,,! ,,geology ,,( ,d4,a4,r4 ,,/ate ,,p>k ,illu/ration3 ,%orel9e at ,d4,a4,r4 ,/ate ,p>k look+ s\?4 ,,mt4 ,,philo ,,/ate ,,=e/ ,,p>k ,illu/ration3 ,panoramic view f we/ ov]look on ,mt4 ,philo4 ,adirondack ,m\nta9s 9 backgr\nd4 ,lake ,*ampla9 & ,*ampla9 ,l[l&s 9 =egr\nd4 ,,s& ,,b> ,,/ate ,,p>k ,illu/ration3 ,s& ,b> ,/ate ,p>k on flat surface ( ,lamoille ,riv] delta4 ,a "p ( ext5sive picnic area look+ nor?we/4 ,,! ,,geology ,,( ,d4,a4,r4 ,,/ate ,,p>k ,,mt4 ,,philo ,,/ate ,,=e/ ,,p>k ,,s& ,,b> ,,/ate ,,p>k ,by ,,h>ry ,w4 ,,dodge1 ,,jr4 ,,v]mont ,,geological ,,survey ,,*>les ,g4 ,,doll1 ,/ate ,geologi/ ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,=e/s ,,& ,,p>ks ,,rob]t ,b4 ,,williams1 ,commission] ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,wat] ,,res\rces ,montpeli]1 ,v]mont #aifi ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,index ,map4 ,,s&b> ,,/ate ,,p>k ,,mt4 ,,philo ,,/ate ,,p>k ,,button ,,bay ,,/ate ,,p>k ,d4,a4,r4 ,,/ate ,,p>k ,,lake ,,*ampla9 ,milton ,burl+ton ,%elburne ,falls ,h9esburg ,v]g5nes ,bri/ol ,port ,h5ry ,*ampla9 ,bridge ,middlebury ,cr[n ,po9t ,%oreham ,,index ,,map ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a;a4 ,surface ( m>9e t]race at ,d4,a4,r4 ,/ate ,p>k4 ,imm$iately to ! left ( %elt] ! l& rises to a second t]race4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,view nor?we/ along p>k bea*4 ,illu/rates dip ( rocks t[>d nor?we/2 /rike1 nor!a/4 ,,! ,,geology ,,( ,d4,a4,r4 ,,/ate ,,p>k ,,introduction ,d4,a4,r4 ,/ate ,p>k is locat$ 9 we/]n ,v]mont on ,/ate ,highway #ag1 approximately #a mile nor? ( ,lake ,*ampla9 7toll7 ,bridge 7see map1 ,fig4 #a74 ,! p>k1 :i* fronts on ,lake ,*ampla91 conta9s undevelop$ acres on ! ea/ side ( ! ,highway4 ,t5t+1 leanto camp+1 picnick+ & swimm+ are adequately provid$ = dur+ ! summ] mon?s4 ,?is p>k1 m ?an mo/ o!rs1 n only awak5s ! visitor's curiosity ab\t ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! ,e>?1 b satisfies x4 ,! /ory ( an anci5t sea & ! life :i* exi/$ 9 x c be read f ! rocks expos$ 9 ,d4,a4,r4 ,/ate ,p>k4 ,y c read ?is /ory = y\rselves4 ,?is ,pamphlet is design$ z an aid to a m complete und]/&+ ( ! obs]vations :i* y make4 8,read+ ! rock record0 is n difficult1 b ! geologi/ does h ! advantage ( possess+ a c]ta9 tra9$ sci5tific approa* to ^! problems4 ,?is me?od ( approa*1 ! 8tools ( ! trade10 w n[ be pass$ on to y4 ,,! ,,geology ,,( ,,! ,,p>k ,! p>k bea* is ! ideal place to /udy ! rocks ( ! p>k1 = "h ! rocks are be/ expos$ & c be easily exam9$ at close range4 ,! attitude ( ! rock lay]s c be se5 on a walk d[n ! ramp4 ,by attitude is meant _! relation%ip to an imag9>y horizontal plane1 :i* = our purposes is ! level ( ! lake4 ,are ! rock lay]s p>allel to ! surface ( ,lake ,*ampla9 or d !y slant or dip into x8 ,if ! lay]s 7 p>allel to ! surface !y w\ld n 8dip40 ,! dip ( ! p>k /rata 7lay]s7 is se5 9 ,figure #b4 ,dip is express$ 9 ! numb] ( degrees d[n f ! horizontal & "h ! dip is t[>d ! we/ & is measur$ to be betwe5 #h & #aa degrees4 ,! dip is always measur$ p]p5dicul> to an imag9>y horizontal l9e on a rock lay] call$ a 8/rike l9e40 ,! av]age 8/rike10 or compass direction ( ! 8/rike l9e0 is #bb degrees ea/ ( nor?4#a ,s$im5t>y rocks#b crop out on ! p>k bea*4 ,^! 7 orig9ally lime mud re/+ on ! sea bottom4 ,"u cont9u$ pressure f ! ov]ly+ s$im5ts result+ f cont9u$ deposition & burial1 ! muds 7 sl[ly compact$ & cem5t$ into ! h>d lime/ones & limy %ales :i* we see today4 ,! _m lay]s ( rock 7 !n tilt$4 ,tilt$ lay]s tell ! geologi/ ( giant e>? movem5ts :i* took place s9ce _! =mation4 ,! /ory ( ^! movem5ts w be develop$ lat] 9 ?is pamphlet4 ,z y look at ! tilt$ rock lay]s f ! ramp1 c y tell :i* lay]s are ! olde/1 t is1 ^? fir/ deposit$ z lime muds on ! sea bottom8 ,a basic geologic law1 ! ,law ( ,sup]position1 /ates t if a s]ies ( s$im5t>y lay]s h n be5 ov]turn$1 ! olde/ is on ! bottom & ! y\nge/ on top4 ,assum+ t ! lay]s :i* y are look+ at h n be5 ov]turn$1 ^? on y\r left 7s\?7 are ! olde/ & ^? on y\r "r 7nor?7 ! y\nge/4 ,look+ at ,figure #b1 tak5 f ! ramp-bottom t[>d ! nor?1 ! lay]s 9 ! =egr\nd are old] ?an ^? 9 ! di/ance4 ,let u take a close look at ! individual lay]s ( rock & delve deep] into ! /ory t !y h to tell4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,block diagram illu/rat+ dip & /rike4 ,,/rike ,,direction ,,rock ,,lay] ,,surface 7,,plane7 ,,lake ,,level ,,horizontal ,,dip ,,rock ,,lay] ,se>* ! top ( a few lay]s & y w notice _m %ell & o!r animal impressions4 ,d !y repres5t animals :i* liv$ hundr$s ( millions ( ye>s ago or 7 !y wa%$ onto ^! rocks f pres5t-day ,lake ,*ampla98 ,if y try to make a collection ( ! %ell impressions y w see t !y are a "p ( ! rock & !re=e mu/ repres5t rema9s ( animals t 7 buri$ 9 ! anci5t lime muds4 ,^! pres]v$ rema9s#c are call$ fossils4 ,! geologi/ :o specializes 9 ! /udy ( fossils is call$ a paleontologi/4 ,y may ask1 8,:at c fossils tell me ab\t ! pa/80 ,9 ! fir/ place1 fossils tell u at :at "t 9 ! pa/ ! s$im5ts 9 :i* !y are f\nd 7 deposit$4 ,9 ?is way1 ! relative age#d ( ! rock lay]s f\nd 9 ! ,p>k c be le>n$4 ,secondly1 ! environm5t or surr\nd+s 9 :i* ^! anci5t s$im5ts 7 deposit$ c be recon/ruct$ f ! types ( fossils conta9$ )9 !m4 ,c]ta9 animals liv+ today are q simil> to ^? 9 ! ,p>k rocks & _! environm5t 9 today's sea c be us$ to recon/ruct ! environm5t ( animals :i* liv$ 9 ! pa/4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ! rocks & _! relation to adjac5t rocks are consid]$ 9 any recon/ruction ( pa/ environm5t4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 ! /udy ( fossils is a ma9/ay ( ! !ory ( evolution4 ,t is to say1 *anges 9 fossil =ms collect$ f gr\ps ( successively y\ng] rock lay]s docum5t ! !ory t life has evolv$ little by little s9ce its fir/ appe>ance on ,e>?4 ,f9ally1 x %\ld be m5tion$ t "s animals f\nd z fossils are n liv+ today & h n liv$1 to ! be/ ( our k1 = millions ( ye>s4 ,:y did ^! =ms ( life die out8 ,:at set ( circum/ances l$ to _! ext9ction8 ,! answ]s to ^! que/ions are n easy to f9d & !y are highly speculative4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,/&>d ,geologic ,"t ,scale4 ,,geologic ,,"t ,,era ,,ye>s ,,ago ,,p]iods ,,ev5ts ,,c5ozoic #gj1jjj1jjj ,,c5ozoic ,,man 7#a ,,million7 ,,mesozoic #abe1jjj1jjj ,,cretace\s ,,end ,,( ,,d9osaurs #afe1jjj1jjj ,,jurassic ,,fir/ ,,bird #bjj1jjj1jjj ,,triassic ,,fir/ ,,d9osaur ,,paleozoic #bcj1jjj1jjj ,,p]mian ,,end ,,( ,,trilobites #bfj1jjj1jjj ,,p5nsylvanian #bij1jjj1jjj ,,mississippian #ccj1jjj1jjj ,,devonian #cfj1jjj1jjj ,,silurian #dbj1jjj1jjj ,,ordovician ,,rocks ,,( ,d4,a4,r4 ,,/ate ,,p>k #ejj1jjj1jjj ,,cambrian ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,fossil ,,record #a ,,billion #b ,,billion #c ,,billion #d ,,billion ,,precambrian ,,! ,,fossils ,_m gr\ps ( inv]tebrates are repres5t$ 9 ! fossils ( ,d4,a4,r4 ,/ate ,p>k4 ,plate #a w help y to id5tify ^! fossils4 ,! "n1 phylum 7major gr\p7 & age ( ea* fossil are provid$ 9 ! explanation ( ! plate4 ,! foll[+ p>agraphs describe ea* phylum repres5t$ 9 ! ,p>k rocks4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #a4 ,typical fossils f\nd 9 ! ,gl5s ,falls ,lime/one4 ,ar?ropods4 ,d4,a4,r4 ,/ate ,p>k rocks conta9 trilobites ) ! foll[+ impos+ names3 ,cryptoli?us tesselatus 7crip-toe-,,li?-u tessell-,,ah-tus#e71 ,isotelus gigas 7ice-s-,,tell-u ,,gig-u7 & ,flexicalym5e s5>ia 7flex-eye-cal-ah-,mean-ee s5-,,area74 ,^! fossils are figur$ on ,plate #a1 #a-;,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d2 #b2 #c4 ,)9 ! ,p>k ,cryptoli?us tesselatus is v common :]ev] fossils occur4 ,g5]ally only ! cephalon or head portion ( ?is trilobite is pres]v$4 ,! cephalon is easily recogniz$ by ?ree conc5tric r[s ( pits arrang$ ar\nd ! brim4 ,cryptoli?us is an excell5t index fossil#f = ! ,p>k rocks4 ,! ar?ropod phylum is *>act]iz$ by animals ) jo9t$ legs1 segm5t$ bodies & a jo9t$ out] arm\r ( *it94#g ,= examples1 ! crabs1 lob/]s1 spid]s1 scorpions & insects are ar?ropods4 ,trilobites appe> e>ly 9 ! fossil record b !y did n survive beyond ! ,paleozoic ,era4 ,explanation = ,plate #a 7all draw+s are ,x#a unless o!rwise indicat$7 #a-;,a4 ,cryptoli?us tesselatus1 ,ar?ropod 7,trilobite71 ,middle ,ordovician 7,tr5ton ,/age74 ,front view ( ! ,cephalon or head4 7,x#b7 #a-;,b4 ,cryptoli?us tesselatus1 ,ar?ropod 7,trilobite71 ,middle ,ordovician 7,tr5ton ,/age74 ,oblique front-lat]al view ( ! ,cephalon4 7,x#b7 #a-;,c4 ,cryptoli?us tesselatus1 ,ar?ropod 7,trilobite71 ,middle ,ordovician 7,tr5ton ,/age74 ,top view ( ! ,cephalon4 7,x#b7 #a-;,d4 ,cryptoli?us tesselatus1 ,ar?ropod 7,trilobite71 ,middle ,ordovician 7,tr5ton ,/age74 ,side view ( ! ,cephalon4 7,x#b7 #b4 ,isotelus gigas1 ,ar?ropod 7,trilobite71 ,middle ,ordovician4 ,top view ( specim54 #c4 ,flexicalym5e1 ,ar?ropod 7,trilobite71 ,ordovician to ,silurian4 ,top view ( an enroll$ specim54 #d-;,a4 ,d9or?is pect9ella1 ,bra*iopod1 ,middle ,ordovician 7,tr5ton ,/age74 ,ext]ior view ( ! bra*ial valve4 #d-;,b4 ,d9or?is pect9ella1 ,bra*iopod1 ,middle ,ordovician 7,tr5ton ,/age74 ,ext]ior view ( ! p$icle valve4 #e4 ,reus*ella edsoni1 ,bra*iopod1 ,middle ,ordovician4 ,ext]ior view ( ! p$icle valve4 #f4 ,l+ula1 ,bra*iopod1 ,ordovician to ,rec5t4 #g-;,a4 ,prasopora1 ,bryozoan1 ,ordovician4 ,top view4 7,x#j4e7 #g-;,b4 ,prasopora1 ,bryozoan1 ,ordovician4 ,side view4 7,x#j4e7 #g-;,c4 ,prasopora1 ,bryozoan1 ,ordovician4 ,v]tical ?9 section %[+ ! nature & gr[? ( "p ( a bryozoan colony4 7,x#ah7 #h4 ,bryozoan1 8twig-l0 type1 ,ordovician to ,devonian4 #i4 ,s[]byella1 ,bra*iopod1 ,middle & ,upp] ,ordovician4 ,ext]ior view ( bra*ial valve4 7,x#b7 #aj4 ,raf9esqu9a1 ,bra*iopod1 ,middle & ,upp] ,ordovician4 ,ext]ior view ( ! p$icle valve4 #aa4 ,platy/rophia tr5ton5sis1 ,bra*iopod1 ,middle ,ordovician 7,tr5ton ,/age74 ,ant]ior or front view4 #ab4 ,hesp]or?is tric5>ia1 ,bra*iopod1 ,middle ,ordovician 7,black ,riv] & ,tr5ton ,/age74 ,int]ior view ( ! p$icle valve4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,! surface ( a lay] or b$ ( ,gl5s ,falls ,lime/one4 ,p5 po9ts to a colonial ,bryozoan ,prasopora 8head40 ,^! 8heads0 are v common j s\? or to y\r left if walk+ d[n ! ramp4 ,bra*iopods4 ,bra*iopods are abundant 9 ! ,p>k rocks 7see ,plate #a1 #d;,a1 ,b2 #e2 #f2 #i2 #aj2 #aa2 #ab74 ,^! inv]tebrates are small m>9e animals :i* g5]ally live 9 wat]s no deep] ?an #fjj feet4 ,! two valves ( _! %ell are jo9$ at ! back 7po/]ior7 end ( ! body along a h+el9e ( int]lock+ tee? & sockets4 ,! %ell ( ! bra*iopod is op5$ or %ut by muscles atta*$ to ! inside ( ea* valve4 ,bra*iopods are f\nd 9 ! olde/ rocks conta9+ def9ite & abundant fossils4 ,bra*iopods are /ill liv+ today4 ,bryozoans4 ,bryozoans or 8moss animals0 are v small m>9e animals :i* live 9 colonies4 ,! bryozoans con/ruct _! mutual home or colony ( lime :i* is commonly pres]v$ = ! fossil record4 ,l>ge colonies ( ! fossil ,prasopora 7prah-sop-,,or-ah7 are commonly se5 on ! wea!r$ surfaces ( _m ( ! rock lay]s 9 ! ,p>k 7see ,plate #a2 #g;,a1 ,b1 ,c2 #h & ,figure #e74 ,individuals ( "o g5us common "h1 c be recogniz$ by _! *ocolate drop %apes4 ,bryozoans fir/ appe> 9 l[] ,paleozoic rocks & are /ill liv+ today 9 cle> well-circulat$ %all[ to deep m>9e wat]4 ,consid]+ all ( ! fossils f\nd 9 ! ,p>k rocks1 ! pa/ environm5t is ?\ght to h be5 a relatively %all[ & w>m sea4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,?is photograph %[s ! typical ?ickness ( ! ,gl5s ,falls ,lime/one b$s 9 ! ,p>k area4 ,note ! massive nature ( ! lime/one b$4 ,! #e-;in* p5 9 ! c5t] ( ! picture is = scale4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,sections illu/rat+ ! geologic hi/ory ( ,d4,a4,r4 ,/ate ,p>k4 ,,! ,,rocks ,,& ,,_! ,,hi/ory ,approximately #ge v]tical feet ( ! ,gl5s ,falls ,lime/one occur along ! ,p>k bea*4 ,! rocks are black#h or blue-black on a fre% surface1 gray or grayi%-:ite on a surface :i* has be5 expos$ to ! wea!r4 ,mo/ ( ! individual b$s or lay]s are #e to #g in*es ?ick 7see ,fig4 #f7 ) ! ?icke/ be+ j "u #e feet4 ,! b$s are sep>at$ by ?9 8p>t+s0 ( rock1 _m ( :i* conta9 abundant fossils4 ,! b$s consi/ ( massive lime/one1 %aly lime/one or limy %ale2 ! p>t+s are g5]ally limy %ale or %aly lime/one4 ,explanation = ,figure #g #a4 ,gl5s ,falls & y\ng] s$im5ts 7 deposit$ on ! ,ordovician sea floor4 #b4 ,s$im5ts h>d5$ into ,gl5s ,falls ,lime/one & y\ng] rocks4 #c4 ,rocks 7 tilt$ dur+ ! late ,ordovician ,taconic ,di/urbance & ! y\ng] rocks & "p ( ! ,gl5s ,falls ,lime/one 7 remov$ by erosion4 ,erosion cont9u$ = "s #cej million ye>s4 #d4 ,dur+ ! ,plei/oc5e ,epo*1 :i* />t$ "s #a million ye>s ago1 glacial ice ov]rode ! bevel$ lay]s ( ! ,gl5s ,falls ,lime/one4 ,h>d rocks froz5 to ! und]side ( ! glacial ice produc$ scrat*es or /riations 9 ! expos$ lay]s ( ! ,gl5s ,falls ,lime/one4 #e4 ,glacial lakes ,v]mont =m z ! glaci]s retreat nor?w>d4 ,9 betwe5 ! glacial lakes ,v]mont & pres5t ,lake ,*ampla91 m>9e wat]s flood$ ! valley & =m$ an arm ( ! ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,clay1 silt1 s& & gravel 7 deposit$ on glaciat$ ,gl5s ,falls ,lime/one 7,fig4 #a;a74 #f4 ,pres5t-day ,lake ,*ampla9 =m$ :5 relatively great] uplift 9 ! nor? damm$ ! ,*ampla9 valley4 ,! rock types f\nd 9 ! ,p>k lead to c]ta9 conclusions reg>d+ ! environm5t :i* exi/$ dur+ _! =mation4 ,mo/ ( ! rocks are compos$ ( lime 7lime/one7 or a mixture ( lime1 f9e s& & mud 7limy %ale or %aly lime/one74 ,! m9]al pyrite 7,fe,s7 is pres5t 9 _m ( ! rocks4 ,mo/ ( ! rocks conta9 abundant am\nts ( organic matt]4 ,! s$im5ts :i* make up ^! rocks 7 c>ri$ to ! ,ordovician sea by /reams fl[+ prim>ily f ! ea/4 ,z ^! /reams ent]$ ! quiet sea wat]s ! l>g] foll[$ by ! small] p>ticles began to settle to ! bottom4 ,lime 0 sl[ly precipitat$ f ! w>m sea wat] & pyrite =m$ "u /agnant bottom conditions4 ,organic mat]ial accumulat$ on ! bottom & int]mix$ ) ! s$im5ts4 ,! poor life-su/a9+ qualities ( mu* ( ! bottom wat]s prev5t$ rapid or complete bact]ial action on ! accumulat$ debris & ! s$im5ts rema9$ 8organic black0 9 color4 ,sl[ly1 z ! weight ( ov]ly+ s$im5ts increas$1 ! l[] lay]s 7 compact$ & cem5t$ into ! h>d lime/one & %ale :i* we see today4 ,! tilt or dip ( ! ,p>k rocks result$ f subsequ5t e>? movem5ts4 ,:5 7 ^! rocks tilt$8 ,f ! evid5ce pres5t$ 9 ! ,p>k all t c be said is t !y 7 tilt$ sometime aft] h>d5+ & be=e ! ,plei/oc5e glaci]s ov]rode ! region dur+ q rec5t times 7at lea/ #aj1jjj ye>s ago74 ,?us1 !re are "s #cej million ye>s ( rock record miss+ 9 ! ,p>k4 ,c we tell :at happ5$ dur+ ^! 8miss+0 ye>s ?r\gh a /udy ( only ! ,p>k rocks8 ,! answ] to ?is "q is p>tially 8yes10 b we mu/ look to ! "w done 9 adjac5t areas = a m complete /ory4 ,! m]e fact t !re are no rocks repres5t+ ^! millions ( ye>s tells u t ! sea _h )drawn f ! area & t ! previ\sly deposit$ rocks 7 und]go+ erosion dur+ mo/ or all ( ! miss+ rock gap 7! "t n repres5t$ by rocks74 ,in=mation f adjac5t areas1 h[ev]1 tells u t ! ,p>k rocks 7 tilt$ dur+ ! ,taconic ,di/urbance :i* occurr$ dur+ ! f9al /ages ( ! ,ordovician ,p]iod4 ,ea/ ( ! ,p>k1 ,taconic e>? movem5ts are m dramatically exhibit$4 ,! rocks are tilt$ ev5 m ?an 9 ! ,p>k & are brok5 by faults or cracks 9 ! e>?'s cru/4 ,"s ( ^! faults1 kn[n z ?ru/ faults1 position$ giant slabs ( rock f> f _! orig9al locations & plac$ old] on top ( y\ng] rocks4 ,foll[+ ^! e>? movem5ts !re occurr$ a long p]iod ( erosion4 ,_m ( ! rock lay]s 7 /ripp$ (f & c>ri$ piece by piece by riv]s to o!r regions4 ,hundr$s ( millions ( ye>s pass$ & !n1 less ?an "o million ye>s ago ! great glacial ice %eets sl[ly advanc$ s\?w>d ov] ! ,p>k area4 ,pieces ( h>d rock froz5 to ! und]side ( ! ice %eets scrat*$ & scrap$ ! rock surfaces leav+ ^! scrat*es or /riations = u to see today 7ne> ! nor!rn end ( ! ,p>k bea* ^! /riations are common on ! outcropp+ rock74 ,! retreat+ glaci]s creat$ a s]ies ( lakes 9 :i* clay1 silt1 s& & gravel 7 deposit$4 ,today ^! s$im5ts are f\nd re/+ on ! bevel$ edges ( ! ,p>k rocks4 ,pres5t-day ,lake ,*ampla9 owes its exi/5ce to a g5]al uplift ( ! e>?'s surface1 great] 9 ! nor? ?an 9 ! s\?1 p]haps due to ! removal ( ! heavy glacial ice %eet f ! area4 ,! great] uplift 9 ! nor? damm$ ! ,*ampla9 valley :i* sl[ly fill$ ) wat]4 ,= a diagrammatic picture ( ! geologic hi/ory ( ,d4,a4,r4 ,/ate ,p>k1 see ,figure #g4 ,,sugge/$ ,,read+ ,be]b[]1 ,j4 ,r41 #aifj1 ,se>* = ! ,pa/1 ,pr5tice-,hall1 ,englewood ,cliffs1 ,n4,j4 ,coll9son1 ,c4 ,c41 #aiei1 ,guide = beg9n+ fossil hunt]s1 ,educational ,s]ies #d1 ,ill9ois ,/ate ,geological ,survey1 ,urbana1 ,ill4 ,dunb>1 ,c4 ,o41 #aiei1 ,hi/orical geology1 ,john ,wiley & ,sons1 ,new ,york4 ,f5ton1 ,c4 ,l41 #aicg1 ,life long ago1 ,! ,john ,day ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,goldr+1 ,w9ifr$1 #aica1 ,h&book ( paleontology = beg9n]s & amateurs1 "p #b1 ,h&book #i1 ,new ,york ,/ate ,museum1 ,albany1 ,new ,york4 ---- ----1 #aiej1 ,h&book ( paleontology = beg9n]s & amateurs1 "p #a1 ,h&book #i1 #bnd ,edition1 ,new ,york ,/ate ,museum1 ,albany1 ,new ,york4 ,moore1 ,r4 ,c41 #aieh1 ,introduction to hi/orical geology1 #bnd ,edition1 ,mc,graw-,hill ,book ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,%im]1 ,h4 ,w41 #aicc1 ,introduction to /udy ( fossils1 ,! ,macmillan ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,simpson1 ,g4 ,g41 #aiec1 ,life ( ! pa/1 ,yale ,univ]sity ,press1 ,new ,hav51 ,conn4 ,/okes1 ,w4 ,l41 #aifj1 ,ess5tials ( e>? hi/ory1 ,pr5tice-,hall1 ,inc41 ,englewood ,cliffs1 ,n4,j4 ,welby1 ,c4 ,w41 #aifa1 ,b$rock geology ( ! ,c5tral ,*ampla9 ,valley ( ,v]mont1 ,v]mont ,geological ,survey ,bull4 #ad4 ---- ----1 #aifb1 ,paleontology ( ! ,*ampla9 ,bas9 9 ,v]mont1 ,v]mont ,geological ,survey ,special ,publication #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g;a4 ,view s\? f ,mt4 ,philo ,ov]look4 ,%ellh\se & ,buck m\nta9s 9 ! di/ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,view look+ nor? at we/]n ,ov]look 9 ! summit area ( ,mt4 ,philo4 ,note ,monkton ,qu>tzite lay]s :i* are dipp+ t[>d ! nor!a/4 ,,! ,,geology ,,( ,,mt4 ,,philo ,,/ate ,,=e/ ,,p>k ,,introduction ,mt4 ,philo ,/ate ,=e/ ,p>k1 consi/+ ( "s #afj acres1 is locat$ ab\t #ae miles s\? ( ,burl+ton & #a mile ea/ ( ,u4,s4 ,r\te #g 7see map1 ,fig4 #a74 ,?is p>k is not$ = its sc5ic views1 especially ( ! broad ,*ampla9 ,valley & ! rugg$ ,adirondack ,m\nta9s beyond 7see cov] picture & ,fig4 #g;a74 ,f a #df-;foot high obs]vation t[] a panoramic view is easily ga9$4 ,picnic facilities1 includ+ /one fireplaces1 fuel wood1 pip$ spr+ wat] & sanit>y facilities are available4 ,a l>ge ru/ic lodge ) por* & portico provides protection f sudd5 %[]s4 ,t5t+ on ! top ( ,mt4 ,philo is n all[$4 ,,! ,,geology ,,( ,,! ,,p>k ,! ,rocks ,! rocks ( ! ,p>k :i* w probably fir/ attract y\r att5tion are ^? expos$ at ! ma9 we/]n ,ov]look :i* is locat$ 9 ! summit area4 ,?is ,ov]look is f\nd j nor?we/ ( ! ,p>k lodge 7see ,fig4 #h74 ,^! rocks are light to d>k r$ or purpli% 9 color1 are prim>ily qu>tzite ) m9or dolo/one#i dipp+ approximately #ce degrees to ! nor!a/ 7= an explanation ( dip1 see ,fig4 #c & text ( ,d4,a4,r4 ,/ate ,p>k1 page #f7 & /rik+ t[>d ! nor?we/ 7= an explanation ( /rike1 see imm$iately prec$+ ref]5ce74 ,a clos] look at ?is ,monkton ,qu>tzite outcrop %[s t x is made up ( sev]al lay]s ( rock 7see ,fig4 #h74 ,^! lay]s1 /rata1 or b$s are n all ( ! same ?ickness1 b are g5]ally f #a in* to #a foot ?ick4 ,if an individual lay] is trac$ ov] ! ext5t ( ! outcrop1 x is f\nd t its ?ickness rema9s ab\t ! same ?r\gh\t4 ,x is !re=e said to be regul>ly b$d$4 ,?9 lam9ations ( d>k r$ %ale are abundant & commonly def9e individual lay]s4 ,a magnifi$ look at a specim5 ( ?is qu>tzite1 "u a h& l5s1 %[s t x is compos$ ( f9e to co>se fragm5ts ( qu>tz4 ,"s ( ^! fragm5ts h r\nd$ edges1 b o!rs are q angul>4 ,! spaces betwe5 ! fragm5ts are fill$ ) silica 7qu>tz74 ,!re=e1 ! rock is said to possess a silica cem5t4 ,9 _m places :]e ?is ,monkton ,qu>tzite has be5 /udi$1 features atte/+ to a %all[ wat] orig9 h be5 f\nd4 ,among ^! features are mud cracks1 :i* =m "u alt]nat+ wet & dry conditions2 ripple m>ks1 :i* are usually f\nd only on %all[ wat] bottoms2 & cross-b$d+1 :i* commonly =ms 9 %all[ wat] areas4 ,! ,monkton ,qu>tzite und]lies approximately a ?ird ( ! ,p>k 7see ,geologic map1 ,fig4 #i74 ,?is qu>tzite is betwe5 #bej & #cjj feet ?ick on ,mt4 ,philo2 h[ev]1 ! l[] #ej feet or s consi/ pr$om9antly ( :ite qu>tzite int]b$d$ ) dolo/one4 ,! age ( ! ,monkton ,qu>tzite is consid]$ to be ,l[] ,cambrian 7see ,/&>d ,geologic ,"t ,scale1 ,fig4 #d74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,geologic ,map ( ,mt4 ,philo ,/ate ,=e/ ,p>k 7aft] ,c4 ,w4 ,welby4 #aifa74 ,because ,ogf & ,oib 7 n def9itely id5tifi$ by ! au?or ( ?is pamphlet & = ! sake ( simplicity1 ^! rock units h n be5 discuss$ 9 ! text ( ! pamphlet4 ,"s dip & /rike symbols h be5 add$ to ,welby's orig9al map4 ,,leg5d ,,upp] ,,middle ,,ordovician ,oib ,ib]ville %ale ,osp ,/ony ,po9t %ale ,ogf ,gl5s ,falls lime/one ,,l[] ,,cambrian ,cm ,monkton qu>tzite ,p>k roads ,o!r roads ,cont\r l9e ,approximate p>k b\nd>y ,dip & /rike symbol4 ,lay]s dip #ba t[>d ,n4,e4 ,approximate contact ( rock units4 ,surface trace ( ?ru/ 7l[-angle7 fault1 c>at on up?r[n side ,inf]r$ trace ( ?ru/ 7l[-angle7 fault1 c>at on up?r[n side ,surface trace ( high-angle fault ,dip & /rike ( cleavage ,obs]vation t[] ,a second type ( rock is expos$ 9 ! s\? bank ( ! exit road approximately #j4g miles f ! summit area4 ,?is is ! black#aj to blui%-black ,/ony ,po9t ,%ale 7see ,fig4 #aj71 :i* und]lies ! ,monkton qu>tzite4 ,?is %ale1 or h>d5$ limy mud1 is ?9b$d$ & %[s abundant cleavage#aa p>allel to ! lay]s or b$s4 ,at ?is outcrop ! lay]s /rike to ! nor!a/ & dip #bj to #dj degrees t[>d ! s\!a/4 ,! dip & /rike ( ! ,monkton ,qu>tzite 7see above7 is n simil> to ! dip & /rike ( ! und]ly+ ,/ony ,po9t ,%ale4 ,x foll[s1 t ! lay]s ( ! ,monkton ,qu>tzite are n p>allel to ^? ( ! ,/ony ,po9t ,%ale4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,view look+ s\? ( cut-bank1 s\? side ( exit road1 ab\t #j4g miles d[n f ! summit p>k+ area4 ,"h ! lay]s dip #bj to #dj degrees t[>d ! s\!a/ & /rike 9 a nor!a/ direction4 ,note t ! %ale is ?9-b$d$ & conta9s num]\s cleavage planes p>allel to ! lay]+4 ,! h&le ( ! geologic pick is ab\t #a foot long4 ,! fact t ^! two units are n p>allel c\ld mean t ! ,/ony ,po9t ,%ale 0 deposit$1 h>d5$ into rock1 uplift$1 fold$ & erod$1 all prior to ! deposition ( ! ,monkton ,qu>tzite4 ,b1 fir/1 :at is ! age ( ! und]ly+ ,/ony ,po9t ,%ale8 ,if ! /ory is z li/$ above1 ! ,/ony ,po9t ,%ale mu/ be old]#ab ?an ! ov]ly+ ,monkton ,qu>tzite4 ,f ! fossil animal rema9s f\nd 9 ! ,/ony ,po9t ,%ale1 geologi/s h dat$ ! ,/ony ,po9t ,%ale z upp] middle ,ordovician 7see ,/&>d ,geologic ,"t ,scale1 ,fig4 #d74 ,& s1 "h we h old] rocks 7,l[] ,cambrian7 re/+ on y\ng] 7upp] middle ,ordovician74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,view ( ,mt4 ,philo1 look+ t[>d ! nor!a/4 ,! black l9e approximates ! position ( ! ?ru/ fault4 ,! ,monkton ,qu>tzite1 :i* is above ! l9e1 0 ?ru/ we/w>d ov] ! ,/ony ,po9t ,%ale 7note ! arr[74 ,l9e ,a-,b1 ,fig4 #i1 approximates ! section4 ,/ructural ,geology ,h[ c we expla9 ?is inv]t$ ord] ( rock units8 ,! geologic evid5ce pres5t$ 9 ! ,p>k does n indicate t fold+ ( ! rocks 0 responsible4 ,f ! surface di/ribution ( ! two rock types 7see ,geologic map1 ,fig4 #i7 & ! nature ( _! contact ) ea* o!r1 a fault relation is envision$1 9 :i* old] rocks 7 ?ru/ we/w>d ov] ! y\ng] & ?us to re/ ^u !m 7see ,fig4 #aa 74 ,we "k ! ages ( bo? rock units involv$ 9 ?is ?ru/ fault b :at is ! geologic age ( ! actual ?ru/ movem5t8 ,bo? ! ,/ony ,po9t ,%ale & ! ,monkton ,qu>tzite 7 h>d rock :5 ?is ?ru/+ took place1 !re=e1 ! ?ru/+ w\ld h occurr$ lat] ?an upp] middle ,ordovician "t1 b be=e late ,silurian "t4 ,two o!r fault sy/ems are recogniz$ 9 or ne> ! ,p>k 7see ,geologic map1 ,fig4 #i74 ,!y are high angle#ac faults :i* =m$ lat] ?an ! ?ru/ fault1 b /ill prec$+ late ,silurian "t4 ,! ,ib]ville ,%ale 7?is is n describ$ 9 ! section on 8,! ,rocks10 b is se5 on ! ,geologic map1 ,fig4 #i71 :i* is que/ionably expos$ on ! s\? side ( ,mt4 ,philo1 w\ld be ! y\nge/ rock f\nd 9 ! ,p>k4 ,?is %ale is ab\t #cij million ye>s old4 ,! mo/ rec5t fault+ took place no lat] ?an ab\t #cdj million ye>s ago4 ,!re are no rocks 9 ! ,p>k :i* give u any positive geological clues to ! ,p>k's hi/ory f ! la/ episode ( fault+ to ! ,plei/oc5e glaci]s less ?an #a million ye>s ago4 ,h[ev]1 ! fact t rocks repres5t+ ?is int]val ( "t are n pres5t does indicate t ! area 0 above wat] dur+ mo/ ( ^! #cci million ye>s 7?is numb] ( ye>s is v approximate74 ,if any rocks 7 deposit$ dur+ ?is 8rock-gap0 p]iod1 !y h s9ce be5 wa%$ away4 ,! ,plei/oc5e ,deposits ,beg9n+ betwe5 #fj1jjj & #gj1jjj ye>s ago two glacial advances & retreats took place 9 ! ,*ampla9 ,valley4 ,?is 0 dur+ ! mo/ rec5t or ! ,wiscons9 ,/age ( ! ,plei/oc5e ,epo*4 ,scrat*es or /riations 7 cut into ! ov]ridd5 rock by rock debris c>ri$ along at ! base ( ! ice z x advanc$ 7note ! arr[ 9 78br07 area at ov]look 9 ,fig4 #ab2 ?is %[s /riation ori5tation1 !re=e1 ! direction 9 :i* ! glaci] advanc$74 ,! glacial s$im5ts f\nd on ,mt4 ,philo 7 deposit$ dur+ ! f9al retreat ( glacial ice1 :i* took place f #aa1jjj to #ab1jjj ye>s ago4 ,mo/ ( ! ,p>k is cov]$ ) ^! glacial deposits & by m rec5t soils4 ,mo/ ( ! glacial deposits f\nd on ,mt4 ,philo are classifi$ z glacial till#ad 7see ,map ( ,glacial ,deposits1 ,fig4 #ab71 b o!r glacial deposits are also mapp$4 ,a kame#ae 7designat$ 8,k0 9 ,fig4 #ab7 is a glacial feature f\nd 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,p>k4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,map ( ! ,plei/oc5e deposits ( ,mt4 ,philo ,/ate ,=e/ ,p>k 7aft] ,d4 ,p4 ,/ew>t1 #aifa74 ,,leg5d bc ,b\ld] /rewn lake s$im5ts bgm ,m>9e bea* gravel bg ,bea* gravel ps ,pebbly s& ls ,lake s& t ,till k ,kame br ,b$rock ,p>k roads ,o!r roads ,) ! sl[ retreat ( ! glacial ice front f ! ,mt4 ,philo region1 deposits 7 left :i* indicate t a s]ies ( lakes =m$ 9 front ( ! wa/+ ice mass4 ,!re is also evid5ce j we/ ( ,mt4 ,philo 7see 8bgm0 9 ,fig4 #ab7 :i* indicates t j prior to ! =mation ( pres5t-day ,lake ,*ampla91 an arm ( ! ,atlantic ,ocean rea*$ into ! ,*ampla9 ,valley f ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,riv] region4 ,lake-bea* gravels 7designat$ 8bg0 9 ,fig4 #ab7 are f\nd on bo? ! ea/ & we/ slopes ( ,mt4 ,philo4 ,! int]e/+ fact ab\t ^! bea* gravels is t !y occur almo/ #ejj feet above ! pres5t-day level ( ,lake ,*ampla94 ,lake s& 7designat$ 8ls0 9 ,fig4 #ab7 is f\nd "s #dej feet above ,lake ,*ampla94 ,?is means t dur+ a good portion ( its rec5t geologic hi/ory1 ,mt4 ,philo 0 an isl& surr\nd$ by lake wat]4 ,f ! di/ribution ( m>9e bea* gravel 7designat$ 8bgm0 9 ,fig4 #ab71 x appe>s t ! invasion ( sea wat] f ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce region did n isolate ,mt4 ,philo z an isl&4 ,! complete /ory ( ! lake s]ies is /ill n kn[n1 b1 = ! mo/ up-to-date treatm5t ( ?is subject see ,d4 ,p4 ,/ew>t's pap] entitl$ 8,! glacial geology ( ,v]mont03 ,v]mont ,geological ,survey ,bullet9 #ai 7#aifa74 ,sugge/$ also is ,c4 ,h4 ,*apman's article entitl$ 8,late glacial & po/glacial hi/ory ( ! ,*ampla9 valley0 9 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 #e? s]ies1 volume #cd1 pages #hi-abd 7#aicg74 ,look+ out ov] ! ,*ampla9 l[l&s f ! summit ( ,mt4 ,philo leaves little d\bt 9 ! visitor's m9d z to ! prior exi/5ce ( lakes :i* surr\nd$ ,mt4 ,philo 9 ! n too di/ant pa/ 7see ,cov] picture74 ,summ>y ( ! ,geologic ,hi/ory ,dur+ l[] ,cambrian "t1 ! ,monkton ,qu>tzite & dolo/one foll[$ by ! ,w9ooski ,dolo/one 7n se5 9 ! ,p>k7 7 deposit$ ea/ ( ,mt4 ,philo ,/ate ,=e/ ,p>k4 ,dur+ late ,cambrian & e>ly ,ordovician1 ?ick dolo/ones 7 deposit$ f ! sea wat] :i* cov]$ ! ,mt4 ,philo area 7n se5 at ! surface 9 ! ,p>k74 ,dur+ middle ,ordovician "t1 a s]ies ( %ale1 calc>e\s %ale & lime/one 0 deposit$ f ! sea wat]4 ,!n1 sometime betwe5 ! beg9n+ ( late ,ordovician & late ,silurian "t1 ! ea/]n l[] ,cambrian sequ5ce 0 ?ru/ we/w>d ov] ! middle ,ordovician rocks4 ,?is l[-angle ?ru/+ 0 succe$$ by high angle fault+4 ,! ,p>k rocks 7 subject$ to wea!r+ & erosion = ov] #cjj million ye>s or until glaci]s advanc$ ov] ! area less ?an #fj1jjj to #gj1jjj ye>s ago4 ,advanc+ glaci]s sc\r$ ! rock2 retreat+ or wa/+ glacial ice left deposits ( clay1 s& & gravel 9 ! ,p>k4 ,a s]ies ( lakes =m$ s\? ( ! nor?w>d wa/+ glacial ice & deposits ( bea*-gravel & lake-s& =m$ along ! slopes ( ,mt4 ,philo1 :i* 0 !n an isl&4 ,an arm ( ! sea next advanc$ s\?w>d into ! ,*ampla9 ,valley leav+ m>9e bea*-gravels j we/ ( ,mt4 ,philo4 ,! m>9e wat]s retreat$ & pres5t-day ,lake ,*ampla9 came into exi/5ce4 ,! =mation ( ! pres5t soil cov] & ! deposition ( rec5t alluvium f pres5tly fl[+ riv]s & /reams concludes ?is brief summ>y ( ! ,p>k's geologic hi/ory4 ,,sugge/$ ,,read+ 79 addition to ! g5]al ref]5ces li/$ = ,d4,a4,r4 ,/ate ,p>k7 ,cady1 ,w4 ,m41 #aide1 ,/ratigraphy & /ructure ( we/-c5tral ,v]mont1 ,geological ,society ( ,am]ica ,bullet91 volume #ef1 pages #eae-ehh4 ,*apman1 ,c4 ,h41 #aicg1 ,! glacial & po/glacial hi/ory ( ! ,*ampla9 valley1 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 #e? s]ies1 volume #cd1 pages #hi-abd4 ,/ew>t1 ,david ,p41 #aifa1 ,! glacial geology ( ,v]mont1 ,v]mont ,geological ,survey ,bull4 #ai4 ,/ew>t1 ,david ,p4 & ,paul ,mac,clintock1 #aifi1 ,! ,surficial ,geology & ,plei/oc5e ,hi/ory ( ,v]mont1 ,v]mont ,geological ,survey ,bull4 #ca 79 press74 ,welby1 ,c4 ,w41 #aifa1 ,b$rock geology ( ! ,c5tral ,*ampla9 ,valley ( ,v]mont1 ,v]mont ,geological ,survey ,bull4 #ad4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab;a4 ,ov] a typical ,gr& ,isle split-rail f5ce at ,s& ,b> ,/ate ,p>k4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,a portion ( ! bea* at ,s& ,b> ,/ate ,p>k look+ ea/4 ,! esc>pm5t 9 ! left di/ance m>ks ! trace ( ! ,*ampla9 ?ru/ fault4 ,,! ,,geology ,,( ,,s& ,,b> ,,/ate ,,p>k ,,introduction ,s& ,b> ,/ate ,p>k is locat$ 9 nor?we/]n ,v]mont on ,u4,s4 ,r\te #b1 approximately #ad miles nor? ( ,burl+ton & ne> ! ea/ approa* to ,s& ,b> ,bridge :i* leads to ,s\? ,h]o ,isl& 9 ,lake ,*ampla9 7see map1 ,fig4 #a74 ,t5t+1 picnick+ & swimm+ are ! ,p>ks ma9 attractions 7,fig4 #ab;a74 ,! swimm+ bea* is on ! nor? side ( ,u4,s4 ,r\te #b & fronts on ,lake ,*ampla94 ,its %all[ness makes ! bea* safe = *ildr5 7,fig4 #ac74 ,! t5t+ facilities are locat$ on ! s\? side ( ,u4,s4 ,r\te #b on a s\?-fac+ %orel9e4 ,,! ,,geology ,,( ,,! ,,p>k ,! geologic hi/ory ( ,s& ,b> ,/ate ,p>k is rec5t1 geologically speak+1 especially :5 comp>$ ) t ( ! o!r ,p>ks treat$ 9 ?is pamphlet4 ,! s$im5ts ( ! p>k are blue & br[n clay :i* 7 deposit$ ?r\gh\t ! ,*ampla9 ,valley less ?an #aj1jjj ye>s ago4 ,?is clay1 :i* c be se5 9 _m places along ! ba?+ bea*1 0 deposit$ f m>9e wat]s :i* flood$ ! ,*ampla9 ,valley j prior to ! =mation ( pres5t-day ,lake ,*ampla94 ,no b$rock crops out 9 ,s& ,b> ,/ate ,p>k4 ,! blue clay is cov]$ ) deposits br\ght d[n/ream by ! ,lamoille ,riv] dur+ v rec5t times & deposit$ z a delta#af into ,lake ,*ampla94 ,?is delta has %ift$ its di/ribut>y *annels frequ5tly & cont9ues to gr[ s\?we/w>dly into ,lake ,*ampla94 ,mu* ( ! f9] mat]ial 7s&7 br\ght into ,lake ,*ampla9 by ! ,lamoille ,riv] has be5 %ift$ & conc5trat$ by lake curr5ts into ridges or b>s2 "o s& b> /ret*es to ,s\? ,h]o ,isl& & =ms ! f\ndation = ! causeway nam$ ,s& ,b> ,bridge4 ,prior to ! build+ ( ,s& ,b> ,bridge 7causeway 0 />t$ 9 #ahdi1 op5$ to travel on ,decemb] #e1 #ahej71 ?is s& b> 0 =dable & 0 us$ z a l9k betwe5 ,s\? ,h]o ,isl& & ! ma9l&4 ,mo/ ( ! s& n[ f\nd nor? ( ! ,p>k ba?+ bea* & :i* is responsible = ! ext5sive 8%all[s0 9 ! swimm+ area1 0 suppli$ by ! n[ ab&on$ nor!rn *annel ( ! ,lamoille ,riv]4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t mo/ ( ! s& n[ se5 on ! ba?+ bea* has be5 import$ f ne>by areas ( ,v]mont4 ,s9ce ! nor!rn di/ribut>y *annel ( ! ,lamoille ,riv] is no long] supply+ s&1 & s& f ! active s\!rn *annel _c "w its way nor?w>d because ( ! ,s& ,b> ,bridge causeway1 !re is a lack ( s& = ! bea*4 ,! ext5sive swamp areas ne> ! ea/ end ( ,s& ,b> ,bridge are a wildlife sanctu>y4 ,! nor?-tr5d+ prom95t esc>pm5t ea/ ( ! ,p>k m>ks ! trace ( ! ,*ampla9 ?ru/ fault 7,fig4 #ac74 ,9 a qu>ry at ! ea/ end ( ,s& ,b> ,bridge may be se5 ! fault contact betwe5 ! y\ng]1 ,middle ,ordovician1 ,/ony ,po9t ,=mation1 & ! old]1 ,l[] ,cambrian1 ,dunham ,dolomite4 ,,sugge/$ ,,read+ ,erw91 ,r4 ,b41 #aieg1 ,! ,geology ( ! ,lime/one ( ,isle ,la ,motte & ,s\? ,h]o ,isl&1 ,v]mont1 ,v]mont ,geological ,survey1 ,bull4 #i4 ,/one1 ,s4 ,w4 & ,d5nis1 ,j4 ,g41 #aifd1 ,! ,geology ( ! ,milton ,quadrangle1 ,v]mont1 ,v]mont ,geological ,survey ,bull4 #bf4 ,additional reports on ! geology ( ,v]mont /ate p>ks di/ribut$ by ! ,v]mont ,/ate ,libr>y1 ,montpeli]1 ,v]mont #jefjb4 ,! ,geology ( ,groton ,/ate ,=e/1 by ,rob]t ,a4 ,*ri/man1 #aief ,! ,geology ( ,mt4 ,mansfield ,/ate ,=e/1 by ,rob]t ,a4 ,*ri/man1 #aief ,! ,geology ( ! ,calv9 ,coolidge ,/ate ,=e/ ,p>k1 by ,h>ry ,w4 ,dodge1 ,jr41 #aiei ,geology ( ,button ,bay ,/ate ,p>k1 by ,h>ry ,w4 ,dodge1 ,jr41 #aifb ,! ,geology ( ,d>l+ ,/ate ,p>k1 by ,h>ry ,w4 ,dodge1 ,jr41 #aifg ,,footnotes #a;,a 8/rike0 measurem5t is express$ z s _m degrees ea/ or we/ ( nor? or s\?4 ,= a diagram illu/rat+ ! dip & /rike ( a rock lay] see ,figure #c4 #b,?is is "o ( ! ?ree major rock gr\ps or families4 ,! fir/ consi/s ( igne\s rocks1 includ+ granite1 sy5ite1 & basalt1 :i* 7 =m$ by solidification ( molt5 rock-mat]ial4 ,! igne\s rocks are ance/ors ( ! o!r two rock families2 !y =m ov] #ij p]c5t ( ! out] #aj miles ( ! ,e>?'s cru/4 ,! second family1 consi/+ ( s$im5t>y or lay]$ rocks includ+ %ale1 s&/one & lime/one1 is compos$ ( pieces & gra9s & o!r mat]ials f all ! families ( rocks4 ,9 addition1 s$im5t>y rocks are =m$ also f lime secret$ by m>9e plants & animals or *emically precipitat$ f sea wat]1 or by ! accumulations ( %ells4 ,! ?ird family1 metamorphic rocks1 includ+ gneiss1 s*i/1 slate & m>ble1 7 igne\s or s$im5t>y rocks t h be5 subject$ to heat & pressure 9 ! pres5ce ( m9]al-=m+ solutions4 ,metamorphic rocks g5]ally look diff]5t f ! rocks f :i* !y =m$1 because ! orig9al m9]als ( ! rock h be5 *ang$ & reori5t$4 #c,! actual rema9s are usually n pres]v$ 9 _! orig9al /ate b are repres5t$ by molds & ca/s4 ,picture an anci5t sea4 ,! sea bottom mud sl[ly h>d5s ar\nd a %ell4 ,wat] !n seeps ?r\gh ! h>d5$ mud & dissolves ! %ell leav+ an op5 space :]e ! %ell once 04 ,?is op5 space is a mold4 ,if ! mold is fill$ a copy ( ! orig9al %ell is =m$4 ,?is is call$ a ca/4 #d,! relative r ?an ! absolute age ( ! rocks c be det]m9$ f a /udy ( _! fossil cont5t4 ,^! fossils are comp>$ ) collections f v>i\s places 9 ! _w :]e ! /&>d geologic "t scale assigns !m a place 7see ,fig4 #d74 ,! ,p>k rocks 7 deposit$ dur+ ! ,ordovician ,p]iod4 ,h[ is a /&>d geologic "t scale put toge!r8 ,sev]al geologi/s fir/ work$ out ! sequ5ces ( rocks accord+ to ! ,law ( ,sup]position 9 ,great ,brita9 & neighbor+ p>ts ( ,europe4 ,:5 sy/ematic collections ( fossils 7 made f ^! lay]s & arrang$ accord+ to age x 0 f\nd t c]ta9 fossils occurr+ 9 rocks 9 di/ant areas 7 id5tical & occupi$ ! same relative age position4 ,^! fossils 7 consid]$ to be ( ! same relative age4 ,fossils f\nd 9 ! ,p>k c be comp>$ ) ^! ref]5ce fossils & a relative geologic age c be assign$ to !m4 ,absolute ages c be det]m9$ 9 "s cases by ! use ( rates ( decay ( radioactive elem5ts & 9 g5]al ^! ages agree ) ! relative ages d]iv$ ?r\gh ! use ( fossils4 #e,! capitaliz$ syllable is ! acc5t$ syllable4 #f;,an index fossil is us$ to date ! rocks 9 :i* x occurs4 ,a good index fossil mu/ be abundant1 widespread & easily recogniz$4 ,its v]tical range is re/rict$ to a small numb] ( rock lay]s1 !re=e ! geological span ( life ( a good index fossil is usually %ort4 #g;,*it9 is a colorless horny sub/ance simil> to ! mat]ial :i* makes up f+]nails4 #h,! black color is due to an abundance ( f9ely divid$ organic 7plant & animal7 mat]ial )9 ! rock4 #i;,a qu>tzite is ei!r a metamorphic or s$im5t>y rock consi/+ ( fragm5ts ( ! m9]al qu>tz 7,si,o7 :i* are cem5t$ toge!r by silica 7qu>tz74 ,! comb9ation ( qu>tz fragm5ts held toge!r by qu>tz cem5t creates a v h>d rock :i* (t5times w break across ! fragm5ts r ?an ar\nd !m4 ,! qu>tzites ( ! ,p>k area are prim>ily ( a s$im5t>y orig94 ,= a description ( ! ?ree major rock gr\ps1 ( :i* ! s$im5t>y & metamorphic gr\ps are two1 see footnote1 ,d4,a4,r4 ,/ate ,p>k1 page #f4 ,a dolo/one is a s$im5t>y rock compos$ ( fragm5tal1 concretion>y1 or precipitat$ dolomite 7a m9]al ( *emical composition1 ,ca,mg7,,co77 ( organic or inorganic orig94 #aj,! black color is due to ! inclusion ( f9ely dissem9at$ c>bonace\s mat]ial 7animal & plant rema9s7 )9 ! rock4 #aa,?is splitt+ or cleavage 0 produc$ aft] ! lay]s _h h>d5$ into rock4 ,! cleavage planes 7 produc$ :5 ! rocks 7 subject$ to pressures too great to )/&4 ,9 "s places ^! cleavage planes d n p>allel ! lay]s4 #ab;,accord+ to ! basic geologic law1 ! ,law ( ,sup]position1 y\ng] rocks 7^? deposit$ la/7 are always f\nd re/+ on old] rocks 7^? deposit$ be=e ! y\ng]74 ,! only "t t ?is is n true is :5 ei!r breaks 7faults7 or folds 9 ! e>?'s cru/ place ! lay]s 9 an inv]t$ ord]1 z 9 ! case "h cit$4 #ac,! fault plane ( a high-angle fault =ms a l>ge angle 7g5]ally f #cj to #ij degrees7 at its int]section ) an imag9>y horizontal plane4 ,! plane ( a ?ru/ fault1 or l[-angle fault1 =ms a small angle 7g5]ally less ?an #cj degrees7 at its int]section ) an imag9>y horizontal plane4 #ad,?is is ! ,burl+ton till 7,/ew>t1 #aifa7 & 0 deposit$ f ! ,burl+ton ,ice ,lobe dur+ its p]iod ( wa/+4 ,! till is a hodge-podge mixture ( clay1 s& & pebbles & is usually br[n 9 color4 #ae;,a kame is a m\nd or ridge ( poorly sort$ 7sometimes well-sort$1 t is1 made up ( all ! same siz$ p>ticles7 wat] deposit$ mat]ials4 ,mo/ kames are ice-contact features2 t is to say1 ! mat]ials :i* make up ! kame 7 deposit$ 9 contact ) a glacial ice surface4 ,! ,mt4 ,philo kame may be ! fill+ ( an ice-free area dur+ ! f9al melt+ ( ! glacial ice4 #af;,delta is ! "n ( ! f\r? lett] ( ! ,greek alphabet1 ! capital =m ( :i* is an equilat]al triangle4 ,! triangul>-%ap$ tract ( l& =m$ by ! deposit ( riv] s$im5t at riv] m\?s is nam$ = ! triangul> %ape ( ! capital ,greek lett] delta4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes --,sil5tly correct$ a few typos4 --,reta9$ publication in=mation f ! pr9t$ edition3 ?is e,book is public-doma9 9 ! c\ntry ( publication4 --,9 ! text v]sions only1 text 9 italics is delimit$ by und]scores4