,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,und]scores 80 be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate italics 9 ! orig9al text4 ,small capitals h be5 conv]t$ to ,,solid capitals4 ,illu/rations h be5 mov$ s !y d n break up p>agraphs4 ,old or antiquat$ spell+s h be5 pres]v$4 ,typographical errors h be5 sil5tly correct$ b o!r v>iations 9 spell+ & punctuation rema9 unalt]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,five ,,classes ,,( ,,inv]tebral ,,animals ,,describ$ ,,9 ,,?is ,,volume ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,%ells2 ,,conta9+ ,,! ,,classes ,,mollusca1 ,,con*if]a1 ,,cirrhip$a1 ,,annulata1 ,,& ,,cru/acea4 ,,publi%$ ,,"u ,,! ,,direction ,,( ,,! ,,committee ,,( ,,g5]al ,,lit]ature ,,& ,,education1 ,,appo9t$ ,,by ,,! ,,society ,,= ,,promot+ ,,*ri/ian ,,k4 ,,! ,,second ,,edition4 ,,london3 ,,john ,w4 ,,p>k]1 ,,we/ ,,/r&4 ,m4,,dccc4,,xxxvii4 ,,to ,,! ,,read]4 ,9 describ+ t portion ( ! sy/em ( ,natural ,hi/ory :i* embraces ! ,,v]tebral ,,animals1--namely1 ! ,mammalia1 ! ,birds1 ! ,reptiles1 & ! ,fi%es1--! arrangem5t ( ! ,,b>on ,,cuvi] 0 adopt$4 ,9 ! pres5t little volume1 z well z 9 two o!rs t are to foll[1 & :i*1 toge!r1 w comprise ! ,,inv]tebral ,,animals1 ! me?od ( ,m4 ,,lam>ck w be adh]$ to4 ,x is true1 t1 s9ce ! works ( t naturali/ 7 publi%$1 _m deviations f c]ta9 p>ts ( 8 sy/em h tak5 place1 "s ( :i* h receiv$ ! sanction ( ! highe/ names2 b /ill1 z a :ole1 ,lam>ck's ,sy/em rema9s unrivall$1 & ! "y naturali/ c readily add to ! in=mation x conta9s1 by ref]5ce to ! works ( m rec5t au?ors1 9 case he has suffici5t incl9ation & indu/ry to foll[ out ! subject4 ,,cont5ts4 ,page ,introductory ,*apt] #i ,class ,,mollusca #ad ,ord] ,,het]opoda #ae ,! ,glassy ,c>9>ia #ae ,ord] ,,cephalopoda #af ,! ,cuttle ,fi% #ag ,argonaut #bj ,pe>ly ,nautilus #bb ,ord] ,,tra*elipoda #bf ,! ,m>ble ,cone #bg ,porphyry ,olive ,%ell #bh ,money ,c[rie #bi ,diadem ,:orl ,%ell #ca ,common ,columbella #ca ,music ,h>p ,%ell #cb ,wide-,m\!d ,purpura #cc ,spott$ ,scorpion ,%ell #cg ,v>iegat$ ,sea-,trumpet #ci ,caniculat$ ,pe>-,%ell #dj ,babylonian ,split-,m\? #dj ,m>ble ,turban-,%ell #da ,imp]ial ,top-,%ell #da ,preci\s ,scal>ia #db ,iris ,e>-,%ell #dc ,du/y ,n]it9a #dd ,vivip>\s ,palud9a #dd ,lymna ,/agnalis #de ,horn-%ap$ ,planorbis #df ,r$-m\!d ,bulimus #df ,mummy ,puppet ,%ell #dg ,wood ,snail #dg ,ord] ,,ga/]opoda #ea ,! ,r$ ,slug #ea ,woodlike ,bulla #ec ,nail-%ap$ ,crepidula #ed ,m$it]ranean ,umbrella #ed ,cl\d$ ,fissurella #ed ,hung>ian ,bonnet ,%ell #ee ,scaly ,*iton #ef ,class ,,con*if]a #eg ,ord] ,,unimusculosa #fd ,! ,horse-,foot ,b[l ,%ell #fd ,oy/] #fe ,great ,comb ,%ell #fh ,pe>l ,oy/] #fi ,hamm] ,oy/] #gg ,r\gh ,p9na #gg ,common ,mussel #gi ,giant ,tridacna #ha ,ord] ,,bimusculosa #hb ,! ,fre%-,wat] ,mussel #hc ,he>t-%ap$ ,isoc>dia #hd ,w$ge-%ap$ ,donax #he ,%ea? ,sol5 #he ,date-%ap$ ,pholas #hg ,%ip-,worm #hi ,class ,,cirrhip$a #ia ,ord] ,,cirrhip$a ,,p$unculata #ib ,! ,smoo? ,b>nacle #ib ,ord] ,,cirrhip$a ,,s$5t>ia #id ,! ,acorn-,%ell #id ,class ,,annulata #ig ,ord] ,,annulata ,,s$5t>ia #ih ,! ,magnific5t ,amphitrite #ih ,ord] ,,annulata ,,ant5nata #ajj ,! ,s&-,worm ( ! ,fi%]m5 #ajj ,blood-col\r$ ,leodice #ajj ,sp9\s ,sea-,m\se #ajb ,ord] ,,annulata ,,apoda #ajb ,! ,common ,e>?-,worm #ajc ,m$ic9al ,lee* #ajf ,class ,,cru/acea #aae ,ord] ,,cru/acea ,,homobran*i #aae ,! ,crab ,tribe #aag ,l& ,crab #abd ,h]mit ,crab #abg ,lob/] #acj ,riv] ,cray-,fi% #aca ,phosphoresc5t ,%rimp #acb ,opossum ,%rimp #acd ,ord] ,,cru/acea ,,het]obran*i #acg ,! ,spott$ ,squill #acg ,common ,cloportus #ach ,molucca ,crab #adb ,crab-l ,limulus #add ,wat] ,flea #add ,small ,wat] ,flea #adg ,hairy ,cypris #adh ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,%ells4 ,,introductory ,,*apt]4 ,9 review+ ! fir/ ,,division ( ! animal k+dom1 namely1 ! v]tebral animals1 we _c fail to h be5 delight$ ) ! wond]ful & appropriate faculties be/[$ ^u ea* individual2 b1 beautiful & well adapt$ to ! use ( _! possessors z ^! faculties may h appe>$1 our pleasure mu/ be /ill great] 9 trac+ ! p[]s ) :i* ^? creatures are end[$1 :i* con/itute :at we h be5 accu/om$ to call ! l[] ord]s ( animat$ nature4 ,:5 contemplat+ ! graceful =m ( ! horse or ! /ag1 or ! beautiful plumage ( ! fea!r$ tribes1 or :5 we notice ! t]rific appe>ance ( ! crocodile1 or ! elaborate f9i% & metallic lu/re ( ! scales ( fi%es1 we are l$ to expect t equal c>e has be5 be/[$ ^u ! re/ ( ! organization ( ! diff]5t individuals1 & t equal att5tion has be5 paid to ! v>i\s in/9cts & p[]s t are necess>y to _! pres]vation2 b :5 we obs]ve a snail1 or a worm1 & comp>e _! m simple appe>ance1 & ! p]fect abs5ce ( :at we h be5 accu/om$ to consid] ! organs ( motion1 namely1 feet & h&s1 we are apt to look on !m z hav+ be5 creat$ = "s v subord9ate purpose1 &1 !re=e1 less c>efully =m$ ?an ! v]tebral animals4 ,h[ mu* great] !n mu/ be our delight1 :5 we f9d !m possess$ ( e p[] necess>y to _! /ate ( exi/5ce1 z beautifully develop$1 & z c>efully adapt$ to _! necessities1 z ! highe/ in/9cts ( o!r classes are to _! possessors4 ,nor is _! organization to be consid]$ less p]fect1 because we are unable to trace x 9 all its ramifications2 ! m9ute bran*es ( ! n]ves ( ! human body are1 n only invisible to ! nak$ eye1 b ev5 to ! mo/ acute obs]v] :5 assi/$ by ! magnify+ p[] ( ! microscope1 b we are c]ta9 t !y d exi/1 f ! pa9 we feel :5 !y are injur$4 ,until lately1 ! ,infusoria1 ^? microscopic animals t are f\nd 9 infusions ( vegetable sub/ances 9 wat]1 7 suppos$ to be possess$ ( nei!r n]ves nor /oma*1 & to be f$ by absorption2 b ! +5i\s exp]im5ts ( a le>n$ =eign] h prov$1 t1 in/ead ( be+ )\t a /oma*1 !y are provid$ ) z _m z five or six3 x is true1 t ! n]ves h n yet be5 detect$1 b we h a "r to inf] _! exi/5ce f _! effects2 s t ^! m9ute creatures1 :i* we h be5 accu/om$ to consid] z ne>ly de/itute ( organs1 are1 9 fact1 beautifully =m$1 & z p]fect 9 _! k9d z any o!r ( ! ,creator's works4 ,! second ,,division ( ! objects ( natural hi/ory1 namely1 ! ,,inv]tebral animals1 :i* we h n[ to describe1 are plac$ by !mselves1 on acc\nt ( _! be+ )\t an int]nal skeleton1 consi/+ ( a s]ies ( v]tebr1 or bones ( ! back4 ,?is di/9ction is expla9$ 9 ! introductory *apt] to ! ,book ( ,animals4 ,!y h be5 sep>at$1 by ,lam>ck1 into ,elev5 ,,classes1 namely3-- #a4 ,,mollusca1 7s(t-bodi$ animals17 9 g5]al cov]$ ) a %ell2 z1 = in/ance1 a snail2 or )\t a %ell1 z a slug4 #b4 ,,con*if]a1 7%ell-be>+ animals17 ) a %ell1 consi/+ ( two valves1 z an oy/] or mussel4 #c4 ,,cirrhip$a1 7) feet l cirri1 or hairs47 ,! inhabitant ( ! acorn-%ell1 f\nd on ! back ( ! l>g] k9d ( %ell-fi%1 c41 is an in/ance ( ?is class4 #d4 ,,annelida1 7) body =m$ ( r+s27 ( ?is class ! lee* & ! e>?-worm are in/ances4 #e4 ,,cru/acea1 7cov]$ ) a h>d case17 crabs1 lob/]s1 c4 #f4 ,,ara*nid1 ,spid]s4 #g4 ,,insecta1 ,insects4 ,a p]fect insect has always six legs4 #h4 ,,tunicata1 7enclos$ 9 a case ( a lea!ry consi/5ce47 #i4 ,,v]mes1 ,worms4 ,) l5g!n$ body )\t divisions2 = in/ance1 worms f\nd 9 ! inte/9es4 #aj4 ,,radi>i1 7radiat$ animals17 ) ! diff]5t p>ts ( :i* !y are =m$ arrang$ l rays r\nd "o common c5tre2 z1 = in/ance1 ! ,/>-fi%4 #aa4 ,,polypi1 7_m feet47 ,! animal t =ms ! ,coral is a ,polypus4 #ab4 ,,infusoria1 7,infusory animals47 ,^! are f\nd 9 infusions ( vegetable sub/ances 9 wat]1 & are1 9 g5]al1 too small to be visible to ! nak$ eye4 ,9 ! pres5t little book we %all treat ( ! fir/ five ( ^! ,classes4 ,! ,mollusc\s animals are1 on acc\nt ( _! organization1 plac$ fir/ among ! inv]tebral animals1 a few ( ! species resembl+1 9 "s respects1 ! m simply-=m$ fi%es4 ,! sy/ematic arrangem5t ( ! ,mollusc\s animals1 consid]$ n only z reg>ds _! %ells1 b hav+ ref]5ce also to ! anatomical di/9ctions ( ! creatures !mselves1 is a mod]n /udy4 ,9 anci5t au?ors we m]ely f9d a few scatt]$ facts1 ! beauty ( ! %ells attract+ _! notice m ?an ! value or nature ( ! animals4 ,al?\gh1 at ! fir/ glance1 ! inhabitants ( %ells appe> to be be+s ( a v un9t]e/+ nature1 a due consid]ation ( ! valuable prop]ties ( _m1 & ! usefulness ( all1 w enable u to p]ceive1 t1 reg>d+ !m m]ely 9 an int]e/$ po9t ( view1 !y are wor?y ( ! /ricte/ att5tion ( ! naturali/4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! :ole ( !m af=d food = ! diff]5t species ( fi%1 & o!r inhabitants ( ! deep4 ,! ,tyrian dye1 ! royal purple ( ! anci5ts1 0 produc$ by ! inhabitant ( a small univalve %ell1 ( ! g5us ,purpura4 ,t beautiful ornam5t 9 dress1 ! ori5tal pe>l1 is ! consequ5ce ( disease 9 a species ( mussel1 & ! inn] portion ( ! %ell ( ! same animal1 is ! well-kn[n sub/ance1 "m-(-pe>l4 ,a k9d ( silk is obta9$ f ! be>d ( ! p9na1 :i*1 9 "s places1 is made into gloves4 ,z an article ( food we may m5tion ! well-kn[n oy/]1 ! mussel1 scallop1 c41 & "s ( ! l>g] k9ds =m no small portion ( ! subsi/5ce ( ! natives ( ! ,s\?-,sea ,isl&s1 & ! ,negro population 9 ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,! ,t]$o navalis1 or %ip-worm1 has1 by its de/ructive p[]s1 ru9$ ! noble/ vessels1 & r5d]$ useless ! timb]s1 on :i* _m ( ! con/ructions 9 h>b\rs ma9ly dep5d = security2 on ?is acc\nt great att5tion has be5 be/[$ on its natural hi/ory & habits4 ,! b>nacle1 :i* atta*es itself to ! bottoms ( %ips1 r5d]s ! planks s f\l1 z to int]f]e mat]ially ) ! rate ( sail+ ( ! vessel itself4 ,^! are only a few ( ! useful & noxi\s qualities ( ^! inhabitants ( ! deep4 ,! %ell ) :i* a ,mollusc\s animal is cov]$1 is absolutely necess>y to protect its delicate body f injury2 ?is %ell is1 9 g5]al1 compos$ ( mu* ! same sub/ances z bone2 b ! bone ( a bird1 or quadrup$1 is =m$ by ! ag5cy ( ! blood1 & ! p>ticles ( :i* x is compos$ are deposit$ by t fluid1 & aga9 tak5 up & re/or$ to ! circulation1 a circum/ance :i* does n take place 9 ! sub/ance ( a %ell4 ,! %ell is =m$ by ! deposition ( lay] ^u lay]1 9 ! c\rse ( ! gr[? ( ! animal1 & ! ridges we p]ceive on _m %ells1 po9t out _! p]iodical increase4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig #a4 ,fig #b4 ,x w be necess>y1 :5 describ+ ! di/9ctions betwe5 %ells ( diff]5t g5]a1 to use sev]al t]ms1 :i* w1 unless prop]ly def9$1 be1 p]haps1 un9telligible to "y p4 ,! annex$ diagrams w expla9 ! mean+ ( ^? ( mo/ frequ5t occurr5ce among ! ,mollusca4 ,fig4 #a1 repres5ts a univalve %ell2 fig4 #b1 ano!r %ell1 ( ! same division1 cut ?r\gh ! middle1 = ! purpose ( %[+ ! columella1 or pill>4 ,_m %ells1 z1 = in/ance1 ! p]iw9kle1 7,turbo vulg>is17 h :at is call$ an op]culum1 7a lid17 :i* closes ! op5+1 & protects ! inhabitant f injury4 ,9 ! case ( ! p]iw9kle1 ?is lid is ( horny nature1 b1 9 _m species x is h>d & solid1 l ! %ell itself4 ,,class ,,mollusca4 ,9 notic+ ! animal ( a univalve %ell1 ! "p :i* m readily attracts ! att5tion is ! mantle1 :i* cov]s ! head ( ! creature1 some?+ l a hood2 x v>ies mu* 9 =m & size 9 diff]5t g5]a4 ,! eyes1 :i* 9 ! sepia are amaz+ly l>ge & brilliant1 are v m9ute 9 mo/ ( ! o!r tribes1 al?\gh !y are frequ5tly visible1 & w\ld appe>1 f _! =mation1 to be ( little use z organs ( sight2 inde$1 x is suppos$1 t 9 ! snail !y are devot$ to ! s5se ( smell+4 ,! organs ( motion 9 ! ,mollusca1 accord+ to _! diff]5t =m & position1 give names to mo/ ( ! ord]s2 ^! consi/ ( muscul> expansions ( ! body1 by means ( :i* ! animal swims or drags itself along ! gr\nd4 ,! gills1 or brea?+ app>atus1 are situat$ int]nally1 & communicate ) ! air or wat]1 by means ( a small canal op5+ outw>dly4 ,! m\? is usually conceal$ f view :5 ! creature is at re/2 9 "s1 ?is organ is furni%$ ) a h>d sub/ance1 :i* supplies ! place ( tee?1 :ile1 9 o!rs1 x is 9 ! =m ( a project+ tube4 ,! greate/ portion ( ^! creatures are produc$ 9 ! wat]1 ! tribes t inhabit t elem5t1 exce$+ by f> ^? t are to be f\nd ^u ! l&4 ,! ,mollusc\s animals h be5 sep>at$ into ! five foll[+ ,ord]s3-- #a4 ,,het]opoda1 7) feet1 or organs ( motion1 n uni=m 9 all species47 #b4 ,,cephalopoda1 7) feet1 or organs ( motion1 atta*$ to ! head47 #c4 ,,tra*elipoda1 7) feet1 or organs ( motion1 atta*$ to ! neck1 ne> ! gills47 #d4 ,,ga/]opoda1 7) feet1 or organs ( motion1 atta*$ to ! /oma*47 #e4 ,,pt]opoda1 7) feet1 or organs ( motion1 l w+s47 ,,ord] ,,het]opoda4 ,! creatures belong+ to ?is ord]1 says ,lam>ck may be consid]$ z ! fir/ ve/iges ( ! appe>ance ( a s]ies ( m>9e animals1 int]m$iate 9 _! =mation betwe5 ! fi%es & ! ,cephalopods2 !y are all natives ( hot climates1 & possess a body ( a jelly-l sub/ance1 & s transp>5t z to be se5 ) difficulty :5 float+ 9 ! wat]4 ,!y d n all possess %ells1 & are less kn[n ?an !y o!rwise w\ld be1 on acc\nt ( ! great difficulty !re is 9 pres]v+ !m4 ,,! ,,glassy ,,c>9>ia1 7,c>9>ia vitrea47 ,?is s+ul> animal is r>ely tak51 on acc\nt ( its delicate & p]i%able sub/ance2 x is f\nd 9 ! ,s\!rn ,ocean4 ,x w be se51 on ref]r+ to ! engrav+1 t ! %ell :i* x be>s m]ely cov]s a portion ( its body1 t 9 :i* ! mo/ mat]ial organs ( ! animal are f\nd1 namely1 ! he>t & ! bran*i1 or organs ( brea?+4 ,^! are mo/ curi\sly plac$ on ! upp] "p ( its body1 project+ f x & protect$ by a delicately :ite & transp>5t %ell1 %ap$ l a little cap1 & ( a sub/ance resembl+ glass4 ,! creature is able to enl>ge its body by fill+ x ) wat]1 & 9 swimm+ ! back is und]mo/4 ,! %ell1 :i* seldom exce$s an in* 9 l5g?1 has be5 s\ght aft] by collectors ) great assiduity1 & has1 at times1 fet*$ z mu* z t5 gu9eas at a sale2 a p]fect specim5 is v r>ely met )4 ,!re is a wax model ( "o ( ^! %ells 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ne>ly two in*es wide4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,glassy ,,c>9>ia1 7,c>9>ia vitrea47 ,,ord] ,,cephalopoda4 ,! ,cephalopods h be5 s nam$ by ,cuvi]1 f be+ furni%$ ) a k9d ( in>ticulat$ arms :i* surr\nd ! head4 ,we f9d among ?is class "s ( ! mo/ s+ul> productions ( ! wat]s2 !y diff] mat]ially f ea* o!r1 & h be5 sep>at$ into ?ree gr\ps2 fir/1 ^? )\t any ext]nal %ell1 z ! ,sepia2 secondly1 ! inhabitants ( a %ell )\t any divisions1 z ! ,argonaut2 &1 ?irdly1 ^? ^: %ell is divid$ into num]\s *amb]s1 z ! ,nautilus4 ,,! ,,cuttle ,,fi%1 7,sepia (fic9alis47 ,! ,cuttle ,fi%1 ( :i* !re are _m diff]5t species1 is a native ( all ! temp]ate & tropical seas4 ,its body is1 9 g5]al1 ( an irregul> oval %ape1 & ( a jelly-l sub/ance1 & usually cov]$ ) a co>se sk91 hav+ ! appe>ance ( lea!r4 ,unlike all o!r inhabitants ( ! wat] :i* are )\t a backbone1 ! ,sepia possesses two l>ge & brilliant eyes1 cov]$ ) a h>d transp>5t sub/ance4 ,! ,cuttle ,fi%1 figur$ 9 ! engrav+1 is furni%$ 9 front ) eight arms or feel]s1 ) :i* x grapples ) its enemy1 or conveys its prey to its m\?4 ,^! arms are mo/ curi\sly con/ruct$1 & af=d x ample means ( def5ce2 !y possess 9 !mselves a /rong muscul> p[]1 & ?is is mat]ially assi/$ by num]\s cups or suck]s1 plac$ along ! :ole ( _! inn] surface1 ) :i* !y fa/5 !mselves to any object !y come 9 contact )4 ,^! feel]s appe> to be also endu$ ) "s peculi> p[]1 ( a galvanic nature2 s9ce ! pa9 :i* !y inflict does n cease = a long "t aft] ! removal ( ! animal1 leav+ a k9d ( /++ s5sation1 l t produc$ by nettles1 :i* rema9s = _m h\rs1 & is foll[$ by a tr\blesome irritation & it*+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,cuttle ,,fi%4 ,illu/ration3 ,,beak ,,( ,a ,,cephalopod4 ,! size to :i* ?is creature gr[s has be5 v>i\sly /at$2 &1 al?\gh evid5tly exagg]at$ by "s au?ors1 !re c be no d\bt t x atta9s a v consid]able magnitude4 ,:5 attack$ 9 its own elem5t1 x has be5 kn[n1 ev5 9 ! seas ( temp]ate latitudes1 capable ( ov]com+ a p[]ful ma/iff4 ,! jaws ( all ?is tribe are1 likewise1 extremely /rong1 =m$ l ! beak ( a p>rot1 & v h>d4 ,9 addition to ^! means ( def5ce1 x possesses )9 its body a bladd]1 conta9+ an inky-col\r$ fluid1 :i* x has ! p[] ( ?r[+ out at w1 &1 by ?us discol\r+ ! wat]1 x escapes ! pursuit ( its enemies4 ,?is inky liquid1 :5 dri$1 =ms a v valuable col\r1 us$ by arti/s1 & call$1 aft] ! animal1 ,sepia4 ,! eggs ( ! female are ( an oval =m1 & jo9$ to ea* o!r 9 clu/]s4 ,!y are ( ! size ( filb]ts1 ( a black col\r1 & commonly kn[n by ! "n ( ,sea ,grapes4 ,!y are f\nd atta*$ to sea-we$1 rocks1 & o!r m>9e sub/ances4 ,! ,cuttle ,fi% g5]ally rema9s ) its body 9 "s hole 9 a rock1 :ile its arms are ext5d$ 9 e direction1 to seize ! w&]] t may *ance to pass its place ( ambu%4 ,its appetite is voraci\s1 & x seizes z its prey e liv+ ?+ t x has ! p[] to conqu]4 ,! species figur$ 9 ! engrav+ is v common on ! ,engli% coa/s1 & ! bone :i* is enclos$ 9 its body is frequ5tly f\nd on ! s&s2 x is a well-kn[n sub/ance1 & mu* employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( too?-p[d]4 ,?is bone1 :i*1 ) ! exception ( ! jaws1 is ! only solid "p 9 ! ,sepia1 diff]s 9 %ape 9 ! diff]5t species1 b is always some:at oval 9 its =m1 ?\gh v>y+ consid]ably 9 texture4 ,,! ,,argonaut1 7,argonauta argo47 ,! t5d] ,nautilus t /e]s its pr[1 ,! sea-born sailor 9 its light canoe4 99 99 99 99 99 ,he1 :5 ! lightn+-w+$ tornadoes sweep ,! surge1 is safe2 8 home is 9 ! deep4 ,he triumphs o'er ! armadas ( mank9d1 ,t %ake ! _w1 b tremble 9 ! w9d4 ,! curi\s inhabitant ( ?is elegant %ell has1 f ! e>lie/ ages1 excit$ ! admiration ( ! /ud5t 9 natural hi/ory2 &1 at ! same "t1 its real place 9 ! sy/em has elud$ ! rese>* ( ! mo/ acute obs]v]s4 ,! animal agrees1 9 _m po9ts1 ) ! sepia1 or cuttle fi%1 :i* nev] possesses a %elly cov]+1 s t1 _h x be5 f\nd )\t t beautiful addition1 naturali/s w\ld h ref]r$ x1 )\t hesitation1 to t p>ticul> division ( ! dwell]s 9 ! deep2 x is1 h[ev]1 always met ) along ) ! %ell2 &1 al?\gh !re appe>s to be no bond ( union betwe5 ! t5ant & its dwell+1 /ill ! purposes to :i* x applies x1 imply1 at any rate1 a long-cont9u$ occupancy1 if !y d n absolutely po9t out ! ,nautilus z ! orig9al ar*itect ( ! %ell4 ,! "n ,argonaut has be5 appli$ to ?is sea-born navigator f its resemblance1 :5 float+ on ! surface ( ! waves1 to a vessel 9 full sail1 ,argo be+ ! "n ( ! %ip1 :i* 0 suppos$ to h be5 ! fir/ fitt$ out = comm]cial adv5ture4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,argonaut1 ,,or ,,pap] ,,nautilus4 ,9 calm ,summ] days1 ^! beautiful little creatures may be se51 9 consid]able numb]s1 /e]+ _! little b>ks on ! surface ( ! wat]s ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,! words ( ! anci5t ,roman naturali/1 ,pl9y1 give a pleas+ description ( its habits4 8,among ! pr9cipal miracles ( nature10 says he1 8is ! animal call$ ,nautilos1 or ,pompilos3 x asc5ds to ! surface ( ! sea1 9 a sup9e po/ure1 &1 gradually rais+ itself up1 =ces out1 by means ( its tube1 all ! wat] f its %ell1 9 ord] t x may swim m readily2 !n1 ?r[+ back ! two =emo/ arms1 x displays betwe5 !m a membrane ( wond]ful t5uity1 :i* acts z a sail1 :ile1 ) ! rema9+ arms1 x r[s itself along1 ! tail 9 ! middle act+ z a helm to direct its c\rse1 & ?us x pursues its voyage2 &1 if al>m$ by any appe>ance ( dang]1 takes 9 ! wat] & desc5ds40 ,al?\gh ! ,argonaut has nev] yet be5 discov]$ atta*$ to its %ell1 "s obs]vations :i* h be5 rec5tly made on ! ,pe>ly ,nautilus1 :i* v ne>ly resembles x1 h almo/ prov$ t su* a connexion does really exi/4 ,b :e!r ! %ell is =m$ by itself1 or only us$ to assi/ ! creature 9 its movem5ts1 ! in/9ct display$ is n ! less wond]ful1 or wor?y ( obs]vation4 ,! ,m$it]ranean1 & w>m] p>ts ( ! ,atlantic1 ab\nd 9 ^! int]e/+ animals1 & "o species is also f\nd 9 ! ,indian ,ocean4 ,,! ,,pe>ly ,,nautilus1 7,nautilus pompilius47 ,! inhabitant ( ?is s+ul> %ell _h long be5 s\ght aft] ) eag]ness by naturali/s1 & x is only )9 ^! few ye>s t its true nature has be5 asc]ta9$4 ,we are indebt$ = ?is k to ! rese>*es ( ! late ,mr4 ,george ,b5net1 :o1 :ile engag$ 9 a voyage among ! ,polynesian ,isl&s1 captur$ a specim5 conta9+ a liv+ animal1 :i* 0 br\ght to ,engl&1 & is n[ deposit$ 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,royal ,college ( ,surgeons 9 ,london4 ,! %ell ( ! ,nautilus1 z may be se5 by ! engrav+1 is divid$ into num]\s cells4 ,! use ( ^! cells to ! animal we are n[ describ+1 0 =m]ly n well und]/ood1 b !y 7 suppos$ to be employ$1 by _! inhabitant1 = ! purpose ( ris+ or s9k+ 9 ! ,wat] at w4 ,! body ( ?is ,cephalopod1 x w be se51 only occupies ! out] cell ( its habitation1 its increas$ size hav+ r5d]$ x too l>ge to rema9 9 t prec$+ x4 ,if1 z ! animal des]t$ its small] t5em5ts1 "o aft] ! o!r1 !y _h be5 fill$1 up ) solid matt]1 ! %ell w\ld h become too cumb]some = its own]2 s t we h "h ano!r pro( ( ! provid+ c>e ( ! ,creator4 ,we %all describe1 9 ,mr4 ,b5net's own words1 ! capture ( ?is int]e/+ object4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,pe>ly ,,nautilus1 ,%[+ ! ,animal1 & a ,section ( its ,%ell4 8,x 0 on ! tw5ty-f\r? ( ,augu/1 #ahbi1 7calm & f9e wea!r1 !rmomet] at noon #gi17 9 ! ev5+1 :5 ! %ip ,sophia 0 ly+ at an*or1 9 ,m>ak9i ,bay1 on ! s\?-we/ side ( ! isl& ( ,erromanga1 "o ( ! ,new ,hebrides gr\p1 ,s\!rn ,pacific ,ocean1 t some?+ 0 se5 float+ on ! surface ( ! wat]1 at "s di/ance f ! %ip2 to _m x appe>$ l a small dead tortoise-%ell cat1 :i* w\ld h be5 su* an unusual object 9 ?is "p ( ! _w1 t ! boat1 :i* 0 alongside ( ! %ip at ! "t1 0 s5t = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ ! nature ( ! float+ object40 8,on approa*+ ne>1 x 0 obs]v$ to be ! %ell-fi%1 commonly kn[n by ! "n ( ! ,pe>ly ,nautilus3 x 0 captur$ & br\ght on bo>d2 b ! %ell 0 %att]$ f hav+ be5 /ruck ) ! boat-hook1 9 tak+ x1 z ! animal 0 s9k+ :5 ! boat approa*$1 &1 _h x n be5 s damag$1 x w\ld h escap$4 ,i extract$ ! fi% 9 a p]fect /ate1 :i* 0 firmly atta*$ to ea* side ( ! cavity ( ! %ell40 ,! hood has be5 /at$ by ,dr4 ,%aw1 z be+ 8( a pale1 r$di%-purple col\r1 ) deep] sports & v>iegations10 ! col\r1 h[ev]1 z x appe>$ 9 ?is rec5t specim51 0 ( a d>k r$di%-br[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,%ell ,,( ,,! ,,nautilus2 ,,& ,,! ,,sea-,,p51 ,,or ,,int]nal ,,%ell ,,( ,,! ,,loligo4 ,al?\gh ?is is ! only in/ance ( ! animal itself hav+ be5 br\ght to ?is c\ntry1 !re is b little d\bt ( its hav+ be5 frequ5tly tak51 b z ! %ell 0 ! object ( ! captors1 & n its inhabitant ! latt] has be5 ?r[n away z useless4 ,an (fice 9 8 ,maje/y's ,navy f\nd a ,nautilus 9 a hole 9 a reef ( rocks1 ne> an isl& on ! ,ea/]n coa/ ( ,africa2 ! mantle ( ! fi%1 l a ?9 membrane1 cov]$ ! %ell1 :i* 0 drawn 9 z soon z x 0 t\*$1 & ! elegant %ell 0 !n display$4 8,i & o!rs10 says ! same in=mant1 8:5 x 0 fir/ se5 did n notice x1 reg>d+ ! animal1 z ! membrane envelop$ ! %ell1 m]ely z a piece ( blubb]2 b hav+ t\*$ x by accid5t1 ! membran\s cov]+ 0 drawn 91 & we soon secur$ our beautiful prize40 ,rumphius1 a ,g]man naturali/1 appe>s to h be5 acqua9t$ ) its habits2 he says1 8,:5 he ?us floats ^u ! wat]1 he puts out 8 head1 & all 8 b>bs1 & spreads !m on ! wat]1 ) ! poop ( ! %ell above wat]3 b at ! bottom he creeps 9 a rev]se position1 ) 8 boat above him1 & ) 8 head & b>bs ^u ! gr\nd1 mak+ a tol]ably quick progress4 ,he keeps himself *iefly on ! gr\nd1 creep+ sometimes also into ! nets ( ! fi%]m53 b aft] a /orm1 z ! wea!r becomes calm1 !y are se5 9 troops float+ on ! wat]1 be+ driv5 up by ! agitation ( ! waves4 ,?is sail+1 h[ev]1 is n ( long cont9uance1 = hav+ tak5 9 all _! t5tacles1 !y upset _! boat1 & s return to ! bottom40 ,,ord] ,,tra*elipoda4 ,! ,tra*elipodes conta9 by f> ! l>ge/ portion ( ! univalve %ells1 & are mo/ly inhabitants ( ! wat]s4 ,!y =m two num]\s gr\ps1 ! fe$]s on animal food1 7,zoophagi17 & ^? t exi/ on vegetable sub/ances1 7,phytophagi47 ,! animal fe$]s are well di/+ui%$ f ! o!r gr\p1 by hav+ a m\? )\t jaws1 be+ furni%$ ) a tube :i* !y c retract or advance at pleasure1 = ! purpose ( suck+ _! nutrim5t f ! bodies ( o!r inhabitants ( ! deep4 ,! animal fe$]s are also kn[n f ! o!r section by ! possession ( a project+ tube call$ a siphon1 :i* conveys ! wat] to ! gills4 ,! %ell also po9ts out to :i* section its possessor belong$1 f ! l[] "p ( its op5+ be+ =m$ ei!r into a sort ( canal1 or a groove = ! reception ( its siphon4 ,!y are all m>9e animals1 & brea! wat]4 ,! fle%-eat+ tribes compose five families4 ,,family ,,convoluta1 7roll$ up l a scroll47 ,,family ,,columell>ia1 7di/+ui%$ by a plait$ columella47 ,,family ,,purpurif]a1 7yield+ a purple col\r47 ,,family ,,alata1 7w+$47 ,,family ,,canalif]a 7hav+ a canal at ! base ( ! op5+47 ,,family ,,convoluta4 ,! convolut$ %ells conta9 b few g5]a2 b ^! are v ri* 9 species1 & furni% u ) "s ( ! mo/ beautiful specim5s ( ?is class4 ,,fe$]s ,,on ,,animal ,,food1 7,,zoophagi47 ,,! ,,m>ble ,,cone1 7,conus m>moreus47 ,lam>ck notices no less ?an #aha rec5t species ( ! ,cone %ell4 ,! ,m>bl$ ,cone figur$ bel[1 is f\nd 9 mo/ ( ! ,asiatic seas1 & is n uncommon2 x is ( a dusky col\r1 & cov]$ ) angul> :ite spots4 ,! section ( ?is %ell po9ts out 9 a rem>kable mann] ! economy & provid5ce ( ! ,creator1 s visible 9 all 8 works4 ,illu/ration3 ,voluta diadema4 ,conus m>moreus4 ,columbella m]catoria4 ,x w be se5 on ref]r+ to ! engrav+1 t ! %ell is mu* ?ick] 9 ! outw>d "p ( its coat ?an 9 any o!r "p2 & ?is exce$+ ?ickness is necess>y = ! protection ( ! s(t body ( its inhabitant4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! gr[? ( ! animal ! %ell is enl>g$1 & t "p t 0 ext]nal becomes int]nal1 ! la/ made portion ( ! %ell =m+ ! out] wall2 if1 !re=e1 ! inn] "p ( ! %ell reta9$ its orig9al ?ickness1 its weight w\ld become too great = its possessor4 ,to gu>d aga9/ ?is inconv5i5ce1 & ?is useless wa/e ( mat]ial1 ! creature possesses ! p[] ( absorb+ s mu* ( ! sub/ance ( :at n[ becomes ! int]nal portion ( its dwell+ z is unnecess>y = its pres5t use1 & ( re-deposit+ ! same on ! outw>d wall ( its mansion1 :]e /r5g? is mo/ requir$#a4 ,! ,cones1 says ,lam>ck1 are ! mo/ beautiful ( all ! univalve %ells2 ! g5us comprises ! mo/ valuable & ! mo/ rem>kable specim5s ( ?is family1 :e!r we look at ! regul>ity ( _! =m or ! spl5d\r ( _! col\rs4 ,! beauty ( _m1 b1 above all1 ! extreme r>ity ( o!rs1 h giv5 !m a species ( celebrity1 & h caus$ !m to be mu* s\ght aft] by collectors4 ,illu/ration3 ,oliva porphyria4 ,! ,cones are f\nd 9 ! seas ( hot climates1 9 f t5 to twelve fa?om wat]4 ,! animal ( ! ,cones has ! head furni%$ ) two t5tacul1 or horns1 ) ! eyes on ! summits2 !y only inhabit salt wat]s4 ,! g5us ,oliva is di/+ui%$ f ! ,cones by ! groove or canal :i* sep>ates ! turns ( _! spire1 & by ! wr9kles on ! columella4 ,! ,porphyry ,olive is f\nd 9 ! ,s\? ,am]ican ,seas1 on ! ,brazilian coa/1 & is ! mo/ beautiful & ! l>ge/ species ( ! g5us2 x is ( a fle% col\r1 ) num]\s l9es ( a r$di% br[n1 =m+ angul> figures ( v>i\s =ms1 & cov]$ ) irregul>-=m$ spots ( a r$ or m>oon col\r4 ,its l5g? is ne>ly f\r in*es4 ,!re are ne>ly sev5ty species ( ?is beautiful %ell4 ,,! ,,money ,,c[rie1 7,cypra moneta47 ,! ,money ,c[rie ( ,gu9ea is v common on ! ,indian & ,african coa/s2 & is us$ by _m ( ! inhabitants ( ,africa z a circulat+ m$ium2 x is also employ$ = ! same purpose 9 ,h9doo/an1 p>ticul>ly at ,calcutta1 :]e great quantities are obta9$ f ! inhabitants ( ! ,maldive ,isl&s 9 ex*ange = rice4 ,illu/ration3 ,cypra moneta4 ,_m tons ( ,c[ries are annually %ipp$ f ,engl& to ,gu9ea2 ^! hav+ be5 orig9ally br\ght f ! ,maldive ,isl&s to ,b5gal1 & f !nce s5t into ?is c\ntry4 ,! value ( ^! %ells z a circulat+ m$ium dep5ds naturally en\gh on _! great] or less abundance4 ,9 ,b5gal1 9 g5]al1 f #bjjj to #bdjj are equal 9 value to a %ill+4 ,b 9 ,africa !y are mu* de>]1 ab\t #bej be+ valu$ at a %ill+4 ,! ,c[rie %ell is f\nd ( ?ree diff]5t =ms1 accord+ to its age4 ,fir/1 9 its extreme y\?1 :5 ! %ell is extremely imp]fect1 & is l a sl5d] "o1 )\t any appe>ance ( ! usual *>act]s ( ! g5ius4 ,secondly1 :5 half-gr[n2 x !n beg9s to assume ! =m ( ! p]fect %ell1 b is extremely slight1 & col\rless1 & ! po9t ( its spire projects4 ,?irdly1 :5 p]fect2 x has n[ receiv$ a second deposit ( %elly matt]1 9 :i* its specific col\rs appe>1 & its spire is completely hidd54 ,! second deposit ) :i* ! %ell is cov]$1 is secret$ by ! two membran\s w+s ( ! creature's mantle1 :i*1 9 ! adult /ate ( ! animal1 h rapidly increas$ & become extremely l>ge1 s mu* s1 z to be capable ( cov]+ ! :ole ( ! %ell1 :ile ! deposition ( ! new matt] is tak+ place4 ,lam>ck says ! obs]vations ( ! habits ( ?is creature t5d to prove t1 9 addition to ! p[] ( complet+ its %ell1 z we h already notic$1 x c1 :5 its increas$ size has caus$ x to require a new habitation1 des]t its =m] %ell & =m a new "o2 f ?is x happ5s t ! same individual c =m successively _m %ells ( diff]5t sizes1 s t we f9d ! same species bo? l>ge & small4 ,:5 n 9 se>* ( food1 ^! animals are f\nd buri$ 9 ! s&1 at "s di/ance f ! sea-%ore1 9 temp]ate z well z 9 hot climates4 ,,family ,,columell>ia4 ,?is family is di/+ui%$1 f ! next 9 hav+ ! columella plait$1 & a not* at its base4 ,x does n include any %ells ) a plait$ columella1 ! op5+ at ! base be+ entirely smoo?1 t is1 )\t a not*4 ,,! ,,diadem ,,:orl ,,%ell1 7,voluta diadema47 ,! ,diadem ,:orl ,%ell is a v beautiful specim5 ( its g5us2 x is m>bl$ ) :ite ^u a yell[ gr\nd1 b ! m>k+s become ne>ly oblit]at$ by age3 x is z mu* z sev5 in*es 9 l5g?1 & is f\nd 9 ! ,asiatic seas4 ,! head ( ! animal ( ?is %ell has two po9t$ t5tacul1 ) an eye at ! out] base ( ea*4 ,its m\? is a l5g!n$ cyl9drical & retractile tube1 furni%$ ) little hook$ tee?2 x has also a tube to conduct ! wat] to ! bran*i1 spr++ out obliquely beh9d ! head4 ,,! ,,common ,,columbella1 7,columbella m]catoria47 ,! common ,columbella is f\nd 9 ! ,atlantic ,ocean ne> ! isl& ( ,gore1 & 9 ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s2 x is ab\t ?ree qu>t]s ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,x is a sea-%ell1 & is f\nd ^u ! coa/2 x possesses a v small oval op]culum atta*$ to its foot4 ,,family ,,purpurif]a4 ,! not* at ! base ( ! %ells ( ?is family is a k9d ( groove b5t backw>ds & upw>ds1 b n prop]ly =m+ a canal1 all ! g5]a h an op]culum4 ,! "n ,purpurif]a has be5 giv5 to ^! ,tra*elipodes1 because "s ( ! g5]a conta9 9 a peculi> res]voir ! col\r+-matt] ) :i* ! ,romans1 & o!r anci5t nations1 dy$ _! beautiful & well-kn[n purple1 :i* 0 s mu* 9 use be=e ! discov]y ( co*9eal4 ,,! ,,music ,,h>p ,,%ell1 7,h>pa musica47 ,! ,h>p %ells are f\nd 9 ! ,indian seas1 & 9 great abundance also 9 ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,a v curi\s fact appe>s 9 ! hi/ory ( ! animal ( ! ,h>p :i* des]ves notice4 ,x 0 obs]v$ a long "t back by a ,g]man naturali/ nam$ ,bon1 b _h s9ce !n be5 ei!r =gott5 or disbeliev$3 a rec5t travell] has confirm$ its tru?1 al?\gh he notices x z a new discov]y2 x is z foll[s3-- ,illu/ration3 ,h>pa musica4 ,! foot ( ! animal has ! p[] ( divid+ itself into two portions2 & "o1 namely1 ! h9d] portion1 c be sep>at$ f its body by ! animal1 :5 x f9ds itself sudd5ly 9 dang]1 & wi%es to retire into ! deepe/ recess ( its %ell2 on ?is acc\nt x is )\t an op]culum1 :i* w\ld evid5tly be useless1 z x w\ld be lo/ at ! same "t z ! foot4 ,! ,h>ps1 says ,lam>ck1 are v beautiful %ells1 & if !y 7 less common1 w\ld1 on acc\nt ( _! elegant =ms & col\rs1 become valuable 9 a collection4 ,"s species1 h[ev]1 are /ill consid]$ r>e4 ,! ,h>ps take _! "n f ! fanci$ resemblance betwe5 ! regul>ity & direction ( ! ribs on ! %ell1 & ! /r+s ( a h>p4 ,! species are n num]\s1 n exce$+ eight 9 numb]4 ,,! ,,wide-,,m\!d ,,purpura1 7,purpura patula47 ,?is species ( ,purpura is said to be t :i* 0 employ$ by ! ,romans 9 dye+1 b _m o!rs ( ! same family yield a purple col\r+-matt]4 ,x is ne>ly ?ree in*es 9 l5g?1 & is f\nd 9 ! ,atlantic ,ocean & ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,! purple col\r :i* ?is little ,mollusc\s animal produces1 0 discov]$ by ! inhabitants ( ! anci5t city ( ,tyre1 & 0 !nce call$ ! ,tyrian purple4 ,! circum/ances :i* l$ to ! discov]y ( x are v imp]fectly kn[n1 b fiction has suppli$ ! want ( hi/orical facts1 & describ$ its orig9 ) suffici5t m9ut5ess ( detail4 ,accord+ to "o acc\nt1 ! m]it ( its discov]y is due to a dog belong+ to a c]ta9 ,h]cules4 ,we are in=m$ t :5 ?is dog 0 accompany+ 8 ma/] along ! sea-%ore1 :o 0 !n foll[+ ! nymph ,tyros1 ! animal seiz$ "o ( ! ,purpur ly+ on ! s&1 & break+ ! %ell ) 8 tee?1 8 m\? soon became col\r$ ) ! purple juice4 ,! nymph hav+ obs]v$ ! effect1 imm$iately express$ a /rong desire to h a dress dy$ ( ! same beautiful col\r2 & h] lov]1 no less anxi\s to gratify h] wi%es1 at la/ succe$$ 9 discov]+ a me?od ( apply+ x to clo?4 ,?is col\r 0 s highly valu$ by ! anci5ts1 t x 0 ei!r consecrat$ to ! wor%ip ( ! ,deity1 or conceiv$ to be fit only = ! g>m5ts ( royalty4 ,"u ! ,mosaic disp5sation1 ! /uffs = ! s]vice ( ! alt> & ! habits ( ! high-prie/ 7 enjo9$ to be ( purple4 ,! ,babylonians devot$ ?is col\r to ! dress ( _! idols1 & mo/ ( ! o!r nations ( antiquity appe> to h done ! same ?+4 ,pl9y in=ms u t x 0 us$ by ,romulus & ! succe$+ k+s ( ,rome1 z well z by ! consuls & fir/ magi/rates "u ! republic4 ,! ,roman emp]ors at la/ appropriat$ x entirely to _! own use1 & d5\nc$ ! puni%m5t ( dea? aga9/ ^? :o %\ld d>e to we> x1 al?\gh cov]$ ) ano!r col\r4 ,?is absurd & tyrannical re/riction conf9$ ! dye+ ( ! ,tyrian purple to a few individuals1 &1 9 a %ort "t1 ! k ( ! process 0 entirely lo/4 ,9 ! twelf? c5tury1 nei!r ! creature t furni%$ ! dye1 nor ! me?ods :i* ! anci5ts employ$ to communicate to clo?s ! ri* & beautiful purple :i* x af=d$1 7 at all kn[n2 & on ! revival ( le>n+1 x 0 ev5 suspect$ by _m1 t ! acc\nts :i* _h come d[n to u respect+ ?is celebrat$ col\r 7 entirely fabul\s4 ,accord+ to ,pl9y1 ! ,tyrians remov$ ! f9e/ col\r+-matt] out ( ! l>ge/ %ells1 9 ord] to possess x 9 a m pure /ate1 & to extract x m effectually1 b obta9$ ! col\r f ! small] by gr9d+ !m 9 mills4 ,he adds1 t :5 ! ,purpur 7 caught1 ! receptacle :i* conta9$ ! dye+-liquor 0 tak5 out & laid 9 salt = ?ree days2 & t aft] a suffici5cy ( ! matt] _h be5 collect$1 x 0 boil$ sl[ly 9 lead5 vessels ov] a g5tle fire1 ! workman scumm+ (f f "t to "t ! fle%y impurities4 ,?is process la/$ t5 days1 aft] :i* ! liquor 0 tri$ by dipp+ wool into x1 & if ! col\r produc$ by x 0 defective1 ! boil+ 0 r5ew$4 ,o!r col\r+-matt]s 7 employ$ sometimes to economize1 & at o!r times to v>y ! effect ( ! liquors ( ! ,purpur4 ,among ^! ,pl9y enum]ates ,fucus m>9us1 or ,ar*il1 & ! ,an*usa t9ctoria1 or ,alkanet1 bo? ( :i* are /ill us$ z dyes4 ,by ^! & o!r means1 ! purple col\r 0 made to assume a v>iety ( %ades1 "s incl9+ m to ! blue1 & o!rs to ! crimson4 ,9 mod]n times sev]al attempts h be5 made to obta9 ?is dye2 b ! discov]y ( co*9eal has r5d]$ x a matt] ( little import4 ,9 ! ye> #afhc1 ,mr4 ,william ,cole1 ( ,bri/ol1 be+ at ,m9ehead1 0 told ( a p]son liv+ at a seaport 9 ,irel&1 :o _h made consid]able ga9 by m>k+ ) a delicate & durable crimson col\r1 f9e l95 t 0 s5t to him = t purpose1 & t ?is col\r 0 made f "s liquid sub/ance tak5 f a %ell-fi%4 ,mr4 ,cole1 be+ a lov] ( natural hi/ory1 & hav+ 8 curiosity ?us excit$1 w5t 9 se>* ( ^! %ell-fi%1 &1 aft] try+ v>i\s k9ds )\t success1 he1 at l5g?1 f\nd consid]able quantities ( a species ( bucc9um on ! sea-coa/s ( ,som]set%ire1 & ! opposite coa/s ( ,s\? ,wales4 ,aft] _m ineffectual endeav\rs1 he discov]$ ! col\r+-matt]1 plac$ 9 a :ite ve91 ly+ transv]sely 9 a little furr[1 or cleft1 next to ! head ( ! fi%1 8:i*10 says he1 8mu/ be digg$ out ) ! /iff po9t ( a horse-hair p5cil1 made %ort & tap]+1 by reason ( ! visc\s clamm9ess ( ! :ite liquor 9 ! ve91 t s by its /iffness x may drive 9 ! matt] into ! f9e l95 or :ite silk int5d$ to be m>k$40 ,lett]s or m>ks1 made 9 ?is way1 ) ! :ite liquor 9 "q1 8w pres5tly appe> ( a pleasant gre5 col\r1 &1 if plac$ 9 ! sun1 w *ange into ! foll[+ col\rs1--t is1 if 9 ,w9t]1 ab\t noon1 if 9 ! ,summ]1 an h\r or two aft] sunrise1 or s mu* be=e sett+1 7= 9 ! heat ( ! day1 9 ,summ]1 ! col\rs w come s fa/ t ! succession ( ea* w sc>ce be di/+ui%able17 next to ! fir/ light gre5 w appe> a deep gre51 & 9 a few m9utes ?is w *ange into a full sea-gre51 aft] :i*1 9 a few m9utes m1 x w alt] into a wat*et blue1 & f t1 9 a little "t m1 x w be ( a purpli% r$1 aft] :i*1 ly+ an h\r or two1 7suppos+ ! sun /ill %9+17 x w be ( a v deep purple r$1 beyond :i* ! sun c d no m40 8,b ! la/ & mo/ beautiful col\r1 aft] wa%+ 9 scald+ wat] & soap1 w 7! matt] be+ aga9 expos$ to ! sun or ! w9d to dry17 be a mu* diff]5t col\r f all ^? m5tion$1 t is1 a fair bright crimson1 or ne> to ! pr9ce's col\r1 :i* aft]w>ds1 not)/&+ !re is no /yptic to b9d ! col\r1 w cont9ue ! same1 if well ord]$1 z ,i h f\nd 9 h&k]*iefs t h be5 wa%$ m ?an =ty times1 only x w be some:at alloy$ f :at x 0 aft] ! fir/ wa%+40 ,"s ye>s aft] ?is1 ,raumur discov]$ great numb]s ( a species ( bucc9um1 on ! coa/ ( ,poit\1 & ! /ones1 r\nd :i* !y _h collect$1 7 cov]$ ) small oval masses1 "s ( :i* 7 :ite1 & o!rs ( a yell[i% col\r2 &1 hav+ squeez$ "s ( !m on ! sleeves ( 8 %irt1 9 ab\t half an h\r he f\nd x /a9$ ( a f9e purple col\r1 :i* he 0 unable to dis*>ge by wa%+4 ,9 repeat+ 8 exp]im5t on 8 return home1 he f\nd x 0 necess>y t ! clo? %\ld be expos$ to ! direct rays ( ! sun4 ,! difficulty ( procur+ & pres]v+ a suffici5t numb] ( ^! %ell-fi%1 mu/ always r5d] ! use ( ?is dye v limit$2 b ,dr4 ,bancr(t is ( op9ion1 t x might /ill be r5d]$ b5eficial 9 /a9+ or pr9t+ f9e musl9s1 = :i* purpose b little col\r+-matt] is requir$4 ,no sub/ance1 he rem>ks1 w af=d a sub/antive purple ( equal beauty & durability1 & capable ( be+ appli$ to l95 or cotton ) s mu* simplicity & exp$ition4 ,,family ,,alata4 ,?is family is di/+ui%$1 by hav+ a canal ( v>iable l5g? at ! base ( its op5+1 & by ! fact ( ! "r m>g9 ( ! %ell *ang+ its =m dur+ ! gr[? ( ! animal4 ,,! ,,spott$ ,,scorpion ,,%ell1 7,pt]oc]a scorpio47 ,?is curi\s %ell is f\nd 9 ! ,ea/ ,indian seas1 & atta9s a consid]able size1 z mu* z six in*es4 ,9 an e>ly age ! project+ claws ( ?is %ell are v small1 s t its appe>ance is mat]ially diff]5t f t :i* x assumes at a m advanc$ p]iod ( its gr[?4 ,x is kn[n z ! ,spott$ ,scorpion ,%ell1 & is di/+ui%$ f o!r species ( ! same g5us1 by ! knott$ & granulat$ appe>ance ( its surface2 ! op5+ ( ! %ell is long & n>r[1 & ( a dull violet r$1 sometimes br[ni%1 on :i* num]\s transv]se wr9kles are se51 ei!r ( a pure :ite1 or slightly t+$ ) yell[4 ,illu/ration3 ,pt]oc]a scorpio4 ,,family ,,canalif]a4 ,! %ells belong+ to ?is family agree ) ^? ( ! la/ 9 hav+ a canal at _! base2 b ! lip to ! "r ( ! op5+ does n *ange its =m ?r\gh age4 ,,! ,,v>iegat$ ,,sea-,,trumpet1 7,triton v>iegatum47 ,! ,triton v>iegatum1 or ,v>iegat$ ,sea-,trumpet1 a l>ge & beautiful %ell1 sometimes z mu* z two feet 9 l5g?1 is f\nd *iefly 9 ! torrid zones1 ne> ! ,asiatic coa/4 ,! att5dants on ! sea-gods ( pagan ,rome are frequ5tly repres5t$ ) ?is %ell appli$ to _! m\? by way ( a trumpet4 ,already ,triton1 at 8 call1 appe>s ,above ! waves2 a ,tyrian robe he we>s1 ,& 9 8 h& a crook$ trumpet be>s4 ,! sov]eign bids him peaceful s\nds inspire1 ,& give ! waves ! signal to retire4 ,8 wri!n %ell he takes1 ^: n>r[ v5t ,gr[s by degrees into a l>ge ext5t1 ,!n gives x brea?2 ! bla/1 ) d\bl+ s\nd1 ,runs ! wide circuit ( ! _w ar\nd4 ,! sun fir/ he>d x1 9 8 e>ly ea/1 ,& met ! rattl+ e*oes 9 ! we/2 ,! wat]s1 li/5+ to ! trumpet's ro>1 ,obey ! summons1 & =sake ! %ore4 ,,dryd54 ,illu/ration3 ,dolium p]dix4 ,triton v>iegatum4 ,pyrula caniculata4 ,,! ,,caniculat$ ,,pe>-,,%ell1 7,pyrula caniculata47 ,?is %ell is f\nd 9 ! ,icy ,sea1 & on ! coa/ ( ,canada1 & atta9s ! l5g? ( sev5 in*es4 ,! animal ( ! ,pyrula is at pres5t unkn[n4 ,!re is a k9d ( keel or ridge along ! edge ( ! :orls1 :i* is oblit]at$ 9 v old specim5s4 ,!re are z _m z eight-&-tw5ty species ( ?is %ell4 ,illu/ration3 ,turbo m>moratus4 ,pleurotoma babylonia4 ,tro*us imp]ialis4 ,,! ,,babylonian ,,split-,,m\?1 7,pleurotoma babylonia47 ,! ,babylonian ,split-,m\? is f\nd 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies & ! ,molucca ,isl&s1 & is ab\t ?ree in*es & a qu>t] 9 l5g?4 ,x is said t ! animal ( ?is %ell1 :5 9 motion1 has its foot sep>at$ z x 7 f its body by a long ?ick foot/alk1 :i* arises f ! c5tre ( ! mantle1 :i* is at ?is "t turn$ back ov] ! %ell4 ,?is sep>ation ( ! foot has ! effect ( caus+ ! creature to tumble ov] frequ5tly1 f ! great weight x has to support4 ,,vegetable ,,fe$]s1 7,,phytophagi47 ,^? g5]a ( ! ,tra*elipods :i* live on vegetable sub/ances h no project+ siphon1 b possess a m\? furni%$ ) jaws2 !y are 9 g5]al l&-%ells1 & consequ5tly1 ! air :i* !y brea! is convey$ directly to _! bran*i4 ,"s ( _! tribes h[ev]1 live 9 fre% wat]1 ei!r 9 runn+ /reams or 9 /agnant pools3 among ^!1 "s brea! wat] & o!rs air4 ,^! la/ are oblig$ frequ5tly to come to ! surface = ! purpose ( brea?+1--o!rs aga9 inhabit salt wat]1 & are unable to exi/ out ( t elem5t4 ,,! ,,m>ble ,,turban-,,%ell1 7,turbo m>moratus47 ,!re are z _m z ?irty or =ty species ( ! ,turban-%ell4 ,! ,m>ble ,turban1 ,turbo m>moratus1 is ! l>ge/1 be+ z mu* z f\r in*es across2 x is f\nd 9 ! ,indian ,ocean4 ,! col\r ( ?is %ell is ( a br[ni% gre51 ( great] or less int5sity4 ,x is ornam5t$ by eight or t5 n>r[ transv]se belts1 consi/+ ( a s]ies ( :ite or br[ni% spots4 ,?is is "o ( ^? %ells ^: sub/ance1 aft] ! out] coat is remov$1 is ( ! nature ( "m-(-pe>l4 ,! ,turbo littoreus 7! ,%ore ,turban71 is ! well-kn[n p]iw9kle1 ) :i* our rocky coa/s ab\nd4 ,,! ,,imp]ial ,,top-,,%ell1 7,tro*us imp]ialis47 ,^! %ells h receiv$ _! "n f _! resemblance 9 =m to a boy's top4 ,!y are all m>9e %ells1 & ! apex ( _! spire is always v %>p-po9t$4 ,9 "s places !y are call$ flat-m\!d snails4 ,! great] numb] ( ^! %ells1 7& ! species are v num]\s17 are ( a beautiful pe>ly sub/ance1 & _m ( !m are also elegantly m>k$ ) longitud9al ribs2 !re are z _m z sev5ty species1--! l>g] & m elegant are only f\nd 9 ! seas ( hot climates4 ,illu/ration3 ,haliotis iris4 ,scal>ia pretiosa4 ,n]it9a pullig]a4 ,,! ,,preci\s ,,scal>ia1 7,scal>ia pretiosa47 ,?is %ell is not$ = its r>ity1 & = ! s+ul> arrangem5t ( its :orls1 :i* d n t\* ea* o!r1 & appe> z if !y 7 only connect$ by ! ribs ) :i* ! %ell is adorn$4 ,l ! turbans1 ! inhabitants ( ! ,scal>i are f\nd on ! sea-coa/1 on rocks & l>ge /ones1 betwe5 high & l[ wat] m>k4 ,! native place ( ! ,scal>ia pretiosa seems to be unc]ta92 ,lam>ck1 & sev]al o!rs1 believe x comes f ! ,ea/ ,indies1 :ile o!rs consid] x an inhabitant ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,s great 0 ! rage "s ye>s back1 to possess a p]fect specim5 ( ?is %ell1 t z mu* z tw5ty or ?irty p\nds1 & ev5 m1 has be5 giv5 = a well-pres]v$ specim54 ,travell]s relate t ! ,scal>i are mu* s\ght aft] & highly priz$ by ! wom5 on ! coa/ ( ,amboyna1 & at ,batavia1 :]e !y are us$ z e>r+s1 & 9 =m+ necklaces4 ,!y are1 al?\gh r>ely1 z mu* z f\r in*es 9 l5g?4 ,x is said1 t !re 0 a specim5 9 ! cab9et ( ! empress ,ca!r9e ( ,russia1 /ill l>g]2 b ! mo/ usual size is f "o to two in*es 9 l5g?4 ,a f9e specim5 ( ?is %ell ought to be semi-transp>5t l porcela91 ( a light br[n1 t+$ ) rose-col\r1 & ! ribs ( a beautiful opaque :ite4 ,,! ,,iris ,,e>-,,%ell1 7,haliotis ,iris47 ,! ,haliotides1 or sea-e>s1 are v spl5did %ells2 ! species are num]\s1 & "s ( !m are extremely common4 ,! place 9 ! sy/em :i* ?is %ell ought to occupy1 appe>s to h caus$ _m d\bts 9 ! m9ds ( mod]n naturali/s1 & consequ5tly1 we f9d x cont9ually %ift$ f "o "p to ano!r 9 ! diff]5t works ( ,lam>ck & ,cuvi]4 ,:5 mov+ f place to place 9 se>* ( food1 ! animal & its %ell pres5t a v pleas+ sight1 ! sl5d] t5tacula :i* appe> ?r\gh ! diff]5t holes :i* ornam5t ! m>g9 ( ! %ell1 gracefully wav+ 9 all directions2 ^! t5tacula are suppos$ to be brea?+-tubes4 ,9 ! "y %ell1 ! numb] ( p]=ations is n s great z 9 an adult1 "o be+ =m$ at ea* progressive /age ( ! creature's gr[?4 ,sometimes ! holes :i* 7 fir/ =m$ become1 by age1 fill$ up4 ,! proportions ( ! %ell1 also1 v>y mat]ially1 s z to r5d] ! sep>ation ( species v difficult & unc]ta94 ,,! ,,du/y ,,n]it9a1 7,n]it9a pullig]a47 ,?is %ell is f\nd 9 ! riv]s ( ,india1 & is ab\t an in* & a qu>t] 9 l5g?4 ,all ! species ( ?is g5us are suppos$ to inhabit fre% wat] only4 ,!re is a curi\s fact atta*$ to ! hi/ory ( ! ,n]it9a1 & ( a neighb\r+ g5us1 ,n]ita1--namely1 t :5 f\nd 9 a fossil /ate1 _! col\rs are always 9 good pres]vation4 ,! species1 :i* are tol]ably num]\s1 are 9 g5]al natives ( hot climates4 ,,! ,,vivip>\s ,,palud9a1 7,palud9a vivip>a47 ,! animal ( ! g5us ,palud9a is an inhabitant ( fre% wat]s3 x takes its specific "n f ! fact ( ! "y be+ hat*$ )9 ! p>5t %ell1 & deposit$ 9 ! wat]s p]fectly =m$4 ,9 ne>ly ! :ole ( ?is class ! eggs are laid ei!r 9 wat] or 9 ! e>?1 & aft]w>ds hat*$ aft] a long] or %ort] p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,planorbis corneus4 ,palud9a vivip>a4 ,lymna /agnalis4 ,^! %ells are f\nd g5]ally 9 runn+ /reams ( fre% wat]2 sometimes1 h[ev]1 !y are met ) 9 bracki% wat]1 at ! m\?s ( riv]s4 ,! op]culum ( ! ,palud9a is ( a /rong horny sub/ance4 ,! "y1 imm$iately !y are hat*$1 atta* !mselves to ! outside ( ! %ell ( ! "m1 :]e !y rema9 until !y are suffici5tly /rong to tru/ !mselves 9 ! wat]4 ,,lymn,a ,,/agnalis4 ,! ,lymna /agnalis is f\nd 9 /agnant wat]s1 p>ticul>ly n>r[ dit*es1 9 great abundance4 ,z x brea!s air1 x is necess>y = its exi/5ce t x %\ld frequ5tly resort to ! surface ( ! wat]2 & consequ5tly1 we f9d ^! %ells float+ ab\t 9 great numb]s1 ) ! body p>tly out ( ! %ell4 ,! lea/ appe>ance ( dang] causes a ,lymna to )draw ! :ole ( its body into its %elly cov]+2 & z ?is increases its specific gravity1 x in/antly s9ks to ! bottom1 :]e x rema9s 9 safety4 ,9 ord] to rea* ! surface aga91 x is oblig$ to crawl to ! side ( ! dit*1 & :5 x has rea*$ ! level ( ! wat]1 x aga9 tru/s its little b>k to ! m]cy ( ! w9ds & /ream1 = x has v little p[] to direct its own c\rse4 ,dur+ ! ,w9t]1 ^! creatures rema9 at ! bottom1 buri$ 9 ! mud1 & 9 a /ate ( torpor4 ,al?\gh app>5tly useless to mank9d1 !y =m "p ( ! subsi/5ce ( _m wat]-birds1 & ( fi%es1 :i* are extremely fond ( !m4 ,! species ( ?is %ell are n easily decid$1 s9ce !y be> s great a resemblance to ea* o!r4 ,,! ,,horn-,,%ap$ ,,planorbis1 7,planorbis corneus47 ,! ,planorbis1 al?\gh diff]+ 9 =m f ! ,lymna1 possesses ! same habits1 & is f\nd 9 ! same localities4 ,! jelly-l sub/ance :i* is frequ5tly f\nd1 9 ! ,spr+ ( ! ye>1 atta*$ to wat]-cresses & o!r aquatic plants1 & :i* is consid]$ by _m to be ( a poison\s nature1 & look$ on z ! spawn ( toads1 is m]ely ! cov]+ ( ! ova ( ?is & o!r inhabitants ( fre%-wat] %ells2 &1 al?\gh v disagreeable1 c]ta9ly n poison\s4 ,,! ,,r$-,,m\!d ,,bulimus1 7,bulimus hma/omus47 ,! ,bulimus hma/omus is a mo/ beautiful %ell2 x is a native ( ,guiana1 & is frequ5tly z mu* z f\r in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! mo/ s+ul> "p ( its natural hi/ory is ! l>ge size ( ! egg ( ! animal 9 comp>ison ) its magnitude2 x is said to equal t ( a mod]ate-siz$ pigeon4 ,illu/ration3 ,bulimus hma/omus4 ,pupa mummia4 ,,! ,,mummy ,,puppet ,,%ell1 7,pupa mummia47 ,! ,pupa mummia is f\nd 9 ! ,antilles2 x takes its "n f ! s+ul>ity ( its =m1 :i* v mu* resembles t ( a mummy4 ,! ,pupa is ess5tially a l&-%ell1 liv+ among grass1 on /ones1 & sometimes 9 places mu* expos$ to ! heat ( ! sun4 ,! great] numb] ( ! species1 :i* are v num]\s1 are natives ( tropical c\ntries2 !re are1 h[ev]1 sev]al f\nd 9 ,g]many1 & o!r p>ts ( ! ,cont95t1 b !y are extremely small4 ,,! ,,wood ,,snail1 7,helix nemoralis47 ,! ,snail 7,helix7 is an animal well-kn[n 9 e "p ( ! globe1 & its species are /ill extremely num]\s1 al?\gh _m %ells :i* belong$ to ?is tribe1 "u ! ,l9nan arrangem5t1 h be5 plac$ 9 o!r divisions4 ,! head ( ! ,snail is furni%$ ) two pair ( t5tacula1 or feel]s2 ^!1 unlike simil> app5dices 9 o!r ,mollusca1 are retractile2 t is1 !y c be )drawn into ! body at ! w ( ! animal4 ,! use ( ^! t5tacula is unc]ta94 ,at ! top ( ea* ( ! longe/ pair we f9d a black spot2 ^! spots h be5 suppos$ to be ! eyes ( ! animal1 & a celebrat$ anatomi/ says1 t he has discov]$ 9 !m all ! compon5t p>ts ( p]fect eyes4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! animal appe>s to use !m r z organs ( t\* ?an ( sight4 ,"s writ]s suspect t ! s5se ( smell resides 9 "o or bo? pairs ( ^! app5dages4 ,! uses to :i* ,snails are appli$ are n _m2 "s ( ! l>g] k9ds1 h[ev]1 are1 9 "s c\ntries1 employ$ z food4 ,! ,romans1 accord+ to ,pl9y1 consum$ l>ge quantities1 & consid]$ !m 9 ! light ( delicacies1 & consid]able pa9s 7 tak5 9 fatt5+ !m = ! table4 ,^? f ,sicily & ! ,bale>ic ,isl&s 7 9 great reque/1 & atta9$ a v l>ge size4 ,"s au?ors say !y are /ill us$ z food 9 sev]al p>ts ( ! ,cont95t4 ,illu/ration3 ,helix nemoralis4 ,9 ,p>is1 ,london1 & _m l>ge t[ns1 great numb]s ( ,snails are frequ5tly br\ght to m>ket2 b ^! are n employ$ z food1 b us$ m$ic9ally by p]sons suff]+ "u consumption1 & o!r diseases ( ! *e/4 ,x 0 already kn[n t polypi1 & "s species ( worms1 c\ld h portions ( _! body cut (f1 & t ! p>ts remov$ w\ld be aft]w>ds reproduc$2 & z ^! animals _h no well di/+ui%$ extremities1 su* z heads or limbs1 ! fact1 al?\gh s+ul>1 0 n disput$2 b1 :5 x 0 ass]t$ by ,spallanzani1 t ,snails1 :i* h a v well def9$ s]ies ( p>ts1 c\ld1 aft] ! head 0 remov$1 reproduce t portion ( ! body1 ! sci5tific _w became naturally incr$ul\s1 & num]\s exp]im5ts 7 made1 & ?\s&s ( ,snails slaught]$1 to asc]ta9 ! fact4 ,no "o1 h[ev]1 = a l5g? ( "t1 c\ld succe$2--x 0 !n suspect$ t ,spallanzani _h only remov$ a portion ( ! head4 ,at l5g?1 x w\ld appe>1 f ! exp]im5ts ( ,m4 ,g4 ,t>5ne 7an acc\nt ( :i* appe>$ 9 #ahjh71 t ^! creatures c\ld actually reproduce a complete head4 ,he gives z a reason ( ! want ( success ( o!rs1 ! little precaution tak5 to provide ! mutilat$ ,snails ) prop] n\ri%m5t4 ,! new head1 accord+ to him1 is p]fect 9 ab\t two ye>s aft] ! old head has be5 remov$4 ,m4 ,t>5ne says1 t aft] hav+ cut (f ! heads ( two hundr$ ,snails1 he ?rew !m all into a moi/ spot at ! end ( 8 g>d51 t !y might obta9 ! n\ri%m5t mo/ fitt$ = !m 7h[ !y c\ld eat )\t _! heads he does n say72 at ! end ( ! ,summ] he exam9$ all ! mutilat$ ,snails he c\ld f9d1 & he discov]$ t !y all _h a new head1 ab\t ! size ( a gra9 ( c(fee2 !y _h f\r small t5tacula1 a m\?1 & lips2 at ! end ( ! foll[+ ,summ]1 ! heads 7 p]fectly reproduc$1 & l ! orig9al head1 ) ! exception ( ! sk91 :i* 0 m delicate4 8,aft] ?is exp]im5t10 says a ,fr5* au?or1 8we _c d\bt t ! entire head ( a ,snail c be reg5]at$ aft] x has be5 remov$2 h[ev]1 ,i _c disguise ! fact1 t ,i h a k9d ( repugnance at admitt+ ! matt] to be entirely beyond dispute40 ,if ! advantages be/[$ on man by ,snails are n num]\s1 ! disadvantages1 or r inconv5i5ces1 produc$ by !m are v consid]able2 !y are p>ticul>ly de/ructive 9 or*>ds & kit*5-g>d5s4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 _m me?ods h be5 recomm5d$ = ! purpose ( de/roy+ !m4 ,al?\gh _m ( ^! are tol]ably successful1 !re is no plan m likely to keep ! bre$ ( ,snails "u1 p>ticul>ly 9 enclos$ g>d5s1 ?an t ( e>ly ris+ & ga!r+ !m1 if we may s express ourselves1 :ile ! dew is yet on ! grass3 if ! %ells are !n brok51 !y become excell5t food = p\ltry4 ,ducks may sometimes be all[$ to w&] 9 ! g>d51 z !y d b little damage to ! vegetation1 & are great de/roy]s bo? ( ,snails & slugs4 ,a s+ul> acc\nt ( ! in/9ct ( ,snails is1 p]haps1 wor? record+4 ,! g>d5 ( a small h\se1 by ! side ( "o ( ! roads lead+ into ,london1 0 mu* infe/$ by a colony ( ,snails2 ! proprietor ( ?is h\se1 desir\s ( gett+ rid ( ! pe/1 & yet unwill+ to kill ! ,snails1 collect$ !m1 & ?rew !m unh>m$ into ! road2 b /ill1 he e morn+ discov]$ z _m ,snails among 8 p9ks & tulips z he _h remov$ ! previ\s day2 ?is some:at puzzl$ him1 until once1 on leav+ 8 h\se e>ly1 he p]ceiv$ ! ,snails :i* he _h b an h\r be=e ?r[n into ! du/y road1 mov+1 n 9 a body1 b ea* f ! spot on :i* x 0 ?r[n1 9 a direct l9e f t spot to ! l[ wall :i* encompass$ ! g>d51 z if !y compreh5d$ ! ma!matical fact t1 8a /raight l9e is ! ne>e/ way f "o giv5 po9t to ano!r40 ,h[ 7 ^! ,snails aw>e t by mov+ 9 t direction1 !y %\ld arrive at a gre5 spot8 ,f ! road no?+ c\ld be visible to !m b du/1--f ! pa?1 no?+ b ! wall 9 front1--b /ill1 al?\gh ! :ole ( _! pa? 0 cov]$ ) du/1 !y proce$$ /eadily on1 until !y _h surm\nt$ ! wall1 & rea*$ _! old qu>t]s4 ,by :at o!r faculty 7 !y guid$ b t in/9ct :i* supplies ! place ( ! high] p[]s ( ! m9d1 & :i* is imp>t$ ) s lib]al a h& to ! meane/ creature 9 nature8 ,,ord] ,,ga/]opoda4 ,! ,ga/]opods are s call$ f two ,greek words1 mean+ belly & foot1 because ! foot1 or organ ( motion ( ! animals ( :i* ?is ord] consi/s1 is atta*$ to ! :ole ( ! "u "p ( ! creature1 or r1 ! belly or "u "p is itself ! foot1 & is = t purpose broad & flat4 ,! ,ga/]opods are also di/+ui%$ f ! la/ ord] by hav+ a /raight body1 9 no case spiral1 & nev] possess+ a %ell capable ( enclos+ ! :ole body2 9 "s cases1 ! body is completely nak$1 & )\t ! protect+ cov]+ ( any %ell :atev]4 ,,! ,,r$ ,,slug1 7,limax rufus47 ,! ,common ,slug is a good example ( an individual ( ?is ord]1 entirely want+ a %ell4 ,! ,slugs1 l ! snails1 are f\nd 9 all c\ntries2 !y are equally de/ructive to vegetation1 b z yet h nev] be5 us$ by man = any useful purpose1 if we except ! fact ( _! sometimes becom+ ! food ( ducks & p\ltry4 ,! ,limax rufus1 ,r$1 or m prop]ly br[n1 ,slug1 = ! col\r is ( a r$di%-br[n1 v>y+ 9 int5sity to su* an ext5t z to r5d] x impossible to f9d two specim5s ( ! same col\r1 is m commonly f\nd 9 fields ?an 9 g>d5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,limax rufus4 ,!re are _m species ( ! ,slug2 b !y are n well def9$1 on acc\nt ( ! v>iable nature ( _! col\r2 ! black & ! br[n k9ds are1 h[ev]1 pretty well kn[n3 ! black1 9 p>ticul>1 is v de/ructive 9 kit*5-g>d5s1 & commits great havoc 9 fields ( cabbages & turnips4 ,9 "o or two species1 ! buckl]1 or smoo? space ne> ! head1 conta9s a v small oval %ell4 ,!re is a v s+ul> species ( ,slug f\nd 9 ,t5]iffe1 "u /ones 9 moi/ places1 x is n m ?an an in* & a qu>t] 9 l5g?2 x is call$ ,limax noctiluca1 ! night-%9+ ,slug4 ,! buckl]1 9 ?is species1 is v n>r[1 & cov]$ ) pores1 :i* exude a k9d ( visc\s sub/ance1 :i* has ! prop]ty ( %9+ ) a phosphoresc5t light1 l t ( ! gl[-worm4 ,we may h "s idea ( ! rapid increase ( ,slugs1 by a fact m5tion$ by ,dr4 ,lee*1 t two individuals ( a small species h laid z _m z sev5 hundr$ & sixty-six eggs2 & ^! eggs 7 dri$ 9 an ov5 )\t de/roy+ _! vital p[]s1 s9ce1 on be+ plac$ 9 a damp situation1 !y 7 aft]w>ds hat*$4 ,! foll[+ plan ( tak+ & de/roy+ ,slugs 0 resort$ to by a g5tleman ne> ,ipswi*4 ,hav+ he>d t turnips 7 employ$ to entice ,slugs f :eat1 he caus$ a suffici5t quantity to dress eight acres to be got toge!r1 & !n1 ! tops be+ divid$ & ! apples slic$1 he direct$ ! pieces to be laid sep>ately1 dress+ two r[s ) !m1 & omitt+ two1 alt]nately1 till ! :ole field ( eight acres 0 gone ov]4 ,on ! foll[+ morn+1 he employ$ two wom5 to exam9e ! tops & slices1 & free !m f ! ,slugs1 :i* !y ?rew into a measure3 & :5 cle>$1 !y 7 laid on ^? r[s t _h be5 omitt$ ! day be=e4 ,x 0 obs]v$ inv>iably1 t 9 ! r[s dress$ ) ! turnips1 no ,slugs 7 to be f\nd ^u ! :eat1 or crawl+ ^u ! l&1 ?\gh !y ab\nd$ ^u ! turnips2 :ile1 on ! undress$ r[s1 !y 7 to be se5 9 great numb]s1 bo? #jaa ! :eat & on ! gr\nd4 ,! quantity ( ,slugs ?us collect$ 0 ne>ly a bu%el4 ,,! ,,woodlike ,,bulla1 7,bulla lign>ia47 ,! animal ( ! ,bulla is s+ul>1 f possess+-)9 its /oma* ?ree pieces ( a sub/ance resembl+ bone2 ^! give t organ ! p[] ( cru%+ or gr9d+ ! food1 =m+ a k9d ( gizz>d4 ,! bony portion ( ?is /oma* is repres5t$ 9 ! =egr\nd 9 ! engrav+4 ,! ,bulla lign>ia is ab\t two in*es & a half 9 l5g?1 & is f\nd 9 ! ,european seas2 ,lam>ck m5tions z _m z elev5 species4 ,illu/ration3 ,bulla lign>ia4 ,,! ,,nail-,,%ap$ ,,crepidula1 7,crepidula ungui=mis47 ,! g5us ,crepidula takes its "n f its he>+ "s resemblance to a little %oe2 none ( ! species are f\nd 9 ,europe4 ,( ^! !re are ab\t six1 b !y are all conf9$ to ! seas ( w>m climates4 ,,! ,,m$it]ranean ,,umbrella1 7,umbrella ,m$it]ranea47 ,! ,umbrella ,m$it]ranea1 z its "n implies1 is f\nd 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 & 9 ! ,gulf ( ,t>5to4 ,! %ell ( ! ,umbrella is s+ul>1 f ! l[] "p ( its circumf]5ce be+ surr\nd$ by a bord] ( a sub/ance mu* s(t] ?an ! %ell itself4 ,,! ,,cl\d$ ,,fissurella1 7,fissurella nimbosa47 ,! ,fissurella nimbosa is f\nd 9 v>i\s & di/ant p>ts ( ! _w1--9 ! nor? ( ,europe1 ! we/]n coa/ ( ,africa1 c4 ,x is r a h&some %ell1 :i* seldom exce$s an in* & a half 9 l5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,umbrella ,crepidula ,fissurella ,m$it]ranea4 ungui=mis4 nimbosa4 ,! ,fissurella v mu* resembles our limpet1 b diff]s f x by hav+ a small1 r oval-=m$ hole 9 ! summit ( ! %ell1 af=d+ a passage to a small canal ?r\gh :i* ! wat] is dis*>g$1 aft] hav+ pass$ ov] ! bran*i4 ,,! ,,hung>ian ,,bonnet ,,%ell1 7,pileopsis ,ung>ica47 ,! ,pileopsis ,ung>ica is extremely elegant bo? 9 its =m & m>k+s2 x is ( a delicate :ite1 slightly t+$1 int]nally1 ) rose-col\r4 ,! animal atta*es itself to rocks1 betwe5 high & l[ wat] m>k1 & v r>ely1 if ev]1 *anges its situation1 unless remov$ by accid5t1 :5 x is driv5 ab\t by ! waves1 until ! creature1 be+ ?r[n on a rock 9 a fav\rable situation1 atta*es itself firmly to ! surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,pileopsis ,ung>ica4 ,,! ,,scaly ,,*iton1 7,*iton squamosus47 ,! ,*itons diff] s mu* f all o!r %ell-be>+ animals 9 ! arrangem5t ( _! %elly cov]+1 t !y h be5 plac$ by diff]5t naturali/s 9 v>i\s p>ts ( _! sy/em4 ,lam>ck1 9 ref]r+ to ^! animals1 has plac$ !m ne> ! end ( ! ,mollusca4 ,illu/ration3 ,*iton squamosus4 8,al?\gh10 says ,lam>ck1 8:5 we exam9e ?is creature1 & obs]ve ! sev]al pieces ( :i* its %ell is compos$1 atta*$ to ! m>g9al membrane ( ! mantle :i* surr\nds !m1 x appe>s n a univalve1 b a multivalve %ell2 yet ^! %elly pieces ought n to be reg>d$ 9 any o!r light ?an z a l5g!n$ %ell ( "o piece1 :i* ,nature _h orig9ally brok5 transv]sely into sev]al di/9ct moveable pieces1 to give great] fre$om to ! animal 9 its movem5ts40 ,! ,*itons1 l ! neighb\r+ g5]a1 frequ5t ! rocks betwe5 high & l[ wat] m>k1 b are mu* m active 9 _! movem5ts4 ,poli1 a le>n$ ,neapolitan1 9 describ+ ! anatomy ( a ,*iton1 says1 t ! int]ior ( ! m\? or ?roat ( ?is animal is cov]$ ) a multitude ( tee?1--"s simple1 & o!rs ) ?ree po9ts1 & t ^! tee? are dispos$ 9 num]\s longitud9al r[s4 ,,class ,,con*if]a4 ,! ,con*if]a diff] f ! ,mollusc\s animals t be> %ells1 9 a v great degree2 =1 al?\gh ! sub/ance ( ! body is s(t1 unlike ! ,mollusca x is in>ticulate1 always enclos$ 9 a %ell ( two valves1 )\t head or eyes1--a m\?1 if x may be s call$1 conceal$ f view1 & )\t any h>d p>ts1 & ! :ole body envelop$ 9 a l>ge mantle1 or hood1 =m$ ( two ?9 lobes1 g5]ally p]fectly free1 b at times unit$ 9 front2 ^! are ! pr9cipal di/+ui%+ *>act]s ( ?is class4 ,9 e>li] sy/ems1 :5 %ells 7 class$ )\t mu* ref]5ce to ! animals t inhabit$ !m1 ! only di/9ction made 0 ! numb] ( pieces ( :i* ! %ell 0 =m$1 & !y 7 arrang$ "u ! heads ( univalves1 ( "o piece1 bivalves1 ) two pieces1 & multivalves1 ) m ?an two pieces4 ,?is arrangem5t 0 inconv5i5t1 z1 9 "s cases1 x sep>at$ animals t o!rwise agre$ ) ea* o!r4 ,) respect to ! bivalve %ells1 h[ev]1 ?is objection does n hold good1 z !y all conta9 animals belong+ to ! class ,con*if]a4 ,! individuals ( ?is class appe> to be depriv$ ( all ! s5ses except t ( feel+4 ,_! p[]s ( motion h be5 s well describ$ by ,dr4 ,roget1 9 8 ,bridgewat] ,treatise1 t we _c d bett] ?an extract a portion f t int]e/+ "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,valves ( ! ,unio ,batava1 ) ! ,connect+ ,ligam5t4 ,! two valves ( ! %ell ( ! ,con*if]a are unit$ at ! back by a h+e-jo9t1 (t5 v artificially con/ruct$1 hav+ tee? t lock into ea* o!r2 & ! me*anism ( ?is articulation v>ies mu* 9 diff]5t species4 ,! h+e is secur$ by a sub/ance ( great /r5g?4 ,dur+ ! life ( ! animal1 ! usual & natural /ate ( its %ell is1 t ( be+ kept op5 = a little di/ance1 s z to all[ ( ! +ress & egress ( ! wat] necess>y = its n\ri%m5t & respiration2 b1 z a security aga9/ dang]1 x 0 necess>y to furni% ! animal ) ! means ( rapidly clos+ ! %ell1 & reta9+ ! valves 9 a clos$ /ate4 ,^! actions1 be+ only occasional1 yet requir+ consid]able =ce1 are effect$ by a muscul> p[]1 = :i* purpose sometimes "o1 sometimes two1 or ev5 a great] numb] ( /rong muscles are plac$ betwe5 ! valves1 _! fibres pass+ directly across f ! inn] surface ( ! "o to t ( ! o!r1 & firmly atta*$ to bo?4 ,!y are nam$1 f _! (fice ( br++ ! valves t[>ds ea* o!r1 ! adductor muscles4 ,illu/ration3 ,section ( an ,oy/]1 %[+ ! situation ( ! ,h+e1 ,l41 ! ,adductor ,muscle1 ,a1 & ! transv]se direction ( its ,fibres1 ) respect to ! ,valves4 ,! simple actions ( op5+ & clos+ ! valves1 are capable ( be+ conv]t$ into a means ( retreat+ f dang]1 or ( remov+ to a m commodi\s situation1 9 ! case ( ^? bivalves :i* are n actually atta*$ to rocks1 or o!r fix$ bodies4 ,diquem>c long ago obs]v$1 t ev5 ! ,oy/] has "s p[] ( locomotion1 by sudd5ly clos+ its %ell1 & !reby expell+ ! conta9$ wat] ) a degree ( =ce1 :i*1 by ! reaction ( ! fluid 9 ! opposite direction1 gives a s5sible impulse to ! heavy mass4 ,he notices ! s+ul> fact1 t ,oy/]s :i* are atta*$ to rocks occasionally left dry by ! retreat ( ! tide1 always reta9 )9 _! %ells a quantity ( wat] suffici5t = respiration1 & t !y keep ! valves clos$ till ! return ( ! tide2 :]eas1 ^? ,oy/]s :i* are tak5 f great] dep?s1 :]e ! wat] nev] leaves !m1 & are aft]w>ds remov$ to situations :]e !y are expos$ to ^! vicissitudes1 ( :i* !y h _h no previ\s exp]i5ce1 improvid5tly op5 _! %ells aft] ! sea has left !m2 &1 by all[+ ! wat] to escape1 soon p]i%4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,c>dium1 or ,cockle4 ,_m bivalve ,mollusca are provid$ ) an in/rum5t %ap$ l a leg & foot1 :i* !y employ ext5sively = progressive motion4 ,9 ! ,c>dium1 or cockle1 ?is organ is compos$ ( a mass ( muscul> fibres1 int]wov5 toge!r 9 a v complex mann]1 & :i* may be comp>$ to ! muscul> /ructure ( ! human tongue2 ! effect 9 bo? is ! same1 namely1 ! conf]r+ a p[] ( motion 9 all possible ways2 ?us x may be readily protrud$1 retract$1 or inflect$ at e po9t4 ,! ,sol51 or razor-%ell fi%1 has a foot ( a cyl9drical %ape1 tap]+ at ! end1 & mu* m resembl+ 9 its =m a tongue ?an a foot4 ,9 "s bivalves1 ! dilatation ( ! foot is effect$ by a curi\s hydraulic me*anism2 ! int]ior ( ! organ is =m$ ( a spongy texture1 capable ( receiv+ a consid]able quantity ( wat]1 :i* ! animal has ! p[] ( inject+ into x1 & ( ?us increas+ its dim5sions4 ,! foot ( ! ,mytilus edulis1 or common mussel1 c be advanc$ to ! di/ance ( two in*es f ! %ell1 & appli$ to any fix$ body )9 t range4 ,by atta*+ ! po9t to su* body1 & retract+ ! foot1 ?is animal drags its %ell t[>ds x1 & by repeat+ ! op]ation successively on o!r po9ts ( ! fix$ object1 cont9ues sl[ly to advance4 ,?is in/rum5t is ( great use to su* %ell-fi% z conceal !mselves 9 ! mud or s&1 :i* its /ructure is !n peculi>ly adapt$ = scoop+ out4 ,! cockle cont9ually employs its foot = ?is purpose3 fir/1 elongat+ x1 direct+ its po9t d[nw>ds1 & ins9uat+ x deep into ! s&1 & next1 turn+ up ! end1 & =m+ x into a hook1 by :i*1 f ! resi/ance ( ! s&1 x is fix$ 9 its position1 & !n ! muscles1 :i* usually retract x1 are ?r[n into action1 & ! :ole %ell is alt]nately rais$ & depress$1 mov+ on ! foot z on a fulcrum4 ,! effect ( ^! ex]tions is to drag ! %ell d[nw>ds4 ,:5 ! animal is mod]ately active1 ^! movem5ts are repeat$ two or ?ree times 9 a m9ute4 ,! app>5t progress is at fir/ b small1 ! %ell1 :i* 0 rais$ on its edge at ! middle ( ! /roke1 fall+ back on its side at ! end ( x2 b :5 ! %ell is buri$ s f> z to be support$ on its edge1 x advances m rapidly1 s9k+ visibly at e /roke1 till no?+ b ! extremity ( ! tube c be p]ceiv$ above ! s&4 ,by a process exactly ! inv]se ( ?is1 t is1 by d\bl+ up ! foot1 & pu%+ ) x d[nw>ds aga9/ ! s& bel[1 ! %ell may be aga9 made to rise by ! same k9d ( ef=ts :i* be=e protrud$ ! foot4 ,by ?is process ( burr[+1 ! animal is enabl$ quickly to retreat :5 dang] presses1 & :5 ?is is pa/1 x c1 ) equal facility1 em]ge f its hid+-place4 ,! ,c>dium c also advance at ! bottom ( ! sea1 along ! surface ( ! s(t e>?1 press+ backw>ds ) its foot1 z a boatman impels 8 boat onw>ds by pu%+ ) 8 pole aga9/ ! gr\nd 9 a contr>y direction4 ,x is1 likewise1 by a simil> exp$i5t1 t ! ,sol5 =ces its way ?r\gh ! s&1 exp&+ ! end ( its foot into ! =m ( a club4 ,! ,tell9a is rem>kable = ! quickness & agility ) :i* x c spr+ to consid]able di/ances1 by fir/ fold+ ! foot into a small compass1 & !n sudd5ly ext5d+ x1 :ile ! %ell is1 at ! same "t1 clos$ ) a l\d snap4 ,! ,p9na1 or m>9e mussel1 :5 inhabit+ ! %ores ( tempe/u\s seas1 is furni%$1 9 addition1 ) a s+ul> app>atus = )/&+ ! fury ( ! surge1 & secur+ itself f dang]\s collisions1 :i* might easily de/roy ! brittle texture ( its %ell4 ,! object ( ?is app>atus is1 to prep>e a great numb] ( ?reads1 :i* are fa/5$ at v>i\s po9ts to ! adjac5t rocks1 & !n tightly drawn by ! animal1 j z a %ip is moor$ 9 a conv5i5t /ation1 to avoid ! buffet+ ( ! /orm4 ,! foot ( ?is bivalve is cyl9drical1 & has1 connect$ ) its base1 a r\nd t5don1 ( ne>ly ! same l5g? z itself1 ! (fice ( :i* is to reta9 all ! ?reads 9 firm adhesion ) x1 & conc5trate _! p[] on "o po9t4 ,! ?reads !mselves are compos$ ( a glut9\s matt]1 prep>$ by a p>ticul> organ4 ,!y are n spun by be+ drawn out ( ! body1 l ! ?reads ( ! silkworm1 or ( ! spid]1 b !y are ca/ 9 a m\ld1 :]e !y h>d51 & acquire a c]ta9 consi/5ce be=e !y are employ$4 ,?is m\ld is curi\sly con/ruct$2 !re is a deep groove :i* passes along ! foot1 f ! root ( ! t5don to its o!r extremity1 & ! sides ( ?is groove are =m$ s z to fold & close ov] x1 !reby conv]t+ x into a canal4 ,! glut9\s secretion1 :i* is p\r$ into ?is canal1 dries into a solid ?read2 &1 :5 x has acquir$ suffici5t t5acity1 ! foot is protrud$1 & ! ?read x conta9s is appli$ to ! object to :i* x is to be fix$1 its extremity be+ c>efully atta*$ to ! solid surface ( t object4 ,! canal ( ! foot is !n op5$ along its :ole l5g?1 & ! ?read1 :i* adh]es by its o!r extremity to ! l>ge t5don at ! base ( ! foot1 is dis5gag$ f ! canal4 ,la/ly1 ! foot is retract$1 & ! same op]ation is repeat$4 ,?read aft] ?read is ?us =m$1 & appli$ 9 diff]5t directions ar\nd ! %ell4 ,sometimes ! attempt fails1 9 consequ5ce ( "s imp]fection 9 ! ?read2 b ! animal1 z if aw>e ( ! importance ( asc]ta9+ ! /r5g? ( ea* ?read1 on :i* its safety dep5ds1 tries e "o ( !m z soon z x has be5 fix$1 by sw++ itself r\nd1 s z to put x fully on ! /ret*2 an action :i* probably also assi/s 9 elongat+ ! ?read4 ,:5 once ! ?reads h be5 fix$1 ! animal does n appe> to h ! p[] ( catt+ or break+ !m (f4 ,! liquid matt]1 out ( :i* !y are =m$1 is s exce$+ly glut9\s z to atta* itself firmly to ! smoo!/ bodies4 ,x is b sl[ly produc$1 = x appe>s t no ,p9na is capable ( =m+ m ?an f\r1 or at mo/ five ?reads1 9 ! c\rse ( a day & night4 ,! ?reads :i* are =m$ 9 ha/e1 :5 ! animal is di/urb$ 9 its op]ations1 are m sl5d] ?an ^? :i* are con/ruct$ at its leisure4 ,9 ,sicily1 & o!r p>ts ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 ^! ?reads h be5 manufactur$ into gloves1 & o!r articles1 :i* resemble silk4 ,! numb] ( muscles by :i* ! %ells are mov$ h caus$ ?is ,class to be divid$ into two ord]s3 ! ,bimusculosa1 9 :i* !re are two pair ( muscles to p]=m ?is (fice2 & ! ,unimusculosa1 ) only "o pair4 ,,ord] ,,unimusculosa4 ,! ,con*if]\s animals :i* possess b "o pair ( muscles1 are mu* m limit$ 9 numb] ?an ^? :i* possess two or m2 b !y conta9 9 _! ranks sev]al well-kn[n & useful species1 z1 = in/ance1 ! oy/]1 ! mussel1 & ! animal :i* produces ! ori5tal pe>l4 ,,! ,,horse-,,foot ,,b[l ,,%ell1 7,anomia ephippium47 ,! %ells ( ! ,anomi are exce$+ly irregul> 9 _! =m2 l ! oy/]s1 !y rema9 dur+ ! :ole ( _! exi/5ce atta*$ to "o spot1 ei!r on a rock1 or on ! %ell ( "s l>g] inhabitant ( ! deep4 ,^! %ells are m frequ5tly f\nd 9 ! same places z ! oy/]1 & v commonly atta*$ to ! %ell ( ! latt]2 z an article ( food1 ! ,anomia is ( little or no value4 ,its organization & mann] ( liv+ are mu* ! same z ^? ( ! oy/]4 ,! mo/ s+ul> "p ( its con/ruction consi/s 9 ! use made ( "o ( ! muscles ) :i* x is furni%$1 :i*1 in/ead ( be+ atta*$ to ! %ell1 is fix$ to a solid piece ( %elly sub/ance1 9 ! =m ( a cone ) ! top cut (f2 ?is op]culum1 or lid1 closes a s+ul> op5+ 9 "o ( ! valves ( ! %ell itself4 ,! animal adh]es to ! rock1 or o!r sub/ance1 by means ( ?is lid1 & is deta*$ ) great difficulty4 ,illu/ration3 ,anomia ephippium4 ,anomia1 a little b[l2 ephippium1 a horse's foot4 ,,! ,,oy/]1 7,o/rea edulis47 ,oy/]s1 l all o!r creatures t h be5 de/9$ to become food = man1 are f\nd 9 great abundance 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! globe2 !y are inhabitants ( salt wat]s only1 & are always f\nd 9 rocky gr\nd1 9 no great dep? f ! surface4 ,oy/]s g5]ally ca/ _! spat1 or spawn1 9 ! mon? ( ,may2 :5 fir/ %$ x has ! appe>ance ( a drop ( c&le-grease1 :i* ! dr$g]s commonly call cult*4 ,! gr[? ( an ,oy/] is tol]ably rapid2 ?ree days aft] ! spawn is deposit$1 ! %ell ( ! "y ,oy/] may be se51 ne>ly a qu>t] ( an in* 9 wid?2 9 ?ree mon?s x is l>g] ?an a %ill+1 9 six mon?s bigg] ?an a half-cr[n1 & 9 a ye> x exce$s a cr[n piece 9 size4 ,illu/ration3 ,o/rea edulis4 ,oy/]s h be5 employ$ z food almo/ f "t immemorial4 ,! ,greeks1 b m especially ! ,romans1 held !m 9 high repute1 atta*+1 at ! same "t1 great importance to ! places 9 :i* !y 7 f\nd4 ,^? f ! ,d>danelles1 f ,v5ice1 & f ,engl&1 7 consid]$ ! be/1 & ! prices paid = !m by ! luxuri\s inhabitants ( ,rome 7 enorm\s4 ,!y 7 transport$ 9 l>ge vessels1 & deposit$ 9 ! ,lucr9e ,lake1 :]e !y 7 fatt5$ = ! table4 ,! ,romans1 x seems1 gave a pref]5ce to ^? :i* _h ! bord] ( _! mantle ( a d>k-br[n col\r1 ne>ly black4 ,! ,engli% ,oy/]-fi%]y is pr9cipally c>ri$ on at ! foll[+ places3--,wiv5hoe1 ne> ,col*e/]1 9 ,essex1 7! b$s "h are g5]ally suppli$ f ,portsm\?27 at ,fev]%am & ,milton1 9 ,k5t1 ! ,swales ( ! ,m$way1 & at ,t5by1 on ! coa/ ( ,wales4 ,9 ,scotl&1 !y are *iefly tak5 at ! isl& ( ,in*kei?1 & at ,pre/on-pans1 bo? 9 ! ,fir? ( ,=?4 ,! fi%+ = ,oy/]s is p]mitt$ by law1 f ! #a/ ( ,septemb] to ! la/ ( ,april inclusive4 ,dur+ ! rema9+ mon?s !y are consid]$ un:olesome2 x is a common say+ t ,oy/]s are 9 season dur+ all ! mon?s t h ! lett] r 9 !m4 ,9 ,france1 ! *ief fi%+-/ation = ,oy/]s is 9 ! ,bay ( ,cal1 betwe5 ! t[n ( t "n & ,m\nt ,/4 ,mi*ael1 or ,/4 ,malo4 ,! fi%]y is effect$ by means ( an iron net or dr$ge2 ?is is drawn ov] ! ,oy/]-b$ by h&-lab\r1 or by hav+ ! rope :i* is fix$ to x atta*$ to ! /em ( ! fi%+-boat1 :i* is !n all[$ to run be=e ! w9d2 frequ5tly1 9 ! c\rse ( a few m9utes1 z _m z two or ?ree hundr$ are tak54 ,! ,oy/]s tak5 are s5t f ! ports ( ,granville & ,cal1 to diff]5t places1 :]e artificial banks or pres]ves are e/abli%$4 ,^! banks are n only ( use 9 ! pres]vation ( ! ,oy/]s1 b assi/ mat]ially 9 _! improvem5t4 ,9 fact1 ! ,oy/]1 :5 fir/ tak5 out ( ! sea1 has frequ5tly a /rong muddy ta/e1 & appe>s 9 :at we %\ld call bad condition4 ,"s ( ^! pres]ves are a species ( tank dug 9 ! s&1 or sometimes ev5 9 /one1 ne> ! sea-%ore1 & communicat+ by a n>r[ tunnel ) ! sea-wat]2 ! bottom & sides ( ^! tanks are usually /rew$ ) l>ge /ones4 ,9 ,france great c>e is be/[$ on ! managem5t ( ^! pres]ves2 ! ,oy/]s are plac$ by h& on ! /ones1 ) ! l>ge/ %ell d[nw>ds1 & at times ! wat] is let (f1 & !y are fre$ f all mud & dirt t may h collect$1 by hav+ l>ge quantities ( wat] p\r$ ov] !m4 ,a fa%ion exi/$ =m]ly 9 ,france ( pref]r+ ^? ,oy/]s :i* _h a t+e ( gre51 & great pa9s 7 tak5 to cause ?is *ange ( col\r to take place1 by plac+ ! animals :]e !y c\ld obta9 a peculi> k9d ( gre5 food4 ,,! ,,great ,,comb ,,%ell1 7,pect5 maximus47 ,?is %ell1 al?\gh x has ! "n ( ! ,great ,pect51 is n ! l>ge/ ( ! num]\s tribe to :i* x belongs2 x is f\nd 9 all ! ,european seas4 ,! regul> nature ( ! flut+ ) :i* x is cov]$1 & ! elegance ( its m>k+s1 h br\ght x mu* into use among ladies1 :o employ x 9 mak+ p9-cu%ions & o!r articles ( fancy-"w2 !re are ab\t sixty rec5t1 & ?irty fossil species4 ,illu/ration3 ,pect5 maximus4 ,malleus albus4 ,! p[] ( locomotion appe>s to be v consid]able 9 "s species ( ! ,pect5s2 x is said ! animal c raise itself up 9 ! wat]1 & ev5 rea* ! surface1 by mov+ ! two valves ( its %ell2 b ?is is a fact n q e/abli%$1 z b little is kn[n ( its habits4 ,x is sometimes us$ z an article ( food2 b to r5d] x tol]ably palatable x requires cook+4 ,9 "s c\ntries1 ! %ells ( ! l>g] species are us$ by ! poor] classes in/ead ( plates4 ,9 ,p>is1 ! re/aurateurs employ !m = ! same purpose :5 s]v+ up a c]ta9 prep>ation ( mu%rooms2 9 ,engl&1 !y are employ$ 9 cook+ scallop$ oy/]s1 & ! %ell is consequ5tly kn[n z ! ,scallop ,%ell4 ,,! ,,pe>l ,,oy/]1 7,meleagr9a m>g>itif]a47 ,! animal ( ?is %ell1 al?\gh popul>ly call$ an oy/]1 is v diff]5t 9 /ructure1 be>+ great] resemblance1 9 "s p>ts ( its =mation1 to ! mussel1 p>ticul>ly 9 possess+ a byssus1 or be>d2 x is ! %ell 9 :i* ! fam\s ori5tal pe>ls are f\nd4 ,!re are b two kn[n species ( ! ,meleagr9a1 :i* are *iefly f\nd 9 ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 & at ,ceylon1 or 9 "s ( ! seas ( ,au/ralasia4 ,! cause ( ! =mation ( pe>l 9 ! %ells ( ?is & o!r inhabitants ( ! wat]1 has be5 ! occasion ( consid]able dispute1 b x is n[ pretty well asc]ta9$4 ,! inn] portion ( ! %ell ( ! ,meleagr9a is l9$ ) a pe>ly sub/ance1 :i* is call$ "m-(-pe>l2 ?is is =m$ by an animal deposit1 & is 9 ?9 lay]s4 ,if1 by any accid5t1 ! inn] surface ( ! %ell is injur$1 s z to cause a fracture ( ! "m-(-pe>l1 ! deposit1 9 t place1 becomes = ! future irregul>1 & a bump is gradually =m$4 ,accid5tal circum/ances cause ?is bump to assume v>i\s %apes2 sometimes x is oval1 sometimes globul>1 & at o!rs pe>-%ap$4 ,?is k9d ( pe>l is always orig9ally f\nd atta*$ to ! %ell by means ( a small neck1 or foot/alk1 & ! spot at :i* ?is neck 0 plac$ c always be trac$ on ! pe>l itself4 ,illu/ration3 ,meleagr9a m>g>itif]a4 ,b pe>ls are at times f\nd loose 9 ! %ell2--9 ?is case1 ! pe>ly matt] is deposit$ on "s extrane\s sub/ance1 su*1 = in/ance1 z a gra9 ( s&1 & by dissolv+ ! pe>l 9 an acid1 ?is nucleus c be trac$4 ,"s ( ^! r\nd pe>ls are suppos$ to be =m$ on a c5tre1 consi/+ ( ! rema9s ( a diseas$ ovum1 or egg1 ( ! animal4 ,e s*oolboy kn[s ! /ory ( ,cleopatra hav+ dissolv$ a valuable pe>l 9 v9eg>1 & aft]w>ds drunk x (f1 to %[ h] ridicul\s disreg>d ( exp5se4 ,b ! acc\nt may reasonably be d\bt$2 = _h ! acid be5 /rong en\gh to dissolve ! pe>l1 x w\ld h be5 impossible to dr9k x1 & if x 0 weak en\gh to dr9k1 x w\ld n h dissolv$ ! pe>l1 at lea/ n until ! lapse ( a v consid]able "t4 ,at ! isl& ( ,ceylon ! fi%]y = pe>ls is a matt] ( great mom5t4 ,! foll[+ is an acc\nt ( ! mode 9 :i* x is conduct$4 ,! c\ntry r\nd ,aripo1 on ! nor?-we/]n coa/ ( ! isl& ( ,ceylon1 is flat1 s&y1 & b>r51 pres5t+ no?+ to ! eye b l[ bru%wood1 *iefly ( ?orns & prickly pe>s 7:i* are ! plants t n\ri% ! co*9eal insect#b71 & "h & !re "s /raggl+ villages ) a few cocoa-nut trees4 ,b ,condat*y1 ?ree miles di/ant1 :]e1 9 g5]al1 no?+ is to be se5 b a few mis]able huts1 & a s&y des]t1 becomes1 dur+ ! p]iod ( ! pe>l-fi%]y1 a popul\s t[n1 sev]al /reets ( :i* ext5d upw>ds ( a mile 9 l5g? 7?\gh1 z ! h\ses are only int5d$ z a %elt] f ! sun & ra91 !y are v rudely con/ruct$71 & ! sc5e1 altoge!r1 resembles a cr[d$ fair on ! gr&e/ scale4 ,! p mo/ active 9 erect+ huts & speculat+ 9 ! v>i\s bran*es ( m]*&ise1 are ,mohamm$ans1 ,c+alese 7natives ( ,ceylon71 & ,h9doos f ! opposite coa/ ( ! cont95t ( ,india4 ,app>5tly1 h[ev]1 f _! natural timidity1 none ( ! ,c+alese are div]s1 & sc>cely any ( !m engage 9 ! o!r active p>ts ( ! fi%]y2 !y m]ely resort hi!r = ! purpose ( supply+ ! m>kets4 ,ab\t ! end ( ,octob]1 9 ! ye> prec$+ a pe>l-fi%]y1 :5 a %ort int]val ( f9e wea!r prevails1 an exam9ation ( ! banks takes place4 ,a c]ta9 numb] ( boats1 "u an ,engli% sup]9t5d5t1 repair 9 a body to ea* bank1 & hav+1 by frequ5t div+1 asc]ta9$ its situation1 !y take f "o to two ?\s& oy/]s z a specim54 ,! %ells are op5$1 & if ! pe>ls collect$ f a ?\s& oy/]s be wor? ?ree p\nds /]l+1 a good fi%]y may be expect$4 ,! 8banks10 or b$s ( oy/]s1 are scatt]$ ov] a space 9 ! ,gulf ( ,mana>1 ext5d+ ?irty miles f nor? to s\?1 & tw5ty-f\r f ea/ to we/4 ,!re are f\rte5 b$s 7n all1 h[ev]1 productive71 ( :i* ! l>ge/ is t5 miles long1 & two broad4 ,! dep? ( wat] is f ?ree to fifte5 fa?oms4 ,! pe>l oy/]s 9 ^! banks are all ( "o species1 & ( ! same =m3 9 %ape n v unlike our common ,engli% oy/]1 b consid]ably l>g]1 be+ f eight to t5 in*es 9 circumf]5ce4 ,! body ( ! animal is :ite1 fle%y1 & glut9\s3 ! inside ( ! %ell 7! real 8"m-(-pe>l107 is ev5 bright] & m beautiful ?an ! pe>l itself3 ! outside smoo? & d>k-col\r$4 ,! pe>ls are mo/ commonly conta9$ 9 ! ?icke/ & mo/ fle%y "p ( ! oy/]4 ,a s+le oy/] w frequ5tly conta9 sev]al pe>ls1 & "o is on record1 z hav+ produc$ "o hundr$ & fifty4 ,sometimes ! ,engli% gov]nm5t ( ,ceylon fi%es ! banks entirely at its own risk2 sometimes1 ! boats are let to _m speculators3 b1 mo/ frequ5tly1 ! light ( fi%+ is sold to "o individual1 :o sub-lets boats to o!rs4 ,! fi%]y = ! season ( ! ye> #ahjd 0 let by gov]nm5t to an individual = no less a sum ?an #abj1jjjl4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ,m>*1 ! fi%]y comm5c$1 & upw>ds ( two hundr$ & fifty boats 7 employ$ 9 ! fi%]y alone4 ,^!1 ) _! crews1 & div]s1 & completely equipp$ ) ev]y?+ necess>y to conduct ! bus9ess ( ! fi%+1 come f diff]5t p>ts ( ! coa/ ( ,corom&el4 ,aft] go+ ?r\gh v>i\s ablutions & incantations1 & o!r sup]/iti\s c]emonies1 ! occupants ( ^! boats emb>k at midnight1 guid$ by pilots1 & z soon z !y rea* ! banks1 !y ca/ an*or1 & wait ! dawn ( day4 ,at ab\t sev5 9 ! morn+1 :5 ! rays ( ! sun beg9 to emit "s degree ( w>m?1 ! div+ comm5ces4 ,a k9d ( op5 scaffold+1 =m$ ( o>s & o!r pieces ( wood1 is project$ f ea* side ( ! boat1 & f x ! div+-tackle is susp5d$1 ) ?ree /ones on "o side1 & two on ! o!r4 ,! div+-/one hangs f an o> by a light rope & slip-knot1 & desc5ds ab\t five feet into ! wat]4 ,x is a /one ( fifty-six p\nds' weight1 ( a sug>-loaf %ape4 ,! rope passes ?r\gh a hole 9 ! top ( ! /one1 above :i* a /rong loop is =m$1 resembl+ a /irrup-iron1 to receive ! foot ( ! div]4 ,! div] we>s no clo!s1 except a slip ( calico r\nd 8 lo9s1--swimm+ 9 ! wat]1 he takes hold ( ! rope1 & puts "o foot into ! loop or /irrup1 on ! top ( ! /one4 ,he rema9s 9 ?is upright position = a little :ile1 support+ himself by ! motion ( "o arm4 ,!n a basket1 =m$ ( a wood5 hoop & net-"w1 susp5d$ by a rope1 is ?r[n into ! wat] to him1 & 9 x he places 8 o!r foot4 ,bo? ! ropes ( ! /one & ! basket he holds = a little :ile 9 "o h&4 ,:5 he feels himself prop]ly prep>$ & ready to g d[n1 he grasps 8 no/rils ) "o h&1 to prev5t ! wat] f ru%+ 92 ) ! o!r gives a sudd5 pull to ! runn+-knot susp5d+ ! /one1 & in/antly desc5ds3 ! rema9d] ( ! rope fix$ to ! basket is ?r[n into ! wat] aft] him1 at ! same mom5t3 ! rope atta*$ to ! /one is 9 su* a position z to foll[ him ( itself4 ,z soon z he t\*es ! bottom1 he dis5tangles 8 foot f ! /one1 :i* is imm$iately drawn up1 & susp5d$ aga9 to ! project+ o> 9 ! same mann] z be=e1 to be 9 read9ess = ! next div]4 ,! div]1 arriv$ at ! bottom ( ! sea1 ?r[s himself z mu* z possible ^u 8 face1 & collects ev]y?+ he c get hold ( into ! basket4 ,:5 he is ready to asc5d1 he gives a j]k to ! rope1 & ! p]sons 9 ! boat1 :o hold ! o!r end ( x1 haul x up z spe$ily z possible4 ,! div]1 at ! same "t1 free ( e incumbrance1 w>ps up by ! rope1 & always gets above wat] a consid]able "t be=e ! basket4 ,he g5]ally comes up at a di/ance f ! boat1 & swims ab\t1 or takes hold ( an o> or a rope1 until 8 turn comes to desc5d aga92 b he seldom comes into ! boat1 until ! lab\r ( ! day is ov]4 ,:5 a "y div] is tra9+ to ! bus9ess1 he desc5ds 9 ! arms ( a man completely exp]i5c$ 9 ! art1 :o takes great c>e ( him1 & %[s him ! mann] ( proce$+1 & ! pupil at fir/ br+s up 9 8 h& a s+le oy/]1 a /one1 or a little s&1 m]ely to %[ t he has rea*$ ! bottom4 ,! l5g? ( "t dur+ :i* ! div]s rema9 "u wat]1 is r>ely mu* m ?an a m9ute & a half2 yet1 9 ?is %ort p]iod1 9 a gr\nd ri*ly clo!d ) oy/]s1 an exp]t man w (t5 put z _m z "o hundr$ & fifty into 8 basket4 ,!re are two div]s atta*$ to ea* /one1 s t !y g d[n alt]nately4 ,! m51 aft] div+1 g5]ally f9d a small quantity ( blood issue f _! nose & e>s1 :i* !y consid] z a fav\rable symptom1 & p]=m ! op]ation ) great] com=t aft] ! ble$+ has comm5c$4 ,!y seem to enjoy ! lab\r z a pleasant pa/ime1 & nev] murmur or compla91 unless :5 ! banks conta9 a sc>city ( oy/]s1 ?\gh _! lab\rs are cont9u$ = six h\rs4 ,:5 ! day is suffici5tly advanc$1 ! head pilot makes a signal1 & ! fleet set sail = ! %ore4 ,all descriptions ( p ha/5 to ! wat]'s edge to welcome _! return1 & ! cr[d1 /ir1 & noise1 are !n imm5se4 ,e boat comes to its own /ation1 & ! oy/]s are c>ri$ into c]ta9 pav$ enclosures on ! sea-%ore1 :]e !y are all[$ to rema9 9 heaps 7( c\rse1 well gu>d$7 = t5 days1 t "t be+ necess>y to r5d] !m putrid4 ,:5 ! oy/]s are suffici5tly decay$1 !y are ?r[n into a l>ge vessel1 fill$ ) salt wat]1 & left !re = twelve h\rs to s(t5 _! putrid sub/ance4 ,! oy/]s are !n tak5 up1 "o by "o1 ! %ells brok5 f "o ano!r1 & wa%$ 9 ! wat]4 ,^? %ells1 :i* h pe>ls adh]+ to !m1 are ?r[n on "o side1 & aft]w>ds h&$ to clipp]s1 ^: bus9ess x is to dis5gage ! pe>ls f ! %ells1 ) p9c]s4 ,:5 all ! %ells are ?r[n out1 ! slimy sub/ance ( ! oy/]s rema9s1 mix$ ) s& & brok5 fragm5ts ( %ells1 at ! bottom ( ! vessel4 ,! dirty wat] is lift$ out 9 buckets1 & p\r$ into a sack1 made l a jelly-bag1 s t no pe>ls c be lo/4 ,fre% wat] be+ !n add$ f "t to "t1 & ! :ole sub/ance 9 ! vessel cont9ually agitat$1 ! s& & pe>ls toge!r1 are by degrees all[$ to s9k to ! bottom4 ,z soon z ! s& is dry x is sift$2 ! l>ge pe>ls1 be+ conspicu\s1 are easily ga!r$2 b ! sep>at+ ! small & dim9utive 78se$ pe>ls10 z !y are call$17 is a "w ( consid]able lab\r4 ,:5 once sep>at$ f ! s&1 wa%$ ) salt wat]1 dri$1 & r5d]$ p]fectly clean1 !y are sort$ into classes1 accord+ to _! sizes1 by be+ pass$ ?r\gh sieves4 ,aft] ?is1 a hole is drill$ ?r\gh ea* pe>l2 !y are !n arrang$ on /r+s1 & are fit = ! m>ket4 ,pe>ls h be5 consid]$ z valuable ornam5ts f ! e>lie/ times3 !y are m5tion$ 9 ! book ( ,job 7xxviii4 #ah17 & are (t5 allud$ to by ! classical writ]s4 ,!re h be5 v>i\s attempts made to imitate !m successfully1 "o ( ! mo/ s+ul> ( :i*1--kn[n to h be5 practis$ e>ly 9 ! ,*ri/ian era1 on ! banks ( ! ,r$ ,sea1--is /ill c>ri$ on 9 ,*9a4 ,a hole is bor$ 9 ! %ell ( ! pe>l oy/]1 a piece ( iron-wire ins]t$1 & ! oy/] re/or$ to its place3 ! animal1 w\nd$ by ! po9t ( ! wire1 deposits a coat ( pe>ly matt] r\nd x3 ?is gradually h>d5s1 successive lay]s are add$1 till a pe>l ( ! requisite size is =m$1 & ! %ell is once m br\ght to l&4 ,a plan1 some:at simil> to ?is1 0 employ$ by ,l9nu1 :o pi]c$ ! %ells ( ! fre%-wat] mussel1 caus+ !reby a pe>l to be =m$ at ! punctur$ spot2 & ! ,sw$i% gov]nm5t actually e/abli%$ artificial pe>l]ies1--b ^! 7 ab&on$ aft] a few ye>s2 =1 al?\gh pe>ls 7 =m$1 !y 7 seldom ( suffici5t size to be ( mu* value4 ,false pe>ls are made ( holl[ glass globules1 ! inside ( :i* is cov]$ ) a liquid1 call$ pe>l-ess5ce1 & !n fill$ ) :ite wax4 ,?is liquid is compos$ ( ! silv]-col\r$ p>ticles :i* adh]e to ! scales ( ! bleak1 7ablette17 & 0 fir/ appli$ to ?is purpose1 e>ly 9 ! la/ c5tury1 by a ,fr5*man ( ! "n ( ,jacqu9#c4 ,,! ,,hamm] ,,oy/]1 7,malleus albus47 ,! s+ul> figure ( ?is %ell r5d]s x v rem>kable2 ext]nally its appe>ance is v rude & irregul>1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! inn] surface is equally beautiful1 be+ cov]$ ) ! mo/ brilliant "m-(-pe>l4 ,! diff]5t species ( ! ,malleus are all m>9e1 & f\nd 9 ! seas ( hot climates1 & ! r>ity ( "s causes !m to be v valuable1 & mu* s\ght aft]4 ,l ! neighb\r+ g5]a1 ! animal is furni%$ ) a byssus1 or be>d1 by :i* x adh]es to ! rocks4 ,,! ,,r\gh ,,p9na1 7,p9na rudis47 ,! ,p9na is a m>9e %ell2 mo/ ( ! species are l>ge1 & ! %ells v ?9 9 proportion to _! size4 ,t repres5t$ 9 ! engrav+ is f\nd 9 ! ,am]ican seas1 & is sometimes z mu* z a foot & a half 9 l5g?2 x is by no means r>e4 ,!re is a species f\nd 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 9 ab\t five or six fa?oms wat]1 :i* is mu* s\ght aft] by ! inhabitants ( ,sicily & ,calabria1 n only z an article ( food1 b also = ! sake ( its be>d1 or byssus1 ( :i*1 9 _m places1 a k9d ( clo? is made1 v rem>kable = its s(tness & w>m?4 ,! fi%]m51 to obta9 ! ,p9na1 make use ( a k9d ( iron rake1 call$ a crampe1 ) tee? a foot 9 l5g?2 :5 ! %ells are drawn up1 ! be>ds are f\nd to be torn 9 "s "p ( _! sub/ance4 ,if a suffici5t l5g? rema9s atta*$ to ! animal1 to r5d] ! fibres available = ! purpose ( sp9n+1 !y are cut (f close to ! %ell3 !y are !n dri$ & spun1 & aft]w>ds wov5 into gloves1 /ock+s1 caps1 & ev5 g>m5ts ( mu* l>g] size4 ,illu/ration3 ,p9na rudis4 ,! ?reads ( :i* ! byssus is =m$ are extremely f9e1 & ( equal ?ickness ?r\gh\t _! :ole l5g?1 v /rong1 & ( a d>k morone col\r1 :i* is exce$+ly p]man5t4 ,?is curi\s k9d ( clo? 0 long s9ce kn[n to ! anci5ts2 b at pres5t its manufacture is v limit$1 f ! great sc>city ( ! ,p9na1 & ! numb] ( be>ds necess>y to make ev5 s small an article z a pair ( gloves4 ,b x is suppos$1 t if ! %ells 7 plac$ 9 m fav\rable circum/ances1 9 pres]ves1 c41 !y w\ld increase mu* m rapidly4 ,^! %ells are f\nd 9 ! seas ( all hot climates1 b ! ,briti% %ores possess b "o species1 ! ,p9na lvis ( ,donovan2 ?is is ( a horny col\r1 cl\d$ ) br[n1 & atta9s a consid]able size4 ,,! ,,common ,,mussel1 7,mytilus edulis47 ,! ,mussels are a well-kn[n & v useful g5us ( ! %ell-be>+ animals3 !y are g5]ally f\nd atta*$ to rocks betwe5 high & l[ wat] m>ks4 ,illu/ration3 ,mytilus edulis4 ,!y are s\ght aft] 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! _w z an article ( food2 &1 al?\gh n equal to ! oy/]1 make a v palatable di%4 ,! ,mussel1 al?\gh usually :olesome1 is at times ! cause ( sev]e1 ?\gh tempor>y illness4 ,diff]5t reasons h be5 assign$ = ?is poison\s prop]ty1 & _m signs h be5 not$1 by :i* x is said ! un:olesome /ate ( ?is %ell-fi% c be detect$1--a yell[ness ( col\r1 an extremely meagre appe>ance1 p>tial corruption1 a diseas$ /ate ( ! animal1 a small crab or insect f\nd betwe5 ! valves ( its %ell4 ,o!r obs]v]s h ridicul\sly attribut$ ! effects to ! *ange 9 ! phases ( ! moon2 b1 if we are to believe a ,fr5* physician1 :o made _m exp]im5ts1 all ^! guesses are wrong2 accord+ to ?is au?or1 ! ill effects are caus$ only aft] ! ,mussels h be5 fe$+ on ! spawn ( ! />-fi%2 ?is spawn appe>s to ! eye m]ely a %apeless lump ( jelly1 b aft] a few days x is a liv+ mass ( infant />-fi%4 ,! "t ( ! ye> dur+ :i* ?is spawn is ca/1 is f ! end ( ,april1 or beg9n+ ( ,may1 to ! end ( ,july1 or beg9n+ ( ,augu/2 f ?is1 he says1 arises ! common obs]vation1 t ,mussels are only poison\s dur+ ^? mon?s 9 :i* ! lett] r is n f\nd4 ,?is spawn1 accord+ to our au?or1 is s v5om\s & cau/ic1 t x causes great pa91 swell+1 & inflammation1 ev5 to ! h&1 if h&l$ at ?is season2 rubb+ ! "p ) v9eg> is recomm5d$ z a cure4 ,small />-fi% 7 roll$ up 9 o!r food1 & giv5 to dogs & cats1 :5 ! animals suff]$ sev]ely1 & 9 ! end g5]ally di$4 ,9 spite1 h[ev]1 ( all ^! exp]im5ts1 x is /ill d\btful :e!r ! true cause has be5 discov]$4 ,?us mu* appe>s to be c]ta91 t :5ev] indige/ion occurs aft] eat+ ,mussels1 "s ill effects are exp]i5c$1 b ?is has seldom1 or v r>ely1 tak5 place :5 !y h be5 eat5 ) v9eg>1 & !y are mu* m :olesome cook$ ?an o!rwise4 ,:5 an individual is mussell$1 ! effects are v al>m+2 ! body1 head1 & face swell to a frightful ext5t2 &1 9 a few h\rs1 ! sk9 is cov]$ ) a bright sc>let eruption2 ! cure is attempt$ by means ( an emetic1 & aft]w>ds "s aromatic dr9k1 & v9eg> & wat]2 ?is br+s on a pr(use p]spiration1 :i* soon relieves ! pati5t4 ,! ,mussel is tak5 by our fi%]m5 = bait1 = :i* purpose x is well adapt$4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! ,m$it]ranean great att5tion is paid to ! multiplication ( ?is animal4 ,at ! port ( ,t>5to1 9 ! k+dom ( ,naples1 !y drive into ! s& a numb] ( long poles1 to :i* ! spawn ( ! ,muscle becomes atta*$4 ,9 ! foll[+ ,augu/1 :5 !y h atta9$ ! size ( almonds1 !y are tak5 to ! m\? ( ! brooks & small /reams :i* fall into ! gulf2 "h !y are left until ,octob]1 :5 !y are tak5 back to ! sea1 & 9 ! foll[+ ,spr+ !y are consid]$ fit to eat4 ,?is *ange f ! salt to ! fre% wat] & back aga91 is said to improve _! flav\r & col\r4 ,ne> ,ro*elle !y are pres]v$ 9 tanks1 pres]ves 9 :i* ! salt wat] rema9s at re/4 ,,! ,,giant ,,tridacna1 7,tridacna gigas47 ,! ,tridacna gigas is ! l>ge/ ( ! bivalve %ells2 x is v ?ick & close 9 texture1 & is said to h be5 f\nd z mu* z five hundr$ p\nds 9 weight4 ,9 ,ca?olic c\ntries ! %ells h be5 sometimes us$ z ! receptacles = ! holy wat] 9 ! *ur*es1 & =m]ly !y 7 consid]$ suffici5tly valuable to =m a pres5t to a k+2 ^? 9 ,/4 ,sulpice1 at ,p>is1 7 giv5 to ,francis ! ,fir/ by ! ,republic ( ,v5ice4 ,!y h be5 f\nd 9 ,india1 z x is relat$1 ( s extreme a size1 t m ?an "o hundr$ p]sons h made a meal on ! fle% ( a s+le ,tridacna gigas1 b ?is1 no d\bt1 is an exagg]ation4 ,^! %ells adh]e to ! rocks by _! %ort & /rong byssus ) s mu* t5acity1 z to require ! assi/ance ( a mallet & *isels1 9 ! task ( sep>at+ !m f ! rock4 ,illu/ration3 ,tridacna gigas4 ,,ord] ,,bimusculosa1 7,%ells ) ,two ,pairs ( ,muscles47 ,?is ,ord] conta9s by f> ! greate/ portion ( ! bivalve %ells1 all int]e/+ to ! naturali/1 f ! v>iety & beauty ( _! /ructure1 b few possess+ a claim to notice on acc\nt ( _! use z food = mank9d1 n b t _m are equally :olesome ) ^? belong+ to ! la/ ord]1 b z !y possess two or m pairs ( muscles1 !y are mu* m capable ( mov+ f place to place1 &1 consequ5tly1 are seldom f\nd 9 any great quantities 9 "o spot1 & be+ f\nd1 z !y g5]ally are1 9 a consid]able dep? ( wat]1 !y are n s easily obta9$4 ,,! ,,fre%-,,wat] ,,mussel1 7,anodonta cygna47 ,al?\gh ?is %ell1 & sev]al o!r species :i* ne>ly resemble x1 are kn[n by ! trivial "n ( ,mussel1 ! only resemblance betwe5 !m consi/s 9 _! outw>d appe>ance1 ! animals :i* inhabit ! %ells be+ v di/9ct1 bo? 9 organization & 9 habits4 ,! ,mussels1 z we h already said1 h v little p[] ( mov+ f place to place1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,anodonta is at times f> f be+ a sluggi% animal1 &1 = ! purpose ( %ift+ its position1 x avails itself ( a v /rong & broad muscul> foot4 ,! %ell ( ! ,anodonta is sometimes f\nd to conta9 pe>ls1 a circum/ance :i* frequ5tly occurs 9 all %ells :i* are l9$ ) "m-(-pe>l4 ,"s ( ! ,scot* riv]s h produc$ num]\s specim5s ( pe>l1 v l>ge & beautiful1 & :i* us$ to be> an extremely high price4 ,a pap] 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions = #afic1 m5tions ! collection ( pe>ls f ?is %ell1 9 ! riv] ,omagh1 ,c\nty ,tyrone1 9 ,irel&4 8,! poor p10 he says1 89 ! ,summ] mon?s1 g into ! wat]1 & "s ) _! toes1 "s ) wood5 tongs1 & "s by putt+ a %>p5$ /ick into ! op5+ ( ! %ell1 take !m up2 &1 al?\gh1 by a common e/imate1 n above "o %ell 9 a hundr$ may h a pe>l1 & ( ^! pe>ls n above "o 9 a hundr$ be tol]ably cle>1 yet a va/ numb] ( fair m]*antable pe>ls1 & too good = ! apo!c>y1 are (f]$ = sale by ^? p e ,summ] assizes4 ,"s g5tlem5 ( ! c\ntry make good advantage !re(1 & myself1 :il/ !re1 saw "o pe>l b\ght = #ejl4 t weigh$ ?irty-six c>ats1 & 0 valu$ at #djl4 ,a mill] took out a pe>l1 :i* he sold = #dl4 #ajs4 to a man t sold x = #ajl41 :o sold x to ! late ,lady ,gl5anly = #cjl41 ) :om ,i saw x 9 a necklace2 %e refus$ #hjl4 = x f ! late ,dut*ess ( ,ormond40 ,illu/ration3 ,isoc>dia cor4 ,anodonta ,cygna4 ,,! ,,he>t-,,%ap$ ,,isoc>dia1 7,isoc>dia cor47 ,?is %ell1 :i* is v common 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 :]e x goes by ! "n ( ! foolscap-%ell1 & ! bullock's he>t %ell1 is r>e 9 ! ,briti% seas1 b x is sometimes f\nd on ! ,iri% coa/2 x is ! l>ge/ ,briti% bivalve %ell4 ,,! ,,w$ge-,,%ap$ ,,donax1 7,donax cuneata47 ,!re are ne>ly ?irty species ( ,donax1 all extremely beautiful2 t repres5t$ 9 ! engrav+ is ( a :iti% col\r ) r$ /reaks3 x is (t5 met ) 9 collections ( ,indian %ells4 ,"o ( ^! species is f\nd on ! ,engli% coa/s1 ( a delicate :ite col\r1 & /reak$ ) p9k4 ,illu/ration3 ,donax cuneata4 ,9 foll[+ ! sy/em ( ,lam>ck1 we are gradually l$ ?r\gh v>i\s g5]a to two species figur$ on ! next page1 namely1 ! ,tell9a1 or e>?-%ell1 & ! ,p&ora1 &1 ultimately1 to ! ,sol51 or razor-%ell4 ,,! ,,%ea? ,,sol51 7,sol5 vag9a47 ,! ,sol5s are s+ul> f ! p[] !y possess ( bury+ !mselves 9 ! s&s on ! coa/1 sometimes ev5 to ! dep? ( a c\ple ( feet4 ,! foot ( ! ,sol51 by means ( :i* x is able to p5etrate ! s&1 is equal to "o-half ( ! l5g? ( ! %ell4 ,_! movem5ts are conf9$ to ris+ to ! surface ( ! s& 9 :i* !y h =m$ _! hole1 & 9 aga9 s9k+ to ! bottom4 ,?is movem5t is1 no d\bt1 produc$ by ! action ( ! foot1 :i* =ms itself into a %>p po9t 9 its desc5t1 & :5 x rem\nts is enl>g$ z mu* z possible1 to =m a re/+-po9t1 = ! purpose ( rais+ ! %ell to ! surface4 ,x is n suppos$ t ! animal ev] entirely leaves its hole ( its own accord1 al?\gh x may possess ! p[]2 b x is c]ta91 accord+ to ! obs]vations ( ,raumur1 t if =cibly remov$ x c re-ent] x4 ,! hole x =ms = its retreat is always p]p5dicul>4 ,illu/ration3 ,tell9a4 ,sol5 vag9a4 ,p&ora ro/rata4 ,"o ( ^! creatures1 be+ tak5 out ( its retreat1 0 laid on ! s&2 x fir/ ext5d$ its foot 9 ! =m ( a w$ge1 or r cone1 &1 apply+ x to ! surface ( ! s&1 slightly rais$ ! f>!/ end ( its %ell2 at ! next ef=t ! project+ "p ( ! foot 0 buri$ 9 ! s&1 & ! %ell became m elevat$2 aft] two or ?ree m attempts ! hole _h atta9$ a p]p5dicul> direction1 & ! %ell 0 p>tly buri$ 9 x2 ! %ell !n began to desc5d1 & t ) consid]able quickness4 ,! ,sol5s are us$ sometimes1 b r>ely1 = food2 b 9 places :]e !y ab\nd1 !y are s\ght aft] z bait = fi%es3 ! me?od ( tak+ !m is v s+ul>4 ,hav+ discov]$ ! place ( retreat ( ! creature1 by obs]v+ ! hole 9 ! s& :i* leads to its *amb]1 ! fi%]man ?r[s into its entrance a small quantity ( salt4 ,al?\gh an inhabitant ( salt wat]1 ! pure salt produces s irritat+ an effect on ! extremity ( its body1 t x quickly m\nts to ! surface2 ! fi%]man1 wait+ = its appe>ance1 snat*es ha/ily at x1 & if he succe$s 9 seiz+ x firmly1 makes good 8 capture2 b if n suffici5tly active1 & ! animal escapes1 ! application ( fre% salt produces no fur!r effect2 ei!r x is n s5sible to ! additional infusion ( salt1 or1 :i* is mo/ likely1 ! in/9ct ( self-pres]vation causes x to put up ) ! inconv5i5ce r ?an be tak54 ,9 ?is case1 no o!r means are left ( secur+ x1 ?an us+ an iron in/rum5t to dig x out )4 ,! numb] ( species is upw>ds ( tw5ty4 ,,! ,,date-,,%ap$ ,,pholas1 7,pholas dactyloides47 ,^! creatures h mu* m p[]ful means ( bor+ ?an ! sol5s1 = n only d !y imb$ !mselves 9 h>d clay1 b ev5 9 /one & lava4 ,9 :at mann] ?is is effect$ has be5 ! subject ( mu* dispute2 x is almo/ c]ta9 t ! process is n me*anical1 = _! s(t body1 & ! fragile nature ( _! %ells1 seem an insup]able b> to su* a proce$+4 ,"s au?ors h ass]t$ t ! hole is =m$ by means ( an acid secret$ by ! animal1 :i* acts *emically on ! /one2 b !re are two reasons aga9/ ?is solution ( ! difficulty2 fir/1 no acid liquid has be5 discov]$ 9 ! liv+ animal1 &1 secondly1 al?\gh acid w\ld act ^u /one1 x w\ld h no effect :atev] on lava4 ,ano!r curi\s "p ( ! hi/ory ( ^! %ell-fi% is _! phosphoresc5ce1 :i* is s bright1 t x has be5 ass]t$1 if eat5 9 ! d>k )\t _! be+ cook$1 x appe>s z if ! p]son dev\r+ !m 0 swall[+ phosphorus4 ,illu/ration3 ,pholas dactyloides4 ,al?\gh n us$ z food 9 ?is c\ntry1 !y are n uncommonly eat5 on ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 :]e "s l>ge species are f\nd4 ,! species repres5t$ 9 ! engrav+ is f\nd on ! ,briti% coa/s1 imb$d$ 9 clay2 its %ell is ( a delicate :ite1 beautifully c>v$4 ,! project+ piece at ! l[] "p ( ! %ell 9 ! engrav+ is ! long foot ( ! animal2 on ! "r h&1 ! hole f :i* a %ell has be5 remov$ is %[n4 ,,! ,,%ip-,,worm1 7,t]$o navalis47 ,be=e ! anatomy ( ?is de/ructive creature _h be5 c>efully exam9$1 !re 0 z mu* difficulty 9 guess+ at ! means x employ$ 9 p5etrat+ ! solid timb]s 9 :i* x is f\nd1 z !re is ) reg>d to ! op]ations ( ! ,pholas2 b subsequ5t obs]vation %[s t ! h>d p>ts1 ( :i* ! m\? is =m$1 are fully equal to ! task4 ,illu/ration3 ,t]$o navalis4 ,p]haps we may say1 ) propriety1 t ?is is ! only species ( ! %ell-be>+ tribes t is decid$ly injuri\s to mank9d4 ,! animal ( ! ,t]$o is a long worm-%ap$ creature1 dwell+ 9 a tube ( a %elly sub/ance1 :i* x =ms = itself 9 its progress ?r\gh ! wood2 ! small po9t$ %ell-l pieces1 to ! "r 9 ! engrav+1 =m ! jaws ( ! animal4 ,) ! assi/ance ( ^! x cuts its way into ! timb]1 &1 at ! same "t1 l9es ! excavation x is mak+ ) a %elly sub/ance1 :i* is gradually =m$ into a tube1 ! animal occupy+ t "p :i* is mo/ deeply sunk5 9 ! timb]2 9 direct+ its c\rse x g5]ally excavates 9 ! direction ( ! gra9 ( ! wood1 b 9 "s in/ances x crosses ?is gra94 ,9 ,holl& a great "p ( ! c\ntry is bel[ ! level ( high wat]1 &1 to prev5t ! irruption ( ! sea1 imm5se dykes h be5 =m$ along ! coa/2 ^! are fram$1 on ! sea-side1 ( l>ge masses ( s&1 :ile to ! l&w>d !y are /r5g!n$ by means ( /rong piles driv5 into ! gr\nd & wattl$ toge!r4 ,^! piles 7 once discov]$ pi]c$ 9 all directions by ?is de/ructive worm1 to su* an ext5t z to endang] _! safety1 & _h x n be5 = a timely discov]y ( ! mis*ief1 imm5se tracts ( c\ntry w\ld h be5 laid "u wat]1 & irretrievably lo/4 ,,class ,,cirrhip$a4 ,! ,cirrhip$s are well kn[n "u ! names ( ,b>nacles & ,acorn-%ells1 be+ f\nd atta*$ to rocks1 %ips' bottoms1 & pieces ( timb] :i* h be5 "u ! wat] = a l5g? ( "t4 ,!y also at times fix !mselves on ! %ells ( ! l>g] ,mollusca1 & on ! backs ( :ales1 tortoises1 c4 ,^! creatures1 f _! s+ul> =mation1 h (t5 prov$ a /umbl+-block 9 ! way ( ! sy/ematic naturali/1 :o1 f _! anomal\s *>act]s1 0 unable to ref] !m to any "p ( 8 sy/em2 & al?\gh _! true nature1 :i* has m rec5tly be5 discov]$ by a ,briti% naturali/1 0 p>tially suspect$ by ,lam>ck1 7)\t1 h[ev]1 any def9ite idea on ! subject17 we h /ill plac$ !m imm$iately aft] ! ,con*if]a1 al?\gh1 z we %all pres5tly %[1 !y ought m prop]ly to be rang$ ) ! ,cru/acea1 t is1 ! crab & lob/] tribes1 & 9 future sy/ems ?is no d\bt w be ! case4 ,aft] notic+ _! resemblance 9 _m respects to ! ,cru/acea1 ,lam>ck ?us expresses himself4 8,9 fact1 :5 ,i e/abli%$ ! ,,class ( ,cru/acea1 ,i =m$ ! fir/ ord] ( ?is class1 7! ,cirrhip$s17 "u ! "n ( sightless ,cru/acea1 b a few ye>s aft]w>ds ,i sep>at$ !m & plac$ !m at ! end ( ! ,mollusca1 b ?is 0 no bett]4 ,if1 = example1 we consid] ^? *>act]s :i* furni% _! mo/ important organs1 we %all f9d t ! ,cirrhip$s1 )\t any d\bt1 mo/ ne>ly resemble ! ,cru/acea1 = !y h ! same sy/em ( n]ves1 !y h jaws analog\s to ^? ( ! ,cru/acea1 & _! t5tacula resemble ! ant5n ( ! %rimps40 ,to prove t !y really 7 ,cru/acea1 0 a task t devolv$ ^u a ,briti% naturali/1 ,i4 ,v4 ,?omson1 ,esq41 a surgeon 9 8 ,maje/y's =ces4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ?is discov]y took place1 we %all notice fur!r on4 ,! ,cirrhip$s h obta9$ _! "n f ! hairy feel]s1 or t5tacula1 ) :i* !y are provid$2 ! "n ,cirrhip$a be+ d]iv$ f two ,lat9 words1--cirrhus1 hair1 & pes1 ! foot2 ^! app5dages1 be+ figuratively call$ feet1 al?\gh !y h1 9 reality1 b little relation to t organ ( motion4 ,!y h be5 sep>at$ into two ord]s2 namely1 ,cirrhip$a p$unculata1 :i* are atta*$ to any object by a tube ( a lea!ry nature1 z1 = in/ance1 ! ,b>nacle1--& ,cirrhip$a s$5t>ia1 :i* are fix$ directly to ! rock1 l ! ,acorn-%ell4 ,,ord] ,,cirrhip$a ,,p$unculata4 7,cirrhip$a ) a ,foot/alk47 ,,! ,,smoo? ,,b>nacle1 7,anatifa lvis47 ,! curi\s popul> error1 t ! ,b>nacle conta9$ ! "y ( a species ( goose1 :i* 0 !nce call$ ! ,b>nacle ,goose1 has la/$ = _m ages1 & /ill prevails among ! un$ucat$1 on ! %ores ( _m ( ! ,european seas4 ,"o reason ( ! cont9uance ( ?is error 9 sev]al ,roman ,ca?olic c\ntries1 is ! p]mission grant$ by ! prie/ to its memb]s1 to eat ?is goose on fi%-days1 because x is consid]$1 on acc\nt ( its suppos$ wat]y orig91 to p>take m ( ! "* ( a fi% ?an a f[l4 ,to %[ ! ext5t to :i* an errone\s belief may be c>ri$1 we may quote ! foll[+ notice s5t by ,sir ,rob]t ,moray to ! ,royal ,society1 & pr9t$ by !m 9 _! ,transactions4 ,he says1 8,! p$icle seems to draw & convey ! matt] :i* s]ves = ! gr[? & vegetation ( ! %ell & ! little bird )9 x40 8,9 e %ell t ,i op5$1 ,i f\nd a p]fect sea-f[l2 ! little bill l t ( a goose1 ! eyes m>k$2 ! head1 neck1 brea/1 w+s1 tail1 & feet =m$2 ! fea!rs ev]y:]e p]fectly %ap$1 & blacki%-col\r$2 & ! feet l ^? ( o!r wat]-f[l1 to my be/ remembrance60 8,nor did ,i ev] see any ( ! little birds alive1 nor met ) anybody t did2 only "s cr$ible p]sons h assur$ me t !y h se5 "s z big z _! fi/660 ,illu/ration3 ,anatifa lvis4 ,,ord] ,,cirrhip$a ,,s$5t>ia1 7,s$5t>y ,cirrhip$s47 ,,! ,,acorn-,,%ell1 7,balanus47 ,mr4 ,?omson describes 8 discov]y ( ! real nature ( ! ,cirrhip$s 9 ^! words4 8,on ,april #bh1 #ahbc1 :i* ! au?or _h devot$ to ! inve/igation ( "s m>9e productions1 he 0 return+ home )\t any addition to 8 /ock ( k1 :51 casually ?r[+ out a small musl9 t[+-net1 on cross+ ! f]ry at ,passage1 su* a capture ( m>9e animals 0 made1 z furni%$ a treat :i* few c ev] expect to meet1 & c\ld h>dly be excell$ = ! v>iety1 r>ity1 & int]e/+ nature ( ! animals tak540 ,aft] m5tion+ ! names ( sev]al v r>e species1 he cont9ues 8& o!rs p]fectly nondescript1 & incapable ( be+ associat$ 9 any ( our classifications ( ! ,cru/acea2 ( ?is description is ! little animal ab\t to be describ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,balanus1 7,! ,acorn-,%ell ,b>nacle47 8,!re is a small transluc5t animal "o-t5? ( an in* long1 ( a some:at elliptic =m1 mod]ately compress$1 & ( a br[ni% hue4 ,:5 9 a /ate ( p]fect repose1 x resembles a v m9ute mussel1 & lies ^u "o ( its sides at ! bottom ( ! vessel ( sea-wat] 9 :i* x is plac$4 ,at ?is "t all ! memb]s ( ! animal are )drawn )9 ! %ell1 :i* appe>s to be compos$ ( two valves1 unit$ by a h+e along ! upp] "p ( ! back1 & capable ( op5+ f "o end to ! o!r along ! front1 to give occasional exit to ! legs4 ,! limbs are ( two descriptions2 namely1 9 front a l>ge & v /rong pair1 provid$ ) a cup-l suck] & hooks1 c41 & at ! h9d] "p ( ! body1 six pair ( swimm+-memb]s1 s articulat$ z to act 9 conc]t1 & to give a v =cible /roke to ! wat]1 s z to cause ! animal1 :5 swimm+1 to advance by a succession ( b\nds1 aft] ! mann] ( ! wat] flea4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,l>va ( ,b>nacle1 natural size4 #b4 magnifi$1 se5 f above4 #c4 highly magnifi$1 se5 f side2 a1 swimm+-memb]s2 b1 front limb1 ) suck]4 #d4 ,eye1 mu* magnifi$4 #e4 ,p]fect ,"y ,b>nacle1 natural size4 #f4 full gr[n4 8,! greate/ peculi>ity1 h[ev]1 9 ! /ructure ( ?is animal1 is ! eyes2 :i*1 al?\gh con/antly %ield$ by ! valves ( ! %ell1 are plac$ on foot/alks1 z 9 ! crab & lob/]1 9 front1 at ! sides ( ! body4 8,"s ( ^! curi\s creatures 7 collect$ 9 ! ,spr+ ( #ahbf2 &1 9 ord] to see :at *anges !y might und]go1 7 kept 9 a glass vessel1 cov]$ by su* a dep? ( sea-wat]1 t !y c\ld be exam9$ at any "t by means ( a common magnify+ glass2 !y 7 tak5 on ,may ! #a/1 & on ! night ( ! #h?1 ! au?or _h ! satisfaction to f9d t two ( !m _h ?r[n (f _! exuvi#d1 &1 wond]ful to say1 7 firmly adh]+ to ! bottom ( ! vessel1 & *ang$ into "y ,b>nacles6 su* z are usually se5 int]mix$ ) gr[n specim5s1 on rocks & /ones1 at ?is season ( ! ye>4 ,! eyes 7 /ill p]ceptible1 al?\gh ! pr9cipal "p ( ! black col\r+-matt] appe>$ to h be5 ?r[n (f ) ! exuvi4 ,on ! #aj?1 ano!r individual 0 se5 9 ! act ( ?r[+ (f its %ell1 & atta*+ itself1 l ! o!rs1 to ! bottom ( ! glass40 ,,class ,,annulata4 ,we _c bett] describe ! ,annulose animals ?an 9 ! words ( ,lam>ck2 he calls !m1 8,animals ) s(t bodies1 l5g!n$1 worm-%ap$1 nak$1 or inhabit+ tubes1 ) ! body divid$ into segm5ts1 or at lea/ transv]se wr9kles1 (t5 )\t head1 )\t eyes1 & )\t ant5n1 unfurni%$ ) articulat$ limbs1 b ! great] numb] hav+1 in/ead1 small protub]ances1 be>+ sp9es1 & capable ( be+ retract$ at pleasure1 dispos$ 9 r[s along ! sides1 ?\gh n cont9u$ q to ! extremity ( ! body1 & assum+ v>i\s =ms4 ,!y h also r$ blood circulat+ by ve9s & art]ies2 ?is sep>ates !m f ! ,worms1 prop]ly s call$1 :i* h :ite blood4 ,?is col\r ( ! blood is a s+ul> fact1 s9ce ! animals are mu* less complex 9 _! organization ?an ! ,mollusca1 :i* h col\rless blood4 ,! ,class ( ,annulose animals has be5 sep>at$ into ?ree ,ord]s1 namely1 ,annulata s$5t>ia1 :i* are fix$ to o!r sub/ances2 ,annulata ant5nata1 possess+ ant5n1 or feel]s2 & ,annulata apoda1 )\t project+ memb]s answ]+ z feet1 s]v+ solely to atta* ! animal to rocks1 /ones1 c40 ,illu/ration3 ,%ells ( v>i\s s$5t>y ,annulose ,animals4 ,,ord] ,,annulata ,,s$5t>ia1 7,s$5t>y ,annulose ,animals47 ,! creatures :i* =m ?is ord] are g5]ally f\nd atta*$ to rocks1 %ells1 c4 & are usually ( small size4 ,! engrav+ repres5ts a v>iety ( species ( ^! animals4 ,( ! g5us ,s]pula !re are _m species1 b z x is 9 g5]al m]ely ! %ell t is f\nd 9 collections1 !y are b ill def9$2 "s ( ! species are f\nd 9 almo/ all climates4 ,! animal ( ! ,s]pula has great p[] ( contract+ its body1 b x nev] leaves its %ell or tube2 ?is tube is gradually l5g!n$ by ! inhabitant1 :o always occupies ! mo/ rec5tly-=m$ portion ( x2 its op]culum1 ! lid ) :i* x closes ! op5+ ( its tube1 is v prettily =m$2 x is some?+ l ! m\?-piece ( a trumpet1 b ( c\rse n p]=at$1 & x closes ! op5+ ) great accuracy4 ,,! ,,magnific5t ,,amphitrite1 7,amphitrite magnifica47 ,?is beautiful species is p]haps ! l>ge/ ( ! :ole tribe z yet discov]$4 ,x is f\nd 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! coa/ ( ,jamaica1 adh]+ to1 or r emb$d$ 91 ! rocks4 ,its irritability is exce$+ly great1 & on be+ approa*$ x in/antly retreats into its ela/ic tube2 ?is tube is ( a lea!ry consi/5ce1 unlike t ( ! ,s]pula4 ,specim5s ( ?is elegant species c only be obta9$ by break+ (f su* p>ts ( ! /one z conta9 !m4 ,^!1 be+ put into tubs ( sea-wat]1 may be kept = mon?s 9 p]fect heal?4 ,t "p ( ! body :i* is s beautifully spread out l an umbrella1 consi/s ( ! bran*i or organs ( brea?+2 ^! are ( a yell[i% col\r1 beautifully m>k$ ) p9k4 ,! ,amphitrite1 al?\gh p]haps x nev] entirely leaves its tube1 is n atta*$ to x1 & frequ5tly draws out ne>ly ! :ole ( its body4 ,illu/ration3 ,amphitrite magnifica4 ,,ord] ,,annulata ,,ant5nata1 7,annulose ,animals possess+ ,ant5n47 ,,! ,,s&-,,worm ,,( ,,! ,,fi%]m51 7,ar5icola piscatorium47 ,?is ,worm =ms its ne/ 9 ! s& on ! sea-%ore1 & is mu* s\ght aft] by fi%]m5 z bait = fi%es4 ,x is f\nd 9 all ! ,european seas4 ,!re appe>s to be b "o species1 b t is met ) 9 great abundance4 ,illu/ration3 ,ar5icola piscatorium4 ,,blood-,,col\r$ ,,leodice1 7,leodice sangu9ea47 ,! ant5nat$ ,annulata diff] mat]ially f ^? :i* are enclos$ 9 a case2 !y possess1 9 addition to _! ant5n1 organs ( motion1 l ! false legs ( a cat]pill>1 & two or f\r well-=m$ eyes2 !y are all m>9e animals1 & altoge!r !y be> a /rong resemblance to ! scolop5dra1 or c5tip$e4 ,illu/ration3 ,leodice sangu9ea4 ,! species repres5t$ above 0 tak5 on ! s\!rn coa/ ( ,devon%ire2 x is ! l>ge/ ,engli% species1 ext5d+ sometimes to ! l5g? ( f\rte5 or fifte5 in*es4 ,:5 ! animal 0 9 a glass ( sea-wat]1 ! circulation ( ! blood ?r\gh ! bri/le-l app5dages on ea* side ( ! body 0 a curi\s object1 & appe>$ to be effect$ at ! w ( ! animal1 b :5 x became sickly1 ! circulation 0 sl[]1 & z soon z x expir$ all ! col\r f ^? p>ts vani%$4 ,! m\? is l>ge1 & plac$ b5ea?1 conceal+ mo/ =midable jaws1 or complicat$ fangs1 :i* 7 put =w>d occasionally z ! animal became sickly1 or 9 ! agonies ( dea?4 ,! figure b5ea? ! worm %[s ! %ape ( ?is s+ul> app>atus4 ,,! ,,sp9\s ,,sea-,,m\se1 ,,or ,,sea-,,cat]pill>1 7,hali?a aculeata47 ,! ,sea-,m\se is f\nd 9 ! ,european seas1 & :5 9 its native elem5t is s+ul>ly beautiful1 ! hair ) :i* x is p>tially cov]$ be+ equal 9 spl5d\r to ! col\rs on ! tail ( a peacock4 ,illu/ration3 ,hali?a aculeata4 ,,ord] ,,annulata ,,apoda1 7,footless ,annulose ,animals47 ,! great] portion ( ! ,annulose animals1 namely ^? already describ$1 are furni%$ ) small project+ po9ts on ! sides ( _! body1 :i* assi/ !m 9 _! motions1 & :i* may1 consequ5tly1 be consid]$ z supply+ ! place ( feet2 b ^? we h yet to notice h no simil> app5dages1 &1 !re=e1 !y are call$ footless4 ,!y are all v lively 9 _! movem5ts1 & live ei!r 9 moi/ e>?1 or ! mud at ! bottom ( ponds4 ,we f9d among ! footless ,annulata two well-kn[n g5]a1 namely1 ! ,e>?-worm & ! ,lee*4 ,,! ,,common ,,e>?-,,worm1 7,lumbricus t]re/ris47 ,! body ( ! ,e>?-worm is compos$ ( a great numb] ( n>r[ r+s1 & along ea* side are f\r r[s ( v small1 %ort1 silk-l bri/les1 ( a sub/ance p>tly horny & p>tly %ell-l4 ,^! bri/les are plac$ on ! edges ( ! r+s1 & x is by ! alt]nate contraction & expansion ( ^! r+s t ! worm is enabl$ to move along1 ! little bri/les act+ l hooks1 & s =m+ v>i\s fix$ po9ts ( resi/ance or fulcra1 ^u :i* ! animal c re/ at ea* movem5t =w>ds4 ,! organization ( ! ,e>?-worm is v simple1 ! inte/9al canal = ! food be+ a simple /raight tube1 except 9 "o "p ( its l5g?1 :]e a k9d ( gizz>d is f\nd1 :i* answ]s ! purpose ( a /oma*4 ,x is suppos$ to fe$ ^u ! vegetable sub/ances x f9ds 9 ! e>?4 ,illu/ration ,! hole1 or burr[1 =m$ 9 ! e>? by ! worm1 always has two op5+s1 "o by :i* x ent]s1 & by :i* x ?r[s out ! dirt :i* is remov$ dur+ ! progress ( its excavation1 & ! o!r by :i* x sometimes leaves its burr[1 s t ! hole made by ! animal w\ld be mu* 9 ?is =m1 desc5d+ at ,a1 & rea*+ ! surface by ,b4 ,x has be5 said1 t ! ,e>?-worm1 if divid$ by ! spade or o!rwise1 w unite aga9 & live2 ! f\ndation = ?is appe>s to be ! m probable fact1 t1 :5 divid$1 t portion ( ! animal 9 :i* ! head is plac$ may1 p]haps1 survive ! mutilation1 & ultimately aga9 become a p]fect creature4 ,al?\gh worms1 aft] wet wea!r1 sadly disfigure our gravel walks1 !y are1 at ! same "t1 useful g>d5]s1 loos5+ ! e>? r\nd ! roots ( plants1 & ?us r5d]+ x m capable ( receiv+ ! small fibres ( ! roots4 ,dur+ ! ,w9t] !y p5etrate v deeply into ! gr\nd1 & rema91 accord+ to ,latreille1 roll$ up 9 a k9d ( ne/1 protect$ f injury by ! dis*>ge ( mucus1 :i* is furni%$ by ! pores ( _! body4 ,! ,e>?-worm appe>s to h be5 a consid]able fav\rite ) ! au?or ( ! ,j\rnal ( a ,naturali/2 among o!r rem>ks1 he obs]ves1 8,!re is ano!r creature1 & t a v important "o 9 ! op]ations ( nature1 t is surr\nd$ by dang]s1 h>ass$1 pursu$ incessantly1 & becomes ! prey ( all2 ! common ,e>?-worm4 ,?is animal1 de/9$ to be ! natural manur] ( ! soil1 & ! ready indicator ( an approv$ /aple1 consumes on ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 :]e !y soon w\ld be injuri\s1 ! s(t] p>ts ( decay$ vegetable matt]1 & conveys into ! soil ! m woody fibres1 :]e !y m\ld] & become r$uc$ to a simple nutrim5t1 fitt+ = liv+ vegetation4 ,! p>ts consum$ by !m are soon return$ to ! surface1 :5ce dissolv$ by fro/s1 & scatt]$ by ra9s1 !y circulate aga9 9 ! plants ( ! soil1 ,dea? /ill produc+ life4 8,?us em95tly s]viceable z ! ,worm is1 x yet becomes ! prey ( v>i\s ord]s ( ! animal creation1 & p]haps is a solit>y example ( an individual race be+ subject$ to univ]sal de/ruction4 ,! v emmet seizes x :5 disabl$1 & be>s x away z its prize4 ,x con/itutes ?r\gh\t ! ye> ! food ( _m birds2 fi%es dev\r x gre$ily2 ! h$gehog eats x2 ! mole pursues x unceas+ly 9 ! pa/ures1 along ! moi/ bottoms ( dit*es1 & burr[s aft] x ?r\gh ! banks ( h$ges1 to :i* x retires 9 dry seasons4 ,secur$ z ! ,worm appe>s to be by its resid5ce 9 ! e>?1 f ! capture ( creatures inhabit+ a diff]5t elem5t1 yet _m aquatic animals seem well acqua9t$ ) x1 & prey on x z a natural food1 :5ev] x falls 9 _! way3 frogs eat x1 & ev5 ! great wat]-beetle ,i h kn[n to seize x1 :5 ! bait ( ! angl]1 & x has be5 drawn up by ! hook4 ,yet not)/&+ ?is prodigi\s de/ruction ( ! animal1 its increase is fully comm5surate to its consumption1 z if orda9$ ! appo9t$ food ( all4 8,worms1 g5]ally speak+1 are t5d] creatures1 & wat] rema9+ ov] _! haunts = a few days1 dr[ns !m4 ,!y easily become froz51 :5 a mortification comm5ces at "s "p1 :i* gradually consumes ! :ole sub/ance1 & we f9d !m on ! surface a mass ( jelly4 ,_! retir+ deep] into ! soil is no bad indication ( approa*+ cold wea!r2 b no soon] is ! fro/ out ( ! gr\nd1 ?an !y approa* ! surface4 8,e>?-worms d consid]able mis*ief to ! floriculturi/ by draw+ ! "y plants1 imm$iately aft] !y are transplant$1 into ! e>?4 ,9 ! dra9age ( l&s !y are ( ess5tial s]vice1 p5etrat+ ! clay t lies b5ea? ! vegetable m\ld 9 e direction1 & ?us =m+ num]\s small canals to c>ry (f ! wat] into ! deep tr5*es dug by ! agriculturi/40 ,! au?or we h already quot$1 aft] conclud+ ?is acc\nt ( ! ,worm1 says1 8,i w\ld advocate ! cause ( all creatures1 _h ,i ! privilege ( kn[+ ! excell5cy ( !m2 n will+ly assign+ vague & fanciful claims to excite wond]1 or manife/+ a base pride by any vaunt ( sup]ior obs]vation2 b :5 we see1 bl9d z we are1 t all ?+s are =m$ 9 ju/ice1 m]cy1 tru?1 ,i w\ld tell my tale z a man1 glory z a ,*ri/ian1 & bless ! graci\s ,p[] t p]mitt$ me to obta9 ?is k40 ,,! ,,m$ic9al ,,lee*1 7,hirudo m$ic9alis47 ,! m$ic9al utility ( ! ,lee* seems1 ev5 9 v remote times1 to h be5 ackn[l$g$ by mank9d1 & accord+ly we f9d x notic$ 9 ! writ+s ( _m anci5t physicians4 ,x 0 n simply appli$ to ! cases 9 :i* x is at pres5t employ$1 b 0 recomm5d$ to be us$ 9 _m s+ul> ways3 a pa/e made ( ! a%es ( a burnt lee* 0 said to h ! prop]ty ( remov+ ! hair f any "p ( ! body4 ,x 0 also employ$ to suck ! blood f a w\nd occasion$ by a mad dog1 or any o!r rabid animal4 ,at pres5t ! employm5t ( ?is useful creature is conf9$ to ! op]ation ( draw+ blood f inflam$ p>ts ( ! surface ( ! body1 = :i* use x is em95tly adapt$4 ,!re are z _m z twelve or fifte5 species ( ^! creatures1 b only two h be5 employ$ 9 m$ic9e1 namely1 ! ,hirudo m$ic9alis1 :i* may be kn[n by hav+ six yell[i% l9es1 or /ri1 on its back1 :ile ! "u "p is ( a grayi% hue spott$ ) black1 b1 z we %all pres5tly see1 ^! m>k+s are n uni=mly f\nd2 & ! ,hirudo troct9a1 ( a br[ni% col\r1 ! upp] "p ( ! body m>k$ ) black spots1 ea* ( :i* is surr\nd$ ) a gold5-col\r$ r+1 ! sides ( a d+y yell[1 & ! "u "p ( a yell[i% gre5 ) black spots4 ,! fir/ ( ^! species1 ! m$ic9al lee*1 is common ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ,europe1 b is mu* m abundant 9 ! ,s\!rn p>ts2 x is g5]ally ab\t ?ree in*es 9 l5g?4 ,=m]ly x 0 v abundant 9 ,great ,brita91 b ! improvem5ts 9 agriculture1 & ! consequ5t dra9age ( ! l&1 toge!r ) ! great use made ( x 9 m$ic9e1 h ( late ye>s r5d]$ x ( less frequ5t occurr5ce4 ,on ?is acc\nt great quantities ( lee*es are import$2 ^! *iefly come f ,b\rdeaux & ,lisbon4 ,on a mod]ate calculation1 x appe>s t1 9 ,engl&1 on an av]age1 out ( e hundr$ lee*es employ$1 n9ety-n9e may be consid]$ ( =eign production2 ^! diff] f ! ,engli% lee* 9 be+ some:at l>g]1 & hav+ ! "u "p ( a uni=m col\r1 )\t spots4 ,"s idea may be =m$ ( ! numb] ( lee*es us$ 9 m$ic9e by ! /atem5t1 t 9 ! hospitals ( ,p>is alone1 #cjj1jjj 7 employ$ 9 "o ye>4 ,! prevail+ col\r ( ! m$ic9al lee* appe>s to v>y accord+ to ! nature ( ! soil on :i* x is f\nd4 ,9 ,w9t] ! lee* retires to wat]s ( consid]able dep?1 & seeks %elt] 9 ! mud at ! bottom2 b 9 ! ,summ] x appe>s to delight 9 %all[ pools1 bask+1 z x 71 9 ! w>m? ( ! sun3 b if ! wat] x frequ5ts is 9 dang] ( be+ dri$ up by ! ,summ]-heat1 ! lee* buries itself 9 ! mud at a consid]able dep?4 ,j be=e a ?und]-/orm1 lee*es appe> mu* agitat$1 & rise frequ5tly to ! surface ( ! wat]2 ?is1 !re=e1 is consid]$ by ! lee*-ga!r]s z a fav\rable "t = collect+ !m4 ,! prop]ty by :i* a lee* anticipates ?und]1 has induc$ "s p]sons to employ x z a species ( b>omet]2 = ?is purpose a lee* is enclos$ 9 a glass vessel half-fill$ ) wat]1 & ! foll[+ is suppos$ to be ! result4 ,:5 ! wea!r is ab\t to be s]5e & pleasant1 ! lee* w rema9 at ! bottom ( ! vessel )\t ! lea/ movem5t2 secondly1 if x is ab\t to ra91 ! animal w rise to ! surface1 & !re rema9 until ! approa* ( f9e wea!r2 ?irdly1 be=e boi/]\s wea!r1 x w appe> 9 a /ate ( great agitation2 f\r?ly1 on ! approa* ( ?und]1 x w rema9 out ( wat] = sev]al days1 appe>+ agitat$ & re/less1 & s on4 ,?is natural b>omet] appe>s to answ] tol]ably well1 if !re is suffici5t belief 9 its virtues on ! "p ( ! possessor1 & if "o lee* only is employ$2 b :5 sev]al ( ^! creatures are enclos$ 9 ! same vessel1 !y d n appe> to obey ! same laws1 &1 consequ5tly1 _! movem5ts d n correspond ) suffici5t accuracy to r5d] _! indications ( ! wea!r ( mu* use4 ,! m$ic9al lee* appe>s dur+ its :ole life to exi/ on ! blood or o!r juices ( ! creatures on ^: body x fixes itself2 ?is is n ! case ) ! horse-lee*1 :i* lives entirely on ! l>v ( aquatic insects1 worms1 c41 s t ! common idea ( ! dang] ( ! bite ( ! horse-lee* is )\t f\ndation4 ,! horse-lee* is exce$+ly voraci\s1 n only swall[+ worms1 tadpoles1 c41 b ev5 prey+ ^u its own species4 ,sixty-five horse-lee*es 7 plac$ 9 a glass vessel1 & 9 five days ! numb] 0 r$uc$ to fifty-two1 & n a ve/ige ( ^? t 7 miss+ 0 to be discov]$4 ,! usual sl[ness ( action ( ! dige/ive p[]s 9 all animals ( cold blood1 0 curi\sly illu/rat$ 9 ! case ( a horse-lee*1 :i*1 aft] swall[+ two small lee*es ( a diff]5t species1 disgorg$ "o ( ! two at ! end ( ?ree days1 9 a liv+ /ate1 & app>5tly n mu* injur$ f its soj\rn 9 s unusual a lodg+2 b x enjoy$ its lib]ty only = a few h\rs1 its m p[]ful companion swall[+ x a second "t at ! end ( t p]iod4 ,a numb] ( ?is species ( lee*1 inhabit+ ! wat] t suppli$ a tr\gh 9 :i* a t5* _h be5 plac$1 fix$ !mselves to diff]5t p>ts ( ! body ( ! fi%1 & s effectually 0 ! poor t5* annoy$1 t x 0 soon depriv$ ( life4 8,! lee*es !n tore x 7previ\sly break+ ! l9e ( connexion betwe5 ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! body1 by inflict+ a va/ numb] ( bites or w\nds17 into su* pieces z !y c\ld readily receive into ! /oma*1 & s dilig5t 7 !y1 t 9 a few days no?+ rema9$ ( ! fi% b ! m]e skeleton40 ,f ^! habits x w\ld appe>1 t ! "n ( ,hirudo sanguisuga1 7! blood-suck+ lee*17 has be5 improp]ly appli$ to ! horse-lee*2 on ?is acc\nt a rec5t au?or has sugge/$ ! "n ( ,hirudo vorax1 7! voraci\s lee*17 z be+ m suitable to its nature4 ,lee*es are suppos$ to be v long-liv$2 two 7 pres]v$ 9 conf9em5t = eight ye>s be=e !y di$1 & ! well-asc]ta9$ sl[ness ( _! gr[? seems to place _! l5g? ( life beyond a d\bt4 ,on ! head ( ! m$ic9al lee* t5 po9ts are arrang$ 9 ! =m ( a horse-%oe1 ?us-- ,illu/ration ,^! are consid]$1 by "s au?ors1 to be organs ( sight1 or eyes1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 x is /at$ by o!rs1 t !y are m]ely tub]cles4 ,lam>ck 0 ( ?is op9ion1 &1 consequ5tly1 9 describ+ _! "*1 says !y are )\t eyes4 ,! tee?1 or r pi]c]s1 ) :i* ! lee* is furni%$1 are ?ree 9 numb]1 ( a h>d gri/ly sub/ance1 & s plac$1 ) reg>d to ea* o!r1 z to meet 9 ! c5tre at equal angles2 ^! pi]c]s are ?ru/ into ! sk9 :5 ! animal atta*es itself2 n by "o plung+ ef=t1 b by con/antly scrat*+ or saw+ ^u ! surface 7assi/$ at ! same "t by ! suck+ action ( ! lips72 9 ?is mann] !y gradually become buri$ 9 ! sk91 & !re rema9 z long z ! creature reta9s its hold2 ?is movem5t ( ! pi]c]s occasions ! gnaw+ pa9 felt = ! fir/ two or ?ree m9utes aft] ! lee* has comm5c$ op]ation4 ,lee*es are at times s sc>ce & valuable1 t great c>e has be5 tak5 9 pres]v+ !m 9 a heal?y /ate & fit = use4 ,! pr9cipal art 9 manag+ !m consi/s 9 plac+ !m 9 vessels suffici5tly l>ge1 keep+ ! wat] cle>1 & 9 remov+ ^? :i* are unheal?y z soon z !y are discov]$4 ,lee*es1 :5 appli$ to ! sk91 frequ5tly %[ little incl9ation to bite1 & _m plans h be5 resort$ to1 to induce !m to comm5ce op]ations1 su* z ba?+ ! "p ) milk1 c42 b ^! me?ods may be consid]$ useless1 & ! be/ plan appe>s to be1 to wa% ! "p clean1 & ?is is ! m necess>y :5 any embrocation has be5 previ\sly appli$2 b ! sure/ way is to puncture ! place slightly1 s z to cause ! blood to appe>4 ,if ! little surgeon1 be=e x is fully gorg$1 appe>s lazy & unwill+ to proce$1 x c be usually r\s$ by be+ spr9kl$ ) a little cold wat]4 ,aft] a lee* has fall5 (f1 x is usual to spr9kle salt on x to induce x to disgorge ! blood x has swall[$2 b z ! salt frequ5tly bli/]s its body1 x has be5 recomm5d$ by ,dr4 ,johnson ( ,ed9burgh1 f ^: "w on ! ,lee*1 we h obta9$ mo/ ( ! prec$+ in=mation1 to apply a small portion ( v9eg> to ! head ( ! lee* in/ead ( salt4 ,! necessity = oblig+ ! lee* to dislodge ! blood x has swall[$1 arises f ! fact t x w\ld rema9 9 ! body ( ! animal = "s mon?s be=e x c\ld be all dige/$2 b ! mo/ s+ul> ?+ is1 t1 dur+ ! :ole ( ?is "t1 ! blood rema9s 9 ne>ly z fluid a /ate z :5 x 0 newly swall[$#e4 ,! /oma* ( ?is creature is v curi\sly =m$1 be+ compos$ ( a numb] ( *amb]s1 ea* *amb] hav+ a sep>ate connexion ) ! inte/9al canal1 9 su* a mann] t1 at ! w ( ! animal1 ! cont5ts ( ea* *amb] c be empti$ s+ly into t canal1 ?r\gh a di/9ct op5+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,fig4 #b4 ,x 0 long a matt] ( dispute z to :e!r lee*es 7 produc$ f eggs or born alive1 b x is n[ asc]ta9$ t ! ova are develop$ 9 a s+ul> case1 hav+ "s resemblance to ! cocoon ( a silkworm4 ,! foll[+ engrav+ repres5ts ?is case1 ( its natural size3 fig4 #a1 %[s ! p]fect case or cocoon1 & fig4 #b1 ! same op5$1 ) ! "y lee*es conta9$ )9 x2 x is said t1 at times1 !re are z _m z ?irte5 or f\rte5 9 "o case4 ,?is cocoon is =m$ by ! p>5t animal1 & by x deposit$ 9 ! mud or clay1 :i* composes ! b$ ( ! pool x inhabits4 ,! fact ( ! "y lee* be+ produc$ f ^! cocoons1 al?\gh only latt]ly asc]ta9$ by naturali/s1 0 long s9ce well-kn[n to ! deal]s 9 lee*es on ! ,fr5* coa/1 :o avail !mselves ( ?is k ( _! habits1 to multiply !m = ! purpose ( sale4 8,x 0 by ^! means ! lee*-deal]s ( ,bretagne1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ,f9i/]re1 repl5i%$ ! ponds 9 :i* !y pres]v$ ^? lee*es :i* 7 int5d$ = ! ,p>is m>ket4 8,ab\t ! mon? ( ,april or ,may1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! season1 !y s5d out lab\r]s1 provid$ ) spades & baskets1 to ! little muddy m>%es1 :]e !y are kn[n to exi/ 9 abundance4 ,^! workm5 !n set ab\t remov+ ^? portions ( mud t are kn[n to conta9 cocoons1 :i* are aft]w>ds deposit$ 9 %eets ( wat] previ\sly prep>$ = _! reception2 "h ! "y lee*es quit ! cocoons1 & are all[$ to rema9 = six mon?s1 :5 !y are remov$ to l>g] ponds40 ,:ile !y rema9 9 ^! ponds1 ! cattle & o!r animals are driv5 to ! wat]1 = ! purpose ( all[+ ! "y to fe$ ^u !m1 z x is suppos$ t !y gr[ mu* m rapidly aft] hav+ p>tak5 ( blood4 ,!re is a small species ( lee* 9 ! isl& ( ,ceylon1 :i* is m dread$1 &1 f its great numb]s1 produces m evil1 ?an ev5 ! v5om\s reptiles :i* are f\nd 9 ! isl&1 includ+ ! t]rible hood$ snake itself4 ,! l>ge/ ( ^! lee*es are seldom m ?an half an in* 9 l5g?1 & ! smalle/ are m9ute inde$4 ,?is lee* is a v active animal2 x moves ) great rapidity1 & is ev5 said occasionally to spr+4 ,x is suppos$ to h an acute s5se ( smell+1 = no soon] does a p]son /op :]e lee*es ab\nd1 t !y appe> to cr[d eag]ly to ! spot f all qu>t]s4 ,9 ra9y wea!r1 x is %ock+ to see ! legs ( m5 on a long m>* ?ickly beset ) ^! creatures1 gorg$ ) blood1 & ! blood itself trickl+ d[n 9 /reams4 ,x might be suppos$ !re be little difficulty 9 keep+ !m (f2 b !y cr[d to ! attack1 & fa/5 on m quickly ?an !y c be remov$4 ,_! bites are mu* m tr\blesome ?an w\ld be imag9$1 be+ v apt to fe/] & become sores1 &1 9 p]sons ( a bad habit ( body1 to deg5]ate into ext5sive ulc]s1 & ultimately cause ! loss ( a limb1 if n t ( life itself4 ,_m plans h1 ( c\rse1 be5 resort$ to1 to avoid ?is pe/1 su* z ano9t+ ! legs ) tobacco-wat]1 grease1 c41 b all to v little purpose1 ! only successful mode appe>+ to be1 ! enclos+ ! l[] "p ( ! legs 9 boots & pantaloons1 fitt+ v closely to ! limb1 a v unpleasant dress 9 s sultry a climate4 ,,class ,,cru/acea4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! ,cru/acea 9 sy/ems ( natural hi/ory has und]gone num]\s *anges2 !y 7 plac$ by ,l9nu among ! insects3--o!rs consid]$ !m to h m analogy to ! spid]s4 ,lam>ck 0 ! fir/ :o made ! ,cru/acea an indep5d5t ,,class =m+ two ord]s1 :i* he has nam$ aft] ! arrangem5t ( ! bran*i1 or gills1 by :i* !y brea!1 namely1--! ,cru/acea homobran*i1 ! di/+ui%+ m>ks ( :i* he describes 9 ?is mann]3 bran*i hidd5 "u ! lat]al m>g9s ( a k9d ( cuirass1 cov]+ ! body ( ! animal1 ) ! exception ( ! tail2 ! m&ibles always furni%$ ) feel]s1 ! eyes plac$ on foot/alks1 ! head n di/9ct f ! trunk1 & possess+ t5 feet to assi/ !m 9 _! movem5ts4 ,secondly1 ! ,cru/acea het]obran*i1 9 :i* ! bran*i are ext]nal1 9 v>i\s situations1 b nev] "u ! lat]al m>g9 ( a cuirass2 !y are ei!r "u ! belly or ! tail1 adh]+ to ! feet1 or conf\nd$ ) !m3 ! eyes are 9 g5]al fix$1 s$5t>y1 n on foot/alks4 ,,ord] ,,cru/acea ,,homobran*i1 7,%ell-,fi% ) conceal$ gills47 ,! fir/ ( ^! ord]s1 ! homobran*ial ,cru/acea1 includes mo/ ( ! l>g] k9ds ( %ell-fi%1 z1 = in/ance1 crabs1 lob/]s1 & cray-fi%2 %rimps & prawns are also 9 ?is division4 ,_! organization is mu* m p]fect ?an t ( ! o!r ord]1 &1 accord+ to ,lam>ck1 x is among ^! animals t ! la/ appe>ance ( ! organ ( he>+ is se51 9 trac+ ! animal k+dom f ! mo/ p]fect animals to ^? ^: =mation is app>5tly less complex4 ,! body ( ^! creatures appe>s to be compos$ ( only two pr9cipal p>ts1 ! body & ! tail2 = ! head is s intimately unit$ & conf\nd$ ) ! trunk1 z to appe> to be m]ely a portion ( x4 ,! two eyes are fix$ at ! top ( two moveable supports1 & are plac$ 9 a holl[ prep>$ = _! reception1 on ea* side ( a project+ portion ( ! %ell t cov]s ! head4 ,! ant5n1 :i* are usually f\r 9 numb]1 are plac$ ab\t ?is spot2 !y are ins]t$ b5ea? ! /ems t support ! eyes4 ,! two out]mo/ ( ^! ant5n are g5]ally ! longe/4 ,! bran*i1 or organs by :i* !y brea!1 assume a =m some:at pyramidical1 arrang$ l a s]ies ( leaves1 or ! web ( a fea!r2 !y are plac$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! %ell along ea* side1 & are s arrang$ z to adh]e to ! roots ( ! feet1 s t ea* ( ^! feet has a hidd5 bran*ia atta*$ to its base4 ,! m\? is compos$ ( a fle%y lip1 project+ betwe5 ! m&ibles2 ( two h>d triangul> m&ibles1 m or less not*$ at _! extremity1 & ea* hav+ a k9d ( feel] ins]t$ on ! upp] "p2 !y also possess a little tongue betwe5 ^! m&ibles1 at ! root ( :i* is ! op5+ to ! /oma*3 !y h besides two pair ( jaws1 l leaves1 ! bord]s ( :i* are fr+$1 & six o!r memb]s1 :i* ,lam>ck calls foot-jaws1 f _! be>+ "s resemblance to legs1 or feet4 ,f ?is x appe>s t ! p>ts ( ! m\? 9 ! ,cru/acea =m a complicat$ app>atus1 & accord+ly we f9d ! :ole tribe exce$+ly voraci\s1 ! ,crabs 9 p>ticul>1 fe$+ ^u any animal sub/ance1 putrid or n1 t may come )9 _! rea*4 ,"s ( ! species are well kn[n z articles ( food1 b !y are n equally :olesome at all seasons ( ! ye>4 ,,! ,,crab ,,tribe4 ,! g5]a ( ! ,cru/acea are s extremely num]\s1 & ! k we possess ( _! natural hi/ory is s scanty1 be+ g5]ally conf9$ to _! =m & col\r1 t we %all limit ourselves to a description ( "s ( ! be/ kn[n & mo/ useful species4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,zoea ,,( ,,! ,,common ,,crab4 ,! ,crabs are a v num]\s tribe1 & conta9 _m s+ul> species1 z f> z reg>ds _! =m1 :i* assumes an endless v>iety ( curi\s %apes1 sometimes elegantly decorat$ ) ! mo/ brilliant col\rs2 ?is m p>ticul>ly applies to ^? :i* are f\nd 9 ! seas ( hot climates4 ,! s+ul> little animal repres5t$ 9 ! prec$+ page1 0 plac$ by naturali/s among ! ,cru/acea1 & consid]$ a p]fect animal ( a di/9ct species2 x 0 nam$ ,zoea4 ,mr4 ,?omson1 ! exp]i5c$ naturali/ we h already notic$1 0 ! fir/ to discov] ! real nature ( ?is little creature4 ,we _c d bett] ?an to introduce ! subject by ! foll[+ obs]vations ( ! au?or ( ?is discov]y1 %[+ ! reason s little is kn[n respect+ ^! inhabitants ( ! deep4 8,! sea 7:i* is ! habitation ( ! great] "p ( ! ,cru/acea7 to ! casual obs]v] (f]s no?+ b an imm5se body ( wat]1 "h & !re pres5t+ a solit>y :ale1 or a vagrant troop ( "s ( ! small] cetace\s animals2 ! appe>ance ( a fi% ( almo/ any o!r k9d 9 ! track ( a vessel ov] a va/ expanse ( ! op5 ocean1 is reg>d$1 ev5 by ! m>9]1 z a k9d ( ph5om5on1 & creates an int]e/ n to be appreciat$ by ^? :o h n engag$ 9 di/ant voyages4 ,! fa?omless p>ts ( ! ocean c]ta9ly d n (f] ! same pr(usion ( inhabitants ) ! %ores ( isl&s & cont95ts1 or ^? p>ts :]e ! bottom is )9 rea* ( ! s\nd+-l9e1 or :]e ! surface is int]sp]s$ ) fields ( ,s>gosa#f4 ,on due exam9ation1 h[ev]1 we %all n fail to f9d x ev]y:]e peopl$ by a consid]able v>iety ( animals1 ei!r ( small size1 or possess$ ( su* a degree ( transluc5cy z to r5d] !m invisible1 or sc>cely p]ceptible1 ev5 :5 on or ne> to its surface2 t x %\ld possess its %>e ( ! organiz$ be+s :i* we see spread ov] e o!r "p ( ! surface ( our globe1 is a conclusion we might arrive at indirectly1 f ! consid]ation ( oceanic fi%es & birds be+ obs]v$ 9 ^? p>ts ( ! ocean mo/ di/ant f ! l&1 & ! provid5t c>e ( ! ,deity1 :i* we inv>iably witness ?r\gh\t ! doma9 ( nature1 to furni% food = all1 ev5 ! meane/ ( 8 creatures2 ! m m9ute & invisible inmates ( ! sea1 !n1 mu/ con/itute ! food ( oceanic fi%es & birds4 8,few ( ^! m>9e animals1 except "s ( ! l>g] & mo/ conspicu\s1 h z yet be5 obs]v$1 s t ! inve/igation ( !m holds out a promise ( a ri* h>ve/ to ! naturali/1 & a va/ field ( exploration1 replete ) novelty & int]e/2 to accompli% ?is1 h[ev]1 he mu/ use ! greate/ dilig5ce1 seiz+ e opportunity1 :5 ! way ( a %ip does n exce$ ?ree or f\r miles p] h\r1 to ?r[ out a/]n a small t[+-net ( gauze1 bunt+1 or o!r tol]ably close mat]ial1 occasionally draw+ x up1 & turn+ x inside out into a glass vessel ( sea-wat]1 to asc]ta9 :at captures h be5 made4 ,:5 a %ip goes at a great] rate1 & 9 /ormy wea!r1 a net ( ?is k9d may be app5d$ to ! sp\t ( "o ( ! sea-wat] pumps1 & exam9$ ?ree or f\r times a day1 or (t5]1 accord+ to circum/ances40 ,al?\gh naturali/s 7 decid$ 9 call+ ! ,zoea a cru/ace\s animal1 !y 7 /ill f> f agree+ z to ! place 9 ! sy/em x ought to occupy1 = ! diff]5t species 7 s unlike ea* o!r3 b x w be no long] a matt] ( surprise1 :5 x is kn[n1 t ?is s+ul> creature is n a p]fect animal1 b m]ely ! l>va1 or imp]fect /ate ( ! ,common ,crab4 ,?is fact is p]fectly new1 & int]e/+ 9 a d\ble po9t ( view1 n only prov+ _! real nature1 b also t ! ,cru/acea are n1 z describ$ 9 mo/ sy/ems1 animals und]go+ no metamorphosis1 & on t acc\nt to be sep>at$ f ! insects1 b t !y d und]go a metamorphosis1 & t ( a mo/ wond]ful nature4 ,x 0 9 ! ,spr+ ( #ahbb t ,mr4 ,?omson fir/ met ) ,zoe1 9 ! h>b\r ( ,cove1 & t 9 consid]able abundance2 ! ye> foll[+1 at ! same season1 "o ( consid]able size occurr$2 ?is 0 consid]$ a fit object = exp]im5t1 & 0 c>efully suppli$ ) fre% sea-wat]1 f ,may #ad? to ,june #ae?1 :5 x di$ 9 ! act ( *ang+ its sk94 ,t portion ( its new =m :i* x _h be5 able to dis5gage 0 suffici5t to %[ t x bore a great resemblance to ! division ( ! ,cru/acea1 9 :i* ! crabs & lob/]s are plac$4 8,?is pro(10 says ! au?or1 8might be consid]$ incomplete1 if ,i _h n _h ! good =tune to succe$ 9 hat*+ ! ova ( ! ,common ,crab1 dur+ ! mon? ( ,june1 :i* pres5t$ exactly ! appe>ance ( ! ,zoea taurus40 ,! ,common ,crab1 ,canc] major1 is s well-kn[n1 t any description ( its appe>ance w\ld be useless4 ,"o s+ul> "p ( ! hi/ory ( ^! creatures is1 ! p[] t is possess$ by !m1 ( *ang+ _! %ell once 9 e ye>2 ?is p[] is provid5tially be/[$ ^u !m1 to enable !m to increase 9 size1 a ?+ t w\ld o!rwise be utt]ly impossible1 f ! peculi> nature ( ! h>d coat 9 :i* !y are enclos$4 ,! ,crab1 9 ord] to prep>e = ! extraord9>y *ange x is ab\t to und]go1 :5 %ift+ its %ell1 *ooses a close & well-secur$ retreat1 9 ! cavities ( rocks1 or "u great /ones1 :]e x creeps 9 & rema9s dur+ ! op]ation4 ,! "t ( ! ye> :5 ?is occurs is ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! ,summ]1 at :i* "t _! food is 9 pl5ty1 & _! /r5g? & vig\r 9 ! highe/ p]fection4 ,b soon all _! activity ceases2 !y are se5 =sak+ ! op5 p>ts ( ! deep1 & seek+ "s retir$ situation among ! rocks1 or "s outlet :]e !y may rema9 9 safety f ! attacks ( _! enemies4 ,= "s days be=e _! *ange1 ! animal discont9ues its usual voraci\sness2 x is no long] se5 labori\sly h>r[+ up ! s& at ! bottom1 or fight+ ) o!rs ( its k9d1 or hunt+ its prey2 x lies torpid & motionless1 z if 9 anxi\s expectation ( ! approa*+ *ange4 ,j be=e ca/+ its %ell1 x ?r[s itself ^u its back1 /rikes its claws aga9/ ea* o!r1 & e limb seems to tremble2 its feel]s are agitat$1 & ! :ole body is 9 viol5t motion2 x !n swells itself 9 an unusual mann]1 & at la/ ! %ell is se5 beg9n+ to divide at its junctures1 p>ticul>ly at ^? ( ! belly1 :]e x 0 be=e seem+ly unit$4 ,x also seems turn$ inside out2 & its /oma* comes away ) its %ell4 ,aft] ?is1 by ! same op]ation1 x dis5gages itself ( its claws1 :i* bur/ at ! jo9ts2 ! animal1 ) a tremul\s motion1 ca/+ !m (f1 z a man w\ld kick (f a boot t 0 too big = him4 ,?us1 9 a %ort "t1 ?is wond]ful creature f9ds itself at lib]ty2 b 9 s weak & enfeebl$ a /ate t x cont9ues = sev]al h\rs motionless4 ,inde$1 s viol5t & pa9ful is ! op]ation1 t _m ( !m die "u x2 & ^? :i* survive1 are 9 su* a weakly condition = "s "t1 t !y nei!r take food1 nor v5ture f _! retreats4 ,imm$iately aft] ?is *ange1 !y h n only ! s(tness1 b ! timidity ( a worm4 ,e animal ( ! deep is !n a p[]ful enemy1 :i* !y c nei!r escape nor oppose2 & ?is1 9 fact1 is ! "t :5 ! dog-fi%1 ! cod1 & ! ray1 dev\r !m by ?\s&s4 ,b ?is /ate ( weakness cont9ues = a v %ort "t2 ! animal1 9 less ?an two days1 is se5 to h ! sk9 t cov]s its body almo/ z h>d z be=e2 its appetite appe>s to increase2 &1 /range to behold6 ! fir/ object1 x is said1 t tempts its gluttony1 is its own /oma*1 :i* x 0 lately dis5gag$ f4 ,?is x dev\rs ) great eag]ness4 ,9 ab\t =ty-eight h\rs1 9 proportion to ! animal's /r5g?1 ! new %ell is p]fectly =m$1 & z h>d z t :i* 0 b j ?r[n aside4 ,previ\s to ! "t ( m\lt+ or *ang+ _! sk91 a flat *alky /one is f\nd on ea* side ( ! /oma*2 ?is is believ$ to =m a /ore ( e>?y matt] = ! r5ewal ( ! %ell4 ,^! /ones1 popul>ly kn[n z crabs' eyes1 7 long highly e/eem$ = _! m$ic9al prop]ties1 b 9 reality are n sup]ior to s mu* *alk4 ,:5 completely equipp$ 9 its new dress1 ! dim5sions ( ! old %ell be+ comp>$ ) ^? ( ! new1 x w be f\nd ! creature has increas$ 9 size ne>ly "o-?ird1 & x appe>s wond]ful h[ ! old %ell c\ld h conta9$ x4 ,_m ( ! cold-blood$ animals h ! p[] ( reproduc+ a limb1 or a portion ( "o1 if by any accid5t x has be5 lo/4 ,?is faculty ( reproduction is possess$ by ! ,crab 9 great p]fection2 b x has also a surpris+ p[] 9 itself1 volunt>ily to break (f its own legs & claws4 ,x seems ?is takes place :5 any s]i\s injury1 by bruis+1 has happ5$ to any ( its memb]s4 ,aft] x has receiv$ ! hurt x ble$s1 & gives signs ( pa91 by mov+ ! w\nd$ limb f side to side1 b aft]w>ds holds x q /ill1 9 a direct & natural position1 )\t t\*+ any "p ( its body or its o!r legs ) x4 ,!n1 on a sudd51 ) a g5tle crack1 ! w\nd$ "p ( ! leg drops (f at ! next jo9t to ! "o injur$2 ?is appe>s to be m easily done ) respect to ! small] legs1 ?an 9 ! case ( an injury occurr+ to ^? :i* be> ! p9c]s4 ,:5 ! leg has dropp$ (f1 a mucus1 or jelly1 is dis*>g$ on ! rema9+ "p ( ! jo9t next ! body1 :i*1 z a natural /yptic1 in/antly /ops ! ble$+2 ?is gradually h>d5s & gr[s call\s1 becom+ a new leg 9 m9iature1 :i* at e *ange ( ! creature's %ell increases rapidly 9 size4 ,crabs are naturally v qu>relsome1 & ) _! claws fight & kill ea* o!r2 & if by *ance any ( _! limbs %\ld be s bruis$1 z to h tak5 away f ! creature ! p[] ( break+ (f its claws1 ! protect+ jelly is n produc$1 & ! animal ble$s to dea?4 ,an exp]im5t 0 made to give "s idea ( ! t5aci\s disposition ( ?is creature1 by oblig+ a ,crab1 ) "o ( its great claws1 to lay hold ( "o ( its small] ones2 ! silly creature did n di/+ui% t itself 0 ! aggressor1 b ex]t$ its /r5g?1 & soon crack$ ! %ell ( its own small leg1 :i* bl$ freely2 b feel+ itself w\nd$ x succe$$ 9 break+ (f its limb 9 ! usual mann]1--/ill1 h[ev]1 hold+ fa/ = a l5g? ( "t ! "p ( ! w\nd$ leg :i* _h come away4 ,! curi\s %uffl+ walk ( ! ,crab is well kn[n1 b x does n1 z x is said1 walk exactly backw>ds4 ,,! ,,l& ,,crab1 7,gec>c9us ruricola47 ,al?\gh ne>ly all ! ,crab tribe are inhabitants ( ! wat]1 !re is a species f\nd 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 a native ( ! ,bahama ,isl&s1 ^: habits are unlike ^? ( ! re/ ( its class1 & highly curi\s 9 !mselves4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,l& ,,crab1 7,gec>c9us ruricola47 ,l& ,crabs d n1 l mo/ o!r cru/ace\s animals1 live ne> salt wat]1 b take up _! abode = ! greate/ "p ( ! ye> 9 holes 9 ! gr\nd1 holl[ trunks ( trees1 & o!r places ( ! same description1 & inhabit ! m\nta9\s di/ricts ( ! isl&s1 _m miles f ! sea-%ore2 b1 al?\gh !y make ^! places _! usual haunt1 x is necess>y = !m1 once a ye>1 to repair to ! sea1 = ! purpose ( deposit+ _! spawn4 ,!y prep>e = _! annual migration ab\t ! mon? ( ,april or ,may1 &1 hav+ mu/]$ 9 imm5se numb]s1 ! procession sets =w>d1 ) all ! regul>ity ( an army1 "u ! guidance ( an exp]i5c$ comm&]4 ,_! de/9ation be+ ! sea1 !y in/9ctively move 9 a direct l9e to ! ne>e/ coa/2 no ob/acle :i* !y c possibly surm\nt w induce !m to turn f _! c\rse2 = if ev5 a h\se /&s 9 _! way1 !y endeav\r to scale its walls1 9 :i* !y sometimes succe$2 & %\ld a w9d[ rema9 op51 !y are n unlikely to direct _! m>* ov] ! b$ ( "s he$less sleep]4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a l>ge riv] crosses _! track1 !y cont9ue to foll[ its c\rse )\t attempt+ to cross x4 ,x is said1 t !y are commonly divid$ into ?ree battalions1 ( :i* ! fir/ consi/s ( ! /ronge/ & bolde/ males1 :o1 l pione]s1 m>* =w>d to cle> ! r\te4 ,!y are (t5 oblig$ to halt = want ( ra91 & g into ! mo/ conv5i5t encampm5t till ! wea!r *anges4 ,! ma9 body consi/s ( females1 :o nev] leave ! m\nta9s till ! ra9 has set 9 = "s "t2 !y !n desc5d 9 regul> ord]1 =m$ into columns ( ! bread? ( fifty paces1 & ?ree miles 9 l5g?1 & s close t !y almo/ cov] ! gr\nd4 ,?ree or f\r days aft] ?is1 ! re>-gu>d foll[s1 a /raggl+ undiscipl9$ tribe1 consi/+ ( males & females1 b nei!r s robu/ nor vigor\s z ! =m] p>ties4 ,! night is _! *ief "t ( proce$+4 ,:5 t]rifi$1 !y m>* back 9 a confus$ mann]1 hold+ up _! nipp]s & clatt]+ !m l\dly1 to intimidate _! enemies4 ,_! g5]al food consi/s ( vegetables2 b if any ( _! companions %\ld become maim$1 & unable to proce$1 !y are gre$ily dev\r$ by ! re/4 ,aft] a m>* ( two1 & sometimes ?ree mon?s1 9 ?is mann]1 !y arrive at _! de/9$ spot on ! sea-coa/2 !y imm$iately ent] ! wat]1 & aft] ! waves h wa%$ ov] !m sev]al times1 retire to holes 9 ! rocks1 & o!r hid+-places1 :]e !y rema9 until ! p]iod ( spawn+4 ,!y !n once m seek ! wat]1 &1 %ak+ (f _! eggs1 leave !m to ! *ance ( be+ hat*$1 or dev\r$ by tribes ( hungry fi%1 :o h already repair$ to ! spot 9 c\ntless %oals1 9 expectation ( _! annual treat4 ,! eggs t escape are hat*$ "u ! s&2 &1 soon aft]1 millions at a "t ( ! little ,crabs are se5 quitt+ ! %ore1 & sl[ly travell+ up to ! m\nta9s4 ,! old ones1 h[ev]1 are n s active to return3 !y h become s feeble & lean1 t !y c h>dly crawl ab\t4 ,mo/ ( !m1 !re=e1 are oblig$ to cont9ue 9 ! flat p>ts ( ! c\ntry till !y recov]2 mak+ holes 9 ! e>?1 into :i* !y creep1 & cov] !mselves up ) leaves & dirt2 "h !y ?r[ (f _! old %ells1 & cont9ue almo/ )\t motion = ab\t six days1 dur+ :i* "t !y become s fat1 z to be consid]$ delici\s food4 ,9 ab\t six weeks1 ! new %ell has become tol]ably h>d1 & ! creatures may be se5 sl[ly return+ to _! m\nta9-haunts4 ,9 "s ( ! sug>-isl&s1 x is said !y =m no inconsid]able portion ( ! food ( ! negroes1 :o are extremely dext]\s 9 _! mode ( seiz+ !m1 s z to avoid _! nipp]s4 ,,! ,,h]mit1 ,,or ,,soldi] ,,crab1 7,pagurus b]nh>dus47 ,?is s+ul> species ( ,crab has obta9$ its "n f its habit ( rema9+1 z x 71 seclud$1 9 any empty %ell1 or hole ( a rock1 x may fancy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,h]mit ,,crab1 7,pagurus b]nh>dus47 ,! h9d] "p ( its body1 p>ticul>ly ! tail1 be+ con/antly secure f injury1 has its cov]+ r$uc$ to almo/ a membran\s /ate1 :ile ! tail1 :i* assi/s ! o!r species 9 swimm+1 is almo/ oblit]at$2 b 9 ^? :i* h *os5 a %ell = _! h]mitage1 "s hook-l app5dages are obs]v$1 :i* enable !m to ma9ta9 a secure hold ( _! borr[$ dwell+4 ,:5 ! body has gr[n too l>ge = ! %ell occupi$ by ! animal1 x is oblig$ to seek ano!r ( a l>g] size4 ,! num]\s combats !y ent] into :5 seek+ a new dwell+1 h caus$ ?is animal to receive ! additional "n ( ! ,soldi] ,crab4 8,! ,soldi] :5 ab\t to seek a new habitation1 is /ill se510 says an amus+ writ]1 89 its own %ell1 :i* x appe>s to h consid]ably outgr[n2 = a "p ( ! nak$ body is se5 at ! m\? ( x1 :i* ! habitation is too small to hide4 ,a %ell1 !re=e1 is to be f\nd1 l>ge en\gh to cov] ! :ole body2 & yet n s l>ge z to be unmanageable & unwieldy4 ,to answ] bo? ^! ends is no easy matt]1 nor ! atta9m5t ( a slight inquiry4 ,! little ,soldi] is se5 busily p>ad+ ! %ore1 along t l9e ( pebbles & %ells t is =m$ by ! extreme/ wave2 /ill1 h[ev]1 dragg+ its old incommodi\s habitation at its tail1 unwill+ to "p ) "o %ell1 ev5 ?\gh a tr\blesome app5dage1 till x c f9d ano!r m conv5i5t4 ,x is se5 /opp+ at "o %ell1 turn+ x & pass+ x by1 go+ on to ano!r1 contemplat+ t = a :ile1 & !n slipp+ its tail f its old habitation1 to try on a new4 ,?is1 also1 is f\nd to be inconv5i5t2 & x quickly returns to its old %ell aga94 ,9 ?is mann]1 x frequ5tly *anges1 till at la/ x f9ds "o light1 roomy1 & commodi\s3 to ?is x adh]es1 ?\gh ! %ell be sometimes s l>ge z to hide ! body ( ! animal1 claws & all40 ,yet x is n till aft] _m trials1 & _m combats also1 t ! ,soldi] is ?us completely equipp$2 = !re is (t5 a conte/ betwe5 two ( !m = "s well-look+ fav\rite %ell1 = :i* !y are rivals4 ,!y bo? endeav\r to take possession2 !y /rike ) _! claws2 !y bite ea* o!r1 till ! weake/ is oblig$ to yield1 by giv+ up ! object ( dispute4 ,x is !n t ! victor takes possession1 & p>ades 9 8 new conque/ ?ree or f\r times back & =w>d1 ^u ! /r&1 be=e 8 envi\s antagoni/4 ,:5 ?is animal is tak51 x s5ds =? a feeble cry1 endeav\r+ to seize ! enemy ) its nipp]s2 :i* if x fa/5 ^u1 x w soon] die ?an quit ! grasp4 ,! w\nd is v pa9ful1 & n easily cur$4 ,on ! ,engli% coa/s ! ,h]mit ,crab is g5]ally f\nd 9 ! %ell ( ! :elk1 or :5 ( a small size 9 t ( ! p]iw9kle2 !y n unfrequ5tly1 h[ev]1 rema9 9 "s cranny ( a rock1 or "u ! protect+ cov] =m$ by a gr\p ( pebbles1 9 ! int]/ices ( :i* !y hide !mselves4 ,! anci5ts 7 well acqua9t$ ) ! ,soldi] ,crab1 z is evid5t f ! foll[+ translation ( ! l9es ( "o ( _! poets3 ,! ,soldi] ,crabs un>m$ by nature1 left ,helpless1 & weak1 gr[ /rong by h>mless !ft4 ,fe>ful !y crawl1 & look ) pant+ wi% ,= ! ca/ cru/ ( "s new-cov]$ fi%2 ,or su* z empty lie1 & deck ! %ore1 ,^: fir/ & rightful own]s are no m4 ,!y make glad seizure ( ! vacant room1 ,& c\nt ! borr[$ %ell _! native home2 ,screw _! s(t limbs to fit ! w9d+ case1 ,& boldly h]d ) ! cru/ace\s race4 ,b :5 !y l>g] gr[ !y fill ! place1 ,& f9d !mselves h>d-p9*$ 9 scanty space1 ,compell$1 !y quit ! ro( !y lov$ be=e1 ,& busy se>* ar\nd ! pebbly %ore1 ,till a commodi\s roomy seat be f\nd1 ,su* z ! l>g] %ell-fi% liv+ own$4 ,(t cruel w>s cont5d+ soldi]s wage1 ,& long = ! disput$ %ell engage2 ,! /ronge/ "h ! d\btful prize possess1 ,p[] gives ! "r1 & all ! claim confess4 ,,! ,,lob/]1 7,a/acus europa47 ,! well-kn[n & delici\s %ell-fi%1 ! ,lob/]1 is f\nd 9 great abundance 9 all ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,europe4 ,! nor? ( ,scotl& is fam\s = ! ,lob/]1 b x is /ill m pl5tiful on ! coa/ ( ,norway4 ,! crab is m frequ5tly f\nd 9 %all[ wat]1 b ! ,lob/] pref]s ^? spots :]e ! wat] is ( consid]able dep?4 ,! me?ods ( tak+ ,lob/]s are v>i\s1--! mo/ usual is by means ( :at are call$ ,lob/]-pots2 ^! are a sort ( trap1 =m$ ( twigs1 & bait$ ) g>bage2 !y are made l a wire m\se-trap1 s t :5 ! ,lob/]s get 9 !re is no possibility ( return+4 ,^! pots are fa/5$ to a cord1 & sunk 9 ! sea1 _! place be+ m>k$ by a buoy4 ,ano!r me?od ( tak+ !m is by means ( a k9d ( bag-net1 bait$ ) animal sub/ances4 ,?is fi%]y is only c>ri$ on 9 ! night4 ,!y are br\ght 9 va/ quantities to ! ,london m>ket f ! ,orkneys & f ! ,norway coa/4 ,lob/]s are mu* al>m$ at ! noise ( ?und]1 or any o!r sudd5 %ock2 ! consequ5ce ( :i* is1 t 9 _! fright1 !y frequ5tly ca/ _! claws4 ,?is also (t5 happ5s :5 ! poor creatures are ?r[n into ! boil+-pot4 ,z ^! animals frequ5t cle> wat]1 _! habits h be5 m notic$ ?an ^? ( ! crab4 ,_! mode ( fe$+ is suffici5tly curi\s4 ,9 g5]al1 ! p9c]s ( "o ( ! l>ge claws are furni%$ ) knobs1 :ile ! o!r l>ge claw is m l a saw on its edge2 hold+1 !n1 its food 9 ! knobb$ claw1 x dext]\sly pulls x to pieces ) ! o!r4 ,_! movem5ts 9 ! wat] are exce$+ly graceful & lively1 & !y are capable ( d>t+ =w>d to a consid]able di/ance ) ! rapidity ( ! flight ( a bird4 ,_! col\r1 :5 9 _! native elem5t1 is n black z might be imag9$1 b a beautiful deep blue4 ,a :imsical idea ( ! horror ,lob/]s are said to h ( pigs1 seems to h prevail$ 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,cont95t4 ,x is said t 9 ,br&5burgh1 :]e ! fi%]y is v abundant1 ! wagon]s :o transport !m by l& are oblig$ to keep wat* dur+ ! night1 to prev5t sw9e f pass+ ! wagon1 = if "o only 0 to g by1 !y say1 n a s+le ,lob/] w\ld be alive 9 ! morn+6 ,,! ,,riv] ,,cray-,,fi%1 7,potamobius fluviatilis47 ,! fre%-wat] ,cray-fi% v mu* resembles ! lob/] 9 appe>ance1 b is consid]ably broad] 9 its proportions4 ,x is commonly f\nd 9 ! tribut>y /reams ( l>ge riv]s1 inhabit+ ! banks1 9 :i* x burr[s1 & fe$+ on any animal sub/ance t may happ5 to come 9 its way4 ,! ,cray-fi% is tak5 9 v>i\s ways1 sometimes by ! h&1 :i* is ?ru/ into ! holes 9 :i* !y burr[4 ,ano!r me?od is ?us describ$3-- ,procure a doz5 little rods1 ab\t five feet 9 l5g?1 & ! ?ickness ( ! ?umb1--split !m at ! smalle/ end1 & by way ( bait1 place a frog1 or a piece ( putrid fle% 9 ! cleft2 take !n ! rods by _! ?icke/ end1 & hold ! bait at ! entrance ( ! little holes :]e y suspect y\r prey to be2 if !y are !re1 !y w g5]ally come out to seize ! bait4 ,z soon z y p]ceive !m1 hold a small l&+-net und]nea?1 & raise ! bait sudd5ly1 & ! ,cray-fi% w ei!r be br\ght up along ) ! bait1 or w fall back into ! net4 ,ano!r me?od notic$1 consi/s 9 fir/ bury+ a dead cat1 or a h>e1 9 a dunghill1 = eight days1 & !n plac+ x 9 ! mid/ ( a bu% ( tangl$ ?orns & brambles1 :i* is ?r[n into ! wat]1 9 ! place frequ5t$ by ! ,cray-fi%4 ,aft] x has rema9$ !re a few h\rs x may be drawn up1 :5 ! %ell-fi% w be f\nd p>tak+ ( _! delicate f>e1 & ! tangl$ bu% w effectually prev5t _! escape4 ,,! ,,phosphoresc5t ,,%rimp4 ,! lum9\s appe>ance ( ! ocean at night is a fact well-kn[n to all :o h be5 a voyage by sea2 & x has be5 asc]ta9$1 t ! causes ( ?is beautiful ph5om5on are ! phosphoresc5t prop]ties :i* are possess$ by _m ( ! small] inhabitants ( ! deep4 ,among ^!1 ! little animal1 figur$ above1 is v frequ5tly met )4 ,illu/ration3 ,,noctiluca ,,banksii magnifi$4 ,! l9e above %[s ! natural l5g?4 ,! light ( ?is creature1 :i* is v brilliant1 appe>s to issue f e "p ( ! body2 b 9 ano!r cru/ace\s animal1 f\nd by ,capta9 ,tuckey1 9 ! ,gulf ( ,gu9ea1 ! lum9\s prop]ty resid$ 9 ! bra91 :i*1 :5 ! animal 0 at re/1 resembl$ a mo/ brilliant ame?y/1 ab\t ! size ( a l>ge p9head2 f ?is !re />t$1 :5 x mov$1 fla%es ( a brilliant silv]y light4 ,! au?or we h lately quot$1 says1-- 8,m$itat+ ^u ?is subject1 ,i ?9k x n improbable1 t ! ,deity1 :o has done no?+ 9 va91 & ^: omnisci5ce ext5ds to e epo*1 =esee+ t man w\ld inv5t ! means ( tempt+ ! trackless ocean1 & explore ! mo/ di/ant regions ( our planet1 has giv5 x z "o means ( r5d]+ 8 nights less gloomy1 & ( dim9i%+ ! numb] ( 8 dang]s2 especially1 if we consid] t ?is lum9osity is se5 only 9 ! night-season1--is vivid 9 proportion to ! d>kness1 disappe>+ ev5 be=e ! feeble light ( ! moon1--& also t x increases ) ! agitation ( ! sea1 s t1 dur+ ! preval5ce ( /orms1 x greatly dim9i%es ! d5se gloom :i* at su* times is (t5 imp5etrable to ! moon1 & ! />s1 ?r[s su* a light ^u ! %ip & rigg+ z to enable sailors to execute _! allott$ tasks ) c]ta9ty1 & at all times po9ts out to ! cauti\s m>9] ! lurk+ dang] ( sunk5 rocks1 %oals1 & unkn[n coa/s1 by ! phosphoresc5t1 or sn[y appe>ance :i* x gives to ! break]s1 s z to r5d] !m visible at a consid]able di/ance40 ,,! ,,opossum ,,%rimp1 7,mysis *amleon47 ,?is small species ( ,%rimp1 al?\gh x has mu* ! same outw>d appe>ance z ! common %rimp1 except t x is consid]ably small]1 is1 :5 duly exam9$1 "o ( ! mo/ s+ul>ly-=m$ creatures ( ! class to :i* x belongs4 ,x is f\nd 9 tol]able abundance along ! ,briti% coa/s1 b ! nor!rn seas lit]ally sw>m ) !m2 !re1 9 spite ( _! small size1 !y are de/9$ to become ! food ( ! /up5d\s :ale1 ^: enorm\s m\? encloses myriads at a "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,mysis *amleon4 ,! ,opossum ,%rimp belongs to a gr\p ( cru/ace\s animals :i* h be5 call$ fissip$s1 7split-feet17 on acc\nt ( ea* ( _! feet be+ divid$ ne>ly ?r\gh\t its :ole l5g?2 ! inn] limb be+ con/ruct$ = progression & ! seiz+ ( _! prey1 & ! out] = swimm+ & giv+ t motion to ! wat] :i* is ess5tial to ! organs ( brea?+1 :i* are1 z x 71 wrapp$ r\nd ! base ( ea* limb1 & fully expos$ to ! action ( ! elem5t4 ,9 ! o!r ,cru/acea1 :i* !y mo/ ne>ly approa*1 su* z %rimps1 prawns1 c41 !re is a s+le r[ ( five feet on ea* side3 b ! g5us we are n[ describ+ possesses z _m z f\r r[s ( feet1 ea* conta9+ eight1 s t 9 all1 ! numb] ( feet am\nts to z _m z ?irty-two1--sixte5 adapt$ = swimm+1 & sixte5 = seiz+ _! prey4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is organization1 ! ,%rimps seek _! food 9 ! s&s at ! bottom1 :ile ! pres5t g5us frequ5t ! surface4 ,! mo/ s+ul> portion ( _! =mation1 & t to :i* !y are indebt$ = a "n1 is a k9d ( p\* :i* ! female possesses1 fix$ b5ea? ! body1 & =m$ ( two concave pieces ( %ell2 ?is p\*1 :i* is v capaci\s1 consid]+ ! size ( ! animal1 is de/9$ to receive ! eggs1 :i* are deposit$ 9 x1 envelop$ 9 a k9d ( jelly-l sub/ance1 mo/ probably =m+ ! food ( ! "y :5 fir/ hat*$4 ,z fa/ z ! "y assume ! l5g!n$ =m ( ! p]fect animals1 !y are f\nd to arrange !mselves 9 ?is p\* closely & regul>ly side by side1 ) _! heads t[>ds ! brea/ ( ! "m4 ,aft] ?is mann] !y lie closely compact$ toge!r1 & pres5t a p]fectly symmetrical arrangem5t1 easily obs]v$ f ! transluc5cy ( ! valves ( ! p\*1 & ! l>ge size & blackness ( _! eyes4 ,! males ( ! ,opossum ,%rimp are n s num]\s z ! females1 & are )\t ! s+ul> p\* we h describ$4 ,we h already notic$ ! fact ( ^! ,%rimps be+ ! food ( ! ,gre5l& :ale1 9 ! nor!rn seas1 b 9 ^! climates !y s]ve z food = h]r+s4 ,x is 9 look+ closely into ! /ructure ( ^! little animals t we see ! p]fection ( ! ,div9e ,arti/4 ,nature's great] productions appe> co>se inde$ to ^! elaborate & highly-f9i%$ ma/]-pieces1 & 9 us+ m & m p[]ful magnifi]s we /ill cont9ue to br+ new p>ts & t\*es into view4 ,if1 = in/ance1 aft] obs]v+ "o ( _! memb]s ) ! nak$ eye1 :i* has in=m$ u t ! "p we h be5 exam9+ is compos$ b ( "o piece1 we employ a magnify+ glass ) a l[ p[]1 ! same "p appe>s jo9t$1 or compos$ ( sev]al pieces articulat$ toge!r4 ,employ+ a high] magnifi]1 x appe>s fr+$ ) long hairs1 :i*1 on fur!r scrut9y1 seem to be !mselves fr+$ ) hairs /ill m m9ute2 _m ( ^! m9ute p>ts also1 are evid5tly jo9t$1 & p]=m s5sible motions4 ,b :at idea c we =m ( ! v>i\s muscles :i* put ^! p>ts 9 movem5t1 ( ! n]ves :i* actuate !m1 & ! vessels :i* supply !m ) ! n\ri%m5t necess>y = gr[? & support1 & :i* we "k1 f comp>ison ) o!r creatures1 !y mu/ possess6 ,! ,opossum ,%rimps1 we h se51 are ! prey ( ! l>g] inhabitants ( ! deep2 b !y1 9 _! turn1 de/roy o!rs t are small] ?an !mselves1--seiz+ ^u e animal sub/ance !y are able to manage t comes )9 _! rea*1 &1 if plac$ 9 a vessel ( sea-wat] by !mselves1 dev\r+ ea* o!r4 ,! species repres5t$ 9 ! engrav+ has be5 call$ ! ,mysis *amleon1 f its col\r v>y+ accord+ to ! sub/ances on :i* x fe$s1 ?r\gh all ! gradations ( gray1 black1 br[n1 & p9k4 ,,ord] ,,cru/acea ,,het]obran*i4 7,cru/acea ) ,organs ( ,brea?+ v>i\sly plac$1 nev] conceal$47 ,! ,cru/acea :i* =m ?is ord] diff] mu* m f ea* o!r ?an ^? :i* are arrang$ 9 ! la/ ord]1 & consequ5tly we f9d among !m "s v s+ul> 9 _! outw>d =mation4 ,few ( ! species appe> to be us$ z food by mank9d1 b !y con/itute a great portion ( ! n\ri%m5t ( fi%es & o!r inhabitants ( ! wat]4 ,!y are at times us$ by fi%]m5 z bait4 ,_m ( !m are v m9ute1 & =m mo/ excell5t objects = ! microscope4 ,!y h be5 divid$ into sev]al sections1 accord+ to _! outw>d =m2 b z s little is kn[n ( _! habits1 we %all conf9e ourselves to a description ( "s ( ! be/ kn[n4 ,,! ,,spott$ ,,squill1 7,squilla maculata47 ,! ,squill seems to =m a connect+ l9k betwe5 ! la/ & pres5t ord]4 ,x is ! only g5us ( ! het]obran*ial ,cru/acea 9 :i* ! eyes are plac$ on foot/alks2 ! head1 in/ead ( be+ di/9ct1 appe>s 9 a great measure drawn into ! corslet4 ,x has be5 call$ ! ,sea ,mantis1 f its be>+ "s resemblance to an insect ( t "n1 on acc\nt ( ! s+ul>ly-=m$ hooks ) :i* two ( its foot-jaws are arm$4 ,! species %[n 9 ! engrav+ is f\nd 9 ! ,indian ,seas2 x is ! l>ge/ ( ! g5us4 ,! %ell ) :i* ^! creatures are cov]$ has v little consi/5ce1 m resembl+ h>d5$ sk9 ?an %ell4 ,!y frequ5t ! s&y bottom ( ! sea4 ,illu/ration3 ,squilla maculata4 ,!re is a small species :i* is f\nd 9 fre% wat]1 9 :i* ! "y1 aft] ! eggs are hat*$1 rema9 = "s "t 9 %elt] "u ! plates ) :i* ! body ( ! "m is cov]$4 ,,! ,,common ,,cloportus1 7,cloportus ascellus47 ,?is animal is v common ^u old walls & "u /ones4 ,x is some:at l ! wood-l\se1 b m flat2 x is ess5tially a dwell] on ! l&1 b x _c exi/ except 9 damp places1 :]e ! moi/ure is suffici5t to keep its bran*i pliable2 x belongs to a gr\p ( small ,cru/acea kn[n by ! "n ,oniscus4 ,"s1 z we see 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 frequ5t ! l&1 b ! great] portion inhabit ! wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,cloportus ascellus4 7,fig4 #a1 mu* magnifi$2 fig4 #b1 natural size47 ,among ^? :i* inhabit ! latt] elem5t1 !re is a m9ute species :i* is v injuri\s to timb]4 ,x excavates a cyl9drical hole = its dwell+1 & increases 9 numb] s rapidly1 t 9 a few ye>s timb] :i* is cov]$ ) wat] is r5d]$ useless4 ,! tempor>y wood-"w us$ dur+ ! "t ! ,bell-,rock ,ligh?\se 0 9 ! c\rse ( erection1 0 de/roy$1 to a great ext5t1 by ?is little creature4 ,:5 ! wood _h be5 "u wat] = ?ree ye>s1 beams t5 in*es squ>e 7 r$uc$ to sev5 in*es2 at ! rate ( "o in* a ye>4 ,ano!r species1 ,cymo?oa1 atta*es itself to ! backs ( diff]5t species ( fi%es1 liv+ ^u ! juices ( _! body4 ,a cru/ace\s animal ne>ly alli$ to ?is la/ is describ$ 9 ! fif? volume ( ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,transactions2 x is accompani$ by engrav+s :i* we h copi$1 b ! animal is n drawn ) suffici5t accuracy to be ref]able to any p>ticul> species2 by ?is acc\nt x appe>s t1 in/ead ( atta*+ itself to ! body ( ! fi%1 ! p>asite makes safe its lodgem5t on ! ro( ( ! m\?4 ,! au?or ?us describes x4 ,illu/ration3 ,head ( ,alewife4 ,"p ( l[] jaw remov$ to %[ ! insect4 ,illu/ration3 ,! insect se5 f above4 8,among ! fi% t at ?is e>ly season ( ! ye> 7,febru>y7 resort to ! wat]s ( ,york ,riv]1 9 ,virg9ia1 ! ,alewife1 ! ,oldwife1 call$ also ! ,bay ,alewife1 arrives 9 v consid]able %oals1 & 9 "s seasons _! numb] is almo/ incr$ible4 ,!y are fully ( ! size ( a l>ge h]r+1 & are pr9cipally di/+ui%$ f ! h]r+ by a bay or r$ spot1 above ! gill-f94 ,!y are1 :5 caught f ,m>* to ,may1 full-ro$ & fat1 & at lea/ z good a fi% = ! table z ! h]r+4 8,9 ?is season1 ea* ( ^! ,alewifes c>ries 9 h] m\? an insect ab\t two in*es long1 hang+ ) its back d[nw>ds1 & firmly hold+ itself by its f\rte5 legs to ! palate4 8,x is ) difficulty x c be sep>at$1 & nev]1 p]haps1 )\t injury to ! jaws ( ! fi%4 ,! fi%]m51 !re=e1 consid] ! insect z ess5tial to ! life ( ! fi%2 = :5 x is tak5 out1 & ! fi% is aga9 ?r[n into ! wat]1 he is incapable ( swimm+1 & soon dies4 ,i endeav\r$ 9 num]\s in/ances to pres]ve bo? ! insect & ! fi% f injury1 b 0 always oblig$1 ei!r to de/roy ! "o or injure ! o!r4 8,i h sometimes succe$$ 9 tak+ out ! insect 9 a brisk & lively /ate4 ,z soon z he 0 set free f my grasp1 he imm$iately scrambl$ nimbly back into ! m\? ( ! fi% & resum$ 8 position4 ,9 e in/ance he 0 disgu/+ly corpul5t & unpleasant to h&le1 & x seem$ t1 :e!r he _h obta9$ 8 po/ by =ce or fav\r2 :e!r he be a travell] or con/ant resid5t1 or :at else may be 8 bus9ess :]e he is f\nd1 he c]ta9ly f>es sumptu\sly e day4 8,! fi% ^: m\? he inhabits1 comes ab\t ! same "t ) ! %ad into ! riv]s ( ,virg9ia f ! ocean1 & cont9ues to travel upw>ds f ! beg9n+ ( ,m>* to ! middle ( ,may4 ,z long z !y are caught on _! passage up ! riv]1 !y are f\nd fat & fall ( roe4 ,e fi% :i* ,i saw _h ! ,oniscus 9 8 m\?1 & ,i 0 assur$1 n only by ! m ignorant fi%]m51 b by a v intellig5t man :o came d[n n[ & !n to div]t himself ) fi%+1 t 9 =ty ye>s' obs]vation he _h nev] se5 a ,bay ,alewife )\t ! l\se40 ,! ,oniscus itself1 z ! au?or /ates1 is n )\t its enemies1 _m ( !m be+ caught ) two or ?ree lee*es atta*$ to _! body1 & adh]+ s closely t _! removal co/ !m _! heads4 ,,! ,,molucca ,,crab1 7,polyphemus gigas47 ,:y ! s+ul> creature "h repres5t$ %\ld h ! "n ,polyphemus giv5 to x1 is h>d to guess4 ,polyphemus1 z e s*oolboy kn[s1 0 ! fabl$ giant ov]come by ,ulysses1 :o is repres5t$ z hav+ "o eye 9 ! c5tre ( 8 =ehead2 :]eas1 ?is creature has two eyes & "o horn4 ,x is int]e/+ f its be+ s ne>ly alli$ to _m v m9ute species4 ,! ,polyphemus sometimes rea*es ! l5g? ( two feet2 !re are b two species1 :i* only diff] f ea* o!r 9 ! %ape ( _! buckl]4 ,t we h repres5t$ is f\nd 9 ! ,indian ,ocean1 & has be5 call$ ! ,molucca ,crab4 ,! tail1 or r ! horn1 ( ! ,polyphemus1 is greatly dread$ by ! fi%]m51 f ! idea t its w\nd is v5om\s4 ,! natives employ x to po9t _! arr[s1 & z !y are 9 ! habit ( poison+ ! po9ts ( ^! weapons1 x is mo/ likely f ?is circum/ance t ! idea we h notic$ orig9at$1 = !re is no o!r gr\nd = ! belief4 ,illu/ration3 ,polyphemus gigas4 ,dur+ ! night-"t !y lie half out ( ! wat]1 & are !n v easily tak51 z !y appe> to take b little notice ( any?+ until _! dang] becomes imm95t4 ,x is b a small portion ( _! fle% t is consid]$ good = food1 b ! eggs1 :i* are v num]\s1 are reckon$ a delicacy4 ,^! ,crabs are 9 ! habit ( leav+ ! wat] & walk+ to a consid]able di/ance ov] ! wet s&s1--b if incommod$ by ! sun1 !y hurry back z fa/ z !y are able to _! native elem5t4 ,:5 walk+1 none ( _! legs are visible4 ,mo/ au?ors say t1 if ?is ,crab is laid on its back1 x mu/ inevitably p]i%1 unless ! wat]s return 9 "t1 b "o obs]v] ass]ts t x has ! p[] ( right+ itself ) ! assi/ance ( its tail4 ,,! ,,crab-,,l ,,limulus1 7,limulus cancri=mis47 ,! ,limuli are f\nd 9 deep dit*es ( fre% wat]1 m>%es1 c42 !y are frequ5tly met ) congregat$ toge!r 9 great numb]s2 _! pr9cipal food 9 ! ,spr+ appe>s to be tadpoles4 ,illu/ration3 ,limulus cancri=mis4 7,natural size47 8,?is g5us10 says ,lam>ck1 8is almo/ isolat$ among ! gr\p 9 :i* x is plac$4 ,its body is cov]$ ) a great horny buckl]1 v ?91 & made ( a s+le piece1 ( a r\ndi% oval =m4 ,! head is conf\nd$ ) ! trunk1 & ! ant5n are v %ort4 ,!y possess ?ree eyes1 two 9 front1 & "o1 v small1 fur!r back4 ,_! legs are v num]\s1--! two 9 front1 mu* ! l>ge/1 spread out 9 ! =m ( o>s1 & furni%$ at _! extremity ) silky articulat$ bri/les40 ,,! ,,wat] ,,flea1 7,cyclops quadricornis47 ,!re are z _m z twelve kn[n species ( ! ,wat] ,flea4 ,t repres5t$ 9 ! engrav+ is extremely common1 & =ms a mo/ int]e/+ object = ! microscope4 ,we h avail$ ourselves ( ,mr4 ,prit*>d's popul> description ( ?is curi\s creature4 8,! ,au?or ( ,nature1 to :om all ?+s are alike easy ( execution1 z if int5d+ to tea* man a lesson ( humility1 & t no "p ( creation1 h[ev] m9ute1 is b5ea? 8 consid]ation1 has conf]r$ on ^! animals1 t are b>ely p]ceptible to our unassi/$ vision1 m elegance & v>iety ( =m1 m ri*ness 9 _! col\r+1 & m beauty & exquisite f9i%+1 ?an on ! :ale or ! elephant1 :i* ma9ly excite our admiration1 by ! magnitude ( ! mass ( liv+ matt] !y pres5t to u4 ,illu/ration3 ,cyclops quadricornis4 7,fig4 #a1 highly magnifi$2 fig4 #b1 natural size47 8,^! little cru/ace\s animals may be f\nd at all seasons ( ! ye>1 ne> ! surface ( ! wat]2 !y are1 h[ev]1 mo/ abundant 9 ,july & ,augu/4 ,i h collect$ great numb]s ( !m on a w>m day 9 ! latt] mon?1 ) a small clo? net1 imm]s+ x ab\t an in* bel[ ! surface4 ,!y are mo/ly col\rless 9 ponds cov]$ ) h]bage1 b 9 small collections ( ra9 wat]1 on a loamy soil1 are ( a f9e ri* col\r4 8,! body ( ?is creature is cov]$ ) cru/ace\s or %elly plates1 :i* ov]lap ea* o!r1 & admit bo? ( a lat]al & v]tical motion betwe5 !m4 ,_! ends d n meet on ! side1 b h suffici5t space betwe5 !m = ! ins]tion & play ( ! organs ( respiration4 ,! ro/rum1 or beak1 is %ort & po9t$3 x is a prolongation ( ! fir/ segm5t :i* =ms ! head4 ,a little above ! beak1 a s+le eye is imb$d$ b5ea? ! %ell1 ( a d>k crimson col\r1 ne>ly approa*+ to blackness4 ,! true =m ( ?is organ x is difficult to det]m9e4 ,mr4 ,bak] gives x ! %ape ( two kidney-beans plac$ p>allel to ea* o!r1 & unit$ at _! l[e/ extremities4 ,:5 view$ lat]ally1 x appe>s r\nd1 :ile 9 "s o!r positions x is squ>e40 ,! eggs are curi\sly plac$ 9 two bags1 pres5t+ an appe>ance simil> to clu/]s ( grapes1 & ( consid]able magnitude1 comp>$ ) ! size ( ! animal4 ,^! egg-bags are se5 9 ! engrav+1 7:i* repres5ts a female17 project+ f ea* side ( ! h9d] portion ( ! %ell4 ,! c5tre ( ea* egg is ( a deep opaque col\r1 :i* 9 "s specim5s is gre51 9 o!rs r$4 ,! "y ( ! ,cyclops1 :5 fir/ exclud$ f ! egg1 are extremely m9ute1 & s diff]5t f ! "m1 t ,mll] has describ$ !m z =m+ two di/9ct g5]a4 ,,! ,,small ,,wat] ,,flea1 7,cyclops m9utus47 ,?is species ( ! ,wat] ,flea diff]s f ! la/1 9 hav+ its body divid$ into a great] numb] ( segm5ts2 x is also mu* small]2 x is equally active ) t la/ describ$1 b its =m r5d]s x m graceful 9 its motions4 8,^! little creatures10 says ,mr4 ,prit*>d1 8seem to possess great disc]nm5t & cunn+2 =1 if approa*$1 !y rema9 motionless on ! plant on :i* !y reside1 9 ! app>5t hope t !y may be ov]look$2 b :5 a fit opportunity occurs1 !y sudd5ly b5d ! body1 & spr+ away ) a k9d ( vault+ leap40 ,illu/ration3 ,cyclops m9utus1 mu* magnifi$4 ,!y inhabit ! v>i\s species ( conf]v1 & may (t5 be met ) 9 great numb]s on ! /alks & und]side ( heal?y duckwe$1 gr[+ on ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,!y are mo/ num]\s 9 ,april & ,may1 & disappe> z ! heat ( ! season increases4 ,!y w n live 9 /agnant wat] conta9+ mu* decompos$ vegetation1 & require1 !re=e1 to be kept = obs]vation 9 a l>ge vessel ( clean wat]4 ,!y are easily caught aft] a %[] ( ra91 on ! "u surface ( ! duckwe$1 by tak+ out a little ) a bas9 or clo? net4 ,:5 f\nd1 !y appe> busily engag$ 9 se>* ( prey1 mov+ ab\t ) great activity1 & exam9+ e portion ( ! plant 9 ! mo/ scrut9iz+ mann]4 ,9 ?is pursuit ! body is n b5t z 9 ! magnifi$ repres5tation 9 ! engrav+1 b is kept 9 a /raight crawl+ position4 ,_! natural l5g? is ab\t ! ?ree hundr$? "p ( an in*4 ,! female ( ! la/ species has two outw>d receptacles = ! eggs2 9 ?is !re is b "o1 & t is plac$ on ! "u "p ( ! animal ne> ! tail4 ,,! ,,hairy ,,cypris1 7,cypris pub]a47 ,^! s+ul> little creatures are f\nd 9 /agnant fre% wat]3 !y are v small1 &1 at fir/ sight1 appe> l a bivalve %ell4 ,! animal :i* is enclos$ 9 ?is two-valv$ case1 op5s & %uts x at w2 :5 x does ?is1 x ?r[s out f "o end ( ! %ell num]\s :iti% hair-l memb]s2 x is by mov+ ^! t x is enabl$ to swim ) consid]able cel]ity1 & x nev] /ops until x meets ) "s object on :i* x c re/4 ,its two ant5n1 :i* issue f ! =e "p ( ! %ell1 are long1 v flexible1 & b5t backw>ds2 _! articulations are num]\s1 :i* gives !m great fre$om ( motion4 ,! movem5ts ( ^! ant5n contribute mat]ially to ! swimm+ p[]s ( ! creature4 ,at ! place :]e ! head is unit$ to ! body1 a small black po9t is se51--?is is ! eye ( ! animal4 ,illu/ration3 ,cypris pub]a4 7,fig4 #a1 highly magnifi$2 fig4 #b1 natural size47 ,! ,cypris *anges its %ell l ! re/ ( ! ,cru/acea2 x is f\nd 9 m>%es :]e vegetable sub/ances are gr[+4 ,sometimes !y are s num]\s1 t ! wat] appe>s cov]$ ) !m2 !y are m usually f\nd 9 ,spr+ & ,autumn ?an at any o!r "p ( ! ye>2 f ?is x is inf]r$ t !re are two broods 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye>4 ,! dry+ up ( m>%es dur+ ! ,summ] heats1 de/roys imm5se numb]s e season4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 f obs]vation1 t 9 ?is case1 "s ( ^! t9y creatures manage to bury !mselves 9 ! mud1 :]e !y h]metically close _! %ells1 & rema9 9 a k9d ( dormant /ate1 until ra9 or o!r causes h aga9 fill$ ! m>%es ) wat]4 ,a species ne>ly alli$ to ?is1 ! ,artemia ,sal9a1 ! ,lym+ton %rimp1 or br9e-worm1 is able to live 9 ! br9e ( ! salt-pans1 :i* is s /rongly impregnat$ ) salt1 z to de/roy any o!r ,cru/ace\s animal4 ,myriads ( ^! animalcul are to be f\nd 9 ! salt]ns at ,lym+ton1 9 ! op5 tanks or res]voirs1 :]e ! br9e is deposit$ previ\s to boil+4 ,a p9t ( ?is br9e conta9s ab\t a qu>t] ( a p\nd ( salt4 ,^! tanks are call$ cle>]s1 z ! liquor becomes cle> 9 !m1 an effect :i* ! workm5 attribute1 9 "s degree1 to ! rapid & cont9ual motion ( ! br9e-worm1 or ! p>ticles :i* cl\d ! liquor s]v+ = its food2 b ?is is m]e conjecture4 ,s /rongly p]suad$1 h[ev]1 are ! workm5 ( ?is fact1 t !y are accu/om$ to transport a few ( ! worms f ano!r salt]n if !y d n appe> at _! own4 ,!y increase a/oni%+ly 9 ! c\rse ( a few days4 ,x is obs]vable t ! br9e-worm is nev] se5 9 ! sun-pans1 :]e ! br9e is made by ! admission ( sea-wat] dur+ ! ,summ]1 & :i* are empti$ e =tnight2 b only 9 ! pits & res]voirs1 :]e x is deposit$ aft] x is tak5 out ( ! pans1 & :]e "s ( ! liquor con/antly rema9s1 :5 x becomes mu* dilut$ ) ra9 wat]4 ,f ,octob] till ,may1 7dur+ :i* "t ! manufacture is at a /&17 a few only ( ! worms are visible2 b at ! approa* ( ,summ]1 "y ones appe> 9 great numb]s4 ,,! ,,end4 ,,london3 ,,john ,w4 ,,p>k]1 ,,/4 ,,m>t9',s ,,lane4 ,,li/ ,,no4 #a4 ,,approv$ ,,books ,,= ,,s*ools ,,& ,,families4 ,^? to :i* a 99 is prefix$1 are publi%$ "u ! ,direction ( ! ,committee ( ,g5]al ,lit]ature & ,education ( ! ,society = ,promot+ ,*ri/ian ,k4 99 ,,engli% ,,gramm>4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,,russell1 late ,head ,ma/] ( ,*>t]-,h\se ,s*ool4 #as4 #f;d4 ,no language c be m simple & intelligible ?an t 9 :i* ! ,rules ( ?is ,gramm> are express$4 ,! con/ruction ( ,s5t5ces1 & ! =ce ( ! ,prepositions & ,conjunctions1 are illu/rat$ by examples4 ,emphasis is treat$ v p]spicu\sly2 & ! ,gramm> closes ) mo/ useful ,que/ions on ! ,rules4 ,a ,,practical ,,introduction to ,,engli% ,,composition2 adapt$ to ! education ( bo? sexes1 by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,,edw>ds1 ,m4,a41 "o ( ! ,ma/]s ( ,k+'s ,college ,s*ool1 ,london4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,9 addition to o!r pursuits & /udies1 ! cultivation ( a k ( ,engli% ,lit]ature is daily ga9+ gr\nd4 ,?is1 x mu/ be ackn[l$g$1 is v desirable1 b x is assur$ly ( great importance1 t x %\ld be ^u a plan :i* w t5d to give a vigor\s & heal?y tone to ! m9d4 99 ,,! ,,class ,,read+ ,,book2 adapt$ = ,s*ools1 & p>ticul>ly design$ to furni% ,y\? ) ,practical ,in=mation on a v>iety ( ,int]e/+ ,subjects4 ,by ,,george ,,ludl[1 "o ( ! ,ma/]s ( ,*ri/'s ,hospital4 #cs4 ,?is "w consi/s ( ne>ly ,two ,hundr$ ,read+ ,lessons1 adapt$ ei!r = classes or individuals4 ,!y are select$ ) a view to ! communication ( popul> b s\nd in=mation1 on v>i\s bran*es ( k1 & !re is a dep>tm5t consi/+ ( c>efully select$ ,poems4 ,,abbott',s ,,read]2 a ,s]ies ( ,famili> ,pieces1 9 ,prose & ,v]se1 calculat$ to produce a ,moral ,influ5ce on ! ,he>ts & ,lives ( ,"y ,p]sons4 ,by ! ,au?ors ( ,,! ,,"y ,,*ri/ian2 ,,! ,,corn]-,,/one2 ,,! ,,tea*]1 c4 #cs4 ,! design ( ?is ,,read] is1 to ex]t a direct & p[]ful moral influ5ce ^u ! he>ts ( *ildr52 su* an influ5ce z %all make !m fai?ful & indu/ri\s 9 ! improvem5t ( _! "t1 ob$i5t & affectionate to _! p>5ts1 k9d t[>ds _! playmates1 & upright & hone/ 9 _! int]c\rse ) o!rs4 ,! compil]s h hone/ly endeav\r$ to exclude ev]y?+ :i* !y suppos$ w\ld be unacceptable to any ( ! fri5ds ( piety & morality1 ( :atev] "n4 99 ,,ari?metic ,,taught ,,by ,,que/ions4 #as4 #f;d4 ,! pr9cipal novelty ( ?is ,ari?metic consi/s 9 ! ,,que/ions1 by :i* ! le>n] may be enabl$ to exam9e & tea* himself4 ,at ! same "t1 x is ?\ght t _m ,tea*]s may pr(it by ! facilities :i* ! que/ion+ af=ds1 & le>n to gr\nd ^? :om !y h be5 9 ! habit ( tea*+ by rote4 99 ,a ,,fir/ ,,book on ,,geometry1 includ+ ,plane & ,solid ,geometry1 & an ,introduction to ,trigonometry4 #as4 #f;d4 ,9 ?is "w w1 x is believ$1 be f\nd all ! ess5tial ,propositions ( ,plane & ,solid ,geometry4 ,! me?od ( demon/ration :i* has be5 foll[$ is t ( ,euclid2 b1 ?r\gh\t1 an attempt has be5 made to give x a "* ( great] simplicity1 & ?us to r5d] x m g5]ally available4 ,,! ,,figures ,,( ,,euclid2 ) ,,que/ions1 & a ,,praxis ( ,,geometrical ,,ex]cises4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,,edw>ds1 ,m4,a41 ( ,k+'s ,college ,s*ool1 ,london4 #cs4 99 ,,outl9es ( ,,geography4 ,by ,g4 ,,hog>?4 #aj;d4 ,a compreh5sive ,manual ( ! lead+ facts 9 ?is bran* ( ,education1 c>efully cond5s$ f ! be/ s\rces4 ,x conta9s ,tables ( ! ,situations & ,heights ( ! pr9cipal ,m\nta9s1 & ( ! ,l5g?s ( ! pr9cipal ,riv]s1 a ,map ( ! ,_w1 ,five o!r ,maps1 & ,f\r ,plates ( ,co/umes4 99 ,,outl9es ( ! ,,hi/ory ( ,,engl&4 ,by ,,george ,,hog>?4 #as4 #c;d4 ,! lead+ ev5ts ( ,engli% ,hi/ory are relat$ ) simplicity1 & _! connexion trac$ ) cle>ness4 ,! n>ratives are conf9$ to ! mo/ memorable & important ev5ts2 & ^? circum/ances p>ticul>ly m>k$ :i* h l$ to ! gradual =mation ( ! ,briti% sy/em ( gov]nm5t4 ,! "w is illu/rat$ ) _m ,engrav+s ( ,co/umes1 ,views1 c4 99 ,,outl9es ( ,,roman ,,hi/ory4 ,by ,,george ,,hog>?4 #aj;d4 ,a complete & popul> epitome ( ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,rise1 ,progress1 & ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,x is embelli%$ ) a h&some ,pr9t ( a ,roman ,triumph1 & num]\s ,figures ( ,co/umes1 c4 ,,outl9es ( ,,grecian ,,hi/ory4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,,b>ton ,,b\*i]1 ,m4,a4 ,) ,,maps & ,,views4 #as4 99 ,,outl9es ( ,,sacr$ ,,hi/ory2 f ! ,creation ( ! ,_w to ! ,de/ruction ( ,j]usalem4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,! design ( ?is ,"w is to af=d a cond5s$ view ( ! ,hi/ory ( bo? ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts1 toge!r ) a brief acc\nt ( ! ,jewi% ,hi/ory 9 ! int]val betwe5 ! ,babyloni% ,captivity & ! ,bir? ( ,*ri/1 & 9 ! p]iod betwe5 ,*ri/'s ,asc5sion & ! fulfilm5t ( 8 awful ,prophecy ( ! ,de/ruction ( ,j]usalem & ! ,disp]sion ( ! ,jews4 ,a ,,manual ( ,,anci5t ,,geography1 9 :i* ! ,mod]n ,names ( ,places are atta*$ to ! ,anci5t1 & ! ,words m>k$ ) _! prop] quantities4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,,william ,,hildy>d1 ,m4,a4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,geography & ,*ronology are1 z x has be5 qua9tly b truly rem>k$1 ! eyes ( ,hi/ory1 & ! ,editor's exp]i5ce 9 tea*+ 7:i* has n be5 small17 has conv9c$ him ( ! great importance ( mak+ boys p]fectly famili> ) ! division ( c\ntries1 & ! relative situation ( places1 if ev] !y are expect$ to read ! classic au?ors1 especially ! hi/orians1 ) advantage4 99 ,,outl9es ( ,,a/ronomy4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,t4 ,g4 ,,hall1 ,m4,a41 ,pr(essor ( ,ma?41 ,k+'s ,coll41 ,london4 #aj;d4 ,an elem5t>y ,"w1 int5d$ to in/ruct1 9 ! sublime facts ( ,a/ronomy1 ^? :o are unacqua9t$ ) ma!matical reason+2 & to expla9 to !m1 9 famili> language1 ! pr9cipal ph5om5a ( ! ,heav5s4 ,! ,lessons are illu/rat$ by num]\s ,engrav+s4 99 ,,! ,,elem5ts ( ,,botany4 ,new ,edition1 ) _m ,cuts4 #bs4 ,! pr9ciples ( ?is beautiful & important sci5ce are expla9$ 9 a cle> & simple mann]1 s z to r5d] ! acquisition ( !m comp>atively easy4 ,! book is illu/rat$ by num]\s cuts ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( plants1 c41 & ! examples1 :5 possible1 are select$ f our own wild fl[]s1 or f ^? cultivat$ 9 all g>d5s or fields1 & !y are cit$ by _! famili> names4 ,a ,gloss>y ( mo/ ( ! t]ms usually employ$ is subjo9$1 & an alphabetical ,li/ ( ! mo/ useful ,plants1 ) _! botanical names1 c4 99 ,,manual ( ,,in/ruction 9 ,,vocal ,,music1 *iefly ) a view to ,psalmody4 ,by ,,john ,,turn]1 ,esq4 #ds4 ,! au?or (f]s ?is "w n z an exp]im5t n[ = ! fir/ "t to be tri$1 b z ! result ( long exp]i5ce4 ,?\gh *iefly design$ = ! use ( *ildr5 collect$ 9 l>ge numb]s1 x may1 ) equal advantage1 be adopt$ 9 small] assemblages1 & 9 ! dome/ic circle3 & may also be r5d]$ s]viceable to adults4 ,,easy ,,lessons ,,9 ,,me*anics2 ) ,famili> ,illu/rations1 %[+ ! practical ,application ( ! v>i\s ,me*anical ,pr9ciples4 #cs4 99 ,,on ! ,,education & ,,treatm5t ( ,,*ildr54 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,cont5ts3--,on ! means ( develop+ ! ,bodily ,s5ses 9 ,infancy2 ,e>ly ,developm5t ( ! ,affections2 ,e>ly ,cultivation ( ! ,intellect2 ,managem5t 9 ,*ildhood2 ,amusem5ts & ,employm5ts2 ,sunday2 ,views ( ,dea?2 ,sup]natural ,appe>ances2 ,polit5ess2 ,dress2 ,g5tility2 ,managem5t dur+ ! ,te5s2 ,views ( ,matrimony4 99 ,,in/ructions = ,,tea*+ ,,ari?metic to ,,little ,,*ildr54 ,by ! ,rev4 ,t4 ,v4 ,,%ort1 ,b4,d4 #f;d4 99 ,a ,,little ,,read+ ,,book = ,,"y ,,*ildr54 ,) _m ,cuts4 #d;d4 ,,scripture ,,hymns ,,9 ,,prose4 ,) ,cuts4 #f;d4 ,! exp]i5ce ( "s p]sons incl9es !m to pref] compositions 9 prose1 to ^? 9 v]se1 = ! ex]cise ( ! infant memory4 ,!re is at lea/ no disadvantage 9 hav+ a *oice ( bo?4 99 ,a ,,colli]y ,,tale1 or ,,village ,,di/ress4 #d;d4 ,! object ( ?is little n>rative is1 by ,god's help1 to draw "s pr(it f a rec5t calamity1 :i*1 9 its imm$iate pressure ^u ! limit$ community ?r\gh :i* x ext5d$1 has be5 mo/ awfully sev]e4 99 ,,village ,,annals2 or1 ! ,/ory ( ,,hetty ,,jones4 #i;d4 ,i h writt5 ?is /ory 9 ! simple/ /yle1 = ! use ( ! *ildr5 9 my own neighb\rhood2 z 9 all ! little publications ( ?is k9d ,i h hi!rto met )1 ! language & ideas are f> above ! compreh5sion ( _m ( ! classes = :om !y are design$4 ,c4 ,b4 ,,pretty ,,lessons = ,,good ,,*ildr52 to :i* are add$1 ,,easy ,,lessons 9 ,,lat94 #bs4 ,! design ( ?is little "w is1 by means ( easy rhymes1 to attract ! att5tion ( "y *ildr51 & to impress ^u _! memories v>i\s elem5t>y facts & moral s5tim5ts :i* !y w\ld n o!rwise rememb]2 =1 8,:at w a *ild le>n soon] ?an a song80 ,,easy ,,poetry ,,= ,,*ildr54 #as4 #f;d4 ,,simple ,,/ories ,,= ,,"y ,,*ildr54 ,by a ,,lady4 ,) ,cuts4 #as4 ,,! ,,*ild',s ,,v]se-,,book ,,( ,,devotion4 ,) ,cuts4 #as4 ,,songs = ,,*ildr54 ,) ,,engrav+s4 #d;d4 ,9 ?is little book y'll f9d1 ,lessons = ! infant m9d2 ,tru? convey$ 9 easy v]se1 ,:i* ! nursl+ may rehe>se1 ,& ?us be l$1 by simple lays1 ,to walk ) ,god1 & s+ 8 praise4 ,,read+ ,,lessons f ! ,books ( ,prov]bs & ,ecclesia/es2 ) ,que/ions & ,answ]s ^u !m4 #d;d4 ,,daily ,,read+s f ! ,,psalms4 #f;d4 ,,famili> ,,lectures to ,,*ildr52 9 :i* ! ,,important ,,tru?s ( ! ,,gospel are engag+ly set =?4 ,edit$ by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,,hob>t ,,caunt]1 ,b4,d4 #bs4 ,,fai? ,,& ,,practice2 or1 ,! ,application ( ,*ri/ian ,pr9ciples to ! ,practical ,duties ( ,life4 ,f\r? ,edition1 improv$4 #as4 ,,! ,,rite ( ,,confirmation ,,expla9$4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,d4 ,i4 ,,eyre1 ,m4,a4 #f;d4 ,,confirmation4 ,an ,,address f a ,,cl]gyman to 8 ,,p>i%ion]s4 #b;d4 ,a ,,few ,,words ,,on ,,! ,,s9 ,,( ,,ly+4 ,by ,a ,,layman4 #c;d4 99 ,,easy ,,lessons on ,,money ,,matt]s1 = ! ,use ( ,"y ,p4 #as4 ,9 ?is little book1 c>e has be5 tak5 to convey elem5t>y k 9 su* simple language1 t1 x is hop$1 ^! ,,lessons w be f\nd easily intelligible ev5 to su* z h b ! ord9>y advantages 9 po9t ( education2 & !re are few subjects on :i* x is1 = all classes ( p1 m important to inculcate correct pr9ciples1 & to gu>d aga9/ speci\s fallacies4 99 ,,p]sian ,,/ories2 illu/rative ( ,,ea/]n ,,mann]s & ,,cu/oms4 #as4 ,&1 99 ,,p]sian ,,fables1 = ,"y & ,old4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,h4 ,g4 ,,ke5e1 ,m4,a4 #as4 ,,five ,,hundr$ ,,*>ades1 f ,hi/ory1 ,geography1 & ,biography4 ,?ird ,edition1 revis$ & improv$4 #as4 #f;d4 99 ,,insects & _! ,,habitations4 ,a ,book = ,*ildr54 #as4 ,we may le>n _m useful lessons f ! ,hi/ory ( ,insects2 &1 by obs]v+ _! habits1 we %all f9d t !y set u an example ( v>i\s good qualities4 99 ,! ,,book ( ,,animals4 99 ,! ,,book ( ,,fi%es4 99 ,! ,,book ( ,,birds4 99 ,! ,,book ( ,,reptiles4 99 ,! ,,book ( ,,%ells4 ,price #as4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,! nature1 habits1 & uses ( ! ,animals describ$1 are pres5t$ 9 a correct1 ?\gh simple & attractive =m1 & ! little volumes w be f\nd useful additions to ! books = "y p]sons1 & acceptable introductions to works ( a high] class4 ,,! ,,/ud5t',s ,,manual ,,( ,,anci5t ,,hi/ory2 conta9+ ,acc\nts ( ! ,,political ,,condition1 ,,geographical ,,situation1 & ,,social ,,/ate ( ! pr9cipal ,,nations ,,( ,,antiquity2 c>efully dige/$ f ! ,anci5t ,writ]s1 & illu/rat$ by ! ,discov]ies ( ,mod]n ,s*ol>s & ,travell]s4 ,by ,w4 ,c4 ,,taylor1 ,,ll4,d41 ,m4,r4,a4,s4 #ajs4 #f;d4 99 ,,! ,,family ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,engl&1 by ! ,rev4 ,,george ,,rob]t ,,gleig1 ,m4,a41 ) a s]ies ( ,,pictorial ,,illu/rations ,,( ,,! ,,co/umes1 ,,ar*itecture1 ,,%ipp+1 c41 ( ! successive p]iods ( ,briti% ,hi/ory4 ,9 ,eighte5 ,p>ts1 at #as4 ea*1 or 9 ,?ree ,volumes1 #fs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,a ,,popul> ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,re=mation1 9 ,,g]many1 ,,switz]l&1 & ,,great ,,brita92 & ( its *ief ,promot]s1 ,oppos]s1 & ,victims4 ,by ,,?omas ,,fox4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,*ur*2 f ,,! ,,asc5sion ,,( ,,jesus ,,*ri/ ,,to ,,! ,,conv]sion ,,( ,,con/ant9e4 ,by ! late ,dr4 ,,burton4 ,second ,edition1 #fs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,e>ly ,,*ri/ians2 _! ,,mann]s & ,,cu/oms1 ,,trials & ,,suff]+s4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,,pridd51 ,m4,a4 #ds4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,crusad]s2 by ,,?omas ,,keightley1 ,esq4 ,two ,volumes1 ) ,engrav+s4 #aas4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,mohamm$anism1 & ! ,,pr9cipal ,,mohamm$an ,,sects4 ,by ,w4 ,c4 ,,taylor1 ,,ll4,d41 ,m4,r4,a4,s41 c4 #es4 #f;d4 ,,lives ,,( ,,em95t ,,*ri/ians4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,r4 ,b4 ,,hone1 ,m4,a41 ,rector ( ,hales ,ow54 ,volumes ,i4 & ,,ii41 ) ,portraits1 #ds4 #f;d4 ea*4 99 ,,read+s ,,9 ,,engli% ,,prose ,,lit]ature2 conta9+ *oice ,specim5s ( ! ,works ( ! be/ ,engli% ,writ]s2 ) ,,essays ,,on ,,engli% ,,lit]ature4 #ds4 #f;d4 99 ,,read+s ,,9 ,,poetry2 ,selections f ! ,works ( ! be/ ,engli% ,poets2 ) ,specim5s ( ! ,am]ican ,poets2 ,notices ( ! ,writ]s2 & ,notes4 #ds4 #f;d4 99 ,,read+s ,,9 ,,biography2 a ,selection ( ! ,lives ( ! mo/ ,em95t ,m5 ( all ,nations4 #ds4 #f;d4 99 ,,read+s ,,9 ,,sci5ce2 be+ famili> ,,explanations ( ,appe>ances & ,pr9ciples 9 ,,natural ,,philosophy4 ,) _m ,engrav+s4 #es4 ,,v5t\illac',s ,,rudim5ts ( ! ,,fr5* ,,language2 or1 ,,fir/ ,,fr5* ,,read+ ,,book4 ,new ,edition1 ,revis$ & ,correct$ by ,f4 ,j4 ,,wattez1 ,fir/ ,assi/ant ,fr5* ,ma/] 9 ,k+'s ,college1 ,london4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,livre ,,de ,,classe2 ) ,,engli% ,,notes1 by ! late ,l4 ,t4 ,,v5t\illac1 ,pr(essor ( ,fr5* ,lit]ature 9 ,k+'s ,college1 ,london4 #es4 ,,fr5* ,,poetry2 ) ,,engli% ,,notes1 by ! late ,l4 ,t4 ,,v5t\illac1 ,pr(essor ( ,fr5* ,lit]ature 9 ,k+'s ,college1 ,london4 #bs4 ,,le ,,b\quet ,,litt]aire4 ,recueil de ,beauts ,religieuses et ,morales1 de div]s ,auteurs4 ,p> feu ,l4 ,t4 ,,v5t\illac1 ,pr(esseur de ,littrature ,franaise au ,collge ,royale ,londres4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,brasseur',s ,,ex]cises on ,,fr5* ,,phraseology2 ) a ,lexicon ( ,,idiomatic ,,v]bs4 ,by ! ,fr5* ,pr(essor ( ,k+'s ,college1 ,london4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,! ,,fr5* ,,s*ool ,,classics4 ,edit$ & ,abridg$ by ,,m>9 ,,de ,,la ,,voye1 ,fr5* ,ma/] 9 ! ,ea/ ,india ,college1 at ,addiscombe4 ,:ile ! necessity ( introduc+ ! be/ /&>d ,fr5* works into our s*ools & families is univ]sally ackn[l$g$1 s]i\s d\bts are ent]ta9$ z to ! propriety ( plac+ ! writ+s ( "s among ! ,fr5* au?ors 9 ! h&s ( ,*ri/ian y\?4 ,9 ord] to remove all difficulties on ?is subject1 ! ,editor has be5 induc$ to und]take a c>eful ,abridgm5t ( su* works z are 9 mo/ g5]al use2 & he has made x 8 object to extract f ! orig9al e ^w & s5t5ce relat+ ei!r to religion1 politics1 or philosophical speculation1 respect+ :i* ,*ri/ian p>5ts or tea*]s c h ! lea/ diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,a purifi$ text ( ! be/ ,fr5* ,classical ,works is1 !re=e1 n[ (f]$ = ! use ( "y p]sons ( bo? sexes1 9 a /ate :i*1 x is tru/$1 w be f\nd altoge!r unobjectionable4 ,,telemaque4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,pi]re ,,le ,,gr&4 #bs4 ,,voyages ,,de ,,cyrus4 #bs4 ,,*>les ,,xii4 #bs4 ,,belisaire4 #as4 #f;d4 ,,gil ,,blas ,,desantillane4 ,9 ! ,press4 ,six ,volumes1 at #bs4 ea*1 ) ,wood-,cuts1 99 ,,! ,,in/ructor2 ,,or1 ,,progressive ,,lessons ,,9 ,,g5]al ,,k ,a ,,s]ies ,,( ,,elem5t>y ,,books1 ,,especially ,,adapt$ ,,= ,,s*ools ,,& ,,families4 ,"u ! g5]al title ( ,,! ,,in/ructor1 is compris$ a s]ies ( little books1 by means ( :i* *ildr5 may be l$ ?r\gh a progressive c\rse ( ,ex]cises 9 v>i\s bran*es ( ,elem5t>y ,k4 ,^! books may be put into ! h&s ( su* *ildr5 z c readily spell common words1 & read easy lessons4--,! object ( ! "w is n only to furni% read+ lessons1 b also to c>ry ! pupil =w>d1--to imp>t in=mation1 & ex]cise ! m9d4 ,! fir/ ,six ,volumes1 9 ,?irty-six ,numb]s1 conta9 ! foll[+ subjects1 ) num]\s ,engrav+s3 ,,volume ,i4 7or 9 ,nos4 #a to #f47 ,,tales & ,,conv]sations on ,famili> ,subjects4 ,,volume ,,ii4 7or 9 ,nos4 #g to #ab47 ,! ,,h\se4 ,,mat]ials us$ 9 ,,build+4 ,,furniture4 ,,food & ,,clo?+4 ,,volume ,,iii4 7or 9 ,nos4 #ac to #ah47 ,! ,,univ]se4 ,! ,,?ree ,,k+doms ( ,,nature4 ,,! ,,human ,,=m4 ,,lessons on ,,heal?4 ,,volume ,,iv4 7or 9 ,nos4 #ai to #bd47 ,! ,,cal5d>2 ,! ,ye>1 ,mon?s1 ,weeks1 ,days4 ,! ,,seasons4 ,,appe>ances ( ,,nature4 ,,volume ,v4 7or 9 ,nos4 #be to #cj47 ,,descriptive ,,geography3 ,! v>i\s ,divisions ( ! ,_w2 _! ,p & ,productions2 ) ,,maps4 ,,volume ,,vi4 7or 9 ,nos4 #ca to #cf47 ,,anci5t ,,hi/ory4 ,london3 ,,john ,w4 ,,p>k]1 ,,publi%]1 ,,we/ ,,/r&4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,?is is "o ( ! r>e exceptions to ! usual plan resort$ to by nature 9 ! =mation ( a %ell1 z notic$ 9 ! introductory *apt]4 #b ,! insect f :i* our mo/ beautiful sc>let dyes are prep>$4 #c ,see ,book ( ,fi%es1 p4 #ea4 #d ,! sk9 or %ell ) :i* ! animal is cov]$ be=e trans=mation4 #e ,x has be5 qua9tly said on ! subject ( depriv+ ! lee* ( its food1 t 8,^? p]sons d n consid] t blood is ! mo/ fav\rite & salut>y n\ri%m5t ( ?is extraord9>y creature2 & ,i w\ld ask su* inconsid]ate p]sons h[ !y w\ld feel !mselves1 if1 imm$iately aft] eat+ a he>ty d9n]1 any p]son 0 to give !m a viol5t emetic40 #f ,a k9d ( sea-we$1 7,fucus natans47