than ever4 ,she should have two connected towers1 instead of one separated from the building as before4 ,and the design they here evolved has become standard4 ,to effect these grand restorations the workmen formed themselves into permanent guilds4 ,one especially which devoted itself to working on the cathedral was honorably known as the 8,logeurs du ,bon ,dieu40 ,and the nobles who had watched the workmen growing in grace and in skill1 raising themselves as they raised the temple1 were finally seized with a strange and humble enthusiasm which can only be convincingly described by eye-witnesses4 8,in this same year0 7#aadd71 writes ,robert ,du ,mont1 8at ,chartre men began to harness themselves to carts laden with stones1 wood and other things1 and drag them to the site of the church1 the towers of which were then a-building40 ,says ,abb ,haimon3 8,who has ever seen or heard in all the ages of the past that kings1 princes and lords1 mighty in their generation1 swollen with riches and honor1 that men and women1 ,i say1 of noble birth1 have bowed their haughty necks to the yoke and harnessed themselves to carts like beasts of burden1 and drawn them laden with wine1 corn1 oil1 stone or wood and other things needful for the maintenance of life or the construction of the church1 even to the doors of the asylum of ,christ40 8,mighty are the works of the ,lord10 exclaims ,hugh of ,rouen 7ready to use the example74 8,at ,chartres men have begun1 in all humility1 to drag carts and vehicles of all sorts to aid the building of the cathedral1 and their humility has been rewarded by miracles4 ,the fame of these events has been heard everywhere and at last roused this ,normandy of ours4 ,our countrymen1 therefore1 after receiving our blessing1 have set out for that place and then fulfilled their vows4 ,they return with the resolution to imitate these ,chartrians1 and a great number of the faithful of our diocese and the dioceses of our province have begun to work at the ,cathedral1 their ,mother40 ,but since it is the spirit that makes the action fine1 the services of these builders were accepted only under the triple condition of confession1 penitence and reconciliation with their enemies2 they delivered their offerings in tears1 while disciplining themselves with blows4 ,george ,eliot speaks of a common feeling of good-will among a mass of men affecting her like music2 to such music the incomparable tower of ,chartres was built1 and a later age sees tears transformed to pearls when another great fire destroyed the old part of the cathedral1 and they had1 in rebuilding1 to live up to their splendid new faade4 ,illustration3 ,a ,page from the ,sculptured 8,bible of the ,laity10 ,chartres4 ,the cardinal assembled the people of ,chartres around the smoking ruins of their dear old church and persuaded them to forget their personal losses and to think only of rebuilding the ,house of ,god2 and the people1 united by the strongest of bonds1 a common disaster1 arose again to work for the common good1 and again ,christians from far and near sent in their donations4 ,the old chroniclers say that the very ,holy ,virgin multiplied her miracles4 ,one of them we still have before us4 ,it was then and there that an architect1 whose name is forgotten but whose genius is immortal1 perfected the cathedral type of thirteenth century ,gothic4 ,all designers of ,gothic churches still do him homage2 all lovers of ,gothic architecture still sing his praise4 ,and the old church at ,chartres grew on1 gently developing her people on many lines4 ,she watched her imagiers grow into sculptors1 her glass-workers into painters1 the more or less serfs of the soil develop into workmen1 then guildsmen and free burghers of the town2 of this they themselves have written upon her very walls4 ,about half of the windows of the cathedral we find were presented by the guilds2 the other half by kings1 princes and seigneurs1 lay and ecclesiastic4 ,the glass of ,chartres1 by the way1 is considered the finest in the world4 ,the eighteenth century was a bad day for churches in ,france2 the general contempt in the air for the past led them to destroy the 8barbarians' art10 which was good1 to make way for their own1 which happened to be bad4 ,the ,cathedral of ,chartres1 as ever so truly in touch with the times1 suffered from the artists in the early part of the century1 while in #agic the revolutionists invaded it4 ,they buried the relics and appraised the barbarians' statues at #ajj francs4 ,then the next idea was to knock down the cathedral1 which they found was not so easy2 so they concluded to transform it into a ,temple of ,reason1 wherein they behaved most unreasonably4 ,somebody started to destroy the immense group of the ,assumption on the grand altar4 ,it represents the ,virgin on an embankment of clouds with her arms extended and her figure coming toward the congregation4 ,her 8pied--terre0 of clouds 7excuse the hibernicism7 is upheld by angels and every face and attitude in the group is full of aspiration and action4 ,although as sculpture1 this group is not of the first order1 as allegory1 it is perfect4 ,a bright idea occurred to an architect present2 he put the ,phrygian cap upon the head of the ,virgin and a lance in her hand1 and the old symbol became the new2 with her arms open to the world and her eyes turned a little above it1 the ,virgin of ,chartres became a beautiful emblem of liberty4 ,i wonder if she impressed any of the wild congregation before her2 not long thereafter ,napoleon observed that 8,chartres was no place for an atheist40 ,illustration3 ,altar-piece at ,chartres4 ,the ,virgin who once ,wore a ,liberty ,cap ,in about six months the church managed to reinstate itself in its old stronghold1 though the ,revolutionary ,commission of public works 7or rather the commission for the destruction of public works7 had had the impertinence to strip the lead from the cathedral roof to make its ammunition4 ,but the old church was built to weather all storms1 and so was the ,french nation4 ,the revolutionists besieged the ,louvre and turned it into a public art gallery4 ,the republic has quietly advanced much farther in its right of eminent domain and taken under its enlightened protection all the great monuments of architecture in all fair ,france4 ,nothing is more charming than the enthusiasm throughout the land1 extending even to the simplest people1 over these 8national monuments40 ,as the building of them long ago formed a bond of union with the communes1 so the love of them now forms a bond of union with the nation4 ,fostered in their shadows1 ,french genius was able to bring forth at need architects capable of restoring them almost to their pristine beauty1 a beauty which1 growing out of mystic relics1 seems fraught with a relic's power through love and awe to lead men on4 ,may its magic transform these ,roman ,catholic cathedrals of the ,age of ,faith into ,holy ,catholic churches of the ,age of ,doubt6 ,in the nineteenth century ,james ,russell ,lowell wrote a poem containing some lovely lines on the ,cathedral of ,chartres1 but if a twentieth century poet approach the theme he will treat it in a more ,catholic spirit1 for the messages of these venerable fanes must grow broader and gentler as time goes on4 ,a greater poet than ,lowell said3 8,i never can feel sure of any truth but from a clear perception of its beauty40 ,from this idea he framed his invocation to beauty1 which applies alike to a ,grecian urn and to the ,cathedral of ,chartres3 8,thou shalt remain1 in midst of other woe ,than ours1 a friend#b to man1 to whom thou say'st1 #8,beauty is truth1 truth beauty1'--that is all ,ye know on earth1 and all ye need to know40 ,caen3 ,an ,eleventh ,century ,tableau ,two hours from ,cherbourg1 as the motor flies1 lies the old town of ,caen1 founded by ,william the ,conqueror4 ,a curious peace reigns in this old fortress1 with the drawbridge down1 and the moat a bower of trees and flowers3 the peace of consummated action2 the returns are all in1 and you may receive them according to your humor1 for the burning questions of other days have faded into dreamy generalities4 ,were all those wild centuries of struggle and warfare vain8 ,or is the old ,greek battle-cry1 8,now let us go forward1 whether we shall give glory to other men1 or other men to us10 the normal note of primitive manhood8 ,were ,rollo the ,norseman and ,william the ,norman1 following the war-gods fiercer than they1 commissioned by fate to lead great armies across the great waters1 and1 sailing under sealed orders1 to found two great nations and one great language8 ,or are all things vanity8 ,perhaps1 after receiving the children's children of his loyal subjects1 who may have crossed a certain wide ocean unknown to him to attend the great ,court of ,history that ,william the ,norman holds at ,caen1 the ,shades of the ,conqueror growing more familiar might conduct the musing cortge into the beautiful abbey near-by1 which he built in expiation of the love-match he made in defiance of the church4 ,i wonder here if the old king might not laughingly recall the story of his first meeting with ,lanfranc4 ,illustration3 ,william the ,conqueror's ,old ,fortress2 the ,chains are said to be the ,originals4 ,like other forceful men1 ,william married upon his own responsibility4 ,accordingly1 the ,pope not only excommunicated him1 but laid various bans upon his realm4 ,such bans were once marvelously inconvenient1 to say the least4 ,william fought the church valiantly for six years4 ,it may have been then that he got his measure of the uses and abuses of that institution1 which1 in the long run1 proved most valuable to ,england4 ,among others1 ,lanfranc1 ,prior of ,bec1 became a target for ,william's displeasure and was ordered to leave his monastery4 ,lanfranc started forth forlornly enough on a lame horse4 ,thus caparisoned1 he met the furious ,duke ,william4 ,lanfranc had but one weapon at his command--tact4 ,he approached the great duke1 saying1 8,i am obeying your command as quickly as ,i can4 ,i will obey faster if you will give me a better horse40 ,william was blessed with humor4 ,he impressed ,lanfranc into his service then and there1 and made him his friend forever3 the ,conqueror could make good friends4 ,then he sent ,lanfranc to make his peace with the ,holy ,see4 ,understanding ,william's passion for building1 ,lanfranc1 the peacemaker1 arranged that ,william and ,mathilda should each build an abbey in expiation of their marriage4 ,and ,william and ,mathilda performed their contract so royally that ,france has lately restored their abbeys1 line for line1 as national monuments4#c ,thus a tableau of ,caen1 as the ,conqueror saw it1 actually lies before twentieth century eyes4 ,ah1 put yourself in his place6 ,i never knew a traveler to leave this old town without becoming attached to its founder4 ,the strong1 orderly1 noble and logical ,norman buildings express the old ,conqueror at his best2 at ,caen one prefers his older1 gentler1 more unique title of ,william1 the builder1 for1 indeed1 many have conquered in ,england1 but ,william ,i built up his conquest4 ,in this interesting old ,norman church1 with its suspicion of the pointed arch 7probably the earliest instance7 pointing toward the unparalleled ,gothic that developed in ,normandy1 one feels like congratulating the old ,conqueror1 both as lover and architect1 and reinstating his old claim to romance1 even though modern research has discovered that he was not a very gentle knight4 ,william ,i was no saint2 but why should he have been one8 ,professional saints were only too common in his day3 he was but a strong1 direct man in a most superstitious1 childish and indirect age4 ,is not the position of one who can stand alone through his age heroic enough8 ,what a curious world the old ,conqueror lived in6 ,a world of professional marauders and their soldiers1 of professional saints and their serfs2 with a confusion of fighting barons1 lay and ecclesiastic1 some or the most interesting bishops being no mean warriors2 and worst of all1 a lot of begging friars producing little but corruption4 ,to the day of his death1 the ,conqueror makes no apology for his wars in ,normandy4 ,there he was simply holding his own4 ,the behavior of the wild and worldly barons was not all he had to contend with2 there were also the visions and the notions of the unworldly clergy1 who1 with intent1 more or less good1 more or less self-seeking1 interfered absolutely with good government1 and ,william's tact and breadth with them1 considered at a time when it is easy to be wise1 nearly one thousand years after the event1 is astonishing4 ,it fell to his lot to deal with that peculiarly well-intentioned pope1 ,gregory ,,vii1 who1 by his ability to conceive and carry out his well-intentioned policy1 worked such incalculable evil4 ,spain is struggling with his ,shades today4 ,what a problem the mystics of the eleventh century1 with their tremendous following and their curious allegorical interpretations of everything great or small in heaven or on earth1 must have been to a statesman6 ,listen to this eleventh century letter of thanks from ,saint ,ivo to ,gerard of ,ham1 for 8an instrument of the whiteness of snow for combing the hair40 ,this comb is agreeable to him in and of itself1 like other objects of beauty2 but above all1 it pleases him because of the elevation of ideas1 which it so beautifully symbolizes3 he is quite sure that thy prudence 7ta prudence7 has wished hereby to give a suggestion to his vigilance to seek constantly by all sorts of exhortations to reform the disorderly manners of his people1 whom he compares to a disarranged head of hair4 ,and yet ,saint ,ivo was in his day a strictly practical person1 not to be fooled as ,savonarola was four hundred years later by the ordeal of fire4 ,saint ,ivo forbids a husband to condemn his wife even when the man he has accused could be burned by hot irons2 and when the martial old bishop of ,le ,mans1 who is accused of having treacherously surrendered that town1 offers to walk on hot irons to prove his innocence1 ,saint ,ivo writes him that ordeals are uncanonical and that he must not submit to them4 ,but then no reader of his correspondence can fail to see that ,saint ,ivo was very timid4 ,how he did dread the ,channel6 ,he entreats the holiest men of his acquaintance to pray unceasingly for him while he is on the water4 ,but let us turn to the ,conqueror's own review of his life1 as he discussed it on his death-bed4 ,two of his clergy took it down4 ,thus1 as he would speak to his sons1 he speaks to history4 ,here we have his perplexities at first hand4 ,that we may put ourselves in his place as literally as possible1 let us repair with the document to the beautiful ,abbey aux ,dames1 so tenderly connected with the ,conqueror's queen4 ,there1 it is said1 she made her thank-offering for her lord's safe deliverance1 alike from the perils of war and the perils of the ,channel4 ,this abbey was consecrated the year of the ,conquest1 eleven years before the ,abbey aux ,hommes 7ladies first74 ,many of the ,conqueror's followers supplied their own ships1 but ,mathilda herself fitted out the ,conqueror's1--the regal ,mora--so splendidly stocked with wine4 ,her good ship bore him safely to ,england and victory1 and brought him back1 as ever1 true to his queen4 ,to this abbey they dedicated their daughter ,cicely1 when she was a child1 and she became a great and powerful abbess4 ,here we may picture her praying1 as a woman in the intense ,age of ,faith could pray1 for the souls of her parents4 ,eight hundred and twenty-five years after its original construction we found another high-bred cloistered ,lady of the ,trinity in passionate prayer at the tomb of ,mathilda4 ,was this pretty young nun a legitimate part of the restoration8 ,though the cloisters of ,france were supposed to have been abolished1 this one had been passed by1 for the ,conqueror holds ,caen1 and some iron hand of the past seems to have retained this spiritual young girl in prayer at the tomb of his queen4 ,a strange sight it was1 one of the curious tragedies of conservatism2 but like many every-day tragedies imperceptible to its actors4 ,to the eye all seemed beauty4 ,from a fine old garden we stepped into a majestic aisle of a great abbey4 ,as we walked down in its dim half-light1 a curtain was drawn displaying a brass grill impassable in the eyes of the church4 ,impassable it had been1 in fact1 for nearly eight hundred and fifty years1 but now to climb over it would be a minor athletic feat4 ,it separated the chapel of the foundress and the nuns of the order of the ,trinity from the whole outside world4 ,the entire central space of this chapel was occupied by ,queen ,mathilda's enormous cream-colored sarcophagus 7restored74 ,one might read the inscription in eleventh-century characters1 fresh from a modern chisel4 ,the chapel walls were lined with dark1 carved wooden stalls1 freshly oiled1 and new-born sunbeams peered decorously through rich-colored glass on two kneeling nuns clad in the old-time flowing ivory-colored robes of the ,ladies of the ,trinity4 ,one was a fleshy1 middle-aged woman1 mechanically counting her beads1 the other was young and beautiful4 ,she was looking up1 and1 though she was as motionless as the tomb beside her1 her attitude expressed action as sculpture may4 ,what was she thinking of8 ,is the life of today any less inscrutable than that of one thousand years ago8 ,here1 in the charity of the church1 let us consider the ,conqueror's apology 7apologia72 we are translating the word too literally1 but the spirit of the document is humble and explanatory and1 withal1 very winning4 ,in this apologia ,william considers that he has done his duty to the church1 and history endorses him2 in general1 when he was at variance with it he was in the right4 ,but of his expedition to ,england--every move of which is justified upon the ,bayeux ,tapistry--he repents1 although1 fortunately1 not fanatically enough to try and undo the deed4 ,he only makes what reparation he can to certain victims4 ,though on his death-bed he liberated ,harold's son and nephew1 he seems to overlook a curious persecution1 cruel in intent but easily repaired1 that1 in the confidence and fury of his power1 he had directed against the soul of the defeated king4 ,the ,conqueror carried ,harold's body from the battlefield 7he wrapt it in the purple1 it is true71 but he had insisted upon burying it in unhallowed ground1 although for it ,harold's mother had offered the weight in gold1--both parties firmly believing that to lie in unconsecrated ground would militate against the repose of the spirit4 ,though he tried to undo many a deed1 the ,conqueror ignores entirely his arrogant revenge upon a soul4 ,facing death matures our sense of value4 ,though but one century removed from a forebear whose ,god was ,odin1 whose ,valhalla was a place where heroes cut each other to pieces daily in fair fight1 but where the blest are perpetually restored to life at meal-time that they may eat of the wild boar and fight again and forever1#d at least the ,conqueror came to shudder at his massacres at ,hastings and ,york1 to truly repent and to die humbly commending his soul to ,mary4 ,the spirit of the nineteenth century was iconoclastic2 it demolished alike old heroes1 old superstitions and old faiths4 ,but the twentieth century would call them back1 not as realities1 but as heroes1 superstitions and faiths1 treating them philosophically1 as great moving forces1 or poetically1 as starting points for new ideals4 ,the hard1 rational doubt which emancipated thought in the nineteenth century develops into the sympathetic doubt of the twentieth4 ,the nineteenth century laughed at barbaric old heroes1 while the twentieth century smiles at them4 ,who wants to live in a world without heroes8 ,all men are not equal2 but by reverent appreciation the small man may become brother to the genius4 ,every place1 every document connected with the ,conqueror bears his strong individuality4 ,read of him where you may1 between the lines of the ,domesday ,book 7that conscientious effort to tax all that the traffic will bear71 or in the broken lays of the troubadours1 or by the light or the density of contemporary chroniclers1 ,norman or ,saxon1 you find before you a man great in himself and a forerunner of greater things3 a great builder1 building better than he knew2 a great ruler1 ruling farther than he knew--a true hero of the strenuous life4 ,following the chance records from which the ,conqueror's biography is put together1 one is amazed by the integrity of his political instinct4 ,william the ,norman is an instance for the poet who said1 8,the world is what a few great men have made it40 ,the ,conqueror seems such a typical ,englishman1 alike in his love of the forests and the 8high deer10 of which the old ,saxon chronicler complains1 and in his appreciation of justice and stability1 for which the same chronicler gives thanks on the spot4 ,the ,conqueror's appeal is a very wide one4 ,even the economists1 who hold that the world is what demand and supply have made it1 write with an enthusiasm peculiarly their own of the ,domesday ,book and its wisely self-seeking1 avaricious author4 ,illustration3 ,dinan--the ,fortifications have been ,turned into ,playgrounds4 ,it cannot be argued that the ,conqueror was a popular king1 but sinners1 like saints1 may be proven by their influence after death--the ,conqueror's was strong and manly4 ,his spirit entered widely into medival legend4 ,he is the ,arthur1 the ideal ruler1 whom ,malory commends for manly purity1 justice and probity2 also for 8open manslaughter40 ,we may take ,malory's word for it1 it was better than the savage treachery known even four hundred years later1 when that old raconteur was mixing probabilities1 improbabilities and impossibilities so picturesquely1 and we have our old hero back4 ,although we must alter ,malory's ideal1 we can add to it as well as subtract from it4 ,we have the splendid barbarian who brought order out of chaos both in ,england and ,normandy1 who loved and trusted his wife1 who loved nature and had an instinct for art1 whose intelligent attitude toward religion and learning left the ,dark ,ages behind1 and whose loyal leadership opened the romantic days of chivalry4 ,near ,caen is a lovelier town1 8,dinan1 where the ,conqueror slept40 ,here history's scroll seems to loosen1 displaying an enchanting pastoral of the ages2 there lies the simple1 old hamlet by the river1 just as it might have looked when ,william the ,norman and ,harold1 son of ,goodwin1 camped there together1 a little less than one thousand years ago4 ,then1 back of the river on the bluff1 later a securely walled town appeared1 but now the old fortifications have turned into charming parks and playgrounds1 girding the loveliest of ,french villages2 and on a summer day in fair ,france one can feel sure that though much of life is at cross-purposes1 all is not vanity3 old moats may make the loveliest of gardens2 old warriors1 the gentlest of heroes4 ,illustration3 ,old ,moats do make such ,charming ,gardens4 ,the ,grandniece of the ,grand ,inquisitor ,i have a fair daughter formed like a golden flower4--,sappho4 ,the ,spanish ,inquisitor is one character of the past who has been spared the mockish attentions of writers of historical romance4 ,but he1 too1 has suffered from the on dit of history1 history as she is taught4 ,however1 he had his day4 ,once as the impersonation of 8correct sentiment10 he dealt his decrees from a palace and had the double honor of representing ,church as well as ,state4 ,as times grew gentler1 the ,inquisition was directed against books rather than men4 ,now1 certainly1 something may be accorded to those who dispose of polemic literature1 even though they be as innocent as earthworms of their ultimate use to humanity2 therefore1 let us try to look upon the ,grand ,inquisitor1 ,miguel de ,carpio1 as a ,spanish gentleman of an exceedingly old school--as a man perhaps much less bloodthirsty than some of the good and perfect knights1 though abominably technical regarding certain points4 ,as theatre-goers we are in the gentleman's debt1 for it was he who educated his nephew1 ,lope de ,vega de ,carpio1 who in his turn was a positive factor in the development of the modern drama4 ,lope ,felix de ,vega de ,carpio was of a mental mixture that has more than passed away2 it has been relegated to the incomprehensible1--at once a graceful poet and a soldier1 a past master of euphuism and a coarse dramatist2 an officer of the ,church2 8a servant of the ,inquisition0 or a 8familiar of the holy office10 as he fluently termed it 7an honorary escort of the victim to the stake72 finally1 chaplain of the monastic order into which he retired2 and1 unquestionably1 the most voluminous of writers4 ,illustration3 ,a ,peep ,into the ,cranium of a ,bible ,reader in ,lope de ,vega's ,time4 ,but his most poetic gift to the world was his love-child1 ,sister ,marcela de ,felix of the ,convent of the ,ladies of the ,trinity at ,alcala4 ,of all his children1 legitimate or illegitimate1 this daughter1 by the lady who inspired the best of his sonnets1 was to him dearest4 ,he takes little ,marcela to live with him as soon as ever his wife dies1 and dedicates a drama to the little girl2 so does another poet4 ,she seems to be her father's comrade1 for when she is only eleven years old he uses her to get back some letters that he has written to one of his various mistresses2 but when a relative of the husband of this mistress makes improper overtures to ,little ,marcela1 ,lope de ,vega rises like a man 8in spite of his age and holy orders10 and chastises the villain4 ,at sixteen1 to the little maid comes a craving for an exalted purity1 a reaction of her beautiful soul from its coarse1 immoral surroundings4 ,being a woman1 her ideal also calls for a lover1 but he must be pure and more beautiful than any one she has ever known1 and he must love her as she will him1 8better than life40 ,it is the ,age of ,faith4 ,her bridegroom awaits2 she leaves her father to join him4 ,of course1 there are braver1 fuller1 happier lives than a nun's1 and there always have been4 ,but during the ,age of ,faith1 in a religious house1 there was always a haven of rest for the idealist1 while now it sometimes seems he has not where to lay his head4 ,it was not in the ,middle ,ages that the king said1 8,if poets will be poets1 why1 let them starve40 ,then1 on the contrary1 the public fed a vagabond population of vagabond singers who sang a certain grace into the ,romance languages2 for the devotees of various abstractions there was the refuge of holy orders4 ,after taking up the religious life1 if they had force enough to arrange the conditions around them to fit their desires1 they might safely follow their various bents1 for good or ill1 undisturbed by care for the future1 their bodies being insured against want1 their souls against punishment4 ,in ,spain1 particularly1 really great men and successful ones continued to take holy orders even up to the eighteenth century4 ,in his prime1 ,calderon exchanged the position of superintendent of the royal theatre for royal chaplain1 but after a few qualms on the point he continued to write plays on much the same order as before1 only they were performed by priests4 ,since ,calderon was really orthodox the arrangement seems natural enough2 as a playwright he had baffled with the public till he was fifty-one years old2 in the church at least he was relieved from the dictates of public tastes4 ,there it was that he probably wrote his beautiful 8,magic ,magician40 ,i am not a ,ruskinite4 ,i would not1 if ,i conveniently could1 domesticate the thirteenth century in the nineteenth2 but ,i do believe in a sympathetic attitude toward history1 as toward present life1 and for the same reasons ,i would not turn the light of the twentieth century in upon the gloom of the sixteenth1 with the idea of getting a clear picture4 ,i for one do not feel that a convent was the saddest place for ,sister ,marcela4 ,that power which decrees the fall of nations had its hand upon ,spain4 ,wars1 the ,americas1 the religious houses and the ,inquisition1 had fed on the flower of the nation too long4 ,the times were out of joint4 ,it seemed beautiful to little ,marcela to lose such a world and gain a soul4 ,being a poet1 the heroic side of the church appealed to her2 in her intensity she joined the barefooted order of the ,trinity4 ,how did her father part from her8 ,he was a poet1 too--did he give her up with holy joy and homely sorrow8 ,in his way1 ,lope de ,vega was a really religious man1 for he lived in close touch with his ,god--the literal1 limited1 jealous god of a fanatic1 it is true4 ,would you see its exact image1 as shown on the ,market ,place8 ,then read 8,the ,marriage of the ,soul to ,divine ,love10 a broadly realistic drama1 in which ,lope de ,vega supposes the bridegroom to be the ,savior4 ,it was acted on the great ,square of ,valencia on the occasion of the marriage of ,philip ,,iii1 the dramatist himself being the clown in the cast4 ,but1 too1 this vulgar 8familiar of the holy office0 can be tender4 ,listen to these lines1 dedicated to his little dead son3-- 8,holy angels and blest1 ,through these palms as ye sweep1 ,hold their branches at rest1 ,for my babe is asleep4 8,and ye ,bethlehem palm trees1 ,as stormy winds rush ,in tempest and fury1 ,your angry noise hush2-- ,move gently1 move gently1 ,restrain your wild sweep2 ,hold your branches at rest1-- ,my babe is asleep4 8,my babe all divine1 ,with earth's sorrows oppressed1 ,seeks in slumber an instant ,his grieving to rest2 ,he slumbers1--he slumbers1-- ,oh hush1 then1 and keep ,your branches all still1-- ,my babe is asleep6 8,cold blasts wheel about him1-- ,a rigorous storm1-- ,and ye see how1 in vain1 ,i would shelter his form2-- ,holy angels and blest1 ,as above me ye sweep1 ,hold these branches at rest1-- ,my babe is asleep60 ,illustration3 ,the ,literal1 ,limited ,god of a ,fanatic and ,father ,adam ,stock-taking in ,eden4 ,what did he whisper to this living child as she parted from him8 8,heard melodies are sweet2 but those unheard are sweeter40 ,when1 in the confident phrase of her father1 ,marcela de ,carpio 8espoused the eldest son of ,god10 her mystic nuptials called forth the truest 8song-feast0 ever held4 ,the herald of old might bid the poets appear and compete for a monarch's pleasure4 ,order a tournament of song1 indeed6 ,mahomet was profound enough to go to the mountain4 ,when the beautiful love-child of ,lope de ,vega and ,micaela de ,luzan took the veil1 the ceremony was graced by all the dignity and circumstance which the ,church could lavish in outward expression of the passion and fervor of the forceful old days of her power4 ,all the poets of the day1 great and small1 seemed to have been summoned to this marriage feast1 and all the poets of the day1 great and small1 vainly tried to transcribe the living poem their eyes beheld when that fair bride of ,christ passed before them in a transport of ecstasy4 ,at that time many great ladies were taking the veil with equal pomp and state1 but no such tribute was paid them4 ,what an absolutely inexplicable power is personality6 ,marcela de ,carpio never published a line1 and at this time had probably never written one4 ,how did these minor poets recognize this fair daughter of ,sappho8 ,was she 8formed like a golden flower08 ,what a wonderful people are poets6 ,but listen1 for ,sister ,marcela's bridal song is with us yet1 she pipes so clear and sweet3 ,i4 8,let them say to my lover ,that here ,i lie6 ,the thing of his pleasure1 ,his slave am ,i4 ,,ii4 8,say that ,i seek him ,only for love1 ,and welcome are tortures ,my passion to prove4 ,,iii4 8,love giving gifts ,is suspicious and cold2 ,i have all1 my ,beloved1 ,when ,thee ,i hold4 ,,iv4 8,hope and devotion ,the good may gain1 ,i am but worthy ,of passion and pain4 ,v4 8,so noble a ,lord ,none serves in vain-- ,for the pay of my love ,is my love's sweet pain4 ,,vi4 8,i love thee1 to love thee1 ,no more ,i desire2 ,by faith is nourished ,my love's strong fire4 ,,vii4 8,i kiss ,thy hands ,when ,i feel their blows2 ,in place of caresses ,thou givest me woes4 ,,viii4 8,but in ,thy chastening ,is joy and peace2 ,o ,master and ,love1 ,let not ,thy blows cease6 ,,ix4 8,thy beauty1 ,beloved1 ,with scorn is rife6 ,but ,i know that ,thou lovest me ,better than life4 ,x4 8,and because ,thou lovest me1 ,lover of mine1 ,death can but make me ,utterly ,thine4 ,,xi4 8,i die with longing ,thy face to see2 ,ah1 sweet is the anguish ,of ,death to me60 ,marcela de ,carpio retired from the world in #afba4 ,it was not till #ahgj that the ladies of the ,convent of the ,trinity at ,alcala called the attention of the director of the ,spanish ,academy to a manuscript so dear to that sisterhood1--the love-songs of a nun1 the poems of ,sister ,marcela de ,felix4 ,such a delay in publication would be disastrous to a worldling of the pen1 but oblivion cannot bury a soul4 ,besides1 ,sister ,marcela was dreaming of heaven1 not of print2 her thought incidentally overflows and she inherited her father's facility with the pen4 ,thus1 from the depths of the old cloister swells a love-song so clear and sweet1 so humanly divine that it almost reconciles the ages4 ,the times were out of joint in ,spain1 but ,i am glad that this mystical daughter of ,sappho was not ordained1 like poor little ,charlotte ,corday1 another idealist1 with the blood of a great poet in her veins1 to try to set them right4 ,i am glad that the doors of the convent were open to this spiritual young dreamer of beautiful dreams1 who sings the 8,swan ,song of the ,age of ,faith40 ,you say the convent doors are open yet2 yes1 but in another way--perhaps a better way4 ,women enter to dedicate a broken life to all that is good4 ,the peace is there1 but the rapture is no more4 ,we 8cannot sing the old songs now nor dream those dreams again40 ,no woman is fairer to muse upon than ,marcela de ,carpio4 ,we get out of life what we put into it4 ,from the repose of the cloister ,sister ,marcela contributes a dream4 ,she is the poetess of the passionate reverence of the ,age of ,faith4 ,in her verse 8the tender grace of a day that is dead0 is immortal4 ,we must never for a moment overlook a ,spanish lady's pedigree4 ,senorita ,marcela de ,carpio was the grandniece of a ,grand ,inquisitor of ,spain4 ,stray ,leaves ,from ,old1 ,old ,books ,a bibliophile is expected to enter with an apology1--he is generally called a bibliomaniac1 but let your foreboded homage check your tongue2 remember1 if you prefer your mother's ,bible to the one left by the tract society1 or the one left by the tract society to your mother's 7bibliophiles are liable to any preference71 you are open to the infection and the mania is incurable4 ,but do not books become ours by what we1 individually1 get from them8 ,what does it matter whether it lies in the cover or the text or between the lines8 8,piece out our imperfection with your thought10 implores the greatest poet4 ,though it is dwelt upon with some truth that bibliophiles do not read their books 7must we therefore infer that other people have the contents of their libraries at their tongue's ends71 they have their own attitude toward them--an attitude which has proved of the profoundest service to letters4 ,the professional critic enters the library in state1 receiving and dismissing new books with sovereign assurance3 so uniformly has he erred that the dictum has gone forth that no age can pass on its writers4 ,the gentle reader enters the library modestly2 although he may read the new books that perish1 he does not neglect the new books that live1 as any one who makes a study of editions will discover2 he buys the good works of his own day4 ,the publisher of the first edition of ,shakespeare remarked that purchase 8best commends a book10 on the strength of which idea he collected the stray plays of the ,bard of the ,avon4 ,the preface which he wrote for his edition stands forth as the modest advertisement of history2 but absurdly condescending as it is1 it shows that he foresaw a good1 immediate sale2 also that he foresaw no farther4 ,the bibliophile enters the library abstractedly1 there to muse upon volumes true and tried2 and through the ages his reverent1 disinterested spirit has builded better than it knew4 ,indeed1 it alone tided books across the ,dark ,ages2 for even when they could not read1 some there were who had wit enough to appreciate letters in the abstract4 ,contrast their attitude with that of the executive ,caliph ,omar1 who burned a great library at ,alexandria in #fce1 declaring that if the books were orthodox 7,mohammedan orthodoxy1 of course7 they were unnecessary2 if heterodox1 pernicious4 ,that is what it means to have mere practical people around among books4 ,i can conceive of no human relic more touching than a ,bible copied with conscientious care during this unsympathetic era4 ,hence the ,book of ,kells1#e which is destitute of one touch of the native artist1 however immature1 is often spoken of as the most beautiful book in the world4 ,it is supposed to have been executed about the eighth century1 since its illuminators had advanced from the mere red capitals adorned with twisted dragons to pictures relating to the text4 ,the symbols of the apostles1 especially the bird-like lion of ,saint ,mark1 appear repeatedly on the margins2 also1 there is a representation of ,saint ,matthew with hands growing from his shoulders1 holding up to the world two copies of 8,the ,book40 ,among its illustrations are the ,arrest of ,jesus1 the ,agony of the ,garden1 and1 most interesting of all1 four angels and a ,virgin and ,child appear on the old pages1 for1 crude as these figures are1 they may be reckoned among the direct ancestors of those beautiful ,holy ,families born on ,italian and ,flemish canvases eight or nine hundred years later1 whose sweet faces still sway the world4 ,illustration3 ,a ,tribute to the ,scribes of the ,dark ,ages1 from ,one of ,their ,intellectual ,descendants1 a ,painter of the ,moyen ,age ,christian art began as illustration on the pages of holy books1 and as illustration it expanded onto wood and canvas1 bronze and marble4 ,the peculiar grace of pictorial art crept into it incidentally1 by accident of genius4 ,that famous ,giotto of the ,louvre showing 8,saint ,francis receiving the ,stigmata0 is simply a direct explanation of the subject1 far more beautiful in idea than in execution4 ,there are the figures of ,jesus and of ,saint ,francis2 ,christ is flying toward 8the most ,christ-like of men10 and gilt lines from every wound in our ,savior piercing ,saint ,francis in the same parts of the body bind that sympathetic saint to his ,redeemer1 while unknown to the holy brother a halo appears back of his head4 ,this idea of illustration made beautiful that it might be worthy of the subject which it treated1 that arose in the old scriptoriums1 reached its perfection on ,ghiberti's doors to the ,baptistry at ,florence4 ,michael ,angelo called them the ,gates of ,paradise4 ,illuminated books of a later date display equally noble1 artistic connections4 ,i have seen little ,madonnas in ,books of ,hours in the ,british ,museum that seem like imperfect copies of ,raphael1 whereas they precede him by nearly a century4 ,medival story is full of the visits of angels to despairing illuminators and scribes who found themselves unable to execute books worthy in their material beauty to convey the word of ,god4 ,our ,lady herself sometimes came down to console them4 ,did forecasts of the beautiful pictures yet to come sometimes appear to the humble dreamers of the cloister as they worked away on the margins of holy books8 ,not literally1 of course1 for taste was too crude to conceive of a developed art4 ,but may not some old artist have conceived in his cell of a pictured ,madonna1 so beautiful that pilgrims came from afar to do her honor1 so sweet that she could uplift them from sin8 ,and perhaps the soul of that humble old scribe finds its paradise in the better part of some inscrutable genius whose ,madonnas perpetually uplift the world1 for the soul of a saint is active forever4 ,illustration3 ,it is ,said ,there is ,no ,better ,test of a ,bible ,student ,than to ,ask ,him to ,read the ,stories which ,ghiberti ,tells so ,distinctly on the ,baptistry ,doors4 ,but from the vantage-ground of the ,old ,book of ,kells it is as pretty to look backward as to look forward1 so sweetly does it recall a certain monastery on the ,island of ,iona which casts its ray in history like a good deed in a naughty world4 ,this old book speaks eloquently of the lonely ,irish cloisters where1 in perhaps the darkest hour of written history1 the seeds of occidental civilization were laid away until a more favorable season dawned in which to sow them broadcast4 ,about a hundred years after the blessed ,saint ,patrick converted ,ireland1 in which time many had fallen from grace1 ,saint ,columba appeared on the scene1 made a second conversion of that region and founded the old ,scotch ,kirk 7very indirectly74 ,when ,saint ,columba appealed to the canny ,scots and the thrifty northern ,irishmen for a situation for his monastery1 they hospitably turned over to his use the rocky ,island of ,iona4 ,though agriculturally it was not much1 through long ages it had borne the fruits of the spirit until even its stones did duty as amulets4 ,in its bosom slept the ,scottish kings1 ,king ,macbeth being the last of the royal line to lie there4 ,iona was hallowed ground to the ,druid1 and is1 to this day1 a haven of superstition4 ,there ,saint ,columba1 the scribe1 located his lonely monastery wherein books were made1 wondrous in their day and generation1 and there or at some ,columbian monastery in the neighborhood1 perhaps at ,kells1 the ,book of ,kells was executed4 ,one of its big pages1 which is covered by a great cross wherein eight circles are incorporated in a network of infinitely involved interlacements1 especially illustrates one phase of early art--its reverent patience4 ,study that cross as you may you will find no false line1 no irregular interlacement1 for all this was done in the olden time when the ways of holy men were made so clear unto them4 ,that none might disturb the holy calm of the silent scribes as they multiplied the precious 8,word0 ,saint ,jerome had taken down from the direct dictation of the angels1 a code of signs was in use in the scriptoriums of the monasteries4 ,the sign of the cross indicated a missal1 the sign of the crown1 ,king ,david's psalms1 while a contemptuous scratching of the ear1 in the manner of a dog1 was an order for a mere pagan volume2 for then 8the world was very wicked10 as the good monks droned2 or at least very rude1 cruel1 lazy and barbarous1 as history affirms1 and gentle spirits were only too prone to recoil from it4 ,the early ,christians in general were filled with contempt for this life and proud certainty of reward in the next3 those whose practice was no higher than their theory withdrew from the world to secure to themselves particularly high seats in heaven4 ,the composite story of their lives emphasizes the barrenness of the scoffer1 the futility of the contemptuous4 ,but the story of the scribe1 though he may have seen through the glass just as darkly as the anchorite did1 is the living story of ,christian brotherhood4 ,one of the first of these scribes1 old ,cassiodorus of ,ravenna1 writes3 8,all who sing form but a single voice1 and we may mingle our notes with those of the angels1 though we may not hear them40 ,i am sure that was the sentiment which finally turned this old statesman from the world1 even though he did not retire till after the death of ,theodoric1 his patron4 ,perhaps the career of a statesman prepared him to be a statesman of the world of letters2 at any rate1 when he repaired to the cloister he gathered together1 according to his lights1 the best books of his world1 and especially enjoined upon the monks the noble duty of multiplying them4 ,all this was some hundred years before ,saint ,columba's time1 but angel voices carry1 and ,i do believe in their highest moments the ignorant1 undeveloped scribes of the old ,irish monasteries vaguely echoed ideals like those of ,cassiodorus4 ,these scribes came to feel a certain ownership in the great ,bibles on which they worked4 ,at the end of each section of the old ,book of ,durrow its scribe smuggled in his petition that all who take the book in hand might pray for him4 ,i have known a merry old scribe to insert a jingle in very bad ,latin at the end of a chapter1 indicating that after so much good work he should be rewarded with a drink4 ,the jolly old monk has always appealed to me most unreasonably4 ,within the century of the making of the old ,book of ,kells in ,ireland1 stirring old ,charlemagne brought a semblance of order to the land of the ,gaul and the ,frank and1 8that requests should not be made to ,god in bad language10 he regulated copists and reproductions by law2 he ordered holy books elaborately adorned1 and collected1 to the best of his ability1 artists for that purpose1 thereby leaving his mark on the books of his time and of some generations following1 which are technically known as ,carlovingians4 ,indeed1 as a bibliophile ,charlemagne shows the most charming side of his character4 ,in his enthusiasm he went to work and learned to read1 but he never could succeed in learning to write4 ,as might be expected1 ,carlovingians are mechanically decorated4 ,they show ,byzantine importation rather than the loving development of an early and original art4 ,we still have a couple of pages of the ,amiens copy of a work written by the ,abbot of ,fulda during ,charlemagne's reign4 ,one page is covered by a lone figure1 without ground or background1 of ,louis the ,pious with text printed all over it4 7,not that in the ,dark ,ages anybody read between the lines2 that they failed to do so was their greatest difficulty47 ,then other ,carlovingians are examples of the dyers' art1 being written in gold on purple vellum1 like the 8,golden ,gospels0 which one thousand one hundred years later proved such an excellent speculation on ,wall street4 ,but that is unquestionably 8another story40 ,there is a certain book in the ,bodleian not quite so old which ,i should value more highly4 ,with considerably more evidence than usual in such cases1 it is identified as the book of mass of ,queen ,margaret of ,scotland4 ,i wonder if the lovely ,saxon princess had it with her when she fled to ,scotland after the ,norman ,conquest to implore the protection of ,malcomb ,canmore who made her his ,queen8 ,but1 better still1 his people afterwards made her their patron saint1 realizing that she had done more to refine them than any other early ruler4 ,tradition tells how the ,king1 though he could not read1 loved to handle the ,queen's precious books--perhaps he gave this little volume adorned with gold and jewels to the lady of his reverent love4 ,the thirteenth century has great attractions for a bibliophile4 ,never were the embellishments on books more liberal and amusing4 ,nowadays illuminators consider the fitness of things1 but in the thirteenth century they just designed4 ,i know of a most charming psalter of the late thirteenth century with the capitals filled with the spirited knights and the margins with all-colored dragons whose attenuated tails form circles1 sometimes not more than an eighth of an inch in diameter1 that separate tiny butting goats or strutting cocks1 or ,darwinian monkeys or other irrelevant matter from the text4 ,did these dragons creep in from the ,norse mythologies1 ,i wonder1 or were they just creatures of adaptive anatomy for decorative purposes8 ,the early illuminators did not turn to nature2 simple people never do4 ,this illustrator's mind certainly wandered2 whether it started with the psalms ,i cannot determine1 but he displays two tiny gilded stops one-eighth of an inch by two inches that the seriously inclined might take as sermons4 ,one represents a jester1 with cap and bells and wand1 and little other raiment1 successfully charging a fully armed knight2 and the other1 ,venus1 attended by a blue dragon1 pursuing a cross between a man and a devil4 ,the fourteenth and fifteenth century illuminators and illustrators begin to think2 indeed1 they are among the best historians we find of that period3 modern illustration is fast returning to their methods4 ,at the commencement of the fourteenth century1 miniatures of the noble owners of elaborate volumes began to be inserted in their books4 ,thus a consecutive history of two hundred years of ,french portraiture is safely folded away in the ,bibliotheque ,nationale1 where we may watch the stiff early miniatures gradually develop into charming little genre pictures4 ,though the consideration of atmosphere was passed over at that time1 many of them are models of composition4 ,some of these little illustrations show the conceptions as well as the manners of the age4 ,in one of these old ,bibles is a picture of six seigneurs 7two famous bibliophiles among them71 in full regalia 7no grave clothes for them71 cordially received by ,saint ,peter at the ,gothic ,gates of ,paradise in the courteous days of the old regime4 ,there is that magnificent jeweled ,bible of ,jean ,sans ,peur1 ,duc de ,bourgoyne1 decorated with his armorial bearings1 which was given to him by some monks of his domain when he deigned to honor them with a visit2 it contains a charming little picture of the presentation scene4 ,illustration3 ,a ,page from the ,bible of ,jean ,sans ,peur4 ,those were royal days for bibliophiles2 but a change was to come over the spirit of their dreams4 ,printing was invented and the democracy of letters set in1--jeweled bindings made way for calf1 and collectors are diverted from painting to presses4 ,bibliophiles develop individual tastes and such a plebeian variety of them2 it is akin to free speech--one doting on prayer-books1 another on cook-books2 one on pamphlets1 another on palimpsests2 one on school-books1 another on ,virgils2 one on curiosities of literature1 execrably illustrated books of travel in impossible lands and comedies of error generally2 another on distant glimpses of dawning light1 until within the order arises the confusion of ,babel1 one no longer understanding the language of another4 ,but there is an early ,episcopal prayer-book in the ,british ,museum before which all the brotherhood right gallantly might bow4 ,it was ,lady ,jane ,grey's companion in distress2 she is said to have taken it with her to the scaffold1 where she certainly carried its lessons4 ,in it she wrote her last message to her father3 8,the ,lord comfort ,your ,grace in this world wherein all creatures are only to be comforted40 ,her story is almost too harrowing to recall4 ,this studious young girl1 just seventeen1 is offered the ,english crown4 ,her common sense tells her to decline it4 8,his ,grace10 always harsh1 even for his day and generation1 forces her to accept4 ,in consequence1 after a ten days' reign1 she is imprisoned in the ,tower4 ,while she is held there 8,his ,grace0 makes another false move2 as a result of his idiocy ,lady ,jane and her young husband are condemned to death4 ,could we believe this gentle message on hearsay8 ,we should probably argue1 the age was so narrow1 the girl was so young1 the expression is too condensed1 too mature4 ,the rational doubt would blur one of the loveliest pictures in ,time's gallery of fair women4 ,a martyr without the spur1 or the blemish of fanaticism6 ,a ,queen of ten days but a ,defender of the ,faith forever4 ,the crown jewels pale before this illuminated prayer-book of ,her ,most ,christian ,majesty4 ,this dear little ,protestant called forth the one tender letter extant from the highly practical ,diana of ,poitiers4 8,i have just been hearing the account of the poor young ,queen ,jane1 and ,i could not keep myself from weeping at the sweet1 resigned words she spoke to them on the scaffold2 surely never was such a sweet and accomplished princess40 ,indeed1 the best thing in the world of books1 as well as in the world of men1 8is something out of it10 and it is the appreciation of this 8something10 manifest to sympathetic souls1 which makes us bibliophiles4 ,if unknown to history a tender touch of hands long dead lurks in an old edition1 is it not beyond price8 ,although there are priceless books like this little prayer-book of ,queen ,jane1 every good bibliophile is a bit of a speculator2 to bet on an author is as loyal an excitement as to bet on a racer2 and to feel a beloved volume appreciating upon one's shelves is like watching the development of a promising child4 ,robert ,browning1 who was brought up in the fold1 his father being a collector1 writes3 ,do you see this square old yellow ,book1 ,i toss ,i' the air1 and catch again1 and twirl about ,by the crumpled vellum covers1--pure crude fact ,secreted from man's life when hearts beat hard1 ,and brains1 high blooded1 ticked two centuries since8 ,examine it yourselves6 ,i found this book1 ,gave a lira for it1 eightpence ,english just4 ,opening lines of 8,the ,ring and the ,book40 ,that eightpence has the regular bibliomaniacal ring4 ,next to giving fifty prices for a book1 the genuine collector delights in paying an improperly low one--a tour de force either of wit or of purse4 ,just think of getting material for the longest poem of the century for eightpence6 and material so unique6 with the inspiration of the old tome thrown in6 ,but now1 when books are so cheap they are almost free1 when exact reproductions of wonderful editions might flood the market at any day1 when venders of old books have become too expert for book hunters1 we are assured that bibliophiles1 grasping the tangible in the hope of realizing the intangible1 are the absurdities of a rational age4 ,remember our record in the past and trust us a little in the present4 ,in blind reverence we saved books and inaugurated ,christian art4 ,historians suddenly began to demand documents and they grow more and more insistent on that point4 ,well1 we can come to their aid and they can come to ours2 many a pretty bargain has been struck in the exchange4 ,along with its old books and letters we have especially preserved the gentler1 though none too gentle1 side of the past4 ,we can introduce you to men of other days in their libraries3 a very good place to study them sympathetically4 ,among other charming facts1 we can assure you that even during the confusion of a period of infinite intrigue complicated by religious wars and the ,fronde1 ,richelieu and ,mazarin found time to play at bibliomania1 and perhaps we can persuade you that of all their games it was the most profitable4 ,the executive ,mazarin got hold of an invaluable expert1 ,naud1 who brought him bargains by the yard4 ,what fun they must have had out of it1--,naud literally taking a measuring-stick with him when he went 8book-hunting10 and 8the stalls where he had passed were like the towns through which ,attila or the ,tartars had swept60 ,but the result was different4 ,deserving books were sumptuously decked out in red and olive morocco with gold-tooled cardinal hats thereon1 and took their rightful place in ,mazarin's palace1 that ,earthly ,paradise of the bibliophile graced by beautiful books and gentle readers1 for ,mazarin's library was cordially free1 the first really free library in ,france4 ,it is true that ,saint ,louis1 always open to a beautiful idea1 hearing of a sultan who had had copies made of the manuscripts of his realm for the benefit of the savants1 endeavored to follow the example of the ,moslem4 ,accordingly he made a beautiful collection of copies which were kept in the royal chapel--hardly a convenient place for the reading public2 but then there was no reading public4 ,however humble a ,christian1 however gentle a knight ,saint ,louis may have been1 he was destitute of one instinct of the democrat4 ,after his death his collection was broken up1 but his idea descended to ,charles the ,wise1 who practically started the ,royal ,library which1 joined to the ,mazarin1 developed into the present ,bibliotheque ,nationale4 ,as the oldest branch of the ,public ,library1 the ,bibliotheque ,nationale occupies the ancestral home1 the ,palais ,mazarin at ,paris1 where ,mazarin's motto1 8,time and ,i10 rings forth in the majesty of accomplishment4 ,as 8,ever since the days of ,captain ,kidd1 the ,yankees think there's money hid10 so ever since the disappearance of ,molire's library the bibliophiles think there's treasure hid4 ,only one book which belonged to that prince of bibliophiles has turned up so far1 a little ,elzevir of #afea1 in which he obligingly wrote his name and the price1 #a livre1 #aj sous4 ,but think of his two hundred and forty odd comedies which he handled so deftly both in the letter and in the spirit1 8taking his property wherever he found it60 ,what pearls of price if one could only trace them6 ,we know this collection was broken up2 it cannot be that every single book has perished4 ,one is almost justified in counting such chickens before they are hatched4 ,molire was not only one of the greatest but one of the most lovable of authors--that quality we collectors value so highly6 ,why a book of his would be like a relic of a saint 7there is a bit of medivalism in every good bibliophile72 a saint1 a bibliophile of other days1 an actor1 a gentle reader and a genius6 ,what might not any one of them bring8 ,ah1 there is still a golden fleece for the quest of the ,romantic ,modern4 ,romance will always deal in talismans4 ,we bibliophiles make ours a thing of the mind1 which we lay away between the lines of some gentle old volume1 hoping that some day1 somewhere in the vague realm of ,books1 it may work its pleasant magic upon some unknown comrade4 ,the ,romantic ,twentieth ,century3 ,a ,deduction ,the simple story-tellers of old1 singing away before ,history was born1 long1 long before she became contradictory and disrespectful1 chose the past as a setting for certain beatitudes--love1 beauty1 valor1 fidelity and justice4 ,theirs was not the harsh justice of the common law1 for there was no common law1 but true1 or1 as the world terms it1 poetic justice4 ,they strengthened the warp of their story with the noblest deeds done1 or almost done1 around them1 for human beings so often fall just short of great things2 this it is the gentle and honorable duty of story to remedy1 for 8,what we would be1 that we are for one transcendent moment40 ,when they only recorded the prowess of the victor1 ,history and ,romance were one and at peace1 and the glorious days of which together they sung were known as the ,golden ,age4 ,then ,history began to feel the heroism of the vanquished4 ,to give them their meed she conceived the idea of recording impartially the good and evil around her1 whereat childish ,romance turned from her in disgust4 ,but each claimed the ,golden ,age3 ,romance declaring that golden tales that live and grow were hers for all time2 ,history declaring that the fact that a great poet imagined an event to have happened counted for more in the human record than any other given occurrence4 ,and ,history and ,romance quarreled on until it seemed as though the ,golden ,age would be lost to both of them4 ,then ,romance1 always enterprising to the point of flightiness1 suggested that1 as the ,golden ,age had no chronology1 it might safely be recast in the future1 in which period she1 at least1 was quite as much at home as in the past4 ,politic ,old ,dame ,history smiled at the idea of her dealing in futures1 but she did make herself responsible for the statement that the real present is infinitely more romantic than the real past4 ,then waxing bold she declared that1 with some trifling digression1 she had all along been leading men toward a purer justice more mixed with love4 ,of this sweeping assertion she calmly cast the burden of proof upon 8my most persuasive witness1 my dear old friend1 ,romance40 ,and ,romance1 who always begs the question1 replies with a smile1 8,let me tell some stories4 ,no1 ,i will not commence with the ,greeks1 they are hardly my people4 ,great poets may find other themes1 but as for me1 my humble fancy must rest upon a woman and she should be pure1 sweet and gentle and brave men should bow before her4 8,the ,grecian woman was in no way a free agent4 ,to assert herself at all1 she was obliged to be either deceitful or defiant2 both attitudes are so unbeautiful6 ,i commence with the days of chivalry1 for though women were not free then1 it was supposed that they ought to be1 which is enough for me40 8,to me10 says ,history1 8the love stories of the days of chivalry1 told as fact or as old romance1 are one of the saddest issues of its universal tyranny--a tyranny of parent over child1 of man over woman1 of lord over serf1 of king over lord1 of emperor over king1 of pope over emperor--a tyranny of crazy conventions and mistaken ideals over all1 with mortifications of spirit a thousand times harsher than those of the flesh1 which made life hideous even to its ideals4 8,analyze the great love story of that era and you find rather a tragedy of tyranny4 ,it runs thus3 ,about the close of the ,dark ,ages the parents of ,pierre ,abelard decided1 for the future repose of their souls1 to repress all their natural desires and shift all mundane duties4 ,accordingly they retired to separate convents1 leaving their son free to follow his natural bent4 ,argument being his ruling passion1 he wandered through ,france challenging the local theologians in debate1 always drawing a following1 always making powerful enemies1 and1 doubtless1 very much enjoying the life4 ,at ,laon he tackled the great ,anselm1 and finding him a man #8of mean genius and great fluency of words without sense1' ,abelard conceived the idea of reading the ,bible for himself4 ,then he made his way to ,paris to break a lance with the great ,canon ,fulbert1 where he met the ,canon's niece1 ,heloise4 ,a love story ensued1 like other love stories in many ways1 except that ,heloise1 against all self-interest1 physical1 social1 spiritual1 refused to marry her lover1 entreat as he might2 she would do anything else for him1 except state her true reason--but yet a woman4 ,we have it finally in her correspondence1 #8,what an injury shall ,i do the ,church if ,i rob it of such a man6' 8,is it a sacrifice on the altar of the ,church on her part1 or is it a woman's sacrifice for the interests of the man she loves better than herself8 ,had her mother made a like renunciation8 ,no mother appears in the story of this adopted niece of an ecclesiastic4 ,here is ,heloise's position4 ,in her time the only opening for a clever man was the ,church with its conditions2 a loving woman should not hamper an ambitious man2 she should remember she cannot be to him what he is to her1 which is a law of life known to woman1 that we find holds true here4 ,having first given her all to the ,church1 she enters a convent at ,abelard's suggestion4 ,but in the twelfth century1 or any other1 the hope of youth dies hard4 ,heloise does not take the black veil4 ,she cannot burn her ships4 8,thereafter this truly fair woman of ,romance figures as a stern disciplinarian reporting the weaker sisters4 ,but she is severe upon herself as well1 and confesses having unlawfully opened a letter in which she was sure there was news of her ,abelard2 though1 when in after years ,abelard wished to correspond with her1 she begged him not4 ,this is the tragedy of ,heloise4 8,abelard also entered a convent1 but there1 as elsewhere1 he had a wonderful faculty for carrying his point1 and probably led1 on the whole1 a very congenial life4 ,however1 he once overstepped himself1 and was summoned to appear before the ,council of ,soissons and commanded to burn his own book with his own hands4 ,he ungallantly admitted that this was the saddest moment of his life4 ,here is ,abelard's tragedy4 ,he felt that all was lost4 ,but it was ,abelard that the world needed1 not his book4 8,brave as ,socrates1 ,abelard returned to the ,abbey of ,saint ,denis1 there to raise the first historic doubt4 ,he did not think ,saint ,denis was the ,areopagite of the ,scriptures1 nor did he believe the saint was ever in ,paris4 ,the horrified ,abbot accordingly gave ,abelard over to the civil authorities #8for reflections upon the kingdom and the crown4' 8,driven from ,paris1 he retired to a cloistered order at ,troyes1 where he built a church and had the pleasure of dedicating it to the ,holy ,ghost 7there being a law against dedicating a temple to the ,paraclete74 ,arguing to the last1 ,abelard passed away1 and while his body was mouldering in the ground1 his soul went arguing on in his intellectual descendants1 the medival schoolmen who1 in their poor way1 managed to awaken the mind of ,europe1 if only to lead it by labyrinths into a cul-de-sac4 8,i wonder if ,heloise was able to follow her true love's valiant career without earthly pride8 ,or by some strange austere resolve did she deny herself that gentle pleasure8 ,for ,heloise belongs to the species1 omnipotent woman1 who carries out her decisions by hook or by crook for the benefit of self and others1 never hampered by a doubt of the ultimate excellence of her arrangements4 8,did she do well not to rob the ,church of ,abelard8 ,perhaps she builded better than she knew1 or she may have made a sad mistake1 but ,god knows1 she did her best4 ,that was eight hundred years ago1 but her story is tragic today4 ,as to ,abelard's1 it is really very interesting4 8,and10 continues ,history1 8the favorite romance of this sadly submissive age was #8,the ,patient ,griselda4' ,it was an old1 old tale when ,boccaccio told it1 but1 thank fortune1 it is dead at last1 for we cannot now conceive of the excellence of the heroine4 8,a marquis1 whose only love is the chase1 is forced by his subjects to marry4 ,he compromises on a little country girl1 and requires her to promise #8to study to please him and not to be uneasy at anything whatever he may do or say4' 7,a man's requirements1 only this marquis wasn't a gentleman47 ,to test her patience1 he amuses himself by taking her children from her1 one by one1 and leading her to suppose that they have been killed1 because his people objected to the descendants of a peasant4 ,griselda blesses her children as she delivers them to his servitor1 saying3 8#8,take them2 do what my lord and thine has commanded2 but1 prithee1 leave them not to be devoured by fowls or wild beasts unless that be his will4' 8,then the marquis tells her he must annul their marriage4 8,she replies1 #8,for what ,i have been ,i hold myself indebted to ,providence and you4 ,i consider it a favor lent me1' and she acquiescingly returns to the house of her father1 who has prudently saved her old garments1 never supposing the marquis would #8keep her long as wife4' ,in good time the marquis summons her to prepare his home for a new wife4 ,she affectionately complies4 ,the new wife proves to be herself1 the marquis being quite persuaded that her patience #8proceeds from no want of understanding in her4' ,her children are restored4 ,she weeps for joy1 and they all live happily ever after40 ,romance replies1 8,the chivalry in your instances is confined to the women1 which is always pathetic4 ,as to the actual ,griselda of ,aquitaine1 whose name and story grew into the heart of an age1 she lived just before the days of chivalry4 ,indeed1 ,shades of women like ,griselda and ,heloise may have inspired the chivalrous attitude toward women4 8,one should read ,griselda's story in ,chaucer1 not in shallow-hearted ,boccaccio1 even though it was the purest and most popular of his tales4 ,chaucer would make you feel her kinship with women now1 who make sacrifices for love less open and rude but not so different from hers4 8,listen1 ,history10 continues ,romance1 8to ,chaucer's tale3 ,you have commended bloodier deeds than ,griselda's4 ,the marquis says to ,griselda1 when he demands the child1 #8,in great lordship there is great servitude4 ,i may not do as every ploughman may1' and ,griselda1 like a mother1 whose son is demanded as a sacrifice on the altar of her country1 first consecrates him to ,god4 ,she is as tender to her child as she is loyal to her husband1 but ,i will say no more2 no one but ,chaucer should touch that scene4 8,i have always suspected that the real marquis in question intended to kill the child for exactly the reasons he stated1 and the gentleness of the mother1 who could not possibly protect the child1 saved it4 ,life was held very loosely then4 ,you see1 ,history1 ,i tell more truth than ,i am supposed to and you tell less1 my idea being to appear fanciful1 yours1 to appear truthful4 ,we are all poor sinners4 ,however10 continues ,romance1 8a sweeter day was dawning4 ,out of the effort of the soldier to protect the pilgrim grew the ,holy ,wars1 wherein the ideal that the strong should serve the weak was born1 and ,i nursed it into chivalry40 8,and a hideous and lawless state of things you brought forth10 remarked ,history2 for ,romance and ,history1 like other old friends that have separated and come together again1 cannot collate long in accord4 8,in some cases ,i taught men not to need the law's control10 retorted ,romance4 8,to make men gentle one must teach them gently1 so ,i sent my troubadours through the land as trusty messengers of chivalry and bid them sing the new ideal into the very heart of the realm4 ,and in song they contended as lustily for the point of honor as ever knight contended with his lance4 8,to these simple troubadours that love which is not physical1 which begs to serve1 not to be served1 and poetry1 itself1 were one1 and known by one term alone1--,love4 ,but disputes arose regarding this term for an ideal new under the sun1--disinterested love in its highest and its fullest4 ,therefore1 where the shades of classic refinement lingered latest1 in fair ,provence1 ,i instituted tribunals before which my troubadours might plead their subtle causes in song1 and styled them ,courts of ,love4 ,my judges were the gentlest of ladies and poets bowed before them1 saying3 #8,for all my words here and every part ,i speak them all under correction ,of you that feeling have in love's art1 ,and put it all in your discretion4'0 ,history interrupts3 8,among my humoresques1 ,i happen to have a literal account of one of those old ,courts of ,love4 ,it was convened by the ,countess of ,champagne2 she had fifteen more women on the bench with her1 all decked out in green and gold4 ,monkey-fashion1 those scented ladies 7precieuses ridicules7 of old had the proceedings of their toy court solemnly recorded4 ,andr1 their scribe1 adds that the perfumes on the fair judges kept him sneezing continually while he was taking testimony4 ,at that time chivalry had most absurdly exalted #8my ladye1' also the #8beautiful unseen1' styled the #8beautiful unknown1' and see the things men were expected to do60 8,yes1 and what is more1 they did them10 retorted ,romance1 8and at the bidding of woman without other coercion1 and the spirit of her law still rules40 8,i am confining myself to documentary evidence10 says ,history tartly4 8,this ,chief ,justice of ,love1 ,maria of ,champagne1 was the daughter of that ,queen ,eleanor of ,france1 who would go on the ,second ,crusade4 ,had she only behaved herself in the ,east1 she might have figured as the first ,new ,woman4 ,however1 that was not to be4 ,formal action was brought before the ,court of the ,chief ,justice of ,love in the ,province of ,beauty by plaintiff1 a servitor of love1 against defendant1 a ,fair ,lady--likewise a married one4 ,plaintiff had agreed to walk twice a week past defendant's door1 for which service defendant agreed to throw him a bunch of violets4 ,as the weather was cold and the road muddy1 plaintiff tired of the job and claimed in legal phraseology1 as he did not always get his violets1 that breach of contract should release him from further obligation4 8,defendant pleads ecstasy of love and anguish of mind4 ,she said that because of ,danger 7,court term for husband7 she could not always perform her contract1 since she frequently had to profess that she was asleep1 although she was awake2 that it was highly ungallant in defendant to complain of snow and mire4 ,love should render him invulnerable4 ,she also added that the man had the best of it1 for he might repeat his hours and orisons while he was walking up and down before her door2 also1 he had the privilege of kissing her latch as he passed1 whereas 7feminine economy7 she was obliged to purchase thread to tie up his violets4 ,illustration3 ,head of ,justice1 from ,fiore's ,group4 ,this ,old ,venetian ,figure of ,justice ,still ,presides ,over the ,gallery of ,early ,painters at ,venice4 ,technically she is in advance of the ,madonnas of ,her ,period4 8,judgment in favor of the lady4 8,among the celebrated cases recorded in this court are two every-day disagreements between man and woman4 ,a gentleman complains of the refusal of a lady to dance with him1 which rendered him ridiculous4 ,the court commanded the lady to dance with him4 8,action was brought by a wife against her husband for restraining her from wearing a hat of the newest fashion4 8,judgment for the lady4 8,i will close10 continues ,history1 8by citing a few of the thirty-one rulings of this ,court of ,maria of ,champagne3 8#a4 ,love and economy do not agree4 8#b4 ,without good reason no one can be forbidden to love4 8#c4 ,love is not stationary4 ,if it does not diminish1 it will increase4 8#d4 ,it is not loving to kiss and tell4 8#e4 ,no man can love two women at the same time4 8#f4 ,a woman should persist in her choice till all hope be abandoned2 like persistence cannot be demanded from man40 8,maria de ,champagne was a profound jurist1 but ,i doubt if she was a truly romantic woman10 replies ,romance4 8,were ,i not too chivalrous to expose to your commonplace laughter the gentlest yearning of a rude age1 their uncertain groping for a vague ideal too noble for their actual conception1 ,i could a sweeter tale unfold of ,courts of ,love of old4 8,but if you will laugh at ideals of romantic love1 laugh kindly with me over its merriest comedy1 written by the saddest and most chivalrous lover of them all4 8,take down your files1 ,dame ,history1 and find1 if you can1 another servitor of love as chivalrous to his lady as ,molire was to his wife1 a woman belonging to other men2 ,molire's patience1 like ,griselda's1 #8proceeded from no lack of understanding4'0 8,you have wandered far from the romance of the days of chivalry for your chivalrous instance10 sneers ,history4 8,i was following up the seed that chivalry sowed1 the idea of the self-effacement of the strong in favor of the weak4 ,but let us turn from the dramatist to the comedy1 and by a short consideration of #8,les ,precieuses ,ridicules1' ,i may be able to make your point for you1 #8that the actual present is as romantic as the romance of the past4' 8,at the beginning of this play1 ,georgebus1 a provincial gentleman1 has made arrangements with two satisfactory persons to marry respectively his daughter and niece4 ,the girls are brought to ,paris1 where the candidates for their hands and hearts appear and come to the point at once4 ,it seems the girls have been reading the romances of ,mlle4 de ,scudry1 who has given them the idea that a lover should fall in love at sight1 seek out his lady1 woo her1 and after gallantly surmounting many obstacles1 win her4 ,georgebus perceives that the men depart in displeasure and investigates4 ,he has observed that the girls are aping the manners of the ladies of the ,court1 which in ,molire's time were very affected4 ,georgebus' daughter states her platform4 ,it is rather romantic1 but there are lovers nowadays that might fill the bill4 ,she closes by saying1 #8,but to plunge headlong into a proposal of marriage1 to make love and marriage settlements go hand in hand1 is to begin the romance at the wrong end4 ,once more1 father1 there is nothing more shopkeeper-like than such proceedings4' ,georgebus is unable #8to make out the meaning of her jargon1' while his niece adds that those gentlemen #8have never seen the map of the ,country of ,tenderness4' ,she is also dissatisfied with their dress4 8,certainly1 ,molire did know what young girls crave1 which ,georgebus was unable to understand4 8,in the meantime the disconcerted lovers have dressed their valets up and bidden them address the ladies in the most exaggerated fashion4 ,the young girls are completely taken in1 as girls often are by pseudo noblemen4 ,the comedy runs high4 ,finally the masters appear1 strip their valets of their finery1 whip them and send them home4 8,the bottom falls out of everything4 ,georgebus cries1 #8,hide yourselves1 you idiots1 hide yourselves forever1' and after the girls' exit1 adds1 #8,the cause of all the trouble lies in romances1 verses1 songs1 sonnets and lays4' 8,but in the long run1 romances1 verses and songs have won4 ,twentieth century sentiment goes with the girls though they were fooled once in the days of their youth4 ,nowadays1 my courts sit in secret session4 ,the novel is their organ1 but1 ,history1 your crude ,courts of ,love died out six hundred years ago40 ,illustration3 ,an ,ideal of the ,gracious ,republic of ,venice1 ,attended by ,justice and ,peace1 ,expressed by ,paul ,veronese1 ,sixteenth ,century4 8,never have ,i called you into my councils that ,i have not been belittled10 observes ,history4 8,my romance is democracy not courtship and it commenced with the inspiration of the ,greeks4 ,my first votary taught that #8it is clear not in one thing alone1 but wherever you test it1 what a good thing is equality among men4' ,he adds1 #8,a tyrant disturbs ancient laws1 violates women1 kills men without trial4 ,but a people ruling3 first1 the very name of it is so beautiful--,isonomi2 and secondly1 a people does none of these things4' 8,and this beautiful #8equality among men' ,i have followed in its ideal1 in its fruition and alas1 sometimes1 in its debasement throughout the ages4 ,i watched its short and glorious days in ,greece1 its orderly development in ,rome1 its splendid resurrection in ,venice1 which led the line of free cities of the ,middle ,ages that handed it down4 ,i watched the ,american and the ,french ,republics rise in the eighteenth century1 the ,french to totter1 but to rise again1 the ,american to live to fight another chivalrous war for human rights2 and1 the justice of republics proven1 the twentieth century built one in a day4 ,then the distant continent1 that drained the bravest blood of ,portugal in the sixteenth century1 wiped out its debt with the #8fruits of the spirit1' the romantic spirit of the twentieth century4 8,herodotus placed his faith in the people long ago1 probably on more evidence than he reported in support of what to him seemed self-evident4 ,were he to come back to his native town now he would find his beautiful city of ,halicarnassus replaced by a mean ,turkish village1 but through it are ringing the words #8,liberty1 ,equality1 ,fraternity1' and the ,father of ,history might be less surprised than men of today by the revolution that has suddenly established a constitution in ,turkey4 ,indeed1 nowhere has the very name of equality proved more beautiful4 ,since ,july #be1 #aijh1 the lion and the lamb have actually lain down together on the once bloody fields of the ,turk4 ,over a little ,turkish shop two inscriptions appeared1 side by side1 above the three beautiful words3 #8,the fear of the ,lord is the beginning of wisdom' and #8,the beginning is from ,god2 so victory is sure4' ,illustration3 ,a ,medival ,expression of ,justice1 ,attended by ,archangels1 by ,fiore4 ,michael1 the ,angel of ,good ,counsel and ,patron of ,all ,souls1 in ,her ,honor1 has ,added a ,pair of ,scales to ,his ,usual ,emblems4 ,gabriel1 ,with ,his ,lily and ,scroll1 the ,angel ,who ,announces ,things ,high and ,holy1 is ,pointing ,directly to ,her4 8,and if the great traveler of old were to push on westward across ,europe1 westward across the ,atlantic1 he might bequeath his visions to earth1 and bidding us hope on1 go back well pleased to the ,courts of the ,dead1 his simple thesis proved--#8,a people does none of these things4'0 ,romance aside1 8,in her self-satisfaction she has forgotten all about the ,golden ,age4 ,it never was hers4 ,it is mine1 and ,i will recast it safely in the future4 ,there will ,i hold ,courts of ,love to define all new ideals1 my pleaders shall be poets and their words shall be spoken under correction of those that have feeling in the art of this broader love1 and my good knights shall swear #8,to defy power that seems omnipotent1 to love and bear1 to hope till ,hope creates from its own wreck the thing it contemplates4'0 ,thus does the romantic twentieth century realize the fruition of the ideals of democrats of the past4 ,a ,word ,regarding ,bibliography ,the original documents#f consulted for this book have been the works of art of which it treats4 ,in the case of old books1 ,i have also availed myself of facsimiles1 which have this advantage over originals1 they may be freely handled4 ,most interesting among them are ,,the ,,book ,,of ,,kells1 notes from copy of plates1 with remarks by ,westwood and ,digby ,watts2 and ,,illuminated ,,books ,,of ,,the ,,middle ,,ages1 by ,humphrey ,jones4 ,the authorities on ,gothic architecture1 which ,i have accepted as final1 are ,viollet-le-,duc and ,corroyer4 ,i have drawn much of my material from modern technical periodicals1 most useful of which have been ,,les ,,arts1 ,,revue ,,archeologique1 ,,revue ,,des ,,questions ,,historiques and the ,,american ,,historical ,,review4 ,though ,i have had recourse to general historians who treat of the ,middle ,ages1--,duruy1 ,gibbon1 ,guizot1 ,kitchin1 ,saint ,martin1 etc42 to guide books of accepted accuracy1--,baedeker1 ,guerber1 ,guides ,joanne1 and ,dent's ,medival ,town ,series2 to encyclopedias1 ,english and ,french1--to the appended list of authorities ,i acknowledge especial indebtedness4 ,even when ,i have not borrowed statements from them ,i have been influenced by them in my interpretations of the ,middle ,ages3 ,blades1 ,wm41 ,books in ,chains4 ,boulting1 ,wm41 ,torquato ,tasso and ,his ,times4 ,bruun1 ,j4 ,a41 ,an ,inquiry into the ,arts of the ,middle ,ages4 ,bryce1 ,james1 ,holy ,roman ,empire4 ,chreul1 ,dictionnaire des ,institutions ,franaises4 ,clerval1 ,a41 ,guide ,chartrain 7,docteur es-,lettres1 ,laurat de l',acadmie des ,inscriptions et ,belles-,lettres et ,membre de la ,socit ,nationale des ,antiquaires74 ,cutts1 ,edward ,lewes1 ,scenes and ,characters of the ,middle ,ages4 ,dill1 ,samuel1 ,roman ,society in the ,last ,century of the ,western ,empire4 ,fletcher 7,prof4 ,bannister and ,bannister ,f4 ,fletcher71 ,history of ,architecture on the ,comparative ,method4 ,gray1 ,geo4 ,zabriskie1 ,the ,children's ,crusade4 ,gould1 ,sabine ,baring-1 ,myths of the ,middle ,ages4 ,hawkins1 ,john ,sidney1 ,history of the ,origin and ,establishment of ,gothic ,architecture4 ,hay1 ,john1 ,castilian ,days4 ,hugo1 ,notre ,dame de ,paris4 ,ivo1 ,letters of ,ivo 7reprint of original documents74 ,jusserand1 ,j4 ,j41 ,la ,vie ,nomade4 ,lacroix1 ,paul1 ,military and ,religious ,life in the ,middle ,ages4 ,lang1 ,andrew1 ,books and ,bookmen4 ,lecoy-de-la ,manche1 ,richard ,albert3 ,france under ,st4 ,louis and ,philip le ,hardi2 ,les ,manuscripts et la ,miniature2 ,le ,troisime ,sicle ,artistique2 ,suger4 ,mabillon 7edited by71 ,life of ,bishop ,arnold of ,le ,mans4 ,maitland1 ,samuel ,roffey1 ,the ,dark ,ages4 ,mandan1 ,books in ,manuscript4 ,matthews1 ,story of ,architecture4 ,merlet1 ,eugene1 ,bulletin ,monumental1 ,number #fg1 of #aijc4 ,norton1 ,chas4 ,eliot1 ,church ,building in the ,middle ,ages4 ,reber1 ,dr4 ,franz von1 ,history of ,medival ,art4 ,reinach1 ,salomon1 ,apollo4 ,rennert1 ,hugo ,albert1 ,life of ,lope de ,vega4 ,rowbotham1 ,j4 ,f41 ,troubadours and ,courts of ,love4 ,stetson1 ,f4 ,m41 ,william the ,conqueror4 ,ticknor1 ,geo41 ,history of ,spanish ,literature4 ,trumble1 ,alfred1 ,sword and ,scimitar4 ,vasari1 ,giorgio1 ,lives of the ,painters 7,blashfield's edition74 ,wiseman1 ,preface to ,cardinal ,wiseman's novel1 ,fabiola4 ,index ,abbey aux ,dames1 #gi4 ,abbey aux ,hommes1 #gi4 ,abelard1 #aba4 ,ambrose1 #ah4 ,amiens1 viii4 ,amiens ,copy1 #ajg4 ,angelo1 xii1 #ajb4 ,bayeux1 viii4 ,beauvais1 viii4 ,bernard1 ,saint1 #dg4 ,bibliotheque ,nationale1 #aaf4 ,bologne sur ,mer1 viii4 ,bouillon1 ,godfrey de1 #de4 ,bourg1 viii4 ,browning1 #aac4 ,brunelleschi1 #cc4 ,caen1 viii1 #gc4 ,calderon1 #ij4 ,carpio 7see de ,vega71 #hh4 ,cassiodorus1 #aje4 ,charlemagne1 #ajf4 ,charles le ,bel1 #ef4 ,charles the ,bald1 #ee4 ,charles the ,wise1 #aaf4 ,chartres1 viii1 #ea4 ,chaucer1 xiii1 #abf4 ,cherbourg1 viii4 ,cicely1 #gi4 ,clovis1 #bf1 #bg1 #bh1 #eb1 #ee4 ,cnut1 #fb4 ,coutances1 viii4 ,corday1 #ig4 ,court of ,love1 #abi4 ,crusade of ,children1 xv4 ,denis1 ,abbey de ,saint1 #ch4 ,denis1 ,saint1 #dj4 ,dieppe1 viii4 ,dinan1 ix1 #he4 ,dinard1 ix4 ,dols1 ix4 ,drer1 xiv4 ,durrow1 #ajf4 ,ebbon1 #bi1 #cj4 ,eleanor1 ,queen1 #abi4 ,eloi1 ,saint1 #dj4 ,francis1 xvi4 ,fulbert1 #fb1 #aba4 ,fulda1 ,abbot of1 #ajg4 ,georgebus1 #acc4 ,ghiberti1 #ajb4 ,gibbon1 #ee4 ,glass1 #dd1 #fi4 ,gothic1 #i1 #ab1 #dc4 ,gothic1 viii1 #gf4 ,gothic1 #fi4 ,gregory1 #ai1 #bb4 ,grey1 ,lady ,jane1 #aaa4 ,griselda1 #abe4 ,guibert1 #fd4 ,haimon1 ,abb1 #fg4 ,halicarnassus1 #acf4 ,harold1 #hb4 ,heloise1 #aba4 ,henry of ,navarre1 #ef4 ,herodotus1 #acf4 ,hildebrand1 #gg4 ,hugh of ,rouen1 #fg4 ,imagier1 #cd1 #dc1 #dg1 #fi4 ,iona1 #ajc4 ,ivo1 ,saint1 #fc1 #gg4 ,jerome1 ,saint1 #ej1 #ajd4 ,keats1 #gb4 ,kells1 ,book of1 #ajj4 ,lactance1 #ej4 ,laon1 viii1 #f1 #aba4 ,lanfranc1 #gd4 ,le ,mans1 viii1 #gh4 ,louis ,,vi1 #ci4 ,louis ,,vii1 #ci4 ,louis the ,pious1 #bi1 #cj1 #ajg4 ,louis1 ,saint1 #aj1 #ef1 #aae4 ,love1 ,court of1 #abi4 ,lowell1 #gb4 ,lubin1 ,well of ,saint1 #eh4 ,maclou1 ,saint1 viii4 ,madonna1 #ca1 #ea1 #ed1 #gj4 ,maria of ,champagne1 #abi4 ,margaret1 ,saint1 #ajh4 ,marlo1 ,san1 ix4 ,martin1 #ag1 #ai1 #bj1 #ba1 #bb1 #bc1 #bd1 #bf4 ,mathilda1 #fc1 #gi4 ,mazarin1 #aae1 #aaf4 ,michele1 ,mt4 ,san1 viii4 ,molire1 #aaf1 #acb4 ,napoleon1 #ga4 ,naud1 #aae4 ,norsemen1 #cj1 #eg1 #ei4 ,ouen1 ,saint1 viii1 frontispiece4 ,paris1 viii1 #e1 #aaf4 ,parthenon1 #ag4 ,patiens de ,lyons1 #ag4 ,pavia1 ,certosa di1 #bc4 ,philippe le ,bel1 #ef4 ,portugal1 #acf4 ,provence1 #abh4 ,ravenna1 #bd4 ,remi1 ,saint1 #bf4 ,revolution1 #eb4 ,rheims1 viii1 #g1 #cj4 ,richard of ,normandy1 #fj4 ,richelieu1 #aae4 ,rodin1 #ab1 #ec4 ,rollo1 #ei1 #gc4 ,rouen1 viii4 ,rumald1 #cj4 ,ruskin1 #ab4 ,saint ,denis1 viii4 ,sebastian1 ,saint1 #ai4 ,suger1 #ci1 #df1 #dg1 #dh4 ,tertullian1 #ej4 ,thierry1 ,saint1 #fc4 ,valencia1 #ib4 ,vega1 ,lope de1 #hh4 ,vega1 ,micaela de1 #ic4 ,viollet-le-,duc1 #ab4 ,william ,i1 #gd1 #ha1 #hb4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,the ,spaniards of ,seville formally determined to build a cathedral upon so magnificent a scale that coming ages might proclaim them mad to have undertaken it4 #b ,as our train passed ,chartres an exceedingly coarse conversation between drummers broke into a pan to the beauty of the cathedral4 #c ,i do not make myself responsible for the statement that these restorations are photographically exact1 but at least on the old lines it has been possible to erect perfect examples of ,norman architecture4 #d ,the gentler element in ,norse mythology enters into it long after the eleventh century and is probably a reflection from ,christianity4 #e ,property of ,trinity ,college1 ,dublin4 #f ,a #8document' is an instrument on which is recorded1 by means of letters1 figures1 or marks1 matter which may be evidentially used4--,f4 ,,wharton1 ,law of ,evidence4