,transcriber's ,note ,text printed in italics has been transcribed between underscores1 bold face text between equal signs4 ,small capitals have been replaced with ,,all ,,capitals4 text represents superscript text4 ,more ,transcriber's ,notes may be found at the end of this text4 ,,the ,,sexual ,,life ,,of ,,our ,,time ,,the ,,sexual ,,life ,,of ,,our ,,time ,,in ,,its ,,relations ,,to ,,modern ,,civilization ,,by ,,iwan ,,bloch1 ,m4,d4 ,,physician ,,for ,,diseases ,,of ,,the ,,skin1 ,,and ,,for ,,diseases ,,of ,,the ,,sexual ,,system ,,in ,,charlottenburg1 ,,berlin ,,author ,,of 8,,the ,,origin ,,of ,,syphilis10 ,,etc4 ,,translated ,,from ,,the ,,sixth ,,german ,,edition ,,by ,m4 ,,eden ,,paul1 ,m4,d4 ,illustration ,,london ,,rebman ,,limited1 #abi1 ,,shaftesbury ,,avenue1 ,w4,c4 #aiji ,entered at ,stationers' ,hall1 #aijh ,all rights reserved ,,publishers' ,,note ,,to ,,the ,,english ,,edition ,the author's aim in writing this book was to write a complete ,encyclopdia on the sexual sciences1 and it will probably be acknowledged by all who study its pages that the author has accomplished his intention in a very scholarly manner1 and in such form as to be of great value to the professions for whom this translation is intended4 ,the subject is no doubt one which appeals to and affects the interests of all adult persons1 but the publishers have1 after very serious and careful consideration1 come to the conclusion that the sale of the ,english translation of the book shall be limited to members of the legal and medical professions4 ,to both these professions it is essential that a knowledge of the science of ,sex and the various causes for the existence of 8abnormals0 should be ascertained1 so that they may be guided in the future in their investigations into1 and the practice of attempts to mitigate1 the evil which undoubtedly exists1 and to bring about a more healthy class of beings4 ,it is the first time that the subject has been so carefully and fully gone into in the ,english language1 and it is believed that the very exhaustive examination which the author has made into the matter1 and the various cases to which he has called attention1 will be of considerable use to the medical practitioner1 and also to the lawyer in criminal and quasi-criminal matters1 and probably in matrimonial disputes and cases of insanity4 ,,contents ,,page ,,introduction #a ,,chapter ,i ,,the ,,elementary ,,phenomena ,,of ,,human ,,love #g ,,chapter ,,ii ,,the ,,secondary ,,phenomena ,,of ,,human ,,love 7,,brain ,,and ,,senses7 #ai ,,chapter ,,iii ,,the ,,secondary ,,phenomena ,,of ,,human ,,love 7,,reproductive ,,organs1 ,,sexual ,,impulse1 ,,sexual ,,act7 #cg ,,chapter ,,iv ,,physical ,,differential ,,sexual ,,characters #ec ,,chapter ,v ,,psychical ,,differential ,,sexual ,,characters--,,the ,,woman',s ,,question4 ,,appendix3 ,,sexual ,,sensibility ,,in ,,women #fg ,,chapter ,,vi ,,the ,,way ,,of ,,the ,,spirit ,,in ,,love--,,religion ,,and ,,sexuality #hg ,,chapter ,,vii ,,the ,,way ,,of ,,the ,,spirit ,,in ,,love--,,the ,,erotic ,,sense ,,of ,,shame 7,,nakedness ,,and ,,clothing7 #abe ,,chapter ,,viii ,,the ,,way ,,of ,,the ,,spirit ,,in ,,love--,,the ,,individualization ,,of ,,love #aei ,,chapter ,,ix ,,the ,,artistic ,,element ,,in ,,modern ,,love #agg ,,chapter ,x ,,the ,,social ,,forms ,,of ,,the ,,sexual ,,relationship--,,marriage #ahe ,,chapter ,,xi ,,free ,,love #bcc ,,chapter ,,xii ,,seduction1 ,,the ,,sensual ,,life1 ,,and ,,wild ,,love #bgi ,,chapter ,,xiii ,,prostitution--,,appendix3 ,,the ,,half-,,world #cjc ,,chapter ,,xiv ,,venereal ,,diseases--,,appendix3 ,,venereal ,,diseases ,,in ,,the ,,homosexual #cdi ,,chapter ,,xv ,,prophylaxis1 ,,treatment1 ,,and ,,suppression ,,of ,,venereal ,,diseases #cga ,,chapter ,,xvi ,,states ,,of ,,sexual ,,irritability ,,and ,,sexual ,,weakness 7,,auto-,,erotism1 ,,masturbation1 ,,sexual ,,hyper,,sthesia ,,and ,,sexual ,,an,,sthesia1 ,,seminal ,,emissions1 ,,impotence1 ,,and ,,sexual ,,neurasthenia7 #djg ,,chapter ,,xvii ,,the ,,anthropological ,,aspect ,,of ,,psychopathia ,,sexualis--,,appendix3 ,,sexual ,,perversions ,,due ,,to ,,disease #dec ,,chapter ,,xviii ,,misogyny #dgi ,,chapter ,,xix ,,the ,,riddle ,,of ,,homosexuality--,,appendix3 ,,theory ,,of ,,homosexuality #dhg ,,chapter ,,xx ,,pseudo-,,homosexuality 7,,greek ,,and ,,oriental ,p,,derasty1 ,,hermaphroditism1 ,,bisexual ,,varieties7 #ecg ,,chapter ,,xxi ,,algolagnia 7,,sadism ,,and ,,masochism7--,,appendix3 ,a ,,contribution ,,to ,,the ,,psychology ,,of ,,the ,,russian ,,revolution 7,,history ,,of ,,the ,,development ,,of ,,an ,,algolagnistic ,,revolutionist7 #eee ,,chapter ,,xxii ,,sexual ,,fetichism #fji ,,chapter ,,xxiii ,,acts ,,of ,,fornication ,,with ,,children1 ,,incest1 ,,acts ,,of ,,fornication ,,with ,,corpses 7,,necrophilia7 ,,and ,,animals 7,,bestiality71 ,,exhibitionism1 ,,and ,,other ,,sexual ,,perversities--,,appendix3 ,,the ,,treatment ,,of ,,sexual ,,perversities #fca ,,chapter ,,xxiv ,,offences ,,against ,,morality ,,from ,,the ,,forensic ,,standpoint #fei ,,chapter ,,xxv ,,the ,,question ,,of ,,sexual ,,abstinence #fga ,,chapter ,,xxvi ,,sexual ,,education #fha ,,chapter ,,xxvii ,,neo-,,malthusianism1 ,,the ,,prevention ,,of ,,conception1 ,,artificial ,,sterility ,,and ,,artificial ,,abortion #fic ,,chapter ,,xxviii ,,sexual ,,hygiene #gji ,,chapter ,,xxix ,,the ,,sexual ,,life ,,in ,,its ,,public ,,relationships 7,,sexual ,,quackery1 ,,advertisements1 ,,and ,,scandals7 #gai ,,chapter ,,xxx ,,pornographic ,,literature ,,and ,,art #gbi ,,chapter ,,xxxi ,,love ,,in ,,polite 7,,belletristic7 ,,literature #gda ,,chapter ,,xxxii ,,the ,,scientific ,,literature ,,of ,,the ,,sexual ,,life #gec ,,chapter ,,xxxiii ,,the ,,outlook #gfc ,,index ,,of ,,names #gfg ,,index ,,of ,,subjects #ggh ,,errata ,page #ahi1 note1 line #b1 for 8,classes in ,antiquity10 read 8,age ,classes40 ,page #cfa1 line #a1 for 8inflammation of the retina10 read 8syphilitic iritis40 ,page #cfa1 line #b1 for 8retina10 read 8iris40 ,page #ddf1 lines #f and #g from foot1 for 8reflection10 read 8reflective40 ,page #dha1 note #dic1 line #e1 for 8,classes of ,antiquity10 read 8,age ,classes40 ,page #dhe1 line #ag1 for 8,classes of ,antiquity10 read 8,age ,classes40 ,page #edh1 note #egg1 line #a1 for 8,classes in ,antiquity10 read 8,age ,classes40 ,page #gdg1 lines #ba and #bd1 for 8divorce10 read 8adultery40 ,,introduction 8,it seems at first sight as if ,nature had endowed man with the procreative impulse solely with a view to the preservation of the species1 and regardless of the individual2 and yet it is undeniable that in the high estimation of this impulse the individual was not forgotten40 78,on the ,art of ,attaining an ,advanced ,age10 vol4 i41 p4 #b2 ,berlin1 #ahac74 ,,contents ,,of ,,introduction ,the two constituents of modern love -- ,the purposes of the species and the purposes of the individual -- ,insufficiency of the former for the understanding of love -- ,the individualization of love through the process of civilization -- ,the organic interconnexion between the bodily and the mental manifestations of love -- ,possibilities of future development -- ,victory of the love of civilized man over the elemental force of the sexual impulse -- ,our own time a turning-point in the history of love4 ,,introduction ,the sexuality of the modern civilized man--the sum1 that is to say1 of the phenomena of sexual love dependent upon and associated with the sexual impulse--is the result of a process of development lasting many thousands of years4 ,therein1 as in a mirror1 we may see an accurate reflection of all the phases of the bodily and mental history of the human race4 ,anyone who wishes to understand modern love in all its complexity must1 in the first place1 succeed in informing himself1 not merely regarding the first foundations of the feeling of love in the grey primeval age1 but1 in addition1 as to the manner in which that feeling has been transformed and enriched in the course of the history of civilization4 ,for modern love is a complex of two constituents4 ,the word 8love0 is applicable to the sexual impulse of human beings only4 ,its use implies that in the case of man the purely animal feelings have acquired an importance far greater than that of subserving the purposes of mere reproduction1 and aim at a goal transcending that of the preservation of the species4 ,the nature of human love can be understood and explained only with reference to this intimate and inseparable union of its purposes in respect of the preservation of the species and its independent significance in the life of the loving individual himself4 ,herein is to be found the starting-point of the whole so-called 8sexual problem10 and it is necessary that the matter should be clearly understood at the outset of this book4 ,in earlier days human love was mainly concerned with the purposes of the species4 ,modern civilized man1 conceiving history as progress in the consciousness of freedom1 has also come to recognize the profound individual significance of love for his own inward growth1 for the proper development of his free manhood4 ,to quote a phrase from ,georg ,hirth1 a cultured modern writer1 the genuine experienced love of a civilized man of the present day is one of the 8ways to freedom40 ,by love is made manifest1 and through love is developed1 his inmost individual nature4 ,for this reason ,schopenhauer's 8,metaphysik der ,geschlechtsliebe0 78,metaphysic of ,sexual ,love071 which wholly ignores this individual factor1 must be regarded1 brilliant as it unquestionably is1 as a quite inadequate explanation of the nature of love4 ,again1 a recent writer1 ,arnold ,lindwurm1 greatly influenced by ,schopenhauer's teaching1 in the introduction to his work entitled 8,ueber die ,geschlechtsliebe in sozial-ethische ,beziehung0 78,sexual ,love in its ,socio-,ethical ,relations071 writes3 8,the fruit of love1 children1 and marriage as a domestic institution indispensable for the upbringing of children--these constitute the author's ethical criterion in the field of sexual research2 these also form the socio-ethical goal of all sexual love1 inasmuch as the sole standard by which sexual love can be judged is the procreation and upbringing of children40 ,we1 however1 at the very outset1 contest the validity of such a standpoint1 for we consider that it fails entirely to do justice to the nature of modern love4 ,for the history of the human sexual impulse teaches us beyond dispute that1 in the course of the development of the human species1 that impulse1 through its progressive association with intellectual and emotional elements to form the complex whole designated by the term 8love10 has undergone a progressive individualization1 and has attained a more defined significance for the unitary human being4 ,at the present day sexual love constitutes a part of the very being of the civilized man2 his sexual life clearly reflects his individual nature1 and love influences his development in an enduring manner4 ,love conjoins in a quite unique way the two principal classes of vital manifestations--the lower vegetative and the higher animal life2 and it thus constitutes the highest and the most intense expression of the unity of life 7,schopenhauer's 8focus of the will20 ,weismann's 8continuity of the germ-plasma074 ,whoever wishes to understand the developmental tendencies of love as they manifest themselves at the present day in the course of human history1 whoever desires to grasp how remarkably love has been developed1 enriched1 and ennobled in the course of civilization1 must at the outset gain a clear understanding of this apparently dualistic1 but in reality thoroughly monistic1 nature of the passion4 ,the matter may be expressed also in this way--that he who has scientifically investigated love1 who has based his conception of it philosophically1 and has personally experienced it1 will become a convinced monist in relation to life1 at least1 and to the organic world1 and will be compelled to regard every dualistic division into a physical and a spiritual sphere as something quite artificial4 ,in love above all is manifested this mystery of the life force1 as for centuries the poets1 the artists1 and the metaphysicians have declared1 and more especially as the great natural philosophers of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries have proved--above all ,charles ,darwin and ,ernst ,haeckel4 ,there is1 indeed1 no more happily chosen metaphor1 none that better describes the fundamentally monistic nature of love1 than the saying of the old sthetic ,j4 ,g4 ,sulzer--that love is a tree1 that it has its roots in the physical sphere1 but that its branches extend high above the physical world1 expanding more and more1 branching more and more abundantly into the sphere of the spiritual4#a ,it is certainly impossible to find a more appropriate comparison4 ,thereby we show clearly the intimate organic connexion between the physical and spiritual phenomena of love2 it is rooted for ever in ,mother ,earth1 but it grows always upwards into the subtle ether4 ,just as the arborescence of the tree has a richer1 more manifold1 more extensive development than the root1 so also it is in the spiritual form that love is first capable of extending upwards and in all directions1 compared with which its physical capacity for development is minimal and strictly limited4 ,but just as the arborescence of the tree grows from1 and is supplied with nutriment by1 the root1 so also the higher love is inevitably founded upon a sensory basis4 ,even while love becomes spiritually richer1 it remains as irrevocably as ever dependent upon the physical4#b ,to put the matter briefly1 the future developmental possibilities of human love rest purely in the spiritual sphere1 but they are inseparably connected with the far less variable physical phenomena of sexuality4 ,upon the development1 the configuration1 and the differentiation1 of the spiritual elements of sexual love are alone based the intimate relations of love with the process of civilization4 ,this fact is again reflected in the manifold phases of the evolution of the sentiment of love4 ,for the human spirit in the course of its development has become not merely lord of the earth and of the elementary forces of ,nature3 it has become also lord and master1 interpreter and guide1 of the sexual impulse2 for this impulse owes to the human spirit its new and peculiar life1 its life capable of further development as manifested in the history of human love4 ,the history of love is the history of mankind1 of civilization4 ,for love manifests a continual progress1 which can be denied by those only who have failed to understand the deep significance of human love in the entire civilized life of all times1 and who1 observing the persistence of the primeval and ever-active sexual impulse1 elemental in its nature1 are led only to a hopeless doubt as to the possibility of all love1 and thus justify the pessimism with which ,schopenhauer has condemned the significance of human sexual love4 ,undoubtedly this elemental impulse persists for ever1 and to follow it alone leads to death1 to utter desolation1 to nothingness1 as ,tolstoi1 ,strindberg1 and ,weininger1 the bitter opponents of modern 8love10 have so vehemently declared4 ,but did these men know true love8 ,had they become conscious of the inevitable necessity with which civilization in the course of ages and generations had transformed the human sexual impulse into love as it now exists1 transformed it in so manifold and so wonderful a way8 ,had they any idea of the development of love1 and of its place and its significance in history8 ,let them believe this1 these doubting and despairing souls--nothing has been destroyed of all the spiritual relations1 of all the wonderful possibilities of development1 which have manifested themselves in the course of the long and varied history of the evolution of love4 ,to describe this evolution1 it is necessary to draw attention to all those elements of civilization which remain at present influential in love1 but it is further indispensable to forecast their future development4 ,once again we stand at an important turning-point in the history of love4 ,the old separates itself from the new1 the better will once more be the enemy of the good4 ,but love regarded1 as it must now be regarded1 in its inner nature1 as a sexual impulse most perfectly and completely infused with a spiritual content1 will remain the inalienable gain of civilization2 it will stand forth ever purer and more promotive of happiness1 like a mirror of marvellous clearness1 wherein is reflected a peculiar and accurate picture of the successive epochs of civilization4 #a ,the natural philosopher ,kielmeyer1 the teacher of ,cuvier1 also compared the genital organs with the root1 the brain with the arborescence1 of a tree4 ,cf4 ,arthur ,schopenhauer1 8,new ,paralipomena0 7,grisebach's edition1 p4 #bag74 #b ,eduard von ,hartmann points out very effectively that 8an assumed love without sensuality is merely a fleshless and bloodless phantom of the creative imagination0 78,philosophy of the ,unconscious10 sixth edition1 p4 #aif2 ,berlin1 #ahgd74 ,,chapter ,i ,,the ,,elementary ,,phenomena ,,of ,,human ,,love 8,the critical natural philosopher conceives this process1 this #8crown of love1' in a very matter-of-fact manner1 as the process of conjugation of two cells and the coalescence of their nuclei40--,,ernst ,,haeckel4 ,,contents ,,of ,,chapter ,i ,the well-spring of love -- ,the conjugation of the germinal cells as the simplest expression of the nature of the sexes -- ,the active masculine and the passive feminine principles of sexuality -- ,their representation in ancient mythology -- ,the significance of sexual procreation -- ,the most important principle of progressive development -- ,the significance of sexual differentiation -- ,the development of heterosexuality -- ,vestiges of an original hermaphroditic state in men and women -- ,new acquisitions -- ,the hymen -- ,metchnikoff's hypothesis of the original significance of the hymen -- ,the 8third sex0 -- ,the attainment of perfection by means of progressive sexual differentiation -- ,the increase in the intensity of the sexual attractive force in the course of human evolution -- ,its cause -- ,explanation of ,paul ,re -- ,theory of ,havelock ,ellis -- ,elementary psychical phenomena of love -- ,a sensation analogous to one of smell -- ,theories of ,steffens1 ,haeckel1 and ,krner -- ,the specific sexual odours of the capryl group -- ,odoriferous glands in animals and human beings -- ,an example from ,southern ,slavonic folk-lore -- ,the position of the nose in relation to the genital system -- ,the sexual rle of artificial perfumes -- ,origin of the latter -- ,reduction in size of the organ of smell in the human species -- ,primary and secondary elements in human sexuality -- ,blsche's 8fusion-love0 and 8distance-love0 -- ,their different significance4 ,,chapter ,i ,the mystery of sexual love1 of this 8wonder of life10 from which both religious belief and artistic inspiration have drawn and continue to draw the major part of their force1 may ultimately be referred to a single phenomenon in the sexuality of the great group of metazoa to which the major part of the animal world and the human species belong4 ,this process is a conjugation of the female germ cell with the male sperm cell--the 8well-spring of love10 to use ,haeckel's expression2 in comparison with this conjugation1 all other spiritual and physical phenomena1 however complicated1 are of a subordinate and secondary nature4 ,from this primitive organic process of reciprocal attraction and conjugation of the two reproductive cells has arisen the entire complex of the remaining physical and spiritual phenomena of love4 ,we have1 in this process of cell conjugation1 a picture in little of love1 a greatly simplified representation of the nature of the relations between man and woman2 moreover1 the highest and the finest psychical experiences and impressions occurring under the influence of love are ultimately no more than the results of this 8erotic chemotropism0 of the sperm and germ cells4 ,sexual differentiation existed already as a natural product in the early stages of organic evolution1 and civilization has done no more than develop1 increase1 and refine that differentiation1 which is typified in a manner at once simple and convincing--because directly visible--in the male sperm cell and the female germ cell4 ,herein the specific sexual differences are made visibly manifest4 ,procreation results from the approach of the male sperm cell towards the female germ cell1 and from the entrance of the former into the latter4 ,thus1 the sperm cell represents the active1 the germ cell the passive1 principle in sexuality4 ,already in this most important act in the process of procreation the natural relations between man and woman are very clearly manifested4 ,this fact is clearly grasped already in the mythology and the sepulchral symbolism of antiquity4 ,in these the man is always represented as the active principle2 woman1 on the contrary1 as the passive principle4 8,peace reigns in the ovum1 but when driven by the desire of creation the masculine god breaks through the shell and begins his work of fertilization1 everything at once becomes movement1 restless haste1 impulsive force1 unending circulation4 ,thus the male generative principle appears as the representative and embodiment of movement in the visible act of creation4444 ,the active principle in ,nature appears to be identical with the principle of motion4444 ,winged is the phallus1 quiescent the female2 the man is the principle of movement1 and the woman the principle of repose2 force is the cause of eternal change1 woman the picture of eternal repose2 for which reason the #8earth-mother' is almost always depicted in a sitting posture0 7,bachofen74 ,the appearance of sexual reproduction in the history of the evolution of the organic world is an especially instructive example of the great importance of differentiation and variation as the most effective principle of evolution in general4 ,the lowliest forms of life reproduce their kind in an extremely simple manner by a process of asexual cell division1 which has not improperly been regarded as nothing more than a peculiar form of growth2 and this simple process of cell division is retained as a mode of growth also in the higher organisms which reproduce their kind by sexual union4 ,in some cases of simple cell division the secondary cell1 the 8daughter cell10 separates itself from the old cell1 the 8mother cell10 and forms a new complete individual2 in other cases the cell division occurs as gemmiparous reproduction 7budding or pululation71 the daughter cell remaining united with the mother cell1 so that a new organ is built up4 ,reproduction by cell division is found in many plants and lower animals side by side with sexual reproduction4 ,this latter becomes the exclusive method of production in higher animals and in the human species1 whose capacity for the procreation of new individuals by cell division1 and for the replacement of lost organs by growth1 has been lost4 ,thus1 the progress and the gain which on the one hand are derived from the process of sexual reproduction1 whose character we are about to investigate more closely1 are balanced on the other hand by a loss4 ,we shall often encounter this fact again in the history of the evolution of the sexual impulse1 more especially in mankind and in relation to human love4 ,with the evolution of sexual reproduction is introduced the opportunity for a great step forward1 since an incomparably greater sphere of action is opened to the differentiation and variability of specific forms than was possible in the case of species reproduced asexually 7,kerner von ,marilaun1 ,r4 ,martin74 ,by means of the sexual union of two differing independent individuals1 each of which1 again1 has been brought into the world by the sexual union of two differing individuals1 the way is freely opened for a progressive differentiation of the individuals of this species4 ,no one of them is exactly similar to any other4 ,each one exhibits new peculiarities1 new capabilities1 and all of these play their part in the struggle for existence4 ,this gradually results in a progress towards higher1 better1 more perfect forms4 ,the persistence of specific type1 due to inheritance1 is largely counteracted by sexual reproduction1 inasmuch as the conjugation of reproductive cells derived from two different individuals induces a tendency to progressive variation and improvement4 ,moreover1 by this sexual mode of reproduction the preservation of the species is rendered much more secure than by asexual reproduction1 whilst at the same time the possibility of differentiation or variation is indubitably increased4 ,we have already insisted on the fact that in the striking difference between the sperm cell of the male and the germ cell of the female we must seek for the ultimate cause of the profound difference between the sexes4 ,those who maintain the theory of the absolute identity of man and woman must continually be reminded of this fact4 ,unquestionably the greater motility of the male reproductive cell as compared with the more passive quality of the female cell implies the existence of deeply founded psychical differences2 and the existence of these may be assumed with more confidence since we know from experience to what a high degree the finest psychical peculiarities of father and mother can be transmitted by inheritance to the child4 ,for this reason1 all attempts1 whether initiated by some natural process or by some intentional guidance of the process of civilization1 towards the obliteration of the distinction between the specific masculine and the specific feminine1 must be regarded as futile1 and as antagonistic to the process of development4 ,the production of the so-called 8third sex0 is unquestionably a step backwards4 ,for bisexual differentiation is an advance upon the more primitive form of sexual differentiation in which both the male and the female sexual elements were produced by a single individual 7hermaphroditism74 ,in the phylogeny of the human species unilateral sexual reproduction gave place to the bilateral type1 the reproductive elements being formed within the bodies of two distinct individuals--the sperm cells within the body of the male1 the germ cells within the body of the female4 ,in this manner originated the contrast between the individuals of the two sexes1 or bisexual differentiation1 which1 in the course of phylogenetic development1 has become continually more definite1 more extensive1 and more characteristic1 through the operation of the principle of sexual selection2 and thus by inheritance and adaptation the mental and physical characteristics of sexuality1 primitive and superadded1 have gradually become defined and fixed4 ,in the higher ranks of the animal kingdom and in the human species1 this heterosexuality has1 through inheritance1 become continually more sharply defined2 but the traces of the primitive hermaphroditic state have never been wholly obliterated4 ,love in the human species is manifested by pairing4 ,such is the normal condition1 and the only condition in harmony with the progressive tendency towards perfection4 ,but remnants of hermaphroditism1 of bisexuality in a single individual1 of the 8third sex10 are to be found in every human being1 and are disclosed by embryology and comparative anatomy in the form of vestiges of female reproductive organs in the male and of male reproductive organs in the female4 ,herein exists an indisputable proof of the originally hermaphrodite nature of the human ancestry4 ,but these female organs in the male body1 and their converse1 the male organs in the female body1 are stunted1 are rudiments merely2 whereas in the course of evolution the masculine reproductive organs of the male and the feminine reproductive organs of the female have been more and more powerfully developed1 and more and more sharply differentiated in type1 until they have come to constitute the expression of the specific differences between man and woman4 ,they alone represent the more advanced stage4 ,moreover1 these vestiges of an early hermaphroditic condition are in the human species far less extensive than in other mammals2 and the sexual discrepancy in the human species1 as compared with the lower animals1 becomes still more noticeable when we take into account the fact that certain parts of the reproductive system are peculiar to mankind1 are new acquisitions1 and1 above all1 the hymen1 which is non-existent even in the anthropoid apes4 ,the original purpose of the hymen1 which unquestionably must at the time of its appearance have represented an evolutionary advance1 is still undetermined4 ,metchnikoff has propounded an interesting hypothesis on this subject4 ,according to him1 it is very probable that human beings1 during the earliest period of human history1 began sexual relations at an extremely youthful age1 at a time when the external genital organs of the boy were not yet fully developed4 ,in such a case the hymen would not only have been no hindrance to the act of copulation1 but rather1 by narrowing the vaginal outlet1 and thus accommodating its size to the relatively too small penis of the male1 would have rendered pleasure in sexual intercourse possible4 ,in such cases1 moreover1 the hymen would not have been brutally lacerated1 but gradually dilated4 ,laceration of the hymen represents a later and secondary phenomenon4 ,it is a fact that1 even at the present day1 among many primitive races1 marriages commonly take place in childhood1 and it is further true that even in civilized races in a considerable number of cases 7#ae per cent41 according to ,budin7 the hymen is not always lacerated during sexual intercourse1 but is retained2 thus some support is given to ,metchnikoff's hypothesis4 ,it is unquestionable that evolution and the progress of civilization have resulted in an extremely marked differentiation between the two sexes1 and for this reason the formation of a so-called 8third sex10 in which these sexual differences are obscured1 can only be regarded as a markedly retrogressive step4 ,ernst von ,wolzogen1 in a well-known romance1 to which he gave the name of 8,the ,third ,sex10 described a kind of barren1 stunted woman1 capable1 however1 of holding her own at work in competition with men2 but in our opinion such women represent merely a stage of transition in the great battle of women for the independent1 free development of their peculiar personality4 ,such types as these are certainly not the final goal of the woman's movement2 they are caricatures1 products of a false and extreme conception of woman's development4 ,this 8third sex10 which ,schurtz very justly compares to the stunted1 barren workers among ants and bees1 is incapable of prolonged existence1 and will give place to a new generation of women1 who1 while fully retaining their specific feminine peculiarities1 will share with men the rights and duties of the great work of civilization2 and thus this work will unquestionably be enriched by a number of new and fruitful elements4 ,it is indeed possible that this 8third sex10 that hermaphrodites1 homosexual individuals1 sexual 8intermediate stages10 also play a certain part in the great process of civilization4 ,but their significance is slight and limited1 if for this reason alone because from these individuals the possibility of transmission by inheritance of valuable peculiarities is cut off1 and hence the possibility of a future perfectibility1 of true 8progress10 is excluded4 ,there are two sexes only on which every true advance in civilization depends--the genuine man and the genuine woman4 ,all other varieties are ultimately no more than phantoms1 monstrosities1 vestiges of primitive sexual conditions4 ,very ably has ,mantegazza described the intimate relationship between these dreams of the 8third sex0 and the fantastic aberration of the sexual impulse4 ,he writes3 8,while the pathology of love recognizes in many sexual aberrations the obscure traces of a general hermaphroditism1 imagination1 which works faster than science1 shows us the possibility that in more complicated creations sexual differentiation might be more than twofold1 so that in such worlds sexual reproduction might be effected by a more elaborate division of labour4 ,thus1 in the cynical or sceptical distinction between platonic1 sexual1 and licentious love1 we see the first traces of new and monstrous possibilities of sexual union1 on the one hand reflecting the sublimity of the supersensual1 and on the other more brutal than the most horrible sexual aberration40 ,in reality1 it is only for normal heterosexual love between a normal man and a normal woman that it is possible to find an unimpeachable sanction4 ,only this love1 continually more differentiated and more individualized1 will play a part in the future course of civilization4 ,heterosexuality arises from the reciprocal attraction and the coalescence of the reproductive cells of two individuals of distinct sexes2 it forms the foundation and constitutes the most important element of the sexual relations of the higher animal world and of the human species2 and it obtains through inheritance continually a more sharply defined expression4 ,since this fundamental phenomenon of the sexual impulse has been transmitted from the most ancient and simplest forms of the organic world and has been modified only in the direction of heterosexuality1 it has come to pass1 as ,ewald ,hering says at the end of his celebrated lecture on 8,memory as a ,general ,function of ,organic ,matter10 that organic matter has the strongest memory of the impulse of conjugation in its most ancient and most primitive form2 thus this impulse at the present day continues to dominate mankind as an intensely powerful physical imperative1 endowed with the strength of an elemental force1 which1 notwithstanding the gradually higher development of the brain1 has remained during thousands of years undiminished in its potency1 and indeed by the accumulative influence extending through thousands of generations has acquired a notable increase in intensity4 ,we must assume that for untold generations always those animals and men have had the most numerous descendants in whom the sexual impulse was the most powerful2 this powerful impulse being inherited1 was transmitted once more to the next generation1 and tended by natural selection continually to increase4 ,this explanation of the indisputable gradual increase in the intensity of the sexual impulse1 first given by the moral philosopher ,paul ,re1 is more illuminating than the theory propounded by ,havelock ,ellis of the increase of the sexual impulse by civilization1 which was long ago maintained by ,lucretius 78,de ,rerum ,natur10 ,v4 #ajaf74 ,in support of this latter theory1 it is asserted that among savage people the genital organs are less powerfully developed than among civilized races1 but this can by no means be regarded as an established fact4 ,civilization has done no more than cause a fuller development of all sides of sexual love by a multiplication of physical and psychical stimuli2 but it appears extremely doubtful if civilization itself is to be regarded as the immediate causal influence in the increase of the intensity of the sexual impulse4 99 99 99 99 99 ,having studied the elementary phenomena of human love dependent upon the phylogenetic history of the human race1 namely the union of the male and female reproductive cells1 the question now arises as to the nature of the psychical processes1 the character of the sensations that accompany this union of the sperm cells and the germ cells4 ,what is the most primitive psychical elementary phenomenon of love8 ,it is apparently that sensation in which the actual contact of the psyche with the material occurs--an immediate sensation of the nature of matter--namely1 the sense of smell4 ,the metaphysical significance of the sense of smell has been aptly indicated by describing that sense as the 8sublimated thing-in-itself10 as a sense which1 like no other sense1 allows us to enter immediately into the nature of matter2 it is1 in fact1 the sense of personality4 8,smell10 says ,heinrich ,steffens1 8is the principal sense of the higher animals2 it represents for them their own inner world2 it envelops their existence4 ,upon smell1 wherein sympathy and antipathy are represented1 is based the whole security of the higher animal instinct2 for carnal desire is comprehended in this sense4444 ,indeed1 in sexual union the subjective sensation which is developed by means of smell blends completely with the objective1 and from the monistic union of the two arises the intenser libido1 wherein the unfathomableness of the procreative force and the whole power of sex are absorbed40 ,ernst ,haeckel ascribes to the two sexual cells a kind of inferior psychical activity2 he believes that they experience a sensation of one another's proximity2 and indeed it is probably a form of sensory activity analogous to the sense of smell that draws them together4 ,the sensation of the two sexual cells1 which ,haeckel believes to be situated especially in the cell nuclei1 he denotes by the term 8erotic chemotropism40 ,he attributes it to an attraction of the nature of smell1 and considers that it represents the psychical quintessence1 the original being of love4 ,a later investigator1 ,eugen ,krner1 holds the same view4 ,in the conjugation of two vorticell he recognizes the influence of the chemically operative sensation of smell2 to him smell is the most important element in the sexual impulse of animals4 ,this theory is strongly supported1 and indeed elevated to the rank of a natural law1 by the circumstance that in the higher animals the sense of smell1 in the course of phylogenetic development1 has attained a continually greater significance in relation to sexuality2 and by the fact that1 according to the discovery of ,zwaardemaker1 there exists widely diffused throughout ,nature a distinct group of sexual odours1 the so-called capryl odours1 which have a natural biological connexion with the vita sexualis4 ,these capryl odours1 which already in plants play a sexual part1 are in animals and in the human species localized in or near the genital organs 7odoriferous glands of the beaver1 the musk-ox1 etc41 the secretions of the male foreskin and the female vagina71 or in other cases are found in the general secretions1 such as the sweat4 ,recently ,gustav ,klein has succeeded in proving that a definite group of glands in the female genital organs 7glandul vestibulares majores1 or glands of ,bartholin7 must be regarded as a vestige from the time of periodic sexual excitement 7rutting74 ,at that time in the human species1 as now in the lower animals1 the sexual impulse was periodic in its activity1 and the secretion of these odoriferous glands of the human female then served as a means of alluring members of the male sex4 ,at the present time these glands have for the most part lost their significance as specific stimuli4 ,now it is rather the exhalation from the entire surface of the female body which exercises the erotic influence4 ,cases in which such stimuli proceed exclusively from the female genital organs are regarded by ,klein as a phylogenetic vestige of the primitive relations between the rutting odours of the female and sexual excitement in the male4 ,friedrich ,s4 ,krauss1 in his 8,anthropophyteia0 7#aijd1 vol4 i41 p4 #bbd71 reproduces a ,southern ,slavonic story in which a man is described who obtained sexual gratification only by enjoying the natural smell of the female genital organs4 ,the remarkable classification of ,indian women according to the various odours proceeding from their genital organs must not be forgotten in this connexion4 ,that this primitive phenomenon of love has even to-day a certain significance1 although1 in consequence of the enormous development of the brain and the predominance of purely psychical elements in man1 its influence has been very notably diminished1 is shown by the existing physiological connexion proved by ,fliess to exist between the nose and the genital organs4 ,on the inferior turbinate bones there exist certain 8genital areas10 which1 under the influence of sexual stimulus and excitement1 as in coitus1 during menstruation1 etc41 swell up4 ,from these areas it is also possible to influence directly certain conditions of the genital organs4 ,it is noteworthy that civilization has to a large extent replaced the natural sexual odours by artificial scents1 so-called perfumes1 whose origin is partly due to the imitation or accentuation of the natural odours1 in part1 however1 and especially in recent times1 to an endeavour to conceal these natural odours1 especially when the latter are of a disagreeable character4 ,for this reason1 in addition to penetrating perfumes1 such as civet1 ambergris1 musk1 etc41 we have also mild perfumes1 for the most part vegetable in origin4 ,the markedly exciting influence of these artificial scents is employed especially by women1 above all by professional prostitutes1 in order to excite men4#c ,frequently also the simple perfume of flowers suffices for this purpose4 ,krauss tells us that in the kolo-dance of the ,southern ,slavs the girls fasten strong-scented flowers and sprigs in the front of their dress1 and thereby excite intense sexual desire in the young men4 ,in the ,east sexual stimulation by means of the sense of smell plays a far more extensive rle than in ,europe4 ,in the human species1 however1 as a specific elementary phenomenon of sexual reproduction1 smell has long been thrust into the background by the strong development of other senses1 especially that of sight4 ,this fact is very clearly exhibited by the notable reduction which has occurred in the size of the organ of smell4 ,in man the frontal lobes of the brain1 the seat of the highest intellectual processes and of speech1 have taken the place of the olfactory lobes in the lower animals4 ,besides1 by means of clothing1 the natural odours of men and women1 which previously had such marked sexual significance1 have been rendered almost imperceptible1 and nowadays sexual stimulation may result merely from the senses of touch and of sight1 so that the hands and the lips and the female breasts have been transformed into erotic organs4 ,notwithstanding1 however1 the notable weakening of the sexual significance of smell1 this most primitive sense 7actually associated1 as we have shown1 with the activity of the germinal cells7 will never completely cease to influence the sexual life4 8,still1 there always surrounds us a now gently moving and now stormy sea of odours1 whose waves without cessation arouse in us feelings of sympathy or antipathy1 and to the minutest movements of which we are not wholly indifferent0 7,havelock ,ellis74 ,inasmuch as we have pointed out as the single primval basis1 as the most important elementary phenomenon1 of human love1 the conjugation of the male sperm cell with the female ovum 7dependent probably upon a sensation analogous to that of smell71 we denote this particular phenomenon of sexuality as primary1 and we separate all the other phenomena as secondary1 as more remote4 ,wilhelm ,blsche has also expressed this difference by denoting the union of the two reproductive cells as 8fusion-love10 whilst all that has occurred later1 in the course of many thousands of years of evolution1 and that has transformed this primary process1 by innumerable new influences1 stimuli1 and perceptions1 into the love of modern civilized man1 he denotes by the apt name of 8distance-love40 ,according to him1 8the ultimate act of love in a member of the most highly civilized community assumes the form of a sudden withdrawal from the entire world of surrounding artifacts1 of alphabets1 posts1 telephones1 submarine cables1 etc4444 ,at this instant the principle of union is once again victorious1 as it were1 in an ultimate posthumous vision in a vital experience of a portion of primval ,nature1 of the primval world1 of an instant's profoundest self-absorption into the great mystery of the obscure original basis of ,nature1 to which neither time nor old and new is known1 but which is ever renewed in us in its elemental force--the procreative principle4 ,at this instant the loving individual must return home to the heart of the all-mother--it is useless to resist4 ,it must draw from the fountain of youth--must descend like ,odin to the ,norns1 like ,faust to the ,mothers--and there all civilization is swallowed up2 there cell body must join cell body1 in order in the ardent embrace to reduce to a minimum the distance which usually sunders such large bodies4 ,indeed1 in reality the sexual act goes further and deeper than this reduction of separation to a minimum4 ,within the body of one of the partners of the sexual act the ovum and the spermatozoon undergo an ultimate perfect fusion of soul and body1 in comparison with which even the closest approximation of the great halves of the love partnership is no more than a mere mechanical apposition4 ,the ultimate aim of the loving union is attained only in the coalescence of ovum and spermatozoon40 ,to express the matter briefly1 fusion-love fulfils the purpose of the species1 while distance-love subserves rather the purpose of the individual4 ,thus the natural course of the development of love1 which in the next chapter we propose to follow further1 affords already the proof of the thesis propounded in the introduction regarding the duplicate nature of human love4 #c ,according to ,laurent 78,morbid ,love10 pp4 #acc1 #acd1 ,leipzig1 #ahie71 common prostitutes generally use musk2 young working women1 violet or rose-water2 ladies of the bourgeoisie1 penetrating perfumes1 such as white heliotrope1 jasmine1 and ylang-ylang2 women of the half-world1 finer perfumes1 or such 8as are complex1 like their own mode of life0--for example1 lily-of-the-valley1 or mignonette4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,the ,,secondary ,,phenomena ,,of ,,love 7,,brain ,,and ,,senses7 8,from these considerations it follows that man1 in the course of his phylogenetic development extending through lengthy geological periods1 has lost numerous advantages2 and the question arises whether1 in exchange for these1 he may not also have gained certain other advantages4 ,such must1 indeed1 have been the case if the human species was to remain capable of survival4 ,there has been a process of exchange1 by means of which man has gained an equivalent for all the qualities he has lost4 ,and the gain consists in the unlimited plasticity of his brain4 ,by this he is fully compensated for the loss of the large and long series of advantages which his remote predecessors possessed40--,r4 ,,wiedersheim4 ,,contents ,,of ,,chapter ,,ii ,the secondary phenomena of sexuality -- ,their connexion with the nervous system and the sense organs -- ,the brain as criterion of human sexuality -- ,its development proportional to the retrogression of other parts -- ,example of the organ of smell and of the mammary glands -- ,relative retrogression of the female clitoris -- ,variation of the female genital organs -- ,reduction of the hairy covering of the skin -- ,theory regarding the origin of the comparative baldness of the human species -- ,assumed connexion with climate -- ,with dentition -- ,influence of artificial clothing -- ,the hygienic and sthetic significance of the loss of hair -- ,the reason why the axillary and pubic hair have been retained -- ,sexual influence of the hair of these regions and of the hair of woman's head -- ,gradual retrogression of the male beard -- ,the change of bodily type under the influence of the brain -- ,the way of the spirit in love -- ,the pure instinctive in the sexuality of primitive man -- ,his lack of the idea1 8love0 -- ,analogy of this state among the lower classes of the present day -- ,periodicity of the sexual impulse in the time of primitive man -- ,periodicity amongst savage races of to-day -- ,the researches of ,fliess and ,swoboda -- ,the twenty-three day 8masculine0 and the twenty-eight day 8feminine0 periods -- ,menstruation -- ,a peculiarity of the human female -- ,the origin of enduring love in mankind -- ,love rendered more enduring by the spirit -- ,kant's views on the subject -- ,hypothesis of ,w4 ,rheinhard and ,virey -- ,the complication of the sexual impulse through sensory stimuli -- ,buddha's speech to the monks -- ,the prepotency of the higher senses -- ,the sense of touch -- ,the skin as an organ of voluptuous sensation -- ,erogenic areas of skin -- ,the kiss -- ,its erotic significance -- ,an ,arabian poet 7,sheik ,nefzawi7 on this subject -- ,burdach's definition of the kiss -- ,the kiss on the boundary-line between erotism and actual sexual enjoyment -- ,the origin of the kiss -- ,the primitive elements of contact1 licking and biting -- ,its connexion with the nutritive impulse -- ,european origin of the kiss of contact -- ,the smelling kiss of the ,mongols -- ,the kiss and sexuality -- ,voltaire's genito-labial nerve -- ,the sense of taste and sexuality -- ,the preponderant importance of the higher senses in the love of civilized man -- ,the beautiful explanation of ,herder -- ,liberation from the material in the higher senses -- ,the sense of sight as the true sthetic sense -- ,beauty as the product of love -- ,its perception by the sense of sight -- ,rle of the sense of hearing in love -- ,the investigations of ,darwin -- ,the voice as a sexual lure -- ,the rhythmical repetition of alluring sounds -- ,origin of song and music -- ,greater susceptibility of women to impressions received through the sense of hearing -- ,the charm of woman's voice -- ,an experience of the natural philosopher ,moreau4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,as we have learnt in the first chapter1 the primitive phenomenon of sexual attraction and reproduction1 the conjugation of the male and the female germinal cells1 persists unaltered in man as the most important part of the act of procreation2 but this process of 8fusion-love0 derived by inheritance from unicellular organisms1 is associated in man with a number of new secondary physical and psychical phenomena of sexuality4 ,this inevitably results from the nature of the human organism as a cell society1 from the development of man as one of the order of mammalia1 and finally from man's elevation above the other mammalia as a being of enormously enhanced brain powers4 ,the complex of these secondary physical and psychical phenomena of love1 dependent upon the process of evolution1 has1 as we have already said1 been denoted by ,w4 ,blsche by the apt name of 8distance-love10 which he thus distinguishes from the primary elemental phenomenon of 8fusion-love40 ,these superadded elements play an extremely important part in human civilization1 and1 indeed1 actually characterize that civilization which is in no way dependent on the primitive qualities shared by man with plants and lower animals4 ,this secondary sexuality of mankind is1 in correspondence with the differentiation of the various organs of his body1 extremely complicated1 and it is by no means solely dependent upon the structure of the special reproductive or copulatory organs2 it is also intimately connected with other parts of the body1 and more especially with the sense organs and the nervous system4 ,thus it has accommodated itself to all the external influences to which the species has been subjected in the long course of its development history4 ,we may say that the criterion1 the characteristic mark of distinction between the human body and that of the lower animals1 is also the distinctive differential characteristic between human sexuality and that of the lower animals4 ,and this criterion is the brain4 ,the present physical and mental constitution of man is the result of an evolutionary process1 of which the most marked characteristic has been a continually more rapid increase in the size and complexity of the brain4 ,phylogeny and ontogeny clearly demonstrate the evolution of the human body from lower states to higher1 the slow but sure improvement in the direction of a continual enlargement and increasing convolution of the brain1 which has by no means yet attained finality1 but which may be expected to continue into the far-distant future2 and associated with this physical development will undoubtedly proceed an equally extensive improvement in the quality of human consciousness4 ,this progressive development of the brain has resulted in a retrogression and arrest of development of other parts and organs1 and among these some more or less closely associated with the sexual functions1 and originally of considerable importance4 ,gegenbaur1 in his 8,anatomy10 and ,wiedersheim1 in his interesting work on 8,the ,structure of ,man as ,bearing ,witness to his ,past10 recognize in the unlimited plasticity of the human brain the sole cause of the arrest of development and retrogressive metamorphosis of many organs and functions which persist in other members of the animal kingdom4 ,in the sexual life1 also1 in correspondence with this preponderating development of the brain1 purely psychical elements continually play a larger part1 whilst parts and functions at one time intimately related to sexuality have undergone atrophy4 ,thus1 as we have already pointed out1 the human organ of smell had unquestionably in earlier times much greater significance in relation to the vita sexualis than it has at the present day4 ,wiedersheim shows that in the ancestors of the human race this organ was much more extensively developed1 and that it must now be regarded as in a state of atrophy4 ,the mammary glands1 the original function of which was perhaps the production of odoriferous substances1 but which later became devoted solely to the secretion of milk1 existed in our ancestors in a larger number than in the present human race4 ,this is clearly shown by the fact that the human embryo normally exhibits a 8hyperthelia10 an excess of breasts1 of which1 however1 two only normally undergo development2 moreover1 the breasts of the male1 which are now in a state of arrested development1 were formerly better developed1 and served1 like those of the female1 the purpose of nourishing the offspring4 ,these facts are clearly explicable on the assumption that at one time the number of offspring at a single birth was considerable1 and that in this way the preservation of the species was favoured 7,wiedersheim74 ,it is a very interesting fact that the principal 8organ of voluptuousness0 in women1 the clitoris1 is notably diminished in size absolutely and relatively as compared with the clitoris of apes4 ,it certainly no longer represents an organ so susceptible to voluptuous stimulation and excitement as it was assumed to be by the older physicians and physiologists2 so that1 for example1 ,van ,swieten1 the celebrated body physician of the ,empress ,maria ,theresa1 recommended titillatio clitoridis as the most certain means of curing the sexual insensibility of his royal patient4 ,moreover1 the common variations in the external configuration of the female genital organs1 which ,rudolf ,bergh has very fully and minutely described in his 8,symbol ad ,cognitionem ,genitalium ,externorum ,femineorum10 are largely dependent on such arrests of development1 which1 indeed1 occur also in the male4 ,a very remarkable phenomenon in the course of human evolution has been the diminution in the hairy covering of the body4 ,as compared with the other mammalia1 especially those most nearly allied to man--the anthropoid apes--man is relatively bald4 ,this baldness has been gradually acquired1 and seems likely to progress further in the future4 ,numerous hypotheses have been propounded regarding the purpose and true cause of this progressive atrophy of the hairy covering which originally extended over the entire surface of the body4 ,the effect of tropical climate will not suffice to account for the change1 for in the tropics the hairy covering is useful for a covering against the rays of the sun--witness the thick hairy coat of the tropical apes4 ,more apt is the idea of sexual selection1 advanced by ,darwin in explanation of the loss of hair4 ,according to this theory1 the comparatively balder women were preferred by the men to those with a thicker covering of hair4 ,helbig raises the objection that primitive man in sexual intercourse would observe only the genital organs and the parts in their immediate neighbourhood4 ,yet in this region the sexually mature woman has retained a portion of the hairy covering of the body4 ,we must therefore1 in order to rescue the idea of sexual selection as an explanation of the increasing baldness of the human race1 assume that primitive man had cultivated sthetic tastes1 and was not an extremely sensual person1 and that in his choice of a partner he would be guided by the appearance of the woman's entire body4 ,this1 however1 is a very questionable assumption4 ,very doubtful also is the suggested connexion between largely developed dentition and the baldness of the skin 7,helbig74 ,more apposite is ,w4 ,blsche's view that the atrophy of the human hairy covering is related to the adoption of an artificial covering4 ,since that time the thick hairy covering of the skin was felt to be burdensome1 since it hindered perspiration beneath the clothing1 and also favoured the harbouring of parasites1 fleas1 lice1 etc41 which play so large a part in the annoyance of all hair-covered mammals4 ,in these circumstances bareness of skin became an ideal to primitive man4 ,by rubbing away the hair beneath the clothes1 by cutting it short1 and by pulling it out by the roots1 an artificial baldness was produced2 this then became an ideal of beauty4 ,thus it happened in the choice of a partner that those individuals less hairy than others were preferred1 and thus gradually by this process of sexual selection the race became continually less hairy1 until ultimately the relative baldness of the present day was attained4 ,in certain parts of the body1 especially in the armpits and in the neighbourhood of the external genital organs1 the thick hairy covering has been retained4 ,this may1 perhaps1 be dependent upon the fact that from the axillary and pubic hair certain erotic stimuli proceed1 more especially certain odours4 ,in fact1 it is possible that the hair of those regions in which strong-smelling secretions were produced have played the part of scent-sprinklers1 analogous to the 8perfume brushes0 of butterflies4 ,in a similar way1 the preservation of an exceptionally rich development of the hair of a woman's head may be explained by the fact that therefrom erotically stimulating odours unquestionably proceed4 ,this circumstance has influenced sexual selection in the direction of the preservation and continual increase in the length of the hair of a woman's head2 while1 in the opposite direction1 and equally by the process of sexual selection1 the female body has been much more fully deprived of hair than that of the male4 ,it seems1 however1 that this process of loss of hair is not yet completed4 ,the male beard has already ceased to play the part of a sexual lure1 which it formerly undoubtedly possessed4 ,schopenhauer's opinion1 that with the advance of civilization the beard will disappear1 probably represents the truth2 he regarded shaving as a sign of the higher civilization4 ,it is certainly a logical postulate of the natural course of development4#d ,havelock ,ellis1 in 8,man and ,woman10 comes to the conclusion that the bodily development of our race is a progress in the direction of a youthful type4 ,this is merely another way of expressing the fact that in the case of many organs and systems1 and more especially in the case of the hairy covering of the skin1 an arrest of development has occurred1 and it is a recognition of the fact that the retrogressive metamorphosis of these organs is a compensation for the dominating and enormous development of the brain4 ,parallel with this development of the brain there has occurred a progressive development of sexuality from the lowest animal instinct to the highest human 8love40 ,the way of the spirit in love becomes predominant pari passu with the development of mankind in civilization4 ,there is a profound meaning in the saying of ,schopenhauer that the transformation of the sexual impulse into passionate love represents the victory of the intelligence over the will4 ,and when another writer of genius has described the history of civilization as the history of the progress of mankind from nearer to more remote1 more spiritual stimuli of pleasure1 this is above all true of human love4 ,in lower states of human love these spiritual elements are undoubtedly wanting4 ,amongst primitive men the manifestations of sexuality can have differed in no wise from those of the animals most nearly related to them4 ,their love was still a pure animal instinct4 ,the ,asiatic myth which divided the earliest periods of human history in this way1 asserting that the inhabitants of paradise loved for thousands of years merely by means of glances1 later by a kiss1 by simple physical contact1 until ultimately they underwent a 8fall0 through adopting the debased methods of common animal sexual indulgence--this infantile mythology would be accurate enough if one inverted the series of stages in the evolution of love4 ,this view is confirmed by the fact that1 according to the most recent investigation into the history of primitive man1 it is extremely probable that to palolithic man of the earlier diluvial period the idea of the spiritual was still completely unknown--that palolithic man was1 in fact1 purely a creature of impulse--an opinion already maintained by ,darwin in his work on the 8,descent of ,man40 ,in the sexual instinct1 above all1 every dualistic division into physical and spiritual was entirely foreign to primitive man4 ,the more primitive the state of civilization1 the less is the idea 8love0 known1 a fact first established by ,lubbock4 ,even at the present day1 in regard to this matter1 there is a notable difference between the upper and the lower classes in a ,european civilized community4 ,for example1 ,elard ,hugo ,meyer1 in his excellent 8,deutsche ,volkskunde0 78,german ,folk-lore10 p4 #aeb2 ,strasburg1 #ahih71 states that from ,eastern ,friesland to the ,alps amongst the common people the word 8love10 to us so indispensable and so exalted1 is entirely unknown2 in its place words expressing rather the sensual side of the impulse are employed4 ,rousseau suggested that primitive man embraced primitive woman only in the fugitive moments of domination by his instinctive impulse4 ,it is no doubt very probable that primval man shared with other animals the periodicity of the sexual impulse2 this periodicity disappeared only in the subsequent course of human development1 and traces of it yet remain4 ,it is probable that this periodicity of the sexual impulse was associated with variations in the supply of nutriment1 and was thus1 as ,darwin assumes1 a kind of natural obstacle to too rapid an increase in the population4 ,later1 in consequence of an increase in individual security1 and of a more enduring supply of abundant nutriment1 such periodic rutting ceased to occur1 or was preserved only in the form of menstruation 7ovulation7 in women1 in whom at this period there is a perceptible increase in sexual excitability4 ,among savage races this periodicity of the sexual impulse1 its increase at definite seasons of the year1 is still clearly manifested even in the male4 ,heape and ,havelock ,ellis have carefully studied this primitive phenomenon1 and have adduced numerous proofs of its truth4#e ,only the human female experiences true 8menstruation02 that is to say1 only in women is the maturation of the ovum accompanied by a monthly discharge of blood from the genital passage4 ,the so-called menstruation of female apes is limited to a periodic swelling of the external genital organs1 with a mucous discharge therefrom4 ,according to ,metchnikoff1 the menstruation of apes constitutes the intermediate stage between the rutting of the lower animals and the menstruation of the human female4 ,this latter is a new acquisition1 the purpose of which is perhaps the limitation of fertility and the prevention of the excessively early marriage of girls4 ,with the advanced development of the brain1 the old periodic rutting1 of which rudiments still persist1 became more and more subordinate to the conscious will1 was transformed more and more into enduring love4 ,charles ,letourneau writes3 8,if we go to the root of the matter1 we find that human love is in its essence merely the rutting season in a reasoning being2 it increases all the vital forces of the human being1 just as rutting increases those of the lower animals4 ,if love apparently differs enormously from rutting1 this is merely due to the fact that the reproductive impulse1 the most primitive of all impulses1 becomes in developed nerve centres more diffuse in its sphere of operations1 and thus in man awakens and excites a whole province of psychical life which is entirely unknown to the lower animals40 ,philosophers and scientific observers have defined the distinction between human and animal love as consisting in the fact that man can love at all times1 the animal periodically only2 but this distinction certainly does not apply to the beginnings of human development2 it originates beyond question with the first appearance of the spiritual element in love4 ,this alone makes man capable of enduring love1 this alone frees him from dependence upon periodic rutting seasons4 ,the prolongation of love by the introduction of the spiritual element was already pointed out by ,kant1 whose writings 7especially the lesser ones7 are rich in valuable observations of a similar kind4 ,in his treatise published in #aghf1 8,the ,probable ,beginning of ,human ,history10 he says regarding the sexual instinct3 8,reason1 as soon as it had become active1 did not delay to exert its influence also in the sexual sphere4 ,man soon discovered that the stimulus of sex1 which in animals depended merely on a transient and for the most part periodic impulse1 was in his own case capable of prolongation1 and indeed of increase1 by the force of imagination4 ,this influence works more moderately1 it is true1 but with more persistence and more evenness the more the affair is withdrawn from the dominion of the senses1 so that the satiety produced by the gratification of a purely animal passion is avoided40 ,this important question regarding the origin of the love of human beings as contrasted with the periodic instinct of the lower animals and primitive man has hitherto1 strangely enough1 hardly received any attention1 notwithstanding the fact that it is one of the most important evolutionary problems in the history of human civilization1 and represents to a certain extent the only problem in the primitive history of love4 ,the principal cause of the perennial nature of human love1 as contrasted with the periodic character of the sexual impulse of the lower animals1 must1 as ,kant says1 be sought in the appearance of these psychical relations between the sexes4 ,hypotheses such as that put forward by ,dr4 ,w4 ,rheinhard in his book1 8,man considered as an ,animal ,species1 and his ,impulses10 according to which the prolonged separation of the sexes1 consequent on the increased difficulty in the provision of sufficient nutriment 7more especially in the ,ice ,age71 led to an incomplete satisfaction of the sexual impulse during the rutting season1 and thus gave rise to an enduring sexual excitement1 cannot be treated seriously4 ,the same author suggests that the excessive consumption of meat of the ,ice ,age1 owing to the absence of vegetable food1 was responsible for the stronger stimulation of the sexual impulse1 and for its prolongation beyond the rutting season4 ,unquestionably ,kant's explanation is the only true one2 it is the one which ,schiller had in his mind when in his essay on the connexion between the animal and the spiritual nature of man1 he spoke of the happiness of the animals as of such a kind that 8it is dependent merely upon the periods of the organism1 and these are subject to chance1 to blind hazard1 because this happiness rests solely on sensation40 ,the sexual love of primitive man was1 like this1 purely instinctive and impulsive4 ,for him1 beginning1 course1 and end1 of every love-process was 8directly linear1 with no to-and-fro oscillations into the indefinite province of the transcendental40 ,the need for love and the satisfaction of that need were in primitive man entirely limited to the physical process of sexual activity 7,l4 ,jacobowski1 8,the ,beginnings of ,poetry10 p4 #hd74 ,it was the interpenetration of the whole of sexuality with spiritual elements which first interrupted this single line of sensation1 making in a sense two lines3 hence arose the frequently unhappy dualism between body and mind in our experience of love2 and yet at the same time it was the cause of the elevation of human love to purely individual feelings1 which1 extending far beyond the purposes of reproduction1 subserved the spiritual demands of the loving individual himself4#f ,natural science1 and especially the doctrine of descent1 have shown that in the higher animal world1 to which we have proved primitive man belongs1 a complication of the sexual impulse exists as compared to this condition in lower forms2 this complication consists mainly in the intimate association of sensory stimuli with the sexual impulse4 ,in a speech to monks1 reported in the ,pali ,canon1 ,buddha has well described the sexual part played by the various senses3 8,i do not know1 young men1 any other form which fetters the heart of man like a woman's form4 8,a woman's form1 young men1 fetters the heart of man4 8,i do not know1 young men1 any other voice which fetters the heart of man like the voice of woman4 8,the voice of woman1 young men1 fetters the heart of man4 8,i do not know1 young men1 any other odour which fetters the heart of man like the odour of woman4 8,the odour of woman1 young men1 fetters the heart of man4 8,i do not know1 young men1 any other taste which fetters the heart of man like the taste of woman4 8,the taste of woman1 young men1 fetters the heart of man4 8,i do not know1 young men1 any touch which fetters the heart of man like the touch of woman4 8,the touch of woman1 young men1 fetters the heart of man40 ,then there follows1 in the same rhythmical form1 an enumeration of the sexual stimuli emanating from woman through eye1 ear1 smell1 taste1 and touch4 ,associated with the progress towards 8love0 of this sexual impulse enriched by sensory stimuli was a preponderance1 a prevalence1 of certain particular sensory stimuli4 ,herein are certainly to be found the beginnings of a spiritualization of purely animal instincts and impulses4 ,the most important part in the amatory life of man is played1 even at the present day1 by the sense of touch1 and by the two higher senses1 sight and hearing1 these two latter containing so many spiritual elements4 ,the sense of touch is more widely extended in space than the other senses1 and for this reason touch is quantitatively the most excitable of the senses4 ,the stimulation of the sensory nerves of the skin1 the enormous number of which suffices to explain the richness of sensation through the skin1 experienced as touch1 tickling1 or slight pain1 transmits very similar sensations to the voluptuous sensorium4 ,the relationship between these various modes of sensation is confirmed by the fact that the terminals of the sensory nerves of the skin1 the so-called corpuscles of ,vater or ,pacini1 closely resemble in structure the corpuscles of ,krause found on the glans penis and glans clitoridis1 on the prepuce of the clitoris1 the labia majora1 and on the papill of the red margin of the lip4 ,from this point of view1 the entire skin may be regarded as a huge organ of voluptuous sensation1 of which the skin of the external organs of conjugation is most strongly susceptible to stimulation4 ,mantegazza therefore describes sexual love as a higher form of tactile sensation4 ,in human beings of a baser disposition love is no more than a touch4 ,between the chaste stroking of the hair and the violent storm of the sexual orgasm there is a quantitative1 but not a qualitative difference4 ,the sense of touch is a profoundly sexual sense1 which at the present day plays much the same part as was in primitive times played by the sense of smell4 8,the skin10 says ,wilhelm ,blsche1 8became the great procurer1 the dominant intermediary of love1 for the multicellular animals1 in which complete conjugation of the cell bodies had become impossible1 so that their sexual gratification had to be obtained by distance-love1 by contact-love4 ,thus the skin was the primitive area of voluptuous sensation1 the arena of the supreme bodily triumph of this distance-love40 ,it has been well said that the first intentional touching of a part of the skin of the loved one is already a half-sexual union2 and this view is confirmed by the fact that such intimate bodily contacts1 even when they occur between parts far distant from sexual organs1 very speedily lead to states of marked excitement of these organs4 ,quite rightly1 therefore1 the pleasurable sensations aroused by means of cutaneous sensibility are regarded by ,magnus ,hirschfeld as the stages of transition along which the power of self-command and the capacity for resisting the impulses arising out of the transformation of sensory perceptions into movements and actions most commonly break down4 ,he who avoids these first contacts1 best protects himself against the danger of being overpowered by his sexual impulse1 and of blindly following where that impulse leads--if1 for example1 he wishes to avoid intercourse with a person whom he suspects to be suffering from some venereal disease4 ,areas of skin more especially susceptible to sexual stimulation1 the so-called erogenic areas1 are those parts of the body where skin and mucous membrane meet--above all therefore the lips1 but also the region of the anus1 the female genital organs1 and the nipples of the female breast4 ,that in certain circumstances even the eye may be an erogenic zone is shown by the remarkable observation of ,dr4 ,emil ,bock1 that in many female patients a gentle inunction of ,pagenstecher's ointment into the eye gives rise to changes of countenance showing that a sexual orgasm is occurring4 ,the contact of the lips in the kiss is one of the most powerful stimuli of love4#g ,an ,arabian author of the sixteenth century 7,sheikh ,nefzawi7 in his work1 8,the ,perfumed ,garden10 an ,arabian ars amandi1 alludes to this fact4 ,he quotes the verses of an ,arabian poet3 8,when the heart burns with love1 ,it finds1 alas1 nowhere a cure2 ,no witch's magic art ,will give the heart that for which it thirsts2 ,the working of no charm ,will perform the desired miracle2 ,and the most intimate embrace ,leaves the heart cold and unsatisfied-- ,if the rapture of the kiss is wanting40 ,the physiologist ,burdach1 influenced by the then dominant natural philosophy of ,schelling1 defined the kiss as 8the symbol of the union of souls10 analogous to 8the galvanic contact between a positively and a negatively electrified body2 it increases sexual polarity1 permeates the entire body1 and if impure transfers sin from one individual to the other40 ,goethe has very perspicuously described sexual union in a kiss3 8,eagerly she sucks the flames of his mouth3 ,each is conscious only of the other40 ,and ,byron writes3 8,a long1 long kiss1 a kiss of youth and love1 ,and beauty1 all concentrating like rays ,into one focus kindled from above2 ,such kisses as belong to early days1 ,where heart and soul and sense in concert move1 ,and the blood's lava1 and the pulse a blaze1 ,each kiss a heart-quake--for a kiss's strength1 ,i think it must be reckoned by its length40 ,it is therefore a true saying1 that a woman who permits a man to kiss her will ultimately grant him complete possession4#h ,moreover1 by the majority of finely sensitive women the kiss is valued just as highly as the last favour4#i ,the problem of the origin of the kiss1 which ,scheffel1 in his book 78,trompeter von ,sckingen071 has treated in humorous verse1 has recently been investigated by the methods of natural science4 ,the lip kiss is peculiar to man and in him the impulse to kiss is not innate1 but has been gradually developed1 and the kiss has only acquired by degrees a relation to the sexual sphere4 ,havelock ,ellis has recently made an interesting investigation regarding the origin of the kiss1 and has proved that the love kiss has developed from the primitive maternal kiss and from the sucking of the infant at the maternal breast1#aj which are customary in regions where the sexual kiss is unknown4 ,both the sense of touch and the sense of smell play a part in this primitive kiss1 and to simple contact primitive man superadded both licking and biting4 ,this primitive physiological sadism of the biting kiss was probably inherited from the lower animals1 which when copulating often bite one another 7,kleist in 8,penthesilea0 writes 8,ksse0--kissing--rhymes with 8,bisse0--biting74 ,earlier authors--as1 for example1 ,mohnike1 in his admirable essay on the sexual instinct--have inferred from the existence of these passionate accompaniments of the kiss that the latter has an intimate connexion with the nutritive impulse4 ,we have indeed the familiar expression1 8,i could eat you for love40 ,indeed1 according to ,mohnike1 the frenzy of the wild kisses of passionate love may actually lead to anthropophagy1 as in a case reported by ,metzger1 in which a young man on his wedding night actually bit and began to devour his wife4 ,although in this case we doubtless have to do with an insane individual1 such sadistic feelings in a lesser degree are so often observed in association with kissing that they may be regarded as physiological4#aa ,in the novel 8,hunger10 by ,knut ,hamsun1 the author describes a peculiar relationship between hunger and the libido sexualis4 ,georg ,lomer also1 in the beginning of his thoughtful work1 8,love and ,psychosis0 7,wiesbaden1 #aijg71 expresses the opinion that hunger and love are not opposites1 but that one is rather the completion1 the larval state1 or the sublimation1 of the other4 ,in certain species of spiders the male runs the danger1 when performing his share in sexual congress1 of being actually devoured by the stronger female4 ,the kiss by contact between the lips or neighbouring parts of the skin is of ,european origin1 and even here is a comparatively recent practice1 for the ancients very rarely allude to it4 ,its erotic significance was early pointed out by ,indian1 ,oriental1 and ,roman poets4 ,amongst the ,mongol races the so-called olfactory kiss 78smell-kiss07 is in much more common use4 ,in this the nose is apposed to the cheek of the beloved person1 and the expired air and the odour arising from the cheek are inhaled4 ,with the diffusion of ,european civilization1 the ,european kiss of contact has also been diffused4 ,it is no longer possible to determine whether the peculiar connexion between the lips and the genital organs1 as manifested for example by the growth of hair on the upper lip at puberty in the male sex1 and also by the well-known thick 8sensual0 lips often seen in individuals with exceptionally powerful sexual impulses1 is originally primary1 or merely a secondary result of the employment of the lips in a sexual caress4#ab ,to our consideration of the kiss we may naturally append a few remarks on the rle of the sense of taste in human love4 ,inasmuch as taste is almost invariably closely connected with smell1 we are rarely able to prove in an individual case whether an impression of taste or an impression of smell more powerfully affects the vita sexualis4 ,in kissing1 an unconscious tasting of the beloved person seems often to play a part2 and as regards the kissing of other parts of the body1 especially the genital organs1 at the acme of sexual excitement this undoubtedly often occurs4 ,in ,norwegian folk-tales1 and in a ,south ,hungarian song published by ,friedrich ,s4 ,krauss1 this tasting of the woman is very realistically described4 ,the taste for sweets has also been largely associated with sexuality4 ,children who are fond of sweets1 who have1 as it is called1 a sweet tooth1 are also sensually disposed1 sexually more excitable1 and more inclined to the practice of onanism1 than other children4 ,the sensory impulses have therefore been classified as the hunger impulse and the sexual impulse respectively4 ,a certain amount of truth appears to lie in these observations4 ,much greater influence than these lower senses possess is exerted in the sexual sphere on modern civilized man by the higher1 truly intellectual senses1 sight and hearing4 ,with the adoption of the upright posture they gained an advantage over the sense of smell and taste4 ,in his work 8,ideas ,concerning the ,philosophy of ,human ,history0 ,herder writes3 8,in the beginning all the senses of man had but a small area of action1 and the lower senses were more active than the higher4 ,we see this among savages of the present day3 smell and taste are their guides1 as they are in the case of the lower animals4 ,but when man is raised above the earth and the undergrowth1 smell is no longer in command1 but the eye3 it has a wider kingdom1 and accustoms itself from early childhood to the finest geometry of lines and colours4 ,the ear1 deeply placed beneath the projecting skull1 has closer access to the inner chamber for the collection of ideas1 whilst in the lower animals the ear stands upright1 and in many is so formed as to point in the direction of the sound40 ,smell1 taste1 and even touch1 have but little sthetic value as compared with the two higher senses1 because in the former the material preponderates too greatly1 and because they are more closely related with the pure animal impulses than are sight and hearing4 ,johannes ,volkelt1 in his valuable work 8sthetics10 has carried on an interesting investigation of this question1 and comes to the conclusion that in sight and hearing perception proceeds without any trace of the material2 in touch and taste1 on the other hand1 the material enormously predominates1 whilst smell stands between4 ,schiller wrote3 8,in the case of the eye and the ear the surrounding matter is rejected by the senses2 for this reason1 these two senses give the freest sthetic enjoyment unalloyed with animal lust40 ,the sense of sight is a true sthetic sense in relation to the vita sexualis2 it is the first messenger of love4 ,by means of this sense1 colour and form become sexual stimuli3 by the sense of sight the entire impression of the beloved personality is first conveyed2 sympathy and sexual attraction are almost always at first dependent upon sight4 ,in regard to love's choice1 sight is unquestionably the sense of the greatest importance4 ,according to researches guided by the light of the modern doctrine of evolution1 we can no longer doubt that the beauty of the living world is intimately connected with the sexual life1 and is indeed by this first called into being4 ,all beauty is1 to use the words of ,darwin and ,p4 ,j4 ,mbius1 8love become capable of perception10 and1 let us ourselves add1 love become capable of perception by means of the sense of sight4 ,the figure1 the carriage1 the gait1 the clothing1 the adornment1 the observation of the beauties of the various parts of the body of the beloved person--all these impressions1 received by means of the sense of sight1 have the most powerful erotic influence4 ,havelock ,ellis also comes to the conclusion that for mankind the ideal of a suitable love-partner is based far more upon the data of the sense of sight than upon those of touch1 smell1 and hearing4 ,however1 in addition to the sense of sight1 the sense of hearing plays a part of considerable importance in the amatory life of mankind4 ,a sufficient indication of this fact is given by the change occurring in a man's voice at the time of puberty4 ,darwin's classical investigations prove beyond a possibility of doubt the intimate relationship between the voice and sexual life4 ,the masculine voice1 especially1 has a sexually stimulating effect upon woman2 but the converse influence of a woman's voice upon man may also be observed4 ,in the other mammalia1 it is especially in the rutting season that the voice is used as a means of sexual allurement4 ,the repetition of this vocal lure at measured intervals gives rise to rhythm and song4 ,the rhythmical repetition of the same tone possesses something highly suggestive1 fascinating1 and so gives rise to sexual attraction and charm in the most powerful manner4 ,here lies the origin of the profound erotic influence of singing and music4 ,darwin assumes that the early progenitors of mankind1 before they had acquired the faculty of expressing their mutual love in articulate speech1 used to charm one another by musical tones and rhythms4 ,woman is far more susceptible than man to the sexual influence of singing or music1 but man himself is by no means indifferent to the charms of the beautiful feminine voice4 ,the soft tones of a woman's voice are1 for many men1 the first enthralling disclosure of woman's nature4 ,the ,french physician and natural philosopher ,moreau relates that he was once compelled to renounce the pleasure of seeing the performance of a beautiful actress1 for only thus could he overcome a violent outburst of sexual passion which was evoked in him by the mere stimulus of her voice4 #d ,if at the present day an inquiry were instituted among the cultured women of ,european and ,anglo-,american descent1 whether bearded or beardless men more nearly corresponded to their ideal of beauty1 there can be little doubt that the majority--perhaps a very large majority--would declare against a full beard4 #e ,recently1 apart from sexual periodicity1 a general periodicity of vital manifestations1 more especially of the psychical phenomena associated with sexuality1 has been proved to exist in both sexes4 ,in a work that attracted much attention--8,the ,course of ,life3 ,elements of ,exact ,biology0 7,vienna1 #aije7--,wilhelm ,fliess proved the occurrence in the human species of a twenty-three day 8masculine10 and a twenty-eight day 8feminine0 period4 ,not merely do physical phenomena recur quite spontaneously at intervals of twenty-three and twenty-eight days respectively1 but the same is true of perceptions1 feelings1 and voluntary impulses4 ,hermann ,swoboda1 a thoughtful supporter of ,fliess's theory1 has treated this question in two works--8,the ,periods of the ,human ,organism in their ,psychological and ,biological ,significance0 7,leipzig and ,vienna1 #aijd71 and 8,studies in the ,elements of ,psychology0 7,leipzig and ,vienna1 #aije74 ,in these he has described also twenty-three-hour and eighteen-hour vital undulations in human beings1 and has discussed the significance of this periodicity to psychology4 ,these researches of ,fliess and ,swoboda need to be confirmed by other investigators before they can be regarded as definite additions to our scientific knowledge4 ,in this connexion also the older work of ,carl ,reinl--8,undulatory ,movements of the ,vital ,processes in ,woman0 7,leipzig1 #ahhd7--may be consulted4 ,see also ,van de ,velde's 8,ovarian ,functions1 ,undulatory ,movement1 and ,menstrual ,hmorrhage0 7,jena1 #aije74 #f ,virey likewise explains the enduring nature of human love as dependent upon an excess of potent nutritive material1 whereas the poor savages of ,northern ,europe and ,america1 who must often go hungry1 really experience no more than an instant of sexual pleasure1 just like the wild animals1 who rut only at certain distinct seasons4 ,for the same reason1 our domestic animals1 which have a superfluous supply of nutriment1 copulate far more frequently4 ,and in our own case1 the incessant intimate association of the sexes in our domestic life is a continued source of ever-renewed sexual needs1 even contrary to our own will4 ,the assumption of the upright posture by man1 which is so intimately connected with the preponderance of the human brain1 is also regarded by ,virey as 8an enduring cause of sexual excitement40 ,cf4 ,j4 ,j4 ,virey1 8,das ,weib0 78,woman071 p4 #cja2 ,leipzig1 #ahbg4 #g ,recently ,gualino 8,il ,riflesso ,sessuale nell' ,eccitamento alle ,labbra0 78,the ,sexual ,reflex resulting from the ,stimulation of the ,lips071 published in the ,italian 8,archives of ,psychiatry10 #aijd1 p4 #cda et seq4 by mechanical stimulation of the red parts of the lips1 has produced erotic ideas and congestion of the genital organs1 and this proves that the lips are an erogenic zone4 ,compare also the interesting remarks of ,professor ,petermann and ,dr4 ,ncke on the origin of the kiss1 in the ,german 8,archives of ,criminal ,anthropology10 #aijd1 vol4 xvi41 pp4 #cef1 #ceg4 #h ,a kiss is on the boundary-line between erotism and sexual enjoyment4 ,blsche calls it the true transitional form between fusion-love and distance-love4 ,at the instant of the kiss the distance between the two lovers is certainly reduced to a minimum2 the distance-love1 therefore1 is on the point of becoming fusion-love4 ,on the other hand1 however1 the kiss is still simply tactile contact1 and contact of the heads only1 the actual seat in mankind of the sentiment of distance-love4 ,the kiss represents a yearning for complete fusion-love1 and yet is at the same time a symbol of purely spiritual distance-love4 #i ,especially in ,france is this the case4 ,madame ,adam describes very tastefully this feeling of loss of virtue after granting a kiss4 #aj ,cf4 also ,j4 ,librowicz1 8,the ,kiss and ,kissing10 p4 #bb 7,hamburg1 #ahgg74 #aa ,it is interesting to observe that the ,chinese regard the ,european kiss as a sign of cannibalism d',enjoy1 8,le ,baiser en ,europe et en ,chine0 78,the ,kiss in ,europe and in ,china071 ,bulletin de la ,socit d',anthropologie1 ,paris1 #ahig1 ,no4 #b4 #ab ,we can allude only in passing to the celebrated genito-labial nerve of ,voltaire4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,the ,,secondary ,,phenomena ,,of ,,human ,,love 7,,reproductive ,,organs1 ,,sexual ,,impulse1 ,,sexual ,,act7 8,sexual passion is a matter of universal experience2 and speaking broadly and generally1 we may say it is a matter on which it is quite desirable that every adult at some time or other should have actual experience40--,,edward ,,carpenter4 ,,contents ,,of ,,chapter ,,iii ,origin and purpose of the reproductive organs -- ,progressive differentiation of these organs -- ,original identity of their rudiments in the two sexes -- ,weininger's theory of the intermixture of the sexual elements -- ,this theory anticipated by ,heinse -- ,bisexuality -- ,the actual significance of bisexuality trifling -- ,phylogenetic explanation of the organs of sexual congress -- ,blsche's three problems -- ,the 8aperture-problem0 -- ,connexion between the genital aperture and the urinary passage -- ,between the genital aperture and the anus -- ,significance in relation to certain sexual aberrations -- ,the 8member-problem0 -- ,earlier modes of fixation during coitus -- ,sucking and biting -- ,the action of the limbs 7the embrace7 -- ,the penis -- ,its various forms -- ,the penis-bone -- ,the free character of the human penis -- ,the descent of the testicles -- ,the feminine rudiment of the penis -- ,its original function rendered superfluous by the further evolution of the sexual orifice -- ,transformation into the clitoris and the labia minora -- ,the 8libido-problem0 -- ,voluptuousness a phenomenon of distance-love -- ,questionable specificity of voluptuousness -- ,theory of the 8sexual sense0 and of the 8sexual cells0 -- ,relations of voluptuousness to tickling and to painful sensations -- ,a special variety of contact stimuli -- ,localization to the genital organs -- ,the sexual impulse -- ,relative independence of the impulse from the reproductive glands -- ,genesis of sexual excitement -- ,stage of prelibido 7sexual tension7 -- ,terminal libido 7sexual gratification7 -- ,symptoms and early appearance of prelibido -- ,causes of sexual tension -- ,freud's chemical theory of sexual tension -- ,the act of sexual intercourse -- ,roubaud's description of coitus -- ,demeanour of woman in coitus -- ,magendie on this subject -- ,dr4 ,theopold's observations -- ,physiological phenomena associated with coitus -- ,sadistic and masochistic elements -- ,the normal position during sexual intercourse -- ,figur ,veneris -- ,significance of the normal position in relation to civilization4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,as the progressive evolution of the multicellular organism continued1 and there occurred an increasing differentiation of the individual portions of the body1 it became necessary that the very simple process of reproduction of the unicellular organism 7by simple cell-division or by conjugation7 should1 in the multicellular organisms of the metazoa1 be ensured and facilitated by the development of new apparatus4 ,this was all the more necessary because1 owing to the differentiation of the other organs1 the originally independent reproductive elements became more and more dependent upon the parent organism1 and lost their former capacity for obtaining nourishment by means of their own activity4 ,hence it became necessary that the period of time elapsing between the moment when the reproductive cells were freed from the parent organism and the moment in which they coalesced to form a new individual should be shortened to a minimum4 ,this purpose is subserved by apparatus which renders possible the secure and rapid coalescence of the two reproductive elements1 having the form of special excretory canals with contractile walls1 through which the two sexual elements pass4 ,these are the 8copulatory organs10 by means of which the distance between the two loving individuals is abridged4 ,according to the exhaustive investigations of ,ferdinand ,simon1 the perfection and differentiation of these conducting canals proceeds pari passu with the higher development of the organism4 ,simultaneously therewith proceeds the differentiation of the proper internal reproductive organs1 the rudiments of which are identical in the two sexes4 ,a portion of these primitively identical structures undergoes further development in the male1 another portion undergoes further development in the female1 whilst in both sexes rudiments of the earlier condition are retained1 and these bear witness to the primitive state in which both reproductive glands were present in a single individual 7hermaphroditism74 ,in this sense ,weininger's theory applies--viz41 that there is no absolutely male and no absolutely female individual1 that in every man there is something of woman1 and in every woman something of man1 and that between the two various transitional forms1 sexual 8intermediate stages10 exist4 ,therefore1 according to this view1 every individual has in his composition so many fractions 8man0 and so many fractions 8woman10 and according to the preponderance of one set of elements or the other1 he must be assigned to one or the other sex4 ,this theory1 which ,weininger regards as his own discovery1 is by no means new1 and already finds a place in ,heinse's 8,ardinghello10 where we read3 8,i find it therefore necessary to assume the existence in ,nature of masculine and feminine elements4 ,that man is nearest perfection who is composed entirely of masculine elements1 and that woman perhaps is nearest perfection who contains only so many feminine elements as to be able to remain woman2 whilst that man is the worst who contains only so many masculine elements as to qualify for the title of man40 ,magnus ,hirschfeld1 to whom this noteworthy passage in ,heinse's book appears to be unknown1 has recently1 in his valuable monographs1 8,sexual ,stages of ,transition0 7,leipzig1 #aije7 and 8,the ,nature of ,love0 7,leipzig1 #aijf71 thoroughly investigated these relations1 and quotes1 among others1 sayings of ,darwin and ,weismann1 according to which the latent presence of opposite sexual characters in every sexually differentiated bion must be regarded as a normal arrangement4 ,unquestionably the widely diffused phenomenon of 8psychical hermaphroditism10 or 8spiritual bisexuality10 is connected with the physical facts just enumerated1 and provides us with the key for the understanding of the nature of homosexuality4 ,both these states--the physical and the mental--may be referred to primitive conditions of sexuality4 ,they cannot play any serious part in the future course of human evolution1 of which the progressive differentiation of the sexes is so marked a characteristic4 ,in contrast with this differentiation1 these rudimentary sexual conditions are practically devoid of significance4 ,suggestion1 indeed1 the influence of momentary tendencies of the time and of transient mental states1 may temporarily deceive us4 ,and when1 for example1 ,hirschfeld maintains that in the central nervous system of women the more masculine1 rational qualities1 and in the central nervous system of men the more feminine1 emotional qualities1 are respectively on the increase1 we must answer1 in the first place1 that this is not generally true1 and1 in the second place1 that1 in so far as it is true1 it is a passing phenomenon1 which has already provoked a powerful reaction in the opposite direction4#ac ,the exuvi of a dead condition cannot again be vitalized4 ,the original purpose of the organs of sexual congress is1 then1 to safeguard and to facilitate1 in the more complicated conditions peculiar to multicellular organisms1 the conjugation of the two reproductive cells4 ,they do not exist1 as ,eduard von ,hartmann assumes1 as a mere lure to voluptuousness1 to induce man to continue the practice of sexual congress1 purely instinctive in his animal ancestors1 but now endangered by the development of the higher type of consciousness4 ,for animals without organs of sexual congress also experience a voluptuous sensation at the instant of the sexual orgasm and of procreation4 ,the history of evolution alone solves the riddle of the origin of the organs of sexual congress1 and renders their purpose clear to us4 ,in a most ingenious manner1 ,w4 ,blsche distinguishes three problems in this history of the genital organs3 the 8aperture-problem10 the 8member-problem10 and the 8libido-problem40 ,the first problem relates to the character and the position of the two apertures from which the sexual products1 the reproductive cells1 issue2 the second relates to the exact mutual adaptation of the male and the female reproductive apertures2 the third relates to the impulse to the intimate apposition of the genital apertures in consequence of a powerful nervous stimulus4 ,the most remarkable fact that we encounter in our consideration of the first problem--the 8aperture-problem0--is the intimate association between the sexual aperture and the excretory canal of the urinary apparatus both in woman and in man--in the latter1 indeed1 the association is more pronounced4 ,there seems to be a sort of parsimony on the part of ,nature to combine so closely these two excretory tubes of the urine and of the products of sexual activity4 ,phylogenetically1 indeed1 the reproductive products originally passed with the urine freely into the open1 and it was there that their conjugation took place4 ,among certain worms still existing at the present day we find this 8urine-love40 ,later1 the genital canal became separated from the urinary canal1 but the two tubes remained partly united at their outlets1 opening side by side at the same part of the body4 ,in man1 indeed1 the urethra still subserves the double purpose of the excretion of urine and the emission of semen4 ,in woman the two excretory apertures are distinct1 but they open in close proximity into the genital fissure between the thighs4 ,the intimate connexion which thus obtains between the urinary and the reproductive organs is not without significance for the understanding of certain aberrations of the libido sexualis4 ,the same is true of the relations between the orifice of the genital passage and the similarly adjacent aperture of the large intestine1 the anus4 8,anus10 or1 better1 8cloaca love10 plays a part1 indeed1 in many fishes1 amphibia1 and reptiles2 in these the act of procreation and the excretion of urine and fces all take place by way of the cloaca4 ,among the mammals1 at an early stage of phylogenetic development the intestine became completely separated from the sexual rudiment and the sexual excretory passages2 and it is only in the proximity of the respective orifices that we find an indication of the primitive association4 ,the act of pderasty reminds us of the same fact4 ,the 8aperture-problem0 itself leads us1 in the course of progressive development1 to the 8member-problem0--that is to say1 to the problem of the more accurate apposition of the two reproductive apertures4 ,the penis1 by its introduction into the body of a member of the opposite sex1 acts as a means for the shortening of distance-love2 it serves for the fixation1 for the clamping together1 of the copulating pair1 which in earlier stages of animal life was effected by sucking and biting2 for example1 in birds1 who for the most part lack an actual penis1 the cock holds the hen firmly with his beak during intercourse1 and the sucking and biting which often occur in human beings in the sexual act persist as a reminiscence of these relations4 ,in various vertebrates other means of fixation are employed3 by the shape of fins1 of arms1 or of legs1 a close 8embrace0 is rendered possible2 finally1 the evolution of a special member for sexual purposes closed the long series of means of ensuring union4 ,originally no more than a peg or a spine1 in man the penis is first developed into the form of an absolutely free limb4 ,dogs1 beasts of prey1 rodents1 bats1 and apes1 have a strong bone in the organ1 the so-called 8penis-bone40 ,in man this bone is lacking2 the penis has become entirely free4 ,w4 ,blsche writes3 8,in relation to the large1 heavy1 massive trunk and thighs1 the sharply individualized1 independent1 mobile penis appears as a kind of spiritualized central point2 as it were1 a finger or a small third hand to the trunk1 appearing to the eye to stand in rhythmical relation with the hands1 right and left40 ,in phylogenetic parallelism with the development of the penis1 proceeds 7from the marsupials upwards7 the descensus testiculorum1 the descent of the male reproductive glands1 the testicles1 until they attain their final position in the scrotum1 beneath the penis4 ,here also we can recognize the principle of 8limb-mobility10 mentally refined mobility4 ,in the clitoris woman also possesses a rudiment of a primitive penis4 ,by the apposition of the two limbs1 a more complete and rapid conjunction of the reciprocal sexual products must have been effected4 ,but the further development of the large sexual aperture of the female checked the progressive development of this primitive penis1 made it to some extent superfluous1 since now1 by the adaptation of the male penis to the female sexual aperture1 a sufficient internal fixation in the act of copulation was rendered possible4 ,thus the female penis came to subserve other purposes3 a portion of it formed the labia minora2 another portion1 the upper1 the clitoris1 the name of which sufficiently indicates the fact that1 like the penis of the male1 its function is connected with the voluptuous sense4 ,this leads us to the third and last problem1 the 8libido-problem40 ,in the human species voluptuous pleasure is almost completely divorced from the process of 8fusion-love10 the coalescence of spermatozoon and ovum1 and has for the most part become a phenomenon of 8distance-love40 ,it appears extremely doubtful if there is anything specific about the voluptuous sensation--whether there is1 in fact1 a special 8sexual sense40 ,magnus ,hirschfeld assumes the existence of peculiar 8sexual cells10 of receptive areas for sexual stimuli1 furnished with a sensory substance endowed with a peculiar specific sensibility4 ,he regards love and the sexual impulse as 8a molecular movement or force of a quite specific quality1 streaming through the nervous system10 and accompanied by a quite peculiar sensation1 or pleasure-tone1 arising from a condition of excitement of the sexual cells4 ,but1 as we have already pointed out1 the voluptuous sensation is merely a special case of general cutaneous sensibility2 it is very closely allied with the cutaneous sensation of tickling2 properly speaking1 it is no more than an excessively powerful tickling4#ad ,it has also intimate relations with the sensation of pain4#ae ,the structure and position of the nerve-terminal apparatus of the genital organs1 by means of which voluptuous pleasure is rendered possible1 exhibit great similarity with the touch corpuscles and sensory end-organs of other parts of the skin4 ,in the sexual orgasm the general cutaneous sensation increases to so high a degree of intensity1 becomes so powerful1 that for an instant consciousness is actually lost4 ,the association of a momentary loss of consciousness with the acme of sensation indicates the summit of sexual pleasure--it is an abandonment1 a dissolution1 of individual personality4 ,voluptuous pleasure plays its part in the human species entirely in the sphere of distance-love4 ,blsche has very beautifully described its significance in this relation3 8,all-embracing in its path towards the attainment of its final aim is the love-life also of the great cell societies1 such as you yourself are1 such as ,i myself am1 such as your beloved is4 ,these higher1 more advanced individuals saw one another1 approached one another1 heard one another1 perceived one another through a hundred external media2 they became spiritually fused1 and attained a condition of wonderful harmony--their principal body walls came at length into immediate contact--they pressed one another's hands1 they embraced one another1 kissed one another--they drew ever closer and closer together2 to a certain extent the body of one penetrated the body of the other4 ,in all this1 their love undertook the whole affair1 undertook it a thousand times more effectually than the individual cells seeking conjunction could ever have done2 undertook it for the sake of the reproductive cells hidden deep within their bodies4 ,all the pleasurable and painful feelings of love undulated and surged for so long a time throughout the entire organism with intense force2 these feelings agitated the entire superior1 comprehensive1 individual personality1 searched its every depth with stormy emotions of desire1 complaint1 and exultation4 8,but at a precise instant this all came to a halt4 ,the seminal cells were ejaculated2 one of them conjugated with the ovum2 the hidden inward life of a tiny separate organism began within the body of one of the over-individuals4 ,the last separation was bridged1 and the true cell-fusion took place4 ,but when this happened1 the immediate relationship with the love-life of the great individual man and woman was already completely severed4 ,the bodily act of love was already long at an end2 its increase to a climax and its fulfilment had long passed by4 8,the instant of supreme voluptuous pleasure1 which in the case of unicellular beings naturally occurs at the moment of complete coalescence1 must in the case of the multicellular organisms just as naturally be transferred to another stage1 as it were1 in the great path of love4 8,to an earlier stage4 8,to that stage of distance-love which is nearest to the true act of fusion of the reproductive elements4 ,to the farthest point1 that is to say1 attained by the great containers of the genuine unicellular sexual elements 7themselves capable of the act of ultimate coalescence7--the farthest point attained by the multicellular over-individuals40 ,this farthest point is an act of contact4#af ,we have already learnt to regard the skin as a projection of the nervous system1 and we have come to understand the significance of the skin in the sphere of sexuality4 ,the other senses which have arisen from the skin must also be taken into account in this matter4 ,in the genital organs1 this touch stimulus assumes a quite peculiar character2 it gives rise here to the proper voluptuous sensation which is associated with the discharge of the reproductive products4 ,in man this association is most distinctly manifest4 ,the instant of most intense sexual pleasure coincides with ejaculation1 with the expulsion of the semen4 ,the character of this voluptuous sensation can hardly be defined2 in part1 it is like an intense tickling sensation1 but1 on the other hand1 it has an unmistakable relationship to pain4 ,later1 in another connexion1 we shall consider this interesting point at greater length4 ,not inaptly the sexual act has also been compared with sneezing2 the preliminary tickling sensation1 with the subsequent discharge of nervous tension1 in the form of a sneeze1 have1 in fact1 a notable similarity with the processes occurring in the sexual act4 ,the sexual act depends upon the occurrence of certain stimuli which are connected with the complete development of the internal and external genital organs and of the reproductive glands4 ,the time when this development occurs in man and woman is known as puberty4 ,the sum of these stimuli is known as the 8sexual impulse40 ,whereas in the lower animals the sexual impulse is for the most part connected with the activity of the reproductive glands1 in the human species1 in association with the preponderating significance of the brain1 it has attained a relative independence of the reproductive glands2 whilst the mind has come to influence the sexual impulse very powerfully4 ,generally speaking1 sexual excitement is produced in three ways3 first1 by the activity of the reproductive glands2 secondly1 by peripheral excitement derived from the so-called 8erogenic0 areas2 and thirdly1 by central psychical influences4 ,s4 ,freud has recently studied the relations between these three causes of sexual excitement1 of the sexual impulse1 and has very properly distinguished two stages--the stage of 8prelibido0 7sexual desire71 and the stage of the proper sexual 8libido0 7sexual gratification74 ,the stage of prelibido has distinctly the character of tension2 the stage of libido1 the character of relief4 ,the feeling of tension during the prelibido finds expression mentally as well as physically by a series of changes in the genital organs4 ,the tension is further increased by the stimulation of the various erogenic zones4 ,if this prelibido increases beyond a certain degree1 the characteristic potential energy of sexual tension is transformed into the relief-giving kinetic energy of the terminal libido1 during which the evacuation of the reproductive products occurs4 ,prelibido1 which is especially characterized by engorgement1 swelling1 and erection of the corpora cavernosa of the male and female reproductive organs1 occurring as a reflex from the spinal cord1 may be experienced long before puberty2 it is much more independent of processes occurring in the reproductive glands than is the terminal libido1 or sexual gratification1 which in the male accompanies ejaculation of the semen1 and is associated with conditions attained only at puberty4 ,the actual origin of the sexual tension which ultimately leads to ejaculation is still obscure2 it seems1 at first sight1 probable that in the male this sensation is connected with the accumulation of semen in the seminal vesicles4 ,pressure on the walls of these structures may be supposed to stimulate the sexual centres in the spinal cord1 and also those in the brain2 but this theory fails to take into account the condition in the child1 in woman1 and in castrated males1 in all of whom1 notwithstanding the absence of the accumulation of any reproductive products1 nevertheless a distinct state of sexual tension may be observed4 ,it is1 indeed1 an old experience that eunuchs may have a very powerful sexual impulse4 ,it is obvious1 then1 that the sexual impulse must be1 to a very great extent1 independent of the reproductive glands4 ,the nature of sexual tension is still entirely unknown4 ,freud assumes1 in view of the recently recognized significance of the thyroid glands in relation to sexuality1 that possibly some substance generally diffused throughout the organism is produced by stimulation of the erogenic zones1 that the products of decomposition of this substance exercise a specific stimulus on the reproductive organs1 or on the associated sexual centre in the spinal cord4 ,for example1 such a transformation of a toxic1 chemical stimulus into a special organ-stimulus is known to occur in the case of certain foreign poisonous materials introduced into the body4 ,freud considers that the probability of this chemical theory of sexual excitement is increased by the fact that the neuroses referable to disturbances of the sexual life possess a great clinical similarity to the phenomena of intoxication induced by the habitual employment of aphrodisiac poisons 7certain alkaloids74 ,the relief of sexual tension occurs in the natural way in the sexual act1 in the completion of normal intercourse between man and woman4 ,notwithstanding the numerous observations of leading natural philosophers and physicians concerning the act of sexual congress1 among which ,i need only refer to those of ,magendie1 ,johannes ,mller1 ,marshall ,hall1 ,kobelt1 ,busch1 ,deslandes1 ,roubaud1 ,landois1 ,theopold1 ,burdach1 and many others1 we possess1 for reasons it is easy to understand1 no really exact investigations regarding the different phenomena occurring during the sexual act4 ,more particularly1 the demeanour of the woman during this act is a matter which remains extremely obscure4 ,the ,french physician ,roubaud has given us the most vivid description of sexual intercourse3 8,as soon as the penis enters the vaginal vestibule1 it first of all pushes against the glans clitoridis1 which is situated at the entrance of the genital canal1 and owing to its length and to the way in which it is bent1 can give way and bend further before the penis4 ,after this preliminary stimulation of the two chief centres of sexual sensibility1 the glans penis glides over the inner surfaces of the two vaginal bulbs2 the collum and the body of the penis are then grasped between the projecting surfaces of the vaginal bulbs1 but the glans penis itself1 which has passed further onward1 is in contact with the fine and delicate surface of the vaginal mucous membrane1 which membrane itself1 owing to the presence of erectile tissue between the layers1 is now in an elastic1 resilient condition4 ,this elasticity1 which enables the vagina to adapt itself to the size of the penis1 increases at once the turgescence and the sensibility of the clitoris1 inasmuch as the blood that is driven out of the vessels of the vaginal wall passes thence to those of the vaginal bulbs and the clitoris4 ,on the other hand1 the turgescence and the sensitiveness of the glans penis itself are heightened by compression of that organ1 in consequence of the ever-increasing fulness of the vessels of the vaginal mucous membrane and the two vaginal bulbs4 8,at the same time1 the clitoris is pressed downwards by the anterior portion of the compressor muscle1 so that it is brought into contact with the dorsal surface of the glans and of the body of the penis4 ,in this way a reciprocal friction between these two organs takes place1 repeated at each copulatory movement made by the two parties to the act1 until at length the voluptuous sensation rises to its highest intensity1 and culminates in the sexual orgasm1 marked in the male by the ejaculation of the seminal fluid1 and in the female by the aspiration of that fluid into the gaping external orifice of the cervical canal4 8,when we take into consideration the influence which temperament1 constitution1 and a number of other special and general circumstances are capable of exercising on the intensity of sexual sensation1 it may well be doubted if the problem regarding the differences in voluptuous sensation between the male and the female is anywhere near solution2 indeed1 we may go further1 and feel convinced that this problem1 in view of all the difficulties that surround it1 is really insoluble4 ,so true is this1 that it is a difficult matter to give a picture at once accurate and complete of the phenomena attending the normal act of copulation4 ,whilst in one individual the sense of sexual pleasure amounts to no more than a barely perceptible titillation1 in another that sense reaches the acme of both mental and physical exaltation4 8,between these two extremes we meet with innumerable states of transition4 ,in cases of intense exaltation various pathological symptoms make themselves manifest1 such as quickening of the general circulation and violent pulsation of the arteries2 the venous blood1 being retained in the larger vessels by general muscular contractions1 leads to an increased warmth of the body2 and1 further1 this venous stagnation1 which is still more marked in the brain in consequence of the contraction of the cervical muscles and the backward flexion of the neck1 may cause cerebral congestion1 during which consciousness and all mental manifestations are momentarily in abeyance4 ,the eyes1 reddened by injection of the conjunctiva1 become fixed1 and the expression becomes vacant2 the lids close convulsively1 to exclude the light4 ,in some the breathing becomes panting and labouring2 but in others it is temporarily suspended1 in consequence of laryngeal spasm1 and the air1 after being pent up for a time in the lungs1 is finally forcibly expelled1 accompanied by the utterance of incoherent and incomprehensible words4 8,the impulses proceeding from the congested nerve centres are confused4 ,there is an indescribable disorder both of motion and of sensation2 the extremities are affected with convulsive twitchings1 and may be either moved in various directions or extended straight and stiff2 the jaws are pressed together so that the teeth grind against each other2 and certain individuals are affected by erotic delirium to such an extent that they will seize the unguarded shoulder1 for instance1 of their partner in the sexual act1 and bite it till the blood flows4 8,this delirious frenzy is usually of short duration1 but sufficiently long to exhaust the forces of the organism1 especially in the male1 in whom the condition of hyperexcitability is terminated by a more or less abundant loss of semen4 8,a period of exhaustion follows1 which is the more intense in proportion to the intensity of the preceding excitement4 ,the sudden fatigue1 the general sense of weakness1 and the inclination to sleep1 which habitually affect the male after the act of intercourse1 are in part to be ascribed to the loss of semen2 for in the female1 however energetic the part she may have played in the sexual act1 a mere transient fatigue is observed1 much less in degree than that which affects the male1 and permitting far sooner of a repetition of the act4 #8,triste est omne animal post coitum1 prter mulierem gallumque1' wrote ,galen1 and the axiom is essentially true--at any rate1 so far as the human species is concerned40 ,kobelt1 in his celebrated work on the human organs of sexual pleasure 7,freiburg1 #ahhd1 p4 #ee et seq471 gave a similar description of copulation4 ,in the majority of descriptions of coitus but little attention is usually paid to the demeanour of the woman4 ,magendie long ago drew attention to the fact that there was much obscurity about this matter1 and insisted that1 in comparison with the male1 the female exhibited extremely marked differences1 in respect to her active participation in copulation and to the intensity of her voluptuous sensations4 8,very many women10 says this distinguished physiologist1 8experience a sexual orgasm accompanied by very intense voluptuous sensations2 others1 on the contrary1 appear entirely devoid of sensation2 and some1 again1 have only a disagreeable and painful sensation4 ,many women excrete1 at this moment of most intense sexual pleasure1 a large quantity of mucus1 but the majority do not exhibit this phenomenon4 ,in reference to all these phenomena1 there are perhaps no two women who are precisely similar40 ,the demeanour of the woman in coitu has been especially studied by gyncologists1 such as ,busch1 ,theopold1 and recently ,otto ,adler4 ,little known are the observations of ,dr4 ,theopold1 based upon his own experience1 and published in #ahgc4 ,he energetically denies the view that the woman is always passive in coitus1 and also that the female reproductive organs are inactive during intercourse4 ,during erotic excitement in woman the heart beats more frequently1 the arteries of the labia pulsate powerfully1 the genital organs are turgid and are hotter to the touch4 ,as the most intense libido approaches1 the uterus undergoes erection2 its base touches the anterior abdominal wall2 the ,fallopian tubes can be distinctly felt through the abdominal wall1 when these are thin1 as hard1 curved strings4 ,the vagina1 especially the upper part of the passage1 undergoes rhythmical contraction and dilation1 and complete gratification terminates the act4 ,as long as the muscle guarding the vaginal outlet 7constrictor cunni--bulbo-cavernosus muscle7 is intact1 the woman is able1 by tightly grasping the root of the penis1 to expedite the ejaculation of semen1 or to increase the stimulation of the male until ejaculation occurs4 ,these powerful contractions of the vagina1 alternating rhythmically with the dilatations occurring during the orgasm1 grip the glans penis tightly1 and induce a coaptation of the male urethral orifice with the os uteri externum1 and the enlargement of the latter orifice facilitates the entrance of the semen4 ,according to ,o4 ,adler1 sexual excitement of the woman during sexual intercourse begins with very powerful congestion of the entire reproductive apparatus1 including even the fimbri surrounding the abdominal orifice of the ,fallopian tubes2 this congestion gives rise to an erection of these parts1 and especially of the clitoris1 the labia minora1 and the vaginal wall4 ,at the same time1 the glands of the vaginal mucous membrane and of the vaginal inlet begin to secrete1 as is manifest by the moistness of the external genital organs4 ,there now begin gentle rhythmical contractions of the vagina and of the pelvic muscles1 and during the orgasm these increase1 to become spasmodic contractions1 whereby an increased secretion is extruded1 and more especially is there an evacuation of uterine mucus4 ,it is very important to note the various physiological accompaniments of coitus1 since they assist us to understand the mode of origin and the biological root of many sexual perversions4 ,already in normal sexual intercourse sadistic and masochistic phenomena may be observed4 ,the biting and crying out mentioned by ,roubaud as occurring in the voluptuous ecstasy are1 indeed1 of very frequent occurrence4 ,rudolf ,bergh1 the celebrated ,danish dermatologist and physician1 of the ,copenhagen ,hospital for ,women suffering from ,venereal ,diseases1 alludes regularly in his annual reports to the consequences of 8erotic bites40 ,amongst the ,southern ,slavs1 the custom of 8biting one another0 is very general 7,krauss74 ,the intense dark red coloration of the face and of the reproductive organs and their environment is also a physiological accompaniment of sexual excitement1 and this coloration is more marked in consequence of the associated turgescence of the male and female genital organs2 it leads1 moreover1 to associations of feeling in which the blood plays a dominant part4 ,hence we deduce the biological and ethnological significance of the colour red in the sphere of sexuality4 ,the nature of the sadist 8to see red0 during sexual intercourse is1 therefore1 firmly founded upon a physiological basis1 and merely exhibits an increase of a normal phenomenon4#ag ,the crying and cursing in which many individuals find sexual gratification has also a physiological representative in the inarticulate noises and cries frequently expressed in normal intercourse4 ,it is remarkable that an ,indian writer on erotics--,vtsyyana--deduces this verbal sadism from the various noises which are commonly made in normal intercourse4 ,similarly1 in both parties to the sexual act the presence of masochistic elements can be detected3 witness the patience with which pain is borne when it has a voluptuous tinge4#ah ,passing to the consideration of the posture adopted during intercourse1 we find in civilized man1 who in this respect is far removed from animals1 the normal position during coitus is front to front1 the woman lying on her back with her lower extremities widely separated1 and the knee and hip joints semiflexed2 the man lies on her1 with his thighs between hers1 supporting himself on hands or elbows--or often the two unite their lips in a kiss4 ,of all other numerous positions during coitus1 or figur ,veneris1 some of which1 according to ,sheikh ,nefzawi1 are possible only 8in words and thoughts10 the postures that demand consideration on hygienic grounds are1 lateral decubitus of the woman1 dorsal decubitus of the man1 and coitus a posteriori 7for example1 when man and woman are extremely obese72 but this subject belongs rather to the chapter on sexual hygiene4 ,ploss-,bartels has proved that the position described above as normal was usual already in ancient times and amongst the most diverse peoples4 ,the adoption of this position in coitus undoubtedly ensued in the human race upon the evolution of the upright posture4 ,it is the natural1 instinctive position of civilized man1 who in this respect also manifests an advance on the lower animals4 #ac ,apart from ,strindberg and ,weininger1 who advocate1 for the salvation of the future and as ideals of development1 the most pronounced and one-sided development of the masculine type1 ,i need refer only to 8,the ,physiological ,weakmindedness of ,woman0 by ,mbius1 and to such writings as ,b4 ,friedlnder's 8,renaissance des ,eros ,uranios0 7,berlin1 #aijd71 and to ,eduard von ,mayer's 8,the ,vital ,laws of ,civilization0 7,halle1 #aijd71 as characteristic symptoms of such a reaction4 #ad ,,itching1 ,,tickling1 ,,and ,,sexual ,,sensibility4--,on ,september #b1 #ahij1 ,dr4 ,bronson1 ,professor of ,dermatology in the ,new ,york ,polyclinic1 read before the ,american ,dermatological ,association a paper on 8,the ,sensation of ,itching0 7printed in the ,new ,york ,medical ,record of ,october #ah1 #ahij1 and republished by the ,new ,sydenham ,society in #ahic in a volume entitled 8,selected ,monographs on ,dermatology074 ,in this paper the author deals at some length with the relations between itching and the voluptuous1 or1 as he calls it1 the 8aphrodisiac10 sense4 ,he also denies the specific character of sexual sensations1 and states that the aphrodisiac sense 8is but a higher development of the primitive sense of contact4 ,it has a special organ or instrument--the penis in the male1 the clitoris in the female4 ,moreover1 it is distributed over the entire cutaneous surface0 7,new ,sydenham ,society1 op4 cit41 p4 #cad74 ,in this connexion1 and more particularly apropos of ,dr4 ,bloch's statement on the previous page that 8the function of the clitoris is expressed by its name0 7,german1 ,kitzler71 it is interesting to note that in ,german the word ,kitzel variously denotes--7#a7 tickling1 7#b7 itching1 7#c7 sexual desire1 7#d7 sexual gratification4 ,the more commonly employed ,german term for itching1 ,jucken1 does not possess any secondary sexual signification2 but1 as ,dr4 ,bronson points out 7op4 cit41 p4 #cab71 8both the ,english words itch and itching1 and the ,latin prurio and pruritus1 in their secondary significations1 convey the idea of a longing1 teasing desire1 while pruritus was commonly used by the ,latins as a synonym for lasciviousness40 ,the same idea is1 of course1 conveyed by the ,english derivations1 pruriency and prurient4 ,thus1 we see that the familiar terminology of these three tongues 7and doubtless of many others7 refuses to countenance ,hirschfeld's view regarding the specific character of sexual sensibility4--,,translator4 #ae ,in his profound essay1 containing a number of new points of view1 8,concerning the ,emotions0 7,monatsschrift fr ,psychiatrie und ,neurologie1 #aijf1 vol4 xix41 ,heft #c and #d71 ,dr4 ,edmund ,forster has ably discussed these primitive relations between voluptuous sensation and pain4 ,according to him1 the sexual tension1 which commences at the time of puberty1 is an increased stimulus of the sensory nerves of the genital organs4 ,the positive sensation-tone of libido accompanying ejaculation represents the relief of the painful1 disturbing sensation of sexual tension1 and for this reason it has a pleasurable tone4 #af ,carpenter perceives in this 8sense of contact0 the essence of all sexual love4 #ag ,for this reason many ingenious prostitutes wear a red chemise4--,cf4 ,p4 ,ncke1 8,un ,cas de ,fetichisme de ,souliers10 etc4 78,a ,case of ,shoe ,fetichism071 in ,bulletin de la ,socit de ,mdecine ,mentale de ,belgique1 #ahid4 #ah ,thus it appears that sadism and masochism are not manifestations of 8genital atavism0 in the sense of ,mantegazza and ,lombroso1 but are rather due to the gradual and pathological increase of physiological phenomena still manifest at the present day4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,physical ,,differential ,,sexual ,,characters 8,we have here a primitive inequality1 whose primitiveness goes back to the opposition between content and form4 ,from this primeval difference arise all the other secondary differences40--,,alfons ,,bilharz4 ,,contents ,,of ,,chapter ,,iv ,sexual differentiation as the primeval fact of human sexual life -- ,waldeyer on the significance of sexual differentiation -- ,the biological law of ,herbert ,spencer -- ,antagonism between reproductive and developmental tendencies -- ,example of menstruation in illustration of this contrast -- ,the primitiveness of woman1 and her greater proximity to nature -- ,untenability of the notion of the 8inferiority0 of woman -- ,views upon the nature of her physical development -- ,increased differentiation of the sexes in consequence of civilization -- ,comparison between medieval and modern pictures of women -- ,obscuration of the sexual contrast in primitive times -- ,examples -- ,change of the voice in consequence of civilization -- ,return to primitive conditions in certain phenomena of the emancipation of woman 7the adoption of a masculine style of clothing1 tobacco-smoking7 -- ,sexual indifference in the primitive history of mankind -- ,connexion therewith of a primordial gynecocracy 7according to ,ratzel7 -- ,secondary sexual characters -- ,principal difference between the masculine and the feminine body -- ,new researches on sexual differences -- ,skeletal differences -- ,the specific sexual differences of the human pelvis -- ,their dependence upon civilization and upon development of the brain -- ,differences in body-size and body-weight -- ,in muscular and fatty development -- ,in the constitution of the blood -- ,sexual differences in the larynx and the voice -- ,the skulls of men and women -- ,the weight of the brain -- ,no ground for the assumption of the inferiority of women -- ,differences in brain-structure -- ,researches of ,rdinger1 ,waldeyer1 ,broca1 ,g4 ,retzius1 etc4 -- ,recognition of the fact that the feminine type is somewhat infantile -- ,this type due to adaptation to the purposes of reproduction -- ,masculine and feminine beauty -- ,men and women different1 but neither superior to the other4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,the difference between the sexes is the original cause of the human sexual life1 the primeval preliminary of all human civilization4 ,the existence of this difference can be proved1 alike in physical and psychical relations1 already in the fundamental phenomenon of human love1 in which1 because here the relations are simple and uncomplicated1 it is most easily visible4 ,waldeyer1 in his notable address on the somatic differences between the sexes1 delivered in #ahie at the ,anthropological ,congress in ,kassel1 drew attention to the fact that the higher development of any particular species is notably characterized by the increasing differentiation of the sexes4 ,the further we advance in the animal and vegetable world from the lower to the higher forms1 the more markedly are the male and the female individuals distinguished one from another4 ,in the human species also1 in the course of phylogenetic development1 this sexual differentiation increases in extent4 ,in the development of these sexual differences1 the antagonism first shown by ,herbert ,spencer to exist between reproduction and the higher evolutionary tendency plays an important part4 ,among the higher species of animals the males exhibit a stronger evolutionary tendency than the females1 owing to the fact that their share in the work of reproduction has become less important4 ,the more extensive organic expenditure demanded by the reproductive functions limits the feminine development to a notably greater extent than the masculine4 ,in the human species this retardation of growth in the female is especially increased in consequence of menstruation1 and this affords a striking example of the truth of ,spencer's law4 ,i quote also in this connexion the remarks of the ,wrzburg anatomist ,oskar ,schultze1 in his recently published valuable monograph on 8,woman from an ,anthropological ,point of ,view10 pp4 #ee1 #ef 7,wrzburg1 #aijf72 8,the undulatory periodicity of the principal functions of the feminine organism1 which depends on the processes of ovulation and menstruation1 and is invariable in the females of the human species1 does not occur in the other mammalia 7with the exception of apes74 ,in these latter1 as far as we have been able to observe1 the secondary sexual characters1 in the matter of differences in muscular development and in strength1 are not so developed1 or sometimes are not so developed1 as in the human species4 ,we must in this connexion exclude the differences which appear in domestic animals as a result of domestication 7for example1 the difference between the cow and the bull74 ,in the human female1 the periodicity1 which begins to act even on the youthful1 still undeveloped body1 has during thousands of years increased the secondary sexual differences4 ,periodicity is1 in my opinion1 an important cause of the fact that woman is inferior to man1 more especially in the development of the muscular system and in strength1 and that her organs1 for the most part1 are more closely approximated to the infantile type4 8,the sexually mature body of a woman has always during the intermenstrual period to make good the loss undergone during menstruation4 ,hardly has this been effected and the climax of vital energy been once more attained1 when a new follicle ruptures in the ovary1 and the menstrual hmorrhage recurs2 thus continually1 month after month1 the vital undulation and the vital energy rises and falls4 ,the energy periodically expended in woman's principal function has for thousands of years ceased to be available for her own internal development4 ,the actual loss on each occasion is so trifling that numerous women hardly find it disagreeable4 ,the effect depends upon summation4 ,the earnings are almost immediately spent1 not for the purpose of her own domestic economy1 but for the sake of another1 in the service of reproduction2 this comes first1 for the species must be preserved4 ,to accumulate capital for her personal needs has been rendered more difficult for woman than it is for man40 ,the previously quoted biological law of ,spencer 7regarding the antagonism between reproduction and the higher evolutionary tendency71 of which menstruation affords so interesting an illustration1 explains also the fact pointed out by ,milne ,edwards1 ,darwin1 ,brooks1 ,lombroso1 ,alfons ,bilharz1 and other investigators--to wit1 the greater simplicity and primitiveness of woman as compared with the more complicated and more variable nature of man--more variable1 because it oscillates within wider boundaries4 ,paracelsus long ago enunciated the profound saying1 8,woman is nearer to the world than man40 ,it would be fundamentally erroneous to deduce from these considerations any inferiority or comparative inutility of woman4 ,rather1 indeed1 the nature of her bodily structure in relation to the purposes it has to fulfil is comparatively nearer perfection2 and this admirable adaptation has undergone an increase in the course of the evolution of civilization4 ,we have already noted the fact that under the influence of the continually increasing predominance of the brain in the male1 certain retrogressive processes have also made themselves manifest 7as1 for example1 the increasing loss of hair72 and these processes in woman have gone farther than in man1 because in her case the progressive development is in its very nature less extensive4 ,hence recent investigators1 such as ,havelock ,ellis1 have actually come to the conclusion that the ideal type1 towards which the bodily development of mankind is striving1 is represented by the feminine--that is1 by a youthful type4#ai ,it is1 however1 very doubtful if this evolution will ever go so far that the primitive difference between man and woman1 founded as it is in the very nature of the sexual1 will ever pass away4 ,on the contrary1 notwithstanding the retrogressive changes associated with the excessive development of the brain1 we find that there is an increasing differentiation of the sexes induced by civilization4 ,to this fact1 which possesses great importance in connexion with the discussion of the woman's question and the problem of homosexuality1 ,w4 ,h4 ,riehl1 the historian of civilization1 in his work on the family1 published in #ahhe1 was the first to draw attention4 ,he devotes the second chapter of this book to the differentiation of the sexes in the course of civilized life4 ,he was astonished by the fact that in almost all the portraits of celebrated beauties of previous centuries the heads appeared to him too masculine in type when compared with the ideal of feminine beauty which now appeals to us4 8,the medieval painters1 when representing the general type of angels and saints1 van ,eyck and ,memmling in their ,madonnas and female saints1 paint heads exhibiting the most clearly defined individual characteristics1 but into these feeling representations of delicate virginity there intrude certain harsh lineaments1 so that the heads strike us as masculine1 or as a little too old4 ,van ,eyck's ,madonnas1 with the ,christ-child at their breast1 frequently look to us like women of thirty years old4 ,but the painter must have followed ,nature2 it is ,nature which since his time has changed4 ,the tender virgin of three hundred years ago had more masculine lineaments than she has at the present day1 and he who in the portrait of a ,maria ,stuart expects to find a face like one he would meet in a modern journal of fashion will find himself greatly disappointed by certain traits in the pictures of this celebrated beauty1 traits which to the nineteenth century would seem almost masculine40 ,the contrast between the sexes becomes with advancing civilization continually sharper and more individualized1 whereas in primitive conditions1 and even at the present day among agricultural labourers and the proletariat1 it is less sharp and to some extent even obliterated4 ,let the reader familiarize himself with the likenesses of modern women of the working classes2 they seem to us almost to resemble disguised men4 ,in the stature1 also1 of the sexes among savage peoples1 and among the lower classes of the civilized nations1 the sexual differences are much less marked than in our cultivated large towns4 ,very characteristic of the differentiating influence of civilization is1 moreover1 the effect on the voice4 ,riehl remarks on this subject3 8,the tone of the voice even1 in simpler conditions of civilization1 is generally far more alike in the two sexes4 ,the high tenor1 the feminine man's voice1 and the deep alto1 the masculine woman's voice1 are among civilized peoples far rarer than among savage races1 in whom masculine and feminine varieties sometimes seem hardly distinguishable4 ,our bandmasters travel to ,hungary and ,galicia to find clear high tenors1 whilst deep alto voices are now increasingly difficult to find1 for the reason that among the civilized peoples the masculine-feminine contraltos die out4 ,dominant1 on the other side1 is the distinct contrast between the two sexual tones of voices--soprano and bass4 ,this fact has already had a determining influence in our school of song2 it affects our vocal tone-teaching--to such a hidden1 out-of-the-way path have we been led by our recognition of the continually increasing contrast between man and woman40 ,certain phenomena and aberrations of the movement for the emancipation of women1 such as the adoption of a masculine style of dress and the use of tobacco1 are no more than relapses into a primitive condition1 which among the common people has persisted unaltered to the present day4 ,we need merely allude to the man's hat1 the short coat1 and the high-laced boot of the ,tyrolese women1 and to the tobacco-smoking of the women at the wedding festivals among the ,german peasantry4 ,a false 8emancipation0 of this kind is frequently encountered among peasants1 vagabonds1 and gipsies1 to which1 moreover1 the neuter designation of the women of this class as das ,mensch and 8woman-fellow10 etc41 bears witness2 we have herein characteristic indications of the fact that 8peculiar to the woman of the people is a self-conscious1 actively progressive masculine nature40 ,that the comparative obliteration of sexual contrasts among the lower orders of modern society is a vestigial relic of primitive conditions1 is shown also by the primeval history of the nations4 ,the idea appearing already in the ,biblical creation myth1 and the thought later expressed by ,plato1 and recently by ,jacob ,bhme1 that the first human being was originally both man and woman1 and that the woman was subsequently formed out of this primeval human being ,adam--this pregnant thought merely expresses the fact of the indifference of the sexes among savage people and in the primitive history of mankind4 ,the hermaphrodite of ancient art is1 like the man-woman of the modern woman's movement1 an atavism1 a retrogression to these long-past stages1 of which we have only the above-mentioned vestiges to remind us4#bj ,friedrich ,ratzel1 in the introduction to his great work on 8,the ,races of ,man10 also alludes to this primitive obscuration of sexual contrasts in earlier stages of civilization1 and draws therefrom interesting conclusions regarding the existence of a primordial gynecocracy1 a 8regiment of women40 ,i have myself discussed this question in the second volume of my book1 8,contributions to the ,etiology of ,psychopathia ,sexualis10 and shall return to the subject when dealing with masochism4 ,w4 ,h4 ,riehl1 and after him ,heinrich ,schurtz1 have laid stress on the dangers to civilization involved in the obliteration of sexual differences4 ,sexual differentiation stands and falls with civilization4 ,the former is the indispensable preliminary of the latter4 ,destroy it1 and the whole course of development will be reversed4 ,sexual differences comprise for the most part the diverse development of the so-called 8secondary sexual characters0--that is to say1 all the differential characteristics which distinguish man from woman1 over and above those strictly related to the work of sex--for instance1 stature1 skeleton1 muscles1 skin1 voice1 etc4 ,the masculine body has evolved to a greater extent than the feminine body as a force-producing machine1 for in man the bones and the muscles have a larger development1 whereas in woman we observe a greater development of fat1 whereby the plasticity of the body is enhanced1 but its mechanical utility and energy are impaired4 ,according to the most recent scientific representation of sexual differences1 as we find them enumerated in the monograph of ,oskar ,schultze1 based upon his own observations1 and also on the earlier works of ,vierordt1 ,quetelet1 ,topinard1 ,pfitzner1 ,waldeyer1 ,c4 ,h4 ,stratz1 ,j4 ,ranke1 ,e4 von ,lange1 ,havelock ,ellis1 ,merkel1 ,bischoff1 ,rebentisch1 ,welcker1 ,schwalbe1 ,marchand1 and others1 the most important physical differenti between man and woman are the following3 ,the supporting framework of the body1 the osseous skeleton1 exhibits important differences in man and woman4 ,the bones of women are on the whole smaller and weaker4 ,especially extensive sexual differences are noticeable in the pelvis4 ,wiedersheim regards these sexual differences of the woman's pelvis as a specific characteristic of the human species4 ,in all the anthropoid apes they are far less strongly marked than in man4 ,moreover1 these differences exhibit a progressive development1 which is to an important extent dependent upon advancing civilization4 ,for this reason1 as ,g4 ,fritsch1 ,alsberg1 and others1 point out1 among the majority of savage races the differences between the male and the female pelvis are far less extensive than among civilized nations4 ,the characteristic peculiarities of the pelvis of the ,european woman1 which can be distinguished from the male pelvis at a glance--namely1 its greater extent in transverse diameter1 the greater depression and the wider opening of the anterior osseous arch--are far less marked among women of the ,south ,african races and among the ,south ,sea ,islanders4 ,the enlargement of the female pelvis in the course of human evolution is dependent upon the most important of all the factors of civilization1 the brain4 ,even in the human ftus the great size of the brain gives rise to a far greater proportionate development of the skull than we find in the ftus of any other mammal4 ,this influences the pelvic inlet and the sacrum1 but also the large pelvis1 since1 in consequence of the adoption by man of the upright posture1 the pregnant uterus expands more laterally1 and thus opens out the iliac foss4 ,in the lower races of man1 it is precisely this plate-like expansion of the iliac foss which is so much less developed than in the case of civilized races4 ,another physical difference between the sexes concerns stature and body-weight4 ,the mean stature of woman is somewhat less than that of man4 ,among ,europeans it is about #afj metres 7#e feet #c inches71 as compared with #agb metres 7#e feet #g-c_/d inches7 for the average stature of the male4 ,according to ,vierordt1 the new-born boy is already on the average from #a_/b to #a centimetre 7#a_/e to #b_/e inch7 longer than the new-born girl4 ,johannes ,ranke characterizes the individual factors which give rise to these differences in the following manner3 8,the typical bodily development of the human male is characterized by a trunk relatively shorter in relation to the whole stature2 but in relation to the length of the trunk1 the upper and the lower extremities are longer1 the thighs and the legs longer1 the hand and the foot also longer2 relatively to the long upper arm and to the long thigh respectively1 the forearm and the leg are still longer2 and relatively to the entire upper extremity1 the entire lower extremity is also longer4 8,on the other hand1 the feminine proportions1 remaining more approximate to those of the youthful state1 as compared with those of the fully developed male1 are distinguished by the following characteristics3 comparatively greater length of the trunk2 relatively to the length of the trunk1 comparatively shorter arms and lower extremities1 shorter upper arm and forearm1 shorter thigh and leg1 shorter hands and feet2 relatively to the shorter upper arm1 still shorter forearm1 and relatively to the shorter thigh1 still shorter leg2 finally1 relatively to the entire upper extremity1 shorter lower extremities40 ,this difference in the stature is found also in primitive peoples4 ,among the savage races of ,brazil1 who are still living in the stone age1 ,karl von den ,steinen found that the average height of the men was #afb centimetres 7#e feet #ch inches71 whilst that of the women was #aje centimetres 7#dad inches7 less4 ,this difference corresponds exactly with that given in ,topinard's figures as corresponding to the average male height of #afb centimetres 7#e feet #ch inches74 ,in relation to the greater length of the body1 the other proportions of the male body also exhibit greater figures4 ,more particularly1 the width of the shoulders is greater in man as compared with woman4 ,the body-weight of man is likewise notably greater than that of woman4 ,according to ,vierordt1 the average weight of a new-born boy in middle ,europe is #c1ccc grammes 7#gcdh pounds71 as compared with that of a new-born girl #c1bjj grammes 7#gjee pounds74 ,the difference1 therefore1 is #acc grammes 7#jbic pounds about #d-a_/b ounces74 ,in the case of adults1 the mean difference amounts to #g kilogrammes 7#ae pounds71 since the average weight of man is #fe kilogrammes 7#adc pounds71 that of woman #eh kilogrammes 7#abh pounds74 ,corresponding with the slighter development of the skeleton1 the muscular system in woman is also less strongly developed2 the muscles contain a larger percentage of water than those of man1 and in this point also we find a resemblance to the juvenile state4 ,on the other hand1 the development of fat in woman is much greater than in man4 ,bischoff investigated the relations between muscle and fat in man and woman1 and found that in the entire body in the male there was #dah per cent4 muscle and #ahb per cent4 fat2 in the female #ceh per cent4 muscle and #bhb per cent4 fat4 ,in the female two regions of the body are distinguished by a specially abundant deposit of fat1 the breast and the buttocks1 whereby both parts receive the stamp of extremely prominent secondary sexual characters4 ,upon this greater deposit of fat depends the softer1 more rounded form of the feminine body2 whilst the muscular system is less developed than in man4 ,man1 on the other hand1 is especially powerful in the head1 neck1 breast1 and upper extremities4 ,the contrast between the typical beauty of man and woman1 respectively1 is mainly explicable by the differences just enumerated4 ,woman's skin is clearer and more delicate than that of man4 ,more important is the fact that the blood of man contains a notably larger quantity of red blood-corpuscles 7erythrocytes7 than that of woman4 ,woman's blood is richer in water4 ,welcker found in a cubic millimetre of man's blood #e1jjj1jjj1 and in the same quantity of woman's blood #d1ejj1jjj blood-discs4 ,in correspondence with this1 the hmoglobin content and the specific weight of woman's blood are both less than those of man's4 ,since the red blood-corpuscles play a very important part in the human economy as oxygen-carriers1 this sexual difference in the corpuscular richness of the blood is very important1 and influences to a high degree the bodily organization of both sexes4 ,larynx and voice remain infantile in woman4 ,woman's larynx is notably smaller than man's4 ,after puberty woman's voice is1 on the average1 in the deep tones an octave1 in the high tones two octaves1 higher than man's4 ,according to the investigations of ,pfitzner1 the measurements of the head 7length1 breadth1 height1 circumference7 are smaller in woman than in man4 ,woman's skull remains1 in respect of numerous peculiarities of structure1 strikingly like the skull of the child4#ba ,this infantile quality of a woman's skull1 we must again point out1 justifies no conclusion regarding the inferiority of woman4 ,schultze1 when presenting these data for our consideration1 rightly reminds us of the well-known fact that the man of genius is also frequently distinguished by infantile peculiarities4 ,woman's skull is absolutely smaller than man's2 hence1 of course1 her brain is also absolutely smaller4 ,waldeyer gives as the mean weight of a man's brain #a1cgb grammes 7#ddab ounces71 and of a woman's brain1 #a1bca grammes 7#cieh ounces72 ,schwalbe's figures are respectively #a1cge grammes 7#ddba ounces7 and #a1bde grammes 7#djjc ounces74 ,in this connexion ,o4 ,schultze remarks3 8,the question immediately arises1 whether we are justified in speaking of the mental #8inferiority' of woman1 because her brain weighs less than that of man4 8,now1 in the first place1 it is obvious that the greater body-weight of man demands a greater weight of brain4 ,and there is nothing remarkable about the fact that the greater size exhibited by many organs of the male should be exhibited also by the brain4 ,it seems very natural that the unquestionably greater functional activity which has distinguished the masculine brain for many thousand years should be manifested by the notably greater size of that organ1 just as a larger muscle generally performs more work than a small one4 8,as a matter of fact1 among the numerous investigators occupied with this question1 many have assumed that differences in the psychical power of human brains are dependent upon differences in their size4 ,but this is an assumption merely1 and with ,bischoff1 who as long as forty years ago conducted an exhaustive investigation into the problem of the relations between brain-weight and intellectual capacity1 we must say also to-day that #8the proof of any such connexion has not yet been offered us4'0 ,whether the study of the finer structure of the brain in man and woman will enable us to form more trustworthy conclusions regarding their respective intellectual valuation1 is a question whose answer must for the present be postponed4 ,according to ,rdinger and ,passet1 in new-born boys and girls there exist very remarkable differences in the formation and development of the brain4 ,in the male ftal brain the frontal lobes are larger1 wider1 and higher2 the convolutions1 especially those of the parietal lobe1 are better formed than in the female ftal brain4 ,waldeyer was able to confirm this observation1 and he considers it of great importance1 especially in view of the large share which the frontal lobes have in the performance of purely intellectual functions4 ,broca1 however1 was unable to detect a lesser development of the frontal lobes in woman4 ,eberstaller and ,cunningham even believed that they could establish that this portion of the brain was more powerfully developed in woman6 ,finally1 the great ,swedish cerebral anatomist1 ,g4 ,retzius1 made an exact investigation of the sexual differences between the brains of man and woman in the adult state4 ,according to ,o4 ,schultze1 his results can be regarded as authoritative4 ,retzius stated that hitherto no specific invariably recurrent peculiarity had been found by which the female brain could always with certainty be distinguished from the male2 still1 he was inclined to attribute to woman's brain a greater simplicity of structure2 it showed less divergence from the fundamental type4 ,this coincides with the fact to which we have already alluded1 that woman as compared with man possesses less variability1 that she is the simpler1 more primitive being4 ,similarly1 experience teaches ethnologists that the men of a race differ from one another to a much greater extent than the women4#bb ,if we wish to sum up in a word the nature of the physical sexual differences1 we must say3 ,woman remains more akin to the child than man4 ,this1 however1 in no way constitutes an inferiority1 as ,havelock ,ellis and ,oskar ,schultze have convincingly shown4 ,it is only the expression of a primitive difference in nature1 brought about by the adaptation of the female body to the purposes of reproduction4 ,this is the cause of the more infantile habitus of women 7according to the above-quoted biological law of ,herbert ,spencer74 ,the observation of the physical differences between man and woman also teaches us the futility of the old dispute as to whether man's body or woman's was the more beautiful4#bc ,the different tasks which lie before the male and female bodies respectively give rise to different development of individual parts4 ,if this development is complete in its kind1 the body is beautiful4 ,stratz1 in the introduction to his book on 8,the ,beauty of the ,female ,body10 has rightly identified perfect beauty with perfect health4 ,man's body and woman's will alike be beautiful if all secondary sexual characters are developed in a harmonious and not excessive degree1 if the idea of 8manliness in man0 and 8womanliness in woman0 have attained full expression1 and have not been unduly limited by isolated peculiarities and variations4 ,masculine and feminine beauty are different4 ,there can be no question regarding the superiority of one or the other4 #ai ,another author--,h4 ,quensel--goes even farther than this in his book 7in some respects most fantastic71 8,do ,we ,advance8 ,an ,ideal ,philosophical ,hypothesis of the ,evolution of the ,human ,psyche based upon ,natural ,science10 pp4 #aeb1 #aec 7,cologne1 #aijd74 ,he writes3 8,when we compare the position in civilization of man and woman1 we find that man unquestionably takes the higher position in respect of those intellectual impulses which serve as the basis of the higher and the highest stages of civilization1 especially the impulse of building and construction1 of the collection and the elaboration of scientific facts1 in regard to the science of statesmanship and social activities1 in respect also of the study of the connexion between cause and effect1 and in respect of art4 ,when1 however1 we apply to the problem before us the data ,i have obtained concerning the details of physical retrogression and of psychical advance1 it appears that woman in many relations stands unquestionably higher than man2 for woman1 in her development1 not alone in bodily relations1 as regards the retrogression of the skeletal and muscular systems and the delicacy of constitution dependent thereon1 as regards the cutaneous covering of the body1 and as regards speech and voice1 has advanced much farther than man on the path of bodily retrogression necessary for the progress of civilization4 ,positively1 also1 in all that concerns the development of the highest psychical impulses1 the development of general nervous sensibility1 of a finer discrimination of moral values and of idealism1 of general charity and capacity for self-sacrifice in association with diminishing egoism1 of transcendental piety and religious sentiment1 and also of clearness of vision1 and1 finally1 in all that concerns the development of an adaptability disclosing supreme psychical differentiation--associated1 indeed1 with deficient fixity of purpose--woman has advanced far beyond man on the forward path of civilization2 that is to say1 in respect of civilization1 woman unquestionably excels man40 #bj ,w4 ,havelburg1 in his essay1 8,climate1 ,race1 and ,nationality in ,relation to ,marriage10 published in 8,health and ,disease in ,relation to ,marriage and the ,married ,state10 by ,senator and ,kaminer1 p4 #abg 7,london1 ,rebman1 ,limited1 #aijd71 also alludes to the significance of progressive sexual differentiation in the process of civilization1 and draws attention to the increase in feminine beauty4 #ba ,we may refer also to ,paul ,bartel's valuable work1 8,ueber ,geschlechtsunterschiede am ,schdel0--8,sexual ,differences in the ,skull0 7,berlin1 #ahih74 ,the author concludes3 8,we are unable to recognize any important difference between man's skull and woman's--probably1 indeed1 no such difference exists40 #bb ,we must not ignore the fact1 that other distinguished anthropologists1 such as ,manouvrier1 ,pearson1 ,frassetto1 and especially ,giuffrida-,ruggieri1 have recently contested the slighter variability and the infantile character of woman4 ,cf4 ,giuffrida-,ruggieri1 8,anthropological ,considerations regarding ,infantilism1 and ,conclusions regarding the ,origin of the ,varieties of the ,human ,species0 7,italian ,zoological ,review1 #aijc1 vol4 xiv41 ,nos4 #d1 #e74 ,cf4 also the interesting remarks of ,ncke in the 8,german ,archives for ,criminal ,anthropology10 #aijc1 vol4 xiii41 pp4 #bib1 #bic4 #bc ,konrad ,lange--8,das ,wesen der ,kunst0 78,the ,nature of ,art071 pp4 #cfa-cfd2 ,berlin1 #aija--;has ably exposed the subjective grounds of this ancient dispute1 and has shown their untenability4 ,,chapter ,v ,,psychical ,,differential ,,sexual ,,characters--,,the ,,woman',s ,,question 7,appendix3 ,,sexual ,,sensibility ,,in ,,woman7 8,among all the higher activities and movements of our time1 the struggle of our sisters to attain an equality of position with the strong1 the dominant1 the oppressive sex1 appears to me1 from the purely human point of view1 most beautiful and most interesting2 indeed1 ,i regard it as possible that the coming century will obtain its historical characterization1 not from any of the social and economical controversies of the world of men1 but that this century will be known to subsequent history distinctively as that in which the solution of the #8woman's question' was obtained40--,,georg ,,hirth4 ,,contents ,,of ,,chapter ,v ,the fact of psychical sexual differences -- ,attempts to deny their existence -- ,rosa ,mayreder's 8,critique of ,femininity0 -- ,the sexual nuances of the psyche -- ,ineradicability of these -- ,condemnation of psychical bisexuality -- ,expression of psychical difference in the demeanour of the sperm cell and the germ cell -- ,original representatives of the differing natures of man and woman -- ,recent researches regarding psychical sexual differences -- ,sensory sensations -- ,intellectual differences -- ,experiments of ,jastrow1 ,minot1 and others -- ,inquiries of ,delaunay and ,havelock ,ellis -- ,readier suggestibility of women -- ,tendencies to independent activity on the part of women -- ,higher spiritual activities in man and woman -- ,woman's talent for politics -- ,emotivity of woman -- ,greater susceptibility to fatigue -- ,decline of emotivity in the modern woman -- ,artistic talents of man and woman -- ,greater variability of man -- ,influence of menstruation on the feminine physique -- ,psychological experiments of ,h4 ,b4 ,thompson -- ,woman and man heterogeneous natures -- ,comparison by ,alfons ,bilharz -- ,the enigmatical in woman -- ,poets and thinkers on this question -- ,a saying of ,theodor ,mundt -- ,antipathy of the sexes -- ,love as the solution of the enigma -- ,significance of psychical differences for the woman's question -- ,part played by women in civilization -- ,retrospect of primeval history -- ,women as the discoverers of handicrafts and arts -- ,as the teachers of man -- ,thomas ,henry ,huxley on the woman's question -- ,the value of work for woman -- ,improvement of domestic service according to ,schmoller -- ,the woman of the future4 ,appendix3 ,sexual ,sensibility in ,woman4 -- ,an old topic of dispute -- ,sexual sensibility in man -- ,feminine erotic types -- ,theory of ,lombroso and ,ferrero -- ,adler's monograph -- ,refutation of the theory of the lesser sensual sensibility of woman -- ,diffuse character of the feminine sexual sphere -- ,researches of ,havelock ,ellis regarding the sexual impulse in woman -- ,experience of alienists regarding sexuality in woman -- ,a case of temporary sexual ansthesia -- ,causes of sexual frigidity4 ,,chapter ,v ,the unquestionably existing physical differences between the sexes respectively1 correspond equally without question to existing psychical differences4 ,psychically1 also1 man and woman are completely different beings4 ,we must not employ the word 8psychical10 as it is so often employed1 in the sense of pure 8intelligence02 we must understand the term to relate to the entire conception and content of the psyche1 to the whole spiritual being--the spiritual habitus1 emotional character1 feelings1 and will3 we shall then immediately be convinced that masculine and feminine beings differ through and through1 that they are heterogeneous1 incomparable natures4 ,under the influence of ,weininger's book1 the attempt has recently been made to deny the existence of sexual differences in the psychical sphere1 and especially to contest the origin of these differences from the fundamentally different nature of the masculine and feminine types4 7,weininger himself not only went so far as to declare the obliteration and equalization of sexual differences1 but he even asserted that all feminine nature was a personification of nothingness1 of evil2 he wished to annihilate femininity1 in order to allow the existence of one sex only1 the male1 this being to him the embodiment of the objective and the good47 ,i recently read with great interest a most intelligent book1 one full of new ideas1 by ,rosa ,mayreder--8,zur ,kritik der ,weiblichkeit0 7,a ,critique of ,femininity71 ,jena1 #aije--;in which the author maintains what she calls the 8primitively teleological character of sexuality02 that is1 she considers the different sexual functions of man and woman to be comparatively unimportant for the determination of their spiritual nature1 and regards the individual psychical differentiation as independent of sexuality and of the different sexual natures4 ,in her opinion1 sexual polarity does not extend to the 8higher nature0 of mankind1 to the spiritual sphere4 ,she offers as a proof of this1 among other points1 the fact that by crossed inheritance spiritual peculiarities of the father can be transmitted to the daughter4 ,very true4 ,moreover1 no objective student of ,nature will deny that a woman can attain the same degree of individual psychical differentiation as a man1 or that she can bring her 8higher nature0 to an equally great development4 ,but quite as incontestable is the fact which ,rosa ,mayreder keeps too much in the background3 that everything psychical1 the entire emotional and voluntary life1 receives from the particular sexual nature a peculiar characterization1 a distinctive colouring1 and a specific nuance2 and that these precisely constitute the heterogeneous and the incomparable in the masculine and the feminine natures4 ,the attempts to annihilate sexual differences in theory are very old1#bd but they have always proved untenable in practice4 ,they have invariably been shattered by contact with--sexual differences4 ,naturam expellas furca1 tamen usque recurret 7,you may drive out ,nature with a pitchfork1 but she will inevitably return74 ,and this return of ,nature is1 in fact1 a step forward1 in advance of primitive hermaphroditic states4 ,sexual differences are ineradicable2 civilization shows an unmistakable tendency to increase them4 ,there is also an individual differentiation of sexual characters4 ,it is proportional to the differentiation of the psychical characters of man and woman4 ,and the problem is this3 ,how is it possible for woman to ensure the development and perfectibility of her higher nature1 without eliminating and obscuring her peculiar character as a sexual being8 ,when ,rosa ,mayreder herself1 at the end of her book 7p4 #bgh71 comes to the conclusion-- 8,in the province of the physical1 about which no doubt is possible1 the development towards #8homologous monosexuality1' towards the unconditional sexual differentiation of individuals1 constitutes the most desirable aim4 ,every divergence from the normal renders the individual an imperfect being2 physical hermaphroditism is repulsive because it represents a state of insufficiency1 an inadequate and malformed structure4 ,it appertains to the qualities of beautiful and healthy human beings that the body should be that of an entire man or an entire woman1 just as it is desirable that the body should be intact in all other respects0 --she has at the same time expressed a judgment regarding the value of psychical bisexuality which must ever be a rudiment merely in the 8entire man0 or the 8entire woman10 and can never attain the transcendent importance1 can never represent the progress towards higher altitudes1 which the author1 in her singular misunderstanding of the true relations1 wishes to ascribe to that condition4 ,we may admit that the bisexual character is more or less strongly developed in the individual male or female1 without thereby abandoning the fundamental natural difference between man and woman1 which involves not merely the physical1 but also the psychical sphere4 ,i disbelieve1 therefore1 in ,rosa ,mayreder's 8synthetic human being10 who is 8subordinate alike to the conditions of the masculine and the feminine0 but ,i do believe1 as ,i have already stated in earlier writings1 in an individualization of love1 in an ennobling and deepening of the relationship between the sexes1 such as is possible only to free personalities4 ,this is easily attainable in conjunction with the retention of all bodily and mental peculiarities1 as these have developed during the process of sexual differentiation between man and woman4 ,there can be no possible doubt that psychically woman is a different creature from man4 ,and quite rightly ,mantegazza declares the opinion of ,mirabeau1 that the soul has no sex1 but only the body1 to be a great blunder4 ,let us now return to the directly visible elementary phenomenon of love1 to the process of coalescence of the spermatozoon and the ovum4 ,from our study of other natural processes we feel we are justified by analogy in drawing the conclusion that the observed kinetic difference between the spermatozoon and the ovum is the expression also of different psychical processes4 ,georg ,hirth draws attention to these remarkable differences in respect of their modes of energy between spermatozoa and ova4#be ,he also infers from the greater variability of the spermatozoa in the different animal species1 as compared with the usual spherical form of the ova1 that to the spermatozoon is allotted the most important kinetic function in the process of reproduction1 to which opinion its aggressive mobility would also lead us1 whereas the ovum rather represents potential energy4 8,we can indeed hardly believe that anywhere in the entire organic world is there anything1 of the same minute size1 endowed with like energy and enterprise as these so-called spermatozoa 7#8little sperm animals'71 which are indeed not animals1 and which yet prepare for us more joy and more sorrow than any animal does4 ,there everything is busy4 ,with what turbulence they hurry along until they attain their ardently desired goal1 and having attained it1 thrust themselves head first into the interior of the ovum6 ,in this we have a drama for the gods4 ,to doubt the energy of these structures would be preposterous40 ,spermatozoa and ova are the original representatives of the respective spiritual natures of man and woman4 ,disregarding all further differentiation and individualization1 the fundamental lineaments of the masculine and feminine natures harmonize with the demeanour of the reproductive cells2 and we are able to recognize that for each is provided a different task1 and yet that the task of each is no less important than that of the other4 ,quite rightly ,rosa ,mayreder points out1 that the male sex stands biologically no higher than the female from the reproductive and procreative point of view2 that in the continued reproduction of life male and female have equal share4 ,no less true1 on the other hand1 is the remark of ,havelock ,ellis1 whose position in relation to the woman question is throughout objective3 8,as long as women are distinguished from men by primary sexual characters--as long1 that is to say1 as they conceive and bear--so long will they remain unequal to man in the highest psychical processes0 78,man and ,woman10 p4 #ba74 ,the nature of man is aggressive1 progressive1 variable2 that of woman is receptive1 more susceptible to stimuli1 simpler4 ,numerous exact1 scientific1 ethnological1 and psychological investigations concerning the sexes1 among the most important of which we may mention those of ,darwin1 ,allan1 ,mnsterberg1 ,c4 ,vogt1 ,ploss-,bartels1 ,jastrow1 ,lombroso and ,ferrero1 ,shaw1 ,havelock ,ellis1 and ,helen ,bradford ,thompson1 have confirmed the existence of these differences in the nature of the two sexes4 ,many individual points still remain obscure1 but the above-mentioned sexual difference is everywhere recognizable1 and can never be entirely eradicated1 even by a higher psychical differentiation4 ,even the author of the 8,critique of ,femininity10 who would open an unlimited perspective to the freedom of individuality1 is still compelled to admit that the majority of women differ from men1 no less in character than in intellect4 ,havelock ,ellis1 in his classical work 8,man and ,woman0 7,london1 #ahib71 has given a summary of the psychical differences between the sexes1 based upon the most recent anthropological and psychological investigations4 ,this work forms the foundation for all later researches4 ,of the individual psychical phenomena in man and woman1 the sensory sensations first demand consideration4 ,in these no absolute and general superiority of one sex over the other can be shown to exist4 ,the assumption that women have a more delicate power of sensory receptivity cannot be sustained2 indeed1 the contrary appears the truer view4 ,it is true that women can be more readily excited by sensory stimuli1 but they do not possess a more delicate sensory receptivity4 ,as regards the general intellectual endowment of the sexes1 the interesting experimental researches of ,jastrow into the psychology of woman show that she possesses a greater interest in her immediate environment1 in the finished product1 in the decorative1 the individual1 and the concrete2 man1 on the other hand1 exhibits a preference for the more remote1 for that which is in process of construction or growth1 for the useful1 the general1 and the abstract4 ,in agreement with these views is a report in the ,berliner ,stdtischen ,jahrbuch 7#ahgj1 pp4 #ei-gg71 concerning the knowledge possessed by several thousands of boys and girls at the time of their entry into school4 ,the report states3 8,the more usual1 the more approximate1 and the easier an idea is1 the greater is the probability that the girls will excel the boys1 and vice versa4 ,in boys more frequently than in girls do we find that they know nothing of quite common things in their immediate environment40 ,professor ,minot arranged that persons of both sexes should cover ten cards with sketches of any subject they chose4 ,it appeared from this experiment that the sketches of the men embraced a greater variety of subjects than those of the women4 ,in respect of quickness of comprehension and intellectual mobility woman is distinctly superior to man4 ,women1 for example1 read faster than men1 and can give a better account of what they have read4 ,from this fact1 however1 no conclusion can be drawn regarding their higher intellectual capacity1 for many men of exceptional intelligence read very slowly4 ,delaunay inquired of a number of merchants regarding the industrial capacity of the two sexes1 and was informed that women are more diligent than men1 but less intelligent1 so that they can be trusted only in routine work4 ,in general1 the experience of the postal service coincided with what has already been stated4 ,havelock ,ellis regarded the result of an inquiry made at several of the large ,english post-offices as 8typical and trustworthy40 ,one of the chief postmasters was of the opinion that as counter and instrumental clerks1 doing concurrently money-order and savings-bank business1 taking in telegrams and signalling and receiving1 and in attending to rough and illiterate persons1 women clerks were preferable to men4 ,women telegraphists work as intelligently and as exactly as their male colleagues4 ,they do not1 however1 like the men1 exhibit an interest in the technical working of telegraphy2 and1 owing to a lack of staying power1 they are unable to compete with the men in times of pressure4 ,the comparatively slighter strength of the wrist made it difficult for women telegraphists to write at the desired speed1 and to produce the requisite number of copies4 ,all the reports agree in this--that 8,women are more docile and amenable to discipline1 they do light work as well as men1 and are steadier in some respects2 on the other hand1 they more often remain away from work on the ground of trifling indisposition1 are more likely to fail to meet severe demands1 and show less intelligence in respect of tasks lying outside the course of their current work1 and in general show less desire and less capacity for self-culture40 ,unquestionable is the greater suggestibility of women1 doubtless dependent on organic peculiarities1 in consequence of which they so quickly become subject to the influence of persons and opinions1 when the latter exercise a sufficiently powerful effect upon their emotional life4 ,the independent1 the poietic1#bf are more distant from women1 are more foreign to their nature1 than in the case of men4 ,but that these are quite impossible to them ,i am compelled to doubt4 ,and when1 for example1 ,havelock ,ellis considers it unthinkable that a woman should have discovered the ,copernican system1 ,i need merely call to mind the widely known physical discoveries of ,madame ,curie1 whose thoroughly independent work qualified her to succeed her husband as professor at the ,sorbonne4 ,we cannot therefore exclude the possibility that in the sphere of the natural sciences notable discoveries and inventions may be made in the future in consequence of the independent work of women4 ,very interesting are the observations of ,paul ,lafitte on the differences between the higher intellectual qualities of man and woman4 ,after drawing attention to the greater receptivity of woman1 he says3 8,when children of both sexes are educated together1 during the first year the girls lead2 at this time they have to do chiefly with the reception and retention of impressions1 and we see every day that women put men in the shade by the vividness of their impressions and the excellence of their memory4 ,in addition to this we must take into account the inborn sense of women for symmetry1 from which it is readily explicable that they generally receive geometrical instruction with very beneficial results4 ,in correspondence with this1 we find that woman students of medicine excel in the examinations in physiology and general pathology1 and show a clearness of apprehension of series of facts which is really remarkable2 on the other hand1 they are distinctly inferior in clinical investigations1 in which other intellectual qualities are involved4 ,in general1 women are more receptive for facts than for laws1 more for the concrete than for general ideas4 ,if we chance to hear an opinion expressed regarding someone with whom we are acquainted1 a man's opinion will probably be more accurate in the general outlines1 but a woman's will show a clearer perception of the nuances of character40 ,thus it is that among women concrete philosophers are greater favourites than abstract metaphysicians4 ,according to the experience of a ,london bookseller1 ladies of the ,west ,end of ,london prefer ,schopenhauer1 ,plato1 ,marcus ,aurelius1 ,epictetus1 and ,renan2 that is to say1 the most concrete1 the most personal1 the most poetical1 and the most religious of thinkers4 ,this last quality especially fascinates the mind of woman4 ,at the same time1 want of relationship between the strong suggestibility of woman and her slight power of independent production also strikingly manifests itself in woman's position with regard to the religious phenomena of the spiritual life4 ,havelock ,ellis shows that ninety-nine in every hundred of the great religious movements of the world have received their initial impulse from men4 ,and yet it has always been women who have been the first to attach themselves to the founders of religions4 ,in contrast with this1 women appear to possess more independent significance in the sphere of politics1 as is shown by the fact that there has been such a large number of celebrated women rulers4 ,diplomatic adroitness1 finesse1 and self-command1 to the extent to which these qualities favour political activity1 are indeed specific feminine peculiarities4 ,the above-mentioned greater suggestibility of woman is connected with her greater emotivity2 that is1 woman reacts to physical and psychical stimuli more quickly than man4 ,the 8vasomotor theory0 of the emotions1 originated by ,mosso and ,c4 ,lange1 is true to a greater extent of woman than of man4 ,woman's neuro-muscular system is more irritable1 as is especially shown in the case of the pupil of the eye1 and in that of the urinary bladder4 ,by ,mosso and ,pellacani the bladder is termed the most sensitive psychometer in the body4 ,contraction of the bladder is well known to occur in many emotional states1 such as fear1 expectation1 tension1 and bashfulness4 ,this is much commoner in women and children than in men4 ,the fact that in women under the influence of strong excitement there arises a powerful impulse to urinate1 is a fact extremely well known to medical men and others with special opportunities for observation4 ,the greater neuro-muscular irritability of woman may also be explained as the result of the relatively greater size of her abdominal organs4 ,to this greater irritability of woman there corresponds a greater susceptibility to fatigue4 ,it appears as a result of any long-lasting task2 it is1 in fact1 a safeguard against over-exertion1 which in man so commonly leads to complete exhaustion1 because he works too long4 ,the ease with which a woman becomes exhausted is no doubt partly dependent upon the physiological anmia to which we alluded in the last chapter--to the larger quantity of water and the smaller quantity of red blood-corpuscles 7erythrocytes7 in her blood4 ,havelock ,ellis has detected a decline in the emotivity of modern woman1 under the influence of custom and education1 especially as a result of the great diffusion of bodily sports among girls4 ,but he does not believe that anything of the kind can lead to a complete abolition of the emotional differences between the sexes1 since these depend upon firmly established bodily differences1 such as the greater extension of the sexual sphere and of the visceral functions in woman1 upon woman's physiological anmia1 and upon the more marked periodicity of her vital processes4 8,so many factors work in combination1 in order to give a basis for the play of the emotions1 whose greater extension can be overcome by no alteration of the milieu1 or of custom4 ,the emotivity of woman may be reduced to finer and more delicate shades1 but it can never be brought down to the level of the emotivity of the male sex40 ,in respect of artistic endowment the male sex is unquestionably superior to the female4 ,the long series of male poets1 musicians1 painters1 sculptors1 of the highest genius cannot be matched by any notable number of striking female personalities in the same sphere of artistic activity4 ,even the art of cooking has been further developed by men4 ,without doubt the differences in sexuality are the principal causes of this deficiency4 ,the impetuous1 aggressive character of the male sexual impulse also favours poietic endeavours1 the transformation of sexual energy into higher plastic activity1 as it fulfils itself in the moments of most exalted artistic conception4 ,the greater variability of the male also serves to explain the greater frequency of male artists of the first rank4 ,john ,hunter1 ,burdach1 ,darwin1 ,havelock ,ellis1 and others1 have shown that there exists a greater tendency on the part of man to divergence from type4 ,in the course of evolution1 man represents the more variable and progressive1 woman the more monotonous and conservative1 moiety of mankind4 ,these differences find no less clear expression in the psychical sphere4 ,notwithstanding increasing individual differentiation--in truth1 affecting only the minority1 the lite among women1 as ,rosa ,mayreder very rightly insists--this great difference in the variability of the sexes will ever continue4 ,this biological fact is certainly of great importance in respect of civilization and of the relation between the sexes4 ,in a comparison between man and woman1 the important fact of menstruation must never be forgotten4 ,menstruation is only the expression1 only a phase1 of a continuous undulatory movement in the entire feminine organism4 ,the intellectual and emotional state of woman is1 beyond question1 a different one in different phases of the monthly cycle4 ,icard1 and recently ,francillon 78,essai sur la ,pubert chez la ,femme0--8,essay on ,puberty in ,woman10 pp4 #ahi-aih2 ,paris1 #aijf71 have given us exact information on this subject4 8,in all tests of strength and cleverness10 says ,havelock ,ellis1 8the woman's degree of strength and exactitude is related to the level of her monthly curve4 ,moreover1 in every criminal procedure1 the relation between the time of occurrence of the alleged crime and the accused's monthly cycle should invariably be taken into consideration40 ,the results obtained by ,helen ,bradford ,thompson by experimental research in her 8,comparative ,psychology of the ,sexes0 7,wrzburg1 #aije7 agree in general with the details we have already given as the result of earlier researches4 ,in her experiment also 8man proved better developed in respect of motor capacity and accuracy of judgment4 ,woman had1 indeed1 sharper senses and a better memory4 ,the opinion1 however1 that emotional excitement plays a greater part in the life of woman has not been confirmed4 ,on the contrary1 woman's greater tendency towards religion and towards superstition is a proof of her conservative nature1 of her function to guard established beliefs and modes of action40 ,thus we cannot expel from the world the fact that man and woman are eminently different alike physically and mentally4 ,whether1 as ,alfons ,bilharz declares1 they are really throughout equivalent opposites1 or1 as he expresses the comparison1 like #a and -#a1 their sum is equivalent to nil1 must remain at present undetermined4 ,but that ineradicable differences exist is certain4 ,there is no question here of an inferiority to man4 ,what woman lacks on one side she has more of on another4 ,she is through and through a creature constructed on other lines1 standing nearer to ,nature than man1 and for this reason1 like ,nature1 problematical1 the great guardian of the secrets of ,nature 7,brenbach74 8,who shall explain the wonderful ,magic power of woman80 says ,platen1 thus touching an aspect of ancient ,german sentiment1 which has also found expression in the sanctum aut providum of ,tacitus4 ,ovid1 ,byron1 ,brne1 and ,rousseau1 have also described the wonderful and mysterious influence of woman's nature1 fundamentally different from that of man4 ,most beautifully has it been described by ,theodor ,mundt in the following magnificent passage of his book on ,charlotte ,stieglitz3 8,the most secret elements of woman's nature1 in association with the magic mystery of her organization1 indicate the existence in her of peculiar and deep-lying creative ideas1 and in this wonderful riddle of love we find the sympathetic of the entire universe expressed4 ,the sympathetic1 which attracts and binds forces1 the silent music in the innermost being of the world's soul1 by means of which the stars1 the suns1 bodies1 spirits1 are compelled to move in this eternal1 changeable rhythm1 and in this continuous opposition--is the feminine of the universe4 ,this is the eternal feminine1 of which ,goethe says that it draws us heavenward4 ,therefore there is nothing deeper1 more gentle1 more unsearchable1 than a woman's heart4 ,all-movable1 it extends into that wonderful distance of existence1 and hears with fine nerves the most hidden elements of existence4 ,touched and shaken by every sound1 like a spiritual harp1 the most hidden aspects of nature and of life often evoke in its strings prophetic oscillations4 ,the feminine is something common to all life1 the most gentle psyche of existence1 and hence the fine connexion of the feminine nature with the general organizations1 operations1 and world forces2 hence the mysterious force of attraction which exercises itself in such a magic manner as the true pole of sex1 as though each one only in1 and with1 the true feminine could first find peace4444 ,the ancients made a remarkable use of this idea of a common feminine element in human nature1 inasmuch as by the name they gave to the pupil of the eye they expressed the idea that a young girl was to be found in every man's eye4 ,young girls 7pupill1 7--these formed the centre of the human eye1 as ,winkelmann points out2 and is it possible to describe the eye more aptly and distinctively1 this radiant chiaroscuro of the hidden basis of the soul1 than by ascribing femininity to it--femininity1 which rises from that hidden basis of the soul as an ,anadyomene rises from the deep80 ,nietzsche speaks also of the 8veil0 of beautiful possibilities with which woman is covered1 and which makes the charm of her life4 ,this undefinable spiritual emanation1 this dark1 irrational element in woman1 led von ,hippel to coin the clever phrase that woman is a comma1 man a full-stop4 8,with man1 you know where you are--you have come to an end2 but with woman1 there is something more to be expected40 ,from this inward nature of woman there proceed immense results3 the feminine essence is a civilizing factor of the first rank2 were woman wanting1 civilization would be non-existent4 ,very beautifully has the great ,buckle drawn attention to the indispensability of woman for the spiritual progress of mankind4 ,he remarks that men1 the slaves of experience and of fact1 have only the women to thank for the fact that their slavery has not become much more complete and more narrowing4 ,women's way of thinking1 their spiritual care1 their intercourse1 their influence1 diffuse themselves unnoticed through the whole of society1 and take their place throughout its entire structure4 ,by means of this influence1 more than by any other cause1 we men have been conducted1 says ,buckle1 to a completely thought-out world4 ,this obscure1 wonderful nature of woman has1 however1 its shadowy side4 ,upon it depends that primitive1 deeply-rooted antipathy of the sexes1 which is due to their profound heterogeneity1 to the impossibility that they can ever really understand one another4 ,herein lie the roots of the brutal enslavement of woman by man in the course of history2 of the belief in witchcraft2 of contempt for women1 and the continued renewal of theoretical misogyny4 ,the victory of sexual love over this contrast is often apparent only4 ,leopardi1 and ,theophile ,gautier 7in 8,mademoiselle de ,maupin071 have shown how little woman understands the inner nature of man2 how little man understands woman has been poetically described by ,annette von ,droste-,hlshoff4 ,for this reason1 true love is an understanding of the contrasted natures1 a solution of the riddle4 8tre aim1 c'est tre compris10 says ,delphine de ,girardin4 ,what significance for the so-called 8woman's question0 has the determination of the existence of psychical sexual differences8 ,we answer3 ,the nature of woman1 completely developed in all her peculiarities1 and enriched throughout her being by all the spiritual elements of our times adequate to her being1 ensures her an equal share in civilization and in the progress of humanity4 ,complete equality between man and woman is impossible4 ,but are all sides of woman's nature as yet adequately worked upon1 fully developed8 ,is not the civilized woman of the future still to be created8 ,the true nucleus of the woman's movement is1 ,i conceive1 to be found in the emancipation of woman from the dominion of pure sensuality1 and from the not less disastrous dominion of masculine spiritual arrogance4 ,have we men really any right to pride ourselves to such a degree upon our knowledge and intelligence8 ,should we without woman have advanced anything like so far8 ,a glance at the beginnings of human civilization should teach us a little modesty1 for there we see that woman was equal1 if not superior1 to man in productive1 poietic activity4 ,gradually only1 in the progress of civilization1 man supplanted woman1 and monopolized all spheres of productive activity1 whilst woman was limited more and more to domestic occupations4 ,according to ,karl ,bcher1 to women were originally allotted all the labours connected with the obtaining and subsequent utilization of vegetable materials1 also the provision of the apparatus and vessels necessary for this purpose2 to man1 on the other hand1 were allotted the chase1 fishing1 herding1 and the provision of weapons and tools4 ,thus woman was engaged in threshing and grinding the grain1 in baking bread1 in the preparation of food and drink1 in the making of pots1 and in spinning4 ,since these occupations are largely conducted in a rhythmical manner1 and the women worked together in the fields or in their huts1 while the men hunted singly in the forests1 it resulted that women were the first creators of poetry and music4 8,not10 writes ,bcher1 8upon the steep summits of society did poetry originate2 it sprung rather from the depths of the pure strong soul of the people4 ,women have striven to produce it2 and as civilized man owes to woman's work much the best of his possessions1 so also are her thought and her poetry interwoven in the spiritual treasure handed down from generation to generation4 ,to follow the traces of woman's poetry farther1 in the intellectual life of the people1 would be a valuable exercise4 ,although these traces have to a large extent disappeared1 during the subsequent period of man's poetic activity1 which appears to have gained predominance in proportion as men monopolized the labours of material production1 still1 in a number of races the influence of woman's poetry can be followed for a long way into the literary period40 ,to a large extent men first learned from women the elements of the various handicrafts4 ,for instance1 as ,mason says1 primeval woman gave her 8ulu0#bg to the saddler1 and taught him the mode of preparing leather4 ,women were the first discoverers of numerous industries and handicrafts4 ,the further development of these in later times was the work of men2 men alone understood how to differentiate their work1 while from the first it was inevitable that motherhood should greatly limit the working powers of woman4 ,in the middle ages there still existed in ,europe1 especially in ,germany and ,france1 certain industries which were exclusively in the hands of women--for instance1 the silk-spinners1 silk-weavers1 tailoresses1 and girdle-makers4 ,in all these occupations there were mistresses1 maids1 and female apprentices4 ,it was not until the sixteenth century that manufactures became a monopoly of the male sex4 ,in the eighteenth century women were actually forbidden by law to take part in manufactures1 until in recent times a reaction in their favour took place4 ,therefore we must not from the present conditions judge the capacity of women for practical activity outside the home4 ,i quite agree with ,gerland1 who assumes that during this oppression of the female sex for thousands of years1 a certain deteriorating influence must have been exercised1 and ,i agree also with ,havelock ,ellis1 who hopes much from the development in the civilization of the future of an equal freedom for man and woman1 and who demands that we should acquire experience by unlimited experiment regarding the qualifications of the female sex for all departments of activity4 ,golden words as to the necessity for a comprehensive emancipation of woman were uttered in #ahfe by the celebrated anthropologist ,thomas ,huxley1 in his essay on 8,emancipation--,black and ,white10 in which he strongly condemns the present system for the education of girls3 8,let us have #8sweet girl graduates' by all means4 ,they will be none the less sweet for a little wisdom2 and the #8golden hair' will not curl less gracefully outside the head by reason of there being brains within4 ,nay1 if obvious practical difficulties can be overcome1 let those women who feel inclined to do so descend into the gladiatorial arena of life1 not merely in the guise of retiari1 as heretofore1 but as bold sicari1 breasting the open fray4 ,let them1 if they so please1 become merchants1 barristers1 politicians4 ,let them have a fair field1 but let them understand1 as the necessary correlative1 that they are to have no favour4 ,let ,nature alone sit high above the lists1 #8rain influence and judge the prize4'0 ,and that men would maintain their old position cannot be doubted4 ,the only change would be that women1 too1 would take part in the work of civilization4#bh ,they would introduce a new and fresh element into this work2 and inasmuch as every woman would be brought up systematically with a view to her life's work1 the physically and psychically disastrous idleness of unmarried young girls1 of 8old maids10 and of 8misunderstood women10 would come to an end1 and these unattractive types would pass away for ever4 ,the work of mother and housewife must1 in correspondence with these changes1 be more highly esteemed than has hitherto been the case4 ,the technique and the theory of domestic economy can even now1 with sufficient intelligence devoted to the question1 be remodelled and transformed to a satisfying activity4#bi ,woman is an integral constituent of the processes of civilization1 which1 without her1 becomes unthinkable4 ,the present moment is a turning-point in the history of the feminine world4 ,the woman of the past is disappearing1 to give place to the woman of the future2 instead of the bound1 there appears the free personality4 ,,appendix3 ,,sexual ,,sensibility ,,in ,,woman ,an old and still unsettled subject of dispute is the strength and nature of sexual sensibility in woman4 ,whilst the manifestation of sexual appetite and sexual enjoyment in the male are fairly simple--and in man1 as ,a4 ,eulenburg has proved1 the copulatory impulse is much more powerful than the reproductive impulse--the sexual sensibility of woman is still involved in obscurity4 ,magendie remarked that no two women are exactly alike in respect of their sexual sensations and perceptions4 ,there is no question that among women the varieties of erotic type are far more numerous than among men4 ,rosa ,mayreder1 for instance1 distinguishes an erotic-eccentric1 an altruistic-sentimental1 and an egoistic-frigid type4 ,the attempt has been made to prove that the last-named type is the most widely diffused--that it is1 in fact1 the characteristic type of woman4 ,lombroso and ,ferrero were the first to maintain the slight sexual sensibility of woman2 ,harry ,campbell took the same view2 and recently a ,berlin physician--,dr4 ,o4 ,adler--has published a book on the 8,deficient ,sexual ,sensibility of ,woman10 the conclusions of which are that 8the sexual impulse 7desire1 libido7 of woman is1 alike in its first spontaneous origin and in its later manifestation1 notably less intense than that of man2 and further1 that libido must first be aroused in a suitable manner1 and that often it never appears at all40 ,albert ,eulenburg1 in an article in ,zukunft 7,december #b1 #ahic71 and later in his 8,sexual ,neuropathy10 pp4 #hh1 #hi 7,leipzig1 #ahie71 first opposed this doctrine of the physiological sexual ansthesia of woman1 and quoted in support of his view the following passage from the writings of the celebrated gyncologist ,kisch3 8,the sexual impulse is so powerful1 in certain life periods it is an elementary force which so overwhelmingly dominates the entire organism of woman1 that it leaves no room in her mind for thoughts of reproduction2 on the contrary1 she greatly desires sexual intercourse even when she is very much afraid of becoming pregnant or when there can be no question of any pregnancy occurring0 7see ,kisch1 8,the ,sexual ,life of ,woman10 ,english translation1 ,rebman1 #aijh74 ,i have myself asked a great many cultured women about this matter4 ,without exception1 they declared the theory of the lesser sexual sensibility of women to be erroneous2 many were even of opinion that sexual sensibility was greater and more enduring in woman than in man4#cj ,when we actually consider the physical bases of feminine sexuality1 we must admit that women's sexual sphere is a much more widely extended one than that of men4 ,the author of 8,splitter0 has very well characterized this fact when he says3 8,women are in fact pure sex from knees to neck4 ,we men have concentrated our apparatus in a single place1 we have extracted it1 separated it from the rest of the body1 because prt partir4 ,they 7women7 are a great sexual surface or target2 we have only a sexual arrow4 ,procreation is their proper element1 and when they are engaged in it they remain at home in their own sphere2 we for this purpose must go elsewhere out of ourselves4 ,in the matter of time also our part in procreation is concentrated4 ,we may devote to the matter barely ten minutes2 women give as many months4 ,properly speaking1 they procreate unceasingly1 they stand continually at the witches' cauldron1 boiling and brewing2 while we lend a hand merely in passing1 and do no more than throw one or two fragments into the vessel40 ,it is possible1 however1 that the greater extension of the sexual sphere in woman gives rise1 if one may use the expression1 to a greater dispersal of sexual sensations1 which are not1 as they are in man1 closely concentrated to a particular point1 and for this reason the spontaneous resolution of the libido 7in the form of the sexual orgasm7 is rendered more difficult4 ,recently ,havelock ,ellis has made a searching investigation into the nature of the sexual impulse in woman4 ,he found the following differences by which it was distinguished from the sexual impulse of the male3 #a4 ,the sexual impulse of woman shows greater external passivity4 #b4 ,it is more complicated1 less readily arises spontaneously1 more frequently needs external stimulus1 while the orgasm develops more slowly than in man4 #c4 ,it develops in its full strength only after the commencement of regular sexual intercourse4 #d4 ,the boundary beyond which sexual excess begins is less easily reached than in man4 #e4 ,the sexual sphere has a greater extension1 and is more diffusely distributed than in man4 #f4 ,the spontaneous appearances of sexual desire have a marked tendency to periodicity4#ca #g4 ,the sexual impulse exhibits in woman greater variability1 a greater extent of variation1 than in man--alike when we examine separate feminine individuals1 and when we compare the different phases in the life of the same woman4 ,this great extension of the feminine sexual sphere is illustrated1 for example1 by the case reported by ,moraglia1 of a woman who was able to induce sexual excitement by the masturbation of fourteen different areas of her body4 ,how much more woman is sexuality than man is can be observed in asylums1 where the conventional inhibitions are withdrawn4 ,here1 according to ,shaw's observations1 the women greatly exceed the men in fluency1 malignity1 and obscenity2 and in this relation there is no difference between the shameless virago from the most depraved classes of ,london and the elegant lady of the upper circles4 ,noise1 uncleanliness1 and sexual depravity in speech and demeanour1 are much commoner in the women's wards of asylums than on the male side4 ,in all forms of acute mental disorder1 according to ,shaw1 the sexual element plays a much more prominent part in woman than in man4 ,another experienced alienist1 ,dr4 ,e4 ,bleuler1 confirms this permeation of woman with sexuality4 ,in a recently published work he remarks3 8,the whole #8career' in the average woman depends on sexuality2 marriage1 or some equivalent of marriage1 signifies to her what to man a position in business signifies--viz41 her ambition in all relations1 the happily conducted struggle for simple existence1 as well as for pleasure and for all else that life can bring1 and only after these1 sexuality also1 and the joy of having children4 ,not to marry1 and also extra-conjugal sexual indulgence1 induce in woman inevitable consequences1 with strongly marked emotional colouring2 to the average man all this is a trifling affair1 or it may even be a matter of absolute indifference4 ,and we have further to consider the limits imposed by our civilization1 which make it impossible for the well-brought-up woman to live1 and even to think1 as she pleases in sexual matters1 and which demand the actual suppression of sexual emotions1 not merely of the outward manifestation of these emotions4 ,is it to be wondered at that in these circumstances1 in mentally disordered women1 we encounter once more the suppressed sexual feelings1 those sexual feelings which really comprise at least half of our natural existence8--,i say at least half1 for the analogous impulse1 the nutritive impulse1 seems really to be inferior in strength to the sexual impulse1 in civilized as well as in savage human beings40 ,in the majority of cases the sexual frigidity of woman is1 in fact1 apparent merely--either because behind the veil prescribed by conventional morality1 behind the apparent coldness1 there is concealed an ardent sexuality1 or else because the particular man with whom she has had intercourse has not succeeded rightly in awakening her erotic sensibility1 so complicated and so difficult to arouse4#cb ,when he has succeeded in doing so1 the sexual insensibility will in the majority of cases disappear4 ,a striking example of this is seen in the following case3 ,case of ,temporary ,sexual ,ansthesia4--,girl twenty years of age4 ,early awakening of the sexual impulses4 ,already practised onanism at the age of five years2 often for the sake of sexual stimulation introduced hairpins into the vagina1 until one day one of these remained1 and had to be removed by operation4 ,notwithstanding this1 she soon resumed masturbation1 using for this purpose a finger1 a candle1 etc4 ,ultimately this became a daily practice1 which she continued until she was eighteen years of age4 ,she then first had sexual intercourse with a man1 in which1 however1 she remained quite cold2 this was the case also in subsequent attempts with this man and with others4 ,finally she met a man with whom she was in sympathy1 who succeeded in inducing in her sexual gratification1 by exchange of rles1 and corresponding alteration in the position in intercourse4 ,later1 intercourse in the normal position also induced complete sexual gratification2 since then onanism has been entirely discontinued1 and in coitus the orgasm occurs speedily in one or two minutes4 ,where sexual frigidity in woman is enduring in character1 we have to do either with inherited influences1 with sexual developmental inhibition1 the psycho-sexual infantilism of ,eulenburg1 or with some disease 7especially hysteria and other nervous disorders71 and with the consequences of habitual masturbation4 ,speaking generally1 the sexual sensibility of woman is1 as we have seen1 of quite a different nature from that of man2 but in intensity it is at least as great as that of man4 #bd ,the hermaphroditic idea of antiquity has repeatedly fascinated the human spirit4 ,it certainly cannot be denied that something great and noble underlay this idea of overcoming sex4 ,as long as eighty years before1 ,weininger and the modern apostles of bisexuality1 ,johann ,michael ,leupoldt1 ,professor of ,medicine at the ,university of ,erlangen1 made the following prophecy3 8,the reconciliation of the sexual contrast in every human individual will some day proceed so far that1 dynamically understood1 with the general attainment of a kind of hermaphroditism1 humanity1 having reached its earthly goal1 will become totally extinct0 78,eubiotik oder ,grundzge der ,kunst1 als ,mensch richtig1 tchtig1 wohl und lang zu leben0--8,eubiotics1 or ,principles of the ,art of ,living as ,man ,rightly1 ,virtuously1 ,well1 and ,long10 pp4 #bcb1 #bcc2 ,berlin and ,leipzig1 #ahbh74 ,this would amount to a kind of natural realization of ,e4 von ,hartmann's ideal of conscious self-annihilation at the end of time6 #be ,g4 ,hirth1 8,entropy of the ,germinal ,system and ,hereditary ,enfranchisement10 pp4 #hi1 #ij 7,munich1 #aijj74 #bf ,see note 7#cf71 p4 #id4 #bg ,the 8ulu0 is a kind of knife used by ,eskimo women4 #bh ,cf4 in this connexion1 ,alice ,salomon1 8,the ,choice of a ,profession for ,girls02 ,josephine ,levy-,rathenau1 8,a ,consideration of the ,various ,professions for ,women1 ,qualifications and ,prospects02 ,elizabeth ,altmann-,gottheiner1 8,a ,study of ,woman40 ,these are all published in 8,das ,buch vom ,kinde0 78,the ,book of the ,child071 edited by ,adele ,schreiber1 ,leipzig and ,berlin1 #aijg1 vol4 ii41 ,div4 #b1 pp4 #ahb-ahh1 #ahi-bji1 #baj-baf 7contains an abstract of the most important literature of the subject74 #bi ,on this subject one of our most celebrated economists writes as follows3 8,let us observe what to-day a good housewife of the middle class is able to get through in the way of domestic and hygienic activity1 and of the education of children1 and by means of the knowledge and employment of domestic machines2 let us not overlook in what a one-sided way the great advances in natural science and in the mechanical arts have hitherto been devoted to the service of the great industries1 what enormous economies are still possible if the same knowledge and intelligence are devoted to the amelioration of domestic service4 ,only the rough1 barbarous housewife of the lower classes can say1 #8,i have no more to-day to do in the house4' ,when the mode of life is a healthy one1 when to every dwelling-house is attached a garden1 the housewife even to-day is fully occupied1 and in the future will be still more so1 notwithstanding all the schools that come to her assistance1 all the shops1 all the trades2 notwithstanding all the products1 including food-products1 which nowadays she buys ready-made4 ,and besides her domestic activity1 she has to find time for lectures1 for culture1 for music1 and for various socially useful activities--even women of quite the lower classes4 ,without this no social cure is possible40--,g4 ,,schmoller1 8,elements of ,general ,domestic ,economy10 vol4 i41 p4 #bec 7,leipzig1 #aija74 ,,the ,,simplification ,,of ,,household ,,duties4--,english readers will find the questions briefly touched upon in this note--the enslavement of woman by an unceasing round of petty domestic toil1 the necessity for devoting the same amount of finished intelligence to these domestic problems that has been devoted to 8labour-saving0 in most departments of masculine activity1 and the lines on which future progress may be expected to move1 bringing about in this way alone a much-needed 8emancipation0 of women--fully discussed by ,mr4 ,h4 ,g4 ,wells in his sociological studies4 ,see 8,anticipations10 8,mankind in the ,making10 8,a ,new ,utopia10 8,in the ,days of the ,comet40--,,translator4 #cj ,noteworthy is the following utterance of a clergyman regarding the sensuality of country girls3 8,young women are in no way behind young men in the strength of their fleshly lusts2 they are only too willing to be seduced--so willing that even older girls frequently give themselves to half-grown boys1 and girls give themselves to several men in brief succession4 ,moreover1 it is by no means always the young men by whom the seduction is effected4 ,often enough it is the girls who lure the lads to sexual intercourse1 in which case they do not wait till the lads come to their rooms1 but they go themselves to the young men's bedrooms1 or wait for them in their beds40--,c4 ,,wagner1 8,the ,state of ,affairs as ,regards ,sexual ,morality among the ,evangelical ,agricultural ,population of the ,german ,empire10 vol4 i41 sec4 #b1 p4 #bac 7,leipzig1 #ahig74 #ca ,e4 ,heinrich ,kisch 78,the ,sexual ,life of ,woman10 ,english translation1 ,rebman1 #aijh7 names the ovaries 8regulators of the sexual impulse40 ,in the ovary1 and in the periodical changes that occur in that organ1 are to be found the fundamental cause1 and the means of regulation1 of the sexual impulse2 in the clitoris is the seat of voluptuous sensibility4 #cb ,georg ,hirth remarks very aptly 78,ways to ,love10 ,munich1 #aijf1 p4 #egj73 8,for it is the task of the man to summon his whole power of self-command1 to employ all his skill1 to take all the care in his power1 that the woman may be1 as one says1 #8ready4' ,the man who thinks only of his own gratification1 and who leaves his partner ungratified1 is a brutal being1 or1 if not brutal1 he is simply ignorant of the harm he is doing4444 ,in general1 the man has the tempo of gratification much better and more securely under control than the woman2 in many women1 indeed1 the sexual orgasm is very difficult to induce1 and in such cases the man must help with skill and tenderness40 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,the ,,way ,,of ,,the ,,spirit ,,in ,,love--,,religion ,,and ,,sexuality 8,the more dearly we understand how the indeterminate sexual attractive force of the most lowly organisms has1 by a continuous addition of psychical elements1 slowly developed into the love of the higher species of animals and of mankind1 the sooner shall we be inclined to attribute to this sentiment the importance which it deserves4 ,then we shall no longer be able to regard it as an individual imagination1 which has no relation to reality and no roots in the depths of life4 ,it will become to us a measuring rule for the stage of evolution to which we have attained40--,,charles ,,albert4 ,,contents ,,of ,,chapter ,,vi ,influence of the development of the brain upon the sexual impulse -- ,relations between speech and love -- ,the psychic-emotional roots of love -- ,love as a product of civilization -- ,relation between the physical and the spiritual poietic impulse -- ,the 8function-impulse0 of ,dr4 ,santlus -- ,psychical sexual equivalents -- ,schopenhauer1 ,hirth1 and ,mantagazza1 on this subject -- ,rle of sexuality in the feelings of life -- ,the organic necessity of love -- ,sexual philosophy -- ,the ,marquis de ,sade -- ,otto ,weininger -- ,max ,zeiss -- ,relations of love to the individual feelings of personality -- ,the reproductive impulse and the conjugative impulse -- ,love and love's embrace as a personal aim4 ,the psychogenetic fundamental law of love -- ,the way of the spirit in love -- ,its tendency from the general to the individual -- ,from the remote to the proximate -- ,love as a transcendental and as a personal relationship4 ,the association of religio-metaphysical ideas with the sexual life -- ,a general anthropological phenomenon -- ,anthropomorphistic-animistic explanation of the relation between religion and the sexual life -- ,billroth's scientific analysis of religious perception -- ,l4 ,feuerback1 ,m',lennan1 and ,tylor on this subject -- ,my own description of the psychological processes in the association between the religious and the sexual life -- ,the deification of love according to ,e4 von ,mayer -- ,strongest in women -- ,vicarious religions and sexual perceptions -- ,history of religio-sexual phenomena -- ,religious prostitution -- ,single and repeated acts of religious prostitution -- ,sexual self-surrender to the deity or his representative -- ,defloration by divine symbols -- ,defloration deities among the ,indians1 the ,jews1 and the ,romans -- ,religious defloration by representatives of the deity -- ,the ,babylonian ,mylitta-cult -- ,diffusion and explanation thereof -- ,religious prostitution in ,india -- ,among primitive peoples -- ,bachofen's brilliant explanation of religious prostitution as a counteraction to the individualization of love -- ,contempt for virginity among primitive peoples -- ,permanent religious prostitution -- ,sexual intercourse as a consecrated act -- ,the temple-girls of the ,greeks1 ,phnicians1 and ,indians -- ,the ,indian 8nautch-girls0 -- ,the sense of eternity in the religious and the sexual impulse -- ,sexual mysticism -- ,religio-erotic festivals -- ,their wide diffusion -- ,examples from antiquity1 from ,india1 and from ,central and ,south ,america -- ,sexual mysticism in ,christianity -- ,religio-sexual sects -- ,the 8unio mystica0 -- ,the primiz1 or mystical marriage -- ,mariolatry -- ,a religious poem4 ,asceticism -- ,its origin -- ,metchnikoffs explanation of the origin of asceticism -- ,disharmonies of the sexual life -- ,psychology of ascetics -- ,their hypersexuality -- ,great antiquity and ubiquity of asceticism -- ,the asceticism of the ,indians1 ,mohammedans1 and ,christians -- ,preoccupation of ,christian ascetics with sexual matters -- ,sexual visions -- ,dissolute sects -- ,monastic and cloistral life -- ,modern asceticism -- ,its difference from ancient asceticism -- ,its connexion with actual experiences -- ,example of ,schopenhauer -- ,hitherto unpublished evidence of the relationship between his ascetic views and his own life -- ,tolstoi on the sorrows of voluptuousness -- ,his relative asceticism -- ,weininger's renewal of early ,christian asceticism -- ,its cause -- ,characteristics of ,weininger's book4 ,the belief in witchcraft -- ,the principal source of all misogyny and contempt of women -- ,not a ,christian discovery -- ,primeval association between sexuality and magic -- ,the sexual origin of the belief in witchcraft -- ,devil's mistresses -- ,the predisponents of the medieval belief in witchcraft -- ,continuance of this belief into our own times -- ,rle of sexuality in pastoral medicine -- ,external and internal causation of the theological treatment of sexual problems -- ,sexual casuistic literature -- ,the religious factor in the sexual life of the present day -- ,sexual excesses of modern sects -- ,the revival of romanticism -- ,experiences of an elderly physician regarding religion and sexuality -- ,deprivation of love and satiety of love as sources of religious needs -- ,significance of the religious factor in the history of love -- ,subordinate rle of this in the individualization of the sentiment of love4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,if1 with ,friedrich ,ratzel1 we understand by civilization the sum total of all the mental acquirements of a period1 then also human love1 this specific product of civilization1 is merely a mirrored picture of the mental activities of the existing epoch of civilization4 ,we can follow this way of the spirit in love from the primitive age down to the present day1 and we can detect1 in each successive epoch of civilization1 the association with sexuality of peculiar spiritual states2 and after thus passing in review the thousands of years of human history1 we can discern once more in our own epoch the individual psychical elements which characterize the love of modern civilized man4 ,the increasing spiritualization and idealization of sensuality in the course of civilization1 notwithstanding the persistence of the elementary intensity of the sexual impulse1 is associated with the fact to which we have already alluded--namely1 the preponderance of the brain characteristic of the genus homo--a preponderance which was unquestionably gradually acquired1 and arose in consequence of an accumulation of original variations which gave their possessors a certain advantage in the struggle for existence4 ,thus very gradually the primary1 instinctive1 still powerful animal ego underwent expansion into the secondary ego 7in ,meynert's sense71 into the spiritual personality1 to which a fixed foundation was given by the possession of speech4 ,with some justice the origin of speech has been singled out as extremely significant for the development of the feeling of love2 and the conquest of the primitive animal instinct has been1 above all1 attributed to this faculty4 ,a4 ,cabral1 in his interesting work1 8,la ,vnus ,gnitrix0 7,paris1 #ahhb1 p4 #aee71 expresses the opinion that speech and song developed solely on account of sexual relations2 and he alludes in support of this view to the well-known manifold noises made by various animals in conditions of sexual excitement4 ,it is very significant in this connexion that anthropological science has proved1 as an important fact in racial psychology1 that the development of poetry preceded that of prose4#cc ,the original form of speech was rhythmical noise1 a poem1 a song4 ,and we saw above that this was subservient to more suggestive purposes1 and1 above all1 to sexual allurement4 ,thus the primitive natural connexion between speech and sexuality appears somewhat probable4 ,with these earlier erotic noises and alluring tones were subsequently associated the first elements of intellectual comprehension1 the first thoughts4 ,this 8withdrawal of mankind from pure instinct10 which ,schiller1 in his essay on the earliest human society1 describes as the 8most fortunate and most important occurrence in human history10 from which time the struggle towards freedom may be said to begin1 gradually enabled the higher feeling-tones of sensation to become more predominant4 ,the elementary impulses became associated with sensations of pleasure and pain as psychical reactions4 ,the 8organic sensations0 entered the sphere of consciousness1 and so gave rise1 in association and reciprocal working with the higher sensory stimuli1 to the psychico-emotional roots of the impulses4 ,thus1 in the sexual sphere1 out of pure voluptuousness1 the simple instinctive impulse towards copulation1 arose love1 whose essence is an intimate association of physical sensations with feelings and thoughts1 with the entire spiritual and emotional being of mankind4#cd 8,love10 says ,charles ,albert1 8is the result of all the forward steps of human activity in all departments1 and in every direction1 as manifested in their effects upon the sexual life4 ,it is an advance which goes hand in hand with all other advances4 ,man is an inseparable whole1 and in theory only can he be subdivided into separate faculties4 ,in reality1 indeed1 all departments of human development are so intimately associated that progress in any one of them must place something to the credit of all40 ,increasing psychical refinement and differentiation of the human type1 domination of the intelligence and of emotion over brute force1 transformation of the social relations between man and woman in consequence of economic conditions or of religious and moral ideas1 respect for personality1 a secured provision for the most pressing vital needs1 and a consequent elevation and complication of the sexual life1 the influence of a longing for ideal beauty in a psychical and moral sense--all these and much more have contributed to constitute sexual love in the sense in which we understand and experience it at the present day4 ,the speech of the lover of our own time is the comprehensive expression of all human progress4 ,the difference between animal rutting and the lofty sensation of love corresponds exactly to the gulf which separates primitive man1 capable only of chipping for himself a few almost useless flint tools1 from civilized man who1 with the aid of innumerable machines1 has tamed to his service the elementary forces of ,nature4 ,we must recur to the earliest beginnings of the evolution of the human psyche in its association with sexuality1 in order to understand the profound and primitive connexion between the bodily and the spiritual formative impulse2 this connexion has been expressed by the saying that the sexual impulse is the father of all those intellectual impulses peculiar to man which have made him a thinker and a discoverer4 ,in the time of ,schelling's natural philosophy1 they went so far as to speak of the 8testicular hemispheres0 as analogous to the hemispheres of the brain4 ,and is not this connexion also expressed etymologically 7in ,german7 in the verbal association of ,zeugung 7procreation7 and ,ueberzeugung 7certainty1 i4e41 higher1 or intellectual1 procreation71 and1 further1 by the fact that in the ,hebrew tongue the ideas of 8procreation0 and 8cognition0 are jointly represented by a single term8 ,and1 returning to the physical sphere1 it may be mentioned that1 according to ,moebius 78,ueber die ,wirkungen der ,kastration0--8,concerning the ,effects of ,castration10 ,halle1 #aijf71 sexuality is the common product of testicular and cerebral activity4 ,plato was already aware of this relationship when he called thought a sublimated sexual impulse1 and ,buffon likewise when he described love as 8le premier essor de la sensibilit1 qui se porte ensuite d'autres objets40 ,in more recent times1 ,dr4 ,santlus1 in his valuable essay1 8,on the ,psychology of the ,human ,impulses0 7,archiv fr ,psychiatrie1 #ahfd1 vol4 vi41 pp4 #bdd and #bfb71 alluded to this combination of the sexual sphere with the highest spiritual interests of mankind under the name of the 8function-impulse40 ,from these intimate relations between sexual and spiritual productivity is to be explained the remarkable fact that certain spiritual creations may take the place of the purely physical sexual impulse2 that there are psychical sexual equivalents into which the potential energy of the sexual impulse may be transformed4 ,here belong numerous emotions1 such as ferocity1 anger1 pain1 and the productive spiritual activities which find their vent in poetry1 art1 and religion--in short1 the whole imaginative life of mankind in the widest sense is able1 when the natural activity of the sexual impulse is inhibited1 to find such sexual equivalents1 the importance of which in the evolutionary history of human love we shall have later to study in further detail4 ,interesting observations regarding this intimate connexion between the spiritual and the physical procreative impulse are to be found in the work of a thinker who made no secret of his intense sensuality1 and in whose life and thought sexuality played a peculiar part--in the work of ,schopenhauer4 ,in his 8,new ,paralipomena0 he lays stress on the similarity between the work of productive genius and the modification of the sexual impulse peculiar to the human race4 ,in another place in which1 as ,frauenstdt also insists1 he is speaking from personal experience1 he writes3 8,in the days and hours when the voluptuous impulse is most powerful1 not a dull desire1 arising from emptiness and dullness of the consciousness1 but a burning longing1 a violent ardour1 precisely then also are the highest powers of the spirit available1 the finest consciousness is prepared for its intensest activity1 although at the moment when the consciousness has given itself up to desire they are latent2 but it needs merely a powerful effort to turn their direction1 and instead of that tormenting1 despairing lust 7the kingdom of darkness71 the activity of the highest spiritual powers fills the consciousness 7the kingdom of light740 ,georg ,hirth1 who1 in the section of his 8,ways to ,love0 entitled 8,stark-naked ,thoughts10 gives in aphorisms an interesting account of the psychology of love1 affirms the 8delightful phenomenon of a peculiarly active enhancement of our impulse to thought and production10 after erotic satisfaction1 after a fortunate love-night4 ,very ably1 also1 has ,mantegazza described the spiritual activity produced by a happy and victorious love4#ce ,many great thinkers have complained of the alleged impairment of pure spirituality by the sexual life1 and have recommended asceticism in order to arrive at a truer internal enlightenment4 ,this1 however1 would imply pulling up the roots of spiritual poietic#cf activity1 the suppression of a rich inner life of thought and feeling1 the destruction of all true poetry and art4 ,there would be left behind only the wilderness of a cold abstraction4 ,look at the letters of ,abelard before and after his emasculation4 ,sexuality first breathes into our spiritual being the warm and blooming life4 8,the world10 says ,philipp ,frey1 8would be conceived by us in sharply bounded intellectual pictures1 unless we saw it in the changing lights of our sexuality4 ,from the green of gently dreaming desire1 through the yellow of surging emotion1 and from the blood-red of eager desire to the cool blue of satisfaction--all things appear to us in the light of our sexuality4 ,life would be better ordered if we were purely intelligible machines for the purposes of nutrition1 work1 and production4 ,but without the dualism of desire and satisfaction1 the world would become torpid in a great yawn40 ,this intimate connexion between the psychic-emotional being and the sexual impulse gave rise to a deepening1 a concentration1 and an increasing intensity1 of the feeling of love1 whereby the latter becomes the most powerful influence affecting mankind in bodily and spiritual relations4 ,voltaire1 in his 8,penses ,philosophiques10 says aptly3 8,l'amour est de toutes les passions la plus forte1 parce qu'elle attaque la fois la tte1 le cur1 et le corps40 ,that it is in love that the immediate admixture of organic processes most clearly manifests itself is a fact pointed out already by ,aristotle1 and among modems emphasized by ,griesinger4#cg ,thus love discloses itself as a nucleus1 the axis of the individual1 and therewith also of the social life1 a fact indicated already in ,schopenhauer's phrase1 describing love as the 8focus of the will10 and in ,weismann's expression 8the continuity of the germ-plasma40 ,and we can easily understand that there are literary advocates of a consequent 8sexual philosophy10 who base their view of the universe solely and entirely upon the sexual4 ,to them the sexual problem becomes a world problem1 eroticism expands into metaphysics4 ,these sexual philosophers start from love to unveil the mysteries of life4 ,the most celebrated advocate of such a sexual philosophy was the ,marquis de ,sade1 of whom ,i have myself given an account in a pseudonymous work entitled 8,new ,researches concerning the ,marquis de ,sade0 7,berlin1 #aijd74 ,according to de ,sade1 it is only through the sexual that the world can be grasped and understood4 ,in a certain sense the antipodes of the ,marquis de ,sade is a remarkable sexual philosopher of our own time1 the author of 8,sex and ,character10 ,dr4 ,otto ,weininger4 ,his whole circle of thought also revolves exclusively round the sexual4 ,it forms the basis1 the starting-point of his exposition2 though1 indeed1 it does so in a purely negative sense4 ,for ,weininger is the apostle of asexuality2 to him the highest type of human being is the non-sexual1 the one who renounces all sexuality4 ,and woman1 as the incorporation of sexuality1 is to him 8nothingness10 the 8radically evil0 which must be annihilated4 ,a positive sexual philosopher of a nobler kind than these two anomalous spirits is ,max ,zeiss1 whose book1 8,ragnark1 a ,philosophico-,social ,study10 was published at ,strasburg in #aijd4 ,he regards work1 effort1 creation1 the strife for material position1 for honour and renown1 only as subordinate aims for the attainment of one aim--love4 ,the ever more intimate association of love with the spiritual life1 its increasing depth1 the inclusion within its sphere of influence of all feelings and thoughts1 necessarily give rise to a stronger development of the feeling of individual personality1 which1 in contrast with the earlier instinctive impulse1 came more and more to dominate the amatory life4 ,now love gained at least an equal importance for the individual that in former conditions it had for the purposes of reproduction1 and therewith subjectively the reproductive idea was unquestionably thrust into the background1 in comparison with the idea of personal living1 of personal enrichment and development1 by means of love4 ,hegel says aptly 78sthetics10 ,berlin1 #ahcg1 vol4 ii41 p4 #ahf73 8,the sorrows of love1 these frustrate hopes1 the very state of being in love1 the never-ending pains which the lover actually experiences1 this never-ending happiness and joy to which he looks forward in imagination--these are matters devoid of all general interest2 they concern only the lover himself40 ,schleiermacher also insists1 in his letters concerning 8,lucinde10 on the great importance of love for the spiritual development of the individual4 ,the individualization of love has certainly resulted in a great decline in the predominance of the reproductive idea1 of the subjective sense of race1 without it ever being possible for it to lose its eminent objective significance4 ,nietzsche1 therefore1 declares a 8reproductive impulse0 to be pure 8mythology20#ch and ,carpenter1 also1 in his book1 8,love's ,coming of ,age10 says that human love is mainly a desire for complete union1 and only in much less degree a wish for the reproduction of the race4 ,the profound significance of individual love in the promotion of civilization is exceedingly well described by him when he says3 8,taking union as the main point1 we may look upon the idealized sex-love as a sense of contact pervading the whole mind and body--while the sex-organs are a specialization of this faculty of union in the outermost sphere3 union in the bodily sphere giving rise to bodily generation1 the same as union in the mental and emotional spheres occasions generation of another kind40 ,proof of the fact that love1 in its purely individual relations1 is also of great importance for human civilization1 that it is profoundly significant for the higher evolution of humanity1 in addition to its importance for the perpetuation of the species--the proof of this thesis is very important in view of certain problems connected with the theory of population and in view of the practical conclusions deduced from that theory1 as1 for example1 the doctrine of neo-malthusianism4 ,love and love's embrace do not exist only for the purposes of the species3 they are also of importance to the ego2 they are necessary for the life1 the evolution1 and the internal growth of the individual himself4 ,and we must not fail to recognize to what extent the fact that the individual has gained much from love ultimately reacts also to the advantage of the species4 ,for the species1 as well as for the individual1 the true path of progress lies in the direction of the individualization of the sexual impulses4 99 99 99 99 99 ,when we study in detail the gradual permeation of sexuality with spiritual elements1 the gradual development of love1 and its advance towards perfection by means of civilization1 we ascertain that for the love of the modern civilized man there exists a kind of biogenetic1 or rather psychogenetic1 fundamental law4 ,in modern love we encounter all the spiritual elements which were actively operative in the love of past times2 the love of the civilized man of the present day is an extracted1 shortened1 compressed repetition of the entire developmental course of love from the earliest times to the present day4 ,and the general course of this development reappears also in the love of the individual4 ,this course is1 to put the matter shortly1 from the general to the individual1 from the remote to the proximate4 ,we can further divide the history of human love into two great epochs4 ,in the first epoch1 love was1 above all1 a transcendental relationship of a religio-metaphysical nature4 ,the transcendental relationships played a more important part than the purely human and personal4 ,everywhere an ulterior element played its part4 ,in the second epoch1 love underwent an evolution into a more personal relationship1 in which the human being himself took foremost place1 as compared with any transcendental considerations4 ,the history of love is1 in fact1 an illustration of ,compte's replacement of the theologico-metaphysical epoch of mental development by the anthropological4 ,in individual love1 however1 there still remain active and demonstrable many transcendental elements4 ,the oldest spiritual elements of love continue to form a portion of the content of modern love1 and to play a more or less dominant part in its genesis4 ,to this primeval and psychical phenomenon belongs1 above all1 an intimate association between religious ideas and feelings and the sexual life4 ,in a certain sense1 the history of religion can be regarded as the history of a peculiar mode of manifestation of the human sexual impulse1 especially in its influence on the imagination and its products4 ,certain modern writers1 members of the laity far from learned in the history of civilization1 have considered the ,roman ,catholic ,church pre-eminently responsible for the appearance of this sexual element in ritual and dogma4 ,this1 however1 is grossly unjust4 ,a scientific study of these relations teaches us that all religions exhibit to a greater or less degree this sexual admixture1 and if this appears more prominent in the ,roman ,catholic ,church1 it is due1 in the first place1 to the fact that this religion is nearer to us in time than many of the religions of antiquity1 and1 in the second place1 it is explicable on the ground that the ,roman ,catholic ,church has always displayed greater openness and less hypocrisy than1 for example1 the ,protestant pietists1 who1 as the ,knigsberg scandal1 the ,eva van ,buttler affair1 etc41 show1 are no less blameworthy in respect of sexual vagaries4 ,a really objective basis for an opinion regarding the relations between religion and sexuality can only be obtained when we cease to consider these relations as an affair of dogma and of the confessional1 and study them upon the basis to which they properly belong--to wit1 the anthropological4 ,for these relationships are peculiar to the genus homo as such4 ,the sexual element is quite as prominent in the religions of primitive peoples as in those of modern civilized nations4 ,anthropological science has hitherto been occupied more with the fact than with the explanation of the remarkable relations between religion and sexuality4 ,there can1 however1 be no doubt that these relations arise out of the very nature of mankind4 ,the various anthropologists and physicians who have occupied themselves with these problems are in agreement upon this point3 that the connexion between religion and the sexual life can be explained only on anthropomorphic-animistic grounds--that is1 by the same kind of ideas which ,tylor has proved to be the foundation of the primitive mental life4 ,thus1 the great physician and anthropologist ,theodor ,billroth doubts the existence of any pure religious perception entirely free from all sensual elements4 ,in a letter to ,hanslick1 dated ,february #ba1 #ahia1 he writes3 8,in my opinion1 it is nonsensical to speak of a special religious perception4 ,what we call by this name is either a purely fanciful and imaginative opinion1 which may rise to the intensity of hallucination1 and has for substratum any kind of imaginative product which excites a yearning in the believing or loving individual--or else1 in fanatics1 it is an actual erotic excitement1 like the rhythmical prayer-movements of the ,mohammedans1 the dancing of the ,dervishes1 or the jumping of the ,flagellants4 ,the ,church as bridegroom for the nun1 as bride for the monk1 has a similar signification4 ,it is1 in a certain sense1 the continuation of the service of ,isis1 and of the festivals of ,aphrodite and ,bacchus4 ,man has always created his gods or his god in his own image1 and prays and sings to him--that is1 properly speaking1 to himself--in the artistic forms of the period4 ,since the so-called divine is always a mere abstraction or personification of one or several human attributes in the highest conceivable potency1 it follows that human and divine1 worldly and religious1 cannot really be of differing natures4 ,man cannot1 in fact1 think anything supernatural1 nor can he do anything unnatural1 because he never can think or act except with human attributes40 ,this explanation coincides with the view of ,ludwig ,feuerbach1 who has especially insisted on the anthropomorphistic element in religio-sexual phenomena in his essay 8,concerning ,mariolatry40 ,m',lennan and ,tylor were among the chief discoverers of the animistic aspect of religio-sexual ideas4 ,in a way analogous to his attitude towards other phenomena1 primitive man assumed the activity of spirits in explanation of the sexual impulse and everything associated therewith2 and he paid divine worship to the sexual impulse1 as the visible and palpable manifestation of those spirits4 ,i myself have more fully described this physiological process in a somewhat different manner 78,contributions to the ,etiology of ,psychopathia ,sexualis10 vol4 i41 pp4 #gf1 #gg71 and ,i quote here my account of the primitive deification of the sexual4 ,as something elemental1 incredible1 supernatural1 the sexual impulse made its appearance in man's life at the time of puberty2 by its overwhelming force1 by the intensity1 spontaneity1 and multiplicity1 of the perceptions to which it gave rise1 it awakened feelings which enriched1 vivified1 and inflamed the imagination in an unexpected manner4 ,this phenomenon1 overwhelming him with elemental force1 filled primitive man with a holy fear4 ,he ascribed it to a supernatural influence1 and this supernatural influence became associated in his circle of perceptions with those others which he had previously experienced1 and which had aroused in him the feeling of dependence upon one or several higher powers1 before which he knelt in worship4 ,to what an extent the metaphysical invaded the whole sexual life of man1 ,schopenhauer has clearly shown in his 8,metaphysic of ,sexual ,love40 ,religion and sexuality come into the most intimate association in this perception of the metaphysical and in this feeling of dependence2 hence arise the remarkable relations between the two1 and that easy transition of religious feelings into sexual feelings which is manifest in all the relations of life4 ,in both cases the surrender1 the renunciation1 of the individual personality is experienced as a pleasurable sensation4 ,schopenhauer has described in a classical manner the metaphysical impulsive force of love striving onward towards the infinite and the divine1 whose analogy with the religious impulse we cannot fail to recognize4 ,in his thoughtful book1 8,the ,vital ,laws of ,civilization0 7,halle1 #aijd1 p4 #eb71 ,eduard von ,mayer has also discussed the religio-sexual problem4 ,he starts from the idea that man regarded as higher than himself that which he was unable to master1 and1 above all1 hunger and love4 8,the pains of ungratified hunger or love plough deep furrows1 into which falls the seed of voluptuousness1 of satisfied hunger1 or of the joys of love4 ,and to primitive man1 to whom the entire universe is full of living beings1 hunger and love also appear as divine powers1 which pain and plague him until their will is satisfied40 ,the association of sexuality with religion affects both sexes equally1 although the phenomenon appears more intense in woman1 and is more enduring in her1 owing to the greater depth of her emotional life4 ,the brothers de ,goncourt1 in their diary1 describe religion as simply a portion of woman's sexual life4 ,feminine sexual activity thus appears something religious1 pious1 holy4 ,and those priests who pretended to 8sanctify0 by their love the women whom they seduced1 were certainly more accurate1 from the physiological point of view1 than the ,church was in its condemnation of carnal lust as sin and the work of the devil4 ,in the middle ages it was a view commonly held in ,france that women who had intercourse with priests were in some sort sanctified thereby4 ,the mistresses of priests were called the 8consecrated40 ,the identity of religious and sexual perceptions explains the frequent transformation of one into the other1 and the continuous association between the two4 ,a sexual emotion will often function vicariously for a religious emotion1 in part or wholly4 ,the unusually interesting history of the complicated and remarkable religio-sexual phenomena renders clear to us individual processes of this kind and certain peculiarities of racial psychology2 and thereby we are led to understand the powerful after-effects of these phenomena in the customs1 the morals1 and the conventions of our time1 and we are enlightened as to the rle still played by the religio-sexual factor in the life of many men even of our own day4 ,one of the oldest1 if not the oldest1 of religio-sexual phenomena is religious prostitution--the 8lust-sacrifice10 as ,eduard von ,mayer happily expresses it--since therein the sexual act is regarded as a sacrifice made to the deity4 ,we have here the unrestricted offering by a woman of her body to every chance comer without love1 as an act of simple sensuality1 and for payment1 and thus we find all the characteristics of what at the present day we term 8prostitution40 ,according to the researches ,i have myself previously published regarding religious prostitution1 this may be divided into two great groups3 #a4 ,a single act of prostitution in honour of the deity4 #b4 ,permanent religious prostitution4 ,a single act of religious prostitution mostly consists in the offering of virginity2 sometimes also in the single1 not repeated1 offering of an already deflowered woman4 ,in the single act of religious prostitution1 the woman either offers herself directly to the deity1 the bodily act of defloration being effected by a divine physical symbol--as1 for instance1 by a penis made of stone1 ivory1 or wood--or by direct intercourse with the statue of the god2 or else the woman gives herself to a human representative of the deity--for instance1 to the king1 to a priest1 to a blood-relative 7not seldom to her own father1 this being a variety of religious incest71 and sometimes to a passing stranger4#ci ,with regard to the first mode of defloration1 by means of a divine symbol1 we have especially full reports from the ,east ,indies4 ,here1 in the sixteenth century1 in the ,southern ,deccan1 the ,portuguese ,duarte ,barbosa first saw the religious defloration of girls effected by means of the 8lingam10 the divine phallus4 ,girls aged ten years only were sacrificed to the deity in this brutal manner4 ,from a later time come the accounts of ,jan ,huygen van ,linschoten and ,gasparo ,balbi1 regarding the customs of the inhabitants of ,goa4 ,the bride was taken into the temple1 where a penis of iron or ivory was thrust into the vagina1 so that the hymen was destroyed4 ,in other cases1 the girl's genitals were brought into contact with the stone penis of an image of the god1 at a shrine eighteen miles distant from ,goa4 ,w4 ,schultze1 in his 8,east ,indian ,journey0 7,amsterdam1 #afgf1 p4 #afa;a71 relates3 8,by means of this priapus1 with the assistance of friends and relatives1 the maiden was deprived of her virginity with force and in a painful manner2 at the same time the bridegroom rejoiced that the foul and accursed idol had done him this honour1 in the hope that as a result of this sacrifice he would enjoy greater happiness in his marriage40 ,this process of defloration of ,indian virgins by the lingam idol is confirmed by the reports of ,john ,fryer1 ,roe1 ,jeon ,moquet1 ,abb ,guyon1 ,dmeunier1 and others4 ,the god ,baal ,peor1 worshipped by the ,moabites and ,jews1 seems also to have possessed such a divine power of defloration4 ,his name1 8,peor10 8to open10 is supposed to relate to the destruction of the hymen4#dj ,this relationship is more distinctly expressed in the names of certain gods of the ancient ,romans1 such as ,dea ,perfica1 ,dea ,pertunda1 ,mutunus ,tutunus1 regarding whose functions in connexion with defloration1 shown unquestionably by the etymology of their names1 ,i have referred to at greater length in my essay on 8,ancient ,roman ,medicine0 7published in ,puschmann's 8,handbook of the ,history of ,medicine10 p4 #djg2 ,jena1 #aijb74 ,for the honour of the sexual divinities1 the bride was compelled1 as ,augustine1 ,lactantius1 and ,arnobius report1 to seat herself upon the 8fascinum0--that is1 the membrum virile of the priapus statue--and in this way1 either physically1 or at least symbolically1 sacrifice her virginity to the deity4 ,according to the legend1 the conception of ,ocrisia was actually effected in this way6#da ,according to the second method by which single acts of religious prostitution are effected1 a representative of the deity exercises the latter's right of defloration4 ,it is a form of religious jus prim noctis1 which is given to the king1 the priest1 the father1 and1 above all1 to a casual stranger1 before the girl becomes the property of her husband or master4 ,in cases in which the husband has effected defloration1 the deity may be satisfied by the woman later giving herself once to his representative4 ,the best-known form of religious prostitution is the ,mylittacult of the ,babylonians1 the worship of that goddess who1 according to ,bachofen1 represents the uncontrolled life of ,nature in its fullest creative activity1 unchecked by any man-made laws--the goddess whose free nature is opposed to the constraining bonds of marriage4 ,for this reason the goddess1 as representative of the unrestrained nature principle1 demands from every girl a free gift of herself to any man wishing to have intercourse with her4 ,this demand is made in the name of ,mylitta and in the temple devoted to her4 ,the money paid by the man in return for his sexual indulgence belongs to the goddess1 and is added to the treasures of the temple4#db ,herodotus and ,strabo give us additional accounts of this remarkable service of ,mylitta4 ,women of rank1 as well as those of the lower classes1 must allow themselves to be possessed once by a stranger1 and were not permitted to return home until they had given their tribute to the goddess4 ,moreover1 the woman might not refuse herself to any stranger1 whilst the man1 on the other hand1 had a free choice4 ,thus in this account we find all the characteristics of 8prostitution0 according to our present ideas4 ,this custom was abolished by the ,emperor ,constantine1 as ,eusebius informs us1 in his biography of this ,emperor4 ,the accounts of ,strabo and of ,quintus ,curtius show us that it had persisted from the time of ,herodotus to the time of ,constantine2 in ,cyprus1 ,phnicia1 ,carthage1 ,judea1 ,armenia1 and ,lokris1 the ,mylittacult was diffused4#dc ,the true origin of this cult was a consecration to the deity1 a tribute to the goddess of voluptuousness4 ,secondarily only1 other elements may have entered into the practice1 as1 for instance1 the later widely diffused assumption of the uncleanness and poisonous properties of the blood which was shed in the act of defloration4 ,at the same time the religious idea of a 8sacrifice0 may have become associated with the idea of 8self-surrender0 to an utterly strange and unloved man1 so that it is possible that at the root of this peculiar custom there lay a kind of masochism on the part of the woman1 whilst we cannot fail to recognize the existence of a sadistic basis in the demeanour of the betrothed man or husband1 surrendering the woman to a strange man2 both of these elements--sadism and masochism--having here a religious signification4 ,in ,eastern ,asia1 and among many savage races1 priests played the part of representatives of the deity to whom the defloration of the girls and the newly-married was assigned2 for instance1 in the ,indian sect of the 8,mahrjas10 founded by ,vallabha1 in which 8immorality was elevated to the level of a divine law40#dd ,these 8great kings0 assumed the part of deities who had an unlimited right of possession over the wives of the faithful--above all1 the right of defloration4 ,they proclaimed as the most perfect mode of honouring the god a complete surrender of the woman to the spiritual chief of the sect1 for purposes of carnal lust--in exact imitation of the shepherdesses 78gopis071 the mistresses of the god ,krishna4 ,this took place during the pastoral games 8rasmandali0 in the autumn4#de ,in addition1 on account of his activity as deflorator1 the priest received a present in the name of the deity4 ,abel ,rmusat reports in his 8,nouveaux ,mlanges ,asiatiques0 7,paris1 #ahbd1 vol4 i41 p4 #af et seq471 following the account of a ,chinese author of the thirteenth century1 the peculiar methods employed in ,cambodia for the purpose of religious defloration4 ,here the priests of ,buddha or the priests of the ,tao religion were carried in sedan-chairs to the girls awaiting them4 ,each girl had a candle with a mark on it4 ,the 8tshin-than0 7 adjustment of posture--that is1 sexual intercourse7 must be finished before the candle had burnt down to this mark6 ,the medicine-men and wizards among the ,caribs of ,central and ,south ,america1 the 8piaches0 or 8pajes10 had to effect the defloration of the young girls2#df whilst among other primitive peoples this right was assigned to the chiefs4#dg ,the talented and far-seeing ,bachofen1 one of the greatest of our investigators into the history and psychology of civilization1 in his classical works upon 8,matriarchy0 and upon 8,the ,legend of ,tanaquil10 has very cleverly pointed out that religious prostitution in general arises from the primitive opposition to the individualization of love1 instinctively felt by primitive peoples4 ,in fact1 in the religious view of sexual matters more value is placed upon the act than the person1 the individual4 ,hence arises the slight esteem--so strongly opposed to our modern view--felt for physical and moral virginity in woman1 which to us 7whether rightly or not we will not now discuss7 appears the symbol of feminine individuality4 ,waitz1 ,bachofen1 ,kulischer1 ,post1 ,ploss-,bartels1 ,rottmann1 and other ethnologists1 give additional accounts of the contempt1 to us so remarkable1 felt in primitive states for the virgin woman4 ,the tragi-comic position of our own 8old maids0 is closely connected with this primeval sentiment4#dh ,the facts we have just given regarding single acts of religious prostitution will pave the way for the understanding of permanent temple prostitution as a historical phenomenon4 ,sexual self-surrender as a purely sensual act is associated with religious feeling4 ,thus in some cases a woman would experience a combination of ardent sensuality with intense religious feeling1 would devote herself wholly to the service of the god1 and in his name would permanently surrender her body2 whilst in other cases the idea of a divine harem--in ,indian belief every god has a harem--would find its earthly exemplar in temple prostitution1 by means of which the deity would enjoy a number of women through the intermediation of men2 or1 finally1 this custom would arise out of the primitive practice1 according to which sexual intercourse1 regarded as a religious act1 customarily took place in a temple1 or in some consecrated room of a house4 ,in support of this view1 we may quote a significant utterance from ,herodotus 7chapter lxiv4 of the second book of his 8,history071 who in ethnological matters had such accurate discrimination4 ,he reports that among the ,egyptians intercourse was strictly forbidden in the temples1 and then says3 8,for people of all nations1 except the ,egyptians and the ,hellenes1 are accustomed to copulate in holy places1 and proceed after intercourse unwashed into the holy places2 and they are of opinion that men resemble animals1 and every one sees beasts and birds copulating in the temples of the gods1 and in the consecrated groves4 ,now1 if this were displeasing to the gods1 the animals would not do it4 ,men1 therefore1 do this1 and give this reason for it40 ,this custom arose1 without doubt1 from the need for a religious sentiment1 and from the wish to enter into direct communion with the deity1 by remaining in the temple during the sexual act4 ,when later the divine beings obtained their own consecrated women in the form of the temple-girls1 it was no longer necessary for a man to take his own wife or some other woman into the temple1 for now communion with the deity could be obtained by means of intercourse with the temple-girls4 ,in the case of feminine deities a fourth cause or influence comes into operation in the production of temple prostitution1 inasmuch as the courtesans1 on account of their extreme beauty and their remarkable intellectual powers1 were often regarded as representatives of the goddess4 ,this explains how it happened that among the ,greeks beautiful hetairae served as models for ,praxiteles and ,apelles1 when these sculptors were making statues for the temple4 ,the sacred priests of ,venus1 the 8kade-girls0 of the ,phnicians1 and the 8hierodules0 of the ,greeks1 were the servants of ,aphrodite1 and dwelt within the precincts of the temple4 ,their number was often very great4 ,thus in ,corinth more than #a1jjj female hierodules prostituted themselves in the precincts of the temple of ,aphrodite ,porne1 and even within the temple4#di ,india1 where the primitive phenomena of the amatory life can best be studied1 is also the favourite seat of temple prostitution1 since the religious view of the sexual life is nowhere so prominent as in the ,indian beliefs4#ej ,the temple girls of ,india are known as 8nautch-girls10 or 8nautch-women40 ,warneck writes regarding them3 8,every ,hindu temple of any importance possesses an arsenal of nautch-girls--that is1 dancing-girls--who1 next to the sacrificial priests1 are the most highly respected among the personnel of the temple4 ,it is not long since these temple-girls 7just like the hetairae of ,ancient ,greece7 were among the only educated women in ,india4 ,these priestesses1 betrothed to the gods from early childhood1 were under the professional obligation to prostitute themselves to every one without distinction of caste4 ,this self-surrender is so far from being regarded as a disgrace that even the most highly placed families regarded it as an honour to devote their daughters to the service of the temple4 ,in the ,madras ,presidency alone there are about #ab1jjj of these temple prostitutes40#ea ,shortt gives further interesting details of these temple prostitutes1 who are also known as 8thassee40 ,religious prostitution is to a certain extent still practised in ,southern ,borneo2 and in a newspaper published at ,amsterdam--,the ,german ,weekly ,news of the ,netherlands--the following account of the practice appears in the issue of ,july #cj1 #aijg3 8,in the ,dyak country there are to be found in nearly every kampong 7village7 individuals known as #8balians' and #8basirs4' ,the balians are prostitutes who also perform medical services4 ,the basirs are men who dress in women's clothing1 and in other respects perform the same functions as the balians1 but not all the basirs act in this way4 ,balians and basirs are also commonly employed to perform certain religious ceremonies1 on festal occasions1 at marriages1 funerals1 births1 etc4 ,according to the nature of the festivity1 five to fifteen of them officiate4 ,the president of the balians and basirs goes by the name of the #8upu'2 usually the oldest and most experienced is chosen for this office4 ,the upu sits in the middle1 with the others to right and left4 ,at an important festival the upu receives from twenty to thirty gulden2 the others one to fifteen gulden4 ,the further away that a balian sits from the upu1 the smaller is her honorarium2 the honorarium is called #8laluh4' ,the principal balians and basirs are known as #8bawimait maninjan sangjang'--that is1 #8holy women4' ,at the present time the basirs no longer exercise the immoral portions of their duties1 because the ,government inflicts severe penalties if they do so2 moreover1 they are not allowed now to appear in public in women's clothing40 ,religion shares with the sexual impulse the unceasing yearning1 the sentiment of everlastingness1 the mystic absorption into the depths of life1 the longing for the coalescence of individualities in an eternally blessed union1 free from earthly fetters4 ,hence the longing for death felt by lovers and by mystically enraptured pietists1 which has been so wonderfully described by ,leopardi4 8,the yearning for death felt by lovers is identical with the yearning for sexual union10 aptly remarks ,h4 ,swoboda1 and he very rightly points out that many a suicide ascribed to 8unfortunate love0 is rather the result of a happy love4 ,among primitive peoples1 and in ancient times1 religio-erotic festivals first gave an opportunity for the manifestation of this religio-sexual mysticism4 ,in this the transition of religious ecstasy into sexual perceptions is very clearly visible1 and in the sexual orgies in which these religious frenzies often found an appropriate finale we see the crudest expression of the relationship between religion and sexuality4 ,in such cases sexual ardour appears to be equivalent to a prolongation and an increase of the religious ardour--fundamentally1 radically coincident1 as the natural earthly discharge of an ecstatic tension directed to the sphere of the remote and the metaphysical4 ,the fact that such sexual excesses are throughout the world found in association with religion1 that since the very earliest times they have been connected with the most various forms of religion1 proves once more that the origin of this relationship is dependent on the very nature of religion as such1 and that it is not in any way due to the individual historic character of any one belief4 ,it is1 moreover1 quite uncritical and altogether without justification for any modern writer to endeavour to make ,roman ,catholicism responsible for such an association2 ,roman ,catholicism as such has as little to do with the matter as all other beliefs4 ,religio-sexual phenomena belong to the everywhere recurring elementary ideas of the human race 7elementary ideas in the sense of ,bastian72 and the only way of regarding such phenomena that can be considered scientifically sound1 is from the anthropological and ethnological standpoint4 ,this sexual religious mysticism meets us everywhere--in the religious festivals of antiquity1 the festivals of ,isis in ,egypt1 and the festivals of imperial ,rome1 both alike accompanied by the wildest sexual orgies2 in the festivals of ,baal ,peor1 among the ,jews1 in the ,venus and ,adonis festivals of the ,phnicians1 in ,cyprus and ,byblos1 in the ,aphrodisian1 the ,dionysian1 and the ,eleusinian festivals of the ,hellenes2 in the festival of ,flora in ,rome1 in which prostitutes ran about naked2 in the ,roman ,bacchanalia2 and in the festival of the bona dea1 the wild sexual licence of which is only too clearly presented to our eyes in the celebrated account of ,juvenal4 ,in ,india1 the sect of ,caitanya1 founded in the sixteenth century1 celebrated the maddest religio-sexual orgies4 ,their ritual consisted principally of long litanies and hymns1 stuffed full with unbridled eroticism1 and followed by wild dances1 all leading up to the sexual culmination1 in which 8the love of ,god0 7bhakti7 was to be made as clearly perceptible as possible4#eb ,even worse were the ,sakta sects 7the name is derived from sakti1 force--that is1 the sensuous manifestation of the god ,siva74 ,they gave themselves up with ardent sensuality to the service of the female emanations of ,siva1 all distinctions of caste being ignored1 and wild sensual promiscuity prevailing4 ,divine service always preceded the act of sexual intercourse4 ,among the ,kauchiluas1 one of these ,sakta sects1 each of the women who took part in these divine services threw a small ornament into a box kept by the priests4 ,after the termination of the religious festival1 each male member of the congregation took one of these articles out of the box1 whereupon the possessor of the article must give herself to him in the subsequent unbridled sexual excesses1 even if the two should happen to be brother and sister4#ec ,ancient ,central and ,south ,america were also familiar with wild outbreaks of a sexual-religious character4 ,in ,guatemala1 on the days of the great sacrifices1 there occurred sexual orgies of the worst kind1 men having intercourse promiscuously with mothers1 sisters1 daughters1 children1 and concubines2 and at the 8,akhataymita festivals0 of the ancient ,peruvians1 the religious observances terminated in a race between completely nude men and women1 in which each man overtaking a woman immediately had sexual intercourse with her4#ed ,sexual mysticism found its way also into ,christianity4 ,when the renowned theologian ,usener1 in his work 8,mythology10 writes in relation to these matters1 8the whole of paganism found its way into ,christianity10 we must point out that in our view what 8corrupted0 ,christianity was not 8paganism10 but the fundamental phenomena of primitive human nature1 the primordial connexion between religion and sexuality1 which by a natural necessity manifested itself in ,christianity not less than in other religions4 ,thus down to the present day we encounter the most peculiar manifestations of sexual mysticism in the most diverse ,christian sects1 and not merely in ,roman ,catholicism4 ,in the fourth century of our era1 the ,jewish-,christian sect of the ,sarabates concluded their religious festivals with wild sexual orgies1 which are graphically described by ,cassianus4 ,this sect persisted into the ninth century4 ,the later history of the ,christian sects is full of this religio-sexual element4 ,religious and sexual ardour take one another's place1 pass one into the other1 mutually increase one another4 ,i need merely allude to certain points familiar in the history of civilization1 and investigated and described by many recent students3 the religio-erotic orgiastic festivals of the ,nicolaitans1 the ,adamites1 the ,valesians1 the ,carpocratians1 the ,epiphanians1 the ,cainites1 and the ,manichans4 ,dixon1 in his 8,spiritual ,wives0 7#b vols41 ,london1 #ahfh71 has described the sexual excesses of recent ,protestant sects1 such as the 8,mucker0 of ,knigsberg1 the 8,erweckten0 78the awakened071 the ,foxian spiritualists of ,hydesville1 etc4 ,widely known also is the peculiar association between sexuality and religion in ,mormonism1 polygamy being among the ,mormons a religious ordinance4 ,not only do ,roman ,catholicism and ,protestantism exhibit such phenomena1 but in the ,greek ,church also sexual mysticism gives rise to the most remarkable offshoots4 ,leroy-,beaulieu gives an account of the ,russian sect of the 8,skakuny10 or 8,jumpers10 who at their nocturnal assemblies throw themselves into a state of erotic religious ecstasy by hopping and jumping1 like the dancing ,dervishes of ,islam4 ,when the frenzy reaches a climax1 a shameless1 utterly promiscuous union of the sexes occurs1 of which incest is a common feature4#ee ,quite apart from these sectarian peculiarities1 religio-sexual perceptions play a definite part in the ideas of present-day1 truly pious ,christians4 ,the idea of a 8unio mystica0 between man and the ,deity manifests itself everywhere4#ef ,albrecht ,dieterich1 in his learned work1 8,a ,mithraist ,liturgy10 contributes valuable material to the history of civilization concerning these mystical unions4 ,the oldest heathen cults were familiar with the idea of love unions as a representation of the union of man with ,god2 and in the ,new ,testament the ideas of the bridegroom and the marriage feast play a leading part4 ,christ is the 8bridegroom0 of the ,church1 the ,church is ,his 8bride40 ,pious maidens and nuns are happy to call themselves the brides of ,christ4 ,this ecstatic union has always as its substratum a sexual imagination4 ,augustine says3 8,like a bridegroom ,christ leaves ,his bridal chamber2 in the mood of a bridegroom ,he bestrides the field of the world40 ,the literature1 the theology1 the visions1 and the plastic art of the middle ages abound in embellishments of the mystical marriage4 ,st4 ,catherine of ,siena and ,st4 ,theresa were favourite objects of this form of art4 ,the baroque artist ,bernini1 in his representation of ,st4 ,theresa1 in the ,church ,santa ,maria della ,vittoria in ,rome1 has painted a truly modern 8alcove scene10 so that a mocking ,frenchman1 ,president de ,brosses1 said1 speaking of this picture1 8,ah1 if that is divine love1 ,i know all about it40 ,on ,october #h1 #aijj1 when ,crescentia ,hss1 of ,kaufbeuren1 was canonized in the ,peterskirche1 a picture was exhibited in which was depicted the mystical union between the new saint and the ,redeemer4 ,to the picture was attached a ,latin inscription signifying1 8,our ,lord ,jesus ,christ presents to the virgin ,crescentia1 in the presence of the most holy ,mother of ,god and of ,crescentia's guardian angel as groomsman1 the marriage ring1 and weds her40 ,the novice about to become a nun appears before the altar dressed as a bride1 in order to wed herself eternally to ,christ2 and in the life of the common people we find an even more realistic view is taken of this mystical marriage4 ,a celibate priesthood appears to the peasant1 notwithstanding all the respect that he has for the clerical vocation1 as something strange and incomprehensible2 he regards the 8primiz10 the first mass of the newly ordained priest1 as a marriage which the most reverend priest celebrates with the ,church1 and for this purpose the ,church is represented by a young girl4 ,this is at the present day still a popular custom in ,baden1 ,bavaria1 and the ,tyrol4 ,in this ceremony1 which does not lack a poetic aspect--it is admirably described by ,f4 ,p4 ,piger in the ,zeitschrift des ,vereins fr ,volkskunde1 #ahii--the peasants who are present make the coarsest and most pointed jokes1 and as soon as the celebration is finished1 they withdraw1 in the company of the 8holy0 bride1 to a public-house1 where 8they need not be embarrassed by the presence of the reverend priest40 ,the intimate association between sexuality and religion in these mystical unions and marriages has been shown by ,ludwig ,feuerbach in his treatise1 8,ueber den ,marienkultus0 78,on ,mariolatry071 ,complete ,works1 ,leipzig1 #ahdf1 vol4 i41 pp4 #aha-aii4 ,a very interesting instance of this is also afforded by the following religious poem1 which appears in a poetical devotional work1 at one time very widely diffused among the feminine population of ,france 78,les ,perles de ,saint ,franois de ,sales1 ou les plus belles ,penses du ,bienheureux sur l',amour de ,dieu10 ,paris1 #ahga73 8,vive ,jsus1 vive sa force1 ,vive son agrable amorce6 ,vive ,jsus1 quand sa bont ,me reduit dans la nudit2 ,vive ,jsus1 quand il m'appelle3 ,ma sur1 ma colombe1 ma belle6 ,vive ,jsus en tous mes pas1 ,vivent ses amoureux appas6 ,vive ,jsus1 lorsque sa bouche ,d'un baiser amoureux me touche6 ,vive ,jsus quand ses blandices ,me comblent de chastes dlices6 ,vive ,jsus lorsque mon aise ,il me permet que je la baise60 8,praise to ,jesus1 praise ,his power1 ,praise ,his sweet allurements6 ,praise to ,jesus1 when ,his goodness ,reduces me to nakedness2 ,praise to ,jesus when ,he says to me3 #8,my sister1 ,my dove1 ,my beautiful one6' 8,praise to ,jesus in all my steps1 ,praise to ,his amorous charms6 ,praise to ,jesus1 when ,his mouth ,touches mine in a loving kiss6 8,praise to ,jesus when ,his gentle caresses ,overwhelm me with chaste joys6 ,praise to ,jesus when at my leisure ,he allows me to kiss ,him60 ,in addition to religious prostitution and to sexual mysticism1 two other religious manifestations show an intimate relationship with the sexual life1 are1 indeed1 in part of sexual origin--namely1 asceticism and the belief in witchcraft4 ,neither of these is1 as has often been maintained by superficial writers1 peculiar to the ,christian faith4 ,as ,nietzsche says1 ,eros did not poison ,christianity alone2 asceticism and the belief in witchcraft are common anthropological conceptions1 met with throughout the history of civilization1 and arising from the primitive ardour of religious perceptions4 ,to what degree is the high estimation of asceticism--that is1 the view that earthly and eternal salvation are to be found in complete sexual abstinence--associated with the religious sentiment8 ,religion is the yearning after an ideal1 a belief in a process of perfectibility4 ,to such a belief the sexual impulse and everything connected with it must appear as the greatest possible hindrance to the realization of the ideal1 because nowhere else is the disharmony of existence so plainly manifest as in the sexual life4 ,in the fifth chapter of his work on 8,the ,nature of ,man10 ,metchnikoff has collected all the numerous disharmonies of the reproductive organs and the reproductive functions1 in consequence of which the modern man1 become self-conscious1 suffers so severely4 ,among these disharmonious phenomena in social life1 ,metchnikoff enumerates1 inter alia1 the troublesome1 painful1 and unsthetic menstrual hmorrhage in women1 which all primitive peoples regarded as something unclean and evil2 the pains of childbirth2 the asynchronism between puberty and the general maturity of the organism1 the latter occurring much later than the former1 and thus giving rise to temporal inequalities of development in different parts of the sexual functions1 causing1 for example1 masturbation actually before the development of spermatozoa2 the long interval that commonly elapses between the onset of sexual maturity and the conclusion of marriage2 the numerous disharmonious phenomena occurring in connexion with the decline of reproductive activity at a later stage of life1 when marked specific excitability and sexual sensibility often persist after the capacity for sexual intercourse has been lost2 and finally the disharmonies in sexual intercourse between man and woman4 ,according to ,metchnikoff1 this disharmony of the sexual life1 from the earliest to the most advanced age1 is the source of so many evils1 that almost all religions have harshly judged and severely condemned the sexual functions1 and have recommended abstinence from coitus as the best means for the harmonious and ideal regulation of life4 ,in addition to this1 we have to take into consideration the opposition between spirit and matter1 deeply realized already by primitive man4 ,the sexual1 as the most intense and most sensuous expression of material existence1 was opposed to the spiritual1 and was regarded as an unclean element1 which must be fought1 overcome1 and1 when possible1 utterly uprooted1 in favour of the spiritual life4 ,in one of the most ancient of mythologies the first recorded instance of the gratification of sexual desire resulted in excluding man for ever from 8,paradise0--in excluding him1 that is to say1 from the highest kind of spiritual existence4 ,the principal psychological characteristic of asceticism is therefore to be found1 not only in the vow of poverty1 but1 in addition1 and even more1 is it found in sexual abstinence1 in the battle against the 8flesh0 78caro10 to the fathers of the early ,church1 always denoted the genital organs74 ,what is1 however1 the inevitable consequence of this continual battle with the sexual impulse8 ,weininger expressed the opinion 78,sex and ,character10 p4 #dfi1 second edition2 ,vienna1 #aijd73 8,the renunciation of sexuality kills only the physical man1 and kills him only in order1 for the first time1 to ensure the complete existence of the spiritual man02 but this is entirely false1 and proceeds from an extremely deficient knowledge of human nature4 ,for the 8renunciation of sexuality0 is1 in truth1 the most unsuitable way of securing a complete existence for the spiritual man4 ,just as little will it annihilate the physical man4 ,for he who wishes to overcome and cast out the sexual impulse 7powerful in every normal man1 and at times overwhelming in its strength7 must keep the subject constantly before his eyes1 for ever in his thoughts4 ,thus it came to pass that the ascetic was actually more occupied with the subject of the sexual impulse than is the case with the normal man4 ,this was favoured all the more by the ascetic's voluntary flight from the world1 by his continuous life in solitude--a life favourable to the production of hallucinations and visions1 and one which becomes tolerable only by a sort of natural reaction in the form of a luxuriance of imaginative sensuality4 ,for 8,nous naissons1 nous vivons pour la socit3 ,a nous-mmes livrs dans une solitude1 ,notre bonheur bientt fait notre inquitude40 7,boileau1 ,satire ,x47 8,we are born1 we live for society3 ,given up to ourselves in solitude1 ,our happiness is speedily replaced by restlessness40 ,this 8inquitude10 this intensification of the nervous life in all relations1 was especially noticeable in the sexual sphere4 ,visions of a sexual character1 erotic temptations1 mortifications of the flesh in the form of self-flagellation1 self-emasculation and mutilations of the genital organs1 are characteristic ascetic phenomena4 ,on the other hand1 the excessive valuation and glorification of the pure spiritual led not only to the view that matter was something in its nature sinful and base1 but also led directly to sexual excesses1 for many ascetic sects declared that what happened to the already sinful body was a matter of indifference1 that every contamination of the body was permissible4 ,hence is to be explained the remarkable fact of the occurrence of natural and unnatural unchastity in numerous ascetic sects4 ,sexual mortification and sexual excesses--these are the two poles between which the life of the ascetic oscillates1 so that we see in each case a marked sexual intermixture4 ,asceticism is1 therefore1 often merely the means by which sexual enjoyment is obtained in another form and in a more intense degree4 ,asceticism is as old as human religion1 and as widely diffused throughout the entire world4 ,we find individual ascetics among many savage peoples2 ascetic sects1 especially among the ancient and modern civilized races1 in ,babylon1 ,syria1 ,phrygia1 ,juda1 even in pre-,columbian ,mexico1 and most developed in ,india1 in ,islam1 and in ,christianity4 ,the ,indian samkhya-doctrine1 demanding increased self-discipline1 8yoga10 which was based upon the opposition between spirit and matter1 led to the adoption of asceticism in ,buddhism and in the religion of the ,jains1 also to the foundation of ascetic sects1 such as the 8,acelakas10 the 8,ajivakas10 the 8,suthrs0 or 8,pure10 who1 according to ,hardy1 8are in their life a disgrace to their name40 ,yogahood attained its highest development among ,sivaitic sects of the ninth to the sixteenth centuries2 these alternated between uncontrolled satisfaction of the rudest sexual impulses and asceticism pushed to the point of self-torture4 ,in ,islam it was the sect of the ,sufi in which the relation between sexuality and asceticism was especially manifest2 but before this ,christianity had developed asceticism into a formal system1 and had deduced its most extreme consequences4 ,to the early ,christians1 only the nutritive impulse appeared natural2 the sexual impulse was debased nature2 physical and psychical emasculation were actually recommended in the ,new ,testament writings 7cf4 ,matt4 xix4 #ab74 ,already in the second century of the ,christian era numerous ,christians voluntarily castrated themselves1 and in the fourth century the ,council of ,nica found it necessary to deal with the prevalence of this ascetic abuse1 and with the predecessors of the modern 8skopzen40#eg ,numerous ascetics and saints withdrew into solitude in order to attain salvation by castigation of the body4 ,but it is very noteworthy that they almost all lived and moved exclusively in the sexual1 and that1 in the way already explained1 they came to occupy themselves incessantly with all the problems of the sexual life4 ,the writings of the saints are full of such references to the vita sexualis1 and are1 therefore1 a valuable source for the history of ancient morals4 ,nothing was so interesting to these ascetics as the life of prostitutes and the sexual excesses of the impious4 ,numerous legends relate the attempts of the saints to induce prostitutes to abandon their profession1 and to turn to a holy life1 and the work of ,charles de ,bussy1 8,les ,courtisanes ,saintes10 shows the result of these labours4 ,st4 ,vitalius visited the brothels every night1 to give the women money in order that they might not sin1 and prayed for their conversion4 ,thus1 in the case of the ascetics1 whose thoughts were continually occupied with sexual matters1 the sole result of their castigation1 self-torture1 and emasculation1 was to lead their sexual life ever wider astray into morbid and perverse paths4 ,the monstrous sexual visions of the saints reflect in a typical manner the incredible violence of the sexual perceptions of the ascetics4 ,to use the words of ,augustine1 how far were these unhappy beings from the 8serene clearness of love10 how near were they to the 8obscurity of sensual lust60 ,these visions1 these 8false pictures10 allured the 8sleepers0 to something to which1 indeed1 in the awakening state they could not have been misled 7,augustine1 8,confessions10 x4 #cj74 ,the forms of beautiful naked women 7with whom1 moreover1 the ascetics often really lay in bed in order to test their powers7 appeared to them in dreams4 ,fetichistic and symbolic vision of an erotic nature pestered them1 and led to the most violent sensual temptations1 until in the sects of the ,valesians1 the ,marcionites1 and the ,gnostics they resulted in sexual excesses4 ,marcion1 the founder of the well-known sect named after him1 preached continence1 but maintained that sexual excesses could not hinder salvation1 since it was only the soul that rose again after death6 ,the ,gnostics oscillated between unconditional celibacy and indiscriminate sexual indulgence4 ,as late as the nineteenth century an ascetic mystic led the ,protestant sect of ,knigsberg pietists into the grossest sensual excesses4 ,from asceticism arose monasticism and the cloistral life1 to which the considerations above given fully apply4 ,the undeniable unchastity of the medieval cloisters1 which found its most characteristic expression in denoting brothels by the name of 8abbeys10 and1 above all1 in popular songs and in folk-tales1 also shows us very clearly the relations between religious asceticism and the vita sexualis4 ,the idea of asceticism has not lost its primitive force even at the present day1 and retains it for certain men not under the influence of the ,church4 ,but the character and origin of this modern asceticism are different4 ,we understand it when we remind ourselves of the saying of ,otto ,weininger1 this typical adherent of 8modern0 asceticism1 that the man who has the worst opinion of woman is not the one who has least to do with them1 but rather the one who has had the greatest number of bonnes fortunes 78,sex and ,character10 p4 #cae74 ,the ascetics of early ,christianity first denied sexuality--for example1 by self-castration1 or by flight into solitude--in order subsequently to affirm it the more strongly4 ,our modern fin-de-sicle ascetics1 above all1 the three most successful literary apostles of asceticism--,schopenhauer1 ,tolstoi1 and ,weininger--at first affirmed their sexuality most intensely1 in order subsequently to deny it in the most fundamental manner4 ,they studied voluptuousness1 not merely in the ideal1 but also in reality4 ,for this reason1 also1 they have furnished us with more valuable conclusions regarding its nature and its significance in the life of individual men than we can obtain from the visions of the early ,christian ascetics4 ,this is true above all of ,schopenhauer and ,tolstoi4 ,schopenhauer had first to endure in his own person the whole tragedy of voluptuousness1 to experience the elemental force of the sexual impulse1 the 8enmity0 of love 7see his own account given to ,challemel-,lacour71 before he proceeded to grasp the full significance of the ascetic idea4 ,his asceticism is intimately associated with his sensuality1 and with the consequences of its activity4 ,i believe that ,i have myself recently furnished a striking proof of this fact by the publication of a hitherto unknown holograph manuscript of the philosopher1#eh by which it is clearly established that he had suffered from syphilitic infection4 ,in this connexion we find the explanation of the close relationship which ,schopenhauer himself postulated between the 8wonderful venereal disease0 and asceticism4 ,from his own utterances regarding syphilis1 and1 above all1 from the fact that he himself had suffered from the disease1 we are able to grasp the significance that syphilis had in the conception of his ascetic views1 which were developed under the immediate influence of his experiences1 sorrows1 and passions2 whereas in old age1 when the elemental force of the sexual impulse1 and the unhappy consequence of yielding to it1 no longer troubled him1 there appeared in his thought a distinctly happier colouring4 ,tolstoi also recognizes without reserve how much he had been affected by voluptuousness4 8,i know10 he says1 8how lust hides everything1 how it annihilates everything1 by which the heart and the reason are nourished40 ,lack of continence on the part of men is1 in his view1 the cause of the stupidity of life4 ,tolstoi's conception of asceticism is1 however1 by no means identical with the early ,christian1 the ,buddhistic1 and the ,schopenhauerian asceticism4 ,in the beautiful saying1 8,only with woman can one lose purity1 only with her can one preserve it10 lies the admission that absolute chastity is an unattainable ideal1 and that man can reach only a relative asceticism4 ,we should hold fast to this utterance in ,tolstoi's teaching1 which is in no way systematically developed1 and should ignore his insane doctrine of the unchastity of married life4 ,later1 during our discussion of the so-called 8problem of continence10 we shall return to this idea of a relative continence1 and of the good that lies therein4 ,weininger1 whose views are unquestionably strongly pathological1 recurs wholly to the ideas of early ,christian asceticism4 ,according to him1 8coitus in every case contradicts the idea of humanity06 ,sexuality debases man1 reproduction and fertility are 8nauseating40#ei ,man is not free1 only because he has originated in an immoral manner6 ,in woman he denies again and again the idea of humanity4 ,the renunciation1 the conquest of femininity1 it is this that he demands4 ,since all femininity is immorality1 woman must cease to be woman1 and must become man6#fj ,georg ,hirth has described ,weininger's book as 8an unparalleled crime against humanity40#fa ,since1 however1 ,probst1 in his psychiatric study of ,weininger1 has brought forward evidence to show that in ,weininger's book we have to do with the work of a lunatic1 the author of this crime cannot at any rate be held responsible4 ,it is only to be regretted that so many readers have been led astray by the presence of isolated thoughtful passages in the book to take ,weininger in earnest as a 8thinker10 and even in company with the bizarre ,august ,strindberg to believe that ,weininger has solved 8the most difficult of all problems06 99 99 99 99 99 ,very significant and influential even down to the present day are the relations between religion and sexual sentiments exhibited in the belief in witchcraft4#fb ,this belief1 extending backwards to the most remote age1 is the principal source of all misogyny and contempt for women--of which fact we cannot too often remind our modern misogynists1 in order to make clear to them the utter stupidity1 the primitiveness1 and the atavistic character of their views4 ,here1 again1 we must first show the falsity of the view that the belief in witches is a specifically ,christian experience4 ,to the diffusion of this error the celebrated work of ,j4 ,michelet1 8,la ,sorcire10 has especially contributed1 for in this book the witch is represented as a ,christian medieval discovery4 ,but the ,christian religion1 as such1 is as little blameworthy for this belief as are all the other confessions of faith4 ,the belief in witches1 with its religio-sexual basis1 is a primitive general anthropological phenomenon1 a fixture1 a part of primitive human history arising from the primeval relations between religious magic and the sexual life4 8,when we look deeply into the province of psychology10 says ,g4 ,h4 von ,schubert1 8we not only suspect1 but recognize with great certainty1 that there exists a secret combination between the activities of the animal carnal sexual impulse and the receptivity of human nature for magical manifestations4 8,we stand here in the depths of the abyss in which the lust of the flesh becomes inflamed to the lust of hell1 and in which the flesh1 with all its indwelling forces of sin and death1 celebrated its greatest triumph over the spirit appointed by ,god to command the flesh40#fc ,the animism of primitive man1 and of savage man at the present day1 sees in all frightful natural phenomena shaking his innermost being to its foundation the manifestation and action of demons and sorcerers4 ,the rutting impulse also1 which attracts primitive man to woman1 appears to him to be due to the influence of a demon1 and soon woman herself came to seem to man something uncanny1 something magical4 ,thus1 in its origin the belief in witchcraft arises from the sexual impulse1 and throughout its history sorcery in all its forms remained associated with the sexual impulse4 ,this sexual origin of the belief in witches and in magic has been carefully described by the celebrated ethnologist ,k4 ,fr4 ,ph4 von ,martius1 on the basis of his observations amongst the indigens of ,central ,brazil4 8,all sorcery arises from rutting10 said an old ,indian to him4 ,magic propagates itself by means of sexual desire1 and1 according to ,martius1 will predominate among primitive peoples as long as these remain unchaste4#fd ,secret arts1 voluptuousness1 and unnatural vice are inseparable one from another4 ,this is proved by the entire history of human civilization and morals4 ,among the indigens of ,brazil1 the 8paj0 or 8piache10 the sorcerer or medicine-man1 plays the same part as the medieval or ,christian witch4 ,sorcerers and witches are1 above all1 experienced in the sexual province2 popular belief always turns first to this subject4 ,the witches of ancient ,rome resemble those of the middle ages in respect of their evil practices in sexual relations4 ,according to ,j4 ,frank1 the word 8hexe0 7witch7 is derived from 8hagat0--that is1 8vagabond woman40 ,the ascetic view of the middle ages1 formulated principally by men1 saw in woman one who seduced man to sensual1 sinful lust1 the personification of the ,evil ,one1 the 8janua diaboli10 and1 ultimately1 a female demon and a witch1 whose very being is an impersonation of the obscene and the sexual4 ,the doctrines of ,original ,sin and of the ,immaculate ,conception had unquestionably an important share in this conception of woman4 ,the idea of woman as a witch turned almost exclusively on the sexual1 and the witch was for the most part represented as a 8mistress of the devil0 7cf4 ,w4 ,g4 ,soldan1 8,history of ,witch-,trials10 pp4 #adg-aei2 ,stuttgart1 #ahdc71 in which sexual perversion plays the principal part1 since1 instead of simple sexual intercourse1 the most horrible unnatural vice was assumed to occur4 ,holzinger1 in his valuable lecture on the 8,natural ,history of ,witches10 characterized the spiritual and moral condition of the time1 which brought forth such an idea1 in a few apt words3 8,whilst in the fifteenth and the beginning of the sixteenth centuries1 as those well acquainted with the state of morals during this period can all confirm1 a most unbounded freedom was dominant in sexual relations1 the ,state and the ,church were desirous of compelling the people to keep better order by the use of actual force1 and by religious compulsion4 ,so forced a transformation in so vital a matter necessarily resulted in a reaction of the worst kind1 and forced into secret channels the impulse which it had attempted to suppress4 ,this reaction occurred1 moreover1 with an elemental force4 ,there resulted widespread sexual violence and seduction1 hesitating at nothing1 often insanely daring1 in which everywhere the devil was supposed to help2 every one's head was turned in this way1 the uncontrolled lust of debauchees found vent in secret bacchanalian associations and orgies1 wherein many1 with or without masquerade1 played the part of ,satan2 shameful deeds were perpetrated by excited women and by procuresses and prostitutes ready for any kind of immoral abomination2 add to these sexual orgies the most widely diffused web of a completely developed theory of witchcraft1 and the systematic strengthening by the clergy of the widely prevalent belief in the devil--all these things woven in a labyrinthine connexion1 made it possible for thousands upon thousands to be murdered by a disordered justice and to be sacrificed to delusion40 ,the study of the witch-trials of the middle ages and of recent times--for it is well known that in the seventies of the nineteenth century 767 such trials still occurred#fe--would without doubt afford valuable contributions to the doctrine of psychopathia sexualis1 and at the same time would throw a remarkable light upon the origin of sexual aberrations4 ,what a large amount of sexual abnormality arises even to-day from this common1 human1 obscure1 superstitious impulse dependent upon the intermixture of religious mysticism and sexual desire1 and which in the medieval belief in witches attained such astonishing development6 ,as ,michelet proved in his great work on 8,sorcery10 it was the religious imagination straying into sexual by-paths1 which for the most part animated the belief in witchcraft1 and thus led to the most horrible aberrations1 principally of a sadistic nature4 ,like superstition1 so also the sexual-religious obsession of the middle ages1 still persists in many persons1 even at the present day1 and gives rise to sexual anomalies4 ,apart from asceticism and the belief in witchcraft1 theological literature offers numerous instances of the relationship between religion and sexuality4 ,in an essay published six years ago1#ff ,i showed the important part which sexual questions have played in the so-called pastoral medicine--that is to say1 in those theological writings in which the individual facts and problems of medicine are studied from the theological standpoint1 and their relation to dogma is determined4 ,we find here theological casuistry carried to its extreme limits1 in relation to all possible problems of the vita sexualis4 ,the experiences of the confessional are employed in a remarkable manner1 the religious imagination wandering1 in a peculiar combination of scholasticism and sensuality1 in the obscure fields of human aberration4 ,the ostensible inducement to the theological consideration of sexual problems is in part offered by the statements of perverse individuals in the confessional1 and in part by public scandals4 ,in both cases casuistry endeavours1 from the religious standpoint1 to formulate certain normal rules for the judgment of the various matters relating to the sexual life4 ,this would1 however1 have been impossible1 had there not existed an intimate connexion between sexuality and religion4 ,only in this way is it possible to explain the origin of the gigantic literature of sexual casuistry in theology1 and especially in pastoral medicine4 ,a comprehension of these facts has led certain writers to launch bitter invectives against the system of which the confessional formed so essential a part4 ,this is a narrow and prejudiced view1 which we mention only to condemn4 ,there is1 however1 ample justification for the representations of physicians and anthropologists1 who are able to observe matters in the great connexion sketched above1 and who have recognized the relations between religion and the sexual life to be something common to all humanity1 not the artificial products of any particular spiritual tendency4 ,it is precisely the frequent endeavours of the ,catholic ,church to overcome the worst outgrowths in this direction1 which teach us1 notwithstanding their failure to eradicate sexual aberrations1 that these relationships depend upon the very nature of religion4 ,there is not a single sexual problem which has not been discussed in the most subtle manner by the theological casuists1#fg so that their writings offer us a most instructive picture of imaginative activity in the sexual sphere4 ,the most detailed discussion1 verging on the salacious1 of the degree to which sexual contact is permissible1 gave rise to the name 8theologiens mammillaires10 because some of them--,benzi1 for example1 and ,rousselot--sanctioned 8tatti mammillari0 7mammillary palpation74 ,this doctrine was condemned by ,pope ,benedict ,,xiv41 which proves that the ,catholic ,church as such has not invariably sanctioned these things4 ,in the 8,golden ,key0 78,llave de ,oro07 of ,antonio ,maria ,claret1 the ,archbishop of ,cuba1 in ,debreyne's 8,moechialogie10 in the writings on moral theology of ,liguori1 ,dens1 and ,j4 ,c4 ,saettler1 in the 8,diaconales10 widely diffused in ,france1 and in many similar works1 all possible sexual problems which have come before the confessional1 or possibly might come there1 have been thoroughly discussed--even the most improbable and impossible4 ,coitus interruptus1 irrigatio vagin post coitum1 pollutions 7nocturnal seminal emissions71 bestiality1 necrophilia1 figur ,veneris 7positions in which coitus is effected71 procuration1 various kinds of caresses1 conjugal onanism1 abortion1 varieties of masturbation1 pderasty1 intercourse with a statue 7671 psychical onanism1 pdication1 etc4--all have been subjected to a subtle critical theological analysis4 ,in a sense1 these writings are really valuable mines for the study of psychopathia sexualis4 ,later we shall have frequently to touch on the religious etiology of the individual sexual aberrations4 ,from the preceding discussion it appears quite clearly that the relations between religion and the vita sexualis are to be regarded as general anthropological phenomena1 and not as peculiarities arising by chance1 the accidental results of beliefs1 time1 or race4 ,the modern physician1 jurist1 and criminal anthropologist must therefore pay the most careful attention to the religious factor in the normal and abnormal sexual life of mankind1 if he wishes to arrive at an unprejudiced and undisturbed knowledge of sexual anomalies4 ,havelock ,ellis has also laid stress on the leading significance of religious sexual perceptions4 ,he proved that small oscillations of erotic feelings accompany all religious perceptions1 and that in some circumstances the erotic feelings overwhelm the religious perceptions4#fh ,we still meet with sexual excesses under the cloak of religion1 as occurred recently 7#aije7 in ,holland1 and 7#aija7 in ,england4 ,in the ,english instance young girls were initiated into the most horrible forms of unchastity in the religious association founded by the ,american ,horos and his wife1 and known by the name of 8,theocratic ,unity40#fi ,friedrich ,schlegel1 as ,rudolf von ,gottschall remarks1 proclaimed in his 8,lucinde0 the new evangel of the future1 in which voluptuousness--as during the time of ,astarte--is to form a part of religious ritual4 ,the reawakened tendency of our own day towards romantic modes of perception would certainly seem to involve the danger of a renewal and strengthening of religio-sexual ideas4 ,for as long as the feelings of love carry with them an inexpressible1 overwhelming force1 like that of religious perceptions1 the intimate association between religion and sexuality will persist both in a good and a bad sense4 ,an elderly physician1 who in his interesting book detailed the experiences derived from forty years of practice1#gj made very apposite remarks regarding this religious sexualism4 ,according to him1 unbounded piety is 8often no more than a sexual symptom10 proceeding from deprivation of love or satiety of love1 the latter reminding us of the saying 8,young whore1 old devotee40 ,moreover1 this is true alike of man and woman4 ,piety dependent upon deprivation of love can often be cured by 8castor1 cold douches1 or a well-arranged marriage with a robust1 energetic man10 who drives away for ever the 8heavenly bridegroom40#ga ,the religious perception is a completely general yearning1 and the same is the case with the associated sexual feelings4 ,the boundless everlasting impulsion which both contain does not admit of any individualization4 ,for this reason1 the religio-sexual perceptions can play only a subordinate part in the individual love of the future2 they constitute only the first step in the history of the idealization of the sexual impulse1 and of its spiritualization to form love4 ,in the romance 8,scipio ,cicala10 by ,rehfues1 the ,neapolitan abbess calls out 8,i love love10 after she has gone through the enumeration of all the phases of passionate love towards ,god4 ,the modern man1 however1 says to the woman1 and the woman says to the man1 8,i love you02 the general religious love has capitulated to the individual love4 ,this is clearly the direction taken by 8the way of the spirit0 in love1 which we shall now pursue further4 #cc ,cf4 ,f4 von ,andrian1 8,some ,results of ,modern ,ethnology10 in 8,correspondenzblatt der deutschen ,gesellschaft fr ,anthropologie1 ,ethnologie1 und ,urgeschichte0 7#ahid1 ,no4 #h1 p4 #ga74 #cd 8,love10 in the sense above defined1 is peculiar to mankind1 and for this reason we must1 as ,ploss-,bartels also insists1 admit its existence in human beings at the very lowest levels of civilization4 ,there it is1 indeed1 no more than 8a faintly glimmering1 easily extinguished spark10 while among civilized peoples it has become 8a bright1 widely diffused flame40 #ce ,regarding the connexion between sexuality and spiritual activity1 see also ,virey1 8,recherches mdico-philosophiques sur la ,nature et les ,facults de l',homme0 7,paris1 #ahag1 p4 #ci74 #cf ,for the apt and convenient word poietic1 in preference to creative or productive1 ,i have to thank ,mr4 ,h4 ,g4 ,wells4 ,see his most admirable 8,a ,modern ,utopia10 and on p4 #bfe et seq4 his brilliant classification of 8four main classes of mind--the ,poietic1 the ,kinetic1 the ,dull1 and the ,base40444 8,the ,poietic or creative class of mental individuality embraces a wide range of types10 but1 he goes on to say1 the two principal varieties of the poietic type are those classified as artistic and scientific natures respectively4 ,it is the quality by which these two natures are distinguished from the kinetic and the dull to which ,mr4 ,wells gives the name of 8poietic10 and it is precisely this quality whose interconnexion with the sexual life is insisted on in the text by ,dr4 ,bloch and by the authors from whom he quotes4--,,translator4 #cg ,cf4 ,w4 ,griesinger1 8,mental ,disorders10 third edition 7,brunswick1 #ahga1 p4 #g74 #ch ,rudolf ,topp speaks of a 8degeneration0 of the 8healthy natural reproductive impulse0 into the 8sexual impulse40 ,in the primeval period of human history1 he maintains1 man knew and gratified the reproductive impulse only2 the sexual impulse developed gradually1 and in a later stage of the evolutionary history of mankind1 out of the reproductive impulse1 and1 in fact1 is a degeneration 767 of the latter4 ,in this period we may look for the first beginnings of functional impotence1 on account of the too frequent exercise of the sexual function4 ,cf4 ,r4 ,topp1 8,on the ,therapeutic ,use of ,yohimbin #8,riedel' as an ,aphrodisiac1 with ,especial ,reference to ,functional ,impotence in the ,male10 published in the ,allgemeine ,medizinische ,central-,zeitung1 #aijf1 ,no4 #aj4 #ci ,from this fact we may draw the conclusion that the so-called hospitable prostitution is only a variety of religious prostitution4 #dj ,j4 ,a4 ,dulaure1 8,des ,divinits gnratrices10 etc4 7,paris1 #ahhe74 #da ,w4 ,schwartz1 8,prehistoric ,anthropological ,studies10 p4 #bgh 7,berlin1 #ahhd74 #db ,cf4 ,j4 ,j4 ,bachofen1 8,the ,legend of ,tanaquil1 an ,investigation concerning ,orientalism in ,rome and ,italy10 p4 #dc 7,heidelberg1 #ahgj74 #dc ,cf4 the details and more exact reports in my work1 8,contributions to the ,etiology of ,psychopathia ,sexualis10 vol4 i41 pp4 #hd1 #he4 #dd ,karsandas ,mulji1 8,history of the ,sect of ,mahrjas or ,vallabhchrjas in ,western ,india10 p4 #afa 7,london1 #ahfe74 #de ,cf4 ,e4 ,hardy1 8,history of ,indian ,religions10 pp4 #abd-abf 7,leipzig1 #ahih74 #df ,k4 ,fr4 ,ph4 von ,martius1 8,contributions to the ,ethnography and ,philology of ,america10 vol4 i41 p4 #aac 7,leipzig1 #ahfg74 #dg ,starke1 8,the ,primitive ,family10 p4 #ace 7,leipzig1 #ahhh74 #dh ,cf4 ,l4 ,tobler1 8,old ,maids in ,belief and ,custom among the ,german ,people0 7,zeitschrift fr ,vlkerpsychologie71 by ,lazarus and ,steinthal1 vol4 xiv41 pp4 #fd-ij 7,berlin1 #ahhb74 #di ,w4 ,h4 ,roscher1 8,nectar and ,ambrosia10 pp4 #hj-hi 7,leipzig1 #ahhc74 #ej ,cf4 ,edward ,sellon1 8,annotations on the ,sacred ,writings of the ,hindus10 p4 #c 7,london1 #ahfe74 #ea ,ploss-,bartels1 8,das ,weib in der ,natur- und ,vlkerkunde10 vol4 i41 p4 #ehj 7eighth edition1 ,leipzig1 #aije74 #eb ,e4 ,hardy1 op4 cit41 p4 #abe4 #ec ,sellon1 8,annotations10 etc41 p4 #cj4 #ed ,ploss-,bartels1 op4 cit41 p4 #fjh4 #ee ,cf4 ,h4 ,beck1 8,count ,tolstoi's #8,kreuzer ,sonata1'0 etc41 p4 #e 7,leipzig1 #ahih74 #ef ,cf4 8,mystical ,marriages10 in the ,vossische ,zeitung1 ,no4 #cgj1 ,august #i1 #aijd4 #eg ,cf4 ,adolf ,harnack1 8,medical ,data from ,ancient ,ecclesiastical ,history0 7,leipzig1 #ahib1 pp4 #bg1 #bh1 and #eb74 #eh ,iwan ,bloch1 8,schopenhauer's ,illness in the ,year #ahbc0 7,a ,contribution to ,pathography based upon an ,unpublished ,document74 ,paper read at the ,berlin ,society for the ,history of the ,natural ,sciences and ,medicine on ,june #ae1 #aijf4 ,printed in ,medizinische ,klinik1 #aijf1 ,nos4 #be and #bf4 #ei ,it is a remarkable fact that the hypersexual ,marquis de ,sade expressed this identical idea1 in precise agreement with the asexual ,weininger4 #fj ,cf4 the chapter 8,woman and ,humanity10 in 8,sex and ,character10 pp4 #dec-dgb4 #fa ,g4 ,hirth1 8,ways to ,love10 p4 #bai4 ,cf4 also the pertinent remark of ,grete ,meisel-,hess1 8,misogyny and ,contempt for ,women0 7,vienna1 #aijd74 #fb ,cf4 also the exhaustive research1 with regard to witch-mania and witchcraft1 by ,count von ,hoensbroech1 8,the ,papacy in its ,socio-,civil ,reality0 7third edition1 vol4 i41 pp4 #chj-eii2 ,leipzig74 #fc ,gotthilf ,heinrich von ,schubert1 8,the ,sins of ,sorcery in their ,old and ,new ,form0 7,erlangen1 #ahed1 p4 #be74 #fd ,cf4 ,k4 ,fr4 von ,martius1 8,the ,nature1 the ,diseases1 the ,doctors1 and the ,therapeutic ,methods of the ,primitive ,inhabitants of ,brazil0 7,munich1 #ahdc1 pp4 #aaa-aac74 #fe ,according to ,holzinger1 on ,august #bj1 #ahgg1 at ,st4 ,jacobo in ,mexico1 five witches were burnt alive6 ,then 8hundreds of angry pens were set in motion to declaim the horrible anachronism40 ,as late as #ahge1 ,friedrich ,nippold1 in a work published by ,holtzendorff and ,oncken--8,problems of the ,day in ,germany0--gives an account of the continued belief in witches at the present day4 #ff ,iwan ,bloch1 8,regarding the ,idea of a ,history of ,civilization in ,relation to ,medicine10 published in ,die ,medizinische ,woche1 #aijj1 ,no4 #cf4 #fg ,the best-known of these are ,augustine1 ,benzi1 ,bouvier1 ,cangiamila1 ,capellmann1 ,claret1 ,debreyne1 ,dens1 ,filliucius1 ,gury1 ,liguori1 ,moja1 ,molinos1 ,moullet1 ,pereira1 ,rodriguez1 ,rousselot1 ,sa1 ,thomas ,sanchez1 ,samuel ,schroeer1 ,skiers1 ,soto1 ,suarez1 ,tamburini1 ,thomas ,aquinas1 ,vivaldi1 ,wigandt1 ,zenardi4 ,copious extracts from their writings are given by ,count von ,hoensbroech in the second volume of his work--8,the ,papacy in its ,socio-,civil ,reality0 7,leipzig1 #aijg74 #fh ,havelock ,ellis1 8,the ,sexual ,impulse and the ,sentiment of ,shame40 #fi ,we shall return later to the religio-sexual 8,masses10 celebrated even at the present day in ,paris and other large towns4 #gj 8,personal ,experiences1 or ,forty ,years from the life of a ,well-known ,physician0 7,leipzig1 #ahed1 three vols474 ,in addition1 8,gleanings ,in and ,out of ,myself10 from the papers of the author of the 8,personal ,experiences10 etc4 7,leipzig1 #ahef1 four vols474 #ga 8,gleanings ,in and ,out of ,myself10 vol4 ii41 pp4 #cg-de4 ,regarding the relations between religion and sexuality1 many interesting details are found in the work of ,george ,keben1 8,the ,half-,christians and the ,whole ,devil3 the ,road to ,hell of ,superstition0 7,gross-,lichterfelde1 #aije71 especially in the chapter 8,the ,brothel10 pp4 #ic-aaj4 ,,chapter ,,vii ,,the ,,way ,,of ,,the ,,spirit ,,in ,,love--,,the ,,erotic ,,sense ,,of ,,shame 7,,nakedness ,,and ,,clothing7 8,shame has made no change in man as regards his bodily outlines1 but shame has played a very important part in the entire province of clothing1 and it has acquired such spiritual power that the entire amatory life of the higher human beings is dominated by it4 ,it is1 in the first place1 in consequence of this sense of shame that man's amatory life has ultimately and individually separated from that of other animals40--,,wilhelm ,b,,lsche4 ,,contents ,,of ,,chapter ,,vii ,the individualizing influence of the sentiment of shame -- ,recent anthropological researches regarding the origin and nature of the erotic sense of shame -- ,the animal and the social factor of shame -- ,shame as a biological sense of warding off -- ,coquetry -- ,the fundamental social element of the sense of shame -- ,lombroso's theory of shame -- ,the dread of arousing repulsion -- ,connexion of the sense of shame with clothing -- ,conditions among the indigens of ,central ,brazil -- ,nudity as a natural condition -- ,the coverings of the genital organs among the primitive races have a protective function1 and are not portions of clothing -- ,origin of clothing -- ,the original purpose of decoration and adornment -- ,relation of clothing to the feeling of love -- ,tattooing a preliminary stage to clothing -- ,prehistoric painting of the body -- ,tattooing as a sexual lure -- ,tattooing of the genital organs -- ,sexual effect of colours -- ,occurrence of tattooing amongst modern civilized nations -- ,recent anthropological researches regarding this subject -- ,erotic tattooing -- ,tattooing in women of the upper classes -- ,the colour element in clothing -- ,its connexion with sexual charm -- ,with jealousy -- ,with sexual allurement -- ,sexual influence of concealment -- ,the stimulus of the unknown -- ,the two fundamental elements of fashion -- ,accentuation and display of portions of the body -- ,influence of partial concealment1 of retrouss -- ,the two principal forms of clothing -- ,accentuating and enlarging influences of clothing -- ,h4 ,lotzes's theory of the nature of clothing -- ,reciprocal influence between clothing and personality -- 8,physiognomy0 of clothing -- ,clothing as an expression of the psyche -- ,denuding of portions of the body as a sexual stimulus -- ,fashion -- ,its absence in antiquity -- ,difference between ancient and modern clothing -- ,diaphanous raiment of the ancient half-world -- ,analysis of clothing -- ,upper and under clothing -- ,the waist -- ,further differentiation into clothing proper and more intimate articles of dress -- ,dressing and undressing -- ,separation of the body-spheres by the waist -- ,beginnings of fashion in the middle ages -- ,the corset as a witness of ,christian teaching -- ,contest between medieval fashion and asceticism -- ,victory of fashion -- ,accentuation of the bosom -- ,dcollet -- ,views of the sthetics on this subject -- ,harmfulness of the corset -- ,a sin against sthetics and hygiene -- ,its deleterious influence upon the thoracic and abdominal organs -- ,the corset and anmia -- ,atrophy of the mammary glands -- ,other serious consequences -- ,its influence on the female reproductive organs -- ,the corset and 8fluor albus0 -- ,the corset and sterility -- ,pre-,raphaelite flat-breastedness -- ,accentuation of the regions of the hips -- ,tournure 7cul de ,paris71 the 8crinolette0 -- ,indication of the abdominal region and of pregnancy -- ,the farthingale and the crinoline -- ,waldeyer's views regarding the cause of the difference between men's clothing and women's -- ,greater simplicity of men's clothing -- ,connexion of this with the greater mental differentiation of man -- ,former anomalies of men's clothing -- ,the breeches-flap -- ,feminine men's clothing -- ,present predominance of the ,english style in men's clothing -- ,influence of clothing on the skin -- ,venus im ,pelz 7,venus in fur7 -- ,sacher-,masoch's explanation of the sexual influence of furs -- ,the face and clothing -- ,sexual differentiation of the features -- ,the relation of clothing to the environment -- ,enlargement of the conception of 8fashion0 -- ,theory of fashion -- ,the two functions of fashion -- ,social equalization and individual differentiation -- ,the demi-monde and fashion -- ,fashion as a safeguard of personality -- ,economic theories of fashion -- ,their connexion with capitalism -- ,the reform of women's clothing -- 8,rational dress40 ,the relation between the feeling of shame and nudity as a problem of modern civilization -- ,prudery -- ,natural and lascivious nakedness -- ,prudery is concealed lust -- ,schleiermacher's talented characterization of the sexual element in prudery -- ,psychiatric observations -- ,unnatural increase in the sense of shame -- ,importance to civilization of the genuine1 natural feeling of shame -- ,false fig-leaf morality -- ,natural views regarding nudity and sexual matters the watchword for the future4 ,,chapter ,,vii ,the first step on the road to the individualization of love was effected at the very outset of the grey primeval age by the origination of the sexual sense of shame4 ,recent researches have for the first time established the fact that the sense of shame is not innate in man1 but that it is a specific product of civilization--that is to say1 a mental phenomenon arising in the course of progressive evolution1 and as such is peculiar to man--present already1 indeed1 in the naked man1 but1 above all1 characteristic of the clothed man4 ,clothing and the sense of shame have developed proportionally side by side1 and in dependence each on the other2 and originally both subserved the same purpose1 to develop more strongly1 and to bring to expression the individual1 personal1 peculiar nature of the individual man4 ,they mirror the first individual activities in the amatory life of primitive man4 ,georg ,simmel has recognized very clearly this individualizing influence of the sense of shame by saying3 8,the entire sense of shame depends upon the self-uplifting of the individual40#gb ,by means of the recent critical investigations of leading anthropologists and ethnologists1 we have obtained most important conclusions regarding the erotic sense of shame4 ,above all worthy of mention are the clear-sighted investigations of ,havelock ,ellis1 and these have been supplemented by the researches of ,c4 ,h4 ,stratz1 ,karl von den ,steinen1 etc4 ,havelock ,ellis distinguishes an animal and a social factor of shame4 ,the former is specifically of a sexual nature1 and is the simplest and most primitive element in the sense of shame4 ,it is unquestionably more strongly developed in woman than in man2 originally1 indeed1 it was peculiar to the female sex1 and was the expression of the endeavour to protect the genital organs against the undesired approach of the male4 ,in this form we may observe the sense of shame in other animals4 ,the sexual sense of shame of the female animal1 declares ,havelock ,ellis1 is rooted in the sexual periodicity of the female sex in general1 and is an involuntary expression of the organic fact that the present time is not the time for love4 ,since this fact persists throughout the greater part of the life of the females of all animals kept under man's control1 the expression of this sense of warding off becomes so much a matter of custom that it manifests itself also at times when it has ceased to be appropriate4 ,we see this1 for example1 in the bitch1 which1 when on heat1 herself runs up to the dog1 but then turns round again and tries to run away1 and finally permits copulation only after the most delicate approaches on the part of the dog4 ,in this manner the sense of shame becomes more and more a simple manifestation of the proximity of the male2 it comes to be expected by the male1 and takes its place among his ideas of what is sexually desirable in the female4 ,thus the sense of shame would appear to be also explicable as a psychical secondary sexual character4 ,the sexual sense of shame of the female1 continues ,havelock ,ellis1 is1 therefore1 the unavoidable by-product of the naturally aggressive demeanour of the male being in sexual relations1 and of the naturally repellent demeanour of the female2 and this1 again1 is founded upon the fact that--in man and in nearly all the species allied to him--the sexual function of the female is periodic1 and must always be treated with circumspection by the other sex2 whereas in the male any care of this kind in regard to the exercise of his own sexual functions is seldom or never needed4 ,groos very rightly points out that the great biological and psychological importance of coquetry is dependent upon this protective nature of the sense of shame1 coquetry arising from the conflict between the sexual instinct and the innate sense of shame4 ,it is to some extent the turning to account of the sense of shame for sensual purposes1 a seldom failing speculation on the sexual impulse of the male1 and in this sense it is the outcome of a genuine gynecocratic instinct1 which we shall again encounter in our study of masochism4 ,since1 then1 it is no longer possible to question the data of the most recent researches1 by which we are assured of the existence of a primitively organic animal basis for the sexual feeling of shame1 it is quite as little open to doubt that the true psychic individual importance of the feeling of shame arises out of a second fundamental element of that feeling1 out of the social factor2 and this factor also affords an explanation of the origin of the sense of shame in man4 ,this phenomenal form of the sense of shame is1 moreover1 specifically human4 ,this second social fundamental element of the sense of shame is the fear of arousing disgust4 ,in this connexion we must refer to the interesting and thoroughly naturalistic theory of ,lombroso regarding the origin of the sense of shame4 ,lombroso starts from the observation that in many prostitutes there exists a kind of remarkable equivalent of the sense of shame--namely1 the dislike to permit of an inspection of their genital organs when they are menstruating1 or when for any other reason the organs are not clean4 ,now1 the ,romance term for shame is derived from 8putere10 which indicates the origin of the sense of shame from the repugnance to the smell of decomposing secretions4 ,if we connect with this the fact that the kiss was originally a smell1 ,lombroso declares that this pseudo-shame of prostitutes represents the original1 primitive sense of shame of primeval woman--that is1 the fear of being disgusting to man4#gc ,sergi also accepts this hypothesis of ,lombroso's4 ,according to ,richet's studies regarding the origin of disgust1 the genito-anal region1 with its secretions and excrements1 is an object of disgust among most primitive races1 for which reason they carefully conceal it even from their own sex1 but more particularly from the other sex4 ,later1 quite commonly the fear of arousing dislike or disgust plays a prominent part in the production of the sense of shame4 ,this fear relates not only to the actual sexual organs1 but also to the buttocks4 ,among many primitive races the latter alone are covered4 ,the idea also of ceremonial uncleanness1 aroused especially by the process of menstruation1 and associated with ritual practices1 plays a part in the genesis of the sense of shame4 ,incontestably1 however1 the sense of shame has most intimate relations with clothing2 but clothing is in part only to be referred to the above-described primary factors of the sense of shame4 ,in the later course of the development of civilization1 however1 clothing has come to play a peculiar independent rle in the further development of a refined sexual sense of shame4 ,karl von den ,steinen is led1 as the result of his own observations among the ,bakiri of ,central ,brazil1 to the most remarkable conclusions4 8,i find it10 he writes1 8impossible to believe that the sense of shame1 which is entirely wanting among these naked ,indians1 can in other men be a primary sense4 ,i am compelled to believe that this sense first made its appearance after certain parts of the body had been covered by clothing1 and that the nakedness of women was first concealed from the gaze of others when1 perhaps1 in very slightly complicated economic and social conditions1 the value of marriageable girls had increased1 in consequence of more active intercourse1 as is now the case among the principal families in ,schingu4 ,i am also of opinion that we make the explanation more difficult than it really is when we theoretically believe ourselves to possess a greater sense of shame than we practically have40#gd ,thus we find that among the ,bakiri1 who go completely naked1 our 7sexual7 sense of shame is almost completely undeveloped2 more especially1 a sense of shame due to disclosure of parts does not exist1 whilst the purely animal1 physiological sense of shame is clearly manifested by these people4#ge ,where nudity is customary1 the erotic sense of shame is very slightly developed4 ,civilized man also accustoms himself with incredible quickness to nudity1 as if it were an entirely natural condition4 8,the feeling of being in the presence of nudity is no longer noticed after a quarter of an hour1 and when those who witness it are intentionally reminded of it1 and are asked whether naked men and women1 fathers1 mothers1 and children1 who are standing about or walking unconcernedly1 should be condemned or regarded with compassion on account of their shamelessness1 the observer only feels inclined to laugh1 as at something quite absurd1 or to protest at a preposterous suggestion4444 ,with what rapidity in unfamiliar regions it is possible to become accustomed to a purely nude environment is most clearly shown by the fact that ,i myself1 in the night from the #aeth to the #afth ,september1 and again on the following night1 dreamed of my ,german home1 and there in my dream ,i saw all my acquaintances as completely nude as the ,bakiri with whom ,i was sojourning4 ,i myself felt astonished at this1 but my neighbour at table at a dinner-party at which in my dream ,i was a guest1 a lady of quality1 at once bade me compose myself1 and said1 #8,now we all go like this4'0#gf ,the ,bakiri1 who go completely naked1 have no 8private parts40 ,they jest about these parts verbally and pictorially with complete indifference4 ,it would be ridiculous for this reason to regard them as 8indecent40 ,the onset of puberty is celebrated in the case of both sexes by noisy popular festivals1 in which the 8private parts0 receive a demonstrative and joyful attention4 ,a man who wishes to inform a stranger that he is the father of one of those present1 a woman who wishes to declare herself to be the mother of a child1 grasps the genital organs with an earnest and unconcerned demeanour1 intending by this gesture to indicate that they themselves are the procreators4 ,the cloth covering the penis of the male1 and the three cornered apron of the female1 are not for purposes of concealment1 but are simply intended to protect the mucous membranes--as a bandage or an apron in the women1 and in the men as an apparatus for the mechanical treatment of phimosis4 ,it is only in jest that such things can be regarded as 8articles of clothing10 the principal object of which is to subserve the sense of shame4 ,sexual excitement is not concealed by this simple covering4 ,the red threads of the ,trumai1 the vari-coloured cloths of the ,bororo1 are adornments1 by which attention is attracted to this region rather than repelled4#gg ,the completely naked ,suy women wash their genital organs in the river in the presence of ,europeans4#gh ,thus among these ,caribs of ,central ,brazil1 who are still living in the stone age1 we observe in all their simplicity the results of complete nudity1 and we are able to determine that this nudity entirely prevents the origination of an erotic sense of shame in our meaning of the term4 ,the physiological factors of the sense of shame are not1 taken alone1 sufficiently strong to lead to the appearance of this sense in its full strength as a special psychical phenomenon4 ,it is first in association with clothing that these physiological factors have any great significance in the production of the sense of shame4 ,c4 ,h4 ,stratz1 in a historical and anthropological study regarding women's clothing 7,stuttgart1 #aijj71 has compared the data of the more recent ethnological investigations with the facts already known in the history of civilization and art1 and has noticed a remarkable agreement between the two4 ,according to him1 8the first original purpose of clothing was1 not the covering1 but simply and solely the adornment of the naked body40#gi ,the naked man feels little or no shame2 the clothed man is the first to feel shame--he feels it when the customary ornament is lacking4 ,this is true alike for primitive and for civilized man4 ,for ,stratz very rightly points out that any manifestation of nudity which is prescribed by fashion--that is to say1 by the then dominant code of beautification--is never felt as nudity4 ,on the contrary1 a lady in a high-necked dress amongst the dcollete ladies of a ballroom1 8would feel deeply ashamed because her breast was not bare40 ,the history of clothing and of fashion1 which is so closely associated therewith1 affords us the most important elements for the understanding of the sense of shame of modern man1 and for the judgment of its importance and of its natural limitations4 ,moreover1 clothing has most intimate relations to love as a psychical phenomenon4 8,how great an influence10 says ,emanuel ,herrmann1 8love exercises1 in all its stages1 upon clothing1 and how clearly1 on the other hand1 love is expressed by clothing60#hj ,clothing more especially satisfies the general human need1 proved by ,hoche and myself to exist1 for variety in sexual relationships1 which continually demands new allurements and new stimuli4 ,the preliminary stage of clothing1 a kind of symbolic clothing for primitive man1 is the staining1 painting1 and tattooing1 of the skin1 regarding which recent ethnological researches1 especially those of ,westermarck1#ha ,joest1#hb and ,marquardt1#hc have afforded us noteworthy conclusions4 ,it is a fact of great interest that the tendency to painting and adorning the body existed already in prehistoric times1 thus affording a notable illustration of the truth of ,herbert ,spencer's opinion that the vanity of uncivilized man was much greater than that of civilized man4 ,in palolithic dwellings coloured earths have actually been discovered1 and coloured pastes made by mixing iron rust with reindeer fat1 which unquestionably were employed for the colouring of the human body4 ,moreover1 as ,ludwig ,stein remarks1 the history of cosmetics1 which ,lord ,bacon1 in his 8,cosmetica10 dated from the days of ,biblical antiquity1 can be traced back with certainty to the man of the ice age1 upon whose individual and moral qualities this fact throws a significant light4 ,according to ,klaatsch1 palolithic man was not contented simply with painting his skin2 he also tattooed himself by means of fine flint knives4#hd ,painting and tattooing of the body must1 then1 be regarded as a primitive stage of clothing4 ,ploss-,bartels remarks3 8,i find it impossible to doubt that the original meaning of tattooing is to be found in the endeavour to cover nakedness02 and ,joest1 the most learned student of tattooing1 is of the same opinion4 ,he writes3 8,the less a man clothes himself1 the more he tattoos his skin2 and the more he clothes himself1 the less he tattoos40#he ,we must also regard the coloration of the skin produced by tattooing as a means of allurement2 tattooing was1 in fact1 principally carried out for the purpose of sexual allurement and stimulation4 ,the tattooed man is the more beautiful1 the more worthy object of desire4 ,even in cases in which painting and tattooing were originally undertaken for other purposes--for instance1 with some therapeutic aim1 or perhaps to serve as means of social or political differentiation--still1 these signs and visible changes in the skin of the body speedily exerted a powerful influence upon the other sex1 and by sexual selection were converted into sexual lures4#hf ,this sexual character of tattooing is indicated also by the fact that amongst numerous savage people of the ,south ,seas1 in the ,caroline ,islands1 in ,new ,guinea1 and in the ,pelew ,islands1 the girls1 in order to attract the men1 were accustomed to tattoo exclusively the genital region1 and especially the mons ,veneris2 thus1 by tattooing1 they made this region markedly apparent4 ,it is characteristic that ,miklucho-,maclay at the first glance received the impression that the girl tattooed in this manner wore on the mons ,veneris a three-cornered piece of blue cloth1 so closely can tattooing simulate clothing4 ,the sexual nature of tattooing is also shown by its association with phallic festivals4 ,in ,tahiti there is a very characteristic legend regarding the sexual origin of tattooing4#hg ,among many primitive peoples the first appearance of menstruation gives the signal for tattooing1 and for priapistic festivals4 ,an important sexual relationship is also manifested by the colour element of tattooing4 ,it appears that the sense of love in primitive man is closely connected with the sight of particular colours4 ,according to ,konrad ,lange1 the sensual voluptuous value of these colours obtained its peculiar character from the feeling of love associated with viewing them2 and1 speaking generally1 we can prove the existence of a certain association between the love of colour and the sexual impulse4 ,lange records an experience of his own youth1 that when1 about fourteen years of age1 he was glancing at a vari-coloured necktie he had feelings which were not very different in their nature from sexual desire4 ,he rightly draws attention to the fact that in primitive man this association of ideas is especially vivid1 for the reason that1 as already stated1 the painting of the body is usually first undertaken at the time of the commencement of puberty4#hh ,it is a significant fact that among modern civilized peoples the practice of tattooing is generally confined to certain lower classes of the population1 such as sailors1 criminals1 and prostitutes1 among whom the primitive impulses remain active in a quite exceptional strength1 as ,lombroso has more especially shown in his 8,palimsesti di ,carcere10 and in his works on the criminal and the prostitute4 ,very frequently obscene tattooings were found in such persons4#hi ,marro1 ,lacassagne1 ,batut1 and ,rudolf ,bergh1 have also studied the tattooings of prostitutes and criminals1 and have observed the same objects and ornaments in both classes4 ,salillas in ,spain1 ,drago in the ,argentine1 ,ellis and ,greaves in ,england1 and ,tronow in ,russia1 obtained similar results4 ,in #abe per cent4 of the inmates of reformatories in ,brieg1 ,kurella found that the skin was tattooed4 ,according to him1 cynicism1 revenge1 cruelty1 remorselessness1 gloomy or indifferent fatalism1 bestial lewdness1 with a dominant tendency to unnatural vices of every kind1 8constituted the principal psychical manifestations exhibited by these tattoo-pictures40 8,pderastic symbols among the men1 and tribadistic among the female prostitutes1 are of especially frequent occurrence1 and among these we often find a mackerel sketched on the vulva1 denoting the souteneur2 still more perverse sexual representations even ,french authors such as ,batut have not ventured to reproduce2 we see things which would send the police des murs out of their minds4 ,already in quite young vagabonds1 frequently sons of prostitutes1 we see representations of this kind40#ij ,not only1 however1 in criminals and prostitutes1 but also in the non-criminal members of the lowest classes of the population1 we often observe erotic tattooings of the most obscene character1 which1 without doubt1 serve as sexual lures and stimuli4 ,j4 ,robinsohn and ,friedrich ,s4 ,krauss recently published an interesting account of these matters4#ia ,cases of ,tattooing in ,women of the ,upper ,classes4--,it appears that the primitive tendency to tattooing as a sexual stimulus and means of allurement has recently revived in certain circles of the refined sensual world4 ,ren ,schwaebl1 in his celebrated book based on his own observations and moral studies1 and entitled1 8,les ,dtraques de ,paris0 7,paris1 #aijd71 gives an account of the increasing diffusion of tattooing among both men and women of the upper classes of ,parisian society1 for which purpose a specialist has opened an atelier in the ,rue ,blanche1 in ,montmartre4 ,schwaebl devotes a special chapter to the 8tatoues0 7pp4 #dg-eg71 and describes an assembly of some of these distinguished libertines in a house in the ,rue de la ,pompe in ,passy4 ,in one of these ladies1 tattooing imitated in a most deceptive manner a pair of stockings1 thus affording a characteristic instance of the above-mentioned association between tattooing and clothing4 ,another woman had inscriptions tattooed on the thighs and hips2 in two the legs were adorned with garlands of vine-leaves1 birds were billing on the abdomen1 and on the back were depicted many coloured bouquets of flowers1 with the inscription1 8,x4 pinxit1 after ,watteau40 ,a marchioness had her family coat-of-arms depicted between the shoulder blades2 another great lady had had tattooed on her body the maddest and most obscene drawings of a satanistic character6 ,two unmistakably homosexual women had a common tattooing--that is to say1 one was complementary to the other2 only when they were side by side had the picture a meaning4 ,the most remarkable of all the tattooings1 however1 was that of the hostess4 ,on her body was the picture of a complete hunt1 the individual scenes of which wound round her body2 it was in the most vivid colours2 carriages1 packs of hounds and hunters were all shown4 ,the final goal of the hunt was a fox tattooed in the genital region4 ,tattooing leads on to the consideration of many-coloured clothing1 which is especially common in primitive conditions of mankind4 ,such clothing1 in such conditions1 serves chiefly to accentuate particular portions of the body1 in order to stimulate the sexual appetite of members of the opposite sex4 ,according to ,moseley1 the savage begins by painting and tattooing himself for the sake of adornment4 ,then he takes a movable appendage1 which he throws round his body1 and on which he places the ornamentation which he had previously marked on his skin in a more or less ineradicable manner4 ,now a greater variation is rendered possible than was the case with tattooing and painting4 ,thus1 by means of vari-coloured and bright bands1 fringes1 girdles1 and aprons1 which for the most part are attached in the genital region1 attention is drawn to this part--and here a contrast of colours is found extremely effective4 ,the ,indians of the ,admiralty ,islands have as their only article of clothing a brilliant white mussel-shell1 which exhibits a striking contrast to the dark colour of their skin4 ,the ,areois of ,tahiti1 a class of privileged libertines and voluptuous individuals1 manifested this character in public places by wearing a girdle made of 8ti-leaves40#ib ,the first and most primitive form of clothing was this pubic ornament1 the original purpose of which was adornment1 not concealment4 ,the latter significance it acquired only in proportion as the genital organs became the object of a superstitious feeling of fear and respect1 and were regarded as the seat of a dangerous magic4#ic ,the above-mentioned connexion between sexuality and magic here made itself apparent4 ,it was necessary that this wonderful1 daimonic region should be concealed1 in order to protect an onlooker from its evil and influence1 or1 contrariwise1 to protect the genital region from the evil glance of the observer4 ,both ideas are ethnologically demonstrable4 ,according to ,drkheim1 the genital organs1 and especially those of women1 were covered in primitive times1 in order to prevent the perception of any disagreeable emanations from these regions4 ,finally1 ,waitz1 ,schurz1 and ,letourneau propounded the theory that the jealousy of primitive man was the primary ground of clothing1 and was indirectly also the cause of the sense of shame4 ,this view is supported by the interesting ethnological fact that in many races only the married women are clothed1 whilst the fully-grown unmarried girls go completely naked4 ,the married woman is part of the property of the husband2 to the latter1 clothing appears to be a protection against glances at his property--to unclothe the wife is a dishonour and a shame4 ,when the idea of possession was extended to the relationship between the father and his unmarried daughters1 these latter also were clothed2 thus the idea of chastity and the feeling of shame were developed4#id ,we can1 however1 adduce numerous considerations in support of the view that the first covering of the genital organs1 in association with the pubic ornament1 did not arise out of the feeling of shame1 but1 on the contrary1 that it served as a means of sexual allurement4 ,by all kinds of striking ornaments1 such as cat's tails1 mussel-shells1 or strips of hide1 fastened either in front or behind1 every possible attention was attracted to the genital region or the buttocks4#ie ,concealment made itself felt as a more powerful sensual stimulus than nudity4 ,this is an old anthropological experience which still possesses great significance in our modern civilized life4 ,virey believed that human beings had more intense and manifold sexual enjoyments than the lower animals1 because these latter see their wives at all times without any kind of adornment1 whereas the half-opened veil with which the human female conceals or partially discloses her charms increases a hundredfold the already boundless lust of mankind4 8,the less one sees1 the more does imagination picture40#if ,that which causes a refined and sensual stimulus is not the entirely naked1 but the half-naked or partial nudity4 ,westermarck remarks3 8,we have numerous examples of races who generally go about completely naked1 but sometimes employ a covering4 ,in such cases they always wear the latter in circumstances which make it perfectly clear that the covering is used simply as a means of allurement4 ,thus1 ,lohmann relates that among the ,saliras only prostitutes wear clothing1 and they do this in order to stimulate by means of the unknown4 ,barth informs us that among many heathen races in ,central ,africa1 the married women go entirely naked1 whilst the girls ripe for marriage clothe themselves 7in order that they may appear worthy of desire74 ,the married women of ,tipperah wear no more than a short apron1 while the unmarried girls cover the breasts with vari-coloured cloths with fringed edges4 ,among the ,toungta1 the breasts of the women remain uncovered after the birth of the first child1 but the unmarried women wear a narrow breast-cloth40#ig ,the significance of clothing and partial clothing as a sexual stimulus1 proved by ,k4 von den ,steinen and ,stratz to exist among primitive peoples1 can be shown to form an element in the 8fashion0 of civilized races1 which provides the imagination with entirely new sexual stimuli1 by means of the two fundamental elements of the accentuation and disclosure of certain parts1 and speaks to man of 8hidden joys40 ,moses made use of this psychical sexual influence of clothing4 ,he wished to increase the numbers of his small people1 and therefore he ordered the concealment of the feminine charms1 8in order to stimulate the senses of the male members of his community1 and thus increase the fertility of his people40#ih ,nudity1 rejected by him as unsuitable1 came in the ,christian teaching to be regarded as 8immoral02 for such a change in the point of view1 we can find numerous examples in the public life of the present day4 ,the greatest sensual stimulus is exerted by the half-clothing or partial disclosure of the body1 the so-called retrouss--that is1 the art of bringing about a refined mutual influence between the charms of clothing and the charms of the body4#ii ,this plays a very important part in the origination of the so-called 8clothes fetichism10 which we shall describe at greater length when we come to the consideration of these sexual anomalies4 ,there are two fundamental forms of clothing1 the tropical 7coat and sash7 and the arctic 7doublet and hose71 and these1 in addition to their simple function of protecting in the tropics from the powerful rays of the sun1 and in the northern climates of protecting from cold1 serve also in both sexes as a means of sexual allurement4 ,the changeful phenomena and phases of 8fashion in clothing0 afford the most certain proofs of this fact2 they may1 in fact1 be regarded as the most valuable sexual psychological documents of the successive epochs of civilization4 ,the celebrated writer on sthetics ,friedrich ,theodor ,vischer has regarded them especially from this point of view in his original work1 distinguished by its pithy style1 8,fashion and ,cynicism3 ,contributions to the ,knowledge of the ,forms of ,civilization and of our ,moral ,ideas0 7,stuttgart1 #ahhh74 ,he regards 8the rage to excel in man-catching0 as 8the most powerful of impulses1 capable of inflaming to fever-heat the madness of fashion1 with its brainless changes1 its furious inclinations1 its raging distortions40 ,in a certain sense we may also speak of some of the fashions of men's clothing as an art of 8woman-catching40 ,still1 on the whole1 this feature is much less manifest here than in relation to woman's clothing4 ,clothing has a sexually stimulating influence in a twofold manner3 either certain parts are especially accentuated and enlarged by the shape or cut of the clothing and by peculiar kinds of ornamentation1 or else particular portions of the body are directly denuded4 ,both of these have a sexual influence4 ,the accentuation and enlargement of certain parts of the body by means of clothing takes its origin in man's belief that by this means he really produces certain enlargements of his personality1 as though these portions of clothing were actually a part of himself4 ,this remarkable theory of clothing1 according to which the latter represents a strengthening of the body1 a kind of outwardly projected emanation of the human personality1 a direct continuation of the body1 was first enunciated by the celebrated philosopher ,hermann ,lotze4 ,he writes3 8,everywhere when we place a foreign body in connexion with the surface of our body 7for not the hand alone develops this peculiarity71 the consciousness of our personal identity is in a certain sense transmitted into the ends and outer surface of this foreign body1 and there arise feelings1 partly of an enlargement of our personal ego1 partly of a change in form and in extent of movement1 now become possible to us1 but naturally foreign to our organs1 and partly of an unaccustomed tension1 firmness1 or security of our carriage40#ajj ,naturally the reciprocal influence of one person upon another is not wanting1 and the observer believes that in the clothing he actually finds the body4 ,parts that otherwise would not have attracted attention now appear as important objects4 ,for example1 the tall hat1 as a prolongation of the head1 seems to give the latter a certain height and worth4 ,gustave ,flaubert1 in 8,madame ,bovary10 very beautifully describes this remarkable transition1 this identification of clothing with the body3 8,beneath her hair1 which was drawn upwards towards the top of the head1 the skin of the nape of her neck appeared to have a brownish tint1 which gradually became paler1 and lost itself in the shadows of her clothing4 ,her dress spread out on either side over the chair on which she was sitting2 it fell in many folds1 and spread out on the floor4 ,when he chanced to touch it with his foot1 he immediately drew the foot back again1 as if he had trodden on something living40 ,the same association of ideas has led to the idea that clothing 8is1 as it were1 a complete skin to man10 as if it must represent a kind of 8ideal nudity40#aja ,clothing represents the person1 shelters the nature1 the soul4 ,it can1 therefore1 become the means of expression of human peculiarities1 of individual traits of character4 ,there exists a 8physiognomy0 of clothing2 it is a mirror of the physical and spiritual being4#ajb ,very rightly is it asserted1 in a pseudonymous essay on the 8,erotics of ,clothing10 that clothing1 in the course of the many thousand years of the development of civilization1 has taken up into itself so much of the spirit of mankind that we should find a solution for all the problems of human civilization if we were able completely and immediately to understand the spirit of clothing4 ,the form of clothing is at the same time also the most subtle and accurate measuring apparatus for the peculiar and personal in a man--for the individual in him4#ajc ,if the accentuation of certain parts is the first sexual stimulus of clothing the denuding of certain parts is the second4 ,when once the custom of concealing the body has been introduced1 the denuding of portions of the body has acquired a sexually stimulating effect which it did not previously possess1 and which it does not now possess among primitive communities4 ,in the saying of a thoughtful writer1 that there is a great difference from an erotic point of view between a glance at the naked leg of a sturdy peasant girl and a glance at the naked leg of a fashionable young lady1 this different conception of nudity finds very clear expression4 ,there is1 in fact1 a natural1 sexually indifferent nudity1 and an artificial1 erotically stimulating nudity4 ,it is the latter only which plays a part in the history of clothing and of fashion2 and it is this1 in association with the erotic accentuation of certain portions of the body1 which has from early times been cultivated for the allurement of men1 and above all by the world of prostitution and by the half-world4 ,this first occurred in classical antiquity1 to which1 however1 true 8fashion0 was unknown1 because clothing was not then1 as it is in modern times1 fused with the body1 and therefore did not appear to be a continuation and representation of the bodily personality4 ,in general1 the refined quality of the modern 8mode0 was lacking1 in regard to the accentuation of particular parts of the body by means of clothing4 ,very aptly has ,schopenhauer1 in the second volume of his 8,parerga and ,paralipomena10 pointed out the thorough-going difference between antique and modern clothing in this relationship4 ,in the days of antiquity clothing was still a whole1 which remained distinct from the body1 and which allowed the human form to be recognized as distinctly as possible in all its parts4 ,sexual stimulation could be effected only by the employment of diaphanous fabrics1 which were preferred in the circles of the half-world and by effeminate men4 ,varro1 ,juvenal1 and ,seneca chastise with biting words this immorality of 8coac vestes10 and of the network clothing imported from ,egypt4 ,then there appeared for the first time as a peculiar type the woman in man's clothing1 a proof of the wide diffusion of the love of boys1 on which those prostitutes who went about clothed as men must have speculated when they assumed this dress4 ,the analysis of clothing into upper-clothing and under-clothing signifies a differentiation of clothing very effective as regards erotic influence4 ,for the first time could the individual portions of the body appear in definite significance in relation to the body as a whole4 ,and the indication of the waist became characteristic of fashion in clothing4#ajd ,the analysis of clothing was carried a stage further in the separation of clothing1 properly speaking1 from that which lies beneath it1 the more intimate covering of the body1 the washable underclothing--shirt1 chemise1 petticoat1 etc4 ,more especially had this differentiation a great erotic significance4 ,it was the increase in the number of individual articles of clothing which first gave rise to the erotically tinged idea of the gradual 8dressing0 and 8undressing10 to the idea of the intimate 8toilet40 ,the possibilities of disclosure1 half concealment1 and semi-nudity were notably increased1 and a much larger playground was opened to the erotic imagination4 ,in association with this1 the waist1 especially in the case of woman1 indicated a separation of the bodily spheres into an upper sphere1 associated chiefly with the intellectual1 and a lower sphere1 belonging rather to the purely sexual4 8,the waist1 which is already1 roughly speaking1 indicated by the sash or girdle1 but which1 in consequence of the progressive differentiation of feminine clothing1 comes to play a principal part in women's dress1 divides the woman's body into thorax and abdomen4 ,the fully clothed woman becomes an insect1 a wasp1 with two sharply defined emotional and sexual spheres1 with a heavenly and an earthly division40#aje ,with this classification and differentiation of clothing there now developed a fertile field for the activity of 8fashion10 which therefore1 as such1 first really takes its rise in the middle ages4 ,according to ,sombart1#ajf it was in the ,italian ,states of the fifteenth century that it first became a living reality4 ,fashion is a product of the ,christian middle ages2 the specific element that this period introduced into feminine clothing--the corset--is a witness to ,christian doctrine4 ,stratz remarks on this subject3 8,strange as it may seem1 it is very remarkably true that the corset derives its origin from the ,christian worship of ,god4 ,owing to the strict ecclesiastical control in the middle ages--strict1 at least1 as regards public life--the dominant ascetic point of view demanded the fullest possible covering of the feminine body1 and the mortification of the flesh2 it insisted1 at any rate1 that those portions of the body should be withdrawn from the view of sinful man which are regarded as especially characteristic of the female sex4 ,through woman sin had entered the world1 and therefore woman must1 above all1 take care to conceal as much as possible the sinful characteristics of her baser sex4 ,whilst man1 by the greatest possible increase in breadth of shoulders and chest1 endeavoured to suggest a more powerful and warlike aspect1 we find that among women from the twelfth to the sixteenth century1 the endeavour was dominant to make the breasts as flat and childlike and as narrow as possible1 and for this purpose1 for the compression and obliteration of the breasts1 an early form of the corset was employed40#ajg ,it is characteristic that fashion later employed the corset in precisely the opposite sense--namely1 in order to make the breasts 8stand out more prominently above the upper margin of the corset1 which continually became shorter40 ,thus there arose a conflict between medieval fashion and the ascetic tendencies of the times4 ,fashion was victorious along the whole line1 as we can learn in detail in ,ritter's interesting essay regarding the nudities of the middle ages4#ajh ,since the middle ages1 two portions of the body have in the female sex been especially accentuated by clothing--the breasts1 and the region of the hips and the buttocks4 ,as we have already pointed out1 the corset was especially employed to accentuate the breasts1 the corset having already produced the stimulating contrast between the prominence of the breast and the slenderness of the waist1 increased by lacing4 ,at the same time1 at an early date the denuding of the upper part of the breasts was associated with this accentuation1 the top of the dress being cut away in front la grand' gorge1 whilst the corset1 strengthened by rods of whalebone or steel1 produced a bonne conch4 ,this accentuation of the breasts dominated feminine fashion down to the present day4 ,besides the use of the corset in this matter1 the region of the breasts was also rendered more prominent by the use of artificial breasts made of wax1 by ornaments in the form of breast-rings1 etc4 ,the partial denuding of the breasts represents the true dcollet of our balls and parties1 a custom which a man so tolerant in other respects as ,h4 ,bahr condemns on sthetic grounds4#aji 8,the art of undressing and enjoying in imagination beautiful girls and women10 says ,georg ,hirth1 8is learnt chiefly at ,court and other balls1 at which the feminine guests are compelled by fashion to bare the upper part of the body4 ,it is astonishing how quickly1 how invariably1 the girls of the upper classes accustom themselves to this exhibition1 which exercises so stimulating an effect upon us of the opposite sex4 ,and yet they would turn up their noses if1 at the parties of non-commissioned officers and servants1 the women allowed such extensive glimpses of their charms4 ,i once heard a girl three years of age express a naive surprise when she saw the dcolletage of her mother1 who was about to go to a ball4 ,what a scolding would the poor servant-girl get if she were to exhibit her nudity to the children in such a manner60#aaj ,fr4 ,th4 ,vischer also severely criticizes this exposure of feminine nudities coram publico4 ,moreover1 the free enjoyment of alcohol customary among men at these evening entertainments is likely to induce a frame of mind in which the charms thus freely displayed before their eyes will receive an attention not purely sthetic4 ,as regards the corset more particularly1 it is not only unsthetic1 but also unhygienic4 ,the corset draws in the beautiful outline of the feminine body in the most disagreeable manner2 the wasp waist which it produces is an ugly exaggeration of the natural condition4 ,the lady editor of the ,documents of ,women instituted an inquiry amongst a number of artists in regard to the corset4 ,one of these1 the architect ,leopold ,bauer1 replied as follows3 8,nature has endowed the feminine body with a most beautiful outline4 ,it is almost incomprehensible that the ideal of beauty should during so lengthy a period aim at the destruction of this wonderful and unique perfection4 ,the corset makes an ugly bend in the vertebral column1 it makes the hip shapeless1 it suggests an unnatural and even repulsive development of the breasts1 which transforms our sentiment of the sacred beauty of the human body into the lowest sexual and perverse impulses4 ,that the corset does not really make the body appear slender is no longer open to doubt4 ,all the suggested advantages of the corset are prejudices4444 ,it is only when women's dress is freed from the tyranny of this detestable corset that it will be able to develop in a free and artistic manner40#aaa ,physicians are unanimous regarding the unhygienic nature of the corset4 ,the deleterious influence of tight-lacing upon the form and the activity of the thoracic and abdominal organs has been thoroughly elucidated by many authors4 ,i need refer only1 among many1 to the writings of ,hugo ,klein1#aab ,menge1#aac and ,o4 ,rosenbach1#aad regarding the dangers of the corset4 ,the corset hinders the sufficient inspiration1 which is so necessary for the adequate activity of the respiratory and circulatory organs1 and herein we find a principal cause of anmia 7,o4 ,rosenbach72 it exercises the most harmful pressure on the abdominal organs1 especially on the stomach and the liver1 and presses them out of their natural situation1 so that it gives rise to a descent of the kidneys1 the liver1 and the genital organs4 ,the extremely ugly 8pendulous belly0 is also dependent on the influence of the corset4 ,the pressure of the corset also often gives rise to an atrophy of the mammary glands1 and to abnormal changes in the nipples4 ,thence ensues1 further1 a serious hindrance to the function of lactation1 which may indeed be rendered completely impossible4 ,for this reason1 ,georg ,hirth1 in his admirable essay upon the indispensable character of the maternal breast1 exclaims3 8,away with the corset60#aae ,the dorsal and abdominal muscles also undergo partial atrophy in consequence of the habitual wearing of the corset1 because this garment to some extent relieves these muscles of their natural function4 ,anmia1 gastric and hepatic disorders1 and intercostal neuralgia are also dependent upon this 8most disastrous error of woman's dress10 as von ,krafft-,ebing calls the corset4 ,menge has very thoroughly studied the hurtful influence of the corset on the feminine reproductive organs4 ,he enumerates1 as a result of wearing it1 among many evil results1 inflammatory states and enlargement of the ovaries1 relaxation of the uterine muscles1 atrophy and excessive proliferation of the uterine mucous membrane1 the onset of the extremely disagreeable fluor albus1 premature termination of pregnancy1 displacements of the uterus 7retroflexion1 anteversion1 prolapse71 abnormal stretching of the entire pelvic floor1 retention of urine1 constipation1 and nervous troubles of the most varied character4 ,very often1 also1 sterility in woman is causally dependent upon the constriction and pressure exercised by the corset4 ,rightly1 therefore1 the abandonment of the corset plays a principal part in the 8reformed dress0 of woman--a subject to which we shall later return4 ,in addition to the accentuation of the breast by the corset and by other apparatus1#aaf another aim of feminine fashion has been most persistent in very various forms1 namely1 the exaggeration of the hips1 or the buttocks1 or both--in fact1 of all the visible parts of the clothed body which are directly related to the sexual functions of woman2 that is to say1 there has been a persistent endeavour to indicate in the most prominent manner1 in a way to stimulate the male1 the secondary sexual characters of the female in this region of the body4 8,the thoroughly modern women10 says ,heinrich ,pudor1 8coquet at the present day less with their breasts than with their hind-quarters--for this reason1 because for the most part they have a masculine type 7874 ,it began with the cul de ,paris4 ,nowadays1 clothes are cut in such a way that in the view from the back the gluteal region is especially prominent4 ,this is how the fashionable wife of a ,german officer strikes us at present4 8#8,tailor-made' is the phrase that has for some time been in use in ,england4 ,the tailor has made it--not the milliner4 ,no1 the tailor1 who perhaps is at the same time bath-master and masseur4444 ,certain species of baboons are distinguished by their brightly coloured and prominent hind-quarters--there seems to be no doubt that our modern ladies in high life have taken these for their example4 ,or can it be that they wish to avail themselves of the homosexual inclinations of their male acquaintances8 ,beyond question this is so4 ,here we find the fundamental ground of the type of clothing of our own day by which so much attention is drawn to the region of the buttocks4 ,what is repulsive here is not the homosexuality1 but the misuse that is made of clothing4 ,in fact1 that which is most repulsive to a refined sentiment is this--that women have their clothes cut as tightly as possible round the hips1 in order that the broad pelvis1 which is especially characteristic of women as a sexual being1 shall be as far as possible visibly isolated40#aag ,similarly ,fr4 ,th4 ,vischer has castigated the immorality of the gross accentuation of kallipygian charms1#aah which in the eighteenth century was inaugurated by the invention of the so-called tournure 7cul de ,paris71 against which ,mary ,wollstonecraft inveighed so severely4 ,by the tension of the clothing1 not only the buttocks1 but also the hips and the thighs1 were rendered grossly apparent4 ,in certain epochs1 also1 the feminine abdomen was very markedly indicated by the mode of dress2 for instance1 in the middle ages1 down to the sixteenth century1 fashion provided women and girls with the insignia of pregnancy1 as is apparent in the pictures of ,jan van ,eyck 78,the ,lamb10 8,eva071 ,hans ,memling 78,eva071 and ,titian 78,the ,beauty of ,urbino074 ,the fashion of the 8thick abdomen0 in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was only another variation of the same theme4 ,in close relation to the variations of fashion we have just described is the farthingale 7montgolfire7 or crinoline4 ,it was first adopted in the sixteenth century by courtesans and prostitutes1 who thus exhibited rounded and provocative forms1 wishing to allure men by these vertugales1 which1 according to the bon mot of a ,franciscan1 expelled vertu1 leaving behind only the gale 7syphilis74 ,the aptest remarks regarding the repulsive and dirty fashion of the crinoline were made by ,schopenhauer4#aai ,it seems as if the crinoline1 which is well known to have celebrated its greatest triumph during the period of the ,second ,empire in ,france--who is not familiar with the characteristic daguerrotypes of that period8--has recently endeavoured to come to life once more1 for it appears that attempts have actually been made towards the rehabilitation of this monstrosity of clothing4 ,the physical difference between man and woman is also beyond question the principal cause of the difference between masculine and feminine clothing4 ,according to ,waldeyer 7,proceedings of the ,twenty-,sixth ,congress of ,anthropologists at ,kassel1 #ahie1 published in the ,journal of the ,german ,society of ,anthropologists1 ,no4 #i1 p4 #gf71 it is especially the difference in the length and position of the thigh-bones that is responsible for the differentiation between masculine and feminine clothing4 ,in woman1 the upper ends of the femora are1 in consequence of the greater width of the pelvis1 more widely separated than in the male2 and since in both sexes these bones are closely approximated at the knees1 in women their position appears more oblique4 ,this1 in combination with the comparative shortness of women's thighs1 has a manifest influence upon the gait1 especially in running1 in which man distinctly excels woman4 ,in this purely anatomical difference is to be found the reason why the masculine mode of dress1 which makes the lower extremities very manifest1 is not adapted for woman1 especially when in the upright posture4 ,this is an important cause for the differentiation between masculine and feminine clothing4 ,a further fundamental difference between the clothing of man and that of woman is the much greater simplicity and monotony1 on the whole1 of masculine clothing4 ,this has1 with good reason1 been associated with the greater intellectual differentiation of man1 who1 therefore1 stands less in need of any peculiar accentuation of the individual personality by means of clothing4 ,woman1 who earlier was only a sexual being1 utilized clothing in manifold ways as a means of sexual allurement1 as the chief means of compensation for the life of activity denied her by ,nature and custom1 whereas to man1 on the whole1 the employment of sexual stimulation by means of clothing was superfluous4 ,georg ,simmel writes from another point of view4 ,he is of opinion that woman1 in comparison with man1 is1 on the whole1 the more constant being1 but that precisely this constancy1 which expresses the equability and unity of her nature on the emotional side1 demands1 on the principle of compensation of vital tendencies1 a more active variability in other less central provinces2 whereas1 on the contrary1 man1 in his very nature less constant1 who is not accustomed to cleave with the same unconditional concentration of all vital interests to any once experienced emotional relationship1 precisely in consequence of this1 stands less in need of such external variability4 ,man1 as regards objective phenomena1 is1 on the whole1 more indifferent than woman1 because fundamentally he is the more variable being1 and therefore can more easily dispense with such objective variability4#abj ,notwithstanding this1 down to the beginning of the nineteenth century there were not wanting1 in the fashion of men's clothing1 attempts to employ certain parts of dress for the purpose of sexual stimulation4 ,i refer in this connexion to my earlier contributions4#aba ,here ,i shall allude only in passing to the peculiar and characteristic variations of men's clothing in the form of marked attention drawn to the male genitals by the breeches-flap 7braguettes72 to the shoe1 la poulaine1 which imitated the form of a male penis2 to certain effeminate tendencies in the dress of man which have recurred very often since the days of the ,roman ,empire1#abb which are connected with the wide diffusion of homosexual tendencies1 and which sometimes have given men's dress so variegated a character1 have involved such frequent changes and such occasional nudities1 that at these times it could enter into competition with women's clothing4 ,in this respect1 clothing enables us to draw conclusions not merely regarding the nature of the men who wore it1 but also regarding the character of the time4 ,there exists also the modern dandyhood1 which recalls many peculiarities of earlier times2 but1 on the whole1 fashion in men's clothing tends to simplicity and sexual indifference4 ,this movement originated in ,england1 and the ,english fashion in men's clothing has become dominant throughout the whole world1 whereas women's clothing now1 as formerly1 receives its fashionable stimulus from ,paris4 ,in addition to the indirect relations of clothing with the vita sexualis1 which we have already described1 there is a direct relationship1 and this is the effect of certain fabrics upon the skin1 from which certain associations of ideas and certain abnormal tendencies may arise4 ,thus1 for example1 the contact of woollen stuffs and of furs has a sexually stimulating influence4 ,ryan compared their influence with that of flagellation4#abc ,in this sense1 also1 furs and the whip go together--these two symbols of 8masochism02 velvet has a similar effect4 ,the celebrated author of 8,venus im ,pelz10 ,leopold von ,sacher-,masoch1 in his well-known romance bearing this name1 deals fully with the sexual significance of furs4 ,according to him1 they exert a peculiar1 prickling1 physical stimulus1 perhaps dependent upon their being charged with electricity1 and upon the warmth of their atmosphere4 ,a woman in a fur coat is like a 8great cat1#abd a powerful electric battery40 ,influences of smell also appear to be associated herewith4 ,for1 in a letter to his wife1 ,sacher-,masoch once wrote to tell her what voluptuous pleasure it would give to him to bathe his face in the warm odour of her furs4#abe ,with the description of the stimulating effect of fur dependent upon sensations of contact and smell1 he associated also the fact that fur gave woman a dominant1 masterful1 magical influence4 ,his 8,venus im ,pelz0 is also to him 8one who commands40 ,titian found for the rosy beauty of his beloved one no more costly frame than dark fur4 ,it is doubtless the strong contrast-effect between the delicate charm and the shaggy surroundings that evokes that remarkable symbolical relationship to longings for power and cruel despotism4 ,in a thoughtful essay1 8,venus im ,pelz0 7,berliner ,tageblatt1 ,no4 #dhg1 ,september #be1 #aijc71 the idea is developed and explained1 that the love of woman for furs results from her inward nature4 ,it is the secret longing for an increase of her power and influence by means of contrast4#abf ,men's and women's clothing comprises the covering of the entire body with the exception of the face--the idea does not1 as a rule1 include the head-covering and the way the hair is dressed4 ,in a recent work1 ,h4 ,pudor brings the face into a peculiar sexual relationship with the clothing4 ,his remarks on this subject1 which contain many valuable observations1 notwithstanding the fact that much of what he says is overdrawn1 run as follows3 8,there is no doubt that the face is a bearer of the sexual sense in the second and third degree4 ,not only the mouth or the larynx4 ,the nose1 especially in virtue of the mucous membranes by which odours are perceived4 ,the eye1 in virtue of the magnetic currents1 the perception of light1 and the chemical activity of the retina4 ,but even the cheeks and the ears4 ,let some one you are fond of whisper something into your ear--notice the emotional wave you will feel1 and observe how from the ear there are paths of conduction to the sexual cells 64 ,above all1 however1 naturally the mouth4 ,we speak of the labia of the female genital organs1 and therewith already we indicate the relationship to the lips of the mouth4 ,we can1 in fact1 prove the existence1 not only of a parallelism in the structure of the mouth and that of the sexual organs1 in man just as in woman4 ,we can go even further3 we can regard the sacral region as the forehead1 the anal region as the nose1 the pudendal region as the mouth1 and the gluteal region as the cheeks 64 8,if we regard the sexual differentiation of the features of the face as established1 from this standpoint we gain an interesting light upon the deeper lying causes of the wearing of clothes4 ,civilized mankind conceals the sexual organs of the first degree2 the sexual organs of the third degree--that is1 the features of the face--are left naked2 in fact1 on account of the thorough way in which the parts of the body adjacent to the face are covered1 stress is actually laid upon the nakedness of the face as bearing sexual organs of the third degree--now we recognize the rle played by the hat--and by means of that which we call coquetry1 we see mirrored in the features the proper sexual organs1 or we have our attention drawn to the sexual organs by means of the features1 and by the latter we are made aware of certain peculiarities of the former4 ,in this connexion1 let us remember certain facial adornments which serve to limit still more the naked area of the face1 and to clothe a larger portion of that region1 such as the locks of hair covering the ears which the dancer ,clo de ,mrode introduced1 ringlets such as were worn in youth by our grandmothers1 or the chin-band drawn across the middle of the chin4 ,perhaps even other ornaments of the face 7neck-band1 ear-rings1 and even eyeglasses and lorgnette 67 also play a certain part in this connexion4 ,think1 above all1 of the stand-up collar and all other varieties of high collar by which the clothing is carried up as high as the chin4 ,but those parts of the face which remain naked must now be as naked as possible2 for this reason hairs1 unless they belong to the beard as sexual organs of the second degree1 must be removed1 and society determinedly insists that faces shall be clean-shaven40#abg ,the relation of the face to the clothing already makes clear to us the idea of 8costume0 as an extension of clothing beyond the mere covering of the body4 ,all which surrounds man1 which has a relation to his appearance1 is costume in the widest sense of the word2 thus1 sitting-room1 workshop1 study1 dressing-room1 park1 library1 etc4 8,we take pains regarding all that we have nearest to us and round about us1 our toilet1 because therein we are at home1 therein we suffer and we rejoice4 ,where we feel ourselves at home1 we shall endeavour so to arrange matters that everything is comfortable to us1 down to the furthest manifestations of our existence1 so that our sitting-room1 our bedroom1 our house and our garden1 constitute a prolongation1 an extension of our clothing0 7,a4 von ,eye74#abh ,thus it happens that fashion is concerned1 not merely with clothing1 but also with an abundance of customary details of environment4 ,the arrangement and furnishing of rooms1 artistic objects1 bodily exercises1 social intercourse1 sports1 etc41 are subject to the caprices of fashion4 ,on this extended idea of fashion is based ,fr4 ,th4 ,vischer's definition3 8,fashion is a general term to denote a complex of temporary current forms of civilization40 ,the theory of fashion has been elaborated especially by ,sombart#abi and ,simmel4#acj ,in the work of ,w4 ,fred1#aca also1 we find some thoughtful observations4 ,according to ,simmel1 fashion fulfils a double task4 ,on the one hand1 it is the imitation of a given example1 and thus satisfies the need for social dependence2 it leads the individual along the path on which all are going4 ,but1 on the other hand1 it satisfies also the need for difference1 the tendency to differentiation1 to variation1 to self-assertion4 ,this fashion effects by means of frequent changes1 and by the fact that first of all it is always a class fashion4 ,the fashions of the upper classes are distinguished from those of the lower classes1 and are instantly abandoned when the lower classes adopt them4 ,thus1 according to ,simmel's definition1 fashion is nothing else than a peculiar form among many forms of life1 by means of which the tendency towards social equalization is connected with the tendency towards individual differentiation and variation to constitute a unitary activity4 ,in ,paris1 the centre of fashion1 the associated work of these two tendencies may be studied most accurately and purely4 ,we can there observe how at first always a portion only of society adopts the fashion1 whilst the commonalty are still only on the way towards its adoption4 ,if the fashion has become entirely general1 if it is followed without exception1 it is already over1 it is no longer 8fashionable10 because this class difference has ceased to exist4 8,by means of this interplay--between its tendency to general diffusion on the one hand1 and1 on the other1 the annihilation of its significance which this very diffusion brings about--fashion exercises the peculiar charm of the border-line1 the charm of simultaneous beginning and ending1 the charm of that which is at the same time new and obsolete0 7,simmel74 ,in connexion with this fact we find that from the earliest times the 8demi-monde0 has always given the impulse to new fashions4 ,owing to the peculiarly uncertain position occupied by this class1 everything conventional1 everything long in use1 is detested by its members2 only newness and change are agreeable4 8,in the continuous endeavour to find new1 hitherto unheard-of fashions1 in the heedlessness with which precisely that which is opposed to what has gone before is passionately grasped1 there lies an sthetic form of the destructive impulse1 which all pariah existences appear to possess1 so long1 at any rate1 as they are not completely enslaved0 7,simmel74 ,on the other hand1 the equalizing tendency of fashion serves delicate1 sensitive natures as a kind of protection of their personality1 as ,simmel has shown in a masterly manner4 ,to such persons fashion plays the part1 as it were1 of a mask4 8,thus it is a delicate shame and shyness1 lest by a peculiarity in outward aspect1 some peculiarity of the subjective character might perhaps be betrayed1 that leads many natures to seek with eagerness the concealing equalization of fashion4444 ,it gives a veil and a protection to all that lies within1 and that thereby becomes more perfectly free40 ,that modern fashion is1 for the most part1 a child of the nineteenth century1 and is most intimately dependent upon the nature of capitalism1 has been directly proved by ,w4 ,sombart4 ,he indicates as a decisive fact in the process of the formation of fashion the perception that the participation of the consumer is thereby reduced to a minimum1 that1 on the contrary1 the driving force in the creation of modern fashion is the capitalistic entrepreneur4 ,if1 for example1 a ,parisian cocotte discovers a new style of dress1 or if1 as the newspapers recently reported1 the ,king of ,england introduces the fashion of a white hat or white shoes for men1 these actions have1 according to ,sombart1 the character only of intermediate assistance4 ,the true driving agent for the rapid general diffusion of fashion1 and for the frequent changes of fashion1 remains the capitalistic entrepreneur1 the producer1 or merchant4 ,sombart proves this convincingly by striking examples4 ,this economic aspect of fashion must receive no less consideration than the psychological4 ,if men's clothing1 as we have already said1 is1 in the gross1 far less subject to the dominion of fashion than women's clothing1 still recently efforts have been apparent to simplify women's clothing also1 to make it independent of the caprices of fashion1 and1 above all1 to subordinate it to hygienic principles4 ,it is noteworthy that these efforts proceed more particularly from the leaders of the modern woman's movement1 an interesting proof of the connexion already alluded to between personality and clothing4 ,the more differentiated and the more inwardly rich the personality1 the simpler and more monotonous is the clothing4 ,to this extent1 therefore1 the desire for simplification of feminine clothing is an entirely logical postulate of the emancipation of women4 ,but this demand finds a justification also from the point of view of hygiene4 ,this fact has been discussed especially by ,paul ,schultze-,naumburg in his book on 8,the ,culture of the ,feminine ,body as the ,basis of ,women's ,clothing0 7,leipzig1 #aija74 ,he insists above all on the complete abandonment of the corset1 and of the 8small waist10 and on a return of women's clothing to the free1 simple outlines of the antique4 ,he makes1 also1 very noteworthy observations on the unhygienic footgear of both sexes4 ,the idea that woman's clothing should unconstrainedly represent the form of her body has been admirably realized in the different varieties of the so-called 8reformed dress40 ,not without influence on these deserving attempts has been the recognition of the distinguished simplicity and hygienic purposefulness of the ,japanese women's clothing4 ,for the present1 however1 fashion1 as of old1 remains dominant1 and celebrates annually its triumph in respect of new discoveries and refinements of the dress of women of the world1 employing for this purpose the familiar means of accentuation and disclosure1 and of coloured and ornamental stimuli4 ,the 8woman's movement0 has as yet had little ostensible and practical influence in liberating women's dress from the all-powerful control of fashion4 ,now that we have considered clothing and fashion in their relations to the sexual life1 and have learned to understand how they combine in action as means of sexual stimulation of a peculiar nature1 we are in a position to grasp the relations between the sense of shame and nudity1 as it presents itself to us as a problem of modern civilization4 ,while1 as ,simmel also maintains1 and as we have thoroughly explained above1 clothing1 through the intermediation of fashion1 gives rise to shamelessness as a group manifestation1 or1 as we are accustomed to say at the present day1 seriously impairs the sense of shame in such a manner as would be repelled with disgust if it were adopted by the personal choice of an isolated individual1#acb clothing has1 on the other hand1 led astray the natural biological sense of shame1 since it is the sole cause of the 8exaggerated sense of shame0 known as prudery4 ,prudery recognizes the existence of clothed human beings only2 it will not recognize the existence of naked man2 it refuses to admit the purely moral-sthetic influence of natural nudity--to prudery this is something immoral and repulsive4 ,to prudery alone we must ascribe the fact that we modern civilized human beings have completely lost the taste for natural nudity1 and also for the natural sense of shame1 and thus we show little understanding of the ennobling1 civilizing influence of both4 ,natural nudity1 the state in which every human being is born into this world1 not artificial nudity1 with its lascivious influence dependent upon clothing1 posture1 and gesture1 is purely an object of simple contemplation for the human being of normal perceptions1 who sees in the unclothed human body precisely the same individual natural object as he sees in the bodies of other living beings4 ,people1 in other respects extremely prudish1 admit this when they have the opportunity--at the present day certainly very rare--of seeing completely naked human beings in natural surroundings1 as1 for instance1 when bathing4 ,it is only when we introduce intentionally a sensual or1 speaking generally1 an artificial influence1 that nudity has an effect of lascivious stimulation4 ,prudery is1 however1 nothing more than such a way of looking at nudity1 with concealed lustful feelings4 ,the talented ,schleiermacher already recognized this fact4 ,he unmasked prudery as a lack of the sense of shame1 and very clearly pointed out the sexual and lascivious element which it conceals4 ,in his 8,vertrauten ,briefen ber die ,lucinde0 7edition of ,k4 ,gutzkow1 ,hamburg1 #ahce1 pp4 #fc-fe7 we find the following beautiful passage3 8,what1 then1 shall we think of those who pretend to be in a condition of quiet thought and activity1 and yet are so intolerably sensitive that as a result of the most trivial and most remote impulse1 passion arises in them1 and who believe themselves to be the more fully equipped with the sense of shame the more readily they find in everything something worthy of suspicion8 ,they do not really find what they pretend to find in every occurrence2 it is their own crude lust which lies always on the watch1 and springs forward as soon as anything shows itself in the distance akin to themselves1 and which therefore they find it possible to condemn2 and they will quickly seize an opportunity for blaming anything of which the motives were absolutely blameless4 ,ordinarily1 indeed1 blamelessness appears to them a pretence4 ,youths and maidens are represented as knowing nothing as yet of love1 but none the less as full of yearnings which every moment threaten to break out1 and which clutch the slightest opportunity in order to grasp the forbidden fruit4 ,but this is absurd4 ,true youths and maidens are1 indeed1 the ideals of this kind of modesty1 but in them it takes another form4 ,only that which has no other purpose than to arouse desire and passion can do them any harm2 but why should they not be allowed to learn love and to understand ,nature1 both of which they see everywhere round them8 ,why should they not1 without restraint1 understand and enjoy what is thought and said about these matters1 since in this way so much the less would passion be aroused in them8 ,such anxious and limited modesty as is at the present day characteristic of society is based only upon the consciousness of a great and widespread perversity1 and upon a deep corruption4 ,what will be the end of all this8 ,if matters were left to themselves1 they would become worse and worse2 when we so persistently hunt out that which in reality is not shameful1 we shall at last succeed in finding something immodest in every circle of ideas2 and finally all conversation and all society must come to an end2 we must separate the sexes so that they may not look at one another2 we must introduce monasticism1 or even something more severe4 ,but this is not to be borne1 and it will happen to our society as it happened to our wives when morality confined them ever more and more strictly1 until at last it became improper for them to show the tips of their fingers--and then in despair they suddenly turned round1 and they exposed their necks1 their shoulders1 and their breasts to the rude winds and to lascivious eyes2 or1 like the caterpillars1 they cast off their old skin by a predetermined movement4 ,thus will it be2 when corruption has reached its climax1 and the crude impulses become so dominant that it is no longer possible to keep them within bounds1 all these false appearances will break down of themselves1 and behind them we shall see youthful shamelessness which has long intimately entwined itself round the body of society1 so that this has become the true skin in which society naturally and easily moves4 ,complete corruption and completed culture1 by way of which we return to blamelessness--both of these make an end of prudery40 ,fine words from a theologian6 ,this thoroughly just description of the nature of prudery and of its dangers should be laid seriously to heart by our modern theological bigots and moral fanatics4 ,how truly ,schleiermacher has depicted the nature of prudery is shown by the observations of the alienist ,j4 ,l4 ,a4 ,koch1 that it is precisely the women who were formerly prudish and 8moral0 when they become insane--for example1 in mania--who are much more shameless than women who in everyday life had taken a more natural view of sexual relationships4 ,the eternal concealment of the most natural things is what first makes them appear unnatural1 first awakens desire1 where otherwise they would have been passed by quietly and harmlessly without attention4 ,at the present day the natural justifiable sense of shame has been intensified to an unnatural degree1 and has been falsified to such an extent that this exaggeration of the sense of shame1 this unceasing objective suppression of natural harmless activities and feelings1 has really increased the hidden desires to an immeasurable degree2 it is this1 in fact1 which heaps fuel on the fire of fleshly lust4#acc ,the genuine1 natural1 biological sense of shame sets bounds to lust4 ,to this shame we owe the ennobling and spiritualizing of the crude sexual impulse2 it is the preliminary stage to the individualization of that impulse4 ,it is intimately related to that voluntary1 temporary1 and relative continence which has so great an importance for the individual life4 ,the sense of shame has civilized the sexual impulse without denying its essential basis4 ,complete culture returns to complete innocence4 ,it knows no fig-leaves2 it does not go about1 as did recently in the ,dresden ,museum a clergyman affected with the psychosis of hyper-prudery1 knocking off the genital organs from naked statues2 nor does it castrate the human spirit1 as we find most biographers do even now in the case of the great men whose lives they describe4 ,it recognizes the sexual as something noble and natural4 ,the sense of shame is an inalienable acquirement of civilization2 it is self-respect4 ,but1 as ,havelock ,ellis rightly remarks1 in completely developed human beings self-respect keeps a tight rein on any excess of the sense of shame4 ,knowledge and culture give the death-blow to all false prudery4 ,the cultured man looks the natural in the face2 he recognizes its value and its necessity4 ,to him the sexual is the indispensable preliminary of life2 hence in its essential nature it is something harmless1 wholly comprehensible2 something that must not be underrated1 but above all must not be overrated1 as our virtuous hypocrites and fanatics of prudery invariably overrate it4 ,the true league against immorality is the league against prudery4 ,the apostles of the nude do more service to true morality than the men of the 8,lex-,heinze10 than those who hold conferences on morality1 than the ,german ,christian ,league of ,virtue4 ,a natural conception of the nude--that is the watchword of the future4 ,this is shown by all the hygienic1 sthetic1 and ethical endeavours of our time4 #gb ,g4 ,simmel1 8,philosophy of ,fashion0 7,berlin1 #aijf1 p4 #bg74 #gc ,cf4 ,c4 ,lombroso and ,g4 ,ferrero1 8,woman as ,criminal and ,prostitute40 #gd ,karl von den ,steinen1 8,experiences among the ,savage ,races of ,central ,brazil0 7,berlin1 #ahid1 p4 #aii74 #ge ,op4 cit41 p4 #ff4 #gf ,op4 cit41 p4 #fd4 #gg ,a discussion of the early manifestations of the sexual sense of shame as exhibited by savages and by primitive man would hardly be complete without an allusion to the theory mentioned by ,robert ,browning 78,bishop ,blougram's ,apology10 ,collected ,works1 #ahhi1 vol4 iv41 p4 #bga73 8,suppose a pricking to incontinence-- ,philosophers deduce you chastity ,or shame1 from just the fact that at the first ,whoso embraced a woman in the field1 ,threw club down and forewent his brains beside1 ,so stood a ready victim in the reach ,of any brother savage1 club in hand2 ,hence saw the use of going out of sight ,in wood or cave to prosecute his loves3 ,i read this in a ,french book t'other day40 #gh ,op4 cit41 pp4 #aij1 #aia1 #aie4 ,cf4 also the interesting remarks regarding the nudity of the indigens of ,south ,america by ,alex4 von ,humboldt1 8,journey in the ,equinoctial ,regions of the ,new ,continent0 7,stuttgart1 vol4 ii41 pp4 #ae1 #af74 #gi ,somewhat diverging from these views1 ,karl von den ,steinen 7op4 cit41 pp4 #agd1 #agh1 and #ahf7 is of opinion that man learned first by their use for practical ends the employment of the articles later utilized for adornment4 ,above all1 in this connexion1 he alludes to tattooing1 which originated1 he believes1 in the practice of smearing the body with various coloured earths and with different kinds of clay1 these at the same time serving to promote coolness and to afford a protection against the bites of insects4 ,cf4 also ,yrj ,hirn1 8,the ,origin of ,art0 7,leipzig1 #aijd1 p4 #bbb74 #hj ,e4 ,herrmann1 8,natural ,history of ,clothing0 7,vienna1 #ahgh1 p4 #bci74 #ha ,edward ,westermarck1 8,history of ,human ,marriage40 #hb ,wilhelm ,joest1 8,tattooing1 ,scarifying1 and ,painting the ,body0 7,berlin1 #ahhg74 #hc ,carl ,marquardt1 8,tattooing of ,both ,sexes in ,samoa0 7,berlin4 #ahii74 #hd ,ludwig ,stein1 8,the ,beginnings of ,human ,civilization0 7,leipzig1 #aijf1 pp4 #gd1 #ge72 ,edward ,tylor1 8,anthropology3 an ,introduction to the ,study of ,man and ,civilization0 7,macmillan1 #ahha1 p4 #bcg74 #he ,according to ,karl von den ,steinen 7op4 cit41 p4 #ahf71 the oil colours used in painting the body are 8actually the clothing of the ,indians1 employed for this purpose as occasion demands40 ,their oldest aim was protection against heat1 cutaneous irritation1 and external noxious influences4 #hf ,cf4 ,y4 ,hirn1 8,the ,origin of ,art0 7,leipzig1 #aijd1 pp4 #bbc1 #bbd74 #hg ,cf4 my 8,contributions to the ,etiology of ,psychopathia ,sexualis10 vol4 ii41 p4 #cch4 #hh ,cf4 ,k4 ,lange1 8,the ,nature of ,art0 7,berlin1 #aija1 vol4 ii41 pp4 #ahe1 #ahf74 #hi ,the significance of tattooing of this nature in the diagnosis of sexual perversities we shall later discuss at greater length4 #ij ,cf4 ,kurella1 8,the ,natural ,history of the ,criminal0 7,stuttgart1 #ahic1 pp4 #aje-aab74 #ia 8,erotic ,tattooing0 in 8,anthropophyteia1 ,annual for ,folk-lore and for ,researches regarding the ,history of the ,evolution of ,sexual ,morals10 edited by ,friedrich ,s4 ,krauss 7,leipzig1 #aijd1 vol4 i41 pp4 #ejg-eac74 ,according to an account in the ,temps1 in a deserter from the ,french army the most remarkable tattooings were observed4 ,on the breast there were two seductive women throwing kisses to a sturdy musketeer1 in addition to portraits of music-hall singers1 both male and female--for example1 ,yvette ,guilbert4 ,the entire back was covered with love sketches4 ,cf4 ,b4 ,z4 am ,mittag1 ,august #ba1 #aijf4 #ib ,william ,ellis1 8,polynesian ,researches0 7,london1 #ahei1 vol4 i41 p4 #bce74 #ic ,cf4 ,hirn1 8,the ,origin of ,art10 pp4 #bad1 #bae4 #id ,cf4 ,havelock ,ellis1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ef-fb4 #ie ,it is well known that the buttocks formed an object of erotic allurement in many savage races1 and especially so in certain ,african tribes4 #if ,j4 ,j4 ,virey1 8,woman0 7,leipzig1 #ahbe1 p4 #cjj74 #ig ,westermarck1 8,history of ,human ,marriage10 pp4 #aic1 #aig4 #ih ,c4 ,h4 ,stratz1 8,women's ,clothing0 7,stuttgart1 #aijj1 p4 #db74 #ii ,in his 8,confessions10 ,rousseau writes regarding the collar of the beautiful courtesan ,giulietta3 8,her cuffs and collar had silken threads running through them1 and were adorned with pictures of roses4 ,these made a beautiful contrast with her fine skin40 #ajj ,h4 ,lotze1 8,mikrokosmus3 ,ideas regarding the ,natural ,history of ,mankind0 7third edition1 ,leipzig1 #ahgh1 vol4 ii41 p4 #baj74 #aja ,h4 ,bahr1 8,clothing ,reform10 in ,dokumente der ,frauen1 #aijb1 vol4 vi41 ,no4 #bc1 p4 #ffe4 #ajb ,cf4 the detailed account of this aspect of clothing in my 8,contributions to the ,etiology of the ,psychopathia ,sexualis10 vol4 ii41 pp4 #ccd-ccf4 #ajc ,cf4 ,lucianus1 8,erotics of ,clothing10 published in ,die ,fackel1 edited by ,karl ,kraus 7,vienna1 ,no4 #aih1 ,march #ab1 #aijf1 pp4 #ab1 #ac74 #ajd ,cf41 in this connexion1 ,ernest ,kapp1 8,fundamental ,outlines of a ,philosophy of ,technique10 p4 #bfg 7,brunswick1 #ahgg74 #aje ,lucianus1 8,erotica of ,clothing10 p4 #af4 #ajf ,w4 ,sombart1 8,domestic ,economy and ,fashion0 7,wiesbaden1 #aijb1 p4 #ab74 #ajg ,stratz1 8,woman's ,clothing10 pp4 #abc1 #abd4 #ajh ,b4 ,ritter1 8,nudities in the ,middle ,ages3 ,outlines of the ,history of ,morals10 in the ,annual of ,science and ,art1 published by ,o4 ,wigand 7,leipzig1 #ahee1 vol4 iii41 p4 #bbi74 #aji ,h4 ,bahr1 8,clothing ,reform10 op4 cit41 p4 #fff4 #aaj ,g4 ,hirth1 8,ways to ,love10 p4 #fai4 #aaa ,leopold ,bauer1 in ,documents of ,women1 ,march1 #aijb1 pp4 #fge1 #fgf4 #aab ,op4 cit41 pp4 #fga1 #fgb4 #aac ,menge1 8,the ,influence of ,constricting ,clothing upon the ,abdominal ,organs1 and more ,especially upon the ,reproductive ,organs of ,woman0 7,leipzig1 #aijd74 #aad ,o4 ,rosenbach1 8,the ,corset and ,anmia0 7,stuttgart1 #ahie74 #aae ,g4 ,hirth1 8,ways to ,love10 p4 #di4 #aaf ,the modern fancy for slender1 ethereal1 ,pre-,raphaelite feminine figures is also to some extent allied with a negative accentuation of the breasts4 ,heinrich ,pudor with good reason declares that at the present time perhaps the strongest sexual influence of woman is dependent upon the fact that 8the existence of the breasts is concealed1 and the appearance of the male sex is simulated40 ,cf4 his article1 8,clothing and ,sex10 in ,die ,gemeinschaft der ,eigenen1 ,august number1 #aijf1 p4 #bb4 ,still1 the sexual stimulating influence of this concealment of the breasts appears to be of a transient character1 and confined to certain circles of the hypersthetic and the homosexual4 #aag ,heinrich ,pudor1 8,nackt-,kultur10 vol4 ii42 8,clothing and ,sex2 ,limbs and ,pelvis10 pp4 #g1 #h 7,berlin-,steglitz1 #aijf74 #aah ,cf4 the passages relating to this in my work1 8,contributions10 etc41 vol4 i41 pp4 #aeb1 #aec4 #aai ,schopenhauer1 8,parerga and ,paralipomena10 vol4 v41 p4 #agf4 #abj ,g4 ,simmel1 8,philosophy of ,fashion1 p4 #bd0 7,berlin1 #aijf74 #aba 8,contributions to the ,etiology of ,psychopathia ,sexualis10 vol4 i41 pp4 #aeh-afb4 #abb ,ovid1 in his 8,ars ,amandi10 long ago advised men who wished to please women to avoid feminine adornments1 and to leave those to the homosexual4 #abc ,j4 ,ryan1 8,prostitution in ,london10 p4 #chb 7,london1 #ahci74 #abd ,in ,alfred de ,musset's erotic story1 8,gamiani10 he describes how a woman danced on a mat of catskin1 which gave rise in her to very voluptuous sensations4 #abe 8,confessions of ,my ,life10 ,memoirs of ,wanda von ,sacher-,masoch1 p4 #ch 7,berlin and ,leipzig1 #aijf74 #abf ,here we may allude to a remark in the diary of the de ,goncourts that there is nothing to compare to the delicate voluptuous charm of old cashmere as a dress-fabric for women 7,e4 and ,j4 de ,goncourt1 8,diary10 #ahea-ahie74 #abg ,h4 ,pudor1 8,nackt-,kultur10 vol4 ii41 pp4 #d-f4 #abh ,ernst ,kapp1 8,elements of a ,philosophy of ,technique10 pp4 #bfi1 #bgj 7,brunswick1 #ahgg74 #abi ,w4 ,sombart1 8,domestic ,economy and ,fashion0 7,wiesbaden1 #aijb74 #acj ,g4 ,simmel1 8,the ,psychology of ,fashion10 published in ,die ,zeit1 ,october #ab1 #ahie2 8,the ,philosophy of ,fashion0 7,berlin1 #aijf74 #aca ,w4 ,fred1 8,the ,psychology of ,fashion0 7,berlin1 #aije74 #acb ,simmel rightly points out that many women would feel very uncomfortable if they had to appear in their private sitting-room1 or before a single strange man1 in a dress so dcollet as that in which they readily appear1 in society and following the fashion1 before thirty or a hundred4 #acc ,what serious dangers to health prudery may entail has recently been shown by ,karl ,ries in a valuable essay1 8,prudery as the ,cause of ,bodily ,disorders0 7published in the ,reports of the ,german ,society for the ,suppression of ,venereal ,diseases1 #aijf1 vol4 iv41 pp4 #aac-aba74 ,,chapter ,,viii ,,the ,,way ,,of ,,the ,,spirit ,,in ,,love--,,the ,,individualization ,,of ,,love 8,above all1 we must avoid the widely diffused error of regarding love as a simple and single feeling4 ,the exact opposite is the truth--love consists of an entire group1 and1 indeed1 of an extremely complex1 incessantly varying1 group of feelings40--,h4 ,t4 ,,finck4 ,,contents ,,of ,,chapter ,,viii ,the individualization of love a product of recent times -- ,finck's 8romantic0 love too narrow a conception -- ,rle of the idealization of the senses -- ,first beginnings of individual love -- ,the ,platonism of the ,greeks and of the ,renascence -- ,distinction between the plastic and the romantic -- ,the love of the minnesinger -- ,the connexion between the nature-sense and love -- ,the secret elements in love -- ,love and gallantry -- ,the slavery of love -- ,the imaginative element in love -- ,predominance of tender feelings in the days of chivalry -- ,the development of the conventional in the relationships of love -- ,true and false gallantry -- ,love as presented by ,shakespeare -- ,conventional life of pleasure in the days of ,louis ,,xiv4 and ,,xv4 -- ,the belief in woman 78,manon ,lescaut07 -- ,rousseau's 8,julie0 and ,goethe's 8,werther0 -- ,the nature-sense and sentimentality in love -- ,difference between 8,the ,new ,hlose0 and 8,werther0 -- ,the first beginnings of ,weltschmerz -- ,its physiological connexion with the vital feelings of puberty -- ,the vital energy in the ,weltschmerz of ,goethe and ,heine -- ,the modern ,weltschmerz -- ,nietzsche's connexion with this matter -- ,the love of the romantic period -- ,a mirroring of the past -- ,dreams and emotions -- ,moonshine reverie -- ,conflict with conventional ,philistine morality -- ,friedrich ,schlegel's 8,lucinde0 -- ,apotheosis of individual love -- ,individual love in relation to genius -- ,rle of the emotional in romantic love -- ,love mysticism -- ,the modern renascence of romanticism -- ,the ,dionysiac element in modern romantic love -- ,difference between romantic and classical love -- ,theodor ,mundt on this subject -- ,goethe's 8,tasso0 -- ,gretchen and ,helena in 8,faust0 -- ,heine's 8,ardinghello10 a combination of romantic and classical love -- ,the prototype of 8young ,germany0 -- ,discussion of all modern love problems in young ,german literature -- ,gutzkow's overwhelming importance -- ,among writers of the nineteenth century1 ,gutzkow's knowledge of women is the most profound -- ,his characteristic girls and women -- ,brings for the first time the problem of love upon the stage -- ,the problem of personality in ,gutzkow's writings -- ,the young ,german poetry of the flesh -- ,self-analysis and reflection in love -- ,french precursors -- ,replacement of the medieval 8sin0 by self-reflection -- ,gutzkow's 8,wally0 and 8,seraphine0 -- ,the love of the emancipated woman -- ,kierkegaard's and ,grillparzer's diaries -- 8,free love0 and 8free marriage0 in modern literature -- ,influence of the ,second ,empire -- ,the satanic and artistic elements in love -- ,pessimism4 -- ,grisebach's 8,new ,tanhuser0 -- ,the affirmation of life in this work -- ,a glance at the present day4 ,,chapter ,,viii ,the individualization of love is principally a product of recent times4 ,a talented author1 ,h4 ,t4 ,finck1 has dealt with this fact in a comprehensive work in two volumes4#acd ,this individual love1 containing the spiritual elements of all the successive epochs of civilization1 he denotes by the term 8romantic0 love1 whereas we ourselves generally understand by that term a special variety of the more comprehensive individual love4 ,every one who is interested in the numerous 8overtones0 of individual love will find in ,finck's book a rich1 though not very well arranged1 supply of material4 ,independently of ,finck1 ,i shall endeavour in this chapter to describe very briefly the most important elements and the developmental phases of modern love4 ,first1 however1 let us consider the 8idealization of the senses10 this expression being used by ,georg ,hirth to denote the capacity of the senses for self-government2 for independent feelings of pleasure and pain2 for the development of peculiar imaginations1 ideas1 and talents2 and for the utilization at will of other sensory areas and foci of impulse--indeed1 of the entire individual--for the purposes of purely sensual self-command4 ,the lower senses1 among which ,hirth also reckons the sexual impulse1 can only be idealized in consequence of the centripetal spontaneous activity of the higher senses4#ace ,this artistic idealization of the senses and impulses also plays an important part in the process of the individualization and spiritualization of love4 ,the sexual impulse becomes 8the source of rich joys and imaginative tragedy0 by means of the 8veil of imagination10 the 8heaping up of emotions10 and the 8helmet of reason0 7,hirth74 ,the libido sexualis also takes part in the idealization of all the human senses and impulses4 ,this is the indispensable preliminary and foundation of the transformation of the sexual impulse into love4 ,the first important enrichment of the sexual inclinations by means of a higher spiritual1 individual element1 which continues to-day to form a constituent of modern love1 is1 ,i consider1 the ,platonism of ,greek antiquity and of the ,italian renascence4 ,it is a metaphysic of love resting upon the individual1 sthetic contemplation of the beloved personality4#acf ,for that is the true sense of 8,platonic love40 ,it ennobles physical love to the heavenly ,eros1 which is nothing else than the idea of beauty in the highest sense of the word4 ,kuno ,fischer1 in his first published writing1 8,diotima0 7,pforzheim1 #ahdi71 has erected a beautiful monument in honour of this ,platonic love4 ,and did not the immortal ,darwin restate the thought of ,plato1 when he described beauty as the testimony of love8 ,in ,platonism1 at any rate1 is to be found the first intimation of a higher individual significance of love4 ,in ,dante's ,beatrice1 in ,petrarch's ,platonic lyrics1 this idea is reillumined after the long night of the middle ages1 to shine forth still more clearly at the time of the renascence in the new ,platonism and in the cult of the beautiful1 thus attaining a much more powerful individual colouring than it had among the ,greeks4 ,in the sphere of love1 as elsewhere1 the plastic genius of the ,greeks manifested itself in the form of peaceful sthetic contemplation2 romantic individualism1 on the other hand1 was foreign to the ,greek mind4 ,the latter is a modern sentiment4 ,jean ,paul1 in his 8,vorschule der ,aesthetik0 7,hamburg1 #ahjd1 vol4 i41 p4 #aci71 has aptly characterized the difference between antique and modern sensibility in the words3 8,the plastic sun 7of the ancients7 illuminates universally1 like waking2 the romantic moon 7of the moderns7 gleams fitfully1 like dreams40 ,these first traces of romantic-individual love may be detected already in ,christian medievalism1 among the troubadours and the minnesinger4 ,the heartfelt song1 8,thou art mine1 ,i am thine10 gives the clearest expression to the individual1 purely personal nature of the love-relations between man and woman1 and discloses also the 8romantic0 sentiment1 as in 8,thou art locked within my heart2 lost is the key3 now must thou stay there for ever10 and discloses the intimate association peculiar to romanticism between the nature-sense and the feeling of love4 ,it is the beloved who first fills for us the joy of summer2 her love is like the rose4 ,an enormous range is thus opened to the subjectivity of this sentiment4 ,the romanticism of the secret element in love is first perceived at this time1 and finds perception in the words3 8,no fire1 no coal1 can burn so hot ,as secret love1 of which no one knows anything40#acg ,the age of chivalry now arrives1 the epoch of minne#ach 7love7 and gallantry4 ,what a new and remarkable change in the spiritual physiognomy of love6 ,this also has left deep traces in the love of modern civilized man2 this period represents an important stage in the developmental history of individual eroticism4 ,in the middle ages the honour of the knight and the love of woman1 8the most beautiful radiance coming down to us from the life of this wonderful period10 as ,wienberg says1 belong together4 ,since that time man's honour has been associated in a peculiar manner with woman's love4 ,boldly but aptly the far-sighted ,herder has described the knightly minne 7love7 as a reflex of the ,gothic4 ,the same immeasurability of the imagination1 the same indescribable sentiment1 constructed the huge cathedral1 and disclosed the unrivalled worth and beauty of the beloved--created minne and its outward expression1 gallantry4 ,in deifying supplication1 the knightly spirit elevated the beautiful sex to the heavens1 raised woman far above man1 and placed man far beneath woman4 ,the knight sacrificed himself for the mistress of his heart1 subjected himself to her judgment before the cours d'amour 7courts of love71 and in the lists4 ,he became the slave of love and of the beloved woman2 he wore her fetters1 he obeyed her slightest nod1 he endured chastisement and pain for her sake4 ,but was this all reality8 ,was it not rather pure imagination8 ,there was1 indeed1 as ,johannes ,scherr says1 a worm at the heart of all this romanticism4 ,the ideal deification of woman did not affect a corresponding elevation in her true social position2 minne was but too often a mere 8pose10 and was often associated with unbridled sexual licence in relation to women of lower degrees4 ,the domination of the imaginative element characterized the aberrations of minne1 debasing itself for the honour of the beloved4 ,the masochistic element concealed in all love was here for the first time elevated into a system4 ,we shall return to this subject in the chapter on 8,masochism40 ,and yet there is another side to the matter1 and by the spirit of chivalry there was aroused a nobler view of woman's nature4 8,the cause and the secret of this dominance 7of women7 is this1 that woman1 with her complete1 noble womanliness1 entered wholly and fully into life2 that she controlled a kingdom which was hers by right1 the world of feeling and emotion1 but controlled this kingdom and no more4 ,as mistress of feeling1 as guardian of feeling1 she brought poetry into life2 and into art she brought that lofty impetus1 the above-described fanciful ideal or feminine tendency1 which1 when observed and perceived1 reacts on the emotional mood of the observer40#aci ,to this time also belongs the development of the conventional in the amatory relations of the sexes1 which came to be governed by definite rules2 since that time1 for example1 it has been regarded as improper and scandalous for an unmarried woman to remain for any considerable time alone with a man1 a view which has persisted to the present day4 ,the social intercourse of the sexes was based upon 8gallantry0 or 8courtesy10 upon a refined behaviour towards 8ladies10 regulated by the laws of beauty1 propriety1 and social tact4 ,in the sequel there developed out of this that exaggerated modern gallantry1 characterized by little real delicacy of feeling1 because it exhibits an undertone of contempt which makes woman feel only too clearly that she is the representative of a 8weaker10 inferior sex1 and is in no way the possessor of any proper individual1 personal value4 ,intelligent1 eminent women have always protested against this modern gallantry4 ,mantegazza1 in his 8,physiology of ,woman10 p4 #ddb 7,jena1 #ahic71 ably describes the hypocrisy underlying this evil form of gallantry4 ,the first intimation of modern individual love is to be found in ,shakespeare1 to whom love was in general1 indeed1 only a 8superhuman0 passion1 something lying beyond good and evil1 which seized hold of man against his will2 but none the less he embodies in his work the romantic ideal life of his time in feminine characters possessing the fullest individuality--as1 for example1 ,ophelia1 ,miranda1 ,juliet1 ,desdemona1 ,virginia1 ,imogen1 and ,cordelia1 whilst in ,cleopatra he has described the daimonic-bacchantic traits of the love of woman4 ,in ,juliet1 who sees in 8true love acted simple modesty10 we observe the passionate emotion of the primordial natural impulse1 and the first awakening of woman as a personality4 ,false gallantry1 in association with conventional propriety1 both of which were developed to the fullest degree at the ,courts of ,louis ,,xiv4 and ,louis ,,xv41 subordinated love to rules1 and was very well compatible with the most frivolous and epicurean sensual life4 ,and this occurred at the expense of deeply-felt natural sentiment1 the place of which was taken by mere flirtation and coquetry4 ,here1 also1 the contempt of woman clearly shows itself4 ,especially in regard to this period1 the opinion has been maintained that the modern ,frenchman has never suspected1 understood1 recognized the divine in woman's nature4 ,still1 the general truth of this assertion is belied by the amatory life of the celebrated heroines of the salons1 such as ,du ,deffand1 ,lespinasse1 ,du ,chatelet1 ,quinault1 and above all of the celebrated ,ninon de l',enclos#adj2 and the ,abb ,prvost1 in his immortal 8,manon ,lescaut10 proved that even in that period the indestructible belief in woman persisted1 at least as an ideal4 ,it was1 in fact1 in ,france that the higher individual love underwent a new spiritual enrichment2 ,rousseau's 8,julie0 appeared on the horizon of ,love's heaven4 ,and in the background was disclosed the ,german 8,werther10 a book strangely influenced by that of ,rousseau4 ,the nature-sense on the one hand1 sentimentality on the other1 are the new elements in the love of the period of ,hlose and ,werther4 ,in ,rousseau's 8,new ,hlose10 passionate love and a complete self-surrender were described without the artificiality1 and also without the coquetry and wantonness1 of which the literature of the time was full4 ,it was love in a grander style than people were then accustomed to see4 ,for this reason1 the book constituted a turning-point in literature4 ,that love is an earnest thing1 that it can become 8la grande affaire de notre vie10 has perhaps never been more deeply and thoroughly depicted than in the character of 8,julie40 ,in maintaining the essential purity of the love relationship1 when the voice of ,nature is really expressed therein1 ,rousseau speaks of the principal theme of his own life4 8,is not true love10 asks ,julie1 8the chastest of all bonds8444 ,is not love in itself the purest as well as the most magnificent impulse of our nature8 ,does it not despise low and crawling souls1 in order to inspire only grand and strong souls8 ,and does it not ennoble all feeling1 does it not double our being and elevate us above ourselves8 ,in contrast to social inequalities1 the love relationship points to a higher law1 before which all are equal40#ada ,the love of ,rousseau is1 in fact1 not social2 it is not a product of civilization1 but it is a creation of nature2 it is one with nature4 ,the nature-sense and the love-sense are here most intimately associated4 ,and he observes both1 nature and love1 with feeling4 ,the sensibilit de l'me finds in nature and in love objects of the most glorious delight1 of the sweetest pain1 of the most burning tears4 8,out of the perceptions of mingled pain and ecstasy which the vision of nature1 of beauty1 or of a fine action1 induced in him1 he wove the web of sensibility with which he enveloped the creatures of his imagination4 ,incessantly thrust back into himself1 his heart bleeding from wounded friendship or from unrequited love1 self-tormentingly dissecting his own wishes and illusions1 his own faculties and impossibilities1 he became one of the first heralds of the ,weltschmerz1 of the woes of ,werther and ,ren1 to which ,byron and ,heine had only to add self-mockery40#adb ,the sentimentality of the eighteenth century took its rise in ,england1 as ,i have explained at some length in my pseudonymous work1 8,the ,sexual ,life in ,england10 vol4 ii41 pp4 #ie-ajg 7,berlin1 #aijc74 ,in that country it found its most characteristic expression in the romances of ,richardson and ,sterne1 and in landscape-gardening2 but it was by ,rousseau and ,goethe that for the first time it was really brought into contact with the realities of life4 ,for the history of ,julie1 the history of ,werther--this was the history of all happily or unhappily loving youths and maidens of that day2 each maiden had her ,saint ,preux1 each youth his ,lotte4 ,the profound influence exercised by ,rousseau1 especially on women1 has been described by ,h4 ,buffenoir in a very careful study4#adc ,the significance which 8,werther0 had for the emotional life of the time has been explained with the most cultivated understanding by ,erich ,schmidt in a well-known monograph4#add ,he shows that the nature-sense and sentimentality are much more deeply felt in ,goethe's 8,werther0 than in ,rousseau's 8,nouvelle ,hlose40 ,goethe himself says in 8,wahrheit und ,dichtung10 speaking of this poetical1 rational1 intimate1 and loving absorption into nature3 8,i endeavoured to separate myself inwardly from everything foreign to me1 to regard the outward world lovingly1 and to allow all beings1 from the human onwards1 to influence me1 each in its kind1 as deeply as was possible4 ,thus arose a wonderful alliance with the individual objects of nature1 and an inward harmony1 a harmony with the whole2 so that every change1 whether of places and of regions1 or of days and seasons1 or of any possible kind1 moved me to my inmost soul4 ,the painter's view became associated with that of the poet2 the beautiful country landscape through which the friendly river was wandering1 increased my inclination to solitude1 and favoured my quiet attitude of contemplation extending itself in every direction40 ,werther's feeling for nature is intimately related to his love passion4 ,the two harmonize1 and each exercises a reciprocal influence upon the other4 ,nature is to ,werther a second beloved4 ,the youth of nature1 the spring of nature1 are also the youth and the spring of his love4 ,in the peculiar association of love with the nature-sense and sentimentality1 which is so characteristic of the time of ,julie and ,werther1 are to be found the first beginnings of the 8,weltschmerz10 with its erotically significant 8ecstasy of sorrow40 ,the following words in ,goethe's 8,stella0 appear to me to bind ,weltschmerz and eroticism in an extremely distinct relationship4 ,stella says of men3 8,they make us at once happy and miserable6 ,they fill our heart with feelings of bliss6 ,what new1 unknown feelings and hopes fill our souls1 when their stormful passion invades our nerves6 ,how often has everything in me trembled and throbbed1 when1 in uncontrollable tears1 he has washed away the sorrows of a world on my breast6 ,i begged him1 for ,god's sake1 to spare himself6--to spare me6--in vain6--into my inmost marrow he fanned the flames which were devouring himself4 ,and thus the girl1 from head to foot1 became all heart1 all sentiment40 ,here we find clearly described the erotic element in mental pain2 and we observe the remarkable increase of passion by means of sorrow1 tears1 and a profound perception of the evil of the world4 ,this ,weltschmerz fans the flames of eroticism1 increases love1 and ultimately gives rise to a peculiar sense of power2 it is1 indeed1 most frequently in the first bloom of love1 in the years of puberty1 that its relations with sexuality are most distinctly manifested4 ,the celebrated alienist ,mendel has described this almost physiological ,weltschmerz of the age of puberty as 8hypo-melancholia40 ,an indefinite1 passionate longing1 which seeks relief in tears1 a by no means negligible inclination to suicide--of which ,werther is the classical exemplar--characterizes this condition1 which is connected with the complete revolutionizing of the spiritual and emotional life by means of the sexual4 ,the ,weltschmerz of youth is a latent sexual sense of power4 ,how the nature-sense and love combine to constitute a perception of ,weltschmerz has been most beautifully expressed by ,byron and ,heine in their poetry4 ,with quite exceptional clearness1 ,heine also describes it in a letter to ,friedrich ,merckel 7written at ,nordeney on ,august #g1 #ahbf71 in which he described a nightly recurring scene with a beautiful woman on the seashore3 8,the sea no longer appeared so romantic as before--and yet on its strand ,i had lived through the sweetest and most mystically dear experience of my life which could ever inspire a poet4 ,the moon seemed to wish to show me that in this world happiness yet remained for me4 ,we did not speak--it was only a long1 profound glance1 the moonlight supplied the music--as we walked to and fro1 ,i took her hand in mine1 ,i felt the secret pressure--my soul trembled and glowed--afterwards ,i wept40 ,how different were these tears from the floods of tears in ,miller's 8,siegwart10 and in other similar productions of the ,werther epoch1 which1 with their weakly sentimentality1 their emotionally happy 8sensibility10 had nothing whatever in common with the much more natural ,weltschmerz of ,goethe and ,heine--more natural because based on a physiological foundation4 ,in modern love also1 the ,weltschmerz continues to live4 ,the only difference is that by means of the pessimistic philosophy it has to some extent obtained a logical foundation4 ,and ,nietzsche has shown us the force which lies hidden in this ecstasy of sorrow4 ,precisely on account of the pains of the world1 he affirms joyfully life and love4 ,anyone who wishes to write the history of ,weltschmerz1 from a psychological point of view so profoundly interesting1 must not overlook ,nietzsche as a most important turning-point in that history4 ,the passion inspired by genius1 the excess of vital energy in the 8,sturm und ,drang0 epoch of ,german literature1 was admirably consistent with that genuine1 primitive ,weltschmerz4 ,rousseau's more indeterminate sensibility had1 on the other hand1 a more powerful influence upon the mode of feeling of romanticism1 and this movement appears more closely related to him than to ,goethe4 ,romantic love combines the elements of feeling of the previous epochs in an increased subjectivism4 ,not nature alone1 but history also1 folk-tales1 legends1 poetry1 and the wonderful secrets of the primeval age--all these are reflected in romantic love1 and awaken singular dreams and emotions4 ,the 8mondbeglnzte ,zaubernacht0 78moon-illumined magic night07 is much more than a mere feeling of nature2 it is the recognition of a connexion with the past and with its secret1 sweet1 half-forgotten stories4 ,fonqu's 8,undine0 is the classical type of all this4 ,romantic love delights in this wonder-mood of the heart2 reality becomes1 as it were1 a dream4 ,the obscure1 the problematical--these attract the romanticist4 ,it is for this reason that he loves the night and the night-mood of nature1 rather than the clear daylight4 ,moonshine reverie is a characteristic trait of romantic love4 ,everything flows away into the indeterminate1 the cloudy1 the boundless4 ,this love knows no limitation or narrowing1 no fetters4 ,it is the sworn enemy of the conventional1 narrow-hearted1 philistine morality1 and of all limitations of personality4 ,in ,friedrich ,schlegel's 8,lucinde0 this most celebrated monument of romantic love1 the campaign against philistinism1 as the greatest enemy of a free1 noble amatory life1 is most energetically carried on4 ,it is utterly untrue to describe 8,lucinde0 as a romance in which there is a cult of suggestive nudity--as the poetry of the flesh4 ,it certainly preaches the free natural conception and perception of the nude and the sexual1 and is a glorious protest against the artificial and hypocritical separation of body and soul in love2 but1 on the other side1 it unlocks in love the entire kingdom of the emotional and spiritual life1 and discloses its significance for the individual man as a free personality4 ,more than ,rousseau's 8,julie0 and ,goethe's 8,werther0 is ,friedrich ,schlegel's 8,lucinde0 the apotheosis of individual love4 ,romantic love is the mirror of personality2 it is changeable1 filled with the highest spiritual content1 and1 above all1 like personality1 is capable of development4 ,in a masterly manner ,schlegel has represented the intimate connexion between true love and all vital energy4 ,the relations of love to genius have never before been so admirably described4 8,here10 says ,karl ,gutzkow1 8there is no question of artificiality2 we have to do rather with the yearning of a youth who loves1 who sees the one and only beloved in many different forms1 in the metamorphoses of his own ego1 which yearns to reconcile egoism and love40 ,schleiermacher1 in his 8,confidential ,letters regarding ,lucinde10 ,gutzkow in his preface to the new edition of this work1 and recently ,h4 ,meyer-,benfey1#ade have supplied us with conclusions regarding the true significance of 8,lucinde10 conclusions in harmony with our own view4 ,we must allude here to a new element in romantic love1 which since that time has played an important part in modern eroticism4 ,it is l'art pour l'art of love1 the revelling in pure moods and emotions as the means of enjoyment4 ,the emotional frequently grows luxuriantly and chokes the natural feeling of love4 ,jean ,paul1 for example1 8regards eroticism purely as a method of cultivation4 ,human beings are not to be actually loved1 but are to be used to strike sparks from1 by which one's own inward life may be illuminated4444 ,he is the exemplar of that artist-love which1 vampire-like1 drinks the souls of those who become its prey4 ,this love sees in the hearts offered to it only the stuff for pictures2 and in their warm blood it finds only an intoxicating1 stimulating drink40#adf ,this unqualified search for personal emotional experiences in love1 without regard to the love-partner1 is especially represented in ,jean ,paul's 8,titan40 ,wackenroder1 in his 8,phantasien ber die ,kunst0 78,imaginative ,studies concerning ,art071 has already warned us of the dangers of this purely erotic-emotional love4 ,karl ,joel has recently described very vividly how the romanticists ultimately reduced all vital relationships to the emotions of love4#adg ,this attempt must lead finally to mysticism1 the poetical representative of which is ,novalis4 ,it is very interesting to find that all the diverse elements of romantic love may also be detected in the latter-day renascence of romanticism4 ,in his admirable book on 8,nietzsche and ,romanticism10 ,karl ,joel has clearly shown the existence of this romantic element in modern love1 and1 above all1 has insisted upon the intimate connexion which the philosophy of ,nietzsche has with the joy in battle and the vital energy of the romanticists4 ,both are apostles of the ,dionysiac1 not of the ,apollinian4#adh ,this also is the difference by which 8romantic0 love is distinguished from 8classical0 love--a difference and a distinction which ,i find indicated for the first time in ,theodor ,mundt's romance 8,madelon oder die ,romantiker in ,paris0 7,leipzig1 #ahcb74 ,the relevant passage 7pp4 #i-ab7 runs as follows3 8,i am therefore of opinion that there can be a romantic and a classical poetry2 there are also romantic and classical love2 and it is only by means of this twofold nature that it is possible to discover and understand this contrast in poetry4444 8,this wild and yet so sweet disturbance of the heart1 in which love subsists1 this rejoicing and revelry of the aroused imagination which1 originated by the charm of the beloved1 lead to an intoxication with all the sensual dreams of a delightful1 ethereal happiness2 and as in the flower-bud in which a burning ray of sunshine has suddenly awakened the impulse to bloom1 give rise to the desire and longing of sensual impulsion--all these tears and sighs of the lovers1 pains and joys1 this love-happiness and love-misery at the same time1 this star-flaming night-side of passion1 to which after a vagrant drunken frenzy1 an ice-cold1 unwelcome morning follows--all this1 my friend1 is romantic love4444 8,and shall ,i now describe also classical love8444 ,believe me1 there are faces which at the very first glance seem to us so trustworthy and so near akin1 they draw us to them1 as if we had spent years with them in sympathy1 asking for love and receiving love4 ,by the sight of this girl's face there was induced in me so suddenly a sense of peace1 such as never before in my life had ,i experienced2 and this gentle feeling which drew me towards her1 ,i may call true love and true happiness4 ,in her loving eyes there glowed no seductive fire1 no repellent pride like that of our romantic ,madelon2 in the simple beautiful ,german girl1 all is clear and true2 out of her gentle features speaks her gentle soul2 and all for which ,i have longed in passionate1 aberrant hours of my life--a definite1 unalloyed happiness in existence--seemed to me1 as ,i saw her for the very first time1 to shine on me out of her blue true eyes4 ,my friend1 is not that classical love80 ,it is the ,apollinian-,platonic element of modern love which ,theodor ,mundt here describes as 8classical0 love1 and certainly he wrongly places it before romantic love1 which is the expression of modern subjectivism and individualism4 ,such classical love found in ,goethe's 8,tasso0 its most complete representation4 ,here love was conceived as 8possession1 which should give peace02 the beloved being influences after the manner of an already understood picture4 ,as ,kuno ,fischer remarks1 in the world of ,goethe's 8,tasso0 the ,platonic ,eros is the fashion4 ,love is here the pure1 quiet contemplation of beauty in and with the beloved4 ,gretchen and ,helena in 8,faust0 embody very clearly the contrast between romantic and classical love4 ,we find these contrasts united in ,wilhelm ,heinse's celebrated 8,ardinghello10 a romance which even to us at the present day seems so modern4 ,in this work we find the ,dionysiac-,faustian impulse of the loving individual1 and the ,apollinian-artistic contemplation of the loved one1 described with equal mastery4 ,in regard to love1 ,heinse was the prototype of 8,young ,germany40 ,and we are young ,germany4 ,for all the problems of amatory life which to-day occupy our minds have already been made topics of public discussion by the authors of young ,germany4 ,in young ,german love-philosophy1 the 8,knights of the ,spirit0 as well as the 8,knights of the ,flesh10 come to their full rights4 ,only the ignorant can regard the so-called 8emancipation of the flesh10 the apotheosis of lascivious sensuality1 as the sole characteristic of the efforts and battles of our own time4 ,no1 he who wishes to understand modern love1 in all its spiritual manifestations and relationship1 let him read the writings of young ,germany1 especially the works of ,laube1 ,gutzkow1 ,mundt2 and also those of ,heine1 who has a more intimate relationship to young ,germany than he has to romanticism4 ,more especially ,gutzkow1#adi who appears to me the greatest and most comprehensive spirit of the young ,german literature--indeed1 of the more recent ,german literature in general--overlooks no single riddle and problem of modern eroticism4 ,of all the writers of the nineteenth century1 he has the profoundest knowledge of women4 ,how stimulating are his girl characters2 how true1 notwithstanding their manifoldness6 ,wally1 riding proudly upon a white palfrey1 outwardly an image of beauty1 but1 like so many modern emancipated women1 inwardly tormented by the demon of doubt2 ,seraphine the dreamer1 uncertain about herself and her love1 of whom the poet himself later admitted that her character was based on reality2 ,idaline1#aej full of majesty1 the ideal 8bride of the waves10 a typical figure of conventional high life1 who yet in sudden revolution against this conventionalism gives her whole being to a chance love1 a love of the moment1#aea which alienates her from her betrothed and later husband1 and drives her to death2 then1 again1 all the brilliant feminine characters in the great romances1 8,die ,ritter vom ,geiste10 ,melanie1 ,helene1 ,selma1 ,pauline1 ,olga--all are characters bearing the stamp of reality in their spiritual and emotional life1 so various and yet so true1 and1 above all1 in their manifold1 differentiated relationships to men1 genuinely modern women4 ,gutzkow was also the first to bring upon the stage the modern woman and the problems of modern love1 long before the ,french dramatists and before ,ibsen4 ,as ,karl ,frenzel pointed out as early as #ahfd1 ,gutzkow made the stage the battlefield of modern ideas4 ,the inward contrasts of love1 the psychological problem of the heart--he first ventured to deal with these in the dramatic form4 8,we all of us felt the wounds which #8the world' inflicted on ,werner2 we all wandered from the quiet violet1 ,agathe1 to the brilliant rose1 ,sidonie2 as in ,ottfried1 so in ourselves1 the love of the heart battled with the love of the spirit4 ,who would admit himself to be so miserably poor as never to have revelled1 lived1 and suffered1 in the play of these feelings8 ,what wife has not1 at least in imagination1 hesitated for a moment1 like ,ella ,rose1 between the lover and the husband8 ,such figures as these bear in themselves the essence of truth1 and do not lose their lofty value because1 perhaps1 their garments are not draped with sufficient harmony4 ,they touch us1 because we recognize in them our own flesh and blood2 and they fulfil1 in so far as the form of the society drama allows1 ,shakespeare's canon of dramatic art--they hold the mirror up to nature40 ,in his tragedies1 8,werner10 8,ottfried10 8,ella ,rose10 ,gutzkow presents in a masterly manner the inner life of the time2 we see in them the pulsing wing-beats of the souls1 which in pain1 as it must be in these days1 soar upwards in the effort to attain beauty and freedom4#aeb ,of all the young ,german authors1 ,gutzkow has best grasped the problem of problems in love--the problem of personality4 ,in the painful question asked of ,helene d',azimont1 in 8,die ,ritter vom ,geiste0-- 8,is it1 then1 thy innermost need1 ,to be everything to others1 nothing to thyself8 ,nothing to woman's highest glory1 love1 ,nothing1 ,helene1 to the pang of renunciation80 --this inalienable right to the safeguarding and development of the individual personality1 notwithstanding all the self-sacrifice of passionate love1 is most forcibly maintained4 ,this is1 indeed1 the true nucleus of all higher individual love between man and woman4 ,gutzkow has been accused1 by those who had in mind only the purely symbolic nudity scene in 8,wally10 of preaching the 8emancipation of the flesh02 the same accusation has been levelled against other young ,german authors1 such as ,lambe 7in 8,jungen ,europa071 ,theodor ,mundt 7in the 8,madonna071 ,wienbarg 7in the 8,aesthetische ,feldzge071 ,heine 7in the 8,neue ,gedichte074 ,the charge is unjust4 ,it is only the poetry of the flesh which they wish to bring to its rights4 ,notwithstanding his enthusiastic hymn of praise to ,casanova1 ,theodor ,mundt declares in his 8,madonna0 that the separation of flesh and spirit is the 8inexpiable suicide of the human consciousness40 ,much more important1 the true characteristic of all the authors of young ,germany1 appear to me the parts which self-analysis and reflection here for the first time play in love1 visible beneath the influence of the offshoots of ,french romanticism1 in which1 however1 we also encounter the same phenomenon1 as in ,george ,sand's 8,lelia10 in ,alfred de ,musset's 8,confession d'un ,enfant du ,sicle10 in ,balzac's 8,femme de ,trente ,ans0--in which last romance we find the following passage3 8,love assumes the colouring of every century4 ,now1 in the year #ahbb1 it is doctrinaire4 ,instead of1 as formerly1 proving it by deeds1 it is argued1 it is discussed1 it is brought upon the tribune in a speech40 ,just as in the middle ages the idea of 8sin0 was the disturbing principle of love1 so for the modern civilized man1 since the days of young ,germany1 this cold self-reflection1 this critical analysis of one's peculiar passionate perceptions and feelings1 is the modern disturbing principle4 ,this is the worm which gnaws unceasingly at the root of our love1 and destroys its most beautiful blossoms4 ,gutzkow's 8,wally the ,doubter0 and 8,seraphine0 are the classical literary documents for this destructive ascendancy of pure thought in love4 ,very noteworthy is it that in both these romances it is woman who destroys life and love by reflection1 whilst from earliest days this danger has always lain in the path of man4 ,it is the fate of the modern woman1 of individual personalities1 which is here depicted2 this fate makes its appearance from the moment when woman comes to take a share in the spiritual life of man4 ,the cold dialectic of ,seraphine1 who1 as ,gutzkow makes one of her lovers say1 reverses the natural order of man and woman1 is a necessary product of the love of woman ripening in the direction of a free personality--happily1 however1 it is only a transient phenomenon4 ,the fully developed personality will return to the primitiveness of feeling1 and will no longer endure within herself any kind of division or laceration4 ,the corresponding phenomena in man have been described by ,kierkegaard and ,grillparzer in their diaries1 which are classical documents of 8reflection-love40 ,the love of the present day contains within itself1 and nourishes itself upon1 all the above-described spiritual elements of the past4 ,more especially at the present day is the question of the so-called free love or free marriage1 disregardant of the legally binding forms of civil and ecclesiastical marriage1 representative of all the heartfelt needs of highly civilized mankind1 hitherto held back1 oppressed1 and fettered by the materialism of the time1 and still more by its conventionalism still active beneath its covering of outlived forms4 ,the problem of free love was first formulated in 8,lucinde10 but found in the young ,german literature1 especially in the writings of ,laube1 ,mundt1 and ,dingelstedt1 its theoretical foundation2 and in the ,bohemian life of the ,second ,empire free love obtained its practical realization1 although the purely idyllic character of this ,bohemian life1 and its limitation to the circle of the dolce far niente students and artists1 in truth makes it differ widely from the most intensely personal free love1 taking its part fully in the struggle for life1 as it presents itself in the ideal form to modern humanity4 ,the ,second ,french ,empire1 whose significance for the spiritual tendencies of our time was a very great one1 allowed two elements of love1 to which we have earlier alluded1 to appear with marked predominance--elements still influential at the present day3 the satanic-diabolic element of eroticism1 which found its most incisive expression in the works of ,barbey d',aurevilly 7strongly influenced by the writings of de ,sade71 of ,baudelaire1 and more particularly of the great ,flicien ,rops2 and the purely artistic element1 as it appears in the works of the authors just mentioned1 but more especially in the writings of ,thophile ,gautier4 ,this 8,young ,france0 7to use the name of a novel of ,gautier's7 has influenced the amatory life and the amatory theory of the present day almost as strongly as young ,germany4 ,at the same time1 in the sixties of the nineteenth century ,schopenhauer's philosophy was dominant in ,germany1 and his metaphysic of love1 which considered the individual not at all1 but the species as all in all--this pessimistic conception of all love found its poetic expression in ,edward ,grisebach's 8,new ,tanhuser10 published in #ahfi4 ,here1 also1 it would be a grave error to condemn these erotic poems of the day1 on account of their glowing sensuality1 as mere glorifications of carnal lust4 ,the poet himself was the new ,tanhuser4 ,he wished1 as he often told me1 to find expression in these poems for the life-denying as well as for the life-affirming forces4 ,he sang the pleasure and the pain1 the hopes and the disappointments of modern love4 ,for him love is indeed the rose with the thorns4 ,for this reason the motto of the poem is a saying of ,meister ,eckart3 8,the voluptuousness of the creature is intermingled with bitterness20 and this is the theme of the poets1 though expressed in numerous variations3 8,there is no pleasure without regret40 ,but for this reason ,grisebach--and in this respect he resembles ,nietzsche--wished none the less joyfully to affirm this life1 filled as it is with pain1 and in all its activity bringing with it regrets4 ,in this sense he is no exclusive pessimist1 but an apostle of activity1 like the men of young ,germany1 in whose footsteps1 and especially in those of ,heine1 he follows4 ,the beautiful saying of ,laube1 in his 8,liebesbriefen0 7,leipzig1 #ahce1 p4 #bi71 8,he who has never been shaken to the depths by any profound sorrow is also ignorant of all deep rejoicing1 he knows no single verse of that enthusiasm which woos the denied heaven1 he experiences no sort of religion1 he is capable of no sacrifice1 of no greatness10 is suited also to the 8new ,tanhuser10 which so powerfully influenced ,german youth during the seventies and eighties of the nineteenth century4 ,he who wishes to understand how the various love-problems are represented in the literature of the present1 strongly influenced as it is by the problem-poems of ,ibsen1 by ,zola's naturalism1 and by the ,french symbolism#aec dependent on him1 will find it described later in a special chapter devoted to love in the literature of to-day4 ,in the following chapter we have to consider one additional influence which is especially apparent in the love and eroticism of the present day1 and possesses great importance for the individualization of love4 ,this is the artistic element in modern love4 #acd ,h4 ,t4 ,finck1 8,romantic ,love and ,personal ,beauty40 #ace ,cf4 ,g4 ,hirth1 8,ways to ,freedom10 pp4 #dfh-dgb 7,munich1 #aijc74 #acf ,g4 ,saint-,yves 78,la ,littrature ,amoureuse10 ,paris1 #ahhg1 p4 #be7 also sees in the sthetic contemplation of the beloved person the fundamental root of individual love4 ,it has gradually developed out of the ordinary sthetic contemplation of nature4 ,an interesting proof of this connexion is the ,song of ,solomon1 in which the sthetic stimuli of the beloved one are compared with every possible animate and inanimate natural object4 #acg ,cf4 regarding the numerous variations of this ancient couplet1 the interesting account given by ,arthur ,kopp1 8,old ,proverbs and ,popular ,rhymes for ,loving ,hearts10 published in the ,zeitschrift des ,vereins fr ,volkskunde1 ,heft i41 pp4 #h1 #i 7,berlin1 #aijb74 #ach ,minne is an old ,german word 7now obsolete7 for love1 8the love of fair women40 ,the minnesinger were love-singers who sang their own compositions to the accompaniment of the music of harp or viol--in fact1 they were lyric poets4 ,the most flourishing years of this art were from about #aagj to #abej2 thus the minnesinger were contemporary with and closely akin to the ,provenal troubadours4 ,but the ,german development was essentially native1 and the minnesinger's treatment of love was characterized by a more ideal note than was usually attained by the troubadours4 ,a good1 though brief1 account 7with a list of authorities7 is given of the minnesinger in 8,chambers's ,encyclopdia40--,,translator4 #aci ,jacob ,falke1 8,the ,society of ,knighthood in the ,epoch of the ,cult of ,women10 p4 #di4 #adj ,in her letters 78,letters of ,ninon de l',enclos10 with ten etchings by ,karl ,walser1 ,berlin1 #aijf71 the deep spiritual relationships of love found a classical representation4 #ada ,cf4 ,harald ,hffding1 8,rousseau and his ,philosophy10 pp4 #hf1 #hi 7,stuttgart1 #ahig74 #adb ,emil ,du ,bois-,reymond1 8,frederick ,,ii4 and ,jean ,jacques ,rousseau40 #adc ,h4 ,buffenoir1 8,jean ,jacques ,rousseau and ,women0 7,paris1 #ahia74 #add ,erich ,schmidt1 8,richardson1 ,rousseau1 and ,goethe0 7,jena1 #ahge74 #ade ,h4 ,meyer-,benfey1 8,lucinde10 published in ,mutterschutz--,zeitschrift zur ,reform der sexuellen ,ethik1 #aijf1 ,no4 #e1 pp4 #agc-aib4 ,edited by ,dr4 ,helene ,stcker4 #adf ,felix ,poppenberg1 8,jean ,paul ,friedrich ,richter's ,liebe und ,ehestand10 in 8,bibelots10 p4 #bad 7,leipzig1 #aijd74 #adg ,carl ,joel1 8,nietzsche und die ,romantik10 pp4 #ac-af 7,jena and ,leipzig1 #aije74 #adh ,cf4 also ,helene ,stcker1 8,nietzsche und die ,romantik10 in ,klnische ,zeitung1 ,no4 #aabg1 ,october #bi1 #aije4 #adi ,at the present time but few of my living contemporaries share this opinion of ,gutzkow1 which ,i myself base upon the careful reading of all his works4 ,i may quote1 however1 with satisfaction the prophecy of the deceased dramatist ,theodor ,wehl4 ,he writes of ,gutzkow3 8,as a literary phenomenon he will grow with time4 ,after long1 long years1 out of the literature of our time two characteristic heads will emerge--one laughing1 and one glancing round him earnestly and sorrowfully3 the head of ,heinrich ,heine1 and the head of ,karl ,gutzkow0 7,f4 ,wehl1 8,zeit und ,menschen10 8,tagebuch ,aufzeichnungen aus den ,jahren von #ahfc bis #ahhd10 vol4 i41 p4 #big 7,altona1 #ahhi774 #aej ,karl ,gutzkow1 8,reminiscences of my ,life10 p4 #ah 7,berlin1 #ahge74 #aea 8,the time of love is not age1 it is not youth3 the time of love is the moment10 says ,beate1 one of ,gutzkow's characters1 at the end of the tragedy 8,ein ,weisser ,blatt40 #aeb ,k4 ,frenzel1 8,karl ,gutzkow10 published in 8,bsten und ,bilder10 pp4 #agg and #agh 7,hanover1 #ahfd74 #aec ,heinrich ,stmcke refers to this connexion between naturalism and symbolism in a very thoughtful essay 78,zwischen den ,garben10 p4 #aef2 ,leipzig1 #ahii74 ,,chapter ,,ix ,,the ,,artistic ,,element ,,in ,,modern ,,love 8,i am of opinion that love bears within itself1 more than any other moral relationship1 the sense of the beautiful1 and when anywhere a heavy heart begins to move its wings and to strive towards the ideal1 it is in the time when it loves4 ,without doubt an sthetic perception always accompanies the eye of the lover1 and in a greater degree than it ever accompanies the dispassionate eye40--,,kuno ,,fischer4 ,,contents ,,of ,,chapter ,,ix ,ennoblement and reform of the amatory life as a demand of our time -- ,the battle with the elemental forces of the sexual impulse and of asceticism -- ,the artistic element in modern love -- ,erotic rhythmotropism -- ,sexuality and sthetics -- ,the awakening of sthetic sensibility at the time of puberty -- ,importance of sensuality to life and to the poietic impulse -- ,the example of ,annette von ,droste-,hlshoff -- ,sensuality of great poets and artists -- ,views of recent sthetics regarding the relations between sexual love and artistic perception -- ,rle of the erotic need for illusion in social life -- ,emerson1 ,konrad ,lange1 and ,william ,scherer1 on the sthetic eroticism of social life -- ,the liberating and vitalizing elements therein -- ,significance of modern individual beauty -- ,misnamed 8nervous0 beauty -- ,the ,english 8,pre-,raphaelites0 and the ideal of beauty -- ,masculine beauty -- ,why women love ugly men -- ,caroline ,schlegel1 ,goethe1 ,eduard von ,hartmann1 and ,swedenborg1 on this subject -- ,the attractive force of the poietic and the spiritual in man4 ,,chapter ,,ix ,at the present day1 notwithstanding all the adverse opinions and jeremiads of infatuated apostles of morality1 the epoch of our amatory life through which we are passing is by no means one of decadence4 ,on the contrary1 we are now actually engaged in its re-constitution1 reform1 and ennoblement4 ,all the tendencies of the time proceed towards such a radical perfectionment of love1 towards its free1 individual configuration1 not by the unchaining of sensuality1 but by its idealization2 and when we have once attained a natural view of sensuality1 it loses all its terrors4 ,we fight at first against the elemental force of the wild impulse1 and against the elemental force of life-denying asceticism4 ,in this struggle the artistic element in modern love plays a notable part4 ,by this we do not signify 8sugary0 stheticism1 nor yet the completely non-sensual ,platonic ,eros1 but that sthetic tendency in human love1 bringing about an intimate association of the bodily and spiritual1 which ,w4 ,blsche denotes by the term 8rhythmotropism40 ,it is 8an impulsive1 forced reaction of the higher animal brain to rhythmical beauty10 to which art also owes its origin4 ,this sthetic natural impulse is of great importance to love1 as ,darwin recognized many years ago4 ,it was he who expressed the great thought that beauty is love become perceptible4 ,the sexual is in no way hostile to sthetic contemplation1 as the unhappy ,weininger quite erroneously maintained in the confused chapter 8,erotism and sthetics0 of his book4 ,he curtly denies that sexuality has any sthetic value whatever1 yet ,plato himself deduced from the physical ,eros the highest sthetic contemplation of a spiritual nature4 ,in the world of the senses he discovered the reflection of the ,divine4 ,the well-known fact that with the awakening of the sexual life1 spiritual creative activity also awakens1 and an artistic tendency becomes kinetic1 that at the time of puberty every youth is a poet1 confirms the suggested existence of this intimate relationship between sexual and sthetic perception4 8,there appears to me to be no doubt10 says ,j4 ,volkelt in his 8sthetics0 7vol4 i41 p4 #ebc2 ,munich1 #aije71 8that in the youth or the maiden the awakening of sexuality induces an individualization and invigoration of artistic perception4 ,hand in hand with the first love of youth1 somewhere about the sixteenth or seventeenth year1 the sense of grace and beauty in the landscape1 the appreciation of the charm of poetry1 painting1 and music1 are strengthened and refined to such a degree1 that in comparison with what is now felt1 all earlier experiences and enjoyments seem to be as nothing40 ,sensuality first gives life colour1 brings out the nuances and the finer tones of feeling1 without which life would be tinted a uniform grey1 would be a monotonous waste1 and lacking which the joy of existence and creative activity would be annihilated1 or1 at least1 would be reduced to a minimum4 ,even the most ideal love must be nourished upon sensuality1 if it is to remain poietic and full of vitality4 ,of this ,annette von ,droste-,hlshoff is an interesting example--a woman and poet in whom in other respects sexual influences can have played only a very modest part4 ,but she lost on the instant all poetic capacity1 all artistic creative power1 when her lover1 ,lewin ,schcking1 became engaged to ,louise von ,gall4 ,the mere idea of the possibility of physical possession was to her a spur to poetic activity without its being necessary for this possibility to be translated into reality4 ,but when the possibility was for ever removed1 her muse at once became dumb4 ,an absolutely convincing proof of the intimate connexion between sexuality and sthetics is the fact that great artists and poets have1 in the majority of cases1 possessed thoroughly sensual natures4 ,the previously described relationship between the sexual impulse and the poietic impulse1 comprised in the 8function impulse0 of ,santlus1 is especially manifest in the case of artists4 ,in these artistic natures the perceptive sthetic power is associated with an ardent sensuality1 which derives its most powerful impulse directly from the beautiful4 ,we agree with von ,krafft-,ebing when he denies the possibility of genius1 art1 and poetry except upon a sexual foundation4 ,we do not believe in a so-called purely sthetic contemplation and perception without any sexual admixture4 ,even ,volkelt1 who is inclined to sever art and the sexual impulse each from the other1 is unable to deny the genetic connexion between the two4 ,oskar ,bie makes the interesting observation that 8in sthetic relationships the cord of the will does not become thinner to the breaking point1 but stronger1 until it becomes blind passion0 7,neue ,deutsche ,rundschau1 #ahid1 p4 #dgi74 ,nietzsche and ,guyau have also declared themselves opposed to ,schopenhauer's theory regarding the absence of a will-element in sthetic perception4 ,nietzsche speaks even of an 8sthetic of the sexual impulse40 ,guyau bases his sthetic upon the love of life and upon sexual love 78,les ,problmes de l',esthtique ,contemporaine10 ,paris1 #ahig74 ,magnus ,hirschfeld alludes in his 8,wesen der ,liebe0 78,the ,nature of ,love071 p4 #dh1 to a work by ,g4 ,santayana entitled 8,the ,sense of ,beauty10 in which the theory is propounded that 8for human beings the whole of nature is an object of sexual perception1 and it is chiefly in this way that the beauty of nature is to be explained40 ,finally1 ,gustav ,naumann 78,sex and ,art3 ,prolegomena to ,physiological sthetics10 ,leipzig1 #ahii7 says most convincingly that the sexual is the root of all art1 of all sthetics4 ,but whatever view may be held regarding the relationship between sexuality and art1 it is a quite incontestable fact that our latter-day life is characterized by a need 8for erotic illusion0 7to use the expression of ,konrad ,lange71 that the slighter degree of eroticism1 as it exhibits itself in social intercourse between the two sexes1 is principally of an artistic nature4 ,i do not speak here merely of the dance as the artistic transfiguration of the erotic phenomena of courtship1 or of dress and fashion and the whole milieu as sthetic means of expression of the personality 7as they were described in earlier pages of this work71 but ,i refer above all to social intercourse as a whole1 which to-day represents a free and facile sthetic element1 in which modern love receives its most manifold suggestions4 ,emerson1 in his essay on ,love1 has very beautifully described the importance to our civilized life of these slight1 imponderable influences of an erotic-sthetic nature2 and ,konrad ,lange1 in his 8,wesen der ,kunst0 7vol4 ii41 p4 #bc2 ,berlin1 #aija71 refers the pleasure of social intercourse ultimately to the sexual impulse1 even though therein sensuality is mitigated by illusion and is elevated to a purer sphere4 ,erotic enjoyment is modified into a 8love-play10 sensuality is refined1 spiritualized1 dematerialized4 ,it is precisely this sthetic eroticism which at the present day becomes of increasing importance in the emotional life of civilized humanity1 in the life of those engaged in the hard struggle for existence1 to whom time and leisure are lacking for the 8great0 love-passion4 ,for such as these1 these gentler suggestions constitute the true charm of life1 into the dreary monotony of which they bring light and colour4 ,in his excellent 8,remarks on ,goethe's ,stella10 ,wilhelm ,scherer has assigned its true value to this erotic stheticism and sthetic eroticism of society and social intercourse4 ,he speaks of a charm of personal presence1 which brings out all that is best in two human beings4 ,he speaks of an enthusiastic and complete surrender of the spirit and the emotions1 in which the souls seem to enter into inseparable union--and yet only seem4 ,for in reality this surrender occurs for weeks1 for days1 for minutes1 for moments1 and to various persons4 ,these frequent1 individual1 purely spiritual contacts between the two sexes have completely the character of sthetic joy2 they give rise to a perception of freedom1 of liberation from the power of the senses4 ,who does not know the happy freedom of spirit which is aroused by the glance of a beautiful girl1 by the smile of a sympathetic face8 ,this sthetic incitation by means of eroticism has1 moreover1 in it something vitalizing1 something which spurs on the will1 because its cause--eroticism itself--contains within it such an element of action and vital energy4 ,the modern love ideals of the sexes have a peculiar impulsive force4 ,classical beauty taken by itself1 and without the individual1 personal characteristic element1 is valueless4 ,and woman herself also is no longer the patient ,gretchen of yore4 ,she must have temperament1 character1 passion--she must be a personality4 ,more than by the beautiful are we allured by the characteristic1 by the developed personality1 by the passionate1 the subjective in woman--by that which1 in pursuance of a false connotation1 is often now termed 8nervous0 beauty4 ,the pale ,josepha of the days of ,heine's boyhood is an example of this type4 ,in her 8,buch der ,frauen0 78,book of ,women07 7,paris and ,leipzig1 #ahie71 ,laura ,marholm has described in the figures of ,marie ,bashkirtzeff1 ,anna ,charlotte ,loeffler1 ,eleonore ,duse1 ,george ,egerton1 ,amalie ,skram1 and ,sonja ,kowalewska1 well-marked and characteristic types of modern woman as a personality4 ,this attraction to the characteristic1 to the personal1 in the aspect of woman conflicts to some extent with the preference arising under the influence of the ,english 8,pre-,raphaelites10 of ,burne-,jones and ,rossetti1 for straight lines1 for slender1 ethereal1 unduly spiritual1 supersensual forms1 which no longer express the free personality of the mature1 complete woman1 but approximate rather to the infantile1 asexual habitus4 ,in this case1 however1 we have to do with a mere transient fashion1 which cannot countervail the above characterized general tendency towards the personal4 ,this personal1 individual has in man even greater importance than actual beauty4 ,it is a distinctive fact that1 throughout the history of civilization1 men have always had a clearer understanding of 8masculine beauty0 than women4 ,women have preferred power1 intelligence1 energy of will1 and marked individuality4 ,caroline ,schlegel1 in a letter to ,luise ,gotter1 writes of ,mirabeau3 8,hideous he may have been--he says so himself frequently in his letters--but ,sophie loved him1 for what women love in men is certainly not beauty0 78,letters of ,caroline ,schlegel10 vol4 i41 p4 #ic2 edited by ,g4 ,waitz1 ,leipzig1 #ahga74 ,this conception also elucidates the words in the second part of ,goethe's 8,faust03 8,women1 accustomed to man's love1 ,fastidious are they not1 ,but cognoscenti2 ,and equally with golden-haired swains ,shall we see black-bristly fauns1 ,as opportunity may serve1 ,over their rounded limbs ,attain rights of possession40 ,it explains1 too1 the opinion of ,eduard von ,hartmann 78,philosophie des ,unbewussten0--8,philosophy of the ,unconscious10 p4 #bje2 ,berlin1 #ahgd71 that the most powerful passions are not aroused by the most beautiful1 but1 on the contrary1 by the ugliest1 individuals4 ,the influence of powerfully developed individuality is1 in fact1 notably greater than that of physical beauty4 ,the mystic ,swedenborg long ago declared that in man woman desired truth1 spiritual significance1 not beauty alone4#aed ,herein we see a suggestion of the fact that true beauty is ultimately spiritual beauty1 the expression of the force of will1 of poietic activity1 and of free personality4 #aed 8,it is by no means rare10 says ,lermontoff in 8,ein ,held unserer ,zeit0 78,a ,hero of our own ,time071 8for women to love such men to distraction1 and to be unwilling to exchange their hideousness for the beauty of an ,endymion40 ,,chapter ,x ,,the ,,social ,,forms ,,of ,,the ,,sexual ,,relationship--,,marriage 8,the individualistic tendency1 in the most decisive and characteristic form peculiar to our system of civilization1 is most happily represented in the monogamic form of marriage2 for here1 on the woman's side also1 the development of individuality is gently and imperceptibly accomplished40--,,ludwig ,,stein4 ,,contents ,,of ,,chapter ,x ,the disputed question of sexual promiscuity -- ,the fact of its existence -- ,westermarck's defective criticism of the doctrine of promiscuity -- ,persistence of promiscuity until the present day -- ,ethnological proofs of this fact -- ,the researches of ,friedrich ,s4 ,krauss -- ,marriage an artificial product -- ,group-marriage -- ,a form of limited promiscuity -- ,diffusion of group-marriage -- ,connexion of polygamy and group-marriage -- ,the loan and the exchange of wives -- ,matriarchy and patriarchy -- ,progress from lower to higher social forms of sexual relationship -- ,transition from matriarchy to patriarchy -- ,formation of the patriarchal family -- ,marriage by capture and marriage by purchase -- ,the bright side of patriarchy -- ,patriarchal forms of marriage -- ,polygamy and the patriarchal family -- ,levitical marriage -- ,monogamic marriage -- ,coexistence with monogamic marriage of a facultative polygamy -- ,the conventional lie of marriage -- ,hegel's definition of marriage -- ,criticism of this definition -- ,combination of the matriarchal and the patriarchal forms of the sexual relationship -- ,revival of the idea of matriarchy -- ,transformation of the ancient patriarchal form of marriage to freer forms -- ,introduction of civil marriage and divorce -- ,chief grounds for marriage reform -- ,duplex sexual morality -- ,its origin -- ,criticism thereof -- ,relationship between prostitution and the conventional coercive marriage -- ,necessity of1 and justification for1 freer forms of marriage -- ,lecky's views on this subject -- ,roman concubinage1 and the morganatic marriage -- ,significance of the sacramental character of marriage -- ,sanction by the ,state of a freer form of marriage 7civil marriage1 mixed marriage1 divorce7 -- ,psychology of love in the marriage problem -- ,inconstancy of human love -- ,the eternity lie -- ,transient character of youthful love -- ,gutzkow1 ,kierkegaard1 and ,rtif de la ,bretonne on this subject -- ,the poetical character of the first stages of every love -- ,the sexual need for variety as an anthropologico-biological phenomenon -- ,this simply an explanatory principle1 not an ideal -- ,rarity of the 8only0 love -- ,the psychologist ,stiedenroth on this subject -- ,the possibility of love felt simultaneously for several persons -- ,explanation of this fact -- ,examples -- ,difficulty of complete harmony between man and wife -- ,the ideal of the 8one0 love -- ,schleiermacher on the necessity for experiments in love -- ,the examples of ,wilhelmine ,schrder-,devrient and ,caroline ,schelling -- ,the need for love unaffected by disillusion -- ,dangers of habituation -- ,the double rle of habituation in marriage -- ,danger of intimate life in common -- ,the common bedroom -- ,unfavourable conditions with regard to the relative ages of husband and wife -- ,increase in premature marriages -- ,connexion of this phenomenon with the premature awakening of sexuality -- ,too great a difference in age between husband and wife -- ,consequent physiological disharmony -- ,postponement of marriage in consequence of civilization -- ,diminution of marriages in various ,european countries -- ,economical factors -- ,mercenary marriage a vestige of earlier times -- ,disappearance of the economic background to marriage with the further advance of civilization -- ,marriage and the price of corn -- ,part played by mercenary marriage in various classes -- ,importance of economic factors in marriage -- ,summary of the causes of the diminution of the 8marriage impulse0 -- 8,conjugal rights0 -- ,justification and misuse of these -- ,boredom in married life -- ,marriage and disease -- ,opinion of an alienist on the calamities of marriage -- ,statements of a wife -- ,schiller and ,byron upon love and marriage -- ,a dictum of ,socrates -- ,growing disinclination to the coercive character of the marriage bond -- ,great increase in the number of divorces in recent years -- #aefh of the ,civil ,code -- ,legal possibility of several successive divorces on the part of the same individual -- ,a kind of civil sanction of free love -- ,dependence of the consciousness of duty upon freedom -- ,grounds for divorce -- ,marriage reform in ,france -- ,composition and programme of the ,french committee for marriage reform -- ,the idea of sexual responsibility4 ,appendix3 ,report of one hundred typical marriages1 and twelve characteristic more detailed pictures of married life1 after ,gross-,hoffinger4 ,,chapter ,x ,since the subject first engaged my close attention1 it has always seemed to me incomprehensible that a dispute should ever have arisen among anthropologists1 ethnologists1 and historians of civilization as to whether1 among the primitive forms of the sexual relationship1 marriage was the first1 or whether it was preceded by a state of sexual promiscuity4 ,whoever knows the nature of the sexual impulse1 whoever has arrived at a clear understanding regarding the course of human evolution1 and1 finally1 whoever has studied the conditions that even now prevail1 alike among primitive peoples and among modern civilized races1 in the matter of sexual relations1 can have no doubt whatever that in the beginnings of human development a state of sexual promiscuity did actually prevail4#aee 8,the ideal goal10 says ,heinrich ,schurtz1 8towards which1 more or less consciously1 civilized humanity is undoubtedly advancing1 involuntarily also becomes the standard by which the past is judged1 and sentiment and mood take the place of a single-minded endeavour to arrive at truth40 ,thus it has happened that the ideal of permanent marriage between a single man and a single woman1 which1 in fact1 as we shall proceed to explain1 must persist as an ideal of civilization never to be lost1 has been employed as a standard for the judgment of bygone conditions4 ,this error is one into which ,westermarck more especially has fallen in his 8,history of ,human ,marriage0 7,jena1 #ahic7--;a work of considerable value from its richness in ethnological detail4 ,hence ,westermarck's criticism of the doctrine of promiscuity1 based as it is upon false premises1 8has ultimately remained barren10 as ,heinrich ,schurtz has proved4#aef ,westermarck1 for example1 simply ignores the fact that within the group-marriage of sexual associates1 within the totem1 promiscuity undoubtedly existed4 ,since1 as we shall see1 among the tribes and races living in social unions1 sexual promiscuity can be proved to have existed side by side with1 and commonly in advance of1 the development of marriage1 it is indubitable that primitive man1 in whom the sexual impulse was still purely instinctive1 had simply no knowledge of 8marriage0 in the modern sense of the term4 ,otherwise1 indeed1 the 8mother-right0 would not have been necessary1 for matriarchy was the typical expression of the uncertainty of paternity which resulted from sexual promiscuity4 ,the great freedom of sexual intercourse in primitive times is denoted by various investigators by many different terms2 sometimes it is called 8promiscuity10 sometimes 8free-love10 sometimes 8group-marriage10 8polyandry10 8polygamy10 8religious and sexual prostitution10 etc4 ,the classical works of ,bachofen1 ,bastian1 ,giraud-,teulon1 von ,hellwald1 ,kohler1 ,friedrich ,s4 ,krauss1 ,lubbock1 ,mac,lennan1 ,morgan1 ,friedrich ,mller1 ,post1 ,h4 ,schurtz1 ,wilcken1 and others1 have proved beyond question the existence of this primordial hetairism4 ,when modern critics at length find it convenient to admit the overwhelming force of the enormous mass of evidence that has been collected concerning this subject1 they still exhibit a great dislike to the conception and the term sexual 8promiscuity10 whereby is understood the boundless and indiscriminate intermingling of the sexes4 ,they admit the possibility of group-marriage1 although this is merely a socially limited form of promiscuity2 they admit even the existence of polyandry and polygamy1 and of indiscriminate religious prostitution2 but they refuse to believe in the existence of genuine promiscuity4 ,and yet1 if they only chose to make use of their eyes1 they could observe sexual promiscuity at the present day among the modern civilized nations4 ,in certain strata and classes of the population1 such an indiscriminate and unregulated sexual intercourse1 in no way leading to the formation of enduring relationships1 can be observed to-day4 ,ask a young man1 even of the better classes1 with how many women he has had connexion during a single year--not one of these need have been a prostitute--and1 if he speaks the truth1 you will be astounded at the number of the 8objects of lust06 ,this last expression is suitable enough1 because in most cases there is no individual relationship between such casual partners4 ,ask certain girls also--maidservants1 for example1 or girls engaged in the manufacture of ready-made clothing--and you will obtain analogous information regarding the number of their annual lovers4 ,phillip ,frey 78,der ,kampf der ,geschlechter0--8,the ,battle of the ,sexes10 p4 #ea2 ,vienna1 #aijd7 bases on similar grounds the assumption of a primitive sexual promiscuity2 he refers especially to the condition of the seaports3 8,ports in which ocean-going vessels come to harbour are familiar with the sexual impulse in its most completely animal form1 and devoid of every refinement and concealment4 ,we find ourselves transported into the depths of an urgent primitiveness and savagery1 which gives the lie to the advance in civilization1 and this will enable us to form a clearer idea of the bestial indifference in sexual matters that must have obtained amongst the herds of primitive man4 ,intercourse between man and woman promoted by the lust of the moment1 dependent solely upon reciprocal animal desire1 the various male and female individuals of the human herd differing too little each from the other to make it worth while to strive for permanent rights of possession1 the absence of any ownership of land amongst those wandering to and fro through the primeval forest1 the common ownership of children by the herd or tribe--that such was the primitive1 ape-like condition of the human race1 one actually inferior to that of many other mammals1 is a belief amply justified by the polygamous and polyandrous instincts of homo sapiens1 recurring again and again in all the stages of civilization40 ,fortunately1 ethnology furnishes us with incontrovertible proofs of genuine promiscuity4 ,of the ,nasomoni in ,africa1 ,herodotus 7iv4 #agb7 reports3 8,when a ,nasomonian man takes his first wife1 it is the custom that on the first night the bride should be visited by each of the guests in turn1 and each one1 as he leaves1 gives her a present which he had brought with him to the house40 ,diodorus ,siculus makes a similar report regarding the inhabitants of the ,balearic ,islands 7v4 #ah74 ,have we not here an echo of primeval custom1 of sexual promiscuity prior to marriage8 ,very interesting are the accounts recently given by ,melnikow regarding the free sexual relationships customary among the ,siberian ,buryats4 ,there before marriage unregulated sexual intercourse between men and girls prevails4 ,this is especially to be observed at festival seasons4 ,such festivals occur usually late in the evening1 and can rightly be called 8nights of love40 ,near the villages bonfires are lighted1 round which the men and women dance monotonous dances termed 8nadan40 ,from time to time pairs separate from the thousands of dancers1 and disappear into the darkness2 soon they return and resume their place in the dance1 to disappear again by and by into the obscurity2 but they are not the same couples that disappear each time1 for they continually change partners4#aeg ,is this not promiscuity8 ,in a mitigated form we can see the same among ourselves4 ,a case recently came under my notice in which two friends made an exchange of their 8intimates02 moreover1 the 8intimacy0 in each case had been of very brief duration4 ,this1 indeed1 happened in the full light of day2 while among the ,buryats the darkness concealed a completely indiscriminate promiscuity4 ,marco ,polo reports as a remarkable custom of the inhabitants of ,thibet1 that there a man would in no circumstances marry a girl who was a virgin1 for they say a wife is worth nothing if she has not had intercourse with men4 ,girls were offered to the traveller1 and he was expected to reward the courtesy with a ring or some other trifle1 which the girl1 when she wished to marry1 would show as one of her 8love-tokens40 ,the more such tokens she possessed1 the more she was in request as a wife4#aeh ,from ,new ,holland we receive similar reports4 ,of especial importance1 as proving the existence of sexual promiscuity1 are the investigations of the student of folk-lore1 ,friedrich ,s4 ,krauss1 regarding the sexual life of the ,southern ,slavs4 ,krauss has1 indeed1 rendered most valuable aids to the scientific study and anthropological foundation of the human sexual life2 a place of honour among the founders of 8anthropologia sexualis0 must be given to ,krauss1 and also to ,bastian1 ,post1 ,kohler1 ,mantegazza1 and ,ploss-,bartels4 ,dr4 ,krauss first published his pioneer investigations in 8,kryptadia10 vols4 vi4 and vii4 7,paris1 #ahii and #aija72 but later he founded an annual for the record of researches into the folk-lore and ethnology of the sexual life1 entitled 8,anthropophyteia3 ,jahrbuch fr folkloristische ,erhebungen und ,forschungen zur ,entwicklungsgeschichte der geschlechtlichen ,moral0--8,anthropophyteia3 ,annual for ,folk-lorist ,investigations and ,researches in the ,history of the ,evolution of ,sexual ,morality40 ,this has been published now for four years1 #aijd-aijg1 ,krauss having the co-operation of anthropologists1 ethnologists1 folk-lorists1 and medical men1 such as ,thomas ,achelis1 ,iwan ,bloch1 ,franz ,boas1 ,albert ,eulenburg1 ,anton ,herrmann1 ,bernhard ,obst1 ,giuseppe ,pitr1 ,isak ,robinsohn1 and ,karl von dem ,steinen4 ,it constitutes a most important addition to the hitherto very scanty works for the scientific study of sexual problems4 ,later1 ,i shall have occasion to refer again to this important undertaking4 ,krauss1 who1 as he himself says1 is insensitive to the romantic appeal of folk-lore1 but has an open mind for the realities and possibilities of human history1 has proved in this publication the unquestionable existence of sexual promiscuity among the ,southern ,slavs4 ,as he himself declares1 such an abundance of trustworthy proofs1 obtained by a professional folk-lorist1 regarding the existence of a form of sexual promiscuity within the narrow sphere of a single geographical province of research1 has not hitherto been available4 ,it is1 moreover1 perfectly clear that the human need for sexual variety1 which is an established anthropological phenomenon1#aei must in primitive times have been much stronger and more unbridled1 in proportion as the whole of life had not hitherto risen above the needs of purely physical requirements4 ,since even in our own time1 in a state of the most advanced civilization1 after the development of a sexual morality penetrating and influencing our entire social life1 this natural need for variety continues to manifest itself in almost undiminished strength1 we can hardly regard it as necessary to prove that in primitive conditions sexual promiscuity was a more original1 and1 indeed1 a more natural1 state than marriage4 ,for from the purely anthropological standpoint--only from this standpoint1 since with questions of morality1 society1 and civilization we are not now concerned--permanent marriage appears a thoroughly artificial institution1 which even to-day fails to do justice to the human need for sexual variety1 since1 indeed1 vast numbers of men live de jure monogamously1 but de facto polygamously--a fact pointed out by ,schopenhauer4 ,this criticism is1 of course1 based upon purely physical sensual considerations2 it does not touch marriage as an ideal of civilization possessing a spiritual and moral content4 ,the other social forms of sexual intercourse1 forms whose existence is admitted even by the critics of promiscuity1 are characterized by frequent changes in sexual relationships4 ,this is especially true of the oldest form of marriage1 the so-called 8group-marriage40#afj ,group-marriage is not a union in marriage of isolated individuals1 but such a union between two tribal groups1 composed respectively of male and female individuals1 a union between the so-called totems4 ,the social instinct1 the impulse towards companionship1 upon which even to-day the ,state and the family depend1 united mankind at one time into tribes of a peculiar kind1 which felt themselves to constitute single individuals1 and believed themselves to be inspired by an animal spirit1 their protective spirit4 ,their union was known as the totem4 ,group-marriage is the marriage of one totem with another--that is1 the men of one totem-group marry the women of another1 and vice versa4 ,but no individual man has any particular wife4 ,on the contrary1 if1 for example1 twenty men of the first totem espoused twenty women of the second totem1 then each one of the twenty men had an equivalent share of each one of the twenty women1 and vice versa4 ,this was indeed an advance over unrestricted sexual promiscuity1 limited by no social forms2 but it afforded no possibility of any individual relationships of love1 it remained promiscuity within narrow bounds4 ,group-marriages exist at the present day in ,australia in a well-developed form among certain tribes2 whilst1 as an occasional custom1 in the form of an exchange of wives among friends1 guests1 and relatives1 it appears to be almost universally diffused throughout ,australia4 ,schurtz regards ,australian group-marriage as a kind of partial taming of the wild sexual impulse4 ,well known is the description of group-marriage in ancient ,britain given by ,julius ,csar3 8,the husbands possess their wives to the number of ten or twelve in common1 and more especially brothers with brothers1 or parents with children40 ,here we have a special variety of group-marriage4 ,according to ,bernhft1 polyandry is also to be regarded as the vestige of a primitive form of group-marriage1 arising from a deficiency of women in a totem1 so that one woman was left as the representative of the totem married to several husbands4 ,marshall has1 in fact1 amongst the polyandrous ,toda in ,southern ,india1 actually observed group-marriage side by side with polyandry4 ,among certain ,indian tribes we find even at the present day indications of group-marriage4 ,for example1 the husband will have a claim on the sisters of his wife1 or even on her cousins or her aunts1 and gradually he may marry them4 ,in this case we see that polygyny has developed out of the group-marriage4 ,the widely diffused practice of wife-lending and wife-exchange is also connected with the conditions of group marriage4 ,in ,hawaii1 in ,australia1 among the ,massai and the ,herero in ,south ,africa1 we encounter this custom1 but more especially in ,angola and at the mouth of the ,congo1 also in ,north-,eastern ,asia1 and among many tribes of ,north ,american ,indians4 ,schurtz points out that similar conditions may arise among ,european proletariat in consequence of inadequate housing accommodation4 ,in this state of a somewhat limited promiscuity the only natural tie was that between mother and child4 ,the child belonged exclusively to the mother1 and therefore1 in the wider sense1 belonged to his mother's totem4 ,as ,bachofen proved in his celebrated work1#afa in primeval times1 and among many primitive tribes even at the present day1 the 8mother-right0 7matriarchy71 founded upon purely sensual1 non-individual relations1 was predominant2 and only with the appearance of freer1 more spiritual1 more individual relations between the sexes 7though this did not necessarily involve the development of monogamy7 was 8mother-right0 first superseded by 8father-right0 7patriarchy74 ,these recent ethnological researches have proved the untenability of ,westermarck's criticism of the doctrine of promiscuity2 it is no longer possible to doubt the fact of a primitive sex-companionship1 taking the form of a more or less limited promiscuity of sexual intercourse4 ,ludwig ,stein also lays stress on this view4#afb ,the sexual relationships of the primeval hordes were either quite unregulated1 or regulated only to a very small extent4 ,in this view of the matter there is nothing in any sense degrading to the human race2 on the contrary1 in the development of individual1 enduring relationships between man and woman out of a condition of primitive promiscuity1 we see manifested a continuous progression from lower to higher social forms of the sexual relationships1 a gradual improvement and ennoblement of these relationships1 until the development of monogamic marriage 7which even to-day is merely an ideal state1 since the reality does not correspond to it1 or the original pure idea has been falsified and obscured74 ,the transition from matriarchy1 resting on a purely natural basis1 in which women assumed a leading social position1 and often also a leading political position1 to patriarchy1 in which the spiritual and the individual relationships were brought into the foreground1 signified a great step forward in the developmental history of marriage4 ,bachofen was the first to recognize the profound importance in the history of civilization and for the spiritual and social life of humanity of this transition of the mother-right to the father-right1 from matriarchy to patriarchy4 ,schurtz found the following formula to express the change3 8,woman is the central point of the natural groups arising from sexual intercourse and reproduction2 man1 on the other hand1 is the creator of free forms of society based upon the sympathy of like kinds40 ,the development of the individual personal marriage is most intimately dependent upon patriarchy4 ,in this sense1 but only in this sense1 ,eduard von ,mayer is right when he points to man as the true creator of the family4 ,for under the matriarchal system the 8family0 was incomplete3 it consisted only of mother and child4 ,only with the development of patriarchy could the family become a complete whole4 ,this patriarchal family1 which is also our modern family1 is thus 8the masculine form of the human tendency to social aggregation40#afc ,the father-right consisted in the right of the father over the wife and her children2 it was a right of domination acquired by a severe struggle4 ,the rape of women and marriage by capture belong to the beginnings of patriarchy2 later1 when woman1 completely enslaved1 had fallen to the position of a mere chattel1 marriage by purchase was introduced4 ,the debased position of women under the domination of the primitive father-right can be best studied among the ,greeks1 where free sexual relationships were possible only in connexion with hetair and the love of boys4 ,to the ,greeks of classical antiquity the love of boys was precisely that which to the modern civilized man hetero-sexual love is1 resting upon the most personal1 most individual1 most spiritual contact and understanding4 ,kohler has beautifully described the bright side of the complete and unrestricted father-right3 8,now for the first time the man founds his home2 he is the master of the domestic herd1 he is the priest of sacrifice at the domestic altar2 his ancestors are present in the spirit2 he honours them2 the house is permeated by them4 ,in his house nothing unclean shall exist2 he teaches the children propriety and dependence on the family2 and the wife1 at the moment when1 as a bride1 she crosses the threshold of her husband's house1 or is carried across it1 gives up her household gods2 his home is now her home4 ,now1 at the domestic hearth1 the virtues flourish--those virtues which become the preliminaries of national greatness4 ,in the bosom of his family the man gains power1 which fits him for the most important functions1 whether in the life of the ,state or in the life of science2 and a township or an agricultural community based upon such conditions constitutes the necessary foundation upon which to erect the structure of ethical1 scientific1 and political life4 ,the wife passes into the background1 but in the house she develops new virtues2 self-sacrifice to the family1 a domestic sense1 joy in the home1 amiability in narrower circles1 are the bright sides of her influence1 for the wife knows how to develop everywhere beautiful traits of character1 so long as her lot is not cast amidst rude or degenerating conditions40 ,the most ancient form of marriage under the father-right was polygamy1 as1 for example1 we find it described in the ,old ,testament4 ,here we have a typical picture of the patriarchal order of family4 ,the head of the house and of the family has a principal wife for the procreation of legitimate issue1 but1 in addition1 numerous concubines4 ,among the ,jews1 the great stress laid upon father-right gave rise to the so-called 8,leviratsehe0--that is to say1 a widowed wife was compelled to marry the brother of her deceased husband1 in order that the race of the dead man should be continued4 ,out of this patriarchal polygamy there gradually arose monogamic marriage1 which down to the present time--let us insist on the matter once for all--has remained an ideal1 never in reality attained1 either by the ,greeks or ,romans or in the modern civilized world4 ,for the modern civilized marriage is mainly a production of the father-right1 and stands under the dominion of 8man-made0 morality1 which1 beside monogamy1 legally established and assumed to be binding1 tolerates 8facultative polygamy02 hence there is here concealed an element of lying and hypocrisy which has rightly brought into discredit the modern patriarchal marriage as a conventional form among those who regard as the true ideal of marriage in the future the enduring life in common of two free personalities endowed with equal rights4 ,hegel1 in his celebrated definition of marriage1#afd which he regards as the embodiment of the reality of the species and as the spiritual unity of the natural sexes brought about by self-conscious love1 as legal-moral love1 has not done justice to the recognition and development of the individuality of both parties4 ,the 8unity10 the 8one body and one soul10 corresponds indeed to the patriarchal conception1 according to which the woman is completely absorbed into the man2 it does not correspond1 however1 to the modern idea of individual marriage1 in which both man and woman are united as free personalities4 ,this1 as we shall see later1 is the meaning of the struggle for 8free-love10 which must not be confused1 as1 for example1 it is confused by ,ludwig ,stein 78,beginnings of ,civilization10 p4 #aaj71 with the free-love1 the hetairism1 of ancient times1 or with the simple extra-conjugal intercourse of the present day4 ,neither the mother-right alone1 nor the father-right alone1 is competent to satisfy the ideals of modern civilized human beings1 in respect of the configuration of the social forms of the amatory life4 ,this is only possible when both forms of right are united in a new form1 by equal rights given to both sexes4#afe ,hence1 in association with the endeavour for the free individual development of the feminine nature1 we find also the tendency to reintroduce into public life1 into true valuation and honour1 the ancient conception of the mother-right4 8,slowly and gradually10 says ,kohler1 8has the reawakened idea of the mother-right been gnawing with a sharp tooth1 now in one way1 now in another1 at the rigid fetters of this system1 and has loosened them4444 ,that in this manner woman will attain a worthier position is certain4 ,but the unitary family-sense has long ceased among us to be the powerful incentive to action that it is among the purely agnate 7patriarchal7 peoples4444 ,our own conditions render it possible that the institutions of civilization will continue to thrive1 even though the family tie is no longer tense and exclusive40 ,the modern civilized man can quietly accustom himself to the idea that the old patriarchal family under the dominion of the father-right will gradually disappear2 and that at the same time the patriarchal conventional marriage of ancient times1 still to all appearance so firmly established1 will be replaced by other1 freer forms4 ,the idea of marriage1 and its value as a form of social life1 remains meanwhile unaffected4 ,it is possible to be a critic of the old1 outlived form of marriage1 without therefore being exposed to the suspicion of wishing to dispense with the idea of 8marriage0 altogether4 ,the one-sided1 juristic1 political1 sacramental1 and ecclesiastical conception of the past does justice neither to the social nor to the individual significance of marriage4 ,he who1 like ,westermarck1 regards monogamic marriage as something primitively ordained1 as if it were a biological fact1 and denies completely the development of that institution out of lower forms1 denies also the possibility of any extensive transformation of the existing forms of marriage4 ,the common mistake is1 to place on the one hand monogamy in its most ideal form1 that of life-long marriage1 and on the other hand1 the so-called 8free love10 understanding by free love completely unregulated extra-conjugal sexual intercourse4 ,it is not a matter for surprise that1 in respect of both of these extreme forms of sexual relationship1 a pessimistic view should easily gain ground4 ,according to the point of view1 one party will insist on the intolerable character1 in relation to the need for individual freedom and as regards the development of personality1 of a lifelong marriage of duty2 whilst the other party will lay stress upon the equally great1 if not greater1 dangers of the unrestrained practice of extra-conjugal sexual intercourse4 ,with regard to recent views on the marriage problem1 the reader will do well to consult the thoughtful pamphlet of ,gabriele ,reuter1 8,the ,problem of ,marriage0 7,berlin1 #aijg74 ,the author points out that there is a 8deep-lying dissatisfaction with the existing marriage conditions1 a yearning and restless need for improvement40 ,in marriage1 she holds1 the bodily and spiritual process of human development is completed in the most concentrated manner4 ,as a cause of the numerous unhappy marriages of our time1 she points to the divergencies1 so widely manifest at the present day1 between modes of thought and views of life among members of the same strata of society and among those of the same degree of education1 more especially in religious matters1 and she refers also to experiments made in respect of new modes of life1 such as the woman's movement4 ,according to ,gabriele ,reuter1 the child will become the regulator of all the changes in the married state which we have to expect in the future4 ,as 8marriage10 she defines that earnest union between man and woman which is formed for the purpose of a life in common1 and with the intention of procreating and bringing up children1 and she regards it as altogether beside the question whether that union has been affected with or without civil or ecclesiastical sanction4 ,in contrast with this idea of 8marriage10 there would be other fugitive or more enduring unions1 serving only for excitement and sensual enjoyment4 ,it is interesting to note that the author recommends to the modern woman 8good-humoured and motherly forbearance0 in respect of marital infidelity4 ,for a woman's own good and for that of her children1 it is more important that her husband should show her love1 respect1 and friendship1 than that he should preserve unconditional physical faithfulness4 ,but the author here ignores the possibility of venereal infection as a result of occasional unfaithfulness1 which very seriously threatens the well-being of the wife and the children6 ,very wisely she advises a facilitation of divorce4 ,this would not make husband and wife careless in their relations one to the other2 on the contrary1 it would make both more careful and thoughtful in the avoidance of anything causing pain to one another4 ,the children should always remain with the mother up to the age of fourteen years4 ,a detailed and valuable account of the problems of modern marriage will be found also in the work 8,regarding ,married ,happiness3 the ,experiences1 ,reflections1 and ,advice of a ,physician0 7,wiesbaden1 #aijf74 ,fortunately1 by the legal introduction of civil marriage and of divorce the necessity has now been recognized by the ,state of leaving open for many persons a middle course--one which lies between lifelong marriage 7whose sacramental character is thus abandoned7 and free extra-conjugal sexual intercourse1 and yet maintains the tendency towards the ideal of monogamic marriage4 ,the principle of divorce forms the most important foundation at once for a future reformation of marriage1 and for a rational view1 one doing equal justice to the interests of society and those of the individual1 of the relations between man and wife4 ,by the introduction of divorce1 the ,state itself has recognized the purely personal character of conjugal relations1 and has admitted that circumstances arise in which the marriage ceases to fulfil its aims and becomes injurious to both parties4 ,thus the ,state has proclaimed the rights of the individual personality in the married state4 ,in the marriage problem1 the so-called 8duplex sexual morality0 also plays an important part--that is to say1 the idea that man is by nature inclined to polygamy1 but woman to monogamy4 ,herein1 indeed1 the thoroughly correct idea was dominant that the cohabitation of one woman with several men--be it understood we refer to simultaneous cohabitation--is harmful to the offspring4 ,from this1 however1 the only permissible inference is that for the purposes of the procreation of children and of racial hygiene 8monogamy0 can be demanded of woman on rationalistic grounds--that is to say1 the intercourse of woman should be restricted to a single man during such a time and for such a purpose4 ,but it is not legitimate from these considerations to deduce the necessity of permanent 8monandry0 for woman4 ,i will consider this question somewhat more exactly1 and in doing so will refer to the interesting essay of ,rudolph ,eberstadt on 8,the ,economic ,importance of ,sanitary ,conditions0 in relation to marriage1 being the concluding chapter of 8,health and ,disease in ,relation to ,marriage and the ,married ,state10 by ,senator and ,kaminer 7,rebman1 #aijf71 because here we find a very clear recognition of the confusion between monogamy and monandry4 ,according to ,eberstadt1 there are above all two things characteristic of modern civilized marriage--in the first place1 the higher rank allotted to the husband in the married state1 and1 in the second place1 the increased demand for prenuptial purity and for conjugal fidelity on the part of the wife4 ,the husband demands from his wife1 in addition to his own mastership in the married state1 also sexual continence before marriage and unconditional fidelity during marriage4 ,but the husband does not recognize that corresponding duties are imposed on himself4 ,this difference of judgment regarding extra-conjugal sexual intercourse on the part of husband and wife respectively1 depends entirely upon the perfectly sound experience that simultaneous cohabitation on the part of a woman with several men obscures paternity1 and therewith the foundations of the family1 quite apart from a not uncommon physical injury to the child4 ,this natural difference between man and woman1 in respect of sexual intercourse and its consequences1 will always endure4 ,a man can simultaneously cohabit with two women without thereby interfering with the formation of a family2 but a woman cannot with similar impunity cohabit with two men4 ,it is possible that the demand for the virgin intactness of the wife at the time of marriage is based upon the old experience that by sexual intercourse1 and still more by the first conception1 certain far-reaching specific changes are induced in the feminine organism1 so that the first man impregnates the feminine being for ever in his own sense1 and even transmits his influence to children of a second male progenitor4 7,cf4 in this connexion ,g4 ,lomer1 8,love and ,psychosis10 p4 #cg47 8,it is not the brutality of man10 says ,eberstadt1 8which has imposed a higher responsibility upon woman2 ,nature herself has done this4 ,nature has endowed man and woman differently in respect of the consequences of sexual intercourse4 ,the fruit of intercourse is entrusted to the woman alone4 ,now1 one who has special responsibilities has also special duties4 ,certain breaches of conjugal responsibility are more sternly condemned when committed by the man2 certain others--especially such as concern care for the offspring--are more severely judged in the wife4 ,the relative positions in respect of sexual intercourse are different in man and in woman1 for reasons which are physical and inalterable4 ,seduction1 ill-treatment1 abandonment of a wife1 and adultery1 are punished in the husband by law and custom4 ,the wife1 on the other hand1 loses her honour simply on account of promiscuous and unregulated intercourse1 because ,nature herself forbids this intercourse if the material and spiritual tie between mother1 father1 and child is to persist40 ,in accordance with these considerations1 ,eberstadt holds fast to the demand for 8monandry0 on the part of the wife2 he rejects on principle the idea of sexual equality between man and wife1 and relegates the progressive development of marriage exclusively to the spiritual and moral provinces4 ,although we recognize the general accuracy of this view1 and admit that it is based upon conditions imposed once for all by ,nature herself1 still we are compelled to regard it as too narrow and one-sided1 for it completely overlooks the fact that this demand for monandric love on the part of woman can be fulfilled in association with a freer moulding of woman's amatory life4 ,we need merely think of the often happy marriages of one woman to several men--nota bene in temporal succession--in which marriages perfectly healthy children have been born to different fathers1 in order to see that for the woman of the future a freer moulding of the amatory life is also possible1 though admittedly within narrower limits than in the case of man4 ,just as the mastership of the husband must give place to an equality of authority on the part of husband and wife1 considered as two free personalities1 so also must the 8duplex morality0 undergo a revision in the sense above indicated4 ,in passing1 let us remark that all those who proscribe any kind of extra-conjugal intercourse on the part of woman1 and who love to brand as an 8outcast0 any woman who indulges in it1 should have their attention directed for a moment to the tremendous fact of politically tolerated1 and even legalized1 prostitution1 which1 like a haunting shadow1 accompanies the so-called conventional marriage--a shadow growing ever larger the more strictly1 exclusively1 and narrowly the idea of this 8marriage0 is conceived4#aff ,the civilized ideal of marriage is the lifelong duration of the marriage between two free1 independent1 mature personalities1 who share fully love and life1 and by a common life-work further their own advantage and the well-being of their children4 ,but this rarely attained ideal of civilization in no way excludes other forms of marriage1 which have a more transient and temporary character1 without thereby doing any harm either to the individual or to society4 ,more than forty years ago ,lecky1 the ,english historian of civilization1 an investigator whom no one can blame1 in respect of the tendency of his writings1 for advancing lax ideas regarding sexual morality or for advising libertinage1 expressed himself admirably on this subject4 ,in his 8,history of ,european ,morals0 he wrote3 8,in these considerations1 we have ample grounds for maintaining that the lifelong union of one man and of one woman should be the normal or dominant type of intercourse between the sexes4 ,we can prove that it is on the whole most conducive to the happiness1 and also to the moral elevation1 of all parties4 ,but beyond this point it would1 ,i conceive1 be impossible to advance1 except by the assistance of a special revelation6 ,it by no means follows that because this should be the dominant type1 it should be the only one1 or that the interests of society demand that all connexions should be forced into the same die4 ,connexions1 which were confessedly only for a few years1 have always subsisted side by side with permanent marriages2 and in periods when public opinion1 acquiescing in their propriety1 inflicts no excommunication on one or both of the parties1 when these partners are not living the demoralizing and degrading life which accompanies the consciousness of guilt1 and when proper provision is made for the children who are born1 it would be1 ,i believe1 impossible to prove1 by the light of simple and unassisted reason1 that such connexions should be invariably condemned4 ,it is extremely important1 both for the happiness and for the moral well-being of men1 that lifelong unions should not be effected simply under the imperious prompting of a blind appetite4 ,there are always multitudes who1 in the period of their lives when their passions are most strong1 are incapable of supporting children in their own social rank1 and who would therefore injure society by marrying in it1 but are nevertheless perfectly capable of securing an honourable career for their illegitimate children in the lower social sphere to which these would naturally belong 7674 ,under the conditions ,i have mentioned these connexions are not injurious1 but beneficial1 to the weaker partner2 they soften the differences of rank1 they stimulate social habits1 and they do not produce upon character the degrading effect of promiscuous intercourse1 or upon society the injurious effects of imprudent marriages1 one or other of which will multiply in their absence4 ,in the immense variety of circumstances and characters1 cases will always appear in which1 on utilitarian grounds1 they might seem advisable40 ,in ancient ,rome these laxer unions were recognized by law as a form of marriage1 and this legal recognition protected them1 notwithstanding the unlimited freedom of divorce1 from social contempt and stigmatization4 8,concubinage0 was such a second kind of marriage1 which was thoroughly recognized and thoroughly honourable4 ,the amica convictrix or uxor gratuita was neither a legitimate wife nor simply a mistress2 she had rather the position of women in our own day who have contracted a 8morganatic0 marriage1 a 8left-handed marriage40 ,the only difference was that these ancient unions were more readily dissoluble4 ,it was the ,christian dogma and the sacramental and lifelong character of marriage which first caused the stamp of infamy to be impressed upon all other varieties of sexual intercourse4 ,the religious marriage was in its very nature indissoluble2 indeed1 by forbidding mixed marriages 7marriages between ,christian and pagan7 individual freedom was entirely prohibited4 ,in contrast with this ancient religious view1 the ,state1 by the introduction of civil marriage1 of mixed marriage 7vide supra71 and of divorce1 has been compelled to make continually greater concessions to modern ideas1 and has already recognized in principle that marriages limited in duration harmonize exceedingly well with the demands of civilization2 that in general1 as ,lecky maintained1 the recent changes in economic conditions have a much greater influence upon marriage and the forms of marriage than the ecclesiastical and mystical conception of the institution4 ,anyone who wishes to gain an insight into this very difficult problem of modern marriage must first obtain clear views in respect of certain peculiarities of individual human love1 regarding the intimate connexion of which with the whole process of mental evolution we have already dealt in earlier chapters4 ,max ,nordau has written a celebrated chapter on 8,the ,lie of ,marriage10#afg and in the light of reality marriage is1 in fact1 often such a lie as he describes1 especially in view of the fact that not less than #ge per cent4 of modern marriages are so-called 8marriages of convenience10 and in no sense are properly love-marriages4#afh ,but it is a well-known fact that these marriages of reason are often more enduring than love-marriages4 ,this depends upon the nature of human love1 which is by no means inalterable1 but changes in accordance with the various developmental phases of the individual1 needs new incitements and new individual relationships4 ,in ,no4 #ad1iai of the ,neue ,freie ,presse of ,vienna1 ,march #f1 #aijf1 there appeared among the advertisements a remarkable question1 which was probably directed by a betrayed or deceived lover to his beloved3 8,ewige ,liebe--ewige ,lge80 8,eternal ,love--,eternal ,lie80 ,love also1 personal love1 is transitory1 like man himself1 like the isolated individual4 ,it differs in the different ages of life2 it differs1 too1 according to its object for the time being4 ,eduard von ,hartmann calls love a thunderstorm1 which does not discharge in a single flash of lightning1 but gradually discharges the electrical energy in several successive flashes1 and after the discharge 8there comes the cool wind1 the heaven of consciousness clears once more1 and we look round astonished at the fertilizing rain falling on the ground1 and at the clouds fleeing towards the distant horizon40 ,all those who are well acquainted with humanity1 all poets and psychologists1 are in agreement respecting the fugitive character of youthful love4 ,for this reason1 they advise against marriage concluded during the passion of early youth4 ,this poetry of love at first sight is1 according to ,gutzkow1 the eternal game of chance of our young people1 in which their health1 their life1 and their future go to wreck4 ,another keen observer1 ,kierkegaard1 in his 8,diary of a ,seducer10 says3 8,love has many mysteries1 and this first love is also a mystery1 if not the greatest4 ,most men in their ardent passion are as if insane2 they become engaged or commit some other stupidity1 and in a moment it is all over1 and they know once more what it has cost them1 what they have lost40 ,and1 finally1 a third eminent writer on eroticism1 ,rtif de la ,bretonne1 says3 8,it is a folly of the same kind to trust the constancy of a young man of twenty years of age4 ,at this age it is less a woman that one loves than women2 one is intoxicated rather by sensual phenomena than by the individual1 however lovable that individual may be40 ,but to youth love is almost always no more than a beautiful memory1 a vanishing paradise4 ,there clings to it something imperishable1 which has1 however1 no binding force4 ,and just as to every man the love of youth appears ideal in character1 precisely because it is not subjected to the rude considerations of reality1 so also in every subsequent love it is almost always the first beginnings only in which true beauty and deep perception are experienced4 8,a thousand years of tears and pains10 ,goethe makes his ,stella say1 8could not counterpoise the happiness of the first glance1 the trembling1 the stammering1 the approach and the withdrawal1 the self-forgetfulness1 the first fugitive ardent kiss1 and the first gently breathing embrace40 ,the eternal duration of such feelings is contradicted by an anthropologico-biological phenomenon of human sexuality1 which ,i have described as 8the need for sexual variety40#afi ,human love1 as a whole and in its individual manifestations1 is dominated and influenced by the need for change and variety4 ,schopenhauer drew attention to this primordial and fundamental phenomenon of human love2 he was wrong1 however1 in limiting it to the male sex4#agj ,as ,i have already insisted1 this general human need for variety in sexual relationships is to be regarded rather as a general principle of explanation of admitted facts1 than as a desirable ideal4 ,on the contrary1 in my opinion1 faithfulness1 constancy1 and durability in love1 bring under control and diminish this need for sexual variety1 through the recognition of the eminent advances in civilization by means of which the human amatory life will be further developed and perfected in a higher sense4 ,but the facts of daily observation are not to be shuffled out of existence by any kind of hypocrisy or prudery4 ,they must be faced and dealt with4 ,first1 it is an incontestable fact that the so-called 8only0 love is one of the greatest rarities2 that1 on the contrary1 in the life of the majority of men and women a frequent repetition and renewal of love-sentiments and love-relationships occurs4 ,for the most part these loves occur at successive intervals4 ,stiedenroth1 in his admirable 8,psychology10 makes the following remarks regarding these successive outbursts of passion and the transitory character of the feeling of love3 8,since no two human beings are precisely alike1 one will at one time love passionately one only2 in succession1 however1 several can be loved1 and the opinion that one person only can be loved in a lifetime originates in rare dreams regarding the ideal1 of which a quite false representation is made4 ,an object can indeed appear which transcends the ideal hitherto conceived2 but passion does not need a fully developed ideal for its first foundation2 it needs merely that which in the theory of the feelings has been found to be a necessary condition of love4 ,that every love gladly thinks itself immortal1 lies in the nature of the case1 for on account of the overwhelming character of the sensations of love1 it is impossible to understand how they can ever come to an end4 ,experience1 however1 teaches us the contrary1 and insight enables us to recognize the reason40#aga ,regarding the frequent occurrence of several love-passions on the part of the same person1 there can be two opinions2 but is it possible that anyone can simultaneously be in love with several individuals8 ,i answer this question with an unconditional 8,yes10 and ,i agree fully with ,max ,nordau when he explains that it is possible to love at the same time several individuals with almost identical tenderness1 and that it is not necessarily lying when ardent passion for each of them is expressed4#agb ,it is precisely the extraordinarily manifold spiritual differentiation of modern civilized humanity that gives rise to the possibility of such a simultaneous love for two individuals4 ,our spiritual nature exhibits the most varied colouring4 ,it is difficult always to find the corresponding complements in one single individual4 ,i ask those who are well acquainted with modern society if they have not met men1 and women also1 who had advanced so far in the adaptation of their love-needs to the anatomical analysis of their psychical life1 that for the romantic1 realistical1 sthetic traits of their nature1 for the lyrical or dramatic moods of their heart1 they demanded correspondingly different lovers2 and if these several lovers should encounter each other1 and be angry with one another1 the one who loved them both 7or all7 would be inclined to cry out in naive astonishment1 like the heroine in ,gutzkow's 8,seraphine10 8,love one another6 love one another6 ,you are all one1 one--in me60 ,in the romance 8,leonide10 by ,emerentius ,scvola1 the heroine is at the same time the wife of two husbands4 ,reality also is familiar with double love of this kind--for example1 in the relationship of the ,princess ,melanie ,metternich to her husband1 the celebrated statesman1 and to her previous bridegroom1 ,baron ,hgel4#agc ,especially frequent is the gratification of higher ideal needs and of the simple natural impulse1 by means of two different persons4 ,a man can love at the same time a woman of genius and a simple child of ,nature4 ,in the novel 8,double ,love0 7#aija71 ,elisar von ,kupffer describes the simultaneous love of a learned man for his extremely intelligent wife and for a buxom servant-girl4 ,a well-known example is also the double love of ,wieland--the ideal love for ,sophie ,laroche1 the frankly sensual love for ,christine ,hagel4 ,but not only do differences of culture1 of position1 of character1 play a part in such multiple love2 the simple difference also of bodily appearance may lead to such simultaneous attractions2 for example1 a man may love at the same time a brunette and a blonde1 an elegant little sylph and a distinguished presence4 ,this is1 however1 on the whole1 much rarer than simultaneous attraction to two different spiritual varieties4 ,such facts as these are not to be employed so much in advocacy of the multiplication of love-relationships as for the illustration of the enormous difficulty in obtaining complete harmony between human beings1 between one man and one woman4 ,there remains always a balance of yearning1 which the other does not fulfil2 always a balance of striving1 which the other is unable to understand4 ,this cannot1 however1 affect in the slightest degree the ideal of the single love2 on the contrary1 it makes it stand out all the more brilliantly before our spiritual vision4 ,it is rare1 like every ideal1 and attainable only by few4 ,this rarity of complete love between a man and a woman is dwelt on also by ,henry ,laube in his novel 8,die ,maske10 in which he describes love in all its manifoldness and modern distraction4 ,schleiermacher described very strikingly the necessity that exists for the repetition and manifoldness of love-perceptions3 8,why10 says he1 8should it be different with love from what it is in every other matter8 ,is it possible that that which is the highest in mankind should be brought at the first time1 by the most elementary activity1 to a perfect conclusion in a single deed8 ,should we expect it to be easier than the simple art of eating and drinking1 which the child first attempts1 and attempts again and again1 with unsuitable objects and rude experimentation1 and with results which1 contrary to his deserts1 are not always unfortunate8 ,in love1 also1 there is need for preliminary experiments1 leading to no permanent result1 from which1 however1 every one carries away something1 in order to make the feeling more definite and the prospect of love greater and grander40#agd ,georg ,hirth also shows that true mastery of love only becomes possible by means of repetition4 ,there are ideal masculine and feminine ,don ,juan natures1 which are always searching for the genuine1 eternal1 only love2 as1 for example1 ,wilhelmine ,schrder-,devrient1 wandering perpetually from man to man2 or a similar figure1 the titular heroine of the romance 8,faustine10 by the ,countess ,ida ,hahn-,hahn4 ,many1 most indeed1 of such never learn to know true love1 because they never find the proper object of love2 and they die1 as ,rousseau1 in his 8,confessions10 says so strikingly1 without ever having loved1 eternally torn by the need for love1 without ever having been able perfectly to satisfy that need4 ,happy indeed are those like ,karoline1 who in ,schelling found at length the man whose powerful personality fully corresponded to her idea of love4 ,the need for such a great and true love remains fixed1 notwithstanding all deceptions1 bitternesses1 and the sorrows of unsatisfied longing4 ,love is1 in fact1 the human being himself2 like the human being1 love has its development1 its impulse towards higher things1 towards that which is better4 ,no painful experience can completely annihilate love1 and the need for love4 ,in a beautiful stanza a ,french poet of the eighteenth century1 the ,chevalier de ,bonnard1 has described this essential permanency of love3 8,hlas6 pourquoi le souvenir ,de ces erreurs de mon aurore ,me fait-il pousser un soupir6 ,je dois peut-tre aimer encore1 ,ah6 si j'aime encore1 je sens bien ,que je serai toujours le mme2 ,le temps au cur ne change rien3 ,eh6 n'est-ce pas ainsi qu'on aime80 ,true love is the product of the ripest development2 it is therefore rare1 and comes late4 ,for this reason1 as ,nietzsche points out1 the time for marriage comes much earlier than the time for love4 ,it is by means of spiritual relationships that love first becomes enduring4 ,its prolongation is almost always effected only by an enlargement and variation of psychical relationships4 ,physical relationships alone soon lose through habituation the stimulus of novelty2 whence we explain the fact that so many husbands1 notwithstanding the physical beauty of their wives1 become unfaithful to them1 often in favour of much uglier women1 of girls of the lower classes1 or even of prostitutes4 ,the de ,goncourts remark in their 8,diary0 that the beauty which in a cocotte a man will reward with #ajj1jjj francs1 will not in his own wife seem worth #aj1jjj francs--in the wife whom he has married1 and who1 with her dowry1 has brought him this magnificent beauty into the bargain4 ,for this reason1 a priest1 when a wife complained to him that her husband had begun to get somewhat cold in his manner to her1 gave the following by no means bad advice3 8,my dear child1 the most honourable wife must have in her just a suspicion of the demi-mondaine40 ,the greatest danger for love1 a danger which therefore makes its appearance above all in married life1 is the danger of habituation4 ,this has a double effect4 ,on the one hand1 by the mere monotony of eternal repetition1 love may become blunted4 8,it is worth remarking10 says ,goethe1 8that custom is capable of completely replacing passionate love2 it demands not so much a charming1 as a comfortable object2 given that1 it is invincible40 ,in the second place1 however1 custom contradicts the already mentioned need for variety1 the eternal uniformity of daily companionship puts love to sleep1 damps its ardour1 and even gives rise to a sense of latent or open hatred between a married pair4 ,this hatred is observed most frequently in love-matches1#age precisely because here the ideal is all the more cruelly disturbed by the rude grasp of realities2 especially if the intimate life in common enfolds a human1 all-too-human1 element1 and tears away the last ideal veil4 ,with justice the common bedroom of a married couple has been called 8the slaughter of love40 ,a further cause of unhappy marriages is to be found in unfavourable age-relations of the married couple4 ,the most serious is the premature entrance upon marriage4 ,before the introduction of the ,civil ,code1 the age of nubility in the ,german ,empire was attained1 in the male sex1 with the completion of the twentieth1 in the female sex with the completion of the sixteenth year of life4 ,in ,prussia a ,minister of ,justice could give permission to marry at an even earlier age4 ,according to the ,civil ,code1 men could not marry until they were of full age 7twenty-one71 and women1 as before1 not until they were sixteen years of age4 ,women are able to obtain remission from this restriction1 but not men4 ,in special cases1 however1 a man is enabled to marry before the age of twenty-one years if the ,court of ,wardship 7cf4 the ,english ,court of ,chancery7 declares him to be of full age1 which the ,court has power to do at any time after he is eighteen years of age4 ,whilst1 before the year #aijj1 on the average1 there were not as many as #cjj men under twenty years who annually contracted marriage with the permission of the ,minister of ,justice--already a matter for serious consideration--since the introduction of the new ,code1 by which the ordinary age of nubility for man is raised by one year1 the number of persons prematurely contracting marriage has exhibited a notable increase4 ,in the year #aijj there were #a1edf1 and in the year #aija actually #a1hdh young men married before the age of twenty-one years4 ,these very early marriages were distributed among all professions1 and almost all classes of the population4 ,this increase in premature marriages is1 speaking generally1 a symptom indicative of the premature awakening of sexuality in our own time1 a phenomenon which we shall discuss more fully later4 ,such an occurrence as the elopement of a girl aged fourteen with a boy aged fifteen1 the pair having already for some time been engaged in an intimate love-relationship1 and having finally come to the conclusion that they could no longer live apart1 is by no means a great rarity4#agf ,no detailed argument is needed to show that persons completely wanting mental and moral maturity are not suited for marriage1 which can only be regarded as offering some security for endurance and life happiness1 when it is the union of two fully-developed personalities4 ,in this respect it seems to me that the regulations of the ,civil ,code are not at present sufficiently strict4 ,a second notable factor in the causation of unhappy marriages is an excessive difference between the ages of husband and wife1 and in this respect it is quite an old experience1 that a marked excess of age on the part of the husband has a less unfavourable influence than a similar excess on the part of the wife4 ,this observation harmonizes with the fact that men can preserve sexual potency up to the most advanced age--even in a centenarian active spermatozoa have been found#agg--that such old men can have complete sexual intercourse1 and can procreate children2 whereas in women1 at the age of forty-five to fifty years1 with the cessation of menstruation the procreative capacity is extinguished1 though not1 indeed1 the capacity for sexual intercourse and for voluptuous sensation4 ,naturally1 in this connexion we are not alluding to quite abnormal cases1 such as a premature impotence in the husband1 or other morbid conditions in either husband or wife4 ,we are considering merely the normal physical difference in age4 ,metchnikoff lays great stress upon this physical disharmony between husband and wife4 ,he insists upon the fact that in the man sexual excitability generally begins much earlier than in woman1 and that at a time when the woman stands at the acme of her needs the sexual activity in the man has already begun to decline2 but this is only the case when the husband was notably older than the wife when the marriage was contracted4 ,a difference of five or ten years in this respect is a small matter2 but a difference of ten or twenty years may be of serious significance4 ,generally speaking1 in the case of marriages which are intended to be of lifelong duration1 the difference of age should never exceed ten years4 ,with increasing civilization1 the average age at marriage has continually advanced 7in ,western ,europe the average age at marriage is for men twenty-eight to thirty-one years1 and for women twenty-three to twenty-eight years71 whilst the number of persons who do not marry until late in life1 and of those who do not marry at all1 is continually increasing4 ,this is partly the result of spiritual differentiation and of the ever-increasing difficulty in finding a suitable life-partner1 and partly it is the result of the increasing economic difficulty in providing for the support of a household4 ,schmoller has calculated that under normal conditions about #ej per cent4--one-half1 that is to say--of the population of the country must be either married or widowed4 ,in ,europe1 however1 a much smaller proportion is in this condition4 ,thus1 taking only persons over fifty years of age1 in ,hungary #c per cent41 in ,germany #i per cent41 in ,england #aj per cent41 in ,austria #ac per cent41 in ,switzerland #ag per cent41 were unmarried4 ,the number of married and widowed persons among those over fifty years of age varies in the different countries between #ef per cent4 7in ,belgium7 and #gf per cent4 7in ,hungary74 ,in ,england1 in the years #ahhf to #ahij1 the number was #fj per cent41 in ,germany #fa per cent41 in the ,united ,states #fb per cent41 in ,france #fd per cent4 ,if we enumerate the married only1 excluding the widowed1 we find #h or #aj per cent4 fewer4 ,when we compare the number of married with the entire population1 we find1 instead of the above-mentioned #ej per cent41 no more than #cg to #ci per cent4 ,and this percentage appears likely to undergo a continual further decline4 ,we must1 at any rate1 in the future reckon with this fact1 although1 of course1 isolated oscillations in the marriage frequency may continue to occur4 ,in these oscillations economic and domestic factors play a great part4 ,it is1 however1 quite erroneous to regard our own time as one especially characterized by 8mercenary marriages10 one in which the union between man and wife has become a simple affair of commerce4 ,there are not wanting reformers who attribute to mammonism all the blame for the disordered love-life of the present day1 and who describe very vividly and dramatically ,amor's dance round the golden calf4 ,the facts of the history of civilization and folk-lore completely contradict the view that this mammonistic character of marriage is a product of our modern civilization4 ,it is1 on the contrary1 a vestige of early primitive civilization1 in which economic factors always had a far greater importance for marriage than spiritual sympathies4 ,thus1 ,heinrich ,schurtz proves that among the majority of savage races marriage is rather an affair of business than of inclination4 ,and where are money marriages more frequent than they are among our sturdy ,german peasants1 with whom everything conventional has the freest possible play8#agh ,it is first the higher1 refined spiritual civilization which brings with it a higher conception of marriage as the realization of the ideal1 individual only-love4 ,as ,ludwig ,stein justly remarks3 8,it was not in our own time that marriage first began to degenerate to the level of an economic idea4 ,the converse1 indeed1 is true2 the economic background of marriage1 as it so clearly manifests itself among savage races1 first began to disappear in the course of the development of our own system of civilization1 and therewith began also the liberation of mankind from the burden of metallic shackles40#agi ,at the same time1 it cannot be denied that even at the present day the economic factor plays a very extensive part in the determination of marriage1 although certainly not to the degree maintained by ,buckle1 who held that there was a fixed and definite relationship between the number of marriages and the price of corn4#ahj ,beyond question1 economic considerations have a great influence upon the frequency of marriage4 ,many marriages1 even to-day1 are purely mercenary marriages2 but still at the present time the qualities of intellect and emotion1 quite apart from physical characteristics1 have at least an equal share in the production of marriage4 ,only among the classes who feel it their duty to keep up a particular kind of appearance1 among the upper-middle classes1 the aristocracy1 and among officers in the army1 is the economic question the main determining influence in marriage4 ,well known1 also1 is the predominance of mercenary marriages among the ,jews4 ,one may be an enemy of mammonism1 and still see the necessity for an economic regulation of conjugal relations in view of the expected offspring1 of the altered conditions of life1 of the increase in the household1 and of the necessity for safeguarding personal independence and free development4 ,such economic considerations can harmonize perfectly with the demand for personal sympathy1 and with the most intimate physical and spiritual harmony between husband and wife4 ,schmoller rightly places the most important advance of the modern family in this1 that it becomes more and more transformed from a productive and business institute into an institute of moral life in common2 that by the limitation of its economic purposes the nobler ideal must become more predominant1 and the family become a richer soil for the cultivation of sympathetic sentiments4#aha ,more especially among the upper classes of modern ,european and ,american society is there apparent an increasing disinclination to marriage1 or1 to employ a phrase of the moral statistician ,drobisch1 there is a decline in the intensity of the marriage impulse4 ,although the often burning money question no doubt plays its part1 that part is1 on the whole1 much smaller than the part played by the ever-increasing difficulties of individual spiritual harmony1 difficulties dependent on differences in age1 character1 education1 views of life1 and individual development during marriage4 ,this disinclination to marry is nourished by certain tendencies of the time to be subsequently described1 and by certain changes in the relations between the sexes4 ,to many also the idea of 8conjugal rights10 as established by law1 appears a horrible compulsion1 an assignment to physical and spiritual prostitution4 ,the modern consciousness of free personality1 in fact1 no longer harmonizes with that stoical conception of duty in marriage such as1 for example1 is described by ,b4 ,chateaubriand in his memoirs1 although1 of course1 every one who enters on marriage ought to be aware that by doing so he assigns to the other party certain rights1 the non-fulfilment of which actually destroys the character and the idea of marriage4 ,thus1 the conduct of a schoolmistress of ,berlin1 who persistently refused physical surrender to her husband1 on the ground that she had wished merely to contract an 8ideal0 marriage 7of the same kind as the mystical 8reformed marriage0 of the ,american woman ,alice ,stockham71 demands emphatic condemnation4 ,but an abominable misuse of 8conjugal rights0 is unquestionably made by inconsiderate husbands1 who demand from their wives unlimited1 excessively frequent1 gratification of their sexual desire1 without any regard to the wife's physical and spiritual condition at the time4 ,that in this respect the idea of 8conjugal rights0 is greatly in need of revision has been convincingly proved by ,dorothee ,goebeler in an essay entitled 8,conjugal ,rights10 published in the ,welt am ,montag of ,august #f1 #aijf4 ,too frequently1 also1 it happens that the husband simply transfers into his married life previous customs of extra-conjugal sexual intercourse1 and makes use in marriage of the experience he has gained in intercourse with prostitutes or with priestesses of the love of the moment2 he treats his wife as an object of sensual lust1 without paying any regard to her individuality and to her more delicate erotic needs4 ,this physical dissonance is not even the worst4 ,too often it is simply boredom which kills love in married life4 ,like ,nora in 8,a ,dolls' ,house10 one waits for the 8wonderful10 and the wonderful does not happen4 ,instead of this the years pass by2 sexual passion1 greatly influenced as it is by the spiritual environment1 gradually disappears1 and with it disappears also the last possibility of spiritual sympathy4 ,thus1 the character of most marriages is solitude4 ,they represent the tragedy of desolation1 of the eternal self-seeking of husband and wife4 ,what disastrous consequences1 finally1 may result from the part played in marriage by disease1 what tragic conflicts may here rise1 can be studied in the great book 8,health and ,disease in ,relation to ,marriage and the ,married ,state0 7,rebman1 #aijf71 an encyclopdic work edited by ,h4 ,senator and ,s4 ,kaminer1 discussing in detail the relation between disorders of health and the married state4 ,the calamities of modern marriage are strikingly illuminated in the following psychologically interesting account given by the alienist ,heinrich ,laehr 78,concerning ,insanity and ,lunatic ,asylums10 p4 #dd et seq42 ,halle1 #aheb73 8,how1 as a matter of fact1 do marriages come about8 ,in heaven certainly a very small number indeed1 if by that phrase we understand marriages undertaken with the full understanding of the nature of the sacrifice involved1 under the impulsion of an inner necessity1 and based upon deep mutual inclination founded upon self-respect and respect for each other2 in social circles1 and not in heaven1 on the other hand1 the majority of marriages are made4 ,the question upon which ultimately so many marriages depend is1 what each will gain by it1 whilst inner sensations and mutual liking are regarded as subordinate matters4444 ,a man is fully informed about such matters in early years2 a woman is full of dark perceptions1 uncertain as to what she is to receive and what she is to give4 ,she is naturally impelled by her sense of inward weakness to yield to anyone more powerful than herself1 and1 in the intoxication of sensual excitement1 under conditions in which both1 in order to please1 tend to show the best side only to each other1 she is far less able than man to weigh beforehand the significance of such a step4 ,later1 indeed1 when1 in the trodden path of marriage1 the current of love runs more slowly1 her eyes are opened1 naked reality takes the place of the pictures of imagination1 which formerly caused self-deception1 and what appeared to be love1 but was not love1 takes flight for ever4 ,what has not been hidden under the name of love6 ,it conceals the pretence of egoistic impulses1 vanity it may be1 the life of pleasure1 avarice1 indolence2 and what a number of marriages are entered into on the part of the woman in order to escape from the oppression of repugnant domestic conditions1 because the imagined future appears to them more pleasant in contrast with the actual present4 8,there are in the course of marriage so many periods of misunderstood depression1 sadness1 trouble2 and mankind so readily forgets the golden rule1 that these periods have to be got through by means of mutual aid1 and that in married life husband and wife should do all that is possible to help one another onwards1 and not to thrust one another back--so easily is this forgotten1 that only too readily the mirth and gladness with which married life was begun vanish away4 ,the intense pain which attacks us with violence1 but only at long intervals1 has a far less depressing influence on our organism than much less severe1 but frequently repeated1 emotional disturbances1 especially such as arise out of the wretchedness of life4 ,they give rise in us to irritability of the nervous system1 by which sensitiveness is increased2 and repeated misunderstandings in married life soon make both husband and wife feel that marriage is rather a burden than a joy40 ,that women as well as men recognize the danger to love entailed by marriage is shown by ,frieda von ,blow in 8,einsame ,frauen10 pp4 #ic1 #id 7#ahig73 8,during this period ,i have often considered the question of such continued life in common4 ,is it not inevitable that this unceasing1 intimate association must always give rise to mutual hatred8 ,husband and wife learn to know one another through and through4 ,the veil of white lies which plays so important a part in ordinary social intercourse is here impossible4 ,the characters are seen naked in all their weakness1 all their incapacity for love1 all their vanity1 all their egoism4 ,in such circumstances1 phrases intended to conceal appear simply untruths1 and instead of producing illusion they repel4 ,just as in the first awakening of love1 all the powers of the soul are directed towards the discovery of the excellences of the beloved one1 so here the soul is for ever upon a voyage of discovery seeking for faults4 ,in both cases alike1 a sufficiency of that which one seeks is found40 ,the poets also give us an insight into the depths of the eternal contradiction between love and marriage4 ,who does not know the saying of the idealistic and optimistic ,schiller3 8,mit dem ,grtel1 mit dem ,schleier reisst der schne ,wahn entzwei0--8,with the girdle1 with the veil 7of marriage71 the beautiful illusion is torn to pieces08 ,consider1 also1 the horribly clear characterization of the pessimistic ,byron 7in 8,don ,juan10 canto iii41 stanzas #e-h73 ,v4 8',tis melancholy1 and a fearful sign ,of human frailty1 folly1 also crime1 ,that love and marriage rarely can combine1 ,although they both are born in the same clime4 ,marriage from love1 like vinegar from wine-- ,a sad1 sour1 sober beverage--by time ,is sharpen'd from its high1 celestial flavour1 ,down to a very homely household savour4 ,,vi4 8,there's something of antipathy1 as 'twere1 ,between their present and their future state2 ,a kind of flattery that's hardly fair ,is used until the truth arrives too late-- ,yet what can people do1 except despair8 ,the same things change their names at such a rate2 ,for instance--passion in a lover's glorious1 ,but in a husband is pronounced uxorious4 ,,vii4 8,men grow ashamed of being so very fond2 ,they sometimes also get a little tired 7,but that1 of course1 is rare71 and then despond2 ,the same things cannot always be admired1 ,yet 'tis 8so nominated in the bond10 ,that both are tied till one shall have expired4 ,sad thought6 to lose the spouse that was adorning ,our days1 and put one's servants into mourning4 ,,viii4 8,there's doubtless something in domestic doings1 ,which forms1 in fact1 true love's antithesis2 ,romances paint at full length people's wooings1 ,but only give a bust of marriages2 ,for no one cares for matrimonial cooings1 ,there's nothing wrong in a connubial kiss4 ,think you1 if ,laura had been ,petrarch's wife1 ,he would have written sonnets all his life80 ,it is significant that those who most praise marriage are young people who do not know marriage from experience1 but have failed to find true happiness in celibacy4 ,we think of the words of ,socrates1 that it is a matter of indifference whether a man marries or does not marry1 for in either case he will regret it4 ,our own time is certainly characterized by hostility to marriage4 ,it is the form of modern marriage which frightens most people2 the compulsion which has actually been rendered more stringent by the new ,civil ,code of #aijj4 ,modern individualism draws back from the undeniable loss of freedom which legal marriage entails4 ,the shadow which1 according to a saying of ,e4 ,dhring1 indissoluble marriage has thrown upon love and upon the nobler aspects of the sexual life1 is darker to-day than ever before4 ,hence the growing disinclination to marry1 which1 significantly enough1 is increasingly manifest upon the part of women2 hence1 above all1 the extraordinary increase in divorce4 ,according to a statement in the ,vossische ,zeitung 7,no4 #acg1 ,march #bb1 #aijf71 the number of divorces in ,germany underwent a marked increase in the year #aijd4 ,in that year there were #aj1hhb divorces2 in #aijc1 #i1icb2 in #aijb1 #i1jgd2 thus in the year #aijd there was an increase of #eij1 or #if per cent4 ,in the closing years of the nineteenth century1 a marked increase in the number of divorces was already discernible4 ,for instance1 in the years #ahid-ahii the number rose from #g1ejb to #i1dcc4 ,it was at that time believed that the increase depended upon the fact that in most of the countries of the ,german ,confederation the new ,civil ,code made divorce more difficult1 and that for this reason as many people as possible were seeking divorce before the new ,code came into action4 ,it is true that the number of divorces diminished after the ,civil ,code passed into operation4 ,in the year #aijj the divorces numbered #g1ibb1 and in the year #aija1 #g1hib4 ,since then1 however1 there has once more been a marked increase1 so that the figure for the year #aijd is #b1iij in excess of that for the year #aija1 an increase of #ch per cent4 ,this increase is principally to be referred to the fact that the so-called relative grounds for divorce1 enumerated in #aefh of the ,civil ,code1#ahb appear to have justified a great number of demands for divorce4 ,the marked extensibility of the sections of this paragraph leaves the judge very wide discretion in its application4 ,to what an extent the increase in the number of divorces influences the existing marriages is seen as soon as we compare the number of divorces with the number of marriages4 ,it appears that in the years #aijj and #aija1 for every #aj1jjj marriages1 there were #ha divorces2 in #aijb1 #ic divorces2 in #aijc1 #aja divorces2 and in #aijd1 #aaa divorces4 ,thus in the year #aijd1 there were #c more divorces per #aj1jjj marriages than in the year #aija4 ,i have already referred to the enormous importance of divorce in relation to the recognition on the part of the ,state of the temporary character of every marriage1 whereby1 in principle1 free love1 which is no more than a temporary marriage1 receives a civil justification1 and is legitimized4 ,this fact stands out still more clearly when we recognize the legal possibility of repeated divorces on the part of one and the same person4 ,numerous actual examples of this can be given4 ,thus a well-known author was divorced no less than four times1 and of his four wives one1 on her side1 had been divorced by other men4 ,two divorces on both sides are by no means rare4 ,if we consider the matter openly and unemotionally1 it must be admitted that this is nothing else than the much-opposed 8free love10 the bugbear of all honest ,philistines1 a free love which has already received the official sanction of the ,state4 ,when four or five divorces are possible to the same individual by official decree1 when1 that is to say1 this procedure has received civil sanction1 the number may for theoretical purposes be multiplied at discretion4 ,he who knows human nature1 he who knows that the consciousness of freedom in mature human beings--and only such should enter upon marriage--strengthens and confirms the consciousness of duty--such a one need not fear the introduction of free marriage4 ,on the contrary1 it may be assumed that divorces would be far less common than they are in the case of coercive marriage4 ,according to the ,civil ,code1 divorces are obtainable on the ground of adultery1 hazard to life1 malicious abandonment1 ill-treatment1 mental disorder1 legally punishable offences1 dishonourable and immoral conduct1 serious disregard of conjugal duties4 ,as we saw1 the last clause empowered the judge in difficult cases1 by a humane1 reasonable interpretation of the idea 8disregard of conjugal duties10 to pronounce a divorce4 ,it is obvious that in every divorce the interests of the children of the marriage 7if any7 must be especially safeguarded4 ,marriage in ,france1 to which hitherto the clauses of the ,code ,napolon1 analogous to those of our ,civil ,code1 have been applicable1 is said to have recently undergone reform1 both in respect of moral and of legal rights4 ,in ,paris there has been constituted a standing 8,committee of ,marriage ,reform10 composed of well-known authors1 jurists1 and women1 among the number being ,pierre ,louys1 ,marcel ,prevost1 ,judge ,magnaud1 ,octave ,mirbeau1 ,maeterlinck1 ,henri ,bataille1 ,henri ,coulon1 and ,poincar4 ,in an address to the ,chamber of ,deputies and the ,senate by the ,president of this ,committee1 ,henri ,coulon1 in which he gives the reasons for desiring a change in the present marriage laws1#ahc he says3 8,it would be childish to disguise the fact that the institution of marriage has entered upon a critical phase2 philosophers and novelists lay odds on the complete disappearance of the institution4 ,in this1 perhaps1 they go too far4 ,but it is none the less true that it is a matter of profound interest and importance to reform the institution of marriage4 ,granted this1 how shall we begin8 8,the entrance into marriage must be made as easy as possible2 in this way the number of marriages which are based upon love will rapidly increase4 ,then1 the married pair must have equal rights1 equal duties1 and equal responsibilities2 in this way marriage will become more practical and less immoral than it is at present4 ,finally--and this is the most important of all--it is necessary to facilitate divorce4 ,divorce will then become the worthy separation of two thinking beings1 and will no longer be the disgusting comedy that it is at the present day4 8,for those determined to live apart1 for those whose morals are loose1 indissoluble marriage itself is no longer a bond4 ,absolute freedom is no hindrance to conjugal fidelity and constancy2 on the contrary1 freedom is the cause of constancy4 8,divorce is not happiness1 but it is a help towards happiness4 ,for two human beings who hate one another to continue to live together is a much greater evil than divorce4 ,certainly it would be preferable if husband and wife could continue to love one another as they did during the first days of their married life2 that they should love their children and be honoured by them4 ,but since humanity is not free from faults and vices1 this does not always happen4 ,divorce1 as we wish for it1 makes marriage worthier and more profound4 ,such marriages will be better suited to the new social movements and to the modern spirit4 8,the civil equality of the two sexes must be a fundamental principle of modern law4 ,the ,french ,civil ,code already recognizes for both sexes equal rights in some respects2 but the wife still loses a certain portion of her rights in the moment that she marries4 ,she is in fact rendered incapable of business4 ,the contrast between the incapacity for business of the married woman and the capacity for business of the unmarried is one of the characteristic traits of our legislation4 8,divorce1 as it now exists1 contradicts the indissolubility of the marriage bond demanded by the ,church4 ,adultery should only be regarded as a ground for divorce1 and should not exonerate the murderer who kills his adulterous wife or her accomplice4 8,we demand the abolition of the punishment for adultery1 because prosecutions of this character arise either from revengeful feelings or from litigiousness40 ,justice demands that with this facilitation of divorce1 as advocated in the ,french scheme of marriage reform1 there should be associated increased security for the care of the dependent wife and children after divorce4 ,in this connexion1 conjugal responsibility is merely a part of sexual responsibility in general4 ,if two independent1 free individuals have sexual relations one with the other1 in or out of marriage1 they thereby both undertake in respect of their own persons and of all possible offspring1 the duty and the responsibility which are the outcome of a natural instinctive feeling1 namely1 8the sense of sexual responsibility40 ,this must dominate the entire sexual life of every human being1 as a categorical imperative4 ,in this is to be found the necessary ethical counterpoise to the activity of boundless sexual egoism4 ,for the love of the future and its social regulation1 the three following conditions appear to me to be determinative2 they form a part also of the ,french programme of marriage reform3 #a4 ,equal rights1 equal duties1 equal responsibilities on the part of husband and wife4 #b4 ,facilitation of divorce4 #c4 ,individual freedom to be regarded as preferable to coercion4 ,freedom best promotes constancy in love4#ahd ,if these principles were strictly carried out in practical life1 without doubt1 and as a matter of absolute certainty1 the number of divorces would not increase1 but would diminish1 and we should sooner witness the realization of the ideal of true marriage1 as the lifelong union of two free personalities1 fully conscious of their duties and their rights4 ,the high ethical and social significance of family life will ever continue1 even under the freest love1 by which1 as ,i must again and again insist1 ,i do not understand unrestricted and continually changing extra-conjugal sexual intercourse4 ,against this the gravest considerations must be urged4 ,what 8free love0 is1 is already apparent from the preceding exposition1 but in the next chapter the subject will be more thoroughly discussed4 ,,appendix ,,one ,,hundred ,,typical ,,marriages ,,and ,,some ,,characteristic ,,pictures ,,of ,,the ,,married ,,state1 ,,after ,,gross-,,hoffinger ,in a long-forgotten1 but very interesting1 book by ,dr4 ,anton ,j4 ,gross-,hoffinger1 entitled 8,the ,fate of ,women1 and ,prostitution in ,relation to the ,principle of the ,indissolubility of ,catholic ,marriage1 and especially in ,relation to the ,laws of ,austria and the ,philosophy of our ,time10#ahe we find a collection1 equally interesting to psychologists and to students of human character1 to the physician1 the jurist1 and the sociologist1 of a hundred typical marriages1 and also a more detailed description of the course of a few marriages4 ,these sketches deserve to be preserved from oblivion1 because they will serve equally well as an example of marriages of our time4 ,in the first place1 the author discusses the principal difficulties of marriage4 ,he then asks whether1 in view of the smallness of the number of those comparatively happy persons who have found it possible to live a legal and at the same time a natural family life1 the existing marriage laws1 religious ideas1 and social customs have attained their aim1 whether they give rise1 as a general rule1 to happy and fruitful1 honourable and blessed unions4 ,the author hesitated long before presenting for the first time 8to the ,catholic world the picture of the actual state of marriages in that world1 a picture based upon numerous experiences and observations40 ,he investigated one hundred marriages of persons belonging to the most diverse classes1 without selection1 as they came under his observation by chance2 then1 again1 another hundred1 and once again a third hundred4 ,always the results were equally sad2 always the ratio between happy and unhappy marriages was the same4 ,the result of his investigations was1 he states3 8,although ,i have earnestly sought for happy marriages1 my search has to this extent been vain1 that ,i have never been able to satisfy myself that happy marriages are anything but extremely isolated exceptions to the general rule40 ,in his view this is not the unhappy result of erroneous observation1 but depends upon exact observation during a long series of years1 and in conditions which brought him into intimate relationship with numbers of persons in all classes of society4 ,thus1 after a long1 difficult1 and careful investigation into a hundred marriages among persons of different classes1 he obtained the following results1 here briefly summarized3 ,upper ,classes4 #a4 ,the marriage not unhappy1 wife suffering from disorder arousing suspicion of syphilis2 conjugal fidelity of the husband prior to the occurrence of this illness doubtful4 ,children sickly4 #b4 ,both parties to the marriage happy in advanced age1 after the husband had lived freely4 #c4 ,both parties happy in advanced age--childless4 #d4 ,husband impotent1 wife unhappy4 #e4 ,husband an old man1 wife unfaithful4 #f4 ,husband and wife apparently happy--children scrofulous4 #g4 ,the husband removed from home by circumstances1 wife unfaithful4 #h4 ,both parties unhappy1 the husband a libertine4 #i4 ,both parties apparently content in advanced age4 #aj4 ,husband a dissolute old libertine1 wife unhappy1 but resigned--no children4 #aa4 ,condition precisely similar to ,no4 #aj4 #ab4 ,a happy msalliance4 #ac4 ,the husband phlegmatically happy1 wife dissolute1 children ill1 mother sickly4 #ad4 ,husband dissipated1 wife resigned4 ,husband and wife have come to an understanding4 #ae4 ,husband a libertine1 wife a ,messalina4 ,both parties syphilitic4 ,children sickly4 #af4 ,both parties unhealthy and miserable4 ,husband dissipated1 coarse4 ,wife ill1 in a decline4 #ag4 ,husband a coarse libertine1 wife separated from him and unhappy4 ,upper-,middle ,classes4 #ah4 ,both parties unhappy4 ,husband impotent4 ,wife1 who is elderly1 a ,messalina4 ,marriage childless and unceasingly stormy4 #ai4 ,both parties tolerably happy1 owing to gentleness and good-heartedness4 ,husband a sensualist and unfaithful4 ,wife faithful1 ailing4 #bj4 ,both parties unhappy4 ,incessant domestic warfare in the house4 #ba4 ,phlegmatic rich husband1 poor suffering wife--marriage childless--happily1 as it seems4 #bb4 ,both parties in very advanced age1 apparently happy4 ,their past doubtful4 ,scrofulous children4 #bc4 ,childless marriage between a former high-class mistress and a dissolute man4 #bd4 ,an apparently happy marriage between a still young husband and an elderly wife4 ,the former compensates himself secretly4 #be4 ,unhappy marriage4 ,both parties unsatisfied4 ,husband dissolute4 ,wife resigned4 #bf4 ,happy marriage4 #bg4 ,doubtfully happy marriage4 #bh4 ,extremely unhappy marriage4 ,husband a libertine1 unprincipled2 wife half insane2 children syphilitic4 #bi4 ,unhappy marriage1 the husband formerly somewhat fickle1 the wife unforgiving4 #cj4 ,happy marriage4 ,both parties immoral1 dissolute2 the wife carries on secret prostitution with the knowledge of the husband1 who on his side keeps several mistresses4 ,they take matters philosophically6 #ca4 ,the husband a libertine and seducer by profession1 the wife separated from him4 #cb4 ,happy marriage4 ,the husband inclined to gallantry1 without being absolutely dissolute4 ,wife gentle1 patient1 fond of her husband1 and faithful4 #cc4 ,the husband ill as the result of dissipation1 the wife frivolous4 ,indifferent marriage4 #cd4 ,the husband made happy by means of his wife's money1 but neglects her2 she is very ill1 wasting away4 ,childless marriage4 #ce4 ,husband impotent4 ,wife1 with knowledge of her husband1 on intimate terms with a friend of the family4 ,in its way a happy marriage4 #cf4 ,dissolute husband1 dissolute wife1 both shameless and free-thinking--in mutual indifference they seem fairly happy4 #cg4 ,husband old and sickly1 a worn-out libertine4 ,the wife on intimate terms with a friend of the house4 ,happy marriage6 #ch4 ,unhappy marriage4 ,husband phlegmatic1 wife extremely passionate and voluptuous4 #ci4 ,unhappy marriage4 ,a worthless speculator who led astray the wife of a wealthy man and then deserted her4 ,childless4 #dj4 ,husband debilitated by excesses2 wife immoral4 ,happy marriage6 #da4 ,husband debilitated by excesses2 wife patient4 ,happy marriage6 #db4 ,a similar state of affairs4 #dc4 ,happy marriage4 ,both parties still very young1 untried4 #dd4 ,happy marriage4 ,husband phlegmatic--wife faithful4 #de4 ,husband debilitated by excesses1 wife rich4 ,at the moment1 a happy marriage4 ,professional and ,trading ,classes4 #df4 ,happy marriage4 ,the husband phlegmatic and seldom unfaithful2 wife forbearing1 good1 and faithful4 #dg4 ,happy marriage4 ,both parties rich and young4 ,husband1 without his wife's knowledge1 loves the joys of ,venus4 #dh4 ,unhappy marriage4 ,an enforced marriage of prudence4 ,the husband lives with a concubine1 wife separated from him4 #di4 ,unhappy marriage4 ,poverty1 jealousy1 and childlessness4 #ej4 ,happy marriage1 owing to the forbearance and consideration of the wife towards the sullen1 irascible husband4 #ea4 ,unhappy marriage4 ,husband lives happily with a concubine1 the wife unhappily with a false friend4 #eb4 ,unhappy marriage4 ,phlegmatic husband1 immoral wife1 continuous quarrelling4 #ec4 ,unhappy marriage4 ,the husband henpecked1 impotent4 ,the wife masterful1 quarrelsome1 and ill-tempered4 #ed4 ,husband and wife have separated4 #ee4 ,happy marriage4 ,the husband is good-humoured and deceived2 the wife a sensual libertine2 children sickly2 wife incurably ill4 #ef4 ,happy marriage4 ,the husband a worn-out debauchee1 the wife a worn-out prostitute4 ,both incurably ill1 for the same reason4 #eg4 ,happy marriage1 happy from necessity and phlegm4 #eh4 ,happy marriage4 ,the husband1 a swindler1 does everything possible for those dependent on him4 ,the wife1 formerly a prostitute1 is happy in consequence of his care4 #ei4 ,a happy1 artistic marriage4 ,happy on account of mutual laxity and accommodation4 #fj4 ,similar circumstances4 #fa4 ,happy marriage4 ,the husband conceals his diversions with success4 ,wife faithful and always gentle4 #fb4 ,unhappy marriage4 ,light conduct on both sides1 with usual results4 #fc4 ,happy marriage4 ,the conjugal fidelity of the husband not above suspicion4 #fd4 ,similar circumstances4 #fe4 #ff4 ,unhappy marriage4 ,a marriage of prudence4 ,the husband set himself up with his wife's money1 but spends it on light women2 the wife revenges herself by boundless ill-temper4 #fg4 ,unhappy marriage4 ,marriage of prudence4 ,the young husband settled in business on the money of his elderly wife2 she nags1 and he is drinking himself to death4 #fh4 ,marriage happy owing to avarice on both sides4 #fi4 ,marriage compulsorily happy owing to poverty on both sides4 #gj4 ,happy marriage6 ,husband a drunkard4 ,wife avaricious4 ,childless4 #ga4 ,husband and wife are separated2 the husband abandoned his wife to poverty and prostitution4 #gb4 ,unhappy marriage4 ,husband impotent1 wife lustful4 ,continued unhappiness4 #gc4 ,young married pair2 wife mistress of a wealthy ,jew1 who supports the family4 #gd4 ,unhappy marriage4 ,husband dissolute1 no longer cares for his wife2 the latter incurably ill2 children syphilitic4 #ge4 ,unhappy marriage4 ,both parties sickly and poor4 #gf4 ,a marriage of speculation4 ,husband has sold his wife three times to different wealthy men2 in this way he makes his living4 #gg4 ,immoral marriage4 ,the husband lives by a swindling industry4 ,the wife lives on a pension given by one whose mistress she formerly was--children brought up to prostitution4 #gh4 ,easy-going marriage4 ,husband formerly a domestic servant1 now in business2 wife formerly a prostitute who had saved money4 ,childless4 #gi4 ,happy marriage1 between a fool and a clever woman4 #hj4 ,unhappy marriage4 ,the husband dislikes his wife1 is plagued to death by her2 she brought the property into the house4 #ha4 ,dissipated husband1 dissipated wife1 separated from one another4 ,the children scrofulous4 #hb4 ,impotent husband1 licentious wife1 sickly children2 angry and stormy scenes4 #hc4 ,worn-out libertine1 young wife2 the parties are not unhappy1 owing to affluence and freedom from cares4 #hd4 ,artistic marriage4 ,wife the mistress of a great man4 ,the household goes on comfortably4 ,lower ,classes4 #he4 ,dissolute husband4 ,formerly well-to-do1 owing to his wife's dowry1 now reduced with her to beggary4 ,living by a trifling commission business4 ,wife sickly4 ,children dead4 #hf4 ,marriage happy1 in consequence of great poverty4 #hg4 ,a procurer's family4 #hh4 ,happy marriage4 ,husband a thief1 wife a prostitute4 #hi4 ,the marriage unhappy in consequence of poverty4 #ij4 ,unhappy marriage4 ,the husband a drinker1 the wife working amid trouble and poverty4 #ia4 ,unhappy marriage4 ,poverty1 misunderstanding1 jealousy1 and illness4 #ib4 ,a family of servants4 ,wife and daughter at the disposal of the master4 #ic4 ,unhappy marriage4 ,frequent brawls4 ,mutual mistrust1 hatred1 and contempt4 #id4 ,unhappy marriage4 ,upright husband deceived by his wife1 and1 in consequence of great poverty1 is unable to control her4 #ie4 ,unhappy marriage4 ,husband has run away4 #if4 ,immoral marriage4 ,husband1 wife1 and children live on the wages of unchastity4 #ig4 #ih4 ,miserable marriages1 which ended in the poor-house4 #ii4 #ajj4 ,a happy pair1 who had endured all the severe trials of life1 had forgiven each other everything1 and never abandoned one another1 a virtuous marriage in the noblest sense4 ,thus1 among these hundred marriages there were3 ,unhappy1 about #dh ,indifferent #cf ,unquestionably happy #ae ,virtuous #a ,virtuous and orthodox -- ,further1 among these hundred marriages there were3 ,intentionally immoral #ad ,dissolute and libertine #ea ,altogether above suspicion 8 ,further3 ,wives who were ill owing to the husband's fault #cj ,wives who were ill not owing to the husband's fault #cj ,wives who were unhappy1 and had themselves to blame for it #ab ,among these hundred marriages only one was happy owing to mutual faithfulness2 all the other slightly happy marriages1 if one may call them so1 were so only because the wife did not disturb herself with regard to the question of her husband's faithfulness4 ,from these statistics ,gross-,hoffinger draws the following conclusions3 #a4 ,about one-half of all marriages are absolutely unhappy4 #b4 ,much more than one-half of all marriages are obviously demoralized4 #c4 ,the morality of the remaining smaller moiety is preserved only by avoiding questions regarding the husband's faithfulness4 #d4 ,fifteen per cent4 of all marriages live on the earnings of professional unchastity and procurement4 #e4 ,the number of orthodox marriages which are entirely above every suspicion of marital infidelity 7assuming the existence of complete sexual potency7 is in the eyes of every reasonable man1 who understands the demands which ,nature makes1 and the violence of those demands1 equivalent to nil4 ,hence the ecclesiastical purpose of marriage is generally1 fundamentally1 and completely evaded4 8,no compulsion10 thus concludes the author1 8is more unnatural than that of the ,catholic 7,protestant1 ,jewish1 ,greek ,orthodox7 religion1 by which is prescribed a compulsory continuance of marriage1 with its fantastic code and ridiculous conjugal duties and rights4 8,first of all1 this compulsion--this sacrament of marriage--marriage which is nothing1 can be nothing1 according to nature should be nothing1 but a free union and a civil arrangement--results in the avoidance of marriage4 8,secondly1 it results that in marriage the purposes of marriage are not and cannot be completely fulfilled4 8,thirdly1 that marriage has ceased to be the natural marriage which it should be1 and has become merely a business1 a speculation1 or a hospital for invalids40 ,in illustration of this proposition1 ,gross-,hoffinger finally describes from life twenty-four marriages1 some of which1 being especially interesting1 we will here record4 #a4 ,countess ,b41 owing to unavoidable difficulties1 was unable to contract a suitable marriage1 and attained the age of thirty whilst still unmarried4 ,the result of this was she gave herself to a servant1 consequently became infected1 and died of syphilis some months after she had1 finally1 married4 ,her husband was left with an unhappy memorial of this brief marriage4 #b4 ,count ,c41 a man of high rank1 lost his beloved wife through death4 ,circumstances made it impossible for him to marry again4 ,he was afraid of acquiring venereal disorders1 and therefore abstained from natural connexion4 ,through lack of natural sexual gratification his sexual impulse became perverse1 and he took to the practice of ,greek love4 #c4 ,prince ,d41 young1 impotent1 concluded a marriage of convenience with a beautiful1 very passionate lady1 who1 on account of her husband's impotence1 compensated herself with domestic servants1 members of her retinue1 and cavalry soldiers1 and gave birth in these conditions to several children1 which inherited the title of the putative father4 ,in such circumstances the marriage has been very unhappy1 but necessity compels the husband to bear his fate with patience4 #d4 ,count ,e41 in other respects a man of fine character1 made a marriage of convenience with a lady of good family1 who1 however1 was not in a position to make him happy4 ,from natural nobility of character1 he was unwilling to distress his unhappy wife by entering openly into relations with a concubine1 and therefore sought sexual gratification with prostitutes4 ,he became infected1 and transmitted the illness to his wife1 who became seriously ill1 and gave birth to diseased children4 ,although the poor sufferer is unaware of the origin of her troubles1 and bears them with patience2 although her husband takes all possible care of her1 and does his best to bring about the restoration of her health2 the marriage1 owing to the uneasy conscience of the husband and the physical suffering of the wife1 is obviously a very unhappy one4 #e4 ,baron ,f41 a man of wide influence1 in youth a libertine--frivolous1 and of an emotional disposition1 insusceptible to finer feelings1 contracted successively four marriages of convenience1 which in all cases terminated in the death of the wife4 ,there is reason to believe that the unceasing libertinism and unscrupulous conduct of the husband had shortened the life of his wives--and this is all the more probable because all the ,baron's children are sickly and scrofulous4 #f4 ,count ,g41 dissipated libertine1 wasted his property in wild extravagance1 and compelled his wife to live apart from him1 whilst he spent enormous sums on professional singers and dancers and common prostitutes4 ,being ruined as completely financially as physically1 he was despised by persons of all classes1 persecuted by his creditors1 and absolutely detested by his wife4 ,although his pleasures consist chiefly in reminiscences1 he still devotes enormous sums to them1 the money being obtained by a continued increase in his debts4 #g4 ,count ,h4 has been married for many years1 but lives on the most unpleasant terms with his wife1 and devotes his spare time to the society of prostitutes4 ,the scum of the street form his favourite associates2 but his voluptuous adventures carry him also into family life1 and no respectable middle-class wife or girl1 however innocent1 is safe from his advances1 which are all the more incredible because he is quite an old man and completely impotent4 ,he uses all possible means to make the woman of his choice compliant--presents1 promises1 threats4 #h4 ,dr4 ,s41 husband of an immoral wife1 public official1 libertine1 philosopher1 enjoying a small secured income4 ,lives with his wife on a footing which permits both parties unlimited freedom4 ,the worthy couple devote their whole energies to earning money by their industry1 in part by secret prostitution on the part of the wife1 in part by direct and indirect procurement by the holding of piquant evening parties for youthful members of the aristocracy4 ,the family has an extraordinary vogue4 ,persons of high position are engaged in confidential intercourse with them2 young girls of the better classes gladly attend their soires1 since there they meet the lite of the young aristocracy1 rich ,jews1 and officers4 ,this interesting pair get through an almost incredible amount of money2 they keep a magnificent carriage1 they have a country house1 a valuable collection of pictures1 etc4 ,it is only from their servants that both of them receive little respect1 since the male portion of the household subserve the lustful desires of the wife1 the female domestics those of the husband1 and all must be initiated into the secrets of the household industry4 #i4 ,dr4 ,u4 was till recently an old bachelor1 who had never wished to share his property with a wife and children1 and found it much cheaper and more agreeable to impregnate servant-girls and other neglected characters than to keep a mistress1 or to seek his pleasures in the street4 ,finally1 becoming infirm at sixty-two years of age1 and needing nursing1 on account of an occasional gouty swelling of the leg1 he discovered that it was not good for man to be alone4 ,having rank and wealth1 it would have been easy for him to find a young and pretty girl who1 under the title of wife1 would have undertaken to play the part of sick nurse4 ,but the old practitioner knew too well the value of what he had to offer to throw himself away on a poor girl4 ,he considered that it would be reasonable to choose such a partner that he would not be obliged to divide his income1 and to find some one to take care of him in his old age who would cost him nothing at all1 but would rather provide for her own needs4 ,he thought less1 therefore1 of youth than of property1 less of beauty than of thrifty habits2 and finally found an old maid1 a woman with some property1 who1 on account of a somewhat unattractive exterior1 had failed to obtain a husband4 ,now one can see the prudent husband1 who is as faithful to his wife as the gout is faithful to him1 walking from time to time in the street on the arm of his life companion1 whose aspect is somewhat discontented4 ,she still wears the same clothes which she wore before her marriage1 and which have a sufficiently shabby appearance1 but she endures her lot with patience1 because she is now greeted as 8gndige ,frau10 and people kiss her hand1 as they did not do formerly4 #aj4 ,count ,j41 a man of unblemished character1 lived for some time a happy married life4 ,the increasing age of the wife1 however1 associated with the exceptional constitution of the ,count1 whose youth seemed remarkably enduring1 led to scenes of jealousy1 which embittered the life of both4 ,we can hardly suppose that this jealousy is altogether unfounded2 but surely it is a matter for regret that two human beings of distinctly noble character should by marriage be exposed to lifelong unhappiness4 #aa4 ,herr von ,k41 a young merchant in the wholesale trade1 is married to the daughter of a man of position1 and the wife by a rich dowry helped to found her husband's fortunes2 hence she enjoys the distinction over other wives that her husband pretends a great tenderness for her1 and conceals his indiscretions with the greatest possible care4 ,for this reason1 she has always been devoted to him2 she regards him as the example for all other husbands1 as a true phenomenon in the midst of an utterly depraved world of immoral men4 ,and as an actual fact1 if one sees this man1 how he lives in appearance only for his business1 with what delicate modesty he avoids any conversation about loose women1 if one hears him zealously preach against husbands who deceive their wives1 how inconceivable it is to him that a man should find any pleasure in immoral women--one would be willing to swear that he is everything that his wife enthusiastically describes him to be4 ,but some wags amongst his acquaintances1 by taking incredible pains1 discovered that this honourable merchant had no less than seven mistresses1 two of whom belonged to the class of prostitutes1 two to the class of grisettes2 the remaining three had been decent middle-class women4 ,to these last he presented himself under various names and in the most diverse forms--now as attach to an embassy1 now as an officer1 now as a journeyman mechanic4 ,to all these latter mistresses he had promised marriage1 and by a succession of presents1 oaths1 and lies1 he had in each case attained his end1 and thereafter abandoned them without remorse to the consequences of the adventure1 whilst he himself set out to seek in a fresh quarter of the town new sacrifices for the altar of his lusts4 ,since he never had anything to do with known prostitutes and procuresses1 but by personal pains provided the materials for his pleasures1 he succeeded both as a merchant and as a husband in preserving the reputation of a man free from illicit passion and deserving of all confidence4 #ab4 ,major ,w41 a distinguished officer1 a man of honour in every respect1 had in youth married a chambermaid1 naturally1 as one can imagine1 from pure inclination4 ,but the marriage remained barren1 because the wife suffered from organic troubles2 and soon her sexual powers were completely extinguished4 ,whilst the husband still remained virile1 the wife was already an old woman1 suffering from spasmodic and other affections1 surrounded always by medicine-bottles and medical appliances1 always ill-humoured and nagging1 a true torment for the good-natured and amiable husband4 ,the latter bears with ,christian patience and inexhaustible love the ill-humour of his wife2 but ,nature is less pliable than his kind heart3 his conjugal tenderness diminishes1 and his ardent temperament seeks other outlets for the gratification of his natural sexual desires4 ,the sick wife notices this coolness1 and revenges herself by a refined cruelty4 ,she knows that sulkiness on her part makes him ill and miserable2 she therefore afflicts him with coldness of manner1 and by jealousy and ill-temper she makes his life a hell4 ,there occur horrible scenes of domestic brawling1 which more than once have led the husband to attempt to end his troubles by suicide4 ,he suffers in a threefold fashion3 by the continued irritation of his healthy natural impulse1 by the illnesses he contracts in gratifying that impulse1 and by the sorrows of his really loved wife4 ,he imposes upon himself a voluntary celibacy in order that he may not make her ill2 but this sacrifice does not suffice1 it does not make his wife gentler towards him4 ,she demands from him1 tacitly1 all the ardency of the bridegroom2 there is no rescue possible from this inferno4 ,the husband surrenders himself to a quiet despair4 ,he is faithful in his vocation2 he lives only for the wife1 who torments him continually4 ,the neighbours see a very unedifying example of an extremely unhappy marriage1 originally contracted as a pure love match1 and none the less entailing martyrdom alike on husband and wife4 ,,note4--,that in ,vienna the conjugal conditions so graphically described in the above extracts are still much the same as formerly1 and that marriage needs and marriage lies are there exceptionally painful is shown by the foundation in ,vienna of a 8,society for ,marriage ,reform10 which sent to the ,assembly of ,german ,jurists1 meeting at ,kiel in the beginning of ,september1 #aijf1 the telegraphic request that they would undertake a revision of ,austrian marriage law1 since hitherto no cure had been found for unhappy marriage in ,austria1 no divorce was possible1 and those who had obtained a judicial separation could1 according to ,canon ,law1 sue one another on account of adultery 7cf4 ,neue ,freie ,presse1 ,no4 #aeajh1 ,september #ac1 #aijf74 ,it is hardly credible1 but1 according to a report in the ,berlin ,aerzte-,correspondenz1 #aijg1 ,no4 #h1 it is true1 that the ,medical ,court of ,honour for the town of ,berlin and the province of ,brandenburg1 in the year of our ,lord #aijf1 punished physicians on the ground of adultery6 #aee ,p4 ,ncke1 one of the most trustworthy authorities on sexual anthropology1 writes as follows3 8,that in ancient times1 before monogamy1 there was polygamy1 or even a state resembling promiscuity1 is very probable 7,westermarck notwithstanding71 and can1 in fact1 be assumed a priori0 78,einiges zur ,frauenfrage und zur sexuellen ,abstinenz0--8,a ,contribution to the ,woman's ,question and to the ,problem of ,sexual ,abstinence071 published in the ,archiv f4 ,kriminalanthropologie1 vol4 xiv41 p4 #eb 7,hans ,gross1 #aijc74 ,cf4 also ,lohsing's 8,zustimmung zur ,annahme einer ursprnglichen ,promiscuitt10 ibid41 vol4 xvi41 p4 #ccb4 ,the question of sexual promiscuity has recently been further considered by ,p4 ,ncke 78,earliest ,beginnings of ,human ,society10 in ,die ,umschau of ,august #ag1 #aijg74 ,he believes that the state of pure promiscuity lasted a short time only1 and gave place to certain nuclei of family structure1 a kind of semi-promiscuity1 which1 prior to the complete development of the family union1 lasted much longer than the state of pure promiscuity4 ,still1 these earliest families were merely temporary1 and only later became fixed and permanent4 ,this assumption1 however1 does not affect the fact of a primordial pure promiscuity4 ,ncke himself also recognizes promiscuity as the natural state of primitive man4 #aef ,h4 ,schurtz1 8,altersklassen und ,mnnerbnde3 eine ,darstellung der ,grundformen der ,gesellschaft0--8,age ,classes and ,associations of ,men3 a ,demonstration of the ,fundamental ,forms of ,society10 p4 #agf 7,berlin1 #aijb74 #aeg ,n4 ,melnikow1 8,the ,buryats of the ,district of ,irkutsk10 published in the ,transactions of the ,berlin ,society of ,anthropology1 ,ethnology1 and ,primeval ,history1 p4 #ddj 7#ahii74 #aeh ,marco ,polo1 translated by ,yule1 #bnd edition1 vol4 ii41 pp4 #ch1 #ci 7,london1 #ahge74 #aei ,cf4 my 8,contributions to the ,etiology of ,psychopathia ,sexualis10 vol4 i41 pp4 #afe-afi4 #afj ,cf41 regarding group-marriage1 the writings of ,joseph ,kehler1 more particularly 8,zur ,urgeschichte der ,ehe0--8,the ,primitive ,history of ,marriage0 7,stuttgart1 #ahig72 8,rechtsphilosophie und ,naturrecht0--8,the ,philosophy of ,law and ,natural ,right10 published in ,holtzendorff-,kohler's 8,encyklopdie der ,rechtswissenschaft10 pp4 #bg-cf 7,leipzig1 #aijb72 8,die ,gruppenehe0--8,group-,marriage10 in 8,aus ,kultur und ,leben10 pp4 #bb-bi 7,berlin1 #aijd72 finally the chapter on 8,group-,marriage0 by ,schurtz 7op4 cit474 ,a quite modern instance of group-marriage was the ,oneida community1 8a league of two hundred persons to regard their children as #8common4'0 ,for an account of the ,oneida experiment see ,noyes1 8,a ,history of ,american ,socialisms40--,,translator4 #afa ,j4 ,j4 ,bachofen1 8,das ,mutterrecht0--8,matriarchy0 7,stuttgart1 #ahfa74 #afb ,ludwig ,stein1 8,die ,anfnge der ,kultur0--8,the ,beginnings of ,civilization0--pp4 #ajf1 #ajg4 #afc ,eduard von ,mayer1 8,die ,lebensgesetze der ,kultur0--8,the ,vital ,laws of ,civilization0--p4 #baj4 #afd ,g4 ,f4 ,w4 ,hegel1 8,fundamental ,outlines of the ,philosophy of ,law1 or ,natural ,rights and ,political ,science in ,outline10 edited by ,eduard ,gans1 second edition1 p4 #bah 7,berlin1 #ahdj74 #afe ,that is to say1 it is not sufficient to replace the father-right by the mother-right1 as1 for example1 ,ruth ,br demands 78,the ,children of the ,state1 or the ,mother-,right80 ,leipzig1 #aijd74 #aff ,there is a most apposite remark in one of ,george ,meredith's novels4 ,he imagines that an ,oriental vizier 7from a ,mohammedan country7 is visiting our 8,christian0 capital1 and late one evening1 after a dinner-party at a distinguished house1 walks homeward by way of ,piccadilly4 ,he asks1 and is told1 who are the numerous ladies walking the streets at that late hour4 8,i perceive0 said the vizier1 8that monogamic society has a decent visage and a hideous rear40--,,translator4 #afg ,m4 ,nordau1 8,the ,conventional ,lies of our ,civilization10 pp4 #bfc-cag 7,leipzig1 #ahhd74 #afh ,georg ,hirth estimates the percentage of marriages of convenience as even higher--viz41 #ij per cent4 ,cf4 his 8,ways to ,love10 p4 #fjg4 #afi ,cf4 my 8,contributions to the ,etiology of ,psychopathia ,sexualis10 vol4 i41 pp4 #afe-agd2 vol4 ii41 pp4 #aij1 #aia1 #bjh1 #bji1 #cfc1 #cfd4 #agj ,schopenhauer's ,collected ,works1 edited by ,e4 ,grisebach1 vol4 ii41 p4 #accg 7,leipzig1 #aije74 #aga ,ernest ,stiedenroth1 8,psychologie zur ,erklrung der ,seelenerscheinungen10 pp4 #bbd1 #bbe 7,berlin1 #ahbe74 #agb ,max ,nordau1 8,conventional ,lies10 p4 #cje4 #agc ,cf4 in this connexion the feuilleton of the ,vossische ,zeitung1 ,no4 #bhf1 ,june #ag1 #aijd4 ,jean ,paul1 also1 was an enthusiast in theory and practice for such double love4 ,he called it 8simultaneous love40 ,the idea of simultaneous love has also been employed in a recently published ,french novel1 8,a la ,merci de l',heure10 by ,jean ,tarbel 7,paris1 #aijg74 ,the heroine has need of two lovers--a celebrated literary professor for head and heart1 and in addition1 a young physician for the gratification of her sensual needs4 ,contrariwise1 ,knut ,hamsun1 in 8,pan10 and ,guy de ,maupassant in 8,notre ,cur10 describe the double love of a man for a woman of the world and for a child of ,nature4 #agd ,friederich ,schleiermacher1 8,philosophic and ,other ,writings10 vol4 i41 p4 #dgc 7,berlin1 #ahdf74 #age ,cf4 ,eduard von ,hartmann1 8,philosophie des ,unbewussten10 p4 #bje4 ,in a ,french collection--8,l',amour par les ,grands crivains10 by ,julien ,lemer1 p4 #ad 7,paris1 #ahfa7--we find the saying1 8,ordinairement1 lorsqu'on se marie par amour1 il vient ensuite de la haine2 c'est que j'ai vu de mes yeux0 78,ordinarily1 when one marries for love1 hate takes its place4 ,i have seen it with my own eyes074 #agf ,b4 ,z4 am ,mittag1 ,no4 #baj1 ,september #g1 #aijf4 #agg 8,annales d',hygine ,publique10 #aijj1 p4 #cdj4 #agh ,elard ,h4 ,meyer1 8,deutsche ,volkskunde10 p4 #aff 7,strasburg1 #ahih74 #agi ,ludwig ,stein1 8,der ,sinn des ,daseins0--8,the ,sense of ,existence10 p4 #bce 7,tbingen and ,leipzig1 #aijd74 #ahj ,h4 ,th4 ,buckle1 8,history of ,civilization in ,england40 #aha ,g4 ,schmoller1 8,elements of ,general ,political ,economy10 vol4 i41 p4 #bej 7,leipzig1 #aija74 #ahb #aefh runs3 8,a husband or wife can sue for divorce when the wife or husband by serious disregard of the duties entailed by marriage1 or by dishonourable or immoral conduct1 has brought about so profound a disorder of the conjugal relationship that to the offended party the continuation of the marriage appears impossible4 ,gross ill-treatment is also to be regarded as a serious infringement of these duties40 ,it is clear that the emphasized passage is capable of manifold interpretations1 and it thus compensates for the abolition of the earlier grounds for divorce based upon incompatibility of temper4 #ahc ,taken from the newspaper ,le ,jour1 ,no4 #ccg1 ,july #f1 #aijf4 #ahd ,compare ,browning's lines1 in 8,james ,lee's ,wife03 8,how the light1 light love1 he has wings to fly ,at suspicion of a bond40--,,translator4 #ahe 8,die ,schicksale der ,frauen und die ,prostitution im ,zusammenhange mit dem ,prinzip der ,unauflsbarkeit der katholischen ,ehe und besonders der sterreichischen ,gesetzgebung und der ,philosophie des ,zeitalters0 7,leipzig1 #ahdg74 ,,chapter ,,xi ,,free ,,love 8,the transformation of coercive marriage into a free and equal marriage1 one more closely approaching perfection1 both naturally and morally1 can only be effected in conjunction with social arrangements providing for the complete economic independence of woman1 and giving security for her material means of subsistence4 ,unless this indispensable preliminary is fulfilled1 the highest ideal of free morality will be debased to the level of a gross caricature40--,e4 ,d,,hring4 ,,contents ,,of ,,chapter ,,xi ,free love as a burning question of our time -- ,definition -- ,free love not equivalent to extra-conjugal sexual intercourse -- ,defamation of free love and sanction of extra-conjugal sexual intercourse by the coercive-marriage-morality -- ,the immoral duplex morality for man and woman -- ,its momentous influence upon the sexual corruption of the present day -- ,free love as the only source of help -- ,actual realization of free love among the proletariat -- ,strengthening of the sense of responsibility in consequence of free love4 ,history of free love in the nineteenth century -- ,william ,godwin's fight against coercive marriage -- ,his free union with ,mary ,woolstonecraft -- ,shelley's polemic against conventional sexual morality -- ,john ,ruskin on free love -- ,goethe's marriage of conscience -- ,his 8,wahlverwandtschaften0 78,elective ,affinities07 -- ,the remarkable proposal for a temporary marriage in this romance -- ,perhaps based upon a ,japanese custom -- ,malayan temporary marriage -- ,influence of ,schlegel's 8,lucinde0 -- ,karoline's marriage wanderings -- ,free love in ,jena and ,berlin -- ,communistic-socialistic ideas regarding free love -- ,rtif de la ,bretonne1 ,saint-,simon1 ,enfantin1 and ,fourier -- ,george ,sand's 8,jacques0 -- ,the 8,es-geht-an-,idea0 of the ,swedish author ,almquist -- ,schopenhauer's fight against coercive marriage -- ,his one-sided standpoint -- ,his description of the disastrous effects of monogamic coercive marriage -- ,his apology for concubinage -- ,criticism of his view of the rle of women in marriage reform -- ,his theory of tetragamy -- ,first communication of a hitherto unpublished note of ,schopenhauer's on tetragamy -- ,criticism of this theory4 ,free love based upon only-love1 the watchword of the future -- ,bohemian love -- ,does not correspond to the ideal of free love -- ,importance of social and economic factors in the sexual relationships of the present day -- ,efforts for sexual reform -- ,the literature of free love -- ,charles ,albert's communistic foundation of free love -- ,liberation of love from the dominion of the state and of capital -- ,ladislaus ,gumplowicz -- ,bebel's 8,die ,frau und der ,sozialismus0 78,woman and ,socialism07 -- ,the psychologico-individual foundation of free love -- ,eugen ,dhring -- ,edward ,carpenter's 8,love's ,coming of ,age0 -- ,his ideas regarding self-control and spiritual procreation -- ,ellen ,key's work1 8,ueber ,liebe und ,ehe0 78,love and ,marriage07 -- ,detailed analysis of this work -- ,her critique of nominal 8monogamy0 -- ,her idea of 8spiritualized sensuality0 -- 8,erotic monism0 -- ,the unity of marriage and love -- ,sexual dualism owing to coercive marriage and prostitution -- ,general diffusion of erotic scepticism -- ,recognition of love as the spiritual force of life -- ,importance of relative asceticism -- ,love's choice -- ,medical certificates of fitness for marriage -- ,immoral love -- ,the right to motherhood -- ,preliminary conditions -- ,necessity for free divorce -- ,unfortunate marriages -- ,importance of divorce to children -- ,new programme of the rights of children -- ,ellen ,key's new marriage law -- ,endowment of motherhood -- ,authorities for the protection of children -- ,division of the property of husband and wife -- ,discontinuance of the coercion to live together -- ,secret marriages -- ,conditions under which marriage is to be contracted -- ,divorce -- ,council of ,divorce -- ,jury for the care of children -- ,sexual responsibility -- 8,marriages of conscience0 -- ,examples from ,sweden -- ,public notification of 8free0 unions -- ,legal recognition of 8free0 unions in ,sweden -- ,increase in the number of 8marriage protestants0 -- ,importance of free love to the vital advance of humanity -- ,general characterization of ,ellen ,key's book -- ,its importance in connexion with sexual reform in ,germany -- ,formation of 8,the ,association for the ,protection of ,mothers0 -- ,directors and committee of this society -- ,preliminary appeal and programme of the association -- ,the periodical ,mutterschutz -- ,the formation of local groups -- ,the 8,umwertungs-,gesellschaft0 7,revaluation ,society7 of the ,united ,states -- ,its characterization of modern marriage -- ,the ,berlin 8,union for ,sexual ,reform0 -- ,helene ,stcker's 8,love and ,woman0 -- ,conception of the sexual problem in the sense of ,nietzsche -- ,no revolution1 but evolution and reform -- ,deepening of woman's soul by means of the older love -- ,the affirmation of life of the new love -- ,the economic and social grounds for the necessity of social reform -- ,friedrich ,naumann1 ,lily ,braun1 and others1 on this subject -- ,increase in enforced abstinence from marriage -- ,the 8maintenance question0 a crying scandal of our time -- ,a characteristic letter -- ,the radical evil of conventional morality -- ,insurance of motherhood -- ,homes for pregnant women and for infants -- ,the rights of the 8illegitimate0 child -- ,suggestions regarding a statistical inquiry relating to free love and illegitimate offspring in the upper classes -- ,examples of celebrated personalities4 ,,chapter ,,xi ,the problem of 8free love0 is the burning question of our time4 ,upon its proper solution depends the future of civilization1 and our ultimate liberation from the ignominious conditions of the amatory life of the present day1 dependent as these are upon coercive marriage4 ,this is our firm conviction1 our profound belief1 one which we share with many1 and those not the worst minds of our day4 ,free love is neither1 as malevolent opponents maintain1 the abolition of marriage1 nor is it the organization of extra-conjugal sexual intercourse4 ,free love and extra-conjugal sexual intercourse have nothing whatever to do one with the other4 ,indeed1 ,i go so far as to maintain that true free love1 as it must and will prevail1 will limit casual and unregulated extra-conjugal sexual intercourse to a far greater extent than coercive marriage has ever succeeded in doing4 ,above all1 free love will ennoble sexual intercourse4 ,for the longer1 in existing economic conditions1 we cling to the antiquated 8coercive marriage10 which has so long been in need of reform1 the smaller is the number of those who desire to marry1 the more advanced becomes the age of marriage1 the greater becomes the general sexual wretchedness1 the deeper shall we sink into the mephitic slough of prostitution1 towards which the increasing promiscuity of extra-conjugal sexual intercourse inevitably leads us4 ,for this is the peculiar1 hypocritical1 and absurd mode of argument of those who uphold conventional marriage2 they despise and brand with infamy every sexual relationship of two adult independent persons based upon free love1 and sanction quite openly casual transitory extra-conjugal sexual intercourse1 devoid of all personal relationships1 not only with prostitutes1 but also with respectable women4 8,bachelorhood10 says ,max ,nordau1 8is very far from being equivalent to sexual continence4 ,the bachelor receives from society the tacit permission to indulge in the convenience of intercourse with woman1 when and where he can2 it calls his self-seeking pleasures #8successes1' and surrounds them with a kind of poetic glory2 and the amiable vice of ,don ,juan arouses in society a feeling composed of envy1 sympathy1 and secret admiration40#ahf ,on the other hand1 this same conventional coercive marriage morality demands from the girl complete sexual continence and intactness until the time of her marriage6 ,but every reasonable and just man must ask the question1 ,where1 then1 are the unmarried men to gratify their sexual impulse if at the same time the unmarried girls are condemned to absolute chastity8 ,it is merely necessary to place these two facts side by side in order to expose the utter mendacity and shamelessness of the coercive marriage morality1 and to display the true cancer of our sexual life1 the sole cause of the increasing diffusion of prostitution1 of wild sexual promiscuity1 and of venereal diseases4 ,when hereafter1 before the judgment-seat of history1 the dreadful 8j'accuse0 is uttered against the sexual corruption of our time1 then there will be a good defence for those of us who1 under the device1 8,away with prostitution6 away with the brothels6 away with all #8wild' love6 away with venereal diseases60 were the first to indicate free love as the one and only means of rescue from these miseries4 ,we are always told that men are not yet ready for the free1 independent management of their sexual life2 mankind is not yet ripe for the necessary responsibility4 ,our opponents point especially to the danger of such an opinion and such reforms for the lower classes4 ,but human beings are better than the defenders of the obsolete conventional morality would have us believe1 and above all1 it is the members of the lower classes whom we may quietly allow to follow the dictates of their own hearts4 ,they1 indeed1 give us the example that freedom is not equivalent to immorality and pleasure-seeking2 that1 on the contrary1 it is freedom that awakens and keeps active the consciousness of duty and the sense of responsibility4 ,alfred ,blaschko rightly draws attention to the fact that among the proletariat for a long time already the idea of free love has been actually realized4 ,in a large majority of cases men and women of these classes have sexual intercourse with one another1 especially between the ages of eighteen and twenty-five1 without marrying4#ahg 8,among the proletariat free love has never been regarded as sinful4 ,where there is no property which is capable of being left to a legitimate heir1 where the appeal of the heart draws man and woman together1 from the very earliest times people have troubled themselves little about the blessing of the priest2 and had it not been that at the present day the civil form of marriage is so simple1 whilst1 on the other hand1 there are so many difficulties placed in the path of unmarried mothers and illegitimate children1 who can tell if the modern proletariat would not long ago1 as far as they themselves are concerned1 have abolished marriage80#ahh ,blaschko adduces proofs that in all places in which free love is not possible prostitution takes its place4 ,this fact affords a striking proof of the necessity of free love4 ,for there can be no doubt as to the correct answer to the question which is better1 prostitution or free love4 ,max ,marcus and other physicians have recently discussed the question whether the medical man is justified in recommending extra-conjugal sexual intercourse4 ,i myself1 as a physician1 and as an ardent supporter of the efforts for the suppression of venereal diseases1 in view of the enormous increase of professional prostitution 7both public and private71 and in view also of the extraordinarily wide diffusion of venereal diseases1 feel compelled to answer this question1 generally speaking1 in the negative4 ,yet ,i look to the introduction of free love1 and in association with free love of a new sexual morality1 in accordance with which man and woman are regarded as two free personalities1 with equal rights and also equal responsibilities1 as the only possible rescue from the misery of prostitution and of venereal disease4 ,place the free woman beside the free man1 inspire both with the profound sense of responsibility which will result from the activity of the love of two free personalities1 and you will see that to them and to their children such love will bring true happiness4 ,before going further into this problem of free love1 ,i will give a brief account of the history of the question during the nineteenth century4 ,we shall see that quite a number of leading spirits1 morally lofty natures1 were occupied with the question1 because they were deeply impressed with the intolerable character of existing conditions in the sexual sphere1 and were convinced that help was only to be found in a relaxation of those conditions in the sense of a freer conception of sexual relationships4 ,in addition to the romanticists 7vide supra1 pp4 #afi and #age7 in the beginning of the nineteenth century in ,england1 ,william ,godwin1 the lover and husband of ,mary ,wollstonecraft 7the celebrated advocate of woman's rights71 in his 8,political ,justice10 declared the conventional coercive marriage to be an obsolete institution1 by which the freedom of the individual was seriously curtailed4 ,marriage is a question of property1 and one person ought not to become the property of another4 ,godwin maintained that the abolition of marriage would have no evil consequences4 ,the free love and subsequent marriage of ,godwin and ,mary ,wollstonecraft deserves a short description4 ,godwin was of opinion that the members of a family should not see too much of one another4 ,he also believed that they would interfere with one another's work if they lived in the same house4 ,for this reason he furnished some rooms for himself at a little distance from ,mary ,wollstonecraft's dwelling1 and often first appeared at her house at a late lunch2 the intervening hours were spent by both in literary work4 ,they exchanged letters also during the day4#ahi ,doubtless under the influence of the views of ,godwin1 ,shelley1 in the notes to 8,queen ,mab10 writes a violent polemic against coercive marriage4 ,he says3 8,love withers under constraint2 its very essence is liberty2 it is compatible neither with obedience1 jealousy1 nor fear2 it is there most pure1 perfect1 and unlimited1 where its votaries live in confidence1 equality1 and unreserve4 ,how long1 then1 ought the sexual connexion to last8 ,what law ought to specify the extent of the grievances which should limit its duration8 ,a husband and wife ought to continue so long united as they love each other2 any law which should bind them to cohabitation for one moment after the decay of their affection would be a most intolerable tyranny40#aij ,he then proceeds to attack the conventional morality so intimately associated with coercive marriage1 and concludes with the words3 8,chastity is a monkish and evangelical superstition1 a greater foe to natural temperance even than unintellectual sensuality2 it strikes at the root of all domestic happiness1 and consigns more than half of the human race to misery1 that some few may monopolize according to law4 ,a system could not well have been devised more studiously hostile to human happiness than marriage4 ,i conceive that from the abolition of marriage1 the fit and natural arrangement of sexual connexion would result4 ,i by no means assert that the intercourse would be promiscuous2 on the contrary1 it appears1 from the relation of parent to child1 that this union is generally of long duration1 and marked above all others with generosity and self-devotion40#aia ,here1 also1 we find the expression of the firm conviction that in the freedom of love is to be found an assured guarantee for its durability6 ,later1 also1 the ,english ,pre-,raphaelites1 especially ,john ,ruskin1 advocated free love1 and maintained that the sacredness of these natural bonds lay in their very essence4 ,it is love which first makes marriage legal1 not marriage which legalizes love 7cf4 ,charlotte ,broicher1 8,john ,ruskin and his ,work10 vol4 i41 pp4 #ajd-ajf2 ,leipzig1 #aijb74 ,in ,germany1 at the commencement of the nineteenth century1 a lively discussion of the problems of love and marriage ensued upon the publication of ,friedrich ,schlegel's 8,lucinde0 and ,goethe's 8,wahlverwandtschaften0--8,elective ,affinities0 7#ahji74 ,goethe1 in his very rich amatory life1 especially in his relationship to ,charlotte von ,stein and to ,christiane ,vulpius1 with the latter of whom he lived for eighteen years in a free 8marriage of conscience10#aib and whose son1 ,august1 the offspring of this union1 he adopted long before the marriage was legitimized1 realized the ideal of free love more than once4 ,although in his book 8,wahlverwandtschaften0 78,elective ,affinities07 he at length gave the victory to the moral conception of monogamic marriage1 and propounded it as an illuminating ideal for civilization 7which 8ideal standpoint0 we ourselves1 as we have shown in the previous chapters1 fully share71 yet in this novel he has represented conjugal struggles1 from which it appears how profoundly he was impressed by the importance of a transformation of amatory life in the direction of freedom4 ,it is especially by the mouth of the ,count in this work that he gives utterance to such ideas4 ,the latter records the advice of one of his friends that every marriage should be contracted for the term of five years only4 8,this number10 he said1 8is a beautiful1 sacred1 odd number1 and such a period of time would be sufficient for the married pair to learn to know one another1 for them to bring a few children into the world1 to separate1 and1 what would be most beautiful of all1 to come together again40 ,often he would exclaim3 8,how happily would the first portion of the time pass6 ,two or three years at least would pass very happily4 ,then very likely one member of the pair would wish that the union should be prolonged2 and this desire would increase the more nearly the terminus of the marriage approached4 ,an indifferent1 even an unsatisfied1 member of such a union would be pleased by such a demeanour on the part of the other4 ,one is apt to forget how in good society the passing of time is unnoticed2 one finds with agreeable surprise1 when the allotted time has passed away1 that it has been tacitly prolonged4 ,it is precisely this voluntary1 tacit prolongation of sexual relationship1 freely undertaken by both parties without any extraneous compulsion1 to which ,goethe ascribes a profound moral significance40 ,i should like to draw the attention of students of ,goethe to the fact that this recommendation of a temporary marriage for the term of five years1 with tacit prolongation of the term1 is a very ancient ,japanese custom1 or1 at any rate1 was so thirty years ago4 ,wernich1 who for several years was ,professor of ,medicine at the ,imperial ,university of ,japan1 remarks3 8,marriages were concluded for a term only3 in the case of persons of standing for five years2 among the lower classes for a shorter term4 ,it was very rare1 however1 only in cases in which the marriage was manifestly unhappy1 for a separation to take place when the term expired4 ,if there were healthy living children such a separation hardly ever occurred--most of these temporary marriages were1 in fact1 extremely happy1 and the same is true of ,jewish marriages1 in which divorce is easily effected by a very simple ceremonial1 closely resembling that of the ,japanese40#aic ,in view of the remarkable coincidence between the proposal in ,goethe's 8,elective ,affinities0 and the ,japanese custom1 we are probably justified in assuming that ,goethe was acquainted with the latter4 8,lucinde0 gave expression to the feelings and moods of the time in respect of love and marriage on behalf of a circle far wider than that of the romanticists4 ,at no time were the ideals of free love so deeply felt1 so enthusiastically presented1 as then2 above all1 by the beautiful ,karoline1 who1 after long 8marriage wanderings10 especially with ,a4 ,w4 ,schegel1 finally found the happiness of her life in a free marriage with ,schelling1 which subsequently became a legally recognized union4 8,in her letters10 says ,kuno ,fischer1 8she praises again and again the man of her choice and of her heart1 in whose love she had really attained the goal which she had longed and sought in labyrinthine wanderings4444 ,and that ,schelling was the man who was able completely to master the heart of this woman and to make her his own1 gives to his features also an expression which beautifies them40#aid ,rahel1 ,dorothea ,schlegel1 and ,henriette ,herz1 extolled1 under the influence of 8,lucinde10 the happiness of free love4 ,for this period of genius in ,jena and ,berlin1 as ,rudolph von ,gottschall calls it1 the free-love relationship of ,prince ,louis ,ferdinand of ,prussia and ,frau ,pauline ,wiesel was typical4 ,this relationship is more intimately known to us from the letters exchanged between the two1 published by ,alexander ,bchner in #ahfe4 ,in these letters1 to quote a saying of ,ludmilla ,assing1 we find 8the most passionate expression of all that it is possible to express in writing40 ,in ,france the discussion of the question of free love was to an important extent associated with the communistic-socialistic ideas of ,saint ,simon1 ,enfantin1 and ,fourier4 ,before this1 ,rtif de la ,bretonne1 in his 8,dcouverte ,australe0 7a work which exercised a great influence upon ,charles ,fourier71#aie demanded that the duration of marriage should be in the first instance two years1 with which period the contract should spontaneously terminate4 ,saint ,simon and ,barrault proclaimed the 8free wife10 ,pre ,enfantin proclaimed the 8free union10 and ,fourier proclaimed 8free love0 in the phalanstery4 ,a reflection of this idea is to be found in the novels of ,george ,sand1 especially 8,lelia0 and 8,jacques10 these tragedies of marriage2 in 8,jacques10 for example1 we find the following passage3 8,i continue to believe that marriage is one of the most hateful of institutions4 ,i have no doubt whatever that when the human race has advanced further towards rationality and the love of justice1 marriage will be abolished4 ,a human and not less sacred union would then replace it1 and the existence of the children would be not less cared for and secured1 without therefore binding in eternal fetters the freedom of the parents40 ,we must mention ,hortense ,allart de ,mritens 7#ahja-ahgi7 as a contemporary of the much-loving ,george ,sand1 and1 like her1 a theoretical and practical advocate of free love4 ,she was cousin to the well-known authoress ,delphine ,gay1 and herself wrote a roman clef1 published in #ahgb1 8,les ,enchantements de ,prudence10 in which she records the history of her own life1 devoted to free love4 ,first the beloved of a nobleman1 she ran away when she discovered she was pregnant1 and then lived successively with the ,italian statesman ,gino ,capponi 7#ahbf-ahbi72 with the celebrated ,french author ,chateaubriand 7#ahbi-ahca72 with the ,english novelist and poet ,bulwer 7#ahca-ahcf72 the ,italian ,mazzini 7#ahcg-ahdj72 the critic ,sainte-,beuve 7#ahdj-ahda72 these being all free unions4 ,from #ahdc to #ahdf she was the perfectly legitimate and extremely unhappy wife of an architect named ,napolon de ,mritens1 whereas with her earlier lovers she had lived most happily4 ,lon ,sch1 in the ,revue de ,paris of ,july #a1 #aijg1 has recently described the life of this notable priestess of free love1 to whose above-mentioned romance ,george ,sand wrote a preface 7cf4 ,literarisches ,echo of ,august #a1 #aijg1 pp4 #afab1 #afac74 ,in ,sweden at about the same time the celebrated poet ,c4 ,j4 ,l4 ,almquist was a powerful advocate for free love4 ,in the numbers for ,july and ,august1 #aijj1 of the monthly review1 ,die ,insel1 ,ellen ,key has published a thoughtful essay1 containing an analysis of ,almquist's views on this subject4 ,in the novel 8,es ,geht ,an0 ,almquist advocates the thesis that true love needs no consecration by a marriage ceremony4 ,on the contrary1 a ceremony of this kind belies the very nature of marriage1 for it forms and cements false unions2 and any relationship concluded on the lowest grounds1 if it has only been preceded by a marriage ceremony1 is regarded as pure1 whilst a union based upon true love without marriage is regarded as unchaste4 ,in the sense of free love ,lara ,widbeck1 in 8,es ,geht ,an10 arranges her own life and that of her husband ,albert4 ,both are to be masters of their respective persons and of their respective property2 they are to live for themselves1 the work of each is to be pursued independently of the other1 and in this way it will be possible to preserve a lifelong love1 instead of seeing love transformed into lifelong indifference or hate4 ,even at the present day in ,sweden the idea of free love is known1 after this romance of ,almquist's1 as the 8,es-geht-an idea0 and also as 8briar-rose morality40 ,it was1 above all1 ,ellen ,key who revived ,almquist's idea1 and enlarged it to the extensive programme of marriage reform in the direction of free love1 which we shall consider more fully below4 ,in his last writings ,schopenhauer occupied himself at considerable length with the problems of love1 but entirely from the standpoint of misogyny and of duplex sexual morality4 ,still1 he recognized the great dangers and disasters which the traditional coercive marriage entails upon society1 and rightly regarded this formal marriage as the principal source of sexual corruption4 ,in his essay 8,concerning ,women0 78,parerga and ,paralipomena10 vol4 xi41 pp4 #feg-fei71 ed4 ,grisebach1 he writes3 8,whereas among the polygamist nations every woman is cared for1 among monogamic peoples the number of married women is limited1 and there remains an enormous number of unsupported superfluous women4#aif ,among the upper classes these vegetate as useless old maids2 among the lower classes they are forced to earn their living by immeasurably severe toil1 or else they become prostitutes4 ,these latter lead a life equally devoid of pleasure and of honour2 but in the circumstances they are indispensable for the gratification of the male sex1 and hence they constitute a publicly recognized profession1 the especial purpose of which is to safeguard against seduction those women more highly favoured by fortune1 who have found husbands1 or may reasonably hope to do so4 ,in ,london alone there are #hj1jjj such women4 ,what else are these women than human sacrifices on the altar of monogamy--sacrifices rendered inevitable by the very nature of the monogamic institution8 ,all the women to whom we now allude--women in this miserable position--form the inevitable counterpoise to the ladies of ,europe1 with their pretension and their pride4 ,for the female sex1 regarded as a whole1 polygamy is a real benefit4 ,on the other hand1 from the rationalistic point of view1 it is impossible to see why a man whose wife is suffering from a chronic disease1 or remains unfruitful1 or has gradually become too old for him1 should not take a second wife4 ,that which produces so many converts to ,mormonism appears to be the rejection by the ,mormons of the unnatural institution of monogamy4 ,in addition1 moreover1 the allotment to the wife of unnatural rights has imposed upon her unnatural duties1 whose neglect1 nevertheless1 makes her unhappy4 ,to many a man considerations of position1 of property1 make marriage inadvisable1 unless the conditions are exceptionally favourable4 ,he would then wish to obtain a wife of his own choice1 under conditions which would leave him free from obligations to her and her children4 ,however economical1 reasonable1 and suitable these conditions may be1 if she agrees to them1 and does not insist upon the immoderate rights which marriage alone secures to her1 she will1 because marriage is the basis of every society1 find herself compelled to lead an unhappy life1 one which1 to a certain degree1 is dishonourable2 because human nature involves this1 that we assign a quite immeasurable value to the opinion of others4 ,if1 on the other hand1 she does not comply1 she runs the danger either of being compelled to belong as a wife to a man repulsive to her1 or else of withering as an old maid1 for the period in which she can realize her value is very short4 ,in relation to this aspect of our monogamic arrangement1 the profoundly learned treatise of ,thomasius1 ,de ,concubinatu1 is of the greatest possible value1 for we learn from it that among all cultured people1 and in all times1 until the date of the ,lutheran ,reformation1 concubinage was permitted1 and even to a certain extent legally recognized1 and was an institution not involving any dishonour4 ,from this position it was degraded only by the ,lutheran ,reformation1 for the degradation of concubinage was regarded as a means by which the marriage of priests could be justified2 and1 on the other hand1 after the ,lutheran denunciation of concubinage1 the semi-official recognition of that institution by the ,roman ,catholic ,church was no longer possible4 8,regarding polygamy there need be no dispute1 for it is a universally existing fact1 and the only question is regarding its regulation4 ,where are the true monogamists8 ,we all live at least for a time1 but most of us continually1 in a state of polygamy4 ,since1 consequently1 every man makes use of many wives1 nothing could be more just than to leave him free1 and even to compel him1 to provide for many wives40 ,just as are these views of ,schopenhauer's regarding the necessity of a freer conception and a freer configuration of sexual relations1 and regarding the shamefulness of exposing to infamy the unmarried mother and the illegitimate child1 so much the more dangerous is his view of the part to be played by women in this reform of marriage4 ,woman as an inferior being1 without freedom1 is once more to lose all her rights1 instead of standing beside man as a free personality with equal rights and equal duties4 ,the result of a rearrangement of amatory life on this basis would inevitably be a new and a worse sexual slavery4 ,as ,julius ,frauenstdt records1 ,schopenhauer1 in a separate manuscript found amongst his papers1 has described the evil conditions of monogamy1 and has recommended1 as a step to reform1 the practice of 8tetragamy40 ,this peculiar and unquestionably very interesting essay has not found its way into the ,royal ,library of ,berlin4 ,with regard to the whereabouts of the manuscript we are uncertain2 perhaps ,frauenstdt destroyed it4 ,however1 we find a brief1 hitherto unpublished1 extract from this essay in ,schopenhauer's manuscript book1 8,die ,brieftasche10 written in #ahbc1 which is preserved in the ,royal ,library in ,berlin4#aig ,i publish here1 for the first time1 the summary account of tetragamy contained on pp4 #gj-gg of the aforesaid manuscript book3 ,,sketch ,,of ,,schopenhauer',s 8,,tetragamy0 7,,hitherto ,,unpublished74 8,inasmuch as ,nature makes the number of women nearly identical with that of men1 whilst women retain only about half as long as men their capacity for procreation and their suitability for masculine gratification1 the human sexual relationship is disordered at the very outset4 ,by the equal numbers of the respective sexes1 ,nature appears to point to monogamy2 on the other hand1 a man has one wife for the satisfaction of his procreative capacity only for half the time for which that capacity endures2 he must1 then1 take a second wife when the first begins to wither2 but for each man only one woman is available4 ,the tendency exhibited by woman in respect of the duration of her sexual capacity is compensated1 on the other hand1 by the quantity of that capacity3 she is capable of gratifying two or three vigorous men simultaneously1 without suffering in any way4 ,in monogamy1 woman employs only half of her sexual capacity1 and satisfies only half of her desires4 8,if1 now1 this relationship were arranged in accordance with purely physical considerations 7and we are concerned here with a physical1 extremely urgent need1 the satisfaction of which is the aim of marriage1 alike among the ,jews and among the ,christians71 if matters were to be equalized as completely as possible1 it would be necessary for two men always to have one wife in common3 let them take her when they are both young4 ,after she has become faded1 let them take another young woman1 who will then suffice for their needs until both the men are old4 ,both women are cared for1 and each man is responsible for the care of one only4 8,in the monogamic state1 the man has for a single occasion too much1 and for a permanency too little2 with the woman it is the other way about4 8,if the proposed institution were adopted in youth1 a man1 at the time when his income is usually smallest1 would have to provide only for half a wife1 and for few children1 and those young4 ,later1 when he is richer1 he would have to provide for one or two wives and for numerous children4 8,since this institution has not been adopted--for half their life men are whoremongers1 and for the other half cuckolds2 and women must be correspondingly classified as betrayed and betrayers--he who marries young is tied later to an elderly wife2 he who marries late in youth acquires venereal disease1 and in age has to wear the horns4 ,woman must either sacrifice the bloom of her youth to a man already withered2 or else must discover that to a still vigorous man she is no longer an object of desire4 ,the institution we propose would cure all these troubles2 the human race would lead happier lives4 ,the objections are the following3 8#a4 ,that a man would not know his own children4 ,answer3 ,this could1 as a rule1 be determined by likeness and other considerations2 in existing conditions it is not always a matter of certainty4 8#b4 ,such a menage trois would give rise to brawls and jealousy4 ,answer3 ,such things are already universal2 people must learn to behave themselves4 8#c4 ,what is to be done as regards property8 ,answer3 ,this will have to be otherwise arranged2 absolute communio bonorum will not occur4 ,as we have already said1 ,nature has arranged the affair badly4 ,it will1 therefore1 be impossible to overcome all disadvantages4 8,as matters are at present1 ,duty and ,nature are continually in conflict4 ,for the man it is impossible from the beginning to the end of his career to satisfy his sexual impulse in a legal manner4 ,imagine his condition if he is widowed quite young4 ,for the woman1 to be limited to a single man during the short period of her full bloom and sexual capacity1 is an unnatural condition4 ,she has to preserve for the use of one individual what he is unable to utilize1 and what many others eagerly desire from her2 and she herself1 in thus refusing1 must curb her own desires4 ,just think of it6 8,more especially we have to remember that always the number of men competent for sexual intercourse is double the number of functionally capable women1 for which reason every woman must continually repel advances2 she prepares for defence immediately a man comes near her40 ,when we consider this suggestion of tetragamy of ,schopenhauer's from our own standpoint1 we find an accurate exposition of the evils arising from monogamic coercive marriage1 and a clear-sighted presentation of the physiological disharmonies of the sexual life arising from the difference between man and woman1 upon which recently ,metchnikoff also has laid so much stress4 ,in other respects ,schopenhauer's views are for us not open to discussion1 for1 as already pointed out1 he regards woman from the first simply as a chattel1 and denies to her any individuality or soul2 and1 secondly1 because he rejects the principle of the only-love--a principle so intimately associated with the idea of woman as individual4 ,for the watchword of the future must be3 ,free love1 based upon the only-love6 and1 indeed1 the only-love manifesting itself reciprocally in the full struggle for existence4 ,for this reason1 also1 the characteristic free love of the ,bohemians of ,paris during the second half of the nineteenth century1 and more especially during the period #ahcj to #ahfj1 can only be regarded as a truly poetic love-idyll1 when compared with that grand and earnest love consecrated wholly to work1 and to the inward spiritual development which presents itself to modern humanity as an ideal love1 as the united conquest of existence4 ,grisette love1 which ,sebastian ,mercier described with great force1 and which found its classic representation in ,henry ,murger's 8,vie de ,bohme10 was characterized by the enduring life-in-common of the loving couples1 who belonged for the most part to the circle of artists and students4 ,thus it stood high as heaven above our modern 8intimacy10 which1 for the most part1 has a quite transitory character2 and yet the ,bohemian free love corresponded in no way to the conception and ideal of free love as a community of spirit and of life4 ,the development of modern civilization1 in association with the awakening of individualism1 and with the economic revolution of our time1 has created entirely new foundations for sexual relationships1 and has made continually more apparent the injurious and destructive effects of our long outworn sexual morality4 ,these changes have taught us to understand that in the so-called social question the sexual problem possesses as much importance as the economic problem--perhaps more4 ,they have shown us the necessity for a new love of the future1 for the reason that to cling to the old1 outlived forms would be equivalent to a continuous increase in sexual corruption in the widest sense of the word1 combined with a general disease contamination of civilized nations--as the threatening spread of prostitution1 and more especially of secret prostitution1 and the increased diffusion of venereal diseases1 demonstrate before our eyes4 ,almost at the same time1 during recent years1 among the various civilized nations of ,europe there have originated efforts for a radical transformation of conventional sexual morality1 and for a reform1 adapted to modern conditions1 of marriage and of the entire amatory life4 ,in ,france1 ,england1 ,sweden1 and ,germany1 writers have appeared1 producing books1 many of which have been important1 full of matter1 and comprehensive1 entirely devoted to this object4 ,societies for marriage reform and sexual reform have been founded in ,north ,america1 ,france1 ,austria1 and ,germany2 parliamentary commissions for the investigation of these questions have been established4 ,several newspapers have been founded for the reform of sexual ethics4 ,in short1 a general interest has been aroused in this central question of life1 and theoretical and practical activity have been directed towards its solution4 ,all at once1 as if by general agreement1 civilized humanity asked itself the earnest and solemn question1 ,how was it possible that to hundreds and thousands the simple right to love was refused1 so that they were condemned to a joyless existence1 in which all the beautiful blossoms of life withered away2 that hundreds of thousands of others were condemned to the hideous misery of prostitution2 that1 finally1 the community at large was delivered up in ever-increasing degree to devastation by venereal diseases and their consequences8 ,how is it possible1 asks ,karl ,federn1 in the preface to his translation of ,carpenter's 8,wenn die ,menschen reif zur ,liebe werden0 78,love's ,coming-of-,age07--how is it possible that we sing love-songs1 and yet have an amatory life like that which we lead to-day1 and have a moral doctrine such as that which is dominant to-day8 ,all honour to the men and women who have dared to give an answer to these questions1 who have opposed conventional lies with the truth of love1 and who point out the new way along which mankind will go--will go1 because it must4 ,it is impossible here to mention by name all the writings dealing with the reform of sexual relationships which have appeared within recent years4 ,their name is legion4 ,we must content ourselves with an allusion to those books which most of all deserve the name of epoch-making1 which have aroused the interest of the community1 and which may probably be said to have first stimulated the discussion of the problem1 and to have been principally effective in starting the flowing current of reform4 ,in ,france1 ,charles ,albert has treated the problem of free love from the communistic standpoint4#aih ,in the first two chapters of his book1 he describes the development of the primitive sexual impulse1 to become the most supreme individual love1 and then gives an interesting account of the struggle of middle-class society against love1 which to-day is endangered to an equal extent both by the state and by capital4 8,capitalistic society represents one fact1 love another4 ,it suffices to place them one beside the other in order to notice how sharp a contrast there is between them1 an eternal state of war40 ,it is only money that dominates the thought and feeling of modern humanity2 for love and its idealism there is no longer any room2 social economy recognizes only a sexual relationship1 but not the higher feeling of love4 ,capital subjects the whole of the sexual life to its laws4 ,in prostitution this great social crime finds its conclusion4 ,the majority of marriages are nothing more than 8sexual bargains40 ,free love is simply love liberated from the dominion of the state and of capital4 ,it can1 therefore1 be realized only by an economic revolution1 which will put an end to the economic struggle for existence4 ,free love means the independence of the sexual from the material life4 ,economic reform is the only way to the higher love4 ,this is the author's conviction4 ,but he is not subject to any deceptive delusion that with this all will become beautiful and good2 with this all problems will be solved1 all incompleteness at an end4 8,we do not10 ,albert continues1 8regard the province of the sexual life in the society of the future as an ,eden1 wherein those individuals best suited one to the other will come together with mathematical certainty1 to lead a cloudless existence4 ,just as to-day1 there will be unrequited love1 uncertain search and endeavour1 errors and deceptions1 misunderstandings1 satiety1 aberrations1 and sorrows4 ,however great the material prosperity may be which mankind in the future will enjoy1 the life of feeling will always remain the source of incalculable disturbances1 and love will not be the rarest cause of such disturbances2 but still a large proportion of the existing causes of pain can and must disappear40 ,the indispensable preliminary to free love is the complete equality of man and woman4 ,this1 however1 can only be attained by means of communism--that is to say1 by that ordering of society in which property and wages cease to exist1 in which not only the means of production1 but also all the articles of consumption1 are appropriated to the common use1 and woman will no longer possess a commercial value1 as she does at the present day4 ,like ,albert1 ,ladislaus ,gumplowicz#aii also believes that free love can only be realized in a collectivist community4 ,however important it is to draw attention to the economic point of view1 as was done before ,albert and ,gumplowicz by ,bebel1 in his celebrated 8,woman and ,socialism0 7thirty-fourth edition1 ,stuttgart1 #aijc71 still1 it appears to me that the communistic solution is not the only possible solution1 and that free love can very well be associated with the preservation of private property4#bjj ,while the progressive changes in the economic structure of society powerfully influence sexual relationships and lay down the rules for their existing forms1 still1 physiological individual factors play a great part also in the matter4 ,the first to insist on this fact were the ,englishman ,carpenter and the ,swedish writer ,ellen ,key4#bja ,edward ,carpenter1#bjb at one time a priest in the ,anglican ,church1 in his study of the question of free love1 without ignoring the economic factor1 lays stress above all on the psychical factor1 the inward spiritual relationship between man and wife4 ,he writes 7op4 cit41 p4 #abj73 8,it is in the very nature of ,love that as it realizes its own aim it should rivet always more and more towards a durable and distinct relationship1 nor rest till the permanent mate and equal is found4 ,as human beings progress1 their relations to each other must become much more definite and distinct1 instead of less so--and there is no likelihood of society in its onward march lapsing backwards1 so to speak1 to formlessness again40 ,above all1 ,carpenter has introduced into the discussion of free love an element which to me appears of great importance from the medical standpoint3 the question of relative asceticism1 of self-control4 ,he rightly considers that the duty of the love of the future does not subsist merely in the common physical union1 but also in spiritual procreation4 ,from the intimate spiritual contact between two differentiated personalities1 the highest spiritual values proceed4 ,only self-control leads us to this highest love4 8,it is a matter of common experience that the unrestrained outlet of merely physical desire leaves the nature drained of its higher love-forces4444 ,any one who has once realized how glorious a thing ,love is in its essence1 and how indestructible1 will hardly need to call anything that leads to it a sacrifice0 7op4 cit41 pp4 #g1 #h74 ,the indispensable prerequisites to the reform of love and marriage are1 according to ,carpenter1 the following 7op4 cit41 p4 #ajj73 7#a7 ,the furtherance of the freedom and self-dependence of women4 7#b7 ,the provision of some rational teaching1 of heart and of head1 for both sexes during the period of youth4 7#c7 ,the recognition in marriage itself of a freer1 more companionable1 and less pettily exclusive relationship4 7#d7 ,the abrogation or modification of the present odious law which binds people together for life1 without scruple1 and in the most artificial and ill-assorted unions4 ,carpenter accepts ,letourneau's view1 that1 in a more or less distant future1 the institution of marriage will undergo transformation into monogamic unions1 freely entered on1 and when necessary freely dissolved1 by simple mutual consent1 as is already done in several ,european countries--in ,canton ,geneva1 in ,belgium1 in ,roumania1 as regards divorce2 and in ,italy as regards separation4 ,state and society should take part in the matter only so far as the safety of the children demands1 concerning whom more extensive duties should be expected from the parents4 ,carpenter also points out1 as was shown seventy years ago by ,gutzkow1 that1 as regards the development of the children1 it is better1 in unhappy marriages1 that their parents should separate than that the children should grow up amid the miseries of such marriages4 8,love0--thus ,carpenter concludes his dissertation on marriage in the future--8is doubtless the last and most difficult lesson that humanity has to learn2 in a sense1 it underlies all the others4 ,perhaps the time has come for the modern nations when1 ceasing to be children1 they may even try to learn it0 7op4 cit41 p4 #aac74 ,a greater vogue even than ,carpenter's book had was obtained by the essays of the ,swedish writer ,ellen ,key1 8,love and ,marriage10 which in #ahid appeared in a ,german translation1#bjc and had an unusual success in the book-market4 ,it is without exception the most interesting and pregnant work on the sexual question which has ever appeared4 ,written from the heart1 and inspired by the observations of a free and lofty spirit1 it avoids none of the numerous difficulties and by-paths in this department of thought2 and the reproach of libertinism which has been cast at the author must be emphatically rejected4 ,ellen ,key is the most outspoken realist of all the writers on the subject of free love4 ,she takes her arguments from actual life2 she associates her ideas of reform always with the real2 she writes as an earnest evolutionist4 ,thus1 in her book1 her first aim is to establish 8the course of the evolution of sexual morality0 and the 8evolution of love40 ,ellen ,key starts from the fact that no one has ever offered any proof that monogamy is that form of the sexual life which is indispensable to the vital force and civilization of the nations4 ,even among the ,christian nations it has never yet really existed1 and its legalization as the only permissible form of sexual morality has hitherto been rather harmful than helpful to general morality4 ,the writer then develops the idea1 no less beautiful than true1 that the genuine character of love can be proved only by the lovers actually living together for a considerable time2 only thus is it possible to demonstrate that it is moral for them to live together1 and that their union will have an elevating influence on themselves and their generation4 ,consequently1 of no conjugal relationship can we beforehand affirm or deny its success4 ,every new pair1 whatever form they may have chosen for their common life1 must first of all prove for themselves that they are morally justified in living together4 ,ellen ,key then proceeds to maintain a view1 which ,i myself also regard as an integral constituent of the programme of the love of the future1 and one which ,i have advanced in earlier writings3 that love is not merely1 as ,schopenhauer thought1 an affair of the species1 but is1 at least in equal degree1 the concern of the loving individuals4 ,this is the result and the meaning of civilization1 which1 as ,i have proved in earlier chapters1 exhibits a progressive individualization and an increasing spiritual enrichment of love 7the 8spiritualized sensuality0 of ,ellen ,key71 and thus gives to love a thoroughly independent importance for each individual4 8,in view of the manner in which civilization has now developed personal love1 this latter has become so composite1 so comprehensive and far-reaching1 that not only in and by itself--independently of the species--does it constitute a great life-value1 but it also increases or diminishes all other values4 ,in addition to its primitive importance1 it has gained a new significance3 to carry the flame of life from sex to sex4 ,no one names that person immoral who1 deceived in his love1 abstains in his married life from procreating the species2 that husband and wife also we shall not call immoral1 who continue their married life rendered happy by love1 although their marriage has proved childless4 ,but in both cases these human beings follow their subjective feelings at the expense of the future generations1 and treat their love as an independent aim4 ,the right already recognized in these individual cases1 as belonging to the individual at the expense of the species1 will continue to undergo enlargement in proportion as the importance of love continues to increase4 ,on the other hand1 the new morality will demand from love an ever-increasing voluntary limitation of rights at those times when the growth of a new life renders it necessary4 ,it will also demand a voluntary or enforced renunciation of the right to procreate new life under conditions which would make this new life deficient in value40 ,ellen ,key terms this new1 modern love 8erotic monism10 because it comprehends the entire unitary personality1 including the spiritual being1 not merely the body4 ,george ,sand gave the first definition of this love as being of such a kind that 8neither had the soul betrayed the senses1 nor had the senses betrayed the soul40 ,this erotic monism proclaims as its indestructible foundation the unity of marriage and love4 ,the idea of unity gives to the human being the right to arrange his sexual life according to his personal wishes1 subject to the condition that he does not consciously injure the unity1 and therewith1 mediately or immediately1 the right1 of possible posterity4 ,thus1 according to ,ellen ,key1 love 8will continually become to a greater extent a private affair of human beings1 whilst children1 on the contrary1 will become more and more a vital problem of society40 ,from this it follows that the two 8most debased and socially sanctioned manifestations of sexual subdivision 7of dualism71 coercive marriage and prostitution1 will gradually become impossible1 because1 after the victory of the idea of unity1 they will cease to correspond to human needs40 ,ellen ,key rightly insists that among the young men of the present day there is an increasing hostility to socially protected immorality 7both in the form of coercive marriage and in that of prostitution72 whilst they increasingly exhibit a monistic yearning for love4 ,the general diffusion1 which we shall describe at length in a special chapter1 of ascetic moods and of misogyny among men and of misandry among women1 is partly connected with the feeling that the present social forms of the sexual relationship limit to an equal extent the worth and the freedom of mankind4 ,to-day the 8purity fanatics and the frantic sensualists0 meet in common mistrust of the developmental possibilities of love1 because they do not believe in the possible ennoblement of the blind natural impulse4 ,in contrast to these1 ,ellen ,key reminds us of the fact of the 8mystical yearning for perfection1 which in the course of evolution has raised impulse to become passion1 and passion to become love1 and which is now striving to raise love to an ever greater love40 ,we must recognize love as the spiritual force of life4 ,love1 like the artist1 like the man of science1 has a right to the peculiar1 original activity of its own poietic force1 to the production of new spiritual values4 ,the more perfect race that is to come must1 in the fullest meaning of the words1 be brought forth by love4 ,for this1 however1 the indispensable preliminary is the inward freedom of love2 the free-love union is the watchword of the future4 ,ellen ,key also shows that among the lower classes free love has long been customary1 and that there the dangerous utilization of prostitution is far more limited than among the higher classes1 with which view ,blaschko's statistical data regarding the far greater diffusion of venereal diseases among the higher classes of society are in substantial agreement4 ,no less indispensable to free love1 however1 is the full1 mature development of the loving individual4 ,for this reason1 ,ellen ,key demands self-control and sexual continence at least until the age of twenty years4 ,she regards the indiscriminate sexual intercourse which is to-day an established custom among all young men as the murder of love4 ,but too early marriages are no less dangerous4 ,she demands for the woman at least an age of twenty2 for the man1 an age of twenty-five years2 and until these respective ages are attained1 sexual continence should be observed as fully as possible by both sexes4 ,this self-command is good for the physical development1 8steels the will1 gives the joy of power to the personality2 and these qualities are later of importance in all other spheres of activity40 ,with wonderful beauty1 ,ellen ,key describes the happiness of the power of waiting in love1 and quotes in this connexion the lovely phrases of the ,swedish poet ,karlfeldt3 8,there is nothing on earth like the times of waiting1 ,the days of springtime1 the days of blossoming2 ,not even ,may can diffuse a light ,like the clear light of ,april40 ,on the other hand1 it is a demand of true morality that healthy men and women between the ages of twenty and thirty years should enjoy the possibility of marriage--of free marriage4 ,this possibility can1 however1 be secured only by economic reforms4 ,the author then considers the very important point of love's choice1 and demands above all the compulsory provision of a medical certificate of health before entering on marriage4 8,it is absolutely beyond question that the healthy self-seeking which wishes to safeguard the personal ego1 in conjunction with the increasing valuation of a healthy posterity1 will hinder the contraction of many unsuitable marriages4 ,in other cases1 love might overcome these considerations1 as far as husband and wife are themselves concerned2 but they must then renounce parentage4 ,in those cases1 on the contrary1 in which the law would distinctly forbid marriage1 one could naturally not prevent the sick persons from procreating independently of marriage2 but the same is true of all laws3 the best do not need them1 the worst do not obey them1 but the majority are guided by them in the formation and development of their ideas of what is right40 ,as immoral1 ,ellen ,key indicates3 8,parentage without love4 8,irresponsible parentage4 8,parentage on the part of immature or degenerate human beings4 8,voluntary unfertility on the part of a married pair who are competent to reproduce their kind4 8,all manifestations of the sexual life resulting from force or seduction1 or from the disinclination or the incapacity for the proper fulfilment of sexual intercourse40 ,it is interesting to note that ,ellen ,key prophesies as the result of the progressive improvement of the species by love's selection1 the attainment of a state wherein every man and every woman will be suited for the reproduction of the species4 ,then would the ideal of monogamy1 one husband for one wife1 one wife for one husband1 be for the first time realized4 ,very beautifully1 and with a prudent insight into the actual relationships1 ,ellen ,key discusses the question of the 8right to motherhood10 where she finds occasion to describe the new and very various types of women which the evolution of modern life has brought into being4 ,she recognizes only with reservation the general right to motherhood1 but she does not regard it as a desirable example to follow when a woman becomes a mother without love1 either in marriage or out of it4 ,it is not right to do what is generally done to-day by the man-haters--namely1 to demand from the majority of unmarried women that they should produce a child without love4 ,this should not even happen when love exists1 but a permanent life-in-common with the father of the child is impossible4 ,an unmarried woman who determines on motherhood should be fully mature1 and already have behind her 8the second springtime0 of her life2 she must 8not only be pure as snow1 pure as fire1 but also must be possessed of the full conviction that with the child of her love she will produce a radiance in her own life and will endow humanity with new wealth40 ,such an unmarried woman really makes a present of her child to humanity1 and is quite different from the unmarried woman who 8has a child40 ,indeed1 for the majority1 the ideal always remains that of the ancient proverb1 that man is only half a human being1 woman only half2 and only the father and the mother with their child become a whole one6 ,with regard to divorce1 ,ellen ,key demands that it should be perfectly free1 and should depend only upon the definite desire1 held for a certain lapse of time1 of either or both parties4 ,the dissolution of marriage must be no less easy than the breaking off of an engagement4 8,whatever drawbacks10 she says1 8free divorce may involve1 they can hardly be worse than those which marriage has entailed1 and still continues to entail4 ,marriage has been degraded to the coarsest sexual customs1 the most shameless practices1 the most distressing spiritual murders1 the most cruel ill-treatment1 and the grossest impairment of personal freedom1 that any province of modern life has exhibited6 ,one need not go back to the history of civilization2 one need simply turn to the physician and magistrate1 in order to learn for what purpose the #8sacrament of marriage' is employed1 and frequently employed by the very same men and women who are professed enthusiasts as to its moral value60 ,just as little as the relations between friends1 between parents and children1 or between brothers and sisters1 necessarily give rise to lasting sentiments of affection1 is it possible to expect this of two lovers4 ,the 8marriage fetters10 described with such horrible truth by ,john ,stuart ,mill and ,bjrnstjerne ,bjrnsen1 are to-day felt to be intolerable4 ,the love of the modern man flourishes only in freedom4 8,the delicate erotic sentiment of the present day shrinks from becoming a fetter2 it shuns the possibility of becoming a hindrance40 ,free divorce1 in a case of unhappy marriage1 is no less necessary when there are children to the marriage4 ,the duties of the parents to the children remain in such cases unaltered1 without1 however1 thus rendering it necessary that the parents should continue to live together4 ,for the sorrows of such a union1 and the harm done thereby to the children1 are greater than those that would result from divorce4 ,human love has its phases of development4 ,it does not remain for ever the same1 but it alters pari passu with the evolution of the individual4 ,lifelong love is an ideal1 but it is not a duty4 ,such a demand would as inevitably destroy personality as would the demand for the unconditional belief in a doctrine1 or for the unconditional pursuit of a profession4 ,very interesting is ,ellen ,key's description of the numerous disillusions of love1 which become still more perceptible in a coercive marriage4 ,there is a whole series of 8typical unhappy fates0 in marriage1 often with no blame properly attaching to either party1 dependent merely upon incompatibility of temperament1 but also upon faults of one or both parties to the marriage4 ,frequently a man or a woman of a thoroughly sympathetic temperament lives with a woman or a man of such faultless excellence that the home seems filled with icicles4 ,one day the husband or the wife runs away because the air has become so thin as to be irrespirable4 ,the general sentiment is one of commiseration for the--superlatively excellent man or woman6 ,in the case of earnest1 mature human beings1 free divorce will not increase the number of dissolutions of marriage4 ,on the contrary1 the obligations imposed by a free relationship are greater than those of legal coercive marriage4 ,the fear also that with the granting of free divorce every one will enter upon numerous free marriages one after another is groundless4 ,it is precisely those who are united in free love to whom such a separation1 when it does become necessary1 is so profoundly painful1 that life itself forbids the frequent repetition of such unhappiness4 ,very beautiful1 and based upon lofty ethical conceptions1 are the writer's views regarding the necessity for divorce precisely in view of the existence of children4 ,she says3 8,men and women of earlier times went on patching up for ever and ever4 ,the psychologically developed generation of to-day is more inclined to let the broken remain broken4 ,for1 except in those cases in which objective misfortunes1 or a retarded evolution1 gave rise to a rupture1 patched-up marriage1 like patched-up engagements1 seldom prove durable4 ,often it was owing to profound instincts that the rupture became inevitable2 reconciliations fortify these instincts1 and sooner or later they once more find free vent4 8,thus it happens that even an exceptional nature is strained by the burden it has to bear1 and the children are not then witnesses of their parents living together1 but of their dying together4 8,neither religion nor law1 neither society nor a family1 can determine what it is that marriage is killing in a man1 or what he finds it possible to rescue in that state--he himself alone knows the one and suspects the other4 ,he alone can delineate the boundaries1 can decide whether he is satisfied to regard his own existence as closed1 and to remain contented in the life of his children2 whether he is able so to endure the sorrows of a continued married life with such fortitude as to make it increase his own powers and those of his children40 ,the conviction of the rights of love1 and the consciousness of the rights of the children1 are to-day unmistakably on the increase4 ,there is no danger that the latter right1 the right of the children1 will suffer in comparison with the rights of love4 ,it is1 on the contrary1 characteristic1 that out of the very same feeling by which the freer configuration of the amatory life is demanded1 there has also arisen a new programme of the rights of children4 ,this same ,ellen ,key who proclaims the inalienable rights of free love1 speaks also of the 8century of the child10 and devotes to this subject an admirable book4 ,the most important point with regard to free divorce1 in respect to the children1 is that the father and the mother must not separate from one another in hatred1 but in friendship1 and that1 in the interest of the children1 they should continue to meet one another from time to time4 ,ellen ,key here rightly condemns the conduct of the good friends and relatives who simply lay down the law that the separated pair must hate one another1 and must in every relationship torment and cheat one another4 ,it is precisely such 8enmity0 of the parents after divorce that is so full of bad consequences in respect of the children4 ,we also have to consider this point of view1 that sometimes the new husband or the new wife has a better influence over the children than their own parents1 and that in this way divorce may have brought the children greater happiness1 may have been for them a true blessing4 ,the closing chapter of her work is devoted by ,ellen ,key to the formulation of practical recommendations regarding the new marriage laws4 ,she indicates as a starting-point of her dissertation that the ideal form of marriage is the perfectly free union between a man and a woman4 ,but this ideal can in the meanwhile only be attained through transitional forms4 ,in this the opinion of society regarding the morality of the sexual relationship must find expression1 and thus remain as the support for undeveloped personalities2 but at the same time1 these transitional forms must be sufficiently free to favour a progressive development of the higher erotic consciousness of the present day4 ,there always remains1 therefore1 the necessity for laws1 to some extent limiting individual freedom2 but these laws must admit of an advance towards perfection in respect of the freer gratification of individual needs4 ,the sense of solidarity demands a new marriage law adapted to new modern erotic needs1 since the majority are not yet prepared for complete freedom4 ,but it is only the needs of modern civilized human beings1 and not abstract theories concerning the idea of the family or the 8historic origin0 of marriage1 that should be determinative in this matter4 ,in the marriage of the future1 above all1 the economic and legal subordination of woman must be abolished4 ,woman must supervise her own property and arrange her own work1 and she must in the main care for herself in so far as this is compatible with her maternal duties4 ,she must1 however1 have this assurance--that during the first years of the life of every child she shall be cared for by society1 and this under the following conditions3 ,she must be of full age4 ,she must have performed her feminine 8military service0 by a one year's course of instruction in the care of children1 in the general care of health1 and1 whenever possible1 in sick-nursing4 ,she must either care for her child herself or provide another thoroughly competent nurse4 ,she must bring proof that she does not possess sufficient personal property1 or sufficient income from her work1 in order to provide for her own support and half of her child's support1 or else that the care for her children compels her to discontinue her professional occupation4 ,only in exceptional cases should this support of motherhood be provided for a longer time than during the three first and most important years of the life of the child4 ,the funds for this most necessary of all kinds of insurance must be provided in the form of a graduated income tax1 graduated so as to make the wealthier classes pay the most1 and the unmarried should pay just as much as the married4 ,in every community the central authorities of this insurance should consist of 8boards for the care of children40 ,the members of these boards should be two-thirds women and one-third men2 they should distribute the funds and supervise the care of the infants and older children2 in cases in which the mother was not properly fulfilling her duties to the child1 they could cut off supplies1 or remove the child from the mother's care4 ,the mother should receive yearly the same sum1 but1 in addition1 she should receive for each child half of the cost of its support1 as long as the number of children is not exceeded which the society has laid down as desirable4 ,children born in excess of this number would be a private concern of the parents4 ,every father must1 from the time of birth until the child attains the age of eighteen years1 provide one-half of the money needed for its support4 ,the existing immoral distinction between legitimate and illegitimate children is practically equivalent to freeing unmarried fathers from their natural responsibility1 and drives unmarried mothers to death1 prostitution1 or infanticide4 ,all this would be done away with by a law ensuring from the ,state support for the mother during the first1 most difficult years1 and ensuring the child a right to support from both parents1 a right also to the name of both1 and to inheritance from both4 ,legal expression is also demanded for the right of each member of a married couple to possess his or her property2 those who wish to make any other arrangement can do so by special contract after a definite valuation of their property4 ,and in respect of the right of inheritance1 the domestic work of the wife 7housekeeping and the care of the children7 must receive due economic consideration--a matter hitherto ignored4 ,not only in respect of her property1 but also in respect of all civil rights1 and of the right of control over her own person1 the married woman must be placed in the same position as the unmarried4 ,ellen ,key's remarks on the removal of the coercion exercised at present on husband and wife in respect of living together are very interesting4 ,she writes3 8,there are persons who would have continued to love one another throughout the whole of their life had they not been compelled--day after day1 year after year--to adapt their customs1 their volitions1 and their inclinations entirely according to one another's tastes4 ,so much unhappiness depends1 indeed1 upon matters of almost no importance1 difficulties which two human beings endowed with moral courage and insight would easily have overcome1 had it not been that the instinct towards happiness was overpowered by regard for ordinary opinion4 ,the more personal freedom a woman 7or man7 has had before marriage1 the more does she 7or he7 suffer in a home in which she does not possess an hour or a corner for her own undisturbed use4 ,and the more the modern human being gains an increase in his individual freedom of movement1 the more he feels the need for privacy in other relations1 the more also will man and wife need these things in the married state4444 8,but at present custom 7and law7 demand from the married pair that they should lead a life in common1 which often ends in a permanent separation1 merely because conventional considerations prevented them from living apart6 8,also for those otherwise constituted1 the narrow dependence1 the compulsory belonging each to the other1 the daily adaptation1 the unceasing mutual consideration1 may become oppressive4 ,in continually increasing numbers people are beginning quietly to transform conjugal customs1 so that they may correspond to the new needs4 ,for instance1 each goes for a journey by himself1 when he feels the need for privacy2 one of the pair seeks alone pleasures which the other does not value2 in former times both would have #8enjoyed' them together1 against the will of one1 or both would have renounced what one could have genuinely enjoyed4 ,more and more married people have separate bedrooms1 and after a generation1 it is probable that separate dwelling-houses for husband and wife will be sufficiently common to arouse no particular attention40 ,with regard to the question of personal freedom in marriage1 ,ellen ,key takes into account the possibility of marriage being kept secret on urgent grounds2 also the introduction of new forms of divorce1 the present procedure giving rise to such detestable practices in the law-courts--for example1 the detailed statement of the grounds for divorce1 or an account of the refusal or the misuse of 8conjugal rights10 or an account of the malicious desertion of one party by the other4 ,the author1 therefore1 makes proposals for a new marriage law and a new divorce law4 ,as conditions preliminary to marriage1 the new law should insist-- ,that man and wife should be of full age2 ,that neither should be more than twenty-five years older than the other2 ,that neither should be closely related or connected with the other1 as the present law already forbids4 ,the new law must in this respect be modified in the sense either of greater severity or of relaxation1 according as the scientific knowledge of the future may direct4 ,finally1 neither party should simultaneously enter upon another marriage4 ,on both parties will be imposed the duty of providing a medical certificate regarding the state of their health2 a proposed marriage must be forbidden when either party is suffering from a disease transmissible to the children 7also when suffering from a disease which would infect the other party874 ,with regard to other illnesses1 the matter may be left to the free judgment of those wishing to be married4 ,marriage will take place before the marriage assessor of the commune1 and before four other witnesses1 without any special ceremony2 the contracting parties will enter their names in the register1 and their signatures will be witnessed by those present4 ,when for any reason the marriage is to be kept secret1 the witnesses will1 of course1 be bound to secrecy4 ,this civil marriage is all that the law will direct2 the religious ceremony will be a voluntary affair1 and will have no legal force4 ,in marriage1 husband and wife will retain all the personal rights which they had before marriage1 over their bodies1 their names1 their property1 their work1 their wages1 also the right to choose their own place of residence1 and all other civil rights4 ,for common expenses and debts they will have a common responsibility2 whilst each will be personally responsible for personal expenditure and debts4 ,in case of divorce1 each will retain his or her property4 ,in the event of death1 the widower or widow will inherit half the property1 the remainder going to the children4 ,for divorce1 ,ellen ,key suggests there should be a 8council of divorce10 consisting of four persons1 men or women4 ,the first aim of this council will be1 somewhat like that of a court of honour before a duel1 to attempt to reconcile the parties1 to adjust any cause of quarrel4 ,if this attempt fails1 the matter must go before the marriage assessor of the commune2 but this cannot take place until the expiration of six months from the time when it was brought before the council of divorce4 ,the council of divorce must testify before the assessor that six months before each party was fully informed regarding the wish of the other that the marriage should be dissolved1 and regarding the reasons for that wish4 ,if there are no children1 if a division of the property has been arranged1 and if husband and wife have lived completely apart for one year1 the divorce will be effected one year after the commencement of proceedings4 ,when there are children to the marriage1 there will be needed a special 8jury for the care of children0 to deal with the custody of the children4 ,if either party is found by the jury and the judge to be unworthy for or incapable of the custody of the children1 on the ground of his 7or her7 morals or character1 he 7or she7 loses his 7or her7 rights4 ,if either father or mother is deprived of the custody of the children1 a guardian must be appointed--a man to represent the father1 a woman to represent the mother--and this guardian will supervise the education of the children in association with the remaining parent4 ,if both parents are found to be unfitted for the custody of the children1 the education of the latter must be supervised by a guardian only4 ,if both parents are equally fitted and worthy for the custody of the children1 the latter should remain with the mother until the age of fifteen1 and would then have the right to choose between their parents4 ,ellen ,key demands severe laws against the seduction and abandonment of girls under age1 on the part of unconscientious men2 and she considers that the witting transmission of any infective disorder by means of sexual intercourse should be punished by imprisonment for a minimum term of six months4 ,speaking generally1 the law should always come to the assistance of the weaker party1 above all1 to the assistance of the children1 and in most cases to the assistance of the mother4 ,although the new marriage law is to give to adult citizens complete freedom to arrange their erotic relationships at their own responsibility and risk1 with or without marriage1 it remains necessary that double marriages 7bigamy71 sexual relationships within forbidden degrees1 or on the part of persons suffering from transmissible disease1 which the law has declared to be a hindrance to marriage1 and also intercourse with persons under eighteen years of age1 should be regarded as punishable offences4 ,the same is true of homosexual and other perverse manifestations4 ,the trial in such cases will be conducted by a judge1 with the assistance of a jury of physicians and crimino-psychologists4 ,the writer does not believe that marriage will be transformed by legal changes in the way outlined above1 but she is of opinion that what will happen is that 8men and women will refuse to submit themselves to the unworthy forms of marriage1 which will remain established by law1 and will form free unions1 the so-called #8marriage of conscience1'0 such as those which the ,belgian sociologist ,mesnil has recommended in his work1 8,le ,libre ,mariage40 ,it is1 in fact1 in ,sweden1 ,ellen ,key's fatherland1 in which these free marriages of conscience appear to have first obtained adherents4 ,she records the free union of the professor of national economics at ,lund1 ,knut ,wicksell4 ,additional reports of free marriages in ,sweden are given by the ,swedish physician ,anton ,nystrm4#bjd ,he mentions among those who have formed free unions1 without legal or ecclesiastical ceremony1 but simply by public notification1 in addition to the already mentioned university professor1 also the editor of a leading newspaper1 a physician and doctor of philosophy1 and a candidate of philosophy4 ,the latter is engaged in study with his wife at the high school at ,gteborg4 ,in ,february1 #aijd1 they made a public announcement in the newspaper that they were entering on a 8marriage of conscience10 since they had a conscientious objection to the ecclesiastical form of marriage4 ,the principal of the college wrote an address to the young couple1 stating that1 although this union was not entered upon on immoral grounds1 and therefore could not be regarded as a punishable offence1 still1 such a free union1 unrecognized by the ,state1 between man and woman1 was not compatible with the good order of society1 that it was injurious to the general ethical conception of the sacramental character of marriage1 and also constituted a dangerous example1 which others might be led to imitate4 ,the principal therefore urged the young people most earnestly 8to place their union as soon as possible on a legitimate footing40 ,this exhortation1 however1 led to no result4 ,moreover1 the ,university of ,upsala was more free-thinking than that of ,gteborg1 for the above-mentioned professor and his wife were1 for a long time after they had become united in free love1 matriculated students at the ,university of ,upsala1 and the university authorities favoured them with no attention with regard to this matter4 ,in recent years1 the public declaration of 8free marriages0 has also found observance in other ,european countries4 ,thus1 not long ago the author who writes under the pseudonym of 8,roda-,roda0 announced in the newspapers his free union with the ,baroness von ,zeppelin2 and in the ,vossische ,zeitung1 ,no4 #daj1 ,september #b1 #aijf1 we find the following announcement3 8,dr4 ,alfred ,rahmer ,wilhelmine ,ruth ,rahmer geb4 ,prinz-,flohr ,frei-,vermhlte0 7,free-,wedlock74 ,similar public announcements are reported from ,holland4 ,moreover1 according to ,nystrm1 it has since #agcd been legally established in ,sweden1 that in certain cases engagement is equivalent to marriage--namely1 when the engaged woman becomes pregnant4 8,when a man impregnates his fiance1 the engagement becomes a marriage4444 ,if the man refuse to go through the ceremony of marriage1 and wishes to break off the engagement1 the woman is legally declared to be his wife1 and enjoys full conjugal rights in his house40 ,so runs this law4 ,we can predict with certainty that the adherents of free marriage1 the number of 8marriage protestants10 as ,ellen ,key happily calls them1 will continue to increase4 ,to such will belong all those who have an equal antipathy to coercive marriage1 to the debasing intercourse with prostitutes1 and to the transient casual love1 such as is experienced in ordinary extra-conjugal sexual intercourse1 the true 8wild0 love4 8,it is only a question of time0--thus ,ellen ,key concludes her remarks on marriage reform--8when the respect felt by society for the sexual union will not depend upon the form of the life in common1 by which two human beings become parents1 but only on the worth of the children which these two are producing as new links in the chain of the generations4 ,men and women will then devote to their spiritual and physical preparation for sexual intercourse the same religious earnestness that the ,christians devote to the welfare of their souls4 ,no longer will divine laws regarding the morality of sexual relationships be considered the mainstay of morality2 in place of these the desire to elevate the human race and a sense of personal responsibility will be the safeguards of conduct4 ,but the conviction on the part of the parents that the purpose of life is also their own proper life--that is1 that they do not exist only for the sake of children--should free them from certain other duties of conscience which at present bind them in respect of children--above all1 from the duty of maintaining a union in which they themselves are perishing4 ,the home will perhaps become more than it is at present2 something at unity with the mother1 something which--far from excluding the father--carries within itself the germ of a new and higher #8family right4'444 8,a greater and healthier will-to-live in respect of erotic feelings and demands--this it is that our time needs6 ,here from the feminine side real dangers threaten2 and one of several ways in which these dangers must be averted is by the construction of new forms of marriage4 8,human material of ever higher worth and capable of higher evolution--it is this which in the first place we have to create4 ,if we preserve coercive forms of the sexual life1 the possibility of doing this is a diminishing one2 if we adopt free forms of the sexual life1 the possibility of doing it will increase4 ,not only because the present time asks for more freedom are its demands full of promise1 but because those demands approximate ever more closely to the central point of the problem--to the conviction that love is the principal condition upon which depends the vital advance of the individual and of humanity at large40 ,i have given such a lengthy analysis of ,ellen ,key's book because1 in the first place1 in no other work do we find so lucid an exposition of all the points needed for the consideration of the question of free love--an exposition based upon the richest experience of life and a really astonishing psychical knowledge of mankind1 combined with the finest understanding of the subtle activities and sentiments of the loving soul2 and1 in the second place1 because as an actual fact--at any rate1 in ,germany--this book has formed the true starting-point of all endeavours towards the reform of sexual morality4 ,ellen ,key's 8,ueber ,liebe und ,ehe0 78,love and ,marriage07 is a demonstration of human rights in the matter of love2 it is the evangel for those who have determined to harmonize love with all the changes and advances attendant on the evolution of civilization1 and have resolved not to allow the forcible retardation of progress by conditions which were perhaps still tolerable one hundred or two hundred years ago1 but to-day are unconditionally hostile to civilization4 ,in ,germany these endeavours have been centralized in the ,bund fr ,mutterschutz 7the ,association for the ,protection of ,mothers71 founded in the beginning of #aijf1 whose purpose it is to protect unmarried mothers and their children from economic and moral dangers1 to counteract the dominant condemnation of such mothers1 and thereby also indirectly to bring about the reform of the existing views on sexual morality4 ,those who initiated this most important movement were indeed high-minded women4 ,i mention1 among many1 only the names of ,ruth ,br1 ,helene ,stcker1 ,maria ,lischnewska1 ,adele ,schreiber1 ,gabriele ,reuter1 and ,henriette ,frth4 ,by the preparatory committee to which ,maria ,lischnewska1 ,dr4 ,borgius1 ,dr4 ,max ,marcuse1 ,ruth ,br1 and ,dr4 ,helene ,stcker belonged1 a committee meeting was called on ,january #e1 #aije1 and the ,association for the ,protection of ,mothers was founded1 its programme having already received the support of a number of leading personalities from all parts of the ,german ,empire4 ,in addition to this committee1 to which1 besides the above-named members of the preparatory committee1 there belonged ,lily ,braun1 ,georg ,hirth1 and ,werner ,sombart1 a further committee was formed1 the members of which were3 ,alfred ,blaschko1 ,iwan ,bloch1 ,hugo ,bttger1 ,lily ,braun1 ,grfin ,gertrud ,blow von ,dennewitz1 ,m4 ,g4 ,conrad1 ,a4 ,damaschke1 ,hedwig ,dohm1 ,frieda ,duensing1 ,chr4 v4 ,ehrenfels1 ,a4 ,erkelenz1 ,w4 ,erb1 ,a4 ,eulenburg1 ,max ,flesch1 ,flechsig1 ,a4 ,forel1 ,e4 ,francke1 ,henriette ,frth1 ,agnes ,hacker1 ,hegar1 ,willy ,hellpach1 ,clara ,hirschberg1 ,georg ,hirth1 ,graf ,paul von ,hoensbroech1 ,bianca ,israel1 ,josef ,kohler1 ,landmann1 ,hans ,leuss1 ,maria ,lischnewska1 ,r4 von ,liszt1 ,lucas1 ,max ,marcuse1 ,mensinga1 ,bruno ,meyer1 ,h4 ,meyer1 ,metta ,meinken1 ,klara ,muche1 ,moesta1 ,a4 ,moll1 ,mller1 ,friedrich ,naumann1 ,a4 ,neisser1 ,franz ,oppenheimer1 ,pelman1 ,alfred ,ploetz1 ,heinrich ,potthoff1 ,lydia ,rabinowitsch1 ,gabriele ,reuter1 ,karl ,ries1 ,adele ,schreiber1 ,heinrich ,sohnrey1 ,werner ,sombart1 ,helene ,stcker1 ,marie ,stritt1 ,irma von ,troll-,borostyani1 ,max ,weber1 ,bruno ,wille1 ,l4 ,wilser1 ,l4 ,woltmann4 ,in the programme which the newly founded ,association for the ,protection of ,mothers speedily published1 we are told3 ,one hundred and eighty thousand illegitimate children are born in ,germany every year1 approximately one-tenth of all births4 ,this important source of our strength as a people1 children who at the time of birth are usually endowed with powerful vitality 7for their parents are commonly in the bloom of youth and health71 we allow to go to ruin because a rigorous moral view bans unmarried mothers1 undermines their economic existence1 and compels them to entrust their children for payment to strange hands4 ,the momentous consequences of this state of affairs are shown by the fact that the average number of still-births1 in the case of illegitimate children1 amounts to #e per cent41 as compared with #c per cent4 of still-births among the total number of births2 the mortality of illegitimate children during the first year of life is #bhe per cent41 as compared with #afg per cent4 for the mortality of all children born4 ,and whilst only a diminishing percentage of illegitimate children ever become fitted for military service1 the world of criminals1 prostitutes1 and vagabonds1 is recruited to an alarming extent from their ranks4 ,thus1 by unfounded moral prejudices1 we produce artificially an army of enemies to society4 ,at the same time the birth-rate of ,germany is relatively declining4 ,in the year #ahgf the number of births per #a1jjj living was #da2 in the year #aijj it was only #ce-a_/b6 ,to put an end to this robbery of the strength of our people is the aim of the ,,association ,,for ,,the ,,protection ,,of ,,mothers4 ,the attempt has already been made by means of crches1 foundling institutions1 and the like1 to deal with this matter4 ,but the protection of children without the protection of mothers is1 and must remain1 no more than patchwork2 for the mother is the principal source of life for the child1 and is indispensable to the child's prosperity4 ,whatever ensures rest and care to the mother in her most difficult hours1 whatever secures her economic existence for the future1 and protects her from the contempt of her fellow-beings1 by which her health is endangered and her life embittered1 will serve to provide a secure foundation for the bodily and mental prosperity of the child1 and will simultaneously give the mother herself a stronger moral hold4 ,therefore the ,association for the ,protection of ,mothers will1 above all1 make the mothers' position safe1 by assisting them to the attainment of ,,economic ,,independence --especially such as are prepared to bring up their own children--by the formation in country and in town of ,,homes ,,for ,,mothers1 in which1 in addition1 arrangements will be made for the necessary care and upbringing of the children1 the granting of legal protection1 and the provision of medical aid4 ,experience has shown that such provision also corresponds to the wish of many of the fathers1 and assists in retaining their help and interest for mother and child4 ,the ,association will1 however1 above all1 close the sources from which the present poverty of unmarried mothers arises1 and these are more especially the moral prejudices which at the present day defame them socially1 and the legal regulations which burden them almost exclusively with the economic care and responsibility for the child1 and which entail on the father not at all1 or in a quite insufficient degree1 his contribution to the burden4 ,,the ,,moral ,,defamation of unmarried mothers would1 perhaps1 be comprehensible if we lived in economic and social conditions rendering it possible for every one to marry soon after attaining sexual maturity1 so that the involuntary celibacy of adult persons was an abnormal state4 ,in such a time as ours1 however1 in which no less than #de per cent4 of all women competent to bear children are unmarried1 and those who actually marry do so for the most part at a comparatively late age1 we must regard as untenable the view which considers the unmarried woman giving birth to a child to be an outcast1 thrusts her out of society like the basest criminal1 and gives her up to despair4 ,equally untenable appears ,,the ,,present-,,day ,,legal ,,view1 which1 when the actual father has not gone through the forms prescribed by the ,state for a marriage1 does not regard him as father in the legal sense1 ascribes to him no relationship with the child procreated by him1 and imposes on him no responsibility for the child or its mother1 although in the majority of cases the mother is economically the weaker1 and he himself economically the stronger party4 ,there must1 therefore1 be a legal reform in the direction of equalizing as far as possible the position of the illegitimate and the legitimate child in relation to the father4 ,finally1 however1 motherhood--legitimate and illegitimate alike--is a factor of such profound importance to society1 that it appears urgently desirable not to leave it exclusively to private care1 with all the results that private care entails4 ,in the interest of the community it is desirable that there should be ,a ,,general ,,insurance ,,of ,,motherhood1 the cost of which should be defrayed by contributions from both sexes1 as well as supplemented by grants from public sources4 ,this assurance must not only suffice to provide for every woman sufficient medical assistance and skilled care during pregnancy and delivery1 but should also furnish a provision for the education of the child until it is of an age to earn its own living4 ,in order to propagate these views and endeavours methodically and upon the widest possible foundation1 the active assistance and participation of every class in the population is indispensable4 ,we therefore urge on all those who share our views the pressing demand ,,to ,,join ,,the ,,association ,,for ,,the ,,protection ,,of ,,mothers1 and thus to assist in securing and accelerating the attainment of these ends4 ,as the official organ of the ,association1 was chosen the monthly magazine1 edited by ,dr4 ,phil4 ,helene ,stcker1 ,mutterschutz3 ,zeitschrift zur ,reform der ,sexuellen ,ethik 7,the ,protection of ,mothers3 a ,journal for the ,reform of ,sexual ,ethics7--hitherto published in the year #aije twelve numbers1 in the year #aijf twelve numbers1 and in the year #aijg three numbers4 ,the foundation of the ,association was followed on ,february #bf1 #aije1 by the holding of its first public meeting1 in the ,architektenhaus1 under the presidency of ,helene ,stcker2 and the meeting was extensively attended by the general population of ,berlin4 ,the aims and endeavours of the new union were explained1 in longer and shorter speeches1 by ,ruth ,br1 ,max ,marcuse1 ,maria ,lischnewska1 ,justizrat ,sello1 ,helene ,stcker1 ,ellen ,key1 ,lily ,braun1 ,adele ,schreiber1 ,iwan ,bloch1 and ,bruno ,meyer2 and from the standpoint of the advocates of woman's rights1 of jurists1 of physicians1 of sociologists1 and of moralists1 in equal degree1 a radical transformation and reform of the present untenable conditions was demanded4#bje ,soon afterwards1 the ,association proceeded to form local groups4 ,the first was formed in ,munich1 where on ,march #bh1 #aije1 the first local meeting took place4 ,frau ,schnfliess1 ,margarethe ,joachimsen-,bhm1 ,alfred ,scheel1 and ,friedrich ,bauer belonged to this committee4 ,further local groups were founded in ,berlin 7,may #bj1 #aije--members of this committee1 as distinct from the committee of the general ,association3 ,finkelstein1 ,galli1 ,agnes ,hacker1 ,albert ,kohn1 ,bruno ,meyer1 ,adele ,schreiber71 and in ,hamburg 7president1 ,regina ,ruben74#bjf ,the first general meeting 7cf4 ,helene ,stcker1 8,our ,first ,general ,meeting10 published in ,mutterschutz1 #aijg1 ,no4 #b7 took place in ,berlin1 ,january #ab to #ad4 ,after speeches on the practical protection of mothers 7,maria ,lischnewska71 the present-day form of marriage 7,helene ,stcker71 prostitution and illegitimacy 7,max ,flesch71 limitation of marriages by economic conditions 7,adele ,schreiber71 limitation of marriage by hygienic factors 7,max ,marcuse71 the position of the illegitimate child 7,bhmert and ,ottmar ,spann71 the insurance of motherhood 7,mayet71 there followed animated discussions1 and various important resolutions were passed1 dealing with the equality of husband and wife in married life1 the legal recognition of free marriages1 and of the offspring of such marriages1 the necessity for the provision of certificates of health before the conclusion of marriage1 the means to be employed in the care of illegitimate children1 and the insurance of motherhood4 ,especially noteworthy was the address of the leading medical statistician1 ,professor ,mayet1 regarding the introduction and management of the insurance of motherhood4 ,at his suggestion1 proposals followed regarding the enrolling of working-class members in the societies for insurance against illness and for the insurance of motherhood1 the necessity for contributions on the part of the ,state1 the inclusion of the agricultural and forest labourers1 and of domestic servants of all kinds1 in the schemes of insurance against illness and the insurance of motherhood1 the possibility of a voluntary insurance of all women1 what could be effected by the insurance of motherhood 7free provision of midwives and medical assistance1 free lodging in case of need1 the provision of premiums for mothers suckling their own children1 the institution of places where advice could be given to mothers1 of homes for women during pregnancy and child-birth1 and homes for women and infants71 and the further development of factory legislation with regard to nursing mothers4 ,the committee for #aijg was chosen3 it consisted of ,helene ,stcker1 ,maria ,lischnewska1 ,adele ,schreiber1 ,wilhelm ,brandt1 ,iwan ,bloch1 ,max ,marcuse1 ,heinrich ,finkelstein4 ,in the end of ,january1 #aijg1 an ,austrian ,association for the ,protection of ,mothers was founded in ,vienna1 under the presidency of ,dr4 ,hugo ,klein4 ,to the committee of this ,society there belong1 ,siegmund ,freud1 ,rosa ,mayreder1 ,marie ,eugenie delle ,grazie1 ,professor ,schauta1 and about forty other well-known persons1 physicians1 lawyers1 schoolmasters1 and many women4 ,in the meeting at which the ,association was founded1 ,dr4 ,ofner spoke regarding the legal rights of illegitimate mothers and children1 and ,dr4 ,friedjung regarding the protection of nursing infants4 ,in the ,united ,states also an ,association for sexual reform has been founded1 the so-called 8,umwertungsgesellschaft0 7,revaluation ,society71 the principal aim of which is the complete re-estimation of all values in the amatory life1 and the introduction of a more ideal view of love4 ,the ,president of this ,american ,association is ,emil ,f4 ,ruedebusch2 the secretary1 ,mrs4 ,lina ,janssen2 the meeting-place of the society is ,mayville1 in the ,state of ,wisconsin4 ,regular evenings of discussion are fixed1 on which questions of especial interest are debated4 ,in ,holland also an ,association for the ,protection of ,mothers has been founded2 its name is 8,vereeniging ,onderlinge ,vrouwenbescherming40 ,in the newspaper ,mutterschutz 7#aije1 ,no4 #i1 pp4 #cge1 #cgf71 we find a report of the meeting of the ,american ,association held on ,october #h1 #aije1 when the topic of discussion was3 ,what is the true nature of marriage8 ,the answer ran as follows3 ,is it the family 7parental7 relationship8--,no2 for a married couple may have no children1 may not desire to have children1 and can1 none the less1 be thoroughly married4 ,is it the common home1 domestic life8--,no2 for husband and wife may live their whole life in a hotel1 and1 none the less1 be thoroughly married4 ,is it the lifelong community of material interests8--,no2 for man and wife can keep their property separate1 if they wish to do so4 ,is it mutual assistance and a state of comradeship throughout life8--,no4 ,when a conjugal union is the exact opposite to this1 we speak of a bad husband and a bad wife2 they are1 none the less1 man and wife4 ,does it signify a contract for a lifelong exclusive love8--,certainly not2 if marriage signified that1 all ,christians would be opposed to this institution4 ,and yet these are the things which1 according to the common estimation1 make up the nature of marriage1 whenever the question is discussed in a manner which is regarded as 8respectable0 and 8decent40--,as a matter of fact1 there is nothing respectable or decent in this mystification4 ,what is it1 then1 in which the true nature of marriage is to be found8--,it is the possession of a human being for lifelong exclusive sexual service4 ,very various views have prevailed on the question how many human beings it is legitimate for one human being to employ for his exclusive sexual gratification1 and among different nations1 and at various times1 the most widely divergent rules and regulations have prevailed regarding the mode of sexual possession1 and1 on the other hand1 regarding the duties towards this sexual property2 but wherever marriage has existed1 it has signified a right of property in respect of sexual utilization4 ,if we oppose marriage1 we mean that we oppose that which actually constitutes marriage according to morality1 and according to written law1 that which even the most enthusiastic advocates of this institution regard as so debasing that they are ashamed to name it openly4 ,but1 with the exception of the matters relating to sexual service1 we hold fast to and defend everything which is publicly considered as marriage1 and we expect that in this case we shall be 8faithful10 8constant10 and 8trustworthy0 in all circumstances4 ,for1 according to our view1 these most important imponderabilia1 and these intimate associations of interest between husband and wife1 are not the inevitable result of the longing for physical enjoyment in common1 but are the much-to-be-desired result of a well-considered longing for any one or all of the relations entering into the question4 ,according to our view1 however1 the duration of this union1 and constancy while it lasted1 would not be dependent upon the activity of sexual desires4 ,a special ,association for ,sexual ,reform was founded in ,berlin in the year #aijf1 at the instance of the editor of the ,die ,schnheit1 ,karl ,vanselow4 ,it is an ,association of cultured men and women who also have in view the formation of local groups1 and the delivery of artistic and scientific lectures in furtherance of their movement for reform4 ,in the above-mentioned monthly magazine1 ,mutterschutz1 edited by ,helene ,stcker1 all the modern problems of love1 marriage1 friendship1 parentage1 prostitution1 and all the associated problems of morality1 and of the entire sexual life1 are discussed from their philosophical1 historical1 legal1 medical1 social1 and ethical aspects4 ,the editor herself1 a talented disciple of ,nietzsche1 has since the year #ahic been chiefly occupied in the study of the psychological and ethical aspects of the problems of higher love1 and has recently published her collected writings on this subject in a single volume4#bjg ,it is an interesting literary physiognomy which is offered to us in this book2 we encounter here a lofty1 free1 and pure conception of the love of the future4 ,after the first spiritual wanderings and confusions1 which no one in emotional pursuit of the ideal can escape1 we see this courageous and undismayed advocate of the eternal1 inalienable rights of love1 ultimately insisting on the recognition of the lofty mission of love1 in accordance with the saying of ,nietzsche1 which she lovingly quotes3 8,ye shall not propagate onwards1 but upwards60 78,nicht fort sollt ,ihr ,euch pflanzen1 sondern hinauf6074 ,she especially insists on the duty and responsibility of individual love4 ,no one can take a more earnest view of love than is taken here4 ,helene ,stcker is throughout no radical revolutionist1 but an evolutionist and reformer4 ,she sees quite clearly that to-day there is no panacea1 no unfailing solution of sexual problems4 ,while she energetically contests the old sexual morality1 and demands its replacement by a new freer conception of sexual relationships1 she1 none the less1 recognizes throughout the significance and the value of self-command1 of relative asceticism1 the wonderful influence of which1 in the deepening of emotional life1 she has most rightly emphasized4 ,especially the soul of woman1 she believes1 has by the asceticism imposed on women by conventional morality1 gained in a high degree1 depth1 fulness1 and comprehensiveness4 ,the inward development of woman will be greatly advantaged by the newer valuation of love4 ,this will be characterized1 neither by an arid renunciation and denial of life1 nor by a coarse1 egoistic search for pleasure1 but by a joyful affirmation of life and all its healthy powers and impulses4 ,whilst ,helene ,stocker has laid especial stress upon the psychological and ethical relationships of free love1 its equal importance from economical and social points of view has been discussed by ,friedrich ,naumann1#bjh ,w4 ,borgius1#bji ,lily ,braun1#baj ,maria ,lischnewska1#baa and ,henriette ,frth4#bab ,naumann rightly draws attention to the fact that our purely monetary economic system is favourable to the production of sterility1 for the reason that in this system motherhood is equivalent to loss of money1 because the wife ceases to earn money in a degree proportionate to the extent to which she becomes a mother4 ,the burden of the upbringing of children must be made an affair of the community4 ,at the present time1 on the contrary1 the producer of human beings is burdened upon all sides4 ,he who has children has more rent to pay1 and increased school expenses4 ,therefore1 ,naumann demands1 as a first step to the recognition of the fact that it is a public duty to educate children1 that school expenses shall no longer be demanded from the individual parent4 ,above all1 however1 it must be made easier to the wife to be a mother4 ,the wife as a personality demands her right to work1 and her right to motherhood4 ,the fact of the compulsory celibacy of an ever-increasing number of women competent to become mothers is the problem which here demands solution4 ,according to the census of #aijj1 there were in ,germany no less than #d1baj1iee women between the ages of eighteen and forty years unmarried1 the total number of women of corresponding age being #i1efh1fei--that is1 #dd per cent4 were unmarried4 ,among these there were #b1hcj1ech between the ages of eighteen and twenty-five years1 the period most suitable to child-bearing1 the total number of women of corresponding age being #c1eic1fdd--that is1 no less than #gh per cent4 ,according to ,lily ,braun1 there remain from #b1jjj1jjj to #b1ejj1jjj ,german women permanently unmarried2 and we may expect the number of female celibates to increase4 ,the economic conditions1 the previously described unhealthy conditions of coercive marriage1 and the efforts of women for emancipation1 have a combined influence hostile to marriage4 ,on the other hand1 law and conventional morality co-operate in making life a martyrdom for the unmarried mother and for the illegitimate child4#bac ,the woman who becomes a mother1 when united only in the bonds of free love1 is at the present day defamed1 despised1 a being without rights4 ,the question of 8maintenance0 is a scandal of our time6 ,it is the proof of the degree to which most men are devoid of conscience4 ,an experienced lawyer has very forcibly described the intolerable conditions which at present obtain in this matter4#bad ,he published the following characteristic letter from a young master-butcher1 which shows how meanly even a simple-minded man may endeavour to escape the duty of maintenance4 ,the letter runs3 8,,dear ,,dora1 8,i wanted to come round to-day1 and wished to deal with the matter by word of mouth1 but ,i can't do it1 and so ,i must write to tell you that we cannot marry1 for1 in fact1 ,i have now less money even than when ,i was a journeyman4 ,the few hundred marks that ,i had ,i have put into the business2 and1 in fact1 ,i really cannot marry2 if ,i did1 ,i couldn't exist at all4 ,i should have to shut up the shop4 ,what should we do then8 ,i shouldn't be able to show my face in ,h---- again2 besides1 at best1 the business is not worth very much4 ,so1 my dear ,dora1 write to me now how we can settle matters2 you mustn't draw the string too tight1 or ask too much2 if you do1 you see1 you will have to find your own way out of the trouble4 ,of course1 ,i shall be glad enough to do what's right1 because ,i am as much to blame as you are4 ,if after a while ,i get on as well as my brothers have done1 ,i can do more for you4 ,but just now ,i can't help you much4 ,let's hope you may find some other man with whom you may live more happily than you have lived with me4 ,dear ,dora1 don't make such a fuss about it3 there are plenty more in the same case1 up and down the world2 you are not the only one4 ,now1 write to me directly what you want to do2 let's get the matter settled quietly2 that'll be better for you4 ,your mother won't leave you in the lurch1 and you will find it will all come right4 8,best love4 8,,fritz ,h4 8,p4,s4--,write soon40 ,let us imagine the state of mind of the young woman who receives this letter1 characterized as it is by such crafty heartlessness6 ,and yet this heartlessness is no greater than that of modern ,european society1 which simultaneously makes fun of the 8old maid0 and condemns the unmarried mother to infamy4 ,this double-faced1 putrescent 8morality0 is profoundly immoral1 it is radically evil4 ,it is moral and good to contest it with all our energy1 to enter the lists on behalf of the right to free love1 to 8unmarried0 motherhood4 ,let us make a clearance of this medieval bugbear of coercive marriage morality1 which is a disgrace in respect of our state of civilization and economical development4 ,two million women in a condition of compulsory celibacy and--coercive marriage morality4 ,it is merely necessary to place these two facts side by side1 in order to display before our eyes the complete ethical bankruptcy of our time in the province of sexual morality4 ,in addition to this necessity for a radical alteration in sexual morality1 we must1 in the second place1 enunciate the demand for a general insurance of motherhood1 for the foundation of homes for pregnant women1 for women in child-birth1 and for infants4 ,the fulfilment of these demands alone will bring us a great step forward in the restoration to health of our sexual life1 and in the preparation of a more beautiful future4#bae ,if it be true1 as ,w4 ,b4 ,stevenson reports1#baf that ,king ,charles ,,iv4 decreed that all foundling children in ,spanish ,america were to be regarded as of noble birth1 in order that all professions might be open to them1 we cannot but consider that this mode of thought and action1 on the part of a ruler in the country of the ,inquisition1 was a shining example for our own time4 8,society10 says ,eduard ,reich1 8as well as the ,church1 sins against the laws of morality1 as long as it stands in the way of the advancement of illegitimate children1 either by the maintenance of miserable prejudices against these poor beings1 or by positive decrees4 ,we shall never be able1 even should the human race enter ,paradise1 to make it impossible for extra-conjugal procreation to occur3 love-children will always exist4 ,since1 then1 it is not the fault of the latter that their parents have brought them into the world2 and1 further1 since1 even if all men were married1 one could not impute it to a man as a moral transgression1 if he1 in the plenitude of his procreative powers1 had intercourse with a beautiful girl1 instead of with his wife 7suffering1 for example1 from cancer1 or some other serious disease72 and since1 on the other hand1 a wife still in the full bloom of youth could not be blamed for unfaithfulness if1 her elderly husband having been impotent for several years1 she now has intercourse with a vigorous and healthy young man--for such reasons1 let us throw the veil of forgetfulness over all well-intentioned human weaknesses1 and no longer ask whether a citizen of the world has been engendered in the marriage-bed1 or has sprung from the well-spring of love4 ,to the reasonable being it is the man himself who is of value2 and only blockheads1 simpletons1 and donkeys will inquire as to his origin40#bag ,and yet one more question ,i will address in conclusion to the adherents of coercive marriage morality4 ,how many free-love relationships1 how many illegitimate children have there not been at all times among the cultured classes1 even among the pillars of the throne and the altar1 precisely among those who1 on account of their higher spiritual development1 ought to possess a stronger ethical sensibility 7nota bene1 from the standpoint of coercive marriage morality74 ,it would be an interesting task to collect statistics relating to such free unions1 and the resulting 8illegitimate0 offspring1 in the case of notable men and women6 ,the marriage fanatics would be horrified6 ,quite apart from the innumerable secret relationships of this nature1 and their consequences1 a short observation and enumeration of the illegitimate loves and parentage of men and women of high standing1 alike spiritual and moral1 would alone suffice to illuminate the actual conditions1 and would enable us to draw remarkable conclusions regarding coercive marriage4 ,it is my intention1 as soon as possible1 to represent in a brief work the rle of free love in the history of civilization1 and to adduce proofs that free love is very well compatible with a moral life4 ,who would venture to reproach with immorality a ,brger1 a ,jean ,paul1 a ,gutzkow1 a ,karoline ,schlegel1 a ,george ,sand1 or even a ,goethe8#bah ,it is a simple evolutionary necessity that free love1 in association with progressive differentiation and with the reshaping of economic conditions1 will find its moral justification also for those who at present judge and condemn it from the point of view of long outworn social conditions4 #ahf ,m4 ,nordau1 8,the ,conventional ,lies of ,our ,civilization40 ,see also ,p4 ,ncke1 8,einiges zur ,frauenfrage und zur sexuellen ,abstinenz0--8,a ,contribution to the ,woman's ,question and to the ,question of ,sexual ,abstinence40 ,ncke condemns this duplex morality1 and demands for the woman in principle the same sexual freedom that is granted to the man4 #ahg ,one of the most remarkable instances of free love as a popular institution was the 8island custom0 of the 7so-called7 ,isle of ,portland4 ,here1 until well on into the nineteenth century1 experimental cohabitation was universal1 and marriage did not take place until the woman became pregnant4 ,but if1 as a result of this experimental cohabitation1 8the woman does not prove with child1 after a competent time of courtship1 they conclude they are not destined by ,providence for each other2 they therefore separate2 and as it is an established maxim1 which the ,portland women observe with great strictness1 never to admit a plurality of lovers at one time1 their honour is in no way tarnished4 ,she just as soon gets another suitor 7after the affair is declared to be broken off7 as if she had been left a widow1 or that nothing had ever happened1 but that she had remained an immaculate virgin0 7,hutchins1 8,history and ,antiquities of the ,county of ,dorset10 vol4 ii41 p4 #hbj1 #ahfh74 ,so faithfully was this 8island custom0 observed that1 on the one hand1 during a long period no single bastard was born on the 8island10 and1 on the other1 every marriage was fertile4 ,but when1 for the further development of the ,portland stone trade1 workmen from ,london1 with the 8wild love0 habits of the large town1 came to reside in ,portland1 these men took advantage of the 8island custom10 and then refused to marry the girls with whom they had cohabited4 ,thus1 in consequence of freer intercourse with the 8civilized0 world1 the 8,portland custom0 has gradually fallen into desuetude4 ,but the words ,i have emphasized in the quotation show how faithfully the conditions of 8free love10 as defined in this work1 were observed in ,portland4 ,an account of ,portland1 with allusions to the local practice of 8free love10 will be found in ,thomas ,hardy's novel1 8,the ,well ,beloved40--,,translator4 #ahh ,a4 ,blaschko1 8,prostitution in the ,nineteenth ,century10 p4 #ab 7,berlin1 #aijb74 #ahi ,cf4 ,helen ,zimmern1 8,mary ,wollstonecraft0 in ,deutsche ,rundschau1 #ahhi1 vol4 xv41 ,heft #aa1 pp4 #bei-bfc4 ,consult also ,c4 ,kegan ,paul1 8,william ,godwin3 ,his ,friends and ,contemporaries10 #b vols4 7,london1 #ahgf74 #aij 8,shelley's ,poetical ,works10 edited by ,edward ,dowden1 p4 #db 7,macmillan1 #ahia74 #aia ,ibid41 p4 #dd4 #aib ,cf4 the admirable critical investigation by ,georg ,hirth1 8,goethe's ,christiane10 published in 8,ways to ,love10 pp4 #cbc-cff1 containing new and valuable aids to our judgment of this relationship4 #aic ,a4 ,wernich1 8,geographical and ,medical ,studies1 based upon ,experiences obtained in a ,journey ,round the ,world10 p4 #acg 7,berlin1 #ahgh74 ,among the ,malays of the ,dutch ,indies divorce is very easy2 it costs only a few gulden1 and is often carried out 8very much to the advantage of husband and wife who are not held together by love4 ,but it is by no means rare for a divorced couple to remarry after a certain time0 7,ernst ,haeckel1 8,aus ,insulinde1 ,malayische ,reisebriefe0--8,from the ,indian ,archipelago1 ,malay ,letters of ,travel071 p4 #bdb 7,bonn1 #aija74 #aid ,kuno ,fischer1 8,history of ,recent ,philosophy10 vol4 vii41 p4 #ace 7,heidelberg1 #ahih74 #aie ,cf4 in this connexion my pseudonymous work1 8,rtif de la ,bretonne3 the ,man1 the ,author1 and the ,reformer10 p4 #ejj 7,berlin1 #aijf74 #aif ,cf4 ,george ,gissing's powerful novel1 8,the ,odd ,women40--,,translator4 #aig ,a brief sketch of tetragamy is also given by ,schopenhauer in the fragments of his 8,lecture on ,philosophy0 78,schopenhauer's ,legacy10 ed4 ,grisebach1 vol4 iv41 pp4 #dje1 #djf71 also in the manuscript books1 8,pandekt0 and 8,spicilegia0 7op4 cit41 pp4 #dah1 #dai74 #aih ,charles ,albert1 8,free ,love40--,we may also allude to the more generally philosophic work by ,armand ,charpentier1 8,l'vangile du ,bonheur4 ,mariage4 ,union ,libre4 ,amour ,libre0 7,paris1 #ahih74 #aii ,l4 ,gumplowicz1 8,marriage and ,free ,love0 7,berlin1 #aijb1 second edition74 #bjj ,in this connexion ,english readers will do well to consult ,karl ,pearson's admirable 8,the ,ethic of ,freethought40 ,in the third or sociological section of that book there are numerous references to the subject of free love in relation to the economic structure of society4 ,one of these will1 however1 for the present1 suffice for quotation3 8,the economic independence of women will1 for the first time1 render it possible for the highest human relationship to become again a matter of pure affection1 raised above every suspicion of restraint and every taint of commercialism40 ,it will be seen that ,karl ,pearson1 like ,albert1 ,gumplowicz1 ,bebel1 and ,socialists in general1 believes that collectivism and the economic independence of women are indispensable preliminaries to a far-reaching reform of our sex relationships in the direction of free love4--,,translator4 #bja ,i must here call attention to the fact that the celebrated philosopher ,eugen ,dhring1 in his notable work1 8,the ,value of ,life10 pp4 #aee-aeh 7,leipzig1 #ahha1 third edition71 made a violent attack on the coercive marriage system1 and demanded on ethical grounds a transformation of our amatory life in the direction of freedom and of personal love4 #bjb ,edward ,carpenter1 8,love's ,coming-of-,age10 third edition1 ,london1 #aijb4 #bjc ,ellen ,key1 8,love and ,marriage10 translated into ,german by ,francis ,maro 7,berlin1 #aijd74 #bjd ,anton ,nystrm1 8,the ,sexual ,life and its ,laws10 pp4 #bdd-bdg 7,berlin1 #aijd74 #bje ,the speeches on this occasion were published by ,helene ,stcker in her pamphlet1 8,the ,association for the ,protection of ,mothers0 7,no4 #d of 8,modern ,questions of the ,day10 edited by ,dr4 ,hans ,landsberg2 ,berlin1 #aije74 #bjf ,unfortunately1 ,ruth ,br1 who has played such a leading part in the history of the movement for the protection of mothers and for sexual reform1 has recently gone her own way1 and has founded an association of her own for the protection of mothers1 which we may hope will soon be reabsorbed into the general ,association4 ,above all1 in such a province of reform as this1 open as it is to attacks of every kind1 unity is essential4 #bjg ,helene ,stcker1 8,die ,liebe und die ,frauen0--8,love and ,women0 7,minden1 #aijf74 #bjh ,fr4 ,naumann1 8,women in the ,new ,economic ,life10 published in ,mutterschutz1 #aijf1 ,no4 #d1 pp4 #acc-adi4 #bji ,w4 ,borgius1 8,mutterschafts-,rentenversicherung10 ibid41 pp4 #adi-aed4 #baj ,lily ,braun1 8,die ,mutterschaftsversicherung10 ibid41 #aijf1 ,nos4 #a-c1 pp4 #ah-bd1 #fi-gf1 #aaj-abd4 #baa ,m4 ,lischnewska1 8,the ,economic ,reform of ,marriage10 ibid41 ,no4 #f1 pp4 #bae-bcf4 #bab ,h4 ,frth1 8,motherhood and ,marriage10 ibid41 #aije1 ,nos4 #g1 #aj-ab1 pp4 #afe-afi1 #chi-cie1 #dbg-dce1 #dhc-dhi4 #bac ,the facts to which we have alluded throw a peculiar light upon the ever-renewed attack1 made by certain writers who will not see1 against the emancipation of women1 whilst at the same time they advocate motherhood6 ,a typical example of this is the book written by the gynecologist ,max ,runge1 8,woman in her ,sexual ,individuality0 7,berlin1 #ahif71 the objectivity of which1 in comparison with other hostile writings1 must1 however1 be expressly recognized4 #bad 8,office ,consultations of a ,solicitor10 by ,severserenus1 p4 #gj et seq4 7,hanover1 #aijb74 #bae ,the question of unmarried motherhood1 sociologically of such profound importance1 has recently been treated by ,max ,marcuse in an admirable monograph1 8,unmarried ,mothers0 7,berlin1 #aijg1 vol4 xxvii4 of the 8,documents of ,great ,towns10 edited by ,hans ,ostwald74 ,herein we find exact data regarding the number1 religion1 position1 profession1 and characteristics of unmarried mothers1 also the social and psychological causes of unmarried motherhood1 and the existing and future means of caring for women in this position4 ,the same author1 in the newspaper ,soziale ,medizin und ,hygiene1 #aijf1 vol4 i41 pp4 #feg-ffg1 discusses the important question of the adoption of illegitimate children4 ,valuable monographs concerning illegitimate children are those of ,hugo ,neumann1 8,the ,illegitimate ,children of ,berlin10 ,jena1 #aijj2 ,ottomar ,spann1 8,investigations ,regarding the ,illegitimate ,population of ,frankfurt-on-the-,main10 ,dresden1 #aijf2 ,frieda ,duensing1 8,the ,legal ,position of ,illegitimate ,children10 and ,taube1 8,illegitimate ,children10 published in 8,the ,book of the ,child10 edited by ,adele ,schreiber1 vol4 ii41 div4 #b1 pp4 #eg-fa1 #fb-fi 7,leipzig1 #aijg72 the practical work hitherto effected--already extensive1 but still far less than we could wish--by the ,association for the ,protection of ,mothers has been detailed by ,maria ,lischnewska1 in her excellent pamphlet1 8,the ,practical ,protection of ,mothers0 7,berlin1 #aijg74 #baf ,w4 ,b4 ,stevenson1 8,travels in ,arauco1 ,chile1 ,peru1 and ,columbia1 in the years #ahjd-ahbc10 vol4 i41 p4 #agd 7,weimar1 #ahbf74 #bag ,eduard ,reich1 8,immorality and ,excess1 from the ,point of ,view of the ,medical1 ,hygienic1 ,political1 and ,moral ,sciences10 p4 #abg 7,neuwied and ,leipzig1 #ahff74 #bah ,apart from the study of the numerous free-love relationships of the poet ,goethe1 it would be interesting to make an investigation regarding his illegitimate children4 ,only a few years ago there died in ,sttzerbach one of the last illegitimate grandchildren of ,goethe1 a wood-cutter1 a man of tall stature and proud gait1 resembling in appearance and demeanour the beloved of all women4 ,cf4 ,a4 ,trinius1 8,from the ,mountain-,world of ,goethe10 published in the ,berliner ,lokal-,anzeiger1 ,no4 #dec1 of ,september #f1 #aijf4 ,,chapter ,,xii ,,seduction1 ,,the ,,sensual ,,life 7,,genussleben71 ,,and ,,wild ,,love 7,,wilde ,,liebe7 8,in the sensual life1 imponderabilia play a leading part1 and many an effort towards improvement1 many a reform1 has been shattered against them1 simply because the would-be reformer has overlooked the finer threads which connect the human soul with the institutions and customs of the material world40--,,willy ,,hellpach4 ,,contents ,,of ,,chapter ,,xii ,difference between free love and wild love -- ,the danger of wild love -- ,forms the bridge to prostitution -- ,its connexion with the sensual life and with seduction -- ,the peculiarities of modern epicureanism -- ,restless character of the sensual life -- ,the life of 8amusement0 -- ,the erotic aim of this life -- ,sexual excesses of the present day -- ,heedlessness of wild love -- ,influence of large towns on the sensual life -- ,nocturnal life -- ,character of the pleasures of large towns -- ,increase of sexual tension -- ,pursuit of pleasure among the common people -- ,the increasing number of young embezzlers -- ,public seduction -- ,professional seduction -- ,history of the art of love -- ,its gradual spiritualization -- ,seducer types -- ,don ,juan and ,casanova -- ,british ,don-,juanism -- ,the domineering erotic1 and the erotic genius -- ,kierkegaarde1 8,diary of a ,seducer0 -- ,pseudo ,don-,juanism -- ,printed guide-books to the sensual life for the modern man of pleasure -- ,influence of the mode of life upon the sexual life -- ,alcohol as the incorporation of evil in this respect -- ,analysis of its influence on the vita sexualis -- ,its peculiar duplex influence -- ,utilization of this influence by prostitutes and seducers -- ,alcoholism and venereal diseases -- ,absinthe in ,france -- ,share of alcohol in producing offences against morality -- ,encouragement of wild love by alcohol -- ,connexion of illegitimate births with alcoholic excess -- ,increase of wild love at the present day -- 8,intimacy0 78das ,verhltnis07 -- ,its gradual degeneration -- ,history of the origination of the 8intimacy10 and psychological explanations thereof -- ,increasing similarity between the nature of the 8intimacy0 and the conditions of prostitution -- ,causes -- ,frequent changes of 8intimates0 -- ,the diffusion of venereal diseases by means of wild love -- ,rle of lies1 mistrust1 and hatred therein -- ,produces disbelief in love -- ,wild love and coercive marriage -- ,causes of sexual corruption -- ,need for the campaign against wild love and sexual libertinism -- ,hellmann's book on sexual libertinism -- ,attitude of the medical man towards 8extra-conjugal0 sexual intercourse -- ,increasing aversion to wild love -- ,the increase in free ideal love unions -- ,wild love as the transitional stage to prostitution4 ,,chapter ,,xii ,in the previous chapter we repeatedly drew attention to the fact that free love is not identical with the sexual promiscuity indulged in at the present day to such an alarming extent and with such disastrous consequences--sexual promiscuity in the form of extra-conjugal sexual intercourse1 irregular in character1 and dependent almost entirely upon chance4 ,i am an ardent advocate of 8free love10 by which ,i understand sexual union based upon intimate love1 personal harmony1 and spiritual affinity1 entered on by the free resolve of both parties1 involving the assumption of all the duties entailed by such free unions1 and with satisfactory mutual assurances regarding health4 ,but with corresponding emphasis ,i must condemn1 from the standpoint of the physician and from that of public hygiene1 and also on ethical grounds1 the now so widely diffused 8extra-conjugal0 sexual intercourse1 for which1 in order to distinguish it from the entirely different extra-conjugal 8free0 love1 ,i suggest the term 8wild love40 ,this wild love is the true cancer of our society1 for its chief characteristic is that it constitutes an enduring connexion and means of transition between hygienically and ethically unexceptionable sexual intercourse and prostitution1 and thus involves the unceasing risk of transferring to the former all the dangers of the latter4 ,in this sense1 wild love can really be regarded as a kind of irradiation of the whole nature of prostitution into the entirety of sexual relations in general4 ,thus1 it remains a powerful hindrance to all ennoblement and resanation of the amatory life1 and it is an invincible source of the moral and physical degeneration and the infective contamination of the nation4 ,wild love is intimately connected with the artificial sensual life of our time1 and with the manifold varieties of seduction#bai arising from that life4 ,wild love1 the sensual life1 and seduction1 form1 as it were1 a triad1 each member of which is the principal predisposing condition of the others4 ,he who wishes to characterize in a few words the ,european civilization of the present day may say that its nature consists in epicureanism1 mitigated by toil and the struggle for life2 but this epicureanism is of a very peculiar kind4 ,it is no longer the unqualified sensual life of the eighteenth century1 in which sensual lusts and epicurean refinements were to many the whole object of life1 nor is it the comfortable enjoyment of 8the good old times02 it is a quite peculiar concentrated enjoyment of the moment1 in the midst of the hard work of life4 ,the carpe diem of ,horace has to-day become carpe horam6 ,the forced labour which the fierce struggle for existence at present entails upon the majority of men leaves no more time for a simple undisturbed enjoyment of existence1 for the inward deep experience of reality1 and for a quiet joy therein4 ,no1 our sensual life of to-day bears in it the sting of pain1 because the will to live1 which1 according to ,schopenhauer1 continually strives for an 8increase of life10 has now degenerated into a convulsive search for the most violent sensations possible1 into a wild hunt after the strongest possible and most frequent enjoyments1 because the time is lacking for a peaceful1 harmonious existence4 ,each man asks himself anxiously whether he may not have 8missed0 this or that possibility of objective pleasure2 and forgets in doing so that the true happiness of life lies within himself1 and that the greatest possible sum of outward enjoyments cannot procure him this happiness4 ,the signature of our time is 8amuse oneself10 a phrase which conveys the idea of all our modern superficial pleasures1 and of our sensual and spiritual sensations1 which must chase one another in rapid succession in order to enable the modern civilized man to feel that he 8lives40 ,for the majority of those living in great towns1 amusement is equivalent to a continued succession of superficial sensual pleasures1 as preparatory stimuli for an equally fugitive and debasing sexual act4 ,the frequently heard and favourite phrases 8to go through with it10 8to live one's life10 8to sow one's wild oats10 etc41 have all the same significance1 in the sense of preparation for sexual indulgence by means of such stimuli4 ,from beer-saloons and public-houses of all kinds1 especially those at which the attendants are women1 from the cabarets and variety theatres1 the low-class music-halls and dancing-saloons1 also1 however1 from better-class balls1 soires1 and luxurious dinners1 the road is open to the prostitute1 or to the arms of a girl excited by similar sensual stimuli to a similarly transitory sexual desire4 ,a great physician has said3 8,we eat three times too much40 ,i might add1 in amplification of this saying1 ,not only do we eat three times too much1 but we look for all other sensual pleasures in excess1 and for this reason we love also three times too much1 or rather1 we indulge too often in sexual intercourse4 ,one of our most talented psychologists1 ,willy ,hellpach1 has described these relationships with great insight3 8,to the enormous majority of our young men sexual indulgence is a matter of course1 like their card-parties1 their evenings at the club1 their glass of beer2 and of the few who live otherwise1 a considerable proportion do so simply from timidity1 or from poverty of spirit 7they would like to1 but they cannot screw their courage up74 ,another portion is honourably continent1 but does not dare to make any display of this adhesion to principle1 and rather pretends not to be distinguished in any way from the majority2 and the very few young men who openly set their faces against the custom may be counted on the fingers of one hand4 ,it is obvious that in this way the extra-conjugal sexual act loses the distinction of the unaccustomed2 it is effected continually in a more heedless1 light-hearted1 frivolous manner--until1 finally1 the very idea of danger connected with indiscriminate sexual indulgence is forgotten2 the preventive is thrown aside with an easy 8,nothing has ever happened to me40 ,indeed1 many a man goes to his fate in the shape of infection with his eyes open1 and with the most light-hearted confidence3 if he is infected1 there will be plenty of time before his marriage to be thoroughly cured4 8,this factor comes the more readily into play in proportion to the degree in which the whole arrangement of the sensual life culminates in the stimulation of erotic activities4 ,such a tendency is inevitably associated with the development of the modern large town2 and there ensues an imitation of the sensual life of large towns in smaller towns1 and even in country villages4#bbj 8,every large town provides the means for a much more extensive stimulation of the senses than country life2 and the alternate stimulation and deadening of the senses1 characteristic of town life1 has in the very large towns of our time reached an unheard-of degree of intensity4 ,the town is the typical habitat of that sensual and nervous condition of irritability which historically characterizes our own generation2 the townsman is the typical representative of 8nervousness0 in its modern form4 ,the verbal connexion between 8senses0 and 8sensuality0 represents an actual transition2 and in ordinary parlance1 by the 8sensual0 we understand the 8erotic40 ,where the senses are more strongly stimulated1 there erotic desire grows1 there it loses its periodical course in favour of a continuous wakefulness1 or1 at any rate1 in favour of a light slumber1 which the slightest stimulus will disturb4 ,and the townsman is more easily impelled to the sexual act1 not merely because the town offers him prostitutes1 8intimates10 etc41 in much greater numbers1 but also because his over-stimulated nervous system impels him much more powerfully to search for these objects1 and makes it much more difficult for him to safeguard himself against their allurements4 8,and town life is nocturnal life6 ,the more so1 the larger the town2 and we see the extreme form of this in the great capitals of ,europe4 ,the consequences in regard to the opportunities for and incitations to sexual enjoyment are not lacking4 ,first of all1 nocturnal life gives rise to a summation of stimuli1 to an incredible variety of nervous titillation1 and this induces an increasing sensuality2 and once the sensual life has become habitually nocturnal1 now1 by a vicious circle1 all enjoyment is unavoidably fettered to the town4 ,natural recuperation has become a secondary consideration1 and in place of the relief of tension1 we have apparent restoration by means of variety4 ,all1 all1 tends in favour of a sharpening of sensual stimuli1 of arousing the wish for erotic pleasures4 ,and the town is untiring1 inexhaustible1 in its discovery of means for the gratification of these instincts4 ,variety theatres1 gin-palaces1 low music-halls1 and all the amusements of similar kind1 are simply unthinkable without the sensual note2 and even where they maintain themselves to be free from that note1 it will be unconsciously sought by the audience1 will be easily found1 and if it were absent1 its absence would be angrily resented4 ,the same is true1 more or less1 of entertainments of a higher sthetic rank4 ,with very few exceptions1 our theatres are compelled to take into consideration the instincts of the public1 and the instincts of the population of our large towns are chiefly concerned with eroticism4 ,even where sexual questions are elevated into the sphere of the highest art1 and by the artist himself the common is detested1 the audience will1 after their kind1 merely extract erotic stimulation2 and that the opera and the stage are sought by many merely on account of these accessory influences1 is too well known to need proof--not to say a word regarding the pantomime and the ballet4 8,perhaps the worst of all is yet to come4 ,in his public dinners1 his parties1 his clubs1 his balls1 etc41 the man of the upper classes1 and also the man of the middle classes1 does not find the much-to-be-desired ethical counterpoise to this characteristic sensual life of our young men2 but rather finds the prolongation of it in a somewhat more masked and artificial form4 ,from the outset1 the relationship between the sexes is of so suggestive1 so purposive a character1 that this exercises a gentle1 stimulating influence upon desire2 and a man is thrown into a state of tension for which he often finds only one outlet1 sexual gratification--which he must either buy or obtain by cunning--and thus he passes straightway from the influences of the public sensual life1 to become the customer of the prostitute1 the partner in the 8intimacy10 the seducer in the nocturnal life of the great town4 ,he then either runs the danger of infection with venereal diseases1 or he occupies himself with their dissemination2 for the man suffering from venereal disease is not merely a victim3 he is commonly also a focus of infection1 one who finds new victims in the shape of girls hitherto uninfected4 8,to this evil a remarkable trait in the sensual life of the simpler woman extends ready assistance--,i mean that servility1 that erotic obsequiousness which finds expression already in the gossip1 and in the favourite reading of the lower classes1 and which makes them feel to some extent flattered if they are treated as means of enjoyment by a man of good position4 ,it is well known that the prostitute in her talk gladly makes her lover a baron2 but1 unfortunately1 a similar tendency characterizes the feminine half of the lower classes throughout1 and to our regret1 this is more especially true of the ,german people4 ,our commercial-traveller nature1 to which1 according to ,sombart1 we owe a portion of our ascendancy in the markets of the world1 finds its most regrettable and disastrous seamy side in the readiness with which the masses forget their pride and self-respect1 when it is a question of snatching a pleasure4 ,this characteristic has1 in recent lustra1 unfortunately become not better1 but rather worse2 the desire to look well at any cost1 with which the simple girl so often makes herself laughable1 inspires also her longing to #8walk out' with a distinguished admirer40#bba ,but not only does the simple girl of the people sacrifice her life and health in this pursuit of pleasure2 the young men also are not behindhand in the pursuit1 which they regard as 8gentlemanlike10 of enjoyment and of women4 ,it is astonishing what an increase in recent times there has been in the number of youthful embezzlers1 learners and clerks in merchants' offices1 whose offences have been committed simply in order to provide funds for the gratification of their pothouse pleasures4 ,among them one meets lads between the ages of fourteen and eighteen years1 a symptom of the earlier sexual maturity of the present day4 ,when1 as usually happens1 they are arrested after a few days1 it comes out in evidence that the embezzled money was squandered in the society of prostitutes1 but we learn that the tendency to such excess had existed in the embezzler long before he actually committed a crime4 ,if the heads of businesses were to keep themselves better informed regarding the mode of life of their employees1 many a disillusion and many a loss would be spared them4 ,sexual seduction is at the present time effected less by individuals than by the environment4 ,the sensual life as such1 the entire stimulating sensual atmosphere of that life1 plays to-day a rle which at an earlier time1 when our social life and pleasures were less fully developed1 fell to the 8seducer10 the galant homme and ,don ,juan of earlier days4 ,our young people are subjected rather to the general influences of the pursuit of amusement1 which fascinates all circles1 than to the allurements of the habitual seducer4 ,to-day1 the victims of public seduction1 by means of the sensual life characteristic of our time1 are far more numerous than those seduced by isolated individuals1 though such there have been1 and will be1 at all times4 ,before ,i pass to the consideration of the individual influences of the modern sensual life1 those by which wild love is especially favoured1 and before ,i describe the general seduction of the present day1 ,i propose to touch upon the interesting question of 8professional seduction10 to consider ,don-,juanism and the practice of the 8ars amandi40 ,it is remarkable how strongly the history of the art of seduction reflects the general tendency of the evolution of love from purely physical impulses to spiritual love4 ,this we learn simply from the study of the numerous text-books of the art of love1 the so-called 8ars amandi40 ,whereas in the earlier text-books of this subject1 from ,ovid's 8,ars ,amandi10#bbb widely celebrated in antiquity1 to the 8,practica ,artis ,amandi10#bbc the 8,morale ,galante1 ou l',art de ,bien ,aimer10#bbd of the seventeenth century1 and ,gentil ,bernard's 8,l',art d',aimer10#bbe of the eighteenth century1 the principal stress was laid upon all the possible sensual stimuli1 and upon the superficial gallantry associated with this2 in the modern text-books1 in that of ,manso#bbf 7still belonging to the eighteenth century71 but especially in the more recent works by ,stendhal1#bbg ,paul ,bourget1#bbh ,a4 ,silvestre1#bbi ,catulle ,mends1#bcj ,robert ,hessen1#bca and ,hjalmar ,kjlenson1#bcb we find much more stress laid on all the spiritual influences of the art of love4 ,in this way it is possible to follow in these works the whole course of the enrichment of the spiritual and emotional life in love4#bcc ,the same process of development can be recognized also in the figure of ,don ,juan4 ,his type has undergone gradual alteration1 always becoming more and more intellectual4 ,the purely sensual ,don ,juan1 as ,lord ,chesterfield1 for example1 characterizes and embodies him1 is to-day quite out of date even among sensual men of the ordinary type2 whereas though ,kierkegaard's 8,diary of a ,seducer0 describes an extreme type1 that of the purely reflective libertine1 yet in this extreme1 the author has very rightly recognized the general tendency of evolution4 ,recently1 ,oscar ,a4 ,h4 ,schmitz has published an extremely original and thoughtful study of 8,don ,juan1 ,casanova1 and other ,erotic ,characters0 7,stuttgart1 #aijf71 in which he distinguishes very sharply the seducer type of a ,casanova from the seducer-type of a ,don ,juan4 ,don ,juan is a deceitful1 cunning seducer1 to whom the sense of possession associated with the attainment of his aim1 the danger1 the activity of his desires for power and dominance1 are the principal matters1 but who is in himself unerotic2 whereas ,casanova is pre-eminently the erotic1 also crafty and deceitful1 not1 however1 for the gratification of his need for power1 but rather for the agreeable satisfaction of his need for sensual love4 ,don ,juan knows only 8women02 for ,casanova each one is 8the woman40 ,don ,juan is demoniacal1 devilish he goes on to the complete destruction of the women seduced by him1 deliberately he ensures their unhappiness2 ,casanova is human1 cares always for the happiness of the women he loves1 and devotes to them a tender reflection4 ,don ,juan despises women1 he is of the type of the misogynist1 of the satanic woman-hater2 ,casanova is the typical feminist1 he possesses a profound understanding of woman's soul1 is not disappointed by love1 and needs for his life's happiness continuous contact with feminine natures4 ,don ,juan seduces by means of his own elemental nature1 by the attractive power of brutal wild force2 ,casanova does so by means of the sensual atmosphere which surrounds him4 ,with an accurate psychological insight1 ,schmitz remarks3 8,it seems as if the love of one1 or1 where possible1 of several1 women inoculates the man1 as it were1 with a vital fluid1 and gives his glance a fire which at times makes him irresistible4 ,men of pleasure declare that after the most fortunate nights1 when1 exhausted1 they were returning home to sleep1 on the way the most eager and meaning glances were cast upon them by the women whom they passed40 ,this distinction between the two types of seducer1 which ,schmitz makes in his original book1 containing excellent observations on the psychology of love1 is indeed not new4 ,stendhal1 in the chapter 8,werther and ,don ,juan0 of his book1 8,ueber die ,liebe10 pp4 #bda-bea 7,german edition1 ,leipzig1 #aijc71 points out the same types4 8,the genuine ,don ,juans10 he says1 8ultimately come to regard women as their enemies1 and find actual pleasure in their manifold unhappiness02 whereas ,werther1 the equivalent of ,casanova1 regards all women as entrancing beings1 towards whom we are far too unjust4 ,the love of ,don ,juan is 8a similar feeling to the love of the chase02 ,werther's love is gentle1 idealizes the reality1 is full of tender and romantic impressions4 ,don ,juan is the conqueror2 ,werther is the erotic4 ,i myself also1 in my work on 8,sexual ,life in ,england10 vol4 ii41 p4 #aei 7,berlin1 #aijc71 have1 earlier than ,schmitz1 clearly distinguished from one another these two seducer types1 in a passage in which ,i depict the ,british ,don ,juan1 in contrast to the ,french and ,italian ,don ,juan4 ,the passage runs3 8,the principal characteristic of the ,british ,don ,juans1 who are completely distinct from the libertines of the ,latin and of the other ,teutonic countries1 is the cold1 brazen quietude with which they indulge in the sensual pleasures of life2 love is much less to them an affair of passion than one of pride and of the gratification of their consciousness of power4 ,the ,french1 the ,italian ,don ,juan is driven by ardent sensuality from conquest to conquest4 ,this is the principal motive of their actions and of their mode of life4 ,the ,english ,don ,juan seduces on principle1 for the sake of experiment2 he pursues love as a sport4 ,sensuality plays a part only in the second degree1 and in the midst of his sensual enjoyment the coldness of his heart is still painfully apparent4 8,this is the rake1 the type of ,lovelace1 which ,richardson1 in his #8,clarissa ,harlowe1' has described with incomparable mastery40 ,taine1 also1 in his 8,history of ,english ,literature10 has described this ,british ,don-,juanism1 which hates rather than loves4 ,finally1 we find these types also in ,rosa ,mayreder's book1 8,zur ,kritik der ,weiblicheit0 78,critique of ,femininity10 ,leipzig1 #aije71 especially in the chapter1 8,a ,few ,words on the ,powerful ,faust0 7pp4 #baj-bdc74 ,her type of the 8masterful erotic0 closely resembles the ,don ,juan type of ,schmitz1 and my own ,british seducer type4 8,erotic excitement10 says ,rosa ,mayreder1 8gives rise in these men to the lust of dominion2 to them the relationship with women signifies a grasping possession1 an enjoyment of power1 and they are unable to think of women except as subject and dependent4 ,only in so far as woman adapts herself to them as a means do they know her2 as a personality1 with individual aims1 she does not exist for them40 ,this masterful eroticism exists among men of quite low social position1 just as much as among men of high position4#bcd ,their diametrical opposite is the love-perception of delicately sensitive1 erotical1 highly differentiated men1 whose highest type constitutes the 8erotic genius40 ,rosa ,mayreder characterizes this latter type in the following terms3 8,the increasing differentiation of erotic perception brings with it a new faculty1 which extinguishes the consciousness of superiority and transforms the need for contrast into the need for community1 for reciprocity--the capacity for devotion4 ,thus comes to pass the most remarkable phenomenon in the masculine psyche1 the great miracle1 which effects a complete transformation of the primitive mode of perception1 a transformation of the teleological sexual nature4 8,the erotic genius grasps the nature of the opposite sex with intuitive understanding1 and is capable of assimilating it completely4 ,the other sex is to him the primevally akin and primevally allied2 his love-relationships are accompanied by ideas of enlargement1 fulfilment1 liberation of his own essential nature1 or even by the idea of a mystical union4 ,to him sexuality does not denote an annulment or limitation of personality1 but rather an enlargement and enrichment by means of the individuals with which1 in this way1 his personality is associated40 ,as an erotic genius of such a kind1 ,rosa ,mayreder points to ,richard ,wagner1 as he manifests himself in his letters to ,mathilde ,wesendonk4 ,the sensibility and refinement of the modern woman1 her emergence as a personality1 must continually repel the masterful type of erotic--although doubtless that type will never be entirely eliminated4 ,i do not believe in a complete transformation of the teleological sexual nature of man1 which has always assigned to him the active aggressive rle4 ,but it is true that the possibilities of existence for the masterful erotic1 the ,don ,juan type1 have become limited4 ,he must1 as ,schmitz rightly insists1 intellectualize himself if he wishes to continue to exist4 ,this psychological satanism of the modern ,don ,juan is wonderfully described by ,kierkegaard1 in his 8,diary of a ,seducer40#bce ,the hero of this book learns best from the girls themselves how they can be betrayed2 he develops in them 8spiritual eroticism10 in order then suddenly to abandon them1 but they themselves must loosen the tie4 ,woman and love are not to him in themselves the principal need2 what is important to him is1 as he says at the conclusion1 that he has been able to enrich himself with numerous erotic perceptions4 ,the modern ,don ,juan is1 therefore1 nothing more than a cold psychological experimenter4 ,it is in this way that1 with prophetic insight1 ,choderlos de ,laclos has described him in the ,vicomte de ,valmont1 the hero of his 8,liaisons ,dangereuses40 ,yet another interesting ,don ,juan type of our time has to be considered1 one which indeed is not a genuine ,don ,juan1 but a pseudo ,don ,juan1 or rather a pseudo ,casanova2 and this type makes its appearance also in the female sex4 ,like ,rtif de la ,bretonne1 it is the man or woman seeking eternally for the ideal1 for true love2 a type which only1 in consequence of the ever-repeated disillusions and errors1 assumes a ,don ,juanesque character4 ,at the present day1 we meet this type very often4 ,it is only the expression of the increasing difficulty of the proper love choice1 owing to the progressive differentiation of our time2 and it is not originated by the desire for sensual lust1 but rather by the eternally disillusioned yearning for genuine individual love4 ,but we must return after this excursion to the consideration of the commonest type of public seduction by means of the sensual life of our time4 ,it is significant that this also possesses its literary guides and course of instruction1 in the form of the numerous printed handbooks for the world of pleasure4 ,among these we may mention1 8,guides du ,viveur10 8,guides de ,plaisir10 8,fhrer durch das ,nchtliche ,berlin0 78,guide to ,berlin by ,night071 8,new ,london ,guide to the ,night ,houses10 8,die ,geheimnisse der ,berliner ,passage0 78,secrets of the #8,passage' of ,berlin071 8,paris by ,night10 8,the ,swell's ,night ,guide through the ,metropolis10 8,bruxelles la ,nuit1 ,physiologie des tablissements ,nocturnes de ,bruxelles0 7for ,englishmen of pleasure1 published under the title of 8,brussels by ,gas-light071 8,paris and ,brussels after ,dark10 8,the ,gentleman's ,night ,guide10 8,hamburgs galante ,huser bei ,nacht und ,nebel0 78,hamburg's ,fast ,houses by ,night and ,cloud071 8,das ,galante ,berlin10 8,naturgeschichte der galanten ,frauen in ,berlin0 78,natural ,history of the ,fast ,women of ,berlin071 8,paris ,intime et ,mystrieux10 8,guide des ,plaisirs ,mondains et des ,plaisirs ,secrets ,paris40 ,all these have appeared during the last thirty years1 some of them in several editions4 ,for ,vienna1 ,buda-,pesth1 ,st4 ,petersburg1 ,rome1 ,milan1 ,barcelona1 ,madrid1 ,marseilles1 ,rotterdam1 and ,new ,york1 there also exist such guides to all open and secret enjoyments4 ,in order to give an idea of the contents of such a guide to the sensual life1 ,i need merely enumerate the chapter headings of a book published in #aije1 and1 as the ,paris bookseller from whom ,i obtained it informed me1 immediately confiscated1 but none the less still openly sold in the bookshops of the ,boulevards and the ,rue de ,rivoli4 ,it bears the title1 8,pour s',amuser4 ,guide du ,viveur ,paris1 par ,victor ,leca0 7,paris1 #aije74 ,in his versified dedication1 the compiler writes3 8,nous connaissons la ,capitale1 ,et nous l'aimons avec ferveur2 ,ma science exprimentale ,a fait ce #8,guide du ,viveur4'0 8,we know the ,capital1 ,and we love it with fervour2 ,my experimental science ,has made this ,guide for the ,man about ,town40 ,and he states in the preface that all the various pleasures of ,paris1 for the eye1 the ear1 and the sense of taste1 lead ultimately to--woman1 in complete agreement with the definition which ,i gave above of the sensual life of our time4 ,all these pleasures concur in leading to sexual indulgence--that is the end1 the climax of every 8amusement10 the true punctum saliens of the life of pleasure of our large towns4 ,thus ,leca1 in his comprehensive and elaborate guide for men of pleasure1 lays the principal stress on announcements regarding eroticism and on opportunities for erotic adventures in the individual places of pleasure4 ,he enumerates these in series3 the theatre1 especially the 8thtres trs lgers10 the 8cafs-concerts10 the dancing-saloons1 the hippodromes1 and circuses1 the cabarets of ,montmartre1 the ,quartier ,latin1 the women's cafs1 the boulevards1 the halls of the central market1 the brothels 7with an exact indication of the streets1 and with the numbers of the houses6671 the houses of accommodation 7maisons de rendezvous71 the likenesses of a few 8ladies of pleasure10 the arcades1 the parks and public gardens1 the popular festivals1 the races1 drives1 public bathing establishments1 cemeteries1 museums1 and exhibitions--all1 always1 in relation to the feminine element4 ,these handbooks of the art of enjoyment are existing proofs1 from the point of view of the history of civilization1 of the fact that the sexual impulse is1 in every possible way1 influenced1 increased1 elaborated1 and complicated1 by the civilization of the present day4 ,especially the life of great towns1 where the essence of modern civilization is found in its most concentrated form1 is a sexual stimulant in the highest degree1 with its haste and hunting1 its 8nocturnal life10#bcf with its multiplicity of enjoyments for all the senses1 with its gastronomic and alcoholic excesses--in short1 with its new device that after work comes pleasure1 and not repose4 ,in my 8,sexual ,life in ,england0 7vol4 ii41 p4 #bfa et seq47 ,i have described the momentous influence of the mode of life upon sexuality1 and have proved how both in the old ,england and in the new the excessive consumption of meat and of alcoholic beverages has unnaturally stimulated the sexual impulse1 and has conducted it into devious paths4 ,but of ,germany also we may say that1 apart from the times of 8meat famine10 we eat too much meat and drink too much alcohol1 the former especially among the higher classes1 the latter among all classes of society4 ,the sexually stimulating influence of luxurious feeding1 which1 for example1 ,gabriele d',annunzio describes in the early part of his romance 8,lust10 and which ,tolstoi1 in the 8,kreutzer ,sonata10 describes as the principal cause of incitation to lasciviousness1 is indeed a well-known fact of experience2 and the later in the day these heavy meals are consumed1 the more dangerous are they in respect of their influence on the sexual impulse4 ,i am fully convinced that the good old ,german custom of taking the principal meal of the day at noon is greatly preferable to the so-called 8,english dinner10 when the principal meal is deferred to four or six o'clock4 ,luxurious suppers1 or even midnight dinners1 such as at the present day are quite customary1 must be definitely regarded as aphrodisiac4 ,a far more momentous rle is played by alcohol in the modern sensual life4 ,a writer who is not himself a strict teetotaller may yet feel it his duty to lay all possible stress on this fact4 ,indeed1 from the standpoint of medical experience and observation1 ,i am prepared to term alcohol the evil genius of the modern sexual life1 because in a malicious and underhand manner it delivers its victim to sexual misleading and corruption1 to venereal infection1 and to all the consequences of casual sexual intercourse4#bcg ,this is not the place for a detailed discussion of the drink question1 or for stating the reasons for my own opinion1 that complete abstinence is a ,utopian idea1 and that the moderate and careful use of alcohol1 in quantities suited to the particular individuality1 and at suitable times1 does no harm worth mentioning4 ,though this be so1 ,i cannot fail to recognize the deeply tragic rle which the customary abuse of alcohol plays in the sexual corruption of our time4 ,as to the connexion between alcohol and the sexual life1 ,i must therefore speak at greater length4#bch ,the influence of alcohol upon the sexual life and upon the psyche is a very peculiar one4 ,beer or wine1 taken in very moderate quantities1 unquestionably give rise1 in addition to their general psychical stimulating influence1 to sexual excitement of greater or less degree4 ,this sexual excitement1 if more alcohol is now taken1 endures longer than the psychical excitement1 which soon gives place to psychical paralysis1 to a discontinuance of the inhibitory influences proceeding from the brain4 ,it is in this unequal influence exercised upon the purely sensual-sexual and upon the psychical processes1 that the peculiar danger of alcoholic excesses appears to me to depend4 ,the sexual stimulation produced by the first draught of alcohol continues at a time when the man has already lost all control over reason and will1 and thus he becomes an easy prey to sexual seduction4 ,it is only in this way that we can explain the momentous influence of alcohol1 for we know1 generally speaking1 it is not a means for the increase of sexual power4 ,on the contrary1 it increases voluptuousness and sexual desire1 but almost always hinders erection and delays the sexual orgasm4 ,thus1 a man under the influence of alcohol requires a longer time for the completion of the act of sexual intercourse than a sober man1 and in this way the danger of venereal infection is notably increased1 for the contact with the infecting person is considerably longer4 ,i have inquired of many patients who were infected during intercourse with prostitutes after alcoholic excess1 and was almost always informed that the act of intercourse1 owing to the well-known relative impotence produced by alcohol1 was exceptionally long in duration1 and this naturally gave more opportunity for excessive contact1 for mechanical injuries dependent upon increased friction1 etc41 and thus brought about infection4 ,in medical literature1 numerous cases are reported in which two men have completed intercourse with an infected prostitute1 shortly after one another1 and1 remarkable to relate1 one only became infected1 whilst the other remained healthy4 ,more exact inquiry would show without doubt in many such cases that the uninfected man was sober1 in comparison with the infected man1 who must have been under the influence of alcohol4 ,in the case of women1 with regard to whom there can be no question of any specific effect upon sexual 8potency10 the influence of alcohol in exciting libido1 in association with its withdrawal of all psychical inhibitions1 makes itself all the more manifest4 ,thus1 to woman1 who1 speaking generally1 is far more intolerant of the drug than man1 very moderate enjoyment of alcohol entails dangers4#bci ,the seducer1 the procuress1 and the prostitute are all familiar with the above-described peculiar influence of alcohol upon the libido sexualis and upon the psyche1 and it is precisely this discriminative duplex influence which is utilized by them4 ,not only in the so-called 8,animierkneipen0--that is1 the drinking-saloons with women attendants--and in the brothels does alcohol subserve this purpose1 but the street-walkers also await their victims by preference outside the doors of the great restaurants1 or after festival dinners1 and keep an eye especially on drunken men1 because in the case of these1 in whom all self-command has been lost1 they have1 in every respect1 an easy prey4#bdj ,a man under the influence of alcohol is as easily led and as devoid of will-power as a child4 ,he is not particular in his choice3 he generally fails to notice whether the prostitute who accosts him is young or old1 pretty or ugly1 clean or dirty2 he follows her blindly1 and in most cases with results disastrous to his pocket and to his health4 ,the following case illustrates very clearly this loss of will produced in a man by indulgence in alcohol3 ,an officer of high rank1 a married man1 in general a man of solid repute1 left the officers' casino after a banquet late at night1 very tipsy1 to seek his house4 ,suddenly he felt an arm thrust into his2 it was a prostitute who had noticed his condition1 and she had turned it to her own advantage4 ,without reflection and without exercise of will1 he allowed her to lead him to her dwelling1 and there1 still in a quite apathetic condition1 had intercourse with her1 without taking any precautions whatever4 ,it was not until afterwards that he saw1 being then somewhat sobered1 that he was in the company of an elderly prostitute of the lowest class4 ,his dread of venereal infection was justified a few days later by the appearance of a urethral discharge4 ,in great alarm he consulted me4 ,microscopic examination of the urethral secretion1 and the cure which ensued in a few days1 showed me that he was suffering from a simple urethral catarrh1 and not from gonorrha4 ,such cases as this1 however1 do not always end so fortunately4 ,it is notorious1 and has been proved by the researches of leading physicians and medical statisticians1 that the majority of venereal infections take place under the influence of alcohol4 ,for this reason1 the continued increase in the consumption of alcohol leads to a further diffusion of venereal diseases4 ,while our ancestors consumed alcoholic beverages to excess only on ,sundays and festival days1 at the present time spirits are freely consumed on weekdays--above all1 during the evenings4 ,brandy and beer have become everyday beverages1 especially beer1 whose consumption increases year by year1 so that in the year #ahih the beer drunk in ,germany was valued at #ajj1jjj1jjj6 ,strmpell showed that labourers earning three marks a day are accustomed to spend eighty pfennige--that is1 more than one-third of their income--on beer2 these are by no means notorious drinkers1 but steady fellows who only follow the general 8custom40 ,the part played by beer in ,germany is played by absinthe in ,france2 the well-known 8apritif0 to which prostitutes of ,paris so often invite their male clients is in most cases absinthe4 ,wine1 as the experienced ,fiaux says1 is merely an 8ideal drink0 in the dreams of the ordinary ,parisian prostitute4 ,we shall return in subsequent chapters of this work to the consideration of alcohol in its relations to the sexual life in general1 and to abnormal sexual manifestations in particular4 ,we shall also have occasion to speak of the momentous rle played by alcohol in the causation of offences against morality4 ,baer goes so far as to assert that alcohol is the cause in #gg per cent4 of such offences4 ,here we shall only once more insist upon the high degree to which the excessive enjoyment of alcohol assists in seduction and favours wild love--that is1 sexual intercourse free from all choice and all regulation4 ,this is to be seen with especial clearness at popular festivals and other occasions giving rise to alcoholic excesses2 and the effects are later shown by the resulting increase in the number of illegitimate births4 ,magnus ,hirschfeld relates that when he was a student he spent one ,christmas ,eve in the company of a professor of medicine in ,breslau4 ,among the guests were two of the maternity assistants1 and first one1 then the other1 was called away to attend confinements4 ,an old physician who was present thereupon remarked3 8,yes1 yes2 these are the children of the ,emperor's birthday40 ,hirschfeld1 who asked for an explanation of this incomprehensible phrase1 was told that on ,christmas ,night the lying in hospitals were overcrowded1 because then the illegitimate children were born which had been procreated nine months earlier1 on ,march #bb1 the birthday of the old ,emperor1 celebrated as a popular holiday4 ,the increase in wild love1 in sexual intercourse dependent upon the inclination of the moment and upon chance1 with a rapid succession of different individuals--this increase1 which is associated in the way above described with the sensual life1 is a characteristic of our own time4 ,in addition to prostitution1 which we shall treat in a separate chapter1 the so-called 8intimacy0 constitutes the true nucleus of wild love4 ,when those who support coercive marriage speak of free love1 they do not mean the free love1 the higher individual love1 which we have described in the previous chapter1 but they always refer to the latter-day 8intimacy10 which1 in fact1 does involve the most serious dangers1 alike from the physical and from the moral point of view2 for1 on the one hand1 the 8intimacy0 forms the principal intermediate agent in the wider diffusion of venereal diseases1 and1 on the other hand1 this new form of sexual relationship has above all introduced the element of hypocrisy1 lying1 and mistrust1 which poisons love to-day1 separates the sexes continually more each from the other1 and gives rise to that tragic sexual hate1 enmity of men on the part of women1 and misogyny on the part of men1 which is also peculiarly characteristic of our own time4 ,the gradual differentiation of the originally ideal intimacy1 to the wild love of the present day1 has been admirably described and psychologically elucidated by ,hellpach in his short work on 8,love and ,amatory ,life in the ,nineteenth ,century40 ,in this admirable characterization of the 8intimacy10 the fact is first established1 that it is above all and through and through a product of great towns1 and consequently that it is closely connected with the capitalistic evolution which compels thousands of young girls to earn their own living1 so that from them are especially recruited the great human class of shop-girls1 and all the allied varieties1 so typical of large towns4 ,this is the soil in which the 8intimacy0 naturally develops4 ,hellpach writes first of conditions of a generation ago1 and then passes on thirty years to our own day4 8,by day these girls were occupied4 ,when the evening came1 bringing with it the greatly desired closing of the shop1 the prospect opened to them of going home to poor surroundings1 often enough of taking part in painful family scenes1 then going to bed1 and the next morning early returning to business4 ,this was their life1 day in1 day out4 ,here was no very pleasant calendar1 especially when the way from the places of business to their home led through streets crowded with brilliantly lighted beer saloons1 cafes1 theatres1 and concert-halls4 ,and all this during the years of sexual blossoming1 when the ardent sensual desire for the first time ran through all the nerves6 ,who can wonder that the longing became absolutely fiery1 after all the work of the day1 to enjoy a little share of all the glories of the great town which lay extended before their gaze8 ,after the confinement of the shop1 not to return straightway to the confinement of the family1 but to learn to know a little about the freedom of pleasure--and this under the most entrancing form of a little love affair8 8,and the social conditions were such as to make it possible for this yearning to be fulfilled4 ,were there not thousands of young shopmen1 hundreds of students1 clerks1 non-commissioned officers1 who would rather walk about in the evening with a girl on their arm than alone8 ,prostitutes would be little suited for such companionship4 ,besides1 it would not be always the young man's intention to proceed to an extremity1 to have a night of love following the evening of amusement2 the young man simply was in the mood to walk about with the girl1 to gossip1 perhaps to embrace and kiss her a little4 8,here was the beginning4 ,the young man accosted a shop-girl1 accompanied her a little way1 made an appointment for the following evening2 then he went a little further2 he saw how pleased the little one was2 the tutoyer and the kiss followed4 ,so it went on for a few evenings1 and the young man felt that the happy girl was quite as eager as he himself was to take the last step2 and when this was done1 there was the 8intimacy0 complete4 ,and in all respects it appeared preferable to prostitution2 it was inexpensive1 unassuming1 very pleasant1 and--involved no risk to health4 ,moreover1 to both this amatory life did not seem a #8necessary evil' on the contrary1 it was a glorious pleasure1 and there were only two little shadows in the bright picture3 the fear of having a child1 and the thought of separation4 ,moreover1 this cloud troubled the man only2 girls then1 as to-day1 thought very little about matters so remote4 8,in the development of the #8intimacy' during the last thirty years1 many details have undergone change1 but the picture as a whole has been but little affected4 ,the young shop-girl of to-day does not need a long courting2 she enters her business already fully aware that she will soon be #8intimate' with some one4 ,at first she will always prefer to choose a man of whom it is possible to assume that he may marry her4 ,a young shopman1 a non-commissioned officer1 will1 therefore1 be most in demand4 ,it is not till later1 when resignation comes1 and the only remaining wish is for amusement1 that ,university students have the preference2 they are jollier1 more entertaining1 and the girl is vain about their position4 ,that has all remained just as it used to be2 only thirty years ago there were many shop-girls who1 notwithstanding all their desire1 remained untouched4 ,for the girl brought up in the atmosphere of the lower middle classes there was a certain ill-odour about free sexual intercourse4 ,this has completely passed away4 ,the girls of this stratum1 who1 with open eyes1 withstand all allurements1 might be counted on the fingers4 ,at the present day1 these #8intimacies' extend deeply into the middle classes of society4 8,as regards the men1 there has certainly been one marked change4 ,the illusion that sexual intercourse with an #8intimate' offered any guarantee against the danger of venereal disease has now long been dispelled4 ,we are to-day confronted with the fact that the intimacy is the focus of venereal infection to a far greater extent#bda than is actual prostitution4 ,in order to understand this1 we must glance at the dissolution of the intimacy4 8,we have already pointed out that in the ,german #8intimacy' there has never occurred a thorough development of a life like that of the ,parisian #8grisette'2 and there will be no change in this respect within a time which we can at present foresee4 ,even in ,berlin there are not many dwellings in which the landlord would tolerate the visits of ladies of doubtful reputation on any account whatever4 ,but even those who let quarters on easy terms1 or1 as the student calls them1 #8storm-free' rooms1 would never allow their lodger to entertain a woman day after day1 and could not do so without running the risk of being suspected by the police of procurement4 ,thus1 the only thing that unites the two parties in the intimacy is in almost all cases sexual intercourse4 ,the characteristic of grisette-love1 the prose of the life in common1 day after day1 is hardly ever experienced in the #8intimacy4' ,in consequence of this1 on the man's side satiety very readily ensues4 ,new impressions enchain and stimulate him4 ,he breaks off the intimacy1 and this is not usually done with tenderness4 ,the possibilities are numerous1 but the only decent way1 the open verbal communication of the fact1 is probably the rarest4 ,he breaks off the intimacy without a word1 and as far as he is concerned the matter is at an end2 he is richer by an agreeable experience1 and after a while begins to look round once more4 8,the girl also4 ,but for her1 this dissolution of the intimacy is very often the first step upon a very steep downward path4 ,at first there perhaps ensues a short period of bitterness1 but the sexual impulse makes light of all other activities2 a new intimacy begins4 ,and now1 gradually1 the idea gains ground in her mind that a change in love is1 after all1 not such a bad thing4 ,the second breach is borne with equanimity2 and very soon it is by no means rare for the girl to limit her love associations to a few days1 and ultimately1 as a matter of daily custom1 to seek fresh gratification with a new associate4 ,it is not yet professional prostitution2 psychologically also there is still a difference4 ,there is still sensual perception at the root of her actions1 and of such a strength1 increasing owing to excess in sexual intercourse1 that the personality of the partner in the sexual act becomes almost a matter of indifference4 ,but now an economic difficulty commonly intervenes3 discharge from her position1 expulsion from her parents' house1 either or both being due to her dissipated life1 with its heedlessness and the resulting dislike to hard work--and then the avalanche falls4 ,hunger drives her to do that for payment which hitherto she has done only for the gratification of her own desires4 ,prostitution has one victim the more4 8,but the whole period between the beginning of the second intimacy and her enrolment in the list of prostitutes by the police offers to all her lovers the greatest possible danger of venereal infection4 ,for the majority of girls actually become infected in their very first intimacy4 ,the explanation of this goes back to the time in which the intimacy first began to become fashionable1 and in which the control of prostitutes with regard to their condition of health was even more defective1 and the safeguarding against the danger of venereal infection was even less understood than at the present day4 ,in the majority of cases the young men of the large towns were infected in their very first experience of love2 for it was with prostitutes that they always sought their first sexual gratification1 as is still customary at the present day4 ,for the inexperienced youth this course is easier1 making1 as it does1 fewer demands on his adroitness1 and none at all on his seductive skill2 whereas in the formation of an #8intimacy' these qualities are somewhat in demand4 ,later1 when he had had enough of prostitution1 he sought an #8intimate1' and since at that time the treatment of gonorrha was still extremely defective1 he promptly infected his partner in the intimacy4 ,in this manner the girls engaged in intimacies1 since they first became fashionable1 have been systematically infected40 ,next to prostitution1 the intimacy is the great focus of sexual infection2 and wild love1 from the psychological and ethical points of view1 involves the same danger as prostitution4 ,the frequent changes1 the multiplicity of sexual intercourse in intimacies1 allows no deeper spiritual relationships to be formed2 thus1 the girls are debased to become the simple objects of physical sensuality1 and they are forced more and more to depend on the financially stronger men2 thus1 they rapidly become partial or complete prostitutes4 ,to them now the sensual life1 the pursuit of pleasure1 is the principal thing1 not love4 ,venereal infection is soon superadded1 to deprave them more thoroughly4 ,still worse is the corruption of the world of men1 who transfer to the intimacy the practices they have learned in their association with prostitutes2 but1 above all1 they come finally to seek and to desire the rude sexual act solely for its own sake1 without feeling the need for any deeper spiritual association4 ,hence results the fugitive character of these sexual relationships1 the frequent changes on both sides1 and the end--lies1 mistrust1 hatred4 ,belief in and hope for true love disappear for ever2 there remains only the cold1 desolate1 unspeakably embittered disillusionment1 the distrust of the other sex which is so characteristic of our time4 ,never before were there so many woman-haters and man-haters on principle4 ,in the intercourse between the sexes1 neither believes the other any longer2 and on both sides the 8intimacy0 is entered on without any illusions1 the sole aim of both parties being to satisfy in the intensest possible way their desire for enjoyment and their sensual lusts4 ,prostitution can destroy no illusions1 for its true character is manifest at the first glance2 but the modern intimacy has become the grave of love1 and has given rise to a new corruption of the sexual life1 which appears almost more dangerous than the old corruption dependent on prostitution4 ,it has1 moreover1 become a second1 and not less dangerous1 focus of venereal infection1 to the diffusion of which it is extraordinarily favourable4 ,he1 therefore1 who wishes to take part in the fight against the moral degeneration of our amatory life1 and to assist in the campaign against venereal diseases1 must attack and endeavour to suppress the modern development of the life of 8intimacy0 just as energetically as he attacks prostitution4 ,the wild love of the present day1 8extra-conjugal0 sexual intercourse 7which1 as ,i cannot too often repeat1 has nothing whatever to do with 8free love071 and coercive marriage1 are the true causes of sexual corruption4 ,they are intimately associated one with the other4 ,the social1 economic1 and spiritual civilization of the present day demands free love1 with which neither coercive marriage nor wild love is compatible4 ,neither for prostitution1 nor for the wild extra-conjugal sexual intercourse of our time1 can any justification be found from the point of view of medicine1 racial hygiene1 or sociology4 ,in their nature both lead to the same end3 the death and destruction of all individual love1 of all the finer activities of love1 by which the spiritual nature of man is so greatly enriched2 and they both give rise to a continuous increase and rapid diffusion of venereal diseases4 ,the salvation of our people is not to be found in the 8recommendation0 of extra-conjugal sexual intercourse for all those who are not in a position to marry--and the number of these grows from day to day--but it is to be found in the reform of marriage1 in a freer configuration of the amatory life1 in connexion with which we can confidently trust ,ibsen's saying in the 8,lady from the ,sea03 8,we can't get away from this--that a voluntary promise is to the full as binding as a marriage40 ,there shall not and must not be 8sexual freedom10#bdb but there must be 8freedom of love40 ,when anyone asks me whether ,i should advise him to indulge in 8extra-conjugal sexual intercourse10 as a physician and a man of science ,i am compelled to answer with a bald 8,no10 because ,i cannot undertake the responsibility of the consequences of such advice4 ,fortunately1 alike in the world of women and in the world of men1 there manifests itself an increasing disapproval of wild love as it exhibits itself in the modern 8intimacies40 ,there are already numerous intimacies which closely resemble free love1 and in which all the conditions of free love are fulfilled1 in respect of duration1 of a profound spiritual relationship1 a sense of sexual responsibility alike physical and moral1 and in the joyful acceptance of the consequences in respect of offspring4 ,we must1 however1 continually keep up the fight against wild love as the enduring associate of prostitution1 to which it constitutes the bridge or stage of transition4 ,therein lies its greatest danger4 ,this we shall recognize more clearly in the ensuing chapter1 in which we turn to consider the subject of prostitution4 #bai ,in the titular heading to this chapter1 throughout the chapter1 and in most cases throughout the book1 the ,german word ,verfhrung has been translated as seduction4 ,verfhrung means 8leading astray10 and one of the commonest uses of the term is to denote sexual leading astray--the seduction of a woman by a man4 ,but in some cases ,verfhrung1 like the ,english seduction1 is used in its more primitive and wider signification4 ,the context will suffice to show the sense in which the word is employed4--,,translator4 #bbj ,thus1 at the present day1 in quite small country towns1 we find variety theatres and low music-halls2 and with these1 prostitutes are commonly introduced into the town1 so that the wild love1 which was previously free from danger1 now becomes a focus of venereal infection4 #bba ,willy ,hellpach1 8,our ,sensual ,life and ,venereal ,diseases10 published in the 8,reports of the ,german ,society for the ,suppression of ,venereal ,diseases10 #aije1 vol4 iii41 ,nos4 #e and #f1 pp4 #ajc-aje4 #bbb ,of this work there recently appeared an excellent ,german translation1 admirably modernized in blank verse by ,karl ,ettlinger1 8,ovid's ,art of ,love3 a ,modern ,translation40 7,an ,english translation of ,ovid's 8,art of ,love10 revised by ,charles ,w4 ,ryle1 was published in #aijg by ,sisley4--,,translator47 #bbc ,hilarii ,drudonis1 8,practica ,artis ,amandi0 7,amsterdam1 #afeb74 #bbd ,paris1 #afei4 #bbe ,paris1 #agge4 #bbf ,j4 ,f4 ,c4 ,manso1 8,die ,kunst zu ,lieben0 7,berlin1 #agid74 #bbg ,henry ,beyle 7,stendhal71 8,on ,love40 #bbh ,paul ,bourget1 8,physiologie de l',amour ,moderne40 #bbi ,armand ,silvestre1 8,le ,petit ,art d',aimer0 7,paris1 #ahig74 #bcj ,catulle ,mends1 8,l',art d',aimer0 7,paris74 #bca ,robert ,hessen1 8,das ,glck in der ,liebe3 ,eine technische ,studie0 7,stuttgart1 #ahii74 #bcb ,hjalmar ,kjlenson1 8,die ,erschliessung des ,liebesglckes0 7,leipzig1 #aije74 #bcc ,an exhaustive study of the history and literature of the ars amandi1 by the author of the present work1 is in course of preparation1 and will appear shortly4 #bcd ,cf4 regarding masterful erotics1 also the exposition of ,georg ,hirth in 8,the ,ways to ,love10 p4 #efc4 #bce ,s4 ,kierkegaard1 8,entweder--,oder4 ,ein ,lebensfragment10 pp4 #bba-caa4 ,german translation by ,o4 ,gleib 7,dresden and ,leipzig1 #aijd74 #bcf 8,the sun10 says ,grillparzer in his 8,diary10 8is hostile to voluptuousness4 ,but the artificial sun of our nocturnal illumination in our large town1 has the opposite effect40 #bcg ,the old proverb says3 8,from the two ,v's1 ,vinum 7wine7 and ,venus 7woman71 there arises a big ,w1 ,weh 7woe or pain740 #bch ,cf41 in addition to the great works on the subject of alcohol1 the special monograph by ,b4 ,laquer1 8,a ,lecture on ,alcohol and ,sexual ,hygiene10 published in the 8,reports of the ,german ,society for the ,suppression of ,venereal ,diseases10 #aijd1 vol4 ii41 ,nos4 #c and #d1 pp4 #ef-fc2 ,w4 ,hellpach1 op4 cit41 pp4 #ajj-ajb2 ,magnus ,hirschfeld1 8,the ,influence of ,alcohol on the ,sexual ,life10 ,berlin1 #aije2 ,magnus ,hirschfeld1 8,alcohol and ,family ,life10 ,berlin-,charlottenburg1 #aijf2 ,otto ,lang1 8,alcohol and ,crime10 ,basel2 ,oscar ,rosenthal1 8,alcohol and ,prostitution10 ,berlin1 #aijf2 ,g4 ,rosenfeld1 8,alcohol and the ,sexual ,life10 published in the ,journal for the ,suppression of ,venereal ,diseases1 #aije1 pp4 #cba-cce4 #bci ,it has been established by ,bonhoeffer1 ,hoppe1 ,a4 ,h4 ,hbner1 and others1 that chronic alcoholism constitutes an important cause of prostitution in the case of the so-called 8late prostitutes0--that is to say1 in those women who do not commence a life of professional prostitution at puberty1 but usually after the age of twenty-five years4 ,cf4 ,artur ,hermann ,hbner1 8,prostitutes in ,relation to ,criminal ,jurisdiction10 published in ,monatsschr4 fr ,kriminalpsychologie1 edited by ,g4 ,aschaffenburg1 #aijg1 p4 #e4 #bdj ,at the great public dinner which1 in #ahij1 the town of ,berlin gave in the ,rathaus to the members of the ,international ,medical ,congress1 and at which #d1jjj persons consumed #ae1chb bottles of wine1 #bb hectolitres 7#dhd gallons7 of beer1 and #cjj bottles of brandy1 there were witnessed in and outside the ,rathaus the most disgusting scenes of drunkenness4 8,as the blowflies gather round a piece of carrion1 so in the street in front of the ,rathaus there had gathered a swarm of prostitutes1 who found a rich booty among the drunken1 staggering guests0 7cf4 ,rosenfeld1 op4 cit41 p4 #cbe74--;,a striking example of the manner in which alcohol sometimes completely annihilates every sthetic perception is reported by ,e4 ,kraepelin 78,the ,psychiatric ,duties of the ,state10 p4 #f2 ,jena1 #aijj73 8,a number of students were infected by a prostitute1 who from early youth had been weak-minded1 and who was suffering from both lupus of the nose and recent syphilis40 #bda ,it is not yet quite so bad as this4 ,but the number of venereal infections that occur in consequence of wild love1 and of free sexual intercourse in these relations of 8intimacy10 is continually on the increase4 #bdb ,sexual freedom--that is to say1 the formal organization of sexual promiscuity--was demanded by a certain ,dr4 ,roderich ,hellmann in a book which has now become very rare1 because it was confiscated immediately after publication4 ,its title was 8,sexual ,freedom3 a ,philosophic ,attempt to ,increase ,human ,happiness0 7,berlin1 #ahgh74 ,the author demands that immediately after puberty 8the sexual organs shall have the opportunity of a regulated activity10 and that it shall now be allowed to persons of both sexes 8to indulge in sexual intercourse as much as they please10 of course1 with the avoidance of injury to health and of pregnancy4 ,this remarkable freak proceeds to demand that public lavatories shall be done away with1 so that persons of both sexes shall relieve themselves freely in one another's presence in the open street1 and1 with equal freedom1 shall display their sexual organs to one another for the purpose of sexual allurement66 ,,chapter ,,xiii ,,prostitution 8,on that one degraded and ignoble form are concentrated the passions that might have filled the world with shame4 ,she remains1 while creeds and civilizations arise and fall1 the eternal priestess of humanity1 blasted for the sins of the people40--,,lecky4 ,,contents ,,of ,,chapter ,,xiii ,prostitution and venereal disease the central problem of the sexual question -- ,my belief in the possibility of the suppression of both -- ,only in recent years has the scientific attack on both begun -- ,the plaie sociale -- ,internal and local treatment -- ,the scientific literature of prostitution -- ,rosenbaum's work on prostitution in antiquity -- ,aretino1 ,delgado1 and ,veniero on the prostitution of the renascence -- ,franckenaus's first medical polemic against brothels -- ,the commencement of the scientific study of prostitution and venereal diseases in the eighteenth century -- ,rtif de la ,bretonne and his 8,pornographe0 -- 8,moral ,control0 -- ,parent-,duchatelet's fundamental work -- ,analysis of this book -- ,contemporary works on prostitution in ,paris1 ,london1 ,edinburgh1 ,glasgow1 ,lisbon1 ,lyons1 and ,algiers -- ,first employment of the term 8male prostitution0 -- ,a peculiar species of souteneur -- ,prostitution in ,hamburg -- ,dr4 ,lippert's book -- 8,memoirs of a ,prostitute10 the predecessor of the 8,diary of a ,lost ,woman0 -- ,gross-,hoffinger's book on 8,prostitution in ,austria0 -- ,demonstration of the connexion between prostitution and coercive marriage -- ,celebrated chapter on 8,maidservants and ,prostitution0 -- ,schrank on prostitution in ,vienna -- ,prostitution in ,leipzig -- ,in ,new ,york -- ,general works on prostitution -- ,jeannel1 ,acton and ,hgel -- ,books on secret prostitution1 on prostitution of girls under age1 on regulation and on brothels1 and on the social importance of prostitution -- ,blaschko's recent critical investigation on the subject of prostitution -- ,results of this investigation -- ,lombroso's anthropological theory -- ,the works of ,tarnowsky and ,strhmberg1 of ,fiaux and von ,dring4 ,conception and definition of prostitution -- ,genuine and pseudo-prostitutes -- ,prostitution among primitive peoples -- ,religious prostitution as the germinal form of modern prostitution -- ,this latter the product of the growth of large towns -- ,medieval conditions -- ,diminution in the number of brothels since that time -- ,the demand for prostitutes -- ,relation between the number of prostitutes and the male population -- ,the supply greater than the demand -- ,causes of the male demand for prostitutes -- ,prostitution as a product of civilization -- ,repression of primitive sexual instincts by civilization -- ,the sexual supra- and sub-consciousness -- ,transient elemental activities of the sub-consciousness -- ,reports of ,j4 ,p4 ,jakobsen and other writers on this subject -- ,gratification of these instincts by means of prostitution -- ,this in part the product of the physiological masochism of men4 ,the numerous causes of prostitution -- ,the anthropological theory and the doctrine of the congenital prostitute -- ,criticism of this view -- ,proof that many of the physical and mental peculiarities of prostitutes are acquired -- ,the obliteration of the secondary and tertiary sexual characters in prostitutes -- ,the nucleus of ,lombroso's theory -- ,the economic factors of prostitution -- ,actual and relative poverty as a cause -- ,poverty a cause of prostitution in the mass -- ,women's and children's work -- ,prostitution as an accessory occupation -- ,insufficient wages -- ,the inquiries of #ahhg and #aijc on this subject -- ,examples -- ,the large proportion of maidservants who become prostitutes -- ,explanation of this -- ,relative poverty of maidservants -- ,psychological factors of maidservant prostitution -- ,overcrowded dwellings -- ,families living in single rooms1 and taking in lodgers for the night -- ,alcoholism -- ,the traffic in girls -- ,sources of this -- ,national and international preventive measures -- ,work done by the ,jewish ,committee to prevent the traffic in girls in ,galatia -- ,measures taken in ,buenos ,ayres -- ,the central police organization in ,berlin for the suppression of the traffic in girls4 ,the localities of prostitution -- ,public prostitution -- ,street prostitution -- ,character and dangers of street prostitution -- ,still greater dangers of brothels -- ,brothels as centres of sexual corruption and perversity1 and as foci of venereal infection -- ,the high school of psychopathia sexualis -- ,the brothel jargon -- 8,animierkneipen0 -- ,dancing saloons1 variety theatres1 low music-halls1 cabarets1 and 8,rummel0 -- 8,pensions0 and houses of accommodation -- ,massage institutes -- ,cafs with female attendants4 ,appendix3 ,the ,half-,world4 -- ,origin of the name -- ,the 8,demi-,monde0 of the younger ,alexandre ,dumas -- ,change undergone by the conception at the present day -- ,analogy with the ,greek hetair -- ,connexion of the half-world with high life -- ,origin -- ,the social influence of the 8grandes cocottes0 -- ,the half-world in ,germany -- ,the international prostitute4 ,,chapter ,,xiii ,prostitution1 and the venereal diseases so intimately connected with it1 constitute1 properly speaking1 the nucleus1 the central problem1 of the sexual question4 ,the abolition of prostitution and the suppression of venereal diseases would be almost tantamount to the solution of the entire sexual problem4 ,imagine the extension and the intension of the idea3 ,no prostitution1 no more venereal disease6 ,there is1 in fact1 no more gratifying notion1 no more illuminating ideal1 than that of moral and physical purity in the relations between the sexes4 ,at a time in which1 especially in social spheres1 such abundant activity and such far-seeing ideas of reform are apparent1 this notion of a campaign against prostitution and venereal diseases1 in the hope of eradicating both evils1 should stand in the forefront of all the demands of civilization1 in order that finally the tragical influence1 the poisonous sting1 should be removed from the disordered1 unhappy1 amatory life of the present day1 and herewith1 unquestionably1 a proper foundation should be laid for a more beautiful future for that life4 ,this idea is unique2 it is the greatest of all that man1 at length become self-conscious1#bdc has ever grasped2 and to this idea belongs the future6 ,the ,french term prostitution and venereal diseases une plaie sociale1 a rodent ulcer in the body of society4 ,i take this apt comparison1 and carry it a stage further1 to show a clear picture of the way along which we must go in order to eradicate prostitution2 for in this respect ,i am a confirmed optimist4 ,i believe in the possibility of the eradication of venereal diseases1 and of the abolition of prostitution within the civilized world by national and international measures4 ,i do not join in the chorus of those who say1 8because prostitution has always existed1 it must always exist in the future2 because venereal diseases have always#bdd existed1 they are unavoidable accompaniments of civilization40 ,how long is it1 then1 since any attempt has been made to oppose prostitution and venereal diseases8 ,as regards the latter1 it is only within the last few years that we have begun1 in the battle against them1 to make systematic use of the results of scientific research2 and the study of prostitution1 and the measures based on that study for its control and prevention1 do not date further back than the second half of the eighteenth century4 ,in fact1 for practical purposes1 they date from the appearance of the classical and epoch-making work of ,parent-,duchatelet 7#ahcf74 ,we are1 indeed1 in the very first stages of the campaign against prostitution and venereal diseases4 ,all that has hitherto been done has been to make inadequate1 isolated attempts to introduce unsuitable and half-considered regulations1 based upon successive misconceptions1 which have only made matters worse4 ,to-day medicine1 social science1 pedagogy1 jurisprudence1 and ethics have combined in a common campaign2 and this is not national merely1 but unites all civilized nations in a common cause4 ,here we find an actual prospect1 a credible hope1 of a radical cure of the plaie sociale4 ,but such an ulcer can only be radically cured when we are not content merely with the local treatment of the existing sore2 we must simultaneously attack the internal causes of this chronic disease1 and in the case with which we have to do the internal causes are even more important than the external--that is to say1 ethics1 pedagogy1 and social science are even more important and indispensable in the campaign against prostitution than medicine and hygiene4 ,we shall never attain our goal by considering and fighting prostitution and venereal diseases1 the consequences of prostitution1 purely from the medical and hygienic standpoint4 ,in this case1 one-sidedness will prove tantamount to failure4 ,the problem of prostitution must be approached from many sides1 because the causes that have to be considered are manifold1 alike anthropological1 economic1 social1 and psychological1 in their nature4 ,there are many varieties of prostitution2 in the same way there are numerous and various types of prostitutes4 ,it is1 therefore1 impossible for one who is acquainted with actual life to hold fast in a one-sided manner to a single theory4 ,thus1 in one and the same case the most various points of view have to be considered4 ,the history of prostitution is an extremely interesting chapter of the general history of civilization1 which has not hitherto been written in a manner satisfying scientific and critical demands2 but the literature of prostitution is already alarmingly comprehensive4 ,here1 also1 critical grasp and mode of presentation are still entirely wanting4 ,it is impossible1 in this place1 in which we speak only of the present-day conditions1 to enter at any length into the historical and literary aspects of the question of prostitution4 ,this ,i must leave for a later1 comprehensive work1 for which ,i have for several years been collecting the materials4 ,here ,i shall only briefly refer1 for the sake of the reader interested in the matter1 to the most important writings on the subject of prostitution which have any scientific and historical importance4 ,prostitution in antiquity is treated in a masterly manner by ,julius ,rosenbaum in his celebrated 8,history of ,syphilis in ,antiquity0 7,halle1 #ahci72 this is1 down to the present day1 the chief source of our knowledge of the conditions in antiquity4 ,it is true that he starts from the false assumption that syphilis already existed in ancient times1 a view which in the second volume of my book on the 8,origin of ,syphilis0 7now in course of preparation7 ,i show to be incorrect2 this work will also contain a thorough study of prostitution among the ancients1 based upon the more recent researches published since the year #ahci1 when ,rosenbaum's book appeared4 ,the first truly classical descriptions of the nature of modern prostitution dated from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries2 these are not scientific1 belonging rather to the province of belles-lettres2 but they are of great value in respect of the accuracy of their observations1 and of their psychological insight into the nature of prostitution4 ,i refer above all to the celebrated 8,ragionamenti0 of ,pietro ,aretino2#bde next1 to the not less important work1 published earlier1 in #aebh1 8,lozana ,andaluza10 by ,francisco ,delgado 7,francesco ,delicado74#bdf ,both these books1 and also the celebrated 8,zafetta0 of ,lorenzo ,veniero 7circa #aece71 describe the conditions of prostitution at the time of the ,italian renascence2 these display a most astonishing similarity to the conditions of the present day1 and the books mentioned have therefore still an instructive value4#bdg ,from the seventeenth century we have as important documents of civilization the description of prostitution in ,holland in the interesting work 8,le ,putanisme d',amsterdam0 7,brussels1 #ahhc2 the original ,dutch edition1 ,amsterdam1 #afha71 and also in the work published in the same year1 #afha1 8,disputatio ,medica qua ,lupanaria ex ,principiis quoque ,medicis ,improbantur10 by ,georg ,franck von ,franckenau1#bdh noteworthy as being the first medical polemic against brothels4 ,down to the middle of the nineteenth century the study of prostitution was most active in ,france4#bdi ,in the second half of the eighteenth century1 according to the expression of the de ,goncourts1 8pornognomonie0 was a scientific problem4 ,various attempts at reform were made2 as early as #agfc 8moral control0 was recommended2 and in #agfi there appeared the celebrated 8,pornographe0 of ,rtif de la ,bretonne1#bej the first extensive work on the state regulation of prostitution1 the great historical importance of which was recognized by ,mireur1 the well-known syphilologist of ,marseilles1 by the publication of a new edition 7,brussels1 #ahgi74 ,but it was with the publication of the immortal and most admirable work of ,parent-,duchatelet1#bea on prostitution in ,paris1 that in the year #ahcf the modern scientific literature of prostitution really began4 ,it is the first work in which full justice is done to the importance of prostitution in all its relations1 and it is based upon exact medical observations and psychological and social studies4 ,even to-day it remains unique in its kind1 and a standing example of critical research and of ,french learned zeal4 ,a very short account of the contents of this epoch-making book of ,parent-,duchatelet will best teach us its importance1 and will give us an insight into all the problems connected with prostitution1 and considered by the ,french author4 ,in the introduction1 ,parent-,duchatelet explains the reasons which led him to undertake the work1 and the literary sources he has consulted4 ,the first chapter then proceeds to the consideration of certain general problems1 gives a definition of the term prostitute1 an estimate of the number of prostitutes in ,paris1 their origin in respect of native country1 position1 culture1 profession1 their age1 and the first cause of their adoption of this profession4 ,the second chapter discusses the manners and customs of prostitutes1 the opinion they have of themselves1 their religious ideas1 their sense of shame1 their spiritual qualities1 tattooing1 occupation1 uncleanliness1 speech1 defects and good qualities1 the various classes of prostitutes1 and1 finally1 the souteneurs4 ,the third chapter contains physiological observations concerning prostitutes--namely1 concerning their obesity1 the changes in their voice1 peculiarities in the colour of the hair and the eyes1 the stature1 the condition of the genital organs1 and fertility4 ,in the fourth chapter he deals with the influence of professional prostitution on the health of the girls1 and describes the various morbid conditions which may result from their occupation4 ,the fifth chapter treats of the public houses of prostitution 7brothels71 their advantages and disadvantages1 the question of brothel streets1 and the localization of prostitution in definite quarters of the town4 ,in the sixth chapter the inscription of prostitutes in police lists is discussed2 in the seventh procurement and the owners of brothels4 ,chapters eight1 nine1 and ten deal with secret prostitution in houses of accommodation1 drinking-saloons1 coffee-houses1 tobacconists' shops1 etc42 chapter eleven discusses street prostitution2 chapter twelve1 the diffusion of prostitution in the various parts of ,paris2 chapter thirteen1 the relation of prostitution to military life2 chapter fourteen1 prostitution in the environs of ,paris4 ,the fifteenth chapter describes the ultimate destiny of prostitutes2 the sixteenth deals with their medical treatment--above all1 the methods of examination to ascertain their state of health are accurately described4 ,chapters seventeen and eighteen deal with hospitals and prisons for prostitutes2 chapter nineteen1 with the former taxation of prostitutes2 chapter twenty considers questions relating to administration1 and the special branch of police dealing with the institution--for example1 the suggestion 7recently revived7 is discussed of the medical examination of the male clients of prostitutes2 prurient pictures and books are also considered1 and thefts in brothels4 ,the twenty-first chapter is devoted to the question which still attracts attention at the present day1 viz41 the peculiar relationship between the owner of a house and the prostitutes living there1 and deals also with the legal aspect of the punishments decreed against prostitutes4 ,chapter twenty-two is occupied with a general discussion of the legal questions connected with prostitution4 ,at the conclusion1 in chapters twenty-three and twenty-four1 the author discusses the question whether prostitutes are necessary1 and this question 7nota bene1 from the standpoint of coercive marriage morality7 he answers in the affirmative2 he asks also whether the police should be entrusted with the application of measures for the prevention of venereal diseases1 and this he agrees to conditionally only1 for he considers that the public recommendation of protective measures should be forbidden by police ordinance4 ,finally1 in the last chapter1 the twenty-fifth1 he speaks of the institutions for the rescue of fallen women1 and he concludes his comprehensive work1 in which he has dealt so thoroughly with all the subdivisions of his general topic1 with the words3 8,my work is at an end4 ,when ,i commenced it1 ,i pointed out what reasons ,i had for undertaking it1 what aim ,i wished to attain4 ,had ,i not been firmly convinced that the investigations begun by me regarding the nature of prostitutes might favour health and morality1 ,i should not have published them4 ,i have exposed to the public gaze great infirmities of mankind2 thoughtful men1 for whom ,i have written1 will thank me for doing so4 ,he who loves his fellow-men will without anxiety follow me into the department of knowledge ,i have described1 and will not turn away his glance from the pictures ,i have drawn4 ,he who wishes to know the good that remains to be done1 and who wishes to learn how to pursue with good results the way by which something better is to be attained1 must first know what actually exists2 he must know the truth4 8,the profession of prostitution is an evil of all times1 all countries1 and appears to be innate in the social structure of mankind4 ,it will perhaps never be entirely eradicated2 still1 all the more we must strive to limit its extent and its dangers4 ,with prostitution itself it is as with vice1 crime1 and disease2 the teacher of morals endeavours to prevent the vices1 the lawgiver to prevent the crimes1 the physician to cure the diseases4 ,all alike know that they will never fully attain their goal2 but they pursue their work none the less in the conviction that he who does only a little good yet does a great service to the weak man4 ,i follow their example4 ,a friend whose loss ,i shall always mourn drew my attention to the fate of the prostitute4 ,i studied them1 ,i wished to learn the causes of their degradation1 and wherever possible to discover the means by which their number could be limited4 ,what experience has taught me on this subject ,i have openly stated1 and ,i am convinced that the lawgiver1 the man whom the ,state has empowered with authority to care for public health and morality1 will find in my book useful information40 ,parent-,duchatelet's book1 no less admirable in its execution than in its design1 still remains the foundation for the scientific study of prostitution4 ,it is the exemplar for all contemporary and subsequent works4 ,the powerful influence exercised by this book was shown above all in this--that works on prostitution appeared in rapid succession in the various capitals of the civilized world4 ,these were all based to a greater or less extent upon the work of ,parent-,duchatelet1 and thus they constitute extremely valuable scientific monographs regarding the conditions of prostitution in particular towns1 such as since that date have not been issued4 ,here there still lies hidden a wealth of material1 a large part of which has not yet been utilized4 ,as an enlargement and continuation of the work of ,parent-,duchatelet1 there appeared three years later1 in the year #ahci1 the work of the ,commissary of ,police ,braud#beb on the prostitutes of ,paris and on the ,parisian police des murs4 ,the book is more especially distinguished by an elaborate history of prostitution1 and by the wealth of psychological observations it contains2 also by its exact information regarding secret prostitution4 ,in the same year a well-known ,london physician1 ,dr4 ,michael ,ryan1#bec published his important book on ,prostitution in ,london1#bed with a comparison of the conditions in ,paris and ,new ,york4 ,ryan first dealt with the general social and economic causes of prostitution1 with critical acumen1 as we could not but expect from an ,englishman4 ,his book also contained an interesting account of the extraordinary diffusion in ,england at that time of pornographic books and pictures1#bee and concerning their publication and sale by pedlars1 and the measures undertaken to repress this traffic4 ,valuable also are the detailed reports given in this book1 on pp4 #bab-beb1 regarding prostitution in the ,united ,states1 and especially in ,new ,york4 ,the example of ,ryan was followed by his countrymen1 ,dr4 ,william ,tait and the ,rev4 ,ralph ,wardlaw4 ,the former treated in a comprehensive work the subject of prostitution in ,edinburgh2#bef the latter1 in a shorter book1 described prostitution in ,glasgow4#beg ,very interesting is the book1 of which a few copies only ever reached ,germany 7one of which is in my own possession71 and which even in ,portugal is extremely rare1 of ,dr4 ,francisco ,ignacio dos ,santos ,cruz regarding prostitution in ,lisbon1#beh in which the whole subject of ,portuguese prostitution is admirably described1 with special reference to the capital city4 ,santos ,cruz gives most careful attention to the legislative aspect of the question4 ,he was the first to advocate a measure which has recently been proposed also by ,lesser 7doubtless in ignorance of the work of his predecessor7--viz41 the formation of polyclinics for the gratuitous treatment of prostitutes4#bei ,regarding prostitution in the town of ,lyons1 renowned for its immorality1 ,dr4 ,potton wrote a celebrated book1 which received a prize from the ,medical ,society of ,lyons in the year #ahda4 ,this work was based on official sources1 and had especial reference to the relationships of prostitution to the hygienic and economic conditions of the population4#bfj ,a valuable book1 also1 is the work on prostitution in ,algiers by ,e4 ,a4 ,duchesne4#bfa ,it contains an elaborate account of 8male prostitution0--that is1 prostitution of men for men--an expansion of the idea of prostitution which is1 as far as my knowledge goes1 found here for the first time4 ,naturally1 in earlier works we find allusions to men who practise pederasty for money1 but the idea 8prostitution0 had hitherto been strictly limited to the class of purchasable women4 ,we see this1 for example1 in the anonymous book 8,prostitution in ,berlin1 and its ,victims10#bfb published in ,berlin seven years before the appearance of the work of ,duchesne4 ,the author definitely states that 8the admirable book of ,parent-,duchatelet on prostitution in the town of ,paris1 and its remarkable success1 have chiefly given occasion to the publication of my own work40 ,the book is1 however1 quite independent in character1 and treats of the individual relationships of prostitution in ,berlin1 on the basis of official sources and experience1 in historical1 moral1 medical1 and political relations1 and also from the point of view of police administration4 ,it contains an appendix on 8prostituted men0 7p4 #bjg71 who1 however1 are not homosexual prostitutes1 but1 according to the writer's own definition1 8men who make it their profession to serve for payment voluptuous women by the gratification of the latter's unnatural passions40 ,this species still exists at the present day1 but there is no particular name for the type4 7,in the seventies1 in ,vienna1 men who could be hired to perform coitus were known locally as 8stallions0--,ger4 ,hengste47 ,we must include them in the great army of souteneurs1 although the term is not strictly applicable4 ,later we shall return to the consideration of this peculiar variety of male prostitution4 ,as an enlargement of the work just mentioned1 we can regard the book published in the same year1 #ahdf1 by the ,criminal ,commissary1 ,dr4 ,carl ,rhrmann1 on ,prostitution in ,berlin4#bfc ,this book is especially remarkable from the fact that it contains 8complete and candid biographies of the best-known prostitutes in ,berlin10 an idea which has recently been revived1 for example1 in ,w4 ,hammer's 8,the ,life-,history of ,ten ,public ,prostitutes in ,berlin0 7,berlin and ,leipzig1 #aije74 ,very valuable official material is1 finally1 to be found in a third work on prostitution in ,berlin1 written by the celebrated syphilologist ,f4 ,j4 ,behrend4#bfd ,it begins with a careful history of the police regulations regarding prostitution in ,berlin1 then discusses the consequences of the abolition of the ,berlin brothels in the year #ahde1 and proceeds to demand new measures and regulations for the control of prostitution and for the prevention of syphilis in ,berlin4 ,as a collection of material1 the book is of considerable value4 ,little known1 but thoroughly original1 is the work of the ,hamburg physician1 ,dr4 ,lippert1 on prostitution in ,hamburg4#bfe ,blaschko even fails to mention it in the bibliography at the end of his own work1 presently to be described4 ,lippert adduces numerous and interesting new contributions to our knowledge of 8the many-headed hydra1 the colour-changing chameleon10 of prostitution4 ,after an introductory sketch regarding the historical development of prostitution in ,hamburg1 he gives a 8characterization of the present moral condition of ,hamburg10 embodying important information regarding the number of brothel prostitutes and street-walkers1 the topographical distribution of prostitution and of brothels1 the secret houses of accommodation1 the remarkable decline in the number of marriages1 the relationship between legitimate and illegitimate births1 and the number of drinking-saloons and dancing-halls2 and he goes on to describe with more detail these individual factors of prostitution1 and especially the opportunities for prostitution4 ,the third chapter contains an extremely interesting physiological and pathological description of the ,hamburg prostitutes4 ,according to ,lippert1 the principal motives of prostitution are 8idleness1 frivolity1 and1 above all1 the love of finery40 ,he rightly lays especial stress upon the last-named cause1 which1 in the more recent scientific investigations regarding the causes of prostitution1 has1 unfortunately1 been too much neglected4 ,then follow data regarding the age1 nationality1 class1 and occupation of prostitutes4 ,we learn that as early as the date of this book of ,lippert's the greatest number of public prostitutes had originally been maidservants 7p4 #gi71 not girls of the labouring classes4 ,thus the fact that prostitutes recruit their ranks chiefly from the servant class is not1 as recent writers assert1 exclusively the consequence of the increasing mental culture of the modern proletariat1 but is most probably rather connected with the freer configuration of the amatory life among the labouring classes1 where the nobler form of 8free love0 has long been dominant4 ,from the very nature of the case1 this must lead to a limitation of the supply of prostitutes from this class4 ,the chapter closes with an elaborate description of the physical and mental peculiarities of the ,hamburg prostitutes1 and of the diseases observed in them4 ,in the fourth chapter the various classes of prostitutes are considered more closely--the brothel prostitutes 7with an exact description of the celebrated brothel streets of ,hamburg71 the prostitutes living alone1 the street-walkers1 the 8kept women10 the large group of secret prostitutes4 ,there follow in an appendix interesting accounts of the public places which are related to prostitution2 of prostitution in the ,hamburger ,berg and in the suburb of ,st4 ,pauli2 and of the rescue work of ,hamburg4 ,a very good account of prostitution in ,hamburg is also found in a book contemporary with that of ,lippert1 entitled 8,memoirs of a ,prostitute1 or ,prostitution in ,hamburg0 7,st4 ,pauli1 #ahdg74 ,this work1 which is now extraordinarily rare1 resembles the book which recently gained such celebrity1 the 8,tagebuch einer ,verlorenen0 78,diary of a ,lost ,woman071 by ,margaret ,bhme1 in that it was edited by a ,dr4 ,j4 ,zeisig1 professedly after the 8original manuscript40 ,as usual1 it has all happened before6 ,in the preface to his book1 ,lippert remarks that1 since prostitution in ,berlin and in ,hamburg has now been adequately described1 it was desirable that an analogous book should be compiled regarding ,vienna1 in order that we might have the necessary comparative statistics of 8the three principal towns and principal factors of ,german prostitution40 ,the actual account of prostitution in ,vienna did not1 however1 appear till forty years later1 in the year #ahhf4 ,still1 as early as #ahdg the book of ,dr4 ,anton ,j4 ,gross-,hoffinger was published1 describing exclusively the conditions of prostitution in ,austria1 and naturally chiefly concerned with conditions in ,vienna4#bff ,in my opinion1 this book has an epoch-making significance1 because therein we find asserted for the first time1 with all possible emphasis1 that the institution of coercive marriage is the ultimate cause of prostitution1 to which all the other causes are subsidiary4 ,in no other book do we find so painful a description1 drawn with such astonishing clearness1 of the horrible conditions resulting from the artificial preservation of the official and ecclesiastical coercive marriage1 which was really based upon economic conditions peculiar to the remote past4 ,the two first sections1 8,woman the ,slave of ,civilization0 and 8,woman in her ,degradation10 are the most frightful accusations of conventional marriage4 ,on pp4 #aij and #aia the author formulates in fifteen paragraphs a law of marriage reform1 which has a very close resemblance to the previously described ideas of ,ellen ,key4 ,a perfect classic is the chapter on servant-girls 7pp4 #bbf-bhd71 unique in its thoroughness1 and affording an admirable description of the legal1 moral1 and economic relationships of domestic service4 8,the great army of domestic servants10 he writes1 8constitute the ever-ready reserve force of prostitution4 ,daily from this reserve are drawn new recruits for the regular service1 and daily the vacant places in the reserve are once more filled40 ,gross-,hoffinger1 in #ahdg1 came also to the conclusion that in 8free love0 or 8free marriage0 was to be found the only salvation from the misery of prostitution4 ,the comprehensive work of ,schrank upon prostitution in ,vienna#bfg is distinguished by an abundance of interesting isolated observations1 and these are especially to be found in the earlier historical portion4 ,the second part is occupied with the administration and hygiene of prostitution in ,vienna4 ,the work gives an exhaustive account of ,viennese prostitution down to the year #ahhe4 ,prostitution in ,leipzig was described in three chapters of a general work on prostitution1 published in the year #ahed4bfh ,the titles of these three chapters are3 8,moral ,corruption in ,leipzig02 8,tolerated ,prostitutes and ,tolerated ,houses in ,leipzig02 8,tolerated ,prostitutes in ,leipzig3 their ,morals1 their ,customs1 their ,hygienic ,condition1 their ,end40 ,very interesting is the statement of the author that of the #c1jjj maidservants in ,leipzig1 one-third were engaged in secret prostitution4 ,the prostitution in the largest town of the new world1 in ,new ,york1 also found an admirable description in the sixth decade of the nineteenth century in the great historical work of the ,new ,york physician1 ,william ,m4 ,sanger4#bfi ,of the #fhe large octavo pages which the book contains1 pages #dej to #fgf are devoted to the description of the conditions of prostitution in ,new ,york4 ,the historical portion of the book is also extremely valuable1 being based upon the best historical authorities4 ,with the year #ahfj1 or thereabouts1 this first period of the scientific literature of prostitution1 characterized by monographs dealing with individual towns1 in pursuance of the example of ,parent-,duchatelet1 came to a close4 ,just as ,parent-,duchatelet had inaugurated this kind of description1 so the ,french now undertook the introduction of the further researches into prostitution4 ,first of all1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,jeannel summarized the results of the books we have already mentioned in a general work on prostitution1#bgj which contained a comparative view of the conditions in various countries and towns4 ,an ,englishman1 ,w4 ,acton1 also wrote a similar general work on prostitution2#bga whilst yet another general work on the subject was written by the ,german ,hgel4#bgb ,the extremely important question of secret prostitution has been elucidated especially by the writings of ,martineau#bgc and ,commenge2#bgd the not less important question of prostitution practised by girls under full age is treated by ,augagneur2#bge the problems of regulation and of brothels have been studied by ,fiaux1 whose work is comprehensive and based upon carefully compiled statistics1 and the author attempts the solution of these problems2#bgf the sometime ,french ,minister ,yves ,guyot has discussed the problem of prostitution from the higher philosophical and social point of view2#bgg in short1 the ,french physicians illuminated this obscure province of thought from every side1 and laid the foundations for the scientific and critical study of prostitution1 which began with the last decade of the nineteenth century4 ,to ,alfred ,blaschko unquestionably belongs the credit of having broken entirely new ground in connexion with the problem of prostitution1 by means of the debate instituted by him in the year #ahib in the ,medical ,society of ,berlin1 and by several works distinguished by a sharp-sighted1 critical faculty4#bgh ,upon his exhaustive scientific studies1 and upon the most careful practical considerations1 ,blaschko bases the demands3 8,abolish ,regulation6 ,away with ,brothels60 ,at the same time1 ,blaschko is a convinced advocate of the economic theory of prostitution4 ,almost at the same time1 ,cesare ,lombroso1 the celebrated alienist and criminal anthropologist of ,turin1 propounded his anthropological theory of prostitution1 and enunciated the doctrine1 which attracted so much attention1 of the 8,donna delinquinte e prostituta10 of the 8congenital prostitute40#bgi ,this doctrine found an unconditional supporter in the ,st4 ,petersburg syphilologist ,tarnowsky2 whilst the latter strongly opposed the efforts made by the ,international ,federation1 founded in #ahge by ,mrs4 ,josephine ,butler1 for the abolition of the regulation of prostitution4#bhj ,strhmberg1 in an interesting work on prostitution1#bha takes the same standpoint as ,lombroso and ,tarnowsky4 ,it is1 however1 noteworthy that quite recently the ,french observers also1 and1 above all1 the experienced ,fiaux1 are inclining to the views of ,blaschko1 of the accuracy of which ,i myself am now fully convinced1 notwithstanding the fact that in my work on prostitution in ,england1#bhb which appeared eight years ago 7,october1 #aijj71 ,i still advocated regulation4 ,e4 von ,dring also1 who1 as professor of medicine in ,constantinople for many years1 has made elaborate study of the conditions of prostitution in that town1 adheres1 in an essay well worth reading1 without qualification to the opinion of ,blaschko regarding the uselessness of regulation and of brothels4#bhc ,after this brief enumeration of the most important descriptive and scientific studies of prostitution1 we shall now proceed to a short account of the conditions that obtain at the present day4 ,the idea of 8prostitution0 is in no respect clearly and sharply limited4 ,parent-,duchatelet considered that prostitution only occurred 8when a woman was known to have accepted money for this purpose on several successive occasions1 when she was openly recognized as being engaged in this occupation1 when an arrest had occurred and the offence had thus been definitely discovered1 or when in any other way it was proved to the satisfaction of the police0 7vol4 i41 p4 #aa74 ,but in this way he entirely excluded the so-called 8secret0 prostitution--that is to say1 he excluded by far the largest category of prostitution4 ,as soon as we take this latter into consideration1 we find it necessary to have a wider conception of the term 8prostitution40 ,this is recognized by the ,french physician ,rey in his little book on 8,public and ,secret ,prostitution0 7,german edition1 p4 #a2 ,leipzig1 #ahea74 ,he regards as prostitution the act 8by which a woman allows the use of her body by any man1 without distinction1 and for a payment made or expected40 ,in this admirable definition we see the two most important characteristics of prostitution3 complete indifference with regard to the person of the man demanding the use of her body1 and the fact that the act is done for reward4 ,the only point omitted from consideration is the condition mentioned by ,parent-,duchatelet--namely1 the frequent repetition of the act of prostitution with different men4 ,schrank combines all these characteristics of prostitution in a much briefer phrase1 by defining them as 8professional acts of fornication performed with the human body10 by which1 in the first place1 we include male and female homosexual prostitution1 which are not covered by the definitions previously quoted1 and1 in the second place1 ,schrank's definition lays stress on the fact that in genuine prostitution the monetary reward is the aim of the act of prostitution much more than any kind of enjoyment4 ,where enjoyment plays a prominent part1 in addition to the earning of money1 we are no longer concerned with genuine prostitution4 ,even a prostitute1 who in other respects is typically a woman of that class1 ceases at that moment and for that time to be a prostitute1 when her earnings become a secondary consideration1 and the man to whom she gives herself the principal consideration4 ,for this reason1 strictly speaking1 a large proportion of secret prostitutes and numerous members of the half-world cannot be reckoned as prostitutes in the proper sense of the term--at any rate1 not always2 not when1 for instance1 the man who supports and pays them is at the same time their 8lover02#bhd they then belong for the time being to the not less dangerous province of 8wild love40 ,but in practice this distinction cannot be strictly maintained1 for the same woman will very frequently undertake a genuine act of prostitution4 ,it is only the 8sale of the sweet name of love10 as the celebrated politician ,louis ,blanc expresses it1 which constitutes prostitution--the complete lack of all spiritual and all personal relationships on the one side1 and the ignominious predominance of the mercantile character of the sexual union on the other4 ,hence there may be prostitution in marriage1 although this always remains widely different from the sale of the body to numerous and frequently changing individuals4 ,the 8prostitution0 of primeval times1 in which social relationships were so utterly different from ours1 unquestionably resembled rather the wild love of the present day than our own prostitution4 ,it was sexual promiscuity1 not professional fornication4 ,according to ,heinrich ,schurtz1 prostitution is indeed not an exclusive product of higher civilization1 but occurs also among primitive peoples1 and appears everywhere where the unrestricted sexual intercourse of youth--wild love--is prevented1 without early marriage taking its place4 ,but what he describes as prostitution--for example1 the living of several unmarried girls in the houses of men--is still no more than a peculiar form of wild love4 ,still1 according to the reports of numerous travellers1 there are among primitive peoples also purchasable women1 and this must be explained1 just as in our own case1 from the combined influence of individual1 social1 and economic conditions4 ,to my mind there is no doubt that the so-called 8religious0 prostitution is to be regarded as at least a germinal form and predecessor of the prostitution of the present day4 ,in this case also we had to do with professional fornication2 only1 although the temple-girls1 just like our modern prostitutes1 gave themselves indifferently to any man that offered the money paid for this service1 that money did not1 in the case of religious prostitution1 go to the girl herself1 but to the deity1 or to the crafty priests who represented him2 thus the priests really played the part of our modern brothel-keepers4 ,it is absolutely unquestionable that in this religious prostitution a more ideal element also played a part4 ,this subject was discussed at considerable length above 7pp4 #ajj-aab74 ,prostitution is everywhere a product of the growth of large towns2 its peculiar characteristics are developed only in large towns4 ,to the country it was always foreign until those beautiful times of the middle ages1 in which prostitution was regarded as a necessary of life1 like eating and drinking1 and was organized in guilds1 so that everywhere 8women-houses0 were instituted for the public1 unconstrained use of all classes1 for peasant and prince4 ,at that time quite small towns also had their brothels4 ,the appearance of syphilis1 and the awakening of modern individualism1 brought these conditions to an end2 the brothels disappeared everywhere2 and this tendency to a continuous decrease of barrack prostitution1 to a progressive diminution in the number of brothels1 has continually strengthened4 ,on the whole1 the rural districts to-day do not know prostitution2 there we have only free love and wild love4 ,the existence of prostitution is confined to the large towns1 because in these all the necessary conditions are fulfilled1 and1 above all1 because in large towns the possibilities for the gratification of the sexual impulse by marriage or by free love are in the case of men much more limited than they are in the country4 ,in the town there is even a demand for prostitutes1 but not in the country4 ,it is true that the demand on the part of men does not correspond to the extension which modern prostitution has assumed in the large towns2 this demand corresponds1 as it were1 to a portion only of prostitution4 ,in his admirable work on the campaign against prostitution 7,journal for the ,suppression of ,venereal ,diseases1 vol4 ii41 pp4 #caa-cac7 ,f4 ,schiller proves that prostitution has not increased merely in proportion to the increase in the male population1 but that in reality1 in recent decades1 it has increased1 on the whole1 in a much greater proportion than the population1 and that different towns exhibit the most remarkable contrasts in the respective ratios of prostitutes to male population4 ,for example1 in ,berlin prostitution has increased to an extent almost double that of the increase in male population4 ,a similar relationship is to be observed in other large towns4 ,everywhere the supply of prostitutes exceeds the demand2 and we cannot doubt that by this great supply the need for prostitutes is to a large extent at first aroused4 ,street-walkers and brothels allure many men to sexual intercourse who otherwise would not have felt any need for it4 ,but1 on the other hand1 the existence of a voluntary demand for prostitutes on the part of men is a fact which cannot be denied4 ,in this sense prostitution has been described as mainly a 8man's question40 ,here we touch upon an extremely difficult problem1 and one which1 as far as ,i can see1 no one before myself has definitely stated1 perhaps because no one has ventured to do it--and yet1 for our knowledge of prostitution1 the question is one of great importance4 ,what precisely is the 8need of man for prostitution0 of which ,blaschko speaks8 ,is it merely the sexual impulse8 ,or is there any other factor in operation8 ,certainly the sexual impulse1 simple sensuality1 plays a large part in this male demand for prostitutes2 but this does not explain the fact why married men1 and so many men who1 if not married1 have yet opportunities for other sexual intercourse1 have recourse to prostitutes2 it does not explain the fact1 by which ,i am myself continually and anew astonished1 of the peculiar attractive force which prostitutes exercise upon cultured men with delicate sthetic and ethical perceptions4 ,is there any deeper physiological relationship here involved8 ,i answer this question unconditionally in the affirmative4 ,it is not by chance that prostitution is mainly a product of civilization1 that it finds in civilization its proper vital conditions1 whereas in primitive states it cannot properly thrive4 ,in primitive times1 unrestrained by the 7just7 demands of a higher civilization1 and by the social morality intimately associated therewith1 men could1 without fear or regret1 satisfy their wild impulses1 no less in the sexual sphere than in others2 they could give free play to those peculiar biological instincts of a sexual nature which lie hidden in every man4 ,their sexual 8supra- and sub-consciousness10 to use the happy phrase which ,chr4 von ,ehrenfels invented to denote the dualism of modern sexuality1 were still monistic4 ,to-day1 however1 the primitive instincts are repressed by the necessities of civilized life1 and by the coercive force of conventional morality2 but these instincts still slumber in every one4 ,each one of us has also his sexual sub-consciousness4 ,sometimes it awakens1 demands activity1 free from all restraint1 from all coercion1 from all convention4 ,in such moments it seems as if the man were an entirely different being4 ,here the 8two souls0 in our breast become a reality4 ,is this still the celebrated man of learning1 the refined idealist1 the sensitive sthetic1 the artist who has enriched us with the most magnificent and the purest works of poetry or of plastic art8 ,we recognize him no longer1 because in such moments something quite different has awakened to life2 another nature stirs within him and urges him with an elemental force to do things from which his 8supra-consciousness10 the consciousness of the civilized man1 would draw back in horror4 ,such a delicate sensitive nature1 open to the finest spiritual activities1 as that of the ,danish poet ,j4 ,p4 ,jakobsen1 must feel this contrast in an especially painful manner2 it is precisely such natures--those in which the extremes we have described appear most sharply and most clearly--which afford us proof of the existence of a double consciousness4 ,the primitive instinct breaks out1 like a monomania--of which old psychiatric doctrine of 8monomania0 we are involuntarily reminded when we see how even men of light and leading1 men who in other respects live only in the highest regions of the spirit1 are subjected to the domination of this purely instinctive sexualism1 so that they lead a 8secret0 inner life1 of whose existence the world has no suspicion4 ,in 8,niels ,lyhne0 ,j4 ,p4 ,jakobsen has admirably characterized this double life4 8,but when10 he writes1 8he had served ,god truly for eleven days1 it often happened that other powers gained the upper hand in him2 by an overwhelming force he was driven to the coarse lust of coarse enjoyments2 he yielded1 overcome by the human passion for self-annihilation1 which1 while the blood burns as blood only can burn1 demands degradation1 perversity1 dirt1 and foulness1 with no less force than the force which inspires the equally human passion for becoming greater than one is1 and purer40 ,these human instincts can be satisfied only by prostitution4 ,by the purchasable prostitute this desire1 described so aptly and with so much insight by ,jakobsen1 can be fully satisfied4 ,to the origin of the desire we shall return in another connexion4 ,the common1 the rough1 the brutal animal in the nature of prostitution1 exercises a formal magical attractive force on large numbers of men4 ,ludwig ,pietsch1 in his 8,recollections of ,sixty ,years10 vol4 ii41 p4 #ccg 7,berlin1 #ahid71 tells of the celebrated cocotte of the ,second ,french ,empire1 ,cora ,pearl1 whom he saw in ,baden-,baden3 8,i have never been able to understand how it was that she exercised so powerful an attraction4 ,in her appearance1 her tumid1 painted #8pug-face1' the secret was certainly not to be found4 ,perhaps the influence which she exercised on so many men rested principally in the quality which the royal friend of the ,danish ,countess ,danner described to the latter1 when explaining to her the reason of the power1 to others quite incomprehensible1 which ,cora ,pearl had exercised on his own heart4 ,he said3 #8,she is so gloriously vulgar4'0 ,this word speaks volumes1 and illuminates the peculiar influence of prostitutes and prostitution upon man in an apt and powerful way4#bhe ,admirably1 also1 has ,stefan ,grimmen1 in his novelette 8,die ,landpartie0 7published in ,die ,welt am ,montag1 ,no4 #bb1 ,may #bh1 #aijf71 described this influence1 which in this case was exercised by two demi-mondaines lying in the grass1 upon the masculine members of a picnic-party1 who were so enthralled as completely to forget the ladies of their company4 ,the de ,goncourts were also aware of the specific allurement exercised by prostitutes1 for in one place in their diary they recommend a wife to adopt certain customs of prostitutes1 in order to bind her husband to her for a long time4 ,in this respect1 we cannot fail to recognize a certain masochistic trait in the sensibility of men1 which appears especially remarkable when we call to mind the contrast between the nature of the above described spiritually lofty persons and the nature of a prostitute4 ,in this way we should be led to the view that prostitution is in part a product of the physiological male masochism--that is to say1 of the impulse from time to time to plunge into the depths of coarse1 brutal1 sexual lust and of self-mortification and self-abasement1 by surrender to a comparatively worthless creature4 ,this attraction towards prostitutes is one of the most remarkable phenomena in the psyche of the modern civilized man2 it is the curse of the evolution of civilization4 8,the most ideal man also is unable to free himself from his body10 says ,heinrich ,schurtz2 8refinement leads ultimately to an unnatural over-nicety1 which must necessarily be permeated from time to time by a breath of fresh unrefinement and coarse naturalism1 if it is not to perish from its own inward contradiction40 ,in a certain sense the same need finds expression also in ,gutzkow's remark in the 8,neue ,serapionsbrder10 vol4 i41 p4 #aih 7,breslau1 #ahgg71 that man sometimes has a need for 8woman-in-herself10 not woman with the thousand and one tricks and whimsies of wives1 mothers1 and daughters4 ,without question1 this need is much more characteristic of man than of woman4 ,still1 ,i am not prepared altogether to deny its existence in the latter4 ,in another connexion ,i shall return to this extremely important question4 ,naturally in this we see no more than a favouring factor of the appearance of prostitution in the mass2 we do not speak of it as the definite cause of the production of any individual prostitute4 ,speaking generally1 ,i consider the dispute regarding the causes of prostitution as superfluous2 a number of causes are in operation1 and in each individual case it is always an unfortunate concatenation of circumstances1 of subjective and objective influences1 which have driven the girl to prostitution4 ,the various theories regarding the causes of prostitution have therefore only a relative value4 ,not one of them explains it wholly2 each explanation demands the assistance of others4 ,this is1 above all1 true of the celebrated theory of ,lombroso1 regarding the 8born prostitute10 a theory which states1 to put the matter shortly and clearly1 that the girl is born with all the rudimentary characteristics of a prostitute1 and that these rudimentary characteristics have also a physical foundation1 in the form of demonstrable stigmata of degeneration4 ,lombroso's 8born prostitute0 is1 above all1 distinguished by a complete lack of the moral sense1 by typical 8moral insanity10 which is the true 8root0 of the prostitute life1 for he regards that life as very little dependent upon the sexual4 ,prostitution1 therefore1 according to ,lombroso1 8is only a special case of the early tendency to all evil1 of the desire which characterizes the morally idiotic human being from childhood upwards1 to do that which is forbidden40#bhf ,the individual cause of prostitution1 according to this view1 is to be found1 not in the sexual1 but in the ethical province4 ,with the ethical defects are associated greediness1 the love of finery1 a tendency to drink1 vanity1 dislike of work1 mendacity1 and an inclination towards criminality4 ,to this moral degeneration there corresponds the presence of stigmata of degeneration1 such as anomalies of the teeth1 cleft palate1 abnormal distribution of the hair1 prominent ears1 asymmetry of the face1 etc4 ,the above-described type of degenerate woman does1 as a fact1 exist4 ,but1 in the first place1 such women constitute only a small fraction of prostitutes1 and such women are found following other occupations4 ,thus1 the expression 8born prostitute0 is a false one2 it should run1 8born degenerate10 for not all born degenerates become prostitutes4 ,in the second place1 not all degenerate prostitutes are born degenerates4 ,in many cases the degeneration is a result of the professional unchastity4 8,no one10 says ,friedrich ,hammer1 8who has not personally investigated the matter can conceive how rapidly and completely the process of transformation from an honourable girl into a prostitute proceeds--the transformation into a street-walker4 ,a few weeks before she was clean-looking and trim1 perhaps with a somewhat frivolous appearance1 but still able to understand the position in which she found herself2 now1 however1 she seems to have completely #8gone to pieces'2 she is dirty and verminous1 and on her face is an expression of absolute wretchedness1 not1 as you perhaps might imagine1 of unbridled sensuality--no1 rather one of indifference1 of complete helplessness and loss of will1 of unresponsiveness alike to punishment and to benefit40#bhg ,the earlier investigators of prostitution1 including the first of all1 ,parent-,duchatelet1 did not fail to recognize that the mental and physical abnormalities of the prostitute were changes due to her mode of life4 ,in many prostitutes we can observe a typical obliteration of the secondary and tertiary sexual characters after a prolonged practice of their profession4 ,virey remarked1 very justly1 that 8in consequence of the frequent embraces of men1 prostitutes gain a more or less masculine appearance03 their neck is thicker1 their voice harsher and more masculine 7,j4 ,j4 ,virey1 8,woman10 pp4 #aeg1 #aeh2 ,leipzig1 #ahbg74 ,most prostitutes have done more or less injury to the functions of the human body1 have completely disordered their sexual life1 and are sterile4 ,it is not to be wondered at that this sometimes manifests itself in their outward appearance--as1 for example1 in the slight development of the breasts1 which often amounts to a simple atrophy4 ,the 8unmistakable development0 of the tertiary characters of the male in individual prostitutes1 which has led ,kurella to propound the interesting hypothesis that prostitutes are a sub-variety of the homosexual1#bhh rests for the most part upon their assumption of a masculine mode of life and masculine habits1 which in the long-run cannot fail to influence also the bodily development--as1 for example1 smoking and the excessive use of alcohol1 pot-house life1 gluttony1 and other masculine habits4 ,the 8deep masculine voice0 of many prostitutes is unquestionably in most cases the result of the excessive use of tobacco and alcohol4 ,to this striking gradual change in the voice ,parent-,duchatelet devoted considerable attention 7vol4 i41 pp4 #hf-hh1 of the ,german edition72 it also attracted ,lippert's notice4 ,parent-,duchatelet refers the common development in prostitutes of the masculine voice to their excessive indulgence in alcoholic beverages1 and to their exposure to frequent changes of weather 7catching cold1 etc474 ,smoking also certainly plays a part4 ,lippert draws attention to other changes 78,prostitution in ,hamburg10 pp4 #hj and #ij73 8,by the daily practice of their profession for many years their eyes acquire a piercing1 rolling expression2 they are somewhat unduly prominent in consequence of the continued tension of the ocular muscles1 since the eyes are principally employed to spy out and attract clients4 ,in many the organs of mastication are strongly developed2 the mouth1 in continuous activity either in eating or in kissing1 is conspicuous2 the forehead is often flat2 the occipital region is at times extremely prominent2 the hair of the head is often scanty--in fact1 a good many become actually bald4 ,for this reasons are not lacking3 above all1 the restless mode of life2 the continued running about in all weathers in the open street1 sometimes with the head bare2 the often long-lasting fluor albus from which they suffer2#bhi the incessant brushing1 manipulation1 frizzling1 and pomading of the hair2 and1 among the lower classes of prostitutes1 the use of brandy4 8,the rough voice is the physiological characteristic of the woman who has lost her proper functions--those of the mother40 ,however1 the majority of youthful prostitutes exhibit purely feminine characteristics2 it is only late in life that the above-described type becomes predominant1 and this shows us that the masculine characteristics are the result of objective influences4 ,from five to ten years bring about a notable difference4 ,in the year #ahih ,i treated a maidservant for syphilis4 ,at that time she was of an elegant1 genuinely feminine appearance4 ,seven years later1 in the year #aije1 ,i saw her once more4 ,what a change6 ,her face was bloated and widened2 her eyes1 once so bright and clear1 had become cloudy and expressionless2 her voice was rough2 all the specific feminine forms and characters had been obliterated by extreme corpulence4 ,it was no longer a woman1 it was a 8prostitute10 a special type of humanity1 but one which had been gradually produced1 and as a result of no more than six years of the practice of professional prostitution4 ,these facts do not by any means exclude the existence of genuine degenerates among prostitutes in a greater percentage than among non-prostitutes2#bij nor do they exclude the existence of genuine homosexuals among prostitutes4 ,to this extent ,lombroso's theory contains a nucleus of truth2 but it concerns only a fraction of the entire world of prostitutes4 ,lombroso has himself been repeatedly compelled to recognize the frequency with which he has encountered among prostitutes women of normal appearance1 and even beautiful women4#bia ,finally1 the doctrine of the 8born prostitute0 is contradicted by the fact that the same types of degenerate which are described by ,lombroso among prostitutes are found also among women who are not prostitutes4#bib ,in fact1 ,lombroso has been led to this view by the recognition of an 8equivalent of prostitutes among the upper classes02 but in this way he has only proved that the same moral degeneration that is encountered in a certain proportion of prostitutes is also seen in misconducted women of other and higher classes4 ,there are1 in fact1 prostitute natures among the 8upper ten thousand40 ,the best limitation of the general value of the doctrine of the 8born prostitute0 is the concluding chapter of ,lombroso's book upon 8,occasional ,prostitutes40 ,he begins with the pertinent remark3 8,not all prostitutes are ethically indifferent--that is to say1 they are not all born prostitutes2 in this province opportunity also plays its part40 ,lombroso proceeds to develop this thesis1 thus markedly limiting the application of his own theory1 and recognizing that1 in addition to natural predisposition1 quite other causes and influences come into play in the production of prostitution4 ,above all1 the economic factors are of greater importance in the genesis and growth of prostitution1 even though their influence is not an exclusive one4 ,i distinguish here between real1 genuine poverty 7lack of food1 proper housing accommodation1 etc47 and merely relative poverty4 ,hitherto1 in considering the economic causes of prostitution1 these two elements have not been distinguished with sufficient clearness4 ,the fact that real1 absolute poverty and lack of the necessaries of life drives many girls to a life of prostitution can1 in view of recent statistical data1 no longer be disputed4 ,more exact material dealing with this subject is to be found in the above mentioned writings of ,blaschko1 one of the principal advocates of the economic theory of prostitution2 also in the works of ,georg ,keben1#bic ,oda ,olberg1#bid ,anna ,pappritz1#bie ,pfeiffer1#bif ,paul ,kampffmeyer1#big ,e4 von ,dring1#bih and many others4 ,here we have a superabundant material1 a quantity of distressing and tragical individual data and proofs of ,gutzkow's thesis1 that the material evils of society always and everywhere undergo transformation into immorality4 ,here unquestionably must we first apply the lever for the removal of this economic predisposing condition of prostitution4 ,hic ,rhodus1 hic salta6 ,i am myself firmly convinced of this fact1 although ,i do not consider that the causes of prostitution are to be found exclusively in economic conditions--an opinion which ,anna ,pappritz1 for example1 maintains in the most extreme form4 ,it is quite true1 however1 that our entire sexual life at the present day is so intimately connected with the social question that the reform of the sexual life demands as an unconditional preliminary a reform of economic conditions4 ,prostitution on the large scale1 as it manifests itself in modern days1 and its continuous increase to an extent quite unparalleled in former times1 is only explicable by the rapid transformation of economic conditions--as1 for example1 by the concentration of population in large towns1 by the industrial revolution1 and by the development of great aggregations of capital1 by the consequent greatly increased severity of the struggle for existence1 the postponement of marriage1 and the ever-increasing number of individuals who are not economically and professionally independent4 ,the increase in child-labour 7naturally we refer especially to children of the female sex7 has also to be considered as a remarkable phenomenon of modern industrial life2 but1 above all1 we must take into account the fact that woman's work is on the average regarded at a very low valuation1 and is paid accordingly4 ,the insufficiency of their earnings is the immediate cause of the fact that so many women and girls seek accessory earnings in the form of prostitution4 ,it is well known that employers reckon on this fact in drawing up their pay-lists1 and frequently are so brutally cynical as to point out to their female employees the possibility of increasing their earnings in this manner--one very convenient to the employer6 ,the ,reichsarbeitsblatt1 ,no4 #b1 of the year #aijc1 publishes a very remarkable account of the conditions of work and life of the unmarried female factory employees in ,berlin4 ,it is based upon the reports of the professional factory inspectors in ,berlin1 who have access to material affording them accurate information regarding the mode of life of factory women4 ,the reports concern #ici unmarried factory hands1 and include all occupations in which in ,berlin a considerable number of women were employed4 ,the average age of the women who came under observation was #bb-a_/b years2 the oldest was #ed years2 #ece of the whole number were over #ba years of age2 #db were between #af and #ba years of age2 #de were below #af years of age4 ,the average number of hours of daily work was #i-a_/b2 #cb of all the women worked from #g-a_/b to #h hours2 #cgb 1 #h to #i hours2 #dgg 1 #i to #aj hours2 and #aai 1 #aj to #aa hours4 ,the weekly wage amounted on the average to #aacf marks 7shillings72 individually1 the wages were very variable2 #dc of the women were paid less than #f marks 7shillings72 #aa were paid from #bj to #cj marks 7shillings74 ,in a very large majority of instances the wages varied between #h and #ae marks4 ,supplies from a source independent of their wages1 in the form of money1 clothing1 and means of subsistence1 were received1 according to their own statement1 by #hh of the women2 among these1 #da were assisted by parents1 #d by other relatives1 #c in other ways2 #edb of those examined lived with their parents1 #eg with other relatives--that is1 altogether #fdb of the total number--#bae lived in common lodging-houses1 #ad in their own rooms4 ,the worst-paid workwomen lived chiefly with their parents2 as soon as the wage sufficed to support them away from home a great many left their parents' houses4 ,the housing accommodation was ascertained in #hdf instances2 in #geh of these a single room constituted the dwelling1 in #hb cases a kitchen1 in #b cases an attic1 in #c some other room4 ,in isolated cases quite unsuitable places were used to sleep in4 ,speaking generally1 the conditions were worse than appears from the above figures4 ,of #hcb workwomen1 only #afi had a room to themselves2 #aic slept in a room with one other person1 and #dgj--that is1 #eff --with several persons4 ,with regard to the cost of their dwellings1 there were #dfd reports2 the average payment was #agi marks 7shillings7 per week4 ,the cost of the food 7dinner and lesser meals7 amounted on the average1 in the case of #efh1 to #fgg marks 7shillings72 of these1 #bje paid less than #f marks 7shillings71 #aji more than #h marks 7shillings7 per week4 ,the total cost for lodging and food amounted in the case of #hfg workwomen on the average to #gfb marks2 #ddg had their principal meal at midday2 #eec in the evening2 #gid took it at home2 #id in the factory2 #aab in a public kitchen1 a cooking-school1 or an eating-house4 ,with regard to the expenditure for clothing1 etc41 very scanty details were obtained--too scanty to be worth recording4 ,of the #ici workwomen of whom inquiry was made on the point1 #aig1 or #ba 1 contributed money to the education or support of relatives or children2 about #aj paid 7direct7 taxes1 with a mean expenditure of #h pfennige 7one penny7 per week4 ,for amusement1 #bcc women recorded an average weekly expenditure of #a mark 7shilling74 ,to a considerable number of those examined it was possible to put a little money by2 in most cases the amount averaged from half to one mark 7sixpence to one shilling7 per week2 in many cases1 however1 the money saved was spent at some other time during the year1 in consequence of diminished earnings or illness4 ,the figures obtained1 although in many cases they require further examination1 elaboration1 and illustration1 still suffice to show that much remains to be done for the improvement of the conditions of life of female factory employees4 ,that these wages are quite insufficient is shown by the following table of the daily expenditure of a sempstress for food and lodging 7based on the reports of von ,stlpnagel73 ,mk4 ,pf4 ,bedroom and coffee #j #bj ,second breakfast #j #ae ,dinner 7midday7 #j #cj ,afternoon tea #j #ae ,supper #j #bj ,two bottles of beer #j #bj ------- ,total #a #bj ,that amounts per week to #h marks #dj pfennige 7eight shillings and fivepence7 for board-lodging4 ,for the rest1 clothing1 washing1 and a little amusement1 have to be provided for1 and this is only possible in the case of the highest wages1 varying from #ab to #ae marks2 but this higher wage often enough suffices1 as ,anna ,pappritz herself admits4 ,in many cases the weekly wage is only #e to #h marks4 ,in the majority of occupations connected with the manufacture of ready-made clothing1 trade is only brisk for four to six months in each year4 ,thus1 there is necessarily a great deal of unemployment4 ,according to the ,statistical ,annual for the town of ,berlin for the year #aijg1 the annual wages amounted3 ,for tailoresses to #deg marks sempstresses #dhf hand buttonhole workers #ced machine buttonhole workers #gjj other women factory employees #ced ,according to the report of the ,statistical ,bureau1 the average yearly income of women factory employees throughout the ,german ,empire was only #cbb marks6 ,it is1 therefore1 no matter for surprise that the industrial councillors of ,frankfurt-on-the-,main and of ,wiesbaden1 in their published reports on the wages of female factory employees for the year #ahhg1 state3 8,in ,frankfurt1 at the end of last month1 among #bbf persons under the observation of the police des murs 7that is1 not reckoning secret prostitution71 #ih were female factory employees4 ,since for their necessary bare support 7food and sleeping accommodation only71 the minimum daily sum needed is #abe marks1 it appears that the wages which can be earned by female employees of #aej to #ahj marks can hardly suffice to provide for all their needs4 ,it would seem1 therefore1 that the lowness of their earnings must play some part in the matter under discussion40 ,the reports of the industrial councillors of ,dsseldorf1 ,posen1 ,stettin1 ,neuss1 ,barmen1 ,elberfeld1 ,gladbach1 ,erfurt1 etc41 have a similar signification4 ,important in relation to the incontrovertible connexion between material poverty and prostitution is the fact that in the majority of cases the prostitution of female factory employees is only occasional1 and not professional prostitution--that is to say1 such women have recourse to prostitution only when compelled thereto by deficient means4 ,as regards genuine professional prostitution1 female factory employees1 who live in a state of comparative freedom1 contribute a smaller contingent of recruits than maidservants1 whose position is always a more dependent one1 and who are much less experienced in the struggle for existence1 although1 generally speaking1 they live in better conditions4 ,from a computation based upon figures for the years #ahee1 #ahgc1 and #ahih 7those for #ahee and #ahih relating to far too small a number of cases71 ,blaschko derives the opinion that formerly female factory employees provided a greater number of recruits to prostitution than they do at present2 but that1 on the contrary1 the contribution of maidservants to the ranks of professional prostitution has enormously increased4 ,this assertion cannot pass without contradiction4 ,gross-,hoffinger1 in the work previously mentioned1 pointed out that the class of maidservants was the true nucleus of prostitution1 and devoted to this fact a long and illuminating chapter of his book4 ,and at about the same time 7#ahdh7 ,lippert also wrote 7op4 cit41 p4 #gi73 8,the principal sources of prostitution are maidservants1 sempstresses1 flower-girls1 tailoresses1 hairdressers1 shop-girls1 and barmaids40 7,gross-,hoffinger himself emphasizes the word 8maidservants407 ,we see1 therefore1 that the preponderance of ex-maidservants in the ranks of professional prostitution is by no means a new phenomenon1 although1 possibly1 that preponderance is even greater now than it was in former times4 ,and though in isolated instances it may happen that simple poverty forces a maidservant to become a prostitute1 this explanation does not suffice for the generality of cases4 ,the same reservation must be made in respect of seduction and illegitimate motherhood as causes of prostitution4 ,and in so far as poverty is a cause1 we must speak rather of relative poverty1 poverty which has more of a subjective than an objective character4 ,schiller rightly remarks1 in his admirable essay on the 8,prevention of ,prostitution10 that in respect of prostitutes who have been maidservants1 in the majority of cases there can be no question of insufficient wages and actual poverty 7if we except the badly paid servants in public-houses1 laundry-maids1 and a few others71 since the maidservant receives1 in addition to her wages1 free board and lodging1 and therefore is in a much better position than the majority of female factory employees and of women engaged in home industries4 ,notwithstanding this1 maidservants supply the largest proportion of prostitutes4 ,the majority of maidservants come from the country1 where lax views prevail regarding sexual relationships4 ,in addition1 girls usually come to town when still very young4 ,the want of education and experience of life is1 in their case1 very striking2 and this is increased by their permanently dependent position1 in contrast with the early independence of the town factory-women1 who are speedily initiated into all the possible evils of town life4 ,in addition1 there comes into the question an influence which hitherto has been underestimated3 the love of finery4 ,among maidservants this is especially powerful1 since1 in this respect1 they are continually exposed to suggestive influences1 arising from the clothing of their mistresses4 ,this love of dress1 in association with a far greater unscrupulousness in sexual matters than exists among workwomen1 drives many servant-girls1 even without real poverty1 to prostitution4 ,after they have lost their place1 after they have acquired a distaste for work1 have given birth to an illegitimate child1 or have been infected with venereal disease1 they very readily enter the ranks of professional prostitution4 ,this subjective psychological factor plays nearly as great a rle as the economic factor4 ,blaschko himself draws attention to the fact that1 in proportion to the hundreds of thousands of women who are compelled to earn their bread by hard1 badly paid toil1 the number of those who ultimately become prostitutes is really almost infinitesimally small2 and that1 therefore1 we must regard as accessory causes of prostitution1 defective will-power1 want of industry1 of perseverance1 and of moral instincts1 and1 finally1 also--and here ,lombroso is justified--congenital deficiency4 ,hellpach is right when1 in his most readable essay on 8,prostitution and ,prostitutes0 7,berlin1 #aije71 he lays the principal stress on this 8social-psychological0 explanation of prostitution1 and regards the purely economic factor as 8the ultimate turning-point0 in the fatal road that leads to prostitution4 7,earlier than ,hellpach1 ,anton ,baumgarten attempted to give a social-psychological explanation of prostitution4 ,see his essays1 containing much valuable material1 8,police and ,prostitution10 and 8,the ,relations of ,prostitution to ,crime10 published in the eighth and eleventh volumes respectively of the 8,archives of ,criminal ,anthropology407 ,we must1 therefore1 hold firmly to the fact that the most diverse and heterogeneous vital conditions may ultimately lead to prostitution4 ,among these1 lack of education1 premature habituation to sexual depravation by casual observation and by deliberate seduction1 play an important rle4 ,and these causes are themselves to a large extent secondary to the miserable housing conditions in great towns1 recently so dramatically described by von ,pfeiffer and ,kampffmeyer4 8,it is easier10 says ,pfeiffer1 8to thunder against immorality from the top of a lofty tower1 than it is to resist every allurement in dull1 narrow dwellings1 in the midst of poverty and deprivation4444 ,the lodger flirts with the wife2 the married or free-loving pair1 also living in the house1 do not wait to begin their caresses until the children are out of the way4 ,the children are witnesses of many scenes which are little adapted to the preservation of pure morals2 they see things which they later come to regard as matters of course1 and when they have the opportunity they act in the same way themselves1 for they have not learned otherwise1 and they think that every one does the same4444 8,the servant-girl becomes pregnant2 no one knows what has become of her child's father4 ,driven out of her place1 she remembers that she has a married sister1 and after long search she finds her in a damp basement dwelling4 ,this dwelling consists of a single room and a dark kitchen2 three shivering1 dirty children are playing on the floor2 the husband is out of employment2 but still they can find room for this sister-in-law and her illegitimate child4 ,then perhaps there are better days for a time4 ,but within the narrow limits of the one-roomed dwelling the association is too intimate1 and the sister-in-law again becomes pregnant1 and ultimately in the same week both the sisters are delivered as the result of impregnation by the same man4 ,when we think how all this has taken place in the only available room1 we can understand that the children must have seen a great deal little suited to childish eyes40 ,the housing statistics of ,berlin for the year #aijj give horrible reports regarding this1 and even much worse conditions--conditions which are sufficiently explained when we consider how often families living in a single room take in a male or a female lodger for the night4 ,one-roomed dwellings in which from four to seven sleep every night are common2 those in which eight to ten sleep are by no means rare6 ,after what has been said above1 no elaborate demonstration is needed to show that alcoholism everywhere1 in the most diverse conditions1 prepares the soil for prostitution4 ,krpelin and ,o4 ,rosenthal have thoroughly exposed this intimate connexion between prostitution and alcoholism4 ,an even more important source of prostitution is to be found in procurement and in the traffic in girls--this grave social evil of our time4 ,how often are children initiated into the practice of prostitution1 for the sake of pecuniary gain1 by their own parents1 or by some other individual devoid of all moral feeling1 and taught to serve as mere instruments of earning money by lust6 ,paris offers more examples of this traffic than any other ,european city1 but ,london is not far behind1 as was proved by the ,pall ,mall ,gazette scandals of #ahhc1 to which we shall return in another connexion4 ,in ,berlin itself in recent years the number of half-grown1 and even childish1 prostitutes has enormously increased4 ,prostitutes from thirteen to fourteen years of age are no longer rare4 ,an even sadder phenomenon is the modern traffic in girls1 a characteristic product of the age of commerce1 although earlier times were1 indeed1 familiar with it1 especially ,france in the eighteenth century1#bii witness more especially the accounts of the celebrated ,parc-aux-,cerfs4 ,the modern traffic in girls#cjj is intimately connected with the brothel question4 ,we can1 in fact1 assert that if there were no brothels there would be no traffic in girls4 ,this is proved also by the growing dislike to brothels felt by prostitutes1 who prefer a free life4 ,for this reason1 it becomes more and more difficult for the keepers of brothels to obtain inmates1 and the international traffic in girls attempts to fill the continually increasing deficiency in the number of girls entering brothels4 ,the traffic in girls is to-day almost exclusively recruited from ,eastern ,europe4 ,as regards its original sources1 we find that ,galicia--i4e41 ,austrian ,poland--supplies #dj 1 ,russia #ae 1 ,italy #aa 1 ,austria-,hungary #aj 1 ,germany #h 1 of the 8,white ,slave ,trade40 ,most of the girls are transported to the ,argentine1 where we find them in the brothels4#cja ,the traders in girls1 or 8kaften0 as they are called in ,brazil1 are1 for the most part1 ,polish ,jews4 ,rosenack shows1 in his report on the campaign against the traffic in girls 7a campaign actively taken up by the ,western ,european ,jewish ,unions1 and especially by the ,jewish ,association for the ,protection of ,girls and ,women71 that five out of six of the ,galician ,jews engaged in this traffic are what are called 8,luftmenschen0 7men of air7--that is1 men without any definite or secure means of livelihood--and that only an improvement in their social conditions can put an end to the traffic in girls4 ,as regards that part of the world1 he considers that the measures resolved upon by the ,national and ,international ,conference for the ,suppression of the ,traffic in ,girls 7,berlin1 #aijc2 ,frankfurt-on-the-,main1 #aije7 are not adapted to offer any important hindrances to the traffic4 ,more effective has been the work of the ,jewish ,branch ,committee in ,germany for the suppression of the ,galician traffic in girls4 ,dr4 ,rosenack1 ,berta ,pappenheim1 and ,dr4 ,sera ,rabinowitsch1 in furtherance of the work of the committee1 studied the local conditions2 the population was instructed verbally and by leaflets and pamphlets4 ,endeavours have been made to improve the economic condition of the workwomen of ,galicia4 ,for this purpose1 instructed female assistants are sent from ,germany to ,galicia4 ,it has been possible to awaken in ,galicia general interest in the work of the suppression of traffic in girls4 ,in a ,conference held at ,lemberg1 the ,galician clubs and ,jewish committees made representations to ,german and other societies1 in order to formulate a plan1 and to devise measures for the improvement of ,galician conditions4 ,in ,buenos ,ayres1 the principal town of entry for ,galician girls1 a committee has been formed to oppose the traffic in girls1 the members of this committee being of all religions and nationalities4 ,this has had one good effect--that the traders in girls have become alarmed2 they no longer practise their profession so openly as before4 ,the ,argentine police are also taking an active part in the fight with the traffic4 ,not more than two of the judges at ,buenos ,ayres were found to make common cause with the 8traders10 and to discharge them on receipt of large bribes4 ,a law has been drafted for the punishment of those engaged in this traffic1 by imprisonment for six years and confiscation of their property4 ,the traders in girls constitute an international ring1 and the centre of their organization is in ,buenos ,ayres4 ,in ,berlin1 since #aijd1 there has existed a central police organization for the suppression of the international traffic in girls1 the activity of which extends throughout the ,empire4 ,every case of this traffic which comes to the notice of the police in ,germany is reported to the central police organization4 ,this draws up a list of all the traders in girls whose names are definitely known4 ,it has started an album containing photographs of traders who have been punished1 and it exchanges experiences with the police of other countries4 ,it is to be hoped that in comparison with the other countries of ,europe the number of ,german girls exported to brothels abroad will continually grow smaller1 and that the local measures undertaken in ,galicia and the ,argentine will have a good effect in limiting1 and ultimately suppressing1 this traffic4 ,henne am ,rhyn has shown that to and from other countries--for example1 from ,england to ,belgium and ,germany 7,hamburg71 from ,galicia to ,turkey1 from ,italy to ,north ,america1 etc4--individual girls are transported4 ,according to ,felix ,baumann1 the number of traders in girls in ,new ,york approaches #bj1jjj4 ,they have close relations to the police1 and they employ young handsome men1 called 8cadets10 to attract the girls4 ,the abolition of brothels would here also be the best means of abolishing the traffic in girls4 ,having now learned the sources of prostitution1 we must proceed to give a brief account of the places in which it is carried on4 ,here we have first of all to distinguish public from secret prostitution4 ,as regards public prostitution1 there are only two principal varieties to consider3 street prostitution1 where the women seek their victims in the streets1 in order to carry them off either to their own dwellings or to houses of accommodation2 and brothel prostitution4 ,at the present day in most countries public street prostitution is far the most general form1 and this is especially true as regards ,germany1 where in a few towns only brothels continue to exist4 ,in many places this street prostitution--for example1 in the ,friedrichstrasse of ,berlin1 and also on the boulevards of ,paris--gives rise to conditions which recall the worst days of imperial ,rome4 ,the contact between public life and professional prostitution is unquestionably a great evil4 ,the activity of prostitutes in the open streets1 the shameless and lascivious display of their sexual charms1 their bold solicitation coram publico1 the stimulating character of professional unchastity--all these poison our public life1 obliterate the boundary between cleanliness and contamination1 and display daily a picture of sexual corruption--alike before the eyes of the pure1 blameless girl1 those of the honourable wife1 and those of the immature boy4 ,aptly has this street prostitution been termed the cloaca of our social life1 which empties into the open street1 whereas at least brothel prostitution only represented a hidden cloaca1 whose offensive odour need not annoy all the world1 as inevitably happens in the case of street prostitution4 ,in addition1 we have to consider the serious dangers involved in the practice of professional fornication in private dwellings and houses of accommodation1 as they involve the decent families living in such houses4 ,what do the children living in such houses see and hear8 ,frequently prostitutes are admitted to confidential family intercourse1 and they seduce the daughters of poor people to join them in the practice of prostitution1 and the sons to a vicious life or to become souteneurs4 ,that the danger of contamination of the lower classes of the population by means of prostitution is by no means imaginary1 is clearly shown by numerous examples from actual life4 ,i subscribe to all that the advocates of brothels say in this respect4 ,and yet brothels are a still greater evil6 ,they constitute an incomparably more dangerous centre of sexual corruption1 a worse breeding-ground of sexual aberrations of every kind1 and last1 not least1 the greatest focus of sexual infection4 ,with reference to the last point1 the matter will be discussed more fully in the chapter dealing with the question of regulation in connexion with the suppression of venereal diseases4 ,the brothel is the high-school of refined sexual lust and perversity4 ,the detailed proof of this ,i must leave to the descriptions of the two writers most experienced in the life of brothels1 ,lo ,taxil#cjb and ,louis ,fiaux4#cjc ,it is a fact well known to all that many young men learn in brothels for the first time the manifold and artificial ways in which natural sexual intercourse can be replaced by perverse methods of sexual activity4 ,here1 in the brothel1 psychopathia sexualis is systematically taught4 ,and what the old debauchee demands from the prostitute and pays her for1 perverse intercourse1 is spontaneously offered to the youthful initiate1 because competition between the prostitutes1 and the hope of a higher payment1 lead them to do so4 ,the opinion of the ,french authors just mentioned is perfectly credible--that there are young men who in this way have learned about perverse sexuality before they were fully acquainted with natural sexuality1 and who thus have permanently acquired more inclination for these mysteries of ,venus than for a natural and normal sexual intercourse4 8,brothel-jargon10 or 8brothel-slang10 contains a number of words almost peculiar to this dialect1 by which the contra-natural1 abnormal methods of sexual intercourse are denoted in a more or less cynical manner2 for example1 faire feuille de rose anilinctus2 sfogliar la rosa 7to pluck the leaves from the rose7 pdicare2 faire tte-bche reciprocal cunnilinctus of two tribades2 punta di penna masturbatio labialis2 pulci lavoratrici 7learned fleas67 tribades1 etc4 ,a learned investigator like ,fiaux is led by his observations of many years to the conclusion that brothels constitute not only the most dangerous form of public prostitution1 but the most dangerous kind of prostitution that exists at all1 and that it is urgently necessary that they should be abolished in all countries as soon as possible4 ,in addition to the two varieties and localities of 8public0 prostitution--that is1 prostitution carried on under the observation of the police--there is a much more extensive secret prostitution1 in connexion with which1 however1 the word 8secret0 must always be accepted with reserve1 since in its case also it comes more or less under the eye of the public4 ,this secret prostitution is1 for example1 accessible at numerous places1 and these are very different one from another4 ,secret prostitution also has its types1 its peculiarities--in short1 its definite local colouring1 according to the place in which it is practised4 ,let us give a brief account of the various localities of secret prostitution4 #a4 ,public-houses with ,women ,attendants1 the so-called 8,animierkneipen40--,the waitress 7barmaid7 is the true exemplar of the secret prostitute1 and further1 in consequence of the perpetual association with alcoholism1 is the most dangerous variety2#cjd for the barmaid allures the guest even more to the excessive consumption of alcohol than to sexual indulgence4 ,for this purpose barmaids receive a percentage of the receipts from the sale of liquor1 and this sum1 in addition to free board1 is their only wage4 ,the 8animierkneipen0#cje and the restaurants with women attendants can be plainly distinguished from a considerable distance by their curtained windows1 and by the red1 green1 or blue glass panes over the doors of entry4 ,these coloured panes are so characteristic of these places of lust and gluttony that at the last year's ,district ,synod of the ,friedrichswerder section of the town of ,berlin the attempt was made 7cf4 ,vossische ,zeitung1 ,no4 #bdh1 ,may #cj1 #aijf7 to forbid the use of such illuminated panes for the advertisement of the houses of entertainment in ,berlin with female attendants4 ,to this proposal the reasonable objection was made that if this distinguishing mark were abolished1 there would be no means of recognizing such places1 and therefore no warning signal for blameless individuals4 ,many 8animierkneipen0--the ,french similarly term the girls in such places 8les inviteuses0#cjf--;by their mysterious-looking interior2 by the heavy curtains1 which produce semi-obscurity2 by small very discreet chambres spares1 lighted by little coloured lanterns and with erotic pictures on the walls2 by their ,spanish walls and their enormous couches--obtain the appearance of small lupanars4 ,to these the richer customers and the initiates are brought1 whilst the ordinary habitual guests commonly assemble in the larger bars1 where also music--it must be admitted very bad music--in the form of a piano- or a zither-player1 is not wanting4 ,the whole shameless activity of these 8animierkneipen10 in which alcohol and indecency play the principal rle1 has recently been described by ,hermann ,seyffert in a manner no less perspicuous than true to life4#cjg ,the clients of such places are1 for the most part1 immature lads1 who squander here the money of their parents or their employers2 but we find there also the habitual guests1 usually elderly married men1 who find in this atmosphere a welcome variety in comparison with the monotony of their homes4 ,the quantities of alcohol which are consumed in the 8animierkneipen10 both by the guests and by the attendants1 are enormous4 ,the barmaids must always drink at the cost of the guests1 in order that the sales of liquor may be larger4 ,o4 ,rosenthal#cjh speaks of barmaids who consume twenty to thirty glasses of beer a day1 and more1 without mentioning brandy and liqueurs6 #b4 ,ball-,rooms and ,dancing-,saloons4#cji--,properly speaking1 these are only a sub-variety of the places described in ,section #a2 they are enlarged 8animierkneipen10 with the addition of 7better7 music and of dancing4 ,but the beautiful days of the ,bal ,mabille and the ,closerie des ,lilas1 or of ,cremorne ,gardens1 the ,portland ,rooms1 the ,argyll ,rooms1 and the ,orpheum have long passed away4 ,the majority of the ball-rooms of ,berlin and ,paris 7in ,london they disappeared long ago7 have sunk to a lower level4 ,prostitution is now dominant4 ,the 8intimacy10 which in the earlier more idyllic ball-rooms felt so much at home1 is now no longer to be found there4 ,it is only necessary to visit the celebrated ball-rooms of ,berlin--the ,ballhaus in the ,joachimstrasse1 the 8,blumensle10 etc41 not to speak of the seats of baser prostitution1 as1 for example1 ,lestmann's ,dancing-,saloon--in order to be aware of this fact4 ,here also the principal thing is drinking1 and always more drinking6 ,in ,paris1 in the dancing-rooms of ,montmartre1 we can see the 8inviteuses0 in full cry2 some of the ,french dancing-rooms1 however1 appear more attractive from the sthetic point of view than the haunts of ,terpsichore in ,berlin4 ,a dancing-saloon that was not exclusively concerned with prostitution was that of ,emberg in the ,schumannstrasse1 but in the year #aijf this was closed for ever4 ,now1 similar great ball-rooms exist1 properly speaking1 only in the suburbs--in ,halensee1 ,grnau1 ,nieder-,schnhausen1 etc4 ,here also1 however1 the dance is not the principal thing--procurement and prostitution are widely diffused1 as was pointed out fifty years ago by ,thomas ,bade in his essay1 in this respect most convincing1 8,ueber ,gelegenheitsmacherei und ffentliches ,tanzvergngen0--8,procurement in ,relation to ,public ,ball-,rooms0 7,berlin1 #aheh74 #c4 ,variety ,theatres1 ,low ,music-,halls1 and ,cabarets4--,the principal object of these places1 so characteristic of our time1 is 8to kill time0 in as amusing a manner as possible1 8amusement0 being what the 8average sensual man0 of to-day1 dull and empty-headed1 demands4 ,what he wants is the satisfaction of his desire for sensations by the appearance of more or less dcollet singers1 dancers1 acrobats1 male and female1 by the representation of tableaux vivants in which the parts are played by beautiful women1 by the kinematograph1 or by pantomime1 by spicy songs1 by the performance of clever jugglers1 by wrestling and boxing matches between men and women1 by juggling1 and all kinds of spectacles1 etc4 ,in short1 the most diverse 8varieties0--hence the name--of amusement are offered here1 and it is significant that these places of pleasure first appeared in the great seaports of ,liverpool1 ,london1 ,hamburg1 and ,marseilles1 where the sailors1 after the weary monotony of long sea voyages1 found satisfaction in the variegated display of enjoyment offered to them in such places4 ,now the monotony1 the emptiness of their life1 drives innumerable crowds of townsmen to the variety theatres1 which1 even though as little as the drinking-saloons can they be called true 8places0 of prostitution1 still serve as localities in which prostitutes meet their clients2 and in this way evening after evening a large number use them as the field of their activities4 ,the lowest class of variety theatre1 the 8,tingel-,tangel0 7low music-hall71 also euphemistically called 8,academy of ,music10 is1 in fact1 nothing more than a brothel1 the only difference being that the actual sexual intercourse does not take place in the house itself1 as so often occurs in the similar 8animierkneipen40 ,the singers appearing in these 8tingel-tangel0 are all low-class prostitutes4 ,in most cases1 whilst one of their number is practising the 8art of song0 7sit venia verbo71 the others1 sitting about the hall in shameless dcollet1 display their charms1 and incite 78animieren07 the visitors to drink4 ,clerks and students form the indulgent audience2 in seaport towns the audience consists generally of sailors4 ,who is not familiar with the most celebrated tingel-tangel streets in the world1 the ,spielbudenplatz and the ,reeperbahn1 in ,st4 ,pauli1 near the docks of ,hamburg8 ,in these streets we see one variety theatre after another1 and all are crowded by a smoking1 drinking audience1 taking part in the choruses of the songs4 ,a peculiar kind of these places of pleasure is constituted by the so-called 8,rummel10 a speciality of ,berlin4 ,wherever1 within or without the town limits1 by the demolition of old houses or in any other way1 a large area remains free from building for a considerable time1 these tingel-tangel proprietors invade the place1 erect merry-go-rounds and cake-stalls1 and there develops in the place a manifold activity1 in which the lower classes of the population exclusively share4 ,here the very lowest types of prostitute seek their prey1 and find it4 #d4 8,boarding-,houses0 78,pensionate07 and ,maisons de ,passe 7,houses of ,accommodation74--,anyone walking through the streets of ,berlin will not fail to notice boards at the doors of certain houses1 bearing the inscription1 8,here rooms can be hired by the month1 week1 or day40 ,i do not assert that this announcement always represents an invitation to fornication1 or the provision of an opportunity therefor2 but in many cases these announcements serve as indications of the 8intercourse0 obtainable in such dwellings4 ,often several stories1 or even the entire house1 is devoted to this purpose4 ,it professes to be a 8,private ,hotel0 or ,furnished ,lodgings2 but in reality it is a masked brothel1 a 8house of accommodation0 for prostitutes and their clients1 a place in which the landlord--in most cases the landlord is of the female sex--has for principal occupation the practice of procurement4 ,other dwellings1 without these sufficiently well-known and suspicious boards attached to the door-posts1 passing under the less striking name of a 8pension10 are adapted rather for the exquisite and artificial enjoyment of the richer classes1 and are employed for sexual orgies of a more extensive character1 for the procurement and seduction of young girls1 and for the assignations of the higher classes of the demi-monde and their clientle4 #e4 8,massage ,institutes40--,to these distinctly modern establishments1 which mainly subserve the purposes of masochistic prostitution1 we shall return in the chapter on masochism4 ,many prostitutes have some knowledge of massage1 and masquerade as 8masseuses02 their supplementary profession is ordinary prostitution1 and for this reason we are justified in alluding to them in this section4 #f4 ,the ,weibercafs4--,these are found in all the large towns1 especially in ,london1 ,paris1 ,berlin1 ,vienna1 and ,buda-,pesth1 and they serve as the principal places in which prostitution is carried on by day4 ,prostitutes sit here in great numbers hour after hour1 and wait for their clients1 who1 of course1 must pay for drinks which are consumed4 ,certain cafs in ,berlin--as1 for example1 the 8,caf ,national10 the ,caf ,keck in the ,leipziger ,strasse1 etc4--are typical nocturnal cafes1 in which from the onset of darkness until early in the morning prostitutes await their clients4 ,naturally1 the above classification does not include all varieties of modern prostitution1 which exhibits many other modes of activity4 ,most of these others1 however1 have some sort of relationship to the varieties already described1 and it is1 therefore1 unnecessary to deal with them all at length4 ,prostitution can1 of course1 be practised anywhere2 and its allurements are found in all places in which great numbers of human beings come together4 ,,appendix ,,the ,,half-,,world ,to prostitution in the wider sense of the term belongs also the 8half-world0 78demi-monde071 under which name1 first used by the younger ,dumas1 we include the various categories of 8mistresses10 femmes soutenues 7kept women71 lorettes1 cocottes1 and fast women4 ,alexandre ,dumas1 in the celebrated passage of his play 8,demi-,monde0 7,act ,,ii41 ,scene #i71 gives by the mouth of ,olivier de ,jalin the following definition of the half-world3 8,all these women have made a false step in their past2 they have a small black spot upon their name1 and they go in company as much as possible1 so that the spot may be less conspicuous4 ,they have the same origin1 the same appearance1 the same prejudices as good society2 but they no longer belong to it1 and they form that which we call the half-world 7demi-monde71 which floats like an island upon the ocean of ,paris1 and draws towards itself1 assumes1 and recognizes1 everything which falls from the firm land1 or which wanders out or runs away from the firm land1 without counting the foreign shipwrecked individuals who come no man knows whence4 8,since the married men1 under the protection of the legal code1 have had the right to banish from the bosom of the family a woman who has forgotten her duty1 the morals of married life have undergone a revolution which has created a new world--for what becomes of all these expelled1 compromised women8 ,the first of them who found herself shown the door1 bewailed her fault1 and hid her shame in retirement2 but--the second8 ,she sought the first one out1 and as soon as there were two of them1 they called the fault a misfortune1 the crime a mistake1 and began to make excuses for one another mutually4 ,having become three1 they asked one another to dinner2 having become four--they danced a quadrille4 ,now round these women there grouped themselves young girls also who had begun their life with a false step2 false widows2 women who bore the name of the lovers with whom they lived2 some of those rapid #8marriages' which had lasted as liaisons of many years' duration2 finally1 all the women who wished people to believe that they were something else than they really were1 and did not wish to appear in their true colours4 ,at the present day this irregular world is in full bloom1 and its bastard society is greatly loved by young men4 ,for here love is less difficult than in circles above--and not so expensive as in circles below40 ,from the last sentence we see that the original idea of the 8half-world0 was not so wide as that of the present day2 above all1 the former notion did not1 as it does at present1 include the idea of prostitution4 ,the ladies of the half-world of ,dumas were 8not so expensive0 as ordinary prostitutes4 ,our modern demi-mondaines are characterized by the fact that their price is high4 ,they are prostitutes for the upper ten thousand4 ,and yet they have this in common with the other demi-monde--that they do not1 like prostitutes properly speaking1 give themselves indifferently to anyone able to pay the price1 but they lay stress on the social position of their lover for the time being1 and upon his character as a 8gentleman40 ,they can even exhibit something of the nature of love4 ,the modern half-world can most aptly be compared with the ,greek hetairism4 ,it forms a characteristic constituent of modern 8high life40 ,whether this especially manifests itself on the racecourse1 at first nights at the theatre1 in great charitable bazaars1 at masked balls1 at fashionable seaside resorts1 at ,monte ,carlo1 at floral festivals1 and the like1 there also we encounter the half-world2 and its members1 in respect of beauty1 toilet1 distinguished appearance1 cultivation1 and conversation1 are in no way to be distinguished from the ladies of high society4 ,certain types of the demi-monde realize1 in fact1 the ideal of the ,greek hetair2 but even more than these1 the modern demi-mondaine represents elaborated enjoyment4 ,these women are thoroughly cultivated1 the true law-givers of fashion1 the arbiters in every question of taste4 ,mondaines and demi-mondaines are in outward appearance hardly to be distinguished one from the other2 at least1 this is the case in ,paris1 where a witty writer defined the distinction between them in this way--that the former received their lovers only in the daytime1 the latter also by night4#caj ,it is only the connoisseur who is able to detect the 8half-world aroma10 that indefinable quality which gives the demi-mondaine such an exceptional value in the eyes of the jeunesse dore4 ,from what circles do the recruits of the half-world come8 ,the ladies of the theatre1 the stars of the variety stage and of the ballet1 send their contingent2 the aristocracy is also represented in their ranks2 but many a distinguished lorette or 8fille de marbre0 is of low origin1 and yet understands admirably how to adapt herself rapidly to all the demands of high life1 to drive her dog-cart as smartly as the most genuine ,countess1 and in ,longchamps1 ,karlshorst1 ,ostend1 or ,trouville1 to play the part of the fine lady4 ,the one distinction between them--and it is the distinction of half a world--is the fact that this fashionable life of the demi-monde is not provided out of their own means1 but out of the pockets of one1 or more often of several1 rich galants4 ,the type of the 8grande cocotte0 is encountered in its genuine and unadulterated form only in ,paris4 ,here the demi-mondaine plays a great part in public life4 ,the time of the earlier mistresses of princes1 with their political intrigues and their far-reaching spheres of influence1 is indeed over--a ,lola ,montez1 an ,aurora ,knigsmark is to-day no longer possible2 and yet the ,parisian demi-mondaine maintains influential relationships with the new great power of our time--the power of the press4 ,the journalists who are in the service of the demi-monde are by ,george ,dahlen termed the 8,press-,fridoline10 because 8their pens are paid1 not with ducats1 but with more or less enviable hours of love in distinguished boudoirs02#caa and ,victor ,joze also describes the advertisements--paid for by a night of love1 or perhaps only by a smile--which the writers of ,paris give in the newspapers to the distinguished cocottes of the ,quartier ,marbuf or of the ,avenue du ,bois de ,boulogne1 in order to attract the attention of ,indian nabobs1 ,russian ,grand ,dukes1 or ,american millionaires1 to this or that fashionable beauty4 ,this is characteristic of ,paris4 ,in other great capitals marketable gallantry does not seek publicity in this way1 but pursues a more hidden course4 ,for what the ,german1 and especially what the ,berliners1 term the 8half-world0 is very different from the type we have just described of the true ,parisian demi-mondaine4 ,our half-world 7the half-world of ,berlin7 is recruited for the most part from intelligent prostitutes1 who are to be found chiefly in the public gardens1 in the ,zoological ,gardens1 in the ,lehrter ,ausstellungspark1 and in the leading restaurants4 ,here every evening they seek new prey1 every evening they sell their charms to a new lover for a definite sum of money2 whereas the true lady of the half-world never has at any time more than one or two admirers1 who provide for all the expenses of her life1 and she never--at any rate in public--practises professional prostitution1 as do the women just described4 ,finally1 there is yet another type1 which must not be confused with the demi-monde4 ,this is the international prostitute1 who journeys from one place to another1 has indeed often the appearance of a distinguished lorette1 but leads a much more insecure1 unstable life than the true demi-mondaine1 and often combines with prostitution the profession of an adventuress4 ,now she is in ,paris1 now in ,london1 now at ,biarritz1 now at ,monte ,carlo 7the principal field of her activity71 now in ,constantinople1 ,smyrna1 ,st4 ,petersburg1 or ,berlin4 ,sometimes she undertakes a voyage of discovery to the ,new ,world4 ,germany provides a not insignificant percentage of these international cocottes4 ,such wanderers are especially well known in the circles of officers and of speculators on the ,bourse2 by these they are not seldom 8recommended10 after the manner in which a traveller is given letters of introduction4 ,they may even be 8raffled for10 as recently happened in an officers' mess in ,munich1 and so pass to the share of the fortunate 7generally much to be commiserated7 winner4 ,abroad they prefer to adopt ,french or exotic names4 #bdc ,here1 in the phrase 8man at length become self-conscious10 we have the animating idea of this work1 as it is of all fruitful efforts at the amelioration of the human lot4 ,see the admirable development of this idea in ,e4 ,ray ,lankester's ,romanes lecture1 8,nature and ,man02 and also in ,h4 ,g4 ,wells's later writings1 more especially 8,a ,modern ,utopia0 and 8,new ,worlds for ,old40--,,translator4 #bdd ,that this opinion is false1 ,i have proved incontestably as regards syphilis in my book1 8,the ,origin of ,syphilis0 7,jena1 #aija74 ,for the ,european and ,asiatic world1 syphilis is a specifically modern disease1 not more than #djj years old4 #bde ,venice1 #aecd4 #bdf 8,la ,lozana ,andaluza0 78,the ,gentle ,andalusian071 by ,francesco ,delicado4 ,traduit pour la premire fois1 texte ,espagnol en regard par ,alcide ,bonneau1 #b vols41 ,paris1 #ahhh4 ,regarding this work1 see my book 8,the ,origin of ,syphilis10 vol4 i41 pp4 #cf-dc4 #bdg ,cf4 also the interesting work of ,salvatore di ,giacomo1 8,prostitution in ,naples in the ,fifteenth1 ,sixteenth1 and ,seventeenth ,centuries1 based on ,unpublished ,documents10 revised in accordance with the ,german translation1 and provided with an introduction by ,dr4 ,iwan ,bloch 7,dresden1 #aijd74 #bdh ,reprinted in his 8,satyr ,medic ,,xx410 pp4 #ebh-edi 7,leipzig1 #agbb74 #bdi ,cf4 my work on 8,rtif de la ,bretonne10 p4 #ejd et seq4 7,berlin1 #aijf74 #bej ,the contents of this work are enumerated in my above-mentioned book1 pp4 #eje-eab4 #bea ,a4 ,j4 ,b4 ,parent-,duchatelet1 8,de la ,prostitution dans la ,ville de ,paris10 third edition1 #aheg 7,paris1 #ahcf74 #beb ,f4 ,f4 ,a4 ,braud1 8,les ,filles ,publiques de ,paris0 7,brussels1 #ahci1 #b vols474 #bec ,dr4 ,michael ,ryan was an acquaintance of ,arthur ,schopenhauer1 who in ,june1 #ahbi1 sent ,ryan a copy of his book 8,theoria ,colorum40 ,cf4 ,eduard ,grisebach1 8,schopenhauer3 the ,history of ,his ,life10 p4 #afh 7,berlin1 #ahig74 #bed ,m4 ,ryan1 8,prostitution in ,london1 with a ,comparative ,view of that of ,paris and ,new ,york0 7,london1 #ahci74 #bee ,cf4 in this connexion also the report from other sources given in my 8,sexual ,life in ,england10 vol4 iii41 pp4 #cae-cai1 #ddj-ddg 7,berlin1 #aijc74 #bef ,w4 ,tait1 8,magdalenism3 ,an ,inquiry into the ,extent1 ,causes1 and ,consequences of ,prostitution in ,edinburgh10 second edition 7,edinburgh1 #ahdb74 #beg ,r4 ,wardlaw1 8,lectures on ,female ,prostitution2 its ,nature1 ,extent1 ,effects1 ,guilt1 ,causes1 and ,remedy10 third edition 7,glasgow1 #ahdc74 #beh ,f4 ,i4 dos ,santos ,cruz1 8,da ,prostituiao na ,cidade de ,lisboa0 7,lisbon1 #ahda74 #bei 8,estabelecimentos de ,beneficencia para as ,consultas ,gratuitas10 pp4 #bjc-bjf4 #bfj ,a4 ,potton1 8,de la ,prostitution et de ses ,consquences dans les ,grandes ,villes1 dans la ,ville de ,lyon en ,particulier0 7,paris and ,lyons1 #ahdb74 #bfa ,e4 ,a4 ,duchesne1 8,de la ,prostitution dans la ,ville d',alger depuis la ,conqute0 7,paris1 #ahec74 #bfb 8,die ,prostitution in ,berlin und ihre ,opfer0 7,berlin1 #ahdf74 #bfc ,c4 ,rhrmann1 8,der sittliche ,zustand von ,berlin nach ,aufhebung der geduldeten ,prostitution des weiblichen ,geschlechts0--8,the ,moral ,condition of ,berlin after the ,abolition of ,tolerated ,prostitution of the ,female ,sex0 7,leipzig1 #ahdf74 #bfd ,f4 ,j4 ,behrend1 8,prostitution in ,berlin1 and the ,measures it is ,desirable to ,adopt against ,prostitution and against ,syphilis10 etc4 ,a work based on official sources1 and dedicated to ,his ,excellency the ,minister von ,ladenberg 7,erlangen1 #ahej74 #bfe ,h4 ,lippert1 8,prostitution in ,hamburg0 7,hamburg1 #ahdh74 #bff ,a4 ,j4 ,gross-,hoffinger1 8,the ,fate of ,women and ,prostitution1 in ,relation to the ,principle of the ,indissolubility of ,catholic ,marriage1 and especially in ,relation to the ,laws of ,austria and the ,philosophy of our ,time0 7,leipzig1 #ahdg74 #bfg ,josef ,schrank1 8,prostitution in ,vienna in ,historical1 ,administrative1 and ,hygienic ,relations0 7,vienna1 #ahhf1 #b vols74 #bfh 8,the ,moral ,corruption of ,our ,time and its ,victims in their ,relationship to the ,state1 to the family1 and to ,morality1 with especial ,reference to the ,conditions of ,prostitution in ,leipzig0 7,leipzig1 #ahed74 #bfi ,w4 ,m4 ,sanger1 8,the ,history of ,prostitution0 7,new ,york1 #ahei74 #bgj ,j4 ,jeannel1 8,prostitution in ,large ,towns in the ,nineteenth ,century1 and the ,abolition of ,venereal ,diseases40 #bga ,w4 ,acton1 8,prostitution in its ,various ,aspects10 second edition 7,london4 #ahgd74 #bgb ,hgel1 8,the ,history1 ,statistics1 and ,regulation of ,prostitution0 7,vienna4 #ahfe74 #bgc ,l4 ,martineau1 8,la ,prostitution ,clandestine0 7,paris1 #ahhe74 #bgd ,o4 ,commenge1 8,la ,prostitution ,clandestine ,paris0 7,paris1 #ahig74 #bge ,v4 ,augagneur1 8,la ,prostitution des ,filles ,mineures0 7,paris1 #ahhh74 #bgf ,l4 ,fiaux1 8,la ,police des ,murs en ,france et dans les ,principales ,villes de l',europe0 7,paris1 #ahhh72 8,les ,maisons de ,tolrance1 leur ,fermeture10 #cme dition 7,paris1 #ahfb72 8,la ,prostitution #8,cloitre'0 7,brussels1 #aijb74 #bgg ,yves ,guyot1 8,la ,prostitution3 tude de ,physiologie ,sociale0 7,paris1 #ahhb74 #bgh ,a4 ,blaschko1 8,the ,problem of ,prostitution10 published in the ,berliner ,klin4 ,wochenschrift1 pp4 #dcj-dce 7#ahib72 8,syphilis and ,prostitution from the ,hygienic ,standpoint0 7,berlin1 #ahic72 8,hygiene of ,prostitution and of ,venereal ,diseases0 7,jena1 #aijj72 8,prostitution in the ,nineteenth ,century0 7,berlin1 #aijb72 8,the ,dangers to ,health resulting from ,prostitution1 and the ,contest with these ,dangers0 7,berlin1 #aijd74 #bgi ,c4 ,lombroso and ,g4 ,ferrero1 8,woman as ,criminal and ,prostitute40 #bhj ,b4 ,tarnowsky1 8,prostitution and ,abolitionism0 7,hamburg1 #ahij74 #bha ,c4 ,strhmberg1 8,prostitution3 a ,socio-,medical ,study0 7,stuttgart1 #ahii74 #bhb ,e4 ,dhren 7,iwan ,bloch71 8,the ,sexual ,life in ,england10 vol4 i41 pp4 #bja-dde 7,charlottenburg1 #aija74 #bhc ,e4 von ,dring1 8,prostitution and ,venereal ,diseases0 7,leipzig1 #aije74 #bhd ,goethe1 in the poem 8,der ,gott und die ,bajadere10 has very beautifully described the ennoblement of gross love by means of ideal love4 #bhe ,henry ,murger1 in his 8,vie de ,bohme10 also alludes to the 8incomprehensible0 fact that 8persons of standing who sometimes possess spirit1 a name1 and a coat cut according to the fashion1 out of their love for the common will go so far as to raise to the level of an object of fashion a creature whom their very servant would not have chosen as a mistress40 #bhf ,c4 ,lombroso1 8,woman as ,criminal and ,prostitute10 p4 #eej4 #bhg ,friedrich ,hammer1 8,the ,regulation of ,prostitution10 published in ,the ,journal for the ,suppression of ,venereal ,diseases1 vol4 iii41 ,no4 #aj1 p4 #chj 7,leipzig1 #aije74 #bhh ,h4 ,kurella1 8,a ,contribution to the ,biological ,comprehension of ,physical and ,psychical ,bisexuality10 published in the ,zentralblatt fr ,nervenheilkunde1 #ahif1 vol4 xix41 p4 #bci4 #bhi ,syphilis is not to be forgotten4 #bij ,this modified ,lombrosism is advocated by ,b4 ,a4 ,h4 ,hbner in his interesting work concerning prostitutes and their legal relations 7,monatsschrift fr ,kriminalpsychologie1 #aijg1 pp4 #a-aa74 ,he found that among sixty-four insane prostitutes1 under observation in the ,hertzberg ,asylum in ,berlin1 not less than #eide were already intellectually defective at the time they had come under police control as prostitutes4 #bia ,c4 ,lombroso1 8,recent ,advances in the ,study of ,criminals40 #bib ,schrank observes 78,prostitution in ,vienna10 vol4 ii41 p4 #baf7 that striking physical peculiarities do not appear to be either more or less frequent among prostitutes than they are among the generality of the population4 #bic ,g4 ,keben1 8,prostitution in its ,relation to ,modern ,realistic ,literature0 7,zurich1 #ahib74 #bid ,oda ,olberg1 8,poverty in the ,domestic ,industry of ,making ,ready-made ,clothing0 7,leipzig1 #ahif74 #bie ,anna ,pappritz1 8,the ,economic ,causes of ,prostitution0 7,berlin1 #aijc74 #bif ,pfeiffer1 8,poverty and ,overcrowding in ,great ,towns and in ,relation to ,prostitution and to ,venereal ,diseases10 published in ,the ,journal for the ,suppression of ,venereal ,diseases1 #aijc1 vol4 i41 pp4 #ace-add4 #big ,p4 ,kampffmeyer1 8,poverty and ,overcrowding in ,great ,towns10 etc41 published in ,the ,journal for the ,suppression of ,venereal ,diseases1 #aijc1 vol4 i41 pp4 #ade-afj2 8,bad ,housing ,accommodation in ,relation to ,prostitution and #8,night-,lodgers'2 the ,necessary ,legal ,reforms10 op4 cit41 #aije1 vol4 iii41 pp4 #afe-bbi4 #bih ,e4 v4 ,dring1 8,prostitution and ,venereal ,diseases40 p4 #aa4 #bii ,cf4 the description of the astonishing development of the ,french procurement of that day which is given in my 8,new ,researches concerning the ,marquis de ,sade10 pp4 #hh-ih 7,berlin1 #aijd74 ,the ,marquis de ,sade1 in his novel 8,the ,one ,hundred and ,twenty ,days of ,sodom10 has very fully described the traffic in girls of his time4 ,incredible revelations of this traffic1 of the almost absolute power of the procuresses1 and of their relations to the police1 led in ,october1 #aijf1 to an action against the procuress ,regine ,riehl1 who1 under the mask of a dressmaker's shop1 had for years conducted a brothel1 in which the girls were entirely robbed of their freedom1 were subjected to corporal punishment1 and never received payment for their 8work40 ,cf4 ,a4 ,blaschko1 ,the ,journal for the ,suppression of ,venereal ,diseases1 #aijf1 vol4 v41 pp4 #dbg-dcc2 also ,karl ,kraus1 8,the ,riehl ,trial0 7,vienna1 #aijf74 #cjj ,the literature of the 8,white ,slave ,trade0 is extensive4 ,i shall mention a few works only3 ,alfred ,s4 ,dyer1 8,the ,trade in ,english ,girls0 7,berlin1 #ahha72 the celebrated work of ,alexis ,splingard1 8,clarissa1 from the ,dark ,houses of ,belgium10 with an introduction by ,otto ,henne am ,rhyn1 fourth edition 7,leipzig1 #ahig72 ,otto ,henne am ,rhyn1 8,prostitution and the ,traffic in ,girls0 7,leipzig1 #aijc72 ,julius ,kemny1 8,hungara--,hungarian ,girls in the ,market3 ,revelations regarding the ,international ,traffic in ,girls0 7,buda-,pesth1 #aijc74 ,cf4 also the extensive references in ,the ,journal for the ,suppression of ,venereal ,diseases1 #aijd1 vol4 ii41 pp4 #bjg-bab 7,report of the ,jewish ,commission for the ,suppression of the ,traffic in ,girls74 ,regarding the traffic in girls in ,holland1 cf4 ,j4 ,rutgers1 8,sketches from ,holland10 ibid41 #aijf1 vol4 v41 pp4 #eca-cee4 #cja ,cf4 regarding the conditions in ,south ,america1 the report of ,major ,d4 ,wagner1 ,secretary of the ,german ,national ,committee for the ,suppression of the ,traffic in ,girls1 published in ,the ,journal for the ,suppression of ,venereal ,diseases1 #aijj1 vol4 v41 pp4 #cgh-chb4 #cjb ,lo ,taxil1 8,la ,corruption ,fin-de-,sicle10 p4 #afi et seq4 7,paris1 #ahid74 #cjc ,louis ,fiaux1 8,les ,maisons de ,tolrance3 leur ,fermeture10 troisime dition1 pp4 #afi et seq41 #bdh1 #bej1 #bea 7,paris1 #ahib74 #cjd ,according to recent statistical data1 from #hj to #ij of barmaids 7in ,germany7 are infected with venereal diseases1 so that they perhaps represent the most dangerous class of prostitutes4 #cje1 #cjf 8,animierkneipen40--,kneipe signifies a drinking-saloon or pothouse1 equivalent to the ,french cabaret4 ,the ,animierkneipe is a beer-saloon at which the attendants are women 7,kellnerinnen71 who are engaged on the terms described in the text1 and whose function1 therefore1 is to attract the male customers of the place1 to incite them 7animieren7 to drink freely1 and to play the part of prostitutes when required4 ,thus they correspond to les inviteuses of the similar drinking-saloons in ,paris4--,,translator4 #cjg ,h4 ,seyffert1 8,die ,animierkneipen und ihre ,geheimnisse0 78,animierkneipen and their ,secrets071 published in ,freie ,meinung1 #aijf1 ,nos4 #bf and #bg4 ,see also 8,impropriety at ,inns with ,female ,attendants in ,prussia1 with especial ,reference to the ,conditions in ,cologne0 7#ahia74 #cjh ,o4 ,rosenthal1 8,alcoholism and ,prostitution10 p4 #df 7#aije74 #cji ,cf4 the elaborate descriptions by ,hans ,ostwald1 8,berliner ,tanzlokale0 7,berlin and ,leipzig72 regarding the earlier dancing-rooms of ,london1 see my 8,sexual ,life in ,england10 vol4 i41 pp4 #cbd-ccd4 #caj ,victor ,joze1 8,paris-,gomorrhe4 ,murs du ,jour10 p4 #agc 7,paris1 #ahih74 #caa ,georg ,dahlen1 8,sketches of ,european ,society10 p4 #abf 7,berlin1 #ahhe74 ,,chapter ,,xiv ,,venereal ,,diseases 8,in co-operation with alcoholic intoxication and with tuberculosis1 syphilis plays in our day the part which in the middle ages was played by bubonic plague40--,,alfred ,,fournier4 ,,contents ,,of ,,chapter ,,xiv ,prostitution the focus1 not the cause1 of venereal diseases -- ,philosophy of venereal diseases -- ,their age -- ,time and place of their first appearance -- ,the origin of syphilis -- ,practical importance of the proof of the recent character of syphilis -- ,the theologico-animistic theory of venereal diseases -- ,refutation of this theory -- ,blameless infection 7syphilis innocentium7 -- ,the notion of specific infective disease -- ,scientific campaign against venereal diseases -- ,syphilis as a specific disease of modern times -- ,description of its symptoms1 its course1 and its termination -- ,consequences of syphilis to the family1 to the offspring1 and to the race -- ,congenital syphilis of the first and second generations -- ,racial degeneration in consequence of syphilis -- ,the age at which infection with syphilis occurs in man and in woman -- ,the soft chancre 7chancroid7 -- ,gonorrha -- ,change in our views regarding the dangers of gonorrha -- ,urethral gonorrha in the male -- ,acute and chronic stages -- ,complications -- ,gonorrha in women -- ,the 8diseases of women0 -- ,blindness due to gonorrha4 ,appendix3 ,venereal ,diseases in the ,homosexual4 ,,chapter ,,xiv ,the central problem of the sexual question is1 as ,i pointed out at the commencement of the previous chapter1 the suppression of prostitution and of venereal diseases1 the former evil being the principal focus of the latter4 ,i say the principal 8focus10 not the 8cause40 ,for1 if all prostitutes were healthy1 we could leave prostitution quietly alone--leaving out of consideration the moral depravity to which it gives rise--and venereal diseases would spontaneously disappear4 ,this opinion ,i advance at the beginning of the chapter on venereal diseases because1 even at the present day1 there is a remarkable species of philosophy1 or rather theology1 of venereal diseases1 which propounds the most extraordinary hypothesis regarding their origin4 ,for example1 the ,alsatian writer ,alexander ,weill1 in his confused work 8,the ,laws and ,mysteries of ,love10 writes3 8,why should we bother our heads about the cure of syphilis8 ,if anyone wishes to get rid of any evil1 he must first of all ascertain its causes in order to remove these4 ,if the cause of it is removed1 the evil disappears spontaneously4 ,if the snake has been killed1 its poison no longer does any harm4 ,but how can we put an end to the causes of syphilis1 when this disease is spontaneously renewed and increased day by day by means of neglected prostitution1 and by our social laws which combine to oppose the monogamy of youth and the increase of population8 ,if to-day we could cure all patients suffering from syphilis1 to-morrow the same disease would return in a new form1 for it would be recreated by the same irregularities that first led to its production 767 ,it is absolutely useless to employ iodide of potassium and mercury1 for every new infringement of natural laws would again bring into being new incurable diseases1 which can only be avoided by those who have firmly resolved to observe these laws strictly40 ,weill1 indeed1 goes so far as to maintain that every man who simultaneously1 or rather in brief succession1 has intercourse with two healthy women1 acquires syphilis1 even although both these women remain faithful to him1 because 8any kind of libertinism in sexual intercourse suffices by itself to give rise to this disease60 ,according to this view1 which is shared by many members of the laity1 venereal diseases1 and1 above all1 the worst of them1 syphilis1 would be as old as sexual licentiousness itself--that is1 as old as the human race1 and an inalienable associate of that race4 ,in my book on 8,the ,origin of ,syphilis0 ,i have disproved this view4 ,i have answered the question1 so important alike on general philosophical and on social-hygienic grounds1 regarding the true nature of syphilis1 and have proved that syphilis 7and also the other venereal diseases7 had a definite local and temporal origin2 that syphilis has not existed since the beginning of time2 and that some day1 when certain definite conditions are fulfilled1 the disease will disappear4 ,the history of syphilis is a matter of profound practical importance4 ,from that history we learn with certainty that the most dangerous and most dreaded of the venereal diseases has1 for the ,european world1 and for the 8old world0 in general1 the character of a pure chance comer2 and we learn that retrospectively--regarded from the point of view of our present experience--at the time when the disease first began to flourish1 it might perhaps have been nipped in the bud4 ,it is hardly possible to overestimate the practical importance of the recognition of this fact--that for the old civilized world syphilis represents a historical phenomenon1 that it has a history1 a beginning1 or1 as ,voltaire half-ironically remarks1 a genealogy4 ,is there not a deliverance1 a redemption1 in the idea that for the old world there was a time in which syphilis did not exist2 that this time1 in comparison with the time which has elapsed since syphilis first appeared1 was almost infinitely long2 and that for this reason1 when we look out into the future1 the history of the lues venerea assumes the character of a simple episode in the history of ,european civilized humanity8 ,at the same time1 the definite acceptance of this view would be an urgent warning to all those obscurantists of both sexes who imagine that the problem of the diffusion of venereal diseases can be solved exclusively by religious and moral considerations1 and who thus confuse the simplest and clearest relationships1 place everything upon an insecure foundation1 and exclude every possibility of a successful campaign against syphilis4 ,even to-day it unfortunately happens that many continue1 as of old1 to believe that sexual intercourse is a sin for which a punishment has been provided1 and that this punishment is a venereal disease--for example1 syphilis4 ,tylor1 the celebrated ,english anthropologist1 has proved that this idea has developed out of the animism extending back into prehistoric times1 which regarded all illnesses as the work of demons4 ,we are still influenced by this doctrine1 this gloomy1 demoniacal conception in respect of everything sexual4 ,i need hardly remind the reader of the ideas of ,tolstoi1 and of his disciple1 the unhappy ,dr4 ,weininger1 a disciple exceeding even his master in respect of fanatical condemnation of sexual intercourse4 ,until recently the laws regulating our ,german system of workmen's insurance against illness continued to exhibit definite traces of our legislators' adhesion to this view4 ,the majority of physicians and historians who said that syphilis was as old as sexual intercourse itself1 who employed the phrase ubi ,venus ibi syphilis1 were unconsciously influenced by this idea1 that venereal diseases are to be regarded as a mark of the ,divine wrath4 ,this theological theory1 as we may call it1 of the origin of syphilis is opposed by certain incontrovertible facts1 which suffice to show its utter nullity and untenability4 ,the mere fact that there exists a blameless infection with syphilis 7syphilis innocentium71 that1 for example1 in certain districts of ,russia as many as #ij of the cases of this disease are acquired quite independently of sexual intercourse1 by simple contact1 shows the absurdity of this superstitious idea4 ,in the second place1 it is a widely known fact that quite frequently persons who are still entirely uncontaminated1 blameless initiates1 become infected with syphilis on the very first occasion in which they have sexual intercourse1 whilst greater experience and more exact knowledge of the threatening dangers induce notorious debauchees to adopt effective measures of protection 7which1 however1 would be useless if syphilis were really a divinely decreed punishment for licentiousness of this kind674 ,in the third place1 the occurrence of syphilis in little children--partly owing to inheritance1 partly1 however1 acquired in the way already mentioned by casual contact--affords a striking refutation of the above idea1 which1 unfortunately1 still dominates and fascinates a large circle of people4 ,we could adduce further arguments against this view1 but what we have said should suffice to show clearly the untenability of such a superstition4 ,the syphilis of one individual is not the consequence of sexual intercourse1 but the consequence of another case of syphilis in another individual--that is to say1 syphilis is a specific infective disease1 transmissible only by means of its peculiar specific virus1 and this transmission can be effected without any sexual intercourse1 by means of contacts of other kinds4 ,syphilis arises only from syphilis4 ,we have1 therefore1 to attack this disease precisely in the same manner as the other venereal diseases4 ,as a ,portuguese physician has most aptly remarked1 to the tyranny of syphilis we must oppose the tyranny of human reason4 ,the principal aim of a campaign against venereal diseases will be the organization of the means offered to us by reason and experience to cope with the disease4 ,the knowledge of these means must be diffused in ever-wider circles of humanity1 and care must be taken that every individual is fully and clearly informed regarding the importance and the dangers of syphilis and the other venereal diseases4 ,here also history is our teacher1 our lamp of truth1 and promises us complete success as the result of our campaign against venereal diseases4 ,the results of my investigations regarding the origin of syphilis all point to a single extremely important fact--namely1 that in the case of syphilis1 and as regards the 8old world10 we have to do with a specific disease of modern times1 which made its first appearance at the end of the fifteenth century1 and of the previous existence of which1 even in the most distant prehistoric times1 not the minutest trace remains4 ,this view was held by very eminent physicians1 even before the publication of my own critical work1 based upon entirely new sources of study4 ,among these authorities ,i may mention ,jean ,astruc and ,christoph ,girtanner1 in the eighteenth century2 in the nineteenth century1 the ,spanish army surgeon ,montejo1 and of ,german physicians1 above all1 ,rudolf ,virchow1 ,a4 ,geigel1 von ,liebermeister1 ,c4 ,binz1 and ,p4 ,g4 ,unna4 ,the great philosopher ,arthur ,schopenhauer held the same view4#cab ,ricord1 the celebrated ,french syphilologist1 spoke once of a romance of syphilis which still remained to be written4 ,i should rather compare it with a drama1 the separate acts of which are centuries4 ,of this drama1 four acts have already been played4 ,at the present moment we find ourselves at the beginning of the fifth act4 ,thus1 we have an entire century before us1 in which1 with all the powers placed at our disposal by scientific medical research1 by practical therapeutics1 and by hygiene in association with social measures1 we must work to this end1 that this fifth act shall also be the last1 as it is in the case of a proper drama4 ,the history of syphilis has remained so long obscure1 because1 until the time of ,philipp ,ricord--that is to say1 until the beginning of the second half of the nineteenth century--the three venereal diseases1 syphilis1 or lues1 the so-called soft chancre 7venereal ulcer or chancroid71 and gonorrha1 were regarded as essentially one disease2 whereas we know to-day that syphilis is a specific infective disease of a constitutional character1 which permeates the whole body1 and must be absolutely distinguished from the other venereal diseases1 these latter being purely local in character4 ,this earlier belief in the identity of all venereal infections1 an error held even by so great an authority as ,john ,hunter1 who was misled by falsely interpreted experiments1 renders it necessary that the historical side of the question should be considered also from this point of view4 ,if gonorrha and chancroid were of a syphilitic nature1 then certainly syphilis must have existed from very early times4 ,it would not be difficult to refer to syphilis some descriptions and accounts of diseases of the genital organs given by the ancient and medieval writers4 ,it was the progressive enlightenment regarding the essential differences between the three venereal diseases which first proved the untenability of such opinions2 we were further assisted by the knowledge of pseudo-venereal and pseudo-syphilitic diseases which we have obtained from modern dermatology4 ,moreover1 in the old world syphilitic bones belonging to ancient or medieval times have never been discovered4#cac ,the first syphilitic bones date from after the time of the discovery of ,america4 ,they appear1 above all1 after the outbreak of the great epidemic of syphilis which followed the ,italian campaign of ,king ,charles ,,viii4 of ,france1 in the years #adid and #adie2 it was then that syphilis first became diffused in the old world4 ,in my work on 8,the ,origin of ,syphilis0 7,jena1 #aija71cad ,i have adduced proof1 basing my views upon the criticism of older opinions1 and assisted by the utilization of very abundant new sources of material1 that syphilis was first introduced into ,spain in the years #adic and #adid by the crew of ,columbus1 who brought it from ,central ,america1 and more especially from the island of ,hayti2 from ,spain it was carried by the army of ,charles ,,viii4 to ,italy1 where it assumed an epidemic form2 and after the army was disbanded the disease was transported by the soldiers to the other countries of ,europe1 and also was soon taken by the ,portuguese to the ,far ,east1 to ,india1 ,china1 and ,japan4 ,at the time of its first appearance in the old world1 syphilis was extraordinarily virulent4 ,all the morbid phenomena produced by the disease had a more rapid and violent course than at the present day2 the mortality was much higher2 the consequences1 even when a cure was effected1 were much more severe4 ,this virulence of syphilis at the time of its first introduction can only be explained1 in accordance with our modern views of the nature and mode of appearances of the disease1 by the fact that the nations of the old world 7who1 nota bene1 were all attacked with equal intensity7 had1 until that time1 been completely free from syphilis4 ,all classes of the people and all nations were visited by syphilis to an equal extent and with the same violence4 ,even to-day we observe everywhere1 when syphilis is introduced into regions which have hitherto been free from the disease1 that it has the same acute course1 the same violence of morbid manifestations1 that characterized its first appearance in ,europe4 ,in the four centuries that have elapsed since its introduction into ,europe there has occurred a gradual mitigation of the syphilitic virus1 or rather a certain degree of immunization of ,european humanity against the disease4 ,speaking generally1 syphilis has to-day--in comparison with that earlier time--a relatively mild course4 ,to this point we shall return later4#cae ,the two other venereal diseases1 gonorrha and chancroid1 unquestionably existed in ,europe in the days of antiquity4 ,but they also are specific infective diseases1 and are only produced by the virus peculiar to each1 just as syphilis has its own peculiar virus4 ,ricord 7#ahjj-ahhi71 in the years #ahcj to #ahej1 proved the complete diversity of syphilis and gonorrha1 established the doctrine of the three stages of syphilis--primary1 secondary1 and tertiary--and1 finally1 taught us to distinguish the soft1 non-syphilitic chancre 7chancroid7 from the hard1 syphilitic chancre4 ,virchow1 in his celebrated essay on 8,the ,nature of ,constitutional ,syphilitic ,affections0 7,virchow's ,archiv1 #aheh1 vol4 xv41 p4 #bag et seq471 then threw a clear light on the peculiar course of constitutional syphilis and on the causes of the occasional disappearance and sudden reappearance of the morbid phenomena4 ,hitherto1 however1 our knowledge of venereal diseases had rested on an extremely insecure foundation2 and the truly scientific study of the subject may be said to have begun in the year #ahgi1 with ,albert ,neisser's epoch-making discovery of the gonococcus as the specific exciting cause of gonorrha4 ,in the years #ahhi to #ahib there followed the discovery of the bacillus of chancroid by ,ducrey and ,unna1 by means of which discovery the complete distinction between the soft and the hard chancre was definitely proved2 and1 finally1 the three years #aijc to #aijf were characterized by remarkable discoveries1 the full importance of which is not as yet fully realized1 regarding the nature of the syphilitic virus4 ,in the year #aijc ,eli ,metchnikoff succeeded in transmitting syphilis from human beings to apes1 and thus laid the foundation for progressive research regarding syphilis by means of experiments on animals2 this was carried further by ,lassar1 by the inoculation of the syphilitic virus from one ape to another1 and also by ,a4 ,neisser in his experimental researches in ,java2#caf and in ,march1 #aije1 the ,berlin protozoologist ,fritz ,schaudinn1 since prematurely lost to the world of science1 published his first studies on the probable exciting cause of syphilis1 the so-called 8spirochte pallida40 ,numerous subsequent investigations have established the connexion between this spirilla-form1 belonging to the order of protozoa1 and syphilitic disease4 ,in this way we have been brought notably nearer to the discovery of the certain cure of syphilis and to the discovery of means of immunization against the disease4 ,in this direction quite new views are opening before our eyes4#cag ,numerous ideas suggested by recent discoveries in the province of syphilitic research are described in the admirable essay by ,j4 ,jadassohn1 8,contributions to ,syphilology10 published in the ,german 8,archives for ,dermatology and ,syphilis10 #aijg4 ,cf4 also the account of the recent doctrines regarding syphilis by ,p4 ,g4 ,unna and ,iwan ,bloch1 8,die ,praxis der ,hautkrankheiten10 pp4 #edh-eib 7,vienna and ,berlin1 #aijh74 ,when some day humanity has been freed from the 8sexual plague10 from the hydra of venereal diseases1 and when a monument is erected to the liberators1 four names will there be commemorated3 ,ricord1 ,neisser1 ,metchnikoff1 and ,schaudinn6 ,after these preliminary remarks on the nature of venereal diseases1 ,i proceed to a short description of them1 and ,i begin with the most dangerous of all the venereal diseases1 syphilis4#cah ,the first manifestations of syphilis make their appearance about three or four weeks after infection1 at the place at which infection has occurred1 and this is not in every case the genital organs4 ,it is true that syphilis is most commonly transmitted by means of sexual intercourse1 but frequently also by contacts of other kinds--for example1 by kissing2 by gynecological or surgical examinations and operations2 by drinking from a glass which has previously been used by some one suffering from syphilis2 by the use of uncleansed pocket-handkerchiefs1 towels1 and bedding1 which have been used by a syphilitic patient2 by the use of tobacco-pipes1 wind-instruments1 tooth-brushes1 tooth-picks1 a glass-blower's mouthpiece1 etc41 belonging to strangers2 by an uncleansed razor2 by the nasty habit of licking the point of a pencil2 by moistening postage-stamps with the tongue2 by sucking the wound in circumcision2 by the suckling of the infant at the breast of a syphilitic wet-nurse1 etc4#cai ,in ,england the custom1 when taking a judicial oath1 of kissing the ,bible has repeatedly sufficed to transmit syphilitic infection4 ,in certain districts in which the level of civilization is a low one--as1 for example1 in some parts of ,russia and of ,turkey--as many as #ej to #fj of all infections occur independently of sexual intercourse4 ,all the discharges from syphilitic lesions in all three stages of the disease are infective4 ,the infective character of the tertiary stage of syphilis was formerly doubted1 but has recently been proved beyond dispute4 ,blood also1 although more rarely1 can prove infective4 ,on the other hand1 the pure secretions--that is1 the physiological secretions1 not contaminated by morbid products--such as the saliva1 tears1 and milk1 are not infective4 ,syphilis is1 however1 very frequently transmitted by means of the semen4 ,infection occurs in places in which there is a solution of continuity of the skin or mucous membrane1 such as a scratch or a superficial wound1 through which the virus can enter4 ,in this way an apparently healthy syphilitic patient--when1 for example1 he gets a small abrasion on the penis 7or1 in the case of a woman1 in the vagina7--can transmit syphilis if the other individual also has a similar abrasion through which infection can occur4 ,as we have said1 it is not till the lapse of two to four weeks after infection has occurred that the first manifestations of syphilis appear1 in the form of a small vesicle or nodule in the infected area2 less often merely an abraded area of a peculiar red colour4 ,gradually this nodule or area enlarges1 and becomes continually harder at the base1 whilst the surface often undergoes ulceration1 and secretes extremely infective pus 7the so-called 8hard chancre0 or 8primary lesion0#cbj74 ,this induration is in most cases a certain sign that the syphilitic virus has already entered the body2 at least1 it has only been possible in a few very rare cases1 by excision or cauterization of the hard chancre1 to prevent syphilis from entering the blood4 ,almost always1 notwithstanding such endeavours1 the manifestations of general infection of the body soon appear4 ,from the place of infection--that is1 from the place at which the hard chancre forms--the syphilitic virus next passes by way of the lymph-stream into the inguinal glands1 so that these1 in the third or fourth week after the appearance of the hard chancre1 begin to swell and to become hard4 ,this swelling of the inguinal glands is painless 7the so-called 8indolent bubo071 in contrast to the painful swelling which accompanies the soft chancre4 ,from this region the poison now proceeds by way of the bloodvessels and lymph paths on its wanderings all over the body1 the individual stages of which can be detected by swellings of the lymph-glands of the axilla1 the elbow1 the neck1 etc4 ,sometimes other symptoms of general infection are noticeable2 above all1 the appearance of fever 7never earlier than forty days after infection71 pains in the muscles1 joints1 nerves1 also severe headaches1 a general feeling of lassitude1 pallor1 and a falling-off in the nutritive condition4 ,these are the forerunners of the so-called secondary stage of syphilis1 which now manifests itself by the appearance of a multiform skin eruption1 rendering the diagnosis of syphilis absolutely certain4 ,for this reason1 in doubtful cases of ulceration of the genital organs the patient should inspect his skin very carefully every day for several weeks or months1 and keep watch for the appearance of red spots or nodules4 ,this syphilitic eruption on the skin is also in the later periods one of the most certain and most characteristic insignia of the disease4 ,the eruption commonly appears first on the trunk1 in the form of rose-coloured spots 7the so-called 8roseola syphilitica071 spreads thence over the whole body1 and in many cases1 simultaneously with or shortly after the spotted eruption1 nodules appear on the skin1 and marked thickenings form on the mucous membranes1 especially at the anus1 in the mouth1 and on the tongue 7the so-called 8plaques muqueuses10 or 8condylomata074 ,the patient's attention is spontaneously directed to these lesions by painful sensations in the mouth or by itching of the anus4 ,often it is these painful sensations1 associated with a violent inflammation of the tonsils and pharynx 7the so-called 8angina syphilitica071 which first lead the patient to consult a doctor1 after all the earlier symptoms have passed by unnoticed6 ,as characteristic forms of the secondary syphilitic changes in the skin must1 therefore1 be mentioned the so-called 8corona ,veneris10 by which distinguished name is denoted an eruption on the forehead1 especially along the margin of the hair1 which by members of the laity is easily confused with other affections of the skin common in this locality2 the so-called 8collier de ,venus10 or leukoderma syphiliticum1 a peculiar pigmentation of the skin on the throat and the back of the neck in the form of brown patches with white intervening areas4 ,this symptom1 which occurs almost exclusively in women1 is an absolutely certain sign of syphilis4 ,equally characteristic is the so-called 8syphilitic psoriasis10 the appearance of peculiar patches and thickenings on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet2 characteristic also is the syphilitic loss of hair1 by its sudden onset and by the patchy way in which it occurs4 ,not rarely do we see purulent eruptions on the skin in this secondary stage of syphilis4 ,the syphilitic eruption of the skin is only an external manifestation of a disease affecting the entire body1 for the internal organs also suffer4 ,the affection of the liver manifests itself by jaundice2 that of the brain and the meninges by headaches and by weakness of memory1 which is often well marked at this stage2 that of the spleen by swelling2 that of the kidneys by the appearance of albumin in the urine2 that of the bones by very painful inflammatory swellings2 that of the eyes specially by the well-known syphilitic iritis 7#fj of all inflammations of the iris are syphilitic in nature674 ,if the disease remains untreated1 the appearances just described become more general and continually more severe2 and after some time1 quite new morbid symptoms are superadded 7often as early as the third year1 on the average five to ten years after infection1 but also later71 resulting from the transformation of the syphilitic morbid process into the tertiary stage4 ,to these new manifestations belong the appearance of large nodules in the skin and other organs1 which sooner or later undergo ulceration1 the so-called 8syphilitic gummata02 their ulcerative destruction may entail the greatest disfigurement or danger to life--for example1 perforation of the hard palate2 sinking of the bridge of the nose 7the syphilitic 8saddle-nose072 ulcerative destruction of large portions of the bones of the skull1 of the intestine1 of the liver1 the lungs1 the testicles1 the bloodvessels 7especially dangerous are gummous diseases of the bloodvessels of the brain71 the brain1 and the spinal cord4 ,apoplectic strokes occurring in comparatively young persons and nervous paralysis of the most various kinds1 as well as sudden deafness and blindness1 are in most cases referable to syphilitic disease4 ,many chronic diseases of the liver1 kidneys1 and nervous system1 are consequences of previous syphilis2 also calcification of the arteries1 the very dangerous dilatation of the great bloodvessels1 especially of the aorta 7aneurism of the aorta71 are very often of syphilitic origin4 ,by the researches of ,alfred ,fournier and ,wilhelm ,erb1 we know to-day that two severe diseases of the central nervous system--tabes dorsalis or locomotor ataxy1 and general paralysis of the insane 7paralytic dementia7--are almost always 7in about #ie of the cases7 referable to earlier syphilis4 ,among #e1gdi cases of syphilis encountered in his own private practice1 ,fournier observed no less than #geh cases of brain syphilis1 #fca cases of tabes1 and #hc cases of softening of the brain4 ,tabes and general paralysis of the insane are all the more dangerous because they are no longer1 properly speaking1 8syphilitic0 diseases1 and therefore they cannot be cured by antisyphilitic treatment2 they are severe degenerative changes of the central nervous system1 which has been1 as it were1 prepared for their occurrence by the previous syphilis4 ,these belong to the class of the so-called 8parasyphilitic0 diseases in which antisyphilitic treatment has little or no good effect4 ,even more tragic are the consequences of syphilis to the family1 the offspring1 and the race4 ,syphilis in married life1 congenital syphilis1 and the degeneration of the race by syphilis--these are the tragic manifestations which come under consideration in this connexion4 ,in his admirable work on 8,syphilis and ,marriage10 ,alfred ,fournier1 the greatest living authority on syphilis in all its manifestations and relationships1 has described the momentous influence exercised by syphilis in conjugal life2 and in his recently published work1 8,syphilis a ,social ,danger10 he has dealt also with congenital syphilis and racial degeneration4 ,he found that1 on the average1 among #ajj women suffering from syphilis1 #bj had been infected by their husbands1 either at the very commencement of married life1 or in its later course1 or finally through the offspring after conception4 ,divorce on the ground of syphilitic infection by the husband is at the present day of frequent occurrence4 ,the transmission of syphilis to the child by inheritance may be effected either by the father or the mother2 when both the father and the mother are syphilitic1 it occurs with absolute certainty4 ,the various possibilities of transmission1 and the contingent immunity of mother or child1 as they are expressed in ,colles's law 7,baums's law71 and in ,profeta's law1 cannot here be further dealt with4 ,if the mother has herself been infected with syphilis1 or if she was previously syphilitic1 either the child is not carried until term1 abortion or miscarriage ensuing1 or1 finally1 it is born with symptoms of congenital syphilis4#cba ,the frequent occurrence of premature births and still-births in any family suggests strong suspicions that they are due to syphilis4 ,the general mortality of the children in a family is regarded by ,fournier as an important sign to the physician of congenital syphilis4 ,syphilitic infection of the father gives rise to a mortality in the children of #bh 2 syphilis in the mother causes a mortality in the children of #fj 2 when the disease affects both parents1 the mortality among the children amounts to #fh 4 ,absolutely astounding is the mortality of the children of syphilitic prostitutes2 it amounts to from #hd to #hf 4 ,children born alive1 suffering from congenital syphilis1 are generally weakly1#cbb of deficient body-weight2 have often a flaccid1 wrinkled skin1 covered with typical syphilitic eruptions1 and frequently with great purulent vesicles1 especially on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet 78pemphigus syphiliticus072 the internal organs also1 the spleen1 the liver1 and the bones1 exhibit morbid changes4 ,characteristic is the syphilitic affection of the upper air-passages1 especially the syphilitic 8cold in the head0 7syphilitic rhinitis--8snuffles071 of new-born congenitally syphilitic children4 ,congenital syphilis further gives rise to severe disturbances of development and to phenomena to which ,fournier has given the name of 8late syphilis0 78syphilis hereditaria tarda071 because they first make their appearance in the later years of life4#cbc ,permanent debility1 arrest of development1 stigmata of degeneration1 in the form of various malformations--as1 for example1 notching of the edge of the upper central incisor permanent teeth 7a symptom first described by ,jonathan ,hutchinson71 malformations of the nose1 the ears1 and the palate1 dwarfing1 deaf-mutism1 malformations of the external and internal reproductive organs1 rickets1#cbd epilepsy1 and mental weakness--are the consequences of congenital syphilis4 ,tarnowsky1 ,fournier1 and ,barthlmy have traced the consequences of congenital syphilis into the second and third generation1 and so have discovered an important cause of racial degeneration4 ,syphilis in the grandfather can still exercise its disastrous influence in the grandson1 and give rise to the above-mentioned stigmata of degeneration4#cbe ,indeed1 congenital syphilis of the second generation often appears with the same severity as that of the first generation2 and1 like acquired syphilis1 congenital syphilis in women can cause a predisposition to miscarriages and still-births4 ,according to statistics obtained by ,edmond ,fournier1 relating to #aa1jjj cases of syphilis 7#aj1jjj men1 #a1jjj women7 from the private practice of his father1 ,alfred ,fournier1 regarding the age at which infection occurs1 it appears that in men it most commonly occurs between the ages of twenty and twenty-six years 7the maximum number of infections during the twenty-third year72 in women1 between the ages of eighteen and twenty-one2 #h of syphilitic males and #bj of syphilitic females were infected before the age of twenty years4 ,syphilis is to a considerable extent at the present day a disease of inexperienced youth4 ,this fact is important in relation to the problem of prevention and the problem of enlightenment4#cbf ,of much less importance than syphilis is the purely local soft chancre1 or chancroid1 which never results in general infection4 ,chancroid is produced by a specific exciting cause1 a chain-forming bacillus 7streptobacillus71 ,bacillus ulceris cancrosi1 which is found in the pus secreted by the ulcer4 ,one or two days after infection1 a small pustule forms at the site of inoculation1 generally on the external genital organs4 ,this pustule soon bursts1 and a deeply hollowed ulcer makes its appearance1 which usually undergoes rapid increase1 and frequently1 owing to the infective character of the pus1 gives rise to new chancres in the neighbourhood of the original one1 so that the soft chancre is commonly multiple4 ,when suitably treated with antiseptic powders and cauterization1 chancroid usually heals quickly2 there are1 however1 very dangerous varieties of chancroid--for instance1 the serpiginous chancre1 which continues to creep irresistibly forward2 and the phagednic or gangrenous chancre1 which puts the skill of the physician to the utmost test4 ,a less dangerous but extremely disagreeable complication of chancroid is inflammation of the inguinal glands1 most commonly only on one side2 this painful 8bubo0 7painful in contrast with the painless syphilitic bubo7 has a well-marked tendency to suppuration4 ,if this occurs1 and the pus finds its way to the surface1 fistulas and new chancrous ulcers are liable to occur at the place where it opens4 ,by rest in bed1 the inunction of iodide ointment1 the application of cold compresses1 the injection into the bubo of a solution of nitrate of silver1 and the internal use of iodide of potassium1 this unfortunate course may be prevented4 ,a remarkable change of views has1 in the course of the last thirty years1 taken place in respect of the nature and importance of gonorrha4#cbg ,whereas formerly this was regarded as a comparatively harmless disease1 we know to-day that gonorrha in the male1 and still more in the female1 gives rise to tedious dangers and painful morbid phenomena1 and is the source of unspeakable sorrows1 and of the miserable ill-health of numerous women1 and that it is the chief cause of sterility in both sexes4 ,gonorrha is principally a disease of the mucous membrane1 and is1 in this way1 distinguished from syphilis1 which is a general disorder1 diffusing itself by way of the bloodvessels4 ,in rare cases1 indeed1 gonorrha can exhibit general morbid manifestations1 the so-called gonorrhal rheumatism1 gonorrhal affections of the spinal cord and of the heart1 and gonorrhal nervous troubles1 all of which are so rare1 that for practical purposes they can be left out of consideration4 ,the typical seat of gonorrha is the mucous membrane of the urinary and the genital organs of the male and the female2 in the male affecting chiefly the urinary organs1 and in the female affecting chiefly the genital organs4 ,the cause of genuine gonorrha is always infection1 the transmission from one human being to another of the purulent inflammation produced by the gonococcus discovered by ,neisser in #ahgi4 ,simple urethral inflammations with a purulent discharge also occur in which no gonococci are found4 ,these arise also from infection1 but their actual exciting cause has not yet been discovered4 ,not less obscure is the relationship of many of the irritants giving rise to simple urethral catarrh--for example1 that which is active during menstruation--to the supposed exciting cause4 ,in any case1 these simple catarrhs have a very mild course1 and undergo a cure after a few days or weeks1 spontaneously or as a result of treatment with mild injections4 ,quite otherwise is it with genuine gonorrha4 ,in the male it begins from two to six days after the infective intercourse1 with a burning sensation on passing water1 itching at the urethral orifice1 which very easily becomes reddened1 and this is soon followed by the discharge1 either spontaneously or as a result of pressure on the urethra1 of a thick fluid1 at first mucous1 later purulent1 and then of a yellow or a greenish colour4 ,inflammation1 discharge1 and pain1 the latter especially in association with urination1 increase during the subsequent weeks2 in addition1 in a good many cases there are slight fever1 lassitude1 and mental depression1 and the patient is tormented1 especially during the night1 by violent1 painful erections4 ,in exceptional cases there are hmorrhages from the urethra 7the so-called 8,russian clap074 ,in some cases the disease terminates favourably2 this is especially observed after the first attack of gonorrha4 ,as early as the third week the above symptoms become less severe1 and in the fourth or sixth week after infection the whole morbid process may come to an end1 the discharge ceases1 the urine becomes clear once more1 and1 in fact1 definite cure of the gonorrha ensues4 ,but the number of those who are so fortunate is comparatively small4 ,in the majority of cases1 there are other morbid phenomena and complications2 the gonorrha becomes 8subacute10 and later 8chronic40 ,ricord wrote many years ago3 8,when anyone has once acquired gonorrha1 ,god only knows when he will get well again60 ,happily1 this pessimism is no longer fully justified at the present day2 but it is a fact that in the majority of cases even to-day gonorrha is a very obstinate1 wearisome illness1 a long-continued burden1 not only for the patient1 but also for the doctor4 ,the gonococci proliferate in the deeper layers of the mucous membrane1 and pass upwards into the posterior part of the urethra1 this latter migration being manifested especially by frequent and painful strangury2 further1 the bladder1 the prostate gland1 and the epididymis may be attacked4 ,bilateral epididymitis has often serious consequences as regards the procreative capacity4 ,in about #ej of the cases incapacity for fertilization 7impotentia generandi7 has resulted4 ,if the gonorrha becomes chronic1 thickenings occur in isolated portions of the urethral mucous membrane2 the urine remains turbid for a long time2 the discharge1 it is true1 becomes scantier1 but shows itself with the most annoying persistency every morning as soon as the patient leaves his bed1 in the form of the so-called 8bon jour0 drops in the meatus2 there are also troubles connected with the prostate 7painful sensations1 especially during defcation71 and symptoms of stricture of the urethra may occur4 ,very often1 also1 relative impotence and severe sexual neurasthenia are observed1 as consequences of chronic gonorrha4 ,worst of all is the long duration of the infectivity4 ,there is always the danger that somewhere or other some gonococci may remain hidden1 and1 given an opportunity1 may start the process all over again1 or may transmit the infection to another person4 ,zweifel reports a case in which a man actually infected a woman thirteen years after he had first acquired gonorrha6 ,the infection of a woman with gonorrha1 as we know to-day1 is a disaster4 ,it is the immortal service of the ,german-,american physician ,noeggerath that1 in the year #ahgb1 he proved that the majority of the stubborn 8diseases of women0 were nothing more than the consequences of gonorrhal infection4 ,gonorrha selects by preference the internal reproductive organs of woman2 upon the extensive mucous membranes of these organs the gonococci find the most favourable conditions for their persistent life2 they find a thousand out-of-the-way comers and hiding-places1 where they can elude the therapeutic activity of the physician4 8,they grow luxuriantly1 like a weed which it has not been possible to uproot1 over the entire surface of the genital mucous membrane1 attacking with the same vigour the mucous membrane of the uterus and that of the ,fallopian tubes4 ,in women1 as in men1 they induce ulceration1 they cause adhesions1 and they give rise to sterility4 ,but in the case of women1 something further must be added--that1 namely1 this disease has upon them a miserably depressing effect1 and that1 in contradistinction from men1 they are likely to suffer for many years from intense pains4 ,whenever they execute certain bodily movements1 it may be during ten years in succession1 they experience pains1 often horribly severe1 and in most cases they are condemned to a life of deprivation and misery--not usually for any fault of their own1 since most women are infected by their husbands0 7,zweifel74 ,gonorrha in women1 attacking successively the vagina1 the uterus1 the ,fallopian tubes1 the ovaries1 and the peritoneum1 is a true martyrdom1 a hell upon earth4 ,sick in body and in mind1 these unhappy women drag out a miserable existence2 and to them so often the last consolation1 that of motherhood1 is denied1 for gonorrha is the most frequent cause of sterility in woman4 ,patients infected with gonorrha further run the danger of blindness1 by transference of the gonorrhal virus to the eye4 ,this is one of the most distressing of the possible results of the disease4 ,new-born children whose mothers are infected with gonorrha are during birth exposed to the same danger of eye infection1 as they pass down the genital passage4 ,in earlier days a very large proportion of the blind were persons who had lost their sight in this way very shortly after birth4 ,since ,crd advocated the admirable method of introducing nitrate of silver solution into the conjunctival sacs of new-born children1 gonorrhal inflammation of the eye has become one of the greatest rarities4 ,,appendix ,,venereal ,,diseases ,,in ,,the ,,homosexual ,it is an old belief1 shared by the homosexual themselves1 that venereal infections are extremely rare among them4 ,if male homosexual persons had sexual intercourse only with one another1 this assumption would be in some degree plausible4 ,for the principal focus of venereal infection is feminine prostitution1 by which venereal diseases are transmitted to heterosexual men4 ,but since these homosexual men often undertake sexual acts with heterosexual men--apart from occasional sexual intercourse with women--a priori there is a possibility of infection in their case1 and such infection is1 in fact1 observed4 ,above all1 many male prostitutes also indulge in intercourse with women1 and thus diffuse venereal troubles among homosexual men4 ,it is obvious that syphilis can be diffused among the homosexual as easily as among the heterosexual1 for syphilis is transmitted by many varieties of contact--by kisses1 other caresses1 etc4 ,but how is it as regards gonorrha8 ,in the case of heterosexual men and women gonorrha is almost exclusively transmitted by the sexual act1 by the introduction of the male penis into the female vagina4 ,the analogous act between men--that is to say1 pderasty1 immissio penis in anum--is unquestionably far rarer than the ordinary sexual act between men and women2 it is commonly replaced by mutual onanism1 by kisses and other caresses1 and quite frequently by coitus in os4 ,this last is much commoner than genuine pdication4 ,of gonorrha of the rectum produced by pdication when the active man is suffering from gonorrha1 we very rarely hear4 ,but is there1 in the case of homosexual men1 any possibility of gonorrhal infection due to coitus in os8 ,there can be no doubt that typical gonorrha of the mouth occurs4 ,the observations of ,kuttler1 ,atkinson1 ,rosinski1 ,dohrn1 and ,kast1 have proved it4#cbh ,horand and ,cazenave have even observed gonorrhal infection of the urethra as a result of oral coitus6#cbi ,a homosexual patient told me that some years before1 after coitus in os with a man1 he had for several weeks had a discharge from the urethra1 which spontaneously ceased1 and therefore cannot have been genuine gonorrha1 but only urethritis resulting from infection by contagious angina4 ,in the case in question1 the urethral catarrh was certainly due to the coitus in os1 since any other sources of infection could be excluded4 ,on the other hand1 in a second case an apparently gonorrhal infection of the oral cavity was transmitted from the urethra4 ,a homosexual man1 forty-five years of age1 one day allowed a heterosexual man to perform coitus in os on him4 ,some days afterwards he experienced difficulty in swallowing1 was feverish1 and saw in the looking-glass that the uvula was swollen4 ,a specialist for throat troubles diagnosed merely a catarrhal infection4 ,the illness became worse1 and a second throat specialist detected the presence of a purulent angina of both tonsils1 ordered painting with argentamin1 also vapour baths1 and an astringent gargle1 whereupon the affection gradually subsided4 ,six weeks later the patient had swelling and pain in the joints of the right knee and foot2 under cold compresses these swellings subsided after a fortnight4 ,of the whole trouble nothing now remains4 ,this description1 on the part of a patient who is thoroughly trustworthy1 aroused strong suspicion of a gonorrhal angina1 with a consecutive gonorrhal arthritis4 ,unfortunately1 the purulent discharge from the tonsils was not examined for gonococci by either of the physicians in attendance4 ,the case remains1 anyhow1 very remarkable4 ,in the case of homosexual women1 it is obvious that syphilis1 and also gonorrha1 can be transmitted1 the latter by mutual friction of the genital organs4 ,i do not know what actually occurs in practice4 #cab ,cf4 ,iwan ,bloch1 8,schopenhauer's ,illness in the ,year #ahbc4 ,a ,contribution to ,pathography based upon an ,unpublished ,document40 ,published in ,medizinische ,klinik1 #aijf1 ,nos4 #be and #bf4 7,this gives an account of all ,schopenhauer's utterances regarding syphilis47 #cac ,at a meeting of the ,socit d',anthropologie de ,paris1 held on ,april #ai1 #aijf1 ,i read a paper on 8,la ,syphilis ,prtendue ,prhistorique10 in which ,i discussed this question4 ,the important question of ancient bones is further considered in the second volume of my work on 8,the ,origin of ,syphilis10 pp4 #cag-cfd 7now in the press74 #cad ,the results of this study ,i have briefly epitomized in an address given before the ,social ,science ,congress in ,berlin1 entitled 8,the ,first ,appearance of ,syphilis in ,europe0 7,jena1 #aijd74 #cae ,regarding the gradual acquirement 7by means of natural selection7 of immunity to epidemic diseases1 the works of ,archdall ,reid may be most profitably consulted 78,the ,present ,evolution of ,man10 ,london1 #ahif2 8,the ,principles of ,heredity10 ,london1 #aije74 ,dr4 ,reid's views on the part played in human history by the transference of diseases from immunized to non-immunized races are of especial interest4 ,unfortunately1 as regards syphilis1 he accepts ,hirsch's erroneous statements relative to the antiquity of that disease1 and its origin in the eastern hemisphere 7see also p4 #chd1 note #cdf74--,,translator4 #caf ,cf4 ,a4 ,neisser1 8,the ,experimental ,investigation of ,syphilis as it ,stands at the ,present ,day0 7,berlin1 #aijf74 #cag ,cf4 ,erich ,hoffmann1 8,the ,etiology of ,syphilis0 7,berlin1 #aijf72 ,hans ,hbner1 8,recent ,researches into the ,nature of ,syphilis10 published in the ,journal for the ,suppression of ,venereal ,diseases1 #aijf1 vol4 v41 pp4 #dfh-dha4 #cah ,i must not omit allusion to some recent admirable works on venereal diseases3 ,a4 ,blaschko1 8,venereal ,diseases0--a popular exposition--7,berlin1 #aijd72 ,paul ,zweifel1 8,venereal ,diseases and their ,importance to ,health0 7,leipzig1 #aijb72 ,alfred ,fournier1 8,syphilis a ,social ,danger02 ,karl ,ries1 8,blameless ,sexual ,infection0 7,stuttgart1 #aijd72 ,o4 ,burwinkel1 8,venereal ,diseases0 7,leipzig1 #aije72 ,waldvogel1 8,the ,dangers of ,venereal ,diseases and their ,prevention0 7,stuttgart1 #aije74 ,in view of the large number of popular works on venereal diseases1 those without professional knowledge should confine themselves to the best names1 because in this province trashy literature is extraordinarily abundant1 and by the false and erroneous views it diffuses1 it does much more harm than good4 ,the writings mentioned in this note ,i am able to recommend as thoroughly scientific and trustworthy4 #cai ,galewsky1 8,the ,transmission of ,venereal ,diseases in the ,suckling of ,children10 published in the ,journal for the ,suppression of ,venereal ,diseases1 #aijf1 vol4 v41 pp4 #cfe-cga4 #cbj ,it is true that such a hardening may also occur in other non-syphilitic affections of the genital organs--for example1 when they are peculiarly situated or as a result of cauterization4 ,only the physician can determine whether in such a case syphilitic infection has actually occurred4 #cba1 #cbb ,according to ,english experience1 the congenitally syphilitic child rarely exhibits any sign of syphilis when born4 ,thus1 ,hutchinson writes 78,syphilis10 p4 #gc73 8,at the time of birth1 the congenitally syphilitic infant almost invariably has a clear skin1 and appears to be in perfect health40 ,according to ,osler also 78,medicine10 sixth edition1 p4 #bfi73 8,the child may be born healthy-looking or with well-marked evidence of the disease4 ,in the majority of instances the former is the case1 and within the first month or two the signs of the disease appear40--,,translator4 #cbc ,cf4 the recently published admirable work of ,edmond ,fournier1 8,recherches et ,diagnostic de l',hrdo-,syphilis ,tardive0 7,paris1 #aijg74 #cbd ,parrot regarded rickets as a manifestation of congenital syphilis1 but this view has never found acceptance in ,england4 ,hutchinson remarks 78,syphilis10 p4 #djh73 8,the typical forms of rickets are constantly met with in conditions which do not lend the slightest support to the suggestion of syphilis40 ,as ,cheadle remarks3 8,syphilis modifies rickets2 it does not create it40--,,translator4 #cbe ,this view must be accepted with reserve4 ,see1 for instance1 ,osler's 8,medicine10 sixth edition1 p4 #bga3 8,is syphilis transmitted to the third generation8 ,the general opinion is opposed to this view4 ,occasionally1 however1 cases of pronounced congenital syphilis are met with in the children of parents who are perfectly healthy1 and who have not1 so far as is known1 had syphilis1 and yet1 as remarked by ,coutts1 who reported such a group of cases1 they do not bear careful scrutiny4 ,the existing difference of opinion is well illustrated in the account by ,g4 ,boeck 7,berl4 ,klin4 ,wochenschrift1 ,september #ab1 #aijd7 of four instances of hereditary lues in the second generation1 while in the same journal ,jonathan ,hutchinson expresses his belief that syphilis is not transmitted to the third generation40--,,translator4 #cbf ,as more important scientific works on syphilis ,i must mention that of ,isidor ,neumann 7,vienna1 #ahii1 second edition71 containing the entire bibliography of the subject2 that of ,joseph ,lang 7,wiesbaden1 #ahif1 second edition72 but1 above all1 the epoch-making work of ,alfred ,fournier1 8,trait de ,syphilis0 7,paris1 #ahih7--;,english translation1 ,fournier1 8,the ,treatment and ,prophylaxis of ,syphilis0 7,rebman ,ltd41 ,london1 #aijf74 #cbg ,the most important scientific work on gonorrha is that of ,ernest ,finger1 8,blennorrha of the ,sexual ,organs10 fifth edition 7,leipzig and ,vienna1 #aija74 #cbh ,cf4 ,m4 von ,zeissl1 8,diagnosis and ,treatment of ,venereal ,diseases10 third edition1 pp4 #aga1 #agb 7,berlin and ,vienna1 #aije74 #cbi ,op cit41 p4 #agb4 ,,chapter ,,xv ,,prophylaxis1 ,,treatment1 ,,and ,,suppression 7,,bek,,mpfung7 ,,of ,,venereal ,,diseases 8,the friend of humanity may with some confidence anticipate a gradual diminution in the prevalence of venereal diseases1 and may hope for their complete extinction in a not too distant future4 ,all that is requisite for the attainment of this end is that those engaged in the study and practice of general hygiene1 and those concerned in the safeguarding of public morality1 should not weary in their efforts2 and that scientific research should pursue its aims firmly and clearly1 uninfluenced by the tyranny of custom1 and independent of prejudice40--,k4 ,f4 ,,marx4 ,,contents ,,of ,,chapter ,,xv ,the suppression of venereal diseases -- ,organization of the campaign against them -- ,international ,conference in ,brussels -- ,foundation of the ,german ,society for the ,suppression of ,venereal ,diseases -- ,three methods of carrying on the campaign against venereal diseases4 ,personal ,prophylaxis against ,venereal ,diseases3 ,rle of cleanliness -- ,the preputial secretion and balanitis -- ,importance of circumcision -- ,technique of the cleansing of the genital organs before and after sexual intercourse -- ,examination for disease -- ,dangers of repeated coitus -- ,special protective measures -- ,the condom -- ,varieties and technique of its use -- ,the instillation of solutions of silver salts -- ,their relative value -- ,the inunction of fat -- ,metchnikoff's ointment for the prevention of syphilis -- ,antiseptic washings -- ,the public advertisement of protective measures -- ,legal protection against venereal infection -- ,opinions of legal authorities on this subject 7von ,liszt1 von ,bar1 ,schmlder74 ,the ,suppression of ,venereal ,diseases by ,medical ,treatment3 ,favourable conditions as regards syphilis -- ,mitigation of the syphilitic virus -- ,mercury and its importance -- ,a 8triumph of medicine0 -- ,methods of employing mercury in the treatment of syphilis -- ,mode of action of the mercury cure -- ,means for the after-treatment of syphilis -- ,curability of syphilis -- ,treatment of gonorrha -- ,necessity for microscopical examination and the scientific methods to be employed -- ,the different modes of treatment -- ,the determination of the cure of gonorrha -- ,facilitation of the treatment of venereal diseases for the great mass of the public -- 8,krankenkassen0#ccj and venereal diseases4 ,state ,action and ,public ,action in the ,campaign against ,venereal ,diseases3 ,statistics of venereal troubles -- ,blaschko's researches -- ,frequency of venereal diseases in ,denmark -- ,among various classes in ,germany -- ,prussian statistics of ,april #cj1 #aijj -- ,conclusions deducible from these statistics -- ,the different sources of infection -- ,prostitution the principal source of infection -- ,danger of youthful prostitutes -- ,measures to be taken by the ,state against the diffusion of diseases by prostitution -- ,regulation -- ,criticism of this measure -- ,its illegality -- ,its uselessness and its dangers -- ,favourable results of the withdrawal of 8moral control0 -- ,prostitution and crime -- ,soutenage -- ,criticism of ,lombroso's theory of the relations between prostitution and criminality -- ,the brothel question -- ,diminution in the number of brothels -- ,dangers of brothels -- ,brothel streets and the limitation of prostitution to definite quarters -- ,proposals for the examination of the male clientle -- ,criticism of these proposals -- ,the true way towards the suppression of prostitution4 ,,chapter ,,xv ,the motto which ,i have placed at the head of this chapter on the campaign against venereal diseases and on the attempt to suppress them is taken from an interesting academic essay by the former professor of medicine at ,gttingen1 ,k4 ,f4 ,h4 ,marx1 who is well known to have been the physician of ,heinrich ,heine during the latter's student life in ,gttingen4 ,the title of this essay is 8,the ,diminution of ,diseases in ,consequence of ,advancing ,civilization10 p4 #ce 7,gttingen1 #ahdd74 ,the hopeful view which is here expressed by the university professor regarding the ultimate eradication of venereal diseases was shared at that time by the eminently practical physician ,parent-,duchatelet4 ,he appeals1 unfortunately1 not to medical men and students of social hygiene1 but to the police3 8,pursue without cessation the diseases which are diffused by means of prostitutes2 take it as your goal to cause them to disappear from the list of human troubles2 do not doubt that your labours will ultimately be crowned with success1 although the task may be one that will occupy several generations40#cca ,two complete generations had1 however1 to pass away before the campaign against venereal diseases and the attempt to suppress them became a burning question of the time1 became a question of public health and social hygiene1 like those which concern the fight with tuberculosis1 with infant mortality1 and with alcoholism4 ,once again ,i must repeat that the organized systematic campaign against venereal diseases is still in its very earliest stages4 ,strictly speaking1 it dates only from seven years ago1 when the first international congress for the prophylaxis of syphilis and other venereal diseases was held in ,brussels1 from ,september #d to #h1 #ahii4 ,almost all the civilized countries1 ,european and other1 took part in this congress1 and not only physicians and dermatologists1 but also lawyers1 clergymen1 attachs of embassies1 authors1 and philanthropists1 explained their views1 and thereby showed that the question of the suppression of venereal diseases was one of equal interest to all classes of society1 and one which must exercise the activity of the community at large4 ,at the conclusion of this first international conference in #ahii1 there was founded the ,international ,society for the ,sanitary and ,moral ,prophylaxis of ,syphilis and other ,venereal ,diseases1 which has its seat in ,brussels1 and meets at periodical intervals for international conferences4 ,especially in ,germany has this organization aroused active interest1 and it was soon decided to found a national ,german ,society for the ,suppression of ,venereal ,diseases1 whose first meeting was held on ,october #ai1 #aijc1 in the hall of the ,berlin ,rathaus4 ,the meeting was opened by a speech from ,albert ,neisser1 after which ,alfred ,blaschko spoke on 8,the ,diffusion of ,venereal ,diseases10 ,edmund ,lesser on 8,the ,dangers of ,venereal ,diseases10 ,martin ,kirchner on 8,the ,social ,importance of ,venereal ,diseases10 and ,albert ,neisser on 8,the ,aims of the ,german ,society for the ,suppression of ,venereal ,diseases40 ,the committee of the ,society consists of ,messrs4 ,a4 ,neisser1 president2 ,e4 ,lesser1 vice-president and treasurer2 and ,a4 ,blaschko1 general secretary4 ,the organ of the ,society is issued six times yearly1 under the title1 ,reports of the ,german ,society for the ,suppression of ,venereal ,diseases1 and has been published for the last four years2 it is supplied gratis to members2 to non-members the yearly subscription is only three marks4 ,in the spring of the year #aijc there was founded a larger ,journal for the ,suppression of ,venereal ,diseases1 of which five volumes have hitherto appeared2 this serves for the publication of more comprehensive critical studies4 ,still in the same year1 #aijb1 there were formed the first branches and local groups of the ,german ,society for the ,suppression of ,venereal ,diseases in ,hanover1 ,wiesbaden1 ,breslau1 and ,berlin4 ,subsequently other branches were formed in ,mannheim1 ,munich1 ,cologne1 ,beuthen1 ,danzig1 ,stettin1 ,posen1 ,dortmund1 ,elberfeld1 ,frankfurt-on-the-,main1 ,grlitz1 ,hamburg1 ,knigsberg1 ,nrnberg1 ,stuttgart1 and ,heidelberg4 ,during the last four years1 by means of lectures1 the circulation of pamphlets and leaflets1 and by public discussions1 information regarding the dangers of venereal diseases has been diffused among the widest circles of the population4 ,of the other activities and measures of the ,society we shall have to speak later4 ,we pass on to the consideration of the principal elements of the modern campaign against venereal diseases4 ,in view of the limits of this work our discussion of this question must necessarily be a brief one4 ,the eradication of venereal diseases must be effected in a threefold manner3 #a4 ,by measures of personal prophylaxis against infection4 #b4 ,by the proper medical treatment of all cases of venereal disease4 #c4 ,by measures belonging to the province of public hygiene1 to that of state action1 and to that of education4 ,the personal prophylaxis of venereal diseases#ccb has made great progress with the increasing scientific knowledge of the causes and modes of infection of these diseases4 ,we know now precisely where and how we can lay down personal rules which give us at least a fairly secure guarantee that in an individual case venereal infection will not occur4 ,various points of view must then be taken into consideration1 the combined influence of which will alone promise a successful result4 ,no one single measure will suffice to gain this end4 ,above all1 in this department of the prophylaxis of venereal diseases1 experienced physicians1 alike of earlier and more recent times1 will unanimously agree in this proposition1 that the principal preliminary means for the avoidance of venereal infection1 means which it is absolutely essential to employ in every instance1 consist of perfect cleanliness on both sides4 ,he who insists on the most scrupulous cleanliness of body1 clothing1 and underclothing1 will be sure to get rid immediately of any uncleanliness acquired in sexual intercourse4 ,cleanliness and health are often 7not always7 identical4 ,in any case1 the greatest mistrust should be felt as regards a person evidently unclean1 with a neglected exterior1 for this is always a sign that such a person is not particular as regards choice in matters of sexual intercourse4 8,germany1 get into your bath60 ,heinrich ,laube once exclaimed4 ,this would be a good device to adopt in the campaign against venereal diseases4 ,every uncleanliness is an irritant2 it impairs the intactness of the skin2 and especially is this true of any uncleanliness of the genital organs1 and above all of the male genital organs1 where1 under the foreskin1 the 8smegma0 7the sebaceous secretion of the preputial glands7 often undergoes decomposition1 and gives rise to an inflammation1 the so-called balanitis1 which greatly favours the probability of infection4#ccc ,if the foreskin has been removed by circumcision1 this secretion entirely ceases1 and the mucous membrane covering the glans penis is transformed into a thick skin1 which is much less readily affected by the causes of infection4 ,there is no doubt that circumcision is to a certain extent a protective measure against syphilitic infection1 whilst it does not in any way protect against gonorrha4 ,neusttter has recently collected some very remarkable facts relating to this question4#ccd ,breitenstein has contrasted #ae1jjj indigenous circumcised soldiers with #ah1jjj uncircumcised ,european soldiers of the army of the ,dutch ,indies1 living under similar local and hygienic conditions4 ,thus1 in the year #ahie there were infected with venereal diseases1 of the circumcised #af 1 of the uncircumcised #da 4 ,as regards infections with syphilis1 of the circumcised #jh were infected2 of the uncircumcised1 on the other hand1 #da --that is1 five times as many4 ,similar observations were made by the celebrated ,english syphilologist ,jonathan ,hutchinson1 one of the most ardent advocates of the general introduction of circumcision as a protective measure against venereal1 and above all against syphilitic1 infection4 ,moreover1 with regard to the observations made in ,java1 the difference did not depend upon race1 because similar differences have been observed as regards comparative immunity from infection in respect of circumcised ,christians1 circumcised on account of phimosis and other troubles1 whose number is by no means insignificant4 ,since1 however1 it is unlikely that circumcision will come into general use in ,europe as a prophylactic measure1 it only remains to recommend that1 as a fundamental procedure1 the greatest possible care should be employed in the daily and delicate cleansing of the preputial sac4 ,by this means inflammation and laceration of these parts will be most effectually prevented1 and even without circumcision a certain resisting power will be induced4 ,for washing this region1 lukewarm water which has been boiled and cooled may best be employed2 then dry the part carefully1 so as not to rub off the skin4 ,in the case of women1 frequent washings of the external genital organs1 and vaginal douches1 are also of great importance in regard to the prevention of venereal infection4 ,before and after the sexual act1 these measures are of especial value1 because often by simple mechanical means1 infective material already deposited may be carried away4 ,the same purpose is subserved by urination1 a procedure certainly adapted for washing out gonorrhal pus which has found its way into the urethra1 before the gonococci have had time to establish themselves in the mucous membrane4 ,i know a number of patients who use no other means of protection in sexual intercourse beyond the observation of extreme cleanliness1 by washing and douching1 in both sexes1 before and after sexual intercourse1 and by passing water immediately after intercourse1 and thus have remained free from infection2 but who promptly became infected as soon as they discontinued these simple measures4 ,for this reason1 these measures1 where possible with the assistance of soap1 which certainly exercises some antiseptic influence1 cannot be too warmly recommended1 although they naturally do not offer any absolute security4 ,they have1 however1 the advantage that1 in the first place1 they can always be employed1 even when the true protective measures of which we speak below are not available1 and that1 in the second place1 they can always be used in addition to these4 ,it sounds1 perhaps1 somewhat absurd1 and yet it is true1 to say that washing and urination are the first and most important protective measures against sexual infection4 ,the second point1 which must also be considered important in this connexion1 is the exercise of self-command before and during the sexual act1 as far as this is possible in view of the nature of sexual excitement1 which always lessens the personal responsibility1 and overcomes reason and understanding4 ,yet no one should have sexual intercourse when in a state of alcoholic intoxication1 in which self-control is completely lost2 as we have shown in an earlier passage 7pp4 #bib-bif71 there are several reasons why intercourse is apt to be disastrous to a drunken man4 ,moreover1 love prefers the dark1 but precaution prefers the sunlight4 ,before having intercourse with a woman previously unknown to him1 a man should inspect her in clear daylight1 with a view to her state of health4 ,suspicious spots on the skin1 especially on the forehead and on the trunk2 white areas on the lips1 the tongue1 the throat1 and the back of the neck2 visible glandular swellings2 a marked discharge from the genital organs2 ulcerated areas in this region1 etc41 are of an extremely suspicious nature1 and should cause abstinence from intercourse4 ,french physicians go so far as to recommend examination of the inguinal and cervical glands under the harmless form of pretended caresses2 but persons without medical education would seldom be sufficiently skilled to be able to detect glandular swellings unless these were unusually well developed4 ,especially enlargement of the cervical glands--this 8pulse of syphilis10 as ,alfred ,fournier terms it--is a comparatively certain indication of syphilis4 ,it is dangerous also in many cases to repeat the sexual act several times in brief succession1 because old experience has taught us that infective material may first make its appearance at the second or third act of coitus1 and thus infect then only4 ,this affords an explanation also of a fact often observed--that in intercourse with an infected woman on the part of two healthy men1 with but a brief interval between the acts1 the one who had intercourse first often remains healthy1 whilst the second is infected4 ,i pass on to consider the special protective measures which have long been recommended for the prophylaxis of venereal infection4 #a4 ,the ,condom4--,this is the oldest and even to-day beyond question the best and most trustworthy artificial protective measure4 ,employed long ago in the days of antiquity1 it was in the sixteenth century once more recommended by the ,italian physician ,fallopius1 and therefore is not the invention of a physician 8,conton10 after whom it is said to have been named 7perhaps the name is connected with that of the ,french town 8,condom074 ,hans ,ferdy 7,a4 ,meyerhof7 suggests that the word is derived from 8condus0--that is1 one who preserves or protects--and that the article should properly be called 8condus0 instead of 8condom40#cce ,the condom is a protective membrane1 with which the penis is covered before intercourse4 ,we distinguish as 8rubber condoms0 those made of rubber1 gutta-percha1 or caoutchouc2 and as 8ccal condoms0 those made out of the ccal mucous membrane of the goat or sheep 7incorrectly termed also 8isinglass condoms074 ,the ccal condom is thinner and more delicate1 and blunts sensation less1 than the rubber condom4 ,the rubber condom1 however1 is more trustworthy1 in respect of durability and its slighter liability to laceration1 if the little precaution is not neglected to keep it in a cool place1 and to protect it from the long-continued influence of warmth4 ,the habit of carrying about a rubber condom in the pocket for a long time favours its rapidly becoming untrustworthy and easily torn4 ,ccal condoms1 on the other hand1 very readily become fragile and pervious1 although the contrary is the common opinion1 and they are preferred to rubber condoms in the belief that the dearer article must be the better4 ,advertisement is exceedingly active in this direction1 and every kind of speciality is widely recommended4 ,in ,england condoms are sometimes sold bearing the portrait of some celebrated person6 ,the condom is a 8general protective measure0--that is1 it protects against both gonorrha and syphilis1 in so far as the latter disease1 as is usually the case1 is transmitted from the genital organs4 ,all the leading physicians engaged more especially in the treatment of venereal diseases are agreed that the condom1 when of good quality1 when properly applied1 and when removed with care 7for in the removal material adhering to the outer surface may very readily give rise to infection71 constitutes the very best and most certain of all the protective measures hitherto advocated4 ,it is true that it can be used by men only1 but when used by the man it simultaneously protects the woman from gonorrhal infection1 and not rarely also from syphilitic infection4 #b4 ,the ,instillation of ,solutions of ,silver ,salts4#ccf--,these serve exclusively for the prophylaxis of gonorrha1 and are not1 therefore1 general protective measures4 ,we owe their introduction to ,blokusewski1 who recommended the use of a two solution of nitrate of silver4 ,more recently1 the albuminates of silver have been preferred1 such as protargol in a #aj to #bj solution1 albargin in a #d to #aj solution1 or a solution of #bj protargol-gelatine4 ,these solutions can be carried about in small drop-bottles--for example1 as the 8,sanitas0 7silver nitrate7 of ,blokusewski1 the 8,viro0 or the 8,phallokos0 apparatus 7these are trade names for proprietary preparations--solutions of protargol74 ,all solutions of silver salts must be kept in the dark1 and after the lapse of any considerable time1 some freshly prepared solution must be introduced1 for time and the influence of light destroy their efficacy4 ,immediately after intercourse and urination1 one or two drops of the solution are instilled into the urethra1 and a drop or two also allowed to run over the frnum prputii4#ccg ,the views regarding the value of these protective measures are conflicting4 ,beyond question1 they are less trustworthy than the condom4 ,infection has been observed in spite of the use of instillations4 ,above all1 however1 the continued use of these methods gives rise to disagreeable irritative manifestations in the urethra and may even cause catarrhal inflammation1 and thus artificially increase the liability to infection4 ,hence1 these instillations should be reserved for occasional use2 habitually1 only the condom should be employed4 #c4 ,inunction4--,whereas the instillation of chemical solutions serves to protect against gonorrha only1 the practice recommended for a much longer time of anointing the penis with a simple fatty material1 or with an antiseptic ointment1 before or after sexual intercourse1 protects against syphilis only4 ,it is obvious that a layer of fatty material covering the penis exercises the purely mechanical function of preventing the passage of infective matters to the skin4 ,it is1 however1 equally obvious that by the to-and-fro friction during sexual intercourse1 especially when this occupies a considerable time1 this fatty covering will be rubbed away1 so that the virus can find a means of entrance4 ,the protection is thus extremely relative4 ,still1 such authors as ,neisser1 ,max ,joseph1 ,loeb1 and ,campagnolle1 report favourable experiences regarding the prevention of syphilis by the inunction of the penis1 for which purpose simple vaseline1 or ,schleich's wax-soap cream1 which is sold with the 8,viro0 apparatus1 may be employed4 ,in any case1 this method is better than nothing at all4 ,he who has no other protective measure available should remember that in every house there is always some fat or ointment obtainable which can be used for this purpose4 ,in order1 whilst using this method1 to protect simultaneously against gonorrha1 it has been recommended that antiseptic ointment should be inserted into the urethra before intercourse1 but this is a very unsatisfactory and untrustworthy method4 ,well worth attention is the inunction recently recommended by ,metchnikoff#cch of a specific mercurial ointment1 after intercourse1 for the destruction of any syphilitic virus which may have been deposited4#cci ,he used for this purpose1 not the strongly irritant blue ointment1 but the white precipitate ointment1 an ointment of the salicyl-arseniate of mercury 7enesol71 and1 above all1 a #cj calomel ointment4 ,after any suspicious coitus1 this ointment should be rubbed for four or five minutes into the area of possible infection2 this should be done without delay2 but even after the lapse of eighteen to twenty-four hours an effect has been traced4 ,the experiments on apes inoculated with syphilis gave positive results2 also in the case of a student of medicine who voluntarily offered himself for inoculation with the syphilitic virus1 the inunction of calomel ointment appears to have prevented the outbreak of the disease4 ,in any case1 these new methods for the prophylaxis of syphilis demand the most careful attention4 ,further experience is needed to determine whether they deserve general application4 #d4 ,antiseptic ,washes4--,washing of the penis and douching of the vagina with antiseptic lotions 7sublimate1 lysol1 permanganate of potassium7 after intercourse are among the most uncertain of protective measures1 because the sublimate solution1 or whatever may be used1 does not find its way into any possible lacerations2 and because1 in consequence of the profuse secretion of the sebaceous glands of the male and female genital organs1 these organs are covered with a layer of fatty material1 which prevents the contact of watery fluids1 but does not in the same degree prevent the entrance of the syphilitic poison4 ,antiseptic washes after the sexual act have as little value as the same used before the sexual act4 ,the knowledge of these protective measures--above all1 of those named under the first1 second1 and third headings--ought to be very much more general than it is4 ,unfortunately1 however1 in public life such measures are still viewed largely from the standpoint of the moralist as 8indecent0 or 8improper02 and the criminal law classifies them thus1 so that their public recommendation and diffusion is still exposed to great hindrances4 ,at the second congress of the ,society for the ,suppression of ,venereal ,diseases1 held in ,munich in ,march1 #aije1 the question of the public recommendation of protective measures was opened to discussion1 and was dealt with in two admirable addresses by ,o4 ,neusttter#cdj and ,georg ,bernhard4#cda ,bernhard proposed that to ,section #ahd1 paragraph #c1 of the ,criminal ,code1 which declares it to be a punishable offence to 8expose for sale articles intended for an indecent use1 or to recommend or sell such articles to the public10 should be added a legal definition in the following sense3 articles which are used either to prevent venereal diseases or to prevent conception are not regarded as 8intended for an indecent use02 and ,neusttter pleaded for an alteration of the existing state of the law1 in the sense that the public recommendation of means for the prevention and cure of venereal diseases should be legally permissible1 being restricted merely by certain regulations against quackery1 extortion1 and other misuse4 ,the regulation of the recommendation could best be associated with the necessary control of the recommendation of therapeutic and preventive measures in general4 ,a supreme sanitary authority should be constituted1 part of whose duties should be to examine the form and contents of recommendations of this character4 ,another juristic relationship of the prophylaxis of venereal diseases concerns legal protection against venereal infection4 ,franz von ,liszt1#cdb von ,bar1#cdc and ,schmlder1#cdd opened the discussion on the biological and criminal aspects of the prophylaxis of venereal diseases at the first congress of the ,society for the ,suppression of ,venereal ,diseases1 held at ,frankfurt-on-the-,main in the year #aijc4 ,hitherto the heedless or deliberate transmission of venereal disease was punishable only as personal injury1 since in the ,criminal ,code there was no paragraph directly relating to this matter4 ,only in the ,criminal ,code of ,oldenburg of #ahhd was such punishment expressly provided for 7,article #chg71 and by this provision the intercourse of an infected person with a healthy one was punishable1 without regard to the subsequent infection4 ,in the legal regulations of other countries than ,germany1 we find several instances in which the witting transmission of venereal infection by means of sexual intercourse is punishable4 ,in ,germany a measure proposing this was rejected by the ,reichstag in #aijj4 ,von ,liszt advocated the introduction of the following paragraph into the ,criminal ,code3 8,one who1 being aware that he is suffering from a contagious venereal disorder1 performs coitus1 or in any other way exposes another human being to the danger of infection1 shall be punished with imprisonment for a term of two to three years1 and in addition shall be deprived of civil rights40 ,schmlder enlarged this clause by an amendment relating to the punishment of prostitutes disseminating venereal diseases4 ,on the other hand1 von ,bar drew attention to the inconveniences and dangers which a punishment of this nature would involve1 especially to the dangers of blackmail1 and to the duty it would impose on physicians of breaking their obligations of professional secrecy4 ,moreover1 a proof of the knowledge of venereal infection is difficult to obtain2 the proof that infection is derived from a definite person is also far from easy4 ,von ,bar opposed the addition of such a clause on this and other grounds4 ,in the discussion upon the motion1 this view was shared by ,c4 ,frnkel1 ,ries1 ,oppenheimer1 and others2 ,neisser was in favour of a punishment of this kind1 because then1 at any rate1 there would be a public recognition of the fact that such an action was open to severe punishment1 and was a disgraceful one2 thus1 by the mere existence of the paragraph an educative influence would be exerted4 ,in any case1 such a punishment would be a two-edged weapon1 and as far as present necessity goes1 we have sufficient powers in the application to such offences of the paragraphs of the ,criminal ,code relating to bodily injury4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the second great means for the limitation and entire suppression of venereal diseases is to deal with them by medical treatment1 to cure as speedily as possible persons suffering from syphilis of gonorrha1 and thus to prevent these persons from becoming sources of fresh infection4 ,systematic1 methodical treatment on a large scale--that is the goal at which we have to aim4 ,to the poor man or woman suffering from venereal infection the same advantages should be opened as to the wealthy voluptuary4 ,the provision of means of treatment of venereal diseases cannot be too free4 ,in public hospitals1 private clinics1 ambulatoria1 and sanatoria1 in convalescent homes1 and polyclinics for prostitutes1 everywhere must be provided means for an intelligent treatment of venereal diseases4 ,just as tuberculosis is now attacked systematically and vigorously1 so must it be with venereal diseases4 ,since syphilis constitutes only about #be --only one-fourth part1 that is to say--of venereal diseases in general1 since also during the last four centuries the disease has shown a natural tendency to decline in virulence1 since a mitigation in the intensity of the virus is clearly recognizable1 it is in the case of this disease that the hope of radical success is especially great4 ,our forefathers carried out for us a great part of the campaign against syphilis4 ,the comparatively mild course of syphilis in the majority of uncomplicated cases leads us to infer that there has been a relative immunization against syphilitic poison4 ,albert ,reibmayr remarks that 8during the last #djj years1 every human being now living in ,europe has had about #d1jjj ancestors2 of these1 however disagreeable the fact may seem1 a considerable number must have had to contend with syphilis40#cde ,but this undoubted fact1 that all of us have been to a certain extent 8syphilized10#cdf plays its part to our advantage in the campaign against syphilis--that campaign which our own time has taken up with joyful hope of success4 ,above all1 let honour be paid to the ever youthful and fresh master and ,nestor of ,european research into the subject of syphilis1 ,alfred ,fournier1 the evening of whose life is devoted to the campaign against syphilis as a 8social danger40 ,to the great scientific works of his life he has now added the small1 but not less valuable1 explanatory writings1 which are being sold at a low price all over ,france1 and in part also have already been translated into ,german and ,english4#cdg ,their aim is to get the people on our side in the campaign against syphilis4 ,when1 in ,april1 #aijf1 ,i paid the master a visit1 he gave me the last of these popular campaign writings4 ,its title was in the form of a question3 8,en ,gurit-on80 78,is it ,curable8074 ,and the answer given on p4 #d runs3 8,yes1 it is curable1 for of all diseases syphilis is the one which can best1 most easily1 and most certainly be cured40 ,and why8 ,because we have a wonderful specific against this disease1 which1 when given at the proper time and in the proper manner1 works a miracle4 ,this remedy is ,mercury4 ,i put this name clearly and visibly before the eyes of the reader1 a name which for every physician to whose lot it falls to treat cases of syphilis has a truly miraculous sound1 a name against which the unconscientious ignoramuses1 the evil-disposed enemies of the human race have spoken their anathema1 one which a great thinker and honourable man like ,schopenhauer regarded as a 8triumph of medicine10 a fact which he experienced personally in his own body4 ,all honourable1 critical1 and scientific physicians agree in this opinion4 ,in my work on 8,the ,origin of ,syphilis10 vol4 i41 p4 #abg1 ,i have expressed the matter in the following words3 8,mercury is and remains--notwithstanding the ignorant and ill-considered hostility of quacks and their kindred--the divine means for the treatment of syphilis2 mercury is to syphilis what water is to fire1 in the hands of that physician who knows how to use the drug rightly1 how to apply it at the right time and in the right form1 who watches closely the course of the disease in his patient1 and who supports the mercury cure 7always of primary importance7 by other therapeutic measures as indicated40 ,only the physician1 the scientifically trained medical man1 can cure syphilis2 the quack certainly cannot2 in his hands mercury is truly enough a dangerous 8poison40 ,but he has no right to say1 and he speaks deliberate untruths when he says1 that we physicians 8poison0 the 8unfortunate0 syphilitics with mercury4 ,to such preposterous accusations we can give a brief and incisive answer4 ,therefore1 during my lecturing journey1 undertaken recently#cdh under the auspices of the ,german ,society for the ,suppression of ,venereal ,diseases1 ,i prepared the following brief account of the therapeutic employment of mercury in syphilis1 which in my opinion suffices to throw the proper light upon the value and importance of the mercurial treatment of the disease2 it is a sufficient answer to the 8,nature-,healers10 who are opposed to the use of this 8poison03 #a4 ,in innumerable instances it has been observed by the most experienced and scientific physicians1 that cases of syphilis treated without mercury run a very severe course1 accompanied by the most dangerous symptoms1 such as extensive destructive lesions of the skin1 lesions of the internal organs1 brain syphilis1 eating away of the bones1 loss of the nose1 etc4 #b4 ,in cases which previously have been treated without mercury1 the administration of the latter drug immediately arrests the destructive processes1 and saves the patient from death1 or from very severe illness1 and from physical disfigurement4 #c4 ,no less an authority than ,virchow1 in his celebrated treatise 8,on the ,nature of ,constitutional ,syphilitic ,affections10 pp4 #g-ad 7,berlin1 #ahei71 has shown that the hypothesis of ,hermann#cdi is entirely devoid of foundation in fact4 #d4 ,i should feel conscientiously compelled to denounce myself for the commission of grievous bodily harm if ,i ventured to-day1 after the accumulated experience of four centuries1 to treat a case of syphilis without mercury4 ,what use is it to continue to fight against the disbelief and superstition which clings to mercury8 ,why should we for ever be occupied in contradicting the false accusations brought against this drug8 ,for four centuries the divine mercury has withstood all attacks1 and will continue to withstand them1 until a greatly desired and even better measure is discovered--prophylactic immunization against syphilitic infection4#cej ,how mercury is to be given1 whether in the form of the long-prized 8schmierkur0 7cure by inunction71 or by hypodermic injection1 or by ordinary internal use1 must be left in individual cases to the decision of the medical man1 for numerous considerations1 which can only be properly weighed by the physician1 have to be taken into account4 ,a mercury cure is a serious matter1 but always also one which repays all the trouble that we take4 ,in 8,en ,gurit-on80 ,fournier has most admirably described the wonderful results of a critically considered and carefully conducted mercury cure4 ,i do not1 indeed1 belong to the 8doctors who build for themselves a house of pure quicksilver10 when they enter the field against the 8,french0 7 syphilis71 as the phrase runs in ,schiller's work 8,the ,robbers40 ,i hold by a reasonable1 measured use of mercury in the course of the treatment of syphilis1 and ,i advise a good 8after-treatment0 in addition to the treatment with mercury4#cea ,mercury1 when given in moderate but sufficient doses1 not only destroys the syphilitic virus1 but also has a very favourable influence on the general condition1 and sometimes even gives rise to an increase in the number of the red blood-corpuscles4 ,thus1 mercury is not only not a poison3 it is a most valuable restorative and vitalizing means4 ,this is well illustrated by the following case1 which came under my own observation1 and which ,i recommend to the ,nature-,healers1 in the hope that it may lead them to revise their views regarding the action of mercury3 ,the case was that of an official1 thirty years of age1 who had been under my care several times before since the year #ahih for other troubles 7gonorrha1 etc471 and who was always pale and with hollow cheeks1 in no way giving the impression of possessing a constitution with strong powers of resistance4 ,late in the summer he was infected with syphilis2 the attack proved a severe one1 running a serious course1 complicated by an extremely painful suppurative inflammation of the lymphatic vessels of the penis1 and accompanied by fever1 lassitude1 and a sense of exhaustion4 ,an energetic inunction cure was immediately begun4 ,under this not only did the morbid symptoms rapidly disappear1 but there occurred a remarkable change in the general condition1 in the sense of an increase of strength1 such as had not existed before the illness4 ,notwithstanding slight stomatitis1 the patient during and after the cure felt stronger and more fit for work than he ever had before1 and even now this favourable state continues unaltered1 as is manifested above all by the increase in the body-weight1 by the good appearance1 etc4 ,the patient1 who now1 one and a half years after the cure1 has had no relapse1 informed me repeatedly and spontaneously that this delightful improvement in his health could only be attributed to his syphilis 767 or to the mercury6 ,a single mercury cure will suffice1 in some cases1 to cure syphilis for ever6 ,regarding this1 we have numerous trustworthy observations4 ,in most cases1 indeed1 during the early years relapses occur1 and then we need to use the indispensable mercury cure once more with care1 and to employ all the other measures which make up the above-mentioned 8after-treatment10 the supplementary means being1 above all1 iodide of potassium1 sulphur 7in the long-celebrated sulphur-baths of ,aix1 ,nenndorf1 etc47 and arsenic 7first recommended by me72 also the water cure1 brine-baths1 and iodide-baths1 and a visit to the seaside or to the mountains1 and massage1 are good accessory means to the cure4 ,above all1 however1 the ,state of nutrition of the patient#ceb must always be kept under consideration1 and assisted where necessary1 for which purpose preparations of iron1 nutritive preparations like sanatogen1 and milk cures1 are of value4 ,strict abstinence from alcohol is always necessary in the treatment of syphilis4 ,alcohol has a very unfavourable influence on the syphilitic process1 and is often the only cause of continually recurring relapses of this disease4 ,the thorough treatment of syphilis is a matter of several years1 during which the patient must repeatedly present himself to the physician for examination1 and should any relapse occur1 he must be subjected to renewed treatment4 ,such thoroughness will invariably be rewarded4 ,attention to detail will always bear fruit4 ,syphilis is curable4 ,it is purely fanciful to say that syphilis is never cured1 that it pursues its victims up to the end of life1 that it knows no pardon4 ,that is not true4 ,treat your syphilitic patients1 treat them properly and thoroughly1 if necessary for years in succession1 and they will be freed from the disease4 8,syphilis10 says ,fournier1 8is a misfortune1 but it is a misfortune from which complete recovery is possible40 ,from the day when the patient becomes aware that he is suffering from syphilis1 he must face the situation 8in a calm and manly fashion10 and must say to himself3 8,now there is to be a fight between syphilis and me4 ,to work1 therefore1 and courage6 ,courage1 because science assures me that with the aid of mercury1 of hygiene1 and of time1 an end will come to the syphilis1 and because science gives me an absolute assurance that some day ,i shall be as healthy as ,i was before1 and that ,i shall again have the right to a family1 that ,i shall attain the freedom and the happiness of being a father60#cec ,with these admirable words of the greatest living authority on syphilis1 ,i close my account of the suppression of syphilis by medical treatment1 and turn to the not less important question of the management of gonorrha4 ,recent scientific researches1 especially those of ,a4 ,neisser and ,e4 ,finger1 have shown that the infective urethritis of the male produced by gonococci is by no means the 8trifling and childish complaint0 which it was formerly supposed to be1 but1 on the contrary1 is a very serious and obstinate trouble1 often resisting the very best means of treatment1 so that it may persist for years1 and remain for years infective4 ,still worse is it as regards gonorrha of the female genital organs1 the cure of which is even more difficult1 and the consequences of which are even more disastrous than in the case of the male4 ,if the physician is needed for the cure of syphilis1 still more is this the case as regards gonorrha4 ,he only can command the scientific methods1 and the very complicated technique of the treatment of gonorrha4 ,he only can undertake the indispensable control of the treatment by means of microscopic and other methods of investigation4 ,every cobbler thinks he can cure gonorrha1 and yet it is this disease which1 even more than syphilis1 demands the most precise knowledge of the local anatomical and pathological conditions4 ,blaschko rightly says3 8,while no one gives a damaged watch to a baker to mend1 or a torn coat to a tinsmith1 every one seems to believe that in order to restore the most valuable gift of humanity1 health1 it is unnecessary to possess the profoundest knowledge of the human body1 and to understand the nature and the causes of the disease4 ,anyone who has come to grief in his ordinary profession1 but who understands how with a brazen voice to denounce the so-called #8medicine of the schools1' and to praise with sufficient confidence his own successes1 is supposed to possess the wonderful power1 without any exact knowledge at all1 of charming all the illnesses of mankind out of the world40 ,gonorrha is also a curable disease1 though curable often with great difficulty4 ,we see this from the fact that1 notwithstanding the extraordinarily wide diffusion of gonorrha 7for a far greater number of infections with gonorrha occur than of infections with syphilis71 still ultimately the majority of the men1 and a large proportion of the women1 infected with gonorrha are completely cured of their trouble4 ,the treatment of gonorrha is a complicated affair4 ,within the first two days1 by the injection of powerful caustic agents1 we are sometimes able to cut the matter short and to put an end completely to the gonococci4 ,in every case the patient1 as soon as he perceives a discharge1 though not yet purulent1 from the urethra1 should immediately consult a physician1 in order to determine the nature of his disease1 which1 in the majority of cases1 will be found to be true gonorrha4 ,if it is not possible to abort the gonorrha1 then the disease will have to run its course4 ,the best measure1 whenever possible1 is rest in bed for a week or two1 in association with a mild1 unstimulating diet1 and the absolute prohibition of all alcoholic beverages--the last is indispensable throughout the duration of the gonorrha--the drinking of uva ursi tea1 and1 if the inflammatory symptoms are severe1 the application of cold compresses to the penis4 ,only when the first more severe symptoms have passed away1 by which time1 owing to the reaction of the urethral mucous membrane1 a large proportion of the exciters of the disease will already have been expelled1 is it time to begin injections or irrigations of the urethra1 containing medicaments the nature of which must be left to the decision of the experienced physician1 who will regard each individual case on its own merits4 ,if rest in bed is not possible1 the patient must wear a so-called 8suspensory0 bandage1 in order to give as much rest as possible to the testicles and the epididymis1 which are gravely endangered in every attack of gonorrha4 ,if1 as often happens1 gonorrha ascends to the posterior part of the urethra1 or to the bladder1 or to the prostate1 or if1 finally1 it becomes chronic1 then special methods of treatment1 with internal medicines1 with local cauterization1 massage1 distension1 medicated bougies1 baths1 etc41 are needful4 ,the cure will ensue very gradually2 relapses are frequent2 even cessation of the discharge is no certain sign of cure1 as the presence in the still turbid urine of 8threads0 containing gonococci sufficiently proves4 ,only when the urine has become perfectly clear1 and any threads which it may contain are shown by repeated search to contain no more gonococci2 when also the prostate1 a favourite seat of the last remnants of gonorrha1 is free from inflammation1 can the cure be regarded as complete4 ,even more difficult is the determination of a cure in women4 ,but persistency in the treatment1 and frequently repeated examinations1 will lead also in women to the desired goal1 or1 at any rate1 will overcome the capacity for spreading the infection4 ,in the campaign against venereal diseases by the methods of medical treatment1 the facilitation of treatment for the great masses of impecunious persons1 for the proletariat1 is of great value4 ,for them1 above all1 the provision of ,krankenkassen#ced is needed1 and it is very satisfactory to note that during recent years the ,krankenkassen have especially directed their attention to venereal diseases1 since ,a4 ,blaschko1#cee ,a4 ,neisser1#cef ,r4 ,ledermann1#ceg and ,albert ,kohn#ceh drew attention to the duties of ,krankenkassen in this relationship in a number of admirable works4 ,krankenkassen are in a position to obtain exact statistics regarding venereal diseases2 to diffuse information1 verbally and in writing1 to the widest extent among their members2 to facilitate hospital treatment1 and treatment by specialists2 to give medical aid as required to infected relatives of the insured2 to carry out regularly every year1 once or twice1 a medical examination of all members1 and to distribute among all these writings on the prophylaxis of venereal diseases4 ,the question also of payment on the part of the patient requires new regulations as regards venereal diseases4#cei ,finally1 it has been recommended that1 in association with the ,krankenkassen there should be founded 8daily sanatoria0 7,neisser71 8work sanatoria0 7,saalfeld71 8ambulatory places for treatment0 7,ledermann71 and 8convalescent homes0 7,stern71 for members of ,krankenkassen suffering from venereal disease1 and for insured persons similarly affected4 ,all these institutions would1 moreover1 be valuable to the community at large4 ,what admirable results are obtainable by such a systematic treatment of as far as possible all the venereal patients throughout an entire country has been shown by the astonishing decline in the number of cases of venereal diseases in ,sweden and ,norway1 and in ,bosnia1 where a gratuitous treatment of all such patients at the cost of the state has been introduced4 ,thus the organized campaign against venereal diseases1 which during recent years has been initiated in all the civilized countries of ,europe1 has led more particularly to efforts in the direction of the sufficient treatment and speedy cure of recent syphilis and recent gonorrha4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we pass now to the consideration of the third factor in the campaign against venereal disease1 which comprises the duty of the state1 the task of social hygiene1 and the task of public pedagogy4 ,the foundation for the suppression of venereal diseases by state effort consists in a knowledge of the extent of the diffusion of these diseases2 we need1 that is to say1 accurate statistics regarding venereal diseases4 ,it is once more the great service of ,blaschko to have been the first in ,germany to work on these lines4#cfj ,dismissing from consideration the distribution of venereal diseases in countries outside of ,europe1 regarding which he gives interesting reports1 we find that the ,european conditions are of such a nature that the large towns1 the centres of industry and manufacture1 garrison towns1 and university towns1 are most severely affected2 that the smaller provincial towns suffer less2 that the agricultural population is comparatively free from this disease1 with the exception of the uncultivated country districts of ,russia and of the ,balkan ,states1 where the country people suffer from syphilis to a terrible extent4 ,no exact statistical data are at present available regarding the diffusion of venereal diseases in the individual countries of ,europe4 ,the best measure of the prevalence of these diseases is afforded by the figures for the different armies4 ,from these we learn that ,denmark1 ,germany1 ,german ,austria1 and ,switzerland1 show the most favourable conditions2 next come ,belgium1 ,france1 ,spain1 ,portugal1 ,north and ,middle ,italy4 ,worst of all are the conditions in ,southern ,italy1 ,greece1 ,turkey1 ,russia1 and--,england4 ,these army statistics are1 however1 insufficient1 for1 as a matter of fact1 ,england is most favourably placed in respect of the diffusion of venereal diseases4 ,the most exact reports come from the ,scandinavian countries1 from ,norway and ,denmark1 in which for several years all physicians have kept a list of all the infective diseases treated by them1 as they are compelled every week to make a return to the ,board of ,public ,health4 ,according to these reports1 it appears that venereal diseases in ,copenhagen constitute the greater part of such diseases in the entire country2 but in the period between #ahgf and #ahie these diseases have notably declined in frequency in ,copenhagen1 and all venereal diseases have shared in this decline2 gonorrha constitutes #gj of all cases of venereal disease4 ,with regard to the diffusion of infection1 it appears from the ,copenhagen statistics that one woman with venereal disease serves to transmit it to four men2 on the other hand1 of four men with venereal disease1 one only will transmit that disease to a woman4 ,on the average1 there are infected with venereal disease every year #af to #bj of all young men between the ages of twenty and thirty years2 with gonorrha #a in #h are infected2 with syphilis #a in #ee are infected4 ,in these last ten years1 for every #ajj young men living1 there have been #aai infections during ten years2 that is to say1 on the average every one has been infected once1 and a great many have been infected more than once2 in the same period of ten years1 for every #ajj young men1 there have been #ah infected with syphilis--that is to say1 #a for every #ee4 ,especially valuable also are the figures which ,blaschko obtained in #ahih from the carefully kept books of a large mercantile ,krankenkasse whose operations were diffused throughout ,germany2 these figures also give the result of an inquiry regarding venereal diseases amongst workmen1 waiting-maids1 secret prostitutes1 and students4 ,the result of these statistics1 as regards ,berlin1 are given briefly in the following table3 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,secret ,prostitutes1 #cj 4 ,students1 #be 4 ,shop ,employees1 #af 4 ,workmen1 #i 4 ,soldiers1 #d 4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,,venereal ,,diseases ,,affecting ,,various ,,classes ,,of ,,the ,,population ,,of ,,berlin 7,,after ,,blaschko74 ,according to these statistics1 the diffusion of venereal diseases among shop employees1 students1 and secret prostitutes 7chiefly barmaids and waitresses71 is the greatest2 it is much less among workmen and soldiers4 ,it further appears1 from ,blaschko's inquiry1 that of the men who entered on marriage for the first time when above the age of thirty years1 each one had1 on the average1 had gonorrha twice1 and about one in four or five had been infected with syphilis4 ,wilhelm ,erb1 in ,heidelberg1 obtained similar results4 ,still more remarkable were the results of the statistical investigation which was carried out for the entire ,kingdom of ,prussia by the ,prussian ,ministry of ,ecclesiastical ,affairs and ,public ,instruction on ,april #cj1 #aijj4cfa ,according to this investigation1 it appeared that on this day1 in ,prussia1 there were #da1jjj persons suffering from venereal disease1 among whom #aa1jjj were infected with recent syphilis2 in ,berlin1 on the same day1 there were #aa1fjj cases of venereal disease1 among whom #c1jjj were infected with recent syphilis4 ,the general relations are shown in the following table3 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,the whole of ,prussia1 #jbh 4 ,berlin1 #adb 4 ,towns over #ajj1jjj inhabitants1 #a 4 ,towns over #cj1jjj inhabitants1 #jeh 4 ,towns below #cj1jjj inhabitants1 #jde 4 ,the ,army1 #jae 4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,,venereal ,,diseases ,,affecting ,,the ,,male ,,population ,,of ,,prussia1 ,,april #cj1 #aijj 7,,after ,,blaschko74 ,thus1 for every #aj1jjj adult men there were on this day persons suffering from venereal diseases to the following numbers3 in ,berlin1 #adb2 in the remaining large towns1 #ajj2 in the smaller towns1 #ej2 and in the whole of ,prussia1 on the average1 #bh4 ,naturally the figures should in reality be larger1 for of the physicians to whom inquiries were sent1 only #fc returned an answer4 ,moreover1 the annual figure of cases is a very much larger one4 ,kirchner#cfb assumes that every day in ,prussia more than #ajj1jjj individuals--that is to say1 about #c per mille--are suffering from a transmissible venereal disease1 and he estimates the damage to the national property by typhoid fever as about #h million marks annually1 but that from venereal diseases as not less than ninety million marks annually4 ,in these reports of ,april #cj1 #aijj1 the ratio of men to women suffering from recent syphilis was as #c 3 #a4 ,in order to obtain more exact information regarding the diffusion of venereal diseases1 and the actual number of those affected by them1 it is of very great importance that there should be a revision of the duty of medical men in respect of the notification of diseases1 and also in respect of the duty of professional secrecy4#cfc ,this latter question is also of importance in respect of the prevention of venereal infection in married life4 7,the question of syphilitic infection of married women by their husbands has recently been considered by ,alfred ,fournier3 8,syphilis in ,honourable ,women407 ,in addition to the question of the diffusion and frequency of venereal diseases1 the greatest interest attaches to the sources of dangerous infections--that is to say1 the question where men and women most frequently contract venereal disease4 ,here also ,blaschko has obtained interesting information2 he states3 ,of #dhg syphilitic men1 the disease was acquired by #cie 7#haa 7 from professional prostitutes 7officially inscribed or secret72 #bc 7#dg 7 from waitresses and barmaids2 #bc 7#di 7 from their 8intimate02 #de 7#ib 7 from casual acquaintances1 shop-girls1 or workwomen4 ,according to this report1 it appears that prostitution1 public and secret 7under which heading the waitresses and 8casual acquaintances0 must be numbered71 forms the principal focus of venereal infection4 ,and that wild sexual intercourse is here almost exclusively to blame is shown by the following statistics1 given by ,blaschko3 ,of #fg syphilitic wives1 almost all the wives of workmen1 #fd were infected by their husbands2 whereas1 on the contrary1 of #ajf husbands1 #g only acquired the disease from their wives2 the remaining #ii acquired it by extra-conjugal sexual intercourse1 either before or after marriage4 ,another very valuable set of statistics dealing with the sources of infection has been published by ,heinrich ,loeb4#cfd ,these relate to the conditions in ,mannheim4 ,it appears that the sources of infection were as follows3 ,waitresses and barmaids #aee instances4 ,maidservants1 cooks #fg ,shop-girls #fe ,middle-class girls #bi ,seamstresses and embroidery workers #bg ,chambermaids #bj ,factory workwomen #ag ,artistes1 singers1 and ballet-girls #af ,wife or betrothed #ab ,tailoresses and modistes #aa ,ironers #i ,book-keepers #d ,widows #d ,country girls #c ,mistresses #c --- ,total #ddb ,here1 as we see1 the chief types of secret prostitution1 the waitresses and barmaids1 play the principal part2 next1 but a long way after1 come maidservants and shop-girls4 ,this1 however1 does not amount to saying that public prostitution is less dangerous4 ,we know that a prostitute who has never been infected with venereal disease is something very rarely seen2 that prostitutes under regulation are almost all1 especially when still quite young1 in an infective state1 and that they serve just as much as secret prostitutes for the diffusion of venereal disease4 ,it is a well-known fact that youthful prostitutes are more dangerous than women who have long practised prostitution1 because the former are all suffering from more or less recent infection1 and both gonorrha and syphilis are present in them in the stages in which they are still strongly infective4 ,h4 ,berger bases upon statistical investigations#cfe his belief that red-haired girls have the most delicate epithelium1 fall sick most rapidly and in the greatest numbers2 dark haired women at first suffer less4 ,after they have been prostitutes for some time1 there is no important difference between blonde1 brown1 and black-haired women2 but black-haired prostitutes are1 in fact1 more inclined to infection later in their career1 because they are more in request4 ,now that we have learned that at the present day prostitution remains the principal source of venereal infection1 the following question immediately demands an answer3 ,what can the state do in order to remove these sources of infection8 and have the measures which the state has hitherto put into operation been of any use in this direction8 ,to put it shortly1 what part has been played by the state regulation of prostitution1 as hitherto practised1 in the campaign against venereal diseases8 ,with ,schmlder1#cff we understand by 8regulation0 the following practice1 which is what obtains in the majority of civilized countries3 ,the police keep a list in which the girls and women regarded by them as prostitutes have their names entered4 ,the 8inscribed0 7inscrites7 receive a 8licentia stupri0--that is to say1 the permission to practise professional fornication under continual observation on the part of the police 7the renowned 8moral control0#cfg71 which is associated with a number of commands1 prohibitions1 and regulations--above all1 with the necessity of submitting to medical examination at definitely stated intervals1 and1 where necessary1 to compulsory medical treatment4 ,at the same time1 public prostitution on the part of those who are not inscribed is suppressed as much as possible4 ,berger has admirably described 78,prostitution in ,hanover10 pp4 #a-ai7 the methods of regulation and their consequences4 ,above all1 however1 have ,blaschko1 ,schmlder1 and ,neisser considered the modes of regulation customary at the present day from the moral1 legal1 and medical points of view1 and have in part entirely condemned them 7,blaschko and ,schmlder71 in part declared them to be gravely in need of reform 7,neisser74#cfh ,among those who have recently discussed the question of the regulation of prostitution1 we may mention ,anna ,pappritz1#cfi who condemns the practice2 ,clausmann1 who is in favour of it2#cgj ,friedrich ,hammer1 also in favour of it2#cga and1 finally1 ,s4 ,bettmann1 who leaves the question open4#cgb ,in our consideration of the coercive system of regulation1 we take a single standpoint--namely1 that of its possible value for the suppression of venereal diseases4 ,some demand the abolition of regulation on ethical and humanitarian grounds1 and we do not wish in any way to make light of these grounds4 ,but they could not be decisive1 if1 as an actual fact1 regulation had an effect either in diminishing the prevalence of venereal diseases or in checking prostitution2 but1 in truth1 the reverse is the case6 ,schmlder#cgc has shown beyond dispute that the compulsory inscription of prostitutes1 introduced from ,france1 is in our country an utterly illegal measure1 arbitrarily enforced by the police4 ,it has been amply proved that this illegal compulsory inscription has actually made prostitutes of many girls who had no inclination to permanent professional prostitution2 that this method produces artificial prostitutes4 ,what errors of judgment1 what abuses of power1 occur on the part of the police1 in connexion with this compulsory inscription6 ,how often does the inscription result from a denunciation made on grounds of private spite6 ,the 8,committee of ,fifteen10 constituted for the study of prostitution in ,new ,york1 declares in its report3 8,men with political insight are of opinion that every limitation of the freedom of the individual is in itself an evil1 and that such a limitation can only be justified in cases in which the good derived from the infringement can really be estimated at a very high valuation4 ,a system which permits the police1 simply on grounds of suspicion1 to arrest a citizen1 to submit him to an injurious examination1 only with the aim of discovering a disease he is suspected to have1 and then to put him into prison1 on the suspicion that he might have indulged in immoral intercourse if he had been left at liberty1 cannot possibly be regarded as harmonizing with the principles of personal freedom40#cgd ,blaschko and ,fiaux have proved that regulation concerns only a small fraction of prostitutes1 usually the older ones2 whereas the beginners1 who are precisely those most dangerous in respect of venereal infection1 and1 further1 the army of secret prostitutes1 half prostitutes1 occasional prostitutes1 and the half-world1 remain free from regulation--are probably left free deliberately--and anyhow could not possibly be supervised1 on account of the enormous cost of supervision4 ,in ,berlin1 speaking generally1 only one-fifth part of the girls arrested are subjected to regulation1 four-fifths are simply 8warned and discharged02 and even of this fifth part1 in reality a large percentage does not come under control because 8escape from the lists0 renders permanent observation impossible4 ,fiaux proves that more than #ej of the medical examinations which ought to have been made on the #d1jjj women under regulation in ,berlin during the years #ahhh to #aija1 were in fact neglected4#cge ,it is certain that regulated prostitution is more dangerous from the point of view of public health than free prostitution4 ,the prostitute remaining under surveillance is in constant fear of compulsory treatment in the lock hospital1 and therefore endeavours to conceal her illness as long as possible1 or temporarily to avoid medical examination altogether4 ,the free prostitute has a personal interest in becoming well again as soon as possible1 and generally goes voluntarily and at once to seek treatment from a physician4 ,thus it happens that1 among the regulated prostitutes1 the number of those infected appears surprisingly small4 ,in addition1 we have to consider the inadequacy of the medical examination1 because the number of the physicians and the time assigned to them are too small4 ,and whilst it appears to be a fact that every third prostitute is infected with gonorrha1 in ,berlin1 during the year #ahhi1 as the result of official examination under regulation1 only one prostitute in #bjj was declared infected1 and in #ahhd only #a in #a1hgc4 ,moreover1 very many infected prostitutes under compulsory medical treatment are1 as ,blaschko proves1 allowed to resume their professional occupation in an uncured state1 and to diffuse their illness freely once more4 ,the figures given by ,blaschko speak very clearly on this point3 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,annual ,percentage of ,prostitutes attacked ,place4 ,date4 by ,syphilis4 ------------------------ ,regulated4 ,free4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,paris #ahgh-ahhg #abb #gj ,brussels #ahhg-ahhi #bej #ij ,st4 ,petersburg #ahij #cce #abj ,antwerp #ahhb-ahhd #eac #gg ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,from this it is clear that the abolition of the regulation of prostitutes will not have an unfavourable1 but1 on the contrary1 will have a thoroughly favourable1 influence in respect of the frequency of venereal diseases4 ,the conditions in ,england and ,norway show this very clearly4 ,in ,christiania1 after the abolition of regulation in the year #ahhh1 syphilis declined in frequency--in the first place1 because the number of girls who applied for treatment increased1 whilst prior to the abolition of regulation they had concealed their illness in order to avoid falling into the hands of the police2 and in the second place1 because now the fear of venereal infection kept many young men from having intercourse with prostitutes1 whereas previously they had erroneously believed that the 8control0 would free them from the danger of venereal infection4 ,the same was the case in ,london1 where there is no regulation2 the frequency of venereal disease has decreased because young men now avoid intercourse with prostitutes as much as possible4 ,in ,france1 the country in which regulation was first introduced1 the commission formed for the study of prostitution came to the conclusion that 8regulation of prostitutes should be abolished40 ,the principal reason for which the police continue to advocate the preservation of the system of regulation--namely1 that they have an interest in the matter on account of the intimate connexion between many prostitutes and criminality--will not bear examination4 ,it is true enough that soutenage#cgf is inseparable from prostitution4 ,moreover1 the world of criminals is very near to prostitution1 in the first place1 because the prostitute also has need of a man on whom she can lean1 who can be something to her from the personal point of view1 to whom she is not simply a chattel2#cgg and1 in the second place1 because the prostitute is1 like the criminal1 despised and defamed--she shares with the criminal the pariah nature4 ,lombroso's doctrine that prostitution is throughout equivalent to criminality is certainly not justified4 ,it is only by the outward circumstances of their life that the bulk of prostitutes are driven into intimate relations with criminality4 ,and among these outward circumstances1 regulation1 and the expulsion of prostitutes from honourable society 7which is a necessary part of regulation7 play the principal rle6 ,for this reason1 if for this reason alone1 regulation must be abolished1 because then a strong supplement to criminality from the circles of prostitution would be cut off4 ,even before investigators had become convinced of the uselessness and danger of regulation the cry arose3 8,away with the brothels60 ,we have already alluded to the continuous decline in the number of brothels in all large towns4 ,in #ahda there were in ,paris still #bce brothels 7to #a1bjj1jjj inhabitants72 in #aijj there were only #dh brothels 7to #c1fjj1jjj inhabitants72 and for ,st4 ,petersburg and other large towns a similar decline in the number of brothels can be established1 notwithstanding the fact that everywhere the population has markedly increased4 ,this proves that the brothels no longer correspond to any real need4#cgh ,at the present day1 owing to the great development of intercourse in modern times1 brothels are a public calamity2 they bring the quarter of the town in which they exist into disrepute1 and deprive the neighbourhood of its proper monetary value4 ,moreover1 the time is past for slave-holding on the part of the brothel-owner4 ,the existence of brothels favours the traffic in girls 7the 8,white ,slave ,trade071 encourages sexual perversities1 and increases the diffusion of venereal diseases4 ,the prostitute living in a brothel is sometimes compelled to have intercourse with ten or twelve men in a single day1 and is thus pre-eminently exposed to venereal infection1 all the more because she must admit the embraces of every man who pays the brothel-keeper money2 whilst the prostitute living freely can at least refuse to have anything to do with a man who appears to her to be ill4 ,according to ,lecour1 ,mireur1 ,diday1 and ,sperk1 prostitutes in brothels suffer from syphilis about three times as often as free prostitutes4#cgi ,other modifications of brothel life1 such as the so-called 8controlled streets10#chj the best known of which are in ,bremen#cha--that is to say1 streets closed to ordinary traffic1 the houses of which are inhabited only by prostitutes under control1 but the girls being in other respects free and not living under the domination of a brothel-keeper2 also the 8,kasernierung0#chb of prostitutes1 their confinement to particular streets1 or special 8quarters0 of the town 78,dirnenquartiere07#chc--;are all to be rejected on the same grounds4 ,the whole nature of brothel life1 and the very serious dangers it involves1 have been discussed in excellent works by ,e4 von ,dring1#chd ,henriette ,frth1#che ,karl ,ntzel1#chf and ,martin ,bruck4#chg ,they illumine the whole question1 and provide sufficient grounds for the condemnation of brothels4 ,a few authors1 however1 continue to advocate the preservation of brothels1 and some of these wish to enforce medical examination1 not only of prostitutes1 but also of their masculine clients4 ,this proposition is made1 for example1 by ,ernst ,kromayer in his work1 which1 notwithstanding many ,utopian ideas1 is nevertheless very stimulating1 8,the ,eradication of ,syphilis10 pp4 #fg1 #fh 7,berlin1 #ahih74 ,von ,dring1 in his criticism of these ideas1 rightly points out that this recommendation would be quite useless in practice1 because1 in the first place1 only a small proportion of men visit brothels at all4 ,in the second place1 in the hurry in these resorts no proper examination could be undertaken4 ,in the third place1 the doctors who were to be appointed as a kind of medical porters to brothels1 would not easily be found to accept such situations4 ,lassar1 who answers this last criticism1 is of opinion that the brothel-master1 or anybody with a little experience1 could easily undertake this examination in the case of men4#chh ,but these men would probably also decline the office2 and even if they were willing1 it is very doubtful if they would be in a position to make the suggested examinations1 which1 after all1 require real medical skill2 and1 finally1 the only result would be--to increase the number of quacks4 ,therefore1 this idea of the examination of the male visitors to brothels is ,utopian4 ,no1 the true hope lies in absolute freedom2 in relieving prostitution from the oppression of the police2 in its gradual separation from criminality2 in--,i am not afraid of the word--in an 8ennoblement0 of prostitution4#chi ,the 8prostitute0 7,german ,dirne drab7 must disappear1 and the 8human being0 must reawaken4 ,the prostituted woman must be readmitted into the social community4 ,no more coercion6 ,free and voluntary treatment1 in polyclinics#cij and hospitals2 the 8rescue0 of youthful prostitutes1#cia not in the prison-like 8,magdalen ,homes10 but by means of ethically instructive influence from human being to human being1 of the value of which the 8,letters to ,prostitutes0 of the noble philanthropist ,frau ,eggers-,smidt1#cib and also the experiences of the ,salvation ,army1#cic give such admirable evidence4 ,very aptly1 also1 ,kromayer has shown to what an extent a change in our present attitude towards sexual intercourse outside the conditions of coercive marriage1 the removal of the stamp of infamy from such intercourse1 would limit prostitution1 and therewith also limit venereal diseases4#cid ,this is as clear as daylight4 ,but1 unfortunately1 those very persons who declare the existing conditions in respect of prostitution to be absolutely intolerable will not admit its truth4 ,the misery of the life of these unhappy creatures must be relieved1 but we must do it ourselves1 and soon2 for they are not in a position to do so4 ,the last1 the highest goal of the campaign against venereal disease is the humanization of the prostitute4#cie ,,supplementary ,,note4--,in the essay on 8,the ,woman's ,question0 in the sociological section of his work1 8,the ,ethic of ,free-,thought10 ,karl ,pearson discusses the question of ,prostitution in relation to the ,woman's ,question at large4 ,his remarks have especial interest in view of what is said above about 8the ennoblement of prostitution0 and 8the humanization of the prostitute10 and it seems expedient to quote the passage at length 7op4 cit41 #ahhh1 pp4 #cgi-chb74--,,translator4 8,the emancipation of woman1 while placing her in a position of social responsibility1 will make it her duty to investigate many matters of which she is at present frequently assumed to be ignorant4 ,it may be doubted whether the identification of purity and ignorance has had wholly good effects in the past2 indeed1 it has frequently been the false cry with which men have sought to hide their own anti-social conduct4 ,it is certain1 however1 that it cannot last in the future1 and man will have to face the fact that woman's views and social action with regard to many sex-problems may widely differ from his own4 ,it is of the utmost importance that woman1 not only on account of the part she already plays in the education of the young1 but also because of the social responsibilities her emancipation must bring1 should have a full knowledge of the laws of sex4 ,every attempt hitherto to grapple with prostitution has been a failure4 ,what will women do when they thoroughly grasp the problem1 and have a voice in the attitude the state should assume in regard to it8 ,at present hundreds do not know of its existence2 thousands only know of it to despise those who earn their living by it2 one in ten thousand has examined the causes which lead to it1 has felt that degradation1 if there be any1 lies not in the prostitute1 but in the society where it exists2 not in the women of the streets1 but in the thousands of women in society1 who are ignorant of the problem1 ignore it1 or fear to face it4 ,what will be the result of woman's action in the matter8 ,can it possibly be effectual1 or will it merely tend to embitter the relations of men and women8 ,possibly an expression of woman's opinion on this point in society and the press would do much1 but then it must be an educated opinion1 one which recognizes facts and knows the difficulties of the problem4 ,an appeal to chivalry1 to a ,christian dogma1 to a ,biblical text1 will hardly avail4 ,the description we have of ,calvin's ,geneva shows that puritanic suppression is wholly idle4 ,what form will be taken by the reasoned action of women1 cognizant of historical and sexualogical fact8 8,perhaps it may be that women1 when they fully grasp the problem1 will despair1 as many men do1 of its solution4 ,they may remark that prostitution has existed in nearly all historic times1 and among nearly all races of men4 ,it has existed as an institution as long as monogamic marriage has existed2 it may be itself the outcome of that marriage4 ,i do not know whether any trace of a like promiscuity has been found in the animals nearest allied to man--,i believe not4 ,the periodic instinct has probably preserved them from it4 ,how mankind came to lose the periodic instinct1 and how that loss may possibly be related to the solely human institution of marriage1 are problems not without interest4 ,on the one hand1 it has been asserted that prostitution is a logical outcome of our present social relations1 while1 on the other hand1 it is held to be a survival of matriarchal licence1 and not a sine qua non of all forms of human society4 ,there is very considerable evidence to show that a large percentage of women are driven to prostitution by absolute want1 or by the extremities to which a seduced woman is forced by the society which casts her out4 ,this point is important4 ,it may1 perhaps1 be that our social system1 quite as much as man's supposed needs1 keeps prostitution alive4 ,the frequency with which prostitutes1 for the sake of their own living1 seduce comparative boys1 may be as much a cause of the evil as male passion itself4 ,the socialists hold the sale of a woman's person to be directly associated with the monopoly of surplus labour4 ,is the emancipated woman likely to adopt this view8 and if so shall we not have a wide-reaching social reconstruction forced upon us8 ,that emancipated woman would strive for a vast economic reorganization1 as the only means of preserving the self-respect and independence of her sex1 is a possibility with the gravest and most wide-reaching consequences4 ,we cannot emancipate woman without placing her in a position of political and social influence equal to man's4 ,it may well be that she will regard economic and sexual problems from a very different standpoint1 and the result will infallibly lead to the formation of a woman's party1 and to a more or less conscious struggle between the sexes4 ,would this end in an increased social stability or another subjection of sex8 8,woman may1 however1 conclude that the alternative is true--that prostitution is not the outcome of our present social organisation1 but a feature of all forms of human society4 ,she must1 then1 treat it as a necessary evil or as a necessary good4 ,in the former case she will at least insist on an equal social stigma attaching to both sexes if she does not demand1 as in the instance of any other form of anti-social conduct1 so far as practicable its legal repression4 ,in the latter case--that is1 if its existence really tends in some way to the welfare or stability of society--women will have to admit that prostitution is an honourable profession2 they cannot shirk that conclusion1 bitter as it may appear to some4 ,the #8social outcast' would then have to be recognized as filling a social function1 and the problem would reduce to the amelioration of her life1 and to her elevation in the social scale4 ,either there is a means of abolishing prostitution1 or all participators must be treated alike as anti-social1 or the prostitute is an honourable woman--no other possibility suggests itself4 ,society has hitherto failed to find a remedy1 perhaps because only man has sought for one2 woman1 when she for the time fully grasps the problem1 must be prepared for one1 or must recognize the alternatives4 ,there cannot be a doubt1 however1 that in a matter so closely concerning her personal dignity she will take action1 and that1 if only in this one matter1 her freedom will raise questions1 which many would prefer to ignore1 and which1 when raised1 will undoubtedly touch principles apparently fundamental to our existing social organization40 #ccj ,see note to p4 #cij4 #cca ,parent-,duchatelet1 8,the ,moral ,corruption of the ,female ,sex in ,paris10 vol4 ii41 p4 #bcd 7,leipzig1 #ahcg74 ,similarly1 ,julius ,donarth remarks 78,the ,beginnings of the ,human ,spirit10 p4 #ai2 ,stuttgart1 #ahih73 8,syphilis and alcoholism can by social arrangement and carefully adapted measures be suppressed just as much as plague and cholera40 #ccb ,the literature of this subject is very extensive4 ,in addition to a comprehensive work dealing with the older literature1 by ,j4 ,k4 ,proksch1 8,the ,prevention of ,venereal ,diseases0 7,vienna1 #ahgb71 ,i must mention the following3 ,e4 ,lang1 8,the ,prevention of ,venereal ,diseases0 7,vienna1 #ahid72 ,m4 ,joseph1 8,prophylaxis of ,cutaneous and ,venereal ,diseases0 7,munich1 #aijj72 ,neuberger1 8,the ,prophylaxis of ,venereal ,diseases10 pp4 #ce-cg 7,munich and ,berlin1 #aijd72 ,felix ,block1 8,how shall ,we protect ,ourselves against ,venereal ,diseases and their ,evil ,consequences80 second edition 7,leipzig1 #aije72 ,e4 ,boureau1 8,conseils ,pratiques la ,jeunesse pour viter les ,avaries0 7,paris1 #aije72 ,suarez de ,mendoza1 8,conseils de ,prophylaxie ,sanitaire et ,morale0 7,paris1 #aijf72 same author1 8,,abc l',usage des ,mres de ,famille pour la ,dfense de ,leurs ,foyers contre les ,grands ,flaux du ,x,xe ,sicle3 ,tuberculose1 ,avariose ,syphilis1 ,neissrose ,gonorrha1 ,alcoolisme1 ,mortalit ,infantile0 7,paris1 #aije72 same author1 8,avariose des ,innocents0 7,paris1 #aije74 #ccc ,cf4 also the valuable remarks of ,robert ,hessen1 8,cleanliness or ,morality80 published in ,die ,zukunft1 ,june #i1 #aijf1 pp4 #cfg-cgg 7also separately printed in ,munich1 #aijf74 #ccd ,otto ,neusttter1 8,the ,public ,recommendation of ,protective ,measures10 published in ,the ,journal for the ,suppression of ,venereal ,diseases1 vol4 v41 ,no4 #c1 pp4 #bbe-bbg 7,leipzig1 #aije74 #cce ,h4 ,ferdy1 8,the ,history of the ,ccal ,condom10 published in ,the ,journal for the ,suppression of ,venereal ,diseases1 #aije1 vol4 iii41 ,no4 #d1 pp4 #add-adg4 #ccf ,cf4 in this connexion the admirable essay1 distinguished by a critical spirit1 of ,r4 de ,campagnolle1 8,the ,value of the ,modern ,prophylaxis of ,gonorrha by ,means of ,instillations10 published in ,the ,journal for the ,suppression of ,venereal ,diseases1 #aijd1 vol4 iii41 ,nos4 #a-d1 pp4 #a-ca1 #ea-aae1 #adh 7with a complete bibliography74 #ccg ,in place of these solutions1 ,cronquist 78,contributions to the ,personal ,prophylaxis against ,gonorrha10 published in ,medizinische ,klinik1 ,no4 #aj1 #aijf7 recommends the use of little rods or bougies containing #b per cent4 of albargin1 which melt from the body-heat when introduced into the urethra 7these are sold under the trade name of 8antigon-rods072 they are used1 like the solutions1 immediately after coitus4 ,the advantage they possess is their greater durability4 #cch ,the same idea had already been advanced in ,germany by ,eduard ,richter and ,s4 ,behrmann4 #cci ,e4 ,metchnikoff1 8,the ,prophylaxis of ,syphilis10 published in ,medizinische ,klinik1 #aijf1 ,no4 #ae1 pp4 #cgb1 #cgc4 ,cf4 also ,paul ,maisonneuve1 8,experimentation sur la ,prophylaxie de la ,syphilis0 7,paris1 #aijf72 and ,a4 ,neisser4 8,experimental ,research regarding ,syphilis10 pp4 #ha-hc 7,berlin1 #aijf74 #cdj ,o4 ,neusttter1 8,the ,public ,recommendation of ,protective ,measures10 published in ,the ,journal for the ,suppression of ,venereal ,diseases1 #aije1 vol4 iv41 pp4 #bjc-beb4 #cda ,g4 ,bernhard1 8,the ,criminal ,law and ,protective ,measures against ,venereal ,diseases10 ibid41 pp4 #bec-bgc4 #cdb ,f4 von ,liszt1 8,legal ,protection against ,dangers to ,health from ,venereal ,diseases10 published in ,the ,journal for the ,suppression of ,venereal ,diseases1 #aijc1 vol4 i41 pp4 #a-be4 #cdc ,von ,bar1 8,the ,need for a ,special ,law against ,blameworthy ,venereal ,infection10 ibid41 pp4 #fd-gb4 #cdd ,r4 ,schmlder1 8,criminal and ,civil ,juridicial ,significance of ,venereal ,diseases10 ibid41 pp4 #gc-ajf4 #cde ,albert ,reibmayr1 8,the ,immunization of ,families by ,inheritable ,diseases 7,tuberculosis1 ,lues1 ,mental ,disorders710 p4 #ag 7,leipzig and ,vienna1 #ahii74 #cdf ,this conception of 8partial syphilization0 of our race appears somewhat vague4 ,if we take care to think clearly1 and in terms of exact biological knowledge1 we shall see that--apart from a spontaneous loss of intensity on the part of the syphilitic virus 7of which we have no precise knowledge whatever7--the only known way of accounting for syphilis having become milder is by natural selection1 by the death of those who suffered most severely from the disease4 ,now1 in #djj years1 ten or twelve human generations1 there has hardly been time for the development of immunity to a disease to which at most a small fraction only of the population has ever been exposed4 ,it appears to me1 however1 that we may reasonably doubt the alleged decline in the severity of syphilis4 ,it must be remembered that the entire absence of mercurial treatment at first1 and the misuse of that specific for many years after its value had been proved1 will account for much in respect of the apparent greater virulence of medieval as compared with modern syphilis4 7,see also p4 #cef1 and footnote to that page referring to the writings of ,archdall ,reid74--,,translator4 #cdg ,alfred ,fournier1 8,the ,treatment and ,prophylaxis of ,syphilis40 ,one vol4 ,rebman1 ,london4 #cdh ,cf4 ,iwan ,bloch1 8,personal ,reminiscences of my ,lecturing ,journey this ,year10 published in ,medizinische ,klinik1 #aijf1 ,no4 #aj4 #cdi ,hermann is a fanatical medical opponent of mercury4 ,there are1 in fact1 such oddities4 ,they are very rare birds in the medical world4 #cej ,recently ,r4 ,kaufmann has collected in a small readable essay the scientific views of the present day1 8,the ,therapeutic ,use of ,mercury0 7,leipzig1 #aijf74 ,i warmly recommend this book to all who are interested in the question4 #cea ,cf4 ,iwan ,bloch1 8,the ,after-,treatment of ,syphilis10 published in ,medizinische ,klinik1 #aije1 ,no4 #d1 pp4 #hh-ia4 #ceb ,cf4 ,iwan ,bloch1 8,nutritive ,therapeutics in ,cases of ,syphilis10 published in ,medizinische ,klinik1 #aije1 ,no4 #ah1 pp4 #ddb-ddf4 #cec ,alfred ,fournier1 8,en ,gurit-on80 pp4 #ie1 #if 7,paris1 #aijf74 #ced 8,krankenkassen40--,i have to employ the ,german term1 since in ,england we do not possess the institution1 nor even the name4 ,in ,germany there is a general system of insurance against illness1 to which workmen have to contribute a proportion of their wages1 the fund being supplemented by contributions from the employers of labour4 ,when ill the workman applies to the ,krankenkasse for the necessary medical advice and treatment4--,,translator4 #cee ,a4 ,blaschko1 8,the ,treatment of ,venereal ,diseases in ,krankenkassen0 7,berlin1 #ahij74 #cef ,a4 ,neisser1 8,krankenkassen and the ,campaign against ,venereal ,diseases10 published in ,the ,journal for the ,suppression of ,venereal ,diseases1 #aijd1 vol4 ii41 pp4 #afa-afi1 #aha-aid1 #bba-bdg4 #ceg ,r4 ,ledermann1 8,do the ,provisions of the ,law for ,insurance against ,sickness ,provide for the ,cure of ,venereal ,disease80 ibid41 #aije1 vol4 iii41 pp4 #ddi-dfc4 #ceh ,albert ,kohn1 8,should ,krankenkassen send ,delegates to ,hygienic ,congresses80 ibid41 #aijf1 vol4 v41 pp4 #aba-acj4 #cei ,rudolf ,lennhoff1 in an address on ,february #h1 #aijg1 to the local group of ,berlin of the ,german ,society for the ,suppression of ,venereal ,diseases on 8,venereal ,diseases and ,social ,legislation10 drew especial attention to the necessity of enrolling in the scheme of insurance against illness wider circles of the impecunious population1 especially the class of domestic servants4 ,servants suffering from venereal disease1 since at the present day they usually preserve secrecy as to their trouble1 in order that they may not lose their place1 constitute a dangerous source of infection for their employers and the latters' children4 ,therefore1 a particularly thorough and speedy treatment of servants suffering from venereal diseases is necessary4 ,it is further necessary to insist that all the employees of the ,krankenkassen should observe the duty of professional secrecy4 ,recently the ,landesversicherungsanstalt 7an insurance institution7 of ,berlin started a dispensary of its own in ,lichtenberg for patients suffering from venereal disease1 in which every year more than #djj patients undergo treatment4 #cfj ,a4 ,blaschko1 8,the ,diffusion of ,venereal ,diseases10 published in ,the ,hygiene of ,prostitution and of ,venereal ,diseases1 pp4 #ai-cf 7,jena1 #aijj74 #cfa 8,diffusion of ,venereal ,diseases in ,prussia1 as well as the ,measures ,necessary in the ,campaign against these ,diseases10 edited by ,a4 ,guttstadt2 ,berlin1 #aija 7,journal of the ,royal ,prussian ,statistical ,bureau74 #cfb ,m4 ,kirchner1 8,the ,social ,importance of ,venereal ,diseases40 #cfc ,cf4 ,chotzen and ,simonson1 8,the ,duty of ,notification and the ,obligation of ,professional ,secrecy on the ,part of ,physicians in the ,case of ,venereal ,diseases10 published in ,the ,journal for the ,suppression of ,venereal ,diseases1 #aijd1 vol4 ii41 pp4 #dcc-dgd2 ,a4 ,neisser1 8,amendment of #cjj of the ,criminal ,code1 and the ,medical ,duty of ,notification1 in ,relation to the ,suppression of ,venereal ,diseases10 op4 cit41 #aije1 vol4 iv41 pp4 #a-bh2 ,bernstein1 8,medical ,professional ,secrecy and ,venereal ,diseases10 ibid41 pp4 #bi-ca2 ,m4 ,flesch1 8,medical ,professional ,secrecy and the ,suppression of ,venereal ,diseases10 ibid41 pp4 #cb-ea2 ,magnus ,mller1 8,the ,duty of ,professional ,secrecy on the ,part of ,physicians1 the ,notification of ,diseases1 and the ,ascertainment of the ,sources of ,infection in the ,case of ,venereal ,diseases10 ibid41 #aijf1 vol4 vi41 pp4 #bda-beh1 #bhc-cja2 ,ludwig ,bendix1 8,professional ,secrecy on the ,part of ,physicians10 ibid41 #aijf1 pp4 #cgb-cgf4 #cfd ,h4 ,loeb1 8,statistics ,relating to ,venereal ,diseases in ,mannheim10 published in ,the ,journal for the ,suppression of ,venereal ,diseases1 vol4 ii41 pp4 #ig1 #ih 7#aijd74 #cfe ,h4 ,berger1 8,prostitution in ,hanover10 pp4 #cg1 #ch 7,berlin1 #aijb74 #cff ,schmlder1 8,the ,state and ,prostitution10 p4 #a 7,berlin1 #aijj74 #cfg ,cf4 ,j4 ,fabry1 8,the ,question of ,inscription under ,police ,surveillance1 with especial ,regard to the ,conditions in ,dortmund10 published in ,the ,journal for the ,suppression of ,venereal ,diseases1 #aijf1 vol4 v41 pp4 #cbe-cdb4 #cfh ,a4 ,neisser1 8,in what ,direction can the ,regulation of ,prostitution be ,reformed80 published in ,the ,journal for the ,suppression of ,venereal ,diseases1 #aijc1 vol4 i41 pp4 #afc-cef4 #cfi ,anna ,pappritz1 8,is the ,present ,method of the ,regulation of ,prostitution ,capable of ,reform1 and in ,what ,manner80 published in ,the ,journal for the ,suppression of ,venereal ,diseases1 #aijc1 vol4 i41 pp4 #cfg-cgb4 #cgj ,clausmann1 8,prostitution1 ,police1 and ,justice10 op4 cit41 #aijf1 vol4 v41 pp4 #bai-bbe4 #cga ,friedrich ,hammer1 8,the ,regulation of ,prostitution10 published in ,the ,journal for the ,suppression of ,venereal ,diseases1 #aijd1 #aije1 vol4 iii41 pp4 #cgc-che1 #dbf-dce4 #cgb ,s4 ,bettmann1 8,the ,medical ,treatment of ,prostitutes0 7,jena1 #aije7--;a thorough study of all the available material4 #cgc ,schmlder1 8,professional ,fornication and ,compulsory ,inscription on the ,list of ,prostitutes0 7,berlin1 #ahid74 #cgd 8,the ,social ,evil1 with ,especial ,reference to ,conditions existing in the ,city of ,new ,york4 ,a ,report prepared under the ,direction of the #8,committee of ,fifteen1'0 pp4 #ia1 #ib 7,new ,york and ,london1 #aijb74 #cge ,a severe criticism of regulation and its consequences is to be found in the excellent dissertation of ,paul ,emile ,morhardt1 8,les ,maladies ,vnriennes et la ,rglementation de la ,prostitution au ,point de ,vue de l',hygine ,sociale0 7,paris1 #aijf74 #cgf ,cf4 the admirable description of soutenage given by ,hans ,ostwald1 8,soutenage in ,berlin0 7,berlin and ,leipzig1 #aije74 #cgg 8,the human being awakens in the prostitute4 ,that is the whole secret and the cause of soutenage40--,h4 ,,ostwald4 #cgh ,the dislike to the brothels of ,paris is confirmed by ,lassar 78,prostitution in ,paris10 ,berliner klinische ,wochenschrift1 #ahib1 ,no4 #e74 #cgi ,j4 ,rutgers 78,sketches from ,holland10 published in ,the ,journal for the ,suppression of ,venereal ,diseases1 #aijf1 vol4 v41 p4 #cde7 has admirably expressed this fact in the following words3 8,the danger of infection is directly proportionable to centralization40 #chj ,anna ,pappritz1 8,what ,protection can ,brothel ,streets ,offer80 published in ,the ,journal for the ,suppression of ,venereal ,diseases1 #aijd1 #aije1 vol4 iii41 pp4 #dag-dbd4 #cha ,stachow1 8,the ,controlled ,streets of ,bremen10 ibid41 #aije1 vol4 iv41 pp4 #gg-hg4 #chb ,fabry1 8,brothels and ,brothel ,streets10 ibid41 #aije1 pp4 #afg-afi 7in favour of 8,kasernierung072 ,wolff1 8,the ,question of ,kasernierung10 ibid41 #aije1 vol4 iv41 pp4 #gc-gf 7in favour of 8,kasernierung072 ,f4 ,block1 8,the ,kasernierung of ,prostitution in ,hanover0 7,hanover1 #aijg74 #chc ,f4 ,zinsser1 8,the ,conditions of ,prostitution in the ,town of ,cologne10 ibid41 #aijf1 vol4 v41 pp4 #bja-bah4 #chd ,e4 von ,dring1 8,the ,brothel ,question10 ibid41 #aije1 pp4 #aaa-abh4 #che ,h4 ,frth1 8,the ,suppression of ,venereal ,diseases and the ,brothel ,question10 ibid41 pp4 #abi-aef4 #chf ,k4 ,ntzel1 8,brothels in ,russia10 ibid41 #aijf1 pp4 #da-ff1 #ha-ajf4 #chg ,m4 ,bruck1 8,good ,morals and the ,brothel ,trade10 ibid41 pp4 #eg-fb4 #chh ,o4 ,lassar1 8,prostitution and ,venereal ,diseases10 published in ,hygienische ,rundschau1 #ahia1 ,no4 #bc4 #chi ,see note at end of chapter4 #cij ,b4 ,marcuse1 8,treatment of ,prostitutes10 published in ,the ,journal for the ,suppression of ,venereal ,diseases1 #aijf1 pp4 #a-h4 #cia ,f4 ,schiller1 8,rescue-,work and the ,suppression of ,prostitution10 ibid41 #aijc1 #aijd1 vol4 ii41 pp4 #bid-cac1 #cda-cdi4 #cib ,ibid41 #aijf1 vol4 iii41 pp4 #ccf-cej4 #cic ,p4 ,kampffmeyer1 8,educational ,work in ,connexion with ,prostitutes10 ibid41 pp4 #cea1 #ceb4 #cid ,e4 ,kromayer1 8,the ,physician and the ,protection of ,motherhood10 published in ,mutterschutz1 #aije1 vol4 iii41 pp4 #cea-ceb4 #cie ,quite recently--,october1 #aijf--the first step in this direction has been taken4 ,the ,chief ,commissioner of the ,berlin ,police addressed to the medical specialists in venereal diseases an inquiry whether they were prepared to treat gratuitously impecunious prostitutes who were not under police control4 ,the girls would then be given a register of these doctors4 ,if they presented themselves for treatment1 no particulars about them would be demanded from the physician4 ,the presentation by the patients to the police of a certificate from a medical man would suffice to exempt them from police control1 and from compulsory examination and treatment at the police department of the section of the town to which they belonged4 ,further details will be arranged later in co-operation with the ,committee of the ,society for the ,suppression of ,venereal ,diseases4 ,in his valuable study1 8,the ,future of ,prostitution10 published in the monthly magazine ,mutterschutz1 ,july1 #aijg1 pp4 #bgd-bhh1 ,havelook ,ellis also takes an extremely optimistic view regarding the gradual and inevitable diminution of prostitution by indirect means--that is to say1 in this way we are elevating ourselves socially and economically to a higher stage of humanity4 ,,chapter ,,xvi ,,states ,,of ,,sexual ,,irritability ,,and ,,sexual ,,weakness 7,auto-erotism1 ,masturbation1 ,sexual ,hypersthesia and ,sexual ,ansthesia1 ,seminal ,emissions1 ,impotence1 and ,sexual ,neurasthenia74 8,the conditions of modern civilization render auto-erotism a phenomenon of increasing social importance40--,,havelock ,,ellis4 ,,contents ,,of ,,chapter ,,xvi ,wide diffusion of auto-erotic phenomena -- ,their significance in relation to civilization -- ,physiological and pathological relations -- ,their diffusion among animals and among primitive peoples -- ,the auto-erotic instrumentarium -- ,causes of auto-erotism and of masturbation -- ,new views regarding the masturbation of sucklings -- ,the sexual tension of puberty -- ,sexual toxins -- ,mechanical stimuli in sexual tension -- ,sedative and anodyne effects of masturbation -- ,seduction as the cause of masturbation -- ,group-masturbation in schools1 etc4 -- ,diseases as causes of masturbation -- ,inheritance of the tendency to masturbation -- ,masturbation in the female sex -- ,its frequency -- ,psychical onanism -- ,sexual day-dreams -- ,erotic correspondence -- ,consequences of masturbation -- ,exaggerated views of former times -- ,analysis of the harmfulness of masturbation -- ,changes of the psyche and of the will -- ,explanation of certain phenomena of our time as due to masturbation -- ,physical consequences of masturbation -- ,local changes in the genital organs -- ,abnormalities in the libido sexualis -- ,treatment and cure of masturbation -- ,clothing -- ,trousers and masturbation -- ,doctor ,bernhard ,faust's book -- ,various medical methods employed in the treatment of masturbation4 ,sexual neurasthenia -- ,its connexion with masturbation -- ,relative independence of its symptoms -- ,abnormal increase of the sexual impulse 7sexual hypersthesia7 -- ,causes -- ,peculiar form of nocturnal increase of the sexual impulse -- ,satyriasis and priapism -- ,nymphomania -- ,causes of ,nymphomania -- ,examples -- ,treatment of sexual hypersthesia -- ,abnormal diminution of the sexual impulse 7sexual ansthesia7 -- ,causes -- ,frequency of sexual frigidity in women -- ,causes -- ,vaginismus -- ,treatment of frigidity in women -- ,frigidity and prostitution -- ,frigidity and marriage -- ,erotomania -- ,seminal emissions -- ,lallemand's distinction between normal and abnormal pollutions -- ,morbid pollutions -- ,diurnal pollutions -- ,abnormalities of the genital organs and of the sensation during pollutions -- ,spermatorrha and prostatorrha -- ,pollutions in women -- ,older and more recent observations -- ,medical treatment of pollutions4 ,impotence -- ,its principal forms -- ,malformations of the genital organs -- ,castration -- ,gonorrhal diseases -- ,azoospermia -- ,smallness and injuries of the penis -- ,incomplete erections -- ,central and peripheral causes of erection -- ,functional impotence -- ,general disorders -- ,deleterious influence of alcohol and tobacco -- ,nervous impotence -- ,the psychical impotence of the wedding night -- ,examples -- ,mental work and potency -- ,the effect of sudden mental impressions -- ,reflective impotence -- ,rousseau's ,venetian adventure -- ,neurasthenic impotence -- ,its forms and symptoms -- ,impotence due to abstinence -- ,senile impotence -- ,treatment of impotence4 ,other phenomena of sexual neurasthenia 7gastric disorders1 etc47 -- ,sexual hypochondria -- ,the treatment of sexual neurasthenia4 ,,chapter ,,xvi ,almost as widely diffused as venereal diseases are the abnormal sexual manifestations to be considered in this chapter under the general title of 8,states of ,sexual ,irritability and ,sexual ,weakness40 ,they arise in part out of the very nature of mankind2 in part they are the external manifestations of a natural impulse1 of an instinctive excitement1 in which form we see them also in other animals2 in part they are connected with man's spiritual nature1 with civilization4 ,we may1 indeed1 say that the duplex nature of man1 his bodily-spiritual dualism1 is most clearly reflected in this phenomenon of his sexuality4 ,in this respect he is wholly human4 ,it is a great service performed by ,havelock ,ellis#cif that he was the first to direct attention to the 8involuntary0 manifestations of the sexual impulse peculiar to mankind1 occurring without relation to the other sex4 ,he gives them the distinctive name of 8auto-erotism10 by which he means 8the phenomenon of spontaneous sexual excitement manifesting itself without any stimulus1 direct or indirect1 supplied by any other person40 ,for the most part1 therefore1 the normal manifestations of art and poetry belong also to the province of auto-erotism1 in so far as they are the result of erotic perception2 and the same is true of all those manifestations which ,i have termed 8sexual equivalents10 all transformations of sexual energy1 such as religio-sexual phenomena1 the transformation of individual love into the general love of mankind1 the stimuli of fashion1 and every powerful activity by means of which sexual tension finds a mode of discharge1 even though this sexual relationship is usually of an unconscious nature1 as in the dance1 in society games1 and other enjoyments4 ,in my essay on 8,the ,perverse10 pp4 #ad1 #ae 7,berlin1 #aije71 ,i have shown that there is no doubt that these sexual equivalents1 taken in their entirety1 have played an extremely important part in the course of the evolution of mankind2 that they represent the natural outlets for feelings of tension and excessive forces of sexual origin2 and that they should not be unnecessarily suppressed1 unless we wish to evoke much worse and far more dangerous variations of their activity--as1 for example1 in the political sphere4 ,appositely1 ,i find in ,friedrich ,nietzsche's 8,posthumous ,works0 7vol4 xii4 of the 8,collected ,works10 p4 #adi2 ,leipzig1 #aija7 an interesting remark bearing on the question3 8,many of our impulses find an outlet in a mechanically powerful activity1 which can be directed by intelligent purpose2 unless this is done1 these manifestations are destructive and harmful4 ,hate1 anger1 the sexual impulse1 etc41 can be set to the machine and taught to do useful work--for example1 to chop wood1 to carry letters1 or to drive the plough4 ,our impulses must be worked out4 ,the life of the learned man more especially demands something of the kind40 ,what a wise and apt remark6 ,our whole civilization is permeated with sexual equivalents of this kind2 the pleasure of life and the joy of existence are based thereon1 however much our puritans and asexual 8morality-fanatics0 may strive against this fact4 ,and it is well that the sexual impulse has been 8civilized10 that there are now so many spontaneous modes of its discharge1 that the sphere of auto-erotism increases pari passu with the growth of civilization4 ,many new1 finer1 and nobler incitations and stimuli stream therefrom into love and life1 upon which they exercise a rejuvenating and strengthening influence4 ,still1 this light throws a shadow1 inasmuch as fantastic and unnatural aberrations of the sexual life are also apt to ensue4 ,auto-erotism 7including its grosser form1 masturbation7 is therefore1 to a certain extent1 a physiological manifestation2 it becomes morbid only in certain conditions--that is to say1 in individuals who are previously morbid4 ,this is1 indeed1 an old medical doctrine1 that there exists a physiological masturbation faute de mieux1 and a morbid masturbation in cases of neurasthenia1 mental disorder1 and other troubles4 ,the same is true of auto-erotism in its entire extent4 ,when ,frbringer describes masturbation as 8an unnatural gratification of the sexual impulse10#cig this is only partly true4 ,there exists a natural1 physiological masturbation1 a normal auto-erotism4 ,metchnikoff shares this view4#cih ,he says3 8,it is man's constitution itself that permits the premature development of sexual sensibility1 before the reproductive elements are mature40 ,the ultimate cause of such auto-erotic manifestations as belong neither to the category of 8vice0 nor to that of 8crime0 is to be found1 he thinks1 in a disharmony in the nature of man in respect of the premature development of sexual sensibility4 ,for this reason we meet with these manifestations just as much among the lowest races of mankind as we do among civilized peoples2 even among animals auto-erotism is a widely diffused phenomenon4 ,this can be observed1 not only among the monkeys 7perhaps already a little civilized7 of our ,zoological ,gardens1 which masturbate freely coram publico1 but it may be seen also in horses1 which shake the penis to and fro until seminal emission occurs2 also in mares1 which rub themselves against any available firm object4 ,we see the same thing in wild deer4 ,even elephants masturbate4 ,among primitive races masturbation is1 perhaps1 even more general than among civilized races4 ,among ,south ,african tribes1 ,gustav ,fritsch reports1 masturbation is actually a popular custom4 ,havelock ,ellis has described the entire auto-erotic instrumentarium1 and it appears from his account that savage races manufacture onanistic stimulatory apparatus for women quite as elaborate as those which are produced by the most highly developed lewd industry of civilized peoples4 ,most frequently articles in everyday use are employed for auto-erotic gratification--as in ,hawaii1 bananas2 in our own part of the world1 cucumbers1 carrots1 and beetroots4 ,further1 in the vagina and bladder have been found pencils1 sticks of sealing-wax1 empty reels1 bodkins1 knitting-needles1 needle-cases1 compasses1 glass stoppers1 candles1 corks1 tumblers1 forks1 toothpicks1 pomade-boxes1 cockchafers1#cii hens' eggs1 and1 with especial frequency1 hairpins4 ,i may allude here1 in passing1 to the fact that ,c4 ,posner refers the discovery of various bodies in the male urethra to other causes than masturbation in some cases4 ,he states that often they have been introduced by other persons than the one in whom they are found1 and is of opinion that the introducer is a man with sadistic tendencies1 and usually homosexual 7see ,c4 ,posner1 8,the ,introduction of ,foreign ,bodies into the ,male ,urethra1 with ,remarks on the ,psychology of such ,cases10 published in ,therapie der ,gegenwart1 ,september1 #aijb74 ,in the year #ahfb masturbation with the aid of hairpins was so widely practised in ,germany that a surgeon invented a special instrument for the removal of hairpins from the female bladder6 ,at the present day this hairpin masturbation is extremely common4#djj ,still more elaborate are artificial imitations of the male penis1 the so-called godemichs 7gaude mihi1 dildoes1 consolateurs1 8bijoux indiscrets10 etc471#dja of which we find representations in ancient ,babylonian sculpture1 in ,egypt1 and in the 8,mimiamben0 of ,herondas#djb 7third century before ,christ72 and since very ancient times they have been in use in ,eastern ,asia1 where the ,spaniards found them in the ,philippines4 ,particularly well known are the wax phalli of the ,balinesian women4 ,in ,europe1 as early as the twelfth century1 ,bishop ,burchard of ,worms condemned the use of artificial penes4 ,their use was especially common at the time of the ,italian renascence2 the technique of their employment became continually more elaborate4 ,the culmination was reached in the eighteenth century ,france4 ,no less a man than ,mirabeau1 the celebrated ,french politician1 in his erotic romance1 8,le ,rideau ,lev1 ou l',education de ,laure10 describes such an artificial phallus1 and ,i append his description in order to enable the reader to represent to himself the extremely elaborate technique that was used in the application of such auto-erotic instruments3 8,the instrument resembled in every respect the natural penis4 ,the only difference consisted in this1 that from the apex to the root it was shaped in transverse waves1 in order to render the rubbing action more powerful4 ,made entirely of silver1 it was covered with a kind of smooth and very hard varnish1 giving it the natural colours4 ,for the rest1 it was very light and thin1 being hollow4 ,through the middle of the hollow interior there passed a round tube1 made also of silver1 and about twice the diameter of a goose-quill1 and within this tube was a piston2 the tube was firmly closed at the other end by means of a screw4 ,this screw was perforated1 and firmly soldered to the base of the head4 ,consequently there was an empty space between the central tube and the outer wall of the instrument4 ,this outer cavity of the godemich was filled with water warmed to blood-heat1 and then closed with a well-fitting cork4 ,the small central tube was filled with a thin1 whitish solution of isinglass 7671 which was previously prepared4 ,the warmth of the water was immediately communicated to the isinglass solution2 and the latter then represented1 as far as was possible1 the human semen40 ,this description dates from the year #aghf6 ,but even to-day apparatus of this kind are advertised in the catalogues of certain traders1 under the title of 8,parisian ,rubber ,articles40 ,whether they really exist ,i do not know1 for ,i have never actually seen anything of the kind4 ,havelock ,ellis assumes that they are still used to-day4 ,in brothels1 prostitutes use at the present time very primitive leathern phalli1 such as were described by ,herondas and ,aristophanes1 for erotic practices and demonstration4 ,in addition to these1 there are numerous other methods of purely peripheral-mechanical masturbation4 ,thus1 the rubbing and movement of the genital organs in bicycle-riding1 horse-riding1 very frequently in working the treadle of a sewing-machine1 and in travelling on the railway1 may give rise to masturbatory stimulation4 ,very commonly in women merely rubbing the thighs against one another is sufficient to induce a sexual orgasm2 whereas men almost always need to have recourse to more powerful manipulation1 such as manual friction 7manustupratio74 ,what are the general physiological factors of auto-erotic phenomena1 more especially of masturbation8 ,in this connexion it is interesting to note that auto-erotism is almost always a precursor of completely developed sexuality1 and manifests itself a long time before puberty2 and may even appear soon after birth1 for the older and more recent medical literature of the subject contains numerous observations of masturbation in sucklings1 not to speak of masturbation in older children4 ,the auto-erotism of sucklings is purely peripheral in its nature1 and depends upon the mechanical stimulation of certain parts of the body1 the first 8erogenic0 zones of man4 ,freud enumerates among the regions of the body by the stimulation of which sexual pleasure is most readily obtained1 the lips of the infant1 which1 in sucking the mother's breast or its substitute1 receive an instinctive perception of pleasure1 in which the stimulation produced by the warm flow of milk also plays a part4 ,this 8ecstatic sucking0 of infants is auto-erotic in character4 ,not infrequently1 while sucking in this voluptuous manner1 the infant simultaneously rubs certain sensitive parts of the body1 such as the breast and the external genital organs4 ,a kind of orgasm occurs1 followed by sleep4 ,freud aptly compares this phenomenon with the fact that in later life sexual gratification is often the best means of inducing sleep4 ,freud also regards the masturbation of sucklings as being within certain limits a physiological phenomenon1 as exhibiting on the part of ,nature an intention 8to establish the future primacy of these erogenic zones for sexual activity40#djc ,with the onset of puberty the auto-erotic instincts are newly stimulated2 new sources of auto-erotism become active1 principally owing to the development of the genital organs and to the evacuation of the reproductive products4 ,various theories have been propounded to explain by what means the sexual tension occurring at puberty is induced1 this sexual tension being regarded as the ultimate cause of the masturbation of sexually mature human beings4 ,the most plausible hypothesis is the chemical theory of sexual tension and sexual excitement1 which was explained in more detail above 7p4 #dg74 ,it may be that1 as ,freud assumes1 a substance generally diffused throughout the organism is destroyed by the stimulation of the erogenic zones1 and that the products of decomposition of this substance give rise to a discharge of sexual energy2 it may be that the reproductive organs themselves produce such chemical substances1 sexual toxins4 ,this assumption is supported by the experimental observation that when in animals the ovaries and all the nerves connected with these organs have been removed1 and consequently the ordinary periodic recurrence of sexual activity is no longer seen1 if now ovarian extract is injected into the body of such animals1 rutting once more occurs4 ,starling introduced the term 8hormone0 to denote these chemical sexual substances4 ,they appear also to play a part in connexion with certain abnormalities and perversions of the sexual impulse--a matter to which we shall return later4 ,r4 ,kossmann also speaks of a 8neuro-chemical0 injury--a kind of intoxication of the nervous system induced by 8retained secretions or excretions of the reproductive organs40#djd ,the same author also advances the neuro-mechanical theory of sexual tension4 ,he understands by this that the purely mechanical distension of the organs belonging to the reproductive apparatus exercises a mechanical stimulus on the genital nerves1 and thus has a reflex action upon the centres of the brain and spinal cord1 which reflex stimulation is allayed by orgasm and ejaculation4 ,haig explains the feeling of relief after masturbation1 and the consequent discharge of sexual tension1 as rather dependent upon the mechanism of the blood-pressure4 ,he remarks3 8,since the sexual act gives rise to a low and falling blood-pressure1 it must necessarily alleviate conditions which are due to high and increasing blood-pressure--for example1 mental depression and ill-humour--and if my observations are correct1 we have here an explanation of the relation between conditions of high blood-pressure with mental and physical depression1 on the one hand1 and masturbatory practices on the other1 for such practices alleviate this condition1 and are readily indulged in for this purpose0 7quoted by ,havelock ,ellis74 ,the statement made to ,dr4 ,garnier by a monk1 thirty-three years of age1 bears out this view3 8,if no nocturnal seminal emissions occur1 the tension of the semen gives rise to general depression1 headache1 and sleeplessness4 ,i admit that sometimes1 in order to obtain relief1 ,i lie upon the abdomen1 and so produce a seminal discharge4 ,i immediately feel freed1 as if a burden had been lifted from me1 and sleep returns0 7ibid41 p4 #bgc74 ,similar motives for masturbation are alleged by many otherwise healthy onanists4 ,they apply1 moreover1 in an equal degree to the normal1 not excessive1 sexual intercourse of ordinary human beings4 ,persons belonging to the most diverse classes of society--men of letters1 shopmen1 labourers1 etc4--of whom ,i have inquired regarding the effect of seminal emissions1 whether produced by masturbation or by coitus1 have unanimously agreed in describing to me this sense of 8freeing0 from a burden1 from pressure1 from harmful substances accumulated in the body--a sense of mental energy and creative power after such discharges of sexual tension not exceeding normal limits4 ,the frequency of these discharges varies in different individuals2 in one the intervals were short1 in another they were long4 ,this point has a very important bearing upon the 8question of sexual abstinence10 and we shall return to it in the discussion of that topic4 ,masturbation is often the means for inducing sleep and repose2 it dulls nervous sensibility1 and connected with this is the fact that pain is often allayed by masturbation4 ,here ,i may refer once more to the previously quoted 7p4 #dd7 view of a talented young alienist1 ,edmund ,forster1 that1 in association with sexual tension1 there occurs an increased stimulation of the pain-perceiving nerves of the genital organs4 ,it is conceivable that sexual tension1 especially if it depends upon chemical causes1 also increases pains arising from other areas of the body1 and that the discharge of sexual tension would thus alleviate or completely allay these pains4 ,coe reports 7,american ,journal of ,obstetrics1 #ahhi1 p4 #gff7 the case of a woman who was accustomed by masturbation to obtain immediate relief of intense menstrual ovarian pains4 ,it is very remarkable that these pains were accompanied by a powerful sexual impulse1 which ceased when the pain ceased1 and did not return during the intermenstrual period4 ,here we have a striking testimony of the accuracy of ,forster's view4 ,the phrenologist ,gall was aware of the manner in which masturbation relieves pain4 ,in addition to these more natural causes of masturbation1 which in themselves suffice to explain the wide diffusion of the practice1 we have also to consider masturbation dependent upon seduction and upon morbid states4 ,to seduction must be referred all the phenomena of group-masturbation 7masturbation on the large scale7 in schools1#dje training-ships1 barracks1 factories 7especially in this case as regards female employees671 prisons1 etc4 ,one leads another astray1 and masturbation is diffused like an epidemic disease2 the individuals are subjected to the influence of the suggestion of the crowd1 which they are unable to resist4 ,thomalla describes boarding-schools in which masturbation was practised for a wager1 and that boy won the prize in whom seminal emission first occurred6 ,he further speaks of a school club in which obscene readings were held1 and in which by means of forbidden pictures the boys were sexually excited until erection occurred1 then followed general masturbation1 also accompanied by wagers4 ,this group-masturbation is the best proof of the fact that those who masturbate are not simply individuals with an inherited morbid predisposition2 for nothing is easier to suggest than masturbation4 ,havelock ,ellis#djf reports the following case of an unmarried healthy young woman1 thirty-one years of age1 which throws a strong light on this suggested manifestation3 8,when ,i was about twenty-six years of age1 a female friend informed me that she had masturbated already for several years1 and was so much enslaved by the habit that she suffered seriously from its ill-effects4 ,i listened to her account with sympathy and interest1 but felt rather sceptical1 and ,i resolved to make the attempt on myself1 with the intention of understanding the matter better1 so that ,i might be able to help my friend4 ,with a little trouble ,i succeeded in awakening what had hitherto slumbered in me unknown4 ,i intentionally allowed the habit to become stronger1 and one night--for ,i usually did it just before going to sleep1 never in the morning--,i really experienced an extremely agreeable sensation4 ,but the next morning my conscience was aroused1 and ,i felt pains also in the back of the head and along the spine4 ,for a time ,i discontinued the habit1 but later began it again1 masturbating with considerable regularity once a month1 a few days after each menstruation4444 ,the habit overcame me with alarming rapidity1 and ,i soon became more or less its slave4444 ,in conclusion1 ,i must say that masturbation has proved to me one of the blind chances in my life's history1 out of which ,i have derived many valuable experiences40 ,frequently local morbid changes in or near the genital organs lead to the practice of masturbation1 such as skin troubles1 intestinal worms1 phimosis1 inflammatory states of the penis or near the entrance of the vagina1 prurigo and other itching affections of the penis1 constipation1 urinary anomalies1 etc4 ,further1 mental disorders1 epilepsy1 and degenerative nerve troubles1 are frequent causes of masturbation4 ,masturbation has been observed after epileptic paroxysms in patients who at other times never masturbate4 ,there is no doubt that neurasthenia powerfully predisposes to masturbation4 ,excessive masturbation is almost always the consequence1 not the cause1 of associated neurasthenia2 it is 8the manifestation of a disease in course of development or of a permanently existing degenerative predisposition40#djg ,to these cases of invincible1 habitual1 excessive masturbation ,oppenheim's view applies--that the disposition to onanism is often inherited4 ,a characteristic instance of this is offered by an observation of ,block's 7,havelock ,ellis1 op4 cit41 p4 #bdj7 in the case of a little girl1 who began to masturbate at the early age of two years1 and had probably inherited this tendency from her mother and grandmother1 for they had both masturbated throughout life1 whilst the grandmother had actually died in an asylum of 8masturbatory insanity40 ,in the majority of cases in which masturbation makes its first appearance in sucklings we have to do with such an inheritance4 ,in many cases the peculiar oscillatory movements of sucklings may merely be the expression of the sense of general comfort1 as ,frbringer believes1 and may have nothing to do with actual masturbation2 but1 on the other hand1 it cannot be denied that veritable masturbation may be observed in the first and second years of life4 ,havelock ,ellis1 ,j4 ,p4 ,west1 and ,louis ,mayer have reported such cases4 ,in children somewhat older than this--from three years upwards--seduction and suggestion certainly play a great part4 ,the author of 8,splitter0 was told by a professor that1 when visiting an institution for small children in ,st4 ,gallen1 he saw a girl about three years of age who was making suspicious movements4 ,the matron1 whose attention was called to the matter1 said that almost all babies were already infected when they first came to the institution 78,splitter10 p4 #cge74 ,another disputed question relates to the diffusion of masturbation in the female sex4 ,is the practice commoner or less common among women than among men8 ,metchnikoff#djh is of opinion that in girls it is much less common than in boys1 because sexual excitability generally develops much later in the female sex4 ,female monkeys masturbate only in exceptional cases1 whereas in male monkeys masturbation is very common4 ,the circumstance which ,metchnikoff adduces in further support of his view of the rarity of masturbation in women--that1 namely1 most girls are enlightened regarding sexual sensibility only after marriage--proves very little1 because the sensations aroused in woman by masturbation are of a very different nature from those produced by coitus1 and coitus often first makes them acquainted with entirely new sensations4 ,tissot regards masturbation as commoner in women than in men2 ,deslandes believed that there was no difference between the sexes4 ,lawson ,tait1 ,spitzka1 and ,dana1 inclined rather to ,metchnikoff's view as to the greater rarity of the practice among women4 ,albert ,eulenburg considers masturbation 8not quite so common among young women as among young men10 but still 8far more common than parents1 teachers1 and the laity of both sexes as a rule imagine40#dji ,havelock ,ellis considers that after puberty masturbation is commoner in women because men can then much more readily obtain gratification in a normal manner by means of intercourse with the other sex4 ,otto ,adler estimates the frequency of masturbation to be very great1 because he regards it as the principal cause of deficient sexual sensibility in women1 which latter condition he also believes to be extremely common1 although he does not go so far as to accept ,rohleder's enormous proportion of #ie masturbators in every #ajj women 7674#daj ,l4 ,lwenfeld1 who characterizes ,rohleder's and ,berger's 7#ii 7 estimates as exaggerations1 considers that the frequency of masturbation in women is not so great as in men4#daa ,in reality1 masturbation1 given similar circumstances and causes1 is probably diffused to an approximately equal extent among both sexes4 ,but this relates only to peripheral-mechanical masturbation2 from this 8psychical onanism0 has rightly been separated--that form of masturbation in which1 simply by ideas1 without the assistance of manual stimulation of the genital organs1 sexual excitement is caused and the orgasm is induced4 ,psychical onanism1 of which ,eduard ,reich#dab remarked that our own time nourishes it to the fullest possible extent1 develops in the majority of cases out of masturbation proper4 ,in this form the imagination is tasked with representing all the factors of normal sexual gratification4 ,the simple physical act suffices only in the first beginnings of this vice4 ,every practised onanist understands that he must soon call his imagination to his aid in order to produce sexual gratification1 and that ultimately ideas alone dominate the entire libido1 and the orgasm often enough terminates an act which in every respect has throughout remained purely ideal4 8,so great is the power of imagination10 remarks the experienced ,rouband1 8that quite alone1 without the assistance of physical stimulation1 it can produce the venereal orgasm1 with ejaculation of the semen1 as happened to one of my fellow-students every time he thought of his beloved40#dac ,hammond even knew an actual sect of such 8onanists by means of simple ideal unchastity10 who formed a sort of club or society1 and who were known to one another by certain signs4#dad ,a patient related to him that in his thoughts of women whom he met1 or those who were sitting opposite to him in the railway-carriage1 he was accustomed to undress them in imagination2 he then would represent to himself very plainly their genital organs1 and during this representation he experienced very active voluptuous sensations1 culminating in ejaculation4 ,lwenfeld has also observed several such cases4 ,eulenburg speaks of an 8ideal cohabitation40 ,the ideas are usually of a lascivious nature1 but this is not always the case4 ,von ,schrenck-,notzing reports the case of a lady twenty years of age in whom the simple idea of men1 but also agreeable sensory perceptions1 such as theatrical scenes1 or musical impressions1 or beautiful pictures1 gave rise to the sexual orgasm4#dae ,allied with psychical onanism is the brooding over sexual ideas--the delectatio morosa of the theologians--and erotic excitement associated with dream-imaginations1 or 8sexual day-dreams0 7,havelock ,ellis74 ,this is the spinning out of a continuous erotic history with any hero or any heroine1 which is carried on from day to day4 ,most commonly this occurs in bed before going to sleep4 ,sexual activities form the material of these histories4 ,we often find carefully worked out and more or less erotic day-dreams in young men1 and especially in young women1 frequently containing perverse elements4 ,this dreaming1 according to ,havelock ,ellis1 does not necessarily lead to masturbation1 although it often induces seminal discharges4 ,it occurs both in healthy and in abnormal persons1 especially in imaginative individuals4 ,rousseau experienced such erotic day-dreams4 ,the ,american author ,garland1 in his novel1 8,rose of ,dutcher's ,coolly10 has admirably described the part played by a circus-rider in the erotic day-dreams of a normal healthy girl during the period of puberty4#daf ,in close relationship with these psychical-onanistic day-dreams there stands another phenomenon1 to which1 as far as ,i know1 ,i was the first to refer1 which ,i have denoted by the term erotographomania4#dag ,there are numerous men and women who induce their lovers--male or female1 as the case may be--prostitutes1 masseuses1 etc41 to write to them letters with a sexually stimulating content2 or also1 as very frequently occurs1 they themselves write such letters1 containing numerous obscenities4 ,such correspondence1 filled with ardent erotism1 seems recently to have made its appearance as a peculiar refinement of sexuality2 this also has the effect of a kind of psychical onanism4 ,the interchange of obscene letters of this character recently played a part in the trial of two homosexual individuals in ,east ,prussia4 ,there exists1 also1 a comparatively blameless1 more or less physiological1 erotographomania of the time of puberty1 in which most passionate letters are written to imaginary lovers1 and the still obscure sexual impulse finds a satisfaction in these erotic imaginations4 ,after this brief account of the various forms and varieties of masturbation1 we now turn to consider the consequences of the practice4 ,in the course of time there has been a remarkable change of views in respect of this matter4 ,the true founder of the scientific literature of masturbation1 ,tissot1 in his celebrated monograph 78,masturbation2 or1 the ,treatment of the ,diseases that result from ,self-,abuse02 ,st4 ,petersburg1 #aggd71 regarded masturbation as the evil of all evils1 and deduced from it all possible severe troubles4 ,his book bears as motto the verse by ,von ,canitz3 8,wenn schnde ,wollust dich erfllt1 ,so werde durch ein ,schreckensbild ,verdorrter ,totenknochen ,der ,kitzel unterbrochen40 8,when base lust fills thy thoughts1 ,let a horrible picture rise before thy mind ,of withered dead men's bones1 ,so let the sensual stimulation be driven away40 ,it is dominated by a thoroughgoing pessimism4 ,in this view he is followed by ,voltaire1 in his 8,dictionnaire ,philosophique10 and by the authors of the first seventy years of the nineteenth century4 ,such gloomy views are expressed1 above all1 by ,lallemand1 in his celebrated book upon involuntary losses of semen2 but they are shared by ,german physicians also1 as1 for example1 ,b4 ,hermann ,leitner1 in his treatise1 8,de ,masturbatione0 7,buda-,pesth1 #ahdd71 and in the preface to his book we read3 8,the writers who speak of the terrible results of self-abuse do not exaggerate2 on the contrary1 their picture is not sufficiently gloomy40#dah ,modern medical science has1 however1 reduced these exaggerations to a reasonable measure4 ,for this we have1 above all1 to thank ,w4 ,erb and ,frbringer4 ,the old belief in the enormous dangers and the eminent injuriousness of masturbation1 still remains as a bugbear in certain popular writings1 some of which have been published in hundreds of editions4 ,who has not heard of the 8,selbstbewahrung0 78,self-,abuse07 of ,retaus1#dai the prototype of this dangerous literature1 which must be regarded as the principal source of sexual hypochondria2 frequently1 also1 it induces direct sexual stimulation1 because it does indeed describe the devil1 but describes also voluptuousness6 ,at the present day all experienced physicians who have been occupied in the study of masturbation and its consequences hold the view that moderate masturbation in healthy persons1 without morbid inheritance1 has no bad results at all4 ,it is only excess that does harm2 but even excess in healthy persons does less harm than in those with inherited morbid predisposition4 ,i may express the matter in this way3 it is not masturbation 7,ger4 ,onanie7 that is harmful1 but 8onanism0 7,ger4 ,onanismus7--that is to say1 the habitual and excessive practice of masturbation1 continued for a number of years1 which certainly has an injurious influence on health4 ,the boundary line at which the harmless masturbation 7,onanie7 ceases and the injurious onanism 7,onanismus7 begins cannot generally be defined4 ,the difference between individuals makes their reactions in this respect very different4 ,for example1 ,curschmann reports the case of a talented and brilliant author who1 notwithstanding the fact that he had masturbated to excess for eleven years1 remained physically and mentally vigorous1 and pursued his literary labours with notable success4 ,frbringer reports a similar case in a ,university lecturer4 ,the following case1 which came under my own observation1 shows that even excessive masturbation need not impair health and working powers4 ,a man of letters1 forty years of age1 probably misled by a nursemaid in the first instance1 had masturbated without intermission since the age of five1 and since puberty had done so several times a day 7three to ten times71 without any interference with his powers for work4 ,he is a big1 powerful1 healthy man1 of a really imposing appearance4 ,no one would suspect him to be a habitual masturbator4 ,that from the masturbation 7,ger4 ,onanie7 of childhood and youth there developed a condition of formal onanism 7,ger4 ,onanismus7 in the adult is in this case principally to be ascribed to the continued abuse of alcohol4 ,the patient drinks daily twelve to fourteen glasses of ,munich beer4 ,he is also a heavy smoker4 ,no evidence of inherited predisposition to masturbation can be obtained4 ,for the patient the female sex exists only in the imagination2 he has very rarely had sexual intercourse1 and avoids ladies' society1 although he has good fortune with women4 ,it is the same with masturbation as it is with sexual intercourse3 the effects vary according to the individual4 ,recently masturbation and coitus have been compared in this respect4 ,sir ,james ,paget in his lecture on 8,sexual ,hypochondriasis0 says3 8,masturbation does neither more nor less harm than sexual intercourse practised with the same frequency in the same conditions of general health and age and circumstance40 ,erb and ,curschmann go even further2 for they consider that masturbation has less influence on the nervous system than coitus4 ,in reality1 however1 masturbation is almost always more harmful than coitus4 ,the reasons for this are obvious4 ,in the first place1 masturbation is begun much earlier1 generally at an age when the body has not yet developed any marked capacity for resistance4 ,masturbation in childhood is1 therefore1 especially harmful4#dbj ,lwenfeld 7op4 cit41 p4 #abg7 is of opinion that self-abuse begun before virility is attained more readily gives rise to weakness of the nervous system than masturbation begun later in life4 ,in neuropathic children he saw several times1 as a consequence of masturbation1 well-marked general nervousness1 paroxysms of anxiety1 sleeplessness1 and arrest of mental development4 ,in the second place1 masturbation is more dangerous than coitus in this way--that it can be carried out much more frequently1 on account of the more frequent opportunities1 so that masturbation four1 five1 or even more1 times in a single day is by no means rare4 ,in the third place1 the spiritual influence of masturbation is much more harmful than that of normal coitus4 ,the 8solitary0 vice influences the psyche and the character in the mere child4 ,the youthful masturbator seeks solitude1 becomes shy of human beings1 reserved1 morose1 unhappy1 hypochondriacal4 ,in the adult the sense of the debasing character and of the sinfulness of masturbation is much more lively2 self-confidence departs2 the masturbator regards himself as absolutely 8enslaved0 by his vice1 the eternal struggle against the ever-recurring impulse gives rise more to mental depression than to actual physical harm4 ,from this there results a whole series of diseases of the will1 for by masturbation much less harm is done to the intellect than to the vital energy1 the capacity for spiritual and physical activity4 ,the cold1 blas manner of many young men1 who seem never to have known the natural youthful joy of life1 the whole 8demi-virginity0 of modern young girls--all these are without doubt dependent upon masturbation and upon psychical onanism4 ,the egoism of the onanist in the sexual relationship increases his egoism in other respects1 gives rise to cold-heartedness1 and blunts the more delicate ethical perceptions4 ,the campaign against masturbation as a group manifestation is eminently a social campaign for altruism2 it insists that young people should take their share in all questions relating to the common good4 ,peculiar extravagances and unnatural characteristics in art and literature may also be partly attributed to masturbation4 ,many works clearly bear its imprints4 ,thus ,havelock ,ellis rightly refers in this connexion to the peculiar melancholy in ,gogol's stories1 for ,gogol masturbated to great excess4 ,it would be possible to mention also certain writings of our own time which inevitably give rise to such a suspicion4 ,the reader will do well to consult the interesting discussion of masturbation from the philosophical standpoint by ,schopenhauer 78,neue ,paralipomena10 ed4 ,grisebach1 pp4 #bbf1 #bbg74 ,the physical consequences of immoderate and habitual masturbation may also be really serious4 ,the eye especially suffers manifold injuries1 as has been proved by the investigations of ,hermann ,cohn4 ,irritable states of the conjunctiva1 spasms of the eyelids1 weakness of accommodation1 subjective sensations of light1 and photophobia1 may result from masturbation4 ,the heart also is sympathetically affected4 ,krehl even speaks of 8masturbator's heart0 as a consequence of the long-lasting nervous hyperexcitability1 which injures the heart and the vessels1 and is manifested by irregularity of the pulse and by sensations of pressure and pain in the cardiac region1 by palpitation1 etc4 ,discontinuance of the habit leads to an immediate disappearance of all these alarming symptoms4 ,very important is also the causal connexion between masturbation and nervous or mental disorders4 ,here1 however1 as ,aschaffenburg has recently insisted1 we must distinguish clearly between masturbation resulting from previously existing nervo-psychical troubles1 in which a vicious circle develops--for here the masturbation is partly the consequence of the original trouble1 partly the cause of an aggravation of this trouble--and the effects of onanism on the healthy central nervous system4 ,here ,aschaffenburg is in agreement with the views of those who consider these effects are less serious than earlier writers were accustomed to assume4 ,aschaffenburg also recognizes that the most harmful effect is to be found in the psychical influence of masturbation1 in the continuous1 but ever-vain1 contest against the habit4 ,this is the source of the majority of the hypochondriacal and other troubles4 ,he often succeeded1 by the discovery of this psychical mode of origin1 in putting an end to a number of morbid manifestations4 ,as soon as the patient becomes aware that these have a purely mental cause1 he at once feels himself freed from them4 ,that masturbation is never a direct cause of mental disorder is now generally recognized by alienists4#dba ,at the most1 masturbation is no more than a favouring element in the production of such disorder4 8,masturbatory insanity0 occurs only in those with marked hereditary predisposition1 and who already have been extremely neurasthenic4#dbb ,but masturbation can unquestionably give rise to purely local changes in the genital organs1 such as inflammatory states of the prostate gland1 spermatorrha1 and prostatorrha2 in women fluor albus1 excessively painful menstruation1 and other disturbances of the menstrual function1 and in connexion with these phenomena there may appear the morbid picture of 8sexual neurasthenia10 which we have soon to describe4 ,a very serious result of onanism 7not of ,onanie7 is the disinclination to normal sexual intercourse to which the habit gives rise1 and the production of sexual perversions4 ,the former is more marked in the female sex1 the latter more in the male sex4 ,masturbation is the principal cause of sexual frigidity in women and of a disinclination to normal intercourse4 ,undoubtedly psychical influences here play the principal part2 but also a certain blunting of the sensations of the genital organs by means of excessive masturbatory stimulation4 ,they are no longer susceptible to the normal stimulatory influence of coitus4 ,moreover1 masturbation is often effected by stimulation applied to some definite portion of the female reproductive organs1 most frequently to the clitoris or the labia2 and these parts in such cases are not sufficiently stimulated by coitus4 ,in the male the especially sensitive portions of the penis are stimulated alike by masturbation and in coitus1 for which reason man1 notwithstanding the practice of masturbation1 is much more readily able to obtain sexual gratification in the course of ordinary sexual intercourse4 ,notwithstanding this1 there are also certain peculiar methods of masturbation in the male1 the effect of which is not attained by coitus4 ,in such cases men also may fail to induce the sexual orgasm by ordinary intercourse4 ,the close relationship of masturbation to sexual perversions is obvious4 ,the more frequently the onanistic act is repeated1 the more the normal sensibility is blunted1 the stronger and more peculiar are the stimuli1 which must be of a nature diverging from the ordinary1 demanded in order to induce a sexual orgasm4 ,the content of the lascivious ideas must be varied more and more frequently1 and soon passes entirely into the sphere of the perverse4 ,gradually these perverse sexual ideas become more firmly rooted1 and ultimately develop into complete sexual perversions4 ,a classical example of this is the case reported by ,tardieu#dbc of a man who was in the habit of masturbating seven or eight times every day1 and ultimately inflamed his imagination to the point of representing the act of intercourse with female corpses4 ,at length he passed to the practical carrying out of this horrible idea1 which had now assumed definite sadistic characters4 ,he arranged to obtain a view of opened female bodies1 killed dogs1 dug up human corpses--all in order thereby to provide satisfaction for his imagination1 which had been disordered in consequence of masturbation1 and thus to obtain sexual gratification4 ,in the etiology of pseudo-homosexuality masturbation unquestionably plays a part--a fact to which ,havelock ,ellis has drawn attention4#dbd ,the ,mexican 8mujerados0 are trained for pderasty by means of masturbation repeated several times daily4 ,ideas of bestial intercourse may even be aroused by masturbation4 ,von ,schrenck-,notzing#dbe reports the case of a woman who had masturbated for thirty years1 and ultimately came to represent to herself in imagination that she was having intercourse with a stallion4 ,the prospects of the satisfactory treatment and cure of masturbation are unquestionably greater in the case of children4 ,to attain perfect success1 parents1 teachers1 and physicians must co-operate4 ,above all1 it is necessary to relieve any local and general morbid conditions favouring the practice of masturbation4 ,the diet should be light and unstimulating1 the clothing and bedding light and cool4 ,in the year #agia the body physician of the ,schaumburg-,lippe family1 ,dr4 ,bernhard ,christian ,faust1 published a remarkable work under the title 8,how to ,regulate the ,human ,sexual ,impulse10 with a preface by the celebrated pedagogue ,j4 ,h4 ,campe 7,brunswick1 #agia74 ,in this book he maintained the thesis that the principal cause of masturbation in boys was the wearing of breeches4 ,according to him1 the wrapping up of children in swaddling clothes causes premature stimulation of the sexual organs4 ,later1 in consequence of wearing breeches1 there is produced 8a great and damp warmth1 which is especially marked in the region of the sexual organs1 where the shirt falls into folds0 7p4 #df74 ,also1 the boy1 8when he wishes to pass water1 must take his little penis out of his breeches4 ,at first1 and for a long time after he begins to wear them1 the little boy cannot manage this himself2 other children1 maids1 and menservants1 help him1 and pull and play with his sexual parts4 ,by this handling1 pulling1 and playing1 which he himself does1 or which others do for him1 with his sexual organs1 the boy is led 7also the girl1 who very often assists1 and whom the blameless boy1 out of gratitude1 wishes to help in return7 into constant acquaintanceship with parts which he would otherwise have regarded as sacred1 unclean1 and shameful4 ,the child becomes accustomed to play with his sexual organs1 and occasional masturbation develops into habitual self-abuse1 all brought about by wearing breeches0 7p4 #de74 ,to prevent all this1 he suggested that boys from nine to fourteen years of age should wear clothing resembling rather that of girls4 ,then these children would be 8according to ,nature1 children1 and would ripen late2 and the human sexual impulse would come under control1 and mankind would be better and happier0 7p4 #bag74 ,although the far-reaching and systematic development of this thesis appears ludicrous1 still1 there is an element of truth in it1 and unsuitably tight and warm clothing certainly favours the tendency to masturbation4 ,according to the suggestion of ,ultzmann1 in the case of nursing infants and of small children1 the hands may be confined in little bags or tied to the side of the bed4 ,the methods of the older physicians1 who appeared before the child armed with great knives and scissors1 and threatened a painful operation1 or even to cut off the genital organs1 may often be found useful1 and may effect a radical cure4 ,the actual carrying out of small operations is also sometimes helpful4 ,frbringer cured a young fellow in whom no instruction and no punishment had proved effective1 by simply cutting off the anterior part of his foreskin with jagged scissors4 ,in the case of a young lady who often in company indulged her passionate impulse towards masturbation1 he brought about a cure by repeated cauterization of the vulva4 ,other physicians perforate the foreskin and introduce a ring4 ,cages have even been provided for the genital organs to prevent masturbation1 the key being kept by the father 7674 ,enveloping the penis in bandages without any opening has also been tried4 ,corporal punishment sometimes has a good effect4 ,of the greatest value is continuous care1 to safeguard the children against seduction4 8,parents1 protect your children from servants10 exclaimed ,rtif de la ,bretonne4 ,valuable also are earnest warnings and explanations1 increase of energy and force of will 7by sports and games1 and by work in the garden1 and by the setting of tasks which stimulate ambition74 ,climatic cures and hydro-therapeutic methods are also valuable means in the treatment of masturbation4 ,the same measures may be employed in the treatment of masturbation in adults4 ,in their case1 however1 psycho-therapeutics plays the principal part4 ,in many cases here also local cauterization of the urethra and massage of the prostate may bring about a cure4 ,utterly perverse would it be to introduce youthful onanists to actual sexual intercourse1 after the manner of the ,parisian 8soup-merchants10 as the common speech names them1 who1 in order to cure their youthful scholars of masturbation1 take them into brothels4#dbf 99 99 99 99 99 ,masturbation is intimately connected with irritable nervous weakness1 or 8neurasthenia10 this typical disease of civilization1 and more especially with the genital form of the disease1 8sexual neurasthenia40 ,in an analysis of #ccc cases of neurasthenia ,collins and ,philipp found that #abc cases--that is1 more than one-third--resulted from overwork or from masturbation4#dbg ,freud1 von ,krafft-,ebing1 ,savill1 ,gattel1 and ,rohleder see in masturbation the true cause of neurasthenia4 ,frbringer1 ,lwenfeld1 and ,eulenburg are of opinion that other injuries must also come into play in order to produce the typical picture of sexual neurasthenia4 ,it is certain that very frequently the order of causation is reversed1 neurasthenia being the primary and masturbation the secondary disorder4 ,masturbation is then only a symptom of sexual neurasthenia4 ,the same duplex mode of consideration may also be applied to the other morbid phenomena of which the clinical picture of sexual neurasthenia is composed4 ,every one of these symptoms of irritable weakness1 the excessive sexual excitability1 the deficient sexual sensibility1 the seminal discharges1 and the impotence1 can1 like masturbation1 exhibit a certain independence1 can be induced by various causes1 and may lead to sexual neurasthenia2 it may be1 on the other hand1 that they first developed in the soil of sexual neurasthenia4 ,it is often impossible to determine the true beginning of the vicious circle4 ,it therefore appears to be more practical to describe the morbid picture of sexual neurasthenia 7which we owe to ,beard7#dbh according to its individual symptoms1 as is done also by ,a4 ,eulenburg#dbi in an admirable essay1 and by ,l4 ,lwenfeld in his well-known work on 8,the ,sexual ,life and ,nervous ,disorders40 ,the abnormal increase in the sexual impulse 7sexual hypersthesia1 satyriasis1 nymphomania7 begins at the point at which the normal sexual impulse is exceeded2 and that point is subject to wide individual variations1 according to the age1 race1 habits1 and external influences4 ,the normal sexual impulse can also be temporarily increased by special circumstances--as1 for example1 by prolonged sexual abstinence1 and by various kinds of erotic stimulation1 without our being justified in speaking of 8hypersthesia40 ,this is always an abnormal condition1 which may be referred to various causes4 ,it is more frequent in men 78satyriasis07 than in women 78nymphomania072 it may be permanent or periodic2 it almost always arises from lascivious ideas1 and1 according to its cause1 is accompanied by a greater or less diminution of responsibility1 or even by complete lack of responsibility4 ,the readiness with which sexual ideas give rise to an abnormally increased desire and to reaction on the part of the genital apparatus is characteristic of sexual hypersthesia2 and this may attain such a degree that the man 7or woman7 may really be 8sexually insane10 and1 like the wild animals1 rush at the first creature he meets of the opposite sex in order to gratify his lust2 or he may be overpowered by some abnormal variety of the sexual impulse1 so that he seizes in sexual embrace any other living or lifeless object1 and in this state may perform acts of pderasty1 bestiality1 violation of children1 etc4 ,in these most severe cases we can always demonstrate the existence of mental disorder1 general paralysis1 mania1 or periodical insanity1 and very often of epilepsy 7,lombroso71 as a cause4 ,in a more chronic and milder form1 sexual hypersthesia is observed after excessive masturbation1 often also in association with a congenitally neuropathic constitution4 ,lwenfeld describes a peculiar form of nocturnal sexual hypersthesia occurring in married men1 especially men in the forties or fifties1 who for various reasons are compelled to abstain from conjugal intercourse1 and who live continently4 ,in the daytime these patients were free from their trouble2 it appeared only at night4 ,soon1 or some hours after going to sleep1 a violent1 painful1 enduring erection of the penis 7priapism7 set in1 which disturbed their sleep1 and left them in the morning with a feeling of enervation4 ,in such a case obviously there is a hyperexcitability of the genital erection centre4 ,the erection results as a reflex effect of stimuli proceeding from the genital organs1 but manifests itself only when1 during sleep1 the inhibitions proceeding from the brain are in abeyance4 ,this nocturnal priapism may1 according to ,lwenfeld's observations1 last for years4#dcj ,sexual hypersthesia in women1 or 8nymphomania10 is1 in its slighter forms1 also in most cases a consequence of excessive masturbation4 ,such women do not so much exhibit a more powerful inclination towards sexual intercourse1 which1 on the contrary1 is incompetent to satisfy their abnormal and perverse sexual excitability4 ,we rather see in them an impulsion to obtain new sensations in their sexual organs in any possible way4 ,these are the women who1 for example1 consult the gyncologist as often as possible1 because examination with the speculum or other manipulations induce in them sexual excitement4 ,during the climacteric--the time when menstruation ceases--such states are also met with4 ,nymphomania proper always develops upon the foundation of severe neurasthenia and hysteria1 or of direct brain and mental disorder4 ,then is produced the type of the 8man-mad0 woman1 as described by ,juvenal in the person of the ,empress ,messalina1 who in the brothel gave herself to all comers1 without obtaining complete satisfaction of her sexual desire4 ,such types exist also at the present day4 ,thus1 the brothers de ,goncourt in their ,diary reported the case of an old housekeeper who for several decades indulged in the most lascivious love orgies1 had innumerable lovers1 and a 8secret life full of nocturnal orgies in strange beds1 full of nymphomaniac lusts40#dca ,there recently lived in ,charlottenburg the wife of a workman1 well known on account of her incredible sexual ardour and man-mania4 ,her husband1 a professional stabber1 was imprisoned for life4 ,his wife often gave herself in a single day to four or five different men2 every male creature that approached her she asked to perform the sexual act with her4--,the following almost incredible case of this nature is reported by ,trlat3 ,madame ,v41 of a strong constitution1 agreeable exterior1 good-natured manner1 but very reserved1 came under the care of ,trlat on ,january #a1 #ahed4 ,notwithstanding the fact that she was sixty years of age1 she still worked very diligently1 and hardly spared herself time for meals4 ,nothing in her outward appearance or in her actions indicated during her stay in the asylum that she was in any way affected with mental disorder4 ,during the four years not a single obscene word1 not a gesture1 not the slightest passionate movement1 indicated anger or impatience4 ,since her earliest years she has pursued handsome men and given herself to them4 ,when a young girl1 by this degrading conduct she reduced her parents to despair4 ,of an amiable character1 she blushed when anyone spoke a word to her4 ,she cast her eyes down when in the presence of several persons2 but as soon as she was alone with a young or old man1 or even with a child1 she was immediately transformed2 she lifted her petticoats1 and attacked with a raging energy him who was the object of her insane love4 ,in such moments she was a ,messalina1 whereas a few instants before one would have regarded her as a virgin4 ,a few times she met with resistance1 and received severe moral lectures1 but far more often there was no obstacle to her desires4 ,although various distressing adventures occurred1 her parents arranged for her marriage1 in the hope thereby to put an end to the moral disturbance4 ,but her marriage was only a new scandal4 ,she loved her husband passionately2 and she loved with the like passion every man with whom she happened to be alone2 and she exhibited so much cunning and cleverness that she made a mock of any attempts at watching her1 and often attained her end4 ,now it was a manual worker busy at his trade1 now some one walking past her in the street1 to whom she spoke1 and whom she brought home with her on any possible excuse--a young man1 a servant1 a child returning from school6 ,in her exterior she appeared so blameless1 and she spoke so gently1 that every one followed her without mistrust4 ,more than once she was beaten or robbed2 but this did not prevent her continuing the same way of life4 ,even when she had become a grandmother there was no change4 ,one day she enticed a boy1 twelve years of age1 into her house1 having told him that his mother was coming to see her4 ,she gave him sweets1 embraced and kissed him1 and as she then began to take off his clothes and approached him with obscene gestures1 the boy strove to resist her4 ,he struck her1 and he related everything to his brother1 twenty-four years of age4 ,the brother entered the house pointed out by the boy1 and abused the corrupt woman to the uttermost1 saying3 8,in such circumstances one helps oneself1 without having recourse to law1 in order not to bring one's name into disrepute by public proceedings4 ,i hope this disturbance will teach you not to behave in this way again40 ,while this scene was going on1 the woman's son-in-law chanced to come in1 realized the situation before there was time to tell him anything1 and at once took sides with the incensed young man4 ,she was shut up in a convent1 where she behaved in so good1 sweet1 amiable1 and modest a manner1 that no one would have believed that she had ever committed the slightest fault1 and representations were made to the effect that she ought to be allowed to return to her home4 ,all the inmates of the convent had been charmed by the zeal with which she took part in the religious exercises4 ,when she was free again1 the scandalous doings were immediately resumed1 and so it went on all through her life4 ,after she had reduced her husband and children to despair1 they finally hoped that age would extinguish the fire with which she was consumed4 ,they were mistaken4 ,the more excesses she committed1 the more she wanted to commit1 the more vigorous she appeared4 ,it is hardly credible that such debased ideas and habits should leave intact such a sweet expression of countenance1 a voice so youthful1 a behaviour so full of calm repose1 and a glance of such clear assurance4 ,she became a widow4 ,her children1 on account of her horrible mode of life1 could not any longer keep her at home1 and they sent her to a distant place1 where they provided her with an allowance4 ,since she was now old1 she was at length compelled to offer payment for the shameful services which she demanded2 and as the small allowance she received did not suffice for this purpose1 she worked with untiring zeal in order to be able to pay the great number of her lovers4 ,to see the old1 alert woman sitting at her work1 as ,i myself saw her1 when aged seventy or upwards1 without spectacles1 always cleanly and carefully1 but not strikingly1 dressed1 with a simple and honourable appearance1 and an open countenance--to suspect her shameful mode of life would never occur to anyone4 ,several of the wretched men who were paid by her related how diligent she was4 ,she assured ,trlat of her morality1 in the hope that he would discharge her1 and so enable her to resume her mode of life4 ,trlat could not agree to this1 and he succeeded in obtaining from one of these men an accurate account of her shameless loves4 ,this corrupt woman preserved her repose of manner1 her excellent appearance1 and her honourable demeanour until her death4 ,she died at the age of seventy-four years from a cerebral hmorrhage4 ,there was no remarkable change in the brain 7,journ4 de ,md4 de ,paris1 #ahhi1 ,no4 #af74 ,with regard to the treatment of abnormal sexual hyperexcitability1 the severer forms--satyriasis and nymphomania--urgently need asylum treatment4 ,in the slighter forms favourable results will be obtained by means of psycho-therapeutics1 the internal use of sedatives 7such as monobromide of camphor and bromide of potassium71 regulation of the diet1 suitable clothing and bedding4#dcb ,the converse of sexual hypersthesia is sexual ansthesia1 or the abnormal diminution of the sexual impulse4 ,it occurs in both sexes as a congenital condition1 owing in such cases to atrophy or absence of the genital organs1 after exhausting diseases1 or in consequence of arrest of development of the reproductive organs from unknown causes4 ,this latter condition is denoted by ,a4 ,eulenburg by the name of 8psycho-sexual infantilism40 ,the same author also terms sexual ansthesia 8sexual loss of appetite40 ,it is commoner in women than in men4 ,it is often merely apparent--a pseudo-ansthesia--because the man does not understand how to awaken the still slumbering sexual perceptions 7vide supra1 p4 #hf74 ,recently ,otto ,adler has written a comprehensive and interesting monograph on this 8,deficient ,sexual ,sensibility in ,women0 7,berlin1 #aijd74 ,according to him1 the statement of ,guttzeit1 that of ten women1 four have no sensation at all 8in coitu10 and submit to it without any agreeable sensation at all during the friction1 and without any intimation of the intense pleasure of ejaculation--that is1 that #dj of women suffer from coldness and lack of sensibility1 from 8frigidity0--is indeed somewhat exaggerated in respect of the percentage2 but still it is a correct expression of the fact that deficient sexual sensibility is much commoner in women than it is in men1 in whom ,effertz1#dcc for example1 estimates the frequency of frigidity at only #a 4#dcd ,in women various circumstances explain the frequency of deficient sexual sensibility4 ,first of all1 masturbation lowers sexual excitability in women much more than it does in man1 and1 above all1 it blunts sensibility for normal sexual intercourse1 both by means of psychical influences and by the insensibility of the external genital organs1 owing to deficient stimulation of the clitoris during normal intercourse1 whereas this organ is most powerfully stimulated during masturbation4 ,sexual frigidity also occurs in women in consequence of maladroitness and brutality of the man in coitu1 giving rise rather to pain than to voluptuous sensations1 and very frequently being the cause of the first onset of the so-called vaginal spasm1 or 8vaginismus40#dce ,it is also due in some cases to impotence on the part of the man4 ,in an interesting and valuable work1 ,carl ,laker1 in the year #ahhi1 described1 as 8,a ,peculiar ,form of ,perversion of the ,sexual ,impulse in the ,female0 7,german ,archives of ,gyncology1 #ahhi1 vol4 xxxiv41 ,no4 #c1 pp4 #bic et seq471 cases of sexual frigidity in woman in coitu1 which are not to be regarded as cases of 8ansthesia sexualis10 since the sexual impulse was normal--indeed1 frequently was increased--and it was sexual gratification in normal intercourse which was completely wanting4 ,in these cases gratification was obtainable only by simple or mutual onanism4 ,there existed a normal inclination towards the other sex1 associated with mental and physical health4 ,the author assumes that1 in consequence of some anatomical abnormality1 stimulation of the sensory nerves by which the voluptuous sensation is perceived1 especially those of the clitoris1 failed to occur2 but perhaps by a change of posture in coitu this stimulation can still be effected4 ,the case previously reported by me on page #hf belongs to this category of relative or temporary sexual ansthesia2 whereas in cases of genuine absolute sexual ansthesia the sexual impulse also is in abeyance at the outset1 or disappears in consequence of excesses and in female libertines and in prostitutes4 ,the treatment of deficient sexual sensibility in women must1 above all1 take into consideration psychical influences1 and depends1 therefore1 more on the husband or lover than it does on the physician2 the conditions of intercourse must be adapted to the particular circumstances of the case 7as by change of posture in coitus1 preparatory tenderness1 etc474 ,painful sensibility in vaginismus can sometimes be cured by mechanical treatment1 by the removal of painful remnants of the hymen1 by the cure of small lesions1 and also by extension by means of the speculum4 ,it also appears1 as is evidenced by an observation of ,courty1 that at the time of impregnation there occurs a stronger stimulation and voluptuous sensation in coitu in women who are at other times frigid4 ,sexually frigid women of the lower classes are apt1 as ,effertz points out1 to become prostitutes4 ,during the practice of their profession they always keep a cool head1 because they are at first and always sexually insensitive1 and can devote their whole energy and regulate all their actions towards the plunder of the man4 ,the following case reported by ,effertz 7op4 cit41 p4 #ea7 illustrates this connexion very clearly3 8,i was once consulted by a very highly placed hetaira on account of supposed articular rheumatism4 ,when ,i informed her of my diagnosis of lues1 she was greatly moved1 and said to me that ,i should not therefore think the worse of her4 ,she was better than her occupation2 she had never followed it on account of evil passions2 she was quite insensitive2 she had done it only in order to provide for her parents freedom from care in the evening of their life1 and to secure the future of her small child4 ,she also told me on this occasion that she owed her success to her coldness1 for which condition she was extremely thankful4 ,she never gave herself for less than #a1jjj marks 7#ej74 ,at the same time1 she made a mock of her colleagues--those stupid and wicked girls who frequently1 when their heads were fired by champagne1 would give themselves for nothing1 and would even run after men40 ,otto ,adler describes ,madame de ,warens1 in ,rousseau's 8,confessions10 as a type of such a femme de glace4 ,frigid women marry with comparatively greater frequency than women who are sexually very excitable1 because their natural reserve endows them with greater value in the eyes of men1 and also offers a certain security for their faithfulness4 ,such marriages are naturally in almost all cases unhappy1 for the man soon grasps the true nature of the case1 and since most will say with ,ovid1 odi concubitus qui non utrimque resolvunt1 he seeks outside the house some response for his love4#dcf ,in some cases1 indeed1 frigid women make a pretence of experiencing libido and the sexual orgasm1 so that the man is deceived4 ,in some cases1 also1 notwithstanding a manifest frigidity on the part of the wife1 the marriage is none the less happy when the husband is partially or wholly impotent1 and voluntarily renounces coitus4 ,such a case ,i myself recently observed4 8,the case was that of a merchant1 physically and bodily in excellent health1 aged a little under forty years1 who1 since the eleventh year of his age down to the present time1 has continued to masturbate 7between the eleventh and eighteenth years of his life1 twice daily74 ,he has often had ejaculation without erection4 ,when twenty years of age1 he frequently attempted coitus1 but could not obtain an erection4 ,generally speaking1 he never had an erection when his attention was directed to the matter1 but only without his co-operation1 on other occasions than those of attempted sexual intercourse4 ,thus1 until his engagement1 in the thirtieth year of his age1 he had never completed normal coitus1 but had only obtained sexual gratification by means of masturbation1 and therefore married with considerable hesitation1 although during the eleven months of his engagement he had masturbated much less frequently4 ,on the wedding-night1 however1 and later1 it appeared that his wife had a natural disinclination to coitus1 was extremely frigid1 and only had traces of sexual sensation when1 by means of onanistic stimulation on the part of her husband1 her libido was slightly stimulated4 ,spontaneously she never felt any desire for sexual gratification1 not even in consequence of masturbation4 ,the two have lived for seven years in most happy married life1 and love one another tenderly1 without ever having completed coitus4 ,this deficient sensibility in the wife1 and her failure to respond1 have naturally not relieved the impotence of the husband1 and he gratifies himself now1 as before1 by solitary masturbation40 ,this case proves that the capacity for love is to a certain extent independent of the strength of the libido2 frigid men and women can be thoroughly 8erotic02 that is to say1 they can experience the need for tenderness1 just as 8erotomania0--that is to say1 the excessive longing for love--is completely different in its nature from satyriasis and nymphomania 7 excessive sexual desire74#dcg ,julius ,pagel and other authors have recently drawn attention to the fact that the condition of 8erotomania0--excessive amativeness--was fully described by the ancient and medieval physicians1 who regarded it as a morbid state4 ,he published 7in the ,deutsche ,medizinal-,zeitung1 #ahib1 p4 #hda7 under the title1 8,a ,historical ,contribution to the ,chapter of #8,cures by ,disgust1'0 the translation of a passage from the ,lilium ,medicin of ,bernhard von ,gordon in ,montpelier1 a well-known and favourite compendium of the beginning of the fourteenth century1 in which1 following the example of ,avicenna1 the amor 7h7ereos was numbered among the melancholic passiones1 and was considered to constitute a particular section of the group of diseases of the brain 7see the edition of the ,lilium ,medicin1 p4 #baj 7,lyons1 #aeej774 ,it is1 unfortunately1 impossible here to deal at any length with the exceedingly instructive and remarkable contents4 ,one of the methods of treatment was to find an old hag as hideous and repulsive as possible1 who was to hold under the nose of the erotomaniac a chemise stained with menstrual blood1 saying at the same time1 talis est amica tua4 ,we may remark1 in passing1 that this genuine medieval 8cure by disgust0 diverges1 much to its disadvantage1 from the manner in which in antiquity 7three centuries before ,christ7 ,erasistratos1 the pupil of ,aristotle1 a celebrated physician of the ,alexandrian school1 cured the son of ,king ,antiochus1 who had fallen in love with his stepmother ,stratonica4 ,an account of the ancient therapeutic art is also to be found in another work by ,j4 ,pagel1 8,introduction to the ,history of ,medicine0 7,berlin1 #ahih74 ,in a comprehensive work1 8,the ,history of ,love ,considered as a ,disease10 this topic has recently been considered by ,hjalmar ,crohns4 ,here we have a theme the literature of which is very extensive1 and which might be suitably dealt with in a special treatise4 ,in the male1 sexual frigidity in the majority of cases is associated with sexual weakness or with impotence--that is to say1 with the impossibility of copulating or of procreation4 ,the former variety of sexual incapacity 7impotentia cundi7 is1 properly speaking1 peculiar to the male4 ,the second form--true 8sterility0 7impotentia generandi7--occurs in women as well as in men4 ,in the case of male impotence1 various symptoms1 preliminary disturbances1 and associated phenomena1 make their appearance1 and these we shall have to describe separately1 since they often occur as independent disorders4 ,this is1 above all1 true of the outflow of sexual secretions from the urethra1 seminal losses 7pollutions#dch and spermatorrha71 and the evacuation of the secretion of the prostate gland1 the so-called 8prostatorrha40 ,the literature of these conditions1 which are partly physiological 7as a proportion of pollutions7 and partly morbid1 is enormous4 ,of fundamental importance1 notwithstanding the serious exaggerations of the author1 is the celebrated work of ,dr4 ,m4 ,lallemand1 8,involuntary ,losses of ,semen40 ,in recent times this important province of sexual pathology has been more especially advanced by the researches of leading ,german physicians1 above all by those of ,curschmann and ,frbringer4 ,the most important question with regard to seminal losses or pollutions in any case is this3 have we to do with physiological processes1 lying within the range of health1 or have we to do with morbid processes8 ,as normal1 not morbid1 seminal losses ,lallemand regarded pollutions in healthy1 sexually mature1 continent individuals1 occurring spontaneously during sleep1 associated with erection of the penis and voluptuous sensations4 ,he rightly regarded these as physiologically necessary1 indicated their purpose to be the discharge of sexual tension1 the prevention of an excessive accumulation of the reproductive products1 and compared their effect with that of hmorrhages from the nose1 which are so common in youth1 and in most cases are distinctly beneficial4 ,but he drew attention to the indeterminate1 fluctuating boundary-line between normal and morbid pollutions4 ,this latter point of view is dealt with also by ,eulenburg 78,sexual ,neurasthenia10 p4 #aga71 in opposition to other authors who regarded all pollutions1 even the physiological1 as abnormal4 ,in practice1 however1 it is generally not difficult to distinguish between physiological and morbid seminal losses4 ,the former are characterized1 not only by the distinctive signs already mentioned1 but also by their occurrence at longer intervals1 and by the absence of any disadvantageous effect upon the general state of health4 ,as soon as pollutions have such a deleterious influence they are morbid2 and they are generally morbid when they occur abnormally early1 before puberty1 with abnormal frequency1 at abnormal times of the day1 and in association with abnormal conditions of the genital organs4 ,according to ,frbringer1 the normal intervals between pollutions in the case of continent youths vary between ten and thirty days4 ,lwenfeld considers pollutions occurring once a week1 and even the transient occurrence of pollutions on several successive nights1 as a result of sexual excitement1 as being still within normal bounds4 ,but if these repeated pollutions within a single week1 or even within a single day1 continue for a long time1 we are always concerned with morbid pollutions4 ,these sometimes occur not only at night1 but also--a fact to which the ,german physician ,wichmann1 in his dissertation ,de ,pollutione ,diurna 7,gttingen1 #aghb71 drew attention--they occur by day 78diurnal pollutions071 in the waking state1 without masturbation or coitus1 upon slight mechanical or physical stimulation4 ,in such cases erection of the penis is often completely wanting2 ejaculation of the semen takes place with the organ flaccid1 and even without any voluptuous sensation4 ,in many cases1 indeed1 these pollutions are accompanied by actual painful sensations in the genital organs1 and instead of voluptuous dreams or thoughts1 the nocturnal ejaculation is accompanied by anxious dreams1 the daylight pollution by an extremely disagreeable sensation4 ,commonly in these pollutions ordinary semen is at first evacuated--a mixture of the secretions of the testicles1 the prostate1 the vesicul seminales1 and ,cowper's glands--containing numerous spermatozoa4 ,after the trouble has lasted a long time the semen becomes thinner 7owing to its containing a smaller proportion of the thick testicular secretion7 and more transparent2 the spermatozoa are less numerous and mostly undeveloped1 and ultimately they may be completely absent4 ,lwenfeld observed a peculiar form of pollution in which the semen was ejaculated only in drops1 or might be completely wanting--that is to say1 there might be a pollution without ejaculation1 purely a voluptuous orgasm4#dci ,in such cases ,lwenfeld was able to prove that it is not the loss of semen which weakens1 as ,lallemand assumed1 but that it is the nervous disturbance of the lumbar spinal cord which plays the principal part4 ,this irritable weakness of the lumbar spinal cord may have existed for a long time before1 or may have developed only as the result of repeated pollutions or of excessive sexual excitement2 it may give rise1 not only to proper seminal emissions1 but1 in addition1 to 8spermatorrha0--that is to say1 to the outflow of semen accompanying urination or defecation2 and it may also cause the rarer 8prostatorrha0--the outflow of the secretion of the prostate gland4 ,a long duration of all these morbid discharges has a serious effect on the health1 and induces the typical picture of sexual neurasthenia4 ,as a cause of seminal losses we must mention masturbation1 excessive sexual intercourse1 chronic inflammation of the urethra 7especially after gonorrha71 stricture of the urethra1 rectal affections1 alcoholism1 diabetes1 and tabes dorsalis4 ,in women1 also1 processes analogous to pollution may be observed1 although much more rarely than in men1 and generally as a consequence of masturbation practised for several years4 ,according to ,adler 7op4 cit41 p4 #acj71 pollutions--that is to say1 evacuations of the secretion of the vaginal glands and of the uterine mucous membrane1 as well as of the secretion of ,bartholin's glands near the vaginal inlet--never occur in chaste and intact virgins1 but only in women who have already learned the enjoyment of sexual intercourse1 and who are subsequently compelled to lead a continent life4 ,for this reason pollutions are a 8trouble of young widows10 and occur in young girls only when they have learned to know the nature of sexual pleasure by means of masturbation4 ,eulenburg remarks 78,sexual ,neurasthenia10 p4 #agd73 8,in connexion with lascivious dreams there occur spontaneous1 more or less abundant1 discharges of the clear muco-gelatinous secretion of the glands4 ,these form a striking manifestation of sexual neurasthenia in women1 and can be compared with the morbid pollutions occurring in similar circumstances in male neurasthenics4 ,we hear less about them1 however1 and they are insufficiently known1 even by medical men4 ,for this reason especially1 when they occur in association with physical virginity and a normal genital condition in other respects1 they do not usually receive sufficient attention40 ,the older physicians1 especially those of the eighteenth century1#ddj described these pollutions in women very well and thoroughly2 in erotic and pornographic literature they have always played a great part4 ,an interesting observation on peculiar processes analogous to pollutions is reported by ,paul ,bernhardt4#dda ,a hysterical sempstress1 twenty-five years of age1 as the result of any kind of annoyance1 experienced sexual excitement completely resembling the sensation of sexual intercourse1 and ending with a discharge of mucus4 ,this was1 however1 never accompanied by any trace of voluptuous sensation2 on the contrary1 it gave rise to lumbar pains4 ,also1 when she dreamed of anything disagreeable or had nightmare1 this condition recurred4 ,erotically the patient is very indifferent1 and denies the practice of masturbation4 ,to the category suggested by ,p4 ,bernhardt of sexual excitement induced by anxiety and trouble belongs the case reported to me by ,dr4 ,emil ,bock of a boy of fifteen years of age1 who1 when very anxious about his inability to complete a school task1 experienced an ejaculation for the first time4 ,to the literature of impotence belongs the work by ,nicolo ,barrucco1 8,sexual ,neurasthenia1 and its ,relations to the ,diseases of the ,genital ,organs40 ,regarding physiological pollutions1 and the trifling difference between them and normal seminal discharge during coitus1 ,schopenhauer makes some apt observations in his 8,neue ,paralipomena10 pp4 #bcj1 #bca4 ,in the treatment of pollutions1 which always demands the most careful medical observation and examination of the individual case1 the most important measures are dietetic and hygienic treatment1 change of scene from town to country1 and especially to mountain air1 methodical hydrotherapeutic measures1 warm baths1 massage1 electricity1 hyperalimentation1 the use of bromides1 local treatment of the urethra1 etc41 etc4 ,the last and most important of the phenomena connected with sexual neurasthenia is sexual weakness or impotence in its various forms4#ddb ,we distinguish in the male two principal forms of impotence3 7#a7 8,impotentia coeundi0--that is1 incapacity for erection of the penis and the completion of coitus2 7#b7 8impotentia generandi0--that is1 the impossibility of fertilization 7owing to want of semen or to the lack of fertilizing quality in this fluid74 ,congenital malformations of the genital organs giving rise to impotence are extremely rare4 ,gyurkovechky1 amongst #f1jjj men fit for military service1 found three such men only4 ,more frequently are acquired defects met with as causes of impotence1 such as complete or partial loss of the penis and testicles1 as in eunuchs and castrated persons4 ,it is well known that1 notwithstanding the removal of the external genital organs1 sexual desire may persist2 and when the penis is retained1 though the testicles have been removed1 erection and copulation are possible1 providing the castration was effected after puberty4 ,but it is obvious that in most cases potency is very markedly interfered with1 and ultimately it may entirely disappear4 ,more light is thrown on the question by the occurrence of impotence after unilateral castration4 ,a tragical case of this latter kind is reported by von ,gyurkovechky 7op4 cit41 p4 #ga73 8,a former colleague of mine at the ,university of ,vienna had to have one of his testicles removed in consequence of obstinate inflammation resulting from gonorrha2 thereafter the second testicle underwent complete atrophy4 ,the much-to-be-pitied1 handsome1 elegant1 and amiable young man remained for some years capable of performing coitus1 was greatly pleased with himself for this reason1 and paid ostentatious court to ladies4 ,still1 he was seldom in a position to perform coitus1 and after three years he completely withdrew himself from the society of ladies1 and became gradually morose and reserved1 until one day he disappeared from ,vienna1 discontinued his studies1 and never let any of us hear from him again4 ,this case has remained very vividly in my memory1 and it illustrates most clearly the influence of virile potency upon the entire being of the individual40 ,if the second testicle remains intact1 the capacity for sexual intercourse is not interfered with2 and reproductive capacity also persists1 although it may be diminished in degree4 ,an important source of sterility in the male1 in which the capacity for sexual intercourse remains unimpaired1 is bilateral epididymitis1 consequent upon gonorrha4 ,this represents more than #ej of all the cases of incapacity for procreation in the male4 ,finger found in #he of cases of epididymitis that the spermatozoa were absent from the semen 7the so-called 8azoospermia072 and ,frbringer is led by his own experience to believe that #hj of men who have had double epididymitis are incapable of procreation4 ,thus we may really speak of 8gonorrhal sterility in the male40 ,in many sterile marriages the fault lies with the husband1 as was first clearly proved by ,f4 ,kehrer's fundamental investigations4 ,and the no less momentous gonorrhal sterility in women is also1 in the majority of cases1 ultimately dependent upon the husband1 who has presented his wife with 8gonorrhal infection as a wedding gift40#ddc ,an extremely small size of the penis1 also a relatively small size of this organ in cases of obesity and tumours1 malformations of the penis1 also the by no means rare mechanical hindrances to erections due to injuries and indurations in the corpora cavernosa 7especially as a result of gonorrhal inflammation7--all these may make coitus impossible4 ,frbringer and ,finger have also seen peculiar chronic shrinking processes of the corpora cavernosa occur independently of gonorrha and tumours4 ,all these conditions give rise to incomplete erection1 in which the penis is bent at an angle at some point or other1 or is curved1 so that it cannot be introduced into the vagina 7chordee74 ,all the hitherto described forms of impotentia coeundi are less frequent than those in which the external genital organs are completely intact1 and in which we have to do simply with imperfection or complete failure of erection in consequence of various general disorders4 ,erection of the penis is induced both centrally from the brain 7by voluptuous ideas71 and from the spinal cord 7by direct stimulation71 and also peripherally from the genital organs 7by friction of the glans penis71 by stimuli proceeding from the urethra1 bladder1 prostate1 seminal vesicles1 rectum1 and the neighbourhood of the genital organs 7as1 for example1 the buttocks71 and may be either of a morbid or of a physiological character4 ,when there are inflammatory conditions of the genital organs1 especially gonorrha of the anterior and posterior urethra1 erections occur very readily4 ,from the full bladder there also proceed stimuli giving rise to erection1 thus inducing the well-known 8morning erection10 utilized by many who would otherwise be completely impotent4 ,blows on the buttocks also give rise to erections--a subject to which we shall return when we come to discuss flagellation4 ,the nature of erection can be very briefly described as consisting in a stiffening of the penis by the profuse streaming of blood into the reticular spaces of the corpora cavernosa1 enlarged by stimulation of the erection nerves4 ,the consequent erection of the penis is dependent upon the action of a particular muscle--the ischio-cavernosus muscle4 ,impotence when the external organs are intact is in most cases due to central causes1 and ultimately to psychical causes1 even though severe bodily affections or local morbid states play a predisposing part 7the so-called 8functional impotence074 ,this impotence is sometimes one of the earliest symptoms of diabetes mellitus and of chronic ,bright's disease with contracted kidney1 also of severe conditions of exhaustion--to which consumption offers a significant exception1 signalized already by the old saying1 phthisicus salax--of obesity1 and of tabes dorsalis1 in which the sexual potency gradually disappears1 but libido outlasts the capacity for erection4 ,certain poisons also particularly damage potency4 ,this is especially the case with alcohol1 the deleterious influence of which on potency has already been described 7pp4 #bic1 #bid74 ,georg ,hirth goes so far as to recognize a special 8impotentia alcoholica40 8,above all1 no alcohol10 says he1 8especially not as a means for producing erection4 ,in youth a man needs no such stimulus1 and in age he will be apt to find1 with the porter in ,shakespeare's #8,macbeth' 7,act ii41 ,scene #c71 that #8drink may be said to be an equivocator with lechery1' for1 as he says1 #8it provokes the desire1 but it takes away the performance2 it makes lechery1 and it mars him2 it sets him on and takes him off2 it persuades him and disheartens him2 makes him stand to and not stand to3 in conclusion1 equivocates him into sleep1 and1 giving him the lie1 leaves him4'0#ddd ,frbringer's view1 that alcohol1 taken up to the degree of slight intoxication1 rather increases potency1 in connexion with which he refers to sexual invalids who are only able to perform sexual intercourse in a state of moderate intoxication1 cannot be regarded as generally true4 ,it is possible that in these admitted sexual invalids alcoholic intoxication overcomes stronger psychical inhibitions1 which in the state of sobriety had hindered erection4 ,for the normal individual alcohol is not a means for the increase of sexual potency1 but the reverse4 ,the free use of tobacco certainly also impairs sexual potency4#dde ,nicotine and love are as little compatible as alcohol and love4 ,frbringer1 ,hirth1 and ,eulenburg1 ascribe to the excessive use of tobacco a diminution in sexual potency4 ,the following interesting passage is from the ,diary of the ,de ,goncourts 7op4 cit41 p4 #hi73 8,there is an antagonism between tobacco and women4 ,the taste for one diminishes the taste for the other4 ,so true is this1 that passionate ,lotharios usually give up smoking1 because they feel or believe that tobacco diminishes their sexual appetite and their powers of love40 ,coffee and tea1 taken in excess1 and1 above all1 morphine1 are also antagonistic to potency4 ,dupuy has observed the frequent occurrence of impotence in men who were in the habit of drinking large quantities of strong coffee 7five or six breakfast-cups every day74 ,sexual potency returned as soon as the use of coffee was discontinued2 whilst when the use of the beverage was resumed the impotence again appeared 7,comptes ,rendus de la ,socit de ,biologie1 #ahhf1 ,no4 #bg74 ,the majority of cases of functional disturbances of potency depend upon nervous impotence4 ,it is the form which at the present day the physician most frequently encounters4 ,it is intimately connected with the state of 8irritable nervous weakness10 or sexual neurasthenia1 the most important symptom of which is represented by 8psychical0 impotence4 ,there exist1 also--and this justifies the independent consideration of psychical impotence--numerous cases of impotence without neurasthenia 7,frbringer74 ,this remarkable form occurs especially in perfectly healthy young husbands1 who often before were completely potent1 and had previously effected coitus in a perfectly normal manner1 or had lived a quiet1 continent life1 without having injured themselves in any way by masturbation4 ,such individuals1 in consequence of the excitement1 shame1 and embarrassment of the wedding-night1 often suffer from psychical impotence4 ,rti#ddf speaks of 8impotence due to compassion10 arising from 8the sympathy felt with the pains suffered by the still virgin wife0 when the attempt at coitus is made4 8,the young married pair kiss one another and vie with one another in tenderness1 but when the matter becomes serious--when the husband wants to enjoy his rights as a husband--the wife experiences incredible anxiety2 she trembles in all her limbs1 writhes1 screams1 and weeps4 ,the man becomes exhausted1 and at length1 when the wife is resigned1 and willing to surrender herself to her fate1 he has become unfitted for his share in intercourse40 ,it is clear that these forms of psychical impotence1 which appear in very various shades1 are mostly transient phenomena1 and exhibit a good prospect of complete cure4 ,much more difficult is the matter when we have to do with cases1 becoming commoner every day1 of psychical impotence in consequence of sexual perversions4 ,sadistic1 masochistic1 fetichistic1 and homosexual inclinations may1 in certain individuals1 predominate to such an extent that either copulation cannot be effected without the preliminary gratification of these perverse instincts1 or else the latter entirely usurp the place of normal coitus1 which has become1 generally speaking1 quite impossible 7relative and absolute psychical impotence in consequence of sexual perversions74 ,to the former category belong1 for example1 those cases1 which are by no means rarely seen1 in which homosexual persons are only able to have intercourse with their wives after preliminary caresses by their male friends2 or masochists must be subjected to a preparatory flagellation in order to become potent4 ,in the second category copulation has become quite impossible2 the orgasm takes place only in connexion with the activity of the perverse impulse1 and there often exists an actual repugnance to normal coitus4 ,well known also is that rare relative psychical impotence in which the man can perform coitus only with prostitutes1 whereas he is impotent as regards decent women4 ,this1 however1 may often be associated with the existence of sexual perversions1 which are gratified only during intercourse with prostitutes4 ,another form of relative psychical impotence is temporary impotence1 in which the potency is entirely subject to custom1 and a change in the custom induces impotence4 ,thus1 ,frenzel reports the case of a man who had always had intercourse with his wife immediately on going to bed1 and proved completely impotent when this habit was interrupted1 and he now wished to perform the act early in the morning4 ,only gradually did he recover his lost potency and become able to adapt himself to the changed conditions4#ddg ,another form of impotence by no means rare1 and occurring in otherwise healthy men1 is that produced by powerful mental activity or artistic production1 the impotence of literary men and of artists4 ,it is usually of a transient nature1#ddh manifesting itself only during the periods of intellectual activity1 and it is explicable in accordance with the law of sexual equivalents1 according to which the sexual potency appears in the latent form of spiritual productive activity4 ,a remarkable case of this impotence of literary men is reported by the just quoted ,frenzel4#ddi ,allied with this variety of impotence is the form due to transient mental distraction1 to instantaneous ideas1 which suddenly act as psychical inhibitions4 ,these sudden ideas can be of a very varied content--joyful1 sad1 anxious1 annoying2 in every case they are capable of annulling the already existing potency1 and of making the further erection of the penis impossible4 ,such conditions occur alike in healthy persons and in those who are readily excitable and neurasthenic4 ,a classical instance of this nature is ,j4 ,j4 ,rousseau's adventure with the ,venetian courtesan ,giulietta1 which he describes very vividly in his 8,confession40 ,he went to see her full of passionate desire for sexual enjoyment1 but ,nature 8had put into his head a poison against this unspeakable happiness0 for which his heart yearned4 ,hardly had he glanced at the beautiful girl than an idea came to him which moved him to tears1 and completely diverted him from his purpose4 ,he became more deeply absorbed in this idea1 the sexual desires completely disappeared1 and he was no longer in a position to prove his manhood4 ,to this tragi-comic episode we owe the exclamation of the disappointed girl1 which has passed into a proverb3 8,lascia le donne e studia la matematica0 78,leave women alone1 and go and study mathematics074 ,in the reflective love of ,kierkegaard1 ,grillparzer1 ,alfred de ,musset1 and other men of remarkable genius1 there is also recognizable an element of impotence4 ,the majority of all cases of impotence belong to the class of true nervous1 neurasthenic impotence1 and these are diffused especially among the circles who supply the greatest contingent to the ranks of neurasthenics in general--that is1 among officers1 merchants1 physicians1 and other classes of the cultured part of our population whose professional duties are arduous4 ,among the causes of neurasthenic impotence1 excessive masturbation and chronic gonorrha1 with its consequences1 play the principal part4 ,neurasthenic impotence manifests itself1 above all1 by abnormal conditions of erection and ejaculation1 either of which may by itself be diminished or completely prevented2 or1 again1 both may exhibit abnormalities1 whilst in some cases even erection may be very frequent1 unusually powerful1 and long-lasting 7the so-called 8priapism071 whilst ejaculation and voluptuous sensation are completely wanting1 and these erections are in most cases accompanied by very painful sensations4 ,an extremely characteristic symptom of nervous impotence is a premature discharge of the semen1 not merely ante portas1 but often even at the first signs of activity of the libido sexualis1 at which time erection may be very well developed4 ,in other cases1 again1 erection occurs1 but no ejaculation of the semen4 ,finally1 both may be completely wanting 7the so-called 8paralytic impotence074 99 99 99 99 99 ,the following cases1 which came under my own observation1 show some of the above-mentioned types of impotence3 #a4 ,a man1 twenty-nine years of age1 married for ten months1 complains1 after obviously excessively frequent enjoyment of his conjugal rights1 of a sense of weakness and weariness after intercourse1 such as he has never previously experienced1 as well as of a continually earlier ejaculation1 latterly even on simple contact of his penis with the vulva4 ,erection is always present and is powerful4 ,on further inquiry he admitted that in his four-weeks' honeymoon he had connexion once daily1 and thenceforward two or three times a week4 #b4 ,a man1 twenty-one years of age1 states that a year and a half ago for the first time he endeavoured to have sexual intercourse2 he has never yet succeeded in completing coitus4 ,since the age of fourteen years he has suffered from frequent pollutions and from marked sexual excitability4 ,he has often tried to effect coitus1 but there has always resulted precipitate ejaculation1 with his penis in a flaccid condition4 ,he has1 properly speaking1 only morning erections1 dependent upon a full bladder4 ,it is possible that a marked varicocele on the left side has something to do with the genesis of this impotence4 #c4 ,a man1 forty-eight years of age1 has noticed for some years a distinct decline in sexual potency4 ,ejaculation always occurs shortly before immissio membri1 when the penis is flaccid or only semi-erect4 ,if erection is complete1 on the other hand1 then ejaculation fails to occur4 ,very peculiar1 and offering a kind of analogy to vaginismus in women1 is impotence consequent upon excessively painful sensibility of the glans penis1 as a result of sexual neurasthenia or of local inflammatory processes 7balanitis1 etc474 ,the pains during coitus in these cases are often so severe that those thus affected completely abandon any attempt at intercourse4 ,the question whether impotence can result from sexual abstinence is still disputed4 ,frbringer does not know of any certain cases4 ,according to ,virey1#dej by 8complete and continuous abstinence from intercourse0 in the male the organs by which the semen is prepared--the testicles1 the seminal vesicles1 and the vasa deferentia--and also the penis1 become smaller1 8unsightly1 wrinkled1 and inactive40 ,galen reports the same of the athletes of the ,roman ,empire1 men who had to live a life of strict continence4 ,virey alludes to an 8extremely chaste saint1 in whom after death no trace of genital organs could be discovered0 7674 ,that absolute abstinence must ultimately limit potency1 if only by psychical means1 is a priori probable4 ,recent observations confirm the view that long-continued absolute sexual abstinence exercises a harmful influence upon potency1 and especially upon potentia coeundi4 ,as a proof of this1 ,i may more especially mention two cases of ,university professors1 not yet thirty years of age1 both of whom until a little while ago had had no experience of sexual intercourse1 one having remained continent during two years of married life6 ,quite recently both of them repeatedly attempted normal coitus1 but with complete failure quoad erectionem4 ,von ,schrenck-,notzing#dea also reported a case of this character not long ago1 in which1 notwithstanding the strong desire for normal sexual intercourse1 in the case of a literary man thirty-five years of age1 who prior to marriage had lived a life of complete abstinence1 and had never practised masturbation1 every attempt at coitus proved a failure4 ,finally1 we have to consider the more or less physiological presenile and senile impotence which accompanies the commencement of old age1 but naturally occurs at very different times in different individuals1 for some men are already old at the age of forty years1 and others are not yet old at the age of seventy years4 ,von ,gyurkovechky dates the first decline in the sexual powers from the fortieth year of life1 and considers that normally these powers are completely extinguished at about sixty-five years4 ,but there are numerous exceptions4 ,complete potency in respect of libido1 erection1 and ejaculation has been observed in men of seventy and eighty years2 and isolated cases have even been recorded in which men of ninety and one hundred years have procreated children4#deb ,in the sense of ,metchnikoff and ,hirth1 who in their writings proclaim the prevention of senility as a hygienic ideal1 this physiological potentia senilis is no ,utopia1 and a future scientific macrobiotic will defer the onset of old age by from ten to twenty years4 8,i do not ask10 says ,georg ,hirth1 8that the man in advanced age should play with his sexual powers2 but that he should possess the consciousness of being able to use them--that ,i do demand0 78,ways to ,love10 p4 #dfb74 ,the treatment of impotence in the male in its various forms is indeed a difficult matter in individual cases1 more especially in view of the great number of existing methods of treatment2 but treatment promises good results when it is based upon an exact1 critical1 individual analysis of the separate causes and symptoms4 ,it is partly local and partly general4 ,in the case of impotence resulting from excessive masturbation1 or in the case of the well-known 8gonorrhal0 impotence1 good results will be obtained from slight cauterization of the urethra and massage of the prostate1 local carbonic-acid douches or carbonic-acid baths1 warm or cold sitz-baths1 or electrical treatment1 with which1 however1 great care must be exercised4 ,in some cases imperfect erection will be benefited by the application of a #aj ethereal solution of camphor1 in the form of friction or a spray1 to the entire genital region4 ,mechanical apparatus have also been employed to favour erection1 as1 for example1 the so-called 8schlitten10 consisting of a conducting instrument for an insufficiently erect penis1 made up of two thin1 suitably shaped lamin of metal1 or the 8erector0 of ,gassen1 which works in a similar manner4 ,apparatus of this nature are useful only to this extent1 that they give the penis a certain purchase4 ,we cannot allow that they possess any other effect1 any more than ,gassen's other apparatus1 the 8compressor10 the 8cumulator10 and the 8ultimo0 7,lwenfeld1 ,frbringer74 ,any local changes that can be detected as having some connexion with the occurrence of impotence must receive attention4 ,this is obvious2 and no less obvious is the treatment of any general disorders which may give rise to the impotence4 ,as regards the general treatment of impotence1 psychical influence must first be considered4 ,in most cases this must take the form of temporary withdrawal of the thoughts from the sexual sphere in general1 for which the strict prohibition of sexual activity 7masturbation1 etc47 forms the foundation2 in addition1 will and self-confidence must be strengthened4 ,in these matters an intelligent wife can do much to supplement the work of the physician4 ,sometimes a mere change in the mode of life or in the relations between husband and wife1 above all1 a change in the mode of performing sexual intercourse 7a change in posture1 greater responsiveness on the part of the wife1 etc471 may have a manifest curative influence4 ,the treatment of the neurasthenia which may have caused the impotence will also have a favourable effect4 ,alcohol and tobacco are best entirely forbidden4 ,innumerable drugs have been recommended for the treatment of impotence4 ,the belief in the beneficial effect of cantharides is as much a superstition as the belief in the aphrodisiac action of celery1 asparagus1 caviare1 and truffles4 ,certainly all these may cause excitement of the genital organs1 but this is merely due to an increased flow of blood to these organs1 which is of a very fugitive nature1 and when the effect is often repeated 7especially when cantharides is used for this purpose71 it may have serious consequences4 ,the influence of these substances may be compared with the purely stimulating effect of flagellation4 ,more confidence may be placed in phosphorus1 strychnine1 and1 above all1 in yohimbin1 a drug prepared from the bark of a ,west ,african tree1#dec which is warmly recommended in cases of neurasthenic impotence by ,mendel and ,eulenburg4 ,having myself seen good results from the use of ,yohimbin ,riedel in two cases of pre-senile gonorrhal impotence1 ,i can confirm the favourable judgment of ,eulenburg4 ,in the case of pre-senile impotence in a man nearly sixty years of age yohimbin was the only means which1 after several years' intermission1 enabled him once more to have erections1 and repeatedly to perform coitus4 ,eulenburg reports the case of a man1 which is probably unique1 in whom1 after a few days' use1 yohimbin restored sexual potency after he had been impotent for twelve years6 ,this interesting drug is certainly a valuable enrichment of our aphrodisiac armamentarium1 and the first drug of this nature to which the name of a specific against impotence can justly be given4 ,quite recently ,eulenburg1 ,posner1 ,nevinny1 and others1 have warmly recommended as a true specific in cases of functional impotence a combination of lecithin with the active principle of the ,brazilian plant ,muira ,puama4 ,this new drug is by ,eulenburg termed 8muiracithin40 ,from the above-described individual troubles 7masturbation1 sexual hypersthesia1 sexual ansthesia1 pollutions1 and impotence7 is composed the clinical picture of sexual neurasthenia1 which1 however1 is manifested also by other symptoms1 among which we must mention certain perceptions of anxiety and certain coercive ideas1 such as the condition1 known also to the laity1 of agoraphobia1 which is very frequently met with in sexual neurasthenia2 also the fear of travelling alone by railway1 or sudden anxiety in the theatre or concert-hall1 in the form of the fear of fire1 with the accompanying irresistible impulse to rush out into the open2 further1 lumbar pains and neuralgia of the genital organs1 and anomalies and pains connected with the evacuation of urine2 an inclination to sexual perversions2 gastric affections1#ded such as nervous retching and vomiting1 painful cramps of the stomach1 loss of appetite1 also excessive hunger1 nervous dyspepsia1 etc42 migraine and heart troubles of manifold kinds4 ,it is not to be wondered at that when sexual neurasthenia is markedly developed1 and when several of the above-described manifestations occur1 the disease may pass on into a condition of complete mental exhaustion1 associated with morbid irritability and hypochondriacal and melancholy ideas4 ,we then ultimately see the development of typical sexual hypochondria4 ,the treatment of sexual neurasthenia--which in the last-described general symptom-complex occurs also in women1 associated in their case with amenorrha1 dysmenorrha1 or menorrhagia#dee--;consists for the most part in the already described treatment of the individual symptoms4 ,in addition1 we have to make use of hyperalimentation1 hydro-therapeutic methods1 gymnastic treatment1 general massage1 and climatic cures4 #cif ,havelock ,ellis1 8,the ,sexual ,impulse and the ,sense of ,shame40 #cig ,frbringer's article1 8,masturbation10 in ,eulenburg's ,real-,enzykldopdie der gesamten ,heilkunde1 vol4 xvii41 p4 #ebc1 third edition 7,vienna and ,leipzig1 #ahih74 #cih ,metchnikoff1 8,the ,nature of ,man10 pp4 #ie-ii4 #cii ,a ,french erotic work describes how an impotent man1 in the hope of obtaining an erection1 allowed a cockchafer to crawl about his penis4 #djj ,probably the following case of an onanist1 sixty-four years of age1 is unique4 ,it is reported by ,a4 ,wild 78,a ,contribution to the ,refinements of ,masturbation10 published in the ,mnchener ,medizinische ,wochenschrift1 ,no4 #aa1 #aijf74 ,he introduced a twig of a pine-tree into the urethra1 and in such a way that when the attempt was made to draw it out1 the pine-needles acted as barbs2 consequently the twig broke off short1 and it was necessary for the medical man to remove it with the aid of dressing forceps6 #dja ,cf4 the complete historical and literary account of godemichs1 given in my 8,sexual ,life in ,england10 vol4 ii41 pp4 #bhd-bib 7,berlin1 #aijc74 #djb ,cf4 the explanation of this passage by ,iwan ,bloch1 8,were the ,ancients aware of the ,contagious ,character of ,venereal ,diseases80 published in the ,deutsche ,medizinische ,wochenschrift1 ,no4 #e1 #ahii4 #djc ,s4 ,freud1 8,three ,papers on the ,sexual ,theory10 pp4 #cg1 #db 7,leipzig and ,vienna1 #aije74 #djd ,r4 ,kossmann1 8,is the ,medical ,man ,justified in ,recommending ,extra-,conjugal ,sexual ,intercourse80 published in the ,journal for the ,suppression of ,venereal ,diseases1 #aije1 vol4 iii41 p4 #abf4 #dje ,cf4 ,r4 ,thomalla1 8,masturbation in the ,school3 its ,consequences and its ,suppression10 published in the ,journal for the ,suppression of ,venereal ,diseases1 #aijf1 vol4 v41 pp4 #fc-fh4 #djf ,h4 ,ellis1 8,the ,sexual ,impulse and the ,sense of ,shame40 #djg ,gustav ,aschaffenburg1 8,the ,relations of the ,sexual ,life to the ,origin of ,nervous and ,mental ,disorders10 published in the ,mnchener ,medizinische ,wochenschrift1 #aijf1 ,no4 #cg1 p4 #agid4 #djh ,metchnikoff1 8,the ,nature of ,man0 7,english edition71 p4 #if4 #dji ,a4 ,eulenburg1 8,sexual ,neuropathy10 p4 #hj 7,leipzig1 #ahie74 #daj ,otto ,adler1 8,deficient ,sexual ,sensibility in ,woman10 p4 #aab 7,berlin1 #aijd74 ,mendel observed excessive masturbation in hypochondriacal women 7,deutsche ,medizinal-,zeitung1 #ahhi1 ,no4 #ae1 p4 #ahj74 #daa ,l4 ,lwenfeld1 8,the ,sexual ,life and ,nervous ,disorders10 fourth edition1 p4 #aad 7,wiesbaden1 #aijf74 #dab ,eduard ,reich1 8,immorality and ,immoderation10 p4 #abb 7,neuwied and ,leipzig1 #ahff74 #dac ,felix ,roubaud1 8,treatise on ,impotence and ,sterility in ,man and ,woman10 third edition1 p4 #g 7,paris1 #ahgf74 #dad ,w4 ,a4 ,hammond1 8,sexual ,impotence in the ,male and ,female ,sexes40 #dae ,a4 von ,schrenck-,notzing1 8,therapeutic ,suggestion in ,cases of ,morbid ,manifestations of the ,sexual ,sensibility10 pp4 #ff1 #fg 7,stuttgart1 #ahib74 #daf ,cf4 ,havelock ,ellis1 8,the ,sexual ,impulse and the ,sense of ,shame10 pp4 #ahd-ahf4 #dag ,iwan ,bloch1 8,contributions to the ,etiology of ,psychopathia ,sexualis10 vol4 ii41 pp4 #ajg1 #ajh 7,dresden1 #aijc74 #dah ,on p4 #ah of his treatise he goes so far as to say3 8,there is no disease of the body or the mind which cannot be referred to masturbation40 #dai ,eulenburg refers also to 8,persnliche ,schutz10 by ,laurentius2 the 8,jugendspiegel10 by ,bernhard2 the 8,johannistrieb10 by ,b4 ,mohrmann2 the 8,krankheit der ,welt10 by ,a4 ,damm4 #dbj ,according to ,a4 ,jacobi 78,the ,history of ,pdiatry1 and its ,relation to ,other ,arts and ,sciences10 p4 #ff 7,berlin1 #aije771 this is not true of quite young children1 at ages of from one to ten years1 in whom masturbation does less harm than in half-grown or adult individuals4 #dba ,cf4 ,h4 ,rohleder1 8,die ,masturbation10 pp4 #ahe-aib 7,berlin1 #ahii74 #dbb ,cf4 ,l4 ,lwenfeld1 op4 cit41 p4 #acg4 #dbc ,a4 ,tardieu1 8tude ,mdico-,lgale sur les ,attentats aux ,moeurs10 p4 #aad 7,paris1 #ahgh74 #dbd ,cf4 my 8,contributions to the ,etiology of ,psychopathia ,sexualis10 vol4 i41 p4 #ace4 #dbe ,von ,schrenk-,notzing1 op4 cit41 p4 #i4 #dbf ,cf4 ,a4 ,weill1 8,the ,laws and ,mysteries of ,love10 p4 #aja 7,berlin1 #ahie74 #dbg ,havelock ,ellis1 op4 cit41 p4 #bff4 #dbh ,g4 ,m4 ,beard1 8,sexual ,neurasthenia10 second edition 7,leipzig and ,vienna1 #ahij74 #dbi ,a4 ,eulenburg1 8,sexual ,neurasthenia10 published in ,deutsche ,klinik1 #aijb1 vol4 vi41 pp4 #afc-bjf4 #dcj ,l4 ,lwenfeld1 op4 cit41 pp4 #bgc1 #bgd4 #dca ,edmond and ,jules de ,goncourt1 8,leaves from a ,diary40 #dcb 8,during my life ,i have had under observation many a lecherous man and many a wanton woman1 and ,i have always found that1 without exception1 voluptuous persons clothe themselves very warmly1 and sleep under very warm bed-clothes4 ,in earlier years ,i have reported several cases observed by me of warm clothing of the genital organs on the part of women who distinguished themselves by lasciviousness1 and ,i could increase the number of examples of this kind by several dozen0 7,e4 ,reich1 8,immorality and ,intemperance10 pp4 #dc1 #dd74 #dcc ,o4 ,effertz1 8,neurasthenia ,sexualis10 p4 #df 7,new ,york1 #ahid74 #dcd ,effertz estimates the frequency of frigidity in women at about #aj per cent4 ,the truth probably lies midway between the views of ,effertz and those of ,guttzeit4 #dce ,by vaginismus we understand involuntary convulsive contraction of the vaginal muscles1 associated with abnormal sensibility of the vaginal inlet1 dependent on masturbation1 or induced by the above-mentioned painful sensations and injuries which occur in maladroit and brutal coitus 7this is by far the commonest cause of vaginismus71 especially when the penis is very large and the vaginal inlet very small1 or when the female genital organs are further forward than usual4 ,vaginismus generally arises from small injuries and lacerations1 produced in this manner2 with the physical sense of pain is associated also psychical anxiety with regard to renewed attempts at intercourse2 and in this way the reflex spasm is produced4 ,sometimes the vaginal spasm does not begin until after the penis has been introduced1 so that this organ is retained 7penis captivus74 ,a few years ago a remarkable case of this kind occurred in ,bremen4 ,one of the dock labourers was having sexual intercourse in an out-of-the-way corner of the docks1 when the woman became affected with this involuntary spasm1 and the man was unable to free himself from his imprisonment4 ,a great crowd assembled1 from the midst of which the unfortunate couple were removed in a closed carriage1 and taken to the hospital1 and not until chloroform had been administered to the girl did the spasm pass off and free the man6 #dcf ,a very clever study of the conditions here described will be found in a recent ,english novel1 8,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,villiers10 by ,hubert ,wales 7,heinemann1 ,london1 #aijg74--,,translator4 #dcg ,rozier describes two typical examples of feminine erotomania 78,the ,secret ,aberrations of the ,female ,sex10 pp4 #abc-abh2 ,leipzig1 #ahca74 #dch ,,pollutions4--,this term has not perhaps as yet acquired a right of residence in the ,english tongue1 but ,i use it because it is needed4 ,there is no other word which can be employed as a general term 7#a7 to include all involuntary emissions of semen1 whether nocturnal or diurnal2 and 7#b7 to include involuntary sexual orgasm in the female as well as in the male4 ,in the female the term 8seminal emission0 is inapplicable2 but the term 8pollution0 can be applied in ,english 7as it is in ,german7 to either sex4 ,by ,american writers the term 8pollution0 is now generally used 7see1 for instance1 ,allen1 8,disorders of the ,male ,sexual ,organs10 ,twentieth ,century ,practice1 vol4 vii41 p4 #fab et seq474--,,translator4 #dci ,l4 ,lwenfeld1 op4 cit41 pp4 #bjf1 #bjg4 #ddj ,swediaur relates3 8,i have1 although much more rarely1 seen the aforesaid diseases also in the other sex0 7he speaks of diurnal pollutions74 8,at the present time ,i have under treatment a woman1 twenty-eight years of age1 who for a year and a half1 since the time when she had a miscarriage1 suffers from very frequent involuntary nocturnal pollutions1 which are induced by very voluptuous dreams1 and are accompanied by all the symptoms of wasting of the spinal cord1 which ,hippocrates describes as a disease peculiar to the male sex40 ,quoted by ,l4 ,deslandes1 8,masturbation and other ,aberrations of ,sexual ,intercourse10 p4 #bjd 7,leipzig1 #ahce74 #dda ,paul ,bernhardt1 8,processes ,resembling ,pollutions ,occurring in ,women1 without ,sexual ,ideas or ,lustful ,feelings10 published in ,die rztliche ,praxis1 #aijc1 ,no4 #ag1 pp4 #aic-aig4 #ddb ,the best recent work on impotence is ,frbringer's 8,the ,disturbances of the ,sexual ,function in ,man10 second edition 7,vienna1 #aija74 ,see also ,frenzel1 8,on ,incapacity for ,procreation0 7,wittenberg1 #ahjj72 ,f4 ,roubaud1 8,trait de l',impuissance et de la ,strilit chez l',homme et chez la ,femme0 7,paris1 #ahgh72 ,v4 von ,gyurkovechky1 8,pathology and ,therapeutics of ,impotence in the ,male0 7,vienna and ,leipzig1 #ahig72 ,j4 ,steinbacher1 8,impotence in the ,male10 fifth edition 7,berlin1 #ahib72 ,w4 ,a4 ,hammond1 8,sexual ,impotence in the ,male and ,female ,sexes0 7,berlin1 #ahia72 ,a4 ,eulenburg1 8,sexual ,neurasthenia0 7pp4 #agg-ahc72 ,leopold ,casper1 8,impotentia et ,sterilitas ,virilis0 7,munich1 #ahij74 #ddc ,w4 ,schallmayer1 8,infection as a ,wedding ,gift10 published in the ,journal for the ,suppression of ,venereal ,diseases1 #aijc1 vol4 iv41 pp4 #chi-dai4 #ddd ,g4 ,hirth1 8,ways to ,love10 pp4 #dfa1 #dfc4 #dde ,jacquemart reports a striking case of impotentia coeundi1 which he saw in an engineer who received an appointment in a ,state tobacco factory4 ,after he had resigned his appointment1 the patient fully recovered his sexual powers 7cf4 ,loebisch1 article 8,tobacco10 in ,eulenburg's ,real-,enzyklopdie1 #aijj1 vol4 xxiv41 p4 #ai74 #ddf ,s4 ,rti1 8,sexuelle ,gebrechen10 second edition1 p4 #ae 7,halle1 #aijd74 #ddg ,j4 ,s4 ,t4 ,frenzel1 8,impotence10 ,part ,i41 p4 #afd 7,wittenberg1 #ahjj74 #ddh ,in some cases it is said to have given rise to permanent impotence4 #ddi ,frenzel1 op4 cit41 pp4 #aee1 #aef4 #dej ,j4 ,j4 ,virey1 8,woman10 p4 #cfg 7,leipzig1 #ahbg74 #dea ,von ,schrenck-,notzing1 8,studies in ,crimino-,psychology and ,psycho-,pathology10 p4 #agf 7,leipzig1 #aijb74 #deb ,the ,englishman ,thomas ,parr1 who attained the age of one hundred and fifty-two years1 remarried at the age of a hundred and twenty years1 and his wife is said 8to have noticed no defects in him on account of his age0 7cf4 ,william ,ebstein1 8,the ,art of ,prolonging ,human ,life10 p4 #gj 7,wiesbaden1 #ahia774 #dec ,in the drug trade we find two brands1 known respectively as 8,yohimbin ,spiegel0 and 8,yohimbin ,riedel02 both preparations are of equal value4 ,in a letter to the translator under date ,january #h1 #aijh1 ,dr4 ,bloch writes that 8,yohimbin ,riedel0 is preferable to 8,yohimbin ,spiegel40 #ded ,cf4 ,alexander ,peyer1 8,affections of the ,stomach ,associated with ,disorders of the ,male ,genital ,organs0 7,leipzig1 #ahij74 #dee ,cf4 ,koblanck1 8,some ,clinical ,observations on ,disturbances of the ,physiological ,functions of the ,female ,reproductive ,organs10 published in the ,zeitschrift fr ,geburtshilfe und ,gynkologie1 vol4 xliii41 ,no4 #c4 ,moriz ,porosz 78,sexual ,truths10 pp4 #bac-bah2 ,leipzig1 #aijg7 devotes with good reason a special chapter to the neurasthenia of young married women4 ,the change from the virgin state into married life often gives rise to such transient neurasthenic conditions in the young wife1 especially when there exists any sort of disharmony in respect of marital intercourse4 ,,chapter ,,xvii ,,the ,,anthropological ,,aspect ,,of ,,psychopathia ,,sexualis 8,i hope that in the not distant future1 for the advancement of science1 physicians will be glad to ally themselves with folk-lorists and ethnologists40--,,frederick ,s4 ,,krauss4 ,,contents ,,of ,,chapter ,,xvii ,anthropological and clinical views of sexual anomalies -- ,ubiquity and enduring nature of psychopathia sexualis -- ,secondary rle of civilization and degeneration -- ,the fable of 8the good old times0 -- ,the ungrounded fear of degeneration -- 8,nervous degeneration0 in earlier times -- ,recent arguments against the degeneration theory -- ,metchnikoff's book1 8,the ,nature of ,man0 -- ,georg ,hirth's idea of 8,hereditary ,enfranchisement40 ,elements of the anthropological theory of psychopathia sexualis -- ,the need for variety in sexual relationships -- ,sexual perversions in healthy persons -- ,the effect of external influences -- ,morbid impressions -- ,artificial production of perversions 7repetition1 suggestion1 imitation1 seduction7 -- ,importance of sexual differentiation -- ,congenital character of perversions -- ,the diffusion of perversions among savage races -- ,examples -- ,immorality in the country -- ,influence of race and nationality -- ,of age and sex -- ,social differences -- ,influence of civilization -- ,influence of conventionality -- ,the unrest of the present day -- ,spiritual configuration of modern perversity4 ,appendix3 ,sexual ,perversions due to ,diseases4 -- ,general survey -- ,epilepsy and sexual perversions -- ,other mental diseases-,syphilis and sexual perversions -- ,abnormalities of the genital organs4 ,,chapter ,,xvii ,in my 8,contributions to the ,etiology of ,psychopathia ,sexualis10 published in the years #aijb and #aijc1 ,i for the first time attempted to deal systematically1 from the standpoint of the anthropologist and ethnologist1 with the great province of the so-called 8psychopathia sexualis10 the field of sexual aberrations1 degenerations1 anomalies1 perversities1 and perversions4 ,i started from the point of view that1 in order to obtain new ideas regarding the nature of psychopathia sexualis1 and in order to revise the old ideas in the light of recent knowledge1 we must keep before our eyes1 not one-sidedly 8the sick man10 but comprehensively 8man as man10 both as civilized man and as savage man4 ,previously the doctrine of psychopathia sexualis had been dominated exclusively by clinical1 purely medical conceptions4 ,observations had been limited to morbid phenomena1 occurring in individuals with an abnormal vita sexualis4 ,thus there had arisen a general view of the nature of sexual anomalies1 by which these anomalies were allotted almost entirely to the province of the physician1 and were described as stigmata of degeneration4 ,h4 ,j4 ,lwenstein1#def ,hussler1#deg and ,kaan1#deh in the third and fifth decades of the nineteenth century1 were the first to adopt this medical point of view of sexual aberrations2 and finally1 in the last quarter of the same century1 ,richard von ,krafft-,ebing#dei converted modern sexual pathology into a comprehensive scientific system1#dfj which stands and falls with the idea of degeneration4 ,von ,krafft-,ebing is1 and remains1 the true founder of modern sexual pathology4 ,without wishing in the slightest degree to underestimate the value of the clinical researches he carried out in this province of research1 characterized by precision and profound scientific zeal--without undervaluing for a moment these extraordinary services--,i am compelled to point out that his purely medical view of sexual aberrations is one-sided1 and to insist that it must be amplified and rectified by anthropological and ethnological researches4 ,let us leave the hospital and the medical consulting-room2 let us make a journey round the world2 let us observe the sexual activity of the genus homo in its manifold phenomena1 not as physicians1 but as ordinary observers2 let us compare the sexuality of the civilized human being with that of the savage3 then we shall recognize the vast extension of our visual field for the comprehension of psychopathia sexualis2 we shall see how the civilized and temporary phenomenon becomes absorbed into the general human phenomenon1 presenting amid all local variations the same fundamental lineaments4 ,psychopathia sexualis exists everywhere and at all times4 ,culture1 civilization1 and diseases play only the parts of favouring1 modifying1 intensifying factors4 ,i do not go so far as ,freud1 who1 on account of the now generally recognized wide diffusion of perverse sexual tendencies1 is compelled to adopt the view 8that the rudiments of perversions are the primeval general rudiments of the human sexual impulse1 out of which the normal sexual mode of behaviour is developed in the course of evolution1 in consequence of organic changes and psychical inhibitions02#dfa but ,i do maintain that sexual perversities and perversions appertain to the human race as such1 and independently of civilization4 ,i am convinced that they are supplementary to normal sexual manifestations1 and that their diffusion among civilized and savage peoples extends far more widely than the circle of true degenerative phenomena4 ,the sexual impulse1 as a purely physical function1 is neither an object of comparison nor a distinctive characteristic between primitive and civilized humanity4 ,the 8elementary ideas0 of humanity return everywhere again in the elementary manifestations of sexual aberrations4 ,from the investigations collected and published in the above-mentioned work ,i have been led to the firm conviction1 which ,i must now put forward as a scientific truth based upon the teaching of anthropology1 folk-lore1 and the history of civilization1 that at the present day1 in our time so widely decried as 8nervous10 8degenerate10 and 8overcivilized10 not only are there no more sexually 8perverse0 persons than there were in former days--let us think only of the middle ages1 with their frightful excesses1 appearing in epidemic diffusion--but1 further1 that the greater part of the perversions of the present day are not to be regarded as 8degenerations0 at all2 and1 finally1 that the factors which are to weaken and undermine the vital forces of a nation must be something other than purely sexual factors4 ,for sexual aberrations alone have1 taken as a whole1 but a trifling influence in effecting the decadence of a nation4 ,they first gain such an influence in combination with causes1 which we cannot now discuss1 of an economic and political nature4 ,as old as humanity is the fable of the good old times1 of the golden youth of the human race1 of the glorious past1 to which an always corrupt1 physically and morally rotten present is supposed to have succeeded4#dfb ,the ancients held this view2 it recurred at the time of the renascence2 and since the time of ,rousseau's unfortunate condemnation of all civilization1 it has been1 in the hands of all zealots1 moral fanatics1 backsliders1 and guardians of conventional morality1 a greatly prized weapon1 and one1 also1 of great power when used to influence the ignorant and easily misled4 ,anthropology1 the history of primitive man1 and the history of civilization in general1 have utterly destroyed this beautiful dream of the good old times and of the better days of the past4 ,nothing has been left but the ever more beautiful present6 ,the critical and far-sighted ,lessing opposed ,rousseau's hypothesis of corruption by means of 8civilization40 ,it was true1 he said1 that ,athens1 standing so high in civilization1 and at the same time so corrupt1 passed away2 but the virtuous ,sparta1 did not this also pass away8 ,rousseau himself had to admit that the destruction of civilization would be of no use1 that the world would then relapse into barbarism1 and that the corruption would none the less persist4 ,the philologist ,muff1#dfc discussing this question1 added that if civilization had not come1 vice would still have been dominant1 and that civilization1 involving as it does intellectual progress1 provides also the means for counteracting vice4 ,physicians and natural philosophers have long protested against the theory of the corrupt and degenerate 8present40 ,for instance1 a countryman of ,rousseau's1 ,dr4 ,delvincourt1#dfd exclaimed3 8,how false is the assumption of the fanatics and the pious who attribute to the moral corruption of our century the majority of diseases1 and1 above all1 venereal diseases2 who maintain that the race is degenerating2 and who thunder an anathema against modern young men1 whom they would gladly muzzle as we muzzle an animal40 ,must we1 then1 he asks1 at a moment when civilization is marching forward with giant strides1 have our ears wearied with sophisms which can no longer deceive even the ignorant masses8 ,and he shows how since primeval times1 everywhere1 all over the earth1 vice has been diffused4 ,he rightly points to the innumerable monuments de turpitude of all ages4 ,about the same time 7be it noted1 more than sixty years ago7 in ,germany the celebrated natural philosopher ,christian ,gottfried ,ehrenberg1 in an academic speech with the distinctive title 8,the ,fear that ,progressive ,intellectual ,development will ,lead to ,physical ,national ,degeneration3 ,a ,demonstration that this ,fear is entirely devoid of ,scientific and ,medical ,foundation0 7,berlin1 #ahdb71 opposed the belief in the unwholesome influence of civilization upon the popular strength and popular morals4 ,of special interest to us are his remarks upon the alleged deleterious influence of civilization upon sexuality4 ,he says 7p4 #h73 8,the occurrence of puberty in warm climates at a comparatively early age 7from ten to fifteen years71 in cold climates somewhat later 7from fourteen to eighteen years71 is a natural measure of human intelligence and power2 and if our sexually mature youths at school1 at the time at which their development has naturally progressed to this point1 experience also sexual stimulation1 this is entirely according to the nature of things1 and only imposes upon those in charge of schools1 and upon parents1 the special duty of watchfulness in these respects4 ,even if secret vice becomes general anywhere among young fellows in a manner open to regret1 still1 this does not mean that our schools are the cause of physical weakness1 of overstimulation1 and of deterioration of the people and of the epoch2 it merely indicates a local deficiency in energetic purposive education1 and a lack of the necessary watchfulness over the youths in the particular institution in which the trouble has occurred1 or that the family life of the children thus affected is less strictly moral than we could wish2 and the evil is only to be overcome by counteracting its especial causes4 ,in many cases we may compare outbreaks of premature sexuality with epidemics of disease1 which also find entrance through lack of sufficient care4 ,just the same is it in respect of the great mass of adults who1 by exhortation and example on the part of those whose business it is to give them counsel1 are in most cases so easily led in the right direction1 but who1 in the absence of such judicious treatment1 often give way to the most unbridled licentiousness4 ,the student of popular history will easily find numerous instances of cause and effect1 now of the former and now of the latter kind40 ,ehrenberg comes to the conclusion1 most encouraging to ourselves and to our time1 and one which may be unhesitatingly accepted1 that the entire history of humanity1 in so far as that history is open to us1 leads us to believe1 not that the progress of civilization#dfe has given rise to infirmity or to nervous overstimulation of the people1 but1 on the contrary1 that as the centuries pass1 our bodies are as powerfully developed as formerly1 and that there is an ever-happier development of all the nobler human activities1 such as can only result from an improvement in our mental faculties4 ,at the fifty-ninth ,congress of ,german ,natural ,philosophers and ,physicians1 held at ,berlin in the year #ahhf1 the celebrated physicist ,werner von ,siemens1 discussing the same problem in a formal speech1 proved the nullity of the hypothesis of the evil influence of civilization upon the physical and moral nature of humanity1 and expressed himself as fully convinced that 8our activity in research and discovery conducts humanity to higher stages of civilization1 ennobles humanity1 and makes ideal aims more easily accessible2 that the coming scientific age will diminish poverty and illness1 will increase the enjoyment of life1 and will make humanity better1 happier1 and more contented with its lot40 8,has humanity degenerated80 asks a celebrated specialist1#dff who1 owing to the nature of his speciality1 has been able to obtain exhaustive information regarding what is often believed to be a symptom of degeneration--namely1 falling out of the hair and baldness--and he answers3 8,certainly not6 ,in the process of civilization1 which has lasted for many thousands of years1 our organization has not experienced any serious convulsion of its fundamental nature4 ,superficially only have the battles we have had to fight made any mark upon us40 ,to a frightful extent in earlier times the great infective epidemic diseases decimated civilized humanity1 to an extent which is hardly realized at the present day1 and those of more powerful constitution were undoubtedly carried off quite as much as those endowed with weaker powers of resistance4 ,bubonic plague1 small-pox1 leprosy1 the sweating sickness1 scarlatina1 cholera1 and syphilis 7which at its commencement was a far more severe disease than it is at the present day71 have often annihilated the blossoms of youth2 and yet mankind as a whole has not suffered therefrom4 ,formerly there were much more violent and obstinate nervous troubles than our modern 8nervousness10 which1 to a large extent1 represents merely a phenomenon of adaptation1 not a disease in the proper sense of the term4 ,st4 ,vitus's dance1 the dancing mania1 and similar psycho-nervous epidemics1 disturbed medieval humanity1 without1 however1 giving rise to any permanent injury1 and without causing progressive degeneration4 ,and the most frightful sexual excesses can do no harm to the strength of the nation4 ,with regard to this point1 the reputed connexion between sexual excesses and the political downfall of a nation1 ,carl ,bleibtreu#dfg rightly remarks3 8,ancient ,rome produced its greatest men during a period of moral degeneration4 ,the finest blossoms of ,hellenic civilization coincided with a period of fundamental immorality4 ,we might easily urge that after ,pericles1 ,phidias1 ,aristophanes1 ,euripides1 ,alcibiades1 and ,socrates1 the decay of the ,greek race began1 notwithstanding the fact that much later in ,greek history the vital force of the nation was proved by the appearance of men of the first rank1 such as ,alexander1 ,aristotle1 and ,demosthenes4 ,but this rejoinder does not help us much1 for in the earliest days of ,greek history1 in the legal codes of ,solon and ,lycurgus1 we find the most notable and clear indications that precisely in respect of sexual relationship1 and more especially in regard to marriage and the procreation of children1 the morals of this fresh and youthful race were disordered to the greatest possible extent4 8,just the same do we find it at the time of the ,italian renascence and at the time of the ,hohenstaufen dynasty--a complete confusion of sexual relationships4 ,the eighteenth century1 also1 notwithstanding all the justified jeremiads of ,rousseau regarding the widespread unnaturalness of the time1 and notwithstanding all the sorrows of the young ,werther1 was distinguished by the production of an incredible abundance of men of genius2 and in contemporary ,france1 the country which was most severely affected by this moral decay1 there flourished the generation to which such men as ,mirabeau and ,napoleon belonged--men whose unparalleled vitality influences us to this moment40 ,finally1 ,i must refer to two leading authors of recent years1 ,eli ,metchnikoff and ,georg ,hirth1 whose writings exhibit a remarkable similarity in respect of general philosophical foundation4 ,both have energetically opposed the unfounded fantasies of degeneration 7there exists also a justified campaign against the continuously effective causes of degeneration in the form of alcohol1 syphilis1 etc471 and both have advocated a belief in life and in the life-force4 ,in his work 8,the ,nature of ,man0 7,english translation by ,chalmers ,mitchell2 ,heinemann1 #aijc71 ,metchnikoff advances an 8optimistic philosophy10 in opposition to the pessimistic degenerative theory of our time1 of which latter ,p4 ,j4 ,mbius may be regarded as the chief advocate1 and he proves how the imperfections and 8disharmonies0 of the human organism may give place to a further development and perfectibility of human nature1 and this precisely in connexion with culture and civilization4 ,it is now that humanity first begins really to live4#dfh ,mankind has not degenerated in consequence of civilization1 but has1 on the contrary1 by means of civilization1 first attained the possibility of establishing 8physiological old age0 and 8physiological death40 ,our device is not backwards1 but forwards6 ,the pessimists cry out3 8,existence has no meaning6 ,for what purpose do we live1 and for what purpose do we die80 ,this dreadful 8for what purpose0 with which ,friedrich von ,hellwald concludes his history of civilization1 disturbs day by day emotional minds4 ,metchnikoff proves that this problem is connected with the existence of the disharmonies of human nature4 ,but evolution continues to transform these disharmonies into harmonies 78orthobiosis074 ,thus the aim of human existence lies in 8the completion of the entire physiological cycle of life with a normal old age1 so that1 with the cessation of the instinct to live1 and with the appearance of the instinct for natural death1 the cycle comes to an end40 ,this is1 to a certain extent1 the scientific formulation of the 8superman0 of ,nietzsche1 who based upon quite similar considerations his opposition to the hypothesis of degeneration1 and who1 out of the disharmonies1 imperfections1 and pains of life1 also created the conviction of a progressive evolution1 and thus1 like ,metchnikoff1 thoroughly affirmed life4 ,metchnikoff's ideal human being of the future is realizable1 but only by means of the principles of science and intelligent culture4 ,similar views to those of ,metchnikoff are advanced by ,georg ,hirth4 ,he1 above all1 has introduced into science the most felicitous conception of 8hereditary enfranchisement40#dfi ,thus to the pessimistic degeneration theories and the psychical paralysis evoked by the idea of 8hereditary taint0 7we now hear the expression from every mouth71 ,hirth opposes a word of power1 a word expressing 8an energetic opposing stream of tendency40 ,thus the incontestable fact finds simple expression1 that 8,the requirements of all individuals through millions of generations constitute an inalienable1 progressively influential common possession of the whole of humanity1 an impulsive force based upon natural law1 which marches victoriously forward over the sins and failures of individuals4444 ,that is to say1 that in our entire organism1 so long as it continues to live1 in addition to the disturbing influences which we have inherited or have acquired by our own faults1 there exists also a mass of old and new constructive influences1 which work towards the restitution of the former condition4444 ,enfranchisement by means of primevally old1 healthy1 and strong reproductive cells is stronger than the quite recent tainting by means of weakly and diseased germs4 ,if it were not so1 the entire human race would long since have passed away1 for there can hardly exist a single family tree at the foot of which there are not somewhere worms gnawing40 ,i cannot here examine more closely the extremely interesting foundation of this view1 which rightly places in the foreground the capacity for self-regeneration1 for the removal of morbid vital stimuli1 and their replacement by new and healthy vital stimuli1 and which notably limits the extension of hereditary 8tainting40 ,the conclusion which ,hirth draws from this view is identical with that of ,metchnikoff--namely1 that our life remains capable of upward progress1 a view which ,hirth everywhere happily employs in his battle 8with the forces of obscurity and degeneration40 ,the theory of degeneration finds a thorough scientific refutation also in the admirable work by ,dr4 ,william ,hirsch1 8,genius and ,degeneration3 a ,psychological ,study0 7,berlin and ,leipzig1 #aijd74 ,at the end of the book 7p4 #cdj7 the writer says3 8,in view of the investigations ,i have made1 we are necessarily led to the conclusion that the authors mentioned have by no means adduced proof of a general degeneration of the civilized nations4 ,humanity need not be alarmed with regard to the alleged #8black plague of degeneration1' and the world need be as little concerned by these fables of the #8twilight of the nations' as by ,herr ,falb's prophecies of the approaching destruction of our planet40 ,it cannot be denied that the wide diffusion of the deleterious means of sensual gratification 7alcohol1 tobacco1 etc471 the increase in the number of large towns1 and the rapid growth in their population1 by means of which prostitution and the spread of venereal diseases are especially favoured1 constitute important etiological factors for the degeneration of the race4 ,still1 the wide diffusion of public hygiene1 which is more and more brought under the notice of the individual1 affords here an effective counterpoise4 8,enfranchisement0 in ,hirth's sense is here clearly manifested4 ,after we have seen that the 8degeneration0 of our time1 to the medical idea of which we shall return to speak more exactly in the next chapter1 is not greater now than it was in earlier epochs1 and that sexual anomalies have always existed1 let us return to consider this point1 to the anthropological view of psychopathia sexualis4 ,in my 8,etiology of ,psychopathia ,sexualis0 ,i have collected the general human phenomena of the sexual impulse in primitive and civilized states--that is1 the everywhere recurring fundamental lineaments and phenomena of the vita sexualis peculiar to the genus homo as such4 ,as the principal result of this inquiry1 the following propositions appear to me to be established3 ,degeneration cannot be employed1 as von ,krafft-,ebing has employed it in his 8,psychopathia ,sexualis10 as a heuristic principle in the investigation1 recognition1 and judgment of sexual aberrations and perversions4 ,at the most1 degeneration is no more than a favouring factor of the diffusion of sexual abnormalities1 an influence which increases the frequency of their appearance4 ,on the contrary1 the ultimate cause of all sexual perversions1 aberrations1 abnormalities1 and irrationalities1 is the need for variety in sexual relationships peculiar to the genus homo1 which is to be regarded as a physiological phenomenon1 and the increase of which to the degree of a sexual irritable hunger is competent to produce the most severe sexual perversions4 ,in contrast with this1 8degeneration0 or diseases play only a subordinate part1 and can be invoked for the explanation of only a small number of sexual aberrations--at most for those which come to the notice of physicians on account of pathological conditions or in foro4 ,in fact1 the majority of cases of sexual perversions which come the way of the physicians in clinical or forensic relationships are pathological1 but these constitute only a minority of all cases4 ,the large majority of cases do not come within the scope of degeneration4#dgj ,freud1 in his 8,three ,essays on the ,sexual ,theory10 recognizes the justice of my view1 and on p4 #hj he writes3 8,physicians who have first studied perversions in well-marked examples and peculiar conditions are naturally inclined to regard them as signs of disease or as stigmata of degeneration1 just as in the case of sexual inversion4 ,daily experience has shown that the majority of these transgressions--at any rate1 the less marked of them--constitute a seldom lacking constituent of the sexual life of healthy persons4 ,in favourable conditions the normal individual may exhibit such a perversion for a considerable length of time in the place of his normal sexual activity2 or the perversion may take its place beside the normal sexual activity4 ,probably there is no healthy person in whom there does not exist1 at some time or other1 some kind of supplement to his normal sexual activity1 to which we should be justified in giving the name of #8perversity4'0#dga ,a second important factor in the genesis of sexual anomalies is the ease with which the sexual impulse is affected by external influences1 the associative inclusion of manifold external stimuli in sexual perception itself1 the 8synsthetic stimuli10 as ,i myself have called them1 in the amatory life of mankind4 ,in this way gradually all the relations of art1 religion1 fashion1 etc41 to sexuality have developed1 and they offer1 in conjunction with the sensory impressions and the psychical and physical imaginative associations which accompany the sexual act1 an incredibly rich material for the manifold realizations of the sexual need for variation4 ,the need for variety in sexual relationships1 in conjunction with the sexual 8demand for stimulation0 7,hoche71#dgb plays a great part1 especially in the occurrence of sexual perversions in adult persons and at a more advanced age of life4 ,the effect of external influences is most clearly noticeable in childhood1 when it is experienced most deeply and in a most enduring manner1 and when it can become permanently associated with sexual perception 7,binet and von ,schrenck-,notzing74 ,alexander von ,humboldt1 in his 8,cosmos0 7vol4 ii41 ,introduction71 drew attention to the well-known experience that 8sensual impressions and apparently chance occurrences are1 in the case of youthful emotional individuals1 often capable of determining the entire course of a human life40 ,freud draws attention to the psychological fact that impressions of childhood1 which have apparently been forgotten1 may1 notwithstanding1 have left the most profound marks upon our psychical life1 and may have determined our entire subsequent development4 ,the impressions of childhood are often incorporated fate4 ,for this reason1 for example1 the children of criminals become criminals themselves1 not because they are 8born0 criminals1 but because1 as children1 they grow up in the atmosphere of crime1 and the impressions they here receive become firmly and deeply rooted in their natures4 ,hence the campaign against crime must in the first place take into consideration the education of the children of criminals6 ,from the need for variety in sexual relationships1 and from the effect of external influences1 we deduce the possibility and the actual frequency of the acquirement and the artificial production of sexual perversions and perversities2 and these1 in proportion to the intensity of the sexual impulse 7very variable in strength in different individuals1 according to the ease with which it is excited71 will appear now earlier1 now later1 will be now transient and now enduring4 ,the third important etiological factor in the origination of sexual perversions is the frequent repetition of the same sexual aberration4 ,there can be no doubt whatever that the normal human being can become accustomed to the most diverse sexual aberrations1 so that these become perversions1 which appear in healthy human beings just as they do in the diseased4 ,fourthly1 suggestion and imitation play an extremely important rle in the vita sexualis alike of primitive and of civilized nations1 in accordance with which certain aberrations in the sexual sphere become diffused with great rapidity1 and make their appearance as customs1 fashions1 and psychical epidemics4 ,those who everywhere trace perversities from morbid rudiments underestimate the powerful influence which example and seduction exercise in the human sexual life4 ,this is especially noticeable to-day in those sexual perversions which have become national customs4 ,the most celebrated example is that of ,hellenic pderasty1 reputedly introduced from ,crete1 but probably in the first place originated by a few genuinely homosexual individuals1 who in their own interest transmitted artificially by suggestion their peculiar tendencies to a few heterosexual individuals1 until at last the love of boys became a national custom which every heterosexual man adopted4 ,the momentous part which modern prostitution1 and more especially brothels1 plays in the suggestion of perversions has already been mentioned4 ,it is a matter to which we shall frequently have occasion to return4 ,schrank alludes 78,prostitution in ,vienna10 vol4 i41 p4 #bhe7 to a prostitute who enjoyed a 8,european reputation0 as an artist in sexual perversities of every kind1 and who enjoyed the nickname of 8the ,ever-,virgin10 because she allowed men every possible kind of enjoyment except that of regular normal intercourse 7which she avoided for fear of becoming impregnated74 ,fifthly1 the difference between man and woman in the essence1 the kind1 and the intensity1 of sexual perception 7sexual activity in man1 sexual passivity in woman7 constitutes a rich source of sexual aberrations1 most of which belong to the provinces of masochism and sadism4 ,sixthly1 and lastly1 in otherwise healthy individuals there occur at a very early age1 and probably in consequence of congenital conditions1 changes in the direction and the aim of sexual perception1 variations from the type of differentiated heterosexual love4 ,genuine homosexuality is the principal phenomenon to be considered under this head4 ,it occurs in perfectly healthy individuals quite independently of degeneration and of civilization2 and it is diffused throughout the whole world4 ,from all these facts may be deduced the untenability of a purely clinical and pathological conception of sexual aberrations and perversions4 ,we must now accept the point of view that1 although numerous morbid degenerate and psychopathic individuals exhibit sexual anomalies1 yet these identical anomalies and aberrations are extraordinarily common in healthy persons4 ,ethnological research1 for more exact details of which ,i may refer to my own work already mentioned1 and to the pioneer works of ,ploss-,bartels1#dgc ,mantegazza1#dgd ,friedrich ,s4 ,krauss1#dge and ,havelock ,ellis1#dgf has adduced stringent proof that sexual aberrations and perversions are ubiquitous1 diffused throughout the entire world1 just as much among primitive races as among civilized nations1 that on the psycho-physical side they are 8elementary ideas0 in ,bastian's sense1 that they recur everywhere in a qualitatively identical manner as a result of similar conditions4 ,as it is with prostitution1 so it is also with sexual perversions--a tendency to sexual aberration is deeply rooted in human nature4 ,it is a primitive1 purely anthropological phenomenon1 which is not strengthened by civilization1 but1 on the contrary1 is mitigated thereby4 ,charles ,darwin rightly points out that the hatred of sexual immorality and of sexual aberrations is a 8modern virtue10 appertaining exclusively to 8civilized life10 and entirely foreign to the nature of primitive man4 ,primitive man revelled in wild indecency 7as ,wilhelm ,roscher also proves71 in sexual perversions1 and libertinism4#dgg ,the sexual aberrations of civilized mankind are for the most part imitations of the examples given by primitive peoples4 ,thus1 the well-known 8stimulating rings0 of ,european rubber manufacturers 7cf4 ,weissenberg1 in the 8,transactions of the ,anthropological ,society of ,berlin10 #ahic1 p4 #ace7 correspond to the 8stimulating stones0 of the ,battaks 7,staudinger1 op4 cit41 #ahia1 p4 #cea71 to the 8penis stones0 of the savage ,orang ,sinnoi in ,malacca 7,vaughan ,stevens in the ,zeitschrift fr ,ethnologie1 #ahif1 pp4 #aha1 #ahb71 the 8ampallang0 of the ,sunda ,islands 7see ,miklucho-,maclay in the 8,transactions of the ,anthropological ,society of ,berlin10 #ahgf1 pp4 #bb-bh74 ,the 8renifleurs0 and 8gamahucheurs0 of the ,parisian brothels and houses of accommodation find their typical analogues in the urine fetichists and cunnilingi of the ,island of ,ponape1 in the ,carolines 7cf4 ,ploss-,bartels71 who are1 in truth1 far removed from the fin-de-sicle life4 ,and what a perverse imagination have the women of this same island6 ,according to ,otto ,finsch 7,zeitschrift fr ,ethnologie1 #ahhj1 p4 #caf71 the men of this island have all only one testicle1 because in boys at the age of seven or eight years the left testicle is removed by a piece of sharpened bamboo4 ,this is said to make the men more desirable to the women6 ,among the ,masai1 for similar reasons1 circumcision is effected in such a manner that a portion of the prepuce is left behind to form a kind of firm button of skin4 8,this mode of circumcision is greatly prized by the women4 ,among the black races1 indeed1 everything turns round the question of sensual enjoyment0 78,medical ,notes from ,central ,africa10 by ,m4 ,c41 published in the ,deutsche ,medizinische ,presse1 #aijb1 ,no4 #ad1 p4 #aaf74 ,and how can our rous compete with the ,tauni islanders of the ,south ,seas8 ,these select certain women1 who are not allowed to marry1 but are reserved as simple 8objects of sensual pleasure10 and with these every kind of sexual artifice is practised 7,dempwolf1 8,medical ,notes on the ,tauni ,islanders10 published in the ,zeitschrift fr ,ethnologie1 #aijb1 p4 #cce74 ,thus between primitive and civilized races in these respects there are no important differences2 and according to recent researches we find the same may be said with regard to civilized nations1 that there is no difference between town and country4#dgh ,i quote here the account given by an experienced author sixty years ago3 8,people usually believe that in the country morals are much better than in the towns1 but this belief is quite erroneous4 ,brothels and professional prostitutes naturally cannot exist in the country1 but nearly every peasant-girl in the country is equivalent to a secret prostitute4 ,it is incredible what sexual excesses go on between the masculine and feminine inhabitants of the villages4 ,every barn1 every shed1 every haystack1 every copse1 bears witness to this4 ,especially disadvantageous to morals is it when in the heat of summer persons of different sexes work side by side1 half undressed1 in remote fields for the whole day1 and lie down to rest side by side40#dgi ,we may here allude to a fact that we shall have to discuss later--that young men1 after the conclusion of their term of military service1 carry back with them to the country the knowledge of sexual excesses and perversities which they have acquired in the town1 and thus diffuse these tendencies more and more widely4 ,since sexual anomalies constitute a phenomenon generally characteristic of humanity1 race and nationality1 as such1 have less to do with the matter than is commonly imagined4 ,the ,mongol and the ,malay are not less voluptuous than the ,semites1 or than many ,aryan races4 ,among the ,semites1 the ,arabs and the ,turks are pre-eminently sexually perverse nations4 ,they seek sexual gratification indifferently in the female harem and in the boys' brothel 7see numerous descriptions of travellers on the moral customs of ,turkey1 the ,levant1 ,cairo1 ,morocco1 the ,arabian ,soudan1 the ,arabs in ,africa1 etc474 ,among the ,aryan races the ,aryans of ,india must be considered pre-eminent as refined practitioners of psychopathia sexualis1 which they have reduced to a system4 ,in addition to recognizing forty-eight figur ,veneris 7different postures in sexual intercourse71 they practise every possible variety of sexual perversion2 and they have in various textbooks#dhj a systematic introduction to sexual immorality4 ,here there is manifestly no trace of morbid conditions1 of degeneration1 or of psychopathia2 it is simply a matter of popular manners and customs4 ,sexual perversion among the ,greeks and the ,romans1 two other ,aryan nations1 is too well known to need detailed description4 ,in modern ,europe the ,french were at one time believed to lead the way in sexual artifices4 ,for a long time this has ceased to be true1 and1 in fact1 never was true4 ,they do1 indeed1 excel1 if one may use the expression1 all other nations in the outward technique and in the elegance of their sexual excesses4 ,to them from very early times there has been ascribed a certain preference for the skatological element in the sexual life2 but according to the recent researches of ,friedrich ,s4 ,krauss regarding the ,slavs1 published in his 8,anthropophyteia10 this alleged pre-eminence is extremely doubtful4 ,that among the ,slavs sexual perversions of every kind have an extraordinarily wide diffusion has been shown by this investigator by the collection of an enormous mass of material4 ,it is also very generally known that the ,english from early days have exhibited a marked tendency to sadistic practices1 and especially to flagellation4 ,i will return later to this remarkable phenomenon4 ,the ,french accuse the ,germans of an especial tendency to homosexuality 7le vice ,allemand71 but there are no sufficient grounds for this accusation4 ,in psychopathia sexualis1 the ,germans are as cosmopolitan as they are in other respects4 ,with regard to the age of the individual in relation to sexual perversions1 the frequency of these is greater after puberty than before1#dha and the frequency increases with advancing years4 ,the time at which the imagination unfolds its greatest activity1 the commencement of manhood1 is extremely favourable to the origination of sexual aberrations1 and to their becoming habitual practices2 and1 again1 the age at which the sexual powers begin to decline1 and when for their incitation new stimuli are needed1 is one at which abnormal varieties of sexual gratification frequently originate4#dhb ,which sex is more inclined to abnormalities of the sexual impulse1 the male or the female8 ,the primitively more powerful sexual impulsive life of man in association with his greater use of alcohol makes him distinctly more inclined to follow sexual bypaths than woman1 whose sexuality at first develops very gradually1 and experiences1 in consequence of motherhood1 powerful inhibitions to the development of any sexual anomalies4 ,on the other hand1 the much more difficult development of voluptuous sensations in women1 by means of normal coitus1 is not rarely the cause of a tendency to perverse varieties of sexual intercourse4 ,they often seduce man in this direction1 and excel him in the discovery of sexual artifices4 ,among primitive races1 where the relationships are clearest1 this is still easily recognizable1 whereas by civilization the matter is often obscured4 ,all the artificial deformities of the male genital organs amongst savages1 which give the man much more trouble than pleasure1 but which1 on the other hand1 increase the voluptuous enjoyment of the woman during the sexual act1 cannot otherwise be explained except on the ground of an original demand on the part of women4 ,to this category belong incisions in the glans penis1 and the implanting of small stones in the wounds until the skin has a warty appearance 7,java72 perforation of the penis to enable rods beset with bristles1 feathers1 rods with balls 7the well-known 8ampallang0 of the ,dyaks of ,borneo71 bodkins1 rings1 bell-shaped apparatus1 to be inserted through these perforations2 the wrapping up of the penis in strips of fur with the hair outwards1 or enveloping it in a leaden cylinder1 etc4 ,the feminine imagination has proved inexhaustible in this direction4 ,miklucho-,maclay1 the great authority on the sexual psychology of the savage races of the ,malay ,archipelago and the ,south ,sea ,islands1 declares it to be extremely probable that all these customs and all these apparatus were invented by or for women4 ,the women reject all men who do not possess these stimulating apparatus on the penis4 ,finsch and ,kubary confirm this1 and state that in most cases it is the frigidity of the women which makes them desire such means of artificial stimulation4 ,among civilized races1 also1 abundant material can be collected with regard to sexual perversities among women1 as has recently been done by ,paul de ,rgla in 8,les ,perversits de la ,femme0 7,paris1 #aijd71 and by ,ren ,schwaebl in 8,les ,dtraques de ,paris0 7,paris1 #aijd74 ,the following case shows that ,european women sometimes demand artificial changes in the male genital organs1 in order to increase their voluptuous sensations4 ,some years ago a man1 fifty years of age1 was admitted into the syphilis wards of the ,laibacher ,hospital4 ,the discharge from the penis was1 however1 found to be due merely to balanitis4 ,on examination the greatly enlarged penis was found to be perforated by rod-shaped objects1 and an incision through the skin showed that these were pins and hairpins4 ,the pins were about two inches long1 with brass heads the size of a peppercorn1 and they were at least ten in number4 ,one of the pins was run partly into the testicle4 ,after the foreign objects had been removed1 the man informed us that his mistress had stuck these in1 in order that she might experience more ardent sensations4 ,the pins were all subcutaneous2 several of them ran right round the penis4 ,social differences in respect of the frequency of sexual perversions do not exist4 ,sexual perversions are just as widely diffused among the lower classes as among the upper4 ,a4 ,ferguson1 ,havelock ,ellis1 ,tarnowsky1 and ,j4 ,a4 ,symonds are all in agreement regarding this fact1 which1 indeed1 in view of the anthropological conception of psychopathia sexualis1 does not require additional explanation4 ,finally1 we come to the last and most important point--to the question of the relation of culture and civilization to psychopathia sexualis4 ,even though psychopathia sexualis is in its essence independent of culture1 is a general human phenomenon1 still we cannot fail to recognize that civilization has exercised a certain influence upon the external mode of manifestation1 and also upon the inner psychical configuration of sexual aberrations4 ,especially as regards the latter--the psychical relationships--the perversity of the civilized man is more complicated than that of primitive man1 although in essence the two are identical4 ,the modern civilized man is in respect of his sexuality a peculiar dual being4 ,the sexuality within him leads a kind of independent existence1 notwithstanding its intimate relationship to the whole of the rest of his spiritual life4 ,there are moments in which1 even in men of lofty spiritual nature1 pure sexuality becomes separated from love1 and manifests itself in its utterly elementary nature beyond good and evil4 ,i expressed earlier the idea that this frequent phenomenon reminded me of the 8monomania0 of the older alienists4 8,il y a en nous deux tres1 l'tre moral et la bte3 l'tre moral sait ce que mrite l'amour vritable1 la bte aspire la fange o on la pousse10 we find in a ,french erotic work 78,impressions d'une ,fille0 par ,lna de ,mauregard1 vol4 i41 pp4 #eg1 #fh2 ,paris1 #aijj74 ,no other human impulsive manifestation is so ill adapted as sexuality to the coercion and conventionality which civilization necessarily entails4 ,carl ,hauptmann1 in an interesting socio-psychological study1 8,unsere ,wirklichkeit0 78,our ,reality02 ,munich1 #aijb71 has described very impressively this frightful conventionality1 especially characteristic of our own time1 which so painfully represses the 8reality0 of love1 suppresses everything primitive in it1 banishes it into the darkness of its own interior1 and only allows the conventionally sanctioned forms of sexual love to subsist4 ,this coercion1 this outward pressure1 develops a volcano of elementary sexuality1 which usually slumbers1 but may suddenly break out in eruption1 and give free vent to excesses of the wildest nature4 ,dingelstedt in his poem 8,ein ,roman10 has excellently described this condition3 8,wenn du die ,leidenschaft willst kennen lernen1 ,musst du dich nur nicht aus der ,welt entfernen4 ,such' sie nicht auf in friedlicher ,idylle1 ,in strohgedeckter und begngter ,stille444 ,da suche sie in festlich vollem ,saale ,bei ,spiel und ,tanz1 an feierlichem ,mahle1 ,dort1 eingeschnrt in ,form und ,zwang und ,sitte1 ,thront sie wie ,banquos ,geist in ihrer ,mitte40 8,if you wish to learn to know passion1 ,you must1 above all1 not remove yourself from the world4 ,do not look for it in a peaceful idyll1 ,in padded and satisfied quietude4444 ,look for it in the full festal hall1 ,at the game and the dance1 at the brilliant banquet2 ,there1 entrapped amid form1 and coercion1 and custom1 ,enthroned1 like ,banquo's ghost1 it sits amid the throng40 ,similarly1 ,charles ,albert#dhc remarks3 8,if love nowadays so often manifests itself in the form of aberration or passion1 this is almost always to be explained by the hindrances of every kind which have been opposed to it4 ,no other feeling is so hindered1 opposed1 detested1 and loaded with material and moral fetters4 ,we know how education makes a beginning in this way1 declaring that love is something forbidden1 and how the hardness of economic life continues the process4 ,hardly has a young man or a young girl gone out into life1 hardly have they begun to feel their way into society1 but they encounter a thousand difficulties which are opposed to their living out their life from a sexual point of view4 ,how would it be possible that1 in the limits of such a society1 love could become anything else but a fixed idea of the individual1 and how could it fail to give rise to continuous restlessness8 ,nature does not allow herself to be inhibited by our artificial social arrangements4 ,the need for love within us remains active2 it cries out in unsatisfied desire2 and when no answer is forthcoming1 beyond the echo of its own pain1 it takes a perverse form4 ,the love which is prevented from obtaining complete satisfaction and repose is to many an intensely painful torment4444 ,the over-rich imagination and the unsatisfied longing give rise to the most horrible and abnormal forms of love4 ,above all1 in a society which will make no room for love1 the love-passion must give rise to the greatest devastation4 ,the impulse to love which is repressed by the organization of society does not only fight violently for air--the inevitable consequence of any pressure--but it discovers also all those artifices and corruptions which are supposed to make the enjoyment of love more intense4 ,conscious of being despised by society1 it endeavours to regain by violence what is wanting to it in sensuality40 ,the struggle for reality in love1 for the elementary and the primitive1 manifests itself in the search for the greatest possible contrast to the conventional1 to the commonly sanctioned mode of sexual activity4 ,love cries out for 8nature10 and comes thereby to the 8unnatural10 to the coarsest1 commonest dissipation4 ,this connexion has been already explained 7pp4 #cbb-cbe74 ,certain temporary phenomena exhibit also this fact--for example1 the remarkable preference for the most brutal1 the coarsest1 the commonest dances1 mere limb dislocations1 such as the cancan1 the croquette 7machicha71 the cake-walk1 and other wild negro dances1 which rejoice the modern public more than the most beautiful and gracious spiritual ballet4 ,it was only when the above-described connexion became clear to me that ,i was able to understand the remarkable alluring power of these dances1 which had hitherto been incomprehensible to me4 ,an additional factor which favours the origination of sexual perversions is the unrest always connected with the advance of civilization1 the haste and hurry1 the more severe struggle for existence1 the rapid and frequent change of new impressions4 ,fifty years ago the celebrated alienist ,guislain exclaimed3 8,what is it with which our thoughts are filled8 ,plans1 novelties1 reforms4 ,what is it that we ,europeans are striving for8 ,movement1 excitement4 ,what do we obtain8 ,stimulation1 illusion1 deception40#dhd ,there is no longer any time for quiet1 enduring love1 for an inward profundity of feeling1 for the culture of the heart4 ,the struggle for life and the intellectual contest of our time leaves the possibility only for transient sensations2 the shorter they are1 the more violent1 the more intense must they be1 in order to replace the failing grande passion of former times4 ,love becomes a mere sensation1 which in a brief moment must contain within itself an entire world4 ,modern youth eagerly desires such experience of a whole world by means of love4 ,the everlasting feeling of our classic period had been transformed1 more especially among our leading spirits1 into a passionate yearning to reflect within themselves truly the spirit of the time1 to live through in themselves all the unrest1 all the joy1 all the sorrow1 of modern civilization4 ,from this there results a peculiar1 more spiritual configuration of modern perversity1 a distinctive spiritualization of psychopathia sexualis1 a true wandering journey1 an 8,odyssey0 of the spirit1 throughout the wide province of sexual excesses4 ,without doubt the ,french have gone furthest in this direction1 and the names of ,baudelaire1 ,barbey d',aurevilly1 ,verlaine1 ,hannon1 ,haraucourt1 ,jean ,larocque1 and ,guy de ,maupassant1 indicate nearly as many peculiar spiritual refinements and enrichments of the purely sensual life4 ,we have no longer to deal with the pure love of reflection1 as in the case of ,kierkegaard and ,grillparzer1 and in the writings of young ,germany1 where1 indeed1 reflection predominates1 but which still more extends to the direction of higher love4 ,contrasted with this is the simple lust of the senses1 by means of which new psychical influences are to be obtained4 ,voluptuousness becomes a cerebral phenomenon1 ethereal4 ,in this way the most remarkable1 unheard-of1 sensory associations appear in the province of sexuality--true fin-de-sicle products which are1 above all1 specifically modern1 and could not possibly exist in former times4 ,for it is always the same play of emotion1 the same effects1 the same terminal results3 ordinary voluptuousness4 ,the dream of ,hermann ,bahr1 of 8non-sexual voluptuousness10 and the replacement of the animal impulse by means of finer organs1 is only a dream4 ,the elemental sexual impulse resists every attempt at dismemberment and sublimation4 ,it returns always unaltered1 always the same4 ,it is vain to expect new manifestations of this impulse4 ,such efforts end either in bodily and mental impotence1 or else in sexual perversities4 ,in these relationships the imagination of civilized man is unable to create novelties in the essence2 it can do so only as regards the objective manifestations4 ,this is confirmed by the increase of purely ideal sexual perversities in connexion with certain spiritual tendencies of our time4 ,martial d',estoc1 in his book1 8,paris ,eros0 7,paris1 #aijc71 has given a clear description of these peculiar spiritual modifications of sexual aberrations4 7,it is interesting to note that ,schopenhauer remarks1 in his 8,neue ,paralipomena10 pp4 #bcd and #bce3 8,the caprices arising from the sexual impulse resemble a will-o'-the-wisp4 ,they deceive us most effectively2 but if we follow them1 they lead us into the marsh and disappear407 ,,appendix ,,sexual ,,perversions ,,due ,,to ,,disease ,it is the immortal service of ,casper and von ,krafft-,ebing to have insisted energetically upon the fact that numerous individuals whose vita sexualis is abnormal are persons suffering from disease4 ,this is their monumentum re perennius in the history of medicine and of civilization4 ,purely medical1 anatomical1 physical1 and psychiatric investigations show beyond question that there are many persons whose abnormal sexual life is pathologically based4 ,i shall not here discuss the peculiar borderland state between health and disease1 the existence of which can be established in many sexually perverse individuals2 ,i shall not refer to the 8abnormalities10 the 8psychopathic deficiencies10 the 8unbalanced10 etc42 nor shall ,i discuss the question of the significance of the stigmata of degeneration1 because these will be adequately dealt with in connexion with the forensic consideration of punishable sexual perversions4 ,here we shall speak only of actual and easily determined diseases which possess a causal importance in the origination and activity of sexual perversions4 ,the great majority of these are1 naturally1 mental disorders4 ,von ,krafft-,ebing1 to whom we owe the most important observations regarding the pathological etiology of sexual perversions1 enumerates the following conditions3 ,psychical developmental inhibitions 7idiocy and imbecility71 acquired weak-mindedness 7after mental disorders1 apoplexy1 injuries to the head1 syphilis1 in consequence of general paralysis71 epilepsy1 periodical insanity1 mania1 melancholia1 hysteria1 paranoia4 ,among these1 epilepsy possesses the greatest importance4#dhe ,it comes into play much more frequently as a causal morbid influence in the case of sexually perverse actions and offences than has hitherto been believed4 ,the psychiatrist ,arndt maintains that wherever an abnormal sexual life exists1 we must always consider the possibility of epileptic influence4 ,lombroso assumes that all premature and peculiar instances of satyriasis are instances of larval epilepsy4 ,he gives several examples in support of this view1 and also a case of ,macdonald's which illustrates the connexion between epilepsy and sexual perversity4#dhf ,especially in the so-called epileptic 8confusional states0 do we meet with sexually perverse actions2 exhibitionism and other manifestations of sexual activity coram publico are frequently referable to epileptic disease4 ,similar impulsive sexual activities and similar confusional states are seen after injuries to the head and in alcoholic intoxication1 also after severe exhaustion4 ,many cases of 8periodic psychopathia sexualis0 are due to epilepsy4 ,senile dementia and paralytic dementia 7general paralysis of the insane71 also severe forms of neurasthenia and hysteria1 often change the sexual life in a morbid direction1 and favour the origin of sexual perversions4 ,it is a fact of great interest that ,tarnowsky and ,freud attribute to syphilis an important rle in the pathogenesis of sexual anomalies4 ,in #ej of his sexual pathological cases ,freud found that the abnormal sexual constitution was to be regarded as the last manifestation of a syphilitic inheritance 7,freud1 op4 cit41 p4 #gd74 ,tarnowsky observed that congenital syphilitics1 and also persons whose parents had been syphilitic1 but who themselves had never exhibited any definite symptoms of the disease1 were apt later to show manifestations of a perverse sexual sensibility 7,tarnowsky1 op4 cit41 pp4 #cd and #ce74 ,obviously this is to be explained by the deleterious influence upon the nervous system 7perhaps by means of toxins87 which syphilis is also supposed to exert in the causation of tabes dorsalis and general paralysis of the insane4 ,when investigating the clinical history of cases of sexual perversion1 it appears that previous syphilis is a fact to which some importance should be attached4#dhg ,from syphilis we pass to consider direct physical abnormalities and morbid changes in the genital organs as causes of sexual anomalies4 ,in women prolapsus uteri sometimes leads to perverse gratification of the sexual impulse--for example1 by pdication2#dhh in men1 shortness of the frnum preputii plays a similar part1#dhi also phimosis4 ,wollenmann reports the case of a young man suffering from phimosis1 who1 at the first attempt at coitus1 experienced severe pain1 and since that time had an antipathy to normal sexual intercourse4 ,he passed under the influence of a seducer to the practice of mutual masturbation4 ,only after operative treatment of the phimosis did his inclination towards the male sex pass away1 and the sexual perversion then completely disappeared4#dij #def ,hermann ,joseph ,lwenstein1 8,de ,mentis ,aberrationibus ex ,partium ,sexualium ,conditione ,abnormi ,oriundis0 7,bonn1 #ahbc74 #deg ,joseph ,hussler1 8,the ,relations of the ,sexual ,system to the ,psyche0 7,wrzburg1 #ahbf74 #deh ,heinrich ,kaan1 8,psychopathia ,sexualis0 7,leipzig1 #ahdd74 #dei ,r4 von ,krafft-,ebing1 8,psychopathia ,sexualis0 7,stuttgart1 #ahhb74 #dfj ,we must not omit to mention the fact that a little earlier the ,french physician ,moreau de ,tours published a comprehensive work upon psychopathia sexualis1 entitled 8,des ,aberrations du ,sens ,gnsique0 7,paris1 #ahhj74 #dfa ,s4 ,freud1 8,three ,essays in ,contribution to the ,sexual ,theory10 p4 #gj4 #dfb ,cf4 the interesting remarks of ,g4 ,h4 ,c4 ,lippert1 8,mankind in a ,state of ,nature10 p4 #a et seq4 7,elberfeld1 #ahah74 #dfc ,christian ,muff1 8,what is ,civilization80 pp4 #cj1 #ca 7,halle1 #ahhj74 #dfd ,g4 ,l4 ,n4 ,delvincourt1 8,de la ,mucite ,gnito-,sexuelle10 p4 #fd 7,paris1 #ahcd74 ,apt remarks on the alleged degeneration of the ,french are to be found also in the work of ,p4 ,ncko1 8,the ,alleged ,degeneration of the ,latin ,races1 more ,especially of the ,french10 published in ,archives for ,racial and ,social ,biology1 #aijf1 vol4 iii4 #dfe ,as1 for example1 ,immermann1 in his work 8,epigonen10 published at the same period 7#ahcf71 assumes4 ,in the mouth of the physician he puts the following words3 8,the physician has a great task to perform in the present day4 ,diseases1 especially nervous troubles1 to which for a number of years the human race has been especially disposed1 are a modern product40 ,cf4 ,leopold ,hirschberg1 8,medical ,matters as dealt with in ,general ,literature3 the ,judgment of a ,member of the ,laity regarding ,nervousness in the ,year #ahgf10 published in ,medizinische ,wochenschrift1 #aijf1 ,no4 #da1 p #dbh4 ,seventy years ago the ,german people was 8nervous02 thirty-four years before ,sedan1 thirty years after ,jena6 ,therefore neither ,jena nor ,sedan can be connected with the nervous 8degeneration40 ,the authors of the eighteenth century 767 made similar complaints of the nervousness of their time1 upon which ,cullen and ,brown founded their medical theories4 #dff ,j4 ,pohl-,pincus1 8,the ,diseases of the ,human ,hair1 and the ,care of the ,hair10 third edition1 p4 #eg 7,leipzig1 #ahhe74 #dfg ,carl ,bleibtreu1 8,paradoxes the ,conventional ,lies10 sixth edition1 pp4 #a1 #b 7,berlin1 #ahhh74 #dfh ,see 8,nature and ,man10 ,e4 ,ray ,lankester's ,romanes ,lecture1 #aije4--,,translator4 #dfi ,g4 ,hirth1 8,hereditary ,enfranchisement10 published in 8,ways to ,freedom10 pp4 #ajf-abg 7,munich1 #aijc74 #dgj ,ncke's thesis is in agreement with this1 that 8all sexual abnormal practices in an asylum are for the most part much more rare than the laity1 or even many physicians1 imagine40 ,cf4 ,p4 ,ncke1 8,some ,psychologically ,obscure ,cases of ,sexual ,aberrations in the ,asylum10 published in the ,annual for ,sexual ,intermediate ,stages1 vol4 v41 p4 #aif 7,leipzig1 #aijc74 ,see also1 by the same author1 8,problemi nel ,campo delle ,psicopatie ,sessuali10 in ,archivio delle ,psicopatie ,sessuali1 #ahif2 8,sexual ,perversities in the ,asylum10 in the ,wiener klinische ,rundschau1 #ahii1 ,nos4 #bg-cj4 #dga ,s4 ,freud1 op4 cit41 pp4 #ai1 #bj4 #dgb ,a4 ,hoche1 8,the ,problem of the ,forensic ,condemnation of ,sexual ,transgressions10 published in the ,neurologisches ,centralblatt1 #ahif1 p4 #eh4 #dgc ,ploss-,bartels1 8,das ,weib in der ,natur- und ,volkerkunde10 eighth edition1 #b vols4 7,leipzig1 #aijf74 #dgd ,mantegazza1 8,anthropological and ,historical ,studies on the ,sexual ,relationship of ,mankind40 #dge ,f4 ,s4 ,krauss1 8,morals and ,customs relating to ,sexual ,reproduction among the ,southern ,slavs10 published in 8,kryptadia10 vols4 vi4-viii4 7,paris1 #ahii-aijb72 and in the larger work1 8,anthropophyteia0 7,leipzig1 #aijd-aijf74 #dgf ,in all his works4 #dgg ,cf4 ,charles ,darwin1 8,the ,descent of ,man1 and ,selection in ,relation to ,sex10 vol4 i41 p4 #ahb 7#b vols41 ,london1 #ahih74 #dgh ,cf4 the inquiry of ,c4 ,wagner1 containing extremely valuable material1 8,the ,sexual and ,moral ,relationships of the ,protestant ,agricultural ,population of the ,german ,empire0 7#c vols41 ,leipzig1 #ahig1 #ahih74 #dgi 8,prostitution in ,berlin and its ,victims10 p4 #bg 7,berlin1 #ahdf74 #dhj ,cf4 the detailed bibliography of these works in my 8,contributions to the ,etiology of ,psychopathia ,sexualis10 vol4 i41 pp4 #bi1 #cj4 #dha ,typical sexual perversions have1 however1 been observed even in children1 and it is this fact which has chiefly given rise to the doctrine of the 8congenital0 character of sexual perversions4 #dhb ,cf4 the remarks of the ,marquis de ,sade regarding the abnormal sexuality of elderly men1 in my 8,new ,research ,concerning the ,marquis de ,sade10 pp4 #dba1 #dbb 7,berlin1 #aijd74 #dhc ,c4 ,albert1 8,free ,love10 p4 #adh4 #dhd ,joseph ,guislain1 8,clinical ,lectures on ,mental ,diseases10 p4 #bbi 7,berlin1 #ahed74 #dhe ,kowalewski1 8,perversions of ,sexual ,sensibility in ,epileptics10 published in the ,jahrbcher fr ,psychiatrie1 #ahhg1 vol4 vii41 ,no4 #c4 #dhf ,c4 ,lombroso1 8,recent ,advances in the ,study of ,criminology10 pp4 #aig-bjj 7,gera1 #ahii74--,tarnowsky has even described a form of 8epileptic pderasty0 7cf4 ,b4 ,tarnowsky1 8,morbid ,phenomena of ,sexual ,sensibility10 pp4 #h1 #ea2 ,berlin1 #ahhf74 #dhg ,e4 ,laurent 78,morbid ,love10 pp4 #dc-de2 ,leipzig1 #ahie7 regards tubercular inheritance as an important etiological factor of sexual anomalies1 for these occur more frequently in blonde1 weakly individuals1 than in brunettes 7874 #dhh ,bacon1 8,the ,effect of ,developmental ,anomalies and ,disorders of the ,female ,reproductive ,organs upon the ,sexual ,impulse10 published in the ,american ,journal of ,dermatology1 #ahii1 vol4 iii41 ,no4 #b4 #dhi ,m4 ,fr1 8,sexual ,hypersthesia in ,association with ,shortness of the ,frnum ,preputii10 published in the ,monatshefte fr praktische ,dermatologie1 #ahif1 vol4 xxiii41 p4 #de4 #dij ,a4 ,g4 ,wollenmann1 8,phimosis as a ,cause of ,perversion of ,sexual ,sensibility10 published in ,der rztliche ,praktiker1 #ahie1 ,no4 #bc4 ,matthaes has shown that morbid changes of the genital sphere or its vicinity are apt to give rise to offences against morality 78,the ,statistics of ,offences against ,morality10 published in the ,archiv fr ,kriminalanthropologie1 #aijc1 vol4 xii41 p4 #cai74 ,,chapter ,,xviii ,,misogyny 8,thou priestess of the most flowery life1 how is it possible that such things should draw near to thee--one of those pale phantoms1 one of those general maxims1 which philosophers and moralists have invented in their despair of the human race80--,g4 ,,jung4 ,,contents ,,of ,,chapter ,,xviii ,non-identity of misogyny with homosexuality -- ,history of misogyny -- ,misogyny among the ,greeks -- ,christian misogyny the true source of the modern contempt for women -- ,characteristics of modern misogyny -- ,de ,sade and his modern disciples 7,schopenhauer1 ,strindberg1 ,weininger7 -- ,scientific misogyny 7,mbius1 ,schurtz1 ,b4 ,friedlnder1 ,e4 von ,mayer7 -- ,distinctions between the individual varieties -- ,counteracting tendencies -- ,beginnings of a new amatory life of the sexes -- ,a common share in life -- ,freedom with1 not without1 woman4 ,,chapter ,,xviii ,before proceeding to the consideration of homosexuality ,i propose to give a brief account of contemporary misogyny1 in order to avoid confusing these two distinct phenomena under one head1 and also to avoid making the male homosexuals1 who are often erroneously regarded as 8woman-haters10 responsible for the momentarily prevalent spiritual epidemic of hatred of women4 ,this would be a gross injustice1 because1 in the first place1 this movement has in no way proceeded from the homosexual1 but rather from heterosexual individuals1 such as ,schopenhauer1 ,strindberg1 etc42 and because1 in the second place1 the homosexual as such are not misogynists at all1 and it is only a minority of them who shout in chorus to the misogynist tirades of ,strindberg and ,weininger4 ,the misogynists form to-day a kind of 8fourth sex10#dia to belong to which appears to be the fashion1 or rather has once more become the fashion1 for misogyny is an old story4 ,there have always been times in which men have cried out3 8,woman1 what have ,i to do with you8 ,i belong to the century02#dib times in which woman was renounced as a soulless being1 and the world of men became intoxicated with itself1 and was proud of its 8splendid isolation40 ,of less importance is it that the ,chinese since ancient times have denied to woman a soul1 and therewith a justification for existence1#dic than that among the most highly developed civilized races of antiquity such men as ,hesiod1 ,simonides1#did and1 above all1 ,euripides1 were all fierce misogynists4 ,in the 8,ion10 the 8,hippolytus10 the 8,hecuba10 and the 8,cyclops0 we find the most incisive attacks on the female sex4 ,the most celebrated passage is that in the 8,hippolytus0 7verses #fjb-fcg1 #fej-fee73 8,wherefore1 ,o ,jove1 beneath the solar beams ,that evil1 woman1 didst thou cause to dwell8 ,for if it was thy will the human race ,should multiply1 this ought not by such means ,to be effected2 better in thy fane ,each votary1 on presenting brass or steel1 ,or massive ingots of resplendent gold1 ,proportioned to his offering1 might from thee ,obtain a race of sons1 and under roofs ,which genuine freedom visits1 unannoyed ,by women1 live40#die ,in this passage we have the entire quintessence of modern misogyny4 ,but ,euripides betrays to us also the real motive of misogyny4 ,in a fragment of his we read 8the most invincible of all things is a woman06 ,hinc ill lacrim6 ,it is only the men who are not a match for woman1 who do not allow woman as a free personality to influence them1 who are so little sure of themselves that they are afraid of suffering at the hands of woman damage1 limitation1 or even annihilation of their own individuality4 ,these only are the true misogynists4 ,it is indisputable that this ,hellenic misogyny was closely connected with the love of boys as a popular custom4 ,to this we shall return when we come to describe ,greek pderasty4 ,among the ,romans woman occupied a far higher position than among the ,greeks--a fact which the institution of the vestal virgins alone suffices to prove4 ,among the ,germans1 also1 woman was regarded as worthy of all honour4 ,the true source of modern misogyny is ,christianity--the ,christian doctrine of the fundamentally sinful1 evil1 devilish nature of woman4 ,a ,strindberg1 a ,weininger1 even a ,benedikt ,friedlnder1 notwithstanding his hatred of priests--all are the last offshoots of a movement against the being and the value of woman--a movement which has persisted throughout the ,christian period of the history of the world4 8,if ,i were asked10 says ,finck1#dif 8to name the most influential1 refining element of modern civilization1 ,i should answer3 #8,woman1 beauty1 love1 and marriage'6 ,if ,i were asked1 however1 to name the most inward and peculiar essence of the early middle ages1 my answer would be3 #8,deadly hostility to everything feminine1 to beauty1 to love1 and to marriage4'0 ,the history of medieval misogyny was described by ,j4 ,michelet in his book 8,the ,witch40 ,since woman and the contact with woman were regarded as radically evil1 it followed that in theory and practice asceticism was the ideal2 celibacy was only the natural consequence of this hatred of woman2 so also were the later witch trials the natural consequence4 ,therefore to this medieval misogyny1 in contrast with modern misogyny1 which represents only a weak imitation1 we cannot deny a certain justification4 ,the misogyny of the middle ages was earnestly meant2 but it has become to-day mere phrase-making1 dilettante imitation1 and ostentation4 ,in contrast with the utterances of the modern misogynist1 the coarse abuse of women by such a writer as ,abraham a ,santa ,clara has a refreshing and amusing character4#dig ,modern misogyny is certainly an inheritance of ,christian doctrine1 and a tradition handed down from much earlier times1 but still it has its own characteristic peculiarities4 ,misogyny is1 however1 now much more an affair of satiety or disillusion than of belief or conviction2 whereas in the days of medieval ,christianity belief and conviction were the effective causal factors of misogyny4 ,in addition1 among our neo-misogynists we have the factor of the spiritual pride of a man who1 from the standpoint of academic theoretical culture 7which to men of this kind appears the highest summit of existence71 looks down upon women1 whom he regards as mentally insignificant1 while he sympathizes with her 8physiological weak-mindedness40 ,he smiles on her with pity1 and completely overlooks the profound life of emotion and feeling characteristic of every true woman1 which forms a counterpoise to any amount of purely theoretical knowledge--quite apart from the fact that women of intellectual cultivation are by no means rare4 ,if1 in fact1 we regard the lives of those who have reduced modern misogyny to a system1 we shall be able to detect the above-mentioned causes in their personal experiences and impressions4 ,the first important modern advocate of misogyny1 the ,marquis de ,sade1 lived an extremely unhappy married life1 was deceived also in a love relationship1 and nourished his hatred of women by a dissolute life and a consequent state of satiety4 ,and as regards ,schopenhauer1 who does not recall his unhappy relations with his mother8 ,for he who has really loved his mother1 he who has experienced the unutterable tenderness and self-sacrifice of maternal love1 can never become a genuine1 thoroughgoing woman-hater4 ,but the mutual relationship of ,schopenhauer and his mother was rather hatred than love4 ,beyond question1 also1 his infection with syphilis1 to which ,i was the first to draw attention1 played a part in his subsequent hatred of women4 ,strindberg1 in his 8,confessions of a ,fool10 has himself offered us the proof of the causal connexion between his misogyny and his personal experiences and disillusions2 and in ,weininger's book we can read only too clearly that he had had no good fortune with women1 or had had disagreeable experiences in his relations with them4 ,de ,sade1 who1 perhaps1 was not unknown to ,schopenhauer1#dih was the first advocate of consistent misogyny on principle4 ,it is an interesting fact1 to which ,i have alluded in an earlier work 78,recent ,researches regarding the ,marquis de ,sade10 p4 #dcc71 that de ,sade's and ,schopenhauer's opinions on the physical characteristics of women are to some extent verbally identical4 ,while ,schopenhauer1 in his essay 8,on ,women0 78,works10 ed4 ,grisebach1 vol4 v41 p4 #fed71 speaks of the 8stunted1 narrow-shouldered1 wide-hipped and short-legged sex10 which only a masculine intellect when clouded by sexual desire could possibly call 8beautiful10 we find in the 8,juliette0 7vol4 iii41 pp4 #ahg1 #ahh7 of the ,marquis de ,sade the following very similar remarks on the feminine body3 8,take the clothes off one of these idols of yours6 ,is it these two short and crooked legs which have turned your head like this80 ,this physical hatefulness of women corresponds to the mental hatefulness of which de ,sade gives a similar repellent picture 78,juliette10 vol iii41 pp4 #ahh1 #ahi74 ,in all his works we find the same fanatical hatred of women4 ,sarmiento1 in 8,aline et ,valcour0 7vol4 ii41 p4 #aae71 would like to annihilate all women1 and calls that man happy who has learned to renounce completely intercourse with this 8debased1 false1 and noxious sex40 ,quite in the spirit of de ,sade1 to whom the misogynists of the ,second ,empire referred as an authority1 ,schopenhauer1 in the previously quoted essay 8,on ,women10 ,strindberg1 in the 8,confessions of a ,fool10 and ,weininger1 in 8,sex and ,character10 preached contempt for the feminine nature2#dii and this seed has fallen upon fruitful soil in modern youth4 ,every young blockhead inflates himself with his 8masculine pride10 and feels himself to be the 8knight of the spirit0 in relation to the inferior sex2 every disillusioned and satiated debauchee cultivates 7as a rule1 indeed1 transiently7 the fashion of misogyny1 which strengthens his sentiment of self-esteem4 ,if we wish to speak at all of 8physiological weak-mindedness10 let us apply the term to this disagreeable type of men4 ,as ,georg ,hirth truly remarks 78,ways to ,freedom10 p4 #bha71 such masculine arrogance is merely a variety of 8mental defect40 ,unfortunately1 this misogyny has intruded itself also into science4 ,the work of ,p4 ,j4 ,mbius1#ejj notwithstanding the esteem ,i feel for the valuable services of the celebrated neurologist in other departments1 can only be termed an aberration1 a lapsus calami4#eja ,but he does not stand alone4 ,the admirable work of ,heinrich ,schurtz1 also1 upon 8,age ,classes and ,associations of ,men0 7,berlin1 #aijb71 is permeated by this misogynist aura2 not less so is the equally stimulating work1 8,the ,vital ,laws of ,civilization0 7,halle1 #aijd71 by ,eduard von ,mayer4 ,this book1 in association with the equally thoughtful and compendious work 8,the ,renascence of ,eros ,uranios0 7,berlin1 #aijd71 by ,benedikt ,friedlnder1 and in conjunction with the efforts of ,adolf ,brand1 the editor of the homosexual newspaper ,der ,eigene1 and ,edwin ,bab 7cf4 this writer's 8,the ,woman's ,movement and the ,love of ,friends02 ,berlin1 #aijd71 to found a special homosexual group demanding the 8emancipation of men10 have been the principal causes of the belief that the male homosexuals are the true 8repudiators of woman10 and that from them has proceeded the increasing diffusion of modern misogyny4 ,i repeat that this connexion is true only for the above-named group2 that1 on the contrary1 genuine misogyny has been taught us by the world's typically heterosexual men1 such as ,schopenhauer and ,strindberg4 ,benedikt ,friedlnder and ,eduard von ,mayer preached1 above all1 a 8masculine civilization10 a deepening of the spiritual relationships between men2 whereas ,strindberg and ,schopenhauer1 and even ,weininger1 really leave us in uncertainty as to what they imagine is to take woman's place4 ,all five agree in this1 that the 8intercourse0 of man with woman is to be limited as much as possible2 but only the two first-named openly and freely advocate homosexual relationships1 or at least a 8physiological friendship0 7,b4 ,friedlnder71 between men4 ,schopenhauer1 ,strindberg1 and ,weininger did not venture to deduce these consequences4 ,yet this is the necessary consequence of misogyny based on principle4 ,to the heterosexual men--and such men form an enormous majority--the noble1 ideal1 asexual friendship of man for man appears in quite another light from that in which it appears to the misogynist1 to whom it is to serve to replace sexual love1 whereas for heterosexual men friendship for other men is a valuable treasure additional to the love of woman4 ,is there1 then1 any reason for this contempt and hatred for woman8 ,do not the signs increase on all hands to show us that new relationships are forming between the sexes1 that a number of new points of contact of the spiritual nature are making their appearance--in a word1 that an entirely new1 nobler1 most promising amatory life is developing8 ,i will not fall into the contrary error to misogyny and inscribe a dithyramb of praise to feminine nature1 as ,wedde1 ,daumer1 ,quensel1 ,groddeck1 and others1 have done2 but ,i merely indicate the signs of the times when ,i say that woman also is awakening6 ,woman is awakening to the entirely new existence of a free personality1 conscious of her rights and of her duties4 ,woman1 also1 will have her share in the content and in the tasks of life2 she will not enslave us1 as the misogynists clamour1 for she wishes to see free men by her side4 ,what would become of woman if men became slaves8 ,how could slaves give love8 ,life has to-day become a difficult task both for man and for woman4 ,man and woman alike must endeavour to perform that task with confidence in their respective powers2 but each1 also1 must have confidence in the powers of the other--a confidence which becomes palpable in the form of love or friendship1 so that those who feel it have their own powers strengthened4 ,not 8,free from woman0 is the watchword of the future1 but 8,free with woman40 #dia ,v4 ,hoffmann1 in a bad novel1 8,das vierte ,geschlecht0 7,berlin1 #aijb71 gives this name to the non-homosexual misogynists4 #dib ,karl ,gutzkow1 8,skularbilder10 vol4 i41 p4 #ee 7,frankfurt1 #ahdf74 #dic ,in the ,shi-king we find the following characterization of woman3 8,enough for her to avoid evil1 ,for what can a woman do that is good80 ,indian literature is also full of such ideas4 ,cf4 ,h4 ,schurtz1 8,altersklassen und ,mnnerbunde0 7,age ,classes and ,associations of ,men71 p4 #eb4 #did ,simonides considered that women were derived from various animals4 ,w4 ,schubert 78,from the ,berlin ,collection of ,papyri10 published in the ,vossische ,zeitung1 ,no4 #bc1 ,january #ae1 #aijg7 reproduces long fragments of a ,greek anthology which collates praise and blame of woman in the original words of the poets4 #die ,i quote from 8,the ,plays of ,euripides in ,english10 in two volumes1 vol4 ii41 p4 #acf 7,everyman's ,library1 ,dent1 ,london74--,,translator4 #dif ,h4 ,t4 ,finck1 8,romantic ,love and ,personal ,beauty10 vol4 i41 pp4 #ahf1 #ahg 7,breslau1 #ahid74 #dig ,equally amusing is the misogynist 8,alphabet de l',imperfection et ,malice des ,femmes10 by ,jacques ,olivier 7,rouen1 #afdf71 in which all the bad qualities of woman1 observed down to the year #afdf1 are described with effective care and completeness4 #dih ,we know that ,schopenhauer was a lover of erotic writings2 a fuller account of this matter will be found in ,grisebach's 8,conversations and ,soliloquies of ,schopenhauer40 #dii ,that ,nietzsche is wrongly accredited with misogyny is convincingly proved by ,helene ,stocker 78,nietzsches ,frauenfeindschaft10 published in ,zukunft1 #aijc2 reprinted in 8,love and ,women10 pp4 #fe-gd2 ,minden1 #aijf74 #ejj ,p4 ,j4 ,mbius1 8,the ,physiological ,weak-mindedness of ,woman10 fourth edition 7,halle1 #aijb74 ,ncke terms the recently deceased ,mbius the 8,german ,lombroso10 in order by this term to indicate1 on the one hand1 the man's indubitable genius1 and on the other hand the superficiality and purely hypothetical character of his scientific deductions4 #eja ,the grounds for this opinion were given in the fifth chapter4 ,,chapter ,,xix ,,the ,,riddle ,,of ,,homosexuality 8,through ,science to ,justice60--,,magnus ,,hirschfeld4 ,,contents ,,of ,,chapter ,,xix ,actual existence of original congenital homosexuality -- ,its distinction from pseudo-homosexuality -- ,homosexuality an anthropological phenomenon1 not a manifestation of degeneration -- ,secondary origin of 8homosexual neurasthenia0 -- ,rarity of stigmata of degeneration among homosexuals -- ,early spontaneous appearance of homosexuality -- ,as an essential product of personality -- ,homosexuality in the child -- ,physical and mental characteristics of completely developed homosexuality -- ,effeminate and virile urnings -- ,physical peculiarities of the homosexual -- ,mental peculiarities -- ,diffusion -- ,numbers -- ,ethnology of homosexuality -- ,earlier history and literature -- ,celebrated homosexual individuals -- ,modes of activity of homosexual love -- ,relations between homosexual and heterosexual individuals -- ,mode of sexual intercourse -- ,examples -- ,social relationships of the homosexual -- ,places of rendezvous -- ,the 8,alle des ,veuves0 of ,paris -- ,an adventure of ,victor ,hugo's -- ,urning clubs in the ,second ,empire -- ,urning balls at ,paris -- ,social relationships of the homosexuals of ,berlin -- ,meeting-places of urnings -- ,men's balls in ,berlin -- ,male prostitution -- ,male brothels -- ,blackmail -- #age -- ,criticism of this section -- ,demonstration of the necessity for its repeal -- ,blackmail of homosexuals and suicide -- ,need for the diffusion of general enlightenment regarding homosexuality -- ,activity of the ,scientific ,humanitarian ,committee -- ,homosexuality in women -- ,the smaller percentage of genuine female homosexuals -- 8,thoughts of a ,solitary ,woman0 -- ,relations of homosexual women to men -- ,the ,woman's ,movement and homosexuality -- ,sexual relationships of tribades -- ,the 8protectrices0 -- ,social life of tribades -- ,lesbian prostitution4 ,appendix3 ,theory of ,homosexuality4 -- ,homosexuality a heterogeneous sexuality -- ,insufficiency of the theory of intermediate stages -- ,my own theory of homosexuality -- ,the significance of homosexuality in relation to civilization4 ,,chapter ,,xix ,homosexuality--love between man and man 7uranism71 or between woman and woman 7tribadism71 a congenital state1 or one spontaneously appearing in very early childhood--,i consider 8a riddle10 because1 in fact1 the more closely in recent years ,i have come to know it1 the more ,i have endeavoured to study it scientifically1 the more enigmatical1 the more obscure1 the more incomprehensible1 it has become to me4 ,but it exists4 ,about that there is no doubt4 ,in the years #aije and #aijf ,i was occupied almost exclusively with the problem of homosexuality1 and ,i had the opportunity of seeing and examining a very large number of genuine homosexual individuals1 both men and women4 ,i was able to observe them during long periods1 both at home and in public life4 ,i learnt to know them--their mode of life1 their habits1 their opinions1 their whole activity1 not only in relation to one another1 but also in relation to other non-homosexual individuals and to persons of the opposite sex4 ,this experience taught me the indubitable fact that the diffusion of true homosexuality as a congenital natural phenomenon is far greater than ,i had earlier assumed2#ejb so that ,i find myself now compelled to separate from true homosexuality the other category of acquired1 apparent1 occasional homosexuality1 of the existence of which ,i am now1 as formerly1 firmly convinced4 ,i denote this latter by the term 8pseudo-homosexuality10 and treat of it in a separate chapter4 ,formerly ,i believed that true homosexuality was only a variety of pseudo-homosexuality--in a sense larval pseudo-homosexuality4 ,now1 however1 ,i must recognize that true homosexuality constitutes a special well-defined group1 sharply distinguishable from all forms of pseudo-homosexuality4 ,from my medical observations1 which have been as exact and objective as possible1 ,i must draw the conclusion that among thoroughly healthy individuals of both sexes1 not to be distinguished from other normal human beings1 there appears in very early childhood1 and certainly not evoked by any kind of external influence1 an inclination1 and after puberty a sexual impulse1 towards persons of the same sex2 and that this inclination and this impulse are as little to be altered as it is possible to expel from a heterosexual man the impulse towards woman4 ,above all1 in this definition of true original homosexuality ,i lay the stress upon the word 8healthy02 for von ,krafft-,ebing1 though he admits the existence of congenital homosexuality yet regards it as a morbid degenerative phenomenon1 as the expression of severe hereditary taint and of a neuro-psychopathic constitution2 and this view is shared by many alienists4#ejc ,now1 we must admit that a portion of genuine homosexuals--just as is the case with a portion of heterosexual individuals--possess such a morbid constitution2 and we must acknowledge that yet another portion exhibit manifestations of nervousness and neurasthenia1 which1 beyond doubt1 have developed during life out of an originally healthy state1 in consequence of the struggle for life1 the painful experience of being 8different0 from the great mass of people1 etc42 but we ascertain that a third1 and1 in fact1 the largest1 section of original homosexuals are thoroughly healthy1 free from hereditary taint1 physically and psychically normal4 ,i have observed a great number of homosexuals belonging to all ages and occupations in whom not the slightest trace of morbidity was to be detected4 ,they were just as healthy and normal as are heterosexuals4 ,at an earlier date1 though ,i was not yet aware of the relatively great frequency of true original homosexuality1 it had become clear to me1 on the ground of my own anthropological theory of sexual anomalies1 that homosexuality might just as well appear in healthy human beings as in diseased4 ,therein ,i have always agreed with ,magnus ,hirschfeld1 the principal advocate of this view1 in opposition to the theory of the degenerative nature of homosexuality4 ,for me there is no longer any doubt that homosexuality is compatible with complete mental and physical health4 ,it is very interesting to note that von ,krafft-,ebing himself later came to the same view1 and thus formally abandoned the degenerative hypothesis4 ,in his 8,new ,studies in the ,domain of ,homosexuality0 he writes3#ejd 8,in view of the experience that contrary sexuality is a congenital anomaly1 that it represents a disturbance in the evolution of the sexual life1 and of the physical and mental development1 in normal relationship to the kind of reproductive glands which the individual possesses1 it has become impossible to maintain in this connexion the idea of #8disease4' ,rather1 in such a case we must speak of a malformation1 and treat the anomaly as parallel with physical malformation--for example1 anatomical deviations from the structural type4 ,at the same time1 the assumption of a simultaneous psychopathia is not prejudiced1 for persons who exhibit such an anatomical differentiation from type 7stigmata degenerationis7 may remain physically healthy throughout life1 and even be above the average in this respect4 ,of course1 a difference from the generality so important as contrary sexual sensation must have a much greater importance to the psyche than the majority of other anatomical or functional variations4 ,in this way it is to be explained that a disturbance in the development in the normal sexual life may often be antagonistic to the development of a harmonious psychical personality4 8,not infrequently in the case of those with contrary sexuality do we find neuropathic and psychopathic predispositions1 as1 for example1 predisposition to constitutional neurasthenia and hysteria1 to the milder forms of periodic psychosis1 to the inhibition of the development of psychical energy 7intelligence1 moral sense71 and in some of these cases the ethical deficiency 7especially when hypersexuality is associated with the contrary sexuality7 may lead to the most severe aberrations of the sexual impulse4 ,and yet we can always prove that1 relatively speaking1 the heterosexual are apt to be much more depraved than the homosexual4 8,moreover1 other manifestations of degeneration in the sexual spheres1 in the form of sadism1 masochism1 and fetichism1 are relatively much commoner among the former4 8,that contrary sexual sensation cannot thus be necessarily regarded as psychical degeneration1 or even as a manifestation of disease1 is shown by various considerations1 one of the principal of which is that these variations of the sexual life may actually be associated with mental superiority4444 ,the proof of this is the existence of men of all nations whose contrary sexuality is an established fact1 and who1 none the less1 are the pride of their nation as authors1 poets1 artists1 leaders of armies1 and statesmen4 8,a further proof of the fact that contrary sexual sensation is not necessarily disease1 nor necessarily a vicious self-surrender to the immoral1 is to be found in the fact that all the noble activities of the heart which can be associated with heterosexual love can equally be associated with homosexual love444 in the form of noble-mindedness1 self-sacrifice1 philanthropy1 artistic sense1 poietic activity1 etc41 but also the passions and defects of love 7jealousy1 suicide1 murder1 unhappy love1 with its deleterious influence on soul and body1 etc4740 ,according to my own investigations and observations1 the relationship between health and disease is among homosexuals originally identical with that among heterosexuals1 and only in the course of life1 in consequence of the social and individual isolation of the homosexual1 which acts on them as a psychical trauma1 is this relationship somewhat altered in favour of the predominance of disease4 ,here1 however1 we have1 as a rule1 to do chiefly with acquired nervous troubles and disorders1 with the development of a peculiar type of 8homosexual neurasthenia10 and in these cases by superficial observers there may easily be a confusion between post hoc and propter hoc4 ,magnus ,hirschfeld1 who unquestionably possesses1 relatively and absolutely1 the greatest experience in the domain of homosexuality1 maintains#eje that1 according to his material of investigation--and this is of gigantic extent--at least #ge of homosexuals are born of healthy parents and of happy marriages1 often prolific marriages1 and that nervous or mental anomalies1 alcoholism1 blood-relationship1 and syphilis are no more frequent among the ancestors of homosexuals than among the ancestors of those endowed with normal sexuality4 ,only among from #bj to #be of homosexuals was he able1 in conjunction with ,e4 ,burchard1 to find hereditary taint4 ,only in #af could they find well-developed 8stigmata of degeneration02 and1 indeed1 those with stigmata were throughout hereditarily tainted4 ,this view is supported also by the facts 7to which ,i already alluded in my 8,etiology of ,psychopathia ,sexualis07 that homosexuality is universally diffused in space and time2 that it is independent of civilization1 occurs among savage races who are not exposed to the conditions giving rise to degeneration in the same degree as civilized races2 and that it is prevalent in the country1 where the degenerative influence of life in large towns is not operative4 ,the most important characteristic of genuine homosexuality1 its spontaneous appearance very early in life1 which can only be referred to natural inheritance1 appears to me to be a fact proved altogether beyond dispute4 ,men of the highest and most respected professions--above all1 judges1 practising physicians1 men of science1 theologians1 and scholars--have described themselves to me as having been through and through homosexual from early childhood1 so that ,i am thoroughly convinced that primary homosexuality makes its appearance at any rate very early in life4 ,the reports of physicians are of especially great importance4 ,hirschfeld 7op4 cit41 p4 #ab7 quotes the utterance of a leading alienist1 himself homosexual3 8,i can and must declare that ,i have never known a case of homosexuality which ,i could regard as other than congenital10 and the accuracy of this statement has been confirmed to me personally by several homosexual physicians4 ,the idea 8congenital0 harmonizes very well with the demonstrable casual objective cause of the first homosexual tendencies1 which we are able to learn in almost every case of homosexuality4 ,these can1 as is well known1 also occur transiently in heterosexual individuals--a matter which is discussed in the chapter 8,pseudo-,homosexuality40 ,in the case of genuine homosexuality1 however1 these homosexual activities play from the very beginning a predominant rle1 and remain permanent1 because they result from a natural inheritance1 from a deeply rooted impulse4 ,this is shown in the following interesting autobiography of a man of letters thirty years of age3 8,from my earliest childhood there was something girlish in my whole nature1 both outwardly and 7more especially7 inwardly4 ,i was very quiet1 obedient1 diligent1 sensitive to praise and blame1 rather bright4 ,i associated chiefly with adults1 and was generally beloved4 ,sexual activity began in me unusually early4 ,when ,i was about six years of age a tutor sat down on my bed1 in which ,i was lying in a fever4 ,he caressed me1 and with his hand membrum meum tetigit4 ,the voluptuous sensation which resulted was so intense that it has never disappeared from my memory4 ,at school1 where ,i always distinguished myself by my application and success1 ,i sometimes enjoyed mutual #8feeling' with several other boys4 ,from which side ,i inherited the unusual intensity of the sexual impulse ,i do not know1 but ,i remember that when ,i was about twelve years old ,i already suffered a good deal from sexual desire1 and that it came to me as a solution of a great difficulty when a comrade instructed me in the practice of masturbation4 ,it is remarkable that for some time afterwards there was no evacuation of semen4 ,when this first appeared ,i was very much alarmed and disquieted1 but ,i soon became accustomed to it1 and this the more readily because ,i had no doubt whatever that all men regularly indulged in the same pleasure4 ,this #8paradisaical' state did not1 however1 last for long2 and after a time1 when ,i recognized the unnatural and dangerous nature of my conduct1 ,i conducted a severe and unsuccessful contest against my desires4 ,in my life generally ,i had a good deal to bear1 and ,i can say that ,i have hardly preserved a single really pleasant memory of my past2 and yet ,i could look back to this past with a certain pride and satisfaction if it had not been that the sexual side of my life has left such gloomy shadows in my soul4 8,i remember that from very early days my eyes involuntarily turned with longing towards elderly vigorous men1 but ,i did not pay much attention to this fact4 ,i believed that ,i only practised masturbation 7the influence of which ,i doubtless exaggerate in memory to some extent7 because it was not possible for me to have sexual intercourse with women4 ,i was accustomed sometimes to have friendly association with young girls1 who appeared to be extremely attracted towards me4 ,i always took care1 however1 that such love tendencies were nipped in the bud1 because ,i felt that it was impossible for me to go any further with them4 ,ultimately ,i determined to seek salvation in intercourse with prostitutes1 although they were disagreeable to my sthetic and moral feelings2 but ,i got no help here3 either ,i was unable to complete the normal sexual act1 or in other cases it was completed without any particular pleasure1 and ,i was always consumed with anxiety with respect to infection4 ,i had1 indeed1 often the opportunity of forming an #8intimacy' with a woman1 but ,i did not do it1 and always supposed that my failure to do so depended upon my ridiculous bashfulness and upon the excessive sensitiveness of my conscience4 ,but though there is some truth in both of these suggestions1 ,i have not taken into account the principal grounds--namely1 that ,i am congenitally homosexual1 and that ,i feel no physical attraction1 or almost none1 towards the other sex4 ,this suffices to explain the fact 7which can be explained in no other way7 that when masturbating ,i almost always represented in imagination handsome elderly men4 ,in my lascivious dreams1 also1 such men play the principal rle4 ,these longings were so powerful that it was impossible that ,i should not soon have my attention directed to them2 but as ,i could not understand them and would not take the matter seriously 7,i knew1 indeed1 that man must feel drawn towards woman1 and not towards man71 ,i continued unceasingly and despairingly to fight against these fixed ideas1 while at the same time with varying success ,i endeavoured to cure myself of masturbation2 for in the first place it now gave very little satisfaction1 and in the second place it destroyed my hopes of eventually procreating healthy children4 ,i had almost come to believe myself no longer competent for the sexual life when ,i noticed one day that the view of a membrum virile set my blood flowing fiercely4 ,i then remembered that this had sometimes happened before1 although to a less marked extent4 ,i was now compelled to recognize that ,i was not the same as every one else4 ,this fact1 which ,i had before suspected1 and of which ,i now became more and more firmly convinced1 reduced me to despair1 which was all the greater because in other ways ,i felt extremely unhappy1 and because ,i did not dare to speak of it to any human being4 ,sometimes ,i still thought that there must be some #8misunderstanding1' and that there must be some salvation for me4 ,then it happened that a simple girl fell in love with me1 and ,i went so far as to enter into an intimacy with her1 although ,i openly assured her that as far as ,i was concerned it was simply a matter of physical enjoyment1 and that ,i could not in any way make myself responsible for her future1 for which reason care must be taken that there should be no offspring4 ,during this intimacy1 which lasted several months1 ,i sometimes overcame my enduring inclinations towards men1 but completely to suppress them was impossible4 ,my association with the girl was still continuing1 when one day in a public lavatory ,i saw an elderly gentleman whose appearance greatly pleased me4 ,he looked at me tentatively4 ,cautiously he leaned over1 in order membrum meum videre2 he gradually drew near to me1 moved his shaking hand and 444 membrum meum tetigit4 ,i was so much surprised and alarmed that ,i ran away1 and avoided for some time afterwards passing by the same place4 ,all the stronger1 however1 was the impulse to find this remarkable man once more1 and this was not at all difficult4 ,what an enigma such a man seemed to me6 ,how could it happen that he dared to do that of which ,i had always been able only to think1 to dream1 with heart-quaking and horror8 ,could there1 perhaps1 be another man like this--perhaps several such exceptional beings8 ,a short period convinced me that ,i was not quite alone in my way of feeling2 but this was a weak consolation4 ,rather1 since that time--that is to say1 during the last five years--my inward battle has become more unbearable1 for earlier my only battle was to reject homosexual ideas1 and to overcome the habit of solitary self-abuse4 ,now sometimes ,i practise with another mutual onanism 7to me the proper #8natural' mode of sexual gratification71 and yet ,i cannot forgive myself for doing it because it is effected in so unsthetic a manner1 and is associated with such dangers4 ,notwithstanding all my endeavours1 however1 ,i have never been able to resist the temptation for a long time together2 and thus ,i am hunted always by my impulse as by a wild animal1 and can nowhere and in nothing find repose and forgetfulness4 ,i have frequently changed my place of residence1 but ,i always before long form new #8relationships4' ,the tortures which ,i suffer in consequence of the incomparable power of the impulse are greater them ,i can possibly express in words4 ,i can only wonder that ,i did not lose my reason1 and that in the eyes of my friends and acquaintances ,i am now1 as before1 #8the most normal of all human beings4' ,in the senseless and utterly unsuccessful contest with an impulse which1 as far as ,i am concerned1 is wholly1 or almost wholly1 congenital1 ,i have lost the best of my powers1 although ,i have long recognized the fact that this impulse in and by itself is neither morbid nor sinful1 for a divergence from the norm is not a disease1 and the gratification of a natural impulse1 which in no respect and for no human being leads to evil consequences1 cannot be regarded as sinful4 ,why1 then1 must ,i continue to strive against this impulse like a madman8 ,because it is very generally misunderstood1 so unpardonably condemned4 ,what help is it that ,i am now surrounded by love and respect8 ,i know that so many would turn away from me with horror if they were to learn my sexual constitution1 although it is a matter which does not concern them at all4 ,scorn and contempt would then be my lot4 ,i should be regarded by the majority of human beings as a libertine2 whereas ,i feel and know that1 notwithstanding all the sensuality of my nature1 ,i have been created for some other purpose than simply to follow my lustful desire4 ,who will believe that ,i suffer in the struggle with myself8 ,who will have compassion upon me8 ,this idea is intolerable4 ,i am condemned to eternal solitude4 ,i have not the moral right to found a home1 to embrace a child who would give me the name of #8father4' ,is not this punishment sufficiently severe for ,god knows what sins8 ,why1 then1 should the consciousness be superadded that ,i am a pariah1 an outcast from society8 ,owing to the opinion of society regarding the homosexual--an opinion based upon ignorance1 stupidity1 and ill-nature--society drives these unhappy beings to death 7or to a marriage which in their case is criminal71 and then triumphantly exclaims3 #8,look what degenerate beings they are6' ,no1 they are not degenerates1 those whose lives you have made unbearable2 they are for the most part spiritually and morally very healthy human beings4 ,i will speak of myself4 ,why do ,i long for death8 ,certainly not because ,i am mentally abnormal4 ,i am no morbid pessimist1 and ,i know well enough that life can be very beautiful4 ,but1 unfortunately1 it cannot be so for me2 for my life is a hell2 ,i am intolerably weary of my internal conflict2 it has become horribly difficult to me to play the hypocrite1 to pretend continually to be a happy man rejoicing in life2 ,i am bending beneath the burden of my heavy iron mask4 ,recently ,i had myself hypnotized1 in order to have my thoughts turned away as far as possible from sexual matters4 ,my hypnotist said to me3 #8,you see1 you will be at rest now1' and involuntarily in sleep ,i had to swallow these words1 #8,be at rest'6 ,good ,god1 is that possible8 ,does the #8normal' man know how this word sounds in our ears8 ,who will understand my intolerable pain8 ,perhaps my dear parents could have done so1 as they loved me above all1 as if they had a presentiment that ,i should be the most unhappy of their children2 but they have been dead for several years1 and so1 notwithstanding my numerous relatives and friends1 ,i stand quite alone in this world1 and vainly seek an answer to the questions #8,why8' and #8,wherefore8'0 ,genuine homosexuality exhibits1 like heterosexuality1 the character of an impulse arising from the very nature of the personality1 which1 in activity from the cradle to the grave1 expresses the continuity of the individual in respect also of this peculiar sexual tendency4 ,thus there does not exist a homosexuality limited merely to a certain age of life1 as to childhood or youth1 to maturity1 or even to old age4 ,hence we must distinguish from genuine homosexuality the pderasty of old men described by ,schopenhauer1 which does not begin till old age appears4 ,we must distinguish1 also1 the love of ,greek boys for elderly men2 these must be included in the category of pseudo-homosexuality4 ,an inclination which1 like original homosexuality1 is an outflow of the essential nature of the individual concerned1 cannot disappear so long as the individual himself persists1 cannot begin or end except with the beginning or end of his life4 ,homosexuality extends throughout the lifetime1 and if by any cause whatever--for example1 enforced marriage--it is apparently temporarily suppressed1 it always reappears4 ,it seems very doubtful if there really exists1 as von ,krafft-,ebing#ejf assumes1 a genuine retarded homosexuality--that is1 original homosexuality which does not manifest itself until a comparatively advanced age4 ,there do1 doubtless1 exist transient cases of pseudo-homosexuality1 which have in some cases developed in those previously heterosexual1 and which in other cases are superimposed upon a bisexual basis4 ,these belong to the category of 8acquired0 homosexuality1 which is always a pseudo-homosexuality4 ,the course of life of genuine homosexuals is a complete expression of the results of simple inversion of the sexual impulse1 and the homosexual type makes its appearance in childhood4 ,the fact of the 8difference0 between the homosexual and others is not experienced merely by the person himself1 but is also noticed very early by those who have care of him4 ,the 8girlish0 7in the case of female homosexuality1 8boyish07 and 8peculiar0 nature is often observed by members of the family1 by comrades1 and by tutors1 and gives rise to the use of nicknames4 ,these manifestations and perceptions are a valuable objective confirmation of the subjective sensations of homosexual children4 ,a ,protestant clergyman whose homosexual son also studied theology remarked to ,m4 ,hirschfeld3 8,he was from the very beginning different from my five other sons40 ,the physical and moral peculiarities presently to be described are often manifested in very early childhood4 ,hirschfeld has frequently been able to diagnose 8homosexuality0 in children from ten to fourteen years of age4 ,he alludes1 among others1 to a very timid boy1 twelve years of age1 who suffered from migraine1 who cried frequently1 who kept himself apart from his schoolfellows1 and corresponded daily with a boy friend4 ,he was fond of flowers and music2 he had very little inclination to mathematics 7according to ,hirschfeld1 a somewhat characteristic phenomenon in cases of homosexuality74 ,the examination of the boy1 who was extremely bashful1 showed that the genital organs were still completely undeveloped1 the penis resembling that of a boy of four years1 whilst the breasts were markedly developed like those of a girl at the commencement of puberty4 ,i doubt whether the fondness on the part of boys for girls' games1 or on the part of girls for boys' games1 can be regarded as a symptom of diagnostic importance in regard to the existence of homosexuality1 for a fondness for playing with girls and for cooking may often be observed in boys who later prove thoroughly heterosexual4 ,still1 these things do play a great part in the autobiography of homosexuals1 and have1 in fact1 great importance in cases in which these tendencies persist after puberty1 when the heterosexually differentiated psyche would1 after the transitory episode of these youthful games1 display activities now corresponding to the fully developed sexual sensibility4 ,puberty is the most important period with regard to the final determination of homosexuality by means of particular physical and mental characteristics4 ,the consideration of the physical and mental characters of male homosexuals leads clearly to the distinction of two different types--the effeminate and the virile urnings4 ,with regard to the relative numbers of these two types there exist no definite data4 ,hirschfeld1 in his 8,urnings10 describes chiefly the type of the more or less effeminate urnings--that is1 of those who show the greatest resemblance to the feminine nature--and does not express an opinion as to whether the number of effeminate homosexuals is greater than the number of virile homosexuals--that is1 of those whose nature is predominantly masculine4 ,another experienced observer of urnings1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,meisner1#ejg is of opinion that in the majority of cases the male type of homosexuals is encountered rather than the female4 ,according to my own observations1 it appears to me that the number of virile and of effeminate urnings is about identical4#ejh ,there are certainly numerous virile homosexuals1 or rather homosexuals of a thoroughly masculine build of body1 without great deviations from the normal type1 who yet have a more or less feminine mode of sensibility4 ,the distinction between effeminate and virile homosexuals would appear therefore to be only relative1 and for the majority of cases ,hirschfeld's remarks 78,urnings10 p4 #hf7 apply3 8,a homosexual who was not distinguishable physically and mentally from the complete man is a being ,i have not yet encountered among fifteen hundred cases1 and ,i am therefore unable to believe in the existence of such until ,i personally encounter one40 ,more especially after removing any beard or moustache that may be present1 we sometimes see much more clearly the feminine expression of face in a male homosexual1 whilst before the hair was removed they appeared quite man-like4 ,still more important for the determination of a feminine habitus are direct physical characteristics4 ,among these there must be mentioned a considerable deposit of fat1 by which the resemblance to the feminine type is produced1 the contours of the body being more rounded than in the case of the normal male4 ,in correspondence with this the muscular system is less powerfully developed than it is in heterosexual men1 the skin is delicate and soft1 and the complexion is much clearer than is usual in men4 ,last winter ,i attended an urnings' ball1 and ,i was much impressed1 when looking at the dcollet men1 with the remarkable whiteness of their skin on the shoulders1 neck1 and back--also in those who had not applied powder--and by the fact that the little acne spots almost always present in normal men were absent in these4 ,the peculiar rounding of the shoulders was also remarkable1 from its resemblance to what one sees in women4 ,according to ,hirschfeld1 the skin of the urning almost always feels warmer than his environment4 ,he refers the expression commonly used among the people 7in ,germany71 8warm brothers10 to this circumstance1 and derives the ,latin homo mollis 78soft man07 from the softness of the skin and of the muscular system 7though in my opinion this term is applied rather to the entire effeminate1 soft nature of the urning74 ,of great interest is the relation between the breadth of the shoulders and the width of the pelvis in homosexual men4 ,whilst the breadth of the shoulders of heterosexual men is several centimetres in excess of the width of the pelvis1 and in women the width of the pelvis is greater than the breadth of the shoulders1 according to ,hirschfeld in the urning there is little or no difference between these two measurements4 ,this1 in respect of the bodily structure1 would completely justify the expression 8intermediate stage10 and would give the homosexual man a position between the heterosexual man and the heterosexual woman4 ,still1 there are1 without doubt1 numerous virile homosexual men in whom this great width of the pelvis is not present4 ,investigations regarding the corresponding relationships among homosexual women have not to my knowledge hitherto been made4 ,very striking is the often luxuriant growth of hair1 especially in the effeminate types1 whereas the virile homosexuals are in this respect more approximate to normal men1 baldness being common among them4 ,our attention having been recently directed by the investigation of ,h4 ,swoboda to the existence of equivalents of menstruation in men1 the occurrence of such equivalents among urnings is of interest4 ,hirschfeld reports the case of an effeminate homosexual who since the age of fourteen had suffered at intervals of twenty-eight days from migraine1 associated with severe pains in the back and loins1 so that his stepmother said to him3 8,it is with you just as it is with us40 ,the gait and the movements of effeminate urnings also have a somewhat womanly appearance1 and attract the attention even of one who is not in the secret4 ,short1 tripping paces and elegant movements are characteristic of the effeminate4 ,in an earlier chapter we came to the conclusion that the fully adult normal woman was approximate in physical characteristics rather to the child and to the youthful human being than to the adult man2 and in this connexion it is of interest that we must describe as a distinctively feminine characteristic the peculiarity of many male homosexuals1 which enables them for a long time to preserve a youthful appearance and demeanour4 ,very remarkable is the behaviour of the voice4 ,the change in the voice may not occur at all1 or does not occur till very late4 ,the capacity for singing soprano or falsetto is also long preserved4 ,others1 in whom the change of voice had failed to occur1 were able to lower the pitch considerably by practice4 ,a typical and well-known example is that of the baritone singer ,willibald von ,sadler-,grn1 whom ,i had the opportunity of hearing recently1 when1 under the name of 8,urany ,verde10 he made a professional journey through ,germany1 and sang his songs dressed as a woman4 ,he said of himself3 8,my voice has never cracked in a definite way4 ,at twenty-three years of age ,i could sing soprano1 and can still do so to-day1 at the age of thirty4 ,the deeper tones for speech and singing ,i acquired only by instruction and practice0 7,hirschfeld1 8,urnings10 p4 #fe74 ,in this typical effeminate1 the breasts also had a completely feminine character1 as1 according to ,hirschfeld1 is by no means rare in boy urnings1 who at puberty experience swelling of the breasts1 associated with painful sensations4#eji ,i must1 however1 maintain1 in opposition to ,hirschfeld1 that abnormally marked development of the breasts is by no means rare in perfectly normal heterosexual men4 ,for the diagnosis of homosexuality1 the imperfect development of the larynx1 and the failure of the voice to crack1 are more important than the marked development of the breasts4 ,i remember distinctly that in the case of a fellow-student of mine years ago his high voice used greatly to strike me4 ,to-day ,i am able to understand how this fact was associated with his complete disinclination to sexual intercourse with women and his insensibility to feminine charms in general2 and ,i am able in his case to diagnose homosexuality with absolute certainty4 ,in the case of virile homosexuals1 all the above-mentioned physical peculiarities are far less noticeable4 ,in their outward appearance they much more nearly resemble heterosexual men1 but still they always have comparatively more of the feminine in their nature than the latter4 ,such a typically virile homosexual1 in whose appearance the impression of femininity was entirely absent1 ,i was able recently to recognize during a railway journey1 in the course of which he confided to me misogynous opinions against other fellow-travellers1 and also said that in the whole of his life--he was a man of a little over thirty--he had not had intercourse with women more than three or four times4 ,during the long wait of the train at a station ,i took the opportunity1 having mentioned that ,i was a physician by profession1 to ask him if he was not homosexual1 a fact which he at once admitted4 ,already in very early childhood he had felt himself distinctly drawn only towards masculine beings1 and had never experienced the least inclination towards women4 ,in this case also any kind of outward influence was excluded1 because he had grown up at home and chiefly in a feminine environment4 ,as ,i have already said1 in appearance he was masculine1 and he himself stated that he had no physical characteristics which suggested a feminine impression4 ,that this is the case in numerous virile homosexuals is proved by the distinctive fact that many of them are professional soldiers1 especially officers1 in respect of whose appearance virility is very strongly insisted on4 ,the mental qualities of male homosexuals correspond fully to the physical1 and occupy a middle region between the psyche of the heterosexual man and that of woman4 ,but every emotional element is in them more prominent than energetic will-power and clear-sighted reason4 ,something soft and pliable is characteristic of the majority of urnings4 ,this adaptability manifests itself in good-humouredness1 in inclination to self-sacrifice1 but1 above all1 in a most astonishing mobility of the imaginative life1 which seems to be something characteristic of the homosexual1 and to explain his frequent artistic capacity1 above all his talents for music1 for which vocation1 indeed1 his less fixed and more sketchy nature especially fits him1 but also for poetry1 painting1 acting1 and sculpture4 8,for all the fine arts10 says ,hirschfeld1 8from cooking and artistic needlework to sculpture1 we find that urnings have exceptional talent40 ,the inclination to intellectual occupation is distinctly greater among homosexuals than the inclination to bodily work4 ,associated with this is the ambition to distinguish themselves mentally above those by whom they are surrounded4 ,hirschfeld's assertion that homosexuals belonging to the lower classes exhibit intellectual predominance over their environment1 ,i am able emphatically to confirm1 after frequent conversations with homosexual workmen and menservants4 ,the peculiarity of their congenital tendencies has here early given rise to a certain intellectual profundity1 has early taught these men to reflect about the world and about human existence4 ,every homosexual is a philosopher for himself4 ,most heterosexuals1 especially those of the lower classes1 never arrive at thinking so much about themselves and about their relations to the external world1 as is a matter of course among homosexuals4 ,the imaginative1 the dreamy1 is much more predominant in the homosexual than a crude sense of reality4 ,this expresses itself particularly in his love1 which far less frequently and exclusively than among the heterosexual takes the form of a gross and material sensuality4 ,on the contrary1 it permits us to recognize the inward need for tenderness and delicacy1 for a peculiar ideal colouring4 ,goethe has contrasted this latter with the more sensual heterosexual love2 he speaks of the 8remarkable phenomenon of the love of men for each other4 ,let it be admitted that this love is seldom pushed to the highest degree of sensuality1 but rather occupies the intermediate region between inclination and passion4 ,i am able to say that ,i have seen with my own eyes the most beautiful manifestations of this love1 such as we have handed down to us from the days of ,greek antiquity2 and as an observant student of human nature ,i was able to observe the intellectual and moral elements of this love40#eaj ,the ideal conception of ,platonic--that is1 of homosexual--love was a non-sensual1 assexual love4 ,the psychical element also plays an important part in modern uranism--a part overlooked or underestimated1 whereas the sensual side is exaggerated4 ,homosexuality as an anthropological phenomenon is diffused throughout all classes of the population4 ,we find it among workmen just as much as among aristocrats1 princely personalities1 and intellectual heroes4 ,physicians1 lawyers1 theologians1 philosophers1 merchants1 artists1 etc41 all contribute their contingents to uranism4 ,if the extraordinarily frequent occurrence of homosexuality in the highest classes of society1 especially in the leaders of the aristocracy1 may possibly be brought into relationship with the processes of 8degeneration10 still1 on the other hand1 numerous homosexuals are derived from healthy families1 such as have not transmitted hereditary taint through a long series of ancestors4 ,recently ,g4 ,merzbach#eaa has studied the relationship between homosexuality and the choice of a profession1 and has proved that this choice is usually a consequence of the natural tendency4 ,thus we find an especially large number of homosexuals engaged in the production of ready-made clothing and in other manufacturing trades2 others become music-hall comedians playing women's parts1 actors1 dancers4 ,actors and singers appearing on the stage as women are to a large extent original homosexuals4#eab ,among hairdressers and waiters we find also a relatively large number of urnings4 ,as regards the diffusion of homosexuality1 the data obtainable up to the most recent times have been extremely contradictory4 ,the first exact information is to be found in the work of a physician1 published under the name of ,m4 ,kertbeny1#eac on 8 #adc of the ,prussian ,criminal ,code of ,april #ad1 #ahea1 and its ,continuance as #aeb in the ,proposal for a ,criminal ,code for the ,north ,german ,bund0 7,leipzig1 #ahfi74 ,the author enumerates in ,berlin #aj1jjj homosexuals among #gjj1jjj inhabitants 7equal to #adbe 74 ,a patient of von ,krafft-,ebing1 living in a town of #ac1jjj inhabitants1 was acquainted with #ad urnings2 and in another town of #fj1jjj he knew of at least #hj4 ,many other equally uncertain estimates are recorded by ,magnus ,hirschfeld4 ,they vary between #b and #ja --vary1 that is to say1 within very wide limits4 ,in view1 therefore1 of the importance of the exact determination of the number of homosexuals1 which ,i myself had earlier declared to be desirable1 we owe great thanks to ,magnus ,hirschfeld for having made an attempt#ead to obtain some exact data regarding this matter4 ,he deduces from a compilation of thirty test investigations 7reports regarding homosexuals in various classes of the population71 and by means of an inquiry made with sealed letters1 that the proportion of male homosexuals to the population is about #ae 4 ,that is a very much greater percentage than has hitherto been assumed to exist4 ,formerly ,i doubted the accuracy of this figure1 but since numerous respected1 honourable1 well-behaved persons1 of whom ,i had not suspected it1 have assured me that they have been homosexual since childhood1 ,i have no longer any doubt regarding the approximate accuracy of ,hirschfeld's statistics4 ,the enquiry made by ,dr4 von ,rmer in ,amsterdam gave similar results1 for he found the proportion of homosexuals to be #ai 4 ,a third enquiry made by ,hirschfeld among the metal-workers of ,berlin gave a proportion of #aa 4 ,normal heterosexual love was reported in about #id to #if of the three inquiries4 8,an imposing recognition of the love of man for woman1 a powerful manifestation of the provision for the preservation of the species1 and a contradiction to the fear that the uranian element in the population could ever seriously impair the well-being of the great majority0 7,hirschfeld74 ,as 8bisexual0--that is1 as exhibiting tendencies towards both sexes--the average of the three enquiries reported #ci 1 of whom1 however1 #jh were mainly homosexual4 ,the total number of the purely and mainly homosexual was thus #bb 4 ,hence1 according to the results of the last census of #aijj1 in the total population of the ,german ,empire1 numbering #ef1cfg1agh1 there would be about #a1bjj1jjj homosexuals2 whilst of the population of ,berlin1 numbering #b1ejj1jjj1 #ef1jjj would be homosexual4 ,in the interest of the scientific and social study of homosexuality1 it is urgently necessary that these statistical investigations should be pursued1 for if it should appear that the above estimates really apply to the whole ,empire--which ,i do not feel justified in assuming without further evidence1 since it is naturally possible that ,berlin might contain a relatively greater number of homosexuals--uranism would1 in fact1 have a greater social importance than it has hitherto been assumed to possess4 ,in any case1 the number of urnings is large enough to make them appear a remarkable anthropological variety of our race4 ,the truth of this assertion is supported by the fact of the ubiquitous diffusion of uranism in time and space4 ,in addition to homosexuality as a popular custom1 genuine homosexuality also played a part in antiquity2 and ,f4 ,karsch#eae has proved in an admirable book its occurrence among all savage races1 although unquestionably numerous cases of non-genuine homosexuality must have been included4 ,that homosexuality is in no way a sign of 8degeneration0 is proved also by the fact that it is more widely diffused among the still thoroughly vigorous ,germans and ,anglo-,saxons than it is among the ,latin peoples4 ,it is especially frequent in the ,german ,ostsee provinces4 ,it existed among the ancient ,scandinavians4#eaf ,recently ,f4 ,karsch has announced the publication of ethnological researches on homosexuality1 the first volume of which has already been issued1 under the title 8,homosexual ,life among the ,inhabitants of ,eastern ,asia3 the ,chinese1 the ,japanese1 and the ,koreans0#eag 7,munich1 #aijf74 ,in the preface he states expressly that he treats not only of original homosexuality1 but also of artificially produced or acquired homosexuality--that which ,i call 8pseudo-homosexuality40 ,my earlier view1 that true homosexuality is rare among the ,jews1 ,i find it necessary to revise1 for recently ,i have made the acquaintance of numerous ,jewish homosexuals4 ,for the earlier history and literature of homosexuality the most important1 and1 in fact1 nearly exhaustive1 sources are the article 8,pderasty10 by ,meier1 in ,ersch and ,gruber's 8,general ,encyclopdia10 section iii41 part #i1 pp4 #adi-ahi 7,leipzig1 #ahcg72 ,rosenbaum's 8,history of ,syphilis in ,antiquity10 pp4 #aai-bbgeah 7,halle1 #ahic72 and1 finally1 the writings of the earliest ,german student of homosexuality1 containing numerous interesting data1 the ,hanoverian official ,karl ,heinrich ,ulrichs1#eai who1 under the pseudonym 8,numa ,numantius10 published numerous works devoted to the emancipation of homosexuals1 and to the proof of the congenital nature of homosexuality4 ,the general title of these works is 8,anthropological ,studies on the ,sexual ,love of ,man for ,man40 ,they were published under various peculiar separate titles1 such as3 8,vindex0 7,leipzig1 #ahfd72 8,inclusa0 7,leipzig1 #ahfd72 8,vindicta0 7,leipzig1 #ahfe72 8,formatrix0 7,leipzig1 #ahfe72 8,ara ,spei0 7,leipzig1 #ahfe72 8,gladius ,furens0 7,kassel1 #ahfh72 8,memnon0 7,schleiz1 #ahfh72 8,incubus0 7,leipzig1 #ahfi72 8,argonauticus0 7,leipzig1 #ahfi72 8,araxes0 7,schleiz1 #ahgj72 8,uranus0 7,leipzig1 #ahgj72 8,kritische ,pfeile0 7,stuttgart1 #ahgi74 ,in addition1 ,ulrichs1 whose lifetime extended from #ahbe to #ahie1 published uranian poetry under the title of 8,auf ,bienchens ,flgeln0 78,on the ,wings of the ,bee072 ,leipzig1 #ahge4 ,these writings1 most of which are very rare in their original editions 7although many were reprinted in the year #ahih71 contained a number of new points of view for the consideration of homosexuality1 which have been recognized as sound by recent investigators4 ,important contributions to the knowledge of homosexuality are afforded us by the studies of the life and works of celebrated and intellectually distinguished urnings4 ,as unquestionably homosexual we may mention the poet ,platen1#ebj ,michael ,angelo1#eba ,heinrich ,hssli1#ebb ,heinrich ,bulthaupt1#ebc ,johannes von ,mller 7the historian71#ebd ,king ,henry ,,iii4 of ,france1#ebe the musician ,franz von ,holstein1#ebf ,peter ,tschaikowsky1#ebg the authors ,count ,emmerich von ,stadion and ,emil ,mario ,vacano1#ebh ,duke ,august von ,gotha1#ebi ,george ,eekhoud1#ecj and the ,belgian sculptor ,jrme ,duquesnoy 7#afjb-afed74eca ,the following celebrated persons have also been regarded as urnings1 but1 as it appears to me1 on insufficient proofs3 ,frederick the ,great2 ,j4 ,j4 ,winkelmann1 who at most was bisexual1 since we know of passionate letters written by him to a woman2 and ,alexander von ,sternberg1#ecb of whom the same is true2 the reformers ,beza#ecc and ,calvin1#ecd who have unquestionably been wrongfully accused2 and finally ,byron and ,grillparzer1#ece without troubling to enumerate hypotheses utterly without foundation4 ,it is unquestionably a fact that a large number of intellectually prominent men were genuine homosexuals1 and that their abnormal congenital tendencies did not prevent their doing important work in other spheres of activity4 ,but this happened notwithstanding1 and not1 as many talented apologists wish to prove1 because of their uranism4 ,when we pass to consider the activity of homosexual love1 we find that homosexuals may1 and actually do1 love either other homosexual or heterosexual individuals4 ,according to the account given by ,meisner 78,uranism10 pp4 #ai1 #bj71 the amatory ideal of most homosexual men is a heterosexual man1 and intercourse between two urnings is1 properly speaking1 only a matter of necessity4 ,but by several homosexuals with whom ,i discussed the matter this view was declared to be erroneous2 in the majority of cases the attraction between two homosexuals plays the principal rle4 ,ulrichs endeavoured to provide a theoretical justification for the sexual relationship between two homosexuals1 and maintained 7cf41 for example1 8,inclusa10 pp4 #fd1 #fe7 that ,nature destined the heterosexual1 or 8dioning10 as he calls them1 by no means for woman alone1 but also for the urning1 for the 8fulfilment of the sexual purposes of ,nature1 not directed towards reproduction40 ,according to ,hirschfeld 78,urnings10 pp4 #bb1 #bc71 it is unquestionable that1 whilst many homosexuals greatly prefer to associate with those who also feel in a uranian manner1 and whilst to many also it is a matter of indifference whether or not those with whom they have sexual relations are themselves endowed with contrary sexuality1 quite a number of urnings feel attracted exclusively to normal1 sexually powerful natures4 ,as a rule1 it is not difficult for homosexuals to gratify their inclinations in intercourse with heterosexual individuals4 ,a middle-aged urning informed me that young heterosexual men almost always acceded in this matter to the expressed wish of homosexuals--in the first place from simple curiosity1 and in the second place by no means rarely from sexual excitement4 ,indeed1 according to this authority1 effeminate homosexual men often produce in powerfully sensual heterosexual men the impression of femininity1 and are seduced by the latter to mutual masturbation1 especially in a state of alcoholic intoxication4 ,not infrequently does it happen--a striking example having come to my knowledge--that a young heterosexual has a love intimacy with a girl1 and yet occasionally1 when he is for any reason unable to have sexual intercourse with her1 he very willingly transfers his affections to a homosexual man4 ,male prostitutes are also1 to a large extent1 heterosexual men who give themselves to homosexuals for pecuniary reward4 ,occasionally1 moreover1 heterosexual men mistake very effeminate urnings going about in women's clothing for genuine women1 and have intercourse with them in this belief--a belief which these latter are clever enough to keep up until the last possible moment4 ,passing now to the consideration of the special circumstances of sexual attraction1 we find that the true love of boys1#ecf or rather the love of children 7pdophilia71 is rare in homosexuals4 ,the age chiefly preferred is that between seventeen and twenty-five years1 alike by mature homosexual men and by old men4 ,on the other hand1 it is by no means an exceptional phenomenon for youths1 or even mature men1 to feel attracted exclusively by elderly men 7the so-called 8gerontophilia074 ,there exists also a heterosexual 8gerontophilia0--that is to say1 abnormal love exhibited by young men for old women1 or by young women for old men4 ,thus ,fr reports 78,note sur une ,anomalie de l',instinct ,sexuel3 ,gerontophilie10 published in the ,journal de ,neurologie1 #aije7 the case of a man twenty-seven years of age who was sexually attracted only by white-haired1 elderly women4 ,he referred this to an impression received in very early youth4 ,when four years old he slept in the same bed with an elderly lady1 a family friend1 who was visiting the house1 and he then for the first time experienced sexual excitement4 ,he had a dislike to young girls and young married women4 ,a white-haired elderly woman whom he loved dyed her hair light brown1 whereupon he ceased to care for her4 ,further1 effeminate urnings prefer virile homosexuals2 whereas many of these latter have a great dislike to effeminates and to men in women's clothing--to those male 8women0 who adopt by preference feminine nicknames1 such as ,louisa instead of ,louis1 ,georgina instead of ,george1 and who speak to one another as 8sister10 just as the ,roman ,emperor ,heliogabalus wished to be addressed as 8mistress0 instead of 8lord40 ,many urnings love beardless men2 others love men with a moustache or a full beard2 many homosexuals are fascinated by bright-coloured cloth1 just as women are4 ,moreover1 every possible individual detail may here have an attractive force1 just as is the case with heterosexual love 7the hair1 the stature1 the gait1 the eyes1 the intelligence1 and the character74 ,ideal love and the gratification of the grossest sensuality are also the two poles between which the amatory manifestations of male homosexuals oscillate4 ,many confine themselves to simple contacts1 caresses1 kisses and embraces4 ,most frequently sexual gratification is obtained by mutual masturbation4 ,the idea that the non-homosexual especially associates with the word 8pderasty0 is 8pdication0#ecg--that is1 immissio membri in anum4 ,this sexual act is1 however1 far less frequent than it is commonly assumed to be by heterosexuals4 ,according to ,magnus ,hirschfeld1 it occurs only in #h 1 according to ,g4 ,merzbach only in #f 1 of all cases of intercourse between male homosexuals4 ,in an essay on pdication which ,i possess1 written by a homosexual1 it is represented as much commoner1 and as 8the most natural and least harmful means of gratification40 ,according to a verbal communication made to me1 the author of this essay knew of one hundred cases of pdication in which no harm had resulted4 ,frequently coitus inter femora takes the place of pdication2 still more frequently 8fellation10 or coitus in os1 and the widely diffused 8tongue kiss40#ech ,other perverse manifestations of the homosexual impulse also occur1 such as anilinctus1 fetichism1 masochism1 sadism1 exhibitionism1 etc41 just as they occur in heterosexual individuals4 ,with regard to the relations of true homosexuals to women1 generally speaking they loathe sexual intercourse with woman1 but they do not dislike woman herself4 ,women1 on the contrary1 are greatly liked by most homosexuals2 effeminate urnings more especially gladly seek their society1 in order to gossip with them about all kinds of feminine belongings4 ,marriages are often contracted by homosexuals who are really ignorant as to their own condition1 or who hope to conceal it from the world1 or simply for pecuniary considerations4 ,they result most unhappily if the wife has need of love1 and understands the real nature of the case2 or1 again1 if she becomes jealous of her husband's male lovers2 but when the wife is frigid1 they may turn out quite happily4 ,they are1 however1 always very unnatural4 ,hirschfeld#eci has thoroughly discussed the question of the marriage of homosexuals1 and has also alluded to the occasional marriages between homosexual men and homosexual women4 ,the fact proved by him that among homosexuals the impulse towards the preservation of the species is almost entirely wanting--not more than #c have the wish to possess children--shows how little fitted they are for the purposes of marriage4 ,the above-described sexual relationships may be illustrated by a few original reports taken from the autobiographies of homosexuals4 ,for example1 a homosexual man1 twenty-seven years of age1 writes3 8,when ,i was young1 from four to six years of age1 ,i loved to look at the male generative organs1 without knowing why they attracted me4 ,i liked to look at sculpture and pictures representing male nudity4 ,i detest woman's work and the fashions of the day3 a simple costume suffices for me4 ,i learned the #8great secret of the world' when ,i was twelve years old1 but woman had no interest for me1 and ,i was always asking little boys of from ten to fourteen years of age to show me their private parts4 ,i commenced to have carnal intercourse with boys 7aged eighteen to twenty-four7 when ,i was myself twenty-four4 ,only coitus inter femora1 face to face1 never from behind4 ,i always assume the active rle4 ,a young man from eighteen to twenty-four years of age is to me like a woman4 ,a woman is to me a thing 7671 not so a man4 ,perhaps it is original1 odd for our time2 but what is to be done8 ,woman is a machine for producing children1 and nothing more4 ,i am not married1 and never shall marry40 ,another homosexual writes3 8,i was about five years old when1 walking with a nursemaid in the pleasure gardens1 ,i saw a man masturbating4 ,although ,i did not know what he was doing1 the picture busied my imagination for many years4 ,in my dreams1 up to the age of fourteen years1 the thought of living together with a companion of the same age as myself played the principal part4 ,at the age of thirteen ,i fell in love with a schoolfellow1 who was1 however1 but little inclined towards me4 ,what perhaps especially interested me in him was that he brought sexual enlightenment to our class4 ,through moving to another town ,i lost sight of him4 ,although at that time ,i knew nothing of the real sexual life1 still ,i sought for objects which excited my sensuality4 8,an unknown man of about thirty-five years of age seduced me1 and practised pderasty with me on the first occasion that he met me4 ,i felt that there was something altogether wrong about this practice1 but was too weak to withdraw myself from his influence4 ,after about three months he disappeared4 ,now also ,i knew what masturbation was1 for in the school this practice was common4 8,at the age of eighteen ,i left the school1 and as in my comrades the impulse towards women now showed itself1 ,i1 for my part1 felt all the more how everything directed me towards man4 ,i often endeavoured1 in obedience to the urging of my friends1 to form relationships with women of the half-world1 but this always filled me with the greatest horror and repugnance4 ,to me it is a dreadful feeling when ,i notice that a woman is interested in me4 ,all the more1 on the other hand1 did the male sex interest me4 ,when ,i love a man ,i do not think 7only7 of sexual union1 but ,i try to read in him what ,i am myself prepared to give3 a sole interest1 faithfulness1 unselfish surrender4 ,if ,i love a man1 anyone else is nothing to me4 8,every man of standing of twenty to forty years of age is interesting to me--every one who is not positively repulsive--but most of all anyone who possesses a distinguished psyche4 ,in isolated cases sympathy has also led me to love4 8,the kiss is of the highest importance to me1 and precisely because ,i regard love as created only for a holy purpose1 so that human beings may be mutually ennobled and morally advanced by this passion1 it has always been repulsive to me to observe how men flirt with one another1 just as is the case with heterosexuals4 ,for this reason ,i am disinclined to visit places of general resort--such as1 for example1 the ,casino of ,dresden1 where all kinds of people come together4 ,i have met hardly any other urning who shares my sentiments in this respect40 ,a homosexual physician1 thirty-two years of age1 gives the following account of his sexuality3 8,i cannot tell you at what age sexual inclinations first appeared in me4 ,my sexual impulse is directed towards males4 ,before and during the time of puberty the impulse was quite indeterminate4 ,i believe that at this time ,i even cherished the idea of some day carrying out intercourse with a girl4 ,but this was not love2 it was a purely physical desire4 ,the spiritual side of the impulse was at this time completely wanting4 ,the sexual impulse now extends only towards young men4 ,i have hitherto had sexual intercourse neither with males nor with females1 but ,i believe that ,i should be competent for the normal sexual act4 ,this act1 however1 would give me no pleasure2 it would be nothing more than masturbation4 ,i feel complete indifference towards the female sex1 but ,i do not feel hatred or disgust4 ,sexual dreams#edj relate always to persons of the same sex4 ,on the stage1 in the circus1 it is always the men who interest me more than the women4 ,in addition1 ,i admire celebrated actresses and female singers1 but my interest in them is purely artistic4 ,from this standpoint also ,i am fully able to do justice to the beauty of young women1 and have often wished to paint a girl1 but this interest is always that of a painter--the colour of the hair1 the complexion1 interesting features4 ,social intercourse with persons of the other sex is quite unrestrained4 ,the sense of shame ,i feel more in regard to women1 but still ,i have also a strong sense of shame with regard to men4 ,i always have a great difficulty to overcome when ,i have to take off my clothes in the presence of other men1 and it is also very difficult to me to urinate when other men are present4 8,my love exists only towards youths from the ages of seventeen to twenty-four1 or1 to speak more strictly1 towards youths at the time of puberty4 ,one of these of whom ,i am fond is sixteen years of age1 but sexually he is completely mature1 so that every one imagines him to be twenty4 8,the direction of my sexual impulse has first become perfectly clear to me since reading the ,annual for ,sexual ,intermediate ,stages4 ,i was already fully aware of the fact that young men were especially interesting to me1 but had not previously understood that this interest was of a sexual nature4 ,i had1 indeed1 heard of pderasty--the case of ,krupp and others--but ,i imagined that these individuals had developed such a tendency in consequence of satiety4 #8,you1' ,i said to myself1 #8are purer and nobler in sentiment4 ,pderasty is loathsome to you2 no human being will ever understand you4' 8,every young man at the age of puberty awakens in me a certain sexual interest4 ,this is especially the case when they are slender and wiry in build1 not fat1 with well-developed1 but not excessively powerful1 muscles1 with gentle and modest character4 ,roughness always suffices to destroy completely the commencement of inclination4 ,sturdy1 plump youths1 and those with an excessive development of fat under the skin1 or with a wide1 feminine aspect of the buttocks1 leave me comparatively cold4 ,the youthful forms embodied in ,grecian sculpture are my ideal type4 ,it is indispensable that they should be beardless1 or at most have the merest beginnings of a beard4 ,a youth with a heavy moustache leaves me cold2 he is too masculine for me4 ,intellectual culture plays no part in the attraction2 modesty and gentleness are necessary to render an intimate relationship possible4 ,i find no preference for any particular profession4 ,i have1 indeed1 pedagogic inclinations1 but these appear to me to play no part in producing attraction1 but come into action only later4 ,one whom one loves is one in whom one would be glad to produce spiritual perfection4 ,the attraction depends1 in the first place1 upon beauty of the body2 beauty of the face is only of secondary importance4 ,smell has no influence upon the attraction40 ,it will be noted that this writer1 now thirty-two years of age1 has hitherto had no experience of sexual intercourse1 either heterosexual or homosexual4 ,this is characteristic4 ,homosexuals in general1 in contrast to heterosexuals1 often proceed at a comparatively late age to actual experience of their sexual impulse in action4 ,he goes on to describe the first beginnings of his love for a beautiful youth1 eighteen years of age4 ,he writes3 8,my eyes watched every movement of the body1 which continually displayed new beauties4 ,i should have loved to fall upon his neck and kiss him4 ,for sexual intercourse he appeared to me too pure1 too noble2 ,i should rather have lain before him in the dust and prayed to his beauty4 ,i felt that ,i should have been a poet in order to be able to clothe in the right words this delicate and holy sentiment4 ,and ,i must shut this all up within myself1 must remain outwardly cold4 ,it was enough to drive me to madness6 ,have compassion on us1 and allow us at least an embrace1 a kiss4 ,that certainly can do no one any harm1 and for me it would be a good action4 ,the distressing tension which tortures us to death would be for the time relaxed4 ,i always have a feeling that the process of sexual attraction must be of an electrical nature4 ,i seem to myself to be charged with electricity1 the tension increasing up to the highest point when the beloved is near me1 and a prolonged contact or a stroking with the hand already suffices to bring about a certain calming of the nerves4 ,the tension is to some degree diminished4 ,the various components of sexual enjoyment appear to be developed in human beings with very different strength4 ,in this way it is explicable that in one person the odour of the loved one1 in another the changing tones of the voice1 in a third the taste of the kiss 7the tongue kiss71 is most stimulating4 ,it is1 indeed1 even conceivable that there exists a purely mental sexual enjoyment1 and that to some individuals merely to look at the beloved person1 or to read a letter from him1 suffices4 8,sexual intercourse had hitherto never been practised1 but ,i can asseverate that the mode of my desire is rather feminine4 ,it would be my ideal if the loved one should feel sexual ardour for me2 ,i should be a willing sacrifice4 ,i should like to possess feminine sexual organs1 in order to appear desirable to the loved one4 8,i have battled powerfully against my nature1 and have felt very unhappy4 ,i regard myself as physically and mentally healthy4 ,i have received at birth a double nature 7alas6 two souls dwell within my breast74 ,my body is that of a man1 my soul rather that of a woman2 hence the conflict1 hence my sexual desires1 considered outwardly and only from the physical point of view1 are contrary to nature4 ,alas6 my soul can be seen by no one4 8,why do ,i only love a young man8 ,because he in ideal fashion enlarges my nature4 ,my sexual sensibility is mainly feminine1 and is directed1 therefore1 towards the masculine1 and more especially towards the masculine in the time of youth1 because the feminine sensibility in my nature is damped by a small masculine note4 ,the effeminate urning probably loves the complete man as the best complement of his own nature4 ,the slightly masculine note of my own sexual perception demands also in the man whom ,i love a slight feminine note1 such as we find in the youth4 ,he has1 in fact1 something feminine in him--beardlessness1 no immoderate strength of the muscular system1 a gentle disposition1 receptive emotions--and yet he is masculine and sexually mature4 ,sexual maturity is a necessary part of every love4 ,the young man1 therefore1 is the ideal conception of my nature4 ,my love is as great1 as holy1 and as pure1 as heterosexual love2 it is capable of self-sacrifice4 ,believe me1 for a loved one who fully understood me in every respect1 ,i would gladly go to my death4 8,ah6 how painful it is to us when we are regarded as debauchees or as sick persons60 ,i must say that the above account1 given to me by a much respected medical colleague1 one whose nature is characterized alike by intellectual power and ideal sensibility1 has made the deepest impression upon me1 and has been an important influence in confirming my views regarding the nature of original homosexuality4 ,similar oral communications have been received by me from other physicians who have been homosexual from childhood onwards1 one a neurologist and the other an alienist1 and ,i attribute the greatest importance to the account given by this colleague of mine1 who has a twofold understanding of the matter in question--as physician and as homosexual4 ,it is also important to note that uranian physicians declare the majority of homosexuals to be physically and mentally healthy1 a fact which ,i myself had not previously doubted1 and that they contest the general validity of the degeneration theory4 ,whilst in the smaller provincial towns and in the country homosexuals are for the most part thrust back into themselves1 compelled to conceal their nature1 or at most able to communicate only with isolated individuals of like nature with themselves1 in the larger towns from early days the homosexuals have been able to get into touch with one another4 ,certain meeting-places--places of rendezvous for urnings only--have been formed2 in certain streets and squares there have been formed urning-clubs1 boarding-houses1 and restaurants1 and even urning-balls1 while certain health resorts are to a degree monopolized by them4 ,moreover1 the individual social groups of the homosexuals form unions4 ,thus1 for example1 ,hirschfeld#eda reports the existence of an evening association consisting exclusively of homosexual princes1 counts1 and barons4 ,such pderastic meeting-places and unions existed in the eighteenth century in ,paris4 ,from this time until about #ahdj certain dark lateral alleys of the ,champs ,elyses1 the thickets from the ,place de la ,concorde to the ,alle des ,veuves1 between the ,grand ,avenue des ,champs ,elyses and the ,cour de la ,reine1 served from the commencement of twilight for the rendezvous of homosexuals1 not simply as a place of masculine prostitution1 but as a meeting-place of urnings in general1 who here in the dark sought and found love4 ,the central point of this evening activity was the ,alle des ,veuves 7now known as the ,avenue ,montaigne71 the 8,widow's ,alley0--8widow0 was at that time the term used to denote the passive pderast4 ,this region of the ,champs ,elyses was to a certain extent monopolized by the homosexuals4 ,they would not tolerate here the presence of any heterosexuals2 they closed the entrances with cords1 and placed guards at the openings of the alleys1 who demanded a pass-word from every comer4 ,even the police did not venture into this dark region4 8,victor ,hugo1 who in the year #ahca lived in the ,rue ,jean ,goujon in this neighbourhood1 often accompanied his friends who had been visiting him part of the way home at a late hour of the night4 ,they walked in groups1 talking of literature and art as far as the ,place de la ,concorde4 ,there the celebrated poet parted from his guests and returned alone homewards1 composing new verses by the way4 ,he often noticed individuals who1 as he passed the entrance to the ,rue des ,veuves1 watched him from afar off without speaking to him4 ,he could not believe that these people were thieves1 and asked himself what could be the cause of their always waiting in this lonely place2 but notwithstanding the frequent occurrence of these scenes1 he made no further inquiry into the matter4 ,but once in the midst of his poetical reverie he was disturbed by a man who stepped forward from the darkness of a thicket1 and with a polite greeting said to him3 #8,sir1 we beg you not to wait any longer in this place4 ,we know who you are1 and we should not wish that any one of us who does not know you should cause you any uneasiness4' #8,what are you doing there1 then8' answered ,victor ,hugo4 #8,every evening ,i see people walking about here1 and disappearing among the trees4' #8,don't concern yourself about it1 sir1' was the brisk answer2 #8we disturb no one and do no one any harm1 but we shall not permit anyone to disturb us or to do us any harm2 we are here in our own grounds4' ,victor ,hugo understood1 bowed1 and pursued his way4 ,as on another evening1 walking with his friends1 he wished to pass through another alley running parallel to the ,alle des ,veuves1 he found that this was closed by a number of chairs1 which were fastened together with cords4 #8,there is no thoroughfare1' called out a threatening voice2 but another1 speaking more quietly1 added3 #8,we beg ,monsieur ,victor ,hugo on this occasion to pass along the other side of the ,avenue des ,champs ,elyses4'0#edb ,during the ,second ,empire the ,alle des ,veuves maintained its former position as a place of rendezvous for homosexuals4 ,an urnings' club1 the members of which belonged to the highest classes of society1 being persons of the ,imperial ,court1 senators1 great financiers1 etc41 had their meeting-place in a beautifully furnished hotel in the ,alle des ,veuves1 in which soldiers of the ,empress's bodyguard 7,dragons de l',impratrice7 and of the ,hundred ,guard of the ,emperor served1 in return for valuable presents1 as the beloved of the various distinguished urnings1 for which function the term 8faire l',impratrice0 came into use4 ,in the hotel there also lived from time to time transient unknown persons1 who were only admitted after showing a kind of medal bearing a secret inscription4 ,when the police made an examination of the hotel1 they found a number of women's dresses and similar articles1 such as those which the ,empress ,eugnie was accustomed to wear on festival occasions4 ,numerous letters were also discovered which had been exchanged by the members of the club and their favourites of the ,hundred ,guard or of the ,empress's guard4 ,a report was made to the ,emperor of the results of the examination of this house4 ,when he saw that persons of the highest position1 and bearing most celebrated names1 were involved in the affair1 he at once ordered that the matter should be dismissed1 and said to the ,procureur-,general3 8,we must spare our people and our country from such a scandal1 which would do no one any good1 and would do a great deal of harm40 ,in fact1 almost no details of this affair became public4#edc ,tardieu gave an account of another urnings' club of the ,second ,empire1 where there were concealed closets1 on the walls of which erotic pictures were displayed4 ,the manner in which the urnings made acquaintance with homosexuals is shown in a police report of ,july #af1 #ahfd1 in which the conduct of a literary homosexual1 8un vieux monsieur fort bien et puissamment riche10 is described in the following terms3 8,he enters the ,caf ,truffaut1 sees a young soldier who pleases him4 ,by the intermediation of the waiter he makes an appointment1 and departs without waiting for an answer4 ,if the soldier agrees1 he goes to the appointed place of meeting1 and never goes alone1 because ,father ,c----n 7the elderly urning7 is well known4 ,as soon as the two have met1 other soldiers make their appearance1 beat the old man1 and compel him to give them all the money which he has about him4 ,he does this willingly1 and without ceasing prays for pardon4 ,when he has not a single sou left1 and when he has also given up his watch1 he goes away weeping1 and continually repeating the words1 #8,what a miserable man ,i am6'0 ,this elderly urning was manifestly also a masochist1 and therefore a very suitable victim of blackmailers1 whom we here see at their work4 ,in the police report to which we have already referred homosexual orgies are also described1 the participants in which assumed women's names and practised mutual masturbation and fellation1 and also carried out obscene practices with a bitch4 ,when ,oscar ,metenier in his book 8,vertus et ,vices ,allemands0 7,paris1 #aijd7 states that ,berlin has a monopoly in the matter of urnings' balls1 which1 in his opinion1 were not possible in ,paris1 he is unquestionably wrong as regards the time of the ,second ,empire4 ,in this police report two typical urnings' balls are mentioned4 ,one of these took place in a house in the ,place de la ,madeleine1 belonging to ,e4 ,d41 a man of business1 who gave the ball on ,january #b1 #ahfd4 ,the second urnings' ball was given by the ,vicomte de ,m4 in the ,pavilion ,rohan1 ,rue de ,rivoli1 on ,january #af1 #ahfd1 at which at least #aej men1 many of them in woman's clothing1 took part4 ,in many cases the appearance was so deceptive that even those who had invited the guests were not always able to determine the sex with certainty4 ,it is doubtless true that there is no other town in which there are so many social unions of homosexuals as there are in ,berlin4 ,hirschfeld records--in addition to private parties--dinners1 suppers1 evening parties1 five o'clock teas1 picnics1 dances1 and summer festivals of homosexuals1 which are arranged every winter by urnings1 and by female homosexuals or their friends4 ,moreover1 the male and female homosexuals meet in certain restaurants1 cafs1 eating-houses1 and public-houses frequented only by themselves4#edd ,such localities exclusively for the use of urnings exist in ,berlin to the number of eighteen to twenty4 ,there are also social literary unions1 such as the club 8,lohengrin10 the antifeministic 8,gesellschaft der ,eigenen10 the 8,platen-,gemeinschaft10 etc4 ,there are also cabarets 7public-houses7 for urnings4 ,hirschfeld1 in his book 8,berlin's ,third ,sex10 written in a popular style1 but extremely valuable owing to the clearness of his descriptions1 gives an exhaustive account of all these institutions for urnings1 and for further details ,i may refer my readers to this interesting work1 the authenticity of which ,i am able to confirm as the result of my own visits to the above-mentioned places of meeting for urnings4#ede ,in ,paris there no longer exist places of entertainment frequented solely by urnings4 ,in this respect they are replaced by certain ,turkish baths1 whose patrons are almost without exception homosexuals--men whose age varies from about twenty years upwards4 ,in the industrial quarter1 in the neighbourhood of the ,place de la ,rpublique1 there existed a few years ago a ,turkish bath1 visited almost exclusively by young homosexuals between the ages of fifteen and twenty years4 ,on the great boulevard there is a bath of a very expensive character1 visited only by wealthy homosexuals1 frequented1 among others1 by a celebrated ,french composer4#edf ,a peculiar species of meeting-places for the urnings of ,berlin is represented by the soldiers' public-houses in the neighbourhood of the barracks1 where soldiers are met and treated by homosexuals1 and where arrangements are made for subsequent meetings4 ,there also exists a 8soldiers' promenade10 where the soldiers walk up and down and offer themselves to homosexuals4 ,athletes also enter freely into relationships with homosexuals4 ,urnings' balls are to-day especially characteristic of ,berlin4 ,von ,krafft-,ebing has described them in detail1 and recently also ,hirschfeld has alluded to them in the above-mentioned work4 ,i myself not long ago attended such a 8men's ball10 at which from eight hundred to a thousand homosexuals were present1 some in men's clothing1 some in women's clothing1 some in fancy dress4 ,the homosexuals dressed as women could have been distinguished from real women only by those in the secret4 ,more particularly do ,i recall an elegant sylph1 who1 on the arm of a partner1 glided across the hall--8glided0 is the correct expression4 ,during the dance his delicate features were leaning on the shoulder of the man1 and he coquetted continually with ardent black eyes4 ,i really believed this was a woman1 but was assured that it was a male hairdresser4 ,in the case of another urning dressed as a woman the diagnosis was rendered easier by a well-developed moustache4 ,the seamy side of the relationships of homosexuals in public life is constituted by the so-called 8male prostitution10 which existed even in ancient times1 and in our own day was especially well organized during the ,second ,empire1 as we learn from the details given by ,tardieu4 ,the ranks of male prostitution are recruited partly from homosexual and partly from heterosexual men of the lower and more poverty-stricken classes1 who give themselves for payment to well-to-do urnings1 and are practised in all the arts of elaborate coquetry 7they use rouge1 make a coquettish display of male charms1 etc474 ,these are the so-called 8aunts40 ,in all large towns there exists what is called a 8,strich0 7promenade71 where male prostitutes are accustomed to walk1 in order to attract their clients4 ,in ,berlin the principal promenades are the ,friedrichstrasse1 the ,passage1#edg and some of the walks in the ,tiergarten4 ,like female prostitution1 so also male prostitution has its 8houses of accommodation02 and in ,france there even existed1 and still exist1 typical 8male brothels40 ,from #ahbj to #ahbf such a brothel was to be found in the ,rue du ,doyenne in ,paris4 ,in the neighbourhood of the ,louvre the male inmates of this establishment were even subjected to regular medical examination1 in order to protect their clients from venereal infection4 ,with the fall of twilight the visitors made their appearance1 and were received by young effeminates4#edh ,still worse was another form of male prostitution1 at the time of the ,restoration1 and in the earlier years of the reign of ,louis ,philippe--namely1 the so-called grande montre des culs in the ,rue des ,marais1 where a number of male prostitutes displayed and offered their charms to the homosexuals visiting the place4 ,a detailed account of the way in which this was done cannot be given1 but is sufficiently indicated by what has already been said4#edi ,male brothels exist even at the present day in ,paris4 ,thus1 at the end of the year #aije in the ,rue ,st4 ,martin there was a small hotel whose homosexual proprietor not only let rooms to urnings for a brief stay1 but also kept on the premises five or six young men between the ages of fifteen and twenty-two years1 whose services were always available for homosexuals for payment4 ,besides this hotel there existed also in the year #aije a kind of male brothel in the house of an urning1 where at midday half a dozen young fellows were to be found1 or could be fetched at brief notice1 for the choice of homosexual visitors1 for whose use a room was available at so many francs per hour4#eej ,a phenomenon intimately related with male prostitution is blackmail1 or 8chantage40 ,tardieu 7op4 cit41 pp4 #abh-acj7 describes these relationships in vivid colours1 and lays stress on the close relationship between male prostitution and criminality4 ,blackmail has become to-day a kind of special profession1#eea which is not directed solely against homosexuals1 but also against heterosexuals1 and the punishment of which cannot be too severe4 ,frequently these individuals1 whose activity is a danger to the community at large1 persecute their victims for many years in succession4 ,tardieu reports the case of a celebrated literary man1 8whose purse the blackmailers regarded as their own40 ,for more than twenty years in succession he was plucked by successive generations of blackmailers1 who considered him an assured source of income4 ,he was 8passed on from one to another40 ,as a rule1 blackmailers wait for their victims in public lavatories2 they suddenly assert that they have been indecently assaulted1 and demand hush-money1 which is commonly given to them1 even by heterosexuals4 ,a case of the last-mentioned kind recently occurred in ,berlin1 when a quite innocent young merchant was being plundered in this way1 and his wife1 by a courageous denunciation of the shameless blackmailer1 freed him from this tyranny4 ,it is1 however1 unquestionable that blackmail often ensues upon real advances on the part of homosexuals1 and after the performance of sexual acts2 and there is no doubt that in ,germany the existence of #age of the ,criminal ,code has been most advantageous to professional blackmailers1 has led to numerous scandals 7alike disagreeable and dangerous to the community71 and has given rise to numerous suicides4 ,this celebrated #age runs as follows3 8,unnatural vice between two persons of the male sex1 or between a man and an animal1 is punishable with imprisonment2 it can also be punished with loss of civil rights40 ,this paragraph of the ,imperial ,criminal ,code is identical with #adc of the former ,prussian ,criminal ,code4 ,similar ordinances1#eeb in some cases even more severe1 are found in the laws of ,austria-,hungary1 ,norway1 ,sweden1 ,denmark1 ,russia1 ,bulgaria1 the ,state of ,new ,york1 most of the cantons of ,switzerland1 and more especially in ,great ,britain1 where the most severe punishments are inflicted1 and1 at any rate logically1 are inflicted also on women who practise homosexual intercourse4 ,on the other hand1 punishment for homosexual intercourse has been completely abolished in ,france1 ,belgium1 ,holland1 ,portugal1 ,turkey1 ,italy1 ,spain1 the ,swiss ,cantons of ,genf1 ,wallis1 ,waadt and ,tessin1 the ,grand ,duchy of ,luxemburg1 the ,principality of ,monaco1 and in ,mexico4 #adc of the ,prussian ,criminal ,code was adopted as the basis of #age of the ,german ,criminal ,code1 in view of 8the consciousness of right of the people10 who 8condemn such practices not only as vicious1 but also as criminal40 ,but this consciousness of right is based upon defective knowledge1 and upon an erroneous view of homosexuality4 ,as soon as we recognize that in homosexuality we have to do with a primary natural disposition1 and as soon as this view has permeated wide circles of the population1 the old consciousness of right will be replaced by a new one1 which will demand the repeal of a criminal law1 by which a natural phenomenon is regarded as a vice and a crime1 and is esteemed as infamous4 ,my studies in recent years having convinced me that in homosexuality we have to do with a typical biological phenomenon1 ,i feel that ,i must unhesitatingly approve of the efforts of the ,scientific and ,humanitarian ,committee1 founded by ,dr4 ,magnus ,hirschfeld1 which aims at making the people understand the nature of homosexuality1 and demands the repeal of #age of the ,german ,criminal ,code4 ,all the more is this reform demanded because real homosexual crimes can be very readily dealt with by means of the sections of the ,criminal ,code relating to sexual delinquencies in general4 ,apart from this general codification of the injustice of #age1 and apart from the above-mentioned tragical consequences of the existence of this section1 it is also necessary to point out that the expressions used therein are absurd and illogical4 #a4 ,unnatural vice between men is punished1 whereas that between women is left impune4 ,but why should this latter be the case1 if we adopt the standpoint 7which we have1 indeed1 seen to be untenable7 that homosexual intercourse is in itself vicious and criminal--why should homosexual intercourse between women be less vicious and criminal than homosexual intercourse between men8 #b4 ,the idea 8unnatural vice0 is equally absurd and inconsequent1 and makes justice in respect of these offences absolutely impossible4 ,by this term is understood not merely pdication 7immissio membri in anum71 but also any kind of intercourse between men 8resembling sexual intercourse0--that is1 coitus in os1 coitus inter femora1 even simple frictio membri--whilst mutual masturbation and other perverse practices are not punishable4 #c4 #age does not safeguard any citizen1#eec for the sexual freedom of the individual is not disturbed in any way by the intercourse between two adult men who fully understand what they are doing1 nor is the general moral sense injured in any way if the act is not seen by any third person4 ,in this latter respect1 however1 #ahc of the ,criminal ,code1 which punishes annoyance to the public by improper conduct1 already affords sufficient protection4 #d4 ,if #age is maintained with especial reference to the existence of professional male unchastity1 von ,liszt has rightly replied to this contention that the latter form of unchastity can be rendered harmless by a modified reading of #cfa;b of the ,criminal ,code1 just as the protection of virtue can be safeguarded by other sections of the ,code4 #e4 ,the effectiveness of #age is extremely limited4 ,according to ,hirschfeld 78,annual for ,sexual ,intermediate ,stages10 vol4 vi41 p4 #age71 no more than #jjjg of the existing punishable homosexual practices of the present day are detected and punished4 ,therefore a few isolated individuals are punished for an offence which thousands of others commit with impunity4 #f4 ,when #age of the ,criminal ,code was drawn up1 the law-givers knew absolutely nothing about the homosexual impulse as an essential outcome of the personality2 they merely wished to punish heterosexuals who committed homosexual practices1 not to punish genuine homosexuals 7cf4 ,numa ,prtorius1 8,the ,question of the ,responsibility of ,homosexuals10 published in the ,monthly ,review of ,criminal ,psychology1 edited by ,g4 ,aschaffenburg1 #aijf1 p4 #efa74 ,the worst and most tragic consequence of #age is the permanent infamy and social contempt suffered by persons who1 without any blame to themselves1 have a mode of sexual perception diverging from that of the great majority4 ,the state itself commits a crime when it enrols in the category of vice and crime a biological phenomenon which has recently been recognized as such even by the ,evangelical and ,catholic ,churches1#eed and has been freed by these ,churches from the stigma of immorality4 ,the continuance of this great injustice is the frequent cause of the suicide of homosexuals1 especially of such as are men of exceptional spiritual and moral cultivation1 and frequently before they have actually indulged in their homosexual impulse1 the best proof that we have to do1 not with vicious1 but with unhappy men1 who are unable to bear the misery of being socially despised and unjustly misunderstood by their associates4 ,how many suicides from homosexual grounds occur it is impossible to establish exactly4 ,we can only suspect the cause from certain attendant circumstances4 ,a highly respected literary man writes to me regarding this question of the suicide of homosexuals3 8,when a fine young fellow1 suffering frightfully as a result of his inherited disposition1 shoots himself1 his family will rather suggest that the cause was a chancre 7which he has never had71 than they will admit his homosexuality40 ,several such cases have come under his notice4 8,a better cause10 he suggests1 8for the suicide would have been unhappy love1 for that is the actual truth40 ,zola1#eee speaking of the letters of a homosexual1 says that they exhibited 8the most heart-breaking cry of human agony0 that he had ever known4 8,he earnestly resisted yielding to such shameful1 lustful love1 and he longed to know whence came this contempt of all men1 whence this continuous readiness of the law-courts to crush him down1 when in his flesh and blood were inborn a disgust towards woman1 whilst he had brought into the world with him a true feeling of love towards man4 ,never had one possessed by a demon1 never had a poor human body given up to and tortured by the unknown powers of the sexual impulse1 so painfully expressed his misery4 ,have we not here a truly physiological case definitely displayed before our eyes--an inversion1 an error1 on the part of ,nature8 ,nothing1 in my opinion1 is more tragical1 and nothing demands more urgently investigation and a means of cure1 if such can possibly be found40 ,the complete enlightenment of the people would give rise to a spontaneous change in their conception of homosexuality1 to which1 moreover1 the greater number of homosexuals belonging to the better classes could contribute1 if they would freely and openly admit their tendencies4 ,the secrecy and hypocrisy of many urnings is partly responsible for the hitherto prevailing false views on homosexuality4 ,we cannot spare them this reproach4 ,finally1 #age is not merely an injustice to homosexuals1 but it is also a danger to heterosexuals1 in consequence of the blackmail which is so intimately associated with the existence of this section4 ,it is not enough that these criminals of the most debased kind1 who to a small extent only are recruited from the ranks of male prostitutes1 reduce numerous unhappy urnings to social and financial ruin1 and drive many others to suicide or to crime1 of which the remarkable case of a ,county ,court ,judge a few years ago afforded a typical example4 ,these wretches also dare with ever-greater success to make use of #age for the purpose of blackmailing completely normal heterosexuals4 ,in fact1 they often succeed better with these latter than they do with homosexuals1 because to the normal man the idea of being regarded as homosexual is so repulsive4 ,a remedy for all these evils--for the suicides as well as for the blackmailing--can only be found in the enlightenment of the whole people--the first and most important thing to do--and in the unconditional repeal of #age of the ,criminal ,code4 ,it has been a most useful service on the part of the ,scientific and ,humanitarian ,committee--a service the value of which has not yet been sufficiently recognized--that it has endeavoured1 above all1 to bring about the enlightenment of the people by means of popular writings1#eef and of the learned by means of scientific publications1 such as the most successful ,annual for ,sexual ,intermediate ,stages 7#h volumes1 #ahii-aijf71 and by means of lectures1 by the convocation of public meetings1 by petitions1 etc4 ,the petition of the committee to the legislative bodies of the ,german ,empire1 asking for the repeal of #age of the ,criminal ,code1 was signed by #e1jjj persons belonging to the circles of men of science1 judges1 physicians1 priests1 schoolmasters1 authors1 and artists1 among whom were some of the most celebrated names of cultured ,germany4 ,i cite here a few only3 ,ferdinand ,avenarius1 ,hans von ,basedow1 ,woldemar von ,biedermann1 ,h4 ,bulthaupt1 ,professor ,crd1 ,albert ,eulenburg1 ,theodor ,gaedertz1 ,rudolf von ,gottschall1 ,franz ,grres1 ,o4 ,e4 ,hartleben1 ,gerhart ,hauptmann1 ,s4 ,jadassohn1 ,hermann ,kaulbach1 ,r4 von ,krafft-,ebing1 ,joseph ,krschner1 ,h4 ,kurella1 ,walter ,leistikow1 ,leppmann1 ,max ,liebermann1 ,g4 von ,liebig1 ,detlev von ,lilieneron1 ,franz von ,liszt1 ,berthold ,litzmann1 ,ph4 ,lotmar1 ,john ,henry ,mackay1 ,mendel1 ,friedrich ,moritz1 ,p4 ,ncke1 ,paul ,natorp1 ,albert ,neisser1 ,max ,nordau1 ,a4 von ,oechelhuser1 ,a4 von ,oppenheim1 ,j4 ,pagel1 ,pelman1 ,r4 ,penzig1 ,placzek1 ,felix ,poppenberg1 ,rainer ,maria ,rilke1 ,o4 ,rosenbach1 ,wilhelm ,roux1 ,max ,rubner1 ,benno ,rttenauer1 ,johannes ,schlaf1 ,arthur ,schnitzler1 ,a4 von ,schrenck-,notzing1 ,alwin ,schulz1 ,moritz ,schwalb1 ,georg ,schweinfurth1 ,adolf von ,sonnenthal1 ,k4 von ,tepper-,laski1 ,h4 ,unverricht1 ,max ,verworn1 ,a4 ,vierkandt1 ,richard ,voss1 ,hans ,wachenhusen1 ,felix ,weingartner1 ,adolf ,wilbrandt1 ,ernst von ,wildenbruch1 ,f4 von ,winkel1 ,e4 von ,wolzogen1 ,ernst ,ziegler1 ,theobald ,ziegler1 ,theophil ,zolling4 ,in addition1 we might mention that in the year #aijd not less than #b1hjj ,german physicians1 as well as #gej head masters and masters of higher schools1 signed the petition to the ,reichstag for the repeal of #age4 ,owing to certain scandals by which the highest circles were sympathetically affected--,i need recall only the cases of ,hohenau1 ,krupp1 ,israel1 von ,schenk1 etc4--the conviction has been forced upon members of the most influential political circles that the repeal of the paragraphs of the ,criminal ,code relating to urnings is an unconditional necessity4 ,we may1 therefore1 expect that the repeal will be effected within the next few years4 99 99 99 99 99 ,compared with true original homosexuality in men1 the same condition in women is of considerably less importance1 because in women homosexuality is undoubtedly much less common than it is in men4 ,in comparison with the number of urnings1 the number of female homosexuals--of 8urnindes10 8,lesbian lovers10 or 8tribades0--is relatively small2 whereas in many women1 even at a comparatively advanced age1 the so-called 8pseudo-homosexuality0 7see the next chapter7 is much more frequently met with than it is in men4 ,in the case of heterosexual men it is usually impossible to induce a homosexual mode of perception or to give rise to any kind of taste for homosexual activity2 whereas in heterosexual women the corresponding change certainly occurs much more easily4 ,tendernesses and caresses play1 indeed1 among normal heterosexual women a rle which makes it easier for us to understand how readily in woman pseudo-homosexual tendencies may arise4 ,still1 it is impossible to doubt the existence also of original homosexuality in women4 ,these are the cases in which1 just as in urnings1 the homosexual impulse appears in very early childhood1 often long before puberty1 in which case also the girl is distinguished from her heterosexual comrades in external appearance1 exhibiting indications of a masculine build of body 7slight development of the breasts1 narrowness of the pelvis1 development of a moustache1 a deep voice1 etc472 but such indications may be entirely absent1 and the girl may not be distinguished from others in any respect beyond the perverse direction of the sexual impulse4 ,these true tribades are much rarer than the false tribades1 the pseudo-,lesbian lovers4 ,for example1 when visiting an urnings' ball we may be quite sure that #ii of the male homosexuals assembled there are true homosexuals2 but at a tribades' ball--such1 also1 are given in ,berlin--certainly a much smaller percentage are 8genuine02 the bulk of the women present are pseudo-homosexuals4 ,i here append the interesting reminiscences of a genuine urninde1 by which this relationship between original homosexuality and pseudo-homosexuality in women is very clearly shown3 ,,thoughts ,,of ,a ,,lonely ,,woman6 8,born in the country1 the daughter of a merchant1 ,i grew up as a very dreamy being1 with an unceasing yearning after something unknown1 beautiful1 great--with a longing to become a singer or an artist4 ,at the age of twelve ,i was already completely #8woman1' very luxuriantly developed1 although still half a child1 filled always with an uncontrollable longing for a beloved feminine being who should kiss me and caress me1 whom ,i was to regard with love and with a sentiment of self-sacrifice4 ,at the age of thirteen ,i came to live with relatives in a provincial town1 where for a year ,i attended a young ladies' school4 ,of my dreams no single one could be fulfilled4 ,my mother1 who was widowed when ,i was only three years old1 had a severe economical struggle1 being encumbered with six small children4 ,after my elder brothers and sisters were married1 ,i myself1 being then twenty-four years of age1 had to go out into the world to seek my own living1 ignorant of the world and its dangers1 delivered up to commonness and intrigue4 ,i got a position in the house of a widow1 filling the post of #8companion4' ,my #8principal1' a woman sixty years of age1 was at first unsympathetic to me1 but she treated me in a loving and motherly manner1 which pleased me1 for ,i was of a pliant and receptive disposition4 ,gradually ,i became her confidante4 ,every evening ,i had to get into bed with her 7,i slept close by72 ,i must touch her with my hands4 ,i did not then really understand why ,i had to stroke her legs2 but one evening this sexagenarian guided my hand into a forbidden place4 ,now it became clear to me that this woman still had erotic perceptions4 ,i felt how she quivered under my touch1 pressed me firmly to herself1 etc42 but ,i1 for my part1 felt nothing4 ,it might have been different had she been a friend of my own age4 ,i had not at that time any idea that #8psychically' ,i was different from other girls4 ,i had an unceasing yearning for love1 not directly sensual love1 but spiritual love1 out of which sensual love might later develop4 ,among the inmates of our house was a young merchant1 a fine-looking man1 who besieged me with his love1 and1 after long hesitation1 ,i at length one day consented to give him the best that woman has to give4 ,he took possession of my body with brutal voluptuousness4 ,i was under the delusion that he would make me his wife4 ,i had in the sexual act no perception at all1 and was disillusioned4 ,one day my seducer told me that he was going to be married1 asking me to return him the ring he had given me1 and offering me money4 ,moved to the inmost soul1 without any human being to give me counsel or help 7from a feeling of shame ,i had not disclosed the matter to my principal71 ,i threw the ring at him1 resigned my position1 and made myself independent4 ,i will only say in a few words how ,i had to struggle1 to fight for my existence1 how ,i was lied to and deceived by rascally men4 ,when ,i came to ,berlin ,i heard and read of homosexual love1 but could not find what ,i dreamed of--namely1 spiritual love1 out of which sensual love might spring4 ,i learned to know homosexual women1 but they exhibited to me such elemental passion1 brutality1 sensuality1 that1 notwithstanding all my yearning for #8homosexual' love1 ,i remained unresponsive4 ,only in kissing the lips of a woman sympathetic to me ,i have experienced an agreeable sensation1 but that sweet state which ,i was able to induce in others by contact with them was in me not forthcoming4 ,i began to wonder whether ,nature had denied me this sensation1 though ,i was myself also a normally developed woman4 ,for years ,i lived #8ascetically1' since ,i regarded myself as a #8psychological' problem--,i avoided every kind of intercourse--,i only had a desire for tenderness and caresses4 ,i often loved handsome women1 feeling the wish to kiss them and to touch them1 and ,i had learned to know women of the kind who prostitute themselves to other women for money4 ,these were hateful to me1 and never could ,i form a friendship with such1 because they knew only common brutal sensuality1 towards which ,i was not responsive4 8,some years ago ,i suffered from a severe abdominal and nervous disorder4 ,i have already passed my fortieth year4 ,after an illness lasting two years1 ,i still feel the desire for homosexual love4 ,hitherto ,i have lived unhappily1 continually asking myself why ,nature has treated me so cruelly4 ,is it not possible once at least to enjoy this perception8 ,a few weeks ago ,i made the acquaintance of a married woman1 whose husband has been impotent for years1 whilst she1 on the other hand1 is a very passionate character4 ,unfortunately1 this woman1 although in other respects she is very sympathetic to me1 is upon a comparatively low plane of culture1 and1 what frightens me more1 she has an intimacy with a female friend who is quite uncultured1 but who resembles her in respect of sexual love1 and who night after night lies with her in bed beside the husband1 and the two women indulge their perverse voluptuousness1 the friend playing the #8man's' part4 ,i have seen many strange things in my course through life1 but such a marriage is a new experience to me4 ,the man terms himself an artist1 a painter1 and allows his wife free play in bisexual love4 ,i believe that this man himself experiences a titillation of the senses when he sees the two women together1 and also that he makes drawings of #8acts1' out of which he makes a profit4 ,in this house ,i have seen into a deep abyss1 yet other bisexual women visit it4 ,although ,i have found my peace disturbed by these women1 although ,i have been to a certain extent intoxicated1 the conditions are too repulsive to me--since this woman is sunk into a morass deeper than she herself understands4 ,only through me does she begin to understand it4 ,but a longer intercourse with her is impossible1 for she lacks all the qualities that ,i look for in a woman whom ,i could love4 ,in actual fact ,i envy this creature1 for she is happy1 since she experiences to the full those sweet sensations which ,nature denies to me4 ,are there any more beings unhappy like myself8 ,perhaps the acquaintanceship with a woman whose feelings were similar to my own would be a happiness1 if ,fate would only have so much pity upon me as to throw a sorrowful companion in my way4 ,i hope for it1 but ,i do not believe that it will happen4 8,to what sex do ,i really belong80 ,in the love-history of this genuine urninde the ideal element is especially manifest2 likewise the instinctive disinclination to man1 which1 remarkably enough1 is often more powerfully developed in strongly feminine characters than in the more masculine tribades1 as the prototype of which latter we may mention the painter ,rosa ,bonheur4 ,during childhood ,rosa ,bonheur felt herself to be a boy1 and preferred the society of boys to that of girls4#eeg ,throughout her life1 notwithstanding her homosexual love1 she felt strong sympathy with men4 ,such a double relationship occurs also among urnindes of the first kind4 ,even the true urninde1 ,i may say1 is not so extremely homosexual as is the true urning4 ,take1 for example1 the following account#eeh of an original homosexual1 and you will see the difference3 8,i have not lost any of the valuable things of life--far otherwise4 ,many-sided1 many-shadowed intellectual sympathy leads any man of lofty mind into harmony with me4 ,there emanates unconsciously from my soul a profound1 tender charm4 ,my friends find me necessary to them4 ,i share their interests4 ,in our relationship there pass between us the most wonderful shades of sympathetic feeling--what the ,french so expressively speak of as l'amiti amoureuse4 ,thus my mode of being becomes absorbed into that of my friend1 a peculiar melody passes to and fro between us1 and a peculiar melody sounds in the stillness of my own soul4 ,all the fine and delicate sensations which ,i have received from my friends become in me transformed into poietic force--the ecstasies of my spirit assume form and substance4 ,from the spiritualization of the impulse there springs a stream clear as crystal1 there arise passion and ardour2 my exceptional soul lifts me upwards1 above all sorrows and vexations4 ,in this way is a talent conceived1 and amid ecstasy it is born40 ,the need for a spiritual contact with men is among homosexual women much stronger than the corresponding inclination on the part of urnings for spiritual contact with woman natures4 ,for this reason there is no doubt that the 8,woman's ,movement0--that is1 in the movement directed towards the acquirement by women of all the attainments of masculine culture--homosexual women have played a notable part4#eei ,indeed1 according to one author1#efj the 8,woman's ,question0 is mainly the question regarding the destiny of virile homosexual women4 ,i find it necessary to doubt whether1 as ,hammer maintains1#efa the raging hatred of men--the converse quality to the anti-feminism of the male urnings--really proceeds from the uranian group of the ,woman's ,movement1 for there exist no literary documents of importance to prove the suggested connexion4 ,homosexual women of intellectual weight have also assured me that among them there does at times exist an enmity to men on principle1 just as1 mutatis mutandis1 misogyny has been developed as a system both from the heterosexual and from the homosexual side4 ,for the diffusion of pseudo-homosexuality the ,woman's ,movement is of great importance1 as we shall see later4 ,the individual and social relationships of feminine uranism are nearly the same as those of male uranism4 ,in both cases there exists an entire scale1 running from pure ,platonism to ardent sensuality4 ,one kind of ,platonic tribades are those described by ,catulle ,mends in his sketch 8,protectrices40 ,these are ladies of position who allow themselves the luxury of a 8protge10 generally a girl employed at the theatre1 with whom during the performances they exchange glances1 whose expenses they pay1 with whom they go out driving1 without the matter proceeding to actual sexual relations4 ,in other cases1 however1 sensual gratification is the desired goal1 which is attained by kisses1 embraces1 friction of the genital organs1 or cuninilinctus 7the so-called 8,sapphism074 ,in this intercourse one party--the 8father0--plays the active part1 the other--8the mother0--the passive part4 ,there exist passionate and intimate relationships of long duration--true 8marriages0--among tribades4 ,thus1 d',estoc reports 78,paris-,eros10 p4 #eh7 relationships of this kind which have lasted thirty years4 ,still1 as a general rule1 feminine homosexuals change their relationships more frequently than male homosexuals4 ,an elderly tribade1 whose correspondence lies before me1 had within four years three love relationships4 ,in these relationships jealousy plays an even greater part than in heterosexual liaisons4 ,two sympathetic urnindes who lived together described to me very vividly the joys and sorrows of the amor lesbicus4 ,the cause of the troubles is always a tertia1 never a tertius gaudens4 ,like the urnings1 the tribades also have their meeting-places1 jour fixes4 ,one such meeting1 at which four genuine female homosexuals and one male homosexual assembled1 ,i had the opportunity of attending4 ,they have their parties1 and even their balls1 at which the virile tribades appear in men's clothing1#efb and 7as also when at home7 use male nicknames4 ,there also exist female prostitutes who devote their services entirely to urnindes4 ,this tribadistic prostitution is especially widespread in ,paris4 ,such prostitutes are called gouines1 or gougnottes1 or chevalires du clair de lune4 ,theatrical agents are said to be especially occupied with tribadistic procurement4 ,there also exist tribadistic brothels in ,paris4#efc ,,appendix ,,theory ,,of ,,homosexuality ,original1 congenital1 enduring homosexuality would appear to be an exclusively human peculiarity4 ,it is very doubtful whether a similar condition exists among animals4 ,we recognize among the lower animals homosexual acts1 but no homosexuality4#efd ,thus we have no philogenetic starting-point for the explanation of homosexuality4 ,moreover1 homosexuality is fundamentally different from the other sexual perversions1 sadism and masochism4 ,these represent quite extreme forms of biological phenomena1 an abnormal increase of physiological impulsive manifestations that occur in the normal heterosexual life1 as part of sexuality in general4 ,but homosexuality is an alteration in the direction of the very impulse itself--a change in the very nature of sexuality4 ,to put the matter shortly1 it is the appearance of a sexuality heterogeneous to and not corresponding with the bodily structure4 ,to define homosexuality as the appearance of a feminine sexual psyche in a masculine body1 or of a masculine sexual psyche in a feminine body1 does not apply to all cases--for example1 it does not apply to virile urnings or to tribades who remain womanly4 ,the definition of homosexuality as a sexuality which does not correspond to the bodily structure embraces both these possibilities4 ,whenever homosexuality in men is associated with a marked development of feminine secondary sexual characters1 or in women with a marked development of masculine secondary sexual characters1 the homosexual sensibility may be said to have to some extent a physical basis1 but not completely so4 ,for the 8intermediate stage theory0 proposed by ,hirschfeld--the intermixture of feminine and masculine characters--may apply satisfactorily to 8bisexuality10 to indeterminate sexual sensibility2 but it does not apply to the thoroughly one-sided1 monistic sexual sensibility1 directed only towards members of the same sex1 and often appearing very early1 before the days of puberty4 ,moreover1 in heterosexual male individuals the external appearance may at times suggest that there is a strong intermixture of feminine characters4 ,these men1 though heterosexual1 have a womanly appearance4 ,the 8intermediate stage theory0 of ,hirschfeld1 which von ,krafft-,ebing also appears to have recognized in his last work 78,new ,studies in the ,subject of ,homosexuality071 a theory which explains homosexual phenomena as dependent upon the existence of transitional stages between the sexes 78sexual links0 of ,hirschfeld71 and which1 moreover1 erroneously includes the typical hermaphrodite states--this interesting theory explains a portion only of original homosexuality4 ,it fails in cases in which homosexuality occurs in the absence of any divergence from type--for example1 in those cases in which male individuals with thoroughly normal masculine bodies exhibit marked homosexual sensibility in early childhood1 long before puberty4 ,but these are the cases which offer the greatest possible difficulties to a scientific explanation4 ,hic ,rhodus1 hic salta6 ,ulrich's 8feminine soul in a masculine body0 applies to effeminate urnings1 such as he was himself4 ,but is the mode of sensibility of virile homosexuals 8effeminate08 ,why do we speak of a third sex8 ,here lie difficulties which we cannot overcome without further assistance4 ,how does it come to pass that the central organs in homosexuals do not correspond to the peripheral sexual organs1 although the latter are formed embryologically long before the former1 so that the central organs should properly be guided in their development by the peripheral organs8 ,but they are not so guided4 ,that is only explicable in this way--that the association between the central organs and the peripheral organs is interrupted by a third influence1 and that this last influence has a peculiar effect upon the central organs altogether independent of the nature of the reproductive glands4 ,i will formulate this new theory of homosexuality in the following terms3 #a4 ,the so-called 8undifferentiated stage0 of the sexual impulse 7,max ,dessoir7 may often fail to appear in cases in which the sexual impulse1 either in heterosexuals or homosexuals1 is definitely directed before puberty unmistakably towards the members of one particular sex4 ,especially in homosexuals do we often see before puberty the clear and unmistakable direction of the sexual impulse towards members of the same sex4 #b4 ,a critical theory of homosexuality must also explain the extreme cases2 above all1 it must also explain male homosexuality associated with complete virility4 #c4 ,the sexual organs and the reproductive glands cannot be the determining cause1 because homosexuality makes its appearance in association with thoroughly typical male reproductive organs2 nor can the brain be the determining cause in cases of true homosexuality1 for1 notwithstanding the intentional and unintentional operation of heterosexual influences on thought and imagination1 homosexuality cannot be eradicated1 and continues to develop4 #d4 ,since this homosexuality often makes its appearance as an inclination 7not as the sexual impulse7 long before puberty1 and before the proper activity of the reproductive glands is developed1 it appears a reasonable suggestion that in homosexuality some physiological manifestation associated with 8sexuality10 but not directly associated with the reproductive glands1 undergoes a change which results in an alteration of the direction of the sexual impulse4 #f4 ,the most obvious influences to think of in this connexion are chemical influences1 changes in the chemistry of sexual tension1 which latter is certainly to a large extent independent of the reproductive glands1 since it may persist in eunuchs4 ,but the nature of this sexual chemistry is still entirely obscure4 ,such a way of conceiving the process is thoroughly reasonable and tenable on scientific grounds1 as was shown by ,e4 ,h4 ,starling and ,l4 ,krehl#efe in their communication to the ,scientific ,congress at ,stuttgart in the year #aije1 regarding disturbances of chemical correlation in the organism1 especially disturbances of the chemical influences proceeding from the reproductive organs4 ,all minuter details regarding these 8sexual hormone0 7to use ,starling's own phrase7 are still unknown1 but the experiments to which we alluded in an earlier chapter have proved their existence4 ,in my view1 the anatomical contradiction1 the natural monstrosity1 of a feminine--or1 at any rate1 an unmanly--psyche in a typical masculine body1 or that of a feminine or unmanly sexual psyche associated with normally developed and normally functioning male genital organs1 can only be explained in this manner by taking into account this intercurrent third factor4 ,this can be deduced very readily from some early embryonic disturbances of sexual chemistry4 ,this would also explain why it is that homosexuality so often occurs in perfectly healthy families1 as an isolated phenomenon which has nothing to do either with inheritance or with degeneration4 ,when von ,rmer1 on the contrary1 describes homosexuality as a process of 8regeneration10 we must maintain that for this view there are no sufficient grounds4 ,here begins the riddle of homosexuality2 for me1 at any rate1 it is one4 ,my own theory only attempts to explain the proper physiological connexions of homosexuality better1 and1 above all1 more scientifically than earlier theories4 ,with regard to the ultimate cause of the relatively frequent occurrence of homosexuality as an original phenomenon1 this theory has1 however1 nothing to say4 ,i do not suggest that ,i am able for a moment to find the ultimate reason of the being and nature of homosexuality4 ,there remains here a riddle to be solved4 ,but from the standpoint of civilization and reproduction homosexuality is a senseless and aimless dysteleological phenomenon1 like many another 8natural product0--as1 for example1 the human ccum4 ,in an earlier chapter ,i drew attention to the fact that civilization has entailed an increasingly sharp sexual differentiation--that is1 the antithesis between 8man0 and 8woman0 has become continually clearer4 ,the distinction between the sexes is a product rather of civilization than of primitive nature4 ,all sexual indifference1 all sexual links1 are primitive characters4 ,eduard von ,mayer rightly believes that in the earliest days of the human race homosexuality was much more widely diffused than it is at present1 that1 in fact1 it came into being side by side with heterosexual love4 ,civilization by means of inheritance1 adaptation1 and differentiation1 has continually more and more limited the extent of the homosexual impulse4 ,unquestionably the homosexual human being1 as human being1 has the same right to exist as the heterosexual4 ,to doubt it would be preposterous4 ,also1 as a sexual being1 in so far as only the individual aspect of love comes under consideration1 the homosexual has an equal right4 ,but for the species1 and also for the advancement of civilization1 homosexuality has no importance1 or very little4 ,it is obvious that1 as a kind of enduring 8monosexuality10 it contradicts the purposes of the species4 ,equally obvious is it that the whole of civilization is the product of the physical and mental differentiation of the sexes1 that civilization has1 in fact1 to a certain extent1 a heterosexual character4 ,the greatest spiritual values we owe to heterosexuals1 not to homosexuals4 ,moreover1 reproduction first renders possible the preservation and permanence of new spiritual values4 ,in the last resort the latter are not possible without the former4 ,however obvious it may appear1 we must still repeat that spiritual values exist only in respect of the future1 that they only attain their true significance in the connexion and the succession of the generations1 and that they are1 therefore1 eternally dependent upon heterosexual love as the intermediary by which this continuity is produced4 ,the monosexual and homosexual instincts permanently limited to their own ego or their own sex are1 therefore1 in their innermost nature dysteleological and anti-evolutionistic4 ,in speaking thus we leave entirely out of consideration the possibility that temporarily and for the purposes of individual development they may possess a relative justification4#eff ,moreover1 the majority of homosexuals have a deeply rooted sentiment of the lack of purpose and the aimlessness of their mode of sexual perception1 and this often gives them a very tragical and pitiable expression4 ,especially in the case of noble1 spiritually important homosexuals1 true carriers of civilization1 is this sense of the incongruity between homosexuality and life most plainly felt4 ,even the talented ,numa ,prtorius 7,annual for ,sexual ,intermediate ,stages1 vol4 vi41 p4 #edc7 recognizes that-- 8,the love of the majority of men towards the other sex1 based upon heterosexual impulse1 has undergone a development and refinement1 and has obtained a significance which makes homosexual love1 in comparison with it1 play quite a subordinate part40 #ejb 8,contributions to the ,etiology of ,psychopathia ,sexualis10 vol4 i41 p4 #bai4 #ejc ,lombroso1 at the ,sixth ,international ,congress of ,criminal ,anthropologists at ,turin1 ,may1 #aijf1 actually drew a parallel between congenital homosexuality and the congenital tendency to crime6 ,that this parallel is utterly non-existent and that crime and homosexuality differ toto clo is shown luminously by ,paul ,ncke 78,comparison between ,criminality and ,homosexuality10 published in the ,monatsschrift fr ,kriminalpsychologie1 #aijf1 pp4 #dgg-dhg74 #ejd ,published in the ,annual for ,sexual ,intermediate ,stages1 edited by ,magnus ,hirschfeld1 vol4 iii41 p4 #e 7,leipzig1 #aija74 ,cf4 also the account of the newer views by ,p4 ,ncke1 8,problems in the ,domain of ,homosexuality10 published in the ,allgemeine ,zeitschrift fr ,psychiatrie1 #aijb1 vol4 lix41 pp4 #hje-hbi 7this writer also maintains the existence of normal1 healthy homosexual individuals74 #eje ,magnus ,hirschfeld1 8,der ,urnische ,mensch10 p4 #aci et seq4 7,leipzig1 #aijc74 #ejf ,von ,krafft-,ebing1 8,retarded ,homosexuality10 published in the ,annual for ,sexual ,intermediate ,stages1 #aija1 vol4 iii41 pp4 #g-bj4 #ejg ,j4 ,e4 ,meisner1 8,uranism1 or the so-called ,homosexual ,love10 p4 #aa 7,leipzig1 #aijf74 #ejh ,max ,katte 78,virile ,homosexuals10 published in the ,annual for ,sexual ,intermediate ,stages1 vol4 vii41 p4 #id2 ,leipzig1 #aije7 remarks that it is an error on the part of recent writers in the domain of homosexuality to describe and vindicate so prominently the effeminate type of homosexual man1 and to neglect the virile type4 ,the same is true as regards the description of the corresponding types of homosexual women4 #eji ,this occurs also in heterosexual boys4 ,i extract the following passage from the unpublished autobiography of a homosexual physician3 8,when puberty occurred ,i am not able to say--,i expect it was about the age of sixteen or seventeen--but ,i know certainly that ,i noticed at the time of puberty a swelling of the breasts4 ,there was only a slight forward curvature1 which did not extend much beyond the areola1 and was painful on pressure4 ,i remember distinctly that ,i was anxious about the matter1 and was afraid that there was some inflammation beginning4 ,however1 the same seems to occur in every normal man4 ,a student whom ,i asked about the matter said that he had noticed a swelling of the mammary glands about the age of fifteen2 recently1 at the age of seventeen1 he has had his first pollutions2 his sexual sensibility is normal40 #eaj 8,goethe's ,letters10 vol4 vii41 p4 #cad3 letter of ,december #bi1 #aghg1 from ,rome to ,karl ,august 7,weimar1 #ahij74 #eaa ,g4 ,merzbach1 8,homosexuality and ,occupation10 published in the ,annual for ,sexual ,intermediate ,stages1 #aijb1 vol4 iv41 pp4 #ahg-aih4 #eab ,cf4 ,w4 ,s41 8,woman-,man on the ,stage10 published in the ,annual for ,sexual ,intermediate ,stages1 vol4 ii41 pp4 #cac-cbe4 #eac ,this writer is also the inventor of the word 8homosexual10 which is found for the first time in his book4 #ead ,magnus ,hirschfeld1 8,result of the ,statistical ,investigations regarding the ,percentage of ,homosexuals10 published in the ,annual for ,sexual ,intermediate ,stages1 #aijd1 vol4 vi41 pp4 #aji-agh4 #eae ,f4 ,karsch1 8,uranism or ,pderasty and ,tribadism among ,savage ,races10 published in the ,annual for ,sexual ,intermediate ,stages1 #aija1 vol4 iii41 pp4 #gb-bja4 #eaf 8,traces of ,contrary ,sexuality among the ,ancient ,scandinavians3 ,reports of a ,norwegian ,literary ,man10 published in the ,annual for ,sexual ,intermediate ,stages1 #aijb1 vol4 v41 pp4 #bdd-bfc4 #eag ,regarding homosexuality in ,japan1 cf4 also 8,pderasty in ,japan10 by ,suyewo ,iwaya1 published in the ,annual for ,sexual ,intermediate ,stages1 #aijb1 vol4 iv41 pp4 #bfd-bga4 #eah ,in the second volume1 now in course of preparation1 of my work on 8,the ,origin of ,syphilis10 will be found a detailed critical investigation1 based upon the most recent data1 of homosexuality and pseudo-homosexuality in ancient times and during the middle ages4 #eai ,cf4 8,four ,letters of ,carl ,heinrich ,ulrichs 7#8,numa ,numantius'7 to his ,relatives10 published in the ,annual for ,sexual ,intermediate ,stages1 #ahii1 vol4 i41 pp4 #cf-if 7with portrait74 #ebj ,ludwig ,frey1 8,the ,spiritual ,life of ,count ,platen10 published in the ,annual for ,sexual ,intermediate ,stages1 #ahii1 vol4 i41 pp4 #aei-bad2 and #aijd1 vol4 vi41 pp4 #ceg-ddh4 #eba ,numa ,prtorius1 8,michael ,angelo as an ,urning10 op4 cit41 #aijj1 vol4 ii41 pp4 #bed-bfg4 #ebb ,f4 ,karsch1 8,heinrich ,hssli10 op4 cit41 #aijc1 vol4 v41 pp4 #ddi-eef4 ,hssli was the author of the work 8,eros3 the ,greek ,love of ,men0 7,glarus and ,st4 ,gallen1 #ahcf and #ahch1 #b vols471 which1 according to ,karsch1 represented for our own time what ,plato's 8,symposium0 and 8,phdrus0 represents for antiquity4 ,karsch gives an excellent table of the contents and an analysis of the books under consideration4 #ebc ,j4 ,e4 ,meisner1 8,uranism10 p4 #af 7,leipzig72 also verbal communications by ,meisner1 who was personally acquainted with ,bulthaupt1 to myself4 #ebd ,f4 ,karsch1 8,our ,sources for the ,consideration of ,reputed and ,real ,urnings10 8,johann von ,mller the ,historian 7#ageb-ahji710 published in the ,annual for ,sexual ,intermediate ,stages1 #aijb1 vol4 iv41 pp4 #cdi-deg4 #ebe ,l4 ,s4 ,a4 ,m4 von ,rmer1 8,henry ,,iii41 ,king of ,france and ,poland10 op4 cit41 vol4 iv41 pp4 #egb-ffi4 #ebf ,j4 ,e4 ,meisner1 op4 cit41 p4 #ag4 #ebg ,magnus ,hirschfeld1 8,sexual ,transitional ,stages10 ,plate ,,xxxii4 7,leipzig1 #aije74 #ebh ,op4 cit41 ,plate ,,xxxii4 #ebi ,f4 ,karsch1 8,duke ,august the ,fortunate 7#aggb-ahbb710 published in the ,annual for ,sexual ,intermediate ,stages1 #aijc1 vol4 v41 pp4 #fae-fic4 #ecj ,numa ,prtorius1 8,georges ,eekhoud3 a ,preface10 published in the ,annual for ,sexual ,intermediate ,stages1 #aijj1 vol4 ii41 pp4 #bfh-bgg4 #eca ,g4 ,eekhoud1 8,an ,illustrious ,urning of the ,seventeenth ,century1 ,jerom ,duquesnoy1 the ,flemish ,sculptor10 op4 cit41 pp4 #bgg-bhg4 #ecb ,f4 ,karsch1 8,a4 von ,sternberg1 the ,novelist10 op4 cit41 #aijb1 vol4 iv41 pp4 #deh-ega4 ,he obtained sexual gratification by masturbating while looking at masculine posteriora1 but also frequently had relations with women4 #ecc ,f4 ,karsch1 8,theodor ,beza1 the ,reformer 7#aeai-afje710 op4 cit41 pp4 #bia-cdi4 #ecd ,h4 ,j4 ,schouten1 8,the ,alleged ,pderasty of the ,reformer ,john ,calvin10 op4 cit41 #aije1 vol4 vii41 pp4 #bia-cjf4 #ece ,hans ,rau1 8,franz ,grillparzer and his ,amatory ,life40 7,berlin1 #aijc74 #ecf ,the love of boys1 the 8pderasty10 of the ,greeks related to young adult men4 #ecg ,i have used the established spelling for this word1 although probably its more correct spelling would be 8pedication0 7derived from pedex podex74 #ech ,cf4 ,p4 ,ncko1 8,the ,kiss of the ,homosexual10 published in the ,archives for ,criminal ,anthropology and ,criminal ,statistics1 by ,h4 ,gross1 #aijd1 vol4 xvii41 ,nos4 #a1 #b1 p4 #agg4 ,cf4 also the reports on the tongue kiss published in the ,annual for ,sexual ,intermediate ,stages1 #aije1 vol4 vii41 pp4 #geg-gei4 #eci ,m4 ,hirschfeld1 8,are ,sexual ,intermediate ,stages ,suited for ,marriage80 published in the ,annual for ,sexual ,intermediate ,stages1 #aija1 vol4 iii41 pp4 #cg-ga4 #edj ,we owe to ,ncke the recognition of the importance of sexual dreams in the diagnosis of homosexuality and heterosexuality4 ,cf4 his essay1 8,the ,forensic ,significance of ,dreams10 published in the ,archives for ,criminal ,anthropology1 #ahhi1 vol4 iii42 also ,p4 ,ncke1 8,the ,dream as the ,most ,delicate ,reagent for the ,detection of the ,mode of ,sexual ,sensibility10 published in the ,annual ,review of ,criminal ,psychology1 #aije4 #eda ,m4 ,hirschfeld1 8,berlin's ,third ,sex10 p4 #bf 7,berlin and ,leipzig1 #aije74 #edb ,the description of this interesting scene1 with other details regarding the organization of the homosexuals of ,paris1 is found in the work of ,pisanus ,fraxi 7,henry ,spencer ,ashbee74 8,centuria ,librorum ,absconditorum10 pp4 #djf-daf 7,london1 #ahgi7 7based upon personal reports by ,paul ,lacroix74 #edc ,ambroise ,tardieu1 8,offences against ,morality from the ,point of ,view of ,state ,medicine10 ,german translation by ,f4 ,w4 ,theile1 pp4 #acc1 #acd 7,weimar1 #ahfj74 #edd ,there are also numerous places of public resort which are indeed largely attended by urnings1 but are also frequented by heterosexuals4 #ede ,cf4 in this connexion also the remarks of ,p4 ,ncke1 8,a ,visit to the ,homosexuals of ,berlin10 published in the ,archives of ,criminal ,anthropology1 #aijd1 vol4 xv41 ,nos4 #a and #b4 #edf ,cf4 ,p4 ,ncke1 8,quelques ,dtails sur les ,homosexuels de ,paris10 published in the ,archives d',anthropologie ,criminelle1 #aije1 new series1 iv41 ,no4 #ach4 ,see the reference in the ,annual for ,sexual ,intermediate ,stages1 #aijf1 vol4 viii41 pp4 #gie1 #gif4 #edg ,cf4 8,the ,secrets of the ,berlin ,passage10 pp4 #ai1 #bj 7,berlin1 #ahgg74 #edh ,cf4 ,pisanus ,fraxi1 8,centuria ,librorum ,absconditorum10 pp4 #djd-djf 7,london1 #ahgi7 7according to the reports of ,paul ,lacroix1 who himself was a witness of the occurrences74 #edi ,op4 cit41 pp4 #djd-djg4 #eej ,annual for ,sexual ,intermediate ,stages1 #aijf1 vol4 viii41 pp4 #gif1 #gig4 ,according to d',estoc 78,paris-,eros10 pp4 #bjg1 #bjh71 the male prostitutes in these brothels are more especially men from southern countries--,italians1 ,orientals1 ,berbers1 and negroes4 #eea ,cf4 ,ludwig ,frey1 8,characterization of ,blackmail10 published in the ,annual for ,sexual ,intermediate ,stages1 #ahii1 vol4 i41 pp4 #ga-if4 #eeb ,cf4 ,numa ,prtorius1 8,the ,criminal ,character of ,homosexual ,intercourse1 ,considered ,historically and ,critically10 published in the ,annual for ,sexual ,intermediate ,stages1 #ahii1 vol4 i41 pp4 #ig-aeh4 #eec ,cf4 ,z4 ,richter1 8,does #age afford any ,protection8 ,a ,criminalogical ,study10 published in the ,annual for ,sexual ,intermediate ,stages1 #aijj1 vol4 ii41 pp4 #cj-eb4 #eed 8,opinions of ,roman ,catholic ,priests on the ,attitude of ,christianity towards the ,criminal ,prosecution of ,homosexual ,love0 7,annual for ,sexual ,intermediate ,stages1 #aijj1 vol4 ii41 pp4 #afa-bjc72 8,what ,position should the ,church ,assume towards ,homosexual ,love and its ,criminal ,prosecution80 by an ,evangelical ,theologian 7op4 cit41 vol4 iii41 pp4 #bjd-baj72 ,caspar ,wirz1 8,urnings before the ,church and ,scripture0 7,orthodox-,evangelical7 7op4 cit41 vol4 iv41 pp4 #fc-ajh72 8,homosexuality in the ,bible10 by a ,catholic priest 7op4 cit41 vol4 iv41 pp4 #aii-bdc72 8,from the ,memoirs of a 7,catholic7 ,priest0 7op4 cit41 pp4 #aagb-aagh74 #eee ,a letter from ,emile ,zola to ,dr4 ,laupts on the problem of homosexuality2 translated1 with an introduction1 by ,rudolf von ,beulwitz 7,annual for ,sexual ,intermediate ,stages1 #aije1 vol4 ii41 pp4 #cga-chf74 #eef 8,what should the ,people know about the ,third ,sex80 ,an instructive work1 published by the ,scientific and ,humanitarian ,committee 7,leipzig1 #aijd74 #eeg ,cf4 8,the ,truth about ,myself3 ,autobiography of a ,contrary-,sexual10 published in the ,annual for ,sexual ,intermediate ,stages1 vol4 iii41 pp4 #bib-cjg4 #eeh ,m4 ,f41 8,how ,i ,see the ,matter10 op4 cit41 pp4 #cjh-cab4 #eei ,cf4 ,anna ,rling1 8,what ,interest has the ,woman's ,movement in the ,solution of the ,homosexual ,problem80 7,annual for ,sexual ,intermediate ,stages1 vol4 vii41 pp4 #aca-aea74 #efj ,arduin1 8,the ,woman's ,question and ,sexual ,intermediate ,stages0 7op4 cit41 #aijj1 vol4 ii41 pp4 #baa-bbc74 #efa ,w4 ,hammer1 8,tribadism in ,berlin10 p4 #ig 7,berlin1 #aijf74 #efb ,cf4 8,a ,description of an ,urnindes' ,ball10 given by ,m4 ,hirschfeld1 8,berlin's ,third ,sex10 pp4 #ef1 #eg4 #efc ,cf4 ,martial d',estoc1 8,paris-,eros10 p4 #ei et seq4 #efd ,cf4 ,f4 ,karsch1 8,pderasty and ,tribadism among ,animals as recorded in ,literature10 published in the ,annual for ,sexual ,intermediate ,stages1 #aijj1 vol4 ii41 pp4 #abf-afj2 ,p4 ,ncke1 8,pderasty in ,animals10 published in the ,archives of ,criminal ,anthropology1 #aijd1 vol4 xiv41 pp4 #cfa1 #cfb4 #efe ,l4 ,krehl1 8,the ,disturbance of ,chemical ,correlations in the ,organism0 7,leipzig1 #aijg74 ,here1 on p4 #c1 we find3 8,if we are compelled to assume that many varieties of cells in their rudimentary condition already bear the imprint of a masculine or feminine nature1 still this masculine or feminine nature doubtless only undergoes its real development under the enduring chemical influence of the ovaries and the testicles40 #eff ,this latter view has been maintained especially by ,max ,katte1 in his treatise 8,the ,purpose of the ,existence of ,homosexuals0 7,annual for ,sexual ,intermediate ,stages1 vol4 iv41 pp4 #bgb-bhh71 but he completely ignores the evolutionary points of view4 ,in the same way1 ,hans ,freimark neglects them 78,the ,meaning of ,uranism10 p4 #ad2 ,leipzig1 #aijf72 he regards homosexuality as a transition to a state in which 8mankind will no longer need gross material contact for purposes of reproduction40 ,,chapter ,,xx ,,pseudo-,,homosexuality 7,,greek ,,and ,,oriental ,p,,derasty1 ,,hermaphroditism1 ,,bisexual ,,varieties7 8,nous sommes les enfants des anciennes ,sodomes2 ,puisque l'on nous voit beaux1 laissons-nous nous aimer4 ,notre sort est le plus dsirable3 charmer1 ,nous sommes adors des femmes et des hommes60 ,,rachilde4 8,we are children of the ancient ,sodom2 ,since people regard us as beautiful1 let us continue to love one another2 ,our lot is the most desirable3 to charm1 ,we are adored both by women and by men40 ,,contents ,,of ,,chapter ,,xx ,connexion between pseudo-homosexuality and bisexuality -- ,great antiquity of the idea of bisexuality -- ,magnus ,hirschfeld's treatise on bisexuality -- ,bisexuality of the time of puberty -- ,pseudo-homosexual tendencies at this period of life -- ,examples 7,gutzkow1 ,grillparzer7 -- ,on the large scale -- ,analogy to the pseudo-heterosexuality of youthful homosexuals -- ,persistence of bisexuality -- ,the 8,junores0 -- ,delusion of sexual metamorphosis -- ,cultivation of pderasts -- ,women-men and men-women -- ,brouardel's type of effeminate ,parisian street-arab -- ,homosexuality in the state of trance -- ,pseudo-homosexuality owing to the lack of heterosexual intercourse -- ,anal masturbators -- ,pseudo-homosexuality of prostitutes -- ,temporary pseudo-tribadism in ,paris -- ,pseudo-uranism as a popular custom -- ,explanation of the ,greek love of boys -- ,its fundamental difference from modern true homosexuality -- ,value of the noble asexual friendship of men for men -- ,a letter of ,gutzkow's -- ,the ,platonic ,eros and ,grco-,oriental pderasty -- ,bisexuality in ,german romanticism -- ,explanation of this -- ,hermaphroditism -- ,previous under-estimation of the importance of hermaphroditism -- ,recent researches -- ,true hermaphroditism -- ,pseudo-hermaphroditism -- ,male and female apparent hermaphrodites4 ,,chapter ,,xx ,the dispute whether homosexuality is a congenital or an acquired phenomenon was one hitherto impossible to settle1 because the whole province of those homosexual manifestations for which ,i suggest the name of 8pseudo-homosexuality0 had not been separated with sufficient clearness from true homosexuality for the essential difference between the two classes to receive accurate expression4 ,true homosexuality is congenital4 ,it is an original1 permanent1 essential outflow of the personality3 pseudo-homosexuality1 on the contrary1 is either a homosexual sensibility suggested from without1 transient1 and not associated with the essence of the personality2 or else it is merely apparent homosexuality1 the illusion being dependent upon hermaphroditism or upon some other physical or mental abnormality4 ,the pseudo-homosexuality of the former category is explicable only by means of the fact of 8bisexuality10 the existence of which has been scientifically proved only within recent years4 ,by bisexuality we understand the possibility of two distinct modes of sexual perception occurring in one and the same person2 and this1 again1 finds its explanation in the bisexual germinal vestiges which exist in every individual4 ,there remains in every man a vestige of woman1 in every woman a vestige of man1 in a sense in a state of potential energy1 which1 however1 is capable1 by the action of various external influences1 of being transformed into kinetic energy2 but this vestige always plays a small part in comparison with the true specific sexual nature4 ,this bisexuality was discussed in an earlier chapter of this book 7pp4 #ci1 #dj and #gj1 #ga71 and was there characterized as a phenomenon secondary in every respect1 to which no great importance could be attached4 ,the idea of bisexuality is not new2 neither ,fliess nor ,weininger was its discoverer4 ,it was already known to the ancients4#efg ,heinse1 in 8,ardinghello10 gives expression to the idea in almost the same words as ,weininger 7see p4 #dj74 ,recently ,magnus ,hirschfeld#efh has collected the historical and literary details of the subject of bisexuality4 ,bisexuality manifests itself more especially at the period of puberty1 during the time of obscure yearnings and impulses--the so-called indifferent period which precedes the awakening of the sexual impulse4 ,physical bisexuality1 therefore1 often enough corresponds to psychical bisexuality4 ,in the boy there is a trace of girlishness1 in the girl a trace of boyishness2 we have the two types of the dreamy youth and of the tomboy4 ,then there readily arise delicate inclinations between individuals of like sexes1 especially as the result of continuous companionship1 so that an obscure impulse of transient homosexual perception manifests itself between two boys1 or between two girls1 of the same age2 or1 again1 this transient homosexuality may take the form of a worshipful admiration of an older person of the same sex4 ,gutzkow distinguished these two forms of pseudo-homosexuality1 of which he had had experience in his own person4 ,in his 8,secular ,pictures10 vol4 i41 pp4 #ej1 #ea 7,frankfort1 #ahef71 he remarks3 8,the feeling of love originates in most feminine natures1 not from the quiet consideration of the secrets of love1 but from a magnetic attraction towards other individuals1 whom they regard as being better and more beautiful than themselves4 ,commonly the love for a man is preceded by an often illimitable love for a woman4 ,young girls fall in love with older girls--a phenomenon which often occurs also in boys1 as ,i myself experienced when a boy1 feeling the most ardent passion for one of my comrades1 who now is extremely disagreeable to me40 ,a similar explanation suffices for the transient tender love exhibited by ,grillparzer towards ,altmller 7cf4 ,grillparzer's 8,diary10 edition of ,glossy and ,sauer1 pp4 #bd-bf2 ,stuttgart74 ,in boarding-schools1 barracks1 and training-schools we often find these pseudo-homosexual liaisons4 ,the prison is said by ,parent-,duchatelet to be a high-school of tribadism4 ,he and other ,french authors report the epidemic diffusion of homosexual practices in prisons for women4 ,whenever homosexuality appears suddenly in an epidemic manner1 affecting large numbers of individuals1 we have to do1 not with genuine original uranism1 but with pseudo-homosexuality4 ,as regards boarding-schools1 which exhibit a lascivious environment extremely open to manifestations of this kind1 ,hans von ,kahlenberg1 in his 8,nixchen10 p4 #da 7,vienna1 #aijd71 has vividly described the matter4 ,youthful bisexuality is to be found in slighter forms in almost every human being1 but it is a typical phenomenon of puberty1 and disappears with the passing of this epoch1 to make room for the completely developed heterosexuality of the adult4 ,there occurs also in homosexuals1 in whom homosexual sensibility first makes itself definitely manifest after puberty1 a quite analogous inclination to the other sex before and during puberty4 ,thus1 a typical homosexual twenty-three years of age1 who now exhibits horror femin1 related to me that at the age of sixteen or seventeen years he was very fond of girls1 and pursued them a great deal1 but without definite sexual desire4 ,this transient obscure attraction of homosexuals towards the other sex is a kind of 8pseudo-heterosexuality40 ,sometimes bisexuality will continue after the period of puberty1 and in exceptional cases will persist throughout life4 ,according to ,hirschfeld1 this occurs especially in men of genius1 and in those inclined to become priests or schoolmasters4 ,but in most cases even then one or other impulsive tendency--the heterosexual or the homosexual--is predominant4 ,these individuals have been called 8psychical hermaphrodites0 7von ,krafft-,ebing74 ,these bisexual varieties may manifest themselves in very various ways1 in most cases gynandry or androgyny is purely spiritual1 and finds expression only in association with particular tendencies1 especially fetichistic tendencies4 ,the two following very remarkable cases throw a clear light on this peculiar form of bisexuality4 ,we may as well accept for the more or less specific form of bisexuality described in these cases the suggested name of 8junores40 #a4,the case of a psychical hermaphrodite3 ,n4 ,n41 an ,american journalist1 thirty-three years of age1 writes3 8,from earliest youth ,i had an impulse to appear dressed in women's clothing1 and whenever ,i had an opportunity ,i had elegant body linen made for me1 silken chemises1 and whatever was the fashion4 ,even as a boy ,i used to borrow my sister's clothing and wear it secretly4 ,only later1 after my mother's death1 was ,i able to give free rein to my wishes1 and ,i came into the possession of a wardrobe resembling that of the most elegant lady of fashion4 ,although compelled in the daytime to appear as a man1 still ,i wear1 under these clothes1 a complete outfit of women's underclothing--stays1 open-work stockings1 and everything proper to a woman1 a bracelet also1 and patent-leather women's boots1 with elegant high heels4 ,when the evening comes1 ,i breathe more freely4 ,then ,i can throw off the burdensome mask1 and feel wholly woman4 ,wrapped in a tea-gown of an elegant cut1 and wearing the finest underclothing1 ,i am able to occupy myself in my favourite employments1 among which may be mentioned the study of the primitive history of mankind1 or ,i give myself up to some routine duties4 ,a feeling of repose takes possession of me1 such as is impossible during the day1 when ,i have to wear men's clothing4 ,although fully woman1 ,i do not feel any need to give myself to a man4 ,i feel flattered1 certainly1 if1 when appearing in women's dress1 ,i please others1 but ,i have no definite sexual desire towards my own sex4 ,it may be that ,i have not yet discovered my alter ego4 ,notwithstanding all my well-developed feminine customs1 ,i married1 and am the father of a powerful1 beautiful girl1 who exhibits no tendencies whatever resembling mine4 ,my wife1 an energetic1 cultured lady1 was fully aware of my passion1 but hoped in the course of time to wean me from it4 ,in this1 however1 she was not successful4 ,i performed my marital duties1 but ,i gave myself up all the more to my customs4 ,my wife obtained a separation1 and at the time at which ,i now write she is intimate with another man1 and is pregnant4 ,my physique is thoroughly masculine1 with the exception of the pelvis and of the calves of the legs1 which are feminine in form4 ,summary3 ,outward appearance masculine4 ,when wearing women's dress ,i have completely the corresponding figure--waist1 #bj inches2 chest measurement1 #cd inches2 height1 #agf centimetres 7#e feet #i inches72 weight #abe pounds4 ,hands long and narrow1 sensibility feminine4 ,when wearing men's clothing ,i feel a certain uneasiness4 ,when ,i see an elegant lady or actress1 ,i think how well ,i should appear in her dress4 ,i have an abundance of earrings1 pearls1 lace scarves1 and similar articles of adornment1 and at a dance ,i give myself up to the idea of how delightful it would be to appear in women's dress4 ,if it were possible1 ,i should completely abandon men's clothing40 #b4 8,at about the age of fifteen and a half years ,i began to take an interest in women's dress4 ,i felt an inward impulse1 which drove me to the windows of the shops displaying articles of women's dress--corsets1 etc4 ,in shoemakers' windows it was the women's boots and shoes which attracted my attention rather than the men's4 ,the same was the case with dress fabrics1 among which self-coloured materials for women's dress pleased me best4 ,beautiful blue stuffs 7satin7 especially attracted me2 also1 ,i had an ardent love for blue velvet4 ,as time passed1 ,i felt a desire to possess such things1 and to wear them4 ,but since at home ,i had no means to spend in this way1 whilst the desire sometimes was so violent as to give me no rest1 ,i endeavoured to resist it with all the religious and rational grounds ,i could call to mind2 yet this was of little help to me1 for whenever ,i met a woman clothed to my taste1 the longing was immediately reawakened4 ,if ,i met a woman whose appearance aroused this desire 7which henceforth ,i will call my #8costume-stimulus'71 ,i looked round1 in order to overcome this costume-stimulus1 to try to find a woman who displeased me4 ,within me there raged a conflict 7which at that time was obscure even to myself7 between the masculine nature and the feminine4 ,one day the feminine in me gained the victory1 as it impelled me 7when my parents were absent from the house7 to try on some of my sisters' clothes2 but as soon as ,i had put on the corset ,i had an erection1 immediately followed by an ejaculation of semen4 ,this gave me no gratification2 on the contrary1 ,i was very angry that putting on the corset should have given rise to an ejaculation of semen4 ,at varying intervals ,i repeated this attempt to dress myself as a woman1 and in doing so always endeavoured to avoid anything that could give rise to an erection4 ,gradually ,i succeeded in this matter of dressing2 but ,i was now consumed also with the desire for caressing a feminine being1 and therefore the dressing alone failed to satisfy me4 ,moreover1 this dressing-up also failed to give me real pleasure1 because ,i did not possess any costume which really suited me2 but still1 apart from sexual excitement1 it produced a feeling of well-being4 ,after ,i had dressed up as a woman1 my imagination always busied itself with the idea of how beautiful it would be if ,i had a beloved before whom ,i might display myself unrestrainedly1 just as ,i then was4 ,in these fancies ,i always pictured to myself a girl of my own age1 with long hair and well-developed breasts and hips4 ,this imagination generally resulted in a pollution1 which ,i sometimes endeavoured to prevent by taking off the articles of clothing as rapidly as possible4 8,by a colleague ,i was initiated into the practice of masturbation4 ,he explained to me that if ,i had no woman who would give herself to me1 ,i was in a position to satisfy myself4 ,the first time ,i resisted the impulse2 but the costume-stimulus tormented me1 and ,i had discovered that after a seminal emission ,i was at peace for a time2 moreover1 when dressing up1 ,i was always exposed to the danger of being discovered1 and so ,i began the practice of self-abuse4 ,masturbation did not give me proper gratification1 and therefore1 after practising it1 ,i always experienced a great feeling of regret and also a feeling of exhaustion2 moreover1 it did not produce the feeling of well-being which resulted from dressing up as a woman4 8,i was shy1 and was very readily embarrassed in the presence of the female sex2 ,i therefore avoided seeing much of women2 ,i avoided it1 also1 on account of my costume-stimulus4 ,it would have been preferable to me if1 physically1 ,nature had made me a woman1 so that ,i could have gone about freely among girls of my own age4 ,for the reasons already given ,i did not learn to dance2 moreover1 the turning round made me very giddy1 and from the age of seventeen and a half to nineteen years ,i suffered from attacks of syncope4 ,at about the age of twenty-two years ,i fell in love with my present wife1 who attracted me on account of her grace1 her figure1 and her character4 ,my wife was even more bashful than myself4 ,my inclination drew me towards her1 but on account of my costume-stimulus1 ,i avoided being alone with her4 ,from now onwards ,i began to consider what ,i could possibly do in order to explain to my betrothed my true nature1 but all the attempts which ,i made were failures4 ,after six months' engagement1 ,i left the place where my betrothed was living4 ,the engagement lasted seven years before we were married4 ,the principal reason for the delay was that we were both impecunious4 ,when ,i was alone with my betrothed1 ,i was always thinking of my costume-stimulus4 ,shortly before we were married ,i told my betrothed in a letter of my peculiar tendency1 for ,i felt it was my duty to do so4 ,she could not understand how ,i could find pleasure in dressing myself up as a woman4 ,at first she was indifferent regarding my costume-stimulus2 later she thought it was morbid1 an impulse bordering on the insane4 ,i often had to call my imagination to my help in order to produce an erection4 ,my marriage became more unhappy year by year4 ,my wife1 on account of my morbid tendency1 suspected me of all possible perversities1 and was of opinion that an individual predisposed as ,i was could not be capable of true1 upright love for a woman4 ,how ,i was to get woman's clothing to my taste ,i did not know4 ,in my marriage ,i was no better off as regards the costume-stimulus1 but rather worse4 ,i had more sleepless nights on account of this costume-stimulus than ,i had had before ,i married4 ,as time passed1 ,i became continually more ill-humoured1 and was occasionally cross to my wife1 which afterwards made me very sorry4 ,in the sleepless nights ,i puzzled how ,i could possibly manage that my wife should not concern herself any more about the costume-stimulus1 and how ,i could possibly fulfil my wishes in this respect4 ,gradually ,i succeeded in winning my wife to my side to this extent1 that she agreed to make a costume for me1 but ,i must not have many such4 8,my wife was always looking for a reason4 ,she believed that dressing up must have some cause1 or must produce in me some effect1 which ,i was unwilling to tell her4 ,she was continually tormenting me about this2 she would not believe that ,i spoke the truth1 and she no longer felt any confidence in me4 ,she believed that every one must perceive that ,i had this morbid impulse4 ,she endeavoured to learn something about the matter from other women4 ,those whom she asked could only tell her evil and common things about men with tendencies like mine2 some said ,i must be unconditionally an urning2 others that ,i must have intercourse with other women behind my wife's back2 others that ,i wanted to lay aside men's clothing in order to please girls under age1 and so on4 ,i suffered horribly from these false accusations4 8,i endeavoured once again1 in an essay ,i composed1 which ,i entitled #8,the ,junores1' to make the matter clear to my wife4 ,by junores ,i indicated men who wished to assume1 or who did assume1 the outward appearance of women in the matter of clothing1 demeanour1 and figure1 but who sexually were masculine4 ,all this was of no help to me4 ,our life together became continually more unbearable with the lapse of time2 often there were scenes which had the most depressing effect on my mind4 ,after violent scenes there occurred in me nocturnal pollutions1 accompanied by no sensation of pleasure2 also after these scenes erections were for a long time incomplete1 so that a kind of impotence ensued4 8,after every new accusation which my wife made against me ,i avoided going home in the evening4 ,i wandered for hours in by-streets1 overwhelmed by a feeling of futility and vacuity2 my nerves all vibrated2 sometimes ,i could not keep my limbs still4 ,if ,i had had no children1 or if ,i had known that they would be properly cared for1 ,i should have known what to do in such a mood4 ,one thing still torments me4 ,will my children be hereditarily tainted80 ,i have myself seen both of these cases4 ,the men concerned appear somewhat nervous1 but they are otherwise quite healthy and manly1 and both deny that they feel any sexual inclination towards men4 ,the desire to wear women's clothing1 and to feel as a woman1 may also make its appearance as a morbid phenomenon later in life1 in the form of the 8delusion of sexual metamorphosis0 7metamorphosis sexualis paranoica72 or it may be artificially induced1 as among the ancient ,scythians and among the ,mexican 8mujerados40 ,these latter are selected as men originally most powerful1 and entirely free from any feminine appearance1 and by incessant riding on horseback and by excessive masturbation they are made impotent 7through atrophy of the genital organs7 and effeminate1 so that there may even occur a secondary development of the breasts 7,hammond74 ,all this belongs to the category of pseudo-homosexuality4 ,with regard to numerous historical women-men and men-women--such as1 for example1 the celebrated ,chevalier d',eon1 ,mademoiselle de ,maupin 7immortalized by ,gautier in the romance of this name71 and many other women going about in men's clothing1 or men going about in women's clothing--it is1 as a rule1 no longer possible to determine whether they were genuinely homosexual1 pseudo-homosexual1 or bisexual4 ,i regard1 however1 the interesting type of effeminate ,parisian street-arab1 described by ,brouardel at the ,second ,congress of ,criminal ,anthropologists at ,berlin in the year #ahhi1 as characteristically and originally homosexual4 8,at the age from twelve to sixteen years the lad is still small1 grasps ideas very slowly1 and has little will-power4 ,at the time of puberty he has experienced an inhibition of development1 and his bodily growth has remained stationary4 ,the penis is thin and flaccid1 the testicles are small1 the pubic hair is scanty1 the skin is smooth1 and the beard is very thin2 the skeleton does not develop fully1 like that of the normal male2 the pelvis becomes wide1 and the general outlines of the body become rounded 7poteles7 because there is an undoubted deposit of fat in the subcutaneous tissues1 so that the breasts also become enlarged40 ,this state persists4 ,brouardel found it still present in individuals of twenty-five to thirty years of age4 ,these children of great towns are characterized by intellectual sterility and by incapacity for procreation4 ,this type is found also among the well-to-do middle classes1 and from such1 according to ,brouardel1 the dcadents are recruited1 while the effeminate gamins either become professional pderasts1 or undertake the preparation of articles de ,paris4#efi ,it is not difficult1 in this description1 to recognize true homosexuality4 ,magnus ,hirschfeld gives an account of a peculiar form of pseudo-homosexuality occurring in an individual who in ordinary life was asexual4#egj ,the person concerned was an extremely effeminate and neurasthenic member of a spiritualistic club1 who in his normal condition felt sensual attraction neither to woman nor to man1 but who in the trance state felt himself to be an ,indian woman1 and then became inspired with an ardent passion for one of his fellow-members4 ,also in chronic intoxications1 especially in alcoholism1 pseudo-homosexuality may make its appearance1 in some cases as an enduring and in others as a transient condition4 ,an important category of pseudo-homosexuality is constituted by persons in whom it arises owing to insufficient opportunity for sexual intercourse with members of the opposite sex--as1 for example1 in the absence of women on board ship1 in monasteries1 in prisons for men1 in the ,french foreign legion2 and as regards lack of men in nunneries1 and in the case of unmarried or unhappily married women1 who supply a large contingent to pseudo-tribadism4#ega ,an account of pderasty in prisons is given by ,charles ,perrier1 8,la ,pdrastie en ,prison0 7,lyons1 #aijj74 ,in this category we must also mention the 8debauchee pderasts0 for which truly existent kind of pseudo-homosexuals ,i propose the name of 8anal masturbators40 ,these are heterosexual individuals in whom either primarily the anus plays the part of an erogenic zone1 or in whom this region becomes erogenic in consequence of the exhaustion of all other varieties of sexual stimulus4 ,hammond1 von ,schrenck-,notzing1 and ,taxil have proved the existence of these anal masturbators and the frequent occurrence in them of pseudo-homosexual tendencies4#egb ,an interesting phenomenon is the pseudo-homosexuality of female prostitutes4 ,we certainly encounter among prostitutes a number of genuine tribades1 who owe their adoption of professional prostitution to the existence of this original tendency to homosexual love1 because in their relations with men the heart plays1 and can play1 no part 7see above1 p4 #dcd74 ,prostitutes who are heterosexual by nature may become homosexual for two reasons3 first1 by intercourse with1 and owing to the influence of1 truly ,lesbian associates1 in whom the inward sense of solidarity possessed by all prostitutes is especially strong2 in the second place1 in consequence of the antipathy to intercourse with men1 created by their experience of life1 and striking always deeper roots1 for they learn to know man only in his brutal sexual coarseness4 ,the continuous compulsion to which they are subjected to satisfy the animal sensuality of worn-out rous by the most disgusting procedures ultimately produces in them the most unconquerable antipathy to the male sex1 so that all the delicate sensibility of which they are capable is directed towards their own sex4 ,the homosexual union appears to them1 as ,eulenburg rightly points out 78,sexual ,neuropathy10 pp4 #adc1 #add71 to be something 8higher1 purer1 and comparatively blameless40 ,they regard it in a more ideal light than sexual intercourse with men4 ,women owners of brothels also favour tribadistic love1 because thereby they safeguard the prostitutes in their houses from the influence of souteneurs4#egc ,as ,j4 de ,vaudre describes in his 8,demi-,sexes10 pseudo-tribadism is especially diffused in ,paris as a fashionable practice1 and manifests itself here in the form described by ,martineau1#egd of a temporary homosexuality1 which is subserved by an extensive prostitution1 and which clearly exhibits its pseudo-homosexual characteristics by its intermittent appearance in the form of spiritual epidemics4 ,unquestionably we have to do with pseudo-homosexuality also in all those cases in which homosexual love makes its appearance as a national custom among a percentage widely exceeding the usual percentage of ordinary homosexuality4 ,the typical example of this kind is the love of boys of ancient ,greece--8pderasty10 in the better sense of the word4 ,since in this work ,i am discussing the sexual life of the present day1 ,i do not propose here to deal at length with this interesting topic1 and must refer the reader to the second volume 7in course of preparation7 of my work on 8,the ,origin of ,syphilis10 in which ,i have discussed the subject at considerable length4 ,since the ,hellenic love of boys was a widely diffused custom1 the origin of which may be directly referred to ,crete1 indirectly to the ,orient1 it is evident that only a fraction of the pderasts can have been true homosexuals4 ,the majority were pseudo-homosexuals4 ,it is possible that the custom was first introduced by original homosexuals1 and also that it was subsequently maintained by these4 ,but soon it became a general practice for a man to regard his wife simply as a 8procreative machine10 and to seek for true spiritual love from a youth4 ,since to the men of antiquity woman had no soul and no individuality1 the love of boys appeared to them something natural and morally justifiable4 ,it would1 however1 be completely unnatural if for the heterosexual community of our own time we wished to reintroduce the antique love of boys1 since we modern men have learned that woman also has a soul2 that she also has the same justification as man for the development of her human nature2 that she can be1 and ought to be1 the object of individual1 spiritual1 profound love4 ,i rejoice1 that those who are fighting for the rights of the genuine congenital homosexuals1 that men like ,magnus ,hirschfeld1 ,numa ,prtorius1 and other investigators1 have recently expressed themselves in energetic terms as opposed to those whose aim is a sort of propaganda for the diffusion of the love of men among heterosexuals--whose endeavour it is1 in fact1 to introduce a formal cult of uranism4 ,this movement can do nothing but harm to the just cause of homosexuals4 ,no one can prize more highly than ,i do myself a noble friendship between men1 which at the present day is far too little practised2#ege no one can wish more heartily than ,i do that men could speak to one another of love1 without being exposed to the suspicion of homosexuality4#egf ,in a certain sense ,i am in thorough agreement with the beautiful demonstrations of ,heinrich ,schurtz and ,benedict ,friedlnder on masculine friendship as a normal fundamental impulse of humanity and as the foundation of social intercourse4#egg ,but this friendship between heterosexual men1 based upon natural sympathy and community of occupation1 has not the least sexual admixture1 whereas only in the beautiful dialogues of ,plato can the ,greek love of boys1 which some advocate at the present day1 be ascribed to the spiritual ,eros4#egh ,in reality1 however1 the ,greek love of boys degenerated into the grossest sensuality1 since the youth stimulated sexual desire like a woman1 and was used as such1#egi so that the originally ideal character of the relationship disappeared4 ,in the ,oriental love of boys#ehj this ideal element was probably never present1 and sensual relationships played the principal part from the very first4 ,the boys' brothels of the ,mohammedan ,east were visited by heterosexual men just as much as by homosexuals4 ,the same men derived pleasure from intercourse both with women and with boys4 ,bisexuality was in this case put into practice as a matter of course4 ,german civilization also passed through an epoch in which bisexual activities of feeling were clearly manifest in both sexes1 without1 however1 leading at any time to the physical practice of pseudo-homosexuality4 ,this remarkable period was the time of transition between the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries4 ,the 8,sturm und ,drang0 had quieted down2 its fiercely active forces had been controlled2 its vigorous will had been pacified1 and guided in concrete directions2 its kinetic energy had in a sense become potential in two new formative and emotional tendencies of the time1 which progressed side by side1 and1 notwithstanding all the differences between them1 influenced one another mutually to a considerable extent--classicism and romanticism4 ,classicism1 under the stimulating influence of ,winckelmann1 looked back to the 8noble simplicity and quiet greatness0 of the antique1 to the beauty exhibited simply in form1 whose wonder ,goethe more than any other has made manifest to us4 ,romanticism1 on the other hand1 was the term employed to indicate the boundless enlargement and increasing profundity of the emotional life1 of which the formless is especially characteristic4 ,this appears most clearly in the work of ,novalis1 ,tieck1 and ,wackenroder2 but both tendencies meet in the sphere of the sexual4 ,i need only mention the name of ,winckelmann to indicate how markedly the purely sthetic contemplation1#eha and the purely sthetic enjoyment1 of the beautiful human form must have favoured the development of homosexual modes of perception4 ,we may in this connexion speak of the 8,greek ,renascence40 ,on the other hand1 the romantic mood1 the deepening of the individual life of feeling1 the eternal searching for new1 peculiar sensations1 was very apt to awaken those activities of feeling slumbering so deeply beneath the threshold of consciousness1 which we to-day denote by the term 8bisexuality40 ,in ,friedrich ,schlegel's 8,lucinde10 for example1 we find frequent allusions to this bisexual mode of perception1 as in the place in which he speaks of a confusion of the masculine and feminine rles in the love contest4 ,when1 in so much of the published 8,correspondence0 of this period1 kisses1 embraces1 caresses1 and tendernesses between two men or two women appear to fly to and fro1 it may be that this is neither to be regarded as purely homosexual perception1 nor as a simply conventional contemporary custom1 but rather as the very characteristic expression of a tendency to bisexual imaginations and dreams induced by the hypertension1 overdriving1 and artificial increase1 of the emotional life4 ,thus only1 for example1 can we explain the passionate profusion of tenderness which appears in many of the letters of ,jean ,paul1 written by him to men2 for ,jean ,paul was unquestionably heterosexual4#ehb ,the same is true of the women of this time4 ,according to ,welcker1 the friendships of the women of the romantic period exhibited this character of a ,platonic love4 ,since the dominion of romanticism 8influenced emotional young men in very various ways1 in more than one morally strict circle1 two women friends were so inseparable and so indispensable to one another that those round them used sometimes to laugh at this amativeness1 of which1 however1 a serious suspicion was impossible40#ehc ,an interesting proof of the existence of pseudo-homosexuality among the women of that time is afforded by a passage#ehd from a romance by ,ernst ,wagner 7#agfj-ahab71 one of the scholars of ,jean ,paul4 ,the book is entitled 8,isidora10 and in it the ,lesbian love-scene between the ,princess ,isidora and her friend ,olympia is very plainly described1 although both of them at the same time are passionately in love with men4 ,the last and not unimportant phenomenal form of pseudo-homosexuality is hermaphroditism4 ,it is a remarkable fact that only in recent years has science attempted a serious study of hermaphroditic states1 which previously1 as ,blumreich#ehe points out1 were to a large extent ignored1 both as regards their social importance and their frequency4 ,it was the great service of ,neugebauer#ehf and ,magnus ,hirschfeld#ehg that they drew general attention to these remarkable sexual intermediate stages1 and proved their eminent practical importance1 which had previously been suspected by no one4 ,how completely the matter had been ignored is proved by the remarkable fact that the new ,civil ,code for the ,german ,empire completely ignores the juridical determinations of the former ,prussian ,civil ,code regarding hermaphrodites1 alleging that there existed no persons whose sex was indeterminate or indeterminable6 ,the so-called 8true hermaphroditism0--the condition in which male and female reproductive glands 7testicles and ovaries7 are met with in a single individual--is one of the greatest rarities4 ,by the investigations of ,salen 7#ahii71 ,garr-,simon 7#aijc71 and ,ludwig ,pick 7#aije71 the existence of such individuals with mixed reproductive glands 78ovotestes07 has been proved as an actual fact4 ,walter ,simon1 in the one hundred and seventy-second volume of ,virchow's ,archives1 has described the rare case of true hermaphroditism observed by ,garr4 ,in a person twenty-one years of age1 brought up as a man1 and having thoroughly masculine feelings1 there suddenly occurred1 associated with swelling of the breasts 7gynecomasty71 monthly recurring hmorrhages1 proceeding from the supposed intertesticular fissure2 also from time to time1 associated with voluptuous erection of the penis1 there was discharged whitish mucus1 and the libidinous ideas connected with this discharge referred always to women4 ,the physical structure and facial expression of this individual were feminine2 the build of the thorax1 the shoulders1 and the shape of the arms exhibited male characteristics4 ,in a right-sided swelling1 resembling an inguinal hernia1 were found a testicle-ovary 7,ger4 ,hodeneierstock71 an epididymis1 a parovarium1 a spermatic cord1 and a ,fallopian tube4 ,more frequent than these cases1 in which naturally the determination of sex is practically impossible1 are cases of pseudo-hermaphroditism1 which also possess the greatest importance in connexion with the problem of pseudo-homosexuality4 ,in these cases of pseudo-hermaphroditism the reproductive glands are1 in fact1 distinctively male or female1 but the characteristics of the excretory organs and of the external genital organs do not enable us to determine the sex1 for they are in part male1 in part female1 and in part completely undifferentiated1 which is to be explained as dependent upon an incomplete or entirely wanting differentiation of the primitively identical rudiment of the external genital organs of the two sexes 7inhibition of the processes of growth at some stage of development74 ,thus there arises pseudo-hermaphroditismus masculinus1 in cases in which the genital fissure is not completely closed1 so that the urethra possesses a fissure below 7hypospadias72 also the two halves of the scrotum may fail to join1 so that a fissure is left between them1 simulating a vaginal inlet4 ,since in these cases the testicles are commonly retained within the abdominal cavity1 or else appear in the inguinal region1 simulating an inguinal hernia1 the penis is believed to be a kind of enlarged clitoris1 and the individual is mistaken for a woman 7erreur de sexe74 ,if it further happens that1 on account of the supposed inguinal hernia1 the individual is ordered to wear1 and continues to wear1 a truss1 the testicular tissue disappears completely as a result of pressure atrophy1 and the correct diagnosis becomes more difficult than ever4 ,i recently saw a case of this kind in a male hermaphrodite1 twenty-two years of age1 who had been brought up as a woman4 ,he had1 however1 always felt attraction towards women1 and1 having a large membrum1 he was able1 notwithstanding the existence of hypospadias1 to complete regular coitus4 ,in the ejaculated semen the examining physician had not found any spermatozoa2 but in this case the testicles had doubtless atrophied in consequence of the wearing of a truss4 ,this pseudo-hermaphrodite has recently published the history of his upbringing as a 8woman40 ,the work is of great interest from the psychological point of view1 and is entitled 8,a ,man's ,years as a ,girl10 by 8,nobody0 7,berlin1 #aijg74 ,where the reproductive glands are female there results a pseudo-hermaphroditismus femininus in cases in which the external genital organs of this female pseudo-hermaphrodite exhibit a certain similarity with the genital organs of the male--for example1 when the clitoris is exceptionally large1 and the labia majora have grown together1 so that the vaginal inlet appears to be wanting4 ,in this case also there may be a mistake in diagnosis1 and1 consequently1 the individual having been educated as a man1 apparent homosexuality may result when the natural sexual inclination towards the male manifests itself in due course4 ,in both varieties of pseudo-hermaphroditism there exist very various anatomical and physiological possibilities in respect of the relationship of the secondary sexual characters to the anatomical character of the reproductive glands1 in respect of the menstrual equivalents in male pseudo-hermaphrodites1 in respect of the relationship of the sexual impulse to the reproductive glands1 in respect of the greater or less strength of the impulse1 in respect of periodic genital hmorrhages in male pseudo-hermaphrodites1 in respect of possible sexual aberrations1 etc4 ,for more exact details ,i must refer the reader to the works of ,neugebauer and ,hirschfeld4 ,here ,i will only refer to a case described by the last-named author1 of a male pseudo-hermaphrodite1 forty years of age1 ,friderike ,s41 who had been brought up as a 8woman10 who at a very early age had exhibited an inclination towards women only1 and an antipathy to sexual intercourse with men4 ,in this individual a reproductive gland resembling a testicle could be detected1 out of which there issued a structure resembling the spermatic cord4 ,in the left inguinal canal was an atrophied reproductive gland of indeterminate character4 ,the membrum was something between penis and clitoris4 ,the labia majora and minora bounded a short ccal vagina4 ,internal female reproductive organs could not be detected4 ,on the other hand1 there appeared to be a prostate gland4 ,in the sexual secretion1 which was discharged by a different opening from the urine1 ,h4 ,friedenthal was able to detect very numerous completely normal spermatozoa1 whereby the male character of this pseudo-woman was completely proved1 and whereby also the alleged 8homosexual0 tendencies were now shown to be heterosexual4 #efg ,cf4 ,l4 ,s4 ,a4 ,m4 von ,rmer1 8,regarding the ,androgynous ,idea of ,life10 ,annual for ,sexual ,intermediate ,stages1 #aijc1 vol4 v41 pp4 #gjg-idj4 #efh ,m4 ,hirschfeld1 8,the ,theory and ,history of ,bisexuality10 published in 8,the ,nature of ,love10 pp4 #ic-acc 7,leipzig1 #ahie74 ,cf4 also ,p4 ,ncke1 8,some ,psychiatric ,experiences in ,support of the ,doctrine of ,bisexual ,vestiges in ,mankind10 published in ,the ,annual for ,sexual ,intermediate ,stages1 #aijf1 vol4 viii41 pp4 #ehc-fjc4 #efi ,cf4 ,c4 ,lombroso1 8,recent ,advances in the ,study of ,criminality10 pp4 #aji-aaa 7,gera1 #ahii74 #egj ,m4 ,hirschfeld1 8,berlin's ,third ,sex10 p4 #ac4 #ega ,these pseudo-tribades1 belonging mainly to the aristocracy and to the upper middle classes1 are known in ,parisian slang as 8,sapphos10 in contrast to the genuine 8,lesbian lovers40 #egb ,cf4 my 8,contributions to the ,etiology of ,psychopathia ,sexualis10 vol4 i41 pp4 #bbd-bbg4 #egc ,cf4 ,l4 ,martineau1 8,leons sur les ,dformations ,vulvaires et ,anales10 p4 #ba 7,paris1 #ahhe74 #egd ,op4 cit41 pp4 #bi-ca4 #ege ,karl ,gutzkow writes in a beautiful letter to ,max ,ring3 8,our time is so separative1 our hearts beat in so solitary a manner1 and yet the need of intimate bonds is there1 but who dares to tie them8 ,any intimate friendship formed between men in early youth disappears like dust before the wind4 ,then comes the love of woman1 which fills the whole of our heart2 then follows the care for material existence1 which increases our egoism2 and the danger that our heart will shrink makes its appearance all too soon4 ,who draws near to another human being8 ,who admits that he has need of others1 and that his life is a life without love8 ,we all suffer in this way2 we should form warm friendships between man and man0 78,berlin in the ,time of ,reaction10 reminiscences by ,max ,ring1 published in ,deutsche ,dichtung1 #ahih1 vol4 xxiii41 pp4 #ea1 #eb74 #egf ,such a noble love between men shines1 for example1 from the letters of ,count ,arthur ,gobineau to ,prince ,philipp zu ,eulenburg-,hertefeld4 ,cf4 ,prince zu ,eulenburg-,hertefeld's 8,eine ,erinnerung an ,graf ,arthur ,gobineau10 especially pp4 #bb1 #bc 7,stuttgart1 #aijf74 #egg ,cf4 ,h4 ,schurtz1 8,age ,classes and ,associations of ,men0 7,berlin1 #aijd72 ,b4 ,friedlnder1 8,physiological ,friendship as a ,normal ,fundamental ,impulse of ,humanity and as the ,foundation of ,social ,intercourse10 in the ,annual for ,sexual ,intermediate ,stages1 #aijj1 vol4 vi41 pp4 #agi1 #bad2 and the same author's 8,renascence of ,eros ,uranios10 pp4 #afc-baa 7,berlin1 #aijd74 #egh ,o4 ,kiefer1 8,plato's ,attitude towards ,homosexuality10 ,annual for ,sexual ,intermediate ,stages1 #aije1 vol4 vii41 pp4 #ajg-abf4 ,cf4 also 8,lyrical and ,bucolic ,poetry10 op4 cit41 #aijf1 viii41 pp4 #fai-fhd4 #egi ,this connexion was recognized1 although in the inverse direction1 by ,heinrich ,laube4 ,in a passage of 8,junge ,europa0 7vol4 i41 p4 #gb of the new edition2 ,vienna1 #ahgf7 we read3 8,constantia is the most beautiful woman ,i have ever seen4 ,outline1 muscles1 figure1 eyes1 speech1 mind1 feeling--everything in her is beautiful2 she is the ideal of a man found in the feminine form4 ,i love this power in woman above everything2 the soft1 the non-resisting1 does not offer me enough opposition4 ,perhaps such women as these form the transition to the ,hellenic love of boys40 #ehj ,cf41 in this connexion1 also ,p4 ,ncke1 8,homosexuality in the ,orient10 published in the ,archives for ,criminal ,anthropology1 #aijd1 vol4 xvi41 pp4 #ccc et seq4 #eha ,goethe confirms this in a conversation with ,chancellor von ,mller1 in which he deduces the 8aberration0 of ,greek love from this1 8that1 according to his own sthetic judgment1 man has always been more beautiful1 more perfect1 more complete1 than woman4 ,such a feeling1 when it has once originated1 easily passes over into the animal and the grossly material40 ,cf4 ,annual for ,sexual ,intermediate ,stages1 #aije1 vol4 vii41 p4 #abg4 #ehb ,especially instructive is his correspondence with ,christian ,otto 7cf4 8,jean ,paul's ,correspondence with his ,wife and with ,christian ,otto10 edited by ,paul ,nerrlich2 ,berlin1 #aijb74 ,for example1 he writes once to this friend3 8,ah1 my friend1 if ,i could only once more clasp your form to my breast40 ,cf4 also the interesting remarks on the peculiarly intimate masculine friendship of this period given in the last 7eighth7 volume of the 8,german ,history0 of ,karl ,lamprecht 7,freiburg1 #aijf74 #ehc ,f4 ,g4 ,welcker1 8,the ,odes of ,sappho10 published in the ,rheinisches ,museum fr ,philologie1 #ahef1 vol4 xi41 p4 #bcg4 #ehd ,i reproduce this passage in the eighth volume of ,the ,annual for ,sexual ,intermediate ,stages1 pp4 #fji1 #faj4 #ehe ,l4 ,blumreich1 8,diseases of ,women1 including ,sterility10 being chapter xx4 of ,senator and ,kaminer's 8,health and ,disease in ,relation to ,marriage and the ,married ,state10 published by ,rebman ,limited 7,london1 #aijf74 #ehf ,franz ,neugebauer1 8,seventeen ,cases of the ,coincidence of ,mental ,anomalies with ,pseudo-,hermaphroditism1 selected from a ,collection of ,seven ,hundred and ,thirteen ,observations of ,pseudo-,hermaphroditism10 published in ,the ,annual for ,sexual ,intermediate ,stages1 #aijb1 vol4 ii41 pp4 #bbd-bec2 same author1 8,interesting ,observations in the ,department of ,pseudo-,hermaphroditism10 op4 cit41 #aijb1 vol4 iv41 pp4 #a-agf2 same author1 8,surgical ,surprises in the ,domain of ,pseudo-,hermaphroditism1 containing ,one ,hundred and ,thirty-four ,observations of ,cases1 with ,fifty-four ,instances of ,erroneous ,determination of ,sex1 in most ,cases proved by the ,scalpel10 op4 cit41 #aijc1 vol4 v41 pp4 #bje-dbd2 same author1 8,one ,hundred and ,three ,observations of more or less marked ,development of a ,uterus in the ,male 7pseudohermaphroditismus masculinus internus71 in addition to a ,compilation of ,observations of ,regular ,periodic ,bleeding from the ,genital ,organs1 ,menstruation1 ,vicarious ,menstruation1 ,pseudo-,menstruation1 ,molimina ,menstrualia1 etc41 in ,pseudo-,hermaphrodites10 op4 cit41 #aijd1 vol4 vi41 pp4 #bae-cbf2 same author1 8,compend of the ,literature of ,hermaphroditism in ,human ,beings10 op4 cit41 #aije1 vol4 vii41 pp4 #dga-fgj1 and #aijf1 vol4 viii41 pp4 #fhe-gjj4 #ehg ,magnus ,hirschfeld1 8,sexual ,links3 ,intermixture of ,masculine and ,feminine ,sexual ,characters 7,sexual ,intermediate ,stages710 ,leipzig1 #aije4 ,,chapter ,,xxi ,,algolagnia 7,,sadism ,,and ,,masochism7 8,we must continually keep before our minds the fact that in no other department of life so much as in the sexual life do we find side by side1 and closely associated each with the other1 the noblest and the basest1 the superhuman and the subhuman1 because the finest and the deepest roots of our spiritual and bodily existence spring1 for the most part1 from this subsoil2 and we must remember that man would not be able to sink so deep1 far beneath the level of animality1 if he had not first raised himself by his own powers1 in conflict with ,nature and with himself1 through an immeasurable height of civilization40--,,albert ,,eulenburg4 ,,contents ,,of ,,chapter ,,xxi ,algolagnia1 or painful voluptuousness -- ,biological roots of algolagnia -- ,its rle in the civilized life of mankind -- ,connexion between pain and voluptuousness -- ,pain in the vita sexualis -- ,sadism and masochism -- ,physiological algonagnistic phenomena -- ,the sexual enjoyment of spiritual pain -- ,philosophical views on this subject -- ,weltschmerz and pessimism as sources of pleasure -- ,the joy of grief -- ,cruelty as intermediator in the production of algolagnia -- ,theories of cruelty -- ,the enjoyment of power -- ,nietzsche's justification of cruelty as a factor in civilization -- ,sadistic and masochistic phenomena of civilization -- ,examples from the present day -- ,increase of sexual desire by means of emotional concussion -- ,evolutionary theory of algolagnia -- ,cruelty of woman -- ,debauchees and prostitutes -- 8,tropical frenzy0 as an especial form of sadism -- ,various explanations of tropical frenzy -- ,influence of sexual differences between man and woman -- ,genesis of the 8hen-pecked0 state and of 8mistress-rule0 -- ,coquetry and flirtation -- ,frequent association with sadism and masochism -- ,flagellation as the principal form of algolagnia -- ,imitation of physiological algolagnia -- ,exciting influence of massage and friction -- ,various factors of the sexual influence of passive flagellation -- ,active flagellation -- ,chance occurrences leading to the development of flagellomania -- ,sexual influence of whipping upon children -- ,examples -- 8,schoolmaster's flagellantism0 7,dippoldism7 -- ,examples -- ,flagellation and prostitution -- ,flagellation brothels -- ,inclination of woman to flagellation -- ,a ,parisian 8school0 -- 8,corset discipline0 -- ,sadistic bodily injuries and lust-murder -- ,characteristics of lust-murder -- 8,girl stabbers0 -- ,other forms of sadistic bodily injury -- ,sexual vampirism -- ,offences against property committed from sadistic motives -- ,vitriol throwing -- ,sadistic arson -- ,sexual kleptomania -- ,symbolic forms of sadism -- ,verbal sadism -- ,erotic dictionaries -- ,verbal exhibitionism -- ,example -- ,other varieties of symbolical algolagnia -- ,satanism -- ,wide diffusion of passive algolagnia1 of masochism -- ,passive algolagnia -- ,examples -- ,masochistic instrumentarium -- ,a masochistic 8torture-chamber0 -- ,masochistic prostitution -- ,letter of a masochist -- ,a 8slave0 -- ,characterization of male masochists -- ,a very typical case of masochism -- ,masochism in women -- ,letter of a female masochist4 ,appendix3 ,a contribution to the psychology of the ,russian revolution 7,history of the development of an algolagnistic revolutionist74 ,,chapter ,,xxi ,the homosexual and pseudo-homosexual phenomena described in the preceding chapters constitute a far from universal variety of sexual impulse1 but 8algolagnia0 is much commoner4 ,this name was introduced by ,schrenck-,notzing as a general term for the phenomena of sadism and masochism1 since these two sexual aberrations are closely related one to the other4 ,algolagnia1 or painful lasciviousness1 if we exclude from consideration its most extreme manifestations1 such as lust-murder and suicide from lust1 belongs unquestionably to the most widely diffused of sexual aberrations2 indeed1 in its slighter forms it is almost universal4 ,an experienced woman told ,havelock ,ellis#ehh that she had known only one single man who was entirely free from sadistic lust2 and1 on the other hand1 there are few women in whose sexuality no algolagnistic phenomena are demonstrable4 ,this is natural1 for algolagnia1 differing in this respect from other sexual aberrations1 has the deepest biological roots4 ,its nucleus1 pleasure in the pain of others or in one's own pain 7the term 8pain0 being here used in the very widest significance1 both physical and mental71 is an elementary phenomenon of amatory activity4 8,love is in its very nature pain10 we read in the 8,divan0 of the ,persian poet ,rmi4 ,it is certain that we have here to do with an anthropological phenomenon1 one that is normal within wide limits4 ,algolagnia plays the greatest rle in the individual life of single human beings and in the civilized life of humanity at large4 ,it enables us to get a view into the hidden depths of the human spirit1 and displays to us the remarkable phenomenon of the association of primeval animal instincts with the highest spirituality4 ,it at the same time debases love1 and renders it more profound1 and it touches the most secret aspects of our nature4 8,der ,schmerz beseelt ,und er entfesselt nied're ,triebe1 ,die sonst dem ,menschenherz gefehlt4444 ,der ,schmerz betubt--er kann beglcken1 ,im ,schmerz liegt ein geheimes ,fleh'n2 ,er lsst mit feurigem ,bercken ,ein frevelhaftes ,bild ersteh'n10 8,pain animates ,and unchains lower impulses1 ,which had otherwise been absent from the human heart4444 ,pain benumbs--but may also give happiness1 ,for in pain is hidden a secret prayer2 ,with an ardent charm ,it gives rise to a wanton idea0 sings ,joseph ,lauff in his 8,geisslerin0 7,cologne1 #aija74 ,is there any pleasure without pain8 is there any love without sorrow8 ,he who is familiar with the history of civilization will answer these questions in the negative4 ,pain is a civilizing factor of the first rank2 it is the necessary pre-condition and the inevitable accompaniment of pleasure and the affirmation of life4 ,this is the central idea of the philosophy of ,nietzsche4 ,the pain of love is only a special case of the great immeasurable ,weltschmerz and ,weltlust 7world-pain and world-joy71 which move us so deeply in the powerful descriptions of ,schopenhauer1 and have always been the most lofty objects of contemplation to philosophers and to students of civilization4#ehi ,that love-pleasure and love-pain1 the forces of creation and destruction--yes1 indeed1 that love and death 7which ,leopardi in a wonderful poem celebrated as twin brothers7--are separated only by a 8thin veil0 7,havelock ,ellis71 was an idea first expressed in the celebrated work of the formidable ,marquis de ,sade1#eij whose books1 taken as a whole1 are merely a paraphrase of the idea of the connexion between pain and voluptuousness2 and1 moreover1 de ,sade does not recognize this connexion only in active algolagnia--that is1 in the infliction of pain1 the voluptuousness of cruelty1 the so-called 8sadism0--but he recognizes it equally in passive algolagnia1 in the suffering of pain1 the voluptuousness of being tortured1 in the state named after the author ,sacher-,masoch1 8masochism40 ,de ,sade1 who was the first consistent advocate of the anthropologico-ethnological theory of psychopathia sexualis1 himself collected almost all the facts regarding the biological roots of painful lasciviousness1 and regarding algolagnistic phenomena in ethnology and in the history of civilization4 ,the foundation for the understanding of active and passive algolagnia is constituted by the fact that we have here1 in the first place1 to do with a purely biological phenomenon1 which makes its appearance in every normal love4 ,the sexual act exhibits to us pain and pleasure in an indissoluble association4 ,love's embrace is a 8sweet pain10 a painful pleasure4#eia ,the nature of the sense of voluptuousness is still rather obscure1 but it is certain that painful sensations make their appearance as its accompaniment1 probably indeed as an actual part of voluptuousness4 ,i may remind the reader of the interesting remarks of ,edmund ,forster1 mentioned on p4 #dd1 regarding the conception of sexual tension as a stimulation of the pain-perceiving nerves of the genital organs4 ,still more clearly is pain reflected 7pain both active and passive7 in the love-embrace itself1 in the phenomena#eib which we previously 7pp4 #ej-ea7 described1 such as fierce embraces1 convulsive seizures1 grinding of the teeth1 screaming and biting1 both on the part of the man and on the part of the woman4 ,lucretius 78,de ,rerum ,natura10 iv41 verses #ajed-ajfa7 gave a vivid description of the normal sadistic and masochistic accompaniments of coitus4 ,in this association sadism certainly predominates on the part of the man1 though not exclusively2 and1 contrariwise1 masochism predominates1 though not exclusively1 on the part of the woman4 ,the sadistic 8love-bites10 for example1 are more frequently given by the woman1 especially among savage races1#eic but among the ,slavonic peoples it is the man rather who practises the 8biting-kiss0 during the sexual act4#eid 8,es brausen mir wie ,wirbelwind ,im ,busen namenlose ,triebe3 ,ich mchte dich beissen1 einzig ,kind1 ,du ssse ,frucht1 vor ,lust and ,liebe10 8,nameless impulses are raging ,like a whirlwind in my breast3 ,i should like to bite you1 little one1 ,sweet little fruit1 to bite you from desire and love0 writes ,karl ,beck in his 8,stille ,lieder40 ,how closely these phenomena are connected with the ideas of blood and cruelty1 and how this connexion is favoured by the redness and the flow of blood during sexual excitement1 are matters previously discussed 7p4 #ea72 and in my 8,contributions to the ,etiology of ,psychopathia ,sexualis0 7vol4 ii41 pp4 #ci-da7 ,i have considered the question at greater length4 ,in the same category must also be placed the sexually stimulating influence of red colours4 ,in association with these algolagnistic manifestations1 so long as they remain within physiological bounds1 we do not so much see actual physical pain1 the actual infliction of suffering or cruelty1 as the idea thereof1 as mental pain2 indeed1 actual pain is often not lustful1 as such1 but only in idea4 ,eulenburg1#eie especially1 has rightly drawn attention to this mental intensification of algolagnia4 ,mental pain and tears give a wonderful depth to love1 increase passion1 as ,goethe describes in his 8,stella40 ,love needs pain1 in order to be perceived as love4 ,why8 ,because pain is something new1 a contrast to pleasure1 whose eternity would be unbearable4 ,this is described very clearly in the 8,letters of ,ninon de ,l',enclos10 which1 though apocryphal1 are not less psychologically interesting 7,german edition1 pp4 #bbj1 #bba2 ,berlin1 #aijf74 8,change in the spiritual state is important to the happiness of both the lovers4 ,and what could better provide this advantage than a separation8 ,have you never experienced the sweetness of a tender separation8 ,the disquiet1 the commiseration1 the tears which accompany the departing lover1 are they not something most valuable to a delicate1 sensitive soul8 ,commonly1 lovers regard separation for a few days as an evil4 ,but if they examined the nature of their reputed pain a little more closely1 they would soon perceive that this pain does not make a purely disagreeable impression on the soul2 on the contrary1 an entrancing joy lies hidden therein4 ,the pain enfolds a delightful charm2 and we learn that the heart1 however much it may be moved with sympathy1 always finds itself in an agreeable mood as soon as it is able to exercise its sensibility40 ,similarly1 ,g4 ,h4 ,schneider remarks 7op4 cit41 pp4 #abf1 #abg71 that in all love relationships there arises a need for becoming aware of 8the contrast between the pain and the ecstasy of love1 by misunderstandings1 by transient mental torment1 by momentary jealousy on the part of the woman1 or by sportive or earnest threats2 and this need is gratified instinctively by man1 because he feels instinctively that love without it disappears or will disappear40 ,he explains this necessity for pain and sorrow in love as dependent upon a degree of exhaustion1 a fatigue of the nerve-centres concerned1 which demand a period of repose4 ,in the ancestors of the human race1 and in the lower animals1 this repose was obtained by the alternation of quite opposite feelings1 such as love and hate2 thus the occasional stimulation of those centres also by which pain is perceived is a physiological necessity for the nervous system4 ,nothing1 in fact1 is harder to bear than a succession of beautiful days2 this is true even of love4 ,why is it that the very best1 unalterably tender wives or husbands are so frequently deceived8 ,certainly it is because they often forget that with the sweetness of love it is necessary to intermingle a little bitterness1 and so to allow their partner now and again to experience the 8joy of grief40 8,frau ,venus1 meine schne ,frau1 ,von sussem ,wein und ,kssen ,ist meine ,seele worden krank1 ,ich schmachte nach ,bitternissen40 ,,heinrich ,,heine4 8,madame ,venus1 beautiful lady1 ,of sweet wine and kisses ,i am sick unto death-- ,i yearn for a taste of bitterness40 ,mental pain as a general sociological1 literary1 and philosophical phenomenon1 manifests itself as ,weltschmerz and pessimism4 ,both modes of perception conceal intense feelings of pleasure4 ,schopenhauer1 who was well aware of this fact1 remarks 78,works10 ed4 ,grisebach1 i41 #ejh7 that the recognition of the sorrows of existence1 of the misery which extends itself over the whole of life1 is accompanied by a secret joy1 which by the 8most melancholy0 of all nations was termed the 8joy of grief40 ,admirably also has ,kuno ,fischer1 in his account of ,schopenhauer's philosophy1 described the pleasure to be found in the pessimistic mode of perception2 and ,o4 ,zimmermann has written an interesting psychological work upon the 8,joy of ,grief0 7second edition2 ,leipzig1 #ahhe74 ,the pleasure anyone experiences in his own pain1 or in that of another1 constitutes the nucleus of all algolagnistic phenomena1 and to cruelty as an intermediator in this painful lasciviousness there belongs only a secondary rle4 ,the deeply-rooted instinct of cruelty1 which first manifests itself in early childhood1 is biologically associated with the perception of pain4 ,various theories of cruelty have been propounded4 ,thus1 according to ,schopenhauer1 cruelty gives rise to pain in another1 in order to diminish its own pain2 and1 according to this view1 it is only a means of treatment for the relief of one's own pain4 ,more illuminating is the explanation of the ,english psychologist ,bain1 who derives cruelty from the consciousness of power and the enjoyment of power1 from the delight felt in dominating the tortured individual4 ,nietzsche is the most celebrated apostle of this diffusion of power1 this enjoyment of power in the 8superman10 and by means of the 8masterful morality40 ,he formally does homage to cruelty as a means of advancing towards higher civilization4 8,almost everything10 he says1 8which we call higher civilization depends upon the spiritualization and deepening of cruelty4444 ,that which constitutes the painful pleasure of comedy is cruelty2 that which is agreeable to our senses in the so-called tragic sympathy--fundamentally1 indeed1 whatever is pleasurable to us up to the most intense and delicate metaphysical horror--obtains its sweetness only from the intermingled ingredient of cruelty4 ,that which the ,romans enjoyed in the arena1 that which ,christ enjoyed in the ,passion of the ,cross1 the ,spaniards regarding an auto-da-fe or a bull-fight1 the ,japanese of to-day1 with his love for the tragic1 the ,parisian workman who has a passion for sanguinary revolutions1 the ,wagnerian rejoicing in the spectacle of ,tristan and ,isolde--all alike enjoy1 all alike are suffused with secret ardour as they drain the ,circe's cup of #8cruelty4' 8,we must therefore10 he continues with justice1 8for ever deny the absurd psychology which attempted to teach regarding cruelty that it arose only from the view of another's pain6 ,there exists an abundant--over-abundant--joy also in one's own pain1 in making one's own self suffer2 and whenever man persuades himself--it may be only to self-denial in the religious sense1 or to self-mutilation like the ,phnicians and the ascetics1 to self-torment in religion1 to the puritanic convulsive penitence1 to the vivisection of conscience1 and to ,pascal's sacrifice of the intellect--in all these alike he is lured onwards and impelled forwards by his cruelty alone1 by that dangerous emotion of cruelty directed against himself40 ,with a few brilliant words ,nietzsche thus describes the principal phenomena of algolagnia4 ,ethnology and the history of the world offer us in equal measure numerous interesting proofs of the primitive tendency of human nature to sadistic and masochistic manifestations4 ,we must learn to recognize the diffusion throughout the entire world of active and passive algolagnia1 making its appearance in the most diverse forms1 in order to understand many occurrences of the present day4 ,in my 8,contributions to the ,etiology of ,psychopathia ,sexualis0 7vol4 ii41 pp4 #dc-ge1 #ie1 #if1 #aji-aac1 #abj-aeg1 #bbh-bdj7 ,i have collected these anthropological and ethnological data1 regarding the universal diffusion of algolagnia in all epochs and in all countries2 and ,i have referred to the occurrence of sadism and masochism as affecting mankind in the mass1 a fact of particular importance in this connexion4 ,to give some examples3 ,campaigns1 gladiatorial combats1 man-hunts1 beast-baiting1 bull-fights1#eif sensational dramas1 public executions1 inquisition and witch trials1 lynch-law as practised to-day in ,north ,america1#eig in the behaviour of the crowd of onlookers at the former punishment of the pillory1 especially also in revolutions1 of which to-day once more we have the most horrible examples in ,russia 7cf4 also the appendix to this chapter71 in the primeval custom of marriage by capture1 in cannibalism1 the belief in witches and werwolves1 in slavery1 flagellantism1 and the scourgers of the middle ages1 the horrible 8satanism0 of the same period1 gynecocracy or the dominion of woman1 the service of women of the ,minne epoch1 the ,italian cicisbeato1 and the ,slavonic sexual slavery of men1 asceticism and martyrdom1 the ethnological diffusion of skatological1 koprological1 and urolagnistic practices1 etc4 ,these facts suffice to prove that in all times1 and among all nations1 sadism and masochism1 in all the forms we still observe to-day1 were most widely diffused2 and to show that they arise from certain instincts deeply rooted in the soul of the people1 whose existence even to-day manifests itself everywhere4 ,take1 for example1 the following extract from the ,vossische ,zeitung1 ,no4 #dge1 ,october #aj1 #aijf3 8,a great automobile race which took place in ,long ,island at the beginning of the month presented certain features reminding us of the old gladiatorial games4 ,three men were killed during the race1 a woman and a boy were so seriously injured that at the time of writing they are at the point of death1 and from twenty to thirty persons suffered fractures and other grave injuries4 ,from all parts of the ,united ,states as many as half a million persons had assembled to see the races4 ,at the very outset the huge crowd was in a state of hysterical excitement4 ,the ,automobile ,club had taken the utmost care in its preparations for the safety of the course1 and had shut it off on both sides by a net #h feet in height4 ,this protecting wall was1 however1 torn down by the crowd1 which pressed in everywhere1 especially at those places which the cars were to pass at their highest speed4 ,notwithstanding all the warnings of the police1 those in search of sensation only tried to get out of the way when the cars were close upon them4 ,at a turning in the course there were assembled #a1jjj persons belonging to the best circles of ,new ,york society4 ,every time when1 at this dangerous point1 one of the cars had an accident1 these people rushed forwards1 in order to see as closely as possible what was going on2 the women screamed and fainted from excitement1 while the police bludgeoned the people blindly1 in order to make room for the following cars1 and in order to prevent worse evils4 ,the spectators were as if mad with the desire to see blood4 ,a lady who was pressing forward with the crowd1 when one of the cars had upset1 expressed her disappointment plainly1 #8,oh dear1 there is no one killed6'0 ,in an essay entitled 8,russia as ,it ,now ,is10 regarding the ,russian punitive expeditions against the revolutionaries1 the ,st4 ,petersburg correspondent of a ,german paper reports3 8,these expeditions have long forgotten the political purpose of their #8mission'2 they murder simply out of congenital lust to murder1 from racial love of blood1 from plainly perceptible morbid perversity4 ,the shooting of boys1 the flogging of women1 without mentioning the still worse #8punishments' which we cannot even venture to describe1 which take place in the presence of1 or with the actual assistance of1 the greater and lesser provincial satraps1 and regarding which ,i have collected extensive material--all produced in me1 who have been a student of criminal psychology1 very remarkable reflections40 ,in these cases1 no doubt1 the principal cause of the actions in which cruelty becomes pleasurable is the powerful emotional disturbance1 the violent excitement1 which1 again1 increases sexual desire4 ,de ,sade himself was familiar with the fact that excitement produced by strong emotions had a powerful influence upon sexual processes2 that it increased them1 changed them1 and led to abnormal manifestations4 8,all sensations increase one another mutually40 ,anger1 fear1 rage1 hatred1 cruelty1 increase sexual tension1 and therewith also increase the pleasure of the discharge of that tension4 ,bouillier#eih drew attention to the fact that frequently in men1 who otherwise have exhibited in their life very genial and sympathetic natures1 it is not the desire of blood and suffering in itself which evokes sexual cruelty1 but it is the desire for this associated increase in emotions4 ,similarly1 ,horwicz#eii explains the joy of martyrdom also as dependent upon the powerful sexual stimulation which it produces4 ,a peculiar form of sexual excitement associated with emotional disturbance has been described by ,charles ,fr1 under the name of ergophilia 78,note sur une ,anomalie de l',instinct ,sexuel3 ,ergophilie10 published in ,belgique ,mdicale1 #aije74 ,the case was that of a woman1 twenty-six years of age1 who when a child of four had first experienced sexual excitement at a fair while watching a little girl juggler of her own age playing with three balls4 ,subsequently every time when this scene occurred to her memory she had a sexual orgasm2 also when once at a circus she was watching some gymnasts whose performance was characterized by elegance and ease1 she had the same experience4 ,the same also occurred when she saw a man use a scythe4 ,in a frigid marriage she always returned to these imaginations1 as the only means of obtaining sexual gratification4 ,fr is right in distinguishing from sadism this form of sexual excitement induced by the view of elegant bodily exercises4 ,the generally exciting view of movement had in this case a special exciting influence upon the genital organs of an obviously hysterical person4 ,perhaps also the case reported by ,amrain 7,anthropophyteia1 vol4 iv41 p4 #bdb7 is similar to this--a case in which a man fifty-three years of age was sexually excited by the spinning round of prostitutes on rapidly rotating stools4 ,helvetius1 ,bain1 ,lully1 ,james1 ,herbert ,spencer1 ,steinmetz1 and many other psychologists and anthropologists1 have endeavoured to explain on evolutionary grounds this intimate association between the emotions1 and to establish an association between cruelty and sexuality4 ,they suggest that the gratification of sexual needs is for the individual a love-battle1 involving the sacrifice of numerous opponents in order to gain the favour of the beloved being4 ,in this way there arose an association between the shedding of blood and sexual enjoyment2 and the rage of battle1 as ,marro very rightly insists1 may sometimes be suddenly transferred from the rival to the female herself1 and thus assume a sadistic character4 ,definite traces of this connexion may still be observed among the popular customs of many nations1 as1 for example1 in ,new ,caledonia1 where the girls are pursued by their lovers into the bush1 and1 after they have been overpowered1 and after sexual intercourse has taken place1 8they are brought back1 bitten1 bruised1 scratched1 covered with bites on the shoulders and the back of the neck40 ,i regard the emotional theory of cruelty as the best1 because it provides the easiest explanation of all the facts2 and above all1 because it also explains the frequently observed cruelty of woman1 who1 as the more easily excited creature1 displays a higher1 more artificial kind of cruelty than man1 whose balance is not so easily disturbed by his emotions4 ,montaigne#fjj makes the acute observation that cruelty is usually accompanied by a feminine softness4 ,havelock ,ellis#fja also remarks that the most extreme1 most elaborate degree of sadism is commonly associated with a somewhat feminine organization4 ,we might explain the cruelty of women1 and that of enervated1 effeminate voluptuaries from fear and cowardice1 from the debasing consciousness of the weakness of their own personality1 which by means of cruelty takes revenge on the strength of another1 and transiently luxuriates in the associated intoxication of power1 in the mere idea of superiority4 ,it is certainly in this way that we must explain the horrible cruelty of worn-out debauchees1 such as is described by de ,sade in his romances4 ,such types also were ,tiberius1 ,caligula1 ,nero1 ,domitian1 ,heliogabalus1 and ,csar ,borgia2 among women1 ,catherine de ,medici and those 8delicate ,creole women who1 after enjoying voluptuous pleasure in intercourse with a negro slave1 proceed to enjoy the further pleasure of seeing the man unmercifully flogged40#fjb ,in addition1 the blunting of the senses which results from long-continued sexual excesses demands the stronger stimulus of cruelty4 ,just as in the debauchee1 so also in the prostitute1 this blunting of the senses induces a predisposition to sadism4 ,many prostitutes and masseuses become sadists quite as much from inclination as from custom 7the latter from intercourse with masochistic clients72 and they find sexual pleasure in tormenting men1 regarding themselves as incorporate ideals of 8mistresses40 ,among ,europeans1 residence in hot climates gives rise to a peculiar form of tropical cruelty1 the so-called 8tropical frenzy40 ,the psychology of this condition is complex4 ,various predisposing causes must concur in order to produce tropical frenzy4 ,in the first place1 it occurs almost exclusively in ,europeans who fill official positions giving them very extensive powers1 such as they did not enjoy before leaving home4 ,those who become affected live usually in regions in which all the limitations of conventional morality and of social relationships with their fellow-countrymen are laid aside1 so that the civilized man is in a position which enables him to follow without restraint his own inward impulses2 also he finds himself in contact with an 8inferior0 race1 which he regards and treats as half or completely animal4#fjc ,the influence of climate is also of great importance1 as ,hans von ,becker assumes4 ,owing1 it may be1 to the intense heat1 disturbances of metabolism ensue1 and by the formation of toxins1 the central nervous system and the psyche are injured1 and thus there is induced a 8tropical moral insanity10 a morbid impulsiveness1 associated with complete loss of understanding of ordinary ethical and moral principles4 ,or1 again1 it is possible that1 as ,plehn believes1 the abnormally high temperature gives rise to acute outbreaks only in chronic alcoholists1 taking the form of tropical frenzy4 ,in any case1 this disorder is with especial frequency characterized by marked sadistic practices1 as is proved by the colonial scandals of every country4 ,in connexion with this1 we do not need any further demonstration of the manner in which the institutions of slavery and serfdom have always induced and furthered sadistic instincts1 and1 speaking generally1 the same is true of all relationships by which isolated individuals are given uncontrolled powers over the bodies and lives of their fellow-men4 ,a chief cause of algolagnia1 of active algolagnia1 but more especially of the passive form1 is to be found in the diverse sexual demeanour of man and woman respectively1 and this1 again1 depends upon the difference between the masculine and feminine natures4 ,opposed to the stormy1 eager activity of the man1 we have the quiet passivity of the woman4 ,the latter has aptly been compared to a magnet which1 notwithstanding its own apparent immobility1 still irresistibly attracts and holds fast the iron 7the man71 making the latter in a sense her slave2 upon this passivity depends the unmistakable superiority of woman in purely sensual love4 ,physical nature alone gives her an advantage over man1 just precisely in the point to which she outwardly appears subordinated to him4 ,thus1 among the ,indians of ,central ,brazil man is officially lord and master of woman--and does what she wills4#fjd ,thus it has always been in the highest grades of civilization also1 wherever sensual relationships have been solely effective in determining the relative positions of men and women4 ,the true 8henpecked husband0 7,i say 8true10 because there also exist such in appearance only7 of our ,european civilization is the man who1 from the beginning1 has been subjected to the domination of his wife in consequence of his own immoderate sexual needs2 by these needs he has been permanently placed under her control1 and this control has secondarily been extended to other relationships4 ,this is the psychological secret of the henpecked state1 just as it is also of the 8mistress rule10 which1 beginning as a purely sexual relationship between king or prince on the one hand and his mistress on the other1 later extends also to the domain of political activity4 ,the greater the sexual passivity and coldness of the woman1 the more readily does she gain dominion over the man4 ,a favourite means for this purpose is the practice of 8coquetry0 7a matter previously discussed71 which can also be defined as the activity of women in fettering men to themselves and in bringing them under feminine dominion4 ,the ,anglo-,saxon 8flirt0 is only a lighter shade of 8coquette10 representing rather spiritual-sthetic coquetry1 whilst the true coquette makes use of purely sensual means1 and speculates upon sex only1 without reference to the intellectual qualities4 8,a truly coquettish woman listens with pleasure to the rankest flattery of the most insignificant individual2 she takes the trouble to stimulate the desires of the most contemptible being1 although she is daily surrounded by longing admirers40#fje ,joseph ,peladan relates in one of his romances how a distinguished lady1 while getting into her carriage1 intentionally displayed her leg to a poor man standing by1 although at the very same moment she was coquetting audaciously with a gentleman of her own rank4 ,woman instinctively aims at the subjection of man1 and voluptuous stimulation serves her as the best-tried means of doing this4 ,in so far as man becomes the 8slave0 and victim of his sensuality1 does he exhibit a masochistic disposition2 but1 in so far as by his force and his intelligence he overcomes this sexual dependency1 and by means of his natural activity and energy displayed also in sexual relationships1 behaves heedlessly and brutally to the woman1 who has now become completely passive1 does the sadistic element preponderate in him4 ,from this we are able to understand how it is that sadism and masochism may often appear in the same person2 they are only the active and the passive form respectively of the algolagnia which lies at the basis of both of them1 and in which the true essence of both these phenomena subsists4 ,when in the following paragraphs we briefly describe the individual phenomena and types of sadism and masochism1 we do this always with the tacit implication that the majority of types are not pure forms either of sadism or masochism1 but represent a mixture of both4 ,this is especially true of the most widely diffused of all algolagnistic perversions1 the so-called flagellomania 7sexual desire for flagellation or flagellantism7--that is to say1 flogging and whipping1 or being flogged and whipped in order to induce sexual excitement4 ,an elaborately critical account of sexual flagellantism in its physiological1 psychological1 literary1 and historical relationships is to be found in the second volume of my work on 8,the ,sexual ,life in ,england10 pp4 #ccf-dha 7,berlin1 #aijc74 ,in this passage there is a fairly complete collection1 alike of the older and of the newer literary material devoted to this topic4#fjf ,flagellation is1 therefore1 the principal means by which sadistic tendencies become active1 because in this manner all the physiological sadistic accompaniments of sexual intercourse unite1 and make their appearance with a stronger potentiality4 ,it is an imitation and a conscious synthesis of these sadistic accompaniments1 which in their most primitive form are to be seen in the lower animals4 ,especially in the case of tritons and salamanders we can observe a typical flagellation1 effected by means of the tail1 prior to coitus4 ,the voluptuous gratification during flagellation varies in character according as the flagellation is active or passive4 ,the nature of the latter is as follows3 by vigorous friction and blows1 especially in the region of the genital organs1 and more particularly on the buttocks1 a peculiarly increased voluptuous stimulus is induced by the painful sensations4 ,simple massage and friction of the skin suffices to produce such an effect1 especially after warm baths1 as has long been known in the ,east1 and is employed in the so-called 8,turkish baths40 ,more especially1 the rubbing of the buttocks evokes a purely physical reflex stimulation of the spinal and sympathetic ejaculatory centre2 still more rapidly is this produced by flogging and whipping of these parts 7the so-called 8lower discipline074 ,the painful sensations are said ultimately to undergo complete transformation into voluptuous sensations2 unquestionably the imagination must here render much assistance1 and the masochistic element is especially marked in those who undergo passive flagellation4 ,the increased flow of blood to the genital organs1 to which the flagellation necessarily gives rise1 must also obviously play a part in evoking and strengthening the voluptuous sensation4 ,simultaneously also this congestion gives rise to erection of the penis2 hence the very ancient employment of flagellation to relieve impotence1 alluded to by ,petronius in a celebrated passage of his 8,satyricon40 ,in the case of active flagellation1 the voluptuous stimulation is mainly of a sadistic nature2 the view of the parts quivering under the lash1 becoming red or even bleeding1 the cries of the person who is being whipped1 the erotic influence of the kallipygian charms1 here play the principal rle4 ,the inclination to flagellation1 both passive and active1 is generally aroused by some chance occurrence1 such as looking at a flogging1 when the spectator finds himself to be in a state of sexual excitement and recognizes its cause--as1 for example1 in consequence of the official and ritual practice of flogging in schools1 prisons1#fjg barracks1 monasteries1 etc41 also by whipping and giving blows in social games4 ,especially dangerous is the whipping of children1 whose sexual impulse is only too often aroused by blows upon the buttocks1 and then1 unconsciously1 this excitement is in their minds permanently endowed with a causal connexion with whipping1 from which ultimately a perversion 7flagellomania7 is induced4 ,well known is ,rousseau's description of this connexion in his 8,confessions40 ,i append the following description by a patient of this tendency to flagellation3 8,in a similar way to that which you describe1 flagellantism was unfortunately awakened in me in early youth4 ,this was first developed in me by the fact that my parents allowed the maidservants to exercise a far-reaching right of chastisement4 ,when ,i was fourteen years old1 ,i still received whippings from the servants1 with my father's knowledge and consent2 and these whippings1 since my father had forbidden any other kind of chastisement as harmful to health1 took place on the buttocks1 and were always effected after this region of the body had been bared4 ,i still remember most vividly that when ,i was at the age mentioned a maidservant who was hardly two years older than myself switched me in this region with especial zeal4 ,i remember also that when ,i was in my ninth year1 owing to the free use which the maidservants commonly made of their privilege1 ,i had entirely ceased to dread this chastisement2 indeed from that time ,i often intentionally incurred a whipping by the maids1 which was not difficult2 and from the age of fourteen years ,i personally gave the maidservants my permission to chastise me in the above manner without the knowledge of my parents1 and was always thrown by it into a state of sexual excitement4 ,such excitement was also produced in me by merely witnessing the chastisement of my two sisters1 who were somewhat younger than myself1 both of whom were still beaten with a switch when they were fifteen years of age4 ,as regards my two sisters1 this did not lead to desire on their part that this procedure1 which was always disagreeable to them1 should be frequently repeated1 but they were always glad to see me whipped2 and1 as a matter of fact1 my own sensation of pleasure was greatly increased by their being present1 and moreover1 especially in later years1 ,i always enjoyed it more if the maidservant whipped me in the presence of her friends or if one of them let me hold her hand during the process4 ,i especially preferred being struck with the bare hands1 although occasionally ,i endured severe whippings with the stick or with the dog-whip at my own special request40 ,in a second case which came under my own observation1 the person affected being a lawyer1 then twenty-eight years of age1 the cause of the development of his flagellomania was different and more indirect4 ,at the age of eleven or twelve years he was lying on the top of a dog-kennel and masturbating1 and he had tied his feet to the top of the kennel1 lest1 when in a state of sexual excitement1 he might fall off4 ,since then he had always felt an impulse to have himself tied1 which he sought to satisfy in boyish games 7robbers1 police1 etc472 this always induced in him agreeable sexual feelings1 which were further increased by onanistic friction4 ,at the age of fifteen there became associated with this desire to be tied a further need to be whipped while he was tied up4 ,this patient has a disinclination to normal coitus and to the female genital organs1 but he desires to receive flagellation only from women4 ,two successive attempts at normal sexual intercourse were unsuccessful4 ,the patient induced in a maidservant the inclination to passive and active flagellation1 and this woman1 although she resisted at first1 was subsequently1 six months later1 a passionate flagellant4 ,in other respects the patient is thoroughly healthy1 and has been through his one-year term of military service in the cavalry4 ,with regard to the origin of 8schoolmaster's sadism10 which is1 unfortunately1 very widely diffused1 the well-known case of the schoolmaster ,dippold recently gave a horrible example4#fjh ,the teacher or schoolmaster may1 at the commencement of his activity1 be entirely free from any flagellantic tendency4 ,this tendency makes its appearance in the course of the customary exercise of his duties of physical chastisement4 ,this gradually induces in him a sense of sexual pleasure4 ,as long as these chastisements are kept within normal bounds1 and only occasionally undertaken1 we have to do merely with a tendency1 with an aberration of sexual gratification1 such as occurs in numerous healthy individuals1 even when they are not teachers or schoolmasters1 persons who seek and find an opportunity for the exercise of these tendencies in the brothel or with 8masseuses40 ,when1 however1 a systematic flagellomania develops1 and the person affected no longer merely chastises1 but maltreats and tortures1 and does this habitually and with bestial cruelty1 as in ,dippold's case1 we certainly have always to do with sadism developed in the soil of a morbid predisposition4 ,the following cases appear to be of this nature3 #a4 ,a case which reminds us of that of ,dippold recently appeared before the ,second ,criminal ,chamber in ,hamburg4 ,the accused was a man belonging to the cultured classes1 who had had a ,university education1 had become a reserve officer1 and had filled many other positions1 finally that of the editor of a journal published by an advertising firm4 ,the accused lived in ,berlin in the years #aijj to #aijc4 ,there he formed an intimacy with a woman1 whom he induced to entrust him with her son1 for the continuance of his education4 ,going himself to live in ,hamburg in ,july1 #aijc1 the boy was sent to him in that town in ,january1 #aijd1 and was placed in a boarding school4 8,in order not to be disturbed in his teaching10 the man also rented a room in the neighbourhood of the school4 ,when engaging this room he asked the landlady if there were curtains to cover the windows4 ,on the first day on which she visited the room the landlady noticed that the accused flogged the boy1 and as she did not wish to allow this in her dwelling1 she reported the matter to the police4 ,after some time the woman learned by questioning the boy certain remarkable facts1 especially with regard to the 8educational methods0 which the accused had carried out in ,berlin1 and in her report to the police she added certain details1 which led to the arrest of the accused4 ,the accused admitted that he had caned the boy severely1 and he declared that he had done this only for educational reasons1 as the boy was of a bad character4 ,in this respect the statement of the accused was confuted by the evidence of the boy's teacher in ,berlin1 that of his teacher in ,hamburg1 and that of the inmates of the pension in which he lived2 all of these gave him a very good character4 ,with respect to the mode of chastisement1 the details of which were heard in camera1 the court held that there was no doubt that the accused had chastised the boy1 not for educational reasons1 but on account of perverse tendencies of his own1 and condemned him to imprisonment for one year and loss of civil rights for two years4 ,it is a noteworthy fact that the accused1 during the latter part of this period of association with the boy1 had lived in a happy marriage with a young woman4 #b4 ,a disciple of ,dippold4 ,the following remarkable case was published in the ,berliner ,tageblatt1 ,no4 #fbi1 ,december #aa1 #aijc3 ,a furniture-polisher of this town accosted boys whom he met in the street1 gave them some trifling commission1 and so arranged matters with them that they must ultimately return to him at his room4 ,here he gave himself out to be a detective officer1 showed the boy a token which he pretended was his official commission1 and then gave the boy a severe lecture4 8,he regretted10 he said in conclusion1 that1 owing to the misconduct of the lad1 it would be necessary to fine his parents1 unless the offences were condoned by the immediate chastisement of the boy4 ,the 8detective0 easily persuaded his victims that it would be better to accept the immediate flogging4 ,after he had stretched his victim across his knees and beaten him with a stick1 he looked to see that the blows had not made too obvious marks1 and sent the lad away with a further brief admonition4 ,in most instances the boys who had been whipped concealed what had happened from their parents2 but still the matter came to light1 and this new ,dippold is to be tried for causing grievous bodily harm1 and for the false pretence that he occupied an official position4 ,the accused is a young man1 twenty-five years of age1 and1 with his small and slender figure and with a blonde moustache1 he makes rather the impression of a young man of eighteen4 ,very frequently the tendency to flagellation is at first artificially evoked in brothels4 ,hogarth1 in his 8,a ,harlot's ,progress10 has rightly depicted the switch as a necessary requisite of the interior of a brothel1 and this simple instrument of flagellation is rarely absent from a prostitute's dwelling4 ,it appears to be ,england alone1 the classical country of flagellomania1 in which actual 8flagellation brothels0 have existed4#fji ,a historical example is that of the celebrated establishment of ,theresa ,berkley1 the inventor of an especial apparatus for the whipping of men1 the so-called 8,berkley-,horse40 ,it appears that in ,england the female sex has a taste for active and passive flagellation2 and we find that a ,german author#faj attributes to woman a greater inclination towards flagellomania than that exhibited by man4 ,this tendency is encouraged by certain male flagellants1 who obtain sexual gratification by the flagellation of women4 ,gunol 7op4 cit41 pp4 #aea1 #aeb7 reports the existence of secret places in ,paris where young women and girls combine to form a kind of 8school10 in which male sadists carry out 8instruction0 with the switch6 ,in connexion with flagellation we must consider the peculiar tendency to the fettering of the individual to be flogged1 who desires to be rendered defenceless4 ,for this purpose various apparatus exist of the same kind as the 8fettering-chair0 invented in the eighteenth century by the ,duke of ,fronsac4#faa ,of the same nature also is the impulse to wear very tight shoes and gloves and very small corsets1 the so-called 8corset discipline10 in which the person affected1 who may be of either sex1 is laced up very tightly in a very small corset4 ,this is met with chiefly in ,england1 especially in association with sexual flagellation4 ,in comparatively rare cases flagellomania is a morbid condition by which responsibility is entirely abrogated2 but from the medico-legal point of view responsibility is impaired or suspended in the majority of cases of well-marked sadism1 which we have now to describe4 ,to this category belong3 #a4 ,sadistic ,bodily ,injuries and 8,lust-,murder40--,the main types of this category are the 8girl-stabbers0 and the 8lust-murderers10 who simply for the purpose of producing sexual excitement1 or when already under the influence of such excitement1 inflict on women more or less severe injuries with a knife or other murderous instrument4 ,the actual intention to kill is present only in very rare cases4 ,the lust-murder is1 as a rule1 only a murder as a sequel of a sexual act committed by force1 the murder being done from fear of discovery1 etc42 thus the murder has not in these cases anything directly to do with the sexual act4 ,in other cases we have what appears to be a lust-murder in which death has resulted1 contrary to the wish of the offender1 from a sadistic bodily injury4 ,killing from a purely sexual motive is a very rare occurrence1 of which1 however1 some very widely known cases are on record--like those of ,andreas ,bickel1 ,menesclou1 ,alton1 ,gruyo1 ,verzeni1#fab and 8,jack the ,ripper10 the ,whitechapel murderer4 ,regarding the ,whitechapel murders1 see ,e4 ,c4 ,spitza1 8,the ,whitechapel ,murders3 their ,medico-,legal and ,historical ,aspects10 published in the ,journal of ,nervous and ,mental ,diseases1 ,december1 #ahhh4 ,great attention and alarm was aroused in ,paris in the years #ahah-ahai by a girl-stabber 7piqueur74 ,in numerous caricatures1 popular songs1 and vaudevilles these assaults were 8celebrated10 of which a very rare pamphlet1 8,la ,piqure la ,mode0 7,paris1 #ahai71 gives evidence4 ,cf4 ,j4 ,grand-,carteret in 8,les ,images ,galantes0 7#aijg1 ,no4 #g74 ,much alarm was caused in ,july1 #aijb1 by the crimes of a new 8,jack the ,ripper0 in ,new ,york1 and by the horrible child-murders committed in ,berlin by an obviously insane sadist1 not yet arrested4 ,in a single day he ripped up the abdomens of several small children with a pair of scissors4 ,many 8murder epidemics0 7manie homicide71 such as the murders recently committed in ,sweden by ,nordlund1 who1 though indubitably insane1 was executed for them1 are certainly connected with sexuality4 ,the two following cases from ,german experience relate to typical 8girl-stabbers03 ,ludwigshafen am ,rhein1 ,march #bf1 #aija4--;,after the manner of the ,whitechapel murderer1 an unknown criminal had for several weeks made the parts of the town lying in the direction of the suburb of ,mundenheim unsafe4 ,not less than eleven girls were seriously injured after nightfall by stabs in the abdomen4 ,to-night the police succeeded in arresting the criminal1 who is a drover1 ,wilhelm ,damian by name1 twenty-eight years of age4 ,five years ago he was suspected of having committed a lust-murder on a servant-girl2 he was arrested at this time1 but was discharged owing to the lack of sufficient proof4 ,now the suspicion is aroused that ,damian is responsible also for the lust-murder committed two years ago near ,mundenheim on a little girl seven years of age1 because the circumstances of that case suggested that the murderer was a butcher by occupation1 and this applies to ,damian4 ,kiel1 ,november #bi1 #aija4--;,it is not yet possible to arrest the stabber who1 during the last week1 has been active in the poorest quarter of the town4 ,at first he limited himself to the northern districts1 and there wounded only women and girls2 but in the last day or two he appeared1 not only in the central parts of the town1 but also in the southern quarter1 where1 the day before yesterday1 in the evening1 he wounded a girl by two stabs1 one in the neck and one in the hip4 ,since then a man has been stabbed1 apparently by this same evil-doer1 but was not seriously hurt4 ,this happened in one of the busiest streets of the town1 so that the escape of the criminal is very remarkable4 ,other peculiar sadistic injuries sometimes occur4 ,thus1 in the year #aijb a printer1 twenty-two years of age1 was condemned by the criminal court of ,breslau1 because in thirteen cases he had thrown oil of vitriol at young ladies6 ,here also we have probably to do with a sadistic tendency4 ,in the end of ,october1 #aijf1 in ,berlin1 a case came under notice in which a young girl took another girl to the dentist 767 and 7after previous ansthetization7 had two teeth drawn unnecessarily2 but whether this case was or was not of a sadistic nature remains undetermined4 ,but we certainly have to do with sadism in those cases in which men or women inflict slight injuries on their love-partner for the purpose of sucking blood1 which gives them sexual gratification 7sexual vampirism74 ,many murders by poison 7women murderers commonly prefer the use of poison to that of any other instrument7 also arise from sadistic tendencies4 ,at any rate1 the majority of professional female prisoners1 such as ,jegado1 ,brinvilliers1 ,ursinus1 ,gottfried 7the celebrated poisoner of ,bremen71 and others1 were unquestionably women given to sexual excesses or sexually very excitable1 so that here voluptuousness and the lust for murder appear to have an intimate causal connexion4 ,the following remarkable case of sadistic deprivation of freedom is reported by ,kiernan 78,a ,remarkable ,case of ,fetishism10 published in ,the ,alienist and ,neurologist1 #aijf1 p4 #dfb73 8,two citizens of good position1 of ,wladikaukas1 in ,russia1 had repeatedly carried off girls of good family1 and had treated them in an extraordinary way4 ,on account of senile dementia they were acquitted of criminality1 and were sent to an asylum4 ,the last victim was a young heiress1 who was kept prisoner by them for an entire year4 ,two masked elderly men fell upon her by night1 gagged her1 put a bandage over her eyes1 and drove away with her in a carriage4 ,when the bandage was taken off1 she was in a well-furnished drawing-room4 ,the two old men1 without saying a word1 gave her a scanty dress of feathers1 and shut her up in a great gilded cage1 which stood in the drawing-room4 ,one of them--she never saw the other again--came in silence to visit her every morning1 looked at her through the bars of the cage1 often threw her lumps of sugar1 and every morning brought her a can of hot water1 which he emptied into a vessel inside the cage1 saying1 #8,take a bath1 little bird4' ,these were the only words which she heard4 ,after a year had passed1 the man let her out of the cage1 put a bandage over her eyes1 and drove her in a carriage to a place near her house4 ,no similar case is known to me in medical literature4 ,everything was conducted ,platonically2 there was no coitus1 no exhibitionism or masturbation1 either before or after looking at this peculiar bird4 ,certainly there must have been some kind of abortive sexual gratification1 of a sadistic character1 and with the limitation that only young girls of good family1 dressed as birds and kept in a cage1 could excite libido4 ,but why must they have the appearance of a bird8 ,possibly in the subconsciousness the idea of the bird as a lascivious animal played a certain part4 ,but why did one only come and see the #8bird' every day8 ,that they must be young girls is natural in the case of old men3 extremes meet2 but that they must be of good family suggests a sadistic element1 and still more is this suggested by the imprisonment40 #b4 ,offences against ,property committed from ,sadistic ,motives4--,to this class belong all sadistic injuries not of the person1 but of property4 ,for example1 pouring vitriol over the clothing1 of which the following case 7,vossische ,zeitung1 ,no4 #egd1 ,december #g1 #aije7 is an example3 ,at the present time an unknown man is making the south-eastern districts of ,berlin unsafe by the use of oil of vitriol4 ,this dangerous criminal pours the liquid upon women's clothing1 selecting by preference light-coloured fabrics4 ,yesterday evening he almost completely ruined the new light-coloured dress of a young lady who was passing along the ,hermannstrasse4 ,the offender1 who apparently derives pleasure from injuring women's clothing1 is of middle height1 about twenty-five years of age1 has fair hair1 and wears a fashionable overcoat4 ,to the same category belongs arson from sexual motives1 which was formerly#fac attributed to a 8passion for fire0 7pyromania72 but when sexual motives play a part1 it is unquestionably of a purely sadistic nature4#fad ,of the same character is sexual kleptomania--theft from sexual motives4 ,lichtenberg was familiar with this1 for he says 8the sexual impulse very frequently leads to thefts10 and he alludes to the proposal which has been made in ,england to castrate thieves4#fae ,the organic causation of the kleptomania so often seen at the present day in large shops is very frequently of a sexual nature1 dependent upon puberty1 the climacteric1 menstrual anomalies1 etc4 ,cases of this character have been reported by ,worbe1 ,gnner1 ,schmidtlein1 ,unzer1 ,hussler1 ,lombroso1 and ,ferrero4 ,the suspicion of sexual sadistic grounds for kleptomania may always be justifiably entertained when rich ladies repeatedly steal articles of small value of which they have no need4 ,a typical case of sexual kleptomania is reported by ,h4 ,zingerle 78,contributions to the ,psychological ,genesis of ,sexual ,perversities10 published in the ,annual for ,psychiatry and ,neurology1 #aijj73 ,a woman1 twenty-one years of age1 who from childhood had been psychopathic1 had from her school-days onwards had a definite desire to appropriate certain objects1 especially such as were made of brown leather 7brown shoes71 umbrellas1 money4 ,only the act of stealing gave her any gratification1 not the keeping of the stolen objects1 which she usually destroyed or gave away4 ,during the act of theft she had a well-developed sense of voluptuousness1 accompanied by a discharge of secretion from the genital organs4 ,she performed these thefts as the result of an irresistible impulse1 and after them she felt remorse4 ,she preferred large objects such as were difficult to hide1 and it was precisely when there were great hindrances to be overcome and dangers to be run1 and when in the pursuit of her aim she was subjected to emotional disturbances1 that the accompanying voluptuous sensations were most prominent4 ,the psychopathic basis of this condition is unquestionable4 ,in addition to these two categories of sadism1 which for the most part depend upon morbid conditions1 we meet also with a symbolic form of sadism1 where this manifests itself rather in idea than in reality1 and where the person thus affected luxuriates in all possible fantasies of the infliction of pain and of abasement4#faf ,this mitigated sadism is certainly to some extent connected with physiological sadism4 ,thus the so-called verbal sadism is nothing more than an increase in1 an emphatic instance of1 the physiological voluptuous sighing and crying in coitu1 whose influence in verbal sadism is increased1 and exercises a stronger stimulus1 by the accentuation of the animal1 the brutal1 the coarse1 and the obscene4 ,verbal sadism is not a peculiar refinement of modern debauchees1 but a phenomenon belonging to folk-lore and ethnology1 an extraordinarily widely diffused mode of expression of the primitive sadistic instinct of the genus homo4 ,in the popular speech of all countries we find that abusive terms and curses are intermingled with extraordinary frequency with sexual matters and ideas4 ,the navet of this sexual depravity and cursing1 with its thousandfold variations1 shows its origin from the purely instinctive sources of the popular soul1 as the celebrated brothers ,grimm recognized when they devoted a careful1 critical investigation in their well-known dictionary to the obscene verbal treasury of the ,germans4 ,a rich material for the study of the sources of verbal sadism is offered by the vocabularia erotica of ,hesychios2 also by the collections of local and provincial riddles and proverbs4#fag ,a typically developed verbal sadism is found among the ,hindus1 especially the women4 ,the ,indian erotist ,vtsyyana rightly deduces it from the various sounds which are uttered in normal coitus4 ,in ,european brothels the verbal sadists and verbal masochists are well-known phenomena--men who find sexual enjoyment in the expression of the coarsest1 commonest1 obscene words1 curses1 and abusive language2 in some cases by doing this themselves 7verbal sadism71 in other cases by listening to it when done by others 7verbal masochism74 ,such verbal sadists1 also1 are the individuals described by ,a4 ,eulenburg 78,sexual ,neuropathy10 p4 #ajd7 as 8verbal exhibitionists10 people who gladly indulge in lascivious conversation in the presence of women1 or who whisper obscene words in women's ears4 ,many men visit prostitutes1 not for the purpose of having sexual intercourse with them1 but merely for the opportunity of such lecherous conversation4 ,the following case1 complicated by bisexual or masochistic features1 is characteristic of this3 ,a leading merchant of middle age visits a cocotte from time to time1 and puts on the girl's silken clothing1 whilst she must put on man's dress2 they then go out walking arm-in-arm in dark1 unfrequented streets1 and converse meanwhile in an extremely obscene1 indecent manner2 this alone suffices him for sexual gratification4 ,during the whole time he does not touch the girl4 ,this sexual depravity and obscene language can also be conducted by correspondence4 ,thus we have a kind of 8epistolary sadism0 and 8epistolary masochism40 ,the former1 especially1 is frequently employed in the circles of the 8masseuses0 and 8strict governesses10 in relation to their masochistic clientle1 whilst the answers belong to the second category4 ,a remarkable symbolic form of sadism or masochism is represented by inunction and lathering1 for the purpose of sexual gratification4 ,lathering with soap more especially is a phenomenon with which those who have to do with brothels are especially familiar4 ,either the man finds sexual pleasure in lathering the prostitute or he experiences gratification in the passive attitude when she lathers him4 ,some time ago1 in a trial in which a man belonging to one of our leading mercantile houses was accused1 ,i referred in my evidence to analogous occurrences in brothels and among prostitutes4 ,this testimony was disputed by another physician1 who stated that this 8lathering0 for the purpose of inducing sexual excitement was 8unknown0 to him4 ,it is1 however1 a well-known phenomenon whose existence has been confirmed to me by colleagues in ,berlin1 and more especially in ,hamburg4 ,according as it is active or passive1 it is respectively sadistic or masochistic4 ,whether1 in such cases1 a defilement of the woman's person is effected1 as in a case reported by von ,krafft-,ebing1 in which a man blackened his mistress with charcoal1 is indifferent4 ,the larval sadism consists in the act of manipulation1 in the inunction or lathering4 ,as a last form of symbolic sadism may be mentioned blasphemy based on sexual motives1 the so-called 8satanism10 which played a great part more especially in the middle ages1 and as the 8black mass0 constituted a peculiar cult1 in which the ,christian ,mass was profaned by sexual practices1 and was insulted to the uttermost4 ,according to ,schwaebl1 these obscene masses are still celebrated at the present day in two places in ,paris4 ,he gives a detailed description of such a black mass which was celebrated in a house in the ,rue de ,vaugirard4#fah ,passive algolagnia1 masochism1 the desire to endure pain and degradation and abasement of every kind1 for the purpose of inducing sexual excitement1 is perhaps to-day more widely diffused even than its converse4#fai ,the cause of this1 which is to be found in the conventionality of our time1 is a matter to which ,i have previously more than once alluded 7vide supra1 pp4 #cbb-cbd1 #dfg-dfi74 ,this view is supported also by the remarkable fact that1 above all1 lawyers1 leading ,state officials1 and judges1 constitute a disproportionately large contingent of masochists--that is to say1 persons whose professional life gives them a certain unusual exercise of power1 and whose profession imposes on them a strict official demeanour4 ,precisely these conditions1 perhaps1 arouse masochistic tendencies to activity1 as a kind of liberation from conventional pressure and the professional mask4 ,the connexion between love1 voluptuousness1 and the suffering of pain1 has already been discussed4 ,in masochism there also comes into play the important element of abasement1 a complete self-surrender of body and soul1 self-sacrifice4 ,the union of these perceptions and their voluptuous tinge has been beautifully described by ,alfred de ,musset3#fbj 8,my passion for my mistress had become extremely unruly1 and my whole life had assumed a kind of monastic savagery4 ,i will give only one example of this3 ,she had given me her miniature likeness in a medallion4 ,i wear it on my heart--many men do this4 ,but one day in the shop of a second-hand dealer ,i found an iron scourge on the end of which was a small plate covered with little spines4 ,i had the medallion fastened on to the plate and wore it in this way4 ,the spines1 which at every movement pierced the skin of my breast1 produced in me the most peculiar ecstasy1 so that ,i sometimes pressed my hand on the place in order to drive them deeper4 ,i am well aware that this was folly2 but love makes us commit many such follies40 ,in masochism physical pain plays an important part4 ,the 8mistresses0 have at their disposal an extensive instrumentarium for producing such pain1 for masochists often have the most peculiar ideas regarding the mode in which their pain should be caused4 ,probably unique in their kind are the two following authentic cases1 which my colleague1 ,dr4 ,d----1 in ,hamburg1 was so good as to report to me3 #a4 ,a rich ,hamburg merchant1 known among the prostitutes by the name of 8,nail ,william10 had sexual intercourse only with certain prostitutes1 who had to allow their nails to grow quite long and pointed4 ,they had to scratch him on the scrotal raphe and on the penis until the blood flowed in streams4 ,one day he consulted a physician on account of extensive dema of the scrotum and the penis4 #b4 ,another man had his scrotum sewn to the sofa-cushion with thick sail-maker's needles4 ,he sat for a while in this 8fettered0 condition1 after which the strings were cut6 ,all possible cutting and stabbing instruments and burning substances are used for the gratification of the masochist's lascivious love of pain2 they have themselves scratched1 bitten1 pinched1 burned1 their hair torn out2 they are trodden upon1 whipped with switches or ox-whips2 they have themselves 8put to the question0 in every possible way in special 8torture chambers0 or 8punishment rooms40 ,such a genuine torture chamber1 in the house of a ,hamburg prostitute1 was recently described by the public prosecutor1 ,dr4 ,ertel1 in ,hamburg4#fba ,of the dwelling of this prostitute the following account is given in the testimony of the examining judge3 ,to the side of the flat towards the bath-room is the door of entrance to the so-called 8black room40 ,the walls of this room1 lighted by one window only1 were covered with a coal-black material of the nature of calico1 and the plaster of the ceiling was similarly covered2 to the middle of the ceiling1 proceeding from the centre of a black rosette1 was attached a pulley1 consisting of the usual rollers and blocks1 made in this instance of metal1 and furnished with a strong twisted cord4 ,in the dark corner between the window and the wall there stood a peculiar scaffold1 made of roughly hewn planks1 consisting of two similar parts placed side by side2 the back of this scaffold was placed against the wall beside the window4 ,the purpose of this scaffold was not immediately apparent4 ,seen sideways1 the form of this wooden structure was somewhat like that of a heavy1 coarsely-made armchair2 the upper parts of the arms were about the height of a man's shoulders4 ,to the framework along the upper edge there were attached five fairly strong iron rings1 which were screwed into the wood4 ,the framework ran on rollers1 so that it could be moved about4 ,on the wall was hung on a nail a leather girdle with buckles2 there was also a rope about the thickness of the finger1 ending in a loop2 there were also two dog-collars1 part of a sword-stick1 leather reins1 and fetters for wrists and ankles1 the former being heavy iron handcuffs4 ,the window in the wall separating the 8black room0 from the bathroom1 the glass of which was frosted1 was covered with special hangings4 ,the inner side of the door of the room was also hung with black4 ,in respect to this 8black room0 ,a4 testified3 8,z4 insisted that one room should be entirely draped with black1 as the #8hall of judgment4' ,he sent me pulleys from ,cologne1 by which he was to be drawn up and hanged4#fbb ,this excited him1 his face got quite blue1 and it made him #8ready' for intercourse4 ,i was afraid that it might kill him1 and ,i only allowed him to have it done once4 8,to the wooden framework in the #8black room1' ,z4 was securely fastened1 so that he had the illusion that he was on the scaffold40 ,in all large towns widely diffused masochistic prostitution subserves the desires of male masochists1 and frequently also those of female masochists4 ,these priestesses of ,venus flagellatrix hide themselves commonly under the cloak of a 8masseuse0#fbc an 8educationalist10 or 8governess10 adding to this professional title the expressive adjective 8severe0 or 8energetic40 8,wanda0 is also a favourite pseudonym1 which corresponds to the masochistic nickname of 8,severin0 7the principal character of ,sacher-,masoch's 8,venus im ,pelz074 ,these women1 the 8mistresses10 treat their masochistic clients as 8slaves0 or 8dogs10 and maintain this fiction not only in personal association1 but also in correspondence--masochists are all passionate correspondents4 ,the relationship also of the 8lady0 to her 8page0 is a favourite one 7the so-called 8pagism074 ,the nature of the relationship is clearly shown in the following original letter of such a masochist3 8,,berlin1 8,june #g1 #aijb4 8,,gracious ,,lady1-- 8,first of all ,i must sincerely ask your pardon for daring1 most honoured lady1 to write to you4 ,i saw recently a lady with a glorious figure and magnificent hips enter your house1 and ,i suspect that you are this lady4 ,if you1 gracious lady1 desire a servant and a slave1 who will blindly obey all your commands1 and upon your order1 as a slave1 without any will but your own1 will perform the basest and dirtiest services1 ,i should be happy if you would be so gracious as to make me that slave1 if ,i might visit you from time to time in order to serve you1 my strict mistress and commander4 ,if at any time ,i should fail to obey you absolutely1 you can treat me most cruelly and chastise me most severely4 8,will you1 gracious lady1 deign to answer me1 your basest servant1 and to make use of the enclosed envelope to tell me if you1 this evening1 will go for a walk1 and how1 and where1 in what caf you may chance to spend the evening1 and if you will be my strict mistress1 and if ,i may venture to be your slave4 ,perhaps1 most honoured lady1 you could be at the ,oranienburger ,tor at eight o'clock precisely on ,friday evening1 with a rose in your hand4 ,full of subjection and abasement1 obedient to your strict commands1 and slavishly kissing your feet and hands1 ,i am your most abject servant and your basest slave40 ,such a slave luxuriates voluptuously in the lowest services1 in the most loathsome abasements1 such as are indicated sufficiently in the names 8coprolagnia0 and 8urolagnia40 ,i have in my possession a series of letters by masochists full of such things1 described with the utmost particularity1 some even in a poetic form 7671 which ,i cannot print on account of their loathsome contents4 ,a sufficient idea of the slavery of the masochist is given in the above-mentioned report of the public prosecutor1 ,dr4 ,ertel1 in which a 8mistress0 states3 8,when ,i took my meals he lay either under the table1 or in a corner of the room2 ,i threw him bones1 and gave him the remains of my own food4 ,he often barked1 and usually had a dog-collar round his neck1 with a chain attached to it4 ,he had given himself the name of ,nero1 so this is what ,i called him4 ,when anyone wished to come near me without permission1 he bit him in the leg2 this was the first step in a slave's duty4 ,he swept out my room1 boiled potatoes1 roasted meat for me1 and did other work of the house4 ,he also wanted to be my horse2 ,i had to ride on him2 he carried me in this way from one room to the other4#fbd ,when he disobeyed me in any way1 ,i had to use the whip4 ,he related to me that formerly he had corresponded with a music-hall comedian who played woman's parts1 and subsequently had associated with him1 but he got weary of this1 and disappeared for a long time to get free from the man4 ,he told me also that he was accustomed to make appointments in the ,schaarhof 7a street in ,hamburg in which the prostitutes visited by the lowest classes of the population live74 ,on ,sunday evenings these women have many visitors1 when the workmen have got their week's money4 8,often ,i had to shut him up in a wardrobe1 with a chain round his neck1 fastened to the wall of the wardrobe1 so short that he could hardly move2 the door of the wardrobe was shut upon him4 8,in my flat ,i had to give him a slave's dress to wear1 in order that he might feel himself to be fully a slave4 ,i took away all his money1 all the keys of his house1 of his office1 and of his safe1 and returned them to him only after a night and two days4 ,z4 only does this occasionally1 when he is utterly beside himself2 often he is quite reasonable4 ,he does not associate with any decent people2 the society in which he feels happiest is that of whores and other obscure persons2 he has himself said this to me4 ,even the people who make use of him avoid him in the street4 8,he would also learn to dress hair1 and how to paint the face1 if ,i ordered him4 ,painted faces stimulate him4 8,once he said to me that ,i might have another slave2 this ,i did4 ,first of all ,i had to bind ,z4 hand and foot1 and to wrap up his head in cotton-wool1 in order to give the new slave the idea that he had been very badly treated1 and had been sent to the hospital4 ,when1 later1 the new slave came1 and ,i explained everything to him as ,z4 had told me to1 and led him in to see ,z41 the new man was very much surprised to see ,z4 tied up in this way1 became frightened1 and soon went home40 ,another prostitute reports3 8,i made the acquaintance of ,z4 in ,no4 #h1 ,schwiegerstrasse4 ,he has three or four times had intercourse with me4 ,he had himself whipped by me4 ,z4 once asked me to fetch a man1 which ,i did4 ,this man got into bed with me1 and satisfied himself manually1 without having intercourse with me4 ,z4 on this occasion lay under the bed3 he wished to do so2 ,i believe he had arranged this in order to obtain sexual excitement in this way4 ,z4 and the other man did not see one another4 8,when the other man had gone away1 ,z4 did the most disgusting things4 8,when ,z4 had himself whipped1 he first had his hands fastened with iron handcuffs40 ,it would be quite erroneous to assume that in the case of these masochistic 8slaves10 whose human worth has been lowered to the depths1 who seem completely to discard their humanity and to sink below the level of animals1 that we always have to do with effeminate1 degenerated weaklings4 ,no2 much more frequently they are healthy1 powerful men1 of an imposing appearance and distinguished demeanour1 who find pleasure in playing such tragic rles1 and who obviously obtain sexual gratification by this complete reversal of their nature4 ,the 8slave0 just described was 8by nature tall and stately4 ,his features were energetic and sympathetic1 and he had a large beard4 ,his eyes were clear and bright4 ,in actions and appearance he was a thoroughly masculine being40#fbe ,in ,berlin there exist masochists in high official positions1 in appearance and in profession true manly natures--8supermen0--who only become 8slaves0 in relation to their 8mistresses40 ,according to ,sacher-,masoch1 ,germans and ,russians especially are inclined to masochism2 but1 as a matter of fact1 this tendency is also widely diffused in ,france and ,england4 ,zola describes such a type in 8,nana40 ,the slave type is not always completely developed2 more commonly masochism manifests itself in a less marked degree4 ,there are many and various shades3 sometimes there is only a spiritual abasement1 exhibited in apparently trifling procedures and practices 7symbolic masochism74 ,a few authentic cases will serve to illustrate this--they sound incredible1 but are in fact true3 #a4 ,a handsome and fine-looking officer1 married to a beautiful wife1 continually associates with an elderly1 robust washerwoman1 with whom he also has sexual intercourse4 ,since he refuses to leave this woman1 his wife has separated from him4 #b4 ,a ,state official of high position1 fifty years of age1 visits a prostitute from time to time1 and puts on her clothing1 with corset and stockings1 while she wears man's clothing4 ,then for two hours they play cards4 ,at eleven o'clock he lays himself1 still clothed1 in her bed1 whilst she must lie down naked upon the bed covering4 ,nothing else happens4 ,he does not make the least attempt to touch her2 and after a time he goes away1 first paying her fifty marks4 #c4 ,an active ,minister of ,state 7671 now deceased1 used often to visit a cocotte1 who had to sit upon him1 and then in corpus totum ei minxit4 ,this was sufficient to give him sexual gratification 7urolagnia74 #d4 ,an engineer meets a prostitute 7who has been previously instructed what to do7 in the street1 and asks her if he may go home with her for twenty marks 7shillings74 ,having reached the home of the girl1 he suddenly declares with tears that he has only five marks with him4 ,the prostitute overwhelms him with abuse1 takes the five marks from him1 and then carefully searches his clothing1 until somewhere or other she finds a hundred-mark piece6 ,the moment of the discovery of this piece of money is precisely the moment when the man has the sexual orgasm4 ,in answer to his prayers and whining1 to his pitiful request that she shall at least give him back half the money1 he only receives scornful abuse4 ,finally1 she presses one mark into his hand1 and gives him his cong4 ,this procedure is repeated regularly every fortnight--an expensive amusement for a man who is by no means wealthy4 ,but he is unable to give up this peculiar passion1 which for him is the only way of obtaining sexual gratification4 #e4 ,a man of the upper classes1 thirty years of age1 frequents only prostitutes with artificial teeth4 ,they must take these teeth out1 and he puts them in his mouth and sucks them4 ,he then stretches himself upon the covering of the bed1 and the prostitute must lay one of her dirty chemises upon his face1 whilst he at the same time holds one of her shoes in each hand4 ,this is for him the critical moment4 ,to the girl herself during the whole procedure he does not direct a single glance2 for him there exist only the teeth1 the chemise1 and the shoes4 ,thus we have to do with a case of masochism with mental fetishistic associations4 ,the previously described medieval 8cure by disgust0 7the exhibition of a dirty chemise7 would in this man have had the opposite effect to that intended4 ,masochism is much commoner in men than in women1 because the latter have more command over their sexual impulse1 and are not so readily subordinated and enslaved thereby as are men4 ,the physiological masochism of woman is of a more spiritual nature4 ,still1 in women who are very excitable sexually a similar 8sexual obedience0 may appear to that which we encounter in men4 ,shakespeare1 in the 8,midsummer-,night's ,dream10 when he makes ,helena feel herself to be ,demetrius' little dog1 gives her definite masochistic characteristics4 ,masochistically inclined1 also1 are women of good position who play the part of prostitutes1 either in brothels or in the streets1 such as have recently been described by d',estoc in 8,paris-,eros02 we may regard the celebrated ,messalina as their prototype4 ,similarly disposed are women of good position who have enduring sexual relationships with men of the lower classes1 such as workmen1 coachmen1 etc41 and who even seek sexual enjoyment with any casual member of the rabble they may meet in the streets--a practice of which ,lombroso has collected examples4 ,passive algolagnia also occurs in women1 as is proved by the following letter of a typical masochist3 8,,berlin1 8,november #i1 #aijb4 8,,honoured ,,lady1-- 8,i allow myself to make the polite inquiry whether you will consent to visit me once a week1 in my dwelling in the ,kurfurstendamm1 after your reception hour4 ,i have a peculiar wish from time to time to be chastised in the most severe and energetic manner1 until the blood flows4 ,i am twenty-eight years of age1 and widowed1 and have a very large and luxuriant figure4 ,for the flagellation ,i would pay fifty marks 7shillings74 ,if you accede to my wish1 ,i beg you to describe how you intend to carry out the chastisement4 ,on what part of the body will you whip me8 ,in what way should this be clothed1 if clothed at all8 ,what instrument will you use for the whipping8 ,in what position should ,i receive the whipping8 ,how many blows should ,i receive the first time8 8,after the sixth blow my voluptuous sensations increase to such a degree that my whole body trembles with sensuality4 ,are you yourself inclined to sensuality1 and do you carry out this chastisement from purely voluptuous motives80 ,we cannot determine whether in this case homosexuality plays any part4 ,in my 8,contributions to the ,etiology of ,psychopathia ,sexualis0 7vol4 ii41 p4 #ahc71 ,i have printed a letter of another unquestionably heterosexual masochist woman to an 8energetic0 man4 ,,appendix#fbf ,a ,,contribution ,,to ,,the ,,psychology ,,of ,,the ,,russian ,,revolution 7,,history ,,of ,,the ,,development ,,of ,,an ,,algolagnistic ,,revolutionist74 ,the author of the following sketch1 the ,russian anarchist ,n4 ,k41 was arrested in ,warsaw in the early months of #aijf4 ,like all those who at this time were considered to be members of the revolutionary party1 the intention of the authorities was to shoot him immediately1 without any elaborate inquiry1 after a drum-head court-martial4 ,his demeanour during the shooting of his companions1 who preceded him to death1 and also during the court-martial1 showed that his psychical individuality was so profoundly abnormal that the ,colonel in command of the firing-party suspected him to be a psychopath1 and on his own authority postponed his execution pending further examination in the citadel4 ,while imprisoned ,k4 wrote his reminiscences1 which are here given word for word and without comment3 ,i4 ,my parents were opposite elements3 my father1 strong1 coarse1 brutal1 egotistic1 material to excess2 my mother1 suffering1 delicate1 sensitive1 ethereal4 ,from such a cross1 a masochistic character must necessarily be produced4 ,my father brought me up with storms1 chastisements1 and fear2 my mother counteracted all this with caresses1 kisses1 and tears4444 ,i trembled with secret anxiety and exulted inwardly at the same moment when my father stretched me across his knees4 ,as soon as the punishment was over1 he immediately proceeded to box someone's ears--anyone's1 a footman's1 a maid's1 anyone's4 ,i ran with a smarting posterior to my mother4 ,by her first my injuries were inspected1 then ,i was cried over1 embraced1 kissed1 and finally laughed at and with4 ,this scene repeated itself at irregular intervals4 ,to these years belong my first memory of the masochistic principle of life4 ,this was based upon the following observations3 ,all my companions1 boys and girls alike1 endeavoured to play tricks on one another2 to tell tales of one another to their parents1 tales true and false2 in every way to cause suffering1 in order then1 by redoubled love1 to make all right again4 ,on the other hand1 ,i noticed that no child loved another unless it was tormented by that other4 ,those who did not torment one another were mutually indifferent4 ,this mutual tormenting and being tormented must therefore1 in the nature of things1 produce a certain charm1 gives rise to a pleasure4 ,this pleasure consisted in increasing1 mentally realizing1 sympathizing with1 the pain of another4 ,this is not sadism--generally speaking1 sadism does not exist--it is only refined masochism2 for we prepare pains in order to sympathize with them--that is1 in order that we may free ourselves4 ,i especially enjoyed teasing girls1 destroying their toys1 tearing their dolls to pieces1 dirtying their clothing1 etc4 ,when1 thereupon1 they wept bitterly1 ,i fought against their tears1 until finally they were consoled4 ,then ,i went close to them1 embraced them1 caressed them1 kissed them1 and cried with sympathy4 ,what pain and what pleasure did ,i experience when they pushed me away1 struck me1 and spat in my face6 ,i bought them once more finer toys1 and was so happy when their tears gave place to laughter6 ,how often ,i told false tales of other children to their parents1 in order to be able to sympathize with the mental pain of an undeserved chastisement6 ,but ,i was no exception in this1 because most of my playmates were the same4 ,i remember how a girl of eleven calumniated a boy of twelve3 she declared that he had put his hand on her private parts when she was out walking6 ,the happy1 poor lad was frightfully beaten at school and at home4 ,all the children baited him1 despised him1 and avoided him like the plague4444 ,he became quite afraid of his fellows4 ,what did ,i live through at that time8 ,moody and spiteful1 he lay under a tree2 the girl who had told this false tale about him softly drew near1 stood by him1 and with a pleading voice called his name4 ,furiously he jumped to his feet1 and wished to run away2 but she seized his hand1 fell upon her knees1 and begged for his forgiveness4 ,it was useless for him to abuse her1 to strike her1 and to tread upon her toes4 ,she threw her arms round him1 cried as if her heart was broken1 and spoke tenderly to him for so long a time1 until at last he sat down beside her1 and allowed himself to be caressed4 ,thus they sat together for a long time1 and wept and laughed and wept4 ,suddenly she seized his hand and pressed it violently between her thighs4444 ,this contact formed the last link of a long logical chain4444 ,these were the facts which first made me feel instinctively how1 like every fundamental thing--everything which is of a primeval character3 primeval force1 primeval matter1 primeval impulse1 etc4--all represent the union of two extremes2 the primeval impulse 8love0 can also be the coalescence of two opposites4 ,these two opposites in this case are pleasure and pain2 as in the case of electricity we have the union of the two opposites1 positive and negative electricity2 in the case of magnetism1 we have the union of positive and negative magnetism2 in the case of the atom1 the positive and negative ion2 in the case of sex1 man and woman1 etc4 ,,ii4 ,my years of school and ,university life were spent at ,st4 ,petersburg4 ,tempestuously ,i threw myself upon simple physical 8love0 7671 upon the orgies1 upon all the varieties1 of physical love4 ,bodily-sexual masochism1 with all its artificial sensual charms1 was a cup which ,i drained to the dregs2 but ,i was never able to explain to myself why humanity was satisfied with so crude a definition of the idea of 8masochism40 ,sexual masochism is indeed one of the most obvious facts of life4 ,but the same is true also of sexual love2 and yet we do not maintain that love is only sexual impulse4 ,i passed beyond this physical masochism2 it was for me a necessary phase of development4 ,the spiritual element within me began to sway my existence4 ,at this time ,i learned to love a girl of a wonderful character4 ,she loved me to a similar degree of insanity4 ,had ,i been a beggar or a tramp1 she would have followed me through the streets4 ,she would have accompanied me to forced labour in ,kara1 ,kamtchatka1 or ,saghalien4 ,for me she would also have mounted the scaffold2 to save me she would even have become a prostitute4 ,it was a blessedness to love her and to be loved by her4 ,how can we wonder that in conformity with this interminable love accompanying sorrows should also extend into infinity1 and ultimately lead to a catastrophe8 ,every night we slept together1 although for months at a time we did not have sexual intercourse2 we embraced one another so closely and slept so gently6444 ,to separate from one another only for a few hours was a torment4 ,if ,i went out alone1 ,i must tell her the precise moment at which she might expect me to return4 ,if ,i remained away a quarter of an hour longer1 ,mascha at once pictured to herself that ,i had been run over by a tram1 that ,i had fallen down in an epileptic fit1 that ,i had suddenly become insane and jumped into the ,neva1 or that some other disaster had befallen to me4 ,thus she stood continually at the window1 in order to see what was passing in the street4 ,if anyone came up to our floor1 she ran quickly to see who it was4 ,if it was not ,i1 then she felt horrible anxiety4 ,when at length ,i came1 she stood waiting for me in the doorway1 laughing and crying at the same time4 ,then there followed embraces and kisses as if ,i had returned from a journey to the ,north ,pole2 but also reproaches1 such as1 8,you do not love me at all2 if you did you would not torture me so6 ,you know how anxious ,i always am about you when you are away60 ,gradually ,i began to understand this condition1 as an inevitable consequence of the masochistic principle of love4 ,this martyrdom of the soul1 which lovers prepare for themselves in the unceasing dread of losing one another1 or of losing one another's love1 is intimately connected with the very nature of love4 ,without anxiety of this kind1 love would be unthinkable4 ,he who loves must continually torment himself with this anxiety2 and the stronger the love1 the greater is this torment4 ,when the torment is increased by the other's participation in it1 the mutual love is also increased thereby4 ,this necessity we also felt1 and we resolved to procreate an illegitimate child4 ,what this step meant to us--members of leading families--can readily be understood2 but we proudly resolved to defy society at large1 in order to consecrate our love by the sorrows which this would entail4 ,,iii4 ,as soon as ,mascha became pregnant1 ,i felt an irresistible impulse to increase our mutual torments6 ,to increase them66 ,to increase them666 ,for our love did not appear to me sufficiently great1 nor yet sufficiently worthy1 nor yet sufficiently holy1 for us to crystallize ourselves in a new living being4 ,this idea racked me continually4 ,in vain ,i sought to convince myself that our love was a million times greater than the love of ordinary mortals1 that it was unique6444 ,again and again my conscience said to me3 8,how can you use for yourself the measuring rule of ordinary men1 even if they are the leaders of men8 ,you are the conscious masochist6 ,your ideals must be suited to this fact6 ,is it anything so much out of the common to have an illegitimate child8 ,you must increase your sorrows6 ,increase them660 7,he proceeds to describe how in every possible way he tormented his beloved47 ,at length1 in consequence of my continued vexation1 ,mascha became as nervous as ,i was myself4444 ,now she really began to take everything perversely4 8,leave me in peace6 ,it is your fault6 ,you are driving me quite out of my mind660 ,on account of the most trifling matters we became furious with rage1 mutually making one another more wretched and more bitter4 ,ten1 twenty times a day1 we stood facing one another1 leaning forwards1 shaking with wrath1 our mouths gaping with anger1 our eyes sparkling1 our fingers widely separated1 like tigers ready to spring2 many times she struck me in the face or spat at me6 8,oh1 you wretch6 ,how ,i hate you666 ,i should like--,i should like----60 ,then we said to one another calmly and quietly that we did not suit one another2 that we had been deceived2 that everything was now at an end2 we begged one another for forgiveness1 and separated4 ,soon came the pangs of conscience1 the question1 8,who is to blame80 ,now the pains began3 8,what have ,i done8 ,it is impossible that it can be so2 ,i will beg her forgiveness upon my knees4 ,she must be mine again--must be1 must be60 8,oh1 love1 love6 ,how interminable is your pain60 ,now ,i began with nervous haste to say to myself1 8,where will she be8 ,with ,katja8 ,up6 ,go to her and ask her60 8,has ,mascha been here80 8,yes--she has just gone away60 8,did she not say where she was going80 8,no6444 ,have you quarrelled once more80 8,h'm6444 ,a little1 but it was my fault6444 ,i must find her6444 ,good-bye60 ,at the house of ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 and ,d she was not to be found4 ,is it possible that in her pain----8 ,no1 no6 ,not that6 ,not that66 ,this pulsed in my temples1 whilst ,i ran up and down the stairs6 ,six o'clock6 now she will go out walking on the ,newsky-,prospekt66444 ,at last ,i reach the ,newsky-,prospekt6 ,i rush up and down looking for her6 ,is that she8 ,no6 ,or there8 ,it is not she6 ,that must be she8 ,no--yes--no--yes1 yes6444 ,it is she4444 ,now walk a little more slowly4444 ,now she sees me4444 ,she turns as if to pass by on the other side4444 ,she changes her mind and stays on this side4444 8,have you been out walking long80444 ,mascha lies in my arms4 ,we cry and laugh--cry and laugh4444 ,never1 never1 never again66444 ,forgive1 forgive66444 ,we embrace one another1 press one another1 kiss one another1 as if we could be absorbed into one another4444 ,we abuse one another1 pull one another's hair1 and playfully box one another's ears4444 ,then we rub our cheeks together1 and give one another the maddest pet names4444 ,oh1 paradise of love6 ,why did ,i quarrel with my fate which imposed upon me such unheard-of torments8444 ,nothing else could have brought me such blessedness as this66 ,oh1 fate6 ,more1 more1 still more martyrdom6444 ,in this way let my love grow6 ,,iv4 ,our life together became continually more intolerable1 and yet we could not bear to be away from one another a single hour4 ,a terrible fate chained us together1 and threw us into the maelstrom of this furious impulse1 irresistible in its elemental force4 ,to tear ourselves apart was rendered impossible by the fetters that chained us together4 ,continually more frightful1 continually more insane1 became our scenes1 and the love-eruptions which broke out from time to time4 7,after mutual spiritual torments1 becoming ever worse and worse1 ,k4 begs his beloved to procure abortion67 ,she wept quietly1 then kissed me and went out4444 ,the key grated in the lock4444 8,mascha6 ,mascha6 ,for ,god's sake6 ,mascha6 ,what are you going to do84440 ,i shook the door like a madman4444 ,it would not give way4444 ,i tore open the window4444 8,help6 ,help60444 ,the door was burst open4444 ,break open ,mascha's door6444 ,it was quickly forced4444 ,she lies there4444 ,dead4444 ,poison4444 ,v4 ,finally--after weeks--,i was once more somewhat calmer1 and was able to think a little4 ,i had so utterly lost all power that ,i was only able to get from my bed to the sofa1 or back again1 with assistance4 ,they had been afraid that ,i should not get over it at all4444 ,week after week to endure the most shattering1 superhuman sorrows1 to oscillate between death and madness6444 ,but superhuman love had also been mine6 ,the statue of ,sas had been unveiled to me6444 ,i had quaffed the cup of love to the last dregs6444 ,but he only will have had this experience who has first drunk to the dregs the draught of sorrow6444 ,oh1 short-sighted world1 which will call the murder of ,mascha 8sadism06444 ,had not her pains cut twice as deeply into my own heart8 ,has not my soul been convulsed by her torment8444 ,i wished only to torture myself6444 ,am ,i to blame that it was only possible to do so through her martyrdom8444 ,has not she shared also all my superearthly blisses8444 ,he who has experienced this does not regret--even if he must pay double the price in sorrows66 ,is not that 8masochism08 ,have you who wished to pass judgment on me learned that8 ,no6 ,who will set up to be a judge of a case of which he knows nothing8 ,oh1 crude psychology1 which teaches that out of an inhuman impulse--out of cruelty--we commit 8crimes0 on those nearest to us6 ,only from a purely human impulse--from 8love0--do we do to the nearest to us what you call 8crimes10 in order that he may share that unnamable happiness which we ourselves feel4 ,thus the influences which move us are purely ethical4 ,do you believe that we only are masochists8 ,or do you believe that those only are masochists who have themselves trodden on by a prostitute1 have had their ears boxed1 have been whipped1 befouled1 and have let the prostitute spit in their faces8 ,oh1 idiots6 ,i say to you all love is masochistic1 and all which leads to it is associated with it1 or results from it1 bears the imprint 8pleasure and pain40 ,nature never fails4 ,who1 then1 believes that it was caprice1 chance1 or irony1 on ,nature's part1 when she associated love with so much torment8 ,who does not think of all the tragedies of unhappy love1 with its murders and suicides1 all its physical and spiritual martyrdom1 which every day brings to us8 ,who does not think of the tragedy of sexual love which is offered to us in the hospitals8 all the hundreds of thousands who have to pay for the licentiousness which results from sexual lust--all the tabetics1 syphilitics1 general paralytics1 etc48 ,who does not remember the torments which the sexually perverse have brought on themselves and on humanity8 ,all the lust-murders6 ,and all the punitive measures8 ,the lust-murders which we commit--to prevent lust-murders6444 ,who does not think of the torments of pregnancy8 its risks of life and death8 ,are all these mistakes of ,nature8 ,no6 ,no66 ,the accompaniment of pleasure by pain must have some definite purpose4 ,this purpose is3 ,that pleasure1 without its opposite1 pain1 would not be perceptible1 would be unthinkable1 would be inconceivable--just as cold could not be apparent to our consciousness without heat1 or light without darkness4 ,thus pleasure1 in the absence of pain1 would not be perceived as pleasure4 ,therefore1 by increase of pain1 pleasure becomes of greater value1 for the greater the contrast the more readily do we perceive it4 8,masochism is thus a natural law40 ,the more fully it is developed in any individual1 the higher1 the more superhuman is that person4 ,,vi4 ,through the recognition of the masochistic natural law1 ,i passed into a peculiar condition4 ,individual love and sorrow no longer made any particular impression on me4 ,i began to observe masochism in the life and work of ,nature1 in the history of humanity1 in social life1 and in civilization4 ,is not the great developmental principle of ,nature based upon this--that the existence and progress of the species is dependent upon pressure exercised on it by its environment8 ,the more difficult the conditions of existence1 the harder the pressure of the environment1 the more suffering the species has to bear1 the stronger must be the reaction against these1 the more strongly will the powers and capacities of that species become active1 and by this the species will be elevated to a higher level4 8,thus suffering is the driving force of ,nature4 ,nature is therefore masochistic60 ,within the species itself the same law holds4 ,within the 8human0 species have not those varieties developed to the highest which have had to overcome the hardest environment8 ,those who by nature have been troubled with the greatest difficulties in providing for their food-supply8 ,those who have suffered most8 ,is not the existence of the living being dependent upon the 8struggle for existence10 upon the mutual hostility of the species1 striving for one another's annihilation8 ,it is a characteristic trait of human nature that all religions are based upon the same fundamental principle3 8,only by suffering canst thou become happy60 ,is not this true masochism1 when humanity1 by means of modern science1 has also been robbed of the hope of a beyond1 of the hope for eternity and blessedness1 and is offered nothing in its place8 ,look at universal history6 ,was not the birth of that great idea associated with frightful sufferings1 with the influence of fire and sword1 blood and death8 ,has not humanity crucified its greatest benefactors8 ,has it not rewarded them with the gallows1 the torture-chamber1 the wheel1 the stake1 the prison1 and the asylum8 ,and all out of love for humanity6 ,all the persecutions of ,christians and ,jews1 the inquisitions and burnings of heretics1 witch-trials1 the religious sorrows of all times--all were outflows of the love for humanity4 ,their aim was to safeguard mankind from the robbery of its happiness by heresy6 ,the love of humanity begat our ,neros1 our ,torquemadas1 our ,ivans the ,terrible1 and ,schdanows6 ,why did these men torture other men8444 ,in order themselves to realize in imagination the others' torments1 to sympathize with them1 to feel with them4 ,in order in their own spirit to endure these martyrdoms2 that is to say1 to torture themselves with the representation of the pain of another4444 8,thus in its motives sadism is nothing else than masochism40 ,the love of humanity erected the cross of ,christ1 lighted the faggots with which ,huss and ,bruno wore burned1 tortured ,thomas ,mnzer1 stabbed ,marat1 decapitated ,hebert1 and built the gallows of ,arad1 ,st4 ,petersburg1 ,chicago1 etc46 ,the love of humanity built the ,bastille1 the ,tower of ,london1 the ,spielberg1 ,blackwell's ,island1 and the ,schlsselburg1 built the torture-chambers of the ,inquisition1 constructed the medieval penal system1 and those of ,montjuich1 ,alcalla del ,valle1 ,borissoglebsk1 and many others4 ,remarkable6 ,that precisely your 8love of humanity0 was the most cruel tormentor1 the most inexorable executioner1 the most bloodthirsty butcher of men1 and the greatest of all criminals4 ,do you not see in all this the wise rule of the masochistic principle8 ,that it was only persecution which diffused these ideas8 ,all the progress which man makes in civilization must be paid for by means of enormous sacrifice4 ,the superhuman sorrows of millions of slaves created the civilization of antiquity--the ,phnician1 the ,babylonian1 the ,persian1 the ,assyrian1 the ,greek1 and the ,roman6 7,with regard to this often disputed fact1 see ,mommsen3 8,in comparison with the sufferings of the slaves of antiquity1 all the sufferings of modern negro slaves are simply a drop in the ocean607 ,indian civilization is the product of the most horrible suppression and plunder of the lower castes by the higher4 ,the soil of the ,southern ,states of ,america was cultivated through being manured with the sweat1 blood1 and bones of negro slaves4 ,the soil of ,europe1 again1 was made fertile by the sufferings of slaves and serfs1 and so on6 ,amid the most horrible birth-pangs1 amid the slave rebellions1 peasant wars1 and revolutions1 in the eighteenth1 nineteenth1 and twentieth centuries1 mankind was enabled to throw off the shell of the feudal system4 ,therewith capitalism was born4 ,this newest form of civilization1 once more1 is based upon horrible plundering1 oppression1 and misery of millions and millions of proletarians4 ,what a devastation of humanity results from the acquirements of civilization in respect of engineering and the practical arts6444 ,every invention and discovery demands its victims6444 ,how often have chemists been destroyed by an explosion in the creation of new compounds1 or killed by the development of poisonous vapours6 ,count the engineers who have been sacrificed to their profession1 or bacteriologists who have been killed through infection in the study of zymotic diseases6 ,count all the victims of professional diseases1 of tuberculosis1 phosphorus necrosis1 lead poisoning1 mercurial poisoning1 etc46444 ,count all those who have fallen from scaffoldings1 all the sailors who have been drowned1 all the railway employees who have been run over1 all the factory hands who have been torn to pieces by machinery1 all those who have been destroyed in mines by explosions1 etc46 ,think of the hunger and misery of the widows and children of these victims of industry and science1 of the loss of work and other social injuries resulting from capitalism6 ,the rebellion of the victims of this system1 again1 gives rise to the class war1 with new tortures1 new sufferings6444 ,in order ultimately1 by the creation of a new social system in the future1 to free mankind from these sufferings6444 ,people believe it6 ,but that is nonsense6 ,the sufferings will only assume a new form1 and will increase66 ,do you1 then1 believe that all the miseries of mankind at the present time have been the result only of chance1 not of foresight8 ,oh1 no6 ,these sufferings were only the stimulus which drove mankind forward to new construction1 to greater progress1 in order to avoid suffering6444 ,progress brought new suffering1 and so on4 8,thus suffering is the civilizing factor of mankind6 ,to free mankind from suffering would mean to rob mankind of civilization40 ,can we represent to ourselves a life of complete satisfaction8 ,no6 ,without suffering1 the needs would be wanting which alone provide the stimulus to progress6444 ,without suffering1 we should also be without enjoyment4 ,for everything reaches our consciousness only by means of its opposite4 8,to free us from torment means to rob us of pleasure4444 ,but then we should no longer have any interest in life60 8,civilization is a union1 a hermaphrodite structure1 of pleasure and pain--that is1 masochism66444 ,the progress of mankind is only possible by means of the masochistic principle40 ,oh1 cruel-sweet philosophy of ,golgotha66 ,eternally shalt thou remain the ,moira and ,kismet of humanity666 ,,vii4 8,always the more1 always the better of your kind shall perish1 for it shall always be worse for you4 ,so only--so only--does man grow upwards0 7,nietzsche1 8,zarathustra10 ii41 p4 #abf74 ,magnificent ,nietzsche6 ,now first do ,i grasp your 8superman06444 ,now ,i share your hatred of the every day and the average6 ,away with the philistine cowardice which says1 8,above all1 do not go too far6444 ,do everything with moderation and for a definite end6444 ,never go too far1 and never fall into extremes60444 ,no6444 ,go forward with courage into the extreme6444 ,only slothfulness1 comfortableness1 and cowardice are afraid of a ,turkish bath1 with the subsequent cold douche6 ,but how the body softens under this laisser faire et laisser passer1 how it loses its power of resistance1 accumulates substances which are superfluous1 and therefore harmful6 ,in the same way that part of humanity which follows this device will perish from the philistine disease named 8moderation06 ,let mankind get into its ,turkish bath--and then get under the cold douche6 ,thus it will be steeled1 rejuvenated1 and invigorated6 ,thus it will be freed from superfluous matters6 8,let things be made continually worse and harder for mankind1 then the reaction will step in and drive them forward60 ,according to this device ,i acted henceforward4 ,to increase pain1 in order that pleasure might become greater6 ,an immeasurable love for humanity took possession of me now that ,i had at length attained the point of view which so perfectly harmonized with my individuality4444 ,i myself became equivalent to humanity2 ,i felt the heart-beat of millions in myself4 ,their contradictory feelings were united in my own person4 ,i felt equally capitalist and proletarian2 equally orthodox ,christian and ,catholic1 ,jew and atheist2 equally man and woman4 ,all the sorrows and joys in humanity ,i felt in myself1 and ,i plunged myself in them to the depths4 ,i wished to experience them all in my own spirit4444 ,i studied universal history1 but with what perception6444 ,i did not confine myself to facts1 but ,i turned to the persons of those who were acting2 ,i represented to myself all the misery of the crowd and the thought of the crowd4 ,what intolerable pain all these provided for me6 ,how ,i began to love glorious humanity which suffered all that6 ,now the moment had come6 ,now was the time quickly to plunge into the extreme of life6444 ,to plunge into all the sorrows of the millions1 and to increase them tenfold1 a hundredfold1 a thousandfold6 ,to drink the voluptuous sensation which all experience in the paroxysm of frenzy1 and thus to become thoroughly man66 ,,viii4 ,from now onwards ,i threw myself with enthusiasm into the arms of the most extreme section of the anarchist movement4 ,i gave up the whole of my property to the support of newspapers1 to the publication of pamphlets1 to the support of agitators1 and so on4 ,but1 at the same time1 ,i remained in touch with the 8upper ten thousand40 ,i travelled through the principal countries of ,europe and ,america1 everywhere forming associations1 everywhere developing amid the receptive element of the movement my most radical tendencies--in most cases with good result4 7,he now describes in detail his propagandist destructive activity1 especially in ,spain47 ,,ix4 ,meanwhile1 in my home in ,eastern ,europe the revolutionary tendency was continually gaining force2 anarchism also became more influential4 ,i felt that there was the proper field for my further activity4 ,henceforward ,i lived partly in ,paris and partly in ,genf and ,zrich1 in order from these places to guide the movement in my direction4 ,among my own countrymen ,i soon found adherents to whom nothing seemed too fantastic1 nothing too radical4 ,soon we were in possession of a small printing-office1 with the aid of which we issued leaflets1 pamphlets1 and newspapers4 ,these generally contained the same ideas3 the working classes should not bother themselves with political demands1 such as 8universal suffrage10 8individual liberty10 and the like4 ,for1 even if all these were to be gained1 social oppression and exploitation would remain unaltered3 these are what they feel most deeply1 and from these evils all the others result4 ,the working classes should rather aim at the 8social revolution10 they should undertake the 8expropriation of the expropriators40 ,in the newspapers and pamphlets we proved in a scientific manner the justice of all forms of individual expropriation--robbery with violence1 theft1 extortion1 etc42 we conducted an attack on property2 we demanded the destruction of wealth1 whether in private hands or in the hands of the ,state1 in order that its possession might be more easily gained4 ,when the war between ,japan and ,russia broke out1 we all felt that the time for increased activity had now arrived--most of us moved to ,poland1 ,lithuania1 or ,bessarabia4 ,a few only remained in ,switzerland1 in order to keep a grip upon the organization in these parts4 ,x4 ,for me there now began a period of frightful sufferings4444 ,with frenzied haste1 ,i seized all the possible news from the seat of war2 greedily ,i consulted the reports of great battles lasting for entire weeks2 ,i read of the dreadful storming of ,port ,arthur4 ,all the horrible details passed plainly before my eyes4 ,all the frightful tortures of the masses ,i represented in my imagination4 ,i saw how they stood in battle day after day2 how they had lost consciousness in consequence of hunger and thirst and fatigue1 and so went on fighting as mere automata4 ,ultimately they even forgot to take nourishment1 to drink1 and to rest--they actually did not any longer understand that they could free themselves from their torture of hunger and thirst1 could save their lives1 by eating and drinking--so they went on in a frenzy until they fell4 ,i was no longer capable of doing anything else than1 with a swimming head1 with temples pulsating with fever1 studying war reports4 ,day and night these pictures were before me4 ,oh1 if ,i could only stand with them in this hell6444 ,how ,i loved them1 these people who were capable of such grand actions6444 ,i wished to call out to them3 8,be embraced1 ,o millions6 ,receive the kiss of the whole world60444 ,yes1 these are the true civilized nations6444 ,to what progress must these horrible sufferings give rise8 ,what a future for mankind6 ,what joys to come6 ,,xi4 ,meanwhile the whole of my property had been used up in the revolutionary movement4 ,the little money that was still available1 that we were still able to scrape together here and there1 was necessarily used for party purposes4 ,i therefore suffered the most horrible poverty--now in ,warsaw1 now in ,lodz1 ,bialystok1 ,kiew1 or ,odessa4 444 ,most of our adherents were among the poor ,jewish quarters of these towns4 ,my earnings consisted of occasional work and occasional theft4 ,when there was nothing doing in either of these ways1 ,i moved on with a few of my own kind from one of our supporters to another4444 ,these people divided with us the little they had4 ,it was a voluptuous joy to me1 finally1 to plunge into the uttermost depths of misery which it is possible to reach4 ,it was an enormous victory to be able to live in such surroundings4 ,what glorious torments ,i suffered1 until ,i had overcome the disgust and loathing which the whole environment produced in me6 ,everywhere we were amidst horrible dirt4 ,notwithstanding all the dirt and misery in which ,i saw these people wallowing--or1 precisely1 because of these things--,i began to love them as hitherto ,i had loved no others4444 ,when they told me of the frightful persecutions which their people had endured as no other had done1 then ,i experienced an unnamable yearning to be one of them2 then ,i wondered at the enormous power with which1 notwithstanding all persecutions1 amidst the most frightful misery which ,i saw around me1 yet they were able to be the most ardent revolutionists4 ,,xii4 ,everywhere now the revolution was in flood4 ,we developed a feverish activity in all our centres4444 ,at first we had no very great influence1 but our emissaries were actively at work everywhere1 in order to convert our movement from a political one to a social one1 or at least to an economic one4 ,for this purpose we had provided a secret printing-press in ,warsaw1 where we prepared the necessary leaflets4 ,they were written by a student1 who was a genius in this speciality4 ,no one understood as well as he how to appeal to the instincts of the crowd4 ,the moving power of his style was incomparable4444 ,he put the facts side by side1 illuminated them from the side that seemed to him most suitable1 and then drew his conclusions1 which1 in their simple convincing logic1 seemed irresistible4 ,then he turned to inflame fanaticism1 reminded us how1 then and there1 and there1 and there1 so many victims had been sacrificed to the same idea2 how1 there and elsewhere1 on the barricades men had died for it1 and had rather rotted in prison than abandon their just demands4 ,in this way he always succeeded in moving the crowd4 ,it was very efficacious1 also1 to remind the people of all the little tricks which had been played upon them by the manufacturers and by the authorities2 he drew their attention to the fact how they1 who had created everything1 were actually not recognized as human beings1 far less as human beings with equal rights4444 ,these proofs most readily infuriated the proletarians to frenzy1 and in some places1 as in ,lagonsk1 ,tiflis1 and ,baku1 we succeeded in turning the movement in the economic direction4 ,it was a great advantage that we had associates everywhere1 and we were quickly notified when the rain was likely to begin1 so that we could speedily move to another place4 ,in ,tiflis the affair did not go as ,i wished2 here the people were only too practical4444 ,they began neither to strike1 nor to demolish1 nor to attack the soldiers4444 ,no4444 ,they simply said3 8,so much wages do we want2 then we shall work only for such a time2 and no commodity must rise in price4444 ,every one who will not take part with us we shall shoot40444 ,all the inhabitants joined them4444 ,after a short time all this came to nothing4 ,baku was more pleasing to me4444 ,here the petroleum-borers made their demands1 and as these were not agreed to within two days1 they set fire to #adj wells4444 ,then1 to my great regret1 the proprietors agreed to everything which had been demanded4 ,i had been so inhumanly glad to see my life-ideal fulfilled4 ,it seemed as if the situation was going to be such as ,i had often imagined4444 ,a long time already had the religious and racial hatred between the ,armenians and the ,tartars been inflamed to the uttermost4 ,in the whole of the ,caucasus there was a bubbling as if in a witch's cauldron4444 ,naturally1 ,i remained in ,baku1 in order to be ready for what ,i hoped would happen there4 ,the whole population was at the uttermost point of tension2 everything seemed painfully uncertain2 would the dance begin or not8444 ,i felt that it would only be necessary to throw a grain of sand into machine1 and in an instant it would lead to an avalanche4444 ,i was possessed by a frightful excitement2 this mental tension was intolerable4444 ,from minute to minute the horrible anxiety of the undetermined increased in me1 and the hellish desire still burned within me2 ,i longed that it might start at this very minute1 so that1 at last1 my nerve-destroying tension might be relieved4 ,then ,i became possessed with a demoniacal idea3 one only needed to give the slightest little push at the right place1 and the storm would break4 ,inwardly ,i shuddered at the idea of the horrible consequences2 and yet something within me drove me forward with an irresistible force--finally1 to close the switch1 and to allow the current to pass which must give rise to the explosion4444 8,it is only a kind of benevolent midwifery10 something seemed to whisper in my ear4 8,it must happen1 in any case6444 ,the sooner the storm breaks1 the better60 ,thus ,i was subjected to a conflict of perceptions1 which made me quite irresponsible4 ,i was hurled to and fro by momentary feelings like a football4 ,a single word from the other side would have produced in me such a suggestion that ,i should have blindly done anything ,i might have been asked to do4 ,my state resembled that of those people of whom ,blanqui says3 8,paris at any moment contains #ej1jjj men who are ready at a wave of the hand to shed blood for any cause40 ,it is indifferent to them1 he might have added1 if it is for the cause of freedom or for the cause of reaction4 ,this 8destroy-everything mood10 which had so long been to me a psychological riddle1 ,i was now able to study in my own person1 as the result of an intensified masochistic predisposition4444 ,at the foundation of the whole hermaphroditic state1 there lay nothing else than the love of humanity4444 ,an everyday humanity offers us no new sensations4444 ,we are only able to love when it is out of the ordinary4444 ,for this reason1 we strive to see mankind in pain and poverty--in order that we may love men more ardently2 to love them for that reason1 because their misery provides for us intense pain4 ,for days ,i wandered about1 fighting within myself a frightful spiritual battle4444 ,i felt that the only alternatives were either to bring about a catastrophe or suicide4 ,to wait any longer was beyond my powers4 ,a chance must decide4444 ,a kind of trance state had taken possession of my organism4444 ,i knew nothing rightly3 ,i did not know if everything around me was reality or only a dream6444 ,yes1 ,i even doubted my own existence6444 ,at no moment did ,i know where ,i was1 how ,i had come there1 what ,i had just been doing1 what ,i really was4444 ,i remember only that suddenly ,i was walking in the street in deep conversation with a man entirely unknown to me4444 ,our conversation turned round the question1 ,what was going to happen8444 ,both of us were reserved1 both on the watch2 each seemed to have the feeling--8,he is seeing through me2 ,i must not betray myself6444 ,perhaps ,i shall be able to get something out of him60444 ,thus1 we spoke with the most extreme caution about that which each of us read in the soul of the other4444 ,the passers-by stared at us2 possibly we had been speaking rather too loudly4 ,it appeared to me that someone was following us in order to listen to our conversation2 we stopped1 in order that this person might be compelled to walk past us4 ,it was an impudent lad1 in the years between boyhood and manhood2 he stopped also1 with his hands in his trousers pockets1 a few paces distant1 and listened to us with interest4444 ,my companion was as much taken aback as ,i was myself1 and we both began to stammer4 ,at the moment a crowd of gapers had collected around us1 hoping to hear something of interest4 ,we both became continually more confused2 my head began to swim1 and ,i began to say something4 ,it must have been nonsense that ,i spoke1 for my companion looked at me1 half astonished and half alarmed1 and several persons in the crowd began to titter4 ,this made me suddenly lose my head more even than before1 and ,i began to get angry4 ,suddenly ,i shouted out to my companion3 8,that will have the most frightful results2 they have cut off the ,tartar's feet and hands1 and now the ,tartars will massacre the whole town60444 ,all those around me began to talk to one another at once4 8,cut off feet and hands60444 ,i had turned the switch and the current had passed4444 ,i do not know how ,i got home4444 ,my landlady rushed to me with the news3 8,the ,tartars are going to burn the town to ashes1 and to murder all the ,armenians4 ,some of them have had their feet and hands cut off2 their noses have been slit1 their eyes cut out2 boiling oil has been poured into their ears4444 ,the people are all running away1 or barricading themselves in their houses60 ,,xiii4 ,i did not see the beginning of the drama1 for immediately after my return home ,i fell into a death-like slumber1 which lasted more than fifty hours4 ,no one could have kept about after such a spiritual storm4444 ,when ,i awoke1 ,i was so weak that only with labour could ,i move a few paces2 my whole body trembled unceasingly4444 ,i had absolutely no other desire but for repose4444 ,after ,i had somewhat recovered1 ,i went to sleep again until the next morning4 ,now ,i once more felt comparatively strong1 although my arms and legs still trembled4 ,my hostess--a ,german woman1 long ago deserted in this town--gave me an account of the atrocities perpetrated by the ,tartars4 ,as ,i went out1 the town seemed to be dead4 ,in the streets there still lay numerous horrible1 mutilated corpses2 the shops were closed2 here and there houses were demolished4 ,as far as ,i could learn1 in ,tiflis the ,tartars had done even worse4444 ,here in ,baku they had fired the boring-wells of the ,armenians2 from these the fire had spread to the rest1 so that the entire petroleum industry was ruined1 and #aj1jjj men were out of work4 ,all this1 however1 made no impression on me4 ,a frightful relaxation and apathy had taken possession of me2 ,i felt neither pain1 nor pleasure1 nor sympathy4 ,it was the reaction following the previous hypertension of the nerves4 ,i cared no longer to stay here1 and ,i resolved to return to ,kiew1 and later to ,warsaw or to ,lodz4 ,,xiv4 ,after a short stay in ,rostow1 on the ,don1 ,i reached ,kiew1 and was received by the group with much joy4 ,they had believed that ,i had fallen in the massacre at ,baku or ,tiflis4 ,our successes in ,tiflis and ,baku in the economic province1 by means of the economic terror1 were now utilized at every opportunity2 they only regretted that1 owing to the racial conflict1 everything had been once more destroyed4 ,during my absence there had been many changes here4 ,in ,odessa1 ,kiew1 ,warsaw1 ,lodz1 and ,bialystok1 successful 8expropriations0 had been effected4 ,these 8new tactics0 had not only been strikingly successful in almost every case1 but they had also attracted towards us the sympathies of those who had hitherto not taken in much earnest our influence upon the revolution4 ,these 8expropriations0 were carried out in various ways4 ,for example1 by one of our associates1 who was an official in the postal service1 we were kept informed when1 anywhere in the neighbourhood of the town1 the post-office coach was to pass an isolated place1 carrying anything of considerable value4 ,we then attacked it and plundered it4 ,or we sent out spies to learn when1 in any great person's house1 or in any bank1 large sums of money would be on hand1 and at what time the fewest employees would be there4 ,armed to the teeth1 we crowded in1 and demanded the surrender of the money1 leaving in its place a receipt with the dreaded imprint of our organization4 ,it also happened--as in ,odessa--that a bomb was exploded in a business locality4 ,every one ran up to see what had happened4 ,meanwhile1 one of our bands entered the place of business from behind and plundered the safe4 ,what a quantity of intelligence1 energy1 perseverance1 and knowledge had to be employed1 to render such enterprises possible6 ,how we had to watch for weeks1 to form plans and reject them2 how our arrangements must be altered at the last moment1 or the enterprise entirely abandoned6 ,of this every one and no one can form an idea for himself4 ,here1 at any rate1 ,i do not propose to give a detailed description of these affairs1 because my sketches do not aim at giving a description of the revolution1 or of those who participated in it1 but simply and solely to represent the motives of my own activity3 ,therefore ,i describe my own environment1 only in so far as it is necessary to do so for the understanding of these motives4 ,these 8expropriations0 were1 moreover1 not an anarchist speciality1 for they were also undertaken by the other terrorist parties4 ,he1 however1 who believes that the revolutionaries employed this money for their personal needs is grossly deceived4 ,after1 as before1 they remained in their miserable holes1 eating rotten herrings and going barefoot1 in order not to destroy their union with the workmen1 and not to lose the latter's confidence4 ,the money was used solely for revolutionary purposes--for providing weapons and printing-presses2 for the erection of laboratories for making bombs2 for the expenses of the journeys of smugglers and propagandists2 for bribery2 and for the support of those who had been arrested1 and of their families--also the families of those who had been killed or wounded4 ,,xv4 ,soon after my return from ,baku1 ,i was transferred to ,warsaw1 in order to take part in the ,may-day celebrations of #aije--these ,may-day celebrations taking place according to the calendar of non-,russian countries4 ,the war1 the unceasing extensive strikes and disturbances1 had resulted everywhere in giving rise to horrible misery1 which was further increased by the political crisis and by the arrest of all branches of industry4 ,all the misery of which ,i had always dreamed ,i now saw unceasingly around me4 ,it might be believed that at length my desires would have obtained satisfaction6 ,but this was not so4 ,in the same degree as that with which the poverty around me increased did my sensibility1 too1 become blunted2 ,i became accustomed to its appearance2 ,i regarded it as an everyday occurrence1 as something easily comprehensible4 ,somewhat more did ,i love and honour humanity on account of this misery2 but not to the extent of something beyond force1 something 8superhuman10 which would have been necessary for my complete satisfaction4 ,perhaps in ,baku ,i should have experienced this superhuman feeling1 had it not been that at the decisive moment my body gave way under the strain4 ,was that1 perhaps1 prearranged by ,nature8 ,has ,nature imposed these limits upon an individual1 in order to prevent him from raising himself above the human standard8 ,can it be that the state into which ,i fell at ,baku resembled a 8syncope of the soul10 which ensued when my psychical state began to verge upon the superhuman1 in consequence of the torments around me1 just as bodily syncope renders us unconscious when physical pain exceeds the limits of human capacity8 ,these questions now began to occupy me4 ,i could only attain certainty by means of experiment2 and ,i must obtain certainty1 even if the half of humanity had to be sacrificed1 as one sacrifices a rabbit in an experiment4 ,impatiently ,i awaited the first of ,may4444 ,perhaps that day would bring me a solution of the riddle6444 ,the workmen were still undecided3 should they demonstrate or not8444 ,i began to urge them in favour of the demonstration2 my reason is easy to understand4444 ,it was unquestionably one of the largest demonstrations that ,warsaw had ever witnessed4 ,in the narrow streets there was packed an innumerable crowd4 ,suddenly from all sides the soldiers charged the demonstration4444 ,a frightful panic--such as ,i have never before seen--seized the crowd4 ,resistance was not to be thought of--it was a sauve qui peut6 ,in mad fear of death1 every one began to scream1 and to seek refuge in the houses4444 ,at the doors of the houses there ensued a frightful pressure4 ,many were thrown to the ground2 these were trodden to pulp4 ,on the ground-floor the windows were broken in1 and people crawled through them into the houses4 ,meanwhile1 the ,cossacks were raging up and down1 cutting people down with their sabres4 ,there were deafening screams of fear1 and with these and with the groans of the wounded there mingled the bestial 8,siy0 of the ,cossacks1 so as to produce a nerve-lacerating concert of hell4 ,and around one could see the unnaturally dilated pupils1 the widely opened eyes1 and the faces distracted with anxiety1 of those who were seeking safety in flight4 ,the same excitement had seized on me also2 with a wildly beating heart1 and an unbearably distressing feeling of contracture in the loins1 which produced in my entire organism a kind of 8anxious ecstasy10 ,i began to hope4444 ,but it would not come4444 ,,xvi4 ,in ,odessa1 which was exhausted by unceasing fights and strikes1 the strength of the reaction began to make itself felt1 and there were fears of a 8pogrom0 7an attack on the ,jews74 ,the forces of the reaction in these pogroms always made use of the ,lumpenproletariat 7the blackguardly element of the mob74 ,since the most trustworthy of our ,odessa associates were ,jews1 and thus had no influence with the ,lumpenproletariat1 they urged me to go to ,odessa1 and1 as a non-,hebrew1 to use my influence to prevent the pogrom4 ,it was not possible for me to refuse1 although in secret ,i rejoiced at the prospect of the pogrom4 ,in ,kiew1 where ,i had some business1 ,i met by chance an acquaintance belonging to my more prosperous past4 ,this man knew nothing of my revolutionary activities4 ,he1 for his part1 was an arch anti-,semite4 ,in consequence of the disturbances1 his business had been completely ruined4 ,he described the whole revolution as the work of the ,jews1 and also abused the ,government1 which1 in his opinion1 was to blame for the weakness which it exhibited in dealing with the revolutionary forces4 8,but10 he continued1 with a wink1 8if the ,government does nothing1 we shall know how to help ourselves a little60 ,i pretended to be entirely of his opinion1 and he told me in confidence that there already existed in ,odessa a secret committee1 which was to take the matter in hand4 ,he also was a member4 ,a large sum of money had already been collected1 in order to pay certain persons who were to arrange the entire 8,hetze40 ,if ,i wished1 ,i could be his guest1 and he would make me a member of the committee4 ,i agreed4 ,the next day ,i was actually enrolled in the committee4 ,who the members really were ,i did not learn4 ,one characteristic was common to them all--a frightful indolence4444 ,everything was ready4 ,they would arrange for patriotic demonstrations1 and would then throw proclamations amongst the people1 to tell them that the ,jews had sworn an oath to combine with the ,japanese for the destruction of ,holy ,russia2 that the revolution had been begun by the ,jews in order that the ,little ,father's army must meet enemies on both sides at once4 ,thus1 for all the present misery the ,jews only were to blame1 etc4444 ,everything had been arranged already1 and was in the hands of people who were prepared to undertake the whole affair4 ,the only thing now wanting was the proclamation4 ,my acquaintances now began to praise my genius as an author1 and they all pressed me to begin immediately to compose the required leaflet4 ,the proposal suited me2 ,i do not need to say why4 ,with zeal ,i threw myself upon the task1 and the proclamation was a masterpiece of demagogic art1 and a crowning example of the 8appeal to the beast in man10 as it is ordinarily called4 ,the diffusion of this 8document of civilization10 as it is called by the revolutionists1 took place in connexion with the planned demonstration4 ,the day passed without an outbreak1 although the imminence of the storm could1 as one may say1 be felt in the air4 ,not until the evening were a few ,jews beaten here and there4 ,on the second day our people arranged for a second demonstration4 ,from the other side they endeavoured to form a counter-demonstration1 and the two came in conflict4 ,the ,black ,hundreds 7drawn from the ,lumpenproletariat71 who fought in the name of 8patriotism10 dispersed the counter-demonstrators1 and began to demolish and to plunder in the ,jewish quarter of the town4 ,the breaking of the panes of glass1 and the destruction of the goods in the shop-windows and of the furniture in the houses1 seemed to inflame the crowd more and more2 they must have experienced a sort of voluptuous sensation in connexion with these activities4 ,finally1 they found some ,jews who had hidden themselves4 ,a horrible yell was now raised4 ,the ,jews were dragged out into the street2 they were struck with everything available--with cudgels1 hatchets1 and knives--until they were completely unrecognizable4 ,the crowd found more and more of them4 ,most of them threw themselves on their knees and begged for life2 it was most horrible to see them1 beaten till their features were no longer distinguishable1 still pleading for mercy4 ,now the mob really began to smell blood1 and to display its whole true human nature4 ,each began to murder according to his own individual fancy4 ,here a man cut the breast from a nursing mother2 there they tore the clothes from some girls1 and flogged them naked through the streets4 ,in another place they dragged a ,jewess1 naked1 from her house into the street1 tied her hand and foot1 and fastened her by the hair to the axle of a cab2 then they drove off at a gallop until she was battered to death4 ,behind the cab there ran street-arabs1 striking at her body4444 ,but to what purpose is it to describe these scenes1 at which one's heart is convulsed in one's body with sorrow1 and simultaneously one wishes to exult with joy and triumph8 ,here ,i saw once more1 in their proper environment1 the #ej1jjj of whom ,blanqui speaks4 ,a wave of the hand would have sufficed--although #ii per cent1 of them unquestionably felt no hostility towards the ,jews--to produce in all of them the most infernal anti-,semitic excesses4 ,if the police would allow it1 as they allow the pogrom1 another wave of the hand would direct the mob with no less ease to make an attack on another human variety--for example1 on the capitalists4 ,what psychological factor drove them on8444 ,was it simply a tendency to cruelty8444 ,no6444 ,a love of cruelty considered by itself1 without a nobler motive1 is inhuman1 inharmonious to human nature1 and man cannot escape his own nature4 ,there must therefore be other motives at the basis of such actions1 motives of a nature more humanly comprehensible4 ,but look at all those slaughterers6 ,regard their physiognomy6 ,not a trace of cruelty--only suffering1 unheard-of suffering1 is reflected on these faces6444 ,the fear of death and the pain of their victims prepares for themselves incredible torment6444 ,do you not believe that these people will return to their houses1 and will suffer intense mental pain8444 ,they will continually see1 in imagination1 the last beseeching glance of their victim1 full of complaint and reproach1 directed upon them6444 ,what hatred1 what contempt1 will they feel for the animal which has awakened within them6 ,they will feel a longing to spit in their own faces1 to strike themselves1 to strangle themselves6444 ,before every one whom they meet they will lower their eyes3 8,he knows that ,i have murdered people1 amid the most cruel tortures1 against whom there was no hatred in my heart--murdered only for this reason3 because ,i had within me the instinctive demand for spiritual torment2 because by the situation in which ,i suddenly found myself one pole of my hermaphrodite nature was suddenly discharged60 8,they are masochists1 only they do not know it40 ,self-contempt suddenly seized me amidst this ,satanic orgy of suffering on the part of such unconscious1 instinctive masochists4 ,the remembrance that all these persons were being led onwards by a blind animal impulse1 and that to-morrow they would fall on their knees before their ,god and pray to ,him for pardon1 filled me with disgust4 ,i began to hate this stupid mass4 ,i wanted to see them grovel in the dust themselves1 and howl for mercy4 ,for this purpose it was only necessary to organize the ,selbstschutz 7a union for the prevention of persecution of the ,jews74 ,in order to effect this1 ,i tried to get into the ,jewish quarter4 ,i succeeded in doing so by means of some side passages4 ,hardly had ,i reached this quarter1 when ,i came across masses of these 8,self-,protectors40 ,finally1 ,i found among them some acquaintances1 and ,i joined them4 ,a heated contest now began to rage4444 ,as the ,black ,hundreds were now so energetically attacked1 all their heroism was speedily at an end3 they took to flight4 ,at this moment the soldiers appeared--not1 as one might have imagined1 to attack the ,black ,hundreds1 but to attack the 8,self-,protectors40 ,my arm1 which was stretched out in front of me1 was traversed longitudinally by a rifle-bullet in a peculiar manner4 ,i sank to the ground at first1 but soon recovered sufficiently to get up and run away4 ,that inexpressible sense of complete satisfaction by means of suffering1 for which ,i was continually searching--which1 so to say1 ,i felt to slumber within me--once more appeared in actual experience4 ,i always had the impression that there was something wanting1 that it was necessary to awaken something within me which hitherto had existed in my consciousness only in a dormant state4444 ,at the same time1 a voice whispered to me that ,i was demanding something superhuman2 that the attainment of such a thing must logically overwhelm my purely human powers1 and that it would involve my annihilation4 ,day and night these thoughts tormented me3 8,you must gain this experience--even if it involves your destruction6444 ,but what if1 at the last moment--as at ,baku--a further incapacity1 a #8spiritual syncope1' ensues80 ,one thing ,i knew--8,when you reach it1 it will only be by yourself2 all others will break to pieces before you60 ,,xvii4 ,i no longer had any interest in the development of revolutionary affairs1 since for my own purposes they were no longer serviceable4 ,the new questions which now arose--as1 for example1 the propaganda among the ,lumpenproletariat--left me cold4444 ,in the pogrom we had seen what an unawakened force--reputed as revolutionary1 but in reality masochistic--was slumbering in the ,lumpenproletariat4 ,that this force could also be used in the service of reaction was ascribed to the fact that all these thieves1 criminals1 and prostitutes1 came into contact only with the working classes4 ,but since they earn from the latter nothing but contempt1 their sensibility was turned against the working classes4 ,this unfortunate state of affairs it was proposed to counteract by going among the criminals1 just as in earlier years they had gone among the working people4 ,an endeavour was made to organize the ,lumpenproletariat1 in order to win their sympathies4 ,the movement was in part successful1 although it brought with it much corruption4 ,thus it happened that the criminals endeavoured to turn the matter to their own advantage1 and began to pursue their profession in the name of anarchism4 ,for example1 in ,warsaw they visited the house of an enormously rich ,jewish banker1 whose father had recently died1 and1 under the mask of anarchism1 demanded from him #aj1jjj roubles1 with the threat that if he did not give the money1 they would dig up the corpse of his father and bury it in unconsecrated ground4 ,when we remember there is nothing more horrible for an orthodox ,jew than to rest in unconsecrated soil1 we shall understand that the banker gave the money2 but this occurrence aroused a great sensation1 and people began to identify anarchists with common criminals4 ,now the anarchists had to endure the persecution1 not only of the ,government1 but also that of other revolutionary parties and of the ,lumpenproletariat--the latter for this reason3 because they did not wish their names to be associated with actions which were undertaken for personal advantage1 and not for revolutionary aims4 ,this campaign against the anarchists from three different sides must soon bring about disaster4 ,during this time ,i was perpetually puzzling over the problem3 8,will the idea you have dreamed of be realized within you8444 ,will it lead to your destruction8444 ,or will it overwhelm your powers1 and lead once more to spiritual syncope80 ,by means of an experiment1 the matter could be determined6444 ,supposing one were to distribute broadcast plague bacilli6444 ,if entire towns were to suffer from this disease6444 ,if the fear of death was to seize the whole crowd of those who1 in their cowardice at every strike1 every demonstration1 every fight at the barricades1 had hidden behind the stove or crept under the bed6444 ,if this fear of death were to increase to a general panic1 affecting entire towns1 entire countries1 as happened in the middle ages6444 ,if the people1 in their despair1 should look for the disseminators of the trouble1 and should proceed to hew one another to pieces6444 ,would my relief come then8444 ,will there be an answer for me8 ,i shudder to think of the suffering which this would entail for me6 ,i feel that ,i am not equal to this6444 ,i suffer1 on the other hand1 inexpressibly1 because ,i have no answer1 no recognition1 no satisfaction6444 ,i will--and ,i cannot4 ,to endure longer this hermaphroditic state--this is death or lunacy6444 ,what to do8444 ,how to free oneself from this horrible dilemma8 ,oh1 why am ,i not like others8444 ,why cannot ,i simply accept that which is8444 ,why do ,i torment myself to climb the mountain1 in order to stand before a bottomless abyss8444 ,before an abyss whose secret depths will be manifest to me only if ,i hurl myself into it6444 ,what to do8444 ,what to do8444 ,shall ,i1 or shall ,i not8444 ,i will6444 ,i must6444 ,as ,i was about to do it1 ,i was arrested6 ,chance or foresight8 ,oh1 fate1 fate6 ,that is too much of suffering6444 ,oh1 mankind1 mankind1 what have you done8444 ,a single one wished to see4 ,a single one wished to tear a veil from the image--and you have hindered it6444 ,eternally you will have darkness around you6444 ,but why will you not allow me to see the light8 ,is it thus that you thank me1 who have loved humanity as no other has loved6 ,yes2 that is once over again the cruel1 the pitiless philosophy of ,golgotha-- 8,he who will love--must suffer60 #ehh ,havelock ,ellis1 8,studies in the ,psychology of ,sex10 vol4 iii41 8,analysis of the ,sexual ,impulse40 #ehi ,a special account of this matter is found in an interesting work by ,g4 ,h4 ,schneider1 8,joy and ,sorrow of the ,human ,race3 a ,social and ,psychological ,investigation of the ,fundamental ,problems of ,ethics0 7,stuttgart1 #ahhc74 #eij ,cf4 ,eugen ,dhren 7,iwan ,bloch71 8,recent ,researches regarding the ,marquis de ,sade and his ,time0 7,berlin1 #aijd74 ,i refer the reader to this1 my second1 work on the ,marquis de ,sade1 as a critical description of the true de ,sade based upon contemporary sources4 ,my former work upon this subject ,i now regard as inadequate1 youthful1 and containing numerous errors4 #eia ,see the description of this in ,g4 ,hirth's 8,ways to ,love10 p4 #fch4 #eib ,they are still more clearly to be observed in animals4 #eic ,havelock ,ellis1 8,eroticism and ,pain10 in his 8,analysis of the ,sexual ,impulse40 #eid ,friedrich ,s4 ,krauss1 8,procreation in the ,morals1 the ,customs1 and the ,beliefs of the ,southern ,slavs10 published in ,kryptadia1 vol4 vii41 pp4 #bjh1 #bji 7,paris1 #ahii74 #eie ,a4 ,eulenburg1 8,sadism and ,masochism10 published in 8,borderland ,questions of ,nervous and ,mental ,life10 ,no4 #ai1 pp4 #i1 #aj 7published by ,loewenfeld and ,kurella1 ,wiesbaden1 #aijb74 #eif ,ch4 ,fr1 8,sadism in the ,bull-fight10 published in the ,revue de ,mdecine1 #aijj1 ,no4 #h4 #eig ,the sadistic element in lynch law has recently been most vividly described by ,feliz ,baumann in his interesting book1 8,in ,darkest ,america3 ,manners and ,customs in the ,united ,states40 7,dresden1 #aijb74 #eih ,francisque ,bouiller1 ,du ,plaisir et de la ,douleur1 p4 #gb 7,paris1 #ahfe74 #eii ,a4 ,horwicz1 8,psychological ,analysis on ,psychological ,grounds10 p4 #cfa 7,magdeburg1 #ahgh74 #fjj ,michel ,montaigne1 8,essais10 p4 #ce 7,paris1 #ahhf74 #fja ,havelock ,ellis1 8,analysis of the ,sexual ,impulse40 #fjb ,j4 ,j4 ,virey1 8,woman10 p4 #cdg4 #fjc ,this point of view has been especially insisted on by ,felix von ,luschan4 ,cf4 ,politsch-anthropologische ,revue1 #aijb1 ,no4 #a p4 #ga4 #fjd ,k4 von don ,steinen1 8,the ,savage ,races of ,central ,brazil10 p4 #ccb 7,berlin1 #ahid74 #fje ,s4 ,r4 ,steinmetz1 8,ethnological ,studies regarding the ,first ,development of ,punishment10 vol4 i41 p4 #bc 7,leiden and ,leipzig1 #ahid74 #fjf ,cf4 also ,albert ,eulenburg1 8,sadism and ,masochism10 pp4 #eg-fh 7with a good bibliography2 ,wiesbaden1 #aijb72 ,iwan ,bloch1 8,contributions to the ,etiology of ,psychopathia ,sexualis10 vol4 ii41 pp4 #ge-ig2 ,pierre ,gunol1 8,l'trange ,passion4 ,la ,flagellation dans les ,murs d',aujourd'hui4 tudes et ,documents0 7,paris1 #aijd72 ,don ,brennus ,alra1 8,la ,flagellation ,passionelle0 7,paris1 #aije72 ,lord ,drialys1 8,les ,dlices du ,fouet4 ,prcd d'un ,essai sur la ,flagellation et le ,masochisme par ,jean de ,villiot0 7contains numerous interesting details2 ,paris1 #aijg74 #fjg ,especially at the time when flogging as a judicial punishment was still practised in ,germany4 ,the sadistic influence of this punishment is described by ,w4 ,reinhard in his celebrated book 8,lenchen im ,zuchthause0 78,lenchen in the ,penitentiary071 reprinted #aija 7,karlsruhe1 #ahdj74 ,in ,russia these conditions remain unaltered4 #fjh ,p4 ,ncke1 8,forensic1 ,psychiatrical1 and ,psychological ,aspects of the ,trial of ,dippold1 especially in ,connexion with ,sadism10 published in the ,archives for ,criminal ,anthropology1 #aijc1 vol4 xiii41 ,no4 #d1 pp4 #cej-cgb4 #fji ,regarding the ,english flagellation brothels1 and regarding ,theresa ,berkley1 see my work1 8,the ,sexual ,life in ,england10 vol4 ii41 pp4 #dbi-ddc4 #faj ,h4 ,lawes1 8,die ,weibliche ,reize10 p4 #ahj 7,leipzig1 circa #ahgg74 #faa ,siegfried ,trkel 78,sexual ,pathological ,cases10 published in the ,archives for ,criminal ,anthropology1 vol4 xi41 pp4 #bai1 #bbj7 reports the case of an actor1 who1 known under the name of 8,the ,ravisher10 induced prostitutes1 whom he paid liberally1 to resist him sometimes for hours1 and then apparently to yield to his superior force4 ,he once took a young girl into his dwelling1 bound her suddenly1 and violated her in this state4 #fab ,in this case1 according to von ,krafft-,ebing1 the life of his victim depended on the fact whether ejaculation occurred soon or late4 #fac ,cf4 ,santlus1 8,the ,psychology of ,human ,impulses10 published in the ,archives for ,psychiatry1 #ahfd1 vol4 vi41 p4 #bee4 #fad ,cf4 regarding sadistic arson my 8,contributions to the ,etiology of ,psychopathia ,sexualis10 vol4 ii41 pp4 #aaf-aah4 #fae ,g4 ,chr4 ,lichtenberg1 8,miscellaneous ,writings10 edited by ,l4 ,chr4 ,lichtenberg and ,friedrich ,kries1 vol4 ii41 p4 #ddg 7,gttingen1 #ahja74 #faf ,to this category belongs also the peculiar case reported by ,siegfried ,trkel 78,sexual ,pathological ,cases10 published in the ,archives for ,criminal ,anthropology1 #aijc1 vol4 xi41 pp4 #bae-bah7 of a historian who became sexually excited by the view of a woman suffering from sexual deprivation1 and of her mental trouble4 ,another man 7ibid41 p4 #bbb1 #bbc7 obtained sexual excitement and gratification only by watching the anxiety of women--for example1 of such as he had himself falsely accused of theft6 #fag ,cf4 the reference to erotic dictionaries in my 8,contributions to the ,etiology of ,psychopathia ,sexualis10 vol4 ii41 pp4 #ajd1 #aje4 ,recently ,f4 ,s4 ,krauss1 in his 8,anthropophyteia10 has devoted special attention to this peculiar manifestation of the popular soul4 #fah ,r4 ,schwaebl1 8,les ,dtraques de ,paris10 pp4 #c-aj4 #fai ,the typical literary advocate of masochism1 who in actual life was a passionate worshipper of the whip1 was ,leopold von ,sacher-,masoch 7#ahcf-ahie74 ,cf4 regarding him1 his life1 his sexual perversions1 and his writings1 ,c4 ,f4 von ,schlichtegroll1 8,sacher-,masoch and ,masochism0 7,dresden1 #aija72 ,wanda von ,sacher-,masoch1 8,confessions of my ,life0 7,berlin and ,leipzig1 #aijf72 ,c4 ,f4 von ,schlichtegroll1 8#8,wanda' without ,fur and ,mask4 ,an ,answer to #8,wanda' von ,sacher-,masoch's #8,confessions of ,my ,life1' with extracts from ,sacher-,masoch's ,diary0 7,leipzig1 #aijf74 #fbj ,a4 de ,musset1 8,confessions of a ,child of his ,time40 #fba ,ertel1 8,a #8,slave1'0 published in the ,archives for ,criminal ,anthropology1 issued by ,hans ,gross1 vol4 xxv41 ,nos4 #a and #b1 p4 #ajg 7,leipzig1 #aijf74 ,hamburg appears to be the chief centre of masochistic prostitution4 ,see also the report given by ,d4 ,hausen1 8,the ,cane and the ,whip10 second edition1 pp4 #afd1 #afe 7,dresden1 #aijb74 #fbb ,regarding the voluptuous sensations connected with hanging1 see my 8,contributions to the ,etiology of ,psychopathia ,sexualis10 vol4 ii41 p4 #agc1 and more especially my 8,sexual ,life in ,england10 vol4 iii41 pp4 #id-ii 7,berlin1 #aijc72 also ,havelock ,ellis1 8,analysis of the ,sexual ,impulse40 #fbc ,cf4 ,castor and ,pollux1 8,the ,masseuse ,improprieties of ,berlin0 7,berlin1 #aijj74 #fbd ,this is a favourite masochistic situation4 ,hans ,baldung has immortalized it in a picture1 in which ,phyllis rides upon ,aristotle4 ,i owe to the kindness of my colleague ,dr4 ,kantorowicz1 in ,hanover1 the knowledge that ,j4 von ,falke describes an ivory relief representing the same scene4 ,king ,alexander looks on1 and 8rejoices at the scene--how the bearded old man1 controlled by the beauty1 with the bit in his mouth1 is crawling about on all-fours1 carrying the lady1 armed with a whip40 ,in ,semrau-,lbke's 8,elements of the ,history of ,art10 vol4 iii41 p4 #ecb 7,stuttgart1 #aijc71 a picture on glass1 from the ,rahn ,collection in ,zurich1 is described1 which represents the same history4 #fbe ,ertel1 op4 cit41 pp4 #aje1 #ajf4 #fbf ,the following extremely valuable contribution to the psychology of the ,russian revolution now in progress was sent in ,september1 #aijf1 from ,russia to my colleague ,dr4 ,magnus ,hirschfeld4 ,he most kindly gave me this extremely interesting sketch for publication in this place4 ,it throws a very clear light upon the nature of algolagnia4 ,we have here a unique psychological document1 which deserves the attention of politicians and sociologists no less than that of anthropologists and psychologists4 ,,chapter ,,xxii ,,sexual ,,fetichism 8,with respect to the evolution of physiological love1 it is probable that its germ is always to be sought and to be found in an individual fetichistic charm which a person of one sex exercises upon a person of the other sex40--,r4 ,,von ,,krafft-,,ebing4 ,,contents ,,of ,,chapter ,,xxii ,physiological foundation of sexual fetichism -- ,definition -- 8,partial attraction0 -- ,theory of fetichism -- ,psychological process by which it originates -- ,idealization and accentuation in love -- ,the ideal isolation of certain parts -- 8,lesser0 and 8greater0 fetichism -- ,the most frequent forms of sexual fetichism -- ,racial fetichism -- ,peculiar inclinations towards exotic individuals -- ,hair fetichism -- ,various forms of this -- ,the 8plait-cutters0 -- ,trial of a plait-cutter -- ,hair fetichism in women -- ,baldness fetichism -- ,fetichism for other parts of the body -- ,breast fetichism -- ,genital fetichism -- ,the phallus cult -- ,cunnilinctus and fellatio -- ,a case of genital fetichism -- ,a hermaphrodite fetichist -- ,hand fetichism -- ,buttock fetichism -- ,smell fetichism -- ,red hair and the odour of the body -- ,a passage from d ,annunzio's 8,lust0 -- ,axillary-odour fetichism -- ,the odour of the entire body as a fetich -- ,influence of specific genital odours -- ,skatological fetiches -- 8,skatology0 in folk-lore -- ,the 8muse latrinal0 -- ,the 8renifleurs0 and 8pongeurs0 -- ,sexual perfumes -- ,influence of flowers and scents -- ,sexual taste fetichism -- ,priapistic means of enjoyment -- ,examples -- ,fetichism for horsewomen -- ,for bodily defects -- ,for old men -- ,voice fetichism -- ,object fetichism -- ,shoe fetichism1 or 8retifism0 -- ,explanation of these -- ,peculiarities of shoe fetichism -- ,corset1 stocking1 and handkerchief fetichism -- ,fabric and costume fetichism4 ,,chapter ,,xxii ,like algolagnia1 sexual fetichism rests upon a physiological basis1 and is merely a more or less abnormal increase of fetichistic ideas and perceptions1 which are rooted in the very nature of the sexual attraction4 ,by fetichism 7derived from the ,portuguese feitico ,italian fetisso--magic1 charm7 we understand the limitation of love1 its transference from the entire personality to a portion of this personality1 or1 it may be1 to some lifeless physical object related to the personality4#fbg ,this fascinating 8portion0 of the beloved personality1 or the 8object0 associated with this personality1 is the sexual 8fetich40 ,within physiological limits1 the part concerned exercises a particular attraction1 and is especially exciting1 but in the ideas of the lover it remains associated with the entire personality to which it belongs4 ,fetichism first becomes abnormal1 or pathological1 when the partial representation becomes completely divorced from the general representation of the personality1 so that1 for example1 a plait of hair or a pocket-handkerchief is loved alone and by itself1 disconnected from the person to whom it belongs4 ,the development of love can always be referred to fetichistic ideas1 for when we examine critically the first general impression which the beloved makes upon the lover1 we always find that there are certain parts or functions which have made the greatest impression1 and have exercised a greater erotic influence than other portions4 ,to the former of these1 therefore1 the imagination and the sensibility more especially cleave4 ,in my 8,contributions to the ,etiology of ,psychopathia ,sexualis0 7vol4 ii41 p4 #caa71 ,i defined sexual fetiches as peculiar symbols of the essence of the beloved personality1 with which the idea of the entire type is most readily associated4 ,m4 ,hirschfeld later enunciated the same views4 ,as sexual fetiches we may have3 7#a7 ,portions of the body2 7#b7 functions and emanations of the body2 and 7#c7 objects which have any kind of relation to the body4 ,under 7#a7 we may enumerate the hand1 the foot1 the nose1 the ears1 the eyes1 the hair of the head1 the hair of the beard1 the throat and the back of the neck1 the breasts1 the hips1 the genital organs1 the buttocks1 the calves4 ,all these parts may constitute sexual fetiches4 ,the same is true of all the influences enumerated under 7#b7--viz41 gait1 movement1 voice1 glance1 odour1 complexion4 ,under 7#c7 we may enumerate the clothing as a whole 7as costume7 and in its individual parts1 upper-clothing and underclothing1 hat1 eyeglasses1 way of dressing the hair1 necktie1 bodice1 corset1 chemise1 petticoat1 stockings1 shoes or boots1 apron1 handkerchief1 clothing materials 7fur1 satin1 silk71 the colour of clothing 7mourning1 parti-coloured blouses1 white clothing1 uniform71 fashion 7cul de ,paris1 dcollet and retrouss1 tricot72 indeed1 clothing fetichism goes so far that a particular shape of the heel of the shoe1 a particular mode of ornamentation of some particular part of the clothing1 and1 finally1 any striking part of the clothing1 may become a sexual fetich4 ,this fetichistic influence is further increased by a peculiar characteristic of human love4 ,this is its tendency towards idealization1 beautification1 and enlargement of those parts which especially affect the senses4 ,this beautification and idealization extends from the body to the clothing1 and to articles in general1 used by the beloved person1 but normally remains associated with the entire personality4 ,it is first by means of the enlargement and accentuation of a distinct part that this becomes separated from the general idea1 and thus its removal and conversion into a 8fetich0 is prepared for4 ,in the chapter on clothing we drew attention to this general anthropological phenomenon of the enlargement and accentuation of many parts by means of such measures as painting1 articles of clothing1 exposure1 way of doing the hair1 etc4 ,inasmuch as now1 by the ideal and actual accentuation of the part under consideration1 it is projected as a more independent structure1 and separates itself from the personality as a whole1 it is involuntarily isolated in idea by the fetichist1 and becomes generalized to constitute an independent stimulus1 which may now1 temporarily or permanently1 completely take the place of the personality as a whole4 ,this physiological process embraces both the 8lesser0 and the 8greater0 fetichism of ,binet4 ,the lesser fetichism consists in this3 that the lover1 without going so far as to lose sight completely of the entire person of his beloved1 still directs his attention to individual special charms1 or is in general first attracted to the beloved woman by means of quite distinct qualities1 such as the shape and smallness of the hand1 the colour and sparkling of the eyes1 the abundance and softness of the hair1 the complexion1 a distinct odour1 a melodious voice1 etc4 ,in the 8lesser0 fetichism the partial representation plays1 indeed1 a very prominent part in the general picture1 but does not entirely obliterate this picture4 ,in the 8greater0 fetichism1 on the other hand1 a particular portion1 or function1 or quality1 or an article of clothing1 or an object of customary use belonging to the beloved person1 is isolated from this latter1 and in a sense becomes transformed into the latter1 and assumes wholly and completely the character of a being capable by itself of exercising a sexually exciting influence4 ,this is genuine sexual fetichism4 ,binet and von ,schrenck-,notzing have referred the genesis of fetichism1 as a rule1 to some chance occurrence during childhood--to a fetichistic impression which chanced to coincide with sexual excitement1 and thus obtained a permanently sexual coloration4 ,the time of puberty and the first sexual relationships are especially dangerous for the formation of such associations of ideas4 ,von ,schrenck-,notzing rightly draws attention to the fact that this perverse associative connexion1 as a reaction to powerful external impressions1 does not occur only1 as ,binet assumes1 in predisposed individuals1 but is also quite peculiarly characteristic of the childish mental life at the time when the brain is undergoing growth1 as well as of the less-developed intellectual powers of savage races1 among whom at the present time1 in quite other provinces than the sexual1 fetichism is cultivated in the most excessive manner2 thus1 fetichism is often manifested by persons with perfectly normal brains4 ,such chance occurrences for the origination of sexual fetichism occur in games1 in reading1 in solitary and mutual masturbation4 ,nearly always1 in connexion with the genesis of fetichism1 we can prove that there has been some such actual predisposing cause4 ,in numerous cases of the 8greater0 fetichism1 especially in the category of the hair fetichists 78plait-cutters071 shoe fetichists1 and handkerchief fetichists1 there is also associated a more or less severe psychopathic constitution1 on the foundation of which the fetichistic impulse has developed as a kind of 8coercive idea0 7obsession74 ,these are the cases which have the greatest forensic importance1 and which gain publicity4 ,we shall now proceed to give a brief account of the most important forms of sexual fetichism1 and those most frequently encountered4 ,first of all1 parts1 functions1 and qualities of the body may constitute sexual fetiches2 the possibilities in this respect1 extending from head to foot1 have been enumerated above4 ,moreover1 odd as it may sound1 the entire human being may also become a sexual fetich1 not as a whole personality--that would be normal love--but as a national or racial individual4 ,in such a case we have the so-called 8racial fetichism40 ,the ,european newspapers are full of interesting reports of the peculiar attractive force exercised by exotic individuals1 female or male1 such as negroes1 ,arabs1 ,abyssinians1 ,moors1 ,indians1 ,japanese1 etc41 upon ,european men and women respectively4 ,whenever members of such races come to stay in any ,european capital1 we hear of remarkable love affairs between white girls and these strangers1 of romantic abductions1 and other mad adventures4 ,the novelty1 peculiarity1 piquancy of the strange races has the effect of a fetich4 ,the size1 the figure1 the physiognomy1 tint of skin1 smell1 tattooing1 adornment1 costume1 speech1 dance1 and song1 of these savage men exercise a fascinating influence4 ,white men have from very early times had a peculiar weakness for negroes and for mulatto women and girls4 ,as early as the eighteenth century there existed in ,paris negro brothels2 and somewhat later1 after ,napoleon's ,egyptian expedition1 negroes and negresses came in large numbers to ,paris1 and were utilized for the gratification of the lusts of both sexes4 ,notwithstanding the deeply-rooted racial hatred1 even in ,america racial fetichism gives rise to numerous connexions of this kind4 ,the 8coloured girl0 exercises a powerful attractive force upon the ,american man2 and even the proud ,american woman manifests1 with an especial frequency in ,chicago1 a certain preference for the male negro4#fbh ,but much greater is the alluring force exercised by the white upon the negro4 ,more especially among civilized negroes does the white woman play the part of a fetich4 ,this is the explanation of the frequent rape1 or attempted rape1 of white girls on the part of negroes--one of the principal causes of the ,southern lynchings4 ,among the parts of the body which act as fetiches1 we have especially to mention the hair of woman's head4 8,hair fetichism0 is widely diffused1 both in the physiological 8lesser0 form and in the pathological 8greater0 form4 ,the abundance and the colour of the hair have an equal influence in normal love also as a 8fetich40 ,hair1 8of sweetest flesh1 the tenderest1 ,sweetest growth10 as ,eduard ,grisebach terms it in his 8,neue ,tanhuser10 has a profound sexual significance2 with primitive man1 also1 it probably played the same rle of a sexually stimulating 8veil0 which was later played by tattooing and clothing4 ,the hair of the head1 and special modes of arranging that hair1 play an important part in sexual selection among the savage races4 ,the odour of the hair also has a sexually stimulating influence1 and remains persistent in the imagination4 ,the softness also of the hair1 the waving1 curling movement of woman's loosened hair1 and the rustling of the hair1 excite the imagination4 ,but most important of all is the colour of the hair2 and in this respect blonde or reddish-blonde hair unquestionably takes the first rank as a sexual fetich4 ,blonde hair exercised such an influence in the days of the ,roman ,empire4 ,the demi-monde of all times has utilized this form of hair fetichism1 felt by men1 for its own purposes1 either by dyeing the hair a fair colour1 or by the wearing of fair-haired wigs4 ,there exist1 also1 fetichistic impulses towards brown1 black1 and red hair respectively4 ,jon ,lehmann tells 7,breslauer ,zeitung1 ,august #bd1 #aijf7 of a great libertine who was happy with any or all pretty girls1 as long as they had not red hair and were not the daughters of clergymen4 ,innumerable times had he made this assertion4 ,many years later ,lehmann found him as the happy husband of--a red-haired clergyman's daughter6 8,c'est l'amour qui a fait cela10 he answered laconically to the astonished question why he had been so unfaithful to the principles of his youth4 ,hair fetichism manifests itself in various ways4 ,many people are1 properly speaking1 rather smell fetichists than hair fetichists2 they content themselves simply with smelling the hair1 and this constitutes their only1 or their principal1 sexual gratification4 ,other hair fetichists obtain sexual enjoyment by looking at the hair1 or by passing the fingers through it4 ,the following case1 reported by ,archenholtz 78,england and ,italy10 vol4 i41 p4 #ddh2 ,leipzig1 #aghe71 is typical3 8,i was acquainted with an ,englishman who was an honourable man2 but he had a very peculiar taste1 which1 as he frequently assured me1 was deeply rooted in his soul4 ,his greatest pleasure1 which alone could intoxicate his senses1 was to comb the hair of a beautiful woman4 ,he kept a very handsome mistress for this purpose only4 ,love and woman did not1 in the ordinary sense1 come under consideration2 he had nothing to do except with her hair4 ,in the hours that suited him1 she must take down her hair and let him pass his hands through it4 ,this operation produced in him the most intense degree of physical voluptuousness40 ,the most remarkable class of hair-fetichists are the so-called 8plait-cutters40 ,the transition to this morbid state depends upon the custom1 widely diffused in earlier times1 of cutting off and preserving locks of hair as erotic fetiches4 ,this sexual reliquary cult flourished especially in the eighteenth century1 during the period of 8sentiment40 ,friedrich ,s4 ,krauss reports 78,anthropophyteia10 vol4 i41 p4 #afc7 that among the ,southern ,slavs young men and women gave one another tufts of pubic hair as sexual fetiches4 ,the 8wig-collectors0 also belong to the category of harmless hair fetichists4 ,more serious are the genuine 8plait-cutters0--persons who are accustomed to cut plaits of hair from the heads of girls1 who are happy in the possession of these plaits1 and who obtain sexual gratification simply by looking at and touching them4 ,these plait-cutters are almost unquestionably pathological individuals1 who act under the influence of coercive impulses4 ,recently1 in ,berlin1 two such cases attracted public attention4 ,the judicial proceedings connected with the former of these cases elicited such interesting details regarding the development1 psychology1 and activity of plait fetichism that it is worth preserving1 and is therefore given here at length1 quoted from a report in the ,berliner ,tageblatt1 ,no4 #aah1 of ,march #f1 #aijf4 ,,perversities ,,before ,,the ,,law ,,courts4 ,the plait-cutter whose arrest attracted so much attention appeared yesterday in the ,assessor's ,court1 under the presidency of the judicial assessor ,frster4 ,the accused1 ,robert ,s41 was a student of the ,technical ,high ,school at ,charlottenburg4 ,the accused was prosecuted and defended by counsel4 ,he was born at ,valparaiso in the year #ahhc4 ,the accusation was that1 between the months of ,november and ,january last1 he had1 in sixteen cases1 in the public streets1 cut plaits of hair from the heads of young girls1 taking also the ribbons with which their hair was tied2 this charge was one of theft4 ,in twelve cases also he was accused of bodily maltreatment and actual injury4 ,two medical experts were present to advise the court4 ,during the inquiry the public was excluded from the court1 but the representatives of the ,press were admitted4 ,the accused replied to the inquiries of the ,president1 that he had come to ,germany in the year #ahhh1 and that he had been at school in ,thorn1 ,bergedorf1 and ,hamburg4 ,in ,hamburg he had passed his final examination1 and had received a good report on leaving4 ,he had always had a special fondness for mathematics2 he had studied for one term at ,munich4 ,he had always worked very hard4 ,he admitted that in sixteen cases he had cut plaits of hair from the heads of girls in the streets of ,berlin4 ,in his rooms thirty-one plaits had been found4--,president3 ,had you such tendencies in earlier years8--,accused3 ,yes2 at the age of sixteen years ,i secretly1 one evening1 cut some hair from the head of my sister1 thirteen years of age1 and kept it4 ,i have always had a desire for beautiful long hair2 finally1 this desire became so strong that ,i was unable to resist it any longer4 ,the first time that ,i cut some hair from the head of a girl was the day of the entrance of the ,crown ,princess4 ,i do not know why ,i suddenly was unable to resist the impulse4 ,it became more powerful after ,i returned from a journey to ,south ,america1 which ,i made as a voluntary machinist4 ,the voyage lasted five months4 ,i had worked very hard while on board4 ,during the whole voyage ,i was in a gloomy mood1 and when ,i returned the impulse became continually greater4--,president3 ,in what way did the impulse affect you8--,accused3 ,i frequently ran after little girls without being able to gratify the desire to possess their hair4 ,then ,i succeeded1 amid the crowd at the entrance festivities ,unter den ,linden1 to cut some loose hair from the head of a girl with a pair of scissors1 without the girl becoming aware of it4--,president3 ,what did you do with the hair8--,accused3 ,nothing at all4--,president3 ,what did you think about while you where doing it8--,accused3 ,nothing4 ,i simply put the hair into my pocket4--,president3 ,and afterwards8--,accused3 ,several times ,unter den ,linden ,i cut loose hair from girls' heads4--,president3 ,when did you begin to cut off entire plaits8--,accused3 ,in ,november1 at the entrance of the ,king of ,spain4 ,then1 in the 8,opernplatz10 ,i cut a plait from the head of a child2 the girl did not notice it1 and ,i remained quiet4 ,the plait was fastened with ribbon4--,president3 ,what did you do with the plait8--,accused3 ,i took it home1 combed it1 and put it in a box on my writing-table1 on which was the inscription 8,mementoes40 ,i afterwards frequently took the hair out and kissed it4 ,often ,i laid it on my pillow and rested my head on it4--,president3 ,were you not fully aware that you were doing something wrong1 and that you were interfering profoundly with the rights of another individual8--,accused3 ,i did not think about it4--,president3 ,if the proceedings were now to come to an end1 and if you were discharged1 would you do the same thing again8--,accused3 ,i do not think that ,i should do it again1 now that ,i have experienced what the consequences are4--,president3 ,can you give security that in the future your will will be stronger than the impulse8--,accused3 ,i cannot give any guarantee4--,president3 ,have you never read in the papers that the citizens of ,berlin were very much agitated by this cutting off of girls' hair8--,accused3 ,i have read nothing of the kind4--,president3 ,when were you arrested8--,accused3 ,on ,january #bg4 ,from a girl whose hair was plaited in two plaits ,i cut one plait2 when she came near me again1 ,i wanted to cut off the other plait1 and then ,i was arrested4--,president3 ,is it true that you put a ribbon round each plait of hair1 and marked it with the date you had cut it off8--,accused3 ,to some extent ,i did so4--,president3 ,have you ever had sexual relations with woman8--,accused3 ,no1 never4 ,i have only had a strong impulse to gain possession of beautiful long hair4--,president3 ,would not long beautiful men's hair have satisfied you as well8--,accused3 ,yes4--,counsel for the ,defence3 ,did you not have this morbid impulse in quite early youth8 ,you told me that you remembered the hair of many girls from the time that you were at school in ,thorn4 ,at that time you were eight years old4 ,you said to me that you had thought no more about the persons to whom the hair belonged1 but only1 and all the more1 about their hair4--,accused3 ,that is correct4 ,it is indifferent to me whether the person to whom the hair belonged is young and beautiful or old and ugly3 my only interest is in the hair4--,president3 ,have you the same interest in white hair8--,accused3 ,my attraction is only to fair hair4--,in reply to a further question on the part of the ,president1 the accused declared that he had been a very active member of the academic gymnastic club1 and that he belonged to a students' purity alliance4--,counsel for the ,defence3 ,the accused has stated that1 while he is at work1 it often happens that suddenly plaits of hair seem to appear before his eyes4 ,he often has reveries in which it seems to him that in all countries women and girls with beautiful hair are at his disposal1 and that he is able to rob them of their hair4 ,among his colleagues the accused has always felt himself to be thrust into the background4 ,he had the feeling that he was destined for great things1 and that his comrades would not recognize this4 ,the accused1 whose father is dead1 had received assistance for his studies2 his brother is an officer at sea2 one of his sisters is mentally disordered4--,of the witnesses who had been summoned to attend1 three only were examined4 ,captain von ,w41 whose daughter1 when walking in the ,leipzigerstrasse1 had been robbed of part of her hair by the accused1 gave evidence that the affair had had very disagreeable consequences to his daughter4 ,since that time the child had suffered from a terrible feeling of anxiety2 she had experienced a nervous shock1 and frequently cried out anxiously in the middle of the night1 because she was dreaming of the plait-cutter4--,the next witness1 ,frau ,gall1 an old acquaintance of the family of the accused1 described his character as exceptionally good4 ,all who knew him had been astonished to hear of his actions2 no one who knew him had ever observed this passion for hair4 ,recently he had obviously been overstrained mentally1 and very distrait2 generally speaking1 he was not high-spirited and happy1 like other young fellows4 ,according to further evidence given by this witness1 regarding the family history1 it appeared that the accused was affected with congenital taint4--,undergraduate ,schmeding1 ,president of 8the ,alliance for the ,maintenance of ,chastity10 had become intimately acquainted with the accused1 in consequence of their holding similar views4 ,he described him as having a good character1 but as dreamy1 melancholy1 and reserved1 and unfamiliar with harmless cheerfulness and joy4--,dr4 ,hoffmann1 one of the medical advisers to the court1 said3 ,we have in this case to do with a peculiar mode of activity of the sexual impulse4 ,although such an impulse does not completely abrogate responsibility1 still1 in this case1 normal responsibility is greatly limited from early youth onwards4 ,the accused has an imaginative belief that he is not sufficiently esteemed2 he believes that he could make himself invisible2 he believes that he could build a great castle1 and furnish the rooms of this castle with innumerable plaits of hair4 ,moreover1 he is hereditarily tainted with insanity1 and bodily examination shows that he has numerous stigmata of degeneration4 #ea of the ,criminal ,code should apply to this case4 ,since the accused can hardly be supposed to have the power of controlling his impulse1 it would appear necessary that he should be treated in a lunatic asylum4--,dr4 ,leppmann1 the other medical adviser1 said3 ,the case before us is one of extreme rarity4 ,the accused suffers from severe congenital taint1 and exhibits a number of stigmata of degeneration4 ,at the time his offences were committed the accused was certainly emotionally disturbed1 and at the present time is still ill4 ,von ,krafft-,ebing reports only a few such cases1 and the same is true of ,dr4 ,moll4 ,the accused was incapable of free voluntary determination2 he is still unhealthy1 and must be treated as a sick man4--,counsel for the ,prosecution3 ,if the accused had been in possession of normal mental health1 it would have been necessary to punish him with exceptional severity1 for such offences as his profoundly endangered public security2 it would not be right for any gaps to exist in our ,criminal ,code which made the punishment of such an offence impossible4 ,we may dispute in detail under which paragraph the offence comes1 but there can be no question but that it is a punishable offence4 ,the medical experts had1 however1 shown that the accused was not fully sane1 and he must be dealt with from this standpoint4 ,the ,president summed up as follows3 ,the public sense of justice naturally demands severe punishment for such an offence4 ,the accused1 however1 is not criminally responsible4 ,in view of the evidence given by the medical experts1 the accused must be discharged1 on the understanding that his family will immediately take steps to have him confined in an asylum4 ,it was possible that this decision would not satisfy every one1 but in view of the evidence before the court1 no other course was possible4 ,this case appears to have had a suggestive influence1 for shortly afterwards a cashier1 ,alfred ,l41 was arrested1 who had cut plaits of hair from the heads of two young girls4 ,in his home were found1 in addition1 seventeen plaits of hair1 which he had bought1 among these the queue of a ,chinese6 ,already when a schoolboy ,l4 had been affected with this morbid impulse4 ,there exist also homosexual or pseudo-homosexual hair fetichists1 especially among women1 to whom the hair of another woman's head becomes a fetich4 ,remarkable is the following passage in ,gabriele d',annunzio's romance 8,lust0 7pp4 #baj-bab2 ,berlin1 #aijb73 8#8,do you remember1' asked ,donna ,francesca 7of her friend ,donna ,maria71 #8at school1 how we all wished to comb your hair8 how we used to fight about it every day8 ,imagine1 ,andreas1 that blood used actually to flow6 ,ah1 ,i shall never forget the scenes between ,carlotta ,fiordelise and ,gabriella ,vanni4 ,it was maniacal6 ,to comb the hair of ,maria ,bandinelli was the one ardent desire of all the girls1 great and small alike4 ,the infection spread through the whole school4 ,there followed prohibitions1 warnings1 severe punishment2 we were even threatened with having our own hair cut off4 ,do you remember1 ,maria8 ,all our heads were bewitched by the black snake which hung from your head to your heels4 ,what passionate tears every evening6 ,and when ,gabriella ,vanni1 from jealousy1 made that treacherous cut with a pair of scissors6 ,gabriella had really lost her wits4 ,do you remember8444'0 8,andreas remarked that none of his lady friends had had such a growth of hair1 so thick1 so dark a forest1 in which she could conceal herself4 ,the history of all these young girls1 in love with a plait of hair1 filled with passion and jealousy1 who burned to lay comb and hands upon this living treasure1 seemed to him a most stimulating and poetic episode of cloistral life40 ,there exists also a negative hair fetichism4 ,hirschfeld reports the case of a prostitute who was a well-developed fetichist for baldness4 ,among many races1 removal of the hair is a means of sexual stimulation4 ,nose1 lips1 mouth 7cf4 ,belot's novel1 8,la ,bouche de ,madame ,x4071 and ears1 can all become the objects of sexual fetichism1 though in most cases only of the lesser fetichism2 the eyes also1 which as fetichistic charms play an important part1 and are effective especially through their colour4 ,it is uncertain if1 in this relationship1 clear blue eyes or sparkling black eyes have the greater importance4 ,the female breast is a natural physiological fetich for the male sex4 ,but over and above this there exists a remarkable variety of breast fetichists1 who employ the isolated breast1 separated from the body1 for the binding of books4 ,according to ,witkowski 78,tetoniana10 p4 #ce2 ,paris1 #ahih71 certain bibliomaniacs and erotomaniacs have books bound with women's skin taken from the region of the breast1 so that the nipple forms a characteristic swelling on the cover6 ,a further account of these human skin fetichists is given by ,dr4 ,picard in the ,gazette ,mdicale de ,paris1 ,july #ai1 #aijf4 ,von ,krafft-,ebing contests the existence of a special 8genital fetichism02 but the universal diffusion of the phallus-cult contradicts his opinion2 the phallus-cult is unquestionably connected with fetichistic ideas1 which are embodied in the symbols of the lingam and the yoni4 ,according to ,weininger1#fbi woman1 speaking generally1 is only a phallus fetichist2 man exists for her only as a sexual organ4 8,i think people have been unwilling to see--or they have been unwilling to say2 they have hardly formed accurate idea for themselves--what the copulatory organ of a man is for a woman1 as wife1 even as virgin2 what it psychologically signifies2 how it dominates to the uttermost the entire life of woman1 although she herself may be completely unconscious of the fact4 ,i do not mean at all that woman regards the male penis as beautiful1 or even pretty4 ,she regards it as man regards the ,gorgon's head1 as the bird regards the snake--it exercises upon her a hypnotizing1 magical1 fascinating influence40 ,goethe lays stress on the beauty which the male penis has in woman's eyes1 when1 in the paralipomena to the first part of 8,faust0 7,weimar edition1 vol4 xiv41 p4 #cjg71 he makes ,satan say in his address to women3 8,fr euch sind zwei ,dinge ,von kstlichem ,glanz1 ,das leuchtende ,gold ,und ein glnzender44440 ,georg ,hirth also 78,ways to ,love10 pp4 #eff1 #efg7 speaks of an instinctive belief on the part of woman in the 8beauty and the paradisaical force of the phallus10 and he regrets 8the unnatural depreciation and mendacious concealment of this portion of the male body0 by the conventional morality discovered by the world of men4 ,the wide diffusion of the genital fetichistic tendencies in man and woman is clearly manifested by the extremely frequent occurrence of isolated adoration of the genital organs in the practices of cunnilinctus and fellatio1 which in numerous individuals completely replace normal coitus4 ,very rare is a case1 which came under my own observation1 of isolated penis-foreskin fetichism in a heterosexual man4 ,he is thirty years of age1 and a student of natural science1 in whom at the age of four years the first manifestation of sexual excitement occurred2 later1 towards the age of puberty1 sexual excitement became always associated with the mental representation of a male penis1 and more especially of the foreskin of that organ1 whilst he felt antipathy to the idea of actual sexual intercourse with men1 and felt attracted to women4 ,still1 from time to time the imaginative representation of the membrum virile takes possession of his mind as a sort of coercive idea1 and when this happens the patient masturbates1 at the same time often making sketches of a penis4 ,a singular case of exclusively genital fetichism is reported by ,p4 ,garnier 78,les ,fetichistes10 pp4 #agj-agd2 ,paris1 #ahif74 ,this case was that of a man1 forty-eight years of age1 who in normal sexual intercourse was almost completely impotent1 and who could obtain sexual gratification only by the observation of the genital organs of human beings and animals1 and who1 as in the case just mentioned1 was sexually excited by making sketches of genital organs4 ,this person exhibited obvious symptoms of nervous disorder4 ,we might regard it as hardly possible that cases should exist in which the fetichism related to genital organs of a dubious character--8hermaphrodite fetichism02 and yet a veritable case of such hermaphrodite fetichism has come under my own observation4 ,the case is that of an officer1 who is always searching for hermaphroditic formations of the genital organs4 ,he is pretty well known in this respect among the prostitutes of ,berlin1 who make use of his inclination for their own advantage1 by a demonstration to him of reputed hermaphrodites4 ,he has had the good fortune to discover several real hermaphrodites2 but notwithstanding all his endeavours1 his affection has never been returned4 ,the hand1 especially a woman's hand1 is not simply an object for cheiromancy1 but is also the occasion of a sexual fetichism by which the hand is spiritualized4 ,the beautiful1 finely-formed hand is a powerful love-charm4 ,binet reports the case of a young man in whom sexual excitement was exclusively produced by a woman's hand1 and he was always on the look-out for opportunities of touching the beautiful hands of women4 ,isolated foot fetichism is rarer2 it is generally associated with the very common shoe fetichism 7vide infra74 ,the buttocks1 the kallipygian charms of women1 have always been a sexual fetich for men4 ,among flagellants this may become isolated as a fetich1 and completely divorced from the personality as a whole4 ,for such individuals1 in sexual relationships1 only the posteriora exist4 ,among the bodily functions which are capable of acting as fetiches1 the smell1 the emanation of the body1 unquestionably takes the first place4 ,smell fetichism is a very frequent phenomenon4 ,regarding the intimate relationships between the sense of smell and the vita sexualis1 and regarding the existence of certain specific sexual odours1 ,i have already recorded the most important facts in the first chapter of the present work 7pp4 #ae-ah74 ,as sexual odours1 the emanation from the hair of the head1 the emanation from the armpits1 the smell of the genital region1 and the general emanation from the skin1 come under consideration4#fcj ,the fetichism for red hair is frequently no more than an apparent hair fetichism2 much more often it is really a smell fetichism1 because since early times red-haired individuals have been supposed to emit an emanation having a powerful sexually exciting influence4 ,in the ,romance countries1 ,france and ,italy1 this belief is universally diffused4 ,i quote another passage from d' ,annunzio's 8,lust0 7p4 #ff73 8#8,have you noticed the armpits of ,madame ,chlysoloras8' ,the ,duke of ,beffi indicated the dancer1 upon whose alabaster forehead a firebrand of red hair was shining1 like that which we see in the priestesses of ,alma ,tadema4 ,her bodice was fastened on the shoulders by very narrow straps1 and in the armpits one could see two luxuriant tufts of red hair4 8,bomminaco begins to speak at large regarding the peculiar odour which is diffused by red-haired women40 ,binet tells of a student of medicine who one day1 when sitting on a bench reading1 suddenly had an erection of the penis1 and on looking round he saw sitting on the same bench a red-haired woman1 whom he had not before consciously observed1 from whom a powerful odour emanated4 ,the odour of the armpits also appears in ,france to find fetichistic lovers4 ,the ,french cocotte commonly assumes during coitus a position in which the man has his nose in one of her armpits1 and sometimes spontaneously offers this position4 ,at the unrestrained dances in the ,parisian winter season1 more especially at the very free bal des quat'z arts1 held in the spring1 we frequently see the men sniffing at the armpits of the girls4 ,it is unquestionable that the odour of the body at large may in certain circumstances act as a sexual fetich4 ,many peculiar love relationships prove this fact4 ,from very early times among the common people the odour of sweat has been regarded as a powerful aphrodisiac4 ,i may allude to the case1 reported by von ,krafft-,ebing1 of ,king ,henry ,,iii41 who dried his face with the chemise of ,maria of ,cleves1 dripping with sweat1 and thereby was inspired with a passionate love for her4 ,i may refer also to the case of a peasant who1 when dancing1 was accustomed to dry the face of his partner with his handkerchief1 which he had carried in his own armpit1 and thus produced in her voluptuous excitement4 ,an ,indian king1 when choosing his beloved1 did so simply by smelling the clothing moistened by their perspiration1 and selected the woman whose clothing was most agreeable to his sense of smell4#fca ,oscar ,a4 ,h4 ,schmitz informed me that an ,english traveller in ,india related to him that in ,india lovers sometimes changed underclothing4 ,each wears the shirt impregnated with the perspiration of the other4 ,the love of ,princess ,chimay for the gipsy ,rig is stated to have been a typical 8smell-love0 of this kind4 ,it is said that the odour of negresses and mulattresses has an especially powerful exciting influence upon ,frenchmen1 of which the poet ,baudelaire is mentioned as an example2 this writer declared that smell was the third and highest degree of voluptuousness4 ,recently ,peter ,altenberg1 in 8,prodromos10 has described the sexual importance of the odour of the body at large4 ,such typical smell fetichists1 luxuriating in the general emanation of the feminine body1 are mentioned by ,mac1 the chief of the ,parisian police4 ,he describes very vividly how1 in the larger shops1 such men move about among the feminine customers1 in order to intoxicate themselves with the odours proceeding from them4 ,in opposition to these general bodily odours1 the specific genital odours play in the human species a subordinate part2 they are for the most part perceived as unpleasant4 ,falck#fcb is of opinion that this antipathy only becomes apparent after sexual intercourse1 whilst before such intercourse the odour of the genital organs has a slight erotic stimulating influence4 ,many cases of cunnilinctus and fellatio are certainly referable to olfactory impressions4 ,the following case is plainly indicative of the sexual influence of genital odours3 ,an ,italian woman loved1 after sexual intercourse1 to retain on her hands the odour of the genital secretions1 and on such occasions1 although usually a scrupulously clean person1 she avoided washing her hands4 ,she was especially fond of mingling this odour with that of cigarette smoke4 ,she was entirely free from stigmata of degeneration2 on the contrary1 she was an extremely robust1 well-developed person4 ,one of the most remarkable and monstrous phenomena in the domain of sexual perversities is that by which the processes and products of the ultimate stages of metabolism become associated with libido sexualis1 become true sexual fetiches1 and can more especially give rise to a formal speciality of smell fetichism4 ,the position of the orifices of the alimentary canal and of the urinary apparatus in the immediate neighbourhood of the genital organs gives rise to a certain associative conjunction between the functions of these parts1 and this association is rendered more intimate by various circumstances 7cf4 my 8,contributions to the ,etiology of ,psychopathia ,sexualis10 vol4 ii41 pp4 #bbd1 #bbe74 ,in addition1 the idealizing influence of libido sexualis plays a part here2 the identification of the desired individual with the lover's own ego leads the disagreeable and disgusting character of those processes and parts to disappear1 and ultimately brings about a comparison between the real sthetic charm of the beloved person and the coarsely material processes in question1 which takes the form of a sensually stimulating contrast4 ,there is not in this case any quite unusual association of ideas on the part of a completely degenerate individual2 we have rather to do with a general anthropological and ethnological phenomenon4 ,i was myself the first to give an elaborate proof of this fact 78,contributions to the ,etiology of ,psychopathia ,sexualis10 vol4 ii41 pp4 #bbc-bdj72 and ,i illuminated more especially the remarkable rle of the so-called 8skatology0--that is1 the sexual influence of the ultimate products of human metabolism1 and of the processes associated therewith--in folk-lore1 in mythology1 in superstition1 and in the literature of all nations and times4 ,in this way do we first arrive at an understanding of the possibility of an erotic influence exercised by defcation and micturition1 which is so often observed at the present day2 above all1 in the so-called 8muse latrinale0--in the widely diffused practice of scribbling obscene inscriptions on the walls of public lavatories#fcc--which finds expression also in sexual 8copralagnia and urolagnia40 ,compare1 in this connexion1 ,s4 ,soukhanoff1 8,contribution l'tude des ,perversions ,sexuelles10 published in ,annales ,mdico-,psycologiques1 ,january and ,february1 #aija--;a case of urolagnia and copralagnia in a habitual masturbator1 twenty-seven years of age4 ,a remarkable case of sexual excitement produced by the odour of newly made hay1 in a lawyer1 twenty-five years of age1 is reported by ,amrain 78,anthropophyteia10 vol4 iv41 p4 #bcg74 ,this person took off all his clothes1 and rolled as if intoxicated in the hay1 until ejaculation occurred4 ,he called his impulse a 8vis major40 ,it is clear that masochistic and sadistic elements play an important part in many cases of urolagnia and copralagnia4 ,but there are pure forms of smell fetichism in this category1 as we see in the case of those persons who become sexually excited in consequence of the smell of the urine and fces of the beloved person2 or1 speaking generally1 by the smell of those excrements1 the person from whom they are derived being a matter of indifference4 ,these are the renifleurs and pongeurs of the ,french observers1 who haunt public lavatories in order to obtain sexual excitement from the smell of the excrements of persons of the opposite sex4 ,there even exist individuals who have the acts of defcation and micturition performed by others on to their own bodies2 in this case the masochistic element is associated with the element of smell fetichism4 ,a greater rle than that of the natural sexual odours is at the present day played by artificial perfumes1 which1 as a fact1 are frequently employed as sexual fetiches4 ,their origin1 and the cause of their use1 has been already explained 7p4 #ag74 ,from early times prostitution and the demi-monde have made the most extensive use of these artificial scents for the sexual allurement of men4 ,men are1 in general1 more sensitive to sexual stimulation by means of perfumes than women are4 ,these perfumes are partly derived from plants2 in fact1 the simple odour of certain flowers produces sexual excitement--a fact well known to many peasant girls4#fcd ,other sexually stimulating scents are derived from the animal kingdom1 such as musk1 civet1 and ambergris4 ,a ,french firm of perfumers advertises a perfume--8charme secret0--the local employment of which is clearly suggested in the advertisement4 ,but in most cases only a portion of the clothing or underclothing is perfumed4 ,there exist typical perfume fetichists1 who can1 as a rule1 be sexually excited only by means of some definite perfume1 in the absence of which they are impotent4 ,in comparison with smell1 taste plays a very minor part4 ,still1 a primevally old popular custom1 the use of 8priapistic flavouring agents10 rests upon fetichistic ideas of this kind4 ,cunnilinctus and fellatio are perhaps also committed with the desire to taste the genital organs2 just as the same must be the case with those not very rare practices in which flavouring agents or beverages are brought into contact with the genital organs1 are impregnated1 as it were1 with their essence1 and then swallowed4 ,to this belongs also the following original case3 ,a man obtains sexual gratification only in this way3 by introducing a cigar1 small end first1 into the female genital passage1 leaving it there a long time1 and then smoking it1 with the end thus impregnated in his mouth4 ,there exist many other forms of fetichism4 ,it is impossible to enumerate all these varieties4 ,i shall1 for example1 refer only to the not uncommon fetichism of women for athletes and acrobats1 or for singers and actors2 and to that of men for dancers1 and especially for horsewomen1 whose appearance has quite a fascinating influence on many men1 more particularly when they are actually on horseback4 ,analogous to the previously described hermaphrodite fetichism is fetichism for other bodily defects1 as for obese1 lame1 and hunchbacked persons4 ,von ,krafft-,ebing reported the case of a man who loved only girls with a limp1 which ,i can parallel by an observation of my own4 ,a merchant1 thirty-two years of age 7with slight stigmata of degeneration--,darwinian pointed ears1 slight asymmetry of the skull--but in other respects with a very powerful build of body1 and having performed his year's service in the cavalry71 who since ten years of age has been addicted to excessive masturbation1 is potent only in intercourse with a girl who limps4 ,he cannot state when this perversion first manifested itself in him4 ,in any case1 it has developed into a typical fetichism4 ,to this category belong1 also1 the abnormal love towards elderly individuals1 heterosexual 8gerontophilia10 and the fetichistic influence of certain peculiarities of character4 ,thus1 it is an old experience that a ,don ,juanesque1 bold1 and self-assertive appearance on the part of men1 and even depravity and sexual lawlessness1 exercise a fascinating influence upon many women4 ,this is1 as it were1 homologous to the previously described influence of prostitutes and fast women upon men4 ,a peculiar fetich is constituted also by the human voice4 ,a sympathetic voice has often been the cause of a violent love passion4 ,singers1 both men and women1 know something of this powerful fetichistic charm of the voice4 ,finally1 sexual fetichism can extend to objects in relationship with the beloved person1 or with any human individual 78object fetichism071 and this is very readily accounted for by the personification and spiritualization of these objects of human use1 and especially of clothing1 which appears to be a part of the personality itself1 and so quite naturally becomes a sexual fetich4 7,see the detailed description given on p4 #adj et seq47 ,among the various forms of clothing fetichism1 by far the commonest is shoe fetichism1 or 8retifism40 ,after the ,marquis de ,sade1 who in his writings described the most important sexual perversions1 active algolagnia has been termed 8sadism02 and after ,sacher-,masoch1 passive algolagnia has been termed 8masochism40 ,i consider1 therefore1 that with the same and even greater justification1 as ,i have already suggested in my work on ,rtif de la ,bretonne1#fce foot and shoe fetichism may be denoted by the term 8retifism10 for it is this sexual perversion which manifests itself most markedly in ,rtif's life 7#agcd-ahjf71 and in him1 also1 this perversion found its first literary interpreter and apostle1 in exactly the same manner as sadism was made known in wider circles by de ,sade and masochism by ,sacher-,masoch4 ,rtif first described typical foot fetichism and shoe fetichism1 and also wrote the first history of this subject4 ,in him this tendency appeared at the early age of ten years1 as he relates 7vol4 i41 pp4 #ij-ic7 in his celebrated autobiography--a work greatly admired by ,goethe1 ,schiller1 ,wieland1 and other heroes of our classical literature4 ,in this place1 also1 he gives a very good explanation of the genesis of foot fetichism and shoe fetichism3 8,this fondness for beautiful feet1 which in me is so strong that it unfailingly arouses my most powerful lust1 and leads me to ignore any ugliness in other respects--does it arise from any physical or emotional predisposition8 ,in all those who have this peculiarity it is very strong4 ,is it connected with any preference for an easy gait1 for a gracious1 voluptuous1 dancing movement8 ,the peculiar attraction which the foot-covering exercises is only the reflex of the preference for beautiful feet1 which stimulate even an animal4 ,thus a man comes to prize the covering almost as much as the thing itself4 ,the passion which1 since childhood1 ,i have felt for such beautiful foot-coverings was an acquired inclination1 which1 however1 rested on a natural preference4 ,but the love for a small foot has a physical basis1 which finds expression in the ,latin proverb1 #8,parvus pes1 barathrum grande4'0 ,rtif was a typical shoe fetichist4 ,he trembled with desire on viewing a woman's shoe2 he blushed when he saw it1 as if it were the girl herself4 ,as a true fetichist1 he collected the slippers and shoes of his mistresses2 he kissed them1 and smelled them1 and sometimes masturbated into them4 ,especially fascinating to him were the high heels of women's shoes1 a sight of which sufficed to produce in him intense sexual excitement4 ,shoe-fetichism existed in ancient times1 and long ago it was assumed that there was a relationship between the foot and the vita sexualis4 ,references to this matter will be found in my earlier work1 8,contributions to the ,etiology of ,psychopathia ,sexualis10 vol4 ii41 pp4 #cbc-cbe4 ,in modern shoe-fetichism masochistic ideas 7ideas of being trodden on1 of placing the beloved's foot on the back of the neck7 or sadistic ideas 7ideas of treading upon the beloved's feet1 etc47 played a part2 also there were associated sensations of smell proceeding from the leather2 the colour of the shoes is likewise of importance4 ,the 8foot-wooers0--thus are the shoe fetichists named in the speech of prostitutes--have the most varied inclinations in respect of different shapes and fashions of shoes4 ,one loves ladies' boots1 another riding-boots1 a third dancing-shoes1 a fourth slippers1 a fifth actually loves coarse wooden peasants' shoes4 ,also1 in respect of ornamentation1 colour1 heels1 etc41 fancies vary4 ,in one case known to me1 a clergyman was purely a heel fetichist4 ,hirschfeld records 78,the ,nature of ,love10 p4 #adh7 the case of a man who was sexually excited only by means of the ankle-wrinkles in boots2 also the case of a woman who was fascinated by the dusty boots of men1 etc4#fcf ,of other articles of clothing1 the corset1 petticoat1 chemise1 apron1 and1 more especially1 stockings and handkerchiefs1 form objects of sexual fetichism4 ,flicien ,rops appears to have been at once a corset fetichist and a stocking fetichist1 for he frequently draws feminine figures naked1 except in respect of their wearing corset and stockings4 ,there are many men who are able to complete intercourse with a woman only when she keeps on her stockings or shoes4 ,others are excited only by the articles of clothing2 for instance1 they represent in imagination corset shops1 in order1 by looking at the corsets1 to produce orgasm and ejaculation2 or they collect or steal#fcg feminine underclothing1 especially handkerchiefs1 in order to obtain sexual excitement from smelling or looking at these1 or to masturbate with them4 ,finally1 there exist fetichists for particular materials1 such as fur 7loved especially by masochists71 satin1 silk1 or even entire costumes1 such as a woman's riding-dress1 tights1 mourning1 etc4 ,d',estoc describes1 under the name 8la course des araignes0 78the spider race071 the appearance of twenty women in a brothel1 who were clothed only in long black gloves reaching to the shoulders and long black stockings4 ,in the ,berlin newspapers there recently appeared an account of the fetichism of a prince for long 8gants de sude0 on slender women's arms4 ,unique in its kind would appear to be the case of the spectacle fetichist1 of which ,hirschfeld gives an account 7op4 cit41 pp4 #ade1 #adf74 #fbg ,m4 ,hirschfeld has therefore suggested the apt name 8partial attraction0 for fetichism2 unfortunately1 no adjective can be formed from this term1 so that for practical purposes the foreign word is more applicable4 #fbh ,cf4 ,felix ,baumann1 8,from ,darkest ,america10 pp4 #aj1 #da4 #fbi 8,sex and ,character10 pp4 #cdj1 #cda4 #fcj ,in the second volume of 8,anthropophyteia0 7#aije1 pp4 #dde-ddg71 under the title1 8,the ,sense of ,smell in ,relation to the ,vita ,sexualis10 ,i have published a contribution to this interesting theme4 ,i addressed questions regarding the matter to various authorities2 and among the answers ,i obtained1 ,i must mention more especially those of ,dr4 ,th4 ,petermann and ,oscar ,a4 ,h4 ,schmitz1 to whom ,i owe valuable accounts and observations1 which are in part utilized in the present chapter4 #fca ,witmalett1 8,man and ,woman in ,conjugal ,union10 p4 #dh 7,leipzig and ,stuttgart72 ,j4 ,p4 ,frank1 8,system of a ,complete ,medicinal ,polity10 vol4 ii41 pp4 #gh1 #gi 7,frankenthal1 #agia74 #fcb ,n4 ,d4 ,falck1 8,treatise on ,venereal ,diseases40 #fcc ,martial alludes 78,epigrams10 xii4 #fa1 verses #g-aj7 to the obscene 8carmina qu legunt cacantes40 #fcd ,many women are sexually excited by the flowers of the garden chestnut-tree1 the smell of which resembles that of the semen of the male4 ,a correspondent has communicated to me several observations of this nature from the ,taunus district4 ,g4 d',anunzio 78,lust10 p4 #aj7 also describes the awakening of libido sexualis in woman by the smelling of a bouquet of flowers4 #fce ,eugen ,dhren 7,iwan ,bloch71 8,rtif de la ,bretonne3 the ,man1 the ,author1 and the ,reformer0 7,berlin1 #aijf74 #fcf ,cf41 regarding shoe fetichism1 also the work of ,p4 ,ncke1 8,un ,cas de ,ftichisme de ,souliers1 etc410 published in the ,bulletin de la ,socit de ,mdicine ,mentale de ,belgique1 #ahid4 #fcg ,the ,berlin newspapers1 a few years ago1 were full of accounts of such a thief1 who stole underclothing 7cf4 ,berliner ,tageblatt1 ,no4 #dfe1 ,september #ac1 #aijc74 ,he was the terror of all housewives in the western suburbs of ,berlin4 ,ultimately he was caught1 and proved to be a workman1 ,k4 ,w4 by name4 ,in his house the police found a varied assortment of underclothing4 ,,chapter ,,xxiii ,,acts ,,of ,,fornication ,,with ,,children1 ,,incest1 ,,acts ,,of ,,fornication ,,with ,,corpses ,,and ,,animals 7,,bestiality71 ,,exhibitionism1 ,,and ,,other ,,sexual ,,perversities4 ,,appendix3 ,,the ,,treatment ,,of ,,sexual ,,perversities4 8,but what a source of devastation is a public or private teacher of youth1 when his heart is impure6444 ,what a tragic example of misleading is he who1 himself in a position imposing upon him the duty of leading others towards virtue1 is animated by the most detestable of all passions40--,,johann ,,peter ,,frank4 ,,contents ,,of ,,chapter ,,xxiii ,acts of fornication on the part of adults with children -- 8,pdophilia erotica0 -- ,superstitious motives -- ,shunammitism -- ,as a popular custom -- ,opportunity as a cause of pdophilia -- ,its frequency among menservants and schoolmasters -- ,acts of fornication with children less than six years of age -- ,examples -- ,with children between the ages of six and fourteen years -- ,alluring influence of fruits verts upon debauchees -- ,causes -- ,the mania for defloration -- ,other causal factors of acts of fornication with children -- ,examples4 ,early appearance of the sexual impulse in children -- ,causes -- ,in the country -- ,the demi-vierge type -- ,early puberty in girls -- ,examples of sexual intercourse between children -- ,child prostitution -- ,parisian flower-girls -- ,match-selling girls and 8music pupils0 of ,berlin -- ,blackmail -- ,causes of child prostitution4 ,incest -- ,causes -- ,incest in ,france -- ,sexual relationship with a third individual on the part of two persons closely related to one another4 ,acts of fornication with animals 7zoophilia1 bestiality7 -- ,genuine zoophilia -- ,a remarkable case thereof -- ,causes of bestiality -- ,its frequency in the country -- ,report of cases -- ,bestiality on the part of a woman -- ,reputed seduction of human beings by animals4 ,acts of fornication with corpses 7necrophilia7 -- ,motives -- ,symbolic necrophilia -- ,love of statues -- ,influence of museums on uncultured individuals -- ,sexual intercourse with statues -- ,pygmalionism -- ,acts of fornication with objects resembling the human body -- 8,dames et hommes de voyage0 -- ,exhibitionism -- ,morbid foundation of this -- ,other motives -- ,masturbation as a cause -- ,a remarkable case of exhibitionism -- 8,frotteurs0 -- ,example -- ,voyeurs -- ,secret sexual clubs -- 8,essayeurs0 -- 8,stercoraires platoniques0 -- ,pdication -- ,opium1 hashish1 and ether employed for sexual purposes -- ,use of these drugs in ,paris -- ,sexual fantasies of the opium smoker4 ,appendix3 ,the ,treatment of ,sexual ,perversions4 -- ,importance of psychological factors in the treatment of sexual perversions -- ,management of the primary trouble -- ,psycho-therapeutics and suggestive therapeutics -- ,verbal suggestions -- ,confidence in the knowledge of the physician -- ,sexual perversions as diseases of the will -- ,need for the education of the will -- ,suggestion in the waking state -- ,suggestion by means of letters -- ,by means of hypnosis -- ,special prescriptions4 ,,chapter ,,xxiii ,one of the most tragic1 but unfortunately one of the most frequent1 of occurrences is premature sexual intercourse on the part of children--partly resulting from acts of fornication by adults with children1 partly resulting from premature awakening of the sexual impulse in children1 and premature sexual activity on their part4 ,these two varieties of premature sexual intercourse in children must be sharply distinguished each from the other4 ,the alleged increase of sexual offences in which children are concerned is by von ,krafft-,ebing wrongly associated with the more widely diffused nervousness of recent generations4 ,as a matter of fact1 such offences have occurred at all times and among all peoples1 with no less frequency than at the present day4 8,erotic pdophilia0 is a very widely diffused phenomenon4 ,it arises from superstitious#fch grounds2 as1 for example1 from the belief which prevails in many countries that venereal and other diseases are cured by copulation with an intact child4 ,the primeval belief that intercourse with immature girls prolonged life1 that an emanation from them rejuvenated old men 7the so-called 8,shunammitism0#fci71 led in former times1 and leads even at the present day1 to acts of fornication with children4 ,less commonly do timidity and impotence on the part of adult men1 rendering intercourse with adult women difficult or impossible1 give rise to the seduction or rape of defenceless and unsuspicious children4 ,the act of fornication with children as a popular custom is a symptom of a primitive degree of civilization1 and is therefore met with1 even at the present day1 among savage nations1 a matter regarding which ,ploss-,bartels gives detailed accounts4 ,passing to consider the cause of acts of fornication with children at the present day1 and the means by which such acts are effected1 unquestionably opportunity plays an important part in their production4 ,all those persons who by their occupation are brought into prolonged diurnal and nocturnal association with children1 and are frequently alone with them1 such as menservants1 nursemaids1 governesses1 housekeepers1 schoolmasters and schoolmistresses1 the directors and other officials of orphan asylums1 etc41 constitute a disproportionately large contingent of those who commit offences under #agfc and #ahb of the ,criminal ,code4 ,this does not arise from exceptional criminality on the part of these persons as compared with those belonging to other professions1 but simply and solely from the fact that they are continually alone with children1 and that any sexual excitement which may arise is thus directed towards these1 because no adult is there4 ,sometimes a morbid neuropathic or psychopathic constitution plays a part2 but more commonly we have to do simply with lasciviousness and sensuality1 which avails itself of the opportunity thus offered4 ,rtif de la ,bretonne warned parents regarding menservants and nursemaids as seducers of children4 ,these persons are apt to execute unchaste acts with children in the very first years of life2 in order to gratify their own voluptuousness1 they play with the genital organs of these poor innocents1 and thus prematurely awaken sexual sensibility1 and often give rise to premature onanistic habits4 ,these acts of impropriety carried on with small children--which must be sharply distinguished from those with older children1 the cases being classified as relating in the first place to children under six years of age1 and in the second place to children between the ages of six and fourteen years--are far commoner than is usually imagined1 and perhaps even more dangerous in respect of the bodily and mental development of the child1 than the second variety of unchaste acts1 with older children4 ,in most cases it is persons of the female sex who misuse small children in this way1 and often this arises from the fear of impregnation resulting from intercourse with an adult man4 ,generally we have to do with a lascivious disposition1 as1 for example1 in the following cases1 which came under my own observation3 ,in one of these cases a woman seduced a boy four years of age to the performance of systematic improper acts2 in the other case1 a boy of five years of age was taken 7horribile dictu7 by his own mother into her bed1 and taught to perform coitus with her1 in so far as this was possible1 and also to perform manipulations with her genital organs4 ,the little boy repeated this practice with his sister1 three years of age1 and1 being caught in the act1 he confessed the whole history4 ,a boy aged four played freely with his own genital organs1 and also made peculiar coitus-like movements in bed1 and in contact with his mother4 ,when the latter1 greatly alarmed1 asked him how he had learned to do this1 he explained that a young woman twenty years of age1 living in the house1 had performed these manipulations with him4 ,magnan also reports 78,lectures on ,mental ,disorders10 ,nos4 #b and #c1 p4 #da7 the case of a lady1 twenty-nine years of age1 who performed sexual acts with her nephew1 aged five4 ,these cases rarely attain publicity1 because they usually remain undiscovered4 ,fornicatory acts with children1 such as are frequently alluded to in the newspapers1 chiefly concern children between the ages of six and fourteen years4 ,in these cases the offences are most often committed by schoolmasters and schoolmistresses1 or by private tutors and governesses4 ,we further often find other women undertaking such acts1 displaying a sexual activity which they have no opportunity of satisfying in intercourse with full-grown men4 ,in the third place1 debauchees and exhausted rous seek new and piquant excitement by intercourse with such fruits verts4 ,of such ,laurent writes3#fdj 8,they have used and misused woman2 they have explored all the stages of natural and unnatural love2 they have visited ,lesbos and ,paphos2 and they have experienced every possible sexual artificiality4 ,their sexual desires have become torpid1 their manliness is on the decline1 and sexual death approaches4 ,but the more exhausted they are1 the less willing are they patiently to acquiesce in their loss4 ,it is with them as with inebriates who are full to the throat and still continue to drink4 ,one day they notice a little girl in the street and feel stimulated by her youthful charms4 ,thus their love begins40 ,the blameless1 the natural1 and the pure1 in the essence of the child and of the intact virgin1 has a stimulating influence upon such perverted individuals3 it acts as a contrast to their own sexual shamelessness and artificiality4 ,the contrast1 in fact1 has the effect of a most powerful stimulus4 ,nor can we fail to recognize the existence in such cases also of a sadistic element in the performance of coitus with a defenceless child1 and in the sanguinary act of defloration of an immature individual4 ,in the eighties there flourished in ,england such a 8mania for defloration10 the scandalous details of which were illustrated in a lurid light by the revelations of the ,pall ,mall ,gazette4#fda ,with regard to this sadistic element in acts of fornication with children1 we must take into account the possibility that in the corporal punishment of children by the teacher may have originated the awakening of the latter's sexual activities1#fdb and that in this we may find the cause of the beginning of sexual relationships between teacher and pupil4 ,other not infrequent causes of the sexual misuse of children are to be found in alcoholic intoxication and in senile dementia4 ,tramps1 also1 who have for a long time been deprived of the opportunity of intercourse with women1 are apt to gratify their long-repressed libido on the body of the first child they meet4 ,child labour in factories also offers opportunities for fornicatory acts with children4 ,a few especially striking instances of acts of fornication with children are appended3 #a4 ,the son of a greengrocer1 ,a41 twenty years of age1 living in the ,keibelstrasse1 had for a long time immoral intercourse with the eight-year-old daughter of the milkman ,w41 in the same street4 ,he had not only violated her1 but had committed other injuries4 ,the young fellow continued his immoral conduct after he had become infected with venereal disease1 and therefore naturally infected the girl4 ,she became so ill that she had to be confined to bed1 and the doctor who was called in diagnosed venereal infection4 ,notwithstanding this1 the little girl continued to lie about the matter1 and only after a whipping did she admit having had intercourse with ,a4 ,the latter1 a man with a crippled foot1 as soon as he saw that his misconduct had been discovered1 concealed himself in an outhouse1 and was only arrested by the police after a prolonged search4 ,he is now in prison4 #b4 ,the model and friend of a painter1 during the absence of the latter from home1 seduced his son1 twelve years of age1 after preliminary repeated masturbation1 to coitus and cunnilinctus4 #c4 ,a celebrated actress1 now in advanced age1 in the case of a boy who sought a situation in her house1 gave rise by various manipulations to an erection of the penis1 and seduced him to coitus2 she invited him repeatedly to visit her1 and continued this scandalous practice with him for eight years4 #d4 ,the governess ,friederike ,b4 was accused of improper conduct and seduction of the little boy ,szepsan1 and was condemned to six months' rigorous imprisonment4 ,in ,april1 #aijj1 ,szepsan disappeared through her connivance2 she had him confined under false names in various cloisters4 ,the accused denied all blame1 and declared that she was the benefactress of ,szepsan1 whom she intended to bring up as a priest4 ,the evidence1 however1 sufficed for her conviction4 #e4 ,a very scandalous affair is reported by ,le ,matin4 ,some time ago the ,parisian police arrested a young fellow on account of an offence against certain civil and natural laws4 ,the accused thereupon denounced an old ,count ,w41 and others of his friends1 and also ,baron ,a41 who daily waited the coming out of the boys from certain ,parisian schools1 and then took them in his automobile to his own house or to that of ,count ,w4 ,the police1 having received information1 kept under observation the sons of certain distinguished families attending the school in question1 and ascertained that the statements were true4 ,the ,count and his friends carried off the boys1 among whom were three sons of an engineer1 the eldest thirteen years of age1 to the ,avenue ,mac,mahon or the ,avenue ,friedland4 ,a41 who is engaged to a young lady belonging to the ,parisian aristocracy1 was arrested2 ,count ,w4 has escaped4 ,the examination of their dwelling disclosed all kinds of compromising materials4 ,in view of the wide diffusion of acts of fornication with children1 we must always keep one point clearly before our minds1 on account of the great forensic importance of the matter4 ,that is the question whether the initiative to the improper act proceeded in the first place from the child1 in consequence of a premature awakening of the sexual impulse4 ,see1 for example1 ,emil ,schultze-,malkowsky1 8,the ,sexual ,impulse in ,childhood10 in the periodical ,sex and ,society1 #aijg1 ,no4 #g1 pp4 #cgj-cgc4 ,he reports five sexual scenes dating from the year #ahfd1 the heroine of which was a little girl seven years of age6 ,in a certain proportion only of such cases have we to do with a degenerative1 morbid1 inherited state2 in many instances this sexual perversity occurs in children who in other respects are perfectly healthy1#fdc and is evoked by seduction1 bad education1 and chance causes1 such as intestinal worms1 etc4 ,this is to be observed also in children of savage races1 among whom this phenomenon of sexual prematurity is perhaps more frequent1 in part owing to climatic conditions4 ,in the country the observation of sexual acts on the part of animals1 frequently occurring under their very eyes1 makes children early acquainted with the fact of sexual intercourse4 ,in large towns prostitution and overcrowded dwellings1 in ways to which we have already alluded in detail1 give rise in many cases to a very early initiation of children into a knowledge of the facts of sexual life4 ,apart from the question of child prostitution1 to which we shall allude presently1 we can observe such early mature types of children also in every class of the population of large towns4 ,among the circles of the middle classes1 and among the 8upper ten thousand10 we have the type of the demi-vierge1 which recently ,hans von ,kahlenberg has so admirably described in his 8,nixchen40 ,in the female sex this early sexual maturity is much more clearly manifest4 ,in an essay entitled 8,the ,zoo as an ,educator10 in the weekly newspaper ,der ,roland von ,berlin 7,no4 #bg1 ,july #e1 #aijf71 we find a striking description of such a type3 8,we find definite types of early-ripe girls1 which we must regard as a peculiar acquirement of the twentieth century4 ,we distinguish without difficulty the simple1 hot-blooded1 sensual variety from the thoroughly developed perverse types4 ,a short-legged1 buxom type is the most predominant4 ,such girls seem extraordinarily energetic1 and appear also to excel in mental powers their pale-cheeked and half-alive male companions4 ,their dress is extremely conspicuous1 and they wear highly ornamented hats4 ,whilst1 when we look at them from behind1 their whole figure suggests the age of fifteen or seventeen years1 the front view suggests that they are at least eight years older4 ,they prefer to lace very tightly1 in order to display their rounded hips1 and to make their already strongly developed breasts all the more imposing4 ,but this development displays their mental and physical corruption1 especially when undeveloped shoulders and thin arms show beyond question that they are really of a very tender age4 ,the sharply-cut features1 with the sparkling black eyes1 which at once fascinate us1 plainly indicate the lines which the passions are about to engrave on their features2 we discern1 also1 that by the age of thirty they will already be old women40 ,sexual intercourse on the part of children with one another1 or with grown persons in cases in which the invitation has proceeded from the child1 are by no means rare occurrences4 ,the following remarkable cases may illustrate this3 #a4 ,some years ago a schoolboy1 ,k4 ,j41 thirteen years of age1 was accused in ,berlin of several acts of sexual intercourse with girls of from six to eight years4 ,the guilt of the accused was fully proved4 ,he was sent to a reformatory4 #b4 ,a young man made the acquaintance of a girl sixteen years of age4 ,although greatly impassioned1 he did not dare to touch the girl1 because he was deceived by her sweet and blameless demeanour1 and did not wish to be her first seducer4 ,soon afterwards he learned that this angel had had sexual intercourse for several years with a married man forty years of age6 #c4 ,legroux showed in #ahij1 at the weekly meeting of the physicians of the ,hospital ,st4 ,louis1 a boy1 eleven years of age1 who1 after three months' sexual intercourse with a syphilitic girl aged seven years1 had been infected in the ordinary manner1 per vias naturales 7reference in ,unna's ,monatsheft fr ,dermatologie1 #ahij1 vol4 x41 p4 #cce74 #d4 ,in ,paris1 in ,december1 #aijf 7according to the ,vossische ,zeitung of ,december #ae1 #aijf1 ,no4 #eeh71 a band of youthful street and shop thieves1 ten in number1 of ages varying from eleven to fourteen years1 were arrested4 ,their leaders were a boy of twelve and a girl of thirteen years1 the latter1 ,eliza ,cailles by name1 known generally by the nickname of 8,beautiful ,aliette40 ,this ,aliette1 a strikingly pretty little person1 in a long dress of extremely fashionable cut1 with a wonderful hat and most elegant gloves1 ruled her band with the most exemplary self-confidence4 ,they were all smart fellows2 they were all of them her lovers1 and with these ten husbands she was the happiest of wives4 ,acts of fornication with children also explain the melancholy phenomenon of the existence of a widely diffused child prostitution in all large towns of the old and new world1 regarding which1 in the previously mentioned works on prostitution in these towns1 detailed accounts will be found4#fdd ,the little flower-girls of ,paris1 the ,berlin match-sellers and wax-candle-sellers or 8music pupils0--all these provide a large contingent to child prostitution4 ,to a great extent they are associated with equally youthful criminals and souteneurs1 and avail themselves for blackmailing purposes of the existence of #agfc and #ahf of the ,criminal ,code4 ,among them there are even individuals given to peculiar sexual 8specialities10 who gratify perverse lusts in various artificial ways4 ,social misery1 bad example1 and seduction are1 indeed1 often to be blamed as causes of this early sexual depravity1 but it is precisely in respect of child prostitution that ,lombroso's doctrine of the born prostitute has considerable justification4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in exceptional cases only does incest--sexual intercourse between those nearly related by blood1 either in the same generation1 as between brother and sister1 or in the ascending and descending line--depend upon pathological causes4 ,the origin of the dread and horror inspired by incest remains 8a moot question of historical research40#fde ,within historical times and among savage peoples incestuous intercourse was permitted and widely diffused4 ,without doubt1 racial hygienic experience regarding the pernicious effects of this extreme form of incest gave rise to the recognition of the fact that incest must be forbidden4 ,at the present day incest occurs almost exclusively as the result of chance associations--as1 for example1 in alcoholic intoxication1 in consequence of close domestic intimacy in small dwellings1 in the absence of other opportunity for sexual intercourse4 ,in such circumstances not infrequently among the lower classes of the population we observe1 as a favouring factor1 a complete absence of any conception of the immorality of incest4 ,remarkable is the tendency to incestuous unions in certain epochs--as1 for example1 in the period of the ,french ,rococo1 when it was introduced by suggestion on a large scale1 and manifested itself with alarming frequency4 ,numerous credible historical examples of this ,i have recorded in my 8,recent ,researches concerning the ,marquis de ,sade0 7pp4 #afe-afh74 ,mirabeau1 and especially ,rtif de la ,bretonne 7see my work on ,rtif1 pp4 #cha-chb71 luxuriated in horribly blasphemous incestuous ideas4#fdf ,according to ,theodor ,mundt1 who speaks of these tendencies in his sketches of 8,paris during the ,second ,empire0 7vol4 i41 pp4 #ada1 #adb2 ,berlin1 #ahfg71 it appears that the ,french nature is not repelled to the same degree as the ,german by the idea of sexual union between those nearly related by blood4 ,eugene ,sue relates1 in his 8,mysteries of ,paris10 that among the lowest strata of the population fathers often have intercourse with their own daughters4 ,but such things also happen in ,germany4 ,in ,august1 #aijg1 a manual labourer1 forty-seven years of age1 was condemned to three years' imprisonment because he had had incestuous intercourse with his daughter1 now twenty-seven years of age1 during the previous fifteen years 7671 and had continued this incestuous relationship after he had himself remarried4 ,the girl had been for several years living in intimate sexual relationship with her father1 who watched jealously to prevent his daughter having anything to do with another man4 ,among many ,indian tribes of ,central ,america incest is said to be always practised when the eldest daughter accompanies the father for a few days into the mountains1 in order to prepare his maize bread for him4 ,relations somewhat analogous are those in which parent and child have sexual intercourse with the same person--when1 for example1 mother and daughter have the same lover4 ,other peculiar combinations are possible1 and are actually observed4 ,unique1 however1 would appear to be the case reported by d',estoc 78,paris-,eros10 p4 #bji71 in which a young man had sexual intercourse with a woman1 with her two daughters1 and also utilized the father of this family as a passive pderast6 ,in a manuscript novel1 which ,i once saw1 a man was made the lover of both husband and wife4 ,one of the most remarkable of sexual aberrations1 in the reality of which1 as ,mirabeau#fdg remarked1 it is hardly possible to believe1 is fornication with animals--zoophilia and bestiality4#fdh ,we will first describe zoophilia1 a sexual inclination towards animals without actual sexual intercourse4 ,genuine zoophilia1 or 8animal fetichism10 as a perversion monopolizing the human being's circle of sexual ideas1 is very rare4 ,until recently1 only a single case has been published--that recorded by ,dr4 ,hanc in #ahhg1 in the ,wiener ,medizinische ,bltter1 and quoted also by von ,krafft-,ebing4 ,but ,i myself1 in the year #aije1 observed a second case of genuine zoophilia1 and have recorded it elsewhere4#fdi ,this extraordinarily rare case may as well be once more detailed here3 ,the person concerned was a farmer1 forty-two years of age1 of a large and imposing appearance1 a healthy aspect1 and normal conformation4 ,his family history did not show any points of importance throwing light on the peculiar development of his vita sexualis4 ,in the family several unhappy marriages had occurred4 ,the patient's parents had also lived in such an inharmonious marriage4 ,his mother had a masterful manner2 he felt no love for her4 ,he knew nothing of any sexual abnormalities in his family4 ,he lays especial stress upon the fact that when an infant he was brought up on the bottle1 and that in this way he missed the first unconscious natural sexual stimulations which1 according to the theory propounded by ,s4 ,freud1 proceed from the suckling at the maternal breast4 ,to this he mainly ascribes his lack of sexual sensibility towards the female sex4 ,when he was a boy twelve years of age1 the patient experienced sexual excitement for the first time when riding on a fine horse4 ,since that time his sexual sensibility as a whole has been closely connected with the idea of fine horses1 in this way1 that merely to look at them produced libidinous excitement1 so that for years1 once a week1 while riding1 he had an ejaculation1 accompanied by intense voluptuous sensations4 ,it is1 however1 remarkable that he never had any erotic dreams connected with horses4 ,as already stated1 his sexual sensibility regarding the human female1 and also the human male1 is non-existent4 ,his views regarding women are ,schopenhauerian4 ,the few attempts he had made at intimate intercourse with women--in most cases these were puell public--were repulsive to him2 he had on these occasions no erection at all1 or only a very slight one4 ,the vita sexualis of the patient is1 speaking generally1 by no means an active one4 ,he does not experience nocturnal pollutions1 and is completely satisfied sexually by the weekly ejaculations and libidinous excitement which occurs when riding on horseback4 ,for several years the patient has suffered from frequent insomnia1 the cause of which he considered to be material troubles combined with gloomy thoughts about his abnormal sexual condition4 ,bromides1 veronal1 and other hypnotic drugs1 are of little use to him1 for habituation soon sets in2 on the other hand1 cold foot-baths have a better effect4 ,the patient1 who1 as he himself says1 has a strong antipathy to normal sexual intercourse1 which he regards as a 8bestial act10 believes that he might perhaps attain a normal sexual condition if he could meet with a wife who would be sympathetic1 and would be in harmony with him mentally and physically4 ,he is1 however1 in this respect extremely sceptical1 since he is well aware of the rarity of that complete harmony which is the indispensable prerequisite of a happy marriage4 ,the patient exhibited no symptoms whatever of 8degeneration40 ,the genital organs were normal1 and nervous sleeplessness in a man forty-two years of age1 dependent upon material cares and emotional depression1 cannot be regarded as a symptom of degeneration1 when we reflect how frequently in persons who are otherwise quite healthy such nervous insomnia may make its appearance1 as a result of the struggle for life1 at or near the age of forty years4 ,true zoophilia is a typical sexual perversion1 and appears to occur principally in men4 ,the use of animals 7dogs7 for purely onanistic purposes1 in the way of licking the female genital organs1 cannot be included in this connexion4 ,in ,french novels and moral studies of recent times such types of zoophilous women are1 indeed1 described2 thus1 for example1 in ,octave ,mirbeau's 8,badereise eines ,neurasthenikers0 7#aijb7 we find a description of ,princess ,karagnine as such a perverse woman1 endowed with a peculiar 8passion for animals10 especially for stallions1 who caresses them with obvious signs of sexual excitement4 ,and in the de ,goncourts' 8,diary0 ,i find the following remark3 8,every time ,i visit the ,zoological ,gardens1 ,i am struck by the number of bizarre1 remarkably eccentric1 exotic1 indefinable women we meet here1 to whom the contact with the animal world of this place appears to constitute an adventure of physical love0 7,edmond and ,jules de ,goncourt1 8,leaves from a ,diary10 #ahea to #ahie74 ,r4 ,schwaebl also gives an interesting account of the zoophilous tendencies of ,frenchwomen 78,les ,dtraques de ,paris10 pp4 #bjc-bab74 ,unquestionably1 modern zoological gardens offer even more than country life opportunities to women of zoophilous instincts1 and can in this respect become dangerous4 ,i remember from my own schooldays in ,hanover remarkable scenes in the much-visited zoological gardens of that town--scenes which at that time we naturally did not really understand1 but on which the above remarks and observations throw a clear light4 ,thus we shall no longer be surprised by the following extremely remarkable case of zoophilia in the female sex3 ,kleptomania in a ,girl aged ,thirteen4--,a girl thirteen years of age1 who is incurably affected with kleptomania1 and who at the same time has a morbid inclination towards horses1 is the most recent phenomenon in the province of decadence4 ,the unfortunate child is the daughter1 ,frida1 of a married couple living in the ,hchstestrasse4 ,she had committed a number of thefts of vehicles1 which might have been attributed only to skilled professional thieves4 ,the morbid tendency compels the child to take the horse by the bridle and lead it away4 ,she does not appear to have any tendency to sell the animal1 or to steal anything from the carriage4 ,her love for horses led her in earlier years to unusual acts4 ,thus she took the horse of a dairyman in the ,elbingerstrasse out of its stall1 mounted it1 and rode away4 ,the child has been under medical treatment for a long time on account of her extremely unusual tendency1 and we understand that the medical evidence shows that she cannot be held legally responsible for the offences she has committed 7,berliner ,tageblatt1 ,no4 #ceb1 ,july #ad1 #aijf74 ,passing now to consider definite acts of fornication with animals 7,sodomie--see note #fdh to p4 #fdj1 bestiality71#fej there is hardly any animal which has not been in some way and at some time utilized for the gratification of human lust2 but naturally in most cases the animals always available were employed1 such as dogs1 cats1 sheep1 goats1 hens1 geese1 ducks1 horses4 ,martin ,schurig1 as early as #agcj1 in his 8,gyncologia0 7pp4 #chj-chg71 recorded a large number of cases of bestial aberrations in which1 in addition to the animals above mentioned1 apes1 bears1 and even fishes were employed4 ,in antiquity snakes were often the objects of unnatural lust on the part of women1 playing the part of the modern lap-dog4 ,bestiality is very widely diffused4#fea ,countries especially celebrated for the frequency of this practice are ,china and ,italy2 in the former country geese1 in the latter goats1 are preferred for sexual malpractices4 ,in ,india1 and also among the ,southern ,slavs1 horses and donkeys play the principal part as objects of bestial love4#feb ,acts of fornication with animals are due to various causes2 in exceptional cases only can they be referred to morbid predisposition4 ,in the lower classes of the population1 and among many races--as1 for example1 among the ,southern ,slavs and among the ,persians--the superstitious belief that venereal disease can be cured by intercourse with animals occasionally gives rise to bestiality4 ,more frequently the lack of opportunity for normal gratification of the sexual impulse is the cause of bestiality2 and it is naturally of more frequent occurrence in the country1 for the reason that there human beings live in closer association with animals than they do in the town4 ,the herdsman alone with his herd in a solitary place1 the groom who in the stable suddenly finds himself in a state of sexual excitement1 the peasant whose wife is perhaps ailing--all these indulge in bestiality simply from opportunity4 ,friedrich ,s4 ,krauss learned from a trustworthy authority that in the ,austrian cavalry ,slavonic soldiers frequently gratified their sexual impulse upon mares4 ,when they are caught doing this1 they excuse themselves by saying that they are too poor to pay a woman4 ,commonly these fellows escape punishment4 ,in brothels1 also1 bestial practices are common2 in some cases debauchees themselves take part in these practices1 in others prostitutes make a display of bestial intercourse4 ,frequently1 also1 sadistic impulses1 similar to those which find expression in the torturing or slaughtering of animals during coitus1 play a part in bestial intercourse4 ,an eyewitness describes such a brothel scene1 which took place in the ,via ,san ,pietro all' ,orto at ,milan4 ,an old rou played the principal part in this2 he had become so depraved that he had sexual intercourse with a duck1 the throat of which was cut during the bestial act6 ,some forty years ago1 in the ,karntnerstrasse in ,vienna1 a prostitute was found in her room1 murdered1 and her chambermate and professional companion was condemned to imprisonment as guilty of the murder4 ,after some years1 however1 the real murderer was discovered1 and he was detected by the fact that he was only able to have an erection of the penis when he killed a hen4 ,he was known among the prostitutes as 8the hen-man40 ,another case of sadistic bestiality was recently reported by the veterinary surgeon ,grundmann1 at ,marienburg in ,saxony 7the reference will be found in the ,berliner ,tierrztliche ,wochenschrift for ,september #ad1 #aijf73 ,a man1 thirty-eight years of age1 of bad reputation1 one night found his way into a byre in order to gratify his sexual desires by intercourse with a cow4 ,first he introduced his penis into the vagina of a heifer nine months old2 then he tried the same thing on a cow1 which threw him off1 and he fell to the ground4 ,in a rage at this1 he seized a pitchfork and forcibly thrust one of the prongs1 first into the anus of the heifer1 and then into that of the cow4 ,the cow died speedily1 whilst the heifer had to be slaughtered next day4 ,in the cow1 in addition to a laceration of the rectum about #a-a_/b inches in length1 there was found laceration of the capsules of the right and left kidneys1 perforation of the mesentery1 of the colon1 of the liver1 and of the diaphragm1 also a laceration #a-a_/b inches long and equally deep in the right lung4 ,these extensive injuries showed that the pitchfork must have been thrust in repeatedly4 ,the appearances in the body of the slaughtered heifer were similar to those found in the cow4 ,the accused was condemned to imprisonment for two years and three months1 part of this term being for the offence against morality and part for the injury to property4 ,the following extremely rare case of bestiality on the part of a woman was seen by ,krauss 7op4 cit41 p4 #bha73 8,if ,i can venture to credit the reports ,i have so frequently heard 7and it is difficult to believe that they are pure inventions71 among the ,southern ,slavs intercourse between women and horses or asses is comparatively common4 ,how they go to work in this matter ,i do not know from personal observation4 ,i did1 however1 once see a ,chrowot woman of ideal beauty1 who stood at night completely naked in front of a lighted lamp1 and in this position had intercourse with a tom cat4 ,she experienced so intense an orgasm that she did not notice me1 although ,i watched the scene barely two paces from the window40 ,the part played by lap-dogs in the case of many ladies has been previously mentioned4 ,formerly the question was quite seriously discussed1 whether a human being could be seduced or violated by an animal1 and ,hufeland relates a fantastic story of copulation between a dog and a sleeping little girl1 which ,i have criticized in another work2#fec but there are1 as a matter of fact1 no proofs of such an occurrence1 or of its possibility4 ,in brothels1 certainly1 dogs are from time to time trained to have intercourse with prostitutes4#fed ,much rarer than acts of fornication with animals are similar acts with corpses1 the so-called 8necrophilia40 ,in the works of de ,sade1 we find references to the algolagnistic factor of this rare sexual aberration1 to the sadistic or masochistic element in necrophilia1 inasmuch as in the case of the dead individual we have to do with a completely helpless and defenceless being1 who is totally unable to resist the act2 sadism is also manifested in the not uncommon mutilation of the corpses2#fee and the sadistic impulse further obtains gratification from the idea of decomposition1 from the smell1 the cold1 and the horror4 ,in the case of necrophilia opportunity also plays a part4 ,soldiers and monks who are occupied in watching the dead1 and who chance to be seized with sexual excitement1 have gratified themselves with female corpses4 ,sexual acts with corpses are1 indeed1 not so rare as was formerly assumed1 but they belong to the class of sexual aberrations regarding which we have but few authentic observations1 most of these derived from ,french authors4 ,remarkable is the following recent case1 which occurred in ,april1 #aija3fef ,the following hardly credible case of necrophilia is reported from ,schonau3 ,in the cemetery of that place ,frau ,maschke1 thirty years of age1 was buried in the morning1 but the grave was not completely filled in4 ,in the evening an inhabitant visited the grave of a relative1 which was close to that of ,frau ,maschke1 and she noticed with alarm that the top of the coffin in which the corpse of ,frau ,maschke was lying was moving up and down4 ,the discoverer of this alarming occurrence hastened to the sexton1 and reported the fact4 ,the sexton hurried to the cemetery with several workmen1 and there1 to their horror1 they surprised an inmate of the poorhouse named ,wokatsch as he was in the act of violating the woman's corpse4 ,the bestial criminal was at once arrested4 ,soon afterwards a judicial investigation took place1 for which purpose the corpse was removed from the grave and taken to the mortuary in order to determine how far the criminal had actually proceeded in his attempt on the body4 ,in folk-lore1 mythology1 and belles-lettres1 necrophilia plays a large part1 a matter to which ,i have referred at greater length in another work 78,contributions to the ,etiology of ,psychopathia ,sexualis10 vol4 ii41 pp4 #bhh-bif74 ,the idea of intercourse with a dead body1 and also that of intercourse with an insensible human being1 somewhat frequently gives rise to peculiar forms of sexual aberration4 ,first of all in this connexion we have to consider symbolic necrophilia1 in which the person concerned contents himself with the simple appearance of death4 ,a prostitute or some other woman must clothe herself in a shroud1 lie in a coffin1 or on the 8bed of death10 or in a room draped as a 8chamber of death10 and during the whole time must pretend to be dead1 whilst the necrophilist satisfies himself sexually by various acts4 ,cases of such a nature are reported by de ,sade1 ,neri1 ,taxil1 ,tarnowsky1 etc4 ,closely allied to these necrophilist tendencies is the remarkable 8,venus statuaria10 the love for and sexual intercourse with statues and other representations of the human person4 ,here also1 apart from certain aesthetic motives1#feg which may predominate in the case of statues of exceptional artistic perfection1 we have to do1 for the most part1 with the same motives that give rise to necrophilia--sadistic1 masochistic1 and fetichistic4 ,in the case of individuals who are sexually extremely excitable1 a walk through a museum containing many statues may suffice to give rise to libido4 ,of this we have examples4 ,generally1 however1 we have to do with immature1 youthful1 and1 above all1 uncultured individuals1 who are devoid of all sthetic sensibility1 and have grown up also in a state of prudery and horror of the nude4 ,it is of similar persons that the ,catholic moral theologian ,bouvier speaks1 when1 in his 8,manuel des ,confesseurs0 7,verviers1 #ahgf71 he discusses the case of masturbation before a statue of the ,holy ,virgin4 ,we have previously given examples of the fact that direct sexual intercourse with a statue occurs as part of a religious fetichism and phallus cult 7p4 #aja74 ,in such cases the statue is taken for the divinity1 but in a profane statue-love it is taken for the living human being1 as in the celebrated case of the gardener who attempted coitus with the statue of the ,venus of ,milo4 ,the idea of the life of the statue is even more distinctly manifest in the so-called 8pygmalionism10 an imitation of the ancient legend of ,pygmalion and ,galatea1 and a utilization of this legend for erotic ends4 ,naked living women1 in such cases1 stand as 8statues0 upon suitable pedestals1 and are watched by the pygmalionist1 whereupon they gradually come to life4 ,the whole scene induces sexual enjoyment in the pygmalionist1 who is generally an old1 outworn debauchee4 ,canler has described such practices as going on in ,parisian brothels1 on one occasion three prostitutes appearing respectively as the goddesses ,venus1 ,minerva1 and ,juno4#feh ,in this connexion we may refer to fornicatory acts effected with artificial imitations of the human body1 or of individual parts of that body4 ,there exist true ,vaucansons in this province of pornographic technology1 clever mechanics who1 from rubber and other plastic materials1 prepare entire male or female bodies1 which1 as hommes or dames de voyage1 subserve fornicatory purposes4 ,more especially are the genital organs represented in a manner true to nature4 ,even the secretion of ,bartholin's glands is imitated1 by means of a 8pneumatic tube0 filled with oil4 ,similarly1 by means of fluid and suitable apparatus1 the ejaculation of the semen is imitated4 ,such artificial human beings are actually offered for sale in the catalogue of certain manufacturers of 8,parisian rubber articles40 ,a more precise account of these 8fornicatory dolls0 is given by ,schwaebl 78,les ,dtraques de ,paris10 pp4 #bdg-bfc74 ,the most astonishing thing in this department is an erotic romance 78,la ,femme ,endormie10 by ,madame ,b42 ,paris1 #ahii71 the love heroine of which is such an artificial doll1 which1 as the author in the introduction tells us1 can be employed for all possible sexual artificialities1 without1 like a living woman1 resisting them in any way4 ,the book is an incredibly intricate and detailed exposition of this idea4 ,a comparatively common sexual aberration is 8exhibitionism10 first described by ,lasgue1#fei the exposure of the genital organs1 or other naked parts of the body1 or the performance of sexual acts in public places1 either in order1 by the public exposure1 to produce sexual excitement1 or else as a result of the blind yielding to sexual impulse1 regardless of the fact of publicity4 ,in these cases we have almost always to do with a morbid phenomenon1 dependent upon epileptic or other mental disorders4 ,thus1 ,seiffer1 among eighty-six exhibitionists1 found eighteen epileptics1 seventeen dements1 thirteen 8degenerates10 eight neurasthenics1 eight alcoholics1 eleven 8habitual0 exhibitionists1 and in ten cases various other morbid conditions4 ,of the eighty-six cases1 eleven concerned persons of the female sex4#ffj ,recently1 ,burgl1 in a careful and critical work upon exhibitionism1#ffa has suggested the terms 8exhibition0 and 8exhibitionism10 the former to be employed to denote an isolated act of exhibition1 the latter to denote the repeated or customary act of exposure of the genital organs coram publico4 ,this distinction is important1 because exhibition occurs in mentally healthy persons1 as well as in those suffering from mental disorder2 exhibitionism1 on the other hand1 is1 if we except extremely rare instances in debauchees not suffering from mental disorder1 met with only in insane or mentally defective individuals4 ,in the case of these latter we have always to do with the actions of weak-minded persons2 or with impulsive actions in persons in a state of epileptic or alcoholic confusion2 or1 finally1 with coercive ideas in neurasthenic or hysterical persons1 in paranoia1 in general paralysis of the insane1 or in some other form of insanity4 ,but cases of exhibition or exhibitionism may sometimes occur from other motives in more or less healthy persons4 ,among the ,slavonic peoples1 exposure of the genital organs or of the buttocks is frequently an expression of contempt towards some one1 or also an act of superstition 7,krauss74 ,exhibitionism as a popular custom occurred at medieval festivals1 and also in connexion with the 8obscene gestures0 of the ancients4#ffb ,by habituation in early childhood the tendency to exhibitionism can be favoured1 we learn from the case reported by von ,schrenck-,notzing1#ffc in which the person concerned had as a boy taken part in childish games in which the children passed by one another with bared genital organs4 ,in his monograph upon the anomalies of the sexual impulse1 which abounds in fine touches1 ,hoche 7op4 cit41 p4 #dhh7 very rightly refers to the manner in which the exhibitionist tendency is favoured by habitual masturbation4 ,through the practice of masturbation the sense of shame in respect to one's own body is certainly destroyed1 and thus1 in the case of an onanist1 when some unusual impulse impells him1 for example1 to expose his genital organs in the presence of a person of the other sex1 certain powerful inhibitory impulses are lacking1 which1 in non-onanists1 would immediately overcome this impulse4 ,of the two following cases of exhibitionism1 that of a homosexual officer1 twenty-five years of age1 is certainly the most remarkable4 ,in youth this patient had also masturbated to great excess1 and he gives the following report of his exhibitionist tendencies3 8,as a boy seven to ten years of age 7that is1 before ,i began to masturbate71 it was a pleasure to me to go barefoot1 and to show myself to others in this way4 ,this impulse suddenly disappeared4 ,but at about the age of fifteen or sixteen years 7the time when ,i began to masturbate7 this impulse reappeared1 and has continued down to the present time4 ,inasmuch as time and opportunity were generally wanting1 ,i could only satisfy these desires in my own home1 when ,i went home on furlough4 ,since in the neighbourhood of my home ,i was very well known1 ,i endeavoured by taking extremely long walks1 or by little journeys to neighbouring parts1 to reach places where ,i might hope to remain unrecognized4 ,i was accustomed on these occasions to wear a shooting jacket and knickerbockers2 the knickerbockers were wide and loose1 and of as thin cloth as possible1 so that ,i could easily roll them up in order that my thighs might be bare 7for if the thighs remained covered the whole affair would have given me no pleasure74 ,further1 on these occasions ,i was accustomed to wear no ordinary underclothing1 but only a nightshirt4 ,as soon as ,i reached the desired place1 and had hidden the jacket1 stockings1 and shoes in a suitable place1 the nightshirt was arranged as a blouse4 ,usually ,i had beforehand tried the arrangement of the dress at home4 ,often ,i went up to people who were engaged in field labours 7,i was especially fond of haymakers71 and begged them to allow me to help them1 which they were usually willing enough to do4 ,i then took off my coat and bared my feet1 and then1 although there seemed no apparent reason for that1 ,i took off my knickerbockers1 until ultimately ,i was in the costume above described4 ,i must1 however1 as already said1 be seen2 common people or workmen had usually to suffice me2 but when people of education 7for example1 visitors at health resorts7 saw me1 this was what ,i greatly preferred4 ,when once one gentleman said to another1 #8,look at his beautiful legs6 what lovely legs he has6' and ,i heard this by chance1 ,i was extremely happy4 ,i was then eighteen years of age1 but even now ,i look back upon that incident with great pleasure4 ,i also loved to show myself entirely naked2 in such cases ,i always remained quite close to a pond or a stream1 in order1 if necessary1 to be able to make the excuse that ,i had just been bathing4 ,frequently1 however1 ,i lay down close to a railway in a suitable place quite naked in an artistic posture1 and enjoyed the pleasure of seeing the trains go by4 8,i commonly did this only in warm1 fine weather2 but ,i also did it sometimes in snowy weather4 ,when going about like this in very little clothing1 or entirely naked1 ,i had extremely agreeable sensations4 ,the affair usually ended in my masturbating until ejaculation occurred2 after which ,i returned1 as it were1 to reality4 ,otherwise ,i believe ,i should never have been able to bring myself to resume my normal clothing4 ,for in this state ,i was almost insensitive to hunger1 thirst1 fatigue1 heat1 etc42 it was1 in fact1 a trance-like1 extremely happy state4 8,the desire to be photographed naked came later4 ,i should have been extremely delighted to play the part of a naked model4 ,i tried with great energy in various places 7,vienna1 ,leipzig1 and ,hamburg7 to get such a photograph as ,i wanted2 but ,i was always turned away with a shrug of the shoulders or a shake of the head4 ,finally ,i succeeded in ,erfurt1 at a small photographer's1 in having my wish fulfilled40 7,the patient sent a copy of this photograph47 ,as the description clearly shows1 we have here to do with exhibitionism upon an epileptic or neurasthenic basis4 ,the patient describes the 8confusional state10 out of which he awakens to 8reality10 very vividly4 ,an objection1 however1 to the idea of epilepsy is to be found in his very complete memory of these transactions4 ,without doubt1 in the following case1 reported by von ,schrenck-,notzing 7op4 cit41 p4 #if71 we have to do with a case of neurasthenic exhibitionism3 ,the patient1 a portrait-painter thirty-one years of age1 was accused in the law-courts of repeated acts of exhibitionism4 ,the imagination and sensuality of the accused have been abnormally excitable since earliest youth4 ,for the last twenty years he has masturbated to excess almost every day1 with imaginative representation1 when masturbating1 of male and female genital organs4 ,in coitus he obtained no gratification4 ,he preferred to expose his own genital organs to persons of the female sex1 in the belief that he would in this way produce in them sexual excitement4 ,this exhibitionism is a central point in his sexual life1 and has acquired the character of a coercive impulse4 ,he is profoundly neurasthenic1 and exhibits extensive changes of character1 loss of energy1 lachrymosity1 ideas of suicide1 etc4 ,exhibits signs of mental weakness4 ,exhibitionism is to him a complete equivalent to ordinary sexual enjoyment1 and is performed owing to an organic compulsion4 ,ethically1 his personality is weakened4 ,the accused was discharged on account of greatly diminished criminal responsibility4 ,as a sub-variety of exhibitionists1 we must refer to the so-called 8frotteurs10 individuals who rub their genital organs1 either bared or covered1 against persons of the opposite sex1 and thus obtain sexual gratification4 ,in their case also we almost always have to do with morbid conditions4 ,the following case 7,vossische ,zeitung1 ,no4 #beh1 ,june #f1 #aijf7 was recently observed in ,berlin3 ,the architect1 ,eduard ,p41 was accused of offences committed in the opera-house of ,berlin4 ,in ,february and ,march1 #aijf1 he had repeatedly soiled ladies' clothing in a disgusting manner4 ,at a time when the ladies had their whole attention directed to the stage1 the offender1 standing or sitting behind them1 contaminated their clothing1 and disappeared in the next interval4 ,the whole mode of procedure suggested the activity of a man with an abnormal morbid predisposition1 who in this place yielded to certain perverse impulses4 ,several complaints having been made1 some detectives were dispersed through the audience1 until finally the accused was caught in the act4 ,during the second act of a performance of 8,lohengrin10 the detective ,brumme observed the accused pressing up from behind against a lady1 and1 in the semi-obscurity of the performance1 acting in the manner already mentioned4 ,p4 was arrested1 and admitted that he had repeatedly acted in this way4 ,before the judge the accused also confessed that he had done the same thing on other occasions4 ,how he had been led to do it he could not say4 ,each time after committing the offence he had suffered very bitter remorse4 ,the accused was acquitted of the criminal charge on the ground of mental disorder4 ,the psychical element of exhibitionism also plays a part in the practice of the so-called 8voyeurs0#ffd and 8voyeuses10 that numerous group of male and female individuals who are sexually excited by regarding the sexual acts of other persons 7active voyeurs71 or who allow themselves to be watched by others when themselves performing sexual acts 7passive voyeurs74 ,in many brothels1 apertures in the wall or other arrangements have been made for these voyeurs or gagas1 through which they watch sexual scenes4 ,in fashionable dressmakers' shops1 men are also said to watch ladies trying on dresses--at least1 so ,i have been informed by a ,parisian4 ,recently women also have been more and more inclined to see such spectacles1 so that ,schwaebl devotes a special chapter to the voyeuses in his book on the perverse women of ,paris4 ,messalina compelled her court ladies to prostitute themselves in her presence4 ,not infrequently male and female voyeurs unite to form societies and secret sexual clubs1 in which all the sexual acts are performed in public4 ,thus1 in the end of ,september1 #aijf1 in ,graz1 a 8,secret ,society for ,immoral ,purposes0 was discovered by the police4 ,at the head of this club was a merchant1 thirty years of age1 ,b----1 jun4 ,a number of other persons of good position belonged to this sexual club4 ,they met in the great restaurant 8,zum ,knigstiger40 ,under the title of 8,an ,assembly of ,beauty10 festivals were held in the magnificent garden of this restaurant1 which were concluded as orgies behind closed doors4 ,the beautiful gardens of the ,schlossberg were also the scene of many meetings of the club4#ffe ,a remarkable category of voyeurs is constituted by the so-called 8stercoraires platoniques10#fff individuals who obtain sexual enjoyment by observing the acts of defcation and micturition performed by persons of the other sex1 and seek opportunities for such observations in brothels or public lavatories4 ,in the closet of one of the ,berlin railway-stations such a stercoraire recently made a small artificial opening in the wall1 through which he was able to watch other persons when engaged in the act of defcation6 ,here also we may refer to heterosexual pdication1 to coitus analis1 which1 according to the reports of ,french authors 7,tardieu1 ,martineau1 and ,taxil71 appears to be especially common in ,france1 but which is by no means rare also in other countries4 ,it becomes comprehensible only in view of the fact that the anus may itself be an erogenic zone4 ,details regarding this matter are given by ,freud4#ffg ,krauss1 also1 in the second volume of his 8,anthropophyteia0 7p4 #cib et seq471 has given numerous examples of pdication4 ,among others1 he reports two cases related to him by the ethnologist ,friedrich ,mller1 in which men had coitus with their wives only per anum4 ,finally1 we must refer to a practice which appears to be confined to ,france1 the customary use of opium1 hashish1 and ether1 for the purpose of inducing sexual excitement1 regarding which ,schwaebl 7op4 cit41 pp4 #ai-cf7 and d',estoc 7op4 cit41 pp4 #aea-aeh7 give very interesting reports4 ,there exist in ,paris special opium-houses1 hashish-houses1 and ether-houses1 some for men and some for women4 ,three opium-houses are to be found1 for example1 in the ,avenue ,hoche1 the ,avenue ,jna1 and the ,rue ,lauriston2 there is an ether-restaurant in ,neuilly2 one for opium1 hashish1 and ether in the ,rue de ,rivoli4 ,all these means of enjoyment evoke after a time sexual ideas and fantasies of an extremely peculiar character1 associated with actual voluptuous sensations4 ,opium gives rise to 8ardent1 brilliant pictures of an excessively stimulated imagination10#ffh frequently of a perverse character2 hashish has a similar but even stronger influence2 and ether gives rise to a more powerful stimulation of the sexual organs1 to a 8vibration of the flesh and of the soul40 ,the interior of these unwholesome places of exotic enjoyment1 in which frequently homosexual acts also occur1 is vividly described by both the above-named ,french authors4#ffi ,,appendix ,,the ,,treatment ,,of ,,sexual ,,perversions ,in the treatment of sexual perversions and anomalies1 always a matter of great difficulty1 knowledge of mankind1 tact1 and the finer understanding of the physician for the psychological peculiarities of each individual case1 must play a greater part than any definite method of medical treatment4 ,an exact understanding of the true nature of the sexually abnormal personality is the indispensable preliminary to our exercising a favourable influence upon morbid impulses and practices4 ,unquestionably1 the physician must in the first place treat all actual diseases underlying the sexual abnormalities1 by means of the physical and pharmacological therapeutical methods open to us in such abundance4 ,bodily and mental repose is here often the first need we have to satisfy2 and for this purpose a change of environment1 climatic cures1 and such drugs as bromide and camphor may be very useful4 ,but the principal matter must remain psychical1 suggestive treatment4 ,the mere discussion of the matter with the physician1 the possibility at length of confiding in one capable of taking a thoroughly objective1 calm1 comprehensive view of the matter1 one who by his profession is instructed in all secrets of the human spiritual and impulsive life1 and who is aware of all the bodily necessities--this by itself suffices to restore to these unhappy beings1 who are tortured by the evil demon of their unhappy impulse1 who are often in a state of spiritual despair and hypochondria1 to restore to them an inward confidence and a healing repose4 ,this is the great triumph of medical research in this hitherto tabooed1 and yet so enormously important1 department1 which only crass ignorance or evil-minded hypocrisy could designate as 8improper0 or 8unworthy40 ,we have passed beyond the fruitless and dangerous method of 8moral preaching10 to attain a scientific understanding of sexual anomalies2 we have exposed the roots of these anomalies1 lying deep in the physical and psychical nature of humanity1 and we have recognized their connexion with so many other phenomena of the civilization of our time4 ,when ,i speak of a 8treatment0 of the common1 widely diffused sexual anomalies1 it appears to me that that standpoint is the best which regards them as pure diseases of the will1 which have been diffused in all times1 but have never been more distinctly manifest1 and never have possessed more importance1 than they do at the present day1 when will1 energy1 has become the most important weapon in the ever more violent struggle for existence4 ,as ,napoleon ,,iii4 said1 it is not to the apathetic man1 but to the energetic man1 that the future belongs1 to the man with the will of iron4 ,but nothing paralyzes the will so much as the dominance of blind and1 above all1 of abnormal1 impulses4 ,unquestionably they conceal within themselves1 when frequently gratified1 feelings rather of pain than of pleasure1 and become the unconquerable source of hypochondria and self-contempt4 ,the stronger the impulse becomes1 the longer the habit has lasted of yielding to that impulse1 the greater is the loss of will from which the individual suffers4 ,the first and most important task of the physician is1 therefore1 to weaken the impulse by means of strengthening the will4 ,he must consistently and methodically educate the will1 in order to assist the patient to obtain the victory over his impulse4 ,as ,goethe says in his 8,epimenides03 8,noch ist vieles zu erfllen1 ,noch ist manches nicht vorbei3 ,doch wir alle1 durch den ,willen ,sind wir schon von ,banden frei40 8,much there remains to fulfil1 ,many things have yet to be endured3 ,still1 all of us1 by the exercise of will ,can to a large extent free ourselves from our fetters40 ,the best way to attain this is to employ personal influence by means of suggestion4 ,we must recommend frequent conversations on the part of the patient with the physician1 which can be powerfully supplemented by epistolary communications on the part of the physician1 of which an excellent example will be found in the 8,psychotherapeutic ,letters0 by ,h4 ,oppenheim 7,berlin1 #aijf74fgj ,hypnosis is also of value1 although it does not appear to do any more in these cases than is effected by suggestion in the waking state4#fga ,it is not so easy to transform a ,hamlet into a man of action4 ,we must impose tasks upon the will1 tasks both mental and physical2 we must regulate the mode of life2 we must give to the individuality special prescriptions adapted to the particular case1 and we must call to our assistance1 whenever advisable1 the friends and associates of our patient4 ,the great enemy of the will1 alcohol1 must be absolutely prohibited2 on the other hand1 the taste for finer enjoyment and also for easy sports and pastimes must be stimulated4#fgb ,the vita sexualis needs repose in every case1 and1 above all1 masturbation must be energetically resisted4 ,if we succeed in diminishing the intensity of the impulse1 and in increasing the power of the will1 we have already done much4 ,in isolated cases1 we must also always make the attempt to conduct the libido and its activity very gradually into normal channels1 perhaps with the assistance of suggestive ideas in coitu1 for which1 above all1 the assistance of the sexual partner is indispensable4 ,only an experienced physician can here hit the mark4 #fch ,the ,public ,prosecutor ,amschl reports in the ,archives for ,criminal ,anthropology1 #aijd1 vol4 xvi41 p4 #agc1 a gross case of this character1 in which a peasant affected with venereal ulcers1 having been advised that a cure could only be obtained by intercourse with a pure virgin1 had sexual intercourse with his own daughter1 and--was cured66 #fci ,see #a ,kings i4 #a-d4 #fdj ,e4 ,laurent1 8,morbid ,love3 ,a ,psycho-,pathological ,study10 pp4 #ahc1 #ahd 7,leipzig1 #ahie74 ,cf4 also ,p4 ,bernard1 8,des ,attendants la ,pudeur sur les ,petites ,filles0 7,paris1 #ahhf74 #fda ,a detailed description of this affair is given in my 8,sexual ,life in ,england10 vol4 i41 pp4 #cej-cha 7,charlottenburg1 #aija74 #fdb ,compare in this connexion more especially the apt remarks of ,j4 ,p4 ,frank1 8,system of a ,medical ,polity10 vol4 vi41 pp4 #id1 #ie 7,frankenthal1 #agib74 #fdc ,cf4 ,sollier's remarks on this subject in ,von ,schrenck-,notzing's 8,die ,suggestions-,therapie10 p4 #g4 #fdd ,regarding child prostitution in ,berlin1 numerous details are to be found in the work1 8,child ,prostitution in ,berlin3 ,unvarnished ,revelations and ,moral ,pictures by an ,initiate0 7,leipzig1 #ahie74 #fde ,g4 ,schmoller1 8,elements of ,general ,political ,economy10 vol4 i41 p4 #bcc 7,leipzig1 #aija74 #fdf ,such relations can become actual1 even at the present day1 as we learn from the case reported by the ,public ,prosecutor1 ,dr4 ,kersten1 in the ,archives for ,criminal ,anthropology 7#aijd1 vol4 xvi41 p4 #ccj71 of a ,moor1 sixty-five years of age1 who1 in intercourse with his step-daughter1 procreated a daughter1 and later with this daughter of his own1 when she was thirteen years of age1 had sexual intercourse6 #fdg ,g4 ,mirabeau1 8,erotika ,biblion10 p4 #ia 7,brussels1 #ahfh74 #fdh ,german authors use the word ,sodomie to denote sexual relationships between human beings and animals4 ,mr4 ,havelock ,ellis informs me 7in a private letter7 8the ,german use of #8sodomy' to include #8bestiality' is quite ancient1 and no doubt had a theological origin4 ,i imagine the confusion was made with the idea of throwing on to #8bestiality' the same reprobation as the ,bible metes out to #8sodomy4'0 ,there is1 of course1 no mention of bestiality in connexion with the destruction of ,sodom4 ,the sin for which the city was destroyed was the desire for carnal knowledge of the two angels in the house of ,lot 7,gen4 xix4 #e74 ,the signification of the various terms used to denote unnatural intercourse is thus defined by ,mann1 in his work on 8,forensic ,medicine03 ,sodomy means unnatural sexual intercourse between two human beings1 usually of the male sex4444 ,tribadism1 the gratification of the sexual instinct between two human beings of the female sex4444 ,pederastia is that form of sodomy in which the passive rle is played by a boy1 the active agent being man or boy4 ,bestiality means sexual intercourse between mankind and the lower animals4 ,generally speaking1 in this translation the terms mentioned are used as above defined4 ,if there is any variation from that use1 the context will manifest it4 ,in any case1 ,sodomy has never been employed in the translation as an equivalent of the ,german ,sodomie1 the latter term having been invariably rendered by ,bestiality4--,,translator4 #fdi ,iwan ,bloch1 8,a ,remarkable ,case of ,sexual ,perversion 7,zoophilia710 published in ,medizinische ,klinik1 #aijf1 ,no4 #b4 #fej ,of the recent literature on this subject ,i may refer to ,g4 ,dubois-,dessaulle1 8tude sur la ,bestialit au ,point de ,vue ,historique1 ,mdical1 et ,juridique0 7,paris1 #aije72 ,f4 ,reichert1 8,the ,significance of ,sexual ,psychopathy in ,human ,beings1 in ,relation to ,veterinary ,practice10 ,inaugural ,dissertation 7,bern and ,munich1 #aijb72 ,franz ,hora1 8,a ,case of ,unnatural ,fornication with a ,goose10 published in the ,tierrztliches ,zentralblatt1 #aijc1 ,no4 #ac1 p4 #aig2 ,r4 ,froehner1 8,sadistic ,injuries to ,animals10 published in the ,deutsche ,tierrztliche ,wochenschrift1 ,no4 #a1 #aijc1 p4 #aec2 same author in ,der ,preussische ,kreistierarzt1 vol4 i41 pp4 #dhg-dia 7,berlin1 #aijd72 ,grundmann1 8,a ,case of ,bestiality and ,sadism10 published in the ,deutsche ,tierrztliche ,wochenschrift1 #aije1 ,no #de4 ,a very painstaking and critical study of unnatural fornication with animals is published by ,haberda in the ,vierteljahrsschrift fr ,gerichtliche ,medizin1 #aijg1 vol4 xxxiii41 supplementary number4 ,it deals with #afb medico-legal cases4 ,among these1 two only concern girls of sixteen and twenty-nine years of age respectively1 persons who have had improper relations with dogs4 ,most of the male offenders were persons whose occupations brought them much into contact with domestic animals2 about half of them were under twenty years of age4 ,the animals concerned were cattle1 goats1 horses1 dogs1 pigs1 sheep1 and hens4 ,in the majority of cases there were fornicatory acts--acts analogous to sexual intercourse--less commonly other sexual contacts4 ,the girl of sixteen was caught in the act of intercourse with a dog4 ,the majority of male offenders made use of female animals4 ,in two cases young men allowed dogs to have intercourse with them per anum1 the dogs having been trained to do this1 and in both of them were found lacerations of the anus and rectum4 ,only in a few of the #agb cases of bestiality was there any reason to doubt the mental integrity of the person concerned4 ,in those cases there was senile dementia1 epilepsy1 or alcoholism4 ,the principal causes for the practice of bestiality were enhanced opportunities1 the lack of possibility in the country for conjugal or extra-conjugal normal sexual intercourse1 or1 finally1 superstition 7belief in the possibility of curing of venereal disease by intercourse with animals74 #fea ,regarding the ethnology of bestiality1 consult my 8,etiology of ,psychopathia ,sexualis10 vol4 ii41 pp4 #bgb-bgf4 #feb ,cf4 ,f4 ,s4 ,krauss1 8,bestial ,aberrations10 published in 8,anthropophyteia10 vol4 iii41 pp4 #bfe-cbb4 #fec ,iwan ,bloch1 8,the ,origin of ,syphilis10 part i41 p4 #bb 7,jena1 #aija74 #fed ,the following authentic case1 which occurred in the year #aijb1 appears to be unique4 ,a man compelled his wife1 who was amiable but somewhat weak-minded1 to have intercourse with a male pointer1 which he himself prepared for the act1 and in course of time he made the animal complete coitus with his wife five or six times whilst he looked on 78,a ,horrible ,case10 published in the ,archives for ,criminal ,anthropology1 vol4 xiii41 pp4 #cbj1 #cba74 ,a case of bestiality with a rabbit is reported by ,boteau 78,un ,cas de ,bestialit10 published in ,france ,mdicale1 #ahia1 vol4 xxxviii41 p4 #eic74 ,regarding passive bestiality with dogs1 cf4 ,a4 ,montalti1 8,la pederastia tra il cane a l' uomo10 published in ,sperimentale1 #ahhg1 vol4 lx41 p4 #bhe2 ,delastre et ,linas1 8,sodomie ,bestiale0 7,societe de ,mdecine ,lgale1 #ahgc-gd1 vol4 cxi41 p4 #afe72 ,brouardel1 8,pdrastie d'un ,chien l',homme10 7published in the ,semaine ,mdicale1 #ahhg1 vol4 vii41 p4 #cah72 ,fr1 8,note sur un ,cas de ,bestialit chez la ,femme0 7published in ,archives de ,neurologie1 #aijc1 p4 #ij74 #fee ,the belief in vampires is in part dependent upon necrophilia4 ,in ,southern ,slavonic countries the corpses of young women and girls were sometimes found which had been disinterred4 ,the necrophilist had misused them sexually1 and had then cut off the breasts and torn out the intestines 7,f4 ,s4 ,krauss1 8,anthropophyteia10 vol4 ii41 p4 #cia74 ,in the fifth decade of the nineteenth century the notorious necrophilist ,sergeant ,bertrand performed similar acts4 #fef ,reported by ,a4 ,eulenburg1 8,sadism and ,masochism10 p4 #ef4 ,another case of necrophilia1 with subsequent mutilation1 occurred during the night of ,december #ba-bb1 #aija1 in the mortuary at ,weiher1 on the corpse of the wife of a day-labourer4 ,the offender1 who was arrested1 had1 on account of intense sexual hypersthesia1 committed other sexual offences1 among them bestiality 7cf4 8,a ,case of ,necrophilia10 published in the ,archives of ,criminal ,anthropology1 #ajd1 vol4 xvi41 pp4 #bhi-cjc74 #feg ,these sthetic motives were predominant in the cases of statue-love reported from antiquity4 #feh ,cf4 ,l4 ,fiaux 8,les ,maisons de ,tolrance10 pp4 #agf1 #agg 7,paris1 #ahib74 ,moreover1 the well-known tableaux vivants of the variety theatre can be regarded as a lesser form of such pygmalionistic spectacles4 #fei ,ch4 ,lasgue1 8,les ,exhibitionistes10 published in ,l',union ,mdicale1 #ahgg1 ,no4 #ej4 #ffj ,cf4 ,a4 ,hoche1 8,elements of a ,general ,forensic ,psycho-,pathology10 published in the 8,handbook of ,forensic ,psychiatry10 p4 #ejb 7,berlin1 #aija74 #ffa ,g4 ,burgl1 8,exhibitionists before the ,law-,courts10 published in the ,zeitschrift fr ,psychiatrie1 #aijc1 vol4 lx41 ,nos4 #a1 #b1 pp4 #aai-add4 #ffb ,regarding this custom of obscene gestures1 which is extremely remarkable from the point of view of the history of civilization1 see the second volume1 now in course of preparation1 of my work on 8,the ,origin of ,syphilis40 #ffc ,von ,schrenck-,notzing1 8,crimino-,psychological and ,psycho-,pathological ,studies10 pp4 #ej-eg 7,leipzig1 #aijb74 #ffd ,not to be confused with the 8essayeurs10 a speciality of the brothels of ,paris4 ,these are male individuals who are hired by the owner of the brothel1 in order1 in the presence of clients1 to carry out indecent manipulations in association with the prostitutes1 and thus to induce sexual excitement in the guests1 and stimulate them to fornication 7cf4 ,l4 ,fiaux1 8,lee ,maisons de ,tolrance10 p4 #agg74 #ffe ,regarding secret sexual clubs1 see also my 8,sexual ,life in ,england10 vol4 i41 pp4 #djj-dae4 #fff ,cf4 ,l4 ,taxil1 8,la ,corruption ,fin de ,sicle10 p4 #bbf 7,paris1 #aijd74 #ffg ,s4 ,freud1 8,three ,contributions to the ,sexual ,theory10 pp4 #dj-db4 #ffh ,l4 ,lewin1 the article 8,opium10 in ,eulenburg's 8,realenzyklopdie der ,heilkunde10 vol4 xvii41 p4 #fbi 7,vienna1 #ahih74 #ffi ,the following interesting reports1 given by ,a4 ,wernichs 78,geographico-,medical ,studies10 pp4 #dh-ej71 elucidate very exactly the nature of the sexual fantasies of the opium-smoker1 which have the character of an indeterminate and by no means coercive sexual desire3 8,it is not necessary to proceed to gratification2 one is almost disinclined to bring the series of beautiful pictures to an end in this way4 ,all the joyful sexual experiences follow one another in a peculiar and fanciful admixture4 ,alluring forms appear in the most stimulating postures4 ,often one does not seem to take part in the matter oneself4 ,beautiful women whom one has seen in any part of the world1 at the theatre1 etc41 move before one's eyes1 in the most beloved games of our youth4 ,everything that memory and the half-dream brings us is naked1 shining1 delicate1 luxurious--and for us alone2 for me these groupings1 these fountains with bathing forms1 these gestures1 these embraces40 ,it is1 therefore1 not simply by chance that the majority of ,chinese brothels have arrangements for opium-smokers1 and that1 contrariwise1 many opium-dens provide opportunities for sexual enjoyment4 ,indeed1 prostitutes are said to prefer opium-smokers1 precisely because the latter1 as long as the effect of the opium persists1 do not come to an end of their enjoyment4 ,these sexual fantasies of the opium-smoker probably occur only in the initial stages of indulgence in the drug4 ,the confirmed opium-smoker1 like the man habituated to the hypodermic injection of morphine1 is probably1 with rare exceptions1 completely impotent4 ,sexual appetite and power return1 however1 when the habit is cured4--,,translator4 #fgj ,i refer more especially to the last letter1 one directed to an onanist 7pp4 #db-dd71 as instructive in this connexion4 #fga ,cf4 also ,alfred ,fuchs1 8,therapeutics of the ,abnormal ,sexual ,life in ,men0 7,stuttgart1 #ahii74 #fgb ,in such cases music1 more especially the more emotional music of ,wagner1 must be employed only with great care4 ,,supplementary ,,note4--,with regard to offences against morality1 see the comprehensive work by ,mittermaier1 8,crimes and ,offences against ,morality0 7,berlin1 #aijf7 7gives a comparative description of the legislation of various countries74 ,see also ,j4 ,werthauer1 8,offences against ,morality in ,large ,towns0 7,berlin1 #aijg74 ,,chapter ,,xxiv ,,offences ,,against ,,morality ,,from ,,the ,,forensic ,,standpoint4 8,in view of the peculiar character of sexually perverse acts1 or rather in view of the widely diffused interest in sexual questions and of the hypocrisy which seems inseparable from their consideration1 it is easily comprehensible how to these acts there is commonly ascribed a forensic importance greater than that which properly attaches to them4 ,and it is precisely this hypocrisy with which all questions connected with sexuality are treated on the public platform1 which hinders a natural mode of regarding them1 and renders so difficult an unprejudiced judgment regarding all the relevant facts40--,j4 ,,salg4 ,,contents ,,of ,,chapter ,,xxiv ,importance of sexual perversions to the ,state and to society -- ,exaggerated views regarding their injurious influence -- ,one-sided condemnation of them from the forensic-psychiatric standpoint -- ,their wide diffusion among healthy individuals -- ,protection against real injury to public and private interests from sexual offences -- ,their frequency among diseased persons -- ,the idea of degeneration -- ,congenital taint and the stigmata of degeneration -- ,significance of these stigmata -- ,social causes of degeneration -- ,significance of tattooing -- #ea of the ,criminal ,code -- ,the idea of 8diminished responsibility0 -- ,characterization of sexual emotions -- ,other factors lessening responsibility 7menstruation1 etc47 -- ,points of view in the punishment of acts of fornication with persons under age -- ,value of the evidence of children in the law-courts -- ,the age of consent -- ,the condemnation and punishment of sexual offences4 ,,chapter ,,xxiv ,it is the evident duty of the ,state to protect society from certain manifestations of the sexual impulse1 occurring publicly in the form of 8offences against morality10 and whenever these manifestations interfere with the persons and the rights of citizens4 ,the sexual impulse has been compared with a powerful stream1 which1 when confined to its natural bed1 is a never-ending source of blessing to the surrounding country2 but which1 as soon as with elemental force it overflows its banks and gives rise to widespread floods1 is the cause of unspeakable misery among the entire population4#fgc ,this comparison would be just if the facts were as stated4 ,but1 as ,i have already pointed out1 as a whole1 sexual perversions have played a far smaller part in the decadence of fallen nations than has hitherto been assumed4 ,the biological and economical history of civilization has taught us to recognize numerous other influences1 which1 in such a process of national decay1 play at least as great a part as sexual 8degeneration10 and in many cases a much greater part than this4 ,frequently1 indeed1 sexual perversions and unnatural modes of gratification of the sexual impulse are in the first place a consequence of economic and social abnormalities1 and are intimately connected with the so-called social problem4 ,the above-named stream1 to pursue the image1 only trickles over its banks here and there1 without giving rise to any widespread and devastating flood4 ,and so long as these destructive tendencies are wanting1 the ,state has no right to take measures against sexual perversions1 or at most can justly do so only by dealing with their social causes4 ,in view of the extensive diffusion of sexual anomalies among persons who in other respects are perfectly healthy1 we must ask ourselves whether the importance of these anomalies1 in respect of the offences against morality to which in certain circumstances they may give rise1 has not been overestimated4 ,this idea has recently been put forward by ,j4 ,salg1 in his valuable monograph1 8,the ,forensic ,importance of ,sexual ,perversities0 7,halle1 #aijg74 ,i am more especially pleased to find that this author shares the view which ,i have myself advocated for years1 that sexual perversities in the majority of cases are not indications of 8degeneration10 as has been assumed both by psychiatrists and neurologists1 especially under the influence of the doctrine of ,mbius1 who pushed this idea much too far4 ,moreover1 the late ,jolly1 in his lectures to practising physicians upon sexual aberrations1 expressly maintained the justice of my view of sexual anomalies as an anthropological phenomenon4 ,with regard to the nature of sexual perversions1 psychiatric science will have greatly to modify its general views1 in order to attain an objective consideration of their significance4 8,psychiatry10 says ,salg 7op4 cit41 pp4 #cg1 #ch71 8must not follow the decoy-call of the law 7which has wandered into a blind alley71 by endeavouring to cover with the mantle of specialist science the serious legal errors in the matter of perverse sexuality4 ,the incontestable domain of psychiatric experience in forensic questions is already sufficiently large1 and it needs no artificial extension4 ,but it is an artificial extension to indicate as morbid all the aberrations of sexual activity1 or any single one of such aberrations1 in the absence of indubitable or demonstrable symptoms of physical disturbance1 and in the absence of a clearly recognizable and abnormal course--simply because they contravene the existing criminal law40 ,the blind alley of psychiatry is the prison and the asylum4 ,because psychiatry is principally concerned with those sexual perversities which have criminal or psychiatric importance1 with the abnormalities and the crimes of the sexually perverse1 psychiatric science failed to recognize the extraordinarily wide diffusion of sexual perversions among persons who are mentally and physically healthy4 ,among the healthy1 homosexuality1 sadism1 masochism1 fetichism1 etc41 may make their appearance in more or less severe forms2 just as other 8vicious habits0 may occur in the healthy1 just as passionate tobacco-smoking1 or intoxication with any sport1 may become an ineradicable habit1 or at least a habit extremely difficult to eradicate4 ,neither jurisprudence nor psychiatry can be spared the accusation of having misled 8public opinion10 this terrible monster so often hostile to civilization1 in respect of sexual perversities1 regarding whose nature recent scientific research1 and above all1 anthropological research1 has diffused a light4 ,i am acquainted with a number of persons whose bodily and mental health is excellent1 persons who are1 indeed1 imposing in respect of their primeval ,german racial force1 who have assured me that they suffer from the most severe sexual perversions6 ,recall the description given on p4 #ehd of a masochistic 8slave0 of the most extreme type4 ,i do not go so far as ,salg1 who demands for sexual anomalies1 in so far as they are not criminal1 the same 8right of existence0 7p4 #g7 as for the normal sexual impulse2 but ,i do assert that sexual anomalies exist in individuals who are in other respects perfectly healthy1 and that they do not always injure the personal health or the bodily and moral well-being of another1 as is the case with sexual perversions arising upon a morbid foundation and attaining forensic importance4 ,above all1 ,i must sharply condemn the fashion of glorifying sexual perversities1 which have been regarded as a peculiar privilege of the highest mental development1 and as corresponding to an especial refinement of sensibility4 ,this assertion may be refuted by reference to the fact1 often mentioned before1 that the most incredible and most artificial sexual malpractices occur among savage races1 who in this respect could give points to our modern decadents and epicurean sthetes4 ,in any case1 sexual perversions in themselves have neither a moral nor a forensic importance1 and must be regarded as more or less biological variations of the normal impulse4 ,where1 on the other hand1 the public or individual interest is injured by these perversions1 the ,state has unquestionably the right of intervention and the right of prevention4 ,in every case in which we have to do with the production of a public nuisance1 with the bodily or mental injury of other human beings1 with the employment of force1 with the misuse of the lessened or absent responsibility of children1 of unconscious persons1 of those asleep1 and of those mentally disordered1 society must intervene in its own interest1 and must take suitable measures to protect itself against such offences4 ,now1 it is certain--and to have established this is an honour to psychiatric science--that it is precisely these latter sexual offences which in the great majority of cases are committed by diseased persons and by those who are more or less irresponsible4 ,therefore1 we are thoroughly justified in demanding that in every such criminal case1 the bodily and mental condition of the accused should be subjected to a medical examination4 ,a typical mental disorder1 such as imbecility1 epilepsy1 alcoholic insanity1 general paralysis of the insane1 paranoia1 etc41 will be detected without difficulty1 and thereby responsibility will at once be excluded4 ,more difficult are the transitional stages between health and disease1 the so-called 8borderland cases10 the cases of 8psychopathically deficient responsibility0 and of 8disequilibrium40 ,in forensic medicine two ideas play a very great part in this connexion1 that of 8degeneration0 and that of 8diminished responsibility40 ,every sexually perverse person must be examined for signs of severe hereditary taint1 as well as for the so-called 8stigmata of degeneration40 ,if we can prove that in his family there have been several instances of severe mental disorder1 of alcoholism1 syphilis1 diabetes1 and other diseases leading to degeneration1 the suspicion that there is a psychopathic foundation for the sexual offence is justified4 ,but we must insist that congenital taint does not make itself felt in every case1 and cannot1 therefore1 always be made responsible as a causal influence in the production of a sexual perversion4#fgd ,the so-called 8stigmata of degeneration0 have importance only when they are very markedly developed1 and when several of them are simultaneously present4 ,we distinguish physical and mental stigmata degenerationis4 ,to the former belong disturbances and inhibitions of development1 malformations1 such as asymmetry of the skull1 narrowness of the palate1 hare-lip1 cleft palate1 anomalies of the teeth and the hair1 difficulties of speech1 tic convulsif1 abnormal and morbid states of the genital organs and genital functions1 and more especially malformations of the ear1 such as ,morel's ear 7the complete or partial absence of the helix or antihelix71 the ,darwinian pointed ear1 etc4#fge ,the mental degenerative phenomena comprise all that are known as 8bizarre or abnormal0 characters2 those who possess such characters are termed 8eccentrics0 and 8originals10 or are known as persons 8psychopathically below par0 7,j4 ,l4 ,a4 ,koch71 as 8disequilibrated0 7,eschle71 as 8superior degenerates0 7,magnan74 ,these phenomena comprise peculiar disturbances of the harmony of the spiritual life1 characterized by lack of balance between emotion and intellect1 as well as by an abnormal irritability and undue reaction to stimulation4 ,we may find complete absence of ethical perception1 so-called 8moral insanity10 of which ,e4 ,kraepelin and his school have proved that it may arise secondarily as a sequel to certain mental disorders4 ,striking in these unbalanced persons is the disharmony of the entire conduct of life1 the internal lack of the point d'appui1 the unsteadiness1 the suddenness of their actions1 which often occur under the influence of coercive ideas and abnormal impulses1 the abnormally early appearance and the extraordinary intensity of the sexual impulse1 the tendency to cruelty 7,o4 ,rosenbach74 ,in judging the personality of the degenerate as a whole1 we must always take into account the entire course of life1 to which only too often the remark of ,stifter applies3 8,in his life we saw only beginnings without continuations1 and continuations without beginnings40 ,on the other hand1 we must not forget that many of the bodily stigmata of degeneration occur also in healthy persons1 and that the existence of such stigmata in mentally disordered persons and in criminals may also be referred to social causes1 to bad conditions of life and deficient nutriment1 to alcoholism1 syphilis1 or rickets4 ,for this reason ,p4 ,ncke#fgf rightly insists that many of the so-called stigmata of degeneration are socially produced1 and will therefore disappear with the employment of a purposive social hygiene2 he gives as an example the rachitic bandy legs of ,english factory labourers4 ,therefore1 for the proof of degeneration1 we must lay more stress upon mental stigmata1 upon abnormality of the spiritual personality1 abnormality of its intellectual and emotional character1 and from this proceed to infer the irresistible character of a morbid impulsive manifestation4 ,in addition to the study of the stigmata of degeneration1 the study of tattooing is of forensic importance in the consideration of the sexual offences2 the character and the date of the tattooing give sometimes interesting information regarding the nature of the personality4 ,thus ,lombroso#fgg reports the case of an offender against morality1 fifty years of age1 with prominent ears and scanty growth of hair4 ,this man ravished a girl of fifteen1 whose mother was his mistress4 ,at the early age of fifteen he had had the most obscene pictures tattooed upon his body2 and upon inquiry he stated that he had begun to masturbate at the age of thirteen years1 and had begun to have intercourse with women at the age of fifteen years4 ,he denied the accusation of rape1 and maintained that he had enjoyed the girl without using force4 ,his tattooing1 however1 gave evidence of his capacity to commit sexual crime4 ,the pictures served as a certain and important proof of this4 ,this appeared even more clearly in the case of the ravisher ,francesco ,spiteri1 published by ,dr4 ,f4 ,santangelo in #ahib1 whose utterly immoral and sexually perverse mode of life was most wonderfully displayed and recorded by means of the tattooings by which his entire body was covered4 ,it will suffice here to allude to the drawing of a fish and of seven points upon his membrum4 ,this indicated that his penis 7,italian1 pesce fish7 since his youth had pdicated seven boys 7 seven points76 ,in the case of sexual offences we have to consider1 in addition to the question of degeneration1 that of diminished or entirely absent responsibility4 ,in cases of unmistakable mental disorder1 responsibility does not exist1 nor in epileptic confusional states1 nor in profound alcoholic intoxication4#fgh ,between complete irresponsibility and complete responsibility there are numerous transitional stages1 which are all classified under the idea of diminished responsibility4 ,this fact is not recognized by #ea of the ,criminal ,code1 which runs as follows3 8,a punishable offence has not been committed when the accused at the time the action was performed was in a state of unconsciousness1 or in a state or morbid disturbance of mental activity1 by means of which his freedom of will was excluded40 ,in this we find the idea of 8morbid disturbance of mental activity10 which is definitely wider than the idea of mental disease1 in so far as it embraces transient mental disorders in persons who are not suffering from definite mental disease2 but it does not take into consideration the even more important notion of diminished responsibility1 which is applicable to all the above described borderland states and transitional conditions lying between mental health and mental disease4 ,hussler 7op4 cit41 p4 #ci7 as long as eighty years ago demanded the recognition of the idea of diminished responsibility--that is1 of a condition 8in which responsibility for the action was diminished by an imperfectly developed intelligence1 without the disturbance of intellectual activity being sufficiently great completely to abolish free voluntary determination0 7,aschaffenburg74 ,since that time1 by the address given on ,september #af1 #ahhg1 to the ,association of ,german ,alienists at ,frankfort on 8diminished responsibility10 ,jolly opened a discussion upon this question4 ,in this discussion the majority of ,german psychiatrists recommended the legislative recognition of such an idea1 among these ,wollenberg1 ,hoche1 ,cramer1 ,kirn1 ,aschaffenburg1 von ,schrenck-,notzing1 etc4#fgi ,in connexion with diminished responsibility we must distinguish between individuals and actions4 ,among the individuals recognized above as persons 8psychopathically below par10 responsibility may be diminished permanently and for a number of different actions2 but in other cases healthy normal individuals may exhibit diminished responsibility in respect of isolated actions1 when1 for example1 an excessively strong emotion1 or a state of acute intoxication1 has for a certain time and in relation to a particular action abrogated responsibility4 ,in this connexion1 in addition to acute alcoholic intoxication1 certain sexual processes have especially to be considered4 ,hussler recognized the influence of the sexual impulse upon responsibility1 and considered that certain actions performed under the influence of that impulse were performed without complete responsibility1 and he declared that the voluptuary was a person whose mental health was imperfect4#fhj ,forel#fha also regarded the 8slaves of the sexual impulse0 as mentally abnormal1 as individuals whose responsibility was diminished4 ,i consider it indisputable that sexual emotions1 especially when they arise suddenly1 diminish responsibility1 and limit1 to some extent at least1 the freedom of voluntary determination4 ,regarding certain processes of the vita sexualis1 such as the epoch of puberty in both sexes1 regarding menstruation1 pregnancy1 and the climacteric in women1 this fact has been already generally recognized4 ,it ought1 however1 to be admitted regarding the sexual impulse in general1 more especially when the whole character of the action proves that it has been the consequence of a suddenly arising powerful emotion4 ,von ,krafft-,ebing also is of this opinion4#fhb ,it is1 moreover1 in most cases possible to determine whether the offence was caused only by a powerful sexual emotion1 by means of which the intelligence and the freedom of the will of a person1 in other respects normally responsible1 were temporarily limited or completely arrested2 or whether other motives intervened1 so that the action must be regarded as the result of conscious choice4 ,in conclusion1 another point must be considered1 which is related to the question of sexual offences committed with children1 and which possesses forensic importance4 ,this is the circumstance that in many such cases there is no question of the 8seduction0 of children1 but that1 on the contrary1 the incitation first proceeded from the children themselves4 ,in the previous chapter we discussed the early appearance of sexual activity in children4 ,moreover1 in such cases we could distinguish between a nobler and a grosser1 more sensual love4 ,as an example of the former1 ,i may allude to the ardent1 affectionate love of a girl of twelve for a thoroughly honourable man of forty years of age1 who certainly had no idea of sexual intimacy with the child1 and who was unable to free himself from her passionate caresses4 ,we often observe such intimate inclinations on the part of young girls towards mature men1 and we must be careful in such cases to avoid immediately thinking of pdophilic unchastity4 ,in another case a mother complained that her daughter1 seven years of age1 was in continual pursuit of a boy of fourteen1 and could not be cured of the affection4 ,maria ,lischnewska reports 78,mutterschutz10 #aije1 p4 #aee7 the case of a boy1 not yet six years of age1 who drew up the nightgown of his foster-mother1 and endeavoured to have intercourse with her4 ,the sexual offences committed by clergymen and tutors upon the girls taught by them are apt to be seen in a different light when we subject the youthful accuser to a strict cross-examination1 and1 in addition1 to a physical examination1 whereby in many cases we bring to light the fact that1 long before the recent offence1 they have been accustomed of their own free will to have sexual relations with other men4 ,casper long ago drew attention to these circumstances4 ,very often from the pupil herself proceed actual advances of the worst kind1 which have proved ruinous to many a young teacher whose morals were previously above reproach4 ,finally1 there is an important point which must not be forgotten3 the untrustworthy character of childish evidence1 a matter which has recently been discussed by the specialist ,adolf ,baginsky4#fhc ,this writer1 whose knowledge of childish psychology is so profound1 remarks3 8,the evidence given by children in the law-courts appears to those who are really familiar with the child mind to be absolutely worthless and utterly devoid of importance1 and this is the more the case the more frequently the child repeats its statement1 and the more firmly it sticks to its evidence40 ,he alludes to the law of ,sweden1 according to which the child is not competent to give evidence in a law-court before the completion of its fifteenth year4 ,all these circumstances must be considered in relation to the question of the so-called 8age of consent40 ,m4 ,hirschfeld justly remarks that the natural age of consent is equivalent to that at which a child is competent to make a choice 78,the ,nature of ,love10 p4 #bhd74 ,i consider that the decision of the ,italian ,criminal ,code is the best2 by this ,code the age of consent for both sexes is placed at the conclusion of the sixteenth year4 ,the majority of crimes committed from purely sexual motives belong to the crimes of passion1 in the sense of ,ferris1 and indeed to crimes committed under the coercion of the most powerful of organic impulses4 ,i doubt whether the existing punishments are the most suitable for the purpose for which they are designed4 ,in any case1 gentleness is here above all demanded1 and we should invoke the saying1 8,judge not1 that ye be not judged60 ,indeed1 an evangelical minister#fhd speaks truly when he says3 8,the enormous majority of men and women1 who constitute themselves the judges of offences against morality1 whilst they themselves take every opportunity of infringing the moral laws they profess to uphold--lie day after day1 throughout their whole life--their position is built upon hypocrisy and lies40 ,it very rarely happens that a judge who condemns a thief or a murderer has himself been guilty of this crime1 but without doubt it frequently happens that a judge condemns other men on account of sexual offences which he has himself committed4 ,in the case of sexual crimes we almost always have to do with individuals to whom more good could be done by medical influence than by imprisonment2 we must entrust the physician with the duty of protecting society against such offenders4 8,in this province1 physicians will become the judges of the future10 says ,m4 ,hirschfeld most justly4#fhe ,until this end is attained1 let us remind ,german judges of an anecdote which ,i found in an old ,french encyclopdia3#fhf 8,a courtesan in ,madrid killed her lover1 on account of his unfaithfulness2 she was condemned and brought before the king1 from whom she hid nothing4 ,the king said to her3 #8,thou hast loved too much to be a reasonable being4'0 #fgc ,e4 ,weisbrod1 8,offences against ,morality before the ,law ,courts10 p4 #e 7,berlin and ,leipzig1 #ahia74 ,cf41 regarding offences against morality1 in addition to the above-mentioned work of ,tardieu1 the interesting 8,notes et ,observations de ,mdecine ,lgale3 ,attentats aux ,murs10 by ,h4 ,legludic 7,paris1 #ahif72 also ,p4 ,viazzi1 8,sur ,reati ,sessuali0 7,turin1 #ahif72 ,l4 ,thoinot1 8,attentats aux ,murs et ,perversions du ,sens ,gnital0 7,paris1 #ahih72 ,toulouse1 8,les ,dlits ,sexuels10 published in 8,les ,conflicts ,intersexuels et ,sociaux10 pp4 #cah-cbf 7,paris1 #aijd74 ,regarding offences against morality from the forensic standpoint1 see also the comprehensive work of ,mittermaier1 8,crimes and ,offences against ,morality0 7,berlin1 #aijf71 which contains a comparative account of the legislative enactments of the principal countries of ,europe4 ,in addition1 consult ,j4 ,werthauer1 8,offences against ,morality in ,large ,towns0 7,berlin1 #aijg74 #fgd ,cf4 ,th4 ,ziehen1 8,degeneratives ,irresein10 in ,eulenburg's 8,realenzyklopdie10 vol4 v41 p4 #ddh 7,vienna1 #ahie72 ,a4 ,hoche1 8,handbook of ,forensic ,psychiatry10 p4 #dac4 #fge ,cf41 in this connexion1 ,p4 ,ncke1 8,the ,value of the ,so-called ,stigmata of ,degeneration0 7,archives of ,criminal ,psychology1 ,may1 #aijd71 and 8,the ,great ,value of ,certain ,signs of ,degeneration0 7,archives of ,criminal ,anthropology1 #aijd1 vol4 xvi41 pp4 #aha1 #ahb74 ,the most important1 according to him1 are stigmata of the head and of the genital system1 on account of the relationships to the brain and to the reproductive organs4 ,disturbances of development of the auricle are not so important as those of the globe of the eye 7absence of the iris1 nystagmus1 opacities of the lens1 coloboma iridis1 ptosis1 microphthalmus1 anophthalmus1 colour-blindness1 etc474 ,penta has recently drawn attention to the importance and frequency of anomalies of the sexual organs in stuprators and in the sexually perverse 7cf4 ,archives of ,criminal ,anthropology1 #aijd1 vol4 xvi41 p4 #cdc2 cf4 also the observations of ,matthaes1 quoted in note #dij1 p4 #dgg74 #fgf ,paul ,ncke1 8,criminality and ,insanity in ,women10 pp4 #aed-aef 7,vienna and ,leipzig1 #ahid74 #fgg ,c4 ,lombroso1 8,recent ,advances in the ,study of ,criminality10 pp4 #agg1 #agh4 #fgh ,cf4 ,g4 ,aschaffenburg1 8,responsibility in ,mental ,disease10 published in ,hoche's 8,handbook of ,forensic ,psychiatry10 pp4 #ac-dg4 ,on the question of 8,responsibility in ,mental ,disease10 ,english readers will naturally refer to ,maudsley's classical work bearing this title1 published in the ,international ,scientific ,series4--,,translator4 #fgi ,cf4 ,a4 von ,schrenck-,notzing1 8,the ,question of ,diminished ,responsibility1 etc410 published in 8,crimino-,psychological and ,psychopathological ,studies10 pp4 #gf-aja 7,leipzig1 #aijb74 #fhj ,hussler1 op4 cit41 p4 #ci4 #fha ,a4 ,forel1 8,the ,responsibility of ,normal ,human ,beings10 p4 #ba 7,munich1 #aija74 #fhb ,von ,krafft-,ebing1 8,psychopathia ,sexualis10 p4 #cca4 #fhc ,adolf ,baginsky1 8,the ,impressionability of ,children under the ,influence of their ,environment10 published in ,medizinische ,reform1 edited by ,rudolf ,lennhoff1 #aijf1 ,nos4 #dc1 #dd 7especially pp4 #ecc1 #ecd74 #fhd 8,another ,conventional ,lie3 ,studies concerning ,love1 ,marriage1 and ,morality10 by an ,evangelical ,clergyman1 p4 #g 7,leipzig74 #fhe ,kraepelin 78,the ,question of ,diminished ,responsibility10 published in the ,monatschrijt fr ,kriminal-,psychiatrie1 #aijd1 ,no4 #h7 pleads that the necessity for imprisonment should be determined1 not by judges1 but by medical 8crimino-pedagogues10 and he demands 8places of secure restraint0 78,sicherungsanstalten071 differing in character from ordinary prisons1 for the detention of criminals whose responsibility is diminished4 ,similarly1 ,p4 ,ncke 78,the ,so-called ,moral ,insanity10 p4 #fj2 ,wiesbaden1 #aijb71 considers that the prison should be transformed into a kind of 8hospital and educational institution40 #fhf 8,encyclopediana ou ,dictionnaire ,encyclopdique des ,ana10 p4 #ei 7,paris1 #agja74 ,,chapter ,,xxv ,,the ,,question ,,of ,,sexual ,,abstinence 7,,die ,,enthaltsamkeitsfrage7 8,o heiliger ,bsser1 folg' ich dir1 ,folge ich dir1 ,frau ,minne80 ,,eduard ,,grisebach4 8,holy ,penitence1 art thou my aim1 ,or is it thou whom ,i pursue1 lovely woman80 ,,contents ,,of ,,chapter ,,xxv ,great variation in the views held regarding sexual abstinence -- ,five groups -- ,the apostles of absolute asceticism -- ,criticism of their views -- ,view of duplex sexual morality -- ,its refutation -- ,the unfounded doubt in the possibility of abstinence -- ,recommendation of relative temporary abstinence from the medical and moral standpoint -- ,relative abstinence as an ideal of civilization -- ,recognition of this ideal among the ancient ,israelites -- ,wise prescriptions and utterances in the ,bible and the ,talmud -- ,misrepresentation of this idea by the notion of absolute asceticism -- ,reaction against the latter -- ,rules regarding the frequency of intercourse -- ,self-command as a principle of enjoyment -- ,abstinence before the first sexual intercourse -- ,sexual maturity and physical maturity -- ,sexual tension of the third decade of life -- ,erb's experiences regarding the harmful consequences of abstinence -- ,lowenfeld's reports -- ,comparison with the dangers of extra-conjugal sexual intercourse -- ,value of abstinence later in life -- ,influence upon intellectual activity -- ,higher civilizing value of the idea of abstinence4 ,,chapter ,,xxv ,there is no disputed question in respect of which the divergent views are so sharply opposed as they are regarding the importance1 the value1 and the consequences of sexual abstinence4 ,the question has been recently discussed by ,o4 ,schreiber1 in a paper entitled 8,sexual ,abstinence10 published in ,medizinische ,bltter1 #aijg1 ,nos4 #be-bg4 ,i distinguish five groups of opinion3 #a4 ,the apostles of absolute asceticism during the whole of life 7,tolstoi1 ,weininger1 ,norbert ,grabowsky1 ,kurnig1 etc474 #b4 ,the medical advocates of relative temporary continence1 until it becomes possible to enjoy permanent hygienic intercourse1 free from all objections4 #c4 ,the advocates of 8duplex sexual morality10 who demand from woman sexual abstinence until she marries1 but who regard this as impossible in the case of man4 #d4 ,the 8,vera0#fhg enthusiasts1 who on moral grounds demand abstinence for both sexes until marriage4 #e4 ,those who doubt the possibility of abstinence of any kind for either sex1 whether absolute or relative4 ,regarding those mentioned under the first heading1 who demand absolute1 life-long sexual abstinence1 it is hardly necessary to say a word4 ,it is nonsense1 a pious superstition1 a ,utopia contrary alike to nature and to civilization1 born of the belief in the 8sinfulness0 of sexual intercourse4 ,the normal sexual impulse is a natural phenomenon2 it is pure and thoroughly ethical2 and it is only in an insane confusion and in a morally reprehensible falsification of his own nature that man has come to regard it as a 8sin10 as an 8evil40 ,man has a natural1 inborn right to the gratification of the sexual impulse4 ,absolute asceticism must be rejected as a thoroughly immoral doctrine4 ,the same is true of the duplex sexual morality1 alluded to under the third heading1 by which that is justified to man which is denied to woman4 ,this 8morality0 7lucus a non lucendo7 presupposes for man a natural impulse1 and demands for him a right to gratify it1 whilst the existence of such an impulse and of such a right is denied to woman4 ,we have shown that this view is an inevitable consequence of coercive marriage morality4#fhh ,the standpoint of the sceptics alluded to under #e is one which denies the possibility of any abstinence1 even merely temporary abstinence2 but this view is equally to be rejected4 ,man is a natural being2 his sexual impulse is a natural instinct1 and as such one whose existence is justified2 but at the same time man is a civilized being4 ,civilization is an elevation1 an ennoblement1 a transfiguration of nature1 whose unduly powerful impulses and powers must be tamed and harmonized by civilization4 ,the right to sexual gratification is therefore opposed by the duty to set bounds to the sexual impulse1 to conduct it into such paths that no harm can result from its exercise1 either to the individual or to society2 and in order that1 like all other impulses1 it may subserve the purposes of the evolution of civilization4 ,to this end1 however1 a relative abstinence is of great importance 7this is a matter which has not hitherto been sufficiently recognized72 but this course it is only possible to follow when1 at the same time1 we emphatically affirm the rightness of sexuality1 and when it is our desire to utilize it as a civilizing factor of the first rank4 ,the 8individualization0 of the sexual impulse has been described in detail in an earlier chapter of this work1 to which ,i may refer the reader4 ,if we fail to recognize the value of temporary abstinence1 and the importance of the storing up of sexual energy which is thereby effected1 and the transformation of this energy into other energies of a spiritual nature1 such an individualization becomes impossible4 ,alike the medical advocates 7 #b7 and the moral advocates 7 #d7 of a relative temporary abstinence for both sexes have1 from their respective standpoints1 made a just demand4 ,this is1 in fact1 in both cases an 8ideal standpoint10 to use the phrase of ,f4 ,a4 ,lange2 but it is also an ideal most desirable to set before youth1 and more especially before our ,german youth4 ,we cannot repeat too often1 or insist with too much emphasis1 what an endless blessing results from the endeavour towards1 and from the realization of1 temporary sexual abstinence1 more especially in the years of preparation for life1 but also in the years of independent creative work4 ,the importance of relative sexual abstinence was first recognized by the ancient ,israelites4 ,numerous wise prescriptions and utterances prove this4 ,julius ,preuss1 the most celebrated student of ancient ,jewish medicine1 has recently1 in an interesting study of 8,sexual ,matters in the ,bible and the ,talmud0 7,allgemeine ,medizinische ,central-,zeitung1 #aijf1 ,no4 #cj et seq471 collected the following facts bearing on the matter3 8,chastity was a self-evident demand for the unmarried4 ,it is true that1 in view of the early occurrence of puberty1 they married very young--at the age of eighteen or twenty2 and ,rabbi ,huna is of opinion that anyone who at the age of twenty is still unmarried passes his days in sin or--which he regards as even worse--in sinful thoughts4 ,there are three whom ,god praises every day3 an unmarried man who lives in a large town and does not sin2 a poor man who finds an object of value and returns it to the owner1 and a rich man who gives his tithe secretly4 ,once when this doctrine was read out in the presence of ,rabbi ,safra1 who as a young man lived in a large town1 his face lighted up with joy4 ,but ,raba said to him3 #8,it is not meant such a one as thou art1 but such a one as ,rabbi ,chanina and ,rabbi ,oschaja1 who live in the street of the prostitutes1 and make shoes for them1 to whom1 therefore1 the prostitutes come1 and look upon them1 but who1 notwithstanding this1 do not raise their eyes to look upon the prostitutes4'0 ,after marriage also they endeavoured by valuable prescriptions to enforce the great civilizing idea of temporary sexual abstinence4 ,thus1 intercourse during menstruation was strictly forbidden1 and was regarded as a deadly sin2 the same was the case as regards intercourse when there was any other hmorrhage from the genital organs2 but in this case the abstinence must last even longer4 ,it is remarkable that the ,catholic theologians allowed sexual intercourse without limit when such morbid hmorrhage was present1 and allowed it also1 with certain restrictions1 during menstruation4 ,further1 among the ancient ,hebrews intercourse was forbidden during the week of mourning for parents or brothers or sisters2 it was forbidden also during the festival of atonement4 ,guests in an inn when travelling were also forbidden sexual intercourse1 doubtless on grounds of decency4 ,intercourse was likewise forbidden in times of famine1 in order to spare the bodily forces4 ,golden sayings recognize the value of moderation and of relative abstinence4 ,according to an ancient ,israelitish popular saying1 sexual intercourse is one of eight things which are beautiful when enjoyed in strict moderation1 but harmful when enjoyed very freely4 ,the others are walking1 possessions1 work1 wine1 sleep1 warm water 7for bathing and for drinking71 and venesection4 ,rabbi ,jochanan said3 8,man possesses a little limb3 he who satisfies it hungers2 he who allows it to hunger is satisfied40 ,rabbi ,ilai said3 8,when man observes that his evil impulse is more powerful than he is himself1 let him go to a place where people do not know him1 let him put on dark clothes1 let him wear a dark turban1 and let him do that which his heart desires2 but let him not publicly profane the name of ,god40 ,this can only mean that in general he only controls the desire who has already tasted the fruit--that is to say1 that abstinence is the safest means against lust2 but he who1 notwithstanding this1 finds that the impulse threatens to become too violent1 still has the duty to fight against it1 and in any case not to yield immediately4 ,this ancient notion of relative asceticism was1 unfortunately1 falsified and thrust into the background by the ,utopian and contra-natural idea of absolute asceticism2 its great value was completely obscured by the inevitable reaction against the principle of absolute chastity4 ,this reaction led actually to the formation of rules regarding the frequency of intercourse1 such as that attributed to ,luther--8,twice a week does harm neither to her nor to me02 although it is precisely in this department of life that no rules can be given1 and that the greatest individual variations occur1 so that 8twice a week0 may for many constitute by far too much1 and can only be regarded as permissible to robust constitutions4 ,daily indulgence in sexual intercourse1 continued for a long period of time1 would be deleterious even to a ,hercules1 and in all circumstances would be harmful to both parties4 ,nature herself1 by exhibiting a certain periodicity in sexual excitement 7which periodicity is admittedly far more distinct in women than it is in men1 who can 8always0 love71 has facilitated temporary abstinence4 ,this is1 in fact1 a natural demand even of the most extreme ethical materialism2 for1 as ,friedrich ,albert ,lange#fhi rightly points out1 8even though the individual sensual pleasure1 as with ,aristippos or ,lamettrie1 is raised to a principle1 self-control still remains a requirement of philosophy1 if only in order to assure the permanence of the capacity for enjoyment40 ,so also the poet of the 8,new ,tanhuser0 sings3 8,selig1 der da ewig schmachtet1 ,sei gepriesen1 ,tantalus1 ,htt' er je1 wonach er trachtet1 ,wrd' es auch schon ,ueberdruss3 ,gib mir immer ,eine ,beere1 ,aus der vollen ,traube nur1 ,und ich schmachte gern1 ,cythere1 ,lebenslang auf deiner ,spur60 8,happy is he who eternally desires4 ,a happy man art thou1 ,tantalus6 ,if he ever attained that for which he longs1 ,he would instantly taste satiety3 ,let me have but a single grape ,from the full cluster1 ,gladly1 ,cytherea1 will ,i live1 ,ever desiring1 in thy courts60 ,the question of abstinence is an entirely different one1 according as it relates to the time before or after the first experience of sexual intercourse4 ,experience shows that in the former case abstinence is far easier than it is when the forbidden fruit has once been tasted4 ,if1 with the author of this book1 relative asceticism is regarded as the most desirable ideal1 we shall endeavour in youth to realize that ideal for as long a time as possible1 without any interruption by sexual intercourse2 whereas in the later period of the fully-developed sexual life we shall practise sexual abstinence only from time to time4 ,with regard to the former point1 it would be the greatest good fortune for every man if he could remain sexually abstinent until the complete maturity of body and mind--that is1 until the age of twenty-five4#fij ,but this is in most cases an impossibility4 ,yet it is possible for every healthy man--and it is an imperative demand of individual and social hygiene--to abstain completely from sexual intercourse at least until the age of twenty4 ,that is possible without any harm resulting1 and it is carried out by innumerable persons of both sexes4 ,it is1 indeed1 a fact that in civilized countries the physical and mental maturity of girls and boys by no means coincides with their sexual maturity1 but1 on the contrary1 occurs from three to five years later4 ,first between the ages of twenty and twenty-two does man attain complete development4#fia ,if the sexual impulse is not artificially awakened and stimulated during these years of adolescence1 it may remain very moderate1 without masturbation and without pollutions1 and can be easily controlled4 ,relations with the other sex have not yet become necessary for the development of the individual personality4 ,the human being has still enough to do in isolation4 ,first with the commencement of the third decade of life do the conditions alter1 and sexual tension becomes so great as to demand the adequate and natural discharge given by the normal sexual act4 ,if this is impossible1 pollutions form the natural1 or masturbation forms the unnatural1 outlet2 and when abstinence is continued for a long time after attaining this age1 the vital freshness and the spiritual and emotional condition are more or less impaired4 ,to have emphasized this fact1 in opposition to those authors#fib who declared that total sexual abstinence is absolutely harmless to mature men1 was the great service of ,wilhelm ,erb1#fic the celebrated1 widely experienced ,heidelberg neurologist4 8,it is a well-known fact10 he writes1 8that healthy young men with a powerful sexual impulse suffer not a little from abstinence1 that from time to time they are #8as if possessed' by the impulse1 that erotic ideas press in upon them from all sides1 disturb their work and their nocturnal repose1 and imperiously demand relief4 ,i always remember the remark of a friend of my youth1 a young artist1 who1 when speaking of these things1 was accustomed to say with intense meaning3 #8,wer nie die kummervollen ,nchte in seinem ,bette weinend sass4444' ,and the same man could not sufficiently extol the relaxing1 disburdening1 and positively refreshing influence of an occasional gratification2 and the same thing has been said to me innumerable times by earnest and thoroughly moderate men40 ,women also gave him similar assurances4#fid ,in numerous cases ,erb observed physical and mental harm to result from abstinence--sometimes in healthy individuals1 but more especially in the neuropathic4 ,important also are the investigations of ,l4 ,lwenfeld#fie regarding the influence of abstinence4 ,he found that in men under the age of twenty-four any troubles worth mentioning as a result of sexual abstinence were comparatively rare1 as compared with the case of men between the ages of twenty-four and thirty-six years1 the years of complete manly power and sexual capacity2 and he found that whereas in healthy persons these disturbances were indeed of a trifling character 7general excitability1 sexual hypersthesia1 hypochondriacal ideas1 disinclination for work1 slight attacks of giddiness71 in neuropathic persons1 on the contrary1 there would occur coercive ideas1 melancholy1 feelings of anxiety1 and even hallucinations4 ,females1 according to ,lwenfeld1 bear abstinence--even absolute abstinence--much better than men1 but in them also hysterical and neurasthenic conditions may develop as a result of sexual abstinence4 ,all these harmful consequences of abstinence are1 however1 neither in man nor in woman1 of such a nature that1 where an opportunity for sexual intercourse at once hygienic and free from ethical objections is wanting1 the gratification of the sexual impulse need be advised by the physician as a 8therapeutic measure40 ,no2 ,erb himself insists that1 on the contrary1 the dangers threatened by venereal diseases altogether outweigh the comparatively rare and trifling injuries to health resulting from abstinence4 8,extra-conjugal0 sexual intercourse involves the dangers of syphilitic or gonorrhal infection1 or of illegitimate pregnancy1 which latter to-day must1 unfortunately1 be regarded as a kind of severe disease4 ,in contrast with these evils1 any harmful consequences of abstinence fade away to nothing4 ,later in life1 when the possibility of a permanent pure love exists1 the value of temporary abstinence is to be found especially in the spiritual sphere4 ,precisely for the 8erotocrat10 as ,georg ,hirth terms one endowed with a powerful and healthy sexual impulse1 is this temporary abstinence of a certain importance1 because the stored-up quantum of sexual tension re-enforces the inward spiritual productivity4 ,a number of men1 at once endowed with strong sexual needs and with a noble mental capacity1 have assured me that1 in consequence of abstinence1 they have temporarily experienced a peculiar deepening and concentration of their mental capacity1 by means of which they were undeniably enabled to increase their mental output4 ,this point in the hygiene of intellectual activity1 which seems not to have been unknown to ,goethe1 has been as yet too little studied4 ,in any case1 it is definitely established that from the standpoint of civilization the idea of sexual abstinence is justified1 if for this reason alone3 because in it we find a great means for increasing and strengthening of the will2 but1 in the second place1 because in it we have a valuable protection against the dangers of wild love2 and1 finally1 because sexual abstinence emphasizes the fact that life contains other things worth striving for besides matters of sex1 that the content of life is far from being exhausted by the sexual1 even though the sexual impulse1 in addition to the impulse of self-preservation1 will always remain the most powerful of all vital activities4 #fhg 8,vera0 is the heroine of a novel 78,eine fr ,viele3 ,aus dem ,tagebuche eines ,mdchens07 which attracted considerable attention in ,germany4 ,she demanded from men entering on marriage the same virgin intactitude which men are accustomed to expect in their wives4 ,english readers will be reminded of ,evadne1 in ,sarah ,grand's 8,the ,heavenly ,twins40 ,evadne1 it will be remembered1 left her husband at the church door1 owing to information she received regarding his preconjugal career4 ,in ,england we might speak of 8,evadne0 enthusiasts1 instead of 8,vera0 enthusiasts4--,,translator4 #fhh ,p4 ,ncke also 78,a ,contribution to the ,woman's ,question and to the ,question of ,sexual ,abstinence10 op4 cit41 p4 #di7 strongly condemns this duplex morality1 which he regards as 8obviously unjust40 ,cf4 also ,max ,thal1 8,sexual ,morality3 an ,attempt to solve the ,problem of ,sexual1 and more ,particularly of the so-called ,duplex ,morality0 7,breslau1 #aijd74 #fhi ,friedrich ,albert ,lange1 8,history of ,materialism10 vol4 iii41 p4 #cjb1 ,english edition4 #fij 8,my dear young men10 thus wrote ,ernst ,moritz ,arndt1 at the age of eighty-nine1 to the ,burschenschaft 7,students' ,association7 of ,jena1 8,i can wish nothing better for you than that you should arrange your course of life in ,jena1 and pass through it1 as ,i heretofore passed through it1 making a courageous1 vigorous1 and earnest fight against the lusty1 overbearing impulses of youth1 which in the best case are so easily carried to excess4444 ,in these your most valuable years1 between eighteen and twenty1 you must1 with redoubled manliness1 courage1 and chastity1 strive to deserve the praise given by ,caius ,julius ,csar to the young men of ,germany40 #fia ,cf41 in this connexion1 the remarks of ,a4 ,herzen1 8,science and ,morality10 pp4 #aa1 #ab 7,berlin1 #aija74 ,the same age for human maturity was fixed on also by ,j4 ,c4 ,g4 ,ackermann 78,the ,diseases of the ,learned10 p4 #bfh2 ,nrnberg1 #aggg74 #fib ,i need mention only ,seved ,ribbing1 ,acton1 ,rubner1 ,paget1 ,hegar1 ,beale1 ,herzen1 ,a4 ,eulenburg1 ,v4 ,cnyrim1 and ,frbringer4 #fic ,wilhelm ,erb1 8,remarks on the ,consequences of ,sexual ,abstinence10 published in the ,journal for the ,suppression of ,venereal ,diseases1 #aijc1 vol4 ii41 ,no4 ,i41 pp4 #a-ah4 #fid ,theodor ,mundt1 in his 8,madonna0 7pp4 #bdj1 #bda2 ,leipzig1 #ahce71 has very vividly described the beneficial and refreshing influence of coitus upon women4 #fie ,l4 ,lwenfeld1 8,the ,sexual ,life and ,nervous ,troubles10 pp4 #fb-fi1 fourth edition4 ,,chapter ,,xxvi ,,sexual ,,education 8,better a year too early than an hour too late40--,,oker ,,blom4 ,,contents ,,of ,,chapter ,,xxvi ,science and practice have hitherto1 for the most part1 ignored the sexual -- ,the danger of blind chance in the sexual province -- ,necessity for the enlightenment of the coming generation -- ,sexual education as a part of general pedagogy -- ,the right to the knowledge of one's own body -- ,sexual enlightenment of young people -- ,the dispute regarding the when and the how -- ,distinction between the youth of the country and the youth of the town -- ,points of association -- ,a passage from ,gutzkow's autobiography -- ,disastrous sources of early sexual enlightenment -- ,character of the pedagogic enlightenment -- ,importance of this -- ,suggestions regarding the methods of sexual enlightenment 7,sigmund1 ,lischnewska1 ,f4 ,w4 ,frster7 -- ,my own views -- ,education of the character and of the will -- ,principal rules of sexual pedagogy -- ,education to manhood4 ,,chapter ,,xxvi ,the manner in which up to the present day humanity has1 properly speaking1 completely ignored the fact of sexuality is at once remarkable and difficult to understand4 ,until recently people went so far as to regard scientific research into sexual matters by adult persons as improper6 ,the mystical idea of the sinfulness1 of the radically evil character1 of the sexual1 was a dogma which even natural science appeared to admit4 ,our attitude towards the sexual was as if it were at once ,sphinx and ,gorgon's head1 as if it were the veiled statue of ,sais4 ,we stood helpless1 in the face of this mysterious and malignant power1 against the blind hazard of chance which plays so momentous a part1 more especially in sexual affairs4 ,as everywhere in life1 so here also1 the dominion of chance could be overcome only by means of knowledge4 ,the solution of the sexual problem demands1 in the first place1 openness1 clearness1 learning in the department of the sexual1 knowledge of cause and effect1 and the transmission of this knowledge to the next generation1 so that this latter may without harm become wise4 ,sexual education is an important chapter in general pedagogy4#fif ,regarding animals1 plants1 and stones the youthful human being of to-day acquires the most exact information1 but we have hitherto refused him the right to understand his own body1 and to acquire a knowledge of certain important vital functions of that body4 ,there can be no doubt about the fact that the modern human being1 who has learned to so large an extent to regard himself as a social being1 has a sacred natural right to this knowledge4 ,celebrated pedagogues of a hundred years ago1 such as ,rousseau1 ,salzmann1 ,basedow1 ,jean ,paul1 etc41 expressed themselves in favour of the early sexual enlightenment of youth1 and gave the most valuable advice regarding the methods to be employed2#fig but their views remained for the most part devoid of practical effect1 and it is only in recent years1 in connexion with the question of the protection of motherhood1 with the campaign against prostitution1 and with the attempt to suppress venereal diseases1 that interest in this matter has been reawakened2 and there now exists in this department an extensive literature1 belonging chiefly to the last few years1 proceeding from the pens of physicians1 pedagogues1 hygienists1 and advocates of woman's rights4#fih ,it is1 in truth1 the burning question of our time1 the solution of which is here attempted4 ,correct sexual education forms the foundation for the ennoblement and resanation of our entire sexual life4 ,only knowledge and will can here effect a cure4 ,thus1 sexual pedagogy naturally falls into two parts--sexual enlightenment and the education of the will4 ,the need for sexual enlightenment is now recognized by all far-seeing social hygienists and pedagogues4 ,the only difference of opinion concerns the when and the how4 ,some plead for enlightenment as early as possible1 in the first years of school life2 others wish to defer enlightenment until puberty1 or even later4 ,i am of opinion that the circumstances in this respect are entirely different1 according as we have to do with small towns and the open country1 where more careful watching of children is possible1 and where the dangers of premature sexual development and of seduction are not so great1 or as we have to do with large towns1 where1 in my view1 the children cannot be enlightened too early1 since town life brings the children of all classes1 and social misery brings more especially the children of the lowest classes of the population1 so early into contact with sexual matters that a purposive enlightenment becomes absolutely indispensable4 ,children living in large towns should1 from ten years onwards1 be gradually and carefully made acquainted with the principal facts of the sexual life4 ,we find here more points of association than is usually imagined4 ,gutzkow1 in his admirable autobiography1 8,from the ,days of ,my ,boyhood0 7,frankfort-a4-,m41 #aheb1 pp4 #bfc1 #bfd71 has beautifully described this3 8,the first appearances of love in the heart of the child occur as secretly as the fall of the dew upon flowers4 ,playing and jesting1 innocence gropes its way through the darkness4 ,words1 perceptions1 ideas1 which to the adult appear to be full of dangerous barbs1 the child grasps with careless security1 and takes the duplex sexual life of humanity to be a primeval fact which came into the world with man as a matter of course1 and one which requires no explanation4 ,born from the mother's womb1 to the child the mother is the secure bridge by which it is conducted past all the riddles of womanhood4 ,the child imitates the love of the father for the mother1 plays the game of the family1 plays father and mother1 plays at being himself1 a child4 ,from the rustling autumn leaves1 from abandoned bundles of straw1 huts and nests are built1 and for half an hour at a time a completely blameless boy can lie down besides his girl playmate1 quietly1 and as if magnetized by the intimation of love4 ,danger is in truth not far distant from such a practice of childish navet2 it lurks in the background1 and seeks only an opportunity to lead astray4 ,but a child never understands the significance of the severe punishment which it so often receives for its imitative imaginary family life4 ,the amatory life of the adult first breaks upon the imagination of the child and upon his quiet play like the opening of a door into a house4 ,people take so little care of what they do before the innocent2 they exhibit passionate affection for one another2 they caress when the children are by4 ,the child sees1 ponders1 and listens4 ,certain hieroglyphics alarm it2 tales are laughed at--tales which suddenly throw a strange and wonderful light upon quite familiar human beings4 ,the boy will notice that his elder sister has a joy or a sorrow1 the nature of which he cannot completely grasp4 ,he sees an elder brother filled with the joy of life1 with the lust of youth1 with the love of adventure1 and no attempt is made to conceal these passions from the child4444 ,such and similar experiences succeed one another without cessation1 and tales which the child hears are listened to with eagerness4 ,the red threads of love and of the charm of beautiful women are not to be grasped by the hand of a child1 and yet they have upon the child a certain secret influence40 ,the child hears and sees much that is erotic1 even immoral1 but does not stop to think about it1 does not understand it4 ,after a while its ignorance becomes a puzzle2 soon lascivious thoughts arise4 ,maria ,lischnewska describes very vividly this psychological process in the soul of the child1 in part according to her observations as a teacher4 ,she justly criticizes the 8stork stories10 to which the child listens without believing them1 in order subsequently to be enlightened in an extremely disagreeable manner by older ill-conditioned comrades4#fii ,these children1 ten or twelve years of age1 often learn about sexual matters from the lowest side1 without obtaining a true knowledge4 ,they frequently acquire the most astounding verbal treasury of lewd expressions1 and even sing obscene songs1 of which ,maria ,lischnewska gives a remarkable example on the part of a girl twelve years of age4 ,no1 there can be no question that the child at school1 from the tenth year onwards1 should1 without fear of disastrous consequences1 be enlightened regarding sexual matters by parents and teachers1 in order to avoid the dangers which we have just described4 ,but this instruction must be divested of any individual relationship1 of any personal character1 and must be communicated in thoroughly general terms1 as natural scientific knowledge1 as a medical doctrine1 belonging to the province of philosophical and pathological science4 ,in this way will be avoided any undesirable accessory effect related to subjective perceptions4 ,when ,matthisson esteems youth as happy on this account1 because the book of possibilities is not yet open to its gaze1 this certainly does not hold as regards sexual enlightenment4 ,here1 to a certain degree1 this book of possibilities must be disclosed1 if we do not wish all the poetry and all the ideal view of life to be utterly destroyed by contact with rude reality4 ,precisely in this case do we understand the wonderful remark of ,goethe1 that we receive the veil of poetry from the hand of truth4 ,this first renders possible a truly earnest and profound conception of sexual relationships2 this creates a consciousness of responsibility which cannot be awakened sufficiently early4 ,the true danger is1 as ,freud#gjj also points out1 the intermixture of 8lasciviousness and prudery0 with which humanity is accustomed to regard the sexual problem1 just because people have not learned sufficiently to understand the connexion between cause and effect in this department of human activity4 ,various methods have been recommended for sexual enlightenment4 ,i shall discuss more particularly the suggestions of the ,austrian ,realschul professor1 ,sigmund1 of the ,volkschul teacher1 ,maria ,lischnewska1 and of the ,university professor1 ,f4 ,w4 ,frster4 ,sigmund 7quoted by ,ullmann1 op4 cit41 p4 #g7 considers that in the ,volkschler 7primary schools71 in the case of children up to the age of eleven years1 there should be no systematic explanation of sexual matters1 and that this should be begun first in the ,gymnasium 7higher school74 ,his scheme of instruction is as follows3 #a4 ,the enlightenment of the pupils at the ,gymnasium is to be effected in five stages 7,classes ,i41 ,,ii41 ,v41 ,,vi41 ,,vii47 #b4 ,the enlightenment in the lower classes is limited to the processes of sexual reproduction4 ,in the first class1 the origin and birth of the mammalian young and the origin of insects' eggs are explained4 ,in the second class1 the origin and birth of reptiles' and birds' eggs1 the fertilization of the eggs of fishes and batrachians1 the ova of the sea-urchin1 and those of the jellyfish1 are described4 ,the act of sexual intercourse will not be alluded to in the first two classes--that is1 it will not be mentioned to children before the age of thirteen years4 #c4 ,the completion of the idea of 8sexual life0 is effected by means of botanical and zoological instruction in the upper school in a synthetic manner1 wherein no important detail is omitted1 but the copulatory act is kept in the background4 #d4 ,all sexual matters expressly concerning human beings1 and all the pathological relations of the sexual life1 should be left to the hygienic instruction1 which is given during one hour weekly to the seventh class as a part of general instruction in somatology4 #e4 ,the natural history taught to the sixth class will embrace zoology only2 the natural system will be considered in an ascending series 7excluding human somatology1 which in a logical manner is deferred until the study of zoology is completed1 and it will thus be dealt with in the seventh class1 as a preparation to the instruction in hygiene74 #f4 ,in conferences with parents1 the parents can be kept informed regarding the nature of the instruction which is being given to their children1 and can at the same time be led to work in unison with the school in this matter4 ,maria ,lischnewska advises beginning already in the third class of primary schools--that is1 when the child is only eight years old--to give instruction in the elements of natural science1 more especially utilizing1 as the first means of sexual enlightenment1 the examples of vegetable fertilization1 as well as the reproduction of fishes and birds4 ,even to the question 8,whence do little children come80 an answer should be given1 more or less in the following terms3 8,the child lies in the body of the mother3 when she breathes1 then the child breathes2 when she eats and drinks1 the child also obtains his food4 ,it lies there warm and safe4 ,gradually it becomes larger and begins to move4 ,it has to lie somewhat curled up1 because there is so little room for it4 ,but the mother feels that it is alive2 she is full of joy1 and makes ready the child's clothing and its bed4 ,finally it is fully grown4 ,the mother's body opens1 and the child comes to the light4 ,then the mother takes it into her arms with joy and nourishes it with her milk40 ,then the teacher would pause1 and continue after a while3 8,now1 would you like to see the child80 ,then there would naturally be a many-voiced 8,yes1 yes60 and the teacher would show to the class a picture such as our anatomical atlases exhibit now in beautiful form4 ,the abdominal walls of the mother are turned back1 and the child is seen slumbering4 ,then the teacher would say3 8,thus you also slept within the body of your mother4 ,you belong to her as to no other human being in the whole world4 ,for this reason you should always love and honour her40 ,thus is the child's urgent demand for knowledge satisfied4 ,he is freed from all prying into nooks and corners4 ,he experiences a feeling of honourable respect towards the primary source of life4 ,in the fourth school year further examples of the reproduction of plants1 fishes1 and birds should be given2 in the fifth and sixth years the first demonstration of the process of sexual union among the mammals1 with some account of embryology2 and the process of birth should also be described4 ,then there should follow 7at about the age of thirteen or fourteen7 enlightenment regarding the development of the sexual life and regarding venereal diseases--information1 that is to say1 concerning hygiene and concerning the protection of one's own body4 ,physicians such as ,oker ,blom and ,dr4 ,agnes ,hacker definitely demand that elucidation regarding this latter point should not be deferred until the time of puberty4 ,f4 ,w4 ,frster proposes to postpone the whole process of enlightenment until the twelfth or thirteenth year2 and if at an earlier age a child expresses any natural doubt regarding the stork fables1 the following answer should be given 7op4 cit41 p4 #fjf73 8,where small children come from is a matter which you cannot yet understand4 ,we grown-up persons even understand very little about it4 ,i promise you that ,i will explain to you what we know of the matter on your twelfth birthday1 but only if you promise me something in return4 ,do you know that there are boys and girls so bumptious that they behave as if they already knew all about it1 because they have somewhere picked up a word or two without really understanding it8 ,promise me that you will never listen when such as these begin to talk about the matter2 for you may be certain that the true secrets are matters of which they are ignorant1 for this reason--they would not speak about it4 ,he who really knows holds it as a sacred matter2 he is silent about it1 and does not call it out at the street comers40 ,frster strongly advises against associating sexual enlightenment with a knowledge of the reproductive process in plants and animals1 for this reason3 that if this is done 8the human being is brought too near to the vegetable and animal life10 and the 8sacred thought0 of the elevation of humanity above the animal is obscured4 ,he then gives very beautiful examples and modes of instruction for such sexual enlightenment of children twelve years of age4 ,i myself am of opinion that1 without in any way making light of the difference between man and animal1 the earlier elucidation at about the age of ten years should be associated with the general instruction in natural history regarding the reproductive process of animals and plants2 and then very gradually1 up to the age of fourteen1 all important points in this department can be explained1 including1 finally1 an account of the venereal diseases4 ,it is obvious that after this time1 more especially in the dangerous years of puberty1 systematic enlightenment must be continued4 ,that which is good and useful in this department of knowledge cannot be too often repeated4 ,but all enlightenment will be useless unless hand in hand with it there proceeds a process of education of the character and the will4 ,our school youth thinks and dreams too much1 and does too little4 ,up to the present time it has been believed that it is sufficient to teach children1 and to continue to teach them1 to care for their health1 to see that they have good food and sound sleep1 without also taking into consideration the necessity for awakening the individuality and the energy slumbering in each one of them4 ,the 8gymnasium0 must concern itself with the gymnastics1 not only of the body1 but also of the mind1 and must thus restore that harmony between body and mind which appears to have been quite lost at the present day4 ,bodily education by games and sports is only one of the means for this purpose4 ,the principal aim is to strengthen the character1 to induce the habit of self-command and self-denial by a profound and intimate grasp of sexual problems4 ,nowhere does fantastic dreaming take revenge more thoroughly than in sexual relationships1 for which reason also the so-called 8only children0 are especially endangered2#gja nowhere do clear knowledge1 objective acquirements1 and a firm will celebrate finer triumphs over blind impulses than they do here4 ,the principal rule of sexual pedagogy runs as follows3 ,avoid the first opportunity and the first contact2 keep the child and the young man and the young woman at a distance from all the stimulating pleasures and enjoyments of the adult4 ,the production of manliness1 as it has recently been described by ,mosso1#gjb ,gssfeldt1#gjc ,georg ,sticker1#gjd and ,ludwig ,gurlitt1#gje has the greatest importance1 more especially as regards the sexual life4 ,this has been insisted on1 above all1 by ,hans ,wegener#gjf and ,f4 ,w4 ,frster 7op4 cit474 ,moral statistics have incontrovertibly proved that progress in civilization and morals does not depend upon punishment or upon prophylactic measures against errors and excesses of passion1 but only upon the subjective improvement and strengthening of the single individual4 ,guizot declared3 8,c'est de l'tat intrieur de l'homme que dpend l'tat visible de la socit40 ,drobisch1#gjg in his 8,moral ,statistics10 has established this fact yet more firmly4 ,energy is the magic word for all vital activities of the present day1 both spiritual and physical4 ,discipline1 work1 abstinence1 bodily hygiene1 are the means for educating the character1 and these also play the principal part in sexual pedagogy4#gjh #fif ,for this reason1 ,fr4 ,w4 ,frster1 in his admirable 8,jugendlehre0 7,berlin1 #aijf71 devotes a special section to the subject of 8sexual pedagogy0 7pp4 #fjb-feb74 #fig ,maria ,lischnewska1 in her admirable work upon 8,the ,sexual ,instruction of ,children10 published in ,mutterschutz1 #aije1 vol4 i41 pp4 #acg-aej1 quotes the principal passages relating to this subject from the works of the writers just mentioned4 #fih ,in addition to the two admirable works already mentioned1 by ,f4 ,w4 ,frster and ,m4 ,lischnewska1 ,i may allude also to the following3 ,richard ,flachs1 8,sexual ,enlightenment as a ,part of the ,education of our ,young ,people10 with a full bibliography 7,dresden and ,leipzig1 #aijf72 ,carl ,kopp1 8,sexual ,affairs in the ,education of ,youth0 7,leipzig1 #aijd72 ,max ,marcuse1 8,sexual ,enlightenment in ,youth0 7,leipzig1 #aije72 8,sexual ,hygiene and ,sexual ,enlightenment in the ,school0 7a ,discussion at the ,first ,international ,congress for ,school ,hygiene1 held at ,nrnberg1 #aijd71 published in the 8,reports of the ,german ,society for the ,suppression of ,venereal ,diseases10 #aijd1 vol4 ii41 pp4 #fc-ga2 ,karl ,ullmann1 8,the ,sexual ,enlightenment of ,school-,children10 published in the ,monatsschrift fr ,gesundheitspflege1 #aijf1 ,no4 #a2 ,m4 ,flesch1 8,enlightenment in the ,school10 published in ,bltter fr ,volksgesundheitspflege1 vol4 iv41 p4 #afd2 ,emma ,eckstein1 8,the ,sexual ,question in the ,education of the ,child0 7,leipzig1 #aijd72 ,adelheid von ,bennigsen1 8,sexual ,pedagogy in the ,house and the ,school0 7,berlin1 #aijc72 ,alfred ,fournier1 8,pour nos ,fils quand ils auront ,dix-huit ,ans0 7,paris1 #aije72 ,m4 ,oker ,blom1 8,beim ,onkel ,doktor auf dem ,lande03 a ,book for ,parents1 second edition 7,vienna1 #aijf72 ,friedrich ,siebert1 8,a ,book for ,parents0 7,munich1 #aije72 same author1 8,what shall ,i say to my ,child80 7,munich1 #aijd72 ,mary ,wood-,allen1 8,when the ,boy becomes ,man0 7,zurich1 #aijd72 same author1 8,tell me the ,truth1 dear ,mother02 ,w4 ,busch1 8,no more ,stork ,stories3 a ,practical ,introduction1 showing how ,children should be taught the ,truth1 and how the ,family should be ,safeguarded from ,moral ,contamination0 7,leipzig1 #aijd72 ,e4 von den ,steinen1 8,the ,human ,sexual ,life3 a ,lecture to those leaving ,school0 7,dsseldorf1 #aijf72 cf4 also1 by the same author1 8,an ,address to those leaving ,school concerning ,sexual ,love10 published in the ,journal for the ,suppression of ,venereal ,diseases1 #aijj1 vol4 v41 pp4 #bei1 #bfj2 ,f4 ,siebert1 8,our ,sons3 their ,enlightenment regarding the ,dangers of the ,sexual ,life0 7,straubing1 #aijg72 ,f4 ,siebert1 8,the ,sexual ,problem in ,childhood10 published in 8,the ,book of the ,child10 edited by ,adele ,schreiber 7,leipzig and ,berlin1 #aijg71 vol4 i41 pp4 #ajf-aag2 ,l4 ,bergfeld1 8,take the ,bandage from your ,eyes1 dear ,sister3 an ,open ,letter to ,adolescent ,girls0 7,munich1 #aijg74 #fii ,in some cases the child will criticize the grown-up's fables with a sharp-sighted logic1 as the following story proves3 ,pepito1 a child seven years of age1 asks his mother1 8,tell me1 mamma1 how do children come80 8,people buy them40 8,i don't believe that people buy them60 8,why not80 8,because poor people have the most60 #gjj ,s4 ,freud1 8,collection of ,minor ,writings upon the ,doctrine of ,neurosis10 p4 #baf 7,leipzig and ,vienna1 #aijf74 #gja ,cf4 ,eugen ,neter1 8,the ,only ,child and its ,education0 7,munich1 #aijf74 #gjb ,angelo ,mosso1 8,physical ,culture in ,youth0 7,hamburg and ,leipzig1 #ahid74 #gjc ,paul ,gssfeldt1 8,the ,education of ,german ,youth0 7,berlin1 #ahij74 #gjd ,georg ,sticker1 8,health and ,education10 second edition 7,giessen1 #aijc74 #gje ,ludwig ,gurlitt1 8,education in ,manliness0 7,berlin1 #aijg74 #gjf ,hans ,wegener1 8,we ,young ,men3 the ,sexual ,problem of the ,cultured ,young ,man before ,marriage3 ,purity1 ,strength1 and the ,love of ,woman0 7,dsseldorf and ,leipzig1 #aijf74 #gjg ,m4 ,w4 ,drobisch1 8,moral ,statistics and the ,freedom of the ,human ,will10 pp4 #if-aja 7,leipzig1 #ahfg74 ,valuable works regarding the education of the character and the social education of the child are found in the first volume 7second edition7 of the monumental work edited by ,adele ,schreiber1 8,the ,book of the ,child0 7,leipzig and ,berlin1 #aijg71 from the pens of ,laura ,frost 7pp4 #db-fc71 ,f4 ,a4 ,schmidt 7pp4 #afh-agi71 ,lngen 7pp4 #aib-bja71 ,g4 ,kerschensteiner 7pp4 #bjb-bjg71 ,r4 ,penzig 7pp4 #bae-bbb71 and ,adele ,schreiber 7pp4 #bbc-bca74 ,important in relation to sexual enlightenment is also the question 7one actively discussed at the present moment7 of the education of the sexes in common--the so-called co-education4 ,it has been proved by experience that co-education has a good effect in sexual relationships 7cf4 ,gertrud ,bumer1 8,co-education10 op4 cit41 vol4 ii41 pp4 #dd-dh74 #gjh ,the question of sexual education and enlightenment occupies at the moment a place in the foreground of public interest1 and rightly so2 for upon this depends principally the further reform and the resanation of all the sexual relationships of civilized peoples4 ,for this reason the ,discussions1 now in the press1 of the ,third ,congress of the ,society for the ,suppression of ,venereal ,diseases 78,sexualpdagogik071 ,leipzig1 #aijg1 were occupied exclusively with this subject1 which was considered in elaborate debates from four points of view3 #a4 ,sexual instruction in the house and the school4 #b4 ,sexual enlightenment of young persons at puberty4 #c4 ,sexual instruction of teachers and parents4 #d4 ,sexual dietetics and education4 ,the present position of sexual pedagogy in all these respects is exactly defined in this comprehensive volume2 and1 in addition1 at the conclusion of the book we find a compend of the recent literature of the subject4 ,much of value regarding sexual regimen is to be found in the work of ,h4 ,mann1 8,art and the ,sexual ,conduct of ,life0 7,oranienburg1 #aijg71 and in that of ,a4 ,eulenburg1 8,sexual ,regimen10 published in ,mutterschutz1 ,july and ,august1 #aijg4 ,as an opponent of early sexual enlightenment1 we must mention ,g4 ,leubuscher 78,school ,medicine and ,school ,hygiene10 pp4 #fe-gj2 ,leipzig1 #aijg74 ,he considers that such enlightenment should only be given at the time of leaving school4 ,his reasons1 however1 are not convincing1 and1 above all1 do not apply to large towns4 ,,chapter ,,xxvii ,,neo-,,malthusianism1 ,,the ,,prevention ,,of ,,conception1 ,,artificial ,,sterility ,,and ,,artificial ,,abortion 8,formerly the use of such devices was regarded as immoral and punishable1 and was actually punished2 it was condemned as an interference with the ,divine plan4 ,but such views and measures are extreme4 ,here1 as everywhere1 human foresight and methodical interference are permissible40--,,gustav ,,schmoller4 ,,contents ,,of ,,chapter ,,xxvii ,importance of the problem of population -- ,malthus and hie doctrine -- ,its fallacies -- ,temporary validity -- 8,moral restraint0 -- ,neo-malthusianism -- ,the foundation of the ,malthusian ,league -- ,great antiquity of malthusian practices -- ,disharmony of the family instinct -- ,the mica operation of the ,australian indigens -- ,artificial abortion among primitive races -- ,methods of preventing pregnancy in ancient times -- ,in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries -- ,relative justification of the use of preventive measures -- ,views of recent physicians on this subject -- ,summary of the principal methods of preventing conception -- ,limitation of coitus to particular times -- ,advice of ,soranos and ,capellmann -- ,feskstitow's 8conception-curve0 -- ,influence of particular seasons of the year -- ,prolongation of the period of lactation -- ,buttenstedt's 8,happiness in ,marriage0 and ,funcke's 8,new ,revelation0 -- ,criticism of these fantasies -- ,divergences from the normal method of coitus -- ,passive demeanour of the woman -- ,coitus interruptus -- ,exaggerated views of its injurious influence -- ,coitus interruptus and anxiety-neurosis -- ,trifling effect in healthy individuals -- ,repeated interruptions of coitus -- ,mechanical means of preventing conception -- ,compression -- ,muscular action -- ,mensinga's 8occlusive pessary0 -- ,holweg's 8obturator0 -- ,the condom -- ,chemico-physical preventive measures -- ,douches -- ,the 8,lady's ,friend0 -- ,antiseptic powders and security sponges -- ,combination of chemical and mechanical means -- ,the 8,venus apparatus0 -- ,the duplex occlusive pessary -- ,inflammatory affections after the use of chemical preventive measures -- ,herpes progenitalis -- ,artificial sterility -- ,operative methods of inducing it -- ,vaporization and castration -- ,the 8ovaries0 -- ,wide diffusion of artificial abortion -- ,critical remarks regarding the punishment of abortion in ,germany -- ,the right of the unborn child -- ,rape and abortion -- ,the methods of expelling the ovum -- ,internal means -- ,mechanical means -- ,danger and consequences of both -- ,social means for limiting abortion4 ,,chapter ,,xxvii ,whereas in former times opinions on social questions were determined principally by economic considerations1 to-day we are to a great extent influenced also by the aims and endeavours of individual and social hygiene2 for this reason the so-called problem of population has come to occupy the consciousness of civilized mankind to a far greater extent than before it has passed from the stage of theory into that of practice4 ,serious critical political economists1 such as1 for example1 ,b4 ,g4 ,schmoller1#gji have recognized this4 ,the increasing understanding of the conditions of social life1 knowledge of the connexion between economic conditions and the number and quality of the population1 must of itself lead to the discussion of the question whether the regulation of the number of children born is not one of the principal duties of modern civilization4 ,the ,englishman ,robert ,malthus was the first who1 stimulated by an idea of ,benjamin ,franklin1 in the year #agih1 in his 8,essay on the ,principles of ,population10 discussed this serious1 and even alarming1 question of the natural consequences of unrestricted sexual intercourse1 and answered it in an extremely pessimistic sense4 ,for1 according to him1 whereas human beings tend to increase in number according to a geometrical progression--that is1 in the ratio #a1 #b1 #d1 #h1 #af1 and so on--the means of subsistence increase only in arithmetical progression--that is1 in the ratio of #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 and so on4 ,hence it follows that the numbers of the population can be kept within bounds1 so as to remain proportional to the nutritive possibilities1 only by means of decimating influences1 such as vice1 poverty1 disease1 the entire 8struggle for existence10 by preventive measures1 and by the so-called 8moral restraint0 in and before marriage4 ,although this celebrated theory1 which filled with alarm1 not only all those already living in ,europe1 but also all those who wished to produce new life1 has to-day been generally recognized as false1#gaj since it failed to take into account technical advances in the preparation of the soil#gaa and other ways in which it will become possible to increase the means of subsistence2 and he equally ignored the possibility of a better division of property4 ,none the less does his theory remain apposite in respect of many of the social relationships of more recent times2 the doctrine has1 in fact1 temporary validity for certain periods of civilization1 such as our own4 ,malthus recommended1 as the principal means of preventing over-population1 abstinence from sexual intercourse 7moral restraint7 before marriage1 and the postponement of marriage2 thus he was an apostle of the 8relative asceticism0 recommended in the twenty-fifth chapter of the present work4 ,in ,england this early view found utterance among the political economists and sociologists1 such as ,chalmers1 ,ricardo1 ,john ,stuart ,mill1 ,say1 ,thornton1 etc4 ,it was also actively discussed in wide circles of the population1 so that as early as the year #ahbe the 8disciples of ,malthus0 were a typical phenomenon of ,english life4 ,a further development of malthusianism in the practical direction was represented by the so-called 8neo-malthusianism0--that is1 an actual diffusion of instruction in the means for the prevention of pregnancy and for the limitation of the number of children4 ,such a procedure was first publicly recommended by ,francis ,place1 in the year #ahbb2 but no widespread teaching of practical malthusianism occurred till a considerably later date1 notably after the foundation of the ,malthusian ,league1 on ,july #ag1 #ahgg4 ,the principal advocates of neo-malthusianism in ,england were ,john ,stuart ,mill1 ,charles ,drysdale1 ,charles ,bradlaugh1 and ,mrs4 ,besant4 ,malthusian practice is1 however1 much older than the theory4 ,metchnikoff#gab declares the endeavour to diminish the number of children to be a very widely diffused 8disharmony of the family instinct10 which in itself is much more recent1 and is much less widely diffused in the animal kingdom than the sexual instinct4 ,animals1 at any rate1 know nothing of the prevention of conception2 that is a 8privilege0 of the human species4 ,by primitive races such preventive measures are very widely employed4 ,among these measures one of the best known is the 8mica0 operation of the ,australian natives--the slitting up of the urethra of the male along the lower surface of the penis1 so that the semen flows out just in front of the scrotum1 and is ejaculated outside the vagina4#gac ,regarding the wide diffusion of artificial abortion among savage races1 ,ploss-,bartels gives detailed reports4 ,the pursuit of material enjoyments1 characteristic of civilized peoples1 is not here 7as recent authors have erroneously assumed7 the determining influence2 we have1 in fact1 to do with a widely diffused disharmony of the family instinct1#gad for which in certain definite conditions some justification must be admitted4 ,the period for the unconditional rejection of malthusianism by pietists and absolute moralists has passed away definitely4 ,not only physicians1 but also professional political economists1 recognize the relative justification and admissibility of the use of preventive measures in certain circumstances for the limitation of the procreation of children4 ,it has rightly been pointed out#gae that in every marriage a time must eventually arrive when preventive measures in sexual intercourse are employed1 and necessarily must be employed1 because1 in respect of the state of health of the wife1 and also in view of economic conditions1 their use is urgently demanded4 ,these relationships have been discussed with great insight by ,a4 ,hegar1#gaf and he has proved the justification of practical neo-malthusianism in every ordinary marriage1 as well as for the population at large4 ,by means of a 8regulation of reproduction10 an immoderate increase of the population is prevented2 by diminishing the quantity we improve the quality of the offspring4 ,late marriages1 long pauses between the separate deliveries1 and the greatest possible sexual abstinence1 subserve this purpose4 ,like ,hegar1 the ,munich hygienist ,max ,gruber#gag also recognizes the necessity for setting bounds to the number of children to be brought into the world1 since the capacity of the human species to increase is far greater than its power to increase the means of subsistence4 ,he describes very vividly the physical and moral misery of the parents and the children when the latter are too numerous2 he also shows that from the birth of the fourth child onwards the inborn force and health of the children diminish more and more4 ,naturally1 also1 diseases affecting the parents1 and the pressing danger of the inheritance of these diseases1 renders necessary the use of sexual preventive measures1 or else of moral restraint4 ,gruber enunciates the thoroughly neo-malthusian proposition3 8,the procreation of children must be kept within bounds1 if mankind wishes to free itself from the cruel condition by which1 in irrational nature1 the balance is maintained--death in the mass side by side with procreation in the mass60 ,l4 ,lwenfeld#gah also sees in the recommendation of such measures for the prevention of pregnancy 8nothing either improper or immoral02 he sees in these measures 8means for diminishing the poverty of the lower classes1 and for abolishing1 to a great extent1 the high infantile mortality of these classes1 although neo-malthusianism is in no way a panacea for all the social evils of our time02 and he writes very strongly against the condemnation of preventive measures by a 8perverse medical zealotry02 in fact1 he assigns to preventive measures an immense hygienic importance4 ,many other physicians also1 such as ,mensinga#gai 7the discoverer of the occlusive pessary1 the first medical man in ,germany to assert with energy the justification of employing means for the prevention of pregnancy1 and the first to establish with precision the indications for the use of these measures1 especially in relation to the disadvantageous consequences to women's health of bearing a large number of children71 ,frbringer1#gbj ,spener1#gba and others1 have drawn attention to the eminent hygienic and social importance of measures for the prevention of pregnancy2 whereas1 on the other hand1 in ,france1 in view of the alarming decline in the population of that country1 scientific medicine has adopted a more hostile attitude2 no longer1 however1 so bitterly hostile as in the work 7now somewhat out of date1 but nevertheless containing interesting details7 of ,bergeret4#gbb ,a layman also1 ,hans ,ferdy 7,a4 ,meyerhof71#gbc has published a number of interesting works on practical neo-malthusianism4 ,we shall now proceed to give a brief account of the means commonly employed for the prevention of pregnancy4 l4 ,the ,restriction of ,intercourse to ,particular ,periods4--,it is clear that by means of relative asceticism1 and by restriction of the number of individual acts of sexual intercourse1 the possibilities of fertilization can be limited to a considerable extent4 ,thus1 ,capellmann1 in a work published in #ahhc1 entitled 8,facultative ,sterility1 without ,offence to ,moral ,laws10 recommended abstinence from intercourse for fourteen days after the cessation of menstruation and for three or four days before the commencement of the flow1 in the belief that fertilization occurs principally during the days immediately before and after menstruation4 ,capellmann thus revived the prescription of ,soranos1 a gynecologist of the days of antiquity4 ,according to the researches of the physiologist ,victor ,hensen1 it is true that the greatest number of fertilizations take place during the first few days after the menstrual period2 but conception may also occur on any other day of the menstrual cycle1 although the probability of conception at other periods than those named is a diminishing one4 ,feskstitow has based upon statistical data an interesting 8conception curve10 according to which the frequency of fertilization on the last day of menstruation1 on the first1 ninth1 eleventh1 and twenty-third days after the end of the flow1 varies respectively according to the ratios #dh1 #fb1 #ac1 #i1 #a2 between these points the course of the curve is almost straight4 ,on the twenty-third day after menstruation the probability of conception is thus one-sixty-second of the maximum4 ,thus1 though the probability of fertilization following intercourse on the twenty-third day after the cessation of the flow is much less than the probability of fertilization as a result of intercourse shortly after menstruation1 still1 the possibility of conception in the former case cannot be absolutely excluded4 ,it has also been recommended that in certain seasons of the year1 to which a peculiar influence upon fertility has been ascribed1 more especially the months of ,may and ,june1 abstinence from intercourse should be observed4 ,but this is naturally quite untrustworthy1 since the same mother can conceive in all months of the year1 as is sufficiently proved by the ordinary variations in the birthdays of children4 ,somewhat more trustworthy1 but still not absolutely to be depended upon1 is the practice1 after the birth of a child1 of artificially prolonging the period of lactation1 since it is well known that during lactation the menstrual periods often fail to occur1 and that fertilization is exceptional4 ,upon the recognition of this causal sequence1 notwithstanding the fact that it does not possess any absolute validity1 there has recently been founded a very remarkable method of practical malthusianism1 which the two discoverers1 ,karl ,buttenstedt#gbd and ,richard ,e4 ,funcke1#gbe have announced to their astonished contemporaries as a 8new revelation10 and as the realization of 8happiness in marriage40 ,these remarkable apostles have combined another observation with the one mentioned above of the relative infertility of women during lactation1 the new observation being that sometimes by the mammary glands of women who are not pregnant1 and even by those of virgins1 milk is secreted1 especially during menstruation4 ,this fact was known to earlier gynecologists1 as1 for example1 to ,dietrich ,wilhelm ,busch4#gbf ,buttenstedt1 to whom the 8priority0 of the new doctrine of happiness unquestionably belongs1 an advocate of the extremely optimistic theory of the possibility of an everlasting life for humanity and of the cessation of death 7671 also conceived the idea of evoking lactation artificially in all women by means of the sucking of their breasts by men6 ,in this way he believed that artificial sterility and amenorrha might be produced4 ,naturally1 also1 woman's milk is regarded as an elixir of life for old men1 a true panacea for the elongation of life ad infinitum2 and this 8happy marriage0 in itself is to be a means by which all the possible ills of degenerate humanity are to be cured4 ,in this pan he is joined by ,funcke1 who regards woman's milk as 8the best1 most natural1 and most valuable drug10 and on p4 #gj of his book preaches to girls and women the 8new categorical imperative0 7sic74 8,thou shalt not leave thy vital force unutilized2 thou shalt not menstruate unless thou hast the firm will and desire to become pregnant2 thou shalt allow thy vital force in the form of milk to flow from thy breasts for the benefit and enjoyment of other human beings40 ,buttenstedt1 who possesses some historical knowledge1 wishes also to make the breasts of men lactiferous 7p4 #bd71 so that the sexes can exchange their 8blood through the breasts10 thus become more and more alike one another1 and ultimately become urnings6 ,this beautiful lactation idyll or1 more correctly1 mammalian idyll1 will not bear the test of scientific criticism4 ,in the first place1 the effect of the proposed manipulations is exceedingly dubious1 and would only produce the desired result in exceptional cases2 in the second place1 such an artificial lactation1 continued for a long period1 would be extremely harmful1 just as an excessive protraction of lactation after normal delivery is known to be deleterious2 and in the third place1 last1 not least1 the reputed anticonceptional effect would1 in the majority of cases1 fail to occur4 ,at any rate1 there appears to be no reason why pregnancy should not ensue1 since the condition of the genital organs would apparently permit this1 and would certainly differ from that which obtains in women who give suck in a normal manner after giving birth to a child4 #b4 ,divergences from the ,normal ,mode of ,coitus4--,attempts have been made to prevent fertilization by means of various modifications of the sexual act4 ,thus1 starting from the old belief that active participation in the sexual act on the part of the woman1 as well as libido and the sexual orgasm on her part1 are indispensable prerequisites of the occurrence of impregnation1 a more passive demeanour of the woman has been recommended--a distraction of the mind and the senses from the sexual act1 after the manner of the cong-fou of the ,chinese1 who frequently employ this trick during intercourse4 ,this opinion is deceptive1 for1 in the absence of all activity and orgasm on the part of the woman1 in the most diverse conditions possible1 conception may ensue4#gbg ,thus1 in this case also we have to do with a quite untrustworthy method4 ,trustworthy1 on the other hand1 and therefore extremely widely diffused1 is the so-called coitus interruptus--interrupted intercourse1 in which the penis is withdrawn from the vagina shortly before the ejaculation of the semen 7so-called 8withdrawal10 8,zuruckziehen10 8,sichinachtnehmen10 8fraudieren10 8congressus reservatus1 onanismus conjugalis074 ,the views regarding the harmfulness of this method1 by which pregnancy can certainly be prevented1 have in recent years undergone considerable change1 in so far as the disadvantages are to-day considered less serious than they formerly were4 ,more especially1 ,dr4 ,alfred ,damm1 in his work 8,neura10 overestimated the harmful effects of coitus interruptus1 inasmuch as he attributed to it the entire degeneration of a race4 ,these extreme views1 supported by no facts whatever1 of the degeneration fanatic ,damm are briefly described in a little book by ,e4 ,peters1 8,the ,sexual ,life and ,nervous ,energy0 7,cologne1 #aijf74gbh ,it cannot be denied--and has1 in fact1 been maintained by other physicians such as ,gaillard ,thomas1 ,goodell1 ,valenta1 ,bergeret1 ,mantegazza1 ,payer1 ,mensinga1 ,beard1 ,hirt1 ,eulenburg1 ,freud1 von ,tschich1 ,gattel1 and others--that the 8ineffective0 excitement occurring during coitus interruptus1 the absence of the natural discharge of sexual tension1 the voluntary postponement of ejaculation1 the strain put upon the will during the sexual act1 may have a transient harmful influence upon the nervous system2 but1 according to recent researches1 it is only in those who are already neuropathic that permanent troubles result1 in the form of 8anxiety-neurosis0 7which1 as ,freud#gbi has proved1 is actually dependent upon coitus interruptus71 or in the form of other neurasthenic and hysterical troubles1 and also sometimes of local irritative conditions4 ,the harmful influence of frustrated sexual excitement is shown also by the frequency of nervous troubles during the period of engagement1 which1 as a witty colleague of mine remarked1 must be regarded as a single1 long-drawn-out coitus interruptus4 ,but it has not been proved that in healthy individuals coitus interruptus1 even when the practice is continued for a long time1 gives rise to serious and permanent injuries to health4 ,according to the experience of ,frbringer1 ,oppenheim1 von ,krafft-,ebing1 ,rohleder1 ,spener1 and1 above all1 of ,l4 ,lwenfeld1 who has instituted exceptionally exact researches into the matter1 such consequences are quite exceptional4 ,this is also true of the disorders which coitus interruptus is reputed to cause in women4 ,another method for the prevention of pregnancy1 which1 according to ,barrucco1 is practised especially in ,italy1 is the prolongation of sexual enjoyment by means of repeated interruptions of the act1 followed by renewed erections4 ,this1 naturally1 is extremely harmful4 ,frbringer1 however1 reports the case of certain frigid men who were able to extend the act of conjugal intercourse for long periods1 without any disastrous effect upon their health4 ,one of these men was able to find time during the act for smoking and reading6 #c4 ,mechanical ,means for the ,prevention of ,conception4--,according to ,kisch1 in ,transylvania and in ,france a method is in use according to which1 during the sexual act1 the woman1 at the commencement of ejaculation in the male1 presses her finger forcibly upon the root of his penis just in front of the prostate gland4 ,in this way the passage through the urethra is temporarily occluded1 and ejaculation of the semen is prevented3 it regurgitates into the bladder1 and is subsequently evacuated with the urine4 ,unquestionably this manipulation would be likely to prove exceedingly injurious to health4 ,in ,italy and in ,new ,guinea many women expel the semen from the vagina1 as soon as coitus is completed1 by means of muscular action1 by vigorous movements of the perineum4 ,a mechanical apparatus for the prevention of conception which is unquestionably carefully thought out is the so-called occlusive pessary of ,dr4 ,mensinga--a hemisphere of rubber surrounded by a steel ring1 introduced into the vagina before coitus1 and even left in situ for prolonged periods1 so that the os uteri is occluded4 ,when accurately applied1 it does1 in fact1 definitely prevent fertilization4 ,various considerations1 however1 render its use undesirable3 7#a7 the difficulty of the introduction1 which most women are unable to master2 7#b7 liability to displacement of the pessary during the act2 7#c7 the occurrence of irritative conditions of various kinds 7discharges1 diseases of the uterine annexa1 etc471 if1 as often happens1 the pessary is allowed to remain in the vagina for a long time4 ,recently a pessary has been constructed of waterproof cambric1 which is said not to produce any such irritative reaction4 ,moreover1 ,mensinga himself1 and ,earlet1 have made other improvements upon the occlusive pessary4 ,easier to introduce is ,gall's 8balloon occlusive pessary40 ,in this instrument1 by means of a compressible rubber ball and tubing1 air is blown into the interior of a thin-walled rubber ring which surrounds a soft elastic rubber disc4 ,a dangerous article1 and one to be avoided1 is ,hollweg's 8obturator40 ,the ideal mechanical means for the prevention of pregnancy is1 once more1 the condom1 regarding the application and qualities of which we have already said all that is necessary 7vide supra1 pp4 #cgh1 #cgi74 ,simple in its mode of application1 it is1 when of good quality1 certain in its effect1 and is relatively the most harmless of all preventive measures4 ,when it is used1 coitus runs a perfectly normal course1 with the sole exception of the sensation during ejaculation4 ,we must reject as harmful the use of the so-called 8stimulant condom10 which bears a ring of spines or points1 in order to increase libido in the woman4 #d4 ,chemical ,physical ,preventive ,measures4--,to these belong1 above all1 douching of the vagina immediately after sexual intercourse1 for which purpose cold water1 solutions of alum 7#a per cent471 copper sulphate 7#a_/b to #a per cent471 sulphate of quinine 7#a 3 #djj71 etc41 may be used4 ,the douching must be effected when the woman is in the recumbent posture1 and the vaginal tube must be introduced deeply4 ,this method1 however1 is very untrustworthy4#gcj ,the same is true of attempts to destroy the spermatozoa by the insufflation of chemically active powders2 or by the insertion of antiseptic 8security sponges10 which ,rohleder has rightly named 8insecurity sponges02 untrustworthy also is the combination of these with mechanical apparatus4 ,the number of articles belonging to this category is legion4 ,i need mention a few only3 8,security ovals10 containing boric acid1 quinine1 or citric acid2 8little vaginal plugs02 8salus ovula02 ,kamp's anticonceptional cotton-wool plugs2 ,hter's vaginal insufflator 8for the malthusian02 ,noffke's tampon-speculum2 8spermathanaton02#gca ,weissl's preservative 7a combination of speculum and rubber disc with a steel spring and a cotton-wool plug impregnated with a drug72 the 8,venus apparatus0 7a double rubber ball1 the smaller ball filled with 8,venus powder0 7sic7 being introduced within the vagina1 whilst the woman herself1 at the moment of ejaculation1 presses the larger ball lying near to her thighs1 whereupon the powder is expelled from the smaller ball into the vagina72 the 8duplex occlusive pessary0 7an occlusive pessary with double walls1 perforated with round apertures1 containing in its interior boric acid tablets for the purpose of killing the spermatozoa74 ,it may be that now and again1 by some of the means just mentioned1 conception may be prevented4 ,but on the whole they are very uncertain2 and1 on the other hand1 it is doubtful if the chemical substances introduced in this way are harmless4 ,it is possible that many peculiar inflammatory conditions of the male and female genital organs may be referred to their use4 ,for example1 ,blumreich#gcb reports the case of a man who1 after coitus in which a means of this kind had been used1 had an extremely obstinate inflammatory eruption upon the penis4 ,i take this opportunity of pointing out that the so-called herpes progenitalis1 a peculiar vesicular eruption of the genital organs1 occurring chiefly in males1 which alarms a great many patients1 because they regard it as the result of syphilitic infection1 is1 in the great majority of cases1 a perfectly harmless affection caused by some transient irritation4#gcc ,besides the above-mentioned methods for the prevention of pregnancy1 we have also to consider two radical means of practical malthusianism which belong to the purely medical province1 and can only be employed when life and death are involved1 when pregnancy and parturition would entail upon the woman severe illness or certain death4 ,these two means are the operative induction of artificial sterility and artificial abortion4 ,artificial sterility can be produced by various measures1 as by the intentionally effected malposition of the uterus1 such as is practised among the indigens of the ,malay ,archipelago2 by section of the ,fallopian tubes1 as recommended by ,kehrer2 by the so-called castratio uterina by means of vaporization 7the application of superheated steam by the method of ,pincus1 whereby menstruation is suspended and the uterine cavity is obliterated72 and finally by castration proper1 the extirpation of the ovaries#gcd 7ophorectomy1 spaying1 ,battey's operation71 which was carried out in ancient times by quite savage races1 in order to prevent reproduction4#gce ,in ,france1 theoretically anti-malthusian1 but practically through and through malthusian1 in the country from which the song originates-- 8,ah6 l'amour1 l'amour6 ,c'est le plaisir d'un jour ,pour le regret d' neuf mois40 8,ah6 love1 love6 ',tis the pleasure of a day ,for the regret of nine months0 --it appears1 according to recent descriptions1#gcf that ophorectomy is greatly prized by distinguished ladies as a means for the prevention of pregnancy4 ,it is said that there even exist 8specialists0 for the production of these child-hating 8ovaries10 men who undertake this operation at a high fee4 ,in ,germany1 happily1 this radical measure for the prevention of conception is not employed in healthy persons2 the operation is performed only in women who are seriously ill1 and strictly for therapeutic purposes4 ,the preventive measures previously mentioned1 if we except coitus interruptus and the condom1 are all very untrustworthy1 as we learn from the extreme frequency of deliberate1 artificial abortion in all countries1 and among all classes of the population4#gcg ,artificial abortion is1 as is well known1 a criminal offence1 punishable by a long term of imprisonment for all those concerned1 the pregnant woman herself and her accomplices4 ,in the ,orient and among savage races1 however1 abortion is not punishable4 ,among the civilized nations of ,europe artificial abortion is punished2 in ,germany the mere attempt at abortion is punishable1 even though only an imaginary pregnancy is present4 ,that the ,state must take steps to prevent abortion1 as an immoral and unnatural action1 is obvious1 and this is necessary above all because intentional abortion in so many cases endangers the life and health of women4 ,but in order that such punishment should be reasonable1 it is essential that society should work to this end1 that the social conditions upon which the frequency of the practice depends should be abolished2 society should abandon the artificial defamation of illegitimate motherhood1 and should in every possible way work for the improvement of the possibilities of motherhood--should found homes for mothers and for pregnant women1 should provide for the insurance of mothers1 etc4 ,it is a remarkable contradiction1 to which ,gisela von ,streitberg#gch draws attention1 that illegitimate pregnancy is regarded as sinful and shameful3 simultaneously the life of the child about to be born is regarded as sacred2 whilst this same child1 as soon as it is born1 is once more regarded as infamous4 ,in fact1 to the illegitimate child1 in the social morality of our time1 which is at once ridiculous and profoundly perverted1 there inevitably attaches something despicable and dishonourable4 ,it is right that those who make the procuring of abortion a professional occupation should be severely punished2 but1 on the other hand1 it is doubtful whether it is right to punish mothers1 and more particularly the mothers of illegitimate infants1 against whom the ,criminal ,code is especially directed1 for artificially inducing abortion4 ,it is1 in fact1 open to question whether the punishment is even legal4 ,it is well known that according to #a of the ,civil ,code the rights of a human being are said to begin only with the completion of birth1#gci and it is certainly open to question whether the as yet undeveloped human ftus has any personal rights at all4 ,without doubt we have to do with a being which has not yet begun to exist1 but which is only in process of becoming4 ,thus1 juristically1 and from the standpoint of the philosophy of law1 the foundation for the punishment for abortion is a very unstable one4 ,consider1 for example1 impregnation resulting from rape4 ,should not the woman concerned have the right to employ any and all means available to her to destroy at the very outset the child thus forced upon her8 ,the means for the induction of abortion#gdj prior to the twenty-eighth or thirtieth week of pregnancy are very various1 and may be considered under the two categories of internal and mechanical means respectively4 ,infallible internal abortifacients do not exist2 and almost all abortifacients are dangerous owing to their toxic effects4 ,those most commonly employed are ergot1 ethereal oil of savin 7,juniperus sabina71 varieties of thuja1 yew 7,taxus baccata71 turpentine1 oleum succini1 tansy1 rue1 camphor1 cantharides1 aloes1 phosphorus1 etc4 ,mechanically1 abortion may be effected by blows1 by violent movements 7for example1 during coitus71 massage1 perforation of the membranes1 hot injections1 steam1 manipulations with the finger at the os uteri1 the introduction of sounds and other objects through the os uteri1 venesection1 application of the electric current1 etc4 ,with all these practices there is involved great danger of injury1 poisoning1 infection1 rupture and perforation of the uterus1 the entry of air into the uterine veins1 scalding of the internal genital organs1 etc4 ,it is1 therefore1 not to be wondered at that death so frequently ensues1 and that almost always severe illnesses result from the use of these abortifacients4 ,the ,state would in this way best put a stop to artificial abortion if1 in addition to the above-mentioned removal of the disgrace attached to illegitimate motherhood1 it diffused widely among all classes of society a knowledge of the permissible means for the prevention of pregnancy4 ,the fact that neo-malthusian methods are chiefly employed in large towns1 indicates their dependence upon economical considerations1 and upon the struggle for existence1 which is especially severe in large towns4 ,hope for the future rests upon the removal of moral and legal coercion in marriage1 in which ,gutzkow 78,skularbilder10 i4 #agd1 #age7 saw the principal causes of social and sexual misery2 and upon the rational regulation of methods for the prevention of pregnancy1 which must be regarded as in no way identical with the hostility to 8fruitfulness0 in the sense of ,weininger4 ,on the contrary1 the yearning for children1 and the joy in their possession1 will then1 for the first time1 obtain their natural satisfaction4 #gji ,cf4 his classical essay1 8,population3 its ,natural ,subdivision and ,movement10 published in 8,elements of ,general ,political ,economy10 vol4 i41 pp4 #aeh-ahg 7,leipzig1 #aija74 #gaj ,cf4 ,franz ,oppenheimer1 8,the ,law of ,population of ,t4 ,r4 ,malthus1 and the more ,recent ,political ,economists3 a ,demonstration and a ,criticism0 7,bern1 #aijj74 ,see also the interesting demonstration and criticism of the malthusian doctrine in the work of ,henry ,george1 8,progress and ,poverty40 #gaa ,a notable example of such advances is found in the recently discovered method of inoculating the soil with nitrifying organisms1 whereby barren lands are made fertile at trifling cost4-,,translator4 #gab ,eli ,metchnikoff1 8,the ,nature of ,man40--,english translation by ,chalmers ,mitchell1 pp4 #aja-ajg2 ,heinemann1 ,london1 #aijc4 #gac ,a more detailed account of this interesting 8politico-economical0 operation will be found in the work of ,max ,bartels1 8,medicine among ,savage ,races10 pp4 #big1 #bih 7,leipzig1 #ahic74 #gad ,the ancients were also familiar with preventive methods of intercourse and with abortion4 ,widely renowned is the passage of the historian ,polybius 7,,xxxvii4 ix4 #e7 in which we read3 8,in my time the whole of ,greece suffered from an insufficiency of children--speaking generally1 from a lack of men2 for men had become so much accustomed to good living1 to the greed for money1 and to every comfort1 that they no longer wished to marry1 or1 at any rate1 they wished to have only a few children4 ,not the sword of the enemy was it that depopulated the ancient ,states1 but the lack of offspring40 ,in ,spain also1 in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries1 in consequence of the wealth acquired in the ,new ,world1 there resulted an overwhelming dread of marriage and child-bearing1 so that the population became reduced to nine millions1 and the bringing up of four children was rewarded with a title of nobility 7cf4 ,j4 ,unold1 8,duties and ,aims of ,human ,life10 p4 #aaj2 ,leipzig1 #aijd74 #gae ,cf4 ,e4 ,h4 ,kisch1 8,artificial ,sterility10 published in ,eulenburg's 8,real-,enzyklopdie10 third edition1 #aijj1 vol4 xxiii41 p4 #cgb4 ,see also the elaborate discussion of artificial sterility and means for the prevention of conception in ,kisch's work1 8,the ,sexual ,life of ,woman10 ,english translation by ,m4 ,eden ,paul 7,rebman ,limited1 ,london1 #aijh74 #gaf ,a4 ,hegar1 8,the ,sexual ,impulse10 pp4 #eh1 #ei1 #ajd1 #aje 7,stuttgart1 #ahid74 #gag ,m4 ,gruber1 8,hygiene of the ,sexual ,life10 pp4 #fj-fb 7,stuttgart1 #aije74 #gah ,l4 ,lwenfeld1 8,the ,sexual ,life and ,nervous ,disorders10 pp4 #aed-aef4 #gai ,c4 ,hasse 7,mensinga71 8,facultative ,sterility10 fourth edition 7,berlin and ,neuwied1 #ahhe72 same author1 8,how is the ,life of ,married ,women best ,safeguarded80 7,berlin and ,neuwied1 #ahie72 same author1 8,prognosis of ,married ,life for ,women0 7,berlin and ,neuwied1 #ahib72 same author1 8,vom ,sichinachtnehmen0 ,coitus interruptus1 see p4 #gjb 7,neuwied1 #aije74 #gbj ,p4 ,frbringer1 8,sexual ,hygiene in ,married ,life10 published in ,senator and ,kaminer's1 8,health and ,disease in ,relation to ,marriage and the ,married ,state10 p4 #bji 7,london1 ,rebman ,limited1 #aijf74 #gba ,spener1 the article 8,artificial ,sterility10 published in ,eulenburg's ,encyclopedic ,annual of the ,medical ,sciences1 vol4 i41 pp4 #def-dei 7,berlin and ,vienna1 #aijc74 #gbb ,l4 ,bergeret1 8,des ,fraudes dans l',accomplissment des ,fonctions ,gnratrices10 fourteenth edition 7,paris1 #ahic74 ,see also ,toulouse1 8,les ,conflits ,intersexuels10 pp4 #da-eh 7,paris1 #aijd74 #gbc ,h4 ,ferdy1 8,means for the ,prevention of ,conception10 eighth edition1 two parts 7,leipzig1 #aijg72 same author1 8,moral ,self-restraint3 the ,reflections of a ,malthusian0 7,hildesheim1 #aijd74 #gbd ,karl ,buttenstedt1 8,happiness in ,marriage 7,revelation in ,woman73 a ,nature ,study10 third edition 7,friedrichshagen1 #aijd74 #gbe ,richard ,e4 ,funcke1 8,a ,new ,revelation of ,nature3 a ,secret of the ,sexual ,life4 ,no more ,prostitution0 7,hanover1 #aijf74 #gbf ,dietrich ,wilhelm ,busch1 8,the ,sexual ,life of ,woman in ,physiological1 ,pathological1 and ,therapeutical ,relations10 vol4 ii41 p4 #id 7,leipzig1 #ahdj73 8,the gradual swelling of the breasts1 and the presence of milk in these organs1 arouses to a high degree the suspicion of pregnancy1 but gives no certain proof of the existence of this condition4 ,these organs often swell very gradually in certain pathological states1 and in virgins1 unimpregnated wives1 widows1 old women1 and even in men1 milk has been found in the breasts40 #gbg ,mensinga1 in a most readable short study1 8,a ,contribution to the ,mechanism of ,conception0 7,berlin and ,neuwied1 #ahia71 has considered this question in detail4 #gbh ,to propagate ,damm's idea1 the ,german ,society for ,regeneration was founded1 whose first president was the above-named ,peters2 the organ of the society is the newspaper ,volkskraft4 #gbi ,s4 ,freud1 8,collection of ,minor ,writings upon the ,doctrine of ,neurosis10 pp4 #gj1 #ga 7#aijf74 #gcj ,the most convenient and complete apparatus for vaginal douching is the ,american irrigating syringe known as the 8,lady's ,friend40 ,the technique of vaginal douching is very thoroughly described by ,l4 ,volkmann1 8,solution of the ,social ,problem by ,means of ,woman10 pp4 #bi-ca 7,berlin and ,leipzig1 #ahia74 #gca ,r4 ,braun recently reported 78,experiments made with ,spermathanaton ,pastilles10 ,medizin4 ,woch41 #aijf1 ,no4 #ac7 successful results with this means4 ,but1 in general1 this1 like all chemical means1 cannot be absolutely depended upon to prevent pregnancy4 #gcb ,l4 ,blumreich1 8,diseases of ,women1 including ,sterility10 in ,senator-,kaminer1 8,health and ,disease in ,relation to ,marriage and the ,married ,state10 p4 #gfi et seq4 7,london1 ,rebman ,limited1 #aijf74 #gcc ,cf4 the account of herpes progenitalis given in ,iwan ,bloch's 8,origin of ,syphilis10 part ii41 pp4 #che-chh4 #gcd ,a detailed account of 8,operative ,sterility0 will be found in ,kisch's 8,the ,sexual ,life of ,woman10 ,english translation by ,m4 ,eden ,paul 7,rebman ,limited1 #aijh74 #gce ,cf4 the accounts of this operation among the ,australians given by ,max ,bartels1 8,medicine among ,savage ,races10 pp4 #cjf1 #cjg 7,leipzig1 #ahie74 #gcf ,cf4 ,r4 ,schwaebl1 the chapter 8,ovaries0 in 8,les ,detraques de ,paris10 pp4 #bee-beh4 ,this aspect of the operation of ophorectomy is the foundation of some of the most striking incidents in ,zola's novel 8,fcondit40--,,translator4 #gcg ,cf4 ,h4 ,ploss1 8,the ,history of ,abortion0 7,leipzig1 #ahhc72 ,galliot1 8,recherches ,historiques sur l',avortement ,criminel0 7,paris1 #ahhd74 #gch ,countess ,gisela von ,streitberg1 8,the ,right to ,destroy the ,germinating ,life3 #bah of the ,criminal ,code1 from a ,new ,point of ,view0 7,oranienburg1 #aijd74 #gci ,in a work recently published1 which ,i have not yet been able to obtain1 entitled 8,nasciturus3 ,life before ,birth1 and the ,legal ,rights of the ,being about to be ,born10 the gyncologist ,f4 ,ahlfeld discusses this question very thoroughly4 #gdj ,cf4 ,lewin and ,brenning1 8,abortion induced by ,means of ,poisons0 7,berlin1 #ahii72 ,e4 von ,hoffmann's 8,textbook of ,forensic ,medicine10 edited by ,a4 ,kolisko1 ninth edition1 pp4 #bbj-beh 7,berlin and ,vienna1 #aijc74 ,,chapter ,,xxviii ,,sexual ,,hygiene 8,man scans with scrupulous care the character and pedigree of his horse1 cattle1 and dogs1 before he matches them2 but when he comes to his own marriage1 he rarely1 or never1 takes such care4 ,yet he might by selection do something1 not only for the bodily constitution and frame of his offspring1 but for their intellectual and moral qualities40--,,charles ,,darwin4 ,,contents ,,of ,,chapter ,,xxviii ,sexual hygiene as social hygiene -- ,its foundation by ,darwin -- ,recent works -- 8,reproductive hygiene0 -- ,degeneration and regeneration 7hereditary taint and hereditary enfranchisement7 -- ,possibility of the disappearance of morbid tendencies -- 8,eugenics0 7,galton7 -- ,love's choice and sexual selection -- ,principles -- ,darwin's prescriptions regarding sexual selection -- ,prohibition of marriage -- ,inheritance of morbid tendencies and morbid constitutions -- ,danger of alcoholism for the offspring -- ,families of drinkers -- ,direct influence of alcohol upon the germ-plasm -- ,observations on this subject -- ,syphilis as a cause of racial degeneration -- ,syphilis and the duration of life -- ,degenerative effects of tuberculosis -- ,direct infection -- ,inheritance of the tubercular habit of body -- ,mental disorders1 diatheses1 and malignant tumours -- ,nervous disorders -- ,inheritable atrophy of the female mammary glands -- ,recent works on this subject -- ,effect of excessive youth or excessive age of the married pair -- ,influence of blood-relationship -- ,significance of breeding in-and-in in relation to the evolution of the race -- ,the dangers of too close blood-relationship -- ,importance of spiritual qualities in relation to love's choice -- ,the breeding of talent -- ,importance of this in relation to the woman's question -- ,in relation to the improvement of the race -- ,greater resisting powers possessed by women towards degenerative influences -- ,a quotation from ,carl ,vogt -- ,unfavourable influence of coercive marriage morality and of mammonism -- ,importance of racial hygiene and of the sexual sense of responsibility4 ,,chapter ,,xxviii ,sexual hygiene in individual relationships has already been discussed in previous chapters1 and more especially in those upon the prophylaxis and suppression of venereal diseases1 upon the question of sexual abstinence1 upon sexual education1 and upon the use of methods for the prevention of pregnancy4 ,here we merely propose to deal shortly with the social relationships of the hygiene of the sexual life4 ,after ,darwin1 more particularly in his work on the 8,descent of ,man10 had published fundamental observations regarding the social importance of sexual hygiene1 other writers1 influenced by recent anthropological and ethnological research1 occupied themselves with these problems1 more especially ,hegar1#gda ,a4 ,ploetz1#gdb and ,r4 ,kossmann2#gdc the subjects considered by these writers have been aptly comprised under the name 8reproductive hygiene10 which constitutes a part of general racial biology4 ,unfortunately1 racial biology1 as ,max ,gruber#gdd justly remarks1 has formed exaggerated estimates of the ideas of 8degeneration0 and 8hereditary taint02 and1 on the other hand1 the complementary ideas of 8regeneration0 and 8hereditary enfranchisement0 have been unduly neglected4 ,and yet it is certain that these latter influences are continually in active operation in the direction of the resanation and invigoration of the race3 that the introduction of new and healthy blood is competent to bring about reanimation and regeneration1 even in degenerate families4 ,gruber says with justice 78,hygiene of the ,sexual ,life10 p4 #ee1 #aije73 8,completely normal1 and entirely free from hereditary taint1 no single human being can be2 and1 on the other hand1 experience teaches us1 that just as morbid tendencies make their appearance in certain families1 so also they may disappear from these families4 ,many of these tendencies can be rendered ineffective by a suitably chosen mode of life for the individual2 and by means of repeated crossing with stems which are free from these particular taints1 the morbid tendency can be led to disappear1 unless the degenerative impulse is too powerful40 ,the recognition of this fact does not in the least diminish the great importance of purposive choice in love and marriage2 nor does it diminish the sense of sexual responsibility in relation to the great fact of heredity4 ,but the recognition of the fortunate fact of hereditary enfranchisement supports1 on the other hand1 all our endeavours in the direction of rational 8eugenics0 7,galton71#gde in accordance with which we must1 as ,nietzsche says1 not merely reproduce1 but produce in an upward direction 78nicht bloss fort-1 sondern auch hinaufpflanzen sollen074 ,the central problem of reproductive hygiene is that of love's choice1 of sexual selection4 ,it is a most difficult task1 one which is rarely fulfilled to the utmost1 for the right man to find the right woman1 so that their individualities may in every respect correspond to and complement one another4 ,in most cases it is necessary to be contented with relative harmony1 and with sufficient health on both sides4 ,the laws of a refined1 differentiated marriage choice have not yet been discovered4 ,havelock ,ellis#gdf has instituted exhaustive researches on this subject1 without1 however1 attaining any positive result4 ,he was only able to establish the general proposition1 that in love's choice identity of race and of individual characters 7homogamy71 and at the same time unlikeness in the secondary sexual characters 7heterogamy71 are to be preferred4 ,in other respects1 however1 very various and complicated influences are determinative in sexual selection4 ,havelock ,ellis also detected a natural disinclination towards love between blood-relatives1 which1 however1 he regards as merely due to the customary life in close association from childhood onwards4 ,darwin propounded the principle for sexual selection1 that both sexes should avoid marriage when in any pronounced degree they were defective1 either physically or mentally4 ,upon this idea rests the old and widely diffused custom of killing or exposure of sickly children1 as well as the more recent prohibitions of marriage in certain ,states of the ,american ,union--for example1 ,michigan1 in which the marriage 7also sexual union for procreative purposes87 is forbidden on the part of those mentally diseased and of those who are infected with tubercle or syphilis4#gdg ,the most important fundamental principle1 however1 of rational reproductive hygiene is1 without doubt1 that only healthy individuals should pair1 or1 at any rate1 those only whose abnormalities or diseases1 if any1 would not injure their offspring1 physically or mentally4 ,not in disease itself1 but in the inheritance of disease1 lies the great danger for the deterioration of the family and the race4 ,it is for this reason that the study of the inheritance of morbid predispositions and morbid constitutions is of such enormous importance in racial biology4 ,with regard to illnesses to which attention must especially be paid in connexion with sexual selection1 we have here1 in the first place1 to consider the 8three scourges0 of humanity3 alcoholism1 syphilis1 and tuberculosis4 ,apart from the fact that alcoholism leads in the drinker himself to nervous weakness1 to mental disturbances of all kinds 7delirium tremens1 imbecility1 mania1 peripheral neuritis1 etc471 it also exercises a very serious influence upon the offspring1 who are1 unfortunately1 in many cases very numerous1#gdh as the study of 8drinker families0 shows 7cf4 ,jrger1 8,the ,family ,zero10 published in the ,archives for ,racial ,biology1 #aije1 vol4 ii41 pp4 #did-eei74 ,only a very small fraction of the offspring of such families are physically and mentally normal 7about #g to #ag 72 the majority display a rapidly progressive degeneration1 which manifests itself physically more especially by the tendency to tuberculosis and epilepsy1 and mentally by the tendency to drunkenness1 crime1 and imbecility4 ,alcohol is a direct poison to the germ cells1 so much so that1 according to the degree of drunkenness1 it is almost possible to estimate beforehand the degree of hereditary taint4 ,moreover1 an otherwise healthy father1 in a single severe acute alcoholic intoxication1 may procreate a child either quite incompetent to live1 or weakly1 or completely degenerate4 ,on the other hand1 it has been observed that a person given to chronic alcoholism is competent1 during a temporary diminution in his consumption of alcohol1 to procreate a comparatively vigorous child4 ,from this it follows that marriage1 or sexual union in general for reproductive purposes1 with a man or woman addicted to alcohol1 and no less the act of procreation in a state of intoxication1 are absolutely to be condemned4 ,the danger of alcoholism to the offspring is illustrated by the experience that about one-eighth of the surviving children of drunken parents become affected with epilepsy1 and that more than one-half of idiotic children are born of drunken parents 7,kraepelin1 8,the ,psychiatric ,duties of the ,state10 p4 #c2 ,jena1 #aijj74 ,in an earlier chapter 7pp4 #cfa-cfc7 attention was drawn to the fact that syphilis rivals alcohol in its potency as a cause of racial degeneration4#gdi ,thanks to the researches of ,alfred ,fournier and of ,tarnowsky1 the sinister influence of syphilis in this respect is now widely recognized4 ,e4 ,heddaeus rightly#gej asserts that since at the present day the whole world is contaminated with congenital or acquired syphilis1 the eradication of syphilis is the most important task of reproductive hygiene4 ,the previously mentioned etiological and prophylactic-therapeutic researches1 among which may be included the quite recent discovery of syphilitic antibodies in the system of those who have formerly suffered from syphilis1#gea open to us a prospect of the realization of this magnificent idea4 ,the weakening and degeneration of the individual by acquired and inherited syphilis1 is also shown by the recent researches into the influence of syphilis upon the duration of life1 among which ,i may mention the works of ,a4 ,blaschko#geb and ,hans ,tilesius4#gec ,regarding the disastrous influence of syphilis continued into the second and third generations1 see the monograph of ,b4 ,tarnowsky1 8,la ,famille ,syphilitique et sa ,descendence0 ,clermont 7,oise71 #aijd4 7,see note #cbe to p4 #cfc47 ,the third disease leading to degeneration is tuberculosis1 which may be inherited either by direct infection of the germ1 or 7more frequently7 by the transmission of a predisposition to the offspring4 ,this simple predisposition1 recognized by the so-called 8tubercular physique0 7long1 thin individuals1 with a flattened chest1 poorly developed muscles1 and a pale countenance71 does not offer any absolute ground for prohibiting reproductive activity1 since the health of the other party to the marriage may diminish or entirely remove the danger of inheritance4 ,but1 on the other hand1 manifest tuberculosis or scrofula is a contra-indication to marriage4 ,the same is true of actual mental disorders1 of severe diatheses1 such as gout1 obesity1 or diabetes2 and of cancer and other malignant tumours2 whereas the bulk of 8nervous0 affections and other bodily diseases only exclude marriage in certain special circumstances4#ged ,very unfavourable to the offspring is the atrophy of the female breasts1 and the consequent incapacity for lactation1 a matter to which ,mensinga1#gee ,g4 von ,bunge1#gef ,g4 ,hirth1#geg ,emil ,abderhalden1#geh ,a4 ,hegar1#gei and others1 have referred1 and which exercises a very unfavourable influence upon the offspring1 since natural lactation cannot be adequately replaced by artificial feeding4 ,according to ,bunge1 alcoholism1 tuberculosis1 syphilis1 and mental disorders of the ancestry are the principal causes of atrophy of the mammary glands4 ,whether atrophy of the mammary glands is really on the increase1 and whether it is hereditary1 are matters demanding1 as ,abderhalden insists1 more careful critical investigation4 ,marriage at an age too youthful 7below twenty on the part of the woman1 below twenty-four on the part of the man7 and at too advanced an age 7above forty on the part of the woman1 above fifty on the part of the man7 is also disadvantageous to the offspring1 as manifested by higher mortality of the infants1 by the more frequent occurrence of malformations1 idiotcy1 rickets1 etc4 ,equally disadvantageous is too close relationship by blood1#gfj since in this way any unfavourable tendencies are greatly strengthened4 ,upon a certain degree of inbreeding1 or1 rather1 upon an approximation to inbreeding1 depends the formation of every race4 ,the 8racial problem0 in this sense is a kind of exaltation of the inbreeding principle1 for the very idea of race implies a more or less close relationship between all the members of a definite stock4 ,thus the entire absence of fresh blood does not necessarily give rise to any degeneration2 but it is certain that long-continued close in-and-in breeding on the part of near blood-relatives in the same family results in a progressive tendency to degeneration1 because1 among those who unite in marriage1 the same morbid tendencies are present1 and accumulate in consequence of the inbreeding4 ,this is shown very clearly by some statistics collected by ,morris 7published by ,gruber1 op4 cit41 p4 #cb74 ,marriage between uncle and niece1 or between aunt and nephew1 and the1 unfortunately1 far too frequent marriages between first cousins1 are therefore to be condemned4 ,the greatest value is to be placed1 in love's choice1 upon intellectual qualities4 ,intelligent persons1 and those full of character1 are to be preferred4 ,precisely in relation to the breeding of talents1 ,nietzsche recommended 78,posthumous ,works10 vol4 xii41 p4 #ahh2 ,leipzig1 #aija7 polygamy for men or women of predominant intellectual capacity1 so that they might have the opportunity of reproducing their kind in intercourse with several persons of the opposite sex1 and in this way1 since the later children of the same women are not so powerful nor of such striking capacity as the first-born1 they might have the possibility of being the parents of several talented and distinguished individuals4 ,in relation to the woman's question1 the breeding of women well endowed with talent is a matter of especial interest4 ,charles ,darwin#gfa writes3 8,in order that woman should reach the same standard as man1 she ought1 when nearly adult1 to be trained to energy and perseverance1 and to have her reason and imagination exercised to the highest point2 then she would probably transmit these qualities chiefly to her adult daughters4 ,all women1 however1 could not be thus raised1 unless during many generations those who excelled in the above robust virtues were married1 and produced offspring in larger numbers than other women40 ,in a valuable work ,w4 ,schallmayer#gfb has recently discussed the great importance of the offspring of talented persons in the improvement of the race1 and has considered the details of psychical inheritance4 ,as in the entire animal world1 so also in the human race1 the feminine nature has a more conservative character1 one more disinclined to variations1 whether favourable or unfavourable1 as contrasted with the more variable nature of the male1 which is also more prone to submit to degenerative influences4 ,for this reason1 in declining races1 we meet many more women free from degeneration than men4 ,carl ,vogt1 in a passage which appears to be very little known1 writes on this subject in the following terms3#gfc 8,it is the women1 my friend1 who maintain the race1 who for the longest time safeguard the type of the people in body and spirit1 and for this reason they form the mirror at once of the future and of the past which are allotted to that people4 ,you will no doubt have noticed how1 in many races1 there exists a disharmony between men and women1 so that in one race the male and in another the female stands behind the other in physical beauty and in mental development4 ,this relationship between the two sexes is precisely that from which we are able to learn the past and the future of the nation4 ,good and bad1 advance and retrogression1 are first undertaken by the man1 and by him passed to the woman1 whose conservative nature much more gradually yields to strange influences4 ,but since the stages of mental culture through which a race passes are not only reflected in its bodily development1 but actually depend upon this development1 it is easy to understand that in a nature which is striving upwards1 which we see in the process of advance towards better things1 the men possess the advantage in the matter of beauty and of intellectual capacity2 whereas when the race is a declining one1 the advantages in these respects will lie with woman4 ,if you find a race in which the women are beautiful1 but as a rule the men are ugly and badly formed1 you can with certainty conclude that this race has long since passed its culminating point in development1 and has long been undergoing a process of decline40 ,for racial biology it is at least equally important1 if not even more important1 that healthy1 vigorous1 and talented men should reproduce their kind1 rather than that in love's choice the corresponding qualities in women should be regarded as determinative4 ,racial biology1 if it really wishes to obtain success in the breeding of humanity1 is compelled to demand the abolition of the present evil coercive marriage morality1 and1 according to the suggestions of ,nietzsche1 von ,ehrenfels1 and others1 will not hesitate1 in certain cases1 to regard polygamy as desirable1 if only from this standpoint--that coercive marriage is the sole cause of the domination of 8mammonism0 in the sexual life1 to the deleterious influence of which we have before alluded4#gfd ,mammonism is dangerous if for this alone1 because it involves the annihilation of the sense of sexual responsibility1 and in consequence of this1 natural love is rejected on one side1 and all considerations of a racial hygienic nature are cast away on the other4 ,the lack of both is the cause of degeneration4 #gda ,a4 ,hegar1 8,the ,sexual ,impulse0 7,stuttgart1 #ahid74 #gdb ,a4 ,ploetz1 8,outlines of ,racial ,hygiene0 7,berlin1 #ahie74 #gdc ,r4 ,kossmann1 8,breeding--,politics0 7,schmargendorf--,berlin1 #aije74 #gdd ,max ,gruber1 8,does ,hygiene lead to ,racial ,degeneration80 published in the ,mnchener ,medizinische ,wochenschrift1 ,october #f and #ac1 #aijc4 #gde ,francis ,galton1 8,eugenics3 its ,definition1 ,scope1 and ,aims0 7,sociological ,society ,papers1 vols4 i4 and ii471 #aije2 comments on this work by ,a4 ,ploetz1 published in the ,archives for ,racial and ,social ,biology1 #aije1 vol4 ii41 pp4 #hab-hbi2 also ,w4 ,schallmayer1 8,marriage1 ,inheritance1 and the ,ethics of ,reproduction10 published in 8,the ,book of the ,child10 edited by ,adele ,schreiber1 vol4 i41 pp4 ix-xx 7,leipzig and ,berlin1 #aijg72 ,alfred ,grotjahn1 8,social ,hygiene and the ,problem of ,degeneration0 7,jena1 #aijd74 #gdf ,havelock ,ellis1 8,studies in the ,psychology of ,sex10 vol4 iv43 8,selection in ,man40 #gdg ,regarding marriage prohibitions1 cf4 ,p4 ,ncke1 8,marriage ,prohibitions10 published in the ,archives for ,criminal ,anthropology1 #aijf1 vol4 xxii42 ,m4 ,marcuse1 8,legislative ,marriage ,prohibitions for ,persons who are ,diseased or ,deficient ,mentally or ,physically10 published in ,sociale ,medizin und ,hygiene1 #aijg1 ,nos4 #b and #c4 ,it is said that in ,dakota medical examination of those who wish to marry is legally prescribed 7,archives for ,criminal ,anthropology1 #aijc1 vol4 xi41 pp4 #bff1 #bfg74 #gdh ,see especially the excellent treatise of ,a4 ,leppmann1 8,alcoholism1 ,morphinism1 and ,marriage10 published in ,senator-,kaminer1 8,health and ,disease in ,relation to ,marriage and the ,married ,state10 p4 #ajeg et seq4 7,london1 ,rebman ,limited1 #aijf74 ,see also1 regarding alcohol as a 8,racial ,destroyer10 the fundamental study by ,alfred ,ploetz1 8,the ,significance of ,alcohol in ,relation to the ,life and ,development of the ,race10 published in the ,archives for ,racial and ,social ,biology1 #aijd1 vol4 i41 pp4 #bbi-bec4 ,english readers should consult the works of ,archdall ,reid1 8,the ,present ,evolution of ,man10 8,alcoholism1 a ,study in ,heredity10 and 8,the ,principles of ,heredity40--,,translator4 #gdi ,see also ,r4 ,ledermann1 8,syphilis and ,marriage10 published in ,senator-,kaminer1 8,health and ,disease in ,relation to ,marriage and the ,married ,state10 p4 #efa 7,london1 ,rebman ,limited72 ,alfred ,fournier1 8,syphilis and ,marriage40 #gej ,e4 ,heddaeus1 8,the ,breeding of ,healthy ,human ,beings10 published in the ,allgemeine ,medizinische ,zentral-,zeitung1 #aija1 ,no4 #f4 #gea ,a4 ,wassermann and ,f4 ,plaut1 8,the ,occurrence of ,syphilitic ,antibodies in the ,cerebrospinal ,fluid of ,general ,paralytics10 published in the ,deutsche ,medizinische ,wochenschrift1 #aijf1 ,no4 #dd4 #geb ,a4 ,blaschko1 8,the ,influence of ,syphilis upon the ,duration of ,life10 published in the 8,transactions of the ,fourth ,international ,congress of ,medical ,examiners in ,life ,insurance10 pp4 #ie-adi 7,berlin1 #aijf74 #gec ,hans ,tilesius1 8,syphilis in ,relation to ,life ,insurance10 op4 cit41 pp4 #bja-bac4 #ged ,in the great work of ,senator-,kaminer 78,health and ,disease in ,relation to ,marriage and the ,married ,state10 ,london1 ,rebman ,limited1 #aijf7 we find a detailed account of the circumstances and possibilities which have here to be considered4 #gee ,mensinga1 8,incapacity for ,lactation1 and its ,cure0 7,berlin and ,neuwied1 #ahhh74 #gef ,g4 von ,bunge1 8,the ,increasing ,incapacity of ,women to ,suckle their ,children0 7,munich1 #aijc74 #geg ,g4 ,hirth1 8,the ,maternal ,breast3 its ,indispensability and its ,education for the ,restoration of its ,primitive ,forces10 published in 8,ways to ,love10 pp4 #a-eg4 #geh ,emil ,abderhalden1 8,the ,question of the ,incapacity of ,mothers to ,suckle their ,children10 published in ,medizinische ,klinik1 #aijf1 ,no4 #de4 #gei ,a4 ,hegar1 8,atrophy of the ,mammary ,glands and the ,incapacity for ,lactation10 published in the ,archives for ,racial and ,social ,hygiene1 #aije1 vol4 ii41 pp4 #hcj-hdd4 #gfj ,cf4 ,f4 ,kraus1 8,blood-,relationship in ,marriage and its ,consequences to the ,offspring10 published in ,senator-,kaminer1 8,health and ,disease in ,relation to ,marriage and the ,married ,state10 p4 #gi 7,london1 ,rebman ,limited1 #aijf74 #gfa ,charles ,darwin1 8,the ,descent of ,man10 vol4 ii41 pp4 #ced1 #cee 7,london1 #ahih74 #gfb ,w4 ,schallmayer1 8,the ,sociological ,importance of the ,offspring of ,talented ,persons1 and ,psychical ,inheritance10 published in the ,archives of ,racial and ,social ,biology1 #aije1 vol4 ii41 pp4 #cf-ge4 ,cf4 also ,s4 ,r4 ,steinmetz1 8,the ,offspring of ,talented ,persons10 published in the ,zeitschrift fr ,sozialwissenschaft1 #aijd1 ,no4 #a4 #gfc ,carl ,vogt1 8,the ,ocean and the ,mediterranean3 ,letters of ,travel10 vol4 ii41 pp4 #bjc1 #bjd 7,frankfurt-on-the-,main1 #ahdh74 #gfd ,alexander von ,humboldt 78,journey in ,tropical ,regions10 vol4 ii41 p4 #ag7 remarks that in ,europe a greatly deformed or hideous girl1 if only she possesses property1 can marry1 and that the children frequently inherit the malformations of the mother2 whereas among savage races there exists a natural disinclination to such marriages--a disinclination which money is not able to overcome4 ,,chapter ,,xxix ,,the ,,sexual ,,life ,,in ,,its ,,public ,,relationships 7,,sexual ,,quackery1 ,,advertisements1 ,,and ,,scandals7 8,one of the principal reasons which makes the eradication of quackery for ever impossible is to be found in the fact which finds incisive expression in the proverb #8,die ,dummen werden nicht alle4'0 8,stupidity is a hardy perennial40--,,wilhelm ,,ebstein4 ,,contents ,,of ,,chapter ,,xxix ,greater publicity of the sexual life in the age of commerce -- ,three forms of this publicity -- ,sexual quackery -- ,the relations of quackery to the sexual life -- ,recent examples -- ,the trade in sexual nostrums and other articles of immoral use -- ,public puffing of sexual nostrums -- ,quack advertisements4 ,newspaper advertisements for sexual purposes -- ,matrimonial advertisements -- ,their history -- ,the two oldest matrimonial advertisements -- ,mercenary marriages and marriages for position -- ,nominal marriages -- ,immoral advertisements -- ,loan advertisements -- ,acquaintance advertisements -- ,friendship advertisements -- ,employment advertisements -- ,heterosexual and homosexual advertisements -- ,advertisements regarding correspondence -- ,advertisements of rooms for sexual purposes -- ,advertisements regarding instruction -- ,rendezvous and postillon d'amour advertisements -- ,poste restante correspondence -- ,private inquiries -- ,advertisements for the purpose of sexual perversions -- ,street handbills -- ,brothel guides4 ,public scandals of a sexual character -- ,murders and suicides from love -- ,seductions1 duels1 procuress trials -- ,orgies and the life of swindlers4 ,,chapter ,,xxix ,in this age of commerce1 of telegraphs1 and of the press1 the rle which the sexual life plays before the public eye is notably greater than it used to be4 ,from very early times1 indeed1 sexual matters formed the principal constituent of the chronique scandaleuse1 but it was not then possible to disseminate such scandals by means of daily newspapers1 as it is now so easy to do4 ,in three forms at the present day the sexual life attains publicity3 in the form of an unscrupulous quackery2 in the form of newspaper advertisements relating to the sexual life2 and in the form of sexual scandals diffused by means of the press4 ,we propose to refer briefly to the principal aspects of all three1 and we shall find that they are1 for the most part1 of an unpleasant character4 ,according to the well-known saying that hunger and love rule the world1 quackery has from its very earliest beginnings concerned itself by preference with the provinces of disorders of digestion and of sexual troubles2 and especially in respect of the latter have its developments been so astounding--in fact1 there appears to be nothing else which gives such instructive information regarding the possibilities of human folly1 depravity1 and superstition4 ,when we regard the history of quackery and medical charlatanry of all times1#gfe we discern beyond question the justice of the assertion that 8quackery is identical with the diffusion of sexual vice and of fornication40 ,these relationships of quackery to the sexual life and to sexual crime have recently had a vivid light thrown upon them by ,c4 ,reissig#gff and ,c4 ,alexander4#gfg ,reissig deals more especially with the 8immoral practices of many magnetizers1 lay hypnotizers1 and similar individuals1 who1 under the pretence of giving help to the sick1 seek and find opportunity for the gratification of all kinds of immoral lusts02 and he gives characteristic examples of these practices4 ,police reports have shown that numerous masseuses and male quacks1 who commonly appear under the high-sounding names of 8professor10 8director10 8hygienologist10 8magnetopath10 etc41 and who profess to treat 8secret diseases0 or 8diseases of women10 are in reality concerned with abortion mongering1 the production of artificial sexual excitement1 and the provision of human material for the gratification of perverse lusts4 ,who does not know the ominous words1 8,rat und ,hilfe60 78,advice and help6078 ,under the mantle of quackery the worst kinds of immorality are practised4 ,thus1 ,alexander 7op4 cit41 p4 #dh7 speaks of an 8ear specialist0 who1 paving the way by gigantic advertisements in the local papers1 travelled from place to place1 nominally in order to relieve 8defects of hearing10 but who in reality utilized his opportunities in order to make immoral attempts upon young girls 7,glatz ,assizes1 ,july #aj1 #ahif74 ,the 8magnetizer0 ,m---- hypnotized young girls1 and then violated them2 another examined the genital organs when professing to treat ear troubles1 and carried out improper manipulations4 ,in an article1 8,serene ,highness's ,quackery10 in the ,aerztliche ,vereinsblatt1 ,no4 #dah1 ,august1 #aijj1 ,dr4 ,reissig reports that 8to ,her ,serene ,highness the ,princess ,maria von ,rohan in ,salzburg0 it appears to be a sacred duty to bear witness to the joiner 767 ,kuhne1 in ,leipzig1 under date ,november #i1 #ahhi1 that his sexual friction baths 767 8had proved to be of inestimable value1 and had had a wonderful effect10 and she felt impelled 8to recommend to physicians the most careful examination and trial of this new method of cure40 ,the treatment of 8secret diseases10#gfh in the hands of quacks1 does incredible harm2 and the same is true of the uncleanly and dangerous practices of 8masseuses0 and of professional abortion-mongers4 ,closely connected with quackery is the trade in sexual nostrums and in other articles of immoral use4#gfi ,this trade is occupied in the manufacture and public recommendation of 8sexual articles0 of every kind3 aphrodisiacs2 8protective articles02 various celebrated measures for the relief of 8sexual weakness10 infertility1 pollutions1 lack of voluptuous sensation1 etc4 ,the artificial sterilization1 not of women1 but of men1 by means of ,roentgen rays is recommended4#ggj ,the newspapers overflow with advertisements recommending all these articles4 ,beneath the aliases of 8chiromancy0 and 8astrology10 sexual quackery also lies concealed4 ,it allures its clients chiefly by means of newspaper advertisements4 ,newspaper advertisements for sexual purposes are not more than #bjj years old4 ,their oldest and most harmless form was that of matrimonial advertisements1 the first two of which appeared on ,july #ai1 #afie1 in the ,collection for the ,improvement of ,husbandry and ,trade1 published by ,houghton1 the father of ,english advertising4#gga ,these two remarkable and historical advertisements run as follows3 ,a gentleman1 thirty years of age1 who says that he has considerable property1 would be glad to marry a young lady with property amounting to about #c1jjj4 ,he will make a suitable settlement4 ,a young man1 twenty-five years of age1 with a good business1 and whose father is prepared to give him #a1jjj1 would be glad to make a suitable marriage4 ,he has been brought up by his parents as a dissenter1 and is a sober man4 ,we see that from the very outset matrimonial advertisements did not forget the punctum saliens1 which ,i need not specify4#ggb ,all1 down to those of the present day1 are alike4 ,the only difference is that1 in addition to these 8money marriages10 advertisements of 8nominal marriages0 and also of 8marriages for position0 appear freely in the papers4 ,the majority of matrimonial advertisements are inserted for mercenary or interested purposes1 and really belong to the category of 8immoral advertisements10 which conceal themselves under all possible titles4 ,i give a short classification of some of the commonest immoral advertisements1 and append some actual advertisements of each kind taken from leading ,german and ,austrian newspapers4 #a4 ,loan ,advertisements4--,in most cases a 8young10 8smart0 lady begs an older gentleman for a loan1 or vice versa1 a young man directs the same request to a 8lady belonging to the best circles40 ,frequently also it is a 8lady living alone10 8a young widow10 or a 8recently married woman10 who1 8without the knowledge of her husband10 and 8in temporary want of money10 seeks a 8helper40 ,almost invariably the need and the marriage are fictitious4 ,these are in most cases the advertisements of secret prostitutes1 of a similar character to the advertisements of masseuses4 ,the following advertisement must otherwise be interpreted3 ,what noble-minded lady would be willing to lend1 to a young1 widely-travelled engineer1 the sum of #ab1jjj marks #fjj1 for six months1 on good security8 #b4 ,acquaintanceship ,advertisements1 ,friendship ,advertisements1 and ,employment ,advertisements4--,these may be divided into the two classes of heterosexual and homosexual advertisements4 ,examples of the former are the following3 ,a young widow1 twenty-seven years of age1 desires friendly intercourse with a man of position1 who will assist her with word and deed4 ,a young stranger desires acquaintanceship 767 to relieve her of a temporary difficulty4 ,a merchant1 a man of middle age1 desires the acquaintanceship of a good-looking lady 7a slender figure preferred71 for the purpose of friendly intercourse4 ,the following advertisements have a more or less definite homosexual note3 ,a well-placed young lady1 nearing the age of thirty1 desires an honourable1 trustworthy lady friend4 ,a cultured lady of middle age desires a ladies' club4 ,a well-placed elderly gentleman desires friendly intercourse with a young man4 ,a young merchant1 between twenty and thirty years of age1 desires friendly intercourse with a young man of good family4 ,a young lady1 a stranger to the town1 desires a lady friend2 apply by letter to 8,lesbos0 at the office of this paper4#ggc ,a newspaper1 now defunct1 which formerly appeared in ,munich1 characterized by homosexual 8psychologico-erosophical0 tendencies1 entitled ,der ,seelenforscher 7edited by ,august ,fleischmann71 appears to have laid itself open to such advertisements4 ,in ,no4 #aa of the second year of issue1 ,november1 #aijc1 ,i find the following distinctive advertisements3 ,a young vigorous 767 man1 a ,swiss1 twenty-four years of age1 well recommended1 desires a situation with a gentleman living alone4 ,a young man1 twenty years of age1 of agreeable appearance1 with an honourable and ideal mind1 desires a position as correspondent or companion in the house of a well-to-do1 even if elderly1 gentleman4 ,a wealthy1 talented uranian young man desires the patronage of a noble well-to-do urning4 ,a good1 affectionate1 and bright young man1 who at the present time is in an official position1 desires to find a well-to-do1 kind-hearted1 and lonely gentleman1 to whom he could be a true life-companion1 and to whom1 until the end of his life1 he would give true affection4 ,he would faithfully fulfil all his duties4#ggd ,the numerous advertisements1 also1 in which young girls and women1 or widows1 desire 8positions0 as housekeepers1 companions1 etc41 in the houses of 8well-to-do0 gentlemen 8living alone0 have1 as a rule1 an immoral basis4 #c4 ,advertisements regarding ,correspondence4--,these also form a permanent constituent of the advertisements of the daily papers1 and serve in part the aims of prostitution or of assignations for sexual intercourse1 but in part really aim at an exchange of more or less erotic letters1 as is obviously the case in respect of the following advertisements3 ,young cultured man desires a stimulating 767 correspondence with a young lady4 ,young lady desires to enter into correspondence with a lady of good position1 with similar ideas4 #d4 ,advertisements of ,rooms4--,among these advertisements1 we find that of the 8convenient room0 or the room 8with a separate entrance0--the 8storm-free diggings0 of the student4 ,such rooms are usually offered to men2 women must seek them for themselves1 as in the following advertisement3 ,a lady artist desires a well-furnished convenient room1 with bath-room and piano1 as an only tenant4 ,the advertisements regarding rooms to be let 8during the day0 mostly refer to opportunities for fornication 78houses of accommodation074 #e4 ,pseudo-,educational ,advertisements4--,here also there is a form of advertisement which enables us without difficulty to recognize their true purpose--for example3 ,a young ,englishwoman gives stimulating instruction4 ,jeune ,franaise1 gaie 7671 bien recomm4 qui enseigne de mthode facile et rapide1 donne des lons4 ,very frequent are announcements of sadistic or masochistic 8instruction10 in which the 8energy0 or 8imposing appearance0 of the instructor or instructress is emphasized1 or in which the word 8discipline0 is displayed in a significance which cannot be misunderstood4 #f4 ,rendezvous and ,postilion d',amour ,advertisements4--,these subserve the appointment of lovers1 often adulterous lovers2 but also the opening up of acquaintanceship4 ,examples3 ,veronika4 ,to-day unfortunately prevented1 therefore #bast4 8,wireless ,telegraphy40 ,best thanks for dear letter4 ,drive to-day4 ,a thousand kisses4--,l4 8,good ,report40 ,a letter will be found addressed to 8,sophie ,g410 post restante1 ,vienna1 ,i_/#a1 principal post-office4 ,m4,s4,a4 ,to-day1 #d4 ,please bring news4 ,most intimate4--,k4 ,d4 ,d4 ,a4 #ae4 ,je n'oublie pas et j'espre4 ,very frequent also are requests from male advertisers1 addressed to ladies they have chanced to meet in the railway1 electric tram1 etc41 asking where the latter may live4 ,these advertisements give a description of the appearance1 costume1 time1 and place of the first meeting1 and beg the lady to give her address 8in confidence10 or to come to some specified place of meeting4 ,a very large number of letters addressed post restante are of an erotic nature1 and belong to this category4 #g4 ,private ,inquiries4--,under this heading persons advertise in the newspapers that for an honorarium 7usually a very high one7 they will undertake to watch secretly any desired person--and almost invariably such watching relates to the sexual life and activity of the person under observation2 when employed1 they use all the methods of the most unscrupulous detective4 ,these individuals play a principal part in divorce proceedings1 and in conjugal quarrel based upon jealousy2 they are a cancer of our time#gge which cannot be too energetically suppressed4 ,a detective advertisement of this character is the following3 ,private ,inquiry4 ,confidential6 ,enlightening6 ,unfailing6 ,truthful6 ,universal6 ,extraordinarily satisfactory conjugal inquiries2 mode of life1 family relationships1 liaisons1 peculiarities of character1 occupations1 present condition1 past misconduct1 future prospects1 state of property1 secret intercourse1 etc41 etc4 #h4 ,advertisements relating to ,sexual ,perversions4--,we have already referred to homosexual advertisements4 ,an even more important part is played by sadistic and masochistic advertisements1 which usually appear under the cloak of 8massage10 8instruction10 or of an 8energetic0 person4 ,examples3 ,masoch4 ,who is interested in this matter8 ,address 8,kismet10 office of this paper4 ,widow of noble birth1 middle-aged1 energetic1 desires position in the house of a gentleman of standing1 as reader1 or in some other capacity4 ,cabinet de massage1 par dame diplme1 hydrothrapie4 ,mme4 ,d41 #hb1 ,rue ,blanche4 ,massage sudois1 par dame diplme1 tous les jours de #aj #h heures4 ,madame ,martinet1 leons de maintien4444 ,monsieur ds4 gouvernante gr4 et forte1 #dj a4 svre pour educ4 enfant diffic4 ,a4 ,b4 p4r4 ,amiens4 ,energetic distinguished lady1 in temporary need1 wishes to receive a considerable loan1 but will meet only the actual lender4 ,severin is seeking his ,wanda6 ,a young man begs #cj marks from a lady4 8,sacher ,masoch10 ,post ,office1 ,kpenickerstrasse4 ,even fetichistic advertisements sometimes appear1 such as the following1 from a shoe fetichist3 ,a young man of means buys for his private collection elegant shoes1 which have been worn by leading actresses1 or by ladies of high rank4 #i4 ,handbills4--,in large towns these are distributed by persons standing at the street corners1 and usually relate to restaurants with women attendants4 ,one example will suffice3 ,the ,restaurant of the ,good-,natured ,saxon ,girl4 ,the attendants at this restaurant are young and pretty girls from ,saxony2 ,miss ,elly waits at the bar4 ,piano-playing and singing4 ,your kind patronage is requested by ,the ,young ,hostess4 8,chiromantists10 magnetopaths1 and other charlatans1 advertise themselves by means of street handbills4 ,in the ,latin countries1 and more especially in ,paris1 true 8brothel guides0 stand at the street corners1 and conduct the passers-by to improper dramatic representations1 or provide for them children for fornicatory purpose1 or invite them to homosexual intercourse1 etc4 ,the third form under which the sexual life makes a public appearance is that of the great scandals and sensational occurrences with a sexual background1 which are discussed by the press4 ,i allude here1 without attempting completeness1 to murders and suicides arising from jealousy1 from rejected love1 or from love unsuccessful for some other reason--occurrences which afford sufficient proof that individual falling in love in our own time is just as violent and passionate as it was formerly2 further1 to abduction and seduction2 to divorce scandals and divorce proceedings2 in general1 to all law-court proceedings relating to sexual offences2 to duels dependent upon erotic motives2 to family tragedies upon a similar basis2 to the great procuress trials2 to the discovery of secret sexual clubs and of erotic orgies2 to revelations from nunneries and from secular institutions2 to the exploits of swindlers1 who very frequently make use of sexual passion in others to assist them in their pursuit of plunder1 etc4 ,examples of all these varieties of scandals and sensational occurrences are found day by day in the newspapers4 ,very frequently1 on account of the very nature of sexual psychology1 they exercise a suggestive influence1 so that we often hear of similar occurrences at brief intervals4 ,if we assume the existence of psychical contagion1 there is no doubt that these sensational newspaper reports play a far greater part therein than the whole of the so-called erotic literature4 #gfe ,cf4 the valuable historical and critical monograph of ,professor ,wilhelm ,ebstein1 8,charlatanry and ,quackery in the ,german ,empire0 7,stuttgart1 #aije74 #gff ,c4 ,reissig1 8,medical ,science and ,quackery10 p4 #aad et seq4 7,leipzig1 #aijj74 #gfg ,c4 ,alexander1 8,the ,true and the ,false ,healing ,art10 pp4 #df-di 7,berlin1 #ahii74 #gfh ,cf4 ,c4 ,alexander1 8,venereal ,diseases and ,quackery10 published in the 8,reports of the ,german ,society for the ,suppression of ,venereal ,diseases10 #aijb-aijc1 vol4 i41 ,nos4 #f and #g2 ,hennig1 8,venereal ,diseases and ,quackery10 op4 cit41 ,no4 #g2 8,petition of the ,german ,society for the ,suppression of ,venereal ,diseases to the ,german ,imperial ,chancellor1 regarding the ,injury done to ,venereal ,patients by ,quacks10 op4 cit41 ,no4 #g4 #gfi ,cf4 the work of ,h4 ,beta1 which is still of value in relation to present conditions1 8,the ,trade in ,sexual ,nostrums and ,other ,articles of ,immoral ,use1 as advertised in the ,daily ,press0 7,berlin1 #ahgb71 at which early date we find mention of the 8hygienologist10 ,jakobi1 the ,nestor of the ,berlin quacks4 #ggj ,cf4 ,w4 ,ebstein1 op4 cit41 p4 #df4 #gga ,cf4 the complete history of matrimonial advertisements which is given in my 8,sexual ,life in ,england10 vol4 i41 pp4 #adj-aei 7,charlottenburg1 #aija74 #ggb 8,proputty1 proputty1 proputty--that's what ,i 'ears 'em say40--,,translator4 #ggc ,cf4 ,paul ,ncke1 8,newspaper ,advertisements by ,female ,homosexuals10 published in the ,archives for ,criminal ,anthropology1 edited by ,hans ,gross1 #aijb1 vol4 x41 pp4 #bbe-bbi 7taken from ,munich newspapers74 #ggd ,cf4 ,paul ,ncke1 8,supply of and ,demand for ,homosexuals in the ,newspapers10 published in the ,archives for ,criminal ,anthropology1 #aijb1 vol4 viii41 pp4 #cai-cej4 #gge ,cf4 also the account of these detectives given in the essay 8,the ,love-,market10 published in 8,roland von ,berlin10 ,no4 #de1 of ,november #h1 #aijf4 ,in this case1 a jealous young woman offered #a1ejj marks 7#ge7 in order to have her husband 8watched0 by such a detective4 ,,chapter ,,xxx ,,pornographic ,,literature ,,and ,,art 8,wer will das ,hchste aus ,wollust machen1 der krnt ein ,schwein in wster ,lache40 8,he who devotes his talents to the glorification of lust is like one who crowns a pig in the midst of a dismal swamp40--,,hans ,,burgkmair4 ,,contents ,,of ,,chapter ,,xxx ,distinction between pornography and eroticism -- ,an old medical thesis concerning obscene books1 dating from the year #afhh -- ,definition of obscenity in this thesis -- ,modern definition of an obscene book -- ,treatment of purely sexual relationships from the artistic and scientific standpoints respectively -- ,summary of the general tendency -- ,morality-fanaticism and medical authorship -- ,the artistic treatment of sexual matters -- ,humorous mode of treatment -- ,the erotic in caricature -- ,the mystic-satanic conception of the sexual -- ,the importance of the individuality and the age of the reader or onlooker -- ,danger of ,bible-reading for children -- ,a remark of ,john ,milton upon this subject -- ,importance of the standard of the time1 and of contemporary moral ideas1 in our judgment of an erotic work -- ,example of the works of ,nicolas ,chorier and of the ,marquis de ,sade -- ,observation regarding the recent ,german translations of pornographic works -- ,comparison of obscene books with natural poisons -- ,recent obscene literature -- ,remarkable fondness of great artists and poets for the pornographic-erotic element -- ,french celebrities as pornographists 7,voltaire1 ,mirabeau1 de ,musset1 ,gautier1 ,droz1 etc47 -- ,goethe and ,schopenhauer as erotic writers -- ,schiller's and ,goethe's fondness for ,french erotic writings -- ,occupation of women with pornographic literature -- ,obscene pictures by great painters1 from ,lucas ,cranach to the present time -- ,pornographic garbage literature and garbage art -- ,origin of these -- ,dangers of hawkers' literature -- ,futility of the efforts of ,purity ,societies -- ,historical examples of this -- ,the true means to render pornography harmless4 ,,chapter ,,xxx ,what is an obscene1 pornographic book or picture8 ,in order to obtain an accurate and objective definition of this idea1 we must always keep clearly before our minds the distinction between 8pornography0 and 8eroticism40 ,the confusion between these two ideas explains the great conflict of opinion on the part of expert witnesses in connexion with the question whether any specified book or picture is to be regarded as 8immoral0 or 8indecent40 ,the obscene differs toto clo from the erotic4 ,in my own possession is a rare work which is probably the first monograph regarding obscene books4 ,it dates from the year #afhh1 and is the thesis of a ,leipzig doctor4#ggf ,at that time it was still possible to compose academic essays upon such topics4 ,to-day this would only be possible in the legal faculty and from the criminal standpoint4 ,in respect of the unprejudiced scientific and historical consideration of pornography1 we have experienced a notable retrogression1 and at the present day a certain degree of courage is needed to make these things an object of scientific study1 to consider in an unprejudiced and objective manner these peculiar outgrowths of the human soul4 ,in the above-mentioned essay the learned writer gives1 on p4 #e1 a definition of the obscene1 which shows that he had not thoroughly differentiated it from the erotic1 but confused the two ideas under the same term4 ,in his view1 obscene writings are 8all such writings whose authors use distinctly improper language1 and speak plainly about the sexual organs1 or describe the shameless acts of voluptuous and impure human beings1 in such words that chaste and tender ears would shudder to hear them40 ,but such improper descriptions might occur in a work without its being possible to designate this as obscene4 ,a book can justly be called obscene only when it has been composed simply1 solely1 and exclusively for the purpose of producing sexual excitement--when its contents aim at inducing in its readers a condition of coarse and brutish sensuality4 ,this definition clearly excludes all those literary products which1 notwithstanding the existence of isolated erotic1 or even obscene1 passages1 are yet composed for purposes radically different from that above described--it excludes1 for example1 artistic1 religious1 and scientific works 7the history of civilization1 poetry1 belles-lettres1 medicine1 folk-lore1 etc474 ,the question1 namely1 whether simple sexual relationships can properly be made the object of artistic or scientific representation1 may be answered with an unconditional affirmative1 if we presuppose a purely artistic or scientific critical representation and consideration of erotic objects2 that is to say1 in the work of art1 or the scientific work1 as the case may be1 the purely sexual must completely disappear behind the higher artistic or scientific conception4 ,this is possible only when that which is represented is completely devoid of actuality2 when time and place are entirely ignored1 so that the object is regarded rather from its general human aspect2 and when1 further1 in the artistic representation of the purely sexual we find expression also1 on the part of the artist1 of a conception enlightening and to a degree overcoming the purely physical2 or when1 finally1 on the part of the man of science1 we recognize a critical point of view1 by means of which the causal relationships of the sexual find expression4 ,the general tendency is determinative1 not the shocking individual detail4 ,i need not waste any more words upon the importance of medical1 ethnological1 psychological1 and historical works upon the sexual life4#ggg ,this fact is1 fortunately1 now fully recognized even by the greatest morality fanatics1 and it would hardly now be possible in ,germany that a law-court--as recently in ,belgium#ggh--should witness proceedings against a medical undertaking on account of pornographic 767 illustrations4#ggi ,the same is true of the artistic consideration of sexual matters4 ,for example1 how readily everything sexual lends itself to the humorous point of view6 ,how short here is the step from the sublime to the ridiculous6 ,in a copy which lies before me of ,fr4 ,th4 ,vischers' first work1 8,the ,sublime and the ,ridiculous0 7,stuttgart1 #ahcg71 which was once in the possession of a friend of ,goethe1 the ,driburg physician1 ,anton ,theobald ,brck1 we find on p4 #bjc1 in his handwriting1 the apt marginal note3 8,wit gilds the nickel of the obscene40 ,sexual matters actually provoke humour4 ,this fact was enunciated by ,schopenhauer1 and was ascribed by him to the profound earnestness which underlies the sexual 78,welt als ,wille und ,vorstellung10 i41 #ccj74 ,for this reason1 as ,eduard ,fuchs#ghj rightly insists1 the majority of all erotic creations are of the nature of caricatures4 ,the most brilliant advocate of this humorous view of sexual matters is the brilliant ,english artist ,thomas ,rowlandson1 whose works1 both in ,england and in ,germany1 have long been kept under lock and key4 ,the mystic-satanic element in the sexual also stimulates artistic representations1 and in the works of ,baudelaire1 ,barbey d',aurevilly1 ,flicien ,rops1 ,aubrey ,beardsley1 ,toulouse ,lautrec1 etc41 we see that the 8perverse0 also is thoroughly capable of erotic representation4 ,but even pure obscenity1 without any underlying idea--as1 for example1 we see it to-day in the obscene drawings of ,carracci--may have the effect of a simple artistic product1 if the taste of the onlooker is so far matured that the purely sexual can recede completely behind the artistic conception4 ,we must1 generally speaking1 not fail to take into account the individuality and the age of the spectator or reader4 ,for children and immature persons1 even works that are obviously not obscene1 such as artistic1 religious1 and scientific literature1 may1 in certain circumstances1 be dangerous--works which adults regard and judge in the spirit of their own time1 as1 for example1 the ,bible and the writings of the ,fathers of the ,church4 ,john ,milton1 who was certainly not lacking in piety1 wrote3 8,the ,bible often relates blasphemies in no very delicate manner2 it describes the fleshly lusts of vicious men not without elegance40#gha ,books which are to be read by children cannot be chosen too carefully1 for a very large proportion also of the literature which is not1 properly speaking1 obscene1 but which deals with sexual matters1 has upon the childish imagination an effect equivalent to that of true pornography upon the adult4 ,in passing judgment on an erotic work1 we must1 finally1 take into consideration the standard of the epoch to which the work belongs2 we must bear in mind the nature of the contemporary moral ideas4 ,much which to us to-day appears obscene was not so in the middle ages4 ,on the other hand1 we must not excuse everything on this plea1 for our forefathers were also familiar with pornographic and utterly obscene books4 ,works such as those of the ,marquis de ,sade or of ,nicolas ,chorier 78,gesprche der ,aloysia ,sigaea07 have not only an importance in the history of civilization3 they also have an interest for anthropologists and medical men4 ,they constitute remarkable documents of the nature and mode of manifestation of sexual perversities in earlier times4 ,moreover1 all pornographic writings afford us valuable assistance in our study of the genesis of sexual perversions4 ,but while we admit the importance of such writings--for example1 those of de ,sade--to learned men and bibliophiles1 we cannot condemn in sufficiently strong terms the insane undertaking of translating de ,sade's books in our own day4 ,this is simply pornology2 for all those who1 as medical men1 psychologists1 or historians of civilization1 are occupied with pornographic literature1 are--or1 at any rate1 should be--competent to read these authors in the original tongue4#ghb ,i feel therefore that the mass of recently published ,german translations of the pornographic writings of ,john ,cleland1 ,mirabeau1 ,nerciat1 de ,sade1 of the 8,antijustine0 of ,rtif de la ,bretonne1 of the 8,portier des ,chartreux10 of ,alfred de ,musset's 8,gamiani10 etc41 can only be described as pornography1 although ,i must admit that the original editions are often inaccessible to the scientific student interested in the matter1 who in such cases must1 faute de mieux1 content himself with translations4 ,these obscene writings may be compared with natural poisons1 which must also be carefully studied1 but which can be entrusted only to those who are fully acquainted with their dangerous effects1 who know how to control and counteract these effects1 and who regard them as an object of natural research by means of which they will be enabled to obtain an understanding of other phenomena4 ,the pornographic element of literature and art#ghc has an ancient history4 ,in ,greece1 ,rome1 and ,egypt1 but more especially in ,india1 ,japan1 and ,china1 there existed an extensive obscene literature4 ,in ,europe the ,french1 ,italian1 and ,english obscene literature occupies the first place as regards comprehensiveness and wide diffusion4 ,exceptionally dangerous in their effect are ,french pornographic writings1 because their mode of expression is so elegant1 whereas the ,english obscene books1 with the single exception of ,cleland's 8,fanny ,hill10 are positively deterrent1 on account of the coarse phraseology employed in them4 ,the ,german writings in this department are not much better than the ,english1 and consist to a large extent of bad translations of foreign pornographic works--if we except a few older writings1 which are repeatedly reissued1 such as the 8,denkwrdigkeiten des ,herrn von ,h410 by ,schilling1 or the 8,memoiren einer ,sngerin10 the first part of which is ascribed to the celebrated ,wilhelmine ,schrder-,devrient4 ,speaking generally1 it is a remarkable phenomenon 7and one which is in flat contradiction to the assertion so frequently made that pornography and true art cannot possibly be associated7 that so many spirits of the first rank1 great artists either in literature or plastic art1 have enriched pornography themselves by works of their own1 or1 failing this1 have at least been notorious lovers of pornography4 ,this fact was clearly manifested at the time of the ,italian renascence1 but it can be traced down to the present day4 ,men like ,voltaire 78,la ,pucelle d',orlans071 ,mirabeau 78,l'ducation de ,laure10 8,ma ,conversion10 etc471 ,alfred de ,musset 78,gamiani071 ,guy de ,maupassant 78,les ,cousines de la ,colonelle071 ,thophile ,gautier 78,lettre la ,prsidente071 and ,gustave ,droz 78,un t la ,campagne071 have written indubitably pornographic books4 ,but the heroes of our own ,german literature have not been free from such tendencies4 ,goethe not only wrote the 8,tagebuch10 but composed other 7still completely unknown7 erotica1 which1 by command of the ,grand ,duchess ,sophie1 were sealed and hidden away4#ghd ,schopenhauer1#ghe who said to ,frauenstdt that a philosopher must be active1 8not only with his head1 but also with his genital organs10 was a lover of pornography1 even of a skatological character1 and was fond of telling 8bawdy stories which will not bear repetition0--for example1 he would enumerate the different kinds of kissing1 describe the varieties of the sexual impulse1 etc4#ghf ,schiller and ,goethe enjoyed reading ,diderot's 8,the ,nun0 78,la ,religieuse07 and his 8,bijoux ,indiscrets10 ,rtif's 8,monsieur ,nicolas10 and the 8,liaisons ,dangereuses0 of ,choderlos de ,laclos1 books which would nowadays be suppressed as 8immoral40 ,lichtenberg also was a very zealous reader1 and a connoisseur1 not only of erotic1 but also of pornographic literature4 ,in his letters he alludes to reading such pornographic works as ,cleland's 8,woman of ,pleasure0 78,letters10 edition ,leitzmann and ,schddekopf1 vol4 ii41 p4 #ahg7 and 8,lyndamine10 etc4 ,talented women of that period also read pornographic works4 ,pauline ,wiesel1 the beloved of ,prince ,louis ,ferdinand of ,prussia1 greatly admired ,mirabeau's obscene writings1 as we learn from a letter of ,friedrich ,gentz1 in which the latter decries them as 8cold libertinage10 and recommends to his friend similar products of ,voltaire1 ,crbillon1 and ,grcourt4#ghg ,these facts do not excuse pornography1 but they refute the assertion that pornography and true artistic perception are incompatible4 ,as ,schopenhauer truly says1 many contrasts can exist side by side in the same human being4 ,this is even more clearly manifest in pictorial art4 ,anyone who turns over the leaves of ,eduard ,fuchs' book upon the erotic element in caricature will learn that the greatest painters have occasionally painted deliberately improper1 obscene pictures4 ,i need mention only the names of ,lucas ,cranach1 ,annibale ,carracci1 ,h4 ,s4 ,beham1 ,rembrandt1 ,g4 ,aldegrever1 ,adrian van ,ostade1 ,watteau1 ,boucher1 ,fragonard1 ,vivan-,denon1 ,gillray1 ,lawrence1 ,rowlandson1 ,heinrich ,ramberg1 ,wilhelm von ,kaulbach1 ,schadow1 ,otto ,greiner1 ,willette1 ,kubin1 ,julius ,pascin1#ghh ,beardsley1 etc4#ghi ,side by side with these higher pornographic works there exists also a lower kind--obscene garbage writings and pornographic pictures of the worst possible kind1 such as picture postcards1 8act-photographs10 etc41 in which all possible sexual perversities are represented1 either in printed matter or by pictures 7masturbation1 poses lubriques1 representations of nude portions of the body1 copralagnistic and urolagnistic acts1 bestiality1 sadism1 masochism1 pderasty1 incest1 fornicatory acts with children1 orgies1 obscene paraphrases of proverbs1 rape1 etc474 ,kemmer 7op4 cit41 pp4 #ca-de7 gives a detailed account of the sale of these obscenities1 and of the way in which they are advertised in catalogues1 etc4 ,they are manufactured in ,france1 ,germany1 ,belgium1 and ,spain 7especially in ,barcelona74 ,the dangerous character of these articles is indisputable2 they have a suggestive influence1 and stimulate those who look at them to imitative acts4 ,they may thus directly give rise to sexual perversities4#gij ,but they are not so dangerous as the true hawkers' literature#gia and popular garbage writings about 8secret sins40 ,these inflame the imagination1 and thus lead to crime and sexual infamies4 ,this is an old experience4 ,in the year #aija1 at the trial of the boy murderers ,thrigen and ,kroft 7,vossische ,zeitung1 ,no4 #afa1 ,april #e1 #aija71 the two murderers confessed that they had been incited to the commission of crime by backstairs romances1 and by tales of ,indians and robbers4 ,the same cause was alleged1 in ,december1 #aijf1 in ,kottbus1 by a boy fourteen years of age1 who was accused of murder4 ,how are we to counteract the moral harm done by such literature8 ,i consider all the efforts of societies for the suppression of immorality to be illusory and two-edged1 for they always fail to attain their end2 and in addition1 unfortunately--a matter of which there is no doubt--they endanger the freedom of art and science4#gib ,all measures calculated to keep away from children and immature persons books which might serve to give rise to sexual stimulation are worthy of support2 and it must be remembered that for children and immature persons scientific books1 religious writings--as1 for example1 the unexpurgated ,bible--and also illustrated comic papers1 etc41 may be dangerous4 ,but1 for the most part1 all prohibitions1 and the whole campaign against immorality1 serve only to favour pornography4 ,the stricter the measures taken against it1 the wider becomes its diffusion4 ,this is a very old experience1 an incontrovertible fact4 ,tacitus 78,ann410 ,,xiv41 c4 #ej7 rightly explained this peculiar phenomenon3 8,libros exuri jussit1 conquisitos lectitatosque1 donec cum periculo parabantur3 mox licentia habendi oblivionem attulit0 78,he issued a decree that the books were to be burned2 but as long as it was dangerous to publish them they were in great request1 and were eagerly read3 whereas as soon as people were permitted to possess them they passed into oblivion074 ,the pornographic books which during the last five hundred years have been burned by the public executioner1 which have been confiscated1 and which have been repeatedly destroyed to the last copy1 the obscene engravings of which the plates have been destroyed--have all these disappeared from the surface of the earth1 have all these confiscations and condemnations#gic of livres dfendus been of any use whatever8 ,no4 ,all the pornographic writings1 confiscated and destroyed a thousand times over1 reappear again and again2 indeed1 they become more numerous the more the attempt is made to suppress them4 ,the campaign against them has always been a campaign against a hydra1 a labour of the ,danades1 which has no object1 and only entails the disadvantage that1 in the general zeal to put an end to immoral literature1 scientific and artistic interests are most seriously endangered4 ,happily1 this campaign is to-day less vigorous than it was of yore4 ,in proportion to the population1 immoral literature in ,germany was before #ahgj far more widely diffused than it is at the present day4 ,during the sixth and seventh decades of the nineteenth century it flourished more luxuriantly2 even during the time of the war of liberation numerous original obscene books were printed in ,germany4 ,to-day the interest in social1 scientific1 technical1 and philosophic questions1 and in sport1 has become so great1 and the interest in sexual questions has become so much more profound1 that an overgrowth of pornography is no longer to be feared4 ,from these facts we recognize at once the only way1 and the right way1 which we must follow in order to paralyze the evil influences of pornography4 ,this is to take a proper care for genuine popular culture1 to increase educational opportunities1 and to reduce the price of books4 ,a single undertaking such as that of ,a4 ,reimann1 who1 in his ,deutsche ,bcherei1 publishes for threepence a volume a collection of choice literature1 containing not only the best fiction1 but also popularly written scientific works from the pens of leading men of science and essayists--such an enterprise is far more effective in the suppression of garbage literature than all the ,unions for the ,promotion of ,morality4 ,,supplementary ,,note ,,to ,,chapter ,,xxx4--,in connexion with the questions discussed in this chapter1 the reader may profitably consult the recently published book of ,willy ,schindler 7written1 however1 from an unduly subjective standpoint71 8,the ,erotic ,element in ,literature and ,art0 7,berlin1 #aijg74 ,english readers interested in the question of the dangers of pornographic literature and art in relation to that 8liberty of unlicensed printing0 which is so essential to the welfare of the modern social democratic ,state1 should read the thoughtful and luminous discussion of the topic by ,h4 ,g4 ,wells1 in one of the later chapters of his admirable 8,mankind in the ,making40--,,translator4 #ggf ,johannes ,david ,schreber 7of ,meissen71 8,de libris obscoenis0 7,leipzig1 #afhh1 quarto74 #ggg ,cf4 ,iwan ,bloch1 8,the ,lex ,heinze and ,medical ,authorship10 published in ,die ,medizinsche ,woche1 ,no4 #i1 ,march #ab1 #aijj4 #ggh ,cf41 regarding this matter1 the ,aerztlicher ,zentral-,anzeiger1 ,no4 #bd1 ,june #aj1 #aija4 #ggi ,unfortunately1 ,i was mistaken in this optimistic assumption4 ,in the ,journal of the ,german ,book ,trade1 ,no4 #gg1 ,april #c1 #aijf1 ,i find among the list of confiscated works 8,means for the ,prevention of ,conception0--a separate impression of the ,deutsche ,medizinische ,presse1 ,berlin1 ,no4 #g1 ,april #e1 #ahii4 ,by the decision of one of the ,berlin courts the further issue of this work1 and the further use of the stereotype forms from which it was printed1 were forbidden4 #ghj ,eduard ,fuchs1 8,the ,erotic ,element in ,caricature10 p4 #aj 7,berlin1 #aijd71 ,cf4 also ,paul ,leppin1 8,the ,ludicrous in the ,erotic10 published in ,das ,blaubuch1 edited by ,ilgenstein and ,kalthoff1 ,no #d1 ,february #a1 #aijf1 pp4 #adi-aee4 #gha ,john ,milton's 8,areopagitica40 #ghb ,an exception must be made of the work of ,aretino1 which in the ,italian original is extremely difficult to understand4 ,i1 therefore1 regard the masterly translation published by the ,insel-,verlag as a justifiable undertaking4 #ghc ,to those desirous of obtaining information regarding modern pornography1 ,i can recommend1 above all1 the work of ,ludwig ,kemmer1 based upon official material1 8,die graphische ,reklame der ,prostitution10 ,munich1 #aijf4 ,cf4 also ,heinrich ,stmcke1 8,the ,immoral ,literature of the ,present ,day10 published in 8,zwischen den ,garben10 pp4 #ajj-ajg 7,leipzig1 #ahii72 same author1 8,literary ,sins and ,affairs of the ,heart10 pp4 #cj-cd 7,berlin1 #ahid72 ,sebastian ,brant1 8,prostitution as displayed in the ,great ,art ,exhibition of ,berlin1 #ahie0 7second edition1 ,berlin1 #ahie74 ,consult also the chapter concerning erotic literature and art in my 8,recent ,researches regarding the ,marquis de ,sade10 #aijd 7pp4 #bcg-bgb71 and my 8,sexual ,life in ,england10 vol4 iii41 pp4 #bce-dgc4 #ghd ,cf4 ,g4 ,hirth1 8,ways to ,love10 p4 #ceb4 ,this fact has been confirmed to me by ,herr ,f4 von ,biedermann4 ,when ,frauenstdt once said to ,schopenhauer that ,goethe1 when away from the ,court1 gladly made use of coarse expressions1 ,schopenhauer replied3 8,yes1 many contrasts can exist side by side in the same human being10 and he confirmed the fact from his own experience that ,goethe was fond of gross phrases4 ,cf4 ,sohopenhauer's 8,gesprche und ,selbstgesprche10 edited by ,e4 ,grisebach1 p4 #dj 7,berlin1 #aijb74 ,certain 8,secret ,epigrams of ,goethe0 have recently been privately printed 7forty copies only were issued74 ,many similar erotic poems of ,goethe's are still carefully preserved in ,goethe-,archives1 and withheld from publication4 #ghe 8,arthur ,schopenhauer10 by ,e4 ,o4 ,lindner1 and 8,memorabilia1 ,letters1 and ,posthumous ,pieces10 edited by ,julius ,frauenstdt1 p4 #bgj 7,berlin1 #ahfb74 #ghf ,schopenhauer's 8,gesprche und ,selbstgesprche10 pp4 #db1 #ec1 #ajf4 #ghg ,rudolf von ,gottschall1 8,the ,german ,national ,literature of the ,nineteenth ,century10 vol4 i41 p4 #bee 7fifth edition1 ,breslau1 #ahha74 #ghh ,julius ,pascin4 ,regarding this painter of the perverse1 who has recently become more widely known1 see ,max ,ludwig1 8,erregungen und ,beruhigungen10 published in ,welt am ,montag1 ,december1 #ba1 #aijf4 #ghi ,the name of ,hokusai may well be added to this list4 ,there exists a series of outline drawings by this great ,japanese artist1 in which the beauty of the draughtmanship is only equalled by the ingenuity with which sexual perversions are depicted4--,,translator4 #gij ,cf41 regarding this matter1 my 8,contributions to the ,etiology of ,psychopathia ,sexualis10 vol4 i41 pp4 #aid-bjj4 #gia ,cf4 ,paul ,dehn1 8,modern ,hawkers' ,literature0 7,stuttgart1 #ahid72 8,the ,repression of ,garbage ,literature10 published in the ,nationalzeitung1 ,no4 #fhc1 ,december #aa1 #aijf2 ,johannes ,liebert1 8,das ,indianerbuch und die ,backfischerzhlung10 published in ,der ,zeitgeist1 ,no4 #ea1 of ,december #ag1 #aijf4 #gib ,the literature dealing with the campaign against pornography is very extensive4 ,i may mention3 ,francisque ,sarcey1 8,la ,presse ,pornographique10 published in ,le ,livre3 ,bibliographie ,moderne1 ,november1 #ahhj1 pp4 #bhg-bhi 7,paris1 #ahhj72 ,hermann ,roeren1 8,public ,immorality and its ,repression0 7,cologne1 #aijc72 ,f4 ,s4 ,schultze1 8,immorality and the ,christian ,family0 7,leipzig1 #ahib72 ,jacques ,jolowicz1 8,the ,campaign against ,immorality0 7,leipzig1 #aijd74 ,works of an opposite tendency3 ,karl ,frenzel1 8,art and the ,criminal ,law0 7,berlin1 #ahhe72 rejoinder to this by ,max ,heinemann1 8,the ,graef ,trial and ,german ,art0 7,berlin1 #ahhe72 8,the ,moral ,salvation ,army in ,berlin3 a ,union of ,men for the ,repression of ,public ,immorality4 ,a ,contemporary ,picture by 99 99 990 7,berlin1 #ahhi72 8,against ,prudery and ,lying0 7,munich1 #ahib71 contains1 inter alia2 8,the ,campaign against ,immorality on the ,part of the ,pietists1 and ,free ,literature10 by ,dr4 ,oskar ,panizza2 ,georg ,keben1 8,the ,pons ,asinorum of ,morality0 7,berlin1 #aijj72 ,heinrich ,schneegans1 8,prudery and ,science10 published in the ,frankfurter ,zeitung1 ,no4 #abc1 ,may #e1 #aijf2 8,punishment and ,morality10 published in the ,vossische ,zeitung1 ,no4 #ddg1 ,september #bd1 #aijc 7condemning the confiscation of ,hans von ,kahlenberg's 8,nixchen074 #gic ,with regard to the extent of this campaign against pornography1 consult3 8,catalogue des ,ecrits1 ,gravures et ,dessins condamns depuis #ahad jusqu'au #a;er ,janvier1 #ahej1 suivi de la ,liste des ,individus condamns pour dlits de ,presse0 7,paris1 #ahej72 8,catalogue des ,ouvrages condamns comme contraire la ,morale publique et aux bonnes ,murs du #a;er ,janvier1 #ahad1 au #ca ,decembre1 #ahgc0 7,paris1 #ahgd72 ,fernand ,drujon1 8,catalogue des ,ouvrages1 crits et ,dessins de toute ,nature poursuivis1 supprims ou condamns depuis le #ba ,octobre1 #ahad1 jusqu'au #ca ,juillet1 #ahgg1 etc40 7,paris1 #ahgh72 ,index ,librorum ,prohibitorum ,sanctissimi ,domini1 ,pii ,,ix4 ,pont4 ,max4 ,jussu editus4 ,editio novissima in qua libri omnes ab ,apostolica ,sede usque ad annum #aghf1 proscripti suis locis recensentur 7,rom1 #ahgf72 ,catalogue des ,livres dfendus par la ,commission ,impriale et ,royale jusqu' l'anne #aghf 7,brssel1 #aghh72 ,o4 ,delepierre1 8,des ,livres condamns au ,feu en ,angleterre40 ,for ,germany1 see the recorded reports regarding forbidden and confiscated matter contained in the ,journal of the ,german ,book-,trade4 ,,chapter ,,xxxi ,,love ,,in ,,polite 7,,belletristic7 ,,literature 8,the question arises whether it is not absolutely necessary that art should represent this erotic element forbidden by the culture of our time1 because it corresponds to a profound subjective human need1 to a yearning for the completion of man's imperfect existence40--,,konrad ,,lange4 ,,contents ,,of ,,chapter ,,xxxi ,love the nucleus of belletristic literature -- ,necessity for the erotic element in polite literature -- ,remarks of the sthetic ,konrad ,lange on this subject -- ,sexual topics in belles-lettres are principally problem-literature -- ,as a mirror of the times -- ,description of puberty in our poems -- ,the demi-vierge type -- ,the 8,vera0 books -- ,misogyny and ascetic romances1 and rejoinders -- ,the 8intimacy0 and free love in literature -- ,irregular sexual intercourse in literature -- ,marriage in literature -- ,novels of divorce -- ,the emancipated woman in belletristic literature -- ,novels dealing with 8fallen woman0 -- ,precursors and imitations of the 8,diary of a ,lost ,woman0 -- ,belletristic descriptions of brothel life1 and of the life of prostitution -- ,alcoholism and syphilis in literature -- ,sexual perversities in belletristic literature -- ,larocque's 8,voluptueuses10 etc4 -- ,homosexuality and bisexuality in belles-lettres -- ,masochism and sadism -- ,psychological love romances -- ,more earnest and more profound grasp of sexual questions displayed in modern belletristic literature4 ,,chapter ,,xxxi ,it is a familiar fact that from the very earliest uprising of belletristic literature its nucleus has always been the passion of love4 ,there are1 indeed1 very few recent romances or dramas in which love does not play a part4 ,it is a fable to say that sexual matters have to-day for the first time been freely discussed in belletristic literature1 to assert that the predominance of erotic literature 7which is to be distinguished from pornographic literature by its artistic intention and form7 is especially characteristic of modern civilization4 ,a glance at the catalogue of the library of the poet and bibliophile ,eduard ,grisebach1#gid which contains the erotic literature of the world1 teaches us that such literature has existed at all times and among all civilized nations4 ,the erotic in belles-lettres has not merely a permissive existence1 but by necessity forms a part of it--a fact very justly recognized by the sthetic ,konrad ,lange4#gie ,who that knows human nature can doubt the fact8 ,lange remarks3 8,art which represents the nude1 because an opportunity exists for it to delight in the representation of the flesh1 because it regards humanity as the crown of creation1 and because it admires the purposive anatomical structure of the human body--such an art is within its own rights1 and does what it may and must4 8,if we regard the representation of the nude in painting and sculpture as not repulsive1 although it does not suit us in ordinary life to go naked1 so also in the poesy of the erotic we must sometimes allow a form to which in ordinary life a justification is refused4 ,indeed1 the question arises whether it is not absolutely essential that art should represent the erotic1 although this is forbidden by the civilization of our time2 for this corresponds to a profound subjective human need1 a yearning for the completion of man's imperfect existence4 8,next to hunger and thirst1 love is the strongest human emotion2 next to death1 its enjoyment is the most important human experience4 ,it is not to be wondered at that art is especially fond of depicting it4 ,art which wishes to represent life in general cannot leave unconsidered an instinct which plays so important a part in the life of the majority of human beings1 and from which such a number of conflicts proceed4 ,with regard to the degree and the kind of representation1 the decision depends not upon moral1 but exclusively upon sthetic1 considerations4 ,the task of the poet is no more than this3 to describe transgressions of the moral code in such a manner that they appear to arise by an inner necessity out of the whole course of activity1 out of the characters1 out of the objective relationships4 ,then the immoral content comes to the help of the illusion40 ,it is naturally impossible1 within the narrow compass of this work1 to give an exhaustive account of the sexual element in modern belletristic literature4 ,i shall only refer to a few well-known phenomena which all exhibit a common feature4 ,love and sexual topics in belles-lettres are principally problem literature4 ,the earnest and profound social perception with which sexual problems are to-day considered and explained is reflected also in the literature of our time4 ,the adult will long ago in these matters have risen above the level of shallow story-telling and schoolgirl morality1 and demands an earnest and honest representation of sexual problems4 ,frey#gif justly observes that it is a general and a healthy tendency of the time1 not a tendency to perverse lust1 which impels the choice of erotic material4 ,in the economically determined forced labour of persons of average ability1 in the monotony and the poverty of adventure of our civilized life1 it is only by eroticism that into many a life any individual colouring is brought4 ,in the following brief sketch of the sexual problems treated in recent belletristic literature1 ,i hope to give some idea of the very numerous and interesting topics which the various phenomena of the sexual life now offer to the poet4 ,the very first sexual activities of the child have been subjected to poetic treatment1 as in ,frank ,wedekind's drama1 8,frhlingserwachen0 78,the ,awakening of ,spring072 and the sexual note of the time of puberty is treated in ,bonnetain's celebrated onanistic novel1 8,charlot s',amuse10 in ,walter ,bloem's novel1 8,der krasse ,fuchs10 in ,max von ,mnchhausen's 8,eckhart von ,jeperen10 and very strikingly in the novel 8,lothar oder ,untergang einer ,kindheit0 78,lothar1 or the ,ruin of ,childhood071 by ,oscar ,a4 ,h4 ,schmitz4 ,in connexion with the consideration of the time of puberty in belletristic literature1 the following works may also be mentioned3 8,unterm ,rad10 by ,hermann ,hesse2 8,freund ,hein10 by ,emil ,strauss2 8,die ,verwirrungen des ,zglings ,trless10 by ,robert ,musil2 8,was zur ,sonne ,will10 by ,hans ,hart2 8,eine ,gymnasiastentragdie10 a drama in four acts1 by ,robert ,sandeks4 ,consult also ,gustav ,zieler's review of 8,frhlingserwachen10 published in ,das ,literarische ,echo of ,august #ae1 #aijg4 ,the type of girl who ripens to a premature sexuality1 and who1 though physically still intact1 is spiritually corrupt1 has been made widely known by ,marcel ,prvost's 8,demivierge40 ,a companion novel to this is 8,nixchen10 by ,hans von ,kahlenberg4 ,nobler types of girls playing with this vice are described by ,clara ,eysell-,kilburger in 8,dilettanten des ,lasters40 ,diametrically opposed to these are the 8,vera0 characters1 so called after the book by ,vera1 8,eine fr ,viele4 ,aus dem ,tagebuche eines ,mdchens0 78,one for ,many4 ,from the ,diary of a ,girl071 which demands from the man before marriage the same purity and chastity that man himself demands from his future wife4 ,svava1 in ,bjrnsen's drama 8,der ,handschuh10 is a similar type4 ,regarding this problem an entire literature has sprung into being1 which associated itself with ,vera's above-mentioned book1 such as 8,eine fr sich ,selbst0 78,one for ,herself071 by 8,auch ,jemand0 78,somebody ,else072 8,einer fr ,viele0 78,one ,man for ,many072 8,eine fr ,vera4 ,aus dem ,tagebuche einer jungen ,frau0 78,one for ,vera4 ,from the ,diary of a ,young ,wife07--these in favour of ,vera's demand--and ,christine ,thaler's 8,eine ,mutter fr ,viele0 78,one ,mother for ,many072 by ,verus1 8,einer fr ,viele0 78,one ,man for ,many071 and 8,kranke ,seelen4 ,von einem ,arzte0 78,morbid ,souls4 ,by a ,physician07--these in opposition to ,vera's demand--for masculine abstinence from sexual intercourse before marriage4#gig ,next we may mention certain novels glorifying misogyny1 such as ,strindberg's 8,beichte eines ,toren0 78,confessions of a ,fool07 and 8,vergangenheit eines ,toren0 78,the ,past of a ,fool072 and ,tolstoi's 8,the ,kreutzer ,sonata10 in which absolute asceticism is demanded4 ,these ideas1 which in ,weininger found a pseudo-scientific apologist1 have been contested in an interesting autobiography in the form of a romance1 8,das ,weib vom ,manne erschaffen3 ,bekenntnisse einer ,frau0 78,woman created from ,man3 ,confessions of a ,woman071 translated from the ,norwegian by ,tyra ,bentsen4 ,zola's magnificent hymn in favour of fruitfulness in 8,fcondit0 is also a refutation of this extreme ascetic-malthusian standpoint4 ,the 8intimacy0 and 8free love0 are to-day the subject of innumerable romances and novels4 ,tovote discusses the problem in 8,im ,liebesrausch0 78,in the ,intoxication of ,love071 and in other novels1 more superficially from the grossly sensual side2 the ideal free love1 ending indeed in marriage1 is described in ,peter ,nansen's 8,maria40#gih ,similarly1 ,frenssen1 in 8,hilligenlei10 deals with the preconjugal sexual intercourse so common in country districts1 and he reproves in powerful words the repression of natural impulses by conventional morality4#gii ,in 8,martin ,birks ,jugend10 ,hjalmar ,sderberg has described the great difficulties of ideal-minded young men who are not in a position to marry1 and who are repelled by the idea of intercourse with common prostitutes4 ,in contrast to this1 ,camille ,lemonnier1 in 8,die ,liebe im ,menschen10 describes the great danger of an overgrowth of the sexual2 and ,arthur ,schnitzler1 in his admirable 8,reigen10 describes the utter misery of irregular sexual intercourse1 of true 8wild love10 and displays vividly before our eyes the results of sexual promiscuity4 ,the social contempt and the other disastrous consequences which to-day follow free love1 in the form of illegitimate motherhood1 have been described in dramas1 such as ,sudermann's 8,heimat0 and ,gerhart ,hauptmann's 8,rose ,bernd10 and in romances such as ,gabriele ,reuter's 8,aus guter ,familie10 ,johann ,bojer's 8,eine ,pilgerfahrt10 and ,ernst ,eberhardt's 8,das ,kind40 ,the manifold conflicts resulting from free love and illegitimate motherhood are also described by ,marcelle ,tinayre in 8,la ,rebelle40 ,in belles-lettres we also find numerous accounts of the burning question of our day--that of coercive marriage4 ,above all1 ,ibsen1 in 8,ghosts10 8,a ,doll's ,house10 8,the ,lady from the ,sea10 8,hedda ,gabler10 and 8,little ,eyolf10 has exposed the manifold injuries resulting from modern conventional marriage1 and has propounded the ideal of a new marriage1 based upon a deeply subjective conception of love and upon life's work in common4 ,the influence of ,ibsen is further shown in numerous dramas and romances dealing with the marriage problem4 ,of these1 it will suffice to mention a few of the most successful1 such as 8,die ,sklavin10 by ,ludwig ,fulda2 8,fanny ,roth3 eine ,jungfrauengeschichte10 by ,grete ,meisel-,hess2 and 8,was siehst du aber den ,splitter10 by ,karl ,larsen4 ,the important question of differences in class and social position in married life is considered by ,ernst von ,wildenbruch in his drama1 8,die ,haubenlerche40 ,the classical novels of adultery are1 and will remain1 ,erneste ,feydeau's delightful 8,fanny10 and ,gustave ,flaubert's 8,madame ,bovary40 ,in ,french literature in general1 in dramas as well as romances1 adultery is a favourite motive4#hjj ,isolated but especially characteristic phenomena of the sexual life have also found expression in poetry4 ,thus ,ernst von ,wolzogen1 in 8,das ,dritte ,geschlect10 describes the various types of emancipated women2 the same question forms the theme of 8,die ,neue ,eva10 by ,maria ,janitschek4 ,anna ,mahr1 also1 in ,gerhart ,hauptmann's 8,einsame ,menschen10 is such a type4 ,in all of these the conflict between woman and personality is described2 and this is done with exceptional force and clearness in 8,das ,neue ,weib10 by ,m4 ,janitschek4#hja ,the contrast to the woman who wishes to become a personality is to be found in the woman who has never possessed a personality1 or who has lost it1 the woman who has become only a chattel1 an object of enjoyment for man--the prostitute4 ,i alluded before 7p4 #cae7 to the fact that ,margarete ,bhme1 in her sensational 8,diary of a ,lost ,woman10 was not the first to describe the life of a prostitute4 ,already from the sixteenth century there date such romances as1 for example1 the celebrated 8,lozana ,andaluza0 of ,francisco ,delgado2 also ,defoe's 8,history of ,moll ,flanders10 and ,abb ,prvost's 8,manon ,lescaut0 7both belonging to the eighteenth century74 ,besides the 8,memoirs of a ,hamburg ,prostitute0 7vide supra1 p4 #cae71 there exist still other precursors1 belonging to the nineteenth century1 of the 8,diary of a ,lost ,woman10 such as ,e4 de ,goncourt's 8,fille ,elisa10 ,leon ,leipsiger's 8,ballhaus-,anna10 etc4 ,the 8,diary of a ,lost ,woman0 naturally soon found imitations1 such as ,hedwig ,hard's 8,confessions of a ,fallen ,woman10 the 8,diary of ,another ,lost ,woman02 and the purely pornographic 8,history of ,josephine ,mutzenbecher1 a ,viennese ,prostitute10 ,daudet's 8,sapho10 ,zola's 8,nana10 ,cristian ,krogh's 8,albertine10 and ,george ,moore's 8,esther ,waters10 belong to the same class4#hjb ,brothel life and the life of prostitution1 in all their relationships to modern civilization1 and in their influence upon human character1 are described by ,frank ,wedekind in 8,die ,bchse der ,pandora0 78,pandora's ,box07 and in his 8,hidalla02 and with exceptional vividness by ,oscar ,metenier1 in his romance cycle1 extending to seven volumes1 8,tartufes et ,satyres40 ,the rle of alcohol and of syphilis in the sexual life have also been discussed in belletristic literature4 ,in ,gerhart ,hauptmann's 8,vor ,sonnenaufgang0 78,before ,sunrise071 ,loth abandons his beloved ,helne as soon as he learns that she springs from a degenerate family of drunkards4 ,the disastrous consequences of syphilis are described by ,ibsen in 8,ghosts10 and recently most vividly by ,brieux in 8,les ,avaris40#hjc ,extraordinarily comprehensive1 especially in ,france1 is the belletristic literature of sexual perversities4 ,after the manner of the 8,rougon-,macquart0 series by ,zola1 ,jean ,larocque has written a romance cycle of eleven volumes1 under the general title of 8,les ,voluptueuses0 7the separate titles are3 8,isey10 8,viviane10 8,odile10 8,fausta10 8,daphne10 8,phbe10 8,fusette10 8,la ,naade10 8,louvette10 8,lucine10 and 8,hmine02 in the last volume we find even a discussion of copralagnistic details674 ,some volumes of this series--for example1 8,phbe0--have even been translated into ,english4 ,the works also of ,baudelaire1 ,verlaine1 and ,guy de ,maupassant1 offer a rich material for the study of psychopathia sexualis4 ,in this connexion ,i may also mention the poetic collections 8,la ,lgende des ,sexes10 by ,edmond ,haraucourt2 8,rimes de ,joie10 by ,thodore ,hannon2 and also the 8,chants de ,maldoror40 ,octave ,mirbeau also1 in his 8,journal d'une ,femme de ,chambre10 provides us with a review of the entire register of sexual perversities4#hjd ,he1 and also the talented ,rachilde 7who in her romances 8,monsieur ,venus10 8,les ,hors ,nature10 and 8,madame ,adonis10 considers the question of homosexuality71 never fail to exhibit the artistic spirit in their descriptions of these delicate topics--and1 indeed1 l'art pour l'art doctrine seems to have been created especially in relation to this department of thought4 ,homosexuality and bisexuality have been considered in such a large number of works that it is quite impossible to mention them all here4 ,a fairly complete bibliography of these will be found in the volumes of the ,annual for ,sexual ,intermediate ,stages4#hje ,i can allude here only to a few especially well-known and artistically important homosexual romances and poems4 ,jouy1 in his admirable 8,galerie des ,femmes0 7,paris1 #agii71 devotes to the 8,lesbiennes0 a special chapter2 ,thophile ,gautier1 in 8,mademoiselle de ,maupin10 discusses the interesting problem of bisexuality2 ,zola1 in 8,nana10 represents the ,lesbian relationship2 ,paul ,verlaine in #ahfg published tribadistic poetry under the title of 8,les ,amis40#hjf ,since that time ,englishmen1 ,germans1 ,belgians1 and ,italians have published belletristic descriptions of homosexual relationships4 ,i may allude to ,oscar ,wilde's 8,dorian ,grey10 ,georges ,eekhoud's 8,escal-,vigor10 ,walt ,whitman's 8,leaves of ,grass10 ,prime-,stevenson's 8,irenus10 ,louis d',herdy's 8,l',homme-,sirene10 ,f4 ,g4 ,pernauhm's 8,ercole ,tomei10 8,die ,infamen10 and 8,der junge ,kurt02 also the sensational 8,idylle ,sapphique0 of the demi-mondaine ,liane de ,pougy1 the epic 8,ganymedes0 of ,c4 ,w4 ,geissler1 and the drama 8,jasminblte0 of ,dilsner4 ,masochism found its introduction to belles-lettres by the writer from whom the very name is derived1 ,l4 von ,sacher-,masoch1 more especially in 8,vermchtnis ,kains40 ,of his novels1 the best known is 8,venus im ,pelz02 others are 8,galizischen ,geschichten10 8,messalinen ,wiens10 8,die schwarze ,zarin10 and 8,wiener ,hofgeschichten40 ,he still remains the only writer who has treated this peculiar perversity in an artistic manner4 ,the more recent masochistic and sadistic novels belong to the worst kind of hawker's literature4 ,lou ,andreas-,salom only1 in 8,eine ,ausschweifung10 has artistically described the spiritual masochism of a woman with the fine psychological characterization peculiar to her work4 ,quite recently there has actually appeared a masochistic monthly magazine1 entitled ,geissel und ,rute3 ,archiv fr ,erziehung sic6 ,erwachsener 7,whip and ,rod3 ,archives for the ,education sic6 of ,adults71 edited by ,c4 vom ,stein1 ,buda-,pesth4 ,the first number appeared on ,february #a1 #aijg4 ,it contains masochistic stories1 correspondence1 historical sketches1 and advertisements4 ,sadistic love is the theme of ,oscar ,wilde's 8,salome10 and of the 8,diaboliques0 of ,barbey d',aurevilly4 ,the satanic element is dealt with in ,huysmans' 8,la ,bas10 and in various novels by ,st4 ,przybyszewski4 ,herbert ,eulenburg's drama 8,ritter ,blaubart0 also represents a sadistic type4 ,in conclusion1 ,i may allude to some authors who represent to us the whole psychology of modern love1 and1 above all1 the depths of the love of reflection1 its spiritual refinement1 all the manifold moods1 illusions1 and dreams of the modern eros4 ,j4 ,p4 ,jakobsen's 8,niels ,lyhne10 ,hans ,jger's 8,christiania-,bohme10 ,oskar ,mysing's 8,grosse ,leidenschaft10 ,heinrich ,mann's 8,jagd nach ,liebe10 ,gabriele d',annunzio's 8,il ,piacere10 8,trionfo della ,morte10 and 8,fuoco10 represent aspects of love4 ,with the profoundest art1 ,lou ,andreas-,salom1 in her stories--which in this respect ,i regard as among the most valuable products of modern literature--8,ruth10 8,fenitschka10 8,ma10 and 8,menschenkinder10 represents the finer spiritual relationships between man and woman4 ,this writer appears to possess the most intimate knowledge of the soul of the modern woman4 ,elisabeth ,dauthendey1 also 78,vom neuen ,weibe und seiner ,liebe071 ,gabriele ,reuter 78,liselotte von ,reckling10 8,ellen von der ,weiden071 and ,rosa ,mayreder 78,idole071 give most powerful descriptions of complicated feminine characters4#hjg ,an important and interesting topic is discussed by ,yvette ,guilbert in 8,les ,demivieilles0--the psychology of the woman beginning to grow old1 who cannot yet renounce love and yet is forced to do so by rude reality4 ,the writings to which ,i have referred in this chapter--the number of which could easily be increased tenfold without exhausting the abundance of recent belletristic literature occupied in the discussion of the sexual problem--should suffice to give some idea of how great is the interest in the important problems of the sexual life1 how detailed and complicated the problems of that life have become under the influence of modern civilization1 and with what earnestness they are treated in the belles-lettres of the day4 ,the light and frivolous mood of ,wieland and ,clauren is no longer found to-day4 ,in its place we have grandiose moral description1 a more dramatic treatment of sexual problems1 an unsparing exposure of the gloomier aspects of amatory life1 and a psychological penetration into all the activities of the loving soul4 ,regarded as a whole1 love in modern belletristic literature is treated from far worthier and higher standpoints than formerly4 ,there is no ground whatever for regarding the widespread discussion of sexual problems in modern literature as a stigma of degeneration4 ,in this respect our literature is merely a mirror of our time2 and its tendencies indicate very clearly the emergence of a new1 earnest1 and more profound conception of the sexual relations between man and woman4 #gid ,eduard ,grisebach1 8,catalogue of ,world ,literature1 with ,literary and ,bibliographical ,annotations0 7second edition1 ,berlin1 #aije74 #gie ,k4 ,lange1 8,the ,nature of ,art10 vol4 ii41 pp4 #afa-agg 7,berlin1 #aija74 #gif ,philipp ,frey1 8,the ,battle of the ,sexes10 pp4 #cc1 #cd 7,vienna1 #aijd74 #gig ,reference has previously been made 7p4 #fgc7 to an ,english novel similar in character to ,vera's book--viz41 8,the ,heavenly ,twins10 by ,sarah ,grand4 ,but the classical ,english example of a novel devoted to the consideration of the differing standards by which preconjugal sexual intercourse is judged in man and in woman respectively is 8,tess of the ,d',urbervilles10 by ,thomas ,hardy4 #gih ,in 8,the ,woman who ,did10 by ,grant ,allen1 we have an ,english novel advocating free love2 like 8,eine fr ,viele10 this evoked a number of novels with allied titles1 such as 8,the ,woman who ,didn't10 8,the ,woman who ,wouldn't10 and the like4 ,a far profounder study of a free union between a man whose wife refused to divorce him 7on 8moral0 grounds7 and another woman is ,george ,meredith's 8,one of ,our ,conquerors40 ,in 8,jude the ,obscure10 by ,thomas ,hardy1 we have another detailed consideration of the difficulties attendant on a free union in a society under the dominion of ,philistine morality4 ,a recent novel in which freer sexual relationships are discussed from a somewhat ideal standpoint is 8,in the ,days of the ,comet10 by ,h4 ,g4 ,wells4 7,in the character of ,sue ,bridehead1 in 8,jude the ,obscure10 we have a remarkable study of the 8frigid0 type of woman4 ,i have before alluded1 in a note to p4 #dce1 to a recent novel by ,hubert ,wales1 8,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,villiers10 devoted to the question of sexual frigidity in woman47--,,translator4 #gii 8,bourgeois morality is the arch-murderer1 which murders your youth and the youth of many of your sisters4 ,if we lived in natural conditions1 you would always1 from the days of your childhood1 be surrounded by young persons of the other sex4 ,one of these would have contracted a friendship for you2 another would have honoured you from a distance2 with a third you would have played joyfully4 ,but from your twentieth year onwards1 three or four or more of them would have ardently wooed you1 because you are strong and beautiful and chaste4 ,and so with tears1 and passion1 and suffering1 with games and kisses1 you would have gladly become a woman2 thus it is even yet among the children of manual labourers4 ,a beautiful1 chaste1 diligent workman's child has wooers enough4 ,but among the so-called cultured people1 morality has distorted and destroyed all the beauty of nature4444 ,where the middle-class youth goes to and fro1 there goes also1 like an old youth-hating aunt1 morality1 and destroys for each poor girl the best time of her life2 and many never come to marriage1 and many come too late40 #hjj ,in 8,divorons10 a comedy by ,v4 ,sardou and ,e4 de ,najac1 we have an exceedingly witty1 though trivial1 treatment of the idea of a terminable marriage contract4--,,translator4 #hja ,an early example of the 8emancipated woman0 in ,english literature is to be found in ,elizabeth ,barrett ,browning's 8,aurora ,leigh40 ,this conception of feminine character aroused the usual hostility in minds working along the older grooves1 so that ,edward ,fitzgerald1 when ,mrs4 ,browning died1 is said to have exclaimed3 8,thank ,god6 ,no more #8,aurora ,leighs'60--,,translator4 #hjb ,george ,gissing's 8,the ,unclassed0 is a powerful study of the life of a ,london prostitute4--,,translator4 #hjc ,bayet1 8 propos des #8,avaris'0 7,brussels1 #aijb74 #hjd ,we may include in this category ,willy's 8,la ,mme ,picrate10 and also the 8,claudine0 novels by the same author 78,claudine l'cole10 8,claudine ,paris10 etc474 #hje ,consult also the work 8,lieblingsminne und ,freundesliebe in der ,weltliteratur10 by ,elisar von ,kupffer4 #hjf ,and at a later date ,verlaine wrote other homosexual poems1 8,les ,hommes10 which for the most part are still unpublished4 #hjg ,a work of similar character to these is the notable novel recently published 7,february1 #aijg7 8,die ,stimme10 by ,grete ,meisel-,hess 7,berlin1 #aijg74 ,,chapter ,,xxxii ,,the ,,scientific ,,literature ,,of ,,the ,,sexual ,,life 8,stress has been laid upon the harm which can be done by the publication of works dealing with sexual problems4 ,undoubtedly the pornographic interest of the laity1 and also of men of science1 does play a part here6 ,but the benefits which the unreserved scientific elucidation of the sexual problem is able to diffuse throughout the widest circles of the population are so extensive that this consideration of any possible harm that may ensue becomes infinitesimal in comparison40--,a4 ,,von ,,schrenck-,,notzing4 ,,contents ,,of ,,chapter ,,xxxii ,indispensable need for the scientific investigation of sexual problems -- ,insignificance and ludicrous character of the objections made to such investigation -- ,the diffusion of sexual perversities was just as extensive before their scientific study was first undertaken -- de ,sade's system of psychopathia sexualis -- ,recent additions to the scientific literature of the subject -- ,works upon homosexuality -- ,upon erotic symbolism -- ,general investigations regarding the sexual impulse -- ,general works upon the sexual problem -- ,periodical literature relating to the sexual life4 ,,chapter ,,xxxii ,truth is always a good thing1 even truth regarding the sexual life4 ,neither prudery nor moral hypocrisy can controvert this proposition4 ,he who recognizes the immense importance of sexuality in relationship to civilization at large--he who1 like the author of the present work1 has been occupied for many years in the study of the subject from the points of view of medicine1 anthropology1 ethnology1 literature1 and the history of civilization--is not only entitled1 but will also consider it his duty1 to publish his investigations1 to make publicly known his views and his opinions1 and to take a definite and clear position in relation to the burning questions of the day in this province of thought4 ,such men as ,ploss-,bartels1 who1 in their celebrated and purely scientific work1 8,woman in ,natural ,history and ,folklore10 could not avoid collecting numerous piquant and even obscene details1 and who1 for example1 have described in a special chapter the various postures assumed during sexual intercourse2 such a man as von ,krafft-,ebing1 whose 8,psychopathia ,sexualis0#hjh contains a number of detailed autobiographies and clinical histories of sexually perverse individuals--such men as these have been blamed because their books have been diffused in numerous editions1 extending to many thousands of copies1 and because these books have been read more by laymen than by medical men4 ,apart from the fact that in earlier times much more dangerous books--such1 for example1 as the works of ,virey1 ,flittner1 ,g4 ,f4 ,most1 and ,rozier1 characterized by a lascivious style1 or such a book as the dictionary 8,eros0--obtained the widest possible circulation2 apart1 also from the fact that even in works conceived and executed in a strictly scientific spirit--such as the numerous monographs of ,martin ,schurig1 or the work of ,frenzel 7belonging to the nineteenth century7 concerning impotence 7see1 for example1 ,frenzel1 op4 cit41 pp4 #aee1 #aef1 #afa7--obscene passages and incredibly depraved stories occur2 and apart1 finally1 from the incredible mass of pornographic writings1 in comparison with which the scientific literature of the sexual life is almost infinitesimally small--putting on one side all these considerations1 it is merely necessary to refer to the established fact that all possible sexual perversities were known to exist before the publication of von ,krafft-,ebing's 8,psychopathia ,sexualis10 and that they made their appearance spontaneously at all times and in all places4 ,in the eighteenth century the ,marquis de ,sade1 in his romance 8,the ,one ,hundred and ,twenty ,days of ,sodom10 was able to found a system of psychopathia sexualis which not only contained all the perverse types described by von ,krafft-,ebing1 but was even more varied in its contents1 and exhibited yet more numerous categories of sexual anomalies than the book of the ,viennese alienist4#hji ,this work is a document of enormous importance to civilization1#haj because it provides a complete refutation to the fable of modern degeneration1 and because it gives us a proof that quite shortly before the powerful upheaval of the ,french nation and the heroic campaigns of the ,napoleonic epoch1 in this nation there were diffused the most frightful perversities1 regarding the reality of which there can1 according to recent experience1 be no doubt whatever4 ,scientific authorship--even popular scientific works#haa--;dealing with the province of the sexual life cannot therefore be made responsible1 in any respect1 for the diffusion of sexual perversities4 ,the founder of modern sexual science1 ,a4 von ,schrenck-,notzing1#hab insisted on this fact2 and recently it has been once more emphasized by ,s4 ,freud1 who has probably gone further than any other writer in biologico-physiological derivation of sexual perversions4 ,havelock ,ellis's 8,analysis of the ,sexual ,impulse0 7vol4 iii4 of this writer's 8,studies in the ,psychology of ,sex10 published by the ,f4 ,a4 ,davis ,co41 ,philadelphia7--a book in which we find an admirable analysis of the development and variations of the sexual impulse1 including an account of sadism and masochism1 enriched by numerous examples--has recently appeared in a ,german translation 7,wrzburg1 #aijc74 ,the translator1 ,dr4 ,h4 ,kurella1 in his preface to this work1 says 7pp4 ix1 x71 in my opinion with perfect justice3 8,daily experience among my patients suffering from nervous diseases--patients who were for the most part women and girls--has shown me how extremely important is enlightenment regarding the sexual life for women suffering from nervous disorders4 ,for this reason1 ,i hope the book will have the widest possible circulation among the mothers of daughters about to grow up4 ,if they will employ in a proper manner the knowledge which they will be able to obtain from its contents1 in this way an immeasurable quantity of sorrow and misery can be prevented4 ,this use of its teaching will1 by itself1 suffice to compensate the author and the translator for the scruples they must always feel in giving to the world a book which is likely to be valued by some simply as providing prurient reading matter1 and which by such persons will perhaps be circulated for this purpose--a fate to which every book dealing with erotic subjects is exposed1 however earnest its style and tendency may be40 ,the lively scientific activity which now animates the department of sexual problems is a matter for rejoicing1 since it indicates the advance of knowledge in one of the most important of all vital problems4 ,whereas earlier none but alienists and neurologists concerned themselves with sexual questions1 an interest in these questions is now very generally displayed by the circles of other medical men1 of anthropologists1 folk-lorists1 psychologists1 sthetics1 and historians of civilization4 ,one good result of this wide diffusion of interest is1 as ,i have already remarked 7pp4 #dee et seq471 that a one-sided consideration of the problems under investigation will thereby be prevented4 ,every earnest investigator1 to whatever discipline he may personally belong1 can here contribute something new1 something which will advance knowledge2 but most helpful1 unquestionably1 can the physician be who1 as von ,schrenck-,notzing#hac declared1 is competent to consider the question in relation to various other departments--those of biology1 anthropology1 history1 belles-lettres1 psychology1 and forensic medicine4 ,it would subserve no useful purpose to enumerate once more in this place the works of all the recent authors who have dealt with the subject of the sexual life4 ,in the text of the present book they have for the most part received sufficient mention4#had ,of larger monographs upon homosexuality1 there still remain to be mentioned those of ,havelock ,ellis and ,j4 ,a4 ,symonds1#hae ,a4 ,moll1#haf ,j4 ,chevalier1#hag and ,laupts4#hah ,in these works we find extensive reports of cases2 and more especially in the two first mentioned do we find a record of all the historical and critical data of homosexuality up to the time of the first publication of the 8,annual for ,sexual ,intermediate ,stages0 7#ahii et seq474 ,a new work by ,havelock ,ellis#hai recently reached me1 the fifth volume of the ,american edition of his 8,studies in the ,psychology of ,sex10#hbj giving an account of 8,erotic ,symbolism0 7fetichism1 exhibitionism1 etc471 the 8,mechanism of ,detumescence10 and the 8,psychical ,condition during ,pregnancy10 with an appendix giving an analysis of the sexual development of various individuals4 ,this book1 full of interesting details1 will doubtless1 like the earlier volumes of his 8,studies10 soon appear in a ,german translation4 ,the fundamental work of ,a4 ,marro on 8,puberty in ,man and ,woman0 also deserves especial mention4 ,it can most usefully be consulted in the ,french edition1 8,la ,pubert chez l',homme et chez la ,femme4 ,etudie dans ses ,rapports avec l',anthropologie1 la ,psychiatrie1 la ,pedagogie1 et la ,sociologie0 7,paris1 #aijb2 #ecf pp474 ,special studies on the subject of the sexual impulse have been published by ,moll#hba and ,fr4#hbb ,in ,moll's work1 of which hitherto the first part only has appeared1 the sexual impulse is divided into two components1 the 8detumescence impulse0--that is1 the impulse towards the evacuation of the reproductive products--and the 8contrectation impulse0--that is1 the impulse towards the other individual2 and from these two components the various manifestations of sexuality are explained4 ,fr1 more especially1 has made an exhaustive study of the instinctive element of the sexual impulse2 and1 apart from this1 he appears to be the most extreme advocate of the atavistic theory of sexual perversions4 ,an interesting study of sexual psychology1 based upon the doctrine of ,freud1 has been published by ,otto ,rank4#hbc ,the tendency of this work also is in opposition to the degeneration-phobia4 ,the work of the ,italian psychiatrist ,pasquale ,penta1 8,i pervertimenti sessuali nell' uomo e ,vincenzo ,verzeni strangolatore di donne0 78,the ,sexual ,perversions observed in ,vincenzo ,verzeni1 the ,strangler of ,women071 ,naples1 #ahic1 contains numerous interesting details4 ,in the first chapter the author gives contributions to a history of psychopathia sexualis2 the second chapter contains a detailed report of ,verzeni and an account of his lust-murders2 in the third chapter ,penta discusses the similarities and differences between the sexual impulse in man and in the lower animals2 in the fourth chapter he deals with the biological foundations of lust-murder2 in the fifth chapter he reviews the different sexual perversions2 in the sixth chapter he considers rape2 and in the seventh and last chapter he discusses the forensic importance of rape and of sexual perversions4 ,the recently published work on 8,sexual ,biology10 by ,robert ,mller 7,berlin1 #aijg71 is written from the standpoint of veterinary medicine1 and the sub-title of the book1 8,comparative and ,evolutionary ,studies in the ,sexual ,life of ,man and the ,higher ,mammals10 indicates the author's intention to elucidate the general biological roots of sexual phenomena4 ,this comparative consideration of the sexual life of man and of the higher mammals throws a new light on many matters1 and enables us to understand a number of phenomena of the sexual life which have hitherto seemed obscure4 ,a comprehensive1 general1 popular work upon the sexual life is now in course of publication--8,man and ,woman40 ,it is issued by ,r4 ,kossmann and ,j4 ,weiss1 with the collaboration of a number of leading specialists 7,stuttgart1 #aijg74 ,a number of illustrated sections have already been issued4 ,finally1 two other works must be mentioned which consider the sexual life as a whole1 a larger work and a smaller one4 ,forel's#hbd comprehensive book is distinguished from beginning to end by an original1 subjective grasp of the question1 and by an optimistic view of the future1 as ,i have pointed out in my review of this book in the ,deutsche ,aerztezeitung4 ,as such a subjective programme of a future solution of sexual problems1 it will ever retain a value2 and we can always follow with pleasure the demonstrations of the talented and sympathetic author1 although the book is perhaps somewhat monotonous in character4 ,its merits1 moreover1 are counterbalanced by the almost complete neglect of the numerous recent researches in almost every department of the sexual life4 ,more particularly the chapter upon syphilis and venereal diseases1 the chapter upon homosexuality and sexual perversions1 and the chapter upon marriage betray this fault4 ,the chapter on marriage is a mere extract from ,westermarck4 ,the author is fully conscious of these defects1 and freely admits them2 and in spite of them the book must not be ignored1 because its value really lies in its subjectivity1 and because we find in it so profound a conviction of the great importance of social activity for the higher development of love4 ,a shorter consideration of sexual problems1 but one abounding in paradoxes1 is to be found in a book by ,leo ,berg4#hbe ,in conclusion1 ,i may give a brief survey of the reviews and other periodical publications which are occupied with sexual questions4 ,a great periodical devoted to the entire province of sexual research does not exist4 ,such periodicals as we have deal with separate departments of the sexual life4 ,a rather insignificant periodical1 ,vita ,sexualis1 which appeared for the first time in #ahii1 seems to have become extinct a few years later4 ,an exceedingly valuable publication1 especially occupied with the problems of homosexuality1 bisexuality1 and sexual intermediate stages1 is the one edited by ,magnus ,hirschfeld1 and entitled ,annual for ,sexual ,intermediate ,stages 7of this eight volumes have hitherto appeared74 ,purely popular and belletristic aims are subserved by the homosexual monthly magazine ,der ,eigene 7edited by ,adolf ,brand74 ,another annual1 not less valuable than the one previously mentioned1 is that edited by ,friedrich ,s4 ,krauss1 entitled ,anthropophyteia4 ,this treats more especially of folk-lorist research in sexual matters1 and is a true treasure-house of new facts and observations4#hbf ,the periodicals for the study of venereal diseases1 such as the ,archives of ,dermatology and ,syphilis1 edited by ,f4 ,j4 ,pick 7hitherto eighty-two volumes71 the ,monthly ,magazine of ,practical ,dermatology1 edited by ,unna and ,tanzer 7hitherto forty-four volumes71 the ,monthly ,magazine for ,diseases of the ,urinary ,organs and ,sexual ,hygiene1 edited by ,w4 ,hammer1 in succession to ,k4 ,ries 7hitherto four volumes71 and the other ,german and foreign dermato-urological periodicals1 also contain much material regarding venereal diseases and sexual perversions4 ,interesting contributions to all sexual problems1 as well as an extensive case-literature and bibliography1 are to be found in the ,archives for ,criminal ,anthropology and ,criminology1 edited by ,hans ,gross 7hitherto twenty-seven volumes71 proceeding largely from the pen of the learned and most original alienist ,paul ,ncke2 also in the ,monthly ,magazine for ,criminal ,psychology and ,criminal ,law ,reform1 edited by ,gustav ,aschaffenburg2 in the monthly magazine ,the ,protection of ,motherhood2 a ,magazine for the ,reform of ,sexual ,ethics1 edited by ,helene ,stcker 7vide supra1 pp4 #bgj and #bgc72 in the monthly magazine ,sex and ,society1 edited by ,karl ,vanselow 7hitherto two volumes72 and in the illustrated magazine1 under the same editorship1 ,beauty 7hitherto four volumes74 ,finally1 we have to mention certain periodicals concerned chiefly with the aims of racial hygiene1 and containing valuable material--the ,politico-,anthropological ,review1 edited by ,ludwig ,woltmann 7hitherto five years of issue71 and the ,archives for ,racial and ,social ,biology1 edited by ,alfred ,ploetz 7hitherto three years of issue74 #hjh ,r4 von ,krafft-,ebing1 8,psychopathia ,sexualis40 ,only ,authorized ,translation from the ,twelfth revised ,german ,edition 7,rebman ,limited1 ,london1 #aijf74 #hji ,cf4 my 8,new ,researches concerning the ,marquis de ,sade10 pp4 #dcg-dej 7,berlin1 #aijd74 #haj ,recently ,a4 ,moll 7,enzyklopdische ,jahrbcher der gesamten ,heilkunde1 #aijf1 vol4 xiii41 pp4 #bch1 #bci7 has expressed the 8opinion10 without offering the slightest proof in support of his views1 that 8,the ,one ,hundred and ,twenty ,days of ,sodom0 is a forgery4 ,but ,i myself1 in my ,french edition of this work1 have given all the historical and critical details regarding its origin2 moreover1 the original manuscript1 as has been shown by the examination of all the experts1 7#a7 dates from the eighteenth century2 7#b7 is throughout in de ,sade's original handwriting2 7#c7 is written in his characteristic style2 and1 finally1 the forgery of this manuscript1 a roll #ab metres #ab centimetres in length1 written on both sides in letters of microscopic smallness1 would be an absolute impossibility4 ,if anything is genuine and authentic1 this work is such4 ,dr4 ,albert ,eulenburg1 without doubt one of the most experienced1 if not the most experienced1 student of de ,sade1 assured me that this work unquestionably came from de ,sade's pen4 ,i must1 therefore1 reject ,moll's opinion1 which was formed independently of any proof1 and without any examination of the original manuscript1 as unscientific and utterly futile4 #haa ,in popular writings dealing with the sexual life1 ,i have myself found many interesting remarks1 and even many new ideas4 ,naturally1 when ,i say 8popular10 ,i mean truly popular writings1 not hawkers' literature or garbage literature4 #hab ,a4 von ,schrenck-,notzing1 8,suggestive ,therapeutics in ,cases of ,morbid ,manifestations of ,sexual ,sensibility10 preface1 p4 ix 7,stuttgart1 #ahib74 #hac ,von ,schrenck-,notzing1 8,bibliography of the ,psychology and ,psychopathology of the ,vita ,sexualis10 published in the ,zeitschrift fr ,hypnotismus1 vol4 vii41 ,nos4 #a and #b1 p4 #aba4 #had ,in order to give an idea of the great interest in sexual science exhibited by the most diverse circles of cultured men of the present day1 ,i shall merely mention in this note a few names1 without pretending to give an exhaustive list3 ,r4 von ,krafft-,ebing1 ,mantegazza1 ,ploss-,bartels1 ,a4 ,eulenburg1 von ,schrenck-,notzing1 ,fr4 ,s4 ,krauss1 ,tarnowsky1 ,l4 ,lwenfeld1 ,havelock ,ellis1 ,magnus ,hirschfeld1 ,s4 ,freud1 ,georg ,hirth1 ,h4 ,kurella1 ,h4 ,swoboda1 ,laurent1 ,a4 ,hoche1 ,c4 ,lombroso1 ,p4 ,frbringer1 ,e4 ,carpenter1 ,rohleder1 ,alfred ,fournier1 ,a4 ,binet1 ,marro1 ,j4 ,j4 ,bachofen1 ,j4 ,kohler1 ,e4 ,westermarck1 ,max ,dessoir1 ,alfred ,blaschko1 ,albert ,neisser1 ,eli ,metchnikoff1 ,fritz ,schaudinn1 ,ducrey1 ,unna1 ,oskar ,schultze1 ,wilhelm ,waldeyer1 ,v4 von ,gyurkovechky1 ,louis ,fiaux1 ,lon ,taxil1 ,wilhelm ,fliess1 ,willy ,hellpach1 ,p4 ,j4 ,mbius1 ,heinrich ,schurtz1 ,b4 ,friedlnder1 ,eduard von ,meyer1 ,hans ,ostwald1 ,r4 ,kossmann1 ,otto ,adler1 ,w4 ,hammond1 ,beard1 ,wilhelm ,erb1 ,paul ,ncke1 ,j4 ,salg1 ,h4 ,t4 ,finck1 ,f4 ,neugebauer1 ,c4 ,wagner1 ,h4 ,ferdy1 ,rosa ,mayreder1 ,ellen ,key1 ,helene ,stcker1 ,anna ,pappritz1 ,maria ,lischnewska1 ,lily ,braun1 and many others4 #hae ,havelock ,ellis and ,j4 ,a4 ,symonds1 8,contrary ,sexual ,sensibility40 #haf ,albert ,moll1 8,contrary ,sexual ,sensibility10 third edition 7,berlin1 #ahii74 #hag ,j4 ,chevalier1 8,l',inversion ,sexuelle10 with a preface by ,a4 ,lacassagne 7,lyons and ,paris1 #ahic74 #hah ,laupts1 8,perversion et ,perversit ,sexuelles10 preface by mile ,zola 7,paris1 #ahif74 7,containing interesting critical1 literary1 and medical studies upon the subject of homosexuality47 #hai ,havelock ,ellis1 8,studies in the ,psychology of ,sex10 vol4 v43 8,erotic ,symbolism1 etc40 7,philadelphia1 #aijf74 #hbj ,apart from 8,man and ,woman0 7fourth edition1 #aijd1 revised and enlarged71 all ,havelock ,ellis's writings on sexual questions are included in the 8,studies in the ,psychology of ,sex10 #e vols4 7sixth concluding volume not yet completed71 published by the ,f4 ,a4 ,davis ,company1 of ,philadelphia1 ,u4,s4,a4--,,translator4 #hba ,a4 ,moll1 8,investigations regarding the ,libido ,sexualis10 ,part ,i4 7,berlin1 #ahig74 #hbb ,charles ,fr1 8,l',instinct ,sexuel1 volution et ,dissolution0 7,paris1 #ahii74 #hbc ,otto ,rank1 8,the ,artist3 ,contributions to ,sexual ,psychology0 7,vienna and ,leipzig1 #aijg74 #hbd ,august ,forel1 8,the ,sexual ,question0 7,rebman1 #aijh74 #hbe ,leo ,berg1 8,geschlechter0 7,berlin1 #aijf74 #hbf ,prior to the issue of the first edition of the present work1 three volumes of ,anthropophyteia had appeared1 and references to many of the most important papers in these volumes have already been given in the appropriate chapters4 ,while the sixth edition of 8,the ,sexual ,life of ,our ,time0 was in the press1 in ,october1 #aijg1 the fourth volume of ,anthropophyteia was issued1 and constitutes an especially weighty section of this work4 ,among the contributions are the following3 ,a4 ,mitrovi1 8,temporary ,marriages in ,northern ,dalmatia02 ,fr4 ,s4 ,krauss1 8,selective ,marriages in ,bosnia02 ,h4 ,e4 ,luedecke1 8,erotic ,tattooing02 ,w4 von ,blow1 8,the ,sexual ,life of the ,samoans02 ,f4 ,wernert1 8,tales of the ,german ,peasantry0 7of an erotic character72 ,a4 ,mitrovi1 8,a ,visit to a ,sorceress in ,northern ,dalmatia02 ,krauss1 ,mitrovi1 and ,wernert1 8,the ,sense of ,smell in the ,sexual ,life02 ,b4 ,laufer1 8,a ,japanese ,spring ,picture02 ,o4 ,knapp1 8,the #8' of the ,hellenes02 ,a4 ,kind1 8,coitus and the ,sexual ,instinct02 ,k4 ,amrain1 8,the ,increase of ,virile ,potency02 ,h4 ,e4 ,luedecke1 8,eroticism and ,numismatics02 ,v4 ,s4 ,karadi1 8,erotic and ,skatological ,proverbs and ,locutions of the ,servians02 ,luedecke1 8,elements of ,skatology02 ,fr4 ,s4 ,krauss1 8,slavonic ,popular ,traditions regarding ,sexual ,intercourse40 ,,chapter ,,xxxiii ,,the ,,outlook 8,a happy man is he who in his individuality possesses an instrument upon which the world can play with all its wealth of powers4 ,to him the sexual will be a means by which he will be enabled to grasp the innermost of life1 to understand its most painful sorrows and its most intoxicating delights1 to plumb its most frightful abysses and to scale its most shining summits40--,,rosa ,,mayreder4 ,,contents ,,of ,,chapter ,,xxxiii ,the future of human love -- ,indications of progress and of a happier configuration of the sexual life -- ,relationship of sexuality to intimate individual love -- ,the categorical imperative of the sexual life -- ,the association of love with the work of life -- ,love and personality4 ,,chapter ,,xxxiii ,looking backwards over the long road which lies behind us1 and which has conducted us past all the heights and deeps of the human amatory and sexual life1 we may now endeavour to give a brief answer to the difficult question1 ,what is the future of human love8 ,are we able to recognize the existence of progress towards better things8 ,are there any indications of a new1 nobler1 happier configuration of the sexual life8 ,the answer is a confident and joyful 8,yes60 ,never before throughout the history of mankind has love evoked so earnest and so profound an interest as to-day2 never has it been considered from so eminently social a standpoint as now4 ,as ,i remarked at the first public meeting of the ,association for the ,protection of ,motherhood1 the idea of a reform1 ennoblement1 and more natural configuration of the sexual life harmonizes perfectly with the general tendency of our time1 which has in view a resanation of all the relationships of life4 ,it is continually more clearly and widely recognized that in the human sexual life1 as in all other departments of human activity1 modifications may be effected by means of conscious endeavour in the direction of a progressive evolution2 that the relationship between man and woman1 alike in its individual and in its social aspects1 is influenced by the changes and advances of human evolution2 and that this relationship cannot be artificially confined by main force within limits which may have been suitable to it one hundred or two hundred years ago4 ,our love is of this earth1 afflicted with all earthly defects and sorrows4 ,notwithstanding this1 we affirm it joyfully1 in the confident hope that it can be saved from all hostile and destructive influences1 and that it can be elevated above the transient and the casual1 and manifest itself in its finest form as intimate1 individual love4 ,in the sphinx of the individual1 the greatest riddle of all unquestionably lies in the alarming and elemental qualities of the sexual impulse4 ,but the way to liberation is obvious and open4 ,let us fight courageously with all the hostile forces described in this book1 which poison the amatory life of our time2 let us destroy all the germs of degeneration1 and let us imprint upon our sexual conscience three words--health1 purity1 responsibility4 ,one thing more4 ,why does love at the present day so often threaten to perish amid the general fragmentation of life8 ,why do the leading spirits and the greatest artists in love complain of the fragile character of all love8 ,because love is isolated1 because it is not associated with the work of life1 with the battle for freedom which every man has to fight2 because love is not conceived as a union between the lovers for the common conquest of existence1 as a partnership for the purposes of inward spiritual growth4 ,far too often the man of the future is opposed to the woman of the past1 or the woman of the future to the man of the past2 each is to the other a sexual being1 and nothing beyond4 ,and yet individual love is only possible when1 passing beyond the aims of mere sexual gratification1 and beyond the purposes of reproduction1 it subserves the general objects of life1 and assists in the performance of all the tasks of the civilization of our time4 ,the most wonderful dreams of the heart cannot suffice to take the place of the positive work which life demands from love4 ,without free activity there is no love6 ,that is the great saying of a great thinker4 ,and ,i add to this saying1 that without free activity there is no right to love4 ,such a right is possessed only by the personality1 the poetic1 striving1 willing human being1 be it man or be it woman4 ,how often the man seeks love from the woman and cannot find it1 and yet might have found it so easily6 8444 doch wenn ich suchend drcke ,die ,fnge meines ,geistes in ihr ,hirn1 ,dnkt mich1 dass hinter dieser hohen ,stirn ,ein ,etwas liegt1 das einst gefehlt dem ,glcke40 8,but when searchingly ,i press ,the talons of my spirit into her brain1 ,it seems to me that behind this lofty forehead ,something lies which has just missed happiness40 ,in this beautiful verse of ,ada ,christen's the secret of all love reveals itself4 ,we must not seek that which is lower in the other sex1 in the beloved person2 we must seek the highest1 her spiritual essence1 her will1 her developmental possibilities4 ,before the eyes of the modern human being1 the individual love of two free personalities appears as an ideal1 as is poetically expressed by ,dingelstedt in the words3 8,und ,liebe blht nur in dem ,doppel-,leben ,verwandter ,seelen1 die nach oben streben40 8,and ,love blossoms only in the duplex-life ,of two allied souls1 which together strive upwards40 ,,index ,,of ,,names ,abderhalden1 ,emil1 #gae ,abelard1 #id ,achelis1 ,thomas1 #aib ,ackermann1 ,j4 ,c4 ,g41 #fgh ,acton1 ,w41 #cag1 #fgh ,adam1 ,madame1 #cb ,adler1 ,otto1 #di1 #ej1 #fh1 #hc1 #dah1 #dcc1 #dce1 #dci1 #geh ,adonis1 #ajg ,agathe1 #agc ,ahlfeld1 ,f41 #gjg ,albert1 ,charles1 #hg1 #ia1 #bdi1 #bej1 #bea1 #dgb ,alcibiades1 #dfj ,aldegrever1 #gcf ,alra1 ,don ,brennus1 #efi ,alexander1 ,c41 #gba1 #gbb ,alexander the ,great1 #dfj1 #ehc ,allan1 #gb ,allen1 ,charles ,w41 #dcg ,allen1 ,grant1 #gdf ,almquist1 ,c4 ,j4 ,l41 #bdc1 #bdd ,alsberg1 #fj ,altenberg1 ,peter1 #fbd ,altmann-,gottheiner1 ,elizabeth1 #ha ,altmller1 #edj ,alton1 #egd ,amrain1 ,k41 #fbe1 #gfa ,amschl1 #fcc ,andreas-,salom1 ,lou1 #gej ,andrian1 ,f4 von1 #ij ,angelo4 ,see ,michael ,angelo d',annunzio1 ,gabriele1 #bib1 #fai1 #fbb1 #fbf1 #gej ,antiochus1 #dcf ,antoninus1 ,marcus ,aurelius1 #ge ,apelles1 #aje ,aphrodite1 #aje ,aphrodite ,porne1 #aje ,aquinas1 ,thomas1 #abb ,archenholtz1 #fae ,arduin1 #ebi ,aretino1 ,pietro1 #cjh1 #gcd ,aristippus1 #fgf ,aristophanes1 #dac1 #dfj ,aristotle1 #id1 #dcf1 #dfj1 #ehc ,arndt1 ,ernst ,moritz1 #dgf1 #fgg ,arnobius1 #ajb ,aschaffenburg1 ,g41 #bid1 #dag1 #dbd1 #fff1 #ffg1 #gfa ,ashbee1 ,henry ,spencer1 #eae ,assing1 ,ludmilla1 #bdb ,astarte1 #abc ,astruc1 ,jean1 #ced ,atkinson1 #cfh 8,auch ,jemand10 #gde ,augagneur1 ,v41 #cag ,august1 ,karl1 #ejb ,august von ,gotha1 ,duke1 #ejf ,augustine1 ,saint1 #ajb1 #aji1 #aae1 #abb d',aurevilly1 ,barbey1 #age1 #dgd1 #gcc1 #gej ,avebury1 ,lord 7,sir ,john ,lubbock71 #be1 #ahi ,avenarius1 ,ferdinand1 #ebd ,avicenna1 #dcf d',azimont1 ,helne1 #agc ,baal-,peor1 #aja1 #ajg ,bab1 ,edwin1 #dhe ,bachofen1 ,j4 ,j41 #aj1 #ajb1 #ajd1 #ahi1 #aid1 #aie1 #geh ,bacon1 #dgg ,bacon1 ,francis 7,lord ,verulam71 #acd ,bade1 ,thomas1 #cdc ,baer1 #bih ,baginsky1 ,adolf1 #ffh ,bahr1 ,hermann1 #ada1 #add1 #dgd ,bain1 ,alexander1 #efb1 #efe ,balbi1 ,gasparo1 #aja ,baldung1 ,hans1 #ehc ,balzac1 ,honor de1 #agd ,bar1 von1 #chb1 #chc ,barbosa1 ,duarte1 #aja ,brenbach1 #gh ,barrault1 #bdb ,barrucco1 ,nicolo1 #ddj1 #gjc ,bartels1 ,max1 #fig1 #gjf ,bartels1 ,paul1 #fc ,barth1 #aci ,barthlmy1 #cfc ,bartholini1 #af ,basedow1 ,hans von1 #ebd1 #fhc ,bashkirtzeff1 ,marie1 #ahb ,bastian1 #ajg1 #ahi1 #aib1 #dfg ,bataille1 ,henri1 #bai ,batley1 #gjf ,batut1 #ace1 #acf ,baudelaire1 #age1 #dgd1 #fbd1 #gcc1 #gdi1 #gej ,bauer1 ,friedrich1 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#bbj repeated1 #bah1 #bai followed by remarriage1 #bdb council of1 #bfc scandals1 #gbh ,dogs1 fornicatory acts with1 #fdc1 #fdf ,dolls1 fornicatory1 #fdh-fdi4 ,see also ,godemichs ,don ,juan type of seducer1 the1 contrasted with the ,casanova type1 #bhf-bhi ,double love1 #bjf-bjh ,douching1 vaginal1 #gjd ,duplex sexual morality1 #aii-bjj1 #bdd1 #bdh1 #bdi1 #fgc-fgd ,e ,eccentrics1 #ffd ,economic independence of women1 #bea reform the only way to the higher love1 #ej ,education1 sexual1 #fha-fib of the character and the will1 #fhi ,effeminate urnings1 #dih-eja ,ejaculation1 #df1 #dg1 #dh ,emancipation of women1 #eh1 #ei1 #gi et seq41 #ebi1 #gdg ,embrace3 its relation to the sexual act1 #db ,emissions1 seminal1 #dcg-dda ,emotivity of woman1 #ge1 #gf ,enfranchisement1 hereditary1 #dfb1 #dfc1 #gaa-gab ,enlightenment requisite regarding homosexuality1 #ebc1 #ebd regarding the sexual life in general1 #fhd-fia ,ennoblement of our amatory life1 #agi ,epicureanism1 modern1 characterized1 #bhb et seq4 ,epididymitis1 #cff1 #ddb ,epilepsy3 as a cause of sexual hypersthesia1 #dbi as a cause of sexual perversions1 #dgf as a cause of sexual bestiality1 #fdc as a cause of sexual exhibitionism1 #fdi et seq4 ,epistolary masochism1 #egi sadism1 #egi treatment of sexual perversions1 #fef pongeurs1 #fbe ,equivalents1 sexual1 #ib-id1 #dji1 #ddf of menstruation1 in men1 #dii ,erection1 #ej1 #ddb-ddc morning1 #ddc ,erector1 ,gassen's1 #ddi ,ergophilia1 #efd-efe ,erogenic areas of the skin1 #ca1 #df zone1 the eye as an1 #ca ,erotic element in polite literature3 its justification1 #gdc-gdd distinction from pornography1 #gca-gcd genius1 the1 #bhi the masterful1 #bhh sense of shame1 #abe-aeg1 #fej ,erotocrat1 #fgi ,erotographomania1 #dbj ,erotomania1 #dcf-dcg ,erythrocytes3 their number in men and women respectively1 #fb ,es-geht-an idea1 the1 #bdd ,essayeurs1 #feb ,ether intoxication1 #fed ,eugenics1 #gab ,exchange of wives1 #aid ,exhibitionism1 #fdi-feb neurasthenic1 #fea verbal1 #egh-egi ,extirpation of the ovaries1 #gje-gjf ,extra-conjugal sexual intercourse1 #bch1 #bhj-cjb ,eye1 the1 as an erogenic zone1 #ca ,eyes1 the1 as objects of sexual fetichism1 #fbj ,f ,face1 the3 its sexual relationship to the clothing1 #aej1 #aea ,factory women1 condition of1 #ccj-ccc ,fallopian tubes1 section of1 #gje ,family1 the1 #aie ,farthingale1 #adg1 #adh ,fashion1 #acc theory of1 #aeb-aed ,fat1 deposit of1 in men and women respectively1 #fb ,father-right4 ,see ,patriarchy ,feeling-tones1 sexual1 #ia ,fellatio1 #fba1 #fbd1 #fbf ,festivals1 religio-erotic1 #ajg et seq4 phallic1 #ace sexual1 #aij-aia ,fetichism1 racial1 #fad-fae sexual1 #eda1 #fji-fbi ,fetters1 sadistic use of1 #egc1 #egf ,figur ,veneris1 #ea ,finery1 love of1 #ccd ,flagellantism4 ,see ,flagellomania ,flagellation4 ,see ,flagellomania ,flagellomania1 #efh-egd ,flavouring agents1 #fbf ,flirt1 #efh4 ,see also ,coquetry ,fluor albus1 #adf1 #dbe ,foot fetichism1 #fbb ,foot-wooers1 #fbi ,formative impulse1 #ib ,fornication with animals4 ,see ,bestiality ,fornication with corpses4 ,see ,necrophilia ,fornicatory dolls1 #fdh-fdi4 ,see also ,godemichs ,free love1 #aih1 #bcc-bgh1 #caf4 ,see also ,free marriage distinguished from wild love1 #aih1 #bba1 #bcf-bch this distinction recognized by ,shelley1 #bdj already sanctioned by ,states which permit repeated divorces by the same person1 #bah1 #bai in the ,isle of ,portland1 #bcg1 #bch from the communistic standpoint1 #bdi1 #bej and collectivism1 #bea compatible with the preservation of private property1 #bea and the economic independence of women1 #bea et seq4 ,free marriage1 #bfd-bff1 #cfa4 ,see also ,free love 8,free wife10 the1 #bdb ,freedom1 sexual1 #cja sense of1 in erotic relationships1 #ahb relations to erotic stheticism1 #ahb loss of4 ,see ,loss of freedom ,freedom to love1 #bhd1 #gff the cause of constancy1 and vice versa1 #bbj1 #bba ,frenzy1 tropical1 #eff-efg ,friendship between men1 #edh ,frigidity1 sexual1 #hf1 #dcb-dcf1 #dgj ,frotteurs1 #feb ,function impulse1 #ib1 #ahj ,fur1 sexually stimulating influence of1 #aej 8,venus im ,pelz0 7,venus in a fur-coat71 #aej ,fusion-love1 #ah ,future of human love1 the1 #gfc-gff ,g ,gait of effeminate urnings1 #dii-ejj ,gallantry1 #afc-afe 8,gamahucheurs10 #dfg ,garbage literature1 #gcg ,gastric disorder in sexual neurasthenia1 #dea ,geese1 fornicatory acts with1 #fdd ,general paralysis of the insane4 ,see ,dementia1 paralytic ,genital fetichism1 #fbj-fba ,genital organs4 ,see also ,reproductive organs variations in female1 #bc nerve-terminal apparatus of1 #add concealment of1 #acg-ach malformation of1 as a cause of impotence1 #dda-ddb malformation of1 as a cause of perversions1 #dgg odour of1 plays a subordinate part in the human sexual life1 #fbd ,genius1 the erotic1 #bhi ,germany1 young4 ,see ,young ,germany ,gerontophilia1 #ejh1 #fbg ,girl-stabbers1 #ege ,girls1 traffic in1 #ccf-cch ,glans penis1 hypersthesia of1 #ddh ,goats1 fornicatory acts with1 #fdd ,godemichs1 #dab ,gonorrha1 #cfd-cfg ,greek love of boys1 #edg ,grisette1 #bih ,group-marriage1 #aic-aie ,guide-books for the world of pleasure1 #bij et seq4 ,guides1 brothel1 #gbg ,gumma1 #cfa ,gynecocracy1 #ei ,gymnastics1 #fhi-fij ,h ,habit4 ,see ,habituation ,habituation in love3 its dangers1 #bji its significance in the genesis of sexual perversions1 #def1 #fej1 #ffb ,hair1 falling out of1 in consequence of syphilis1 #cfj luxuriant growth in homosexual men1 #dii fetichism1 #fad-fbj human1 gradual loss of1 #bc1 #bd ,hair-stealers4 ,see ,plait-cutters ,half-clothing 7retrouss71 #aci et seq4 8,half-world10 the1 #cde-cdh its relations to fashion 7the mode71 #aec its utilization of hair-fetichism1 by dyeing the hair1 #fae ,hand fetichism1 #fbb ,handbills1 #gbg ,handbooks for the world of pleasure1 #bij et seq4 ,handkerchief fetichism1 #fbi ,hanging1 voluptuous excitement in connexion with1 #ehb 8,happiness in marriage10 #gjj ,hard chancre1 #cef1 #cei ,hashish intoxication1 #fed ,hawkers' literature1 #gcg ,head1 sexual differences in1 #fb1 #fc ,health1 certificate of1 before marriage1 #bef 8,health and ,disease in relation to ,marriage and the ,married ,state0 7,senator ,kaminer's work referred to71 #bae ,hearing in relation to the vita sexualis1 #ce1 #cf ,heel fetichism1 #fbi ,hellenic love of boys1 #edg ,hemispheres1 testicular1 #ib ,henpecked husband1 #efg ,hereditary enfranchisement1 #dfb1 #dfc1 #gaa-gab ,hermaphrodite fetichism1 #fba-fbb ,hermaphroditism1 #eea-eed vestiges of1 in normal human beings1 #aa1 #ab1 #ci1 #dj primeval history of1 #ei philosophical idea of1 #gj ,herpes progenitalis1 #gje ,hetairism1 #cdf ,heterogamy1 #gab ,heterosexual pdication1 #fec-fed ,heterosexuality1 #ab1 #ad ,hierodules1 #aje ,hommes de voyage1 #fdh-fdi ,homogamy1 #gab ,homosexual physicians1 #dib ,homosexuality1 #dhg-ece homosexual tattooing1 #acf venereal diseases in the homosexual1 #cfh-cfi meeting-places of homosexuals1 #ead et seq4 balls and other entertainments among homosexuals1 #eag-eai need for the enlightenment of the general public regarding1 #ebc1 #ebd riddle of1 #dhg-ece theory of1 #ecj-ece temporary1 #edg in belletristic literature1 #gdi ,homosexuals 7male71 effeminate1 #dih-eja virile1 #eja ,hormone1 #dad1 #ecc4 ,see also ,sexual toxins ,horses1 fornicatory acts with1 #fdd ,household duties1 simplification of1 #hb ,houses of accommodation1 #cdd ,housing conditions1 improper1 in relation to prostitution1 #cce-ccf ,human sacrifices on the altar of monogamy1 #bdd ,humanity1 ideal type of1 #ef1 #eg ,humorous aspect of the sexual life1 #gcb et seq4 ,husband1 henpecked4 ,see ,henpecked husband ,hutchinson's teeth1 #cfe ,hygiene1 reproductive1 #gaa sexual1 #gji-gah ,hymen1 significance and function of1 #ab ,hypersthesia1 #dbi-dcb1 #dgg ,hypnosis1 #fee-fef ,hypochondria1 sexual1 #dea ,i ,ideal type of humanity1 #ef1 #eg ,idealization of the senses1 #afa-afb of parts of the body1 #fab of bodily functions1 #fbd1 #fbe ,ideas1 coercive1 #dea ,illegitimate children3 their maintenance1 #bge1 #bgf ,illusion1 erotic1 need for1 #aha ,imitation in the vita sexualis1 #dfe ,immissio penis in anum4 ,see ,pdication ,immoral advertisements1 #gbc-gbh ,immunity to disease1 acquired racial1 #cef ,impotence1 #dda-dea functional1 #ddc nervous1 #ddd1 #ddg paralytic1 #ddg senile1 #ddh-ddi temporary1 #dde-ddf treatment of1 #ddi-dea ,impulse1 formative1 reproductive1 sexual1 etc4 ,see ,formative impulse1 ,reproductive impulse1 ,sexual impulse1 etc4 ,impulse1 reproductive1 #if ,in-and-in breeding1 #gaf ,incest1 #fci-fdj ,incontinence1 bachelorhood and1 #bcj ,independence of women1 economic1 #bea ,individual1 importance of love to1 #c1 #d1 #bh1 #bi1 #if1 #bec1 #bed ,individualization of love1 #ie1 #if1 #abd1 #aei-agf ,indolent bubo1 #cei ,inefficiency1 psychopathic1 #ffd ,infantilism1 psychosexual1 #dcb ,infection1 venereal1 #bih1 #bii1 #cec1 #ceh1 #cei1 #cfd1 #cgd-chc ,inflammatory bubo1 #cfd ,inheritance of diseases1 #gac of syphilis1 #cfb ,injury1 sadistic bodily1 #egd ,insanity4 ,see ,mental disorders ,insanity1 moral1 #ffe ,instinct1 sexual4 ,see ,sexual impulse ,instrumentarium1 auto-erotic1 #daa-dac ,insurance of motherhood1 #bfi1 #bga ,intellect1 in man and woman respectively1 #gc-ge ,intellectual activity and potency1 #ddf and sexual abstinence1 #fgi-fhj ,intercourse1 sexual4 ,see ,coitus ,intermediate stages1 sexual1 #dii1 #eca 8,intimacy10 the1 #bif-cjb a great focus of venereal infection1 #bii ,inunction for the prophylaxis of venereal infection1 #chj-cha as a perverse sexual manifestation1 #egi ,iodide of potassium in the treatment of syphilis1 #chg ,iritis1 syphilitic1 #cfa ,irritable hunger1 sexual1 #dfc 8,island custom10 the1 of ,portland1 #bcg1 #bch ,itching1 tickling1 and sexual sensibility1 #dc1 #dd ,j ,junores1 #eda-edd ,jus prim noctis1 religious1 #ajb ,k ,kaften1 #ccg ,kallipygian charms1 #adf1 #adg1 #egj1 #fbb ,kin1 near1 marriage of1 #gaf ,kiss1 erotic significance of1 #ca1 #cb the biting1 #cb1 #cc1 #db1 #ej origin of1 #cb1 #cc ,kleptomania1 #egg1 #fdc ,knickerbockers1 wearing of1 in relation to masturbation1 #dbf-dbg ,krankenkassen1 #cij-cia ,l ,lactation period1 its artificial prolongation in order to prevent conception1 #gjj-gjb ,lady's friend1 #gjd ,larynx1 sexual differences in1 #fb ,late syphilis1 #cfc ,lathering1 #egi ,law1 ,spencer's4 ,see ,spencer's law ,lawyers3 their inclination to masochism1 #ehj ,lending of wives1 #aid ,lesbian love4 ,see ,tribadism ,letter4 ,see ,condom2 also ,correspondence ,leucoderma syphiliticum1 #cfj ,leucorrha 7fluor albus71 #adf1 #dbe ,leviratsehe1 #aif ,levitical law3 marriage of deceased husband's brother in accordance with1 #aif ,liaison4 ,see 8,intimacy0 ,liberty4 ,see ,freedom ,libido-problem1 #dc-dg ,lie of marriage1 the1 #bjc1 #bjd ,lies1 conventional4 ,see ,conventional lies ,life1 sensual1 the4 ,see ,sensual life ,lingam1 the1 #aja ,lips1 their relation to the genital organs1 #cc ,literature1 belletristic1 love in1 #gda-gea polite1 love in1 #gda-gea scientific1 of the sexual life1 #gec-gfa ,locomotor ataxy4 ,see ,tabes ,loss of freedom consequent on legal marriage1 #bag ,love1 a part of the general science of mankind1 ix significance and aims of1 #c1 #ia1 #ib origin of1 #bg1 #bh purposes of the individual and of the species in relation to1 #c1 #d developmental possibilities of1 #e1 #f elementary phenomena of1 #aj1 #ah secondary phenomena of 7brain and senses71 #ba-ce1 #cg-ea appearance of spiritual elements in1 #be1 #bg1 #ij et seq4 significance of sensory stimuli in1 #bi-ce beauty and love1 #ce1 #cf significance of personality in relation thereto1 #hb1 #ie1 #agc1 #agd1 #ahb1 #ahc1 #gff individualization of1 #ie1 #if1 #abd1 #aei-agf romantic1 #afb1 #afh-aga platonic1 #afb1 #eej nature sense1 the1 and1 #afe-afg sentimental1 #aff1 #afg ,weltschmerz and1 #afg et seq4 classical1 #agj-agb self-analysis in1 #agd-age satanic-diabolic element in1 #age1 #bhi artistic element in1 #agj1 #age1 #agg-ahc simultaneous for two or more persons 7double love71 #bjf-bjh wild1 #bgi-cjb1 #dgf ,love1 ,bohemian1 #age1 #bdh ,love and capitalism1 mutually antagonistic1 #bej ,love and marriage1 #baf1 #bag 8,love and marriage10 by ,ellen ,key1 #bec-bfg ,love as a disease 7erotomania71 #dcf-dcg ,love in belletristic literature1 #gda-gea ,love1 free1 #agf1 #bcc-bgh ,love1 free1 in belletristic literature1 #gde1 #gdf ,love of boys1 #edg-edi ,love of finery1 #ccd ,love regarded as inward spiritual development1 #bdh 8,love's coming of age10 #bdi ,love's choice4 ,see ,sexual selection ,lues venerea4 ,see ,syphilis ,lust-murder1 #egd-ege ,lynch law1 sadism and1 #efc ,m ,magazines4 ,see ,periodicals ,magical power of sex1 #gh ,maidservants1 as recruits to the ranks of prostitution1 #cae1 #caf1 #cag1 #ccc1 #ccd as seducers of children to sexual malpractices1 #fcd ,maintenance of 8illegitimate0 children1 #bge1 #bgf ,maisons de passe1 #cdd ,malposition of the uterus1 artificial1 #gje ,malthusian theory and practice1 #fic-gjh ,mammary glands1 human3 reduction in their number1 #bb atrophy of1 #ade-adf1 #gae condition in homosexual males1 #ejj-eja sucking of1 by men1 #gjj-gja ,mammonism1 #bac1 #gah annihilates the sense of sexual responsibility1 #gah influence of1 in the sexual life4 ,see ,mercenary marriage ,mariolatry1 #aaj1 #aaa ,marriage1 #ahe-bca1 #bci et seq41 #bgb-bgc average age at1 #baa-bab coercive4 ,see ,coercive marriage disinclination to1 #bac 8morganatic10 #bjc premature1 #baj et seq4 the lie of1 #bjc1 #bjd ,marriage and disease1 #bae ,marriage bond1 the1 and its results4 ,see ,coercive marriage ,marriage by capture1 #aie ,marriage of conscience4 ,see ,free marriage ,marriage impulse1 the1 #bac ,marriage of near kin1 #gaf ,marriage prohibitions1 #gab-gac ,marriage reform3 author's views1 #bfd et seq41 #cja1 #cjb ,edward ,carpenter on1 #beb ,ellen ,key's proposals1 #bfj-bfd in ,austria1 #bca in ,france1 #bai-bba in various countries1 #bdh1 #bdi ,marriage reform unattainable without preliminary economic reforms1 #bej ,marriages of convenience1 #bjd ,marriages1 one hundred typical1 #bba-bbg ,married state1 characteristic pictures of1 #bbg-bca ,masculine beauty1 #ahb-ahc1 #eej ,masochism1 #ehj-fjg biological sources of1 #ea1 #ecg et seq4 religious1 #ajc of the days of chivalry1 #afd relations to prostitution1 #cbb-cbe epistolary1 #egi in art1 #ehc in women1 #ehf-ehg in belletristic literature1 #gej ,mass1 the black1 #egi ,massage1 #cdd1 #efi ,massage-institutes1 #cdd-cde ,masseuses1 #ehb ,masterful erotic1 the1 #bhh ,masturbation 7see also ,onanism71 #daj-dbh a cause of sexual ansthesia1 #hf1 #dcc psychical1 #dai-dbj distinguished from onanism 7,onanismus71 #dbb a cause of sexual hypersthesia1 #dbi a cause of exhibitionism1 #fej ,masturbator's heart1 #dbd ,masturbators1 anal1 #edf ,masturbatory insanity1 #dbe ,matriarchy1 #ahi1 #aif1 #aig-aih ,means for the prevention of conception4 ,see ,preventive measures ,medical facts and problems from a theological point of view 7pastoral medicine71 #aba ,member-problem1 #db1 #dc ,memory1 weakness of1 in syphilis1 #fcj ,men1 emancipation of1 #dhe friendship between1 #edh ,men-women1 #ede ,menstrual equivalents in men1 #dii ,menstruation1 #bf1 #bg1 #gg1 #dbe1 #dea1 #ffg ,mental disorders3 as a sequel of masturbation1 #dbd1 #dbe as a cause of sexual hypersthesia1 #dbi as a cause of sexual perversions1 #dge-dgf as a cause of degeneration1 #gae ,mercenary marriages1 #aie1 #bab-bac1 #gah ,mercury the specific for syphilis1 #cfh-chh ,metamorphosis sexualis paranoica1 #edd ,mica-operation1 the1 #fif-fig ,mind1 diseases of4 ,see ,mental disorders ,minne1 #afc1 #afd ,misogyny1 #aag1 #aah1 #afe1 #bfd1 #dgi-dhf1 #gde ,mistresses of the devil1 #aai1 #abj ,mistress rule1 #efg1 #efh ,monandry1 #bja ,monasticism1 #aae et seq4 ,monism1 erotic1 #d1 #bed ,monogamic marriage1 #aif et seq41 #bef ,monogamic society1 ,george ,meredith on1 #bjb ,monogamy1 human sacrifices on the altar of1 #bdd ,montgolfire1 #adg1 #adh ,moonshine-reverie1 #afi ,moral insanity1 #ffe ,moral restraint 7as advocated by ,malthus71 #fif ,moral statistics1 #fij ,morality1 coercive marriage4 ,see ,coercive marriage morality sexual1 duplex4 ,see ,duplex sexual morality ,morality1 offences against1 #dgg1 #fei-fgj 8,morganatic0 marriages1 #bjc ,morning erection1 #ddc ,morphinism and impotence1 #fed ,motherhood1 insurance of1 #bfi1 #bga right to1 #bef1 #beg ,mother-right4 ,see ,matriarchy ,mothers1 ,association for the ,protection of1 #bfg-bgh ,movements and gait of effeminate urnings1 #dii-ejj ,muiracithin1 #dea ,mujerados1 #dbf1 #edd-ede ,murders by poison1 #ege ,muscular system1 sexual differences in1 #fb ,muse latrinale1 the1 #fbe ,music in relation to the vita sexualis1 #ce1 #cf ,music-halls1 #cdc-cdd ,mylitta-cult of the ,babylonians1 #ajc ,mysticism1 sexual1 #ajg et seq41 #abc-abd1 #gcc ,n ,nakedness3 its relations to the sense of shame1 #acj et seq41 #aed-aeg ,nationality in relation to sexual anomalies1 #dfh-dfi ,nature-sense1 the1 in relation to love1 #aff ,nautch1 the1 #aje1 #ajf ,nautch-girls1 #aje1 #ajf ,necrophilia1 #fdf-fdg symbolic1 #fdg ,need for enlightenment1 regarding homosexuality1 #ebc-ebd regarding the sexual life in general1 #fhd-fia ,need for sexual variety4 ,see ,variety1 sexual ,negroes1 #fad ,neo-malthusianism1 #fic-gjh ,neurasthenia1 masturbation and1 #dag as a phenomenon of adaptation1 #dfj and homosexuality1 #dij1 #dib of young wives1 #dea sexual1 #dbh-dea ,neuro-chemical theory of sexual tension1 #dad ,neuro-mechanical theory of sexual tension1 #dad ,neuroses1 sexual3 their cause1 #dg ,newspapers4 ,see ,periodicals ,nocturnal life of great towns1 #bhd1 #bib ,nose1 the1 in relation to genital system1 #af ,nostrums1 sexual1 #gbb ,nubility1 age of1 #baj ,nudity4 ,see ,nakedness ,nutritive impulse1 the1 and sexuality1 #cb1 #cc1 #cd ,nymphomania1 #dbi ,o ,object fetichism1 #fbg et seq4 ,obscene tattooing1 #ace-acf words and phrases1 #egh ,obscenity1 #gid et seq4 ,obsession4 ,see ,ideas1 coercive ,occlusive pessary1 #gjc ,odour4 ,see also ,smell axillary1 #fbc ,offences against morality1 #dgg1 #fei-fgj ,offences against property from sadistic motives1 #egf-egg ,olfactory kiss4 ,see ,smell-kiss ,onanie and ,onanismus1 #dbb ,onanism4 ,see also ,masturbation a cause of sexual ansthesia1 #hf1 #dcc a cause of sexual exhibitionism1 psychical1 #dai-dbj ,onanismus1 #dbb ,ophorectomy1 #gje-gjf ,opium intoxication1 #fed ,opium-smoking and impotence1 #fed ,opportunity and its influence in the sexual misleading of children1 #fcc et seq4 ,opportunity1 lack of1 for normal intercourse1 leading to pseudo-homosexuality1 #ed leading to bestiality1 #fdd ,opportunity for bestial intercourse more frequent in the country than in towns1 #fdd ,opportunity1 first1 and first contact1 their avoidance the prime rule of sexual pedagogy1 #fij ,organs1 genital4 ,see ,reproductive organs reproductive4 ,see ,reproductive organs ,organs of sexual congress4 ,see ,reproductive organs ,orgasm1 sexual1 #di1 #ej ,ornament1 pubic1 #acg1 #ach ,orthobiosis1 #dfa ,outlook1 the1 #gfc-gff ,ovariotomy4 ,see ,ophorectomy ,overcrowded dwellings and prostitution1 #cce-ccf ,p ,pderasty1 #eji1 #edg definition of1 #fda ,pdication1 #dgg1 #eji definition of1 #eji heterosexual1 #fec-fed ,pdophilia1 #ejh1 #fcc ,pagism1 #ehb ,pain1 relation of1 to the voluptuous sensation1 #dc-dd1 #dae1 #eeg-efj4 ,see also ,algolagnia relief of1 by masturbation1 #dae-daf ,palolithic man3 his erotic life1 #be1 #bf1 #acd ,pall ,mall ,gazette scandals1 #fce ,paralytic dementia4 ,see ,dementia1 paralytic ,parasyphilitic diseases1 #cfa ,partial disclosure 7retrouss71 #aci et seq4 ,pastoral medicine1 #aba ,patriarchy1 #aid1 #aif ,pedagogy1 sexual4 ,see ,education1 sexual ,pederastia4 ,see ,pderasty ,pelvis1 sexual differences in1 #fj ,penal laws against homosexual intercourse1 #ebj-ebe ,penis3 free mobility of this organ in the genus homo1 #db artificial1 #aja-ajb1 #dab-dac malformations of1 #dda1 #ddb abnormal smallness of1 #ddb fetichism1 #fbj-fba ,penis-bone1 #db 8,pensionate10 #cdd ,perfumes1 erotic1 #ag ,periodicals 7newspapers1 magazines1 and reviews7 devoted to the study of the sexual life1 #gfj-gfa ,periodicity1 sexual1 #bf1 #bg1 #ee1 #ef ,perversions1 sexual3 masturbation as a cause of1 #dbe-dbf in relation to impotence1 #dde acquirement and artificial production of1 #dfe congenital1 #dff racial diffusion of1 #dff-dfh due to disease1 #dge-dgg the riddle of homosexuality1 #dhg-ece pseudo-homosexuality1 #ecg-eed algolagnia 7sadism and masochism71 #eee-fjg sexual fetichism1 #fji-fbi fornication with children1 incest1 necrophilia1 bestiality1 exhibitionism1 etc41 #fca-fed treatment of1 #fee-feg in belletristic literature1 #gdh-gej ,perversity1 sexual1 characterization of modern1 #dgd-dge ,pessary1 occlusive1 #gjc ,pessimism in love1 #agf pleasurable1 #efa ,phallus1 the1 cult of 7,phallus fetichism71 #aja1 #fbj-fba4 ,see also ,penis1 artificial ,philosophy1 sexual4 ,see ,sexual philosophy ,phimosis1 #dgg ,photographs1 obscene1 #gca ,physicians1 homosexual1 #dib ,physiological accompaniments4 ,see ,accompaniments1 physiological ,pictures of the married state1 characteristic1 #bbg-bca ,pigtail-cutters4 ,see ,plait-cutters ,plait-cutters1 #faf-fai ,platonism1 #afb ,poietic1 definition of1 #ic ,poisoning1 #ege ,polite literature1 love in1 #gda-gea ,pollutions1 the term defined1 #dcg4 ,see also ,seminal emissions ,polyandry1 #aic1 #aid ,polyclinics for prostitutes1 #cac1 #djd for venereal patients in general1 #cia ,polygamy1 #aif1 #bdd1 #bde1 #gaf facultative1 #aif ,polygyny1 #aif1 #bed-bee4 ,see also ,polygamy ,popular culture1 #gci ,population1 problem of1 #fie et seq4 ,pornography1 #cab1 #gbi-gci 8,portland custom10 #bcg1 #bch ,posture1 upright1 in relation to the sexual life1 #cd1 #ea ,postures during coitus 7figur ,veneris71 #ea ,powders lethal to the spermatozoa1 #gjd1 #gje ,pox4 ,see ,syphilis ,pregnancy1 prevention of4 ,see ,preventive measures ,prelibido1 #df ,premature marriage4 ,see ,marriage ,prematurity1 sexual1 #bhe1 #dag-dah1 #fcg-fch1 #ffh ,pre-,raphaelites1 ,english3 their preference for the infantile asexual physique1 #ahb their ideas on love and marriage1 #bdj ,preventive measures 7means for the prevention of pregnancy71 #fif-gjf ,priapism1 #dbi-dcj1 #ddg ,priests3 their sexual prescriptive rights1 #ajb et seq4 ,primary sexual phenomena1 #ah ,primitive man4 ,see ,palolithic man ,prisons1 homosexual acts in1 #edf ,problem of population1 #fie et seq4 ,procreation1 spiritual1 #beb ,procurement1 #ccf ,prohibition of marriage1 reasons for1 #gab-gac ,promiscuity1 sexual1 #ahh-aig1 #beg ,promiscuity1 sexual1 distinction of free love from1 #aih1 #bba1 #bcf-bch1 #bdj ,property1 offences against1 from sadistic motives1 #egf-egg ,prophylaxis1 treatment1 and suppression of venereal diseases1 #cga-djf ,prophylaxis of venereal infection1 personal1 #cge-chc ,prostatorrha1 #dbe1 #dci ,prostitute-quarters1 #djb ,prostitutes1 congenital1 #cah1 #cbe-cbf4 ,see also 8,half-world0 humanization and ennoblement of1 #djd-djf international1 #cdh 8late10 #bid mental and physical characters of1 #cbe-cbi in belletristic literature1 #gdg-gdh pseudo-homosexuality of1 #edf-edg ,prostitution1 #bja-bjb1 #bcg1 #cjc-cdh1 #cie-djb causes of1 #cad-cae1 #cah1 #cbb1 #cbi-cci1 #dcd-dce crime and1 #djj-dja definition of1 #cai-cba growing hostility to1 #bed1 #bee history and literature of1 #cjg-cai 8,kasernierung0 of 7prostitute-quarters71 #djb male1 #cac-cad1 #eah-eai masochistic1 #ehb-ehc regulation of1 #cji1 #cah1 #cai religious1 #ajj-ajf1 #cba public1 #cci et seq4 secret1 #cag1 #cdj et seq4 supply and demand1 #cba et seq4 ,protection of mothers1 association for1 #bfg-bgh 8,protectrices10 #ebi ,prudery1 #aee-aeg ,pseudo-,don ,juan1 #bij ,pseudo-hermaphroditism1 #eeb-eed ,pseudo-homosexuality1 #dbf1 #dhi1 #dif1 #ecg-eed ,psoriasis syphilitica1 #cfj ,psychical elements in love1 ,chapters ,,vi41 ,,vii41 and ,,viii41 pp4 #id-agf ,psychical onanism1 #dai-dbj ,psychopathia sexualis1 #dhi et seq4 ,see also ,perversions and ,perversities ,psychopathic inefficiency1 #ffd ,psycho-therapeutics1 #dbg-dbh1 #dej1 #fee-feg ,puberty1 #dad1 #dig1 #ffg ,pubic ornament4 ,see ,ornament1 pubic ,public-houses with women attendants 78,animierkneipen071 #cda-cdb ,public relationships of the sexual life1 #gai-gbh ,punishment-rooms1 #eha-ehb ,purchase1 marriage by1 #aie ,pygmalionism1 #fdh ,pyromania1 #egg ,q ,quackery1 sexual1 #gba-gbb1 #gbg ,queue4 ,see ,plait ,r ,race3 its significance in relation to sexual anomalies1 #dfh1 #dfi ,racial fetichism1 #fad-fae ,rape 7 ,marriage by capture71 #aie 7 ,violation71 #gjg ,rational dress4 ,see ,reformed dress ,red1 the colour1 in relation to sexuality1 #ea to 8see red10 #ea ,red-hair fetichism1 #fae1 #fbb1 #fbc ,reflective love1 #agd1 #ddf1 #gej ,reform1 economic1 prerequisite to marriage reform1 #bej ,reform of marriage4 ,see ,marriage reform ,reform of our amatory life1 #agi ,reform1 ,sexual1 ,association for1 #bgc ,reformed dress1 #aed ,regeneration1 #dfb1 #dfc1 #gaa-gab4 ,see also ,enfranchisement1 hereditary 8,regiment of ,women10 #ei ,regulated prostitution1 abolition of1 #cah1 #cih1 #cii1 #djj1 #dja-djc ,regulation of prostitution1 #cji1 #cah1 #cig-dja ,relationships1 sexual1 need for variety in1 #acc1 #aib1 #bje1 #dfc et seq4 ,religion and sexuality1 #hg-abd ,religious imagination1 the1 straying in sexual by-paths1 #abj ,remarriage subsequent to divorce1 #bdb ,remedies1 secret1 #gbb ,renifleurs1 #dfg1 #fbe ,reproduction1 sexual4 ,see ,sexual reproduction ,reproductive aperture1 #da1 #db ,reproductive cells3 conjugation of1 #i1 #aj differences in respect of mode of energy in two sexes1 #ga1 #gb representative of respective spiritual natures of man and woman1 #gb ,reproductive hygiene1 #gaa ,reproductive impulse1 #if ,reproductive organs3 aperture-problem1 #da1 #db member-problem1 #db1 #dc libido-problem1 #dc-dg origin and purpose1 #ci-da differentiation1 #ci1 #dj ,responsibility1 conjugal1 #bbj sense of1 in free unions1 #bci sexual1 #bbj1 #bci1 #bgd1 #gfe diminished 7in borderland states of mental disorder71 #ffd1 #fff-ffh annihilated by mammonism1 #gah ,retifism 7shoe fetichism71 #fbg et seq4 ,retrogressive development of sexual characters1 #bb-be ,retrouss1 #aci et seq4 ,revaluation ,society 78,umwertungsgesellschaft0--for the reform of amatory life7 of the ,u4,s4,a41 #bgb et seq4 ,reviews4 ,see ,periodicals ,revolutionary movements1 part played by algolagnia in connexion therewith1 #efc1 #ehg-fjg ,rhythmotropism1 #agi ,riddle of homosexuality1 the1 #dhg-ece ,right to motherhood1 #bef1 #beg1 #bge ,rights1 conjugal4 ,see ,conjugal rights 8,rings1 stimulating10 #dfg1 #gjd ,romantic-individual love1 #afb ,romantic love1 #afh-aga ,roseola syphilitica1 #cfj 8,rummel10 #cdd ,s ,sacrifice1 sexual1 #ajc ,sacrifices1 human1 on the altar of monogamy1 #bdd ,saddle-nose1 syphilitic1 #cfa ,sadism1 #efh-ehj biological sources of1 #ej1 #ea1 #ecg et seq4 in belletristic literature1 #gej religious1 #ajc1 #egi-ehj symbolic1 #egg-ehj verbal1 #ea1 #egh ,sadistic bodily injury1 #egd-egf bestiality1 #fdd-fde ,saloons1 dancing4 ,see ,dancing saloons ,sapphism1 #ebi ,satanism1 #age1 #bhi1 #efc1 #egi1 #gcc ,satyriasis1 #dbi ,scandals1 ,pall ,mall ,gazette1 #fce sexual1 #gba1 #gbh ,scents1 erotic1 #ag ,schoolmaster's sadism1 #ega-egc ,scientific literature of the sexual life1 the1 #gec-gfa ,secondary sexual characters1 #ah1 #ei et seq4 ,secondary sexual phenomena1 #ah ,secret diseases1 #gbb ,secret remedies1 #gbb ,section of the ,fallopian tubes1 #gje ,sects1 sexual religious1 #ajg-aaa1 #aad1 #aad-aae ,security sponges1 #gjd ,seducer types1 #bhf-bij ,seduction1 #bfd1 #bha-cjb1 #daf definition of the term1 #bha 8,seeing red10 #ea ,selection1 natural4 ,see ,natural selection sexual4 ,see ,sexual selection ,self-abuse4 ,see ,masturbation and also ,onanism ,self-control1 sexual1 #beb1 #fge-fgg ,seminal emissions1 #dcg-dda ,sensations1 sexual differences in1 #gc ,sense of shame1 sexual1 #abe-aeg1 #fej ,sense1 sexual4 ,see ,sexual sense ,sensibility1 sexual1 in woman1 #hc-hf ,sensory stimuli1 erotic1 #bi-cf ,sensual life1 the1 #bha-bhf1 #bij-big ,sensuality1 spiritualized1 #bec ,sentimentality1 #aff ,sex3 its significance in the etiology of psychopathia sexualis1 #dgj-dga third1 the1 #ac fourth1 the1 #dha ,sexual abstinence4 ,see ,abstinence1 sexual ,sexual act4 ,see ,coitus ,sexual advertisements1 #gbc-gbh ,sexual ansthesia4 ,see ,ansthesia1 sexual ,sexual anomalies4 ,see ,perversions1 and also ,perversity ,sexual antipathy4 ,see ,antipathy of the sexes ,sexual aperture4 ,see ,reproductive aperture ,sexual biology1 #gei ,sexual cells1 #dc ,sexual characters1 secondary4 ,see ,secondary sexual characters ,sexual chemistry1 literature of1 #aba et seq4 ,sexual clubs1 secret1 #fec ,sexual desire1 #df ,sexual day-dreams1 #dbj ,sexual differentiation4 ,see ,differentiation1 sexual 7and see also under separate organs7 ,sexual education1 #fia-fib ,sexual enlightenment1 need for general1 #fhd-fia ,sexual equivalents4 ,see ,equivalents1 sexual ,sexual fetichism1 #eda1 #fji-fbi ,sexual freedom1 #cja ,sexual gratification1 #df ,sexual hygiene1 #gji-gah ,sexual hypersthesia1 #dbi ,sexual impulse1 #de1 #df its increase by natural selection1 #ad its relations to civilization1 #ad1 #ae periodicity of1 #bf components of1 #df ,sexual intercourse4 ,see ,coitus ,sexual intermediate stages1 #dii1 #eca ,sexual irritable hunger1 #dfc ,sexual life1 the1 in its public relationships1 #gai-gbh ,sexual links1 #dii1 #eca ,sexual literature3 belletristic1 #gda-gea pornographic1 #gbi-gci scientific1 #gec-gfa ,sexual morality1 duplex4 ,see ,duplex sexual morality ,sexual mysticism4 ,see ,mysticism1 sexual ,sexual nostrums1 #gbb ,sexual organs4 ,see ,reproductive organs ,sexual orgasm4 ,see ,orgasm1 sexual ,sexual perversions4 ,see ,perversions1 sexual ,sexual philosophy1 #id1 #ie ,sexual prematurity1 #bhe1 #dag-dah1 #fcg-fch1 #ffh ,sexual promiscuity4 ,see ,promiscuity1 sexual2 also ,wild love1 and ,extra-conjugal sexual intercourse ,sexual quackery4 ,see ,quackery1 sexual ,sexual ,reform1 ,association for1 #bgc ,sexual reproduction1 #aj1 #aa ,sexual responsibility1 #bgd ,sexual scandals1 #gba-gbh ,sexual science1 literature of1 #gec-gfa ,sexual selection1 #ce-cf1 #gab ,sexual sense1 #dc ,sexual sense of shame1 #abe-aeg1 #fej ,sexual sensibility in woman1 #hc-hf ,sexual sphere4 ,see ,sphere1 sexual ,sexual tension4 ,see ,tension1 sexual2 and also ,prelibido ,sexual toxins1 #dg1 #dad1 #ecb-ecc ,sexual vampirism4 ,see ,vampirism ,sexual variety4 ,see ,variety1 sexual ,sexual visions1 #aae ,sexuality and religion1 #hg-abd ,shame1 sense of1 sexual1 #abe-aeg1 #fej ,shoe fetichism1 #fbg-fbi ,shunammitism1 #fcc ,sight in relation to the vita sexualis1 #cd1 #ce ,silver salts in the prophylaxis of gonorrhoea1 #cgi-chj ,simplification of household tastes1 #hb ,simultaneous love for two or more persons1 #bjf ,skatological fetichism1 #fbe ,skatology in folklore1 #fbe ,skin1 the1 its relations to sexuality1 #cj1 #ca1 #dc1 #dd1 #de ,skull1 sexual difference in1 #fc ,slave of love1 the1 #afc ,slave-trade1 the white1 #ccf-cch ,slavery1 sexual 7masochistic71 #afc1 #efh1 #ehb-ehe ,smell1 atrophy of organs of1 #bb connexion between the nose and the genital organs1 #af erotic significance of smell declines with advancing civilization1 #ag fetichism1 #fbb-fbf of the body at large1 #fbc1 #fbd of the genital organs1 #fbd of fur1 #aej odoriferous glands1 sexual1 #af sexual odours1 distinctive1 #af sexual perfumes1 #ag1 #fbf relation of hairy covering to sense of1 #bd1 #fae1 #fbb-fbc sense of1 the psychical elementary phenomenon of love1 #ae ,smell-kiss1 the1 #cc ,social intercourse1 the erotic element in1 #aha ,socialism and free love1 #bdi-bea ,society for the ,suppression of ,venereal ,diseases1 ,german1 #cgd 8,sodomie03 ,german use of this term defined and explained1 #fdj1 #fda ,sodomy4 ,see ,pderasty1 ,pdication1 and ,pdophilia definition of the term1 #fda ,soft chancre1 #cef1 #cfd ,soldiers1 homosexual1 #eja public-houses for uranian soldiers1 #eah ,sore throat1 syphilitic1 #cfj ,soutenage1 #djj ,spasm1 vaginal4 ,see ,vaginismus ,spaying1 #gjf ,speech3 its relations to love1 #ij ,spencer's law1 #ee1 #ef1 #fd ,spermatorrha1 #dbe1 #dci ,spermatozoa1 #i1 #aj1 #ga1 #gb1 #eed1 #gje ,sphere1 sexual1 in women1 #hd ,spirit1 the way of1 in love1 ,chapters ,,vi41 ,,vii41 and ,,viii41 pp4 #id-agf ,spiritual development1 inward1 love regarded as1 #bdh ,spiritual procreation1 #beb ,spiritualized sensuality1 #bec ,spirochaete pallida1 #ceg ,sponges1 security1 #gjd ,stages1 sexual1 intermediate1 #dii1 #eca 8,stallions10 #cac ,statues1 fornicatory acts with1 #fdg-fdi ,stature1 sexual differences in1 #fa ,stays4 ,see ,corset ,stercoraires platoniques1 #fec ,sterility1 in women1 #adf1 #cfe in men1 #cfe1 #ddb artificial1 #gje et seq4 ,see also ,preventive measures facultative1 #fii ,stigmata of degeneration1 #dee1 #ffd-ffe 8,stimulating rings0 and similar apparatus1 #dfg1 #gjd ,stimuli1 sensory4 ,see ,sensory stimuli ,street-arabs1 ,parisian1 effeminate1 #fja ,street-prostitution1 #cci ,stroke1 apoplectic1 in syphilis1 #cfa ,succubi1 #aai1 #abj ,suggestibility1 comparative1 of men and women1 #gd ,suggestion3 its significance in the vita sexualis1 #daf1 #dfe1 #fee-fef ,suicide1 #gbg ,sulphur-baths in the 8after-treatment0 of syphilis1 #chg-chh ,superstition1 sexual1 #ajc1 #fcc1 #fdc1 #fej ,supply of prostitutes in large towns in excess of the demand1 #cba et seq4 ,sweets1 fondness for1 in relation to sexuality1 #cd ,swindlers1 #gbh ,synsthetic stimuli1 #dfd ,synthetic human being1 #ga ,syphilis1 as a cause of sexual perversions1 #dgf congenital1 #cfb hereditaria tarda1 #cfc in apes1 #ceg in belletristic literature1 #gdh innocentium1 #cec late1 #cfc origin of1 #cea-cef protozoal cause of1 #ceg treatment1 #chc-chh ,syphilitic psoriasis1 #cfj ,t ,tabes as a sequel of syphilis1 #cfa1 #dgf ,talent1 the breeding of1 #gaf-gag ,taste in relation to the vita sexualis1 #cc1 #cd ,tattooing1 from erotic motives1 #acc-acg forensic significance of1 #ffe1 #fff ,teeth1 the1 in congenital syphilis1 #cfe ,temple prostitution1 #ajd1 #aje ,temporary marriage1 #bda1 #bdb ,tension1 sexual1 #df1 #dh1 #dad1 #fgi4 ,see also ,prelibido ,tension1 sexual1 relief of1 #dg ,testicles1 in relation to the brain1 #ib ,tetragamy1 ,schopenhauer's essay on1 #bdf-bdh ,theatres1 variety1 #cdc-cdd 8,theologiens mammillaires10 #abb 8,third sex40 ,see ,sex1 third1 the ,throat1 sore4 ,see ,sore throat ,tickling and sexual sensibility1 #dc1 #dd1 #de ,tight-lacing1 results of1 #aeg1 #aeh 8,tingel-tangel10 #cdc-cdd ,tobacco3 its use an occasional cause of impotence1 #ddd ,tom-cat1 fornicatory act with1 #fde ,torture chambers1 #eha-ehb ,totem1 #aic1 #aid ,touch4 ,see also ,contact1 sexual importance of1 #cj-cc1 #de ,town-life in relation to prostitution1 #cba ,toxins1 sexual1 #dg1 #dad1 #ecb-ecc ,trade in articles of immoral use1 #gbb ,trade1 the white slave1 #ccf-cch ,traders in girls1 #ccg ,traffic in girls1 #ccf-cch ,tress-cutters4 ,see ,plait-cutters ,trials1 scandalous1 #gbh ,tribadism1 #dhi1 #ebd-ecj definition of1 #fda ,tropical clothing1 #aci ,tropical frenzy1 #eff-efg ,trousers1 wearing of1 in relation to masturbation1 #dbf-dbg ,tuberculosis3 its relation to the sexual life1 #dgf ,type1 ideal1 of humanity1 #ef1 #eg ,typical marriages1 one hundred1 #bba-bbg ,u ,ugliness1 sexual passion and1 #ahc ,uncleanliness1 ceremonial1 #acj ,underclothing1 fetichism1 #fbi ,unio mystica1 #aji-aaj ,union1 free4 ,see ,free love and ,free marriage ,uranism1 #dhi ,urminde1 #ebe ,urning1 #dih ,urnings' balls1 #eah et seq4 ,urolagnia1 #ehc1 #fbe-fbf ,urinary organs3 their relation to the reproductive organs1 #da1 #db ,v ,vaginal douching1 #gjd ,vaginal muscles1 #dcc ,vaginal spasm4 ,see ,vaginismus ,vaginismus1 #dcc1 #dcd ,vampirism1 #ege1 #fdj ,vaporization1 #gje ,variability1 sexual1 #ef1 #fd1 #gg ,variety1 sexual1 need for1 #acc1 #aib1 #bje1 #dfc et seq4 ,variety theatres1 #cdc-cdd ,venereal diseases1 #cjf-cjg1 #cdi-cgj prophylaxis of1 #cga-chc treatment of1 #chc-cib statistics of1 #cib-cif ,venereal ulcer1 #cef1 #cfd 8,venus apparatus10 the1 #gje 8,venus im ,pelz10 #aej ,venus statuaria1 #fdg-fdh ,vera-enthusiasm1 #fgc ,verbal sadism4 ,see ,sadism1 verbal ,vertugale1 #adg1 #adh ,vestige of primitive civilization1 mercenary marriage a1 #bab ,violation1 #gjg ,virginity1 disesteem for1 in primitive races1 #ajd1 #aia ,virile urnings1 #eja ,visions1 sexual1 #aae ,vitalizing influence of eroticism1 #ahb ,vitriol-throwing1 #ege ,vocabularia erotica1 #egh ,voice1 the3 its sexual significance1 #ce-cf of urnings1 #ejj ,voice fetichism1 #fbg ,voluptuousness1 #dc-de ,voyeurs1 #feb-fec ,voyeuses1 #feb-fec ,w ,washes1 antiseptic1 #cha ,way of the spirit in love1 ,chapters ,,vi41 ,,vii41 and ,,viii41 pp4 #id-agf ,weak-mindedness of women1 physiological1 #dj ,weight of body4 ,see ,body-weight ,weltschmerz1 erotic1 the different varieties of1 #afg-afh1 #efa ,whipping of children1 dangers of1 #egj ,whites1 the4 ,see ,fluor albus ,white slave trade1 the1 #ccf-cch 8,wife1 the free10 #bdb ,wife-lending and wife-exchange1 #aid ,wig-collectors1 #faf ,wild love1 #bha-cjb distinguished from free love1 #aih1 #bba1 #bcf-bch1 #bha ,will1 education of the1 #fee-feg1 #fhj1 #fhi-fia diseases of the1 #dbc1 #fee ,witchcraft1 sexual element in belief therein1 #aah-aba1 #dhc ,woman1 hair of1 #bd demeanour during coitus1 #di1 #ej primitive character and comparative simplicity of feminine nature1 #ef greater suggestibility of1 #gd emotivity of1 #ge1 #gf magical and mysterious nature of1 #gh1 #aai sexual sensibility in1 #hc-hf tattooing of1 #acf-acg change of type with progressive civilization1 #aeg et seq4 types of beauty1 modern1 #aha-ahc masturbation in1 #dah nymphomania in1 #dbi-dcb frigidity in1 #dcc-dce pollutions in1 #dci-ddj sexual neurasthenia in1 #dea flagellantism in1 #egc masochism in1 #ehf poisoning by1 #ege bestiality in1 #fde power of resistance to degeneration1 #gag 8,woman and ,socialism10 #bea ,woman's question1 the1 #eh1 #ei1 #gi et seq41 #ebi1 #gdg ,women1 economic independence of1 #bea diseases of1 #cfg ,women-men1 #ede ,y ,yohimbin1 #dej ,young ,germany1 the love-problems of1 #agb-age ,z ,zoophilia1 #fdj-fdc4 ,see also ,bestiality ,rebman ,limited1 #abi1 ,shaftesbury ,avenue1 ,w4 ,c4 ,,published ,,by ,,messrs4 ,,rebman ,,limited #abi ,,shaftesbury ,,avenue ,,london1 ,w4,c4 ,,the ,,sexual ,,question ,a ,scientific1 ,psychological1 ,hygienic and ,sociological ,study for the ,cultured ,classes4 ,by ,,august ,,forel1 ,m4,d41 ,,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,formerly ,professor of ,psychiatry at and ,director of the ,insane ,asylum in ,zrich 7,switzerland74 ,english ,adaptation by ,c4 ,f4 ,,marshall1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,c4,s41 ,late ,assistant-,surgeon to the ,hospital for ,diseases of the ,skin1 ,london4 ,royal #hvo4 ,with #bc ,illustrations1 #ag of which are printed in colours4 ,cloth1 #eej pages1 price #bas4 net4 ,,extract ,,from ,,author',s ,,preface ,,to ,,the ,,first ,,german ,,edition4 ,this book is the fruit of long experience and reflection4 ,it has two fundamental ideas--the study of nature1 and the study of the psychology of man in health and in disease4 ,to harmonize the aspirations of human nature and the data of the sociology of the different human races and the different epochs of history1 with the results of natural science and the laws of mental and sexual evolution which these have revealed to us1 is a task which has become more and more necessary at the present day4 ,it is our duty to our descendants to contribute as far as is in our power to its accomplishment4 ,in recognition of the immense progress of education which we owe to the sweat1 the blood1 and often to the martyrdom of our predecessors1 it behoves us to prepare for our children a life more happy than ours4 ,,translator',s ,,preface4 ,professor ,forel is well known to ,english readers through the medium of ,english translations of his other works on ,psychiatry and kindred subjects4 ,the present work has already been translated into several ,european languages4 ,whether we agree with all ,professor ,forel's conclusions or not1 we must admit that he has dealt with a difficult and delicate subject in a masterly and scientific manner4 ,,contents3 ,i4 -- ,the ,reproduction of ,living ,beings -- ,history of the ,germ -- ,cell-,division -- ,parthenogenesis -- ,conjugation -- ,mneme -- ,embryonic ,development -- ,differences of ,sexes -- ,castration -- ,hermaphrodism -- ,heredity -- ,blastophthoria4 ,,ii4 -- ,the ,evolution or ,descent of ,living ,beings4 ,,iii4 -- ,natural ,conditions of ,mechanism of ,human ,coitus -- ,pregnancy -- ,correlative ,sexual ,characters4 ,,iv4 -- ,the ,sexual ,appetite in ,man and ,woman -- ,flirtation4 ,v4 -- ,love and other ,irradiations of the ,sexual ,appetite in the ,human ,mind -- ,psychic ,irradiations of ,love in ,man3 ,procreative ,instinct1 ,jealousy1 ,sexual ,braggardism1 ,pornographic ,spirit1 ,sexual ,hypocrisy1 ,prudery and ,modesty1 ,old ,bachelors -- ,psychic ,irradiations of ,love in ,woman3 ,old ,maids1 ,passiveness and ,desire1 ,abandon and ,exaltation1 ,desire for ,domination1 ,petticoat ,government1 ,desire of ,maternity and ,maternal ,love1 ,routine and ,infatuation1 ,jealousy1 ,dissimulation1 ,coquetry1 ,prudery and ,modesty -- ,fetichism and ,anti-,fetichism -- ,psychological ,relations of ,love to ,religion4 ,,vi4 -- ,ethnology and ,history of the ,sexual ,life of ,man and of ,marriage -- ,origin of ,marriage -- ,antiquity of ,matrimonial ,institutions -- ,criticism of the ,doctrine of ,promiscuity -- ,marriage and ,celibacy -- ,sexual ,advances and ,demands of ,marriage -- ,methods of ,attraction -- ,liberty of ,choice -- ,sexual ,selection -- ,law of ,resemblance -- ,hybrids -- ,prohibition of ,consanguineous ,marriages -- ,rle of ,sentiment and ,calculation in ,sexual ,selection -- ,marriage by ,purchase -- ,decadence of ,marriage by ,purchase -- ,dowry -- ,nuptial ,ceremonies -- ,forms of ,marriage -- ,duration of ,marriage -- ,history of ,extra-,nuptial ,sexual ,intercourse4 ,,vii4 -- ,sexual ,evolution -- ,phylogeny and ,ontogeny of ,sexual ,life4 ,,viii4 -- ,sexual ,pathology -- ,pathology of the ,sexual ,organs -- ,venereal ,disease -- ,sexual ,psychology -- ,reflex ,anomalies -- ,psychic ,impotence -- ,sexual ,paradoxy -- ,sexual ,ansthesia -- ,sexual ,hypersthesia -- ,masturbation and ,onanism -- ,perversions of the ,sexual ,appetite3 ,sadism1 ,masochism1 ,fetichism1 ,exhibitionism1 ,homosexual ,love1 ,sexual ,inversion1 ,pederosis1 ,sodomy -- ,sexual ,anomalies in the ,insane and ,psychopathic -- ,effects of ,alcohol on the ,sexual ,appetite -- ,sexual ,anomalies by ,suggestion and ,auto-,suggestion -- ,sexual ,perversions due to ,habit4 ,,ix4 -- ,the ,rle of ,suggestion in ,sexual ,life -- ,amorous ,intoxication4 ,x4 -- ,the ,relations of the ,sexual ,question to ,money and ,property -- ,prostitution1 ,proxenetism and ,venal ,concubinage4 ,,xi4 -- ,the ,influence of ,environment on ,sexual ,life -- ,influence of ,climate -- ,town and ,country ,life -- ,vagabondage -- ,americanism -- ,saloons and ,alcohol -- ,riches and ,poverty -- ,rank and ,social ,position -- ,individual ,life -- ,boarding ,schools4 ,,xii4 -- ,religion and ,sexual ,life4 ,,xiii4 -- ,rights in ,sexual ,life -- ,civil ,law -- ,penal ,law -- ,a ,medico-,legal ,case4 ,,xiv4 -- ,medicine and ,sexual ,life -- ,prostitution -- ,sexual ,hygiene -- ,extra-,nuptial ,intercourse -- ,medical ,advice -- ,means of ,regulating or ,preventing ,conception -- ,hygiene of ,marriage -- ,hygiene of ,pregnancy -- ,medical ,advice as to ,marriage -- ,medical ,secrecy -- ,artificial ,abortion -- ,treatment of ,sexual ,disorders4 ,,xv4 -- ,sexual ,morality4 ,,xvi4 -- ,the ,sexual ,question in ,politics and in ,political ,economy4 ,,xvii4 -- ,the ,sexual ,question in ,pedagogy4 ,,xviii4 -- ,the ,sexual ,question in ,art4 ,,xix4 -- ,conclusions -- ,utopian ,ideas on the ,ideal ,marriage of the ,future -- ,bibliographical ,remarks4 ,,marriage ,,and ,,disease ,being an ,abridged ,edition of 8,health and ,disease in ,relation to ,marriage and the ,married ,state40 ,edited by ,prof4 ,h4 ,,senator and ,dr4 ,s4 ,,kaminer4 ,translated from the ,german by ,j4 ,,dulberg1 ,m4,d41 ,j4,p4 7of ,manchester74 ,demy #hvo41 #deb pages4 ,cloth1 price #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,a quarter of a century has elapsed since ,francis ,galton1 in his 8,inquiries into ,human ,faculty10 drew attention to the urgent need for the foundation of a science and practice of 8,eugenics10 that is1 the improvement of the human stock4 8,health and ,disease in ,relation to ,marriage and the ,married ,state10 edited by ,senator and ,kaminer1 undoubtedly occupies a very high place among recent works devoted to the elucidation of certain aspects of this important topic1 and in the abridged edition an adaptation has been prepared for the enlightenment of the thinking portion of the public on pathological questions in relation to marriage and the married state1 and from which all purely technical and professional matter has been excluded4 ,at a time when such questions as the decline of the birth-rate1 the sterilization of the degenerate1 the restriction of indiscriminate marriages1 the voluntary limitation of families1 and so forth1 form subjects of daily debate and newspaper articles1 it is of the greatest advantage that every man and woman who either contemplates or has embarked on matrimony should be as well acquainted1 as the limits of our conventionality permit1 with the medical or hygienic aspect of marriage4 ,to give some idea of the scope of this absorbingly interesting work1 we append the chapter headings4 ,these apply to the unabridged as well as to the abridged edition at present under review4 ,i4 -- ,introduction4 ,,ii4 -- ,the ,hygiene of ,marriage4 ,,iii4 -- ,congenital and ,inherited ,diseases and ,predispositions to ,disease4 ,,iv4 -- ,consanguinity and ,marriage4 ,v4 -- ,climate1 ,race1 and ,nationality in ,relation to ,marriage4 ,,vi4 -- ,sexual ,hygiene4 ,,vii4 -- ,menstruation1 ,pregnancy1 ,child-bed and ,lactation4 ,,viii4 -- ,constitutional 7,metabolic7 ,diseases4 ,,ix4 -- ,diseases of the ,blood4 ,x4 -- ,diseases of the ,vascular ,system4 ,,xi4 -- ,diseases of the ,respiratory ,organs4 ,,xii4 -- ,diseases of the ,organs of ,digestion4 ,,xiii4 -- ,diseases of the ,kidneys4 ,,xiv4 -- ,gonorrhal ,diseases4 ,,xv4 -- 7a7 ,syphilis4 ,,xvi4 -- 7b7 ,diseases of the ,skin4 ,,xvii4 -- ,diseases of the ,organs of ,locomotion4 ,,xviii4 -- ,diseases of the ,eyes in ,relation to ,marriage1 with special regard to ,heredity4 ,,xix4 -- ,diseases of the ,lower ,uro-,genital ,organs and ,physical ,impotence4 ,,xx4 -- ,diseases of ,women1 including ,sterility4 ,,xxi4 -- ,diseases of the ,nervous ,system4 ,,xxii4 -- ,insanity4 ,,xxiii4 -- ,perverse ,sexual ,sensations and ,psychical ,impotence4 ,,xxiv4 -- ,alcoholism and ,morphinism4 ,,xxv4 -- ,occupational ,injuries4 ,,xxvi4 -- ,medico-,professional ,secrecy4 ,,xxvii4 -- ,the ,economic ,importance of ,sanitary ,conditions4 ,brief as is this sketch of the abridged edition1 it will suffice1 in conjunction with the following extracts from a few of the many highly laudatory reviews1 to show how valuable the work will be to parents and guardians1 family advisers1 whether lawyers or clergymen1 schoolmasters and schoolmistresses1 as well as to those who are already married1 and to those who are contemplating marriage4 ,,the ,,lancet says3 8,the progress of sociological investigation in modern times has caused increased attention to be paid to questions of health in relation to marriage and the propagation of the human race1 and anything which helps to spread abroad an intelligent appreciation of the dangers incurred1 not only by individuals who enter on the married state1 but also by their offspring1 from the existence of many forms of disease must be regarded as a public benefit4 ,the present book is an attempt to make available for general consumption the gist of the larger work from which it is taken4444 ,the material contained in the book is most valuable1 and a study of it should be useful to those capable of appreciating it44440 ,,public ,,health says3 8,it is cleanly1 even when dealing with most difficult subjects1 and it is a storehouse of information on points on which hygienists are expected to be well informed40 ,,the ,,scottish ,,medical ,,journal says3 8,as a guide for the general public many of the articles are well adapted to fulfil their object40 ,,the ,,daily ,,dispatch says3 8444 every work that helps to enlightenment is to be welcomed so long as it comes with credentials as to its honesty and guarantees that it is not merely a device for making money out of ignorance4 #8,marriage and ,disease' has all the essential claims to consideration4 ,dr4 ,dulberg has very ably condensed the larger manual into one of #dej pages1 containing #bg chapters4 ,the volume is of absorbing interest1 not only for its arguments and conclusions1 but also1 and perhaps mainly1 for the wealth of information it contains on matrimonial and sex questions in all countries and climes40 ,from the ,twelfth ,german ,edition4 ,,psychopathia ,,sexualis ,with ,special ,reference to ,antipathic ,sexual ,instinct4 ,a ,medico-,forensic ,study by the late ,dr4 ,r4 ,,von ,,krafft-,,ebing1 ,professor of ,psychiatry and ,neurology1 ,university of ,vienna4 ,only authorized ,translation4 7,this is the last edition revised by the late author himself47 ,this book is sold only to the ,members of the ,medical1 ,legal and ,clerical ,professions4 ,royal #hvo41 with ,portrait of ,author1 containing #ehc pages4 ,cloth1 price #bas4 net4 ,this new translation contains much new matter and a great many new cases not referred to in former editions4 ,the book will be found to be an invaluable aid to the medical practitioner in properly diagnosing certain cases which may be puzzling under ordinary circumstances2 whilst in the law courts it will often assist in properly discriminating between crime and insanity or hidden neuropathic affections1 thus saving the accused from miscarriage of justice and the court from committing a judicial crime4 ,in the ,press4 ,,the ,,sexual ,,life ,,of ,,woman ,a ,physiological1 ,pathological1 and ,hygienic ,study4 ,by ,dr4 ,e4 ,,heinrich ,,kisch1 ,professor at the ,german ,faculty of the ,university of ,prague1 etc4 ,only authorized ,translation by ,m4 ,,eden ,,paul1 ,m4,d4 ,brux41 ,m4,r4,c4,s41 ,l4,r4,c4,p4 ,super ,royal #hvo41 about #gjj pages1 with #ig ,illustrations4 ,cloth1 price about #bas4 net4 ,the ,pasteurisation and ,sterilisation of ,milk4 ,by ,,albert ,e4 ,,bell1 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s41 ,district ,analyst for ,dorset1 ,lecturer on ,chemistry at ,westminster ,college1 ,london4 ,crown #hvo41 #ej pp4 ,price #as4 #f;d4 net4 ,in writing this little book1 the author has been actuated by a desire to bring home to those interested in dairy work the vital importance of sterilising milk1 and to set before them those methods by which this may be most cheaply and effectively accomplished4 ,the author has also endeavoured to avoid the use of such technical terms as would be likely to be unintelligible to the average reader4 8444 ,the book will be read by the lay reader with advantage1 since it points out the dangers arising from infected milk and the advantages of sterilised milk40--,lancet4 8444 ,the author has produced a handbook that will be found intelligible even to those having only an elementary knowledge of dairying44440--,dairy ,world4 ,introduction to ,infectious and ,parasitic ,diseases4 ,including their ,cause and ,manner of ,transmission4 ,by ,,millard ,,langfeld1 ,a4,b41 ,m4,b4 7,johns ,hopkins ,university71 ,bacteriologist to the ,omaha ,city ,board of ,health1 etc4 ,just ,published4 #abmo41 #bgf pp4 ,with #cc ,illustrations4 ,cloth4 ,price #es4 #f;d4 net4 ,a clear description of the fundamental principles of the causation and manner of transmission of ,infectious ,disease1 written for that large and increasing number of persons who are directly or indirectly interested in this important subject4 ,it includes chapters on ,bacteriology1 ,animal ,parasites1 and ,disinfectants and ,disinfection4 ,effort has been made to avoid speculation and to adhere only to accepted doctrines4 ,the author has carefully abstained from the use of terms and the discussion of questions unintelligible to the general reader4 ,tuberculosis as a ,disease of the ,masses1 and ,how to ,combat ,it4 ,prize ,essay by ,s4 ,a4 ,,knopf1 ,m4,d41 of ,new ,york4 ,adapted for use in ,england by ,j4 ,m4 ,,barbour1 ,m4,b41 ,m4,o4,h41 ,isle of ,man4 ,demy #hvo41 #gf pp4 ,paper ,covers4 ,illustrated4 ,price #as4 #a;d4 net 7inclusive of postage74 ,the ,international ,congress to ,combat ,tuberculosis as a ,disease of the ,masses1 which was convened at ,berlin1 ,may #bdth to #bgth1 #ahii1 awarded the ,international ,prize to this work4 8,worthy of an extensive circulation40--,british ,medical ,journal4 8,an excellent treatise40--,nature4 ,the ,hygiene of the ,lung4 ,by ,prof4 ,dr4 ,l4 ,,von ,,schr,,tter1 ,director of the ,third ,medical ,clinic in the ,university of ,vienna4 ,translated by ,h4 ,w4 ,,armit1 ,m4,r4,c4,s41 ,l4,r4,c4,p4 ,this little work is intended to lay before the uninitiated reader 7and also before the practitioner7 the anatomical and physiological characteristics of the organs of respiration1 and the best methods of protecting these organs4 ,it deals with the more common ailments1 and with the rational treatments not only of the affected parts but also of the causal agents1 thus combining an elementary prophylaxis4 ,in the most readable manner possible this little book tells a useful story of the healthy and diseased lungs1 a story which the practitioner who reads it will not despise1 and which he will find of great value to give to his patient to read4 ,crown #hvo41 #acf pp4 ,with #af ,illustrations1 cloth1 price #bs4 net4 ,lateral ,curvature of the ,spine and ,round ,shoulders4 ,a ,book for those interested in ,physical ,culture1 ,correction of ,bodily ,deformity1 etc4 ,by ,,robert ,w4 ,,lovett1 ,m4,d4 ,boston4 ,demy #hvo41 #ahh pp4 ,with #aed ,illustrations1 cloth1 price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,hypnotism2 or1 ,suggestion and ,psychotherapy4 ,a ,study of the ,psychological1 ,psycho-,physiological and ,therapeutic ,aspects of ,hypnotism4 ,by ,dr4 ,,august ,,forel1 formerly ,professor of ,psychiatry and ,director of the ,provincial ,lunatic ,asylum1 ,zrich4 ,translated from the ,fifth ,german ,edition by ,h4 ,w4 ,,armit1 ,m4,r4,c4,s41 ,l4,r4,c4,p4 ,the importance of studying the functional aspects of thought and other psychical exercises is becoming more evident every year4 ,large ,crown #hvo41 #chb pp41 cloth1 price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,the ,effects of ,tropical ,light on ,white ,men4 ,by ,major ,,chas4 ,e4 ,e4 ,,woodruff1 ,m4,a41 ,m4,d41 ,surgeon1 ,united ,states ,army4 ,this work had its origin in the theory of von ,schmaedel1 that skin pigmentation of man was evolved for the purpose of excluding the dangerous actinic or short rays of light which destroy living protoplasm4 ,it is a step in the ,conquest of the ,tropics4 ,demy #hvo41 #ceh pp41 cloth1 price #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,vitality1 ,fasting1 and ,nutrition4 ,a ,physiological ,study of the curative power of fasting1 together with a new theory of the relation of food to human vitality4 ,by ,,hereward ,,carrington1 ,member of the ,society for ,psychical ,research1 ,london1 etc4 ,with an ,introduction by ,a4 ,,rabagliati1 ,m4,a41 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,c4,s4 ,royal #hvo41 #gjj pp41 cloth1 price #bas4 net4 ,food and ,hygiene4 ,a ,scientific ,book written in simple language4 ,by ,,william ,,tibbles1 ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,l4,r4,c4,p41 ,m4,r4,c4,s41 ,l4,s4,a41 ,medical ,officer of ,health1 ,fellow of the ,royal ,institute of ,public ,health1 etc4 ,large ,crown #hvo41 #fhd pp41 cloth1 price #hs4 net4 ,agricultural ,bacteriology4 ,including a ,study of ,bacteria as ,relating to ,agriculture1 with ,special ,reference to the ,bacteria in ,soil1 in the ,dairy1 in ,food ,products1 in ,domestic ,animals1 and in ,sewage4 ,by ,h4 ,w4 ,,conn1 ,ph4,d41 ,professor of ,biology1 ,wesleyan ,university1 ,middletown1 ,conn4 #abmo41 #dab pp4 ,illustrated1 cloth1 price #aas4 net4 ,bacteria in ,milk and its ,products4 ,designed for the use of ,students in ,dairying1 and for all others concerned in the ,handling of ,milk1 ,butter1 or ,cheese4 ,by ,h4 ,w4 ,,conn1 ,ph4,d41 ,author of 8,agricultural ,bacteriology10 etc41 etc4 #abmo41 #cjf pp41 with #dc ,illustrations1 cloth1 price #fs4 net4 ,a ,dictionary of ,medicine and the ,allied ,sciences4 ,comprising the ,pronunciation1 ,derivation1 and full ,explanation of ,medical1 ,pharmaceutical1 ,dental and ,veterinary ,terms2 together with much collateral descriptive matter1 numerous tables1 etc4 ,by ,,alexander ,,duane1 ,m4,d41 ,reviser of ,medical ,terms for ,webster's ,international ,dictionary4 ,fourth ,edition1 with an ,appendix1 completely revised4 ,buckram1 original price #ads4 net1 now reduced to #is4 net4 ,entomology4 ,with ,special ,references to its ,biological and ,economic ,aspects4 ,by ,,justus ,,watson ,,folsom1 ,d4,sc4 7,harv471 ,instructor in ,entomology at the ,university of ,illinois4 #cjj ,illustrations1 #dhe pp41 cloth1 price #ads4 net4 ,a ,book for every ,library4 ,biographic ,clinics3 ,the ,origin of the ,ill-,health of ,de ,quincey1 ,carlyle1 ,darwin1 ,huxley1 and ,browning 7,vol4 #a472 ,the ,origin of the ,ill-,health of ,george ,eliot1 ,george ,henry ,lewes1 ,wagner1 ,parkman1 ,jane ,welch1 ,carlyle1 ,spencer1 ,whittier1 ,margaret ,fuller ,ossoli1 and ,nietzsche 7,vol4 ,,ii472 and ,vols4 ,,iii41 ,,iv41 and ,v4--,visual ,function and ,health4 ,essays concerning the ,influence of ,visual ,function1 ,pathologic and ,physiologic4 ,by ,,george ,m4 ,,gould1 ,m4,a41 ,m4,d4 ,five crown #hvo4 volumes 7sold separately74 ,price per volume1 bound in cloth1 #ds4 each net4 ,the ,theory of ,ions4 ,a ,consideration of its place in ,biology and ,therapeutics4 ,by ,,william ,,tibbles1 ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,l4,r4,c4,p41 ,author of 8,food and ,hygiene40 ,just ,ready4 ,crown #hvo41 #aej pp41 cloth1 price #bs4 #f;d4 net4 ,to be ,issued in ,october1 #aijh4 ,the ,hidden ,church of the ,holy ,graal3 ,its ,legends and ,symbolism4 ,considered in their ,affinity with certain ,mysteries of ,initiation and other ,traces of a ,secret ,tradition in ,christian ,times4 ,by ,,arthur ,,edward ,,waite4 ,orders received by the ,publishers in advance of publication1 and accompanied by a remittance1 will be executed until further notice at #abs4 #f;d4 net4 ,the ,publishers reserve to themselves the right to increase the price on or before publication4 7,orders may be given through any bookseller47 ,the work is now passing through the press and will be issued in ,october1 #aijh4 ,copies will be sent to subscribers immediately on publication4 ,monism8 ,an ,antidote to ,prof4 ,haeckel's 8,the ,riddle of the ,universe40 ,by ,s4 ,,ph4 ,,marcus1 ,m4,d41 of ,pyrmont4 ,translated by ,r4 ,w4 ,,felkin1 ,m4,d41 etc4 ,crown #hvo41 #add pp41 paper covers1 price #as4 net2 by post1 #as4 #b;d4 ,,novels ,,from ,,messrs4 ,,rebman',s ,,list ,a ,,daughter ,,of ,,belial4 ,a ,sensational ,novel4 ,by ,,basil ,,tozer4 #fs4 8444 ,it has1 in fact1 kept us from work longer than we like40--,times4 ,,the ,,wife4 ,a ,story of ,smart ,suburban and ,homely ,aristocratic ,life4 ,by ,,horace ,w4 ,c4 ,,newte1 ,author of 8,the ,master ,beast40 #fs4 8,it leaves an impression444 and there is a good deal of clever satire and humour to be found in it40--,times4 ,,morag ,,the ,,seal4 ,a ,fascinating ,west ,highland ,romance4 ,by ,j4 ,w4 ,,brodie ,,innes4 #fs4 8,a weird1 well-handled romance40--,times4 ,,the ,,master ,,beast4 ,a4,d4 #ahhh-bjbj ,a ,peep into the ,future4 ,by ,,horace ,w4 ,c4 ,,newte4 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 8,a veritable triumph40--,western ,morning ,news4 ,,the ,,irony ,,of ,,marriage4 ,a ,cynical ,indictment of ,modern ,marriage and its 8,methods40 ,by ,,basil ,,tozer4 ,with an ,introductory ,note by ,dr4 ,c4 ,w4 ,,saleeby1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,edin4 #as4 net1 by post #as4 #b;d4 ,complete ,catalogue and ,descriptive ,circulars sent post free on request4 ,,london3 ,,rebman ,,ltd41 #abi ,,shaftesbury ,,avenue1 ,w4,c4 ,transcriber's ,notes ,the original language has been retained14 including inconsistent spelling and hyphenation1 except as listed below4 ,accents and diacriticals in ,french or ,german words and names have not been corrected1 unless listed below4 ,depending on the hard- and software used to read this text and their settings1 not all elements may display as intended4 ,footnotes numbers #cje_/cjf and #cba_/cbb are each referenced twice on the same page in the source document4 ,index of names3 there are no pages xi or xii4 ,several entries have been moved to be in alphabetical order4 ,page #ccg1 footnote #cjj1 pp4 #eca-cee3 as printed2 should possibly be #cea-cee or #eca-ece4 ,page #eae1 ,rue des ,veuves3 possibly an error for ,alle des ,veuves as elsewhere4 ,page #ege1 professional female prisoners3 possibly an error for professional female poisoners4 ,page #gga1 entry ,kaliske3 possibly an error for ,kolisko4 ,page #ggc1 entry ,ludwig1 ,philipp1 there is no page number in the source document2 this entry is possibly a reference to ,louis ,philippe4 ,page #ghc1 entry ,letter3 the reason for the referral to ,condom is not clear4 ,page #ghe1 entry ,onanism1 a cause of sexual exhibitionism3 no page numbers listed4 ,entry ,obscenity3 there is no page #gid2 the concept is defined and discussed in ,chapter ,,xxx 7page #gbi et seq474 ,page #ghg1 entry ,queue3 there is no entry ,plait1 the link goes to ,plait-cutters4 ,page #ghh1 entry ,selection1 natural3 there is no entry ,natural selection4 ,changes made ,footnotes have been moved to the end of the chapter to which they belong1 and have been numbered sequntially4 ,references to footnotes have been re-numbered according to the footnote numbering in this text4 ,minor obvious typographical and punctuation errors have been corrected silently4 ,vossiche and ,vossische ,zeitung have been standardised to ,vossische ,zeitung4 ,the ,errata have already been included in the text4 ,page #c and #d3 ,schopenhaur changed to ,schopenhauer 7#cx7 ,page #cb3,skkingen changed to ,sckingen ,page #aaj3 ,kaufeuren changed to ,kaufbeuren ,page #aea3 ,clo de ,merode changed to ,clo de ,mrode ,page #ahh1 footnote #aee3 ,die ,umschan changed to ,die ,umschau ,page #bbj3 opening quote mark added before ,divorce is not 444 ,page #bfh3 ,sohney changed to ,sohnrey ,page #bib1 footnote #bcg3 opening bracket added before woman ,page #ccj3 ,oda ,oldberg changed to ,oda ,olberg 7#bx7 ,page #daa3 ,prosner changed to ,posner ,page #dcj3 ,trelat changed to ,trlat ,page #dcf1 closing bracket added after ,lyons1 #aeej ,page #ddc1 closing bracket added after glans penis ,page #dfg1 footnote #dgc3 ,natur und ,volkerkunde changed to ,natur- und ,volkerkunde ,page #dgg1 footnote #dfb3 ,elberfield changed to ,elberfeld ,page #dhj3 ,friedlander changed to ,friedlnder ,page #ecc3 ,krehls changed to ,krehl ,page #ehd3 ,another prostitute reports3 considered part of the body text1 not of the surrounding quotes ,page #fdf1 footnote #fed3 opening bracket added after l',homme ,page #fed3 closing quote mark inserted after 444 stimulated imagination ,page #fgg3 schmachet changed to schmachtet ,page #gfg3 page number #hfc changed to #fhc 7entry von ,basedow7 ,page #ggi3 page number #hhi changed to #fhi 7entry ,character1 education of the7 ,indexes3 some spelling has been standardised 7either in the text or in the index74