,! ,cambridge ,h&books ( ,liturgical ,/udy ,,g5]al ,,editors3 ,h4 ,b4 ,,sweet1 ,d4,d4 ,j4 ,h4 ,,srawley1 ,d4,d4 ,,! ,,*ur* ,,ye> ,,& ,,kal5d> ,,cambridge ,,univ]sity ,,press ,london3 ,,fett] ,,lane1 ,e4,c4 ,c4 ,f4 ,,clay1 ,,manag] ,illu/ration ,ed9burgh3 #ajj1 ,,pr9ces ,,/reet ,b]l93 ,a4 ,,a%] ,,& ,,co4 ,leipzig3 ,f4 ,a4 ,,brockhaus ,new ,york3 ,g4 ,p4 ,,putnam',s ,,sons ,bombay & ,calcutta3 ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co41 ,,ltd4 ,all rights res]v$ ,illu/ration3 ,kal5d> ( ,pet]bor\gh ,psalt] 7,m>*7 ,fitzwilliam ,museum1 ,cambridge 7,,ms4 #ab74 ,c5t4 xiii4 ,,! ,,*ur* ,,ye> ,,& ,,kal5d> ,,by ,,john ,,d[d51 ,d4,d41 ,hon4 ,,ll4,d4 7,ed9burgh71 late ,bi%op ( ,ed9burgh ,cambridge3 at ! ,univ]sity ,press #aiaj ,cambridge3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,john ,,clay1 ,m4,a4 ,,at ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,press ,,note ,,by ,,! ,,editors ,! purpose ( ,! ,cambridge ,h&books ( ,liturgical ,/udy is to (f] to /ud5ts :o are ent]+ ^u ! /udy ( ,liturgies su* help z may enable !m to proce$ ) advantage to ! use ( ! l>g] & m te*nical works ^u ! subject :i* are already at _! s]vice4 ,! s]ies w treat ( ! hi/ory & rationale ( ! sev]al rites & c]emonies :i* h f\nd a place 9 ,*ri/ian wor%ip1 ) "s acc\nt ( ! anci5t liturgical books 9 :i* !y are conta9$4 ,att5tion w also be call$ to ! importance :i* liturgical =ms possess z expressions ( ,*ri/ian conceptions & beliefs4 ,ea* volume w provide a li/ or li/s ( ! books 9 :i* ! /udy ( its subject may be pursu$1 & w conta9 a table ( ,cont5ts & an ,index4 ,! editors d n hold !mselves responsible = ! op9ions express$ 9 ! sev]al volumes ( ! s]ies4 ,:ile (f]+ sugge/ions on po9ts ( detail1 !y h left ea* writ] to treat 8 subject 9 8 own way1 reg>d be+ _h to ! g5]al plan & purpose ( ! s]ies4 ,h4 ,b4 ,s4 ,j4 ,h4 ,s4 ,! manuscript ( ! pres5t volume 0 s5t to ! press only a few weeks be=e ! lam5t$ dea? ( ! au?or1 & !re=e ! "w did n receive f9al revision at 8 h&s4 ,9 its orig9al draft ! manuscript conta9$ a some:at full] discussion ( "s ( ! topics h&l$1 e4g4 ! "w ( ! m$iaeval computi/s1 & su* te*nical t]ms z #8,sunday ,lett]s1' #8,epacts1' etc41 z well z a full] treatm5t ( ! v>i\s ,ea/]n ,kal5d>s4 ,exig5cies ( space1 h[ev]1 & ! scope ( ! pres5t s]ies1 made x necess>y = ! au?or to curtail ^! portions ( 8 "w1 :ile sugge/+ books 9 :i* ! /udy ( ^! topics may be pursu$ by ! /ud5t4 ,! ,editors h endeav\r$1 z f> z possible1 to v]ify ! ref]5ces & to supplem5t !m1 :]e x seem$ necess>y to d s4 ,9 a few cases !y h add$ %ort additional notes1 enclos$ 9 brackets1 & be>+ an indication t !y are ! "w ( ! ,editors4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,introduction xi ,a ,,%ort ,,bibliography xxi ,i4 ,,! #8,,week' ,,adopt$ ,,f ,,! ,,jews4 ,! ,"l's ,day3 e>ly notices4 ,! ,sabba? 7,saturday7 p]haps n obs]v$ by ,*ri/ians be=e ! f\r? c5tury3 v>ieties 9 ! "* ( its obs]vance4 ,! ^w f]ia appli$ to ord9>y week days3 conjectures z to its orig94 ,w$nesdays & ,fridays obs]v$ z #8/ations1' or days ( fa/+ #a ,,ii4 ,,days ,,( ,,! ,,m>tyrs4 ,local obs]vances at ! burial places ( ,m>tyrs4 ,e>ly ,kal5d>s3 ! ,bu*]ian2 ! ,syrian 7,arian7 ,kal5d>2 ! ,kal5d> ( ,polemius ,silvius2 ! ,c>?ag9ian4 ,! ,sacram5t>y ( ,leo2 ! ,gregorian ,sacram5t>y4 ,all ,sa9ts' ,day2 ,all ,s\ls' ,day4 ,! days ( ,m>tyrs ! dom9ant feature 9 e>ly ,kal5d>s3 ! ,maccabees #ab ,,iii4 ,,orig9s ,,( ,,! ,,fea/s ,,( ,,! ,,"l',s ,,nativity ,,& ,,! ,,epiphany4 ,fe/ivals associat$ ) ! ,nativity 9 e>ly ,kal5d>s #bg ,,iv4 ,,o!r ,,commemorations ,,( ,,! ,,"l4 ,! ,circumcision2 ,passiontide1 ,holy ,week2 mimetic "* ( obs]vances4 ,! ,asc5sion4 ,! ,transfiguration4 ,p5teco/ #cg ,v4 ,,fe/ivals ,,( ,,! ,,virg9 ,,m>y4 ,hypapante 7! ,purification71 orig9ally a fe/ival ( ! ,"l4 ,! same true ( ! ,annunciation4 ,! ,nativity & ! ,sleep 7,dormitio7 ( ! ,virg94 ,! ,pres5tation4 ,! ,conception4 ,! epi!t #8,immaculate' prefix$ to ! title 9 #ahed4 ,fe/ivals ( ! ,!otokos 9 ! ,ea/ #dg ,,vi4 ,,fe/ivals ,,( ,,apo/les1 ,,evangeli/s1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,p]sons ,,nam$ ,,9 ,,! ,,new ,,te/am5t4 ,/ ,pet] & ,/ ,paul4 ,/ ,pet]'s ,*air1--! ,*air at ,antio*4 ,/ ,pet]'s ,*a9s4 ,/ ,&rew4 ,/ ,james ! ,great4 ,/ ,john3 ,/ ,john be=e ! ,lat9 gate1 a ,we/]n fe/ival4 ,/ ,mat!w4 ,/ ,luke4 ,/ ,m>k4 ,/ ,philip & ,/ ,james4 ,/ ,simon & ,/ ,jude4 ,/ ,?omas4 ,/ ,b>?olomew4 ,/ ,john ! ,bapti/2 8 ,nativity1 8 ,decollation4 ,! ,conv]sion ( ,/ ,paul4 ,/ ,m>y ,magdal5e4 ,/ ,b>nabas4 ,ea/]n commemorations ( ! ,sev5ty disciples 7apo/les74 ,octaves4 ,vigils #eh ,,vii4 ,,seasons ,,( ,,prep>ation ,,& ,,p5it5ce4 ,adv5t3 v>ieties 9 its obs]vance4 ,l5t3 its hi/orical developm5t2 v>ieties z to its comm5cem5t & its l5g?4 ,o!r special times ( fa/+3 ! ?ree fa/s kn[n 9 ! ,we/ z ,quadragesima4 ,rogation days4 ,! ,f\r ,seasons 7,emb] ,days74 ,fa/s ( ,ea/]n ,*ur*es #gf ,,viii4 ,,we/]n ,,kal5d>s ,,& ,,m>tyrologies3 ,b$e1 ,florus1 ,ado1 ,usu>d4 ,old ,iri% ,m>tyrologies4 ,value ( ,kal5d>s t[>ds asc]ta9+ ! dates & orig9s ( liturgical manuscripts4 ,claves ,fe/orum4 ,! mod]n ,roman ,m>tyrology #ic ,,ix4 ,,ea/] ,,& ,,! ,,moveable ,,commemorations4 ,e>ly ,pas*al controv]sies4 ,rule z to ! full moon aft] ! v]nal equ9ox4 ,hippolytus & 8 cycle3 ! s-call$ ,cyprianic cycle2 ,dionysius ( ,alex&ria4 ,anatolius4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,nicaea & ! ,ea/] controv]sy4 ,lat] diff]5ces betwe5 ! computations ( ,rome & ,alex&ria4 ,fe/al 7or ,pas*al7 ,lett]s ( ! ,bi%ops ( ,alex&ria4 ,supputatio ,romana4 ,victorius ( ,aquita9e4 ,dionysius ,exiguus4 ,! ,n9ete5-ye> ,cycle4 ,! ,pas*al ,limits4 ,! ,gregorian ,re=m4 ,! adoption ( ! ,new ,/yle #ajd ,x4 ,,! ,,kal5d> ,,( ,,! ,,or?odox ,,*ur* ,,( ,,! ,,ea/4 ,! ,m5ologies4 ,i4 ,immoveable ,commemorations4 ,! twelve great prim>y fe/ivals2 ! f\r great second>y fe/ivals4 ,! middle class1 great] & less] fe/ivals4 ,! m9or fe/ivals1 & subdivisions4 ,explanation ( t]ms us$ 9 ! ,greek ,kal5d>4 ,,ii4 ,! ,cycle ( ,sundays1 or ,dom9ical ,kal5d> #acc ,,app5dix ,i4 ,! ,pas*al ,"q 9 ! ,celtic ,*ur*es #adf ,,app5dix ,,ii4 ,note on ! ,kal5d>s ( ! sep>at$ ,*ur*es ( ! ,ea/ #adg ,,app5dix ,,iii4 ,note on ! hi/ory ( ! ,kal5d> ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& s9ce ! ,re=mation #adi ,,plates #a4 ,,kal5d> ,,( ,,! ,,pet]bor\gh ,,psalt] to face ,title #b4 ,,! ,,syriac ,,m>tyrology 0 p4 #ae #c4 ,,kal5d> ,,( ,,! ,,worce/] ,,book 0 p4 #ic #d4 ,,kal5d> ,,( ,,! ,,durham ,,psalt] 0 p4 #ii ,,introduction ,! ,*ur*'s ,ye>1 z x has be5 kn[n = _m c5turies ?r\gh\t ,*ri/5dom1 is *>act]is$1 fir/1 by ! weekly fe/ival ( ! ,"l's ,day 7a feature :i* dates f ! dawn ( ! ,*ur*'s life & ! age ( ! ,apo/les7 &1 secondly1 by ! annual recurr5ce ( fa/s & fe/ivals1 ( c]ta9 days & c]ta9 seasons ( religi\s obs]vance4 ,^! latt] em]g$1 & came to f9d places 9 ! ,kal5d> at v>i\s p]iods4 ,9 ord] ( "t ! season ( ! ,pas*a1 ! commemoration ( ! dea?1 &1 subsequ5tly1 ( ! resurrection ( ! ,savi\r1 is ! fir/ ( ! annual obs]vances to appe> 9 hi/ory4 ,aga91 at an e>ly date local commemorations ( ! dea?s ( victims ( ! great p]secutions "u ! pagan ,emp]ors 7 obs]v$ ye>ly4 ,& "s ( ^! 7notably ^? :o suff]$ at ,rome7 gradually ga9$ positions 9 ! ,*ur*'s ,ye> 9 regions remote f ! places ( _! orig94 ,speak+ g5]ally1 little z x might be ?\ght probable be=eh&1 x is a fact t m>tyrs ( local celebrity em]ge 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,kal5d> at an e>li] date ?an any b ! mo/ em95t ( ! ,apo/les 7:o 7 also m>tyrs71 & e>li] ?an "s ( ! fe/ivals ( ! ,"l ,himself4 ,! ,kal5d> _h its orig9 9 ! hi/orical ev5ts ( ! m>tyrdoms4 ,s f> ! gr[? ( ! ,kal5d> 0 ! outcome ( natural & spontane\s feel+4 ,b at a lat] "t we h manife/ indications ( artificial con/ructiv5ess1 ! lab\r$ /udies ( ! cloi/]1 & ! "w ( pr(essional m>tyrologi/s & ,kal5d>-mak]s4 ,to take1 = ! purpose ( illu/ration1 an extreme case1 x is obvi\s t ! assignm5t ( days 9 ! ,kal5d> ( ! ,ea/]n ,*ur* to ,trophimus1 ,sosipat] & ,era/us1 ,philemon & ,ar*ippus1 ,onesimus1 ,agabus1 ,rufus1 ,asyncretus1 ,phlegon1 ,h]mas1 ! woman ( ,sam>ia 7to :om ! "n ,phot9a 0 giv571 & o!r p]sons ^: names occur 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 is ! outcome ( delib]ate & elaborate con/ructiv5ess4 ,! same is true ( ! days ( ,old ,te/am5t ,patri>*s & ,prophets1 once1 9 a measure1 a feature ( ,we/]n1 z !y are /ill ( ,ea/]n ,kal5d>s4 ,b ev5 all ! fe/ivals ( our ,"l1 save ! ,pas*a1 ?\gh d\btless sugge/$ by a spontane\s feel+ ( rev]5ce1 c\ld be assign$ to p>ticul> days ( ! ye> only aft] "s processes ( inve/igation & inf]5ce1 or ( conjecture4 ,:e!r ! bir?day ( ! ,f\nd] ( ! ,*ri/ian religion %\ld be plac$ on ,janu>y #f or on ,decemb] #be 0 a matt] ( debate & argum5t4 ,comm5tators on ! hi/ory ( ! ,gospels1 ! conjectures ( int]pret]s ( ,old ,te/am5t prophecy1 & su* in=mation z might be fanci$ to be d]ivable f anci5t annals1 _h ( necessity to be consid]$4 ,! assignm5t ( ! fea/ ( ! ,nativity to a p>ticul> day 0 a product ( ! reflective & con/ructive _s4 ,x is n absolutely impossible t anci5t tradition1 if n actual record1 may be ! s\rce ( ,june #bi be+ assign$ = ! m>tyrdom ( ,/ ,pet] & ,/ ,paul2 b a m probable orig9 ( ! date is t x m>ks ! translation ( relics4 ,c]ta9ly ! days ( mo/ ( ! ,apo/les 7consid]$ z ! days ( _! m>tyrdoms7 h little or no support f s\rces t h any claim to be reg>d$ z hi/orical4 ,!y f9d _! places b gradually1 &1 x w\ld seem1 z ! result ( a resolve t none ( !m %\ld be =gott54 ,commemorations :i* m>k ! def9ition ( a dogma1 or :i* orig9at$ 9 ! special emphasis giv5 at "s p>ticul> epo* to c]ta9 aspects ( popul> belief & s5tim5t1 h all appe>$ at times well )9 ! k5 ( ! hi/orical /ud5t4 ,?us1 #8,or?odoxy ,sunday' 7! fir/ ,sunday 9 ,l5t7 9 ! ,kal5d> ( ! ,greek ,*ur* is b little conc]n$ ) ! controv]sies on ! "r fai? :i* occupi$ ! great ,c\ncils ( ! f\r? & fif? c5turies4 ,x commemorates ! triumph ( ! p>ty t secur$ ! use ( images ov] ! iconocla/s2 ?is 0 ! #8or?odoxy' :i* 0 *iefly celebrat$2 & we c fix ! date ( ! e/abli%m5t ( ! fe/ival z ,a4,d4 #hdb4 ,aga91 ! commemoration ( ,all ,s\ls 9 ! ,we/ 0 ! outcome ( a gr[+ s5se ( ! ne$ ( pray]s & masses on behalf ( ! fai?ful dep>t$4 ,! n9? c5tury %[s traces ( ! obs]vance ( "s su* day2 b x 0 n till ! close ( ! t5? c5tury1 "u ! special impetus suppli$ by ! report$ visions ( a pilgrim f ,j]usalem1 :o decl>$ t he _h se5 ! tortures ( ! s\ls suff]+ purgatorial fire1 t ! obs]vance made headway4 ,we !n f9d ,nov4 #b assign$ = ! fe/ival1 :i* came to be gradually & sl[ly adopt$4 ,! fea/ ( ,corpus ,*ri/i1 :i* n[ figures s l>gely 9 ! popul> devotions ( sev]al c\ntries ( ,europe1 & is m>k$ z a #8d\ble ( ! fir/ class' 9 ! s]vice-books ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 em]ges = ! fir/ "t 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & 0 n =mally enjo9$ till ! f\rte5?4 ,! fea/ ( ! ,conception ( ,/ ,m>y ! ,virg9 seems to h orig9at$ 9 ! ,ea/1 & to h be5 simply a hi/orical commemoration1 ev5 z ! ,greeks commemorate ! conception ( ,/ ,john ! ,bapti/4 ,! ,ea/]n tradition repres5ts ,anna z b>r5 & well /rick5 9 ye>s1 :51 9 answ] to h] pray]s & ^? ( ,joa*im h] sp\se1 ,god reveal$ to !m by an angel t !y %\ld h a *ild4 ,?is conception 0 accord+ to ! ,greek ,m5ology #8contr>y to ! laws ( nature1' l t ( ! ,bapti/4 ,9 ! ,we/ ! fe/ival ( ! ,conception appe>s at ! end ( ! elev5? or beg9n+ ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,! controv]sies z to its doctr9al significance =m "p ( ! hi/ory ( dogma1 & are full ( in/ruction3 b !y _c be consid]$ "h4 ,up to ! ye> #ahed ! "n ( ! fe/ival 9 ! ,kal5d>s ( ! au?oris$ s]vice-books ( ! ,roman ,*ur* 0 simply ,conceptio ,b4 ,m>iae ,virg9is4 ,x 0 z rec5tly z ,dec4 #h1 #ahed1 by an ord9ance ( ,pope ,pius ,,ix1 t ! "n 0 *ang$ into ,immaculata ,conceptio ,b4 ,m>iae ,virg9is4 ,x w ?us be se5 h[ *anges 9 ! ,kal5d> illu/rate ! *anges & accretions ( dogma1 facts :i* are fur!r exhibit$ by ! *anges 9 ! rank & dignity ( fe/ivals ( ?is k9d1 at fir/ only tol]at$ p]haps1 & ( local usage1 b ev5tually enjo9$ z ( univ]sal obligation1 & elevat$ 9 ! ord] & grade ( fe/al classification4 ,aga91 ! consid]able numb] ( fe/ivals ( ! ,greek & ,russian ,*ur*es connect$ ) relics & wond]-work+ icons ?r[s a light on ! intellectual /&po9t & ! curr5t beliefs 9 ^! anci5t bran*es ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,n less in/ructive 9 exhibit+ ! extraord9>y gr[? 9 ! cultus ( ! ,bless$ ,virg9 9 ! ,we/ are ! inf]5ces :i* may be ga!r$ f a k ( ! fact t no fe/ival ( ! ,virg9 0 celebrat$ 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,rome be=e ! sev5? c5tury1 :5 we comp>e ! cr[d ( fe/ivals1 major & m9or1 devot$ to ! ,virg9 9 ! ,roman ,kal5d> ( to-day4 ,b consid]ations ( ?is k9d are only incid5tally t\*$ on 9 ! foll[+ pages2 & !y are ref]r$ to "h simply ) a view to %[ t ! /udy ( ! ,kal5d> is n an enquiry int]e/+ m]ely to dry-z-du/ antiqu>ies1 b "o :i* is intimately connect$ ) ! /udy ( ! hi/ory ( belief1 & is inwov5 ) f>-rea*+ issues4 ,9 ! enquiry into ! orig9s ( ecclesia/ical obs]vances ! discov]y )9 rec5t ye>s ( e>ly docum5ts1 hi!rto unkn[n 9 mod]n days1 en=ces ! obvi\s ?\ght t our conceptions on su* subjects mu/ be liable to re-adju/m5t f "t to "t 9 ! light ( new evid5ce4 ,until ! day comes1 if x ev] comes1 :5 x c be said ) tru? t ! mat]ials suppli$ by ! e>ly manuscripts ( ! ,ea/ & ,we/ h be5 exhau/$1 !re c be no f9ality4 ,! docum5t discov]$ "s t5 or twelve ye>s ago1 9 :i* a lady f ,gaul or ,spa91 :o _h gone on pilgrimage to ! ,ea/1 records h] impressions ( religi\s obs]vances :i* %e _h witness$ at ,j]usalem t[>ds ! close ( ! f\r? c5tury1 has furni%$ "s important light on ! subject be=e u1 z well z on ! hi/ory ( c]emonial4 ,9 ! foll[+ pages ?is docum5t is ref]r$ to z ! ,pilgrimage ( ,silvia 7#8,p]egr9atio ,silviae'71 )\t prejudice to ! "q relat+ to ! true "n ( ! writ]4 ,! p]iod :5 ! "w 0 writt5 is ! important "q = our purposes2 & ^? :o are mo/ compet5t to express an op9ion consid] t x belongs to ! "t ( ,!odosius ! ,great1 & to a date betwe5 ! ye>s #chc & #cid4 ,! influ5ce ( ! e>ly m$iaeval m>tyrologi/s1 ,b$e1 ,florus1 ,ado1 & ,usu>d1 ^u ! m$iaeval ,kal5d>s1 is unque/ionable2 b ! relations ( _! works to "o ano!r1 ! v>iations ( ! diff]5t rec5sions & ! s\rces f :i* !y 7 drawn1 are /ill subjects ( inve/igation4 ,9 addition to ! brief notices ( ! m>tyrologi/s :i* w be f\nd 9 ! foll[+ pages1 ! enquir] :o desires fur!r in=mation %\ld n fail to /udy ) c>e ! rec5t treatise ( ,dom ,h5ri ,qu5t91 ( ,solesmes1 ,les ,m>tyrologes hi/oriques4 ,( necessity a g5]al outl9e sket* ( ! =mation ( ! ,kal5d> is all t c be attempt$ 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,local ,kal5d>s1 m especially1 = mo/ ( our read]s1 ^? ( ! s]vice-books ( ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 & ,irel&1 pres5t _m int]e/+ & attractive features2 b x has be5 impossible to deal ) !m 9 an adequate mann]4 ,"s space has1 h[ev]1 be5 devot$ to ! consid]ation ( ! ,kal5d> & ,ecclesia/ical ,ye> ( ! ,or?odox ,*ur* ( ! ,ea/1 includ+ ! peculi> arrangem5t ( ! gr\p+ ( ,sundays2 & brief notices are giv5 ( ! fa/s & fe/ivals ( "s ( ! sep>at$ ,*ur*es ( ! ,ea/4 ,! que/ions conc]n+ ! det]m9ation ( ,ea/] w =m ! ma9 trial ( ! pati5ce ( ! /ud5t4 ,! e>ly controv]sies on ! ,pas*al "q are n free f obscurity2 & ! int]e/s atta*+ to ! con/ruction ( ! v>i\s sy/ems ( cycles1 int5d$ to =m a p]petual table = ! un]r+ det]m9ation ( ! date ( ,ea/]1 are ma9ly ! int]e/s :i* are awak5$ by ! hi/ory ( human +5uity grappl+ m or less successfully ) a problem :i* call$ = a/ronomical k & ma!matical skill4 ,religi\s int]e/s are n t\*$ ev5 remotely4 ,pr(\nd z are ! ?\ghts & emotions :i* clu/] ar\nd ! commemoration ( ! ,"l's ,resurrection1 !y are q indep5d5t ( any consid]ations connect$ ) ! age ( ! moon & ! date ( ! v]nal equ9ox4 ,! s*eme = a "t s]i\sly ent]ta9$ by ,gregory ,,xiii ( mak+ ! celebration ( ,ea/] to fall on a fix$ ,sunday1 ! same 9 e ye>1 has mu* to comm5d x4 ,_h x be5 adopt$ we %\ld1 at all ev5ts1 h be5 sp>$ _m practical inconv5i5ces1 & ! ecclesia/ical computi/s w\ld h be5 sav$ a va/ am\nt ( lab\r4 ,b we mu/ take ?+s z !y are4 ,if anyone cont5ds t ! safe/ #8,rule = f9d+ ,ea/]' is #8,buy a p5ny almanack1' ,i give 9 a ready ass5t4 ,x has 9 pr9ciple high ecclesia/ical prec$5t2 = x 0 exactly ! same reasonable plan ( accept+ ! det]m9ations ( ^? :om "o has good reason to ?9k compet5t au?orities1 :i* 9 anci5t times made ! ,*ri/ian _w await ! pron\ncem5ts z to ! date ( ,ea/] :i* came ye> by ye> f ! ,patri>*s ( ,alex&ria 9 _! ,pas*al ,epi/les3 :ile = ! date ( ,ea/] 9 any p>ticul> ye> 9 ! di/ant pa/1 or 9 ! future1 !re are few :o w n pref] ! ,tables suppli$ 9 su* works z ,l',art de vrifi] les ,dates1 or ,mas ,latrie's ,trsor de ,*ronologie1 to any calculations ( _! own1 bas$ on ! ,gold5 ,numb]s & ,sunday ,lett]s#a4 ,9 ! pres5t volume ! limits ( space =bid any detail$ discussion ( ! pr9ciples involv$ & ! me?ods employ$ 9 ! det]m9ation ( ,ea/] by ! computi/s bo? anci5t & mod]n4 ,a brief hi/orical sket* ( ! successive re=ms ( ! ,kal5d> is all t has be5 f\nd possible4 ,^? :o seek = full] in=mation c resort to ! treatises m5tion$ above or 9 ! c\rse ( ! volume4 ,! *apt] on ,ea/] has = conv5i5ce be5 plac$ ne> ! conclusion ( ?is volume4 ,9 deal+ ) bo? ,ea/]n & ,we/]n ,kal5d>s ! /ud5t w be> 9 m9d t only comp>atively few ( ! fe/ivals affect$ ! life ( ! great body ( ! fai?ful4 ,a v l>ge numb] ( fe/ivals 7 m>k$ 9 ! s]vices ( ! ,*ur* by c]ta9 liturgical *anges or additions4 ,_m ( !m _h _! special propria2 o!rs 7 gr\p$ 9 classes2 & ea* class _h its own special liturgical features4 ,only comp>atively few made !mselves felt outside ! walls ( ! *ur*es4 ,"s ( !m c>ri$ a cessation f s]vile lab\r1 or caus$ ! clos+ ( ! law c\rts1 or1 z *iefly 9 ! ,greek ,*ur*1 mitigat$ 9 v>i\s degrees 7accord+ to ! dignity ( ! fe/ival7 ! rig\r ( fa/+4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 fe/a *ori & fe/a =i is always wor?y ( obs]vation4 ,a relic ( ! di/9ction is pres]v$ 9 an expression ( common curr5cy 9 ,france1 :5 "o speaks ( a p]son z ( insignificant importance1 ,c'e/ un sa9t qu'on ne *me pas4 ,al?\gh ! g5]al scope ( ! foll[+ pages is wide 9 int5tion1 ! orig9s ( ! ,kal5d> & ! rise ( ! pr9cipal seasons & days ( obs]vance h *iefly attract$ ! int]e/ ( ! writ]4 ,lat] developm5ts are n :olly neglect$1 b !y occupy a subord9ate place4 ,! enactm5ts ( civil legislation "u ! ,*ri/ian ,emp]ors & o!r rul]s1 9 respect to ! obs]vance ( ,sunday & o!r ,*ri/ian holy days1 is an int]e/+ field ( /udy2 b x has be5 impossible to ent] ^u x "h 9 view ( ! limits ( space at our disposal4 ,! /udy ( ,kal5d>s br+s "o into con/ant contact ) hagiology1 ! acts ( m>tyrs1 & ! lives ( sa9ts4 ,x w\ld h[ev] h be5 obvi\sly va9 to deal s]i\sly 9 ! pres5t volume ) s va/ a subject1 ev5 9 broade/ outl9e4 ,a %ort ,bibliography ( "s important or s]viceable works deal+ ) v>i\s bran*es ( ! subject be=e u is prefix$4 ,a ,,%ort ,,bibliography ,,a*elis1 ,h4 ,die ,m>tyrologi51 ihre ,ges*i*te und ihr ,w]?4 7,b]l91 #aijj47 ,,acta ,,sanctorvm4 ,( ! ,boll&i/s4 ,?is va/ collection1 ( :i* ! fir/ volume appe>$ 9 #afdc1 _h atta9$ by ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 aft] v>i\s int]ruptions 9 ! lab\rs ( ! compil]s1 to #ee volumes1 folio1 & ! "w is /ill 9 process1 hav+ n[ rea*$ ! e>ly days ( ,novemb]4 ,v>i\s ,kal5d>s & ,m>tyrologies h be5 pr9t$ 9 ! "w4 ,! ,m>tyrology ( ,v5]able ,b$e1 ) ! additions ( ,florus & o!rs1 w be f\nd 9 ! second volume = ,m>*2 ! metrical ,ephem]ides ( ! ,greeks & ,russians 9 ! fir/ volume = ,may2 ,usu>d's ,m>tyrology 9 ! six? & sev5? volumes = ,june1 & also an abbreviat$ =m ( ! ,hi]onymian4 ,! second volume = ,novemb] conta9s ! ,syriac ,m>tyrology ( ,dr ,wright edit$ afre% by ,r4 ,graff9 ) a translation into ,greek by ,du*esne4 ,! same volume conta9s ! ,hi]onymian ,m>tyrology edit$ by ,de ,rossi & ,du*esne4 ,,assemanus1 ,,josephus ,,simon4 ,kal5d>ia ,ecclesiae ,univ]sae1 9 quibus tum ex vetu/is m>moribus1 tum ex codicibus1 tabulis1 p>iet9is1 pictis1 scriptis scalptisve ,sanctorum nom9a1 imag9es1 et fe/i p] annum dies ,ecclesi>um ,ori5tis et ,occid5tis1 praemissis uniuscujusque ,ecclesiae orig9ibus1 rec5s5tur1 describuntur1 notisque illu/rantur4 #dto1 #f tom4 ,romae1 #agee4 ,! title raises hopes :i* are n v]ifi$4 ,?is "w ( ! le>n$ ,syrian1 :o = 8 s]vices to sacr$ erudition 0 made ,prefect ( ! ,libr>y ( ! ,vatican1 0 plann$ on a colossal scale1 b x 0 nev] complet$1 & inde$ we may truly say only begun4 ,! six volumes :i* alone rema9 are :olly conc]n$ ) ! ,slavonic ,*ur*4 ,! fir/ f\r volumes1 toge!r ) a l>ge "p ( ! fif?1 are devot$ ma9ly to ! hi/ory ( ,slavonic ,*ri/ianity4 ,! conclud+ "p ( ! fif? & ! :ole ( ! six? volume deal ) a ,russian ,kal5d>1 comm5c+ ! ye>1 z 9 ! ,greek ,*ur*1 ) #a ,septemb]4 ,?is is treat$ v fully1 b ! "w ends "h4 ,,baillet1 ,,adri54 ,les ,vies des ,sa9ts4 #bnd ,ed4 #aj vols4 #dto4 #agci4 ,! n9? volume on ! moveable fea/s ab\nds 9 valuable in=mation2 &1 g5]ally1 ?is "w may be consult$ on ! hi/ory ( ! fe/ivals ) mu* pr(it4 ,,b+ham1 ,,joseph4 ,orig9es ,ecclesia/icae1 or ! ,antiquities ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 etc4 ,( ! num]\s editions ( ?is important "w1 :i* has be5 by no means sup]s$$1 ! mo/ s]viceable is ! edition to be f\nd 9 ,b+ham's ,works1 #i vols4 #hvo4 7#ahdj7 #8) ! quotations at l5g? 9 ! orig9al languages4' ,! editor is ,j4 ,r4 ,pitman4 ,volume #g conta9s mo/ ( :at is p]t95t to ! antiquities ( ! fea/s & fa/s ( ! e>ly ,*ur*4 ,,b9t]im1 ,a4 ,j4 ,die vorzgli*/5 ,d5kwrdigkeit5 d] ,*ri/-,ka?ol4 ,kir*e4 ,vol4 ,v4 7,ma9z1 #ahbi47 ,,cabrol1 ,,f]n&4 ,dictionnaire d'ar*ologie *rti5ne et de liturgie4 ,p>is1 #aijg 79 process ( publication74 ,d',,a*]y1 ,,lucas4 ,spicilegium4 ,tom4 ,,ii4 fol4 ,p>is1 #agbc4 ,?is conta9s ! ,hi]onymian ,m>tyrology2 ! metrical ,m>tyrology attribut$ to ,b$e2 ! ,m>tyrology kn[n z ,gellon5se 7f ! mona/]y at ,gellone1 on ! bord]s ( ! diocese ( ,lodve 9 ! prov9ce ( ,n>bonne71 assign$ to ab\t ,a4,d4 #hjd2 ! metrical ,m>tyrology ( ,w&alb]t ! deacon1 ( ! diocese ( ,trves1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #hej2 & an old ,kal5d> 7,a4,d4 #hbf7 f a manuscript ( ,corbie4 ,,du*esne1 ,l4 ,orig9es du ,culte *rti54 #crd ,ed4 #hvo4 ,p>is1 #aijb4 ,!re is an ,engli% translation by ,m4 ,l4 ,mc,clure1 ,london 7,s4,p4,c4,k471 #aijc4 ,! m]its ( ,du*esne are s g5]ally recognis$ t x is unnecess>y to speak ( !m "h4 ,,grotef5d1 ,h4 ,zeitre*nung des deuts*5 ,mittelalt]s und d] ,neuzeit4 #dto4 #b vols4 ,hanov]1 #ahia1 #ahib-h4 ,besides exhibit+ 9 full a l>ge collection ( ,kal5d>s ( ,dioceses & ,mona/ic ,ord]s1 n only ( ,g]many1 b also ( ,d5m>k1 ,sc&9avia1 & ,switz]l&1 ?is "w conta9s an index ( ,sa9ts m>k+ _! days 9 v>i\s ,kal5d>s1 includ+ c]ta9 ,kal5d>s ( ,engl&4 ,!re is also a ,gloss>y1 expla9+ bo? te*nical t]ms & ! words ( popul> spee* & folk-lore 9 connexion ) days & seasons4 ,,hampson1 ,r4 ,t4 ,m$ii vi ,kal5d>ium1 or dates1 *>t]s1 & cu/oms ( ! middle ages1 ) ,kal5d>s f ! t5? to ! fifte5? c5tury2 & an alphabetical dige/ ( obsolete names ( days3 =m+ a ,gloss>y ( ! dates ( ! middle ages1 ) ,tables & o!r aids = asc]ta9+ dates4 #hvo4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahda4 ,! fir/ volume is ma9ly occupi$ ) #8popul> cu/oms & sup]/itions'2 b x also conta9s repr9ts ( v>i\s ,anglo-,saxon & e>ly ,engli% ,kal5d>s4 ,! second volume is giv5 ov] :olly to a useful1 ?\gh occasionally some:at uncritical gloss>y4 ,,hosp9ian1 ,,rudolph4 ,fe/a ,*ri/ianorum1 hoc e/1 ,de orig9e1 progressu1 c]emoniis et ritibus fe/orum di]um ,*ri/ianorum ,lib] unus 7folio74 ,tiguri1 #aeic4 ,?is is a "w ( consid]able le>n+ = its day1 writt5 f ! /&po9t ( a ,swiss ,prote/ant4 ,a second edition1 9 :i* replies are made to ! criticisms ( ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e & ,grets]1 appe>$1 also at ,zuri*1 & 9 folio1 9 #afab4 ,,idel]1 ,,ludwig4 ,h&bu* d] ma!matis*5 und te*nis*5 ,*ronologie4 #hvo4 #b vols4 ,b]l91 #ahbe-bf4 ,idel] 0 ,royal ,a/ronom] & ,pr(essor 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,b]l94 ,8 discussion ( ! ,ea/] cycles _c be disp5s$ )4 ,?is & 8 acc\nt ( ! computation ( "t 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* w be f\nd 9 ,vol4 #b 7pp4 #age-dgj74 ,! ,gregorian re=m is well dealt )4 ,,kelln]1 ,k4 ,a4 ,,he9ri*4 ,heortology3 a hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian ,fe/ivals f _! orig9 to ! pres5t day4 ,translat$ f ! second ,g]man edition4 #hvo4 ,london1 #aijh4 ,dr ,kelln] is ,pr(essor ( ,ca?olic ,!ology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,bonn4 ,an int]e/+ & useful volume1 ?\gh occasionally exhibit+1 z is n unnatural1 m>k$ ecclesia/ical pr$ilections4 ,x conta9s prefix$ a useful bibliography4 ,,lietzmann1 ,h4 ,die drei lte/5 ,m>tyrologi54 ,e4 tr4 #hvo4 ,cambridge1 #aijd4 ,?is little pamphlet ( #af pages exhibits conv5i5tly ! texts ( 7#a7 :at is v>i\sly kn[n z ! ,bu*]ian1 or ,lib]ian1 or ,philocalian ,m>tyrology1 7#b7 ,! ,m>tyrology ( ,c>?age1 & 7#c7 ,wright's ,syrian ,m>tyrology4 ,,maclean1 ,,ar?ur ,,john 7,bi%op ( ,moray74 ,! article #8,cal5d>1 ! ,*ri/ian' 9 ,ha/+s' ,diction>y ( ,*ri/ & ! ,gospels admirable1 g5]ally1 = ! e>ly p]iod4 ,,maclean1 ,,ar?ur ,,john 7,bi%op ( ,moray74 ,ea/ ,syrian ,daily ,(fices4 ,london1 #hvo41 #ahid4 ,an app5dix deals ) ! ,kal5d> ( ! mod]n ,ne/orians 7,assyrian ,*ri/ians74 ,,neale1 ,,john ,,mason4 ,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,holy ,ea/]n ,*ur*4 ,g5]al ,introduction4 ,london1 #hvo41 #ahej4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 gives in=mation at consid]able l5g? on ! ,kal5d>s ( ! ,byzant9e1 ,russian1 ,arm5ian1 & ,e?iopic ,*ur*es4 ,,nilles1 ,,nicolaus4 ,kal5d>ium ,manuale utriusque ,ecclesiae ,ori5talis et ,occid5talis1 academiis cl]icorum accommodatum4 #b tom4 #hvo4 ,o5iponte1 #ahif1 #ahig4 ,n4 ,nilles1 ,s4,j41 ,pr(essor 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,innsbruck1 deals ma9ly 9 ^! volumes ) ! ecclesia/ical ye> 9 ,ea/]n ,*ur*es4 ,,qu5t91 ,,h5ri4 ,les ,m>tyrologes hi/oriques du moy5 age1 tude sur la =mation du ,m>tyrologe roma94 #hvo4 ,p>is1 #aijg4 ,,saxony1 ,,maximilian1 ,,pr9ce ,,(4 ,praelectiones de ,liturgiis ,ori5talibus4 ,tom4 ,i4 #hvo4 ,friburgi ,brisgoviae1 #aijh4 ,?is volume is ma9ly conc]n$ ) ! ,kal5d>s & ,liturgical ,ye> ( ! ,greek & ,slavonic ,*ur*es4 ,x is lucid & int]e/+4 ,,seabury1 ,,samuel1 ,d4,d4 ,! ,!ory & ,use ( ! ,*ur* ,cal5d> 9 ! measurem5t & di/ribution ( ,"t2 be+ an acc\nt ( ! orig9 & use ( ! ,cal5d>2 ( its re=mation f ! ,old to ! ,new ,/yle2 & ( its adaptation to ! use ( ! ,engli% ,*ur* by ! ,briti% ,p>liam5t "u ,george ,,ii4 #hvo4 ,new ,york1 #ahgb4 ,excell5t on ! re/rict$ subject ) :i* x deals4 ,x does n deal ) ,*ri/ian ,fe/ivals beyond ! "q ( ! det]m9ation ( ,ea/]1 b is l>gely conc]n$ ) matt]s ( te*nical *ronology1 ! anci5t cycles1 gold5 numb]s1 epacts1 etc4 ,,smi?1 ,,william1 ,,& ,,*ee?am1 ,,samuel4 ,a ,diction>y ( ,*ri/ian ,antiquities4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahge1 #ahhj4 ,! articles contribut$ by v>i\s s*ol>s1 z 0 inevitable1 v>y mu* 9 m]it4 ,^? on ! fe/ivals by ! ,rev4 ,rob]t ,s9k] are p>ticul>ly valuable4 ,?is "w is cit$ 9 ! foll[+ pages z ,d4 ,c4 ,a4 ,,wordswor?1 ,,john1 ,bi%op ( ,salisbury4 ,! ,m9i/ry ( ,grace4 ,london1 #hvo41 #aija4 ,?is le>n$ "w1 "u a n v illum9ative title1 discusses1 int] alia1 ) a ?or\gh k ( ! be/ & mo/ rec5t lit]ature ( ! subject1 ! developm5t ( ! ,*ur*'s fa/s & fe/ivals4 ,x /&s pre-em95t among ,engli% works deal+ ) ! subject4 ,,gasquet1 ,,abbot1 ,,& ,,bi%op1 ,,edmund4 ,! ,boswor? ,psalt]4 ,london1 #aijh4 ,conta9s valuable in=mation ab\t "s ,m$iaeval ,kal5d>s1 ) discussions ( !m4 ,edd4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,week ,! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/1 f\nd$ 9 ,judaea by ,him :o1 aft] ! fle%1 0 ( ! family ( ,david1 & advanc$ & guid$ 9 its e>li] ye>s by lead]s ( ,jewi% desc5t1 c\ld n fail to be> traces ( its ,hebrew orig94 ,! attitude & tr5d ( m9ds t _h be5 long famili> ) ! religi\s polity ( ! ,hebrews1 & ) ! wor%ip ( ! ,temple & ! ,synagogue1 %[$ !mselves 9 ! in/itutions & wor%ip ( ! e>ly ,*ur*4 ,?is tru? is obs]vable to "s ext5t 9 ! ,*ur*'s polity & s*eme ( gov]nm5t1 & ev5 m cle>ly 9 ! me?ods & =ms ( its liturgical wor%ip4 ,x is n !n to be wond]$ at t ! same influ5ces 7 at "w 9 ! ord]+ ( ! times & seasons1 ! fa/s & fe/ivals1 ( ! ,*ur*'s ye>4 ,! ,week & ! ,"l's ,day4 ,mo/ pot5t 9 affect+ ! :ole daily life ( ,*ri/5dom 9 all ages 0 ! pass+ on f ,judaism ( ! ,week ( sev5 days4 ,inwov51 z x is1 ) ! hi/ory ( our lives1 & tak5 v mu* z matt] ( c\rse1 z if x 7 some?+ l a law ( nature1 ! dom9at+ influ5ce & f> rea*+ effects ( ?is sev5-day division ( "t are seldom fully realis$4 ,! ,week1 kn[n 9 ! ,roman _w at ! "t ( our ,"l only 9 connexion ) ! obscure speculations ( ,ea/]n a/rology1 or z a feature1 9 its ,sabba?1 ( ! lives ( ! widely-spread ,jewi% settl]s 9 ! great cities ( ! ,empire1 _h be5 f remote times accept$ among v>i\s ori5tal peoples4 ,x w\ld be outside our prov9ce to enquire into its orig91 ?\gh mu* c be said 9 fav\r ( ! view t x took its rise out ( a r\gh division into f\r ( ! lun> mon?4 ,b1 s f> z ,*ri/ianity is conc]n$1 x is en\gh to "k t x 0 beyond all d\bt tak5 ov] f ! religion ( ! ,hebrews4 ,x is n improbable t at ! outset "s ( ! ,*ri/ian conv]ts f ,judaism may h cont9u$ to obs]ve ! ,jewi% ,sabba?1 ! sev5? or la/ day ( ! week3 & t attempts 7 made to fa/5 its obligations ^u ,g5tile conv]ts is evid5t f ,/ ,paul's ,epi/le to ! ,colossians 7ii4 #af74 ,b x is c]ta9 t at an e>ly date among ,*ri/ians ! fir/ day ( ! week 0 m>k$ by special religi\s obs]vances4 ,! te/imony ( ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les & ! ,epi/les ( ,/ ,paul %[s u ! fir/ day ( ! week z a "t = ! assembl+ ( ,*ri/ians = in/ruction & = wor%ip1 :5 #8! break+ ( bread' =m$ "p ( ! s]vice1 & :5 (f]+s = *>itable & religi\s purposes might be laid up 9 /ore#b4 ,! "n #8! ,"l's day1' appli$ to ! fir/ day ( ! week1 may probably be trac$ to ,new ,te/am5t times4 ,! occurr5ce ( ! expression 9 ! ,revelation ( ,/ ,john 7i4 #aj7 has be5 commonly reg>d$ z a te/imony to ?is application#c4 ,9 ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas 7t5tatively assign$ by ,bi%op ,lightfoot to betwe5 ,a4,d4 #gj & #gi1 & by o!rs to ab\t ,a4,d4 #acj-aca7 we f9d ! passage 7c4 #ae71 #8,we keep ! eigh? day = rejoic+1 9 ! :i* also ,jesus rose f ! dead4' ,! date ( ! ,tea*+ ( ! ,apo/les is /ill reckon$ by "s s*ol>s z sub judice4 ,b1 if x is rightly assign$ to ! fir/ c5tury1 its te/imony may be cit$ "h4 ,9 x is ! foll[+ passage3--#8,on ! ,"l's own day 7 7 ga!r y\rselves toge!r & break bread1 & give ?anks1 fir/ confess+ y\r transgressions1 t y\r sacrifice may be pure' 7c4 #ad74 ,! next evid5ce1 9 po9t ( "t1 is a passage 9 ! ,epi/le ( ,ignatius to ! ,magnesians 7cc4 #h1 #i1 #aj71 9 :i* ! writ] dissuades ^? to :om he wrote f obs]v+ sabba?s 7 7 & urges !m to live #8accord+ to ! ,"l's day 7 7 on :i* our life also rose ?r\gh ,him4' ,x is impossible to suppose t 9 e>ly times ! ,"l's day 0 held to be a day ( re/4 ,! "w ( ! s]vant & lab\r+ class _h to be done2 & x has be5 reasonably conjectur$ t ! assemblies ( ,*ri/ians be=e dawn 7 to meet ! necessities ( ! situation4 ,la/ly1 ! passage f ! ,apology ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr 7,ap4 i4 #fg7 is too well kn[n to be cit$ 9 full4 ,he describes to ! ,emp]or ! "* & proc$ure ( ! ,*ri/ian assemblies on #8! day ( ! sun1' :i* we "k f o!r s\rces to h be5 ! fir/ day ( ! week4 ,writ+s ( ! ,apo/les or ( ! ,prophets 7 read3 ! ,presid5t ( ! assembly in/ruct$ & exhort$3 bread1 & w9e & wat] 7 consecrat$ & di/ribut$ to ^? pres5t & s5t by ! ,deacons to ! abs5t3 alms 7 collect$ & deposit$ ) ! ,presid5t = ! relief ( wid[s & orphans1 ! sick & ! poor1 prison]s & /rang]s4 ,lat] ?an ,ju/9 we ne$ n g1 z ! evid5ce f all qu>t]s p\rs 9 abundantly to e/abli% ! univ]sal obs]vance ( #8! fir/ day ( ! week1' #8,sunday1' #8! ,"l's day1' z a day = wor%ip & religi\s in/ruction#d4 ,! ,sabba? 7,saturday74 ,lack ( positive evid5ce prev5ts u f speak+ ) any c]ta9ty z to :e!r !re 0 among ,*ri/ians any recognis$ & approv$ obs]vance ( ,saturday 7! ,sabba?7 9 ! fir/1 second & ?ird c5turies4 ,!re is no h9t ( su* obs]vance 9 e>ly ,*ri/ian lit]ature2 & !re are passages :i* r g to disc\nt5ance ! notion#e4 ,du*esne1 ^: op9ion des]v$ly c>ries mu* weight1 comes to ! conclusion t ! obs]vance ( ,saturday 9 ! f\r? c5tury 0 n a survival ( an attempt ( primitive times to effect a conciliation betwe5 ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian practices1 b an in/itution ( comp>atively late date#f4 ,c]ta9ly "o _c speak confid5tly ( ! exi/5ce ( ,saturday z a day ( religi\s obs]vance among ,*ri/ians be=e ! f\r? c5tury4 ,epiphanius#g1 9 ! second half ( ! f\r? c5tury1 speaks ( synaxes be+ held 9 "s places on ! ,sabba?2 f :i* x may probably be inf]r$ t x 0 n s 9 8 "t 9 ,cyprus4 ,9 ! ,canons ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,laodicea 7:i* c h>dly be plac$ e>li] ?an ab\t ! middle ( ! f\r? c5tury1 & is probably lat]7 we f9d x enjo9$ t #8on ! ,sabba? ! ,gospels ) o!r ,scriptures %all be read' 7#af72 t #89 ,l5t bread ought n to be (f]$1 save only on ! ,sabba? & ! ,"l's day' 7#di72 & t #89 ,l5t ! fea/s ( m>tyrs %\ld n be kept1 b t a commemoration ( ! holy m>tyrs %\ld be made on ,sabba?s & ,"l's days' 7#ej74 ,yet x 0 =bidd5 #8to ,judaize & be idle on ! ,sabba?1' :ile1 #8if !y c1' ,*ri/ians are direct$ to re/ on ! ,"l's day4 ,! ,apo/olic ,con/itutions g fur!r2 &1 "u ! names ( ,/ ,pet] & ,/ ,paul1 x is enjo9$ t s]vants %\ld "w only five days 9 ! week1 & be free f lab\r on ! ,sabba? & ! ,"l's day #8) a view to ! tea*+ ( godl9ess' 7viii4 #cc74 ,unc]ta9 z are ! date & orig9 ( ! ,con/itutions !y may be reg>d$ z 9 "s measure reflect+ ! g5]al s5tim5t 9 ! ,ea/ 9 ! fif?1 or possibly ! close ( ! f\r? c5tury#h4 ,f ^! te/imonies x appe>s t ! ,sabba? 0 a day ( special religi\s obs]vance1 & t 9 ! ,ea/ x p>took ( a fe/al "*4 ,fall+ 9 ) ?is way ( reg>d+ ,saturday we f9d ,canon #fd ( ! s-call$ ,apo/olic ,canons 7( unc]ta9 date1 b possibly e>ly 9 ! fif? c5tury#i7 decl>+1 #8,if any cl]ic be f\nd fa/+ on ! ,"l's day1 or on ! ,sabba?1 except "o only t is1 d\btless 8! ,great ,sabba?10 or ,ea/] ,eve1 let him be depriv$1 &1 if he be a layman1 let him be segregat$#aj4' ,! ,apo/olic ,con/itutions emphasise ! position ( ! ,sabba? by ! exhortation t ,*ri/ians %\ld #8ga!r toge!r especially on ! ,sabba?1 & on ! ,"l's day1 ! day ( ! ,resurrection' 7ii4 #ei72 & aga91 #8,keep ! ,sabba? & ! ,"l's day z fea/s1 = ! "o is ! commemoration ( ! ,creation1 ! o!r ( ! ,resurrection' 7vii4 #bc74 ,we f9d also t "o ( ! canons ( ,laodicea ref]r$ to above is 9 sub/ance re-enact$ at a mu* lat] date by ! ,c\ncil 9 ,trullo 7,a4,d4 #fib7 9 ?is =m1 t except on ! ,sabba?1 ! ,"l's day1 & ! ,fea/ ( ! ,annunciation1 ! ,liturgy ( ! ,pre-sanctifi$ %\ld be said on all days 9 ,l5t 7c4 #eb74 ,9 ! city ( ,alex&ria 9 ! "t ( ! hi/orian ,socrates ! ,eu*>i/ 0 n celebrat$ on ,saturday2 b o!r p>ts ( ,egypt foll[$ ! g5]al practice ( ! ,ea/4 ,socrates says t ,rome agre$ ) ,alex&ria 9 ?is respect#aa4 ,x is c]ta9 t v commonly1 ?\gh n univ]sally1 9 ! ,ea/ ! ,sabba? 0 reg>d$ z possess+ ! features ( a weekly fe/ival 7) a eu*>i/ic celebration7 second 9 importance only to ! ,"l's day4 ,& ,gregory ( ,nyssa says1 #8,if ?\ ha/ despis$ ! ,sabba?1 ) :at face wilt ?\ d>e to behold ! ,"l's day4444 ,!y are si/] days' 7de ,ca/igatione1 ,migne1 ,p4,g4 xlvi4 #cji74 ,9 ! ,we/ we f9d also t ! ,sabba? 0 a day ( special religi\s obs]vance2 b !re 0 a v>iety ( local usage 9 reg>d to ! mode ( its obs]vance4 ,at ,rome ! ,sabba? 0 a fa/-day 9 ! "t ( ,/ ,augu/9e#ab2 & ! same is true ( "s o!r places2 b ! majority ( ! ,we/]n ,*ur*es1 l ! ,ea/1 did n s reg>d x4 ,9 ,nor? ,africa !re 0 a v>iety ( practice1 "s places obs]v$ ! day z a fa/1 o!rs z a fea/4 ,at ,milan ! day 0 n treat$ z a fa/2 & ,/ ,ambrose1 9 reply to a "q put by ,augu/9e at ! in/ance ( 8 "m ,monnica1 /at$ t he reg>d$ ! matt] z "o ( local discipl9e1 & gave ! s5sible rule to d 9 su* matt]s at ,rome z ! ,romans d#ac4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! f\r? c5tury ! ,spani% ,c\ncil ( ,elvira correct$ ! error t e ,sabba? %\ld be obs]v$ z a fa/#ad4 ,z to ! orig9 ( ! ,saturday fa/ we are left almo/ :olly to conjecture4 ,x has be5 suppos$ by "s to be an exhibition ( antagonism to ,judaism1 :i* reg>d$ ! ,sabba? z a fe/ival2 :ile o!rs consid] t x is a cont9uation ( ! ,friday fa/1 z a k9d ( prep>atory vigil ( ! ,"l's day4 ,x is outside our scope to g into ?is "q4 ,a relic ( ! anci5t position ( di/9ction occupi$ by ,saturday may p]haps be f\nd 9 ! p]si/5ce ( ! "n #8,sabbatum' 9 ! ,we/]n s]vice-books4 ,ab/95ce 7f fle%7 cont9u$1 #8de m&ate ecclesiae1' on ,saturdays 9 ! ,roman ,*ur*4 ,= ,roman ,ca?olics 9 ,engl& x ceas$ 9 #ahcj by au?ority ( ,pope ,pius ,,viii4 ,?is seems a conv5i5t place = say+ some?+ z to ! use ( ! ^w ,f]ia 9 ecclesia/ical language to designate an ord9>y week-day4 ,! names mo/ commonly giv5 to ! days ( ! week 9 ! s]vice-books & o!r ecclesia/ical records are #8,dies ,dom9ica' 7r>ely #8,dom9icus'7 = ! ,"l's ,day1 or ,sunday2 #8,f]ia ,,ii' = ,monday2 #8,f]ia ,,iii' = ,tuesday1 & s on to ,saturday :i* 7) r>e exceptions7 is n ,f]ia ,,vii b #8,sabbatum4' ,:y ! ord9>y week-day is call$ #8,f]ia1' :5 9 classical ,lat9 #8f]iae' 0 us$ = #8days ( re/1' #8holidays1' #8fe/ivals1' is a "q t _c be answ]$ ) any confid5ce4 ,a conjecture :i* seems op5 to v>i\s objections1 ?\gh x has f\nd support]s1 is z foll[s3 all ! days ( ,ea/] week 7 holidays1 #8f]iatae'2 &1 ?is be+ ! fir/ week ( ! ecclesia/ical ye>1 ! o!r weeks foll[$ ! mode ( nam+ ! days :i* _h be5 us$ 9 reg>d to ! fir/ week4 ,a fatal objection to ?is !ory1 = :i* ! au?ority ( ,/ ,j]ome has be5 claim$1 is t we f9d #8f]ia' us$1 z 9 ,t]tullian1 = an ord9>y week-day long be=e we h any reason to ?9k t !re 0 any ord9ance = ! obs]vance ( ! :ole ( ,ea/] week by a cessation f lab\r#ae4 ,ano!r conjecture1 pres5t$ h[ev] ) too mu* confid5ce1 is t put =w>d on ! au?ority ( ,isidore ( ,seville#af by ! le>n$ ,h5ri de ,valois 7,valesius74 ,he alleges t ! anci5t ,*ri/ians1 receiv+1 z !y did1 ! week ( sev5 days f ! ,jews1 imitat$ ! ,jewi% practice1 :i* us$ ! expression #8! second ( ! ,sabba?1' #8! ?ird ( ! ,sabba?1' & s on = ! days ( ! week3 t #8,f]ia' means a day ( re/1 9 effect ! same z #8,sabba?1' & t 9 ?is way ! #8second ,f]ia' & #8?ird ,f]ia1' etc41 came to be us$ = ! second & ?ird days ( ! week#ag4 ,! a/rological names = ! days ( ! week1 z ( ! ,sun1 ( ! ,moon1 ( ,m>s1 ( ,m]cury1 etc41 7 g5]ally avoid$ by ,*ri/ians2 b !y are n :olly unkn[n 9 ,*ri/ian writ]s1 & sometimes appe> ev5 9 ,*ri/ian epitaphs4 ,9 ! ecclesia/ical records ( ! ,greeks ! fir/ day ( ! week is #8! ,"l's day'2 & ! sev5?1 ! ,sabba?1 z 9 ! ,we/4 ,b ,friday is ,p>asceve 771 a "n :i* 9 ! ,lat9 ,*ur* is conf9$ to "o ,friday 9 ! ye>1 ! ,friday ( ! ,"l's ,passion1 :i* day 9 ! ,ea/]n ,*ur* is kn[n z #8! ,great ,p>asceve4' ,) ^! exceptions ! days ( ! week are #8! second1' #8! ?ird1' #8! f\r?1' etc41 ! ^w #8day' be+ und]/ood4 ,x is wor? record+ t among ! ,portuguese ! curr5t names = ! week-days are3 segunda feira1 t]a feira1 etc4 ,w$nesday & ,friday4 ,long prior to any cle> evid5ce = ! special obs]vance among ,*ri/ians ( ! la/ day ( ! week we f9d te/imonies to a religi\s "* atta*+ to ! f\r? & six? days4 ,! dev\t ,jews 7 accu/om$ to obs]ve a fa/ twice a week1 on ! second & fif? days1 ,monday & ,?ursday#ah2 & ^! days1 toge!r ) ! ,*ri/ian fa/s sub/itut$ = !m1 are ref]r$ to 9 ! ,tea*+ ( ! ,apo/les 7#h71 #8,let n y\r fa/+s be ) ! hypocrites1 = !y fa/ on ! second & fif? day ( ! week2 b d ye keep y\r fa/ on ! f\r? & p>asceve 7! six?74' ,9 ! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas we f9d ! writ] relat+ t he 0 fa/+ & hold+ a /ation#ai4 ,& ?is peculi> t]m is appli$ by ,t]tullian to fa/s 7:e!r p>tial or entire we ne$ n "h discuss7 obs]v$ on ! f\r? & six? days ( ! week#bj4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ?\gh n us+ ! ^w /ation1 speaks ( fa/s be+ held on ! f\r? day ( ! week & on ! p>asceve#ba4 ,at a mu* lat] date ?an ! au?orities cit$ above we f9d ! ,apo/olic ,canons decree+ "u sev]e p5alties t1 unless = reasons ( bodily infirmity1 n only ! cl]gy b ! laity mu/ fa/ on ! f\r? day ( ! week & on ! six? 7p>asceve74 ,& ! rule ( fa/+ on ,w$nesdays & ,fridays /ill obta9s 9 ! ,ea/]n ,*ur*#bb4 ,^! two days 7 m>k$ by ! assembl+ ( ,*ri/ians = wor%ip4 ,b ! "* ( ! s]vice 0 n ev]y:]e ! same4 ,du*esne#bc has exhibit$ ! facts ?us3 ,9 ,africa 9 ! "t ( ,t]tullian ! ,eu*>i/ 0 celebrat$1 & x 0 s at ,j]usalem t[>ds ! close ( ! f\r? c5tury4 ,9 ! ,*ur* ( ,alex&ria ! ,eu*>i/ 0 n celebrat$ on ^! days2 b ! ,scriptures 7 read & int]pret$4 ,& 9 ?is matt]1 z 9 _m o!rs1 ! ,*ur* at ,rome probably agre$ ) ,alex&ria4 ,x is c]ta91 at lea/ z reg>ds ,friday1 t ! my/]ies 7 n publicly celebrat$ on ^! days at ,rome ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,! obs]vance ( ,friday z a day ( ab/95ce is /ill ( obligation 9 ! ,we/4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,days ,,( ,,! ,,m>tyrs ,we n[ pass f features ( e week to days & seasons ( ye>ly occurr5ce4 ,9 po9t ( "t ! celebrations connect$ ) ! ,pas*a are ! e>lie/ to em]ge ( sacr$ days obs]v$ annually by ! :ole ,*ur*4 ,b = reasons ( conv5i5ce x has be5 ?\ght bett] to def] ! consid]ation ( ! difficult que/ions relat+ to ! ,ea/] controv]sies till ! orig9 ( ! days ( ,m>tyrs & ,sa9ts has be5 dealt )4 ,! ,kal5d> 9 "s ( its lat] /ages exhibits a highly artificial elaboration4 ,b 9 its beg9n+s x 01 to a l>ge ext5t1 ! outcome ( a natural & spontane\s feel+ :i* c\ld n fail to rememb] 9 v>i\s localities ! cruel dea?s ( m5 & wom5 :o _h suff]$ = ! ,fai? ) c\rage & con/ancy 9 su* places1 or _! neighb\rhoods4 ,! orig9s ( ! ,kal5d> %[ 9 v>i\s *ur*es1 widely sep>at$1 ! natural desire to commemorate _! own local m>tyrs on ! days on :i* !y _h actually suff]$4 ,z reg>ds ! ord] ( "t !re is ample reason to conv9ce u t ! commemorations ( m>tyrs 7 features ( ,*ur* life mu* e>li] ?an ^? ( ,/ ,m>y ! ,virg91 ( mo/ ( ! ,apo/les1 & ev5 ( _m ( ! fe/ivals ( ! ,"l ,himself4 ,! m>ks ( antiquity t *>act]ise g5]ally ! old] ,kal5d>s & ,m>tyrologies are 7#a7 ! comp>ative paucity ( entries1 7#b7 ! fewness ( fe/ivals ( ! ,virg91 7#c7 ! fewness ( sa9ts :o 7 n m>tyrs1 7#d7 ! abs5ce ( ! title #8sa9t1' & 7#e7 ! abs5ce ( fea/s 9 ,l5t4 ,aga91 ! local "* ( ! obs]vance ( ! days ( m>tyrs is a m>k$ feature ( ! e>li] records :i* illu/rate ! subject4 ,n[ & !n ! "n ( "s m>tyr ( pre-em95t di/9ction 9 o!r l&s f9ds its way into ! li/s2 b x rema9s g5]ally true t 9 ea* place ! m>tyrs & sa9ts ( t place & its neighb\rhood =m ! great body ( ^? commemorat$4 ,& 9 addition to ! natural feel+ t prompt$ ! remembrance ( ^? m p>ticul>ly associat$ ) a p>ticul> place1 ! fact t ! commemorations 7 orig9ally obs]v$ by religi\s s]vices 9 cemet]ies1 at ! tombs or burial places ( ! m>tyrs1 t5d$ at fir/ to disc\nt5ance ! commemoration ( ! m>tyrs ( o!r places ^: /ory 0 kn[n only by report1 :e!r writt5 or oral4 ,! day ( a m>tyr's dea? 0 by an ex]cise ( ! triumphant fai? ( ! ,*ur* kn[n z 8 bir?day 7natale1 or dies natalis1 or natalitia74 ,x 0 reg>d$ z ! day ( 8 entrance into a new & bett] _w4 ,! expression occurs 9 its ,greek =m z e>ly z ! lett] ( ! ,*ur* ( ,smyrna conc]n+ ! m>tyrdom ( ,polyc>p 7c4 #ah74 ,!re c be no d\bt t at an e>ly date records 7 kept ( ! day ( ! dea? ( m>tyrs4 ,cyprian requir$ t ev5 ! dea?-days ( ^? :o di$ 9 prison = ! fai? %\ld be communicat$ to him ) a view to 8 (f]+ an oblation on t day 7,ep4 xii4 7xxxvii47 #b74 ,x is 9 ?is way probably t ! e>lie/ ,kal5d>s ( ! ,*ur* orig9at$4 ,illu/ration3 ,anci5t ,syriac ,m>tyrology1 writt5 ,a ,d4 #dab 7,brit4 ,mus4 ,or4 ,add4 #abaej1 fol4 #beb v1 ll4 #a-bj1 col4 #a47 ,! plate %[s ! entries f ,/ ,/eph5's ,day to ,epiphany4 ,we purpose deal+ m p>ticul>ly ) ! e>ly ,roman ,kal5d>s4 ,! e>lie/ m>tyrology t has surviv$ is conta9$ 9 a ,roman record transcrib$ 9 ,a4,d4 #ced4 ,x is kn[n1 sometimes z ! ,lib]ian ,m>tyrology 7f ! "n ( ,lib]ius1 :o 0 bi%op ( ,rome at ! "t71 sometimes z ! ,bu*]ian ,m>tyrology1 f ! "n ( ! s*ol> :o fir/ made x kn[n to ! le>n$ _w#bd1 & n uncommonly z ! ,philocalian1 f ! "n ( ! scribe4 ,x pres5ts _m int]e/+1 & "s p]plex+ features1 :i* _c be dealt ) "h4 ,we mu/ cont5t ourselves ) notic+ t1 besides record+1 z 9 a s]viceable almanack1 sev]al pagan fe/ivals1 x m>ks ! days ( ! mon? ( ! burials 7depositiones7 ( ! bi%ops ( ,rome f ,a4,d4 #bed to ,a4,d4 #ced1 & also ! burial-days ( m>tyrs1 tw5ty-five 9 numb]4 ,9 bo? li/s ! cemet]ies at ,rome :]e ! burials took place are not$4 ,b !re are also ent]$ ?ree ecclesia/ical commemorations :i* d n m>k entombm5ts1 7#a7 #8viij ,kal4 ,jan4 7,dec4 #be7 ,natus ,*ri/us 9 ,be?leem ,judeae'2 7#b7 #8viij ,kal4 ,m>t4 7,feb4 #bb7 ,natale 7sic7 ,petri de ,ca!dra'2 7#c7 #8,nonis ,m>tii 7,m>* #g7 ,p]petuae et ,felicitatis ,africae#be4' ,! appe>ance ( ,/ ,p]petua & ,/ ,felicitas 9 a *>act]i/ically ,roman docum5t is a /rik+ te/imony to ! fame ( ^! two ,african suff]]s = ! ,fai?#bf4 ,! use ( ! ^w natale 9 connexion ) ,/ ,pet]'s *air n improbably m>ks ! d$ication ( a *ur*2 &1 at all ev5ts at a lat] p]iod1 ! ^w seems sometimes us$ z equival5t simply to a fe/ival1 or p]haps a fe/ival m>k+ an orig9 or beg9n+--z1 = example1 ,natale ,calicis1 ( :i* some?+ w be said h]eaft] 7p4 #dj74 ,ea/] c\ld n appe> 9 ! ,kal5d> prop]ly s-call$2 b ! docum5t conta9s cycles = ! calculation ( ,ea/]1 & a li/ ( ! days on :i* x w\ld fall f ,a4,d4 #cab to ,a4,d4 #dab4 ,e>ly ,kal5d>s w\ld be ( mu* value 9 our enquiries2 b !y are few 9 numb]4 ,! foll[+ ?ree des]ve notice4 7#a7 ,! ,syrian ,m>tyrology fir/ publi%$ by ,dr ,w4 ,wright 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,sacr$ ,lit]ature 7,oct4 #ahff74 ,x 0 writt5 9 ,a4,d4 #daa-ab1 b repres5ts an orig9al ( p]haps ab\t ,a4,d4 #chj4 ,x is ,arian 9 orig91 & has elem5ts t %[ connexions ) ,alex&ria1 ,antio*1 & ,nicom$ia2 & its range ( m>tyrs is mu* wid] ?an t ( o!r e>ly docum5ts ( ! k9d4 ,yet ( ,we/]n m>tyrs we f9d only 9 ,africa ,p]petua & ,satornilos & t5 o!r m>tyrs#bg 7,m>* #g7 & #8,aki/us 78,xy/us ,,ii7 bi%op ( ,rome' 7,aug4 #a74 ,we f9d ,/ ,pet] & ,/ ,paul on ,dec4 #bh2 ,/ ,john & ,/ ,james on ,dec4 #bg2 & #8,/ ,/eph51 apo/le' on ! #bf?#bh4 7#b7 ,! ,kal5d> ( ,polemius ,silvius1 bi%op ( ,s$unum1 9 ! upp] valley ( ! ,rhone 7,a4,d4 #ddh74 ,x conta9s ! bir?days ( ! ,emp]ors & "s ( ! m em95t ( ! hea!n fe/ivals1 su* z ! ,lup]calia & ,c>i/ia1 b ) a view1 app>5tly1 ( supplant+ !m by ,*ri/ian commemorations4 ,! ,*ri/ian fe/ivals record$ are few 9 numb]1 ^? ( our ,"l be+ ,*ri/mas1 ,epiphany1 & ! fix$ dates1 ,m>* #be = ! ,crucifixion1 & ,m>* #bg = ! ,resurrection4 ,!re are only six sa9ts' days4 ,! depositio ( ,pet] & ,paul on ,feb4 #bb2 ,v9c5t1 ,lawr5ce1 ,hippolytus1 ,/eph51 & ! ,maccabees on _! usual days4 ,o!r features ( int]e/ mu/ be pass$ ov]#bi4 7#c7 ,! ,c>?ag9ian ,kal5d>#cj has be5 assign$ z probably ab\t ,a4,d4 #ejjca4 ,x is ?us describ$ by ,bi%op ,j4 ,wordswor?1 #8,x has1 9 ! ,ea/]n mann]1 no entries betwe5 ,febru>y #af & ,april #ai1 i4e4 dur+ ,l5t4 ,its ,sa9ts are mo/ly local1 b "s tw5ty are ,roman1 & a few o!r ,italian1 ,sicilian1 & ,spani%4 ,x also m>ks ,,ss4 ,john ,bapti/ 7,june #bd71 ,maccabees1 ,luke ,oct4 #ac1 ,&rew1 ,*ri/mas1 ,/eph5 ,dec4 #bf1 ,john ,bapti/ probably an error ( ! p5 = ,john ! ,evangeli/ & ,james 7,dec4 #bg7 #8! ,apo/le :om ,h]od slew'1 ,infants ,dec4 #bh & ,epiphany sanctum ,epefania#cb4' ,x may be add$ t ?is ,kal5d> m>ks ! depositiones ( sev5 bi%ops ( ,c>?age1 n m>tyrs1 ^: anniv]s>ies 7 kept4 ,9 "o ( ! ,african ,c\ncils ( ! f\r? c5tury x 0 enact$ t ! ,acts ( ! m>tyrs %\ld be read 9 ! *ur* on _! anniv]s>ies4 ,b ,rome 0 sl[ 9 adopt+ ?is practice#cc4 ,x w be se5 t z "t w5t on ! /rictly local "* ( ! m>tyrs commemorat$ 0 invad$ by a desire to record ! fam\s suff]]s ( o!r p>ts ( ! ,*ri/ian _w4 ,rome1 ) its *>act]i/ic cons]vatism 9 matt]s liturgical1 seems to h be5 sl[] ?an o!r places to yield to ?is impulse4 ,at ,hippo we f9d ,augu/9e commemorat+1 beside local m>tyrs1 ! ,roman ,lawr5ce & ,agnes1 ! ,spani% ,v9c5t & ,fructuosus1 & ! ,milanese ,protasius & ,g]vasius ^: bones 7z 0 believ$7 _h be5 rec5tly discov]$4 ,he also commemorat$ ! ,maccabees1 ,/ ,/eph51 & bo? ! ,nativity & ,decollation ( ! ,bapti/4 ,on ! o!r h& 9 ! laudatory s]mons t h come d[n to u we f9d ,*ryso/om at ,antio* commemorat+ only ! sa9ts ( ,antio*1 & ,basil1 at ,caes>ea 9 ,cappadocia1 only ^? ( 8 own c\ntry4 ,! ,sacram5t>y1 :i* is call$ aft] ,pope ,leo 7,a4,d4 #ddj-dfa71 %[s signs ( a some:at lat] date2 b x is unque/ionably a ,roman book2 & ! ,kal5d> :i* we c con/ruct f x repres5ts ! ,kal5d> ( ,rome z x 0 n lat] ?an ab\t ! middle ( ! six? c5tury4 ,x gives u ! foll[+ days2 b x mu/ be obs]v$ t ! mon?s ( ,janu>y1 ,febru>y1 ,m>*1 & "p ( ,april are un=tunately miss+#cd4 ,! fir/ is ,april #ad1 ,tiburtius 7a ,roman m>tyr74 ,!re foll[ #8,pas*al "t'3 ,april #bc1 ,george 7,ea/]n78#ce2 ,d$ication ( ! ,basilica ( ,/ ,pet]1 ! ,apo/le2 ! ,asc5sion ( ! ,"l2 ! day be=e ,p5teco/2 ! ,sunday ( ,p5teco/2 ! fa/ ( ! f\r? mon?2 ,june #bd1 natale ( ,/ ,john ,bapti/2 ,june #bf1 natale ( ,,ss4 ,john & ,paul 7two ,romans1 bro!rs1 m>tyrs "u ,julian72 ,june #bi1 natale ( ! ,apo/les ,pet] & ,paul 7at ,rome72 ,july #aj1 natale ( sev5 m>tyrs :o are nam$ 7all at ,rome2 & ! cemet]ies :]e _! bodies re/ are nam$72 ,aug4 #ccf1 natale ( ,/ ,/eph5 7bi%op ( ,rome & m>tyr1 m commonly commemorat$ on ,aug4 #b72 ,aug4 #f1 natale ( ,/ ,xy/us & ( ,felicissimus & ,agapitus 7all m>tyrs at ,rome72 ,aug4 #aj1 natale ( ,/ ,lawr5ce 7,rome72 ,aug4 #ac1 natale ( ,,ss4 ,hippolytus & ,pontianus 7,romans72 ,aug4 #cj1 natale ( ,adauctus & ,felix 7at ,rome72 ,sept4 #ad1 natale ( ,,ss4 ,cornelius & ,cyprian 7! =m] bi%op ( ,rome1 ! latt] bi%op ( ,c>?age1 8 contempor>y72 ,sept4 #af1 natale ( ,/ ,euphemia 7at ,rome72 ,fa/ ( ! sev5? mon?2 ,sept4 #cj1 natale 7sic7 ( ! basilica ( ! ,angel 9 ,sal>ia 7on ! ,via ,sal>ia3 evid5tly = ! f\ndation or ! d$ication ( a *ur* at ,rome1 probably "u ! "n ( ,/ ,mi*ael72 ,depositio ( ,/ ,silve/] 7bi%op ( ,rome1 no date3 9 ! ,bu*]ian ,m>tyrology x is at ,dec4 #ca72 ,nov4 #h 7or #i71 natale ( ! f\r cr[n$ sa9ts 7all at ,rome72 ,nov4 #bb1 natale ( ,/ ,caecilia 7,roman m>tyr72 ,nov4 #bc1 natale ( ,,ss4 ,clem5t & ,felicitas 7bo? ,roman m>tyrs72 ,nov4 #bd1 natale ( ,,ss4 ,*rysogonus & ,gregorius 7! fir/1 a ,roman m>tyr1 ! second1 unc]ta9#cg72 ,nov4 #cj1 natale ( ,/ ,&rew1 ,apo/le2 ,dec4 #be1 natale ( ! ,"l2 & ( ! m>tyrs1 ,pa/or1 ,basilius1 ,jovianus1 ,victor9us1 ,eug5ia1 ,felicitas1 & ,ana/asia 7,eug5ia 0 p]haps ! ,roman lady m>tyr$ ) ,agape2 ,ana/asia 0 ( ,roman orig91 ?\gh %e suff]$ dea? 9 ,illyria3 h] "n appe>s 9 ! canon ( ! ,roman mass4 ,! p]sons int5d$ by ! o!r names are m unc]ta972 ,dec4 #bg1 natale ( ,/ ,john1 ,evangeli/2 ,dec4 #bh1 natale ( ! ,innoc5ts4 ,x has be5 ?\ght well to give 9 full ?is li/1 defective ?\gh x is 7z lack+ ! op5+ mon?s ( ! ye>74 ,x exhibits inde$ a l>ge prepond]ance ( celebrations ( local int]e/2 b !re are cle> indications t already ! m>tyrs ( o!r places ?an ,rome are secur+ !mselves positions 9 ! ,roman ,kal5d>4 ,! collection ( masses & o!r liturgical (fices kn[n z ! ,gelasian ,sacram5t>y are n )\t int]e/ 9 illu/rat+ ! developm5t ( ! ,kal5d>1 m p>ticul>ly among ! ,franks4 ,b we pass on to consid] ! features ( ! di/9ctively ,roman s]vice book1 :i*1 by a some:at mislead+ "n1 has be5 call$ ! ,gregorian ,sacram5t>y4 ,9 its pres5t =m 7?\gh x conta9s _m anci5t elem5ts7 x is probably n e>li] ?an ! close ( ! eigh? c5tury4 ,omitt+ notices ( moveable days1 & exhibit+ ! dates by ! days ( ! mon? 9 our mod]n fa%ion1 ! ,kal5d> runs z foll[s#ch1 "s rem>ks be+ add$ )9 m>ks ( p>5!sis4 ,janu>y4 #a4 ,octava ,dom9i 7! octave ( ,*ri/mas74 #f4 ,epiphania 7call$ 9 ! old] ,roman ,kal5d> #8,!ophania1' z by ! ,greeks74 #ad4 ,/ ,felix #89 ,p9cis' 7on ! ,p9cian74 #af4 ,/ ,m>cellus1 ,pope4 #ah4 ,/ ,prisca 7at ,rome74 #bj4 ,,ss4 ,fabian & ,seba/ian 7bo? at ,rome74 #ba4 ,/ ,agnes 7at ,rome7#ci4 #bb4 ,/ ,v9c5t 7,spa974 #bh4 ,second ( ,/ ,agnes 7,octave74 ,febru>y4 #b4 ,ypapante1 or ,purification ( ,/ ,m>y4 #e4 ,/ ,aga?a 7,sicily3 a *ur* at ,rome d$icat$ to h]74 #ad4 ,/ ,val5t9e 7presbyt] at ,rome74 ,m>*4 #ab4 ,/ ,gregory1 ,pope4 #be4 ,annunciation ( ,/ ,m>y4 ,april4 #ad4 ,,ss4 ,tiburtius & ,val]ian 7at ,rome74 #bc4 ,/ ,george 7,ea/]n3 *ur* #89 ,velabro' at ,rome74 #bh4 ,/ ,vitalis 7( ,rav5na3 a *ur* at ,rome74 ,may4 #a4 ,,ss4 ,philip & ,james1 ,apo/les4 #c4 ,,ss4 ,alex&]1 ,ev5tius & ,!odulus 7,pope1 & two presbyt]s at ,rome74 #f4 ,natale ( ,/ ,john be=e ! ,lat9 gate 7,rome74 #aj4 ,,ss4 ,gordian & ,epima*us 7bo? at ,rome74 #ab4 ,/ ,pancratius 7at ,rome1 :]e a *ur* 0 d$icat$ to him74 #ac4 ,natale ( ,/ ,m>y #8ad ,m>tyres' 7d$ication ( ! ,pan!on at ,rome by ,boniface ,,iv74 #be4 ,/ ,urban1 ,pope4 ,june4 #a4 ,d$ication ( ! ,basilica ( ,/ ,nicom$es 7at ,rome74 #b4 ,,ss4 ,m>cell9us & ,pet] 7at ,rome3 a *ur* 9 _! hon\r is said to h be5 erect$ by ! ,emp]or ,con/ant9e on ! ,via ,lavicana74 #ah4 ,,ss4 ,m>cus & ,m>cellianus 7bo? at ,rome74 #ai4 ,,ss4 ,protasius & ,g]vasius 7,milan74 #bd4 ,natale ( ,/ ,john ,bapti/4 #bf4 ,,ss4 ,john & ,paul 7two bro!rs at ,rome74 #bh4 ,/ ,leo1 ,pope4 #bi4 ,natale ( ,,ss4 ,pet] & ,paul1 ,apo/les 7,rome74 #cj4 ,natale ( ,/ ,paul 7! ,apo/le74 ,july4 #b4 ,,ss4 ,processus & ,m>t9ianus 7leg5d>y soldi]-m>tyrs at ,rome74 #aj4 ,natale ( ! ,sev5 ,bre?r5 7at ,rome74 #bi4 ,,ss4 ,felix1 ,simplicius1 ,fau/9us & ,beatrix 7,pope ,felix ,,ii2 ! o!rs commemorat$ at ,rome on ! ,via ,portu5sis74 #cj4 ,,ss4 ,abdon & ,s5n5 7m>tyrs at ,rome74 ,augu/4 #a4 ,/ ,pet] #89 ,v9cula' 7m commonly #8ad ,v9cula'3 x is probable t ! date m>ks ! d$ication ( a *ur* at ,rome74 #b4 ,/ ,/eph51 bi%op 7( ,rome74 #e4 ,,ss4 ,xy/us1 bi%op1 ,felicissimus & ,agapitus 7all ( ,rome74 #h4 ,/ ,cyriacus 7deacon1 at ,rome3 p]haps m>ks ! date ( 8 translation by ,pope ,m>cellus74 #aj4 ,natale ( ,/ ,lawr5ce 7,rome74 #aa4 ,/ ,tiburtius 7m>tyr$ outside ,rome on ! ,via ,lavicana74 #ac4 ,/ ,hippolytus 7m>tyr accord+ to ! leg5d at ,rome74 #ad4 ,/ ,eusebius1 presbyt] 7at ,rome74 #ae4 ,assumption ( ,/ ,m>y4 #ag4 ,/ ,agapitus 7at ,pra5e/e74 #bb4 ,/ ,timo!us 7m>tyr at ,rome74 #bh4 ,/ ,h]mes 7at ,rome74 #bi4 ,/ ,sab9a 7virg9-m>tyr at ,rome74 #cj4 ,,ss4 ,felix & ,adauctus 7bo? at ,rome74 ,septemb]4 #h4 ,nativity ( ,/ ,m>y4 #aa4 ,,ss4 ,protus & ,hyac9?us 7bo? at ,rome74 #ad4 ,,ss4 ,cornelius & ,cyprian3 also ,exaltation ( ,holy ,cross 7,cornelius1 ,pope1 ,cyprian ( ,c>?age74 #ae4 ,natale ( ,/ ,nicom$es 7presbyt] m>tyr at ,rome74 #af4 ,natale ( ,/ ,euphemia1 & ( ,,ss4 ,lucia & ,gem9ianus 7all at ,rome74 #bg4 ,,ss4 ,cosmas & ,damian 7,ea/]n74 #bi4 ,d$ication ( ! ,basilica ( ! ,holy ,angel ,mi*ael4 ,octob]4 #g4 ,natale ( ,/ ,m>cus1 ,pope4 #ad4 ,natale ( ,/ ,calli/us1 ,pope4 ,novemb]4 #a4 ,/ ,caes>ius 7an ,african deacon m>tyr$ 9 ,campania74 #h4 ,! f\r cr[n$ sa9ts 7at ,rome74 #i4 ,natale ( ,/ ,!odorus 7,asia ,m9or74 #aa4 ,natale ( ,/ ,m5na3 likewise ,/ ,m>t91 bi%op 7,m5na1 ,asia ,m9or3 ,m>t9 ( ,t\rs74 #bb4 ,/ ,caecilia 7,roman74 #bc4 ,/ ,clem5t3 likewise ,/ ,felicitas 7bo? ,roman74 #bd4 ,/ ,*rysogonus 7,roman74 #bi4 ,/ ,saturn9us 7a ,roman1 m>tyr$ at ,t\l\se74 #cj4 ,/ ,&rew1 ,apo/le4 ,decemb]4 #ac4 ,/ ,lucia 7,syracuse74 #be4 ,nativity ( ! ,"l4 #bf4 ,natale ( ,/ ,/eph54 #bg4 ,/ ,john1 ,evangeli/4 #bh4 ,holy ,innoc5ts4 #ca4 ,/ ,silve/]1 ,pope4 ,:5 we exam9e ^! li/s we f9d 7#a7 ! pr9cipal fe/ivals ( ! ,"l1 ( ,8 ,"m1 & ( ,8 ,apo/les plac$ z !y are /ill not$ 9 ! ,kal5d>4 ,x may be obs]v$ t ,jan4 #a is n /yl$ ! ,circumcision2 & !re is no ref]5ce to ! ,circumcision 9 ! collect4 ,9 ! mass = ! ,epiphany ! lead+ ( ! ,g5tiles by a /> & ! gifts ( ! ,magi are ! prom95t features4 ,! use ( ! "n ,ypapante z ! fir/ "n = ! ,purification 7,feb4 #b7 sugge/s ! ,ea/]n orig9 ( ! fe/ival4 ,we f9d 7#b7 ! great majority ( ! sa9ts record$ to be ,roman m>tyrs--or ( m>tyrs connect$ ) ,rome1 ei!r 9 fact or by leg5d2 b 7#c7 !re are a few fam\s m>tyrs f o!r regions ( ! _w1 z ,/ ,george1 ,/ ,v9c5t1 ,,ss4 ,cosmas & ,damian1 & ,/ ,lucy1 ( ,dec4 #ac4 ,& ,m>t9 ( ,t\rs has a place4 ,we also f9d t "s ( ! obscur] sa9ts ( ! e>li] li/ disappe>4 ,frequ5t pilgrimages to ! ,ea/1 toge!r ) ! int]*ange ( lit]>y correspond5ce betwe5 ! *ur*es1 are suffici5t to acc\nt = ! appe>ance ( ! ,ori5tal m>tyrs4 ,! lead+ features ( ! ,we/]n ,kal5d>1 z x prevail$ 9 ! m$iaeval p]iod1 & has subsi/$ to ! pres5t day1 are already app>5t4 ,x w be se5 t ,all ,sa9ts does n appe> on ,nov4 #a2 & yet x 0 c]ta9ly obs]v$ 9 _m *ur*es 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,g]many dur+ ! eigh? c5tury4 ,x is plac$ at ,nov4 #a 9 ! ,metrical ,m>tyrology attribut$ to ,b$e1 :o di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #gce4 ,?\gh !re=e ?is ,m>tyrology1 z we n[ possess x1 %[s signs ( hav+ be5 re-h&l$1 x seems haz>d\s to attribute ! orig9 ( ! fe/ival1 z is done by "s1 to ! d$ication ( a *ur* at ,rome #89 honorem ,omnium ,sanctorum' by ,pope ,gregory ,,iii 7,a4,d4 #gca-gda74 ,mu* obscurity att5ds ! orig9 ( ,all ,s\ls' ,day4 ,x w\ld seem t ,amal>ius ( ,metz1 e>ly 9 ! n9? c5tury1 _h ins]t$ 9 8 ,kal5d> an anniv]s>y commemoration ( all ! dep>t$1 & ?is 0 probably 7z ! context sugge/s7 imm$iately aft] ,all ,sa9ts' ,day2 b ! practice ( obs]v+ ! day did n at once become g5]al1 & ! e>lie/ cle> te/imony to ,nov4 #b does n em]ge till ! end ( ! t5? c5tury1 :5 ,odilo1 abbot ( ,clugny1 /imulat$ by a vision ( ! suff]+s ( s\ls 9 purgatory1 report$ to him by a pilgrim return+ f ,j]usalem1 enjo9$ on ! mona/ic *ur*es subject to ,clugny ! obs]vance ( ,nov4 #b4 ,! practice rapidly spread4 ,! dom9ant influ5ce ( ! ,roman ,*ur* 9 ,europe c>ri$ ev5tually ! ma9 features ( ! ,roman ,kal5d> into all regions ( ! ,we/4 ,9 e>ly times at ,rome ! anniv]s>y ( a m>tyr 0 ord9>ily kept1 n 9 ! v>i\s *ur*es ( ! city & suburbs1 b at ! p>ticul> cemet]y or catacomb :]e he 0 buri$1 or at ! tomb )9 "s *ur* :i* _h be5 erect$ ov] ! place :]e 8 rema9s re/$4 ,outside ! walls1 & at v>i\s di/ances along ! great roads t l$ f ! city1 mo/ ( ^! commemorations 7 celebrat$4 ,z ,m4 ,batiffol has put x1 ) sub/antial correctness1 #8! old ,roman ,sanctorale is ! ,sanctorale ( ! cemet]ies#dj4' ,x is a /rik+ & impressive illu/ration ( ! look+ ( ! ,we/]n peoples to ,rome = guidance 9 matt]s ( religion t ev5 obscure sa9ts buri$ 9 ! cemet]ies ( ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,apo/olic ,see n[ h places 9 ! religi\s commemorations ( all ! remote/ ,*ur*es ( ! ,roman ob$i5ce4 ,! /udy ( ! orig9s ( ! ,kal5d> ( ! city ( ,rome illu/rates ! g5]al proposition t ! m>tyrdoms ( a p>ticul> city or di/rict =m ! ma9 feature ( ea* local ,kal5d>4 ,to ent] into detail 9 respect to ! e>ly ,kal5d>s ( ! o!r prov9ces & dioceses ( ,europe1 ev5 :5 ! scanty evid5ce surviv+ makes ! enquiry possible1 is too l>ge a task to be attempt$ "h4 ,! acc\nt ( ! commemorations ( ! e>ly m>tyrs may be br\ght to a close by call+ att5tion to a fe/ival ( g5]al & p]haps univ]sal obs]vance be=e ! fif? c5tury--! fe/ival ( ! pre-,*ri/ian m>tyrs1 ! sev5 ,maccabees1 on ,aug4 #a4 ,x 0 n unnatural 9 ! age ( p]secution1 or :5 ! memories ( ! great p]secutions 7 /ill fre%1 to fa/5 ^u ! ,old ,te/am5t /ory ( h]oic con/ancy4 ,aft] ! ,fea/ ( ,/ ,pet]'s ,*a9s 9 ! ,we/1 & ! ,procession ( ! ,holy ,cross 9 ! ,ea/ _h displac$ x f a position ( prim>y importance1 x 0 n :olly =gott52 & ev5 n[ 9 bo? ,ea/ & ,we/ 9 a subsidi>y mann] ! memory ( ! ,maccabees is /ill pres]v$ 9 ! s]vices ( ! ,*ur* on ,aug4 #a4 ,*ryso/om speaks ( ! celebration be+ att5d$ 9 8 day by a great conc\rse ( ! fai?ful1 & we possess ?ree homilies ( 8 = ! fe/ival4 ,augu/9e %[s u t ! fe/ival 0 obs]v$ 9 ,africa 9 8 "t1 & m5tions t !re 0 a *ur* call$ aft] ! ,maccabees at ,antio*1 a city nam$1 he makes a po9t to in=m u1 aft] _! p]secutor1 ,antio*us ,epiphanes4 ,!re are /ill extant s]mons = ! fe/ival prea*$ by ,gregory ,nazianz51 &1 at a lat] date1 by ,pope ,leo ! ,great4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,"l',s ,,nativity3 ,,! ,,epiphany3 ,,! ,,fe/ivals ,,:i* ,,9 ,,e>ly ,,times ,,foll[$ ,,imm$iately ,,on ,,! ,,nativity ,x is c]ta9 t ! assign+ ( ! bir? ( ! ,"l to ,dec4 #be appe>s fir/ 9 ! ,we/2 & x is n till ! la/ qu>t] ( ! f\r? c5tury t we f9d x becom+ e/abli%$ 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,ea/4 ,/ ,*ryso/om 9 a homily deliv]$ 9 ,a4,d4 #chf di/9ctly relates t x 0 ab\t t5 ye>s e>li] ! fe/ival ( ,dec4 #be came to be obs]v$ at ,antio*1 & t ! fe/ival _h be5 obs]v$ 9 ! ,we/ f e>ly times 77#da4 ,at ,con/ant9ople ! fe/ival 0 kept on ,dec4 #be1 app>5tly = ! fir/ "t1 9 ,a4,d4 #cgi or #chj2 & ab\t ! same "t x appe>s 9 ,cappadocia1 z we le>n f ! fun]al oration on ,basil ! ,great pron\nc$ by 8 bro!r1 ,gregory ( ,nyssa4 ,at ,alex&ria ?is date 0 adopt$ be=e ,a4,d4 #dcb4 ,at ,j]usalem1 h[ev]1 ! ,nativity 0 obs]v$ on ,jan4 #f n only 9 ! "t ( ! ,pilgrimage ( #8,silvia1' b1 if we may cr$it ! ,egyptian monk ,cosmas ,indicopleu/es1 ev5 z late z at ! middle ( ! six? c5tury4 ,?is writ] relates t ! p ( ,j]usalem1 argu+ f ,luke iii4 #bc 7:]e1 z he int]prets ! passage1 ,jesus is said to be beg9n+ to be ?irty ye>s ( age at ,8 baptism7 celebrat$ ! ,nativity toge!r ) ! ,baptism on ,jan4 #fdb4 ,b :5 did ! obs]vance ( ,dec4 #be make its appe>ance 9 ! ,we/8 ,x mu/ h be5 a well-m>k$ fe/ival at ,rome :5 x appe>$ 9 ! ,bu*]ian ,kal5d> 9 ,a4,d4 #ccf 7see p4 #ae74 ,& ab\t "o hundr$ ye>s e>li] 7z we le>n f 8 comm5t>ies on ,daniel7 ,hippolytus 0 l$ to inf]1 p>tly f a belief 7h[ev] x orig9at$7 t ! ,inc>nation took place at ! ,passov]1 & p>tly by a process ( calculation ) ! help ( 8 cycle1 t ! actual ,inc>nation took place on ,m>* #be 9 ! ye> ( ! _w #eejj 7or ,b4,c4 #c71 & consequ5tly ! ,nativity on ,dec4 #bedc4 ,! ,bi%op ( ,salisbury 7,j4 ,wordswor?7 (f]s an +5i\s conjecture :i* may possibly po9t to ! e>ly ,ea/]n practice ( commemorat+ ! ,nativity on ,jan4 #f hav+ orig9at$ 9 a simil> way4 ,sozom51 ! hi/orian1 writ+ 9 ! fif? c5tury1 /ates t ! ,montani/s always celebrat$ ! pas*a on ! eigh? day be=e ! ,ides ( ,april 7i4e4 ,april #f71 if x fell on a ,sunday1 o!rwise on ! foll[+ ,sunday 7,h4,e4 vii4 #ah74 ,! ,bi%op ?9ks t ! belief t ,april #f 0 ! prop] day ( ! pas*a #8may probably h be5 an op9ion q unconnect$ ) _! ! ,montani/s' sect4' ,b he rightly admits t #8actual facts are n yet =?com+#dd4' ,conjectures ( ?is k9d1 ?\gh at pres5t unsupport$1 are well wor? rememb]+1 if = no o!r reason1 because /ud5ts ( e>ly ,*ri/ian lit]ature are ?us put on ! al]t to note any te/imonies :i* make =1 or else g to invalidate1 ! sugge/ion (f]$4 ,i may add t ! ,montani/ notion1 z record$ by ,sozom51 t ! creation ( ! sun 9 ! heav5s took place on ,april #f1 is ( a k9d t w\ld well fall 91 among fanciful speculators1 ) ! notion t ! ,inc>nation also took place on ! same day#de4 ,:y ?is "t ( ! ye>1 late 9 ,decemb] or e>ly 9 ,janu>y1 0 assign$ = ! ,nativity is a "q :i* x is n possible to answ] ) confid5ce4 ,x is conceivable t ! insecure & blund]+ argum5t alleg$1 among o!rs1 by ,*ryso/om may h _h weight4 ,he supposes t ,za*>ias1 ! fa!r ( ! ,bapti/1 0 ! ,high ,prie/1 & t he _h ent]$ ! ,holy ( ,holies on ! day ( ,atonem5t :5 ! angel appe>$ to him4 ,! day ( ,atonem5t 0 9 ,septemb]4 ,six mon?s lat] 7,luke i4 #bf7 ! ,annunciation 0 made to ,/ ,m>y2 & aft] n9e mon?s ! ,savi\r 0 born4 ,by o!rs x has be5 sugge/$ t ! fe/ival ( ,*ri/mas on ,dec4 #be did n orig9ate 9 any su* calculations2 b 0 sugge/$ by ! pagan fe/ival ,natalis ,solis ,invicti m>k$ at t day4 ,! sol/ice 0 pass$4 ,! sun 0 ent]+ on its new increases4 #8,! ,light ( ! _w1' #8! ,sun ( righte\sness' 0 to take ! place ( ! sun-god 9 ! heav5s#df4 ,! ,!ophany1 or ,epiphany 7,jan4 #f71 is1 l its "n1 z *>act]i/ically ,ea/]n 9 its orig9 z ! fea/ ( ! ,nativity 7,dec4 #be7 is ,we/]n2 b :5 x pass$ into ! ,we/ x 0 9 ?\ght1 ei!r at ! outset or c]ta9ly soon1 sep>at$ f ! ,nativity2 & ev5tually1 :ile ! baptism ( ,*ri/ 0 n ignor$1 ! ma9 /ress ( liturgical allusion 0 on ! visit ( ! ,magi1 s t ! fe/ival is n uncommonly designat$ simply z ! fea/ ( ! ,?ree ,k+s4 ,9 ! ,ea/ ! dom9ant ?\ght is ! manife/ation ( ,*ri/'s div9ity at 8 baptism3 & 9 ! ,basilian ,m5ology ! day is simply nam$ #8,! ,baptism ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/4' ,& x is to ?is connexion1 baptism among ! ,greeks be+ kn[n z #8illum9ation1' t has be5 attribut$ ano!r "n = ! day1 #8! lights' 7 7#dg4 ,x is n improbable t ! fea/ ( ! ,epiphany made its way to ! ,we/1 ?r\gh ! *ur*es ( ,s\!rn ,gaul1 ^: aff9ities ) ! ,ea/ are recognis$ facts ( hi/ory4 ,at all ev5ts x is 9 connexion ) ,gaul t we f9d ! fir/ ref]5ce to ! ,epiphany 9 ! ,we/4 ,! pagan hi/orian ,ammianus ,m>cell9us1 9 8 acc\nt ( ! ,emp]or ,julian 9 ,a4,d4 #cfa visit+ a ,*ri/ian *ur* at ,vi5ne1 says t x happ5$ on ! day 9 ! mon? ( ,janu>y :i* ,*ri/ians call #8,epiphania' 7,hi/4 xxi4 #b74 ,! ,epiphany 0 obs]v$ 9 ! ,african ,*ur* by ! or?odox 9 ! "t ( ,augu/9e1 b he tells u t ! ,donati/s did n obs]ve x1 #8because !y love n unity1 nor d !y communicate ) ! ,ea/]n ,*ur*4' ,! latt] expression falls 9 ) ! supposition t ! ,we/ d]iv$ ! fe/ival f ! ,ea/4 ,9 ! anci5t ,kal5d> call$ ! ,kal5d> ( ,c>?age 7un=tunately ( unc]ta9 date7 we f9d at ,jan4 #f ! entry #8,sanctum ,epefania' 7sic74 ,9 ,spa91 z we le>n f ! canons ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,s>agossa 7c4 #d71 ! fe/ival 0 recognis$ z a consid]able commemoration be=e ,a4,d4 #chj4 ,= ,rome1 we h to note ! sil5ce ( ! ,bu*]ian ,kal5d>2 b = ! fif? c5tury we h ! te/imony ( ,pope ,leo1 & we possess no few] ?an eight s]mons ( 8 ^u ! fe/ival ( ! ,epiphany2 9 ^! ! manife/ation ( ,*ri/ to ! ,magi is ! tru? ^u :i* he *iefly enl>ges4 ,else:]e 9 ! ,we/ we h ref]5ces to o!r manife/ations ( ! ,deity ( ,*ri/1 z at ,8 baptism1 & ,8 fir/ miracle at ,cana4 ,b g5]ally1 z 9 ! ,ea/ ! baptism1 s 9 ! ,we/ ! manife/ation to ! ,g5tiles is ! lead+ note ( prea*]s or !ologians#dh4 ,among ! ,arm5ians ! ,epiphany is reckon$ "o ( ! five *ief fe/ivals3 x is prec$$ by a week's fa/1 & is foll[$ by an octave4 ,x is by !m /ill reckon$ z ! day ( ! ,nativity4 ,! fe/ivals ( ! days imm$iately foll[+ ,*ri/mas4 ,we see t 9 ! ,gregorian ,kal5d> ! commemorations ( ,/ ,/eph5 7,dec4 #bf71 ,/ ,john ! ,evangeli/ 7,dec4 #bg71 & ,holy ,innoc5ts 7,dec4 #bh71 9 ! ord] ) :i* we are famili>1 7 already e/abli%$ 9 ! ,we/4 ,& long be=e ! p]iod ( ! ,gregorian ,kal5d> we h evid5ce t 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,ea/ be=e ! close ( ! f\r? c5tury a gr\p ( fe/ivals commemorat+ em95t sa9ts ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 7 celebrat$ betwe5 ! fea/ ( ! ,nativity & ! fir/ ( ,janu>y4 ,basil ! ,great di$ on ,jan4 #a ,a4,d4 #cgi2 & 8 bro!r ,gregory ( ,nyssa deliv]$ ! fun]al oration at 8 burial4 ,9 ?is disc\rse ! prea*] speaks ( a gr\p ( fea/s prec$+ ! fir/ ( ,janu>y1 namely ( ,/ ,/eph51 ,/ ,pet]1 ,/ ,james & ,/ ,john1 & ,/ ,paul4 ,x may ) "s reason be believ$ t ! dates ( ^! fe/ivals _h no relation1 real or fanci$1 to ! days ( ! dea?s ( ^! sa9ts ( ! ,*ur*'s beg9n+s4 ,z reg>ds ,/ ,james we "k t he 0 kill$ at ! "t ( ! ,passov]1 s t ! ,hi]onymian ,m>tyrology makes ! day 9 ,decemb] to be ! day ( 8 consecration to ! episcopate4 ,liturgi/s h said x 0 becom+ t ! ,k+ ( glory %\ld come into ! _w accompani$ by ! *iefs ( 8 c\rt4 ,& x is n a :olly baseless fancy t already !re 0 a desire 7( :i* at a lat] p]iod we h _m illu/rations7 to connect a great fe/ival ) "o or m o!r commemorations associat$ ) x 9 ?\ght4 ,! memories ( ! age ( ! m>tyrs w\ld naturally sugge/ ! "n ( ! protom>tyr2 :ile ! relations ( ! ,"l to ,/ ,james1 ,/ ,john1 & ,/ ,pet]1 & ! em95ce ( ,/ ,paul may p]haps suffici5tly acc\nt = _! appe>ance "h4 ,!re is little d\bt t at ! close ( ! f\r? c5tury ! *ur*es ( ,asia ,m9or _h fe/ivals ( ,/ ,/eph5 on ,dec4 #bf1 ,/ ,james & ,/ ,john on ,dec4 #bg1 & ,/ ,pet] & ,/ ,paul on ,dec4 #bhdi4 ,& 9 ! ,we/ our e>lie/ in=mation %[s u ,/ ,/eph5 on ,dec4 #bf2 b !re are v>iations z reg>ds ! o!r fe/ivals4 ,! anci5t ,kal5d> ( ,c>?age %[s u on ,dec4 #bg #8,/ ,john ! ,bapti/ & ,james ! ,apo/le1 :om ,h]od slew1' & ,holy ,innoc5ts on ,dec4 #bhej4 ,! e>lie/ ,roman s]vice-books %[ u only ,/ ,john on ,dec4 #bg1 & he is ,/ ,john ! ,evangeli/#ea4 ,yet 9 ! s-call$ ,m>tyrology ( ,/ ,j]ome 7:i*1 ?\gh int]polat$1 conta9s _m anci5t features71 we f9d at ?is day1 toge!r ) #8! ,assumption ( ,/ ,john at ,ephesus1' #8! ord9ation to ! episcopate ( ,james1 ! ,"l's bro!r1 :o 0 cr[n$ ) m>tyrdom at ! pas*al "t#eb4' ,! ,holy ,innoc5ts 7,dec4 #bh7 is kn[n 9 ! ,lat9 books s9ce ! six? c5tury1 & may well h be5 e>li]2 b ,pet] & ,paul are f\nd toge!r on ano!r day 7,june #bi71 ! day ( _! m>tyrdom at ,rome1 z 0 g5]ally assum$4 ,?\gh we are n able to det]m9e ) precision on :at day ! ,innoc5ts ( ,be?lehem 7 commemorat$ 9 e>ly times1 !re c be little d\bt t !re 0 "s commemoration ( ^? :om1 z ,/ ,augu/9e says1 #8! ,*ur* has receiv$ to ! hon\r ( ! m>tyrs4' ,!re are "s reasons = conjectur+ t ! commemoration ( ! ,innoc5ts 0 at fir/ 9 association ) ! ,epiphany4 ,9 ! second half ( ! f\r? c5tury ! poet ,prud5tius has "s pretty l9es on ! ,holy ,innoc5ts z m>tyrs 9 8 hymn on ! ,epiphany#ec4 ,& ,leo ! ,great 9 m ?an "o ( 8 s]mons on ! ,epiphany has laudatory passages on ! m>tyrdom ( ! ,innoc5ts4 ,yet 9 e/imat+ ! weight t %\ld atta* to su* ref]5ces x %\ld be rememb]$ t ,h]od's slaught] ( ! *ildr5 at ,be?lehem is 9 ! ,gospel n>rative s closely connect$ ) ! visit ( ! ,magi t x w\ld n be unnatural = bo? poet & prea*] to t\* on t /rik+ /ory1 al?\gh !re 7 no int5tional commemoration ( ! ,innoc5ts atta*$ by ! ,*ur* to t day4 ,9 ! ,byzant9e ,kal5d> ! ,f\rte5 ,?\s& ,holy ,infants are commemorat$ on ,dec4 #bi4 ,9 ! ,arm5ian ,kal5d> ! ,f\rte5 ,?\s& ,innoc5t ,m>tyrs are commemorat$ on ,june #aj4 ,x des]ves notice t 9 ! ,moz>abic ,kal5d>s we f9d #8,/ ,james ! ,"l's ,bro!r' at ,dec4 #bh2 #8,/ ,john ,evangeli/' at ,dec4 #bi2 & #8,/ ,james ! ,bro!r ( ,john' at ,dec4 #cj4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,o!r ,,commemorations ,,( ,,ev5ts ,,9 ,,! ,,"l',s ,,life4 ,,p5teco/ ,! commemoration ( ! dea? & resurrection ( ,jesus ,*ri/ 0 9 ! nature ( ?+s a natural & inevitable outcome ( ! religi\s beliefs & feel+s ( ! infant ,*ur*4 ,! fix+ ( days = ! commemoration ( o!r ev5ts 9 ! life ( our ,"l came ) ?\ght & reflection2 !y belong to ! p]iod ( con/ructiv5ess1 & we h no evid5ce to %[ t _! appe>ance 0 v e>ly4 ,t]tullian is sil5t ab\t o!r days ?an ,sunday 7! ,"l's ,day71 ! ,pas* 7includ+ ! ,passion & ! ,resurrection71 & ,p5teco/#ed2 & ,orig5 p>ticul>ises ! ,"l's ,day1 ! ,p>asceve 7p]haps 9 ! s5se ( ! weekly ,friday #8/ation'71 ! ,pas*1 & ,p5teco/1 z be+ days specially obs]v$ by ,*ri/ians#ee4 ,! ,circumcision is obvi\sly dep5d5t on :atev] 0 reg>d$ z ! date ( ! ,nativity1 & is ! result ( reflection & ecclesia/ical con/ructiv5ess4 ,x is eight days aft] ! ,nativity on ,jan4 #a1 ) all ,*ri/5dom1 save ! ,arm5ians1 :o celebrat+ ! ,nativity 7toge!r ) o!r ,epiphanies ( ! ,"l7 on ,jan4 #f1 naturally obs]ve ,jan4 #ac z ! day ( ! ,circumcision4 ,! day is n not$ 9 ! ,bu*]ian ,kal5d>1 nor 9 ! ,c>?ag9ian4 ,baillet#ef comes to ! conclusion t x appe>s fir/ z appo9t$ = g5]al obs]vance z a fe/ival1 ab\t ! middle ( ! sev5? c5tury1 & 9 ,spa91 :]e s]vile "w 0 =bidd5 on ?is day4 ,b x w\ld appe> f ! ,canons ( ! ,f\r? ,c\ncil ( ,tol$o t ! day 0 !n obs]v$ ) p5it5tial features 7canon #aa74 ,f ! ,s]mons ( ,augu/9e we le>n t 9 8 "t ,jan4 #a 0 obs]v$ by ,*ri/ians z a solemn fa/1 9 prote/ aga9/ ! lic5ti\s revelry & excesses ( ! pagans at ?is "t ( ! ye>#eg4 ,& z late z ! ,second ,c\ncil ( ,t\rs 7,a4,d4 #efg7 x is enjo9$ t1 :ile all o!r days betwe5 ! ,nativity & ! ,epiphany are to be treat$ 79 reg>d to use ( food7 z fe/ivals1 an exception is to be made = ! space ( ?ree days at ! beg9n+ ( ,janu>y1 = :i* "t ! fa!rs _h appo9t$ litanies to be made #8ad calc&am ,g5tilium consuetud9em4' ,b x %\ld be rem>k$ t ! canon 7#ag7 deal+ ) ! subject has special ref]5ce to fa/s to be obs]v$ by monks4 ,x is !re=e n impossible t ! fa/ _h by ?is "t ceas$ to be obs]v$ by ! g5]al body ( ! fai?ful1 b1 9 a _s ( cons]vatism1 0 reg>d$ z prop] to be ma9ta9$ 9 ! mona/]ies4 ,! canon is int]e/+ = ano!r reason2 x af=ds p]haps ! e>lie/ example ( ! use ( ! t]m #8,circumcision' z appli$ to ?is day1 :i* appe>s 9 ! ,gelasian & ,gregorian ,sacram5t>ies simply z ,octava ,dom9i1 i4e4 ! octave ( ! ,nativity4 ,9 ! ,gelasian ,sacram5t>y !re is no emphasis 9 ! s]vice on ! ,circumcision1 :ile ! pray] call$ ,ad populum di/9ctly po9ts to a prohibition aga9/ p>tak+ ( ! convivium diabolicum ( ! pagans4 ,& a mass imm$iately foll[+ t = ! ,octave1 entitl$ ,ad prohib5dum ab idolis1 po9ts 9 ! same direction4 ,! ,gregorian ,sacram5t>y %[s no ref]5ce to ! ,circumcision 9 ! pray]s ( ! mass#eh4 ,ev5 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! sev5? c5tury ,isidore ( ,seville condemns ! indec5t gaieties indulg$ 9 on ?is day1 & recalls ! anci5t injunction t ! day %\ld be obs]v$ z a fa/#ei4 ,! f\r? ,c\ncil ( ,tol$o 7canon #aa7 repres5ts z ! practice ( ,spa9 & ,gaul ! omission ( ! s++ ( ,alleluia on ! ,kal5ds ( ,janu>y1 propt] errorem g5tilium4 ,9 ! lat] ,we/]n s]vice-books ! ?\ght ( ! ,circumcision is giv5 great] prom95ce1 & int]m+les ) ! ?\ghts sugge/$ by ! ,octave4 ,! fea/ ( ! ,circumcision appe>s 9 ! ,greek ,*ur* 9 ! eigh? c5tury#fj4 ,commemoration ( ,passiontide2 ,holy ,week 7! #8,great ,week1' z x is /yl$ 9 ! ,ea/74 ,! commemoration ( ! dea? ( ! ,savi\r is ! primitive & ess5tial elem5t3 o!r days 7 giv5 places z ! result ( reflection1 & ( ! desire to reproduce liturgically 9 a mimetic way ! ev5ts ( ! ,"l's hi/ory dur+ ! la/ pas*al week4 ,we possess ! e>ly te/imony ( ,t]tullian = ! dies ,pas*ae1 = s he names ! day4 ,he tells u t x 0 a public & g5]al fa/1 & t ! kiss ( peace 0 omitt$ f ! s]vices ( ! ,*ur*#fa4 ,b = ,palm ,sunday1 ,co5a ,dom9i1 & ! ,great ,sabba? we h no evid5ce till mu* lat]4 ,x is f ,pale/9e t we get ! e>lie/ notice ( ! rites ( ,palm ,sunday4 ,9 h] acc\nt ( ! c]emonies at ,j]usalem #8,silvia' describes ! procession ( palm-be>]s on ! ,sunday ( ! ,great ,week4 ,! fea/ ( ,palms is also m5tion$ 9 ! life ( ,eu?ymius1 abbot 9 ,pale/9e1 :o di$ at a v advanc$ age 9 ,a4,d4 #dgc4 ,b 9 ! ,we/ ! c>ry+ ( palms does n appe> e>li] ?an ! n9? c5tury4 ,! commemoration 7,natalis ,calicis7 ( ! in/itution ( ! ,eu*>i/ on ! night be=e ! ,"l suff]$ probably _h its rise ab\t ! same "t z ,palm ,sunday2 & a c]ta9 mimetic "* 0 giv5 to ! rites ( ! ,?ursday by delay+ ! celebration ( ! ,liturgy till ! ev5+4 ,?is 0 fur!r enhanc$ 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,c>?age 7,a4,d4 #cig71 :i* 9 view ( ! orig9al in/itution ( ! ,eu*>i/ hav+ be5 aft] supp]1 made an express synodical decl>ation t ! rule ( fa/+ communion 0 b9d+ #8excepto uno die anniv]s>io1 quo co5a dom9i celebratur#fb4' ,& ,/ ,augu/9e expressly affirms t ! practice ( ! ,*ur* did n condemn communion aft] ! ev5+ meal on ! ,?ursday 9 ,holy ,week#fc4 ,! "n ,dies ,m&ati 7:i* has probably giv5 u our ,maundy ,?ursday7 is n v anci5t4 ,9 m$iaeval times ! p>ticul> m&ate ( ! ,"l 0 tak5 to be ! feet-wa%+1 be=e or dur+ :i* 7 sung ! words #8,m&atum novum d vobis#fd4' ,at ,rome1 z late z ! "t ( ,/ ,leo1 9 reg>d to ! days specially obs]v$ 9 ,holy ,week1 ! only di/9ction f ord9>y weeks seems to h be5 ! commemoration ( ! in/itution ( ! ,eu*>i/ on ,?ursday4 ,! adoration ( ! ,cross on ,good ,friday 7:i* we f9d at ,j]usalem 9 ! days ( #8,silvia'7 & ! mass ( ! pre-sanctifi$ 7 lat] additions1 & are reg>d$ by ,du*esne z hav+ be5 introduc$ into ! ,we/ 9 ! sev5? or eigh? c5tury#fe4 ,! obs]vances ( ! ,saturday 7 ^? ( ! vigil ( ,ea/]4 ,! ,asc5sion3 9 ! ,greek ,kal5d>1 & frequ5tly 9 ,greek writ]s1 ) a diff]5t connotation1 #8! ,tak+ up1' #8,assumption' 77#ff1 0 celebrat$ =ty days aft] ,ea/]1 z ! actual ,asc5sion took place =ty days aft] ! ,resurrection2 x is obvi\sly a fe/ival ( ! con/ructive p]iod4 ,!re is no m5tion ( x 9 ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ian writ+s2 b1 )\t "h go+ into details ( evid5ce1 x may be /at$ t ! fe/ival 0 obs]v$1 possibly e>ly 91 & c]ta9ly be=e1 ! close ( ! f\r? c5tury4 ,x is notic$ by #8,silvia' 7?\gh ! "n ,asc5sa is n giv5 to x7 z a day on :i* at ,be?lehem1 :]e ! vigil 0 kept1 ! bi%op ( ,j]usalem & ! presbyt]s prea*$1 b x does n appe> t ! ,eu*>i/ 0 celebrat$4 ,!re 0 a procession back to ,j]usalem 9 ! ev5+4 ,augu/9e classes ! day ) ! ,passion1 ! ,resurrection1 & ! adv5t ( ! ,holy ,_s 7,p5teco/71 z obs]v$ #8anniv]s>ia solemnitate#fg4' ,9 ! ,sacram5t>y ( ,leo _m masses 9 ,asc5sa 7 ,asc5sione7 ,dom9i are to be f\nd4 ,bo? 9 ! ,ea/ & 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,we/ x 0 cu/om>y to celebrate ! fe/ival outside ! cities1--a practice sugge/$ d\btless by ,luke xxiv4 #ej4 ,x may be rem>k$ t _m old ,engli% writ]s1 bo? be=e & aft] ! ,re=mation1 use ! t]m #8,holy ,?ursday' = ?is day4 ,! ,transfiguration 7,aug4 #f 9 ! ,byzant9e#fh1 ,e?iopic1 & lat] m$iaeval & mod]n ,roman ,kal5d>s3 on ! #g? ,sunday aft] ,p5teco/ 9 ! ,arm5ian7 is ( late appe>ance4 ,if a c]ta9 canon 7or prose hymn7 on ! ,transfiguration attribut$ to ,john ( ,damascus be really 81 x w\ld po9t to ! probable obs]vance ( ! day 9 ! eigh? c5tury 9 ! ,ea/4 ,9 ! ,we/ ! fe/ival appe>s mu* lat]2 b ! evid5ce indicates its hav+ _h a p>tial & local obs]vance long be=e x 0 enjo9$ by ,pope ,calixtus ,,iii = ! ,*ur* g5]ally 9 ,a4,d4 #adeg4 ,?is ,pope appo9t$ an (fice = ! day1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds some:at alt]$ by ,pius ,v4 ,! action ( ,calixtus 0 prompt$ by ?ankfulness = a victory ov] ! ,turks at ,belgrade4 ,among ! ,greeks ! ,transfiguration is a day ( great solemnity4 ,x is prec$$ by a #8proheortia' & affects ! foll[+ eight days4 ,! ,arm5ians obs]ve a prep>atory fa/ = a week#fi4 ,p5teco/4 ,?is ^w z commonly employ$ by e>ly ,*ri/ian writ]s signifies ! :ole p]iod ( fifty days aft] ! ,resurrection4 ,x is ?us t ! t]m is us$ by ,t]tullian 9 a passage 7de ,idolat4 #ad7 :]e he comp>es ! numb] ( fe/ival days among ! pagans ) ! numb] ( ,*ri/ian fe/ivals4 ,! same is probably true :]e he speaks ( ,p5teco/ z #8ord9&is lavacris latissimum spatium' 7de ,baptismo #ai74 ,dur+ t p]iod fa/+1 & kneel+ at pray]1 at lea/ 9 ! public assemblies1 7 =bidd53 & ,alleluia1 :i* _h be5 sil5t1 0 resum$4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 t once at lea/ ,t]tullian _h 9 view1 9 ! use ( ! ^w1 ! day on :i* ! p]iod clos$#gj4 ,orig5 9 a simil> way uses ! ^w = ! :ole p]iod1 b also seems to di/+ui% betwe5 ! g5]al & m re/rict$ signification ( ! ^w#ga4 ,e>li] ?an ei!r ( ^! is ! te/imony ( ,ir5aeus 7if we may accept x z 87 cit$1 z f 8 lo/ book ,on ! ,pas*a1 by ,pseudo-,ju/9 7,quae/4 et ,respons4 ad ,or?odoxos1 #aae71 :]e ,ir5aeus speaks ( n kneel+ 9 ,p5teco/1 z t "t is ( equal dignity ) ! ,"l's day1 #8,p5teco/' be+ "h us$ evid5tly = a season4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! compil]1 :oev] he 01 ( ! ,quae/iones1 9 :i* ,ir5aeus is quot$1 9 ! same place speaks ( n kneel+ #8f ! ,pas*a to ,p5teco/1' us+ ! latt] t]m 9 its re/rict$ s5se4 ,9 ! newly-recov]$ ,te/am5t ( ! ,"l#gb ,p5teco/ is us$ = ! fifty days betwe5 ,ea/] & our ,:itsunday 7i4 #bh1 #db2 ii4 #ab74 ,an int]e/+ survival ( ! old signification ( ,p5teco/ is /ill to be f\nd 9 ! ,greek s]vice-books1 :]e ! t]m ,mesop5teco/e is us$ = special fe/al obs]vances mid-way betwe5 ,ea/] & ,:itsunday1 comm5c+ on ! ,w$nesday foll[+ ! ?ird ,sunday aft] ,ea/]1 & la/+ = a week4 ,9 ! =ty-?ird canon ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,elvira 7,a4,d4 #cje7 we h a cle> example ( ! use ( ! ^w ,p5teco/ = ! fiftie? day4 ,& aft] t date ! ^w is widely us$ 9 t s5se3 :ile ! fe/ival itself assumes gradually m & m dignity & importance4 #8,silvia' describes ! elaborate c]emonial obs]v$ on ?is day at ,j]usalem t[>ds ! close ( ! f\r? c5tury4 ,!re are consid]able difficulties att5dant on an attempt to assign a precise date to ! addition ( an octave to ?is fe/ival2 & ! fe/al "* ( ! octave week 0 affect$ by ! emb] days occurr+ 9 t week4 ,9 ! ,gelasian ,sacram5t>y1 z x has come d[n to u1 we h ! #8prop]s' = a mass on ! ,sunday ( ! octave ( ,p5teco/4 ,! mass may be describ$ z a mass ( ! ,holy ,_s1 pray+ = protection = ! ,*ur* f ! allurem5ts ( ! va9 & deceitful philosophy ( ! _w2 true k ( ! nature ( ,god 0 giv5 by ! be/[al ( ! ,holy ,_s1 ! ,_s ( wisdom1 & k1 & und]/&+1 & c\nsel4 ,! b5$ictions1 :i* imm$iately foll[1 on ^? :o return to ! ,ca?olic unity f ! ,arian & o!r h]esies1 sugge/ t x 0 9 ?is way t ! octave ( ,p5teco/ came at a lat] date to be made a fe/ival 9 hon\r ( ! my/]y ( ! bless$ ,tr9ity#gc4 ,! public reception to ! ,ca?olic unity ( ,arian & o!r h]etics w\ld gradually cease to be a feature ( ! season3 b ! liturgical col\r+ ( ! s]vice w\ld rema91 & w\ld h to be acc\nt$ =4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 h[ev]1 ! e/abli%m5t ( a fe/ival ( ! ,tr9ity ) a special (fice & mass 0 ( late date4 ,x makes its appe>ance 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries 9 ! t5? c5tury1 & made its way b sl[ly1 & ) v>y+ success4 ,pope ,alex&] ,,ii1 :o di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #ajgc1 :5 consult$ on ! subject1 wrote t accord+ to ! ,roman rite !re 0 no day set ap>t to commemorate ! ,tr9ity any m ?an ! ,unity ( ! ,div9e ,be+1 & t e day ( ! ye> 0 truly consecrat$ to ! hon\r ( ! ,tr9ity 9 ,unity4 ,x 0 n till ! f\rte5? c5tury1 "u ! pontificate ( ,john ,,xxii1 t ! ,roman ,*ur* receiv$ ! fea/ ( ! ,tr9ity & atta*$ x to ! fir/ ,sunday aft] ,p5teco/#gd4 ,9 ,engl&1 accord+ to ,g]vase ( ,cant]bury1 ,ar*bi%op ,?omas ,becket in/itut$ ! pr9cipal fea/ ( ! ,tr9ity on ! octave ( ,p5teco/#ge4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,fe/ivals ,,( ,,/ ,,m>y ,,! ,,virg9 ,i4 ,we/]n ,kal5d>s4 ,! hi/ory ( ! orig9 ( "s ( ! foll[+ fe/ivals is obscure2 & x is impossible to be precise z to ! dates ( _! fir/ appe>ance4 ,we speak ) "s res]vation ( ! ,fe/ival ( ,feb4 #b1 kn[n fir/ 9 ! ,we/1 z well z 9 ! ,ea/1 by ! "n ,hypapante 7i4e4 #8! ,meet+' ( ,simeon ) ! ,"l & ,8 ,"m71 & aft]w>ds z ! ,purification ( ! ,virg94 ,x seems at fir/ 9 ! ,we/ to h be5 a fe/ival ( our ,"l r ?an ( ! ,virg94 ,9 ! propria = #8,yppapanti' 7sic7 9 ! ,gregorian ,sacram5t>y ! allusion to ,/ ,m>y is ( ! slighte/4 ,h5ce at ! "t :5 x fir/ appe>$ 9 ! ,we/ x may be reckon$ z hav+ no special ref]5ce to ,/ ,m>y4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,rome does n appe> 7accord+ to ,du*esne7 to h obs]v$ any fe/ival ( ! ,virg9 be=e ! sev5? c5tury1 :5 x adopt$ ! f\r foll[+ fe/ivals f ! ,*ur* ( ,byzantium4 #a4 ,! ,purification 7or1 9 e>ly times1 ,hypapante74 ,its date 7,feb4 #b7 is det]m9$ by c\nt+ =ty days f ,*ri/mas 7,luke ii4 #bb3 comp>e ,levit4 xii4 #b1 #d74 ,a fea/ ( mu* dignity & importance 7cum summa laetitia1 ac si p] ,pas*a7 commemorat+ ! ,pres5tation ( ! ,"l 9 ! ,temple is notic$ z celebrat$ 7t[>ds ! close ( ! f\r? c5tury7 at ,j]usalem at ! "t ( ! pilgrimage ( #8,silvia4' ,x 0 obs]v$ on ,feb4 #ad 7! #dj? day aft] ! ,epiphany1 reckon$ z ! day ( ! ,"l's ,nativity73 b #8,silvia' does n appe> to h reg>d$ x z 9 any s5se hav+ special ref]5ce to ,/ ,m>y4 ,! words ( ! pilgrim simply record ! incid5t 9 ! ,temple2 & x looks z if ! fea/ 7 only commemorative ( a rem>kable ev5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,"l4 ,x may be po9t$ out t ! ,fea/ ( ! ,pres5tation ( ! ,"l 9 ! ,temple is /ill obs]v$ by ! ,arm5ians on ,feb4 #ad1 z !y /ill celebrate ! ,nativity on ,jan4 #f4 ,! orig9 ( ! consecrat+ ( c&les & c>ry+ !m 9 procession :i* has giv5 u ! l[ ,lat9 names c&el>ia & c&elcisa1 ! ,fr5* *&eleur1 ! ,italian c&elora1 ! ,g]man ,li*tmesse1 & our ,engli% "n ,c&lemas1 & :i* f e>ly times =m$ a /rik+ feature 9 ! ritual ( ! ,fea/1 has be5 conjecturally connect$ by "s ) a symbolical sett+ =? ( ! words ( ,simeon 7,luke ii4 #cb72 & by o!rs ) ! c]emonial ( ! hea!n ,lup]calia4 ,b ! matt] is /ill involv$ 9 d\bt4 ,9 ! ,ea/ ! e/abli%m5t ( ! fe/ival ?r\gh\t ! ,empire is g5]ally assign$ to ,ju/9ian 9 ! ye> #edb4 ,! appe>ance ( ,hypapante 9 ! s-call$ ,gregorian ,sacram5t>y is1 x ne$ sc>cely be said1 no pro( t ! fe/ival 0 obs]v$ 9 ! "t ( ,gregory ! ,great4 ,! ^w #8,hypapante' l+]$ long 9 ! ,we/4 ,we f9d x z ! only "n ( ! fe/ival 9 ! ,m>tyrology ( ,b$e2 & "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s lat] ! day is m>k$ 9 ,usu>d z simply #8,hypapante ,dom9i4' #b4 ,! ,annunciation 7,m>* #be7 l #8,hypapante' 0 probably orig9ally a fea/ ( our ,"l1 z m>k+ ! "t ( ! ,inc>nation4 ,inf]5tially x may be consid]$ z well e/abli%$ bo? 9 ! ,ea/ & ,we/ consid]ably be=e ! close ( ! sev5? c5tury4 ,du*esne consid]s t we h v cle> te/imony to ?is fea/ be=e ! ,c\ncil 9 ,trullo 7,a4,d4 #fib71 :]e x 0 spok5 ( z already e/abli%$4 ,p]haps e>li]1 or1 at late/1 almo/ contempor>y1 9 ! ,we/ is ! te/imony ( :at is kn[n z ! t5? ,c\ncil ( ,tol$o 78,a4,d4 #fid7gf :]e ! compla9t is made t 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,spa9 ! fe/ival ( ,/ ,m>y 0 obs]v$ on v>i\s days1 & x is fur!r add$ t z ! fe/ival _c be fitly celebrat$ ei!r 9 ,l5t1 or :5 ov]%ad[$ by ! ,pas*al fe/ival1 ! ,c\ncil orda9s t = ! future ! day %\ld be xv ,kal4 ,jan4 7,dec4 #ah7 & ! ,nativity ( ! ,"l on viii ,kal4 ,jan4 7,dec4 #be74 ,x is pla9 t some?+ ( ! nature ( an octave 0 to foll[ ! fe/ival ( ,dec4 #ah2 & !re is add$ 9 a some:at apologetic tone1 #8nam quid fe/um matris nisi inc>natio v]bi8' 7canon #a74 ,! ,trullan ,c\ncil took a diff]5t c\rse4 ,:ile cont9u+ to prohibit all o!r fe/ivals dur+ ,l5t1 x sanction$ ! celebration ( ?is4 ,9 ! ,milanese rite ! fea/ 0 celebrat$ on ! f\r? ,sunday 9 ,adv5t4 ,9 ! ,moz>abic ,missal we f9d 9 ! ,kal5d> ! ,annunciation ( ,/ ,m>y m>k$ bo? on ,m>* #be & ,dec4 #ah2 ! latt] be+ di/+ui%$ z ! #8,annunciation ( ! ,o1' ref]r+ to ! great ,antiphons sung at t season4 ,! old] titles ( ! fe/ival 7 ! #8,annunciation ( ! ,"l1' #8! ,annunciation ( ! ,angel to ! ,bless$ ,virg9 ,m>y1' or #8! ,conception ( ,*ri/4' ,! rules 9 ! ,roman rite = transf]r+ ! ,annunciation to ano!r day "u c]ta9 circum/ances w be f\nd 9 te*nical works ( ! comm5tators4 #c4 ,! ,nativity ( ! ,virg9 7,sept4 #h74 ,?is also is f\nd 9 ! ,we/ t[>ds ! close ( ! sev5? c5tury4 ,dur&us1 :o is (t5 m fanciful ?an wise1 _h 9 ?is case p]haps "s hi/orical f\ndation = 8 ass]tion t ! fe/ival 0 f\nd$ by ,pope ,s]gius ,i 9 ,a4,d4 #fie4 ,! /ory ( ,joa*im & ,anna1 ! p>5ts ( ,/ ,m>y1 is f\nd 9 c]ta9 apocryphal ,gospels :i* circulat$ among ! ,gno/ics#gg4 #d4 ,! ,sleep1 or 7lat]7 ,assumption1 ( ! ,virg9 7,aug4 #ae7 appe>s 9 ! ,we/ ab\t ! same "t z ! ,annunciation & ! ,nativity ( ! ,virg94 ,all ?ree 7 unkn[n to ,gregory ! ,great4 ,x orig9at$ 9 ! ,ea/1 & 0 !re kn[n z ! ,sleep & 7aft]w>ds7 ! ,translation4 ,accord+ to ! hi/orian1 ,nicephorus ,calli/us1 ! fe/ival 0 f\nd$ by ! ,emp]or ,maurice 7,a4,d4 #ehb-fjb74 ,x is beyond our prov9ce "h to deal ) ! leg5d ( ,/ ,m>y's body z well z s\l be+ tak5 up to heav54 ,! fe/ival made its way sl[ly 9 ,gaul1 b 0 ev5tually adopt$ by ,*>lemagne4 ,z late z ! twelf? c5tury x 0 n univ]sally obs]v$ 9 ! ,ea/4 ,! advance 9 ! titles ( ! fe/ival f depositio1 pausatio1 dormitio to transitus & assumptio is n )\t significance4 ,9 ,b$e ! "n is ,dormitio4 ,x w be obs]v$ t all ^! f\r fe/ivals came to ,rome f ,byzantium4 ,9 ! lat] m$iaeval p]iod !y 7 ( univ]sal obligation 9 ! ,we/#gh4 ,= notices ( ! obs]vance ( ! dea? ( ,/ ,m>y on ,jan4 #ah1 see ,baillet1 op4 cit41 ,,vi4 #aa4 #e4 ,! ,pres5tation ( ,/ ,m>y 7praes5tatio1 illatio1 oblatio7 9 ! ,temple at ,j]usalem4 ,9 ! mod]n ,roman ,kal5d> at ,nov4 #ba1 x is a #8great] d\ble4' ,x does n appe> 9 ! ,kal5d> ( ! ,s>um ,brevi>y or ,missal2 b ! ,s>um ,en*iridion 7#aecj7 gives ,nov4 #ba1 & ! ,(fice is pr9t$ 9 ! ,brevi>y4 ,!re 7 _m exceptions to ?is fea/ be+ obs]v$#gi4 ,! fe/ival is bas$ on a leg5d#hj t at an e>ly age ,m>y 0 d$icat$ to ! s]vice ( ,god 9 ! ,temple1 & t !re %e grew up1 & s]v$ "u ! prie/s & ,levites4 ,! fir/ appe>ance ( ! fe/ival is at ,con/ant9ople2 & !re is evid5ce = x !re 9 ,a4,d4 #aaej4 ,x pass$ to ! ,we/ t[>ds ! close ( ! f\rte5? c5tury#ha4 ,& ) m c]ta9ty ?an is usually possible 9 su* enquiries we c trace its introduction to ! impression made by ! acc\nts1 br\ght back f ,cyprus1 by ,philip de ,mazires1 ( ! solemnities ( ! fea/ 9 ! ,ea/4 ,pius ,v 7,a4,d4 #aeff-aegb7 )drew x f ! ,roman ,kal5d>2 b x 0 re/or$ by ,sixtus ,v 7,a4,d4 #aehe-aeij74 #f4 ,! ,conception ( ,/ ,m>y 7,dec4 #h74 ,s9ce ,dec4 #h1 #ahed1 :5 ,pius ,,ix 79 ! ,apo/olic ,lett]s ,ineffabilis ,deus7 decre$ ! doctr9e ( ! ,immaculate ,conception to be a necess>y article ( ! ,fai?1 ! epi!t ,immaculate has be5 prefix$ to ! orig9al title 9 ! s]vice-books ( ! ,roman ,communion4 ,9 ! ,greek ,*ur* ! day obs]v$ is ,dec4 #i1 & ! title is ! ,conception ( ,/ ,anna1 gr&mo!r ( ,god1 ! ,ea/]ns connect+ ! ^w #8conception' ) ! p]son :o conceiv$1 :ile ! ,lat9s connect$ x ) ! p]son :o 0 conceiv$4 ,! fe/ival 0 comm&$ to be obs]v$ ?r\gh\t ! ,empire ( ! ,ea/ by ! ,emp]or ,manuel ,comn5us 9 ! middle ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,! evid5ce seems to po9t to ! fact t1 l sev]al o!r fe/ivals ( ! ,virg91 ?is orig9at$ 9 ! ,ea/4 ,9 ! ,greek ,horologion we f9d x relat$ t1 accord+ to ! anci5t tradition ( ! ,*ur*1 ,anna 0 b>r5 & well /rick5 9 ye>s1 & also t h] sp\se ,joa*im 0 an ag$ man4 ,9 sorr[ = _! *ildlessness !y pray$ to ! ,"l1 :o he>+ _! pray]s intimat$ to !m by an angel t !y w\ld h a *ild1 & 9 accordance ) ! promise ,anna conceiv$#hb4 ,x appe>s t ! fe/ival _h no dogmatic significance2 & x _h its p>allel 9 ! hi/orical fe/ival1 /ill obs]v$ 9 ! ,greek ,*ur* on ,sept4 #bc1 ( ! ,conception ( ,/ ,john ! ,bapti/1 a fe/ival :i* also _h a place 9 ! old ,lat9 ,m>tyrologies4 ,9 ! ,we/ ! local obs]vance ( ! day is associat$ commonly ) ! "n ( ,/ ,anselm1 ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 :o1 9 "o =m ( ! /ory1 on a voyage f ,engl& to ,norm&y dur+ a /orm v[$ to e/abli% ! fe/ival4 ,b ! day is m>k$ 9 "s ,engli% ,kal5d>s j be=e ! ,norman ,conque/1 ?\gh at fir/ x _h a v limit$ acceptance#hc4 ,x is pla9 t at an e>ly date !re 7 "s :o connect$ ! fe/ival ) ! belief t ,/ ,m>y diff]$ f o!r mortals 9 be+ )\t orig9al s94 ,= :5 ! ,*apt] ( ! ,ca!dral ( ,lyons 7 ab\t to in/itute ! fe/ival 9 t *ur*1 ,/ ,b]n>d ( ,clairvaux wrote 7,a4,d4 #aadj7 expo/ulat+ ) !m p>tly on ! gr\nd t ?\gh ,/ ,m>y 01 z he believ$1 sanctifi$ 9 ! womb1 yet h] conception 0 n holy4 ,he add$ t ?is 0 a novel fe/ival1 #8quam ritus ,ecclesiae nescit1 non probat ratio1 non comm5dat antiqua traditio'2 & decl>es t x 0 ! outcome ( ! simplicity ( a few unle>n$ p]sons1 ! daught] ( inconsid]at5ess 7levitatis71 & ! si/] ( sup]/ition 7,epi/4 #agd74 ,john ,bele?1 ,dean ( ! ,faculty ( ,!ology at ,p>is1 t[>ds ! close ( ! twelf? c5tury argu$ mu* 9 ! same way z ,/ ,b]n>d4 ,& 9 ! foll[+ c5tury1 & t[>ds its close1 su* a lead+ au?ority z ,dur&us1 bi%op ( ,m5de1 9 8 ,rationale says t !re 7 "s :o w\ld celebrate ?is fe/ival1 b t he c\ld n approve ( x1 because ,/ ,m>y 0 conceiv$ 9 orig9al s91 ?\gh %e 0 sanctifi$ 9 ! womb4 ,z reg>ds ! ,*ur* ( ,rome 7prop]ly s call$71 ,innoc5t ,,iii 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5? c5tury decl>es 9 "o ( 8 s]mons 7,s]m4 ,,ii de ,joan4 ,bapt47 t no o!r conception ?an t ( ! ,"l ,jesus 0 celebrat$ 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,nev]!less ! celebration ( ! day spread bo? 9 ,france1 &1 m p>ticul>ly1 9 ,engl&4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,ox=d 7,a4,d4 #abbb7 approv$ ( ! fea/1 b di/+ui%$ x f ! o!r fea/s ( ! ,virg9 by leav+ x to be obs]v$ or n at discretion4 ,9 ! prov9ce ( ,cant]bury ! day 0 made ( obligation by ,ar*bi%op ,simon ,mepeham 7,a4,d4 #acbh-cc74 ,9 #abfc ! ,franciscans resolv$ to celebrate ! fe/ival publicly 9 _! *ur*es4 ,b ev5 ! ,franciscans 7 n agre$ among !mselves z to ! doctr9e ( ! ,immaculate ,conception4 ,alv>us ,pelagius1 ! ,spani% ,!ologian1 ,great ,p5it5ti>y ( ,pope ,john ,,xxii1 9 8 de ,planctu ,ecclesiae 7#accb7 decl>es t #8! new & fanta/ic op9ion %\ld be cancell$ by ! fai?ful4' ,z is well kn[n1 ! ,dom9icans took a /rong & ev5 viol5t "p aga9/ ! doctr9e4 ,! greate/ doctor ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 _h cle>ly pron\nc$ t ,/ ,m>y 0 n sanctifi$ till ! infusion ( h] anima rationalis4 ,b ) reg>d to ! fea/ ( ! ,conception he /ates t inasmu* z ! ,roman ,*ur*1 ?\gh n celebrat+ ! ,conception ( ! ,bless$ ,virg91 tol]ates ! practice ( c]ta9 ,*ur*es :i* d celebrate x1 ! celebration ( ! fea/ is n to be :olly reprobat$2 & he adds t we mu/ n inf] f ! obs]vance ( ! day t ,/ ,m>y 0 holy 9 h] conception1 b because we are ignorant z to ! "t :5 %e 0 sanctifi$1 ! fea/ ( h] sanctification r ?an ( h] conception is celebrat$ on ! day ( h] conception#hd4 ,accord+ly 9 ,dom9ican ,kal5d>s we f9d ! day m>k$ z ,sanctificatio ,m>iae4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,ble 7#adci7 adopt$ a con/itution applicable to ! :ole ,*ur* t ! fea/ %\ld be obs]v$ accord+ to ! anci5t & laudable cu/om on ,dec4 #h1 & t x %\ld be kn[n "u ! title ( ! ,conception ( ! ,bless$ ,virg9 ,m>y1 =bidd+ ! use ( ! "n ,sanctification1 z hav+ a less ext5d$ use4 ,! ,roman ,see1 n recognis+ ?is ,c\ncil1 did n take action till ,a4,d4 #adgg1 :5 ,sixtus ,,iv1 :o _h be5 a ,franciscan1 publi%$ an ord9ance 7& x is ! v fir/ decree ( any ,pope on ! subject7 grant+ l>ge indulg5ces to all ! fai?ful :o celebrat$1 or assi/$ at1 ! ,mass & ,(fice ( ! ,conception on ! fe/ival or ?r\gh\t its octave4 ,9 #adhc ! same ,pope pron\nc$ excommunication on any prea*]s :o ass]t$ t ,/ ,m>y 0 conceiv$ 9 orig9al s9 or t ^? :o obs]v$ ! fe/ival s9n$#he4 ,clem5t ,,viii 7#aeib-afje7 rais$ ! fe/ival to ! rank ( a great] d\ble4 ,! lat] hi/ory ( ! fe/ival c be pursu$ 9 ,baillet1 & 9 rec5t writ]s deal+ ) ,pius ,,ix4 ,= m9or fe/ivals ( ! ,virg91 su* z #8,/ ,m>y at ,sn[s1' ! ,visitation ( ,/ ,m>y1 ! ,esp\sals 7,desponsatio71 ! ,mo/ ,holy ,"n ( ,m>y1 ! ,sev5 ,sorr[s1 ! ,ros>y ( ,/ ,m>y1 ,bless$ ,m>y ( ,m\nt ,c>mel1 ! ,expectation ( ! ,deliv]y 7"ps71 & o!rs1 ! read] may consult ,baillet1 ! ,ca?olic ,diction>y1 etc4 ,,ii4 ,! ,or?odox ,*ur* ( ! ,ea/4 ,a ref]5ce to ! classification ( ,fea/s 9 ! ,ea/]n ,*ur*#hf w %[ t among ! twelve pr9cipal ,fea/s are f\nd 7#a7 ,! ,evangelismos ( ! ,!otokos1 ,m>* #be1 correspond+ to ! ,we/]n fea/ ( ! ,annunciation2 7#b7 ! ,repose ( ! ,!otokos1 ,aug4 #ae2 7#c7 ! ,nativity ( ! ,!otokos1 ,sept4 #h2 & 7#d7 ! ,entrance ( ! ,!otokos into ! ,temple1 ,nov4 #ba1 correspond+ to ! ,pres5tation ( ! ,virg9 9 ! ,we/4 ,to ^! h to be add$ ! foll[+ fea/s ( less] dignity3 7#e7 ,hypapante 7! ,meet+ ( ,/ ,m>y ) ,simeon & ,anna 9 ! ,temple71 ,feb4 #b1 correspond+ to ! ,we/]n ,purification4 ,?is is a day ( obligation3 b 7z has be5 already rem>k$7 x is p]haps to be reg>d$ r z a fe/ival ( ! ,"l ?an ( ,/ ,m>y4 7#f7 ,! ,deposition ( ! preci\s ,ve/m5t ( ! ,!otokos 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,bla*]nae at ,con/ant9ople1 ,july #b3 7#g7 ! ,deposition ( ! preci\s ,zone ( ! ,!otokos at ,con/ant9ople1 ,aug4 #ca3 7#h7 ! ,conception ( ,/ ,anna 7i4e4 h] conception ( ,/ ,m>y71 ,dec4 #i1 a day ( obligation3 7#i7 ! ,synaxis ( ! ,!otokos & ,joseph1 h] sp\se1 ,dec4 #bf1 a day ( obligation4 ,?is day is also call$ ! ,synaxis ( ! ,!otokos flee+ into ,egypt4 ,! ,greeks consid] t ! visit ( ! ,magi 0 exactly "o ye> aft] ! bir? ( ,*ri/1 & t ! flight into ,egypt 0 on ! day foll[+ t visit4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,fe/ivals ,,( ,,! ,,apo/les1 ,,! ,,evangeli/s1 ,,& ,,( ,,o!r ,,p]sons ,,nam$ ,,9 ,,! ,,new ,,te/am5t4 ,,octaves ,,& ,,vigils ,9 ! ,greek ,*ur* !re has cont9u$ to ! pres5t day a ,synaxis ( ! ,twelve ,apo/les on ! day foll[+ ,/ ,pet] & ,/ ,paul 7,june #bi72 & 9 ! ,we/ we f9d a commemoration ( all ! ,apo/les1 connect$ ) ! fe/ival ( ,/ ,pet] & ,/ ,paul1 9 ! ,leon9e ,sacram5t>y#hg4 ,!re is a ,natale ,omnium ,apo/olorum ) a vigil 9 ! ,gelasian ,sacram5t>y4 ,?is fe/ival may h prec$$ all sep>ate commemorations4 ,x w\ld seem to h be5 obs]v$ close to ! date ( ,/ ,pet] & ,/ ,paul4 ,) c]ta9 notable exceptions1 fea/s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t ,sa9ts came b sl[ly into ! cycle ( ,*ri/ian solemnities4 ,) "s exceptions1 m or less d\btful1 !re is no reason to ?9k t ! days ( ! dea?s ( ! ,apo/les 7 kn[n to ^? :o gave !m places 9 ! ,kal5d>s4 ,x is highly probable 9 "s cases1 & n improbable 9 o!rs1 t ! dates assign$ = ! fe/ivals really m>k "s deposition or translation ( ! suppos$ relics ( ^? commemorat$1 or ! d$ication ( "s *ur* nam$ 9 _! hon\r4 ,consid]ations ( ! space at our disposal dem& t ! subject %\ld be only lightly t\*$2 b ref]5ces are giv5 to easily accessible works4 ,& we deal only ) ! m notable fe/ivals1 or fe/ivals ( e>ly appe>ance4 ,/ ,pet] & ,/ ,paul 7,june #bi74 ,!re is no "q t at an e>ly date ?is fe/ival 0 celebrat$ at ,rome4 ,! belief 0 ent]ta9$ by sev]al anci5t writ]s t ^! two ,sa9ts suff]$ dea? ^u ! same day ( ! mon?1 b 9 diff]5t ye>s4 ,we h se5 already 7p4 #cc f47 t 9 ! ,ea/ at an e>ly date !re 0 a commemoration ( ,/ ,pet] 9 close connexion ) ! commemoration ( ! ,"l's ,nativity4 ,b at ,rome 9 ! e>lie/ ,we/]n ,kal5d> 7! ,bu*]ian7 we f9d two fe/ivals t des]ve consid]ation3 7#a7 ,natale ,petri de ,ca!dra at ,feb4 #bb2 & 7#b7 ,petri 9 ,catacumbas et ,pauli ,osti5se1 at ,june #bi1 to :i* are add$ ! words1 ,tusco et ,basso ,coss4 ,to deal fir/ ) ! latt] entry2 z ! consulate ( ,tuscus & ,bassus m>ks ,a4,d4 #beh1 x has be5 n unnaturally conjectur$ t ! record m>ks ! date ( "s translation ( ! ,apo/les' relics4 ,b t conjecture does n absolutely exclude ! supposition t ! day *os5 = ! translation 0 ! day :i* 0 believ$ to h be5 ! day ( _! m>tyrdom4 ,! translation1 z ,bi%op ,pe>son#hh long ago suppos$1 0 ! removal1 p]haps ) a view to safety1 ( ! rema9s to a place at ! ?ird mile/one on ! ,appian ,way1 call$ #8,ad ,catacumbas1' dur+ ! heat ( ! p]secution "u ,val]ian4 ,! obs]vance ( a commemoration ( ,/ ,paul on ,june #cj 7/ill s m>k$ 9 ! ,roman ,kal5d>71 has be5 acc\nt$ = by ! fact t ! bi%op ( ,rome celebrat+ mass fir/ at ! tomb ( ,/ ,pet]1 & aft]w>ds on ! same day hav+ to g a long di/ance to ! tomb ( ,/ ,paul1 !re to celebrate aga91 x 0 arrang$ to obs]ve ! fe/ival ( ,/ ,paul on ! day aft] ,june #bi1 ) a view to avoid+ ! fatigue & inconv5i5ce ( ! two functions on ! "o day4 ,ca!dra ,petri4 ,! entry cit$ above f ! ,bu*]ian ,kal5d>1 ,natale ,petri de ca!dra1 #8! ,fe/ival ( ,pet] ( ! ,*air1' looks v l ! record ( ! d$ication ( a *ur*1 :]e p]haps a seat$ /atue ( ! ,apo/le 0 plac$#hi4 ,we are at once rem9d$ ( ! l>ge seat$ figure ( ,hippolytus discov]$ 9 #aeea on ! ,via ,tiburt9a4 ,or1 z ,de ,rossi supposes1 ! fe/ival may h _h to d ) ! actual wood5 *air 7z 0 suppos$7 :i* ,/ ,pet] _h us$1 & ( :i* we he> 9 ! "t ( ,gregory ! ,great4 ,b1 :atev] may h be5 ! orig9 ( ! fe/ival1 x came at a lat] "t to be reg>d$ z m>k+ ! date ( ! beg9n+ ( ,/ ,pet]'s episcopate2 & !re is "s evid5ce t ! fe/ival 0 made mu* ( z a ,*ri/ian set (f aga9/ ! popul> pagan solemnity ( ,c>a cognatio on ,feb4 #bb1 :5 ! dead memb]s ( ea* family 7 commemorat$4 ,du*esne ass]ts1 ) some?+ ( undue confid5ce1 t ?is 0 )\t d\bt ! gr\nd = ! selection ( ! date ,feb4 #bb = ! ,*ri/ian fe/ival2 b )\t committ+ ourselves to ! acceptance ( ,du*esne's view1 we may say t x may well h be5 a reason :y ef=ts 7 made to draw (f ! fai?ful1 by means ( ! ,*ri/ian solemnity1 f ! temptation to jo9 9 rites incompatible ) _! pr(ession4 ,! fe/ival 0 unkn[n 9 ! ,ea/1 &1 :at is m rem>kable1 equally unkn[n 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,nor? ,africa2 b x appe>$ e>ly 9 ,gaul1 &1 z has be5 conjectur$1 ) a view to prev5t ! fe/ival fall+1 z w\ld occasionally happ51 9 ,l5t1 ! date 0 pu%$ back to ,jan4 #ah4 ,at ,rome x cont9u$ to be obs]v$ on ,feb4 #bb4 ,x w\ld seem to h be5 due to ! anxiety ( ! e>ly m$iaeval ,kal5d>-mak]s & ,m>tyrologi/s to compreh5d 9 _! li/s ev]y?+ 9 ! way ( *ur* solemnities record$ 9 any ,kal5d> t we h ! inv5tion ( ,/ ,pet]'s ,*air at ,antio*4 ,!y f\nd "s ,kal5d>s m>k+ ,ca!dra ,petri at ,jan4 #ah1 & o!rs at ,feb4 #bb4 ,might n1 !y w\ld argue1 ^! d\ble dates be acc\nt$ = by ! old acc\nts t ,/ ,pet] _h ex]cis$ an episcopate at ,antio* be=e he came to ,rome8 ,v5]able ,b$e does n m>k any ,fe/ival ( ,/ ,pet]'s ,*air at ,jan4 #ah1 b at ,feb4 #bb writes #8,apud ,antio*iam ,ca!dra ,s4 ,petri4' ,b 9 ! ,m>tyrology1 kn[n z ,gellon5se 7circ4 #hjj71 & 9 ,usu>d's ,m>tyrology we f9d at ,jan4 #ah1 #8,ca!drae ,s4 ,petri ,apo/oli qu ,romae primo s$it1' & at ,feb4 #bb #8,ca!drae ,s4 ,petri ,apo/oli qu s$it apud ,antio*iam' 7,gellon5se71 #8,apud ,antio*iam ,ca!drae ,s4 ,petri' 7,usu>d74 ,!re cont9u$ to be a v>iety ( use 9 diff]5t dioceses z to ! day on :i* #8,/ ,pet]'s ,*air' 0 celebrat$2 & x 0 n till z late z #aeeh t ,pope ,paul ,,iv settl$ ! "q by ord]+ t ! fea/ ( ! ,roman ,*air %\ld be obs]v$ on ,jan4 #ah1 :ile ,gregory ,,xiii re/or$ ,feb4 #bb z ! fea/ ( ! ,*air at ,antio*4 ,?is is n ! place to discuss :e!r !re 01 prop]ly speak+1 any episcopate ( ,/ ,pet] at ,antio*4 ,x is significant t ! *ur*es ( ,greece & ! ,ea/ knew no?+ ( ! fea/ ( ,/ ,pet]'s ,*air at ,antio*#ij4 ,/ ,pet] #8ad v9cula1' #8,/ ,pet]'s ,*a9s4' ,! ,ea/]n ,*ur* celebrates ! fe/ival ( ,/ ,pet]'s ,*a9 on ,jan4 #af2 ! ,lat9 ,*ur* celebrates ! correspond+ fe/ival on ,aug4 #a4 ,bo? fe/ivals n improbably _h _! orig9s 9 ! d$ication ( *ur*es1 :]e :at 7 suppos$ to be a *a9 or *a9s :i* _h b\nd ,pet] 7 pres]v$4 ,! plural1 #8*a9s1' 9 ! ,roman "n is significant1 & w be und]/ood by ref]5ce to ! #d? & #e? ,lections = ! fea/ 9 ! ,roman ,brevi>y4 ,! fea/ does n appe> 9 ,we/]n ,kal5d>s till ! eigh? c5tury4 ,! sev5te5? c5tury build+1 ,s4 ,pietro 9 ,v9coli1 on ! ,esquil9e1 occupies ! site ( ! *ur* ( ! ,apo/les1 recon/ruct$ at ! exp5se ( ! imp]ial family betwe5 ,a4,d4 #dcb & ,a4,d4 #ddj1 :]e ! preci\s relics 7 deposit$4 ,9 connexion ) ?is fea/ att5tion %\ld be call$ to ! fact t 9 ! s-call$ ,hi]onymian ,m>tyrology at ,aug4 #a1 we f9d no ref]5ce to ! *a9s1 b !re is ! p>ticul>ly int]e/+ entry3 #8,at ,rome1 d$ication ( ! fir/ *ur* bo? con/ruct$ & consecrat$ by bless$ ,pet] ! ,apo/le#ia4' ,/ ,&rew 7,nov4 #cj74 ,! ,m>tyrologies agree 9 giv+ ,nov4 #cj z ! day ( ! m>tyrdom4 ,! fe/ival appe>$ e>ly at ,rome1 & 0 giv5 a place ( high dignity#ib4 ,9 fact !re is au?ority = ! fea/ be+ kept at ,rome 9 e>ly times ) no less solemnity ?an ,/ ,pet]'s ,day4 ,x w be rememb]$ t 9 ! pray] ,lib]a nos 9 ! ,canon ( ! ,mass ,&rew is nam$ toge!r ) ,pet] & ,paul4 ,! ,sacram5t>y ( ,/ ,leo has f\r sets ( #8prop]s' = masses on ?is fe/ival4 ,x is a day ( mu* importance 9 ! ,greek ,*ur*1 z ,/ ,&rew1 ! ,protoclete1 is reckon$ ! apo/le ( ,greece4 ,/ ,&rew is ! patron ( ! ,russian ,*ur*#ic4 ,relics ( ,/ ,&rew1 said to h be5 br\ght by a monk nam$ ,regulus f ,patras to ,scotl&1 gave ! "n ( ,/ ,&rew to ! place 9 ,fife previ\sly kn[n z ,kilrymont2 & ,/ ,&rew became ! patron sa9t ( ,scotl&4 ,9 ! ,ab]de5 ,brevi>y 8 day is a #8great] d\ble4' ,bi%op ,wordswor? rem>ks t ,/ ,&rew's ,day #8is p]haps ! only fe/ival ( an ,apo/le claim+ to be really on ! anniv]s>y ( 8 dea?4' ,nov4 #cj is giv5 z ! day ( 8 m>tyrdom 9 ! apocryphal ,acta ,&reae1 describ+ 8 dea? at ,patras#id4 ,/ ,james ! ,great 7,july #be71 ! son ( ,zeb$ee1 does n appe> v e>ly4 ,! day is n notic$ 9 ei!r ! ,leon9e or ! ,gelasian ,sacram5t>y1 & made its way to g5]al acceptance b sl[ly4 ,9 ! canons ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,ox=d 7,a4,d4 #abbb7 x does n appe> among ! *ief fe/ivals = g5]al obs]vance 9 ,engl&1 al?\gh 9 ,engl& x 0 c]ta9ly a fe/um *ori long be=e t date4 ,x w\ld seem 7,acts xii4 #b1 #c7 t ! dea? ( ,james took place ab\t ! "t ( ! ,pas*al commemoration2 ! ,coptic ,kal5d> m>ks ,/ ,james's day on ,april #ab1 & ! ,syrian lection>y ( ,antio* on ,april #cj1 on :i* day also ! ,greek ,*ur* keeps a fe/ival ( ,/ ,james1 us+ = ! ,epi/le ,acts xii4 #a1 etc4 ,! plac+ ( ! fe/ival 9 ! ,we/ s f> f ,ea/] z ,july #be1 sugge/s t ! latt] date 0 connect$ ) "s translation ( relics1 or su* l4 ,z we h already se5 7p4 #af7 ! anci5t ,syriac ,kal5d> edit$ orig9ally by ,wright1 commemorates ,james toge!r ) 8 bro!r ,john on ,dec4 #bg4 ,/ ,john1 ,apo/le & ,evangeli/4 ,! pr9cipal fe/ival on ,dec4 #bg is f\nd 9 ! f\r? c5tury 9 ! ,ea/1 :]e he 0 conjo9$ ) ,james4 ,traces ( ?is conjunction are to be f\nd 9 ! ,we/4 ,x is int]e/+ to f9d 9 ! ,go?ic ,missal1 pr9t$ by ,muratori1 a mass = ! ,natale ( ! ,apo/les ,james & ,john plac$ betwe5 ,/ ,/eph5 & ,holy ,innoc5ts4 ,& 9 ! ,hi]onymian ,m>tyrology we f9d at ,dec4 #bg #8! ord9ation to ! episcopate ( ,/ ,james1 ! ,"l's bro!r a confusion1 & ! assumption ( ,/ ,john1 ! ,evangeli/1 at ,ephesus4' ,! ,greek ,*ur* commemorates ! meta/asis1 or migration ( ,john1 on ,sept4 #bf1 & an important fe/ival 9 hon\r ( ! holy du/ 7call$ manna7 f 8 tomb at ,ephesus on ,may #h4 ,/ ,john be=e ! ,lat9 gate 7,may #f74 ,! /ory ( ! caldron ( boil+ oil is z old z ,t]tullian 7de ,praescript4 c4 #cf74 ,b ( ! fe/ival !re is no notice be=e ! clos+ ye>s ( ! eigh? c5tury4 ,! day ( ! mon? probably m>ks ! date ( ! d$ication ( a *ur* ne> ! ,lat9 gate#ie4 ,x is *>act]i/ically a ,we/]n fe/ival4 ,9 ! ,roman rite x 01 ab\t ! ?irte5? c5tury1 a semi-d\ble3 x 0 made a d\ble by ,pius ,v 7#aeff-aegb71 & a great] d\ble by ,clem5t ,,viii 7#aeib-afje74 ,/ ,mat!w 7,sept4 #ba73 9 ! ,greek1 ,russian1 ,syrian & ,arm5ian ,*ur*es1 ,nov4 #af3 9 ! ,egyptian & ,e?iopic ,kal5d>s ( ,ludolf1 ,oct4 #i4 ,! fe/ival ( ,sept4 #ba is c]ta9ly late 9 appe>+4 ,x is want+ 9 ! ,leon9e1 ,gelasian1 & ,gallican ,sacram5t>ies1 & 9 ,muratori's edition ( ! ,gregorian4 ,x is f\nd1 h[ev]1 g5]ally 9 ! m>tyrologies1 :i* fact1 ( c\rse1 does n necess>ily imply t !re 0 any liturgical obs]vance ( ! day#if4 ,/ ,luke 7,oct4 #ah72 & on ! same day g5]ally 9 ! ,ea/4 ,! day p]haps m>ks a translation ( relics 9 ! ,ea/1 z is /at$ 9 ! s-call$ ,hi]onymian ,m>tyrology4 ,/ ,luke does n appe> 9 ! old] ,sacram5t>ies2 b 9 "s manuscripts ( ! ,gregorian we f9d a prop] preface = ,/ ,luke on v ,kal4 ,nov4 7,oct4 #bh74 ,/ ,m>k 7,april #be73 on ! same day 9 ! ,ea/4 ,! day is ( late appe>ance1 n p]haps be=e ! n9? c5tury4 ,! great processional litanies on ,april #be appe> at ,rome long be=e ,/ ,m>k's "n 0 atta*$ to ! day4 ,9 _! orig9 ^! litanies 7 di/9ctively ,roman4 ,/ ,philip & ,/ ,james 7,may #a74 ,?is 0 ! day ( ! d$ication ( a *ur* at ,rome 9 _! hon\r 9 ! second half ( ! six? c5tury4 ,! ^w natale is appli$ at a lat] "t to ! day2 :i* may h be5 9 error1 or1 z c be prov$ by _m examples1 ! ^w natale came to be us$ loosely z equival5t to fe/ival or commemoration4 ,9 ! ,greek ,*ur* ,/ ,james1 #8! bro!r ( ,god1' is commemorat$ on ,oct4 #bc1 & ,/ ,philip1 #8"o ( ! twelve1' on ,nov4 #ad4 ,! ,greeks celebrate ,philip1 ! deacon1 on ,oct4 #aa1 & he appe>s 9 ,usu>d's ,m>tyrology at ,june #f4 ,:y ,philip & ,james %\ld be associat$ we "k n4 ,! deposition ( relics ( bo? at ! "t ( ! d$ication ( ! *ur* at ,rome may p]haps acc\nt = ! conjunction ( ! names4 ,/ ,simon & ,/ ,jude 7,oct4 #bh74 ,leg5d associates ^! two ,apo/les z hav+ toge!r lab\r$ = ?irte5 ye>s 9 ,p]sia1 & z !re dy+ m>tyrs' dea?s4 ,9 ! ,sacram5t>ies !y d n appe> till !y are f\nd 9 a late =m ( ! ,gregorian4 ,9 ! ,ea/ ! commemoration ( ^! ,apo/les is divid$ & a day assign$ to ea*4 ,9 ! ,greek ,*ur* ,simon ,zelotes appe>s at ,may #aj1 & ,judas 7,?addaeus7 at ,june #ai4 ,/ ,?omas1 ,apo/le & ,m>tyr 7,dec4 #ba72 8 ,translation is m>k$ at ,july #c 9 ! ,we/4 ,9 ! ,greek ,*ur* ,/ ,?omas is commemorat$ on ,oct4 #f1 a day also obs]v$ by ! ,syrians1 :o add a translation on ,july #c4 ,9 ! f\r? c5tury !re 0 a magnific5t basilica ( ,/ ,?omas at ,edessa1 & to ?is *ur* ! rema9s ( ! ,apo/le 7 translat$ 7f ,india accord+ to ! leg5d7 be=e ! close ( ! c5tury4 ,/ ,?omas 7at ,dec4 #ba7 is n f\nd 9 ! ,leon9e1 & only 9 "s texts ( ! ,gregorian ,sacram5t>y4 ,he appe>s1 h[ev]1 9 ! ,gelasian4 ,/ ,b>?olomew 7,aug4 #bd72 & at ,rome on ,aug4 #be4 ,! ,lat9 *ur*es g5]ally1 includ+ t ( m$iaeval ,engl&1 obs]v$ ,aug4 #bd4 ,! ,greek ,*ur* commemorates ,b>?olomew toge!r ) ,b>nabas on ,june #aa1 & a translation ( ! relics ( ,b>?olomew on ,aug4 #be4 ,9 ! ,we/ ! introduction ( ! fea/ 0 late4 ,!re is no trace ( x 9 ! e>ly =ms ( ! great ,sacram5t>ies#ig4 ,/ ,john ! ,bapti/1 ! ,nativity 7,june #bd72 s too 9 ! ,greek ,*ur*4 ,! date 0 d\btless assign$ on ! /r5g? ( ! inf]5ce drawn f ! ,gospels1 t ! bir? ( ! bapti/ prec$$ t ( ! ,savi\r by six mon?s4 ,x appe>$ e>ly1 & 0 a recognis$ day 9 ! "t ( ,/ ,augu/9e#ih4 ,x has its masses 9 ! ,sacram5t>ies f ! ,leon9e d[nw>ds4 ,! ,decollation ( ,/ ,john ! ,bapti/ 7g5]ally ,aug4 #bi74 ,?is fe/ival is also e>ly1 b1 s f> z evid5ce goes1 n s e>ly z ! ,nativity#ii4 ,x 0 kn[n 9 ,gaul be=e x 0 adopt$ at ,rome4 ,! ,greek *ur*es celebrate ! day on ,aug4 #biajj4 ,! ,conv]sion ( ,/ ,paul 7,jan4 #be71 0 ( late introduction4 ,x does n appe> 9 ! correct text ( ,b$e's ,m>tyrology1 & 9 only late texts ( ! ,gregorian ,sacram5t>y4 ,!re is reason = believ+ t ! day 0 fir/ obs]v$ to m>k ! translation ( relics ( ,/ ,paul at ,rome1 = s x appe>s 9 ! ,hi]onymian ,m>tyrology1 & ! p]iod ( transition seems to be m>k$ 9 ! ,m>tyrology ( ,rabanus ,maurus 7n9? c5tury71 :]e we f9d at ,jan4 #be1 #8,translation & ,conv]sion ( ,/ ,paul4' ,x is n f\nd 9 ,engl& 9 ! ,pontifical ( ,egb]t1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,york 7,a4,d4 #gcb-gff71 b x appe>s 9 ! ,le(ric ,missal1 9 ! second half ( ! elev5? c5tury4 ,x is unkn[n 9 ! ,greek ,*ur*4 ,/ ,m>y ,magdal5e 7,july #bb71 :o is id5tifi$ 9 ! ,we/ ) ! woman :o 0 a s9n]1 & ) ,m>y ! si/] ( ,laz>us1 is di/+ui%$ f ea* ( ^! 9 ! ,greek s]vice-books :i* also m>k h] fe/ival on ,july #bb4 ,among ! ,ea/]ns %e is ?\ght ( z #8! holy myrrh-be>]1' "o ( ! wom5 :o br\ght ! spices to ! tomb ( ! ,"l4 ,9 v>i\s places 9 ! ,we/1 ?\gh n at ,rome1 ! day 0 a day ( obligation 9 ! middle ages4 ,x appe>s 9 "s s]vice-books 9 ! t5? & elev5? c5turies1 b n 9 missals1 secundum consuetud9em ,romanae curiae1 till ! ?irte5?#aja4 ,!re 0 a fe/ival ( ,/ ,m>y ,magdal5e 7,july #bb7 9 ! ,engli% ,pray] ,book ( #aedi4 ,! collect & gospel 7,luke vii4 #cf to ! end ( ! *apt]7 %[ t no ,engli% ,re=m]s id5tifi$ ! ,magdal5e ) ! woman :o 0 a s9n]4 ,! fe/ival disappe>s 9 ! ,pray] ,book ( #aeeb4 ,/ ,b>nabas1 ! ,apo/le 7,june #aa74 ,! ,greeks commemorate on ?is day #8,b>?olomew & ,b>nabas1 ,apo/les4' ,! fe/ival probably m>ks ! suppos$ f9d+ ( ! body ( ,b>nabas 7hav+ a copy ( ,/ ,mat!w's ,gospel 9 8 h&7 9 ! isl& ( ,cyprus 9 ! fif? c5tury4 ,b>nabas is n f\nd at ,june #aa 9 ! s-call$ ,hi]onymian ,m>tyrology2 nor 9 ! ,m>tyrology kn[n z ,gellon5se1 b x is not$ 9 ,b$e 7?\gh !re is "s d\bt :e!r ! entry is n due to ,florus71 & 9 ! lat] ,m>tyrologies4 ,! ,greek ,*ur* commemorates 7_m ( !m ) prop] names atta*$7 ! sev5ty disciples ( ,luke x4 #a1 call$ 9 ! s]vice-books #8apo/les4' ,octaves4 ,! ^w ,octave is us$ sometimes = ! eigh? day aft] a fe/ival1 sometimes 79 lat] docum5ts7 = ! space ( eight days :i* foll[ ! fe/ival4 ,x may be reg>d$ z an e*o or prolongation ( ! fe/ival4 ,9 ! ,ea/]n ,*ur* :at is kn[n z ! ,apodosis 7see p4 #ace7 9 a measure corresponds to ! ,we/]n ,octave4 ,x has n unreasonably be5 conjectur$ t !y owe _! orig9 to an imitation ( ! fe/al practices ( ! ,hebrews 7,levit4 xxiii4 #f2 ,num4 xxviii4 #ag2 ,deut4 xvi4 #c74 ,octaves 7 orig9ally few3 !y appe> fir/ 9 connexion ) ,ea/] & ,p5teco/1 &1 occasionally1 ) ! ,epiphany4 ,9 ! eigh? & n9? c5turies ,octaves became m num]\s4 ,yet 9 ! ,corbie ,kal5d> 7,a4,d4 #hbf71 assum+ t ! movable fea/s ( ,ea/] & ,p5teco/ _h _! ,octaves1 we f9d 9 addition only ! ,octaves ( ,*ri/mas1 ,epiphany1 ,pet] & ,paul1 ,lawr5ce & ,&rew4 ,?is falls 9 well ) :at is said by ,amal>ius 7ab\t ! same date7 :o1 aft] notic+ ! ,octaves ( ,*ri/mas1 ,epiphany1 ,ea/]1 & ,p5teco/1 adds1 #8,we are accu/om$ to celebrate ! ,octaves ( ! natalitia ( "s sa9ts1 t is1 ( ^? ^: fe/ivals are e/eem$ z m illu/ri\s among/ u' 7,de ecclesia/icis (ficiis1 iv4 #cf74 ,at ,rome we f9d ,/ ,agnes hav+ an ,octave 7,jan4 #bh7 at a date e>li] ?an t ) :i* we h be5 deal+#ajb2 & ev5 to-day 9 ! ,roman ,missal & ,brevi>y !re is an int]e/+ survival 9 ! p]si/5ce ( ! old "n1 ,agnetis secundo1 & ( #8prop]s' = ! day4 ,liturgically1 ! anci5t practice 9 ! ,we/ 0 to ins]t a simple commemoration on ! eigh? day ( fe/ivals4 ,! prolongation ( a fe/ival = eight days may be f\nd illu/rat$ by ! practice ( ! ,*ur* at ,j]usalem 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 z rec\nt$ by #8,silvia' 9 h] descriptions ( ! ,epiphany1 ! ,pas*a1 & ! fea/ ( ! d$ication ( ! *ur*es kn[n z ! ,m>tyrium & ! ,*ur* ( ! ,resurrection4 ,! great multiplication ( ,octaves 9 m$iaeval times has be5 attribut$ to ! influ5ce ( ! ,franciscans1 :o 9 ! language ( ,kelln] #8provid$ an inord9ate numb] ( ,octaves 9 _! ,brevi>y1 & obs]v$ ea* day ( ! ,octave ) ! rite ( a fe/um duplex#ajc4' ,! some:at elaborate rules ) respect to ,octaves & _! relation to ! obs]vance ( o!r fe/ivals1 z enjo9$ 9 ! mod]n ,roman rite1 c be f\nd 9 su* te*nical works z ^? ( ,gavantus & ,f]r>is4 ,x mu/ suffice "h to obs]ve t )9 ! ,octaves ( ,*ri/mas1 ,ea/]1 ,p5teco/1 ! ,epiphany1 & ,corpus ,*ri/i1 ,votive & ,requiem masses are prohibit$4 ,vigils4 ,! orig9 ( vigils is obscure4 ,! prop] s]vice ( ea* ,"l's ,day 0 prec$$ 9 e>ly times by :at may be reg>d$ z some?+ l a vigil1 a s]vice be=e ! dawn ( day2 & "s ?9k t ?is view may be d$uc$ f ,pl9y's well-kn[n lett] to ,trajan4 ,b 9 ?is !re w\ld seem1 p]haps1 to be a read+ into ! docum5t ( m ?an its cont5ts w>rant4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 we f9d z e>ly z ,t]tullian t !re 7 among ,*ri/ians #8nocturnae convocationes1' ! solemnities ( ! ,pas*a be+ m p>ticul>ly ref]r$ to#ajd4 ,! exact nature & object ( ^! assemblies are n describ$4 ,evid5ce is m full at a lat] date = vigils ( "s k9d1 n only be=e ! ,"l's ,day b also be=e ! ,sabba?#aje4 ,at ! p]iod :5 #8,silvia' visit$ ,j]usalem ! fai?ful seem to h engag$ 9 s]vices be=e ! dawn on e ,"l's ,day4 ,& 9 ,gaul 9 ! fif? c5tury1 z we ga!r f ,sidonius ,apoll9>is#ajf1 ! vigils 7 n all night-wat*es b s]vices be=e day-break4 ,ab\t a c5tury lat] ?an ,t]tullian1 we f9d ! ,c\ncil ( ,elvira1 ne> ,granada1 "s "t 9 ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! f\r? c5tury1 enact+ a canon 7#ce71 decl>+ t wom5 %\ld n sp5d ! night-wat*es 7p]vigil5t7 9 cemet]ies1 #8because (t5 "u ! pretext ( pray] !y secretly commit s]i\s (f5ces 7scel]a74' ,!re is no fur!r explanation2 & ! probable conjecture has be5 (f]$ t x may h be5 ! practice to h vigils 9 ! cemet]ies on ! night be=e ! oblation 0 (f]$ at ! tomb ( "o ( ! m>tyrs4 ,t !re 0 9 ,spa9 at ?is date "s k9d ( s]vice 9 ! cemet]ies seems n improbable f ! fact t ! canon imm$iately prec$+ t :i* we h notic$ =bids ! light+ ( wax tap]s 9 cemet]ies 9 ! day "t4 ,by ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury1 !re is ample evid5ce = ! obs]vance ( nocturnal or e>ly morn+ vigils be=e ! great] fe/ivals 9 bo? ,ea/ & ,we/4 ,e>ly 9 ! fif? c5tury ,vigilantius prote/$ aga9/ ! sc&als :i* arose f ! nocturnal wat*+s 9 ! basilicas1 & = ?is1 among o!r assaults ^u ! curr5t abuses & sup]/itions ( ! "t1 he drew ^u himself ! viol5t & co>se invective ( ,j]ome4 ,yet ,j]ome himself may be quot$ = ! fact t !re 7 moral dang]s att5d+ ^! nocturnal vigils1 = :ile advis+ ! lady ,laeta to inure h] daught]1 ! y\ng] ,paula1 to days ( vigil & solemn p]noctations1 he w>ns h] t %e %\ld keep ! girl close by h] side#ajg4 ,to ,pope ,boniface ,i 7,a4,d4 #dah-dbb7 has be5 attribut$ ! prohibition ( nocturnal vigils 9 ! ,roman cemet]ies4 ,) reg>d to ! ,pas*al ,vigil1 ,j]ome expresses ! op9ion t x orig9at$ 9 ! belief t ,*ri/ w\ld come aga9 9 ! night ( ! ,pas*a#ajh4 ,9 process ( "t1 ! day be=e ! fea/ 7dies pr(e/us7 assum$ ! "n ( vigil1 & 0 9 ! ,we/ commonly1 ?\gh n univ]sally1 associat$ ) a fa/4 ,m$iaeval rituali/s1 su* z ,honorius ( ,autun 7:o di$ a little aft] ,a4,d4 #aacj71 connect ! *ange ) ! popul> abuses ( ! nocturnal vigils4 ,!re is an int]e/+ lett] ( ,innoc5t ,,iii 7ab\t ,a4,d4 #abac71 lay+ d[n ! rule 9 ! ,roman ,*ur*1 :i* /ill prevails4 ,! vigils ( ! ,apo/les are to be obs]v$ z fa/s1 ) ! exception ( ,/ ,john ! ,evangeli/ & ,/ ,philip & ,/ ,james1 ! =m] occurr+ 9 ! season ( ,*ri/mas1 & ! latt] 9 t ( ,ea/]#aji4 ,beside ! vigils ( ! ,apo/les1 ! vigils ( ,*ri/mas & ! ,assumption are fa/s de jure1 & by cu/om ! vigils ( ,p5teco/1 ! ,nativity ( ! ,bapti/1 ,/ ,lawr5ce1 & ,all ,sa9ts4 ,^! rules 7 (t5 locally modifi$ by papal indults4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,seasons ,,( ,,prep>ation ,,& ,,p5it5ce ,,adv5t ,adv5t1 z ! t]m is n[ employ$1 signifies a season1 reg>d$ z prep>atory to ! ,fe/ival ( ! ,nativity ( ! ,"l1 includ+ f\r ,sundays & a v>iable numb] ( days1 z affect$ by ! day ( ! week ^u :i* ,decemb] #be falls4 ,z no evid5ce has be5 adduc$ = an e/abli%$ celebration ( ! ,fea/ ( ! ,nativity be=e ! f\r? c5tury1 s x is obvi\s t we _c expect to f9d ! appo9tm5t ( a season ( prep>ation be=e t date4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 x w\ld seem t ! e>lie/ di/9ct notice ( su* a season1 prescrib$ = g5]al use1 belongs to ! latt] "p ( ! six? c5tury2 & t ! practice orig9at$ 9 ,gaul4 ,9 a small c\ncil held at ,t\rs ab\t ,a4,d4 #efg !re is vaguely indicat$ a fa/ = monks 9 ,decemb]1 to be kept e day #8usque ad natale dom9i' 7c4 #ag74 ,a few ye>s lat]1 9 ! s\? ( ,gaul1 we f9d :at seems a canon ( g5]al application1 b less exact+ 9 reg>d to ! numb] ( days on :i* ! fa/ 0 to be obs]v$4 ,9 ! n9? canon ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,mcon 7,a4,d4 #eha7 x is enjo9$ t f ! fe/ival ( ,/ ,m>t9 7,nov4 #aa7 ! second1 f\r? & six? days ( ! week %\ld be fa/+ days1 t ! sacrifices %\ld be celebrat$ 9 ! quadragesimal ord]1 & t on ^! days ! canons 7probably mean+ ! canons ( ?is synod7 %\ld be read1 s t no "o c\ld plead t he err$ ?r\gh ignorance4 ,we h "h some?+ t at once rem9ds u ( ! pre-pas*al season1 z obs]v$ 9 "s ,*ur*es4 ,! season came to be kn[n z ,quadragesima ,s4 ,m>t9i4 ,b ! l5g? ( ?is season 7z 0 also true ( ,l5t7 seems to h v>i$ mu*4 ,! six ,sundays :i* x cov]$1 z we may inf] f ! canon ( ,mcon ref]r$ to above1 we f9d indicat$ probably by ! six missae ( ,sundays ( ,adv5t 9 ! ,ambrosian & ,moz>abic rites4 ,yet ! olde/ ,gallican ,sacram5t>y records only ?ree ,sundays1 & ! ,go?ic-,gallican only two#aaj4 ,9 ,engl&1 z we le>n f ,b$e1 =ty days ( fa/+ #8ante natale dom9i' 7 obs]v$ by ,cu?b]t 7 #fhg7 & by ,ecb]t 7 #gbi74 ,9 bo? cases1 h[ev]1 x %\ld be rem>k$1 ! obs]vance seems m5tion$ z an indication ( exceptional piety#aaa4 ,at ! close ( ! six? c5tury ,rome1 "u ,gregory ! ,great1 adopt$ ! rule ( ! f\r ,sundays 9 ,adv5t2 & 9 ! foll[+ c5tury ?is rule became preval5t 7?\gh n univ]sal7 9 ! ,we/4 ,9 ! ,greek ,*ur* ! g5]al obs]vance ( =ty days' p5it5tial prep>ation = ,*ri/mas does n appe> to h be5 e/abli%$ be=e ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,9 ! ,greek ,*ur* ( to-day ! =ty days' prep>ation beg9s on ,nov4 #ae4 ,x is sometimes call$ ! ,fa/ ( ,/ ,philip1 d\btless because ! fe/ival ( ,/ ,philip 0 celebrat$ on ,nov4 #ad4 ,on ,w$nesdays & ,fridays ! fa/ is rigor\s2 b on o!r days1 w9e1 oil1 & fi% are all[$4 ,! practice ( ! ,arm5ians is peculi>3 !y obs]ve a fa/ = ! week prec$+ ! ,nativity1 & = "o week comm5c+ fifty days be=e ! ,nativity4 ,! conjecture has be5 (f]$ t ^! two weeks are a survival ( a fa/ t _h orig9ally la/$ = ! :ole ( fifty days4 ,9 ,*ur*es ( ! ,roman ,communion at ! pres5t day1 ! practice z to fa/+ v>ies4 ,9 ,great ,brita9 & ,irel& ,w$nesdays & ,fridays are expect$ to be obs]v$2 b 9 _m p>ts ( ! cont95t ( ,europe !re is no di/9ction betwe5 weeks 9 ,adv5t & ord9>y weeks4 ,on ,decemb] #af 9 ! ,we/ x 0 ! practice to s+ z an antiphon to ! ,magnificat ! fir/ ( a s]ies ( sev5 antiphons1 ea* beg9n+ ) #8,o'2 ?us1 #8,o ,sapi5tia' 7,dec4 #af71 #8,o ,adonai' 7#ag71 #8,o ,radix ,jesse' 7#ah71 etc4 ,9 ! ,kal5d> ( ! ,book ( ,common ,pray] ! words #8,o ,sapi5tia' appe> at ,dec4 #af4 ,?is is n1 /rictly speak+1 a survival ( m$iaeval times2 = x 0 fir/ introduc$ into ! ,engli% ,pray] ,book ,kal5d> 9 ,a4,d4 #afjd4 ,! rule ( ! ,engli% ,book ( ,common ,pray] 7#affb7 = det]m9+ ,adv5t runs ?us3 #8,adv5t ,sunday is always ! ne>e/ ,sunday to ! ,fea/ ( ,/ ,&rew1 :e!r be=e or aft]4' ,z ?us express$1 ! rule does n seem to contemplate ! case ( ,adv5t ,sunday fall+ on ,/ ,&rew's ,day4 ,x 0 a mi/ake n to add ! additional words :i* 7 9 ! ,scotti% ,pray] ,book ( #afcg1 namely1 #8or t ,sunday :i* falle? ^u any day f ! tw5ty-sev5? ( ,novemb] to ! ?ird ( ,decemb] inclusively4' ,! ^w #8or' does n imply t ! second "p ( ! rule is an equival5t ( ! fir/2 b x gives a rule to meet a case n contemplat$ 9 ! fir/ "p4 ,,! ,,fa/ ,,prec$+ ,,ea/] 7,,l5t7 ,t a fa/ prelim9>y to ! ,pas*a 0 obs]v$ 9 ! e>ly ,*ur* is beyond "q4 ,ir5aeus1 9 8 lett] to ,victor1 bi%op ( ,rome#aab1 /ates t at ! "t !re 7 sev]al diff]5ces z to ! l5g? ( ! fa/2 b 9 no case 0 a prolong$ s]ies ( days prescrib$4 #8,"s1' he says1 #8?9k !y ought to fa/ "o day2 o!rs1 two2 o!rs m ?an two2 o!rs reckon toge!r =ty h\rs bo? ( ! day & ! night z ! day ( fa/+#aac4' ,& ,ir5aeus adds t ^! diff]5ces exi/$ long be=e 7 7 ! "t :5 he wrote4 ,! words ab\t ! =ty h\rs may p]haps be illu/rat$ by passages ( ,t]tullian#aad1 :]e he speaks ( p]sons fa/+ 9 ! days #8:5 ! bridegroom 0 tak5 away1' or1 9 o!r words1 ! "t dur+ :i* ! ,"l 0 "u ! p[] ( dea?1 i4e4 c]ta9 h\rs ( ! day ( ! ,crucifixion1 ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs ( ,saturday1 & c]ta9 h\rs ( ! e>ly "p ( ,ea/] ,day4 ,we %all n delay to discuss ! que/ions connect$ ) ! exact "t ( comm5c+ & ( clos+ ! =ty h\rs4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! ?ird c5tury at ,alex&ria ! :ole week be=e ,ea/] 0 obs]v$ z a "t ( fa/+ by "s2 b !re 7 ^? :o fa/$ only on f\r days2 o!rs cont5t$ !mselves ) ?ree or ev5 two2 :ile !re 7 "s 7evid5tly exceptional p]sons7 :o did n fa/ ev5 "o day#aae4 ,x is pla9 t z yet no fix$ rule 0 en=c$4 ,9 ! f\r? c5tury we meet ) ! t]m 1 or ,quadragesima4 ,9 ! fif? canon ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,nicaea x is ord]$ t "o ( ! two annual prov9cial ,synods %\ld be held be=e #8! tess>ako/e4' ,! s5se ( ! t]m is assum$ to be kn[n1 & is n expla9$4 ,b x mu/ n be inf]r$ t ! ^w necess>ily signifies "h =ty days1 or t =ty days 7 assign$ to fa/+4 ,! classical au?ority = ! v>iations ( lat] usages is ! passage ( ,socrates#aaf1 :]e he describes _m diff]5ces ( practice 9 8 own day 7c4 ,a4,d4 #ddj7 & ! v>ieties 9 ! l5g? ( ! fa/ 9 diff]5t c\ntries4 ,at ,rome1 he says1 !re 0 a fa/ ( ?ree weeks1 except+ ,saturdays & ,sundays2 at ,alex&ria & 9 ,a*aia & ,illyricum a fa/ ( six weeks2 9 o!r places ! fa/ began sev5 weeks be=e ,ea/]1 b 0 limit$ to fifte5 days1 ) an int]val betwe5 ea* five days#aag4 ,n long aft] 8 "t !re 7 two prevail+ usages--t ( ! ,*ur*es :i* d$uct$ f ! fa/+ days ,sundays & ,saturdays 7always except+ ! ,saturday 9 ,holy ,week71 & t ( ! ,*ur*es :i* d$uct$ only ! ,sundays4 ,! =m] 0 ! prevail+ usage 9 ! ,ea/2 ! latt]1 9 ! ,we/4 ,! sev5 weeks 9 ! ,ea/1 ) ?irte5 days d$uct$ 7sev5 ,sundays & six ,saturdays71 & ! six weeks ( ! ,we/1 ) only six days d$uct$1 agree precisely 9 ea* hav+ only ?irty-six fa/+ days4 ,at ! "t ( ! ,p]egr9atio ,silviae 7ab\t ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury71 if we may tru/ ! writ]1 at ,j]usalem eight weeks ( fa/+ prec$$ ,ea/]1 :i*1 d$uct+ eight ,sundays & sev5 ,saturdays1 gave1 z %e expressly says1 =ty-"o days ( fa/+4 ,?is is highly exceptional1 if n unique4 ,at any rate1 ! practice did n long cont9ue4 ,! numb] #cf is ne>ly ! t5? ( #cfe--! numb] ( ! days ( ! ye>2 & ?is ?\ght /ruck ! fancy ( m ?an "o writ]4 ,we 7 b\nd1 !y urg$1 to (f] to ,god ! holy ti!1 n only ( our increase1 b ( our "t4 ,& 9 ! fif? c5tury ,john ,cassian presses ?is po9t1 & attempts to br+ ! l5g? ( ! fa/ to correspond m closely ) ! ti! ( ! ye> by obs]v+ t ! fa/ 0 prolong$ = "s h\rs1 #8usque 9 gallorum cantum1' on ,ea/] morn+#aah4 ,at a lat] p]iod ! ?\ght ( ! fa/s ( ,moses & ,elijah1 & m p>ticul>ly ( ! ,"l's fa/ ( =ty days 9 ! wild]ness1 seems to h sugge/$ t ! fa/ ( ! fai?ful %\ld correspond 9 l5g?4 ,! addition ( f\r days--! ,w$nesday & ?ree foll[+ days imm$iately prec$+ ! fir/ ,sunday 9 ,l5t--has be5 frequ5tly attribut$ to ,gregory ! ,great4 ,b ! writ+s ( ,gregory te/ify to 8 kn[+ only ?irty-six fa/+ days4 ,& x is n[ g5]ally ackn[l$g$ t no support = ! supposition c be bas$ on ! language ( ! collects = ,f]ia ,,iv & ,f]ia ,,vi 9 ! week begun on ,qu9quagesima1 :i* speak ( ! beg9n+ ( ! fa/1 & are to be f\nd 9 ! ,gregorian ,sacram5t>y#aai4 ,! ,sacram5t>y1 z we n[ possess x1 ab\nds 9 additions lat] ?an ! "t ( ,gregory4 ,x is impossible to say precisely :51 or by :om1 ! additional f\r days 7 introduc$4 ,approximately we may assign ?is *ange to ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! eigh? c5tury1 & to ,rome4 ,x did n obta9 ev]y:]e4 ,x 0 n till ne> ! close ( ! elev5? c5tury t ! ,scotti% ,*ur*1 at ! p]suasion ( ! ,saxon pr9cess1 ,que5 ,m>g>et ( ,scotl&1 fell into l9e ) mo/ ( ! o!r ,we/]n ,*ur*es1 by accept+ ! f\r fa/+ days 9 ! week be=e ! fir/ ,sunday 9 ,l5t#abj4 ,! ,moz>abic ,liturgy adopt$ x only at ! in/ance ( ,c>d9al ,xim5es ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,milan /ill pres]ves1 among its int]e/+ survivals1 ! comm5cem5t ( ! rigor\s ,l5t5 ,fa/ on ! ,monday aft] ! fir/ ,sunday4 ,b 9 #aefc ,/ ,*>les ,borromeo1 !n ar*bi%op ( ,milan1 succe$$1 aga9/ vigor\s local prote/s1 9 mak+ ! fir/ ,sunday 9 ,l5t a day ( ab/95ce4 ,! t]m caput jejunii 0 appli$ sometimes to ! ,w$nesday1 kn[n z ,a% ,w$nesday1 & frequ5tly 9 s]vice-books to ! p]iod ( ! f\r days prec$+ ! fir/ ,sunday 9 ,l5t4 ,?us1 ^! days are designat$ #8,f]ia ,,iv1 ,f]ia ,v1 ,f]ia ,,vi1 et ,sabbatum1 9 capite jejunii4' ,! di/ribution ( a%es on ! ,w$nesday 9 ! ,we/]n ,*ur* is a mu* modifi$ survival & relic ( ! anci5t p5it5tial discipl9e4 ,9 ! ,or?odox ,*ur* ( ! ,ea/ at ! pres5t day #8! great & holy ,tess>ako/e' conta9s1 z 9 ! ,we/1 six ,sundays4 ,b ! ,l5t5 (fices comm5ce at ,vesp]s on ! ,sunday 7kn[n z ,tyr9is1 or ,tyrophagus7 prec$+ ! fir/ ,sunday 9 ,l5t4 ,9 ! week prec$+ ?is ,sunday 7correspond+ to ! ,we/]n ,qu9quagesima7 ! fai?ful give up ! use ( fle% meat1 & conf9e !mselves to *eese 77 & o!r lactic9ia4 ,& x may be obs]v$1 9 pass+1 t 9 ! ,greek ,*ur* !re are o!r examples ( ! week be+ nam$ f ! ,sunday :i* foll[s x4 ,?us1 #8! week ( ,palms' is ! week foll[$ by ,palm ,sunday#aba4 ,! ,sunday 7our ,sexagesima7 prec$+ ,tyr9is is call$ ,apocreos 7,dom9ica c>nisprivii74 ,x is ! la/ day ^u :i* fle% may be eat54 ,aft] ! ,sunday #8,tyr9is' a m rigor\s fa/ is prescrib$2 b ,sundays & ,saturdays 7except ! ,saturday 9 ,holy week7 are exempt$1 s t !re are only ?irty-six days ( rigid fa/+2 five days 9 ea* ( ! fir/ six weeks1 & six days 9 ! la/ week#abb4 ,! ^w quadragesima is ! s\rce ( ! ,italian qu>esima1 & ! ,fr5* c>me 79 old ,fr5*1 qu>esme72 :ile our ,engli% ^w1 ,l5t1 is simply indicative ( ! season ( ! ye> :5 ! fa/ occurs1 be+ d]iv$ f ! ,anglo-,saxon ,l5ct51 ! spr+-"t4 ,,o!r ,,special ,,times ,,( ,,fa/+ ,i4 ,we/]n ,*ur*--,! ?ree fa/s call$ #8,quadragesima'2 ,rogation ,days2 ! ,f\r ,seasons4 ,9 addition to ,adv5t1 :i*1 z we h se51 is sometimes spok5 ( z ! quadragesima ( ,/ ,m>t91 & ,l5t 7quadragesima ante ,pas*a7#abc1 we f9d 9 ! eigh?1 n9? & t5? c5turies 9 writ]s ( ,g]many1 ,france1 ,brita91 & ,irel& ref]5ces to a ?ird quadragesima :i* is /yl$ sometimes ! quadragesima aft] ,p5teco/1 & sometimes ! quadragesima be=e ,/ ,john ! ,bapti/4 ,9 ! ,pa5it5tiale ( ,!odore1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury 7 ,a4,d4 #fij71 x is decl>$ t #8!re are ?ree fa/s e/abli%$ by law 7jejunia legitima7 = ! p g5]ally 7p] populum7#abd1 =ty days & nights be=e ,pas*a1 :5 we pay ! ti!s ( ! ye>1 & =ty be=e ! ,nativity ( ! ,"l1 & =ty aft] ,p5teco/#abe4' ,! rem>kable collection ( canons ( ! anci5t ,iri% ,*ur*1 :i* is kn[n z ! ,hib]n5sis1 is ( unc]ta9 date1 b is attribut$ by su* em95t au?orities z ,wass]s*leb51 ,h5ry ,brad%aw1 ,:itley ,/okes1 & ,j4 ,b4 ,bury1 to ! end ( ! sev5? or e>ly "p ( ! eigh? c5tury4 ,! ?ree p5it5tial seasons call$ quadragesima are di/9ctly ref]r$ to#abf4 ,9 ! ,capitula ( ,*>lemagne1 prie/s are direct$ to ann\nce to ! p t ^! ?ree seasons are legitima jejunia4 ,9 ! canons collect$ by ,bur*>d1 ,bi%op ( ,worms 7,a4,d4 #ajjf71 ! ?ree seasons call$ quadragesima are ref]r$ to1 & ! ?ird is def9$ z ! =ty days be=e ! fe/ival ( ,/ ,john ! ,bapti/4 ,_m int]e/+ que/ions are sugge/$ by ^! passages ) :i* we are unable to deal "h4 ,x mu/ suffice to say t ! quadragesima aft] ,p5teco/ did n long survive4 ,x disappe>$1 & has left no m>k ^u ! ,*ur*'s ye>4 ,rogation ,days4 ,!re is a g5]al agreem5t t ! obs]vance ( ! ,monday1 ,tuesday1 & ,w$nesday be=e ! ,asc5sion z days ( special pray] & fa/+1 owes its orig9 to ,mam]tus1 bi%op ( ,vi5ne 7ab\t ,a4,d4 #dgj71 :o appo9t$ litanies or rogations to be said1 at a "t :5 ! p ( 8 city 7 9 great t]ror by reason ( a sev]e e>?quake & a conflagration consequ5t !reupon4 ,! %ak5 walls & ! de/ruction ( public build+s1 z vividly describ$ by ,sidonius ,apoll9>is1 may h sugge/$ practical reasons = ! litanies be+ *ant$ out ( doors4 ,! practice ( ,rogations soon spread ?r\gh ! :ole ( ,gaul1 & 9 ! ,c\ncil ( ,orleans 7,a4,d4 #eaa71 :]e ?irty-two bi%ops 7 pres5t1 ! ?ree days' fa/1 ) ,rogations1 0 enjo9$ ^u all _! *ur*es4 ,9 ,engl&1 ! practice ( obs]v+ ! ,rogations _h evid5tly be5 long e/abli%$ :5 ! ,c\ncil ( ,clove%oe 7,a4,d4 #gdg7 enjo9$ x #8accord+ to ! cu/om ( our pr$ecessors4' ,at ,rome1 9 ! op9ion ( ,baillet1 & rec5tly ( ,du*esne1 ! ,rogation days 7 n introduc$ till ab\t ,a4,d4 #hjjabg4 ,9 ! ,ea/ !re is no?+ correspond+ to ! ,rogation ,days2 & ! ord9>y fa/ ( ,w$nesday is on ! ,w$nesday be=e ,asc5sion ,day relax$ by a disp5sation = oil1 w9e1 & fi%2 = 9 ! ,ea/ ! dies pr(e/us commonly possesses some?+ ( a fe/al "*1 anticipatory ( ! morr[4 ,9 ! ,anglo-,saxon ,*ronicle ! t]m #8gang-days' is us$ m ?an once = ! ,rogation days2 & 9 ! ,laws ( ,a!l/an we f9d #8gang-days' & #8gang-week4' ,! "n orig9at$ 9 ! walk+ 9 procession on ^! days4 ,! ,fa/s ( ! ,f\r ,seasons 7jejunia quatuor temporum74 ,! e>lie/ di/9ct ref]5ce to ^! fa/s is to be f\nd 9 ! ,s]mons ( ,pope ,leo ,i 7,a4,d4 #ddj-dfa71 :o speaks ( ! spr+ fa/ be+ 9 ,l5t1 ! summ] fa/ #89 ,p5teco/1' ! autumn fa/ 9 ! sev5?1 & ! w9t] fa/ 9 ! t5? mon?4 ,f ,/ ,leo we also le>n t ! fa/ 0 on ,w$nesday & ,friday1 & t on ! ,saturday a vigil 0 obs]v$ at ,/ ,pet]'s#abh4 ,! obs]vance is *>act]i/ically ,roman1 & is f\nd at fir/ only at ,rome1 & 9 ,*ur*es 9 imm$iate dep5d5ce on ,rome4 ,du*esne holds t ! weeks 9 :i* ^! fa/s occurr$ diff]$ f o!r weeks ma9ly 9 ! rig\r ( ! fa/1 i4e4 #8! sub/itution ( a real fa/ = ! half-fa/ ( ! ord9>y /ations4' ,& he adds ! sugge/ion t on ! ,w$nesday ( ! ,f\r ,seasons1 if n on ! ,friday1 ! ,eu*>i/ 0 f ! outset celebrat$#abi4 ,9 ,engl& ! ,c\ncil ( ,clove%oe 7,a4,d4 #gdg7 enjo9s t no "o %\ld neglect #8! fa/s ( ! f\r?1 sev5?1 & t5? mon?4' ,! omission ( any notice ( ! ,emb] days 9 ,l5t w be notic$ lat] on4 ,9 ! ,*ur*es ( ,gaul we d n f9d ! ,emb] days e/abli%$ long be=e ! "t ( ,*>lemagne4 ,at fir/ we f9d no trace ( a connexion betwe5 ! ,emb] seasons & ! hold+ ( ord9ations2 &1 z is obs]v$ by ,dr ,s9k]1 #8ev]y?+ po9ts to ! conclusion t ! solemnity atta*+ to ! seasons l$ to _! be+ *os5 z fitt+ times = ! rite#acj4' ,! ,sacram5t>y t is kn[n z ,/ ,leo's exhibits #8prop]s' = masses ( ! fa/s 9 ! f\r?1 sev5?1 & t5? mon?s1 i4e4 ,june1 ,septemb] & ,decemb]#aca2 & f ^! we c ga!r t on #8! fe/ival ( ! fa/s' assemblies & processions _h be5 made on ! ,w$nesdays & ,fridays1 & a vigil 7) ! ,eu*>i/7 held on ! ,saturdays4 ,9 ^! !re is n only no ref]5ce to ord9ations ( ! cl]gy1 b also no ref]5ce t w\ld sugge/ ! special int5tion & significance ( ^! days ( fa/+4 ,! conjecture is n unreasonable t !re 0 ! desire to d$icate 9 p5it5ce ! ye> 9 its f\r sev]al p>ts to ! s]vice ( ,god2 b nei!r ! hi/ory nor ! lit]ature ( ! e>ly ,*ur* is decisive 9 confirm+ ! conjecture4 ,! practice ( ! ,*ur* at ,rome spread gradually1 ) "s v>ieties z to ! p>ticul> weeks 9 :i* ! ?ree days ( fa/+ 7 obs]v$4 ,= ,engl& ! notices ( ! ,emb] days are e>li] ?an !y are = ,france4 ,at fir/1 at ,rome1 ! spr+ fa/ seems to h be5 9 ! fir/ week 9 ,m>*1 b aft]w>ds always 9 ,l5t4 ,& z soon z x came to be obs]v$ 9 ,l5t x w\ld 7z reg>ds ! fa/7 require no special injunction4 ,?is may p]haps acc\nt = ! omission ( any m5tion ( ! fa/ ( ! fir/ mon? 9 ! canon ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,clove%oe ref]r$ to above4 ,! fix+ ( ! p>ticul> days n[ obs]v$ 9 ! ,we/ is g5]ally assign$ to ab\t ! close ( ! elev5? c5tury2 b 9 ,engl&1 z late z ,a4,d4 #abbb1 ! ,c\ncil ( ,ox=d /ill speaks ( ! fa/ 9 ! fir/ week 9 ,m>*#acb4 ,9 ! ,ea/]n ,*ur* !re is no?+ correspond+ to ! fa/s ( ! ,f\r ,seasons4 ,!re is "s unc]ta9ty z to ! etymology ( our ,engli% phrase #8,emb] ,days4' ,! weight ( au?ority is 9 fav\r ( ! d]ivation f ! ,old ,engli% words ymb1 #8ab\t1' #8r\nd1' & ryne1 #8c\rse1' #8runn+'2 b ! ,new ,engli% ,diction>y 7,ox=d7 adds t x is n :olly impossible t ! ^w may h be5 due to popul> etymology work+ ^u "s vulg> ,lat9 corruption ( quatuor tempora1 z ! ,g]man quatemb]1 #8emb] tide4' ,,ii4 ,ea/]n ,*ur*es4 ,! fa/s be=e ! ,nativity & ,ea/] h be5 treat$ ( "u ,adv5t & ,l5t4 ,9 ! ,greek ,*ur* ! season be=e ,ea/] is call$ #8! great ,tess>ako/e1' = ! ^w ,tess>ako/e is also appli$ to ?ree o!r p5it5tial seasons1 7#a7 to ! fa/ be=e ! ,"l's ,nativity1 7#b7 ! fa/ ( ! ,apo/les 7,pet] & ,paul71 & 7#c7 ! fa/ ( ! ,assumption ( ! ,!otokos4 ,b1 ?\gh ! ^w ,tess>ako/e is appli$ to ea* ( ^!1 !re is no app>5t connexion betwe5 ! numb] =ty & ! numb] ( days obs]v$ z fa/+-days2 & ?is is notably ! case 9 reg>d to ! ?ird & f\r?4 ,! fa/ ( ! ,apo/les ext5ds = a v>iable numb] ( days f ! ,monday aft] ! ,sunday ( ,all ,sa9ts 7i4e4 ! fir/ ,sunday aft] ,p5teco/7 to ,june #bh1 bo? inclusive4 ,exam9ation w %[ t ! int]val betwe5 ^! two limits c v r>ely am\nt to =ty days2 & :5 ,ea/] falls at its late/ possible date 7,april #be7 ! fir/ ,sunday aft] ,p5teco/ is ,june #bj1 s t ! ,tess>ako/e ( ! ,apo/les w\ld 9 t case be only eight days 9 l5g?4 ,! l5g? ( ! ,tess>ako/e ( ! ,assumption is fix$1 & ext5ds only f ,aug4 #a to ,aug4 #ad4 ,x w\ld appe> !n t ! t]m ,tess>ako/e has come 9 practice to signify simply a fa/ ( a numb] ( days1 & has lo/ all ref]5ce to ! numb] #dj4 ,! ,exaltation ( ! ,cross 7,sept4 #ad71 al?\gh reg>d$ z a fe/ival 77 ( ! highe/ dignity1 is obs]v$ z a /rict fa/4 ,! same is true ( ! ,decollation ( ! ,=]unn] 7,aug4 #bi71 because ( #8! murd] ( him :o is great] ?an all ! prophets4' ,:5 x is rememb]$ t all ,w$nesdays z well z ,fridays are fa/+ days1 x w n be a surprise to be told t ! fa/+ days ( ! ,greek ,*ur* am\nt 9 ea* ye> to "s #aij 9 numb]4 ,! ,arm5ians on fa/-days ab/a9 f fle%1 milk1 butt]1 eggs1 & oil4 ,e day 9 ,l5t except ,sundays is kept z a fa/4 ,among peculi> obs]vances is 7#a7 ! ,fa/ ( ,n9eveh1 = two weeks comm5c+ 9 ! week be=e our ,septuagesima4 ,x is call$ by ! ,arm5ians ,arats*avor-atz1 mean+1 x is said1 #8prec$+ ab/95ce1' & ?is t]m has tak5 %ape among ! ,greeks z #8,artziburion4' ,9 ! frequ5t controv]sies betwe5 ! ,greeks & ,arm5ians ! =m] d5\nce ?is fa/ z execrable & satanic4 7#b7 ,! ,arm5ians also obs]ve z a fa/ ! week aft] ,p5teco/4 ,x has be5 ma9ta9$ t 9 e>ly times ?is fa/ 0 obs]v$ 9 ! week be=e ,p5teco/1 & t aft]w>ds1 9 compliance ) ! g5]al rule t ! days betwe5 ,ea/] & ,p5teco/ %\ld n be obs]v$ z fa/s1 a *ange 0 made4 ,illu/ration3 ,kal5d> ( ,worce/] ,book 7,octob]7 7,porti=ium ,s4 ,oswaldi47 ,corpus ,*ri/i ,college1 ,cambridge 7,,ms4 #cia74 ,circa ,a4,d4 #ajfd4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,we/]n ,,m$iaeval ,,kal5d>s3 ,,m>tyrologies ,! ^w ,m>tyrology has be5 sometimes appli$ to m]e records ( names plac$ opposite days ( ! mon?1 l ! docum5t :i* goes "u ! "n ( ,lib]ius 7see p4 #ad71 z well z to ! full] & m elaborate acc\nts ( sa9ts & m>tyrs1 ) (t5 some?+ ( biographical detail1 & notices ( "t & place1 & 79 ! case ( m>tyrs7 ! mann] ( ! passions1 su* z are to be f\nd1 = example1 9 ! ,m>tyrology ( ,b$e1 & m p>ticul>ly 9 ! additions ( ,florus1 & ! ,m>tyrologies ( ,ado & ,usu>d4 ,! /udy ( ! ,m>tyrologies is surr\nd$ by _m difficulties4 ,!y 7 aga9 & aga9 copi$1 & re-h&l$4 ,x dem&s mu* k & critical acum5 to sev] f ! docum5ts z !y h come d[n to u lat] additions1 s t we may get at :at may reasonably be reg>d$ z ! orig9al texts4 ,su* "w is always att5d$ ) consid]able unc]ta9ty1 & s*ol>s are (t5 divid$ 9 op9ion z to ! results#acc4 ,! influ5ce ( ! lat] ,m>tyrologies ^u ! m$iaeval ,kal5d>s ( ! ,we/ is m>k$4 ,b$e's valuable "w is ! outcome ( hone/ & pati5t rese>*2 _m days1 h[ev]1 7 left blank--an (f5ce to ! pr(essional ,m>tyrologi/4 ,x 0 mu* enl>g$1 ab\t "o hundr$ ye>s aft] 8 dea?1 by "o ,florus1 :o 7) "s diff]5ces ( op9ion7 is g5]ally suppos$ to h be5 a sub-deacon ( ,lyons4 ,ado1 bi%op ( ,vi5ne1 "s tw5ty or ?irty ye>s lat] ?an ,florus1 prep>$ an ext5sive ,m>tyrology1 :i*1 toge!r ) ! "w ( ,florus1 0 9 turn utilis$ & abridg$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #hge by ,usu>d1 a prie/ & ,b5$ict9e monk ( ! mona/]y ( ,/ ,g]ma9-des-,prs1 !n outside ! walls ( ,p>is1 :o und]took 8 "w at ! in/ance ( ! ,emp]or ,*>les ! ,bald4 ,! book :5 complet$ 0 d$icat$ to ! ,emp]or2 & be=e long ,usu>d's ,m>tyrology came 9 g5]al to sup]s$e previ\s attempts ( ! same k9d4 ,its influ5ce on subsequ5t m$iaeval ,kal5d>s is unmi/akeable4 ,usu>d came to be adopt$ almo/ univ]sally = use4 ,9 mona/]ies & ca!dral *ur*es x 0 a common practice to read al\d ea* day1 sometimes 9 *apt]1 sometimes 9 *oir1 aft] ,prime1 ! "p ( ! ,m>tyrology :i* _h ref]5ce to ! commemorations ( ! day or ( ! foll[+ day1 toge!r ) notices ( obits & anniv]s>ies ( memb]s ( ! ecclesia/ical corporation & ( b5efactors1 :i* on ! foll[+ day w\ld be obs]v$4 ,inde$1 9 lat] times ! "n ,m>tyrology is n infrequ5tly appli$ to ! m]e li/s ( su* obits & anniv]s>ies4 ,! m$iaeval m>tyrologies are g5]ally ,usu>d's1 b !y h local additions4 ,! /ud5t :o desires to "k some?+ ( o!r e>ly ,m>tyrologies1 su* z t :i* is call$ ! ,hi]onymian1 ! ,less] ,roman1 & ! ,m>tyrology ( ,rabanus1 bi%op ( ,ma9z1 may consult ,kelln] 7pp4 #dja-daj7 & ,mr ,birk's article1 ,m>tyrology1 9 ,d4 ,c4 ,a4 ,s9ce ! publication ( ! latt] article ! ,h5ry ,brad%aw ,society has issu$1 "u ! compet5t editor%ip ( ,mr ,:itley ,/okes1 ! metrical ,m>tyrology ( ,o5gus ! ,culdee 7ab\t ,a4,d4 #hjj7 & ! metrical ,m>tyrology ( ,gorman 7latt] "p ( ! twelf? c5tury71 :i* are ( mu* value 9 illu/rat+ ! hagiology ( ! ,iri% ,*ur*4 ,! scanty mat]ials = ! /udy ( ,scotti% m$iaeval ,kal5d>s 7all ( !m late7 h be5 ga!r$ toge!r by ,bi%op ,a4 ,p4 ,=bes 9 8 ,kal5d>s ( ,scotti% ,sa9ts1 #ahgb4 ,! ,m>tiloge 9 ,englys%e pr9t$ by ,wynkyn de ,worde 7#aebf7 & repr9t$ by ! ,h5ry ,brad%aw ,society 7#ahic7 is ! ,m>tyrology ( ! ,*ur* ( ,s>um1 ) _m additions4 ,by ! t5? c5tury ! g5]al features ( ,kal5d>s ?r\gh\t ,europe are sub/antially id5tical z reg>ds ! great] days ( obs]vance4 ,b diff]5ces1 (t5 ( mu* int]e/1 arise ?r\gh diff]5t *ur*es commemorat+ sa9ts ( local or national celebrity4 ,x (t5 happ5s t by ?is means alone we are able to det]m9e1 or to conjecture ) consid]able probability1 ! place or region :]e "s liturgical manuscript _h its orig94 ,:5 we f9d 9 a ,kal5d> a l>ge proportion ( m or less obscure sa9ts belong+ to ! ,rh9e valley1 we may be confid5t t ! manuscript belongs to t region ( ,g]many4 ,:5 an ,engli% ,kal5d> conta9s no notice ( ,/ ,osmund we may be sure t x did n orig9ate at ,salisbury4 ,:5 we f9d ,/ ,m>g>et on ,nov4 #af1 ,/ ,fillan on ,jan4 #i1 ,/ ,triduana on ,oct4 #h1 & ,/ ,regulus on ,m>* #cj1 !re is an ov]:elm+ probability t ! manuscript belongs to ,scotl&4 ,9 ! ,kal5d> ( ,york we f9d ,/ ,aidan 7,aug4 #ca71 ,/ ,hilda ( ,:itby 7,aug4 #be71 & ,/ ,paul9us1 ! ar*bi%op 7,oct4 #aj71 b ^! are all want+ to ! ,s>um ,kal5d>4 ,/ ,kunnegund1 ! ,g]man ,empress1 :o di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #ajdj1 figures l>gely 9 ,g]man ,kal5d>s4 ,sometimes we f9d m>k$ n only h] obit1 b h] canonization1 & h] translation2 & at ,bamb]g ! octave ( h] translation 0 obs]v$4 ,outside ,g]many %e is all b unkn[n4 ,/ ,l\is is naturally an important p]sonage 9 ,fr5* ,kal5d>s2 & he appe>s z f> nor? z ! ,kal5d>s ( ,sc&9avia4 ,he nev] obta9$ a place 9 any ( ! lead+ #8uses' ( ,engl&4 ,on ! o!r h&1 at an e>li] date cont95tal influ5ces on ecclesia/ical affairs 7n unkn[n be=e ! ,conque/7 became pot5t :5 ,norman *ur*m5 p\r$ into ?is c\ntry aft] ,a4,d4 #ajff1 & obta9$ places ( ! highe/ dignity4 ,x is ?us probably t ,/ ,batildis1 wife ( ,clovis ,,ii 7,jan4 #cj71 ,/ ,sulpicius1 bi%op ( ,b\rges 7,jan4 #ag71 ,/ ,m$>d1 bi%op ( ,noyon1 ) ,/ ,gild>d1 bi%op ( ,r\5 7,june #h71 & ,/ ,&o51 ano!r bi%op ( ,r\5 7,aug4 #bd71 obta9$ days 9 our ,engli% ,kal5d>s4 ,all ^! are abs5t f ! ,anglo-,saxon ,kal5d>s pr9t$ by ,hampson#acd4 ,aga91 occasionally a ,*ur* ,kal5d> exhibits features :i* may be attribut$ to m]ely accid5tal circum/ances4 ,relics ( "s sa9t belong+ to ano!r & di/ant region may happ5 to h be5 pres5t$ to "s *ur*2 & !reupon 8 "n is ins]t$ 9 its ,kal5d>s4 ,x is ?us1 ) mu* probability1 t ,mr ,w>r5 acc\nts = ! appe>ance ( ! names ( "o nor!rn bi%op & two nor!rn abbots--,aidan1 bi%op ( ,l9disf>ne1--,b5$ict1 fir/ abbot1 & ,ceolfri?1 second abbot ( ,we>m\?--9 ! ,kal5d> ( ! ,le(ric ,missal4 ,9 ,william ( ,malmesbury1 we read t 9 ,a4,d4 #gjc relics ( ^! sa9ts 7 br\ght to ,gla/onbury4 ,& 9 ! case ( two ( ^!1 ,aidan 7,aug4 #ca7 & ,ceolfri? 7,sept4 #be71 ! ,le(ric ,kal5d> adds to ea* "n ! ^w1 #89 ,glae/onia4' ,o!r evid5ce makes x all b c]ta9 t ,gla/onbury & its hi/ory affect$ ! ,le(ric ,kal5d>4 ,at ,cologne1 :i* claims to possess ! heads ( ! ,?ree ,k+s1 "o _c wond] t _! ,translation 7,july #bc7 is a #8summum fe/um4' ,9 ! ,kal5d>s ( ! ,or?odox ,*ur* ( ! ,ea/ ! deposition ( relics is frequ5tly ! occasion ( ! annual commemoration ( ! ev5t1 & ! ins]tion ( a fe/ival 9 ! ,m5ology4 ,9 all c\ntries translations ( ! bodies ( sa9ts are f\nd ent]$2 & :5 ! dates ( su* translations are kn[n f hi/ory1 we are at once enabl$ to say ( any p>ticul> manuscript s]vice-book t ! ,kal5d>1 9 :i* "s p>ticul> translation is m>k$ prima manu1 0 writt5 aft] ! kn[n date4 ,on ! o!r side1 :5 we f9d any important fe/ival abs5t1 or1 z is frequ5tly ! case1 ins]t$ 9 a lat] h&writ+1 ! /rong presumption is rais$ t ! orig9al ,kal5d> belongs to a "t be=e ! e/abli%m5t ( ! fe/ival4 ,?us1 ! abs5ce ( ! ,conception ( ,/ ,m>y 7,dec4 #h7 f a ,kal5d> sugge/s t x is e>li] ?an ! la/ qu>t] ( ! elev5? c5tury2 :ile ! appe>ance ( ,corpus ,*ri/i goes to det]m9e a ,kal5d> to be lat] ?an ,a4,d4 #abfj4 ,f :at has be5 said1 x w se5 t1 ev5 ap>t f ! /yle ( ! h&writ+1 ! =mation ( ! v>i\s lett]s1 ! mann] ( punctuation1 & o!r palaeographical indications1 ! m]e cont5ts ( a ,kal5d> w (t5 help ! /ud5t to make a good conjecture z to bo? ! place ( ! orig9 ( a manuscript & ! "t :5 x 0 p5n$4 ,illu/ration3 ,kal5d> ( ,durham ,psalt] 7,septemb]7 ,jesus ,college1 ,cambridge 7,,ms4 ,q4 ,b4 #f74 ,c5t4 xii4 ,z reg>ds ! p>ticul> ,*ur* = ! use ( :i* any ,kal5d> 0 int5d$1 att5tion %\ld be direct$ n only to ! appe>ance ( c]ta9 fe/ivals1 b to ! rank & dignity ( ! fe/ivals1 :i* are (t5 indicat$ by "s su* notes z #8pr9cipal1' #8( ix ,lessons1' #8( iii ,lessons1' #8great] d\ble1' #8less] d\ble1' or "s o!r t]m ( classification#ace4 ,classification 9 cont95tal ,kal5d>s is (t5 o!rwise express$#acf4 ,9 ! ,kal5d> ( ! ,missal ( ,we/m9/] ,abbey ! dignity ( ! great] fe/ivals is m>k$ by indicat+ ! numb] ( copes 7v>y+ f two to eight7 :i* 7 to be us$1 z has be5 ?\ght1 by ! monks :o sang ! ,invitatory to ,v5ite at ,matt9s4 ,no "o w be surpris$ to le>n t at ,we/m9/] ! ,fea/ ( ,/ ,edw>d ! ,confessor 7,jan4 #e71 & 8 ,translation 7,oct4 #ac7 are m>k$ #8viii cape1' a dignity :i* is rea*$ only 9 ! cases ( ,/ ,pet] & ,/ ,paul1 ! ,assumption1 ,all ,sa9ts1 & ,*ri/mas3 :ile 9 ! ,s>um ,kal5d> ,/ ,edw>d is m>k$ on ,jan4 #e only by a #8memory1' & 8 ,translation is b a #8l[] d\ble4' ,at ,holyrood ,abbey1 ne> ,ed9burgh1 ,holy ,cross ,day 0 naturally "o ( ! greate/ fe/ivals ( ! ye>1 :ile 9 ! ,ab]de5 ,brevi>y ! ,inv5tion ( ! ,cross & ! ,exaltation 7 bo? #8less] d\bles4' ,at ,h]e=d1 ,?omas ( ,h]e=d 7,oct4 #b7 0 a #8pr9cipal fea/1' & s 0 8 ,translation 7,oct4 #be72 nei!r day appe>s 9 ! ,s>um ,kal5d>4 ,! ,translation ( ! ,?ree ,k+s1 already ref]r$ to1 :i* is a #8summum fe/um' at ,cologne1 is all b unkn[n else:]e4 ,^! examples w suffice = our purpose4 ,x rema9s to notice entries ( o!r k9ds n uncommon 9 m$iaeval ,kal5d>s4 ,!re are notices ( :at ,i may call an antiqu>ian k9d1 :i* did n at all1 or b seldom1 affect ! s]vice ( ! day1 b :i* are n )\t an int]e/ ( _! own4 ,?us1 su* entries z ! foll[+ are n uncommon4 #8,! fir/ day ( ! _w' 7,m>* #ah72 #8,adam 0 creat$' 7,m>* #bc72 #8,noah ent]$ ! ark' 7,m>* #ag72 #8,! ,resurrection ( ! ,"l' 7,m>* #bg71 by :i* is meant t ! actual resurrection ( ! ,savi\r took place on ?is day ( ! mon?1 9 ! ye> 9 :i* ! ,"l 0 crucifi$4 ,?is assign$ date is ( great antiquity4 ,we f9d x 9 ,t]tullian 7adv4 ,judaeos c4 #h72 & lat] x 0 accept$ by ,hippolytus & ,augu/9e1 & x is frequ5t 9 ! ,kal5d>s ( ! e>ly m$iaeval p]iod4 ,9 ! ,s>um ,kal5d> x is m>k$ z a pr9cipal fea/ ( ?ree lessons1 b !re is no s]vice answ]+ to ! day 9 ! ,brevi>y4 ,we f9d #8,noah comes =? f ! ark' 7,april #bi72 #8,! devil dep>ts f ! ,"l' 7,feb4 #ae72 #8,! ,asc5sion ( ! ,"l' 7,may #e72 ?is la/ m5tion$ day is pla9ly a coroll>y to ! date assign$ to ! ,resurrection1 b x is n s frequ5tly ins]t$ 9 ! ,kal5d>s4 ,we may pass )\t comm5t entries ( a/ronomical int]e/1 su* z #8,sol 9 aqu>io1' #8,sol 9 piscibus1' & su* l2 ! sol/ices & ! equ9oxes2 ! days :5 ! f\r seasons began2 & su* wea!r-notes z ! dates :5 ! dog-days 7dies canicul>es7 began & end$4 ,x w be obs]v$ t !re 0 at lea/ anci5t prec$5t = :at gave (f5ce to ,bi%op ,wr5 :5 he wrote ( ! ,kal5d> ( ! ,book ( ,common ,pray]1 #8,out ) ! dog-days f among ! ,sa9ts4' ,"s ( ! features j notic$ cont9u$ to make _! appe>ance 9 v>i\s ,engli% ,kal5d>s aft] ! ,re=mation4 ,! ,kal5d>1 inde$1 ( ! ,pray] ,book ( #aedi looks to our eyes s+ul>ly b>e1 ) no days m>k$ o!r ?an :at we call ! r$-lett] fe/ivals4 ,9 #aeeb1 ! #8dog-days' reappe>1 & also ! a/ronomical notes z to dates ( ! sun's entrance into ! v>i\s signs ( ! zodiac4 ,to ^! are add$1 = reasons ( practical conv5i5ce1 ! ,t]m days4 ,! ,pray] ,book ( #aeei adds fur!r ! h\rs ( ! ris+ & sett+ ( ! sun at ! beg9n+ ( ea* mon?4 ,9 ! ,prim] ( ,edw>d ,,vi 7#aeec7 ! names ( a v l>ge numb] ( ! old ,sa9ts' ,days are introduc$1 & ! conv5i5t rem9d] ( #8,fi%' is plac$ at ! days prec$+ ! ,purification1 ,/ ,mat?ias1 ! ,annunciation1 ,/ ,john ,bapti/1 ,/ ,pet]1 ,/ ,james1 ,/ ,b>?olomew1 ,/ ,mat!w1 ,/ ,simon & ,/ ,jude1 ,all ,sa9ts1 ,/ ,&rew1 ,/ ,?omas1 & ,*ri/mas4 ,?is ,kal5d> also1 aft] ! mann] ( _m m$iaeval ,kal5d>s1 m>ks ! fir/ possible day = ,ea/]1 & #8fir/ ( ! ,asc5sion1' #8utt]mo/ ,asc5sion1' #8fir/ ,p5teco/1' #8utt]mo/ ,p5teco/4' ,9 "s ( ! unau?oris$ books ( devotion issu$ 9 ,elizabe?'s reign we f9d "s ( ! dates inf]r$ rightly or wrongly f ! ,scripture hi/ory1 :i* _h long be=e appe>$ 9 m$iaeval ,kal5d>s1 su* z days connect$ ) ,noah's /ory1 ! ,passion1 ,resurrection1 & ,asc5sion ( ! ,"l2 & to ^! _m o!r days ( hi/orical int]e/ are add$#acg4 ,9 _m ( ! m$iaeval ,kal5d>s we f9d ent]$ at ,jan4 #bh1 ,m>* #aa1 & ,april #ae1 respectively1 ! words #8,claves ,quadragesimae1' #8,claves ,pas*ae1' & #8,claves ,rogationum4' ,! numb] ( days to be c\nt$ f ea* ( ^! dates to ! beg9n+ ( ,l5t1 to ,ea/]1 & to ! ,rogation ,days1 v>y+ accord+ to ! place :i* any giv5 ye> occupies 9 ! ,cycle ( ,gold5 ,numb]s1 may be f\nd ) ! help ( a table prefix$ to ! ,kal5d>4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ! #8t]m9us' ( ! key nev] falls on ! day ( ! fa/ or fe/ival s\ght1 & if ! t]m9us ( ! key = ,ea/] falls on a ,sunday1 ,ea/] is ! foll[+ ,sunday4 ,sev]al ( ! old ,kal5d>s exhibit ! days on :i* #8! mon?s ( ! ,egyptians' & #8! mon?s ( ! ,greeks' beg91 ) ! names ( ^! sev]al mon?s4 ,9 "s e>ly ,engli% ,kal5d>s ! ,saxon names ( ! mon?s are also ins]t$4 ,?is feature may h be5 ( use to hi/orical /ud5ts1 b hav+ no be>+ on ecclesia/ical life 9 ! ,we/ x is pass$ ov] "h )\t fur!r notice4 ,= a simil> reason we d n describe ! v]ses frequ5tly ins]t$ at ! v>i\s mon?s1 ) advice z to agricultural op]ations1 blood-lett+1 rules ( heal?1 & ! unlucky1 or ,egyptian days4 ,occasionally atta*$ to e>ly ,kal5d>s & ,m>tyrologies is to be f\nd ! ,horologium or ,%ad[-clock--a set ( rules = det]m9+1 9 a r\gh way1 ! h\r ( ! day by measur+ "o's own %ad[ on ! gr\nd#ach4 ,! mod]n ,roman ,m>tyrology 0 prec$$ t[>ds ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury & 9 ! sixte5? c5tury by sev]al attempts to provide :at 0 ?\ght to be a m s]viceable "w ?an t ( ,usu>d4 ,among ! m rem>kable ( ^! are ! ,m>tyrology ( ! ,italian ma!matician ,francesco ,maurolico1 & t ( ,pietro ,gales9i1 publi%$ fir/ at ,milan 9 ! ye> #aegg4 ,! latt] "w _h ! effect ( mak+ manife/ t !re 0 ne$ = ! correction ( ! ,roman ,m>tyrology4 ,gregory ,,xiii appo9t$ a commission to deal ) ! subject4 ,! result ( ! lab\rs ( ! commission 0 pr9t$ 9 #aehd4 ,fur!r corrections 7 made by ,c>d9al ,b>onius2 & ! "w z revis$ by him is 9 sub/ance ! mod]n ,roman ,m>tyrology#aci4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,ea/] ,,& ,,! ,,moveable ,,commemorations ,i4 ,pas*al ,controv]sies prior to ! ,c\ncil ( ,nicaea4 ,! commemoration ( ! ,pas*a is ! fir/ annual ,*ri/ian solemnity ) :i* hi/ory makes u acqua9t$4 ,& x w be well t ! /ud5t %\ld be> 9 m9d t ! t]m #8,pas*a' 0 us$ 9 e>ly times to signify1 m p>ticul>ly1 n ,ea/] 7= :i* x 0 us$ 9 lat] times71 b ! day ( ! ,"l's ,crucifixion1 m commonly )\t1 & sometimes toge!r )1 ! succe$+ two days1 includ+ ! day ( ! ,resurrection4 ,b mo/ commonly ! ^w is employ$ 9 ! e>li] lit]ature ( ! subject to signify ! commemoration ( ! day ( ! ,crucifixion1 :i* 0 g5]ally held to h correspond$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,passion to ! day ^u :i* ! ,pas*al lamb 0 sacrific$ 9 ! ,jewi% ritual#adj4 ,x is sc>cely possible to conceive t1 ev5 if ! ,*ri/ian religion _h tak5 its rise 9 circum/ances altoge!r dissimil> f ^? amid :i* z a matt] ( hi/ory x actually em]g$1 !re w\ld h be5 no commemoration ( su* great ev5ts z ! dea? & ris+ aga9 ( its ,f\nd]4 ,b ! fir/ disciples ( ,*ri/ be+ ,hebrews1 & _! conv]ts at fir/ be+ also 9 a l>ge measure ,hebrews1 x 0 inevitable t ! great ,hebrew fe/ival ( ! ,passov] %\ld take to itself a new col\r+ & a new significance 9 ,*ri/ian ?\ght4 ,?us we f9d ,/ ,paul speak+ ( ,*ri/ z #8our ,pas*a' 7i4e4 ,pas*al victim71 :i* #8ha? be5 sacrific$ = u' 7#a ,cor4 v4 #g74 ,& he adds1 #8!re=e let u keep ! fea/ 7or keep fe/ival7 n ) ! old leav51 nei!r ) ! leav5 ( malice & wick$ness1 b ) ! unleav5$ bread ( s9c]ity & tru?4' ,x w\ld inde$ be unw>rantable to inf] f ?is passage t a ,*ri/ian ,pas*a 0 actually obs]v$ z a fe/ival at ! "t :5 ,/ ,paul wrote to ! ,cor9?ians4 ,b x is obvi\s t ! passage is /eep$ 9 rem9isc5ces ( ! ,hebrew fe/ival1 & t ^! are already receiv+ a new complexion & a new mean+4 ,! obs]vance ( ! ,*ri/ian ,pas*a fir/ comes into m>k$ prom95ce ab\t ! middle ( ! second c5tury4 ,at t date x 0 ev]y:]e a recognis$ in/itution ( ! ,*ur*2 b !re 7 diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,*ur*es ( proconsul> ,asia 7! ,asia ( ! sev5 ,*ur*es ( ! ,apocalypse7 & ! ,*ur* at ,rome & 9 o!r places1 z to ! p>ticul> day ^u :i* ! commemoration %\ld be obs]v$4 ,! evid5ce ) reg>d to ! e>ly /ages ( ! dispute is scanty4 ,su* details z we possess are n free f obscurity & h be5 v>i\sly int]pret$4 ,9 a "w l ! pres5t volume we c d no m ?an lay be=e ! /ud5t ! results :i* seem to u to h ! great] weight ( probability 9 _! fav\r4 ,! ,asiatics1 x w\ld seem1 began to celebrate ! fe/ival ( ! ,pas*a on ! f\rte5? day ( ! moon ( ! ,hebrew mon? ,nisan1 ! day ^u :i* ! ,jews put away all leav5 f _! h\ses & slew ! lamb ( ! ,passov]4 ,on ! :ole1 ! evid5ce seems to make = ! ,asiatic ,*ri/ians t]m9at+ ! prec$+ fa/ on ! ev5+ ( t day1 & on ! same ev5+ celebrat+ ! ,pas*al fea/ consi/+ ( ! ,eu*>i/1 accompani$1 p]haps1 by ! ,agape4 ,x 0 on ! f\rte5? ,nisan1 accord+ to ! prevail+ ,asiatic belief1 t ! ,"l suff]$ dea? ^u ! cross1 & 9 ,8 sacrifice became ! true repres5tative ( ! ,pas*al lamb :i* _h be5 8 antitype4 ,=eign z x mu/ be to u ) our habits ( ?\ght to conceive ( a fe/ival be+ kept on ! day ( ! ,crucifixion 7t is1 on ! ev5+ :i* 0 reg>d$ z ! beg9n+ ( ! foll[+ day71 we mu/ suppose t ! realisation ( ! bless+s ( ! r$emption pur*as$ by ! ,savi\r's blood ov]ton$ 7to borr[ a t]m f ! art ( music7 ! imag9ative pres5tm5t ( ! hi/orical suff]+s ( ! ,cross4 ,our own ,engli% t]m1 #8,good ,friday1' seems to h orig9at$ ) a simil> way ( reg>d+ ! facts#ada4 ,f :at has be5 said1 x w be app>5t t1 z ! f\rte5? day ( ! moon might fall ^u any day 9 ! week1 ! commemoration ( ! ,resurrection1 ?ree days lat]1 might also fall ^u any day ( ! week4 ,at ,rome1 & 9 v>i\s o!r places1 ! fe/ival ( ! ,resurrection 0 always obs]v$ on a ,sunday1 because x 0 on ! fir/ day ( ! week t ! ,savi\r rose f ! dead4 ,! ,asiatics laid /ress on ! day ( ! mon?--! lun> mon?--on :i* ! ,savi\r suff]$3 ! ,roman ,*ur* insi/$ t ! six? day ( ! week1 ,friday1 0 ! prop] day = commemorat+ ! ,crucifixion1 & t ! foll[+ ,sunday %\ld be kept z ! fea/ ( ! ,resurrection4 ,^? :o made ! f\rte5? day ( ! moon to be necess>ily ! day = ! celebration ( ! ,pas*a 7 kn[n z #8,qu>todecimans#adb4' ,! dispute 0 fur!r complicat$ by ! diff]5ce ) reg>d to ! obs]vance ( ! fa/4 ,! ,asiatics t]m9at$ _! fa/ on ! ev5+ ( ! day ( ! ,crucifixion4 ,! ,romans cont9u$ x till ! morn+ ( ! day ( ! ,resurrection4 ,! ,asiatics claim$ ,/ ,john & ,/ ,philip1 ! ,apo/les1 z ! orig9ators ( ! usage :i* !y foll[$2 & at ! close ( ! second c5tury !y 7 able to recite a long li/ ( holy bi%ops & m>tyrs :o _h nev] deviat$ f ! practice ( _! ,*ur*es4 ,x 0 "s "t ab\t ! middle ( ! second c5tury t ,/ ,polyc>p1 bi%op ( ,smyrna1 ! p]sonal disciple ( ,/ ,john1 visit$ ,rome1 & conf]r$ ) ,anicetus1 ! bi%op ( t city1 on ?is & o!r subjects4 ,on ! ,pas*al "q nei!r bi%op 0 conv9c$ by ! o!r2 b x 0 agre$ t on su* a matt] x 0 n ess5tial t !re %\ld be uni=mity4 ,! discussion 0 c>ri$ on ) mod]ation1 ! two bi%ops receiv$ ! ,eu*>i/ toge!r1 & ,anicetus1 #8out ( rev]5ce' = ,polyc>p p]mitt$ him to act z celebrant 9 8 *ur*#adc4 ,! subject ( ! prop] "t = obs]v+ ! ,*ri/ian ,pas*a cont9u$ to excite discussion2 & betwe5 ,a4,d4 #afd & #aff1 on ! occasion ( disputes at ,laodicea1 a def5ce ( ! practice ( proconsul> ,asia came f ! p5 ( "o ( ! bi%ops ( t region1 ,melito1 bi%op ( ,s>dis4 ,un=tunately no rema9s ( ! "w ( ,melito survive ( su* a k9d z w\ld help u to und]/& ! writ]'s argum5t1 or to cle> ! difficulties :i* surr\nd ! attempt to =m a well assur$ picture ( ! practice ( 8 "p ( ! ,*ri/ian _w4 ,x has inde$ be5 conjectur$ t ! "w ( ,melito 0 direct$ ma9ly aga9/ c]ta9 sect>ies1 p]haps ,ebionites1 :o on ! f\rte5? day ( ,nisan fea/$ aft] ! mann] ( ! ,jews ^u a pas*al lamb4 ,?is practice 0 s di/9ctly ,judai/ic1 t x 0 reject$ ev]y:]e by ! or?odox4 ,( va/ly m importance & significance1 z affect+ ! :ole ,*ur*1 7 incid5ts :i* occurr$ t[>ds ! close ( ! c5tury4 ,victor1 bi%op ( ,rome1 successor next b "o to ,anicetus1 0 a man ( diff]5t temp]2 or1 at all ev5ts1 he atta*$ a mu* high] importance to uni=mity z to ! "t ( obs]v+ ,ea/]4 ,int]e/ 9 ! "q 0 r\s$ 9 v>i\s qu>t]s4 ,c\ncils ( bi%ops 7at ! in/ance ( ,victor7 discuss$ x 9 ,gaul1 9 ,greece1 9 ,pale/9e1 9 ,pontus1 & z f> ea/ z ,osrho5e beyond ! ,euphrates4 ,by ?is "t x 0 f\nd t :at1 = conv5i5ce1 we may /yle ! ,we/]n practice 0 also l>gely foll[$ 9 ! ,ea/4 ,! *ur*es1 h[ev]1 ( proconsul> ,asia /ill ma9ta9$ _! old position4 ,a lett] writt5 by ,polycrates1 bi%op ( ,ephesus1 to ,victor on _! behalf is pres]v$ by ,eusebius#add4 ,victor1 dep>t+ f ! mod]ate policy ( 8 pr$ecessor ,anicetus1 ?\ght ! "t _h come = deal+ m dra/ically ) 8 oppon5ts on ! ,pas*al "q1 & s\ght to cut !m (f f ! communion ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*#ade4 ,victor's attitude call$ =? remon/rances f v>i\s qu>t]s1 & 0 ! occasion ( a rem>kable lett] writt5 by ,ir5aeus1 bi%op ( ,lyons1 9 ! "n ( ! bre?r5 9 ,gaul1 ov] :om he presid$4 ,he decl>es t ! my/]y ( ! ,"l's ,resurrection %\ld inde$ be celebrat$ only on a ,sunday1 yet he /rongly urges ! impropriety ( ,victor's cutt+ (f #8:ole ,*ur*es ( ,god' because ( diff]5ces on su* a matt]4 ,he !n adds t ! controv]sy 0 n only on ! "q z to ! day on :i* ,ea/] %\ld be celebrat$1 b also on ! l5g? & mann] ( ! prec$+ fa/1 v>ieties z to :i* he rec\nts 7see p4 #gi72 & he goes on to rem9d ,victor t bi%ops ( ,rome 9 =m] times1 :ile /rictly pres]v+ _! own usages1 did n break ! peace ( ! ,*ur* by excommunications direct$ aga9/ ^? :o foll[$ o!r ways#adf4 ,lett]s ( simil> purport 7 address$ by ,ir5aeus to v>i\s o!r bi%ops4 ,! result ( ?is int]v5tion 0 t ! ,asiatic ,*ur*es 7 = ! "t left undi/urb$ 9 ! practice ( _! traditional usages4 ,h[ soon ! ,asiatic ,*ur*es fell into l9e ) ! majority is n app>5t4 ,b x seems evid5t t ! *ange _h tak5 place be=e ! ,c\ncil ( ,nicaea4 ,we h se5 t 9 ! attempts to commemorate on ! prop] days ! dea? & resurrection ( ! ,"l1 ! ,asiatics ?\ght mo/ ( ! day ( ! mon?1 & ! ,we/]ns & ^? :o concurr$ ) !m ?\ght mo/ ( ! day ( ! week4 ,b ! latt] p>ty _h obvi\sly to make "s attempt to lay d[n a rule :i* w\ld at lea/ approximate ! date ( _! ,pas*a to ! "t ( ! ye> :5 ! ,"l suff]$4 ,! v]nal equ9ox 0 tak5 by !m1 & by ! ,*ur* ( ,alex&ria1 z ! fix$ po9t to :i* ! date ( ,ea/] %\ld be> "s settl$ relation4 ,x is p]haps impossible to det]m9e ) precision :5 ! rule came to be g5]ally accept$ t ! full moon1 :i* 0 to regulate ! date ( ,ea/]1 0 ! fir/ full moon aft] ! v]nal equ9ox4 ,we f9d t ?is is ! rule :i* gov]ns ! ,pas*al ,tables ( ,hippolytus 7( :i* m w be said h]eaft]71 & we f9d x expressly enjo9$ 9 t anci5t collection ( ,*ur* law :i* goes "u ! "n ( ! ,apo/olic ,canons4 ,! ,tables ( ,hippolytus c1 ) reasonable c]ta9ty1 be assign$ to ,a4,d4 #bbb4 ,9 ! ,apo/olic ,con/itutions1 ! date ( :i* x is impossible to det]m9e ) any close approa* to c]ta9ty#adg1 ! rule runs1 #8,obs]ve ! days ( ! ,pas*a ) all c>e aft] ! v]nal equ9ox1 t ye keep n ! memorial ( ! "o passion twice 9 a ye>4 ,keep x once only 9 a ye> = ,him :o di$ b once#adh4' ,! my/ical reason assign$ "h also appe>s 9 ! lett] ( ! ,emp]or ,con/ant9e1 ann\nc+ ! decision to :i* ! ,nic5e ,c\ncil came ^u ! ,pas*al "q#adi4 ,lat] on ! read] w f9d :at is probably meant by keep+ ! ,pas*a twice 9 ! same ye>#aej4 ,x w\ld n p]haps be fitt+ to pass ov] 9 sil5ce ! attempt made 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! ?ird c5tury by ! ,roman ecclesia/ic1 ,hippolytus1 to con/ruct a cycle :i* w\ld make x possible to pr$ict ! day on :i* ,ea/] w\ld fall 9 any future ye>4 ,z to :o ?is ,hippolytus 01 ,eusebius & subsequ5t /ud5ts among ! ,fa!rs appe> to h kn[n sc>cely any?+4 ,eusebius speaks ( ! _m writ+s ( ,hippolytus1 & gives ! titles ( "s ( !m1 & describes "o m p>ticul>ly4 ,?is 0 a treatise ,conc]n+ ! ,pas*a1 9 :i* 0 to be f\nd a c]ta9 sixte5-ye> rule 7canon7 ab\t ! ,pas*a1 ! b\nd>y ( ! writ]'s computation be+ ! fir/ ye> ( ! ,emp]or ,alex&]#aea1 i4e4 ,alex&] ,sev]us1 ^: fir/ ye> 0 ,a4,d4 #bbb4 ,! brief /atem5t ( ,eusebius1 dull & prosaic 9 itself1 acquir$ sudd5ly a new & extraord9>y int]e/ 9 ! ye> #aeea1 :5 dur+ "s excavations made 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,rome1 9 ! ,via ,tiburt9a 7! road to ,tivoli71 a mu* %att]$ /atue 0 une>!d1 :i* on be+ piec$ toge!r exhibit$1 on ! sides ( ! *air 9 :i* ! figure ( a v5]able look+ man 0 repres5t$ z seat$1 two elaborate num]ical tables1 9 ,greek *>act]s1 "o %[+ ! day ( ! mon? on :i* ! ,pas*a1 or f\rte5? day ( ! moon1 w\ld fall f ,a4,d4 #bbb to ,a4,d4 #ccc3 ! o!r %[+1 = ! same numb] ( ye>s1 ! day ( ! mon? ^u :i* ,ea/] ought to be kept4 ,! /atue1 z re/or$1 may n[ be se5 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,vatican4 ,! ,tables are con/ruct$ 9 sev5 columns ( sixte5 ye>s ea*4 ,on ! back ( ! *air 7 inscrib$ 9 ,greek ! titles ( v>i\s books1 _m ( :i* correspond$ ) ! titles ( works attribut$ to ,hippolytus by ,eusebius4 ,!re c\ld be no reasonable d\bt t ! /atue 0 ! /atue ( ,hippolytus1 & t ! ,tables repres5t$ 8 calculations z to ! "t = keep+ ,ea/]4 ,a fur!r confirmation ( ! correctness ( ?is inf]5ce 7?\gh confirmation 0 inde$ sc>cely ne$$7 em]g$ :5 a ,syriac v]sion ( ! ,cycle ( ,hippolytus 0 discov]$ 9 a *ronological treatise by ,elias ( ,nisibis#aeb4 ,x corresponds exactly ) ! ,tables inscrib$ on ! *air4 ,an exam9ation ( ! ,tables ( ,hippolytus reveals t he assum$ #8t aft] eight ye>s ! full moons return$ to ! same day ( ! sol> mon?2 & he took notice t aft] sixte5 ye>s ! days ( ! week mov$ "o backw>d2 t is to say1 ! full moon 9 ! fir/ ye> ( ! cycle be+ ,saturday1 ,april #ac1 aft] sixte5 ye>s x w\ld be ,friday1 ,april #ac1 & s on#aec4' ,b = ! purposes ( :at he suppos$ w\ld be a p]petual ,kal5d>1 ,hippolytus desir$ to asc]ta9 aft] :at int]val ! full moon w\ld fall n only on ! same day ( ! sol> mon?1 b on ! same day ( ! week4 ,he assum$ t ?is w\ld happ5 aft] sev5 cycles ( sixte5 ye>s4 ,we c also inf] t ,hippolytus probably plac$ ! v]nal equ9ox on ,m>* #ah1 = e full moon ent]$ 9 8 ,tables is plac$ ei!r on 7z 9 ! case ( ,a4,d4 #bce7 or aft] t date4 ,aga91 ! exam9ation ( 8 ,tables reveals :at may seem to u ! some:at arbitr>y regulation t if ! full moon fell ^u ,saturday ! ,fea/ ( ! ,resurrection %\ld n be kept on ! foll[+ day1 b on ,sunday a week lat]4 ,! explanation probably is t x 0 consid]$ t ,ea/] %\ld nev] be held e>li] ?an ! sixte5? day ( ! moon1 t is1 two days aft] ! day ( ! ,crucifixion4 ,if ! full moon fell ^u ,friday1 !n ! foll[+ ,sunday w\ld be ,ea/]2 b if ! full moon fell ^u ,saturday1 ! day ( ! ,crucifixion 0 tak5 to be ! foll[+ ,friday1 & ,ea/] w\ld be two days aft]4 ,no ,ea/] cycle yet devis$ is free f errors1 :i* h to be met by adju/m5ts2 b ! ,cycle ( ,hippolytus 0 su* t ! errors accumulat$ rapidly4 ,x 0 m ?an two days wrong at ! end ( ! fir/ sixte5 ye>s2 & five days wrong at ! end ( ! second cycle2 at ! end ( ! ?ird cycle x w\ld be n9e days wrong#aed4 ,?is mu/ h be5 soon discov]$2 & ! cycle _h to be disc>d$4 ,x is ! e>lie/ ,ea/] cycle kn[n to u4 ,a cycle on ! same l9es z t ( ,hippolytus1 :i* has be5 7probably incorrectly7 attribut$ to ,/ ,cyprian1 w be f\nd 9 ,fell's edition ( ,cyprian 7#afhb71 among ! works commonly assign$ to t writ]4 ,by :omsoev] x 0 compos$ x is u%]$ 9 ) a great fl\ri% ( trumpets1 & ! au?or feels sure t he has be5 l$ by no?+ %ort ( div9e inspiration to ! discov]y4 ,^! ,tables c be assign$ to ,a4,d4 #bdc4 ,"o _c b suspect t ! au?or _h got hold ( ! ,hippolytean ,tables be=e _! wor?lessness 0 discov]$4 ,su* seem to h be5 ! be/ ef=ts ( ! le>n+ ( ,we/]n ,*ri/5dom 9 ! ?ird c5tury to deal ) ! ,pas*al problem4 ,nor at ?is p]iod 0 ! ,*ur* ( ,alex&ria1 :i* at a lat] date became ! p>am\nt au?ority on su* que/ions1 any bett] equipp$4 ,dionysius1 ab\t ! middle ( ! ?ird c5tury1 ju/ly /yl$ by ,eusebius #8! great bi%op ( ,alex&ria1' made use ( ! eight-ye> cycle1 :i*1 l its v>iant1 ! sixte5-ye> cycle1 ga!r$ error rapidly4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 ano!r di/+ui%$ ,alex&rian1 m ?an a qu>t] ( a c5tury lat]1 :o 0 ! fir/1 s f> z we "k1 to make use ( ! old n9ete5-ye> cycle = ! det]m9ation ( ,ea/]4 ,?is 0 ,anatolius1 a native ( ,alex&ria1 & em95t = le>n+ ( v>i\s k9ds 7among :i* ari?metic1 geometry1 & a/ronomy are p>ticul>is$71 :o became bi%op ( ,laodicea 9 ,syria ,prima 9 ,a4,d4 #bgj4 ,! n9ete5-ye> cycle1 ) "s modifications1 ev5tually1 ?\gh sl[ly1 displac$ all rivals#aee4 ,,ii4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,nicaea & ! ,ea/] ,controv]sy4 ,we may pass on n[ to ! consid]ation ( ! det]m9ations on ?is "q arriv$ at by ! ,c\ncil ( ,nicaea4 ,! v>ieties ( usage z to ! dates ( keep+ ! ,pas*a _h di/urb$ ! m9d ( ,con/ant9e be=e he issu$ 8 invitations to ! bi%ops ( ! empire to att5d ! ,c\ncil4 ,8 tru/$ advis]1 ,hosius1 bi%op ( ,corduba1 _h be5 s5t by him to ! ,ea/ 9 ! hopes t by 8 argum5ts & p]suasion ! foll[]s ( ! ,ea/]n practice might be induc$ to yield4 ,b ! mission 0 ineffective1 & ! matt] 0 submitt$ to ! great ,c\ncil 9 ,a4,d4 #cbe4 ,we h no record ( any ( ! proce$+s connect$ ) ! matt] beyond :at is to be f\nd 9 a ,synodical ,lett] ( ! ,c\ncil1 & a circul> lett] ( ! ,emp]or4 ,we _c help feel+ "s surprise t ! ,c\ncil did n enact any canon on ! subject2 b x 0 probably believ$ t ! adoption ( a rigid canon1 ) an att5dant ana!ma1 might h produc$ a =mal s*ism1 :ile a /atem5t ( ! op9ion ( ! ,c\ncil c\ld sc>cely fail to be highly influ5tial 9 ev5tually secur+ uni=mity4 ,! lett] ( ! ,c\ncil1 pres]v$ by ,socrates#aef1 is address$ to ! ,*ur* ( ,alex&ria & ! bre?r5 9 ,egypt1 ,libya1 & ,p5tapolis4 ,x simply ann\nces #8! good news' t1 9 accordance ) ! desire ( ^? to :om ! lett] 0 address$1 ! "q _h be5 elucidat$ by ! ,c\ncil1 & t all ! bre?r5 ( ! ,ea/1 :o _h =m]ly celebrat$ ! ,pas*a #8) ! ,jews1' w h5ce=? keep x #8at ! same "t z ! ,romans1 & ourselves1 & all ^? :o f anci5t times celebrat$ ! day at ! same "t ) u#aeg4' ,! ,emp]or is m full4 ,he says t x 0 ?\ght by all t x w\ld be fitt+ t ! ,pas*a %\ld be kept on "o day by all2 t x 0 decl>$ to be p>ticul>ly unwor?y to foll[ ! cu/om ( ! ,jews :o _h soil$ _! h&s ) ! mo/ dreadful ( crimes1 & :o are bl9d$ ) error1 s t !y ev5 frequ5tly celebrate two ,pas*as 9 "o ye>4 #8,our ,savi\r has left u only "o fe/al day ( our deliv]ance1 t is to say1 ( 8 holy passion2 & he has will$ t 8 ,ca?olic ,*ur* %\ld be "o4' ,h[ unseemly is x t "s %\ld be fa/+ :ile o!rs are seat$ at ! banquet6 ,he hopes t e "o w agree 9 ?is4 ,x _h be5 resolv$ t ! ,pas*a %\ld be kept ev]y:]e on "o & ! same day#aeh4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ^! lett]s to %[ :at rule _h be5 e/abli%$4 ,all t is laid d[n is t ! ,pas*a %\ld be kept ev]y:]e on ! same day2 & x assum$ t ! ,roman & ,alex&rian rules z to ,ea/] 7 id5tical1 & 7 well kn[n4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 :ile ! ,*ur*es ( ,rome & ,alex&ria 7 at "o bo? 9 keep+ ,ea/] on a ,sunday1 & on a ,sunday aft] ! v]nal equ9ox1 !y 7 n agre$ 9 _! me?ods ( calculat+ ! ,sunday ^u :i* ,ea/] w\ld fall4 ,h5ce1 long aft] ! ,c\ncil ( ,nicaea1 sev]al in/ances occur 9 :i* a day 0 tak5 = ! ,ea/] fe/ival at ,rome :i* diff]$ f ! day :i* ! ,alex&rian exp]ts _h calculat$ to be ! correct day4 ,x is wor?y ( obs]vation t ! ,emp]or 9 8 lett] reprobates :at he assumes 0 ! ,jewi% practice ( frequ5tly celebrat+ two ,pas*as 9 ! same ye>4 ,:at is probably meant is t ! ,jews at t "t 7:atev] _! e>li] practice may h be57 did n ?9k x necess>y to keep ! ,passov] aft] ! v]nal equ9ox4 ,n[ ! v]nal equ9ox 0 tak5 z ! beg9n+ ( ! tropical or sol> ye>2 & x might happ5 f "t to "t t ! full moon ( ,nisan fell 9 "o ye> aft] ! v]nal equ9ox1 & 9 ! foll[+ civil ye> be=e ! equ9ox1 :i* w\ld give two passov]s 9 ! same sol> ye>4 ,if ?is int]pretation ( ! words ( ,con/ant9e's lett] be correct1 x w\ld imply t ! ,*ri/ian ,pas*a %\ld always be celebrat$ aft] ! equ9ox1 :i* 0 c]ta9ly already ! g5]al practice4 ,b no specific rule ) ref]5ce to ! equ9ox is laid d[n 9 express t]ms ei!r by ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,c\ncil or by ! ,emp]or4 ,x w be obs]v$ t 9 ! ,lett] ( ,con/ant9e he /ates t ! ,"l has left u #8only "o fe/al day ( our deliv]ance1 t is to say1 ( 8 holy passion4' ,! dom9ant ?\ght connect$ ) ! ^w ,pas*a 0 /ill t ( ! ,crucifixion4 ,at a lat] p]iod writ]s1 = ! sake ( accuracy1 made ! di/9ction betwe5 ! #8,pas*a ( ! ,crucifixion' 7 7 & ! #8,pas*a ( ! ,resurrection' 7 72 & ev5tually ! ?\ght ( ! ,crucifixion disappe>s f ! connotation ( ! ^w1 :i* has giv5 ! "n = :at we call ,ea/] to ! ,fr5* 7pques72 ! ,italians 7pasqua72 & ! ,spani>ds 7pascua7#aei4 ,aft] ! ,c\ncil ( ,nicaea1 al?\gh ! ,qu>todeciman practice l+]$ on among unor?odox sect>ies1 ! diff]5ces among ,ca?olics 7 9 ! ma9 conf9$ to su* que/ions z1 ,:5 0 ! equ9ox8 & ,:at ,tables %\ld be us$ = pr$ict+ ! ,sunday :i* %\ld be obs]v$ z ,ea/] ,day8 ,! ,synod ( ,antio* 9 ,a4,d4 #cda 7c4 #a7 c\ld n[ make bold to advance a /ep beyond ! ,oecum5ical ,c\ncil1 & enact$ a canon pron\nc+ excommunication aga9/ any :o act$ contr>y to ! comm& ( ! great & holy ,synod assembl$ at ,nicaea reg>d+ ! ,pas*a#afj4 ,9 pr9ciple ! ,*ur* 0 unit$2 b !re 7 diff]5ces 9 ! application ( ! pr9ciple4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #ddd1 & elev5 ye>s lat]1 9 ,a4,d4 #dee1 ,pope ,leo ! ,great 0 9 p]plexity z to ! day ^u :i* ,ea/] %\ld be kept4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #ddd he wrote to ,cyril ( ,alex&ria on ! subject4 ,! answ] he receiv$ 0 t ! prop] day 0 n ,m>* #bf 7z ! ,lat9s w\ld make x7 b ,april #bc4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #dee ,leo 0 mu* mov$ by f9d+ t ! ,alex&rian computi/s _h giv5 ,april #bd = ,ea/] ,day1 :ile ^? at ,rome _h assign$ ! fe/ival to ,april #ag1 a week e>li]4 ,! matt] seem$ to him ( suffici5t importance to ju/ify 8 writ+ to ,m>cianus1 ,emp]or ( ! ,ea/1 :om he n[ bes\ght to int]v5e1 & direct ! ,alex&rians n to "n ,april #bd1 decl>+ t s late a date 0 beyond ! anci5t ,pas*al limits4 ,leo also wrote on ! same subject to ! le>n$ & once beautiful ,eudocia ,augu/a1 :o1 ?\gh n[ sp5d+ h] old age 9 retirem5t & devotion at ,j]usalem1 0 n )\t influ5ce 9 *ur* affairs4 ,! ,emp]or _h enquiries made among c]ta9 bi%ops ( ! ,ea/ & communicat$ ) ! ,alex&rians4 ,! result 0 t ! obs]vance ( ,april #bd 0 reaffirm$1 & ! bi%op ( ,rome reluctantly submitt$ = ! sake ( peace#afa4 ,! acc\nt ( ! matt] lies 9 ! fact t :ile ! ,alex&rians _h long be=e adopt$ ! ,pas*al limits t /ill cont9ue to rule our ,ea/]1 t is1 f ,m>* #bb to ,april #be1 ! ,lat9s1 ?\gh at ?is date accept+ ! prior limit1 hesitat$ z to ! lat]1 because ! ,ea/] ,tables !n 9 use among !m _h plac$ ! lat] ,pas*al limit on ,april #bc4 ,! position ( au?ority conc$$ to ! ,*ur* ( ,alex&ria on ! "q z to ! date ( ! ,pas*a 0 due to ! ackn[l$g$ le>n+ & skill ( ! a/ronom]s & ma!maticians ( t city 9 matt]s ( *ronology & ! computation ( "t4 ,x 0 ! practice ( ! bi%op ( ,alex&ria1 z e>ly at lea/ z ! middle ( ! ?ird c5tury1 to issue :at 7 /yl$ #8,fe/al ,lett]s' or1 at a lat] date1 #8,pas*al ,lett]s1' commonly ( ! nature ( a homily on ! religi\s lessons ( ! ,pas*al season1 ) an ann\ncem5t z to ! date ( ! next ,pas*a4 ,^! lett]s 7 commonly issu$ by ! bi%op a ye> 9 advance1 & 7 s5t by special mess5g]s to 8 comprov9cial bi%ops4 ,x has be5 suppos$ by sev]al ecclesia/ical hi/orians ( repute t ! ,c\ncil ( ,nicaea expressly au?oris$ ! bi%op ( ,alex&ria to issue ^! prep>atory notices to ! au?orities 9 ! v>i\s *ur*es ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,! evid5ce = ?is op9ion is lack+2 b c]ta9ly1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! judgm5t ( ,alex&ria c>ri$ great weight4 ,9 ! ,we/1 h[ev]1 ! g5]al practice 0 t ,metropolitans %\ld det]m9e ! date1 & ann\nce ! day to _! suffragans4 ,9 ! six? c5tury ! ,c\ncil ( ,orleans 7,a4,d4 #eda7 directs t if ! ,metropolitan 7 9 d\bt he %\ld consult ! ,apo/olic see 7,rome71 & act 9 accordance ) its decision 7c4 #a74 ,ab\t "o hundr$ ye>s lat] x w\ld appe> f ! fif? canon ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,tol$o 7,a4,d4 #fcc7 t ! ,spani% ,metropolitan bi%ops did n receive in=mation z to ! date ( ,ea/] f any ext]nal s\rce4 ,!y are direct$ to enquire among !mselves by lett] ?ree mon?s be=e ! ,epiphany1 & make ! ann\ncem5t2 & ! reason assign$ = ?is canon is t errone\s ,ea/] ,tables _h caus$ diff]5ces4 ,to attempt any?+ l a detail$ acc\nt ( ! v>ieties 9 ! me?ods adopt$ = ! det]m9ation ( ,ea/] :i* held _! gr\nd = a "t1 "s 9 ! ,ea/1 "s 9 ! ,we/1 w\ld be unsuitable 9 an introductory "w l ! pres5t4 ,! extraord9>y p]si/5ce exhibit$ by ! ,celtic ,*ur*es ( ,brita9 & ,irel& 9 ma9ta9+ = a long "t _! own me?od ( comput+ ,ea/] aga9/ ! ,roman me?od introduc$ by ,augu/9e ( ,cant]bury & 8 foll[]s1 is an important & int]e/+ feature 9 ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ^! c\ntries4 ,x is en\gh "h to say t ! native ,*ur*es 7 n ,qu>todecimans 7z has sometimes be5 incorrectly alleg$71 b 7 adh]+ to a cycle :i* !y _h receiv$ long be=e ! ,roman mission>ies arriv$ 9 ,brita9#afb4 ,we mu/ "h be cont5t ) briefly notic+ "s ( ! lead+ features 9 ! hi/ory ( ! *ange :i* gradually l$ up to ! adoption ( ! ,n9ete5-,ye> ,cycle z modifi$ & prop\nd$ by ,dionysius ,exiguus 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! six? c5tury4 ,aft] ! ab&onm5t ( ! ,cycle ( ,hippolytus !re is f\nd 9 use at ,rome an #hd-ye> cycle4 ,9 ?is ! date ( ,ea/] is believ$ to h oscillat$ betwe5 ,m>* #be & ,april #ba2 & betwe5 ! f\rte5? & tw5tie? day ( ! moon4 ,?is sy/em1 accord+ to ! results ( rec5t rese>*1 0 modifi$ 9 ,a4,d4 #cab & aga9 9 ,a4,d4 #cdc4 ,?is cycle 7/ill ( #hd ye>s7 came to be kn[n z ! supputatio ,romana4 ,ea/] c\ld n n[ fall e>li] ?an ! sixte5?1 nor lat] ?an ! tw5ty-second ( ! moon1 :ile its date limits 7 ,m>* #bb & ,april #ba4 ,?is supputatio1 ) "s modifications1 s]v$ ! bi%ops ( ,rome dur+ ! f\r? & ! great] "p ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,! ,alex&rians1 on ! o!r h&1 _h ab\t ,a4,d4 #bgg come to use ! m exact ,n9ete5-,ye> cycle1 ) possible ,ea/]s betwe5 ,m>* #bb & ,april #be1 & betwe5 ! fifte5? & tw5ty-second ( ! moon#afc4 ,9 ! pontificate ( ,leo ! ,great ! diff]5ces :i* he _h ) ! ,*ur* ( ,alex&ria z to ! date ( ,ea/] caus$ him to direct 8 ar*deacon1 ,hil>y 7:o aft]w>ds succe$$ to ! papal ?rone71 to inve/igate ! :ole "q4 ,hil>y resort$ to ! aid ( ,victorius ( ,aquita9e1 :o happ5$ to be !n at ,rome4 ,victorius devis$1 or adopt$1 a cycle ( #ecb ye>s1 a comb9ation ( ! lun> cycle ( #ai ye>s ) ! s-call$ sol> cycle ( #bh ye>s 7#ai #bh #ecb74 ,8 ,ea/] limits 7 ,m>* #bb & ,april #bd4 ,! cycle ( ,victorius met ) fav\rable acceptance1 m p>ticul>ly 9 ,gaul1 :]e x cont9u$ 9 use till ne>ly ! end ( ! eigh? c5tury4 ,at ,rome1 :atev] may h be5 ! position actually atta9$ by ! cycle ( ,victorius1 x & all o!r devices = det]m9+ ,ea/] gave way 9 ! six? c5tury 7,a4,d4 #ebg7 be=e ! ,pas*al ,tables ( ,dionysius ,exiguus4 ,?is rem>kable p]son1 :o came to occupy an em95t place 9 ! sci5ce ( *ronology g5]ally1 z well z 9 ! computations necess>y = ecclesia/ical purposes1 0 a monk1 a ,scy?ian by bir?1 :o settl$ 9 a mona/]y at ,rome4 ,x is to him t we owe 9 *ronology ! adoption by ,we/]n ,*ri/5dom ( :at we "k z ! #8,*ri/ian ,era' & #8! ye> ( our ,"l1' n[ 9 univ]sal use = ! dat+ ( ! ev5ts ( hi/ory1 & ( all our docum5ts public & private4 ,! sy/em ( ,dionysius 01 practically1 ! adoption ( ! ,n9ete5-,ye> ,cycle ( ! ,alex&rians4 ,x fix$ ! date ( ! v]nal equ9ox at ,m>* #ba1 plac$ ! ,pas*al limits at ,m>* #bb & ,april #be1 & decl>$ ,ea/] to be ! next ,sunday aft] ! ,pas*al full moon4 ,we h "h 9 full ! rule :i* ev5tually came to prevail ev]y:]e4 ,b its adoption 0 n imm$iate 9 all c\ntries#afd4 ,! space at our disposal w n all[ ( our treat+ 9 detail ( ! "w ( ! computi/s1 & ( ! #8,sunday ,lett]s1' #8,epacts1' & o!r te*nical t]ms :i* appe> 9 ! old ,*ur* ,kal5d>s4 ,= ^!1 z well z = su* t]ms z #8,indiction1' #8,lun> ,regul>s1' #8,sol> ,regul>s1' & #8,concurr5ts1' ref]5ce may be made to su* books z ,sir ,h>ris ,ni*olas' ,*ronology ( ,hi/ory1 & ,giry's full] & lucid ,manuel de ,diplomatique4 ,! ,gregorian ,re=m4 ,! defects ( ! ,n9ete5-,ye> ,cycle became app>5t aft] "s lapse ( "t4 ,!re 7 two grave s\rces ( error4 ,fir/1 ! ,kal5d> proce$$ on ! assumption t ! sol> ye> consi/$ ( #cfe days2 b ! true sol> ye> is #aa m9utes & "s seconds %ort] ?an ! ,kal5d> ye>1 & ! accumulation ( ?is error gradually br\ght confusion into ! sy/em4 ,9 "o hundr$ & ?irty ye>s ! ,kal5d> w h ga9$ on ! true sol> ye> by almo/ exactly "o day4 ,at ! date ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,nicaea 7,a4,d4 #cbe7 ! v]nal equ9ox 0 plac$ at ,m>* #ba1 b 9 ! ye> ,a4,d4 #dej ! true v]nal equ9ox w\ld be on ,m>* #bj4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #ehe ! equ9ox w\ld be on ,m>* #ai2 9 ,a4,d4 #gae on ,m>* #ah1 & s on4 ,& ?us x w be se5 t 9 ,a4,d4 #aehb1 :5 ! ,kal5d> 0 re=m$1 ! real v]nal equ9ox 0 ab\t t5 days e>li] ?an ! ,m>* #ba ( ! ,kal5d>4 ,! second s\rce ( error lay 9 ! assumption t at ! close ( a cycle ( n9ete5 ye>s !re 0 an exact agreem5t ( sol> & lun> "t4 ,n9ete5 sol> ye>s1 ( #cfe days1 make #fici days & #ah h\rs2 b #bce moons ( #bi days1 #ab h\rs1 #dd m9utes1 & #c seconds & a fraction make #fici days1 #af h\rs1 & a fraction ov] #ca m9utes4 ,s x comes ab\t t ! sol> "t 9 n9ete5 ye>s is ne>ly #a h\rs 9 excess ( ! real lun> "t4 ,9 o!r words1 ! moons 9 ! second cycle ( n9ete5 ye>s make _! *anges ne>ly #a h\rs e>li] ?an !y did 9 ! fir/ cycle4 ,x is easy !n to %[ t 9 ab\t #cjh ye>s ?is diff]5ce w\ld am\nt to a :ole day2 & 9 ,a4,d4 #aehb1 :5 ! ,gregorian re=m 0 effect$1 ! moon 9 ! heav5s made its *anges ne>ly f\r days be=e ! "t :i* 0 indicat$ = ^! *anges 9 ! ,kal5d>4 ,we mu/ omit any notice ( ! v>i\s s*emes = re=m+ ! ,kal5d> prior to ! re=mation ( ,gregory ,,xiii4 ,aft] he _h cons5t$ to ! g5]al idea t a re=mation %\ld be und]tak51 v>i\s s*emes 7 propos$4 ,( ^!1 t ( ,luigi ,lilio1 a physician & a/ronom] ( ! city ( ,rome1 obta9$ ! pref]5ce#afe4 ,& x is on ! l9es sugge/$ by ,lilio t ! "w 0 accompli%$1 ma9ly by a ,g]man ma!matician !n resid5t at ,rome1 ! ,jesuit1 ,*ri/oph] ,s*lssel 7or1 9 ! ,lat9 =m ( 8 "n1 ,clavius71 :o aft]w>ds publi%$ at ,rome1 9 folio1 an exposition ( ! "w done1 "u ! title ,romani ,cal5d>ii a ,gregorio ,,xiii ,pontifice ,maximo re/ituti ,explicatio 7#afjc74 ,,lead+ ,,features ,,( ,,! ,,gregorian ,,re=m ,! ,gregorian ,re=m is an +5i\s &1 inde$1 brilliant practical solution ( ! problems pres5t$ by ! condition ( ! ,kal5d> at ! close ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! *>act]i/ic features ( ! ,gregorian sy/em w n[ be describ$4 #a4 ,x 0 kn[n t ! true v]nal equ9ox 0 at ?is date 7#aehb7 ab\t t5 days e>li] ?an ,m>* #ba z m>k$ 9 ! ,kal5d>4 ,%\ld ! equ9ox be fix$ z at ,m>* #aa8 ,x 0 resolv$ to keep ! equ9ox at ! nom9al date ( ,m>* #ba1 & to br+ ! date into con=mity ) facts by ! simple process ( /rik+ out t5 nom9al days4 ,x 0 decre$ t ! day foll[+ ,oct4 #d1 #aehb 7:5 :at is kn[n z ! ,new ,/yle 0 to make its beg9n+71 %\ld be c\nt$1 n z ,oct4 #e1 b z ,oct4 #ae4 ,& ?us 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 #aehc1 ! true v]nal equ9ox w\ld fall on ,m>* #ba1 z x 0 suppos$ to h fall5 9 ,a4,d4 #cbe1 ! date ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,nicaea4 #b4 ,b h[ 0 x to be provid$ t 9 ! future ! same errors :i* _h vitiat$ ! old ,kal5d> %\ld n come 9 "t to vitiate ! new8 ,x w be rememb]$ t ! "t ( ! old ,kal5d> _h ga9$ on true sol> "t at ! rate1 almo/ precisely1 ( "o day 9 e #acj ye>s4 ,if ! c\nt+ ( "o day c\ld be suppress$ 9 e #acj ye>s1 ! end w\ld be obta9$4 ,= purposes ( practical conv5i5ce ! re=m]s ( ! ,kal5d> assum$ t #acc ye>s %\ld be tak5 z ! p]iod 9 :i* ! ,kal5d> "t exce$$ ! sol> "t by "o day4 ,! diff]5ce1 = ! purpose 9 h&1 0 insignificant2 &1 z w be se5 h]eaft]1 ?is delib]ately *os5 error w n affect ! ,kal5d> to ! ext5t ( "o day till ,a4,d4 #ebjj1 :ile x makes calculations mu* simpl]4 ,n[ ! plan adopt$ to prev5t ! accumulation ( ! error 9 ! old ,kal5d> 0 z foll[s3 if "o day c\ld be )drawn 9 e #acc ye>s1 or1 :at is ! same ?+1 ?ree days 9 e #cii ye>s1 ! object w\ld be atta9$4 ,9 ! ,old ,/yle1 e ye> ( an exact c5tury--e c5turial 7or1 z x 0 sometimes call$1 secul>7 ye>--0 a leap-ye> ( #cff days4 ,:at w\ld be ! effect ( treat+ e c5turial ye> z a common ye> ( #cfe days8 ,we %\ld h suppress$ f\r days at ! end ( f\r c5turies :5 we ought to suppress only ?ree 9 #cii ye>s4 ,s x 0 sugge/$ t :ile ?ree successive c5turial ye>s %\ld be reg>d$ z common ye>s1 ! f\r? c5turial ye> %\ld be treat$ z a leap-ye>4 ,?us1 9 bo? ,old & ,new ,/yle ! ye>s #afjj & #bjjj are leap-ye>s2 b #agjj1 #ahjj1 & #aijj1 :i* 9 ! ,old ,/yle 7 leap-ye>s1 are 9 ! ,new ,/yle treat$ z common ye>s ( #cfe days4 ,& ! rule laid d[n 9 ! ,gregorian sy/em 0 t if ! numb] express$ by ! fir/ two figures ( ! c5tury 0 exactly divisible by #d x %\ld be a leap-ye>1 b if n exactly divisible by #d x %\ld be treat$ z a common ye>4 ,! numb]s #af & #bj are exactly divisible by #d1 b #ag1 #ah1 & #ai are n s divisible4 ,! ye>s #afjj & #bjjj are 9 ! ,new ,/yle leap-ye>s1 b ! ye>s #agjj1 #ahjj1 & #aijj are 9 ! ,new ,/yle common ye>s4 ,x is true t ! adoption ( #acc ye>s1 in/ead ( #acj ye>s1 z ! "t 9 :i* 9 ! ,old ,/yle "o day 0 ga9$ by ! ,kal5d> on ! sun1 imports an error into ! sy/em1 :i* causes ! ,kal5d> to fall beh9d ! sun4 ,?is error1 z has be5 said1 w accumulate to ! ext5t ( "o day 9 ,a4,d4 #ebjj4 ,x may be ?\ght t1 if m5 be on ! e>? at t date1 !y w "k h[ to deal ) ! case4 ,yet x is sugge/$ = ! in/ruction ( our remote po/]ity t !y w h only to make ,a4,d4 #ebjj a common ye>1 in/ead ( a leap-ye>1 to br+ ?+s back to correctness#aff4 ,= ! ,sunday lett]s 9 ! ,new ,/yle & = ! ,cycle ( ,epacts 9 ! ,gregorian ,kal5d>1 see ,dr ,seabury1 ,!ory & ,use ( ! ,*ur* ,cal5d>4 ,! "w ( ! ,gregorian re=mation is m>vell\s 9 its elaborate +5uity4 ,x ev5 provides = a case :i* w n occur till ,dec4 #ca1 ,a4,d4 #hfjj4 ,yet x does n rea* ! atta9m5t ( an exact correspond5ce ) a/ronomical ph5om5a4 ,& x has be5 frequ5tly obs]v$ t ! new moons ( ! ,kal5d> may occur "o1 two1 or ev5 ?ree days lat] ?an ! new moons ( ! a/ronom]4 ,9 fact ! a/ronomical new moon r>ely occurs on ! date m>k$ = ! ecclesia/ical new moon4 ,b c>e has be5 tak5 t ! new moon ( ! ,kal5d> nev] occurs e>li] ?an ! new moon ( a/ronomy4 ,! adoption ( ! ,new ,/yle4 ,z 0 to be expect$1 ! c\ntries ( ,europe :i* recognis$ ! au?ority ( ! bi%op ( ,rome 7 n long 9 accept+ ! re=mation ( ! ,kal5d>4 ,spa91 ,portugal1 & "p ( ,italy made ! *ange on ! same day z at ,rome1 t is on ,oct4 #ae 7#e71 #aehb4 ,9 ,france & ,lorra9e ! *ange 0 made on ,decemb] #bj 7#aj7 9 ! same ye>2 9 ! ,roman ,ca?olic cantons ( ,switz]l& 9 #aehc or #aehd2 9 ,pol& 9 #aehf2 9 ,hung>y 9 #aehg4 ,9 ,prote/ant c\ntries & c\ntries :]e ,prote/ants 7 num]\s ! alt]ation 0 m sl[ly effect$4 ,b ,d5m>k 0 an exception1 = ! ,new ,/yle 0 adopt$ 9 #aehb4 ,9 ,holl& & ! ,l[ ,c\ntries ! prov9ces 7 divid$ 9 _! acceptance ( ! ,new ,/yle1 & 9 "s places ! *ange 0 n effect$ till ! ye> #agjj4 ,9 ,g]many we also f9d a v>iety ( usages3 ,au/ria & ,roman ,ca?olics 9 o!r p>ts accept$ ! *ange 9 #aehd1 b ,prote/ants did n yield till #agjj1 :5 !y adopt$ ! ,kal5d> ( ! ,g]man a/ronom]1 ,erh>d ,weigel1 :i* diff]$ f ! ,gregorian ,kal5d> only 9 ! rule = det]m9+ ,ea/]4 ,?is v>iation br\ght ab\t ! result t ! ,prote/ants & ,roman ,ca?olics sometimes celebrat$ ,ea/] on diff]5t days4 ,9 #aggh ,fr$]ick ! ,great orda9$ t f t "t ,ea/] %\ld be kept at ! "t asc]ta9$ f ! ,gregorian ,pas*al moon4 ,weigel's ,kal5d> 0 also adopt$ 9 ! ,prote/ant cantons ( ,switz]l& 9 #agjj4 ,9 ,russia1 ,greece1 & ?r\gh\t ! ,*ri/ian ,ea/ ! ,old ,kal5d> is /ill 9 use#afg4 ,great ,brita9 0 ! la/ ( ! c\ntries ( ,we/]n ,europe to adopt ! ,new ,/yle4 ,x is true t z e>ly z ,m>* #af1 #aehd-e1 a bill 0 introduc$ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords "u ! title1 #8,an ,act giv+ h] ,maje/y ,que5 ,elizabe? au?ority to alt] & new make a ,cal5d> accord+ to ! ,cal5d> us$ 9 o!r c\ntries4' ,! bill 0 read a second "t 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords1 & proce$$ no fur!r4 ,?r\gh an extraord9>y blund]1 x has be5 /at$ by writ]s ( repute t ,scotl& adopt$ ! ,new ,/yle 9 ,a4,d4 #afjj4 ,! error orig9at$ 9 ! fact t ,k+ ,james ,,vi1 ) ! advice ( ! ,lords ( 8 ,privy ,c\ncil1 ord]$ by proclamation dat$ ,haliruidh\s1 ,dec4 #ag1 #aeii1 t on & aft] ,jan4 #a1 #afjj1 ! ye> %\ld be held to beg9 on ,jan4 #a in/ead ( ,m>* #be3 b !re 0 no rectification ( ! ,kal5d> by ! omission ( nom9al days4 ,9 ,engl& ! legal ye> cont9u$ to beg9 on ,m>* #be till #ageb4 ,! accession ( ,james ,,vi to ! ?rone ( ,engl& on ! dea? ( ,elizabe? occurr$ on ,m>* #bd1 #afjb1 accord+ to ! ,engli% /yle1 b on ,m>* #bd1 #afjc1 accord+ to ! ,scotti% /yle4 ,9 ?is & su* l cases ! d\ble dates may be wisely employ$1 ?us1 ,m>* #bd1 #afjb-c4 ,b ,scotl& did n use ! ,new ,/yle till x 0 adopt$ 9 #ageb1 9 accordance ) ! provision ( ! ,act ( ,p>liam5t ( ,great ,brita9 7#bd ,george ,,ii1 c4 #bc71 entitl$ #8,an ,act = regulat+ ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,ye>1 & = correct+ ! ,cal5d> n[ 9 use4' ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,kal5d> ,,( ,,! ,,or?odox ,,*ur* ,,( ,,! ,,ea/ ,! mod]n ,kal5d> ( ! ,byzant9e ,*ur* is "h dealt )4 ,! e>ly ,m5ologies 7:i* correspond$ pretty closely to ! ,m>tyrologies ( ! ,we/7 %[ ! usual ph5om5a ( comp>ative simplicity pass+ into =ms ( great elaboration4 ,! be/ kn[n are ! ,m5ology ( ,con/ant9ople ( ! eigh? c5tury & t :i* is kn[n z ! ,basilianum1 n[ mo/ commonly associat$ ) ! ,emp]or ,basil ,,ii 7,a4,d4 #igf-ajbe71 at ^: in/ance x is said to h be5 compos$#afh4 ,! hi/ory ( ! gr[? & v>iations ( ! ,kal5d> ( ! ,greeks _c be "h attempt$2 we conf9e ourselves to ! ,kal5d> n[ 9 use4 ,i4 ,immoveable commemorations4 ,?is ,kal5d>1 or ! ,kal5d> ( ,sa9ts1 beg9s on ,sept4 #a1 ! fir/ day ( ! ye> ( ! ,indiction4 ,) u 9 ! ,we/ ! civil ye> has left no m>k ^u ! s]vices ( ! ,*ur*4 ,9 ! ,greek ,*ur* 9 ! hymns ! div9e bless+ is invok$ on ! new ye>2 & two ( ! lessons at ,vesp]s are *os5 z be>+ ref]5ces applicable to ! day4 ,! s]vices ( ! ,*ur* h frequ5tly sev]al commemorations ( v>i\s sa9ts ^u ! same day2 & ?is g5]al /atem5t may be illu/rat$ f ,sept4 #a4 ,9 addition to ! propria ( ! new ye>1 we f9d commemorations ( ,simeon ,/ylites s5ior2 8 "m1 ,/ ,m>?a2 =ty wom5 m>tyrs ) ! ,deacon ,ammun2 & a miracul\s icon ( ,/ ,m>y4 ,to ^! mu/ be add$ a commemoration ( ! ,old ,te/am5t wor?y1 ,jo%ua1 ! son ( ,nun4 ,?is specim5 w suffice to %[ t x w\ld be impossible 9 ! space at our disposal to exhibit ! commemorations ( e day 9 ! ye>#afi4 ,we %all conf9e ourselves to exhibit+ ! ,greek classification ( fe/ivals1 & m>k+ ! dates ( "s ( ! m em95t commemorations4 ,b x mu/ be obs]v$ t days t are n reg>d$ z fe/ivals frequ5tly conta9 canons 7metrical hymns7 :i* commemorate sa9ts or m>tyrs4 ,inde$ ! (fices ( ! ,ea/]n s]vice-books are pack$ ) an extraord9>y abundance ( hagiological ref]5ce & allusion4 ,z reg>ds dignity & importance 9 ! ,greek ,*ur*1 9 addition to ,ea/]1 :i* /&s pre-em95t & is kn[n by way ( di/9ction z #8! ,fea/' 7 71 !re are twelve fe/ivals ( ! fir/ rank1 "s ( !m be+ moveable4 ,^! are3 7#a7 ! ,nativity ( ! ,"l1 ,dec4 #be2 7#b7 ! ,!ophany 7,epiphany71 ,jan4 #f2 7#c7 ,hypapante 7,purification71 ,feb4 #b2 7#d7 ! ,annunciation ( ! ,!otokos1 ,m>* #be2 7#e7 ! fe/ival ( ,palms1 :i* ) ! ,sabba? ( ,laz>us on ! prec$+ day makes "o fe/ival2 7#f7 ! ,asc5sion ( ! ,"l2 7#g7 ,p5teco/2 7#h7 ! ,transfiguration1 ,aug4 #f2 7#i7 ! ,repose ( ,!otokos1 ,aug4 #ae2 7#aj7 ! ,nativity ( ,!otokos1 ,sept4 #h2 7#aa7 ! ,exaltation ( ! ,cross1 ,sept4 #ad2 7#ab7 ! ,entrance ( ! ,!otokos into ! ,temple 7i4e4 h] pres5tation71 ,nov4 #ba4 ,ea* ( ^! is m>k$ fir/ by ! day prec$+ 7proheortia7 p>tak+ ( a fe/ive "*1 & secondly1 by hav+ an e*o ( ! fe/ival on c]ta9 foll[+ days1 :i* are kn[n z ! apodosis ( ! fea/2 b ! "n is (t5 appli$ to ! f9al day ( ! obs]vance4 ,! apodosis1 unlike ! ,we/]n ,octave1 is 9 "s cases %ort] ?an a week & 9 "s cases long]4 ,?us1 ! apodosis ( ! ,nativity ( ! ,virg9 7,sept4 #h7 t]m9ates on ,sept4 #ab2 :ile ! apodosis ( ! ,!ophany 7,jan4 #f7 ord9>ily ext5ds to ,jan4 #ad4 ,next 9 dignity are f\r fe/ivals ( high rank1 ?\gh n hav+ ei!r proheortia or apodosis4 ,!y are3 7#a7 ! ,circumcision1 ,jan4 #a2 7#b7 ! ,nativity ( ! ,=]unn] 7,/ ,john ,bapti/71 ,june #bd2 7#c7 ,/ ,pet] & ,/ ,paul1 ! ,koryphaeoi1 ,june #bi2 7#d7 ! ,decollation ( ! ,=]unn]1 ,aug4 #bi4 ,! twelve ( ! fir/ gr\p & ! f\r ( ! second may be tak5 z toge!r correspond+ 9 a measure to fe/ivals ( ! fir/ class 9 ! ,roman classification4 ,simil>ly correspond+ to fea/s ( ! second class 9 ! ,we/ is a gr\p :i* is divid$ into great] & less]4 ,! great] fea/s ( ?is gr\p are m>k$ liturgically by ! s++ ( a canon ( ! ,virg9 9 addition to ! canon prop] to ! fea/4 ,! less] are m>k$ by ! s++ 9 ! s]vice ( :at is kn[n z ,polyeleos1 a "n giv5 to ,psalms cxxxiv1 cxxxv 7,pss4 cxxxv1 cxxxvi 9 ! enum]ation ( ! ,engli% ,pray] ,book74 ,! great] fea/s ( ! middle class are3 7#a7 ! common fe/ival ( ! ?ree ,doctors ( ! ,*ur* ,*ryso/om1 ,basil1 ,gregory ,nazianz51 ,jan4 #cj2 7#b7 ,/ ,george1 m>tyr1 ,april #bc2 7#c7 ,/ ,john ! ,evangeli/1 ,may #h2 7#d7 ! ,translation ( ! image ( ,*ri/1 made )\t h&s1 f ,edessa1 ,aug4 #af2 7#e7 ! ,migration ( ,/ ,john ! ,evangeli/1 ,sept4 #bf4 ,?is fe/ival is bas$ on ! anci5t leg5d t ,/ ,john did n die1 b 0 translat$2 7#f7 ,/ ,sabbas1 ! ,sanctifi$ ,abbot ( ,pale/9e1 :o di$ ,a4,d4 #eca1 ,dec4 #e2 7#g7 ,/ ,ni*olas ( ,myra1 ! wond]-work]1 ,dec4 #f4 ,! less] fea/s ( ! middle class include3 7#a7 ,/ ,an?ony1 h]mit1 ,jan4 #ag2 7#b7 ! =ty ,m>tyrs ( ,seba/e1 "u ,lic9ius1 ,m>* #i2 7#c7 ,/ ,con/ant9e & ,/ ,hel5a1 ,may #ba2 7#d7 ,/ ,cosmas & ,/ ,damian1 ! unm]c5>y physicians1 ,july #a2 7#e7 ,/ ,elias1 ! prophet1 ,july #bj2 7#f7 ,/ ,demetrius1 ,great ,m>tyr ( ,!ssalonica1 "u ,diocletian1 ,oct4 #bf2 7#g7 ,synaxis ( ! ,ar*angel1 ,/ ,mi*ael1 ,nov4 #h2 7#h7 ,/ ,&rew ! ,apo/le1 ,nov4 #cj4 ,!re is a ?ird class subdivid$ into 7a7 fe/ivals ) ! great doxology1 & 7b7 fe/ivals )\t ! great doxology#agj4 ,fe/ivals ( ! ?ird class are v num]\s1 b !y are fe/ivals r ( ! s]vice-books ?an ( actual life1 ^u :i* !y leave little or no impression4 ,! numb] ( fe/ivals kept by ! ,greeks & obs]v$ ei!r by a complete or a p>tial cessation f trade & s]vile lab\r f> surpasses ! fe/ivals s obs]v$ 9 any ( ! c\ntries ( ,we/]n ,*ri/5dom4 ,! ,russian ,kal5d> corresponds l>gely to ! ,byzant9e2 b !re are1 z might be expect$1 n a few commemorations ( p]sons1 ev5ts1 & ( miracul\s icons1 peculi> to ,russia4 ,a few explanatory obs]vations may "h be add$3 7#a7 ,! ,ea/]n ,kal5d>s contra/ 9 a /rik+ way ) ! ,we/]n 9 ! prom95ce giv5 to commemorations ( ! sa9ts & h]oes ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,all ! prophets & _m ( ! righte\s m5 ( ,hebrew hi/ory h _! days4 ,& ! s]vice-books conta9 a common ( ,prophets z well z a common ( ,apo/les1 etc4 7#b7 ,honor>y epi!ts are freely be/[$ ^u ! v>i\s sa9ts )\t any v precise significance4 ,?us #8,god-be>+' 7!ophorus71 :i* is a natural epi!t 9 ! case ( ,ignatius1 z be+ us$ ( himself 9 8 writ+s1 is be/[$ on v>i\s di/+ui%$ ascetics1 z ,an?ony1 ,eu?ymius1 ,sabbas1 ,onuphrius4 7#c7 ,! gr\nd = ! di/9ction betwe5 #8,m>tyrs' & #8,great ,m>tyrs' is n app>5t4 #8,hi]om>tyrs' are m>tyrs :o 7 bi%ops or prie/s2 #8,hosiom>tyrs' are m>tyrs :o 7 liv+ z religi\s4 ,!kla1 z well z ,/eph51 is #8,protom>tyr4' 7#d7 ,! ^w #8,apo/le' is n conf9$ to ! twelve4 ,! sev5ty disciples :om ! ,"l s5t =? are ! #8,sev5ty ,apo/les1' among :om 7 reckon$ _m ( ! p]sons nam$ 9 ! salutations ( ,/ ,paul's ,epi/les4 ,& ! ^w is also appli$ to c]ta9 companions or acqua9tances ( ,/ ,paul1 z e4g4 ,ananias ( ,damascus1 ,agabus1 ,titus1 etc4 #8,equal to ! ,apo/les' 7,isapo/olos7 is appli$ 7a7 to v e>ly sa9ts1 e4g4 ,ab]cius ( ,hi]apolis1 ,m>y ,magdal5e1 ,junia1 ,!kla1 etc42 & 7b7 to great pr9ces :o 7 di/+ui%$ = _! s]vices to ! ,*ur*1 z ,con/ant9e & ,hel5a4 #8,wond]-work]' 7?aumaturgos7 is us$ ( v>i\s sa9ts fam\s = _! miracles1 z e4g4 ,*>ilampes 7,feb4 #aj71 ,spiridion 7,dec4 #ab71 ,gregory1 bi%op ( ,neocaes>ea 9 ,pontus 7,nov4 #ag71 ! ,sa9t ,elizabe? 7,april #bd71 ( unc]ta9 date1 :o nev] wa%$ h] body ) wat]1 & o!rs4 ,john1 son ( ,za*>ias & ,elizabe?1 :o ) u is ! ,bapti/1 appe>s z ! ,precursor or ,=]unn] 7,prodromos74 ,he figures mu* 9 ! s]vices ( ! ,*ur*3 & sev]al days are d$icat$ to 8 hon\r2 8 ,conception 7,sept4 #bc71 8 ,nativity 7,june #bd71 8 ,decollation 7,aug4 #bi7 & ! great fea/ kn[n z 8 ,synaxis 7,jan4 #g74 ,9 addition1 ! fir/ & second f9d+ ( 8 head is commemorat$ on ,feb4 #bd1 & ! ?ird f9d+ ( 8 head on ,may #be4 ,/ ,m>y ! ,virg9 is almo/ inv>iably ! ,!otokos1 & ,joa*im & ,anna are ! ,!opator & ,!ometor 7,sept4 #i74 ,! #8unm]c5>y' 7an>guroi7 sa9ts are g5]ally physicians :o took no fees1 z ,cosmas & ,damian1 ,cyrus & 8 companion ,john1 & ,pantaleon4 ,! t]m ,synaxis 9 su* phrases z ! ,synaxis ( ! ,ar*angel ,mi*ael 7,nov4 #h71 ! ,synaxis ( ! ,!otokos 7,dec4 #bf71 ! ,synaxis ( ! sev5ty ,apo/les 7,jan4 #d71 ! ,synaxis ( ! ,=]unn] 7,jan4 #g71 ! ,synaxis ( ! ,ar*angel ,gabriel 7,m>* #bf71 ! ,synaxis ( ! twelve ,apo/les 7,june #cj71 is n easily r5d]$ into ,engli%2 & its precise significance 7z us$ 9 ! ,kal5d>7 is n obvi\s4 ,x is sometimes us$ = a ga!r+ or assembly ( p2 b m commonly x is employ$ to signify a ,eu*>i/ic ,communion#aga4 ,x is cu/om>y aft] ! great fea/s ( our ,"l & ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y to subjo9 on ! foll[+ day ! commemoration ( sa9ts associat$ ) ! ev5t commemorat$ on ! prec$+ day4 ,?us1 ! ,epiphany 7,!ophany7 9 ! ,greek ,*ur* be+ *iefly conc]n$ ) ! ,baptism ( ,*ri/1 we h on ! foll[+ day 7,jan4 #g7 ! fea/ ( ,/ ,john ,bapti/2 aft] ! ,hypapante1 or meet+ ) ,simeon & ,anna 9 ! ,temple 7on ,feb4 #b1 ! day ( ! ,purification ( ! ,virg91 9 ! ,we/71 we f9d 7,feb4 #c7 ,simeon & ,anna ! prophetess2 aft] ! ,nativity ( ! ,"l1 ! synaxis ( ! ,!otokos1 ,dec4 #bf2 aft] ! ,nativity ( ! ,virg9 7,sept4 #h7 we h on ,sept4 #i ,joa*im & ,anna1 h] p>5ts2 aft] ! ,annunciation 7,m>* #be7 we h on ,m>* #bf ! synaxis ( ! ,ar*angel ,gabriel1 :o made ! great ann\ncem5t4 ,x rema9s to be add$ t1 z 9 ! ,or?odox ,*ur* ( ! ,ea/ ,w$nesdays & ,fridays are obs]v$ z /rict fa/s alike by ! cl]gy1 ! monks1 & ! laity1 mo/ ( ! important fe/ivals c>ry ) !m ei!r a p>tial disp5sation 7z 9 "s cases = ! use ( oil & w9e1 & 9 o!rs = ! use ( oil1 w9e1 & fi%7 or a disp5sation = all k9ds ( food1 :5 a fe/ival falls on "o ( ^! fa/ days4 ,we n[ proce$ to describe ! annual cycle ( ,sundays4 ,,ii4 ,! ,dom9ical ,kal5d> ( ! ,or?odox ,*ur* ( ! ,ea/4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! ,sundays falls into two divisions1 ! fir/ beg9n+ ) ! ,sunday be=e our ,we/]n ,septuagesima2 & ! second1 imm$iately aft] our ,tr9ity ,sunday1 :i*1 ) ! ,greeks1 is call$ ! ,sunday ( ,all ,sa9ts4 ,9 ! foll[+ table1 opposite ! names ( ! ,sundays = ! e>li] "p ( ! ,dom9ical cycle1 z giv5 9 ! ,greek s]vice-books1 are plac$ ! names ( ! correspond+ ,sundays 9 ! ,we/1 z kn[n to ,engli% *ur*m54 ,publican & ,ph>isee ,sunday be=e ,septuagesima ,! ,prodigal ,son ,septuagesima ,apocreos ,sexagesima ,tyr9is1 or ,tyrophagus ,qu9quagesima ,fir/ ( ! ,fa/s 7or ,or?odoxy7 ,fir/ ,sunday 9 ,l5t ,second ( ! ,fa/s ,second ,sunday 9 ,l5t ,?ird ( ! ,fa/s 7or ,adoration ( ,?ird ,sunday 9 ,l5t ! ,cross7 ,f\r? ( ! ,fa/s ,f\r? ,sunday 9 ,l5t ,fif? ( ! ,fa/s ,fif? ,sunday 9 ,l5t ,palms ,six? ,sunday 9 ,l5t 7,palm ,sunday7 ,holy ,pas* ,ea/] ,antipas* 7or ,/ ,?omas7 ,fir/ ,sunday aft] ,ea/] ,myrrh-be>]s ,second ,sunday aft] ,ea/] ,p>alytic ,?ird ,sunday aft] ,ea/] ,sam>itan ,woman ,f\r? ,sunday aft] ,ea/] ,bl9d ,man ,fif? ,sunday aft] ,ea/] ,! ,?ree hundr$ & eighte5#agb ,sunday aft] ,asc5sion-day ,p5teco/ ,:itsunday ,fir/ aft] ,p5teco/ 7or ,all ,sa9ts7 ,tr9ity ,sunday ,! foll[+ ,sundays are numb]$ ! ,second1 ,?ird1 ,f\r? aft] ,p5teco/1 & s on1 till we rea* ! ,sunday ( ! ,publican 7! ,sunday be=e ,septuagesima7 9 ! foll[+ ye>4 ,b :ile ! numb]s are cont9u\s1 special names are giv5 to c]ta9 ,sundays4 ,?us we f9d ! ,sunday be=e & ! ,sunday aft] ! ,exaltation ( ! ,cross 7,sept4 #ad72 ! ,sundays be=e & aft] ! ,nativity2 ! ,sundays be=e & aft] ! ,lights 7i4e4 ! ,epiphany74 ,aga91 we sometimes f9d ! ,sundays aft] ,p5teco/ ref]r$ to z ! ,fir/1 ,second1 ,?ird1 etc41 ( ,mat!w2 because ! liturgical ,gospel on ^! ,sundays1 on to ! ,exaltation ( ! ,cross1 is tak5 f ,/ ,mat!w4 ,simil>ly1 aft] ! ,exaltation ( ! ,cross & on to ,apocreos ! liturgical ,gospel = ! ,sundays is tak5 f ,/ ,luke1 & ! ,sundays are nam$ ,fir/1 ,second1 ,?ird1 etc41 ( ,luke4 ,x is ! subject-matt] ( ! ,gospel = ! day :i* gives its "n to ! ,sundays call$ ! ,publican1 ! ,prodigal1 ,/ ,?omas1 ! ,myrrh-be>]s 7i4e4 ! wom5 br++ spices to ! tomb71 etc4 ,on ! ,sunday ( ,or?odoxy 7! fir/ 9 ,l5t7 "s sixty ana!mas aga9/ h]esy ( v>i\s k9ds are recit$1 includ+ sev]al aga9/ ! ,iconocla/s :o 7 condemn$ at ! second ,c\ncil ( ,nicaea 7,a4,d4 #ghg74 ,tyr9is 7or ,tyrophagus7 & ,apocreos are expla9$ else:]e#agc4 ,! "n #8,antipas*1' = ! fir/ ,sunday aft] ,ea/] 7,l[ ,sunday2 ,dom9ica 9 ,albis71 implies t x is #8ov] aga9/' or #8answ]+ to' ! ,pas*4 ,on ! ,sunday ( ! ,?ree hundr$ & eighte5 holy ,fa!rs ( ,nicaea a canon 7or metrical hymn7 9 hon\r ( ! ,c\ncil is sung4 ,! nam+ ( ! week 9 relation to ! ,sunday is peculi>1 & does n foll[1 z 9 ! ,we/1 a consi/5t rule4 ,9 "s cases1 ! week prec$+ a ,sunday is giv5 its "n3 9 o!r cases ! week is call$ aft] ! ,sunday ) :i* x beg9s4 ,& :5 ! det]m9ation ( dates is 9 view ! /ud5t %\ld be on ! al]t4 ,?us1 ! week ( ,apocreos 7! la/ week ( fle%-eat+7 prec$es ! ,sunday ,apocreos2 ! week ( ,tyr9e 7:5 *eese1 butt] & milk are all[$7 prec$es ! ,sunday ( t "n2 & ! fir/ week ( ! ,l5t5 fa/ prec$es ! ,sunday t is ! fir/ 9 ,l5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 aft] ,antipas*a & on to ! second ,sunday aft] ,p5teco/ ! weeks are nam$ f ! ,sunday :i* !y foll[3 :ile ! nam+ ! week f ! ,sunday :i* foll[s is resum$ at ! latt] date#agd4 ,! p]iod f ! ,sunday ( ! ,publican to ,ea/] ,eve inclusive is sometimes call$ ! "t ( ! ,triodion 771 because ! propria = t "t are conta9$ 9 a s]vice-book :i* be>s t "n2 :ile ! p]iod f ,ea/] ,day to ! ,sunday ( ,all ,sa9ts 7fir/ ,sunday aft] ,p5teco/71 bo? inclusive1 is call$ ! "t ( ! ,p5teko/>ion 77 f ! "n ( ! s]vice-book us$ at t "t4 ,a few words mu/ be said on c]ta9 week-days obs]v$ ) special dignity1 ! position ( :i* 9 ! almanack v>ies ) ! position ( ,sundays z affect$ by ! incid5ce ( ,ea/]4 ,x w be rememb]$ t 9 ! ,ea/ ! ,sabba? 7,saturday7 is reckon$ z a day ( special religi\s obs]vance2 & "s ,sabba?s are di/+ui%$ by special names4 ,! ,sabba? ( ,apocreos is a day = ! solemn commemoration ( all ! fai?ful dep>t$2 & vigils are kept dur+ ! night4 ,x is kn[n z ! ,sabba? ( ! ,dead4 ,! next foll[+ ,sabba? s]ves = ! commemoration ( religi\s & ascetics2 x is nam$ ! ,sabba? ( ,ascetics4 ,on ! ,sabba? ( ! fir/ week ( ,l5t 7kn[n z ! ,sabba? ( ,kollyba7 !re is a commemoration ( ,/ ,!odore ,tyro1 m>tyr1 :o1 accord+ to ! leg5d1 9 ! "t ( ,julian ! apo/ate1 appe>$ to ! bi%op ( ,con/ant9ople1 & ord]$ him 9 a great em]g5cy to make ,kollyba & di/ribute !m to ! p4 ,! bi%op said 9 reply t he did n "k :at ,kollyba 71 & ! sa9t expla9$ t !y 7 :eat5 cakes4 ,we ne$ n pursue ! /ory fur!r4 ,! ,sabba? be=e ! fif? ,sunday 9 ,l5t is ! ,sabba? ( ! ,aka?i/4 ,a hymn1 s call$1 9 hon\r ( ! ,virg91 0 sung ?r\gh\t ! night by ! p1 n sitt+ d[n4 ,! ,sabba? be=e ! ,six? ,sunday commemorates ! rais+ ( ,laz>us1 & is call$ ! ,sabba? ( ,laz>us4 ,ea/] ,eve is ! #8,great ,sabba?4' ,x may be obs]v$ t :ile 9 ! ,we/ ! ^w ,p>asceve is us$ exclusively = ,good ,friday1 9 ! ,ea/ ! ^w is us$ = e ,friday1 & ,good ,friday is di/+ui%$ by ! epi!t ,great4 ,a detail$ exhibition ( ! ,byzant9e ,kal5d> _c be attempt$ "h1 b ! /ud5t w f9d x treat$ by ,j4 ,m4 ,neale 9 ! ,g5]al ,introduction to 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,holy ,ea/]n ,*ur* 7vol4 ,,ii47 & ) great fulness 9 ,nilles' ,kal5d>ium manuale utriusque ,ecclesiae4 ,notes on ! ,kal5d>s ( "s ( ! sep>at$ ,*ur*es ( ! ,ea/ w be f\nd 9 ,app5dix ,,iii4 ,,app5dix ,i ,,! ,,pas*al ,,"q ,,9 ,,! ,,celtic ,,*ur*es ,! controv]sies z to ! calculation ( ,ea/] betwe5 ! ,roman ecclesia/ics1 on ! "o h&1 &1 on ! o!r1 ! ecclesia/ics ( ,irel& 7,scotia71 ,scotl& 7,alban71 & ,wales1 arose f ! fact t our native ,*ur*es cont9u$ to foll[ a cycle :i* _h1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! f\r? c5tury1 prevail$ at ,rome1 b :i* 0 aft]w>ds ab&on$ by ! ,*ur* ( t city4 ,an admirable acc\nt ( ! matt] w be f\nd 9 ,pr(4 ,bury's ,life ( ,/ ,patrick1 #cga-cgd4 ,! improv$ ,roman computation 0 ev5tually adopt$ 9 ! s\? ( ,irel& ab\t ,a4,d4 #fej2 9 ! nor? ( ,irel& 9 ,a4,d4 #gjc2 among ! ,picts ( ,scotl& 9 ,a4,d4 #gaj2 at ,iona 9 ,a4,d4 #gaf2 & 9 ,s\? ,wales 9 ,a4,d4 #hjb4 ,,app5dix ,,ii ,,note ,,on ,,! ,,kal5d>s ,,( ,,! ,,sep>at$ ,,*ur*es ,,( ,,! ,,ea/ ,i4 ,! ,arm5ians4 ,! ye> is c\nt$ f ! ye> #eea ( our era1 :5 ! ,ca?olicos1 ,moses ,,ii1 :o re=m$ ! ,kal5d>1 asc5d$ ! patri>*al ?rone4 ,?us ,a4,d4 #aiaj is ! ye> #acei among ! ,arm5ians4 ,"o notewor?y feature ( ! ,arm5ian obs]vance is t1 ) ! exception ( ! ,nativity 7,jan4 #f71 ! ,circumcision1 ! ,pres5tation ( ! ,"l 9 ! ,temple1 & ! ,annunciation1 v>i\s important fe/ivals are transf]r$ to ! foll[+ ,sunday4 ,c]ta9 m9or ,holy ,days1 if !y fall on ,w$nesday1 ,friday1 or ,sunday1 are 9 "s cases omitt$1 :ile o!rs are transf]r$ to ! foll[+ ,saturday4 ,9 reg>d to days ( fa/+1 9 addition to ,l5t1 ! mo/ rem>kable feature is #8! fa/ ( ,n9eveh1' kept = two weeks1 "o mon? be=e ! beg9n+ ( ,l5t4 ,! days ( ! week foll[+ ,p5teco/ are fa/ days 7see p4 #ia f474 ,= details see ,e4 ,f4 ,k4 ,=tescue's ,arm5ian ,*ur*1 & ,nilles1 op4 cit4 7vol4 ,,ii474 ,,ii4 ,! ,ea/]n ,syrian 7,*aldean1 ,assyrian1 ,ne/orian7 ,*ur*4 ,! ,kal5d>1 ,lection>y1 & a li/ ( days ( ,m>tyrs & o!rs = :i* no special lessons are appo9t$ w be f\nd 9 ,bi%op ,a4 ,j4 ,maclean's ,ea/ ,syrian ,daily ,(fices4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ features is ! frequ5cy ) :i* ,friday is obs]v$ z a commemoration ( sa9ts2 & sometimes ! ,friday commemoration is relat$ 9 hi/ory or 9 ?\ght ) ! ev5t commemorat$ on ! prec$+ ,sunday or great fe/ival4 ,?us ,/ ,john ,bapti/ is commemorat$ on ! ,friday aft] ! ,epiphany 7,jan4 #f71 ( :i* fe/ival ! baptism ( ! ,"l is ! dom9ant ?\ght4 ,! fe/ival is popul>ly call$ at ,urmi #8,! ,new wat]s4' ,= details see ,maclean4 ,,iii4 ,! ,coptic 7,egyptian7 & ,abyss9ian ,*ur*es1 bo? ,monophysite4 ,! ,copts compute _! ye>s accord+ to #8! era ( ! m>tyrs' 7( ,diocletian71 comm5c+ ,a4,d4 #bhd4 ,! ye> beg9s on ! fir/ ( ! mon? ,t\t1 a day correspond+ to ,sept4 #aj4 ,ea* mon? consi/s ( #cj days2 & ! five 7or 9 leap-ye> six7 days necess>y to complete ! sol> ye> are call$ #8! little mon?4' ,!re are f\rte5 pr9cipal fea/s4 ,! mo/ peculi> features are commemorations ( ! ,f\r-&-tw5ty ,eld]s1 & ( ! ,f\r ,bea/s1 ( ! ,revelation4 ,! ,e?iopic ,kal5d> runs on broadly simil> l9es2 b x is a peculi> feature ( ?is ,kal5d> t !re are mon?ly celebrations ( ! ,"l's ,nativity 7except t ! ,"l's ,conception is sub/itut$ on ,m>* #be71 z well z ( ,/ ,m>y1 ( ,/ ,mi*ael1 & ( ,abraham1 ,isaac & ,jacob4 ,pontius ,pilate is commemorat$ on ,june #be4 ,see ,neale's ,ea/]n ,*ur* 7,,ii4 #hje-hae74 ,,app5dix ,,iii ,,note ,,on ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,kal5d> ,,( ,,! ,,*ur* ,,( ,,engl& ,,s9ce ,,! ,,re=mation ,z e>ly z #aecb we f9d a ,petition ( ! ,commons 7really emanat+ f ! ,c\rt7 to ,h5ry ,,viii t1 ) ! advice ( 8 mo/ hon\rable c\ncil1 prelates1 & ord9>ies1 holy days1 #8& specially su* z fall 9 ! h>ve/1' may be #8made few] 9 numb]4' ,to ?is ! ord9>ies answ]$1 object+ to *ange1 &1 ) ref]5ce to holy days 9 h>ve/1 /at+ t #8!re be 9 ,augu/ b ,/ ,lawr5ce1 ! ,assumption ( our ,bless$ ,lady1 ,/ ,b>?olomew1 & 9 ,septemb] ! ,nativity ( our ,lady1 ! ,exaltation ( ! ,cross1 & ,/ ,mat!w ! ,apo/le1 be=e :i* days h>ve/ is commonly end$#age4' ,! ref]5ce bo? 9 ! ,petition & ! answ] is obvi\sly to holy days c>ry+ ) !m a cessation ( lab\r4 ,9 #aecf ,convocation pass$ an ord9ance abrogat+ sup]flu\s holy days4 ,x 0 orda9$ t 9 t]m "t no holy days %\ld be kept except ,asc5sion ,day1 ! ,nativity ( ! ,bapti/1 ,allhall51 & ,c&lemas1 nor 9 h>ve/ except fea/s ( ! ,apo/les & our ,lady4 ,/ ,george 0 to cont9ue to be celebrat$4 ,! fea/ ( ! patron ( ea* *ur* 0 to be aboli%$2 & ! fea/ ( e *ur*'s d$ication 0 to be obs]v$ on ! fir/ ,sunday 9 ,octob]4 ,by ?is ord9ance ! great fe/ival ( ,/ ,?omas ,becket1 ! translation ( 8 relics 7,july #g71 fell1 z occurr+ 9 ! season ( h>ve/4 ,two ye>s lat] by a royal proclamation ! fe/ival ( 8 m>tyrdom 7,dec4 #bi7 met ! same fate4 ,! ,kal5d> ( ! ,fir/ ,pray] ,book ( ,edw>d ,,vi 7#aedi7 exhibits a clean sweep ( all fe/ivals except ! r$-lett] days /ill obs]v$1 toge!r ) #8,magdal5' 7,july #bb71 = :i* a collect1 epi/le1 & gospel are suppli$4 ,/ ,mat?ias is plac$ at ,feb4 #bd4 ,! ,kal5d> ( ! ,second ,pray] ,book ( ,edw>d ,,vi 7#aeeb7 diff]s f t ( ! ,fir/ ,pray] ,book1 by omitt+ ,/ ,m>y ,magdal5e & ,/ ,b>nabas 7,june #aa73 b ?is latt] w\ld seem to h be5 omitt$ only p] incuriam1 z ! collect1 epi/le1 & gospel are f\nd 9 ! body ( ! book2 & by ! ins]tion ( ! foll[+ black-lett] days1 ,/ ,george 7,april #bc71 ,lammas 7,aug4 #a71 ,/ ,lawr5ce 7,aug4 #aj71 ,/ ,clem5t 7,nov4 #bc71 toge!r ) ,t]m days1 #8,dog days1' #8,equ9octium' 7,m>* #aj7 & ! days ( ! entrance ( ! sun into ! sev]al signs ( ! zodiac4 ,x is an int]e/+ problem h[ 9 ! ,pray] ,book1 :i* repres5ts emphatically ! action ( ! m ?or\gh-go+ ( ! ,prote/ant p>ty1 ^! black-lett] days came to be ins]t$4 ,9 ! ,pray] ,book ( #aeei #8,b>nabe ,ap4' reappe>s2 ! a/ronomical notes are some:at full]1 & ! h\rs ( ! ris+ & sett+ ( ! sun at c]ta9 dates are record$4 ,z reg>ds ! black-lett] days 9 ! pres5t ,kal5d> ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& we h fir/ to call att5tion to ! ,lat9 ,pray] ,book issu$ by ! au?ority ( ,elizabe? 9 ,april #aefj4 ,x seems to h be5 ready = ! press z e>ly z ,aug4 #aa1 #aeei4 ,its ,kal5d> is adorn$ ) a great cr[d ( black-lett] sa9ts2 & !re are b few days blank4 ,9 #aefa appe>$ a new ,kal5d> 9 ,engli%1 ! "w ( ,ecclesia/ical ,commission]s act+ ^u a royal lett]4 ,! ,commission]s 7 direct$ to p]use ! ord] ( ! lessons ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 & to cause "s new ,kal5d>s to be impr9t$1 #8:]eby su* *apt]s or p>cels ( less edification may be remov$1 & o!rs m pr(itable may supply _! rooms4' ,z a matt] ( fact ! ,commission]s w5t beyond _! in/ructions1 & ins]t$ 9 ! ,kal5d> ! names ( black-lett] sa9ts almo/ z !y 7 a c5tury lat] approv$ by ,convocation 9 #affa4 ,^! 7 ins]t$ 9 ! lat] issues ( ,elizabe?'s ,pray] ,book4 ,aft] ! accession ( ,james ,i ! ,bir?-,day ( ,que5 ,elizabe? ceas$ to appe> 9 ! ,kal5d> at ,sept4 #g1 & ,/ ,enur*us takes its place4 ,! only *anges made 9 #affa 7 ! addition ( ,v54 ,b$e 7,may #bg71 ,/ ,alban 7,june #ag71 & ! cont9uance ( ,/ ,enur*us 7,sept4 #g71 toge!r ) ! %ift+ 7probably ?r\gh mi/ake7 ( ,/ ,m>y ,magdal5e f ,july #bb to ,july #ba4 ,) reg>d to ! date ( ,/ ,m>y ,magdal5e a ref]5ce to ! photo-z9cographic facsimile ( ! ,black-,lett] ,pray] ,book1 9 :i* corrections 7 made at ! la/ revision1 w %[ at once h[ easily ! scribe :o copi$ f ?is book might make ! mi/ake4 ,/ ,enur*us1 :o _h appe>$ 9 ?is =m ( ! "n 9 ! ,pray] ,book ( #afjd1 & /ill e>li] 9 ! ,kal5d> ( ! ,preces ,privatae 7:i* _h be5 issu$1 z ,regia au?oritate approbatae1 9 #aefd71 is obvi\sly a faulty =m1 aris+ f an error ( transcription1 = ,/ ,euurtius4 ,! fir/ lett] u1 aft] ! initial ,e1 0 read z n 7! confusion ( u & n is "o ( ! mo/ frequ5t ( ! errors ( copyi/s71 & ! ti 79 a mann] n surpris+ to ^? famili> ) sixte5? c5tury script7 0 app>5tly read z *4 ,x may be add$ t ,b$e & ,alban _h also appe>$ 9 ! ,kal5d> ( ! ,preces ,privatae4 ,we h /at$ t ,/ ,enur*us appe>s 9 ! ,kal5d> ( ! ,pray] ,book ( #afjd1 & x 0 introduc$ !n z ! only addition to ! black-lett] sa9ts ( ! ,kal5d> ( #aefa4 ,x is p]haps impossible to acc\nt = its introduction2 b ! conjecture has be5 (f]$ t x 0 ins]t$ to fill ! gap caus$ by ! omission ( ! ,nativity ( ,que5 ,elizabe? :i* _h =m]ly occupi$ ,sept4 #gagf4 ,! above are n ! only errors ( our pres5t ,kal5d>4 ,! revis]s ( #affa add$ explanatory comm5ts to ! names ( ! sa9ts1 & 9 do+ s h sometimes blund]$4 ,?us !y f\nd #8,cyprian' at ,sept4 #bf1 & !y add$ #8,ar*bi%op ( ,c>?age & ,m>tyr4' ,if !y _h tak5 ! tr\ble to look at ! old ,s>um or ,york ,kal5d>s !y w\ld h se5 t ! ,cyprian commemorat$ on ?is day 0 ! conv]t$ magician ( ,antio*4 ,?is error is probably to be trac$ to ,cos9's ,devotions 7#afbg74 ,x mu/ be confess$ t ! black-lett] sa9ts ( ! mod]n ,engli% ,kal5d> =m by no means an ideal pres5tation ( ! wor?ies & h]oes ( ! ,*ur* ,ca?olic4 ,! ,bi%op ( ,salisbury 7,j4 ,wordswor?7 has "s admirable rem>ks on ! future re=m ( our ,engli% ,kal5d> 9 8 ,m9i/ry ( ,grace 7pp4 #dba-dbe74 ,c]ta9 errors 9 ! plac+ ( ! ,gold5 ,numb]s 9 ! ,kal5d> ( ! ,pray] ,book ( #affb = ! mon? ( ,janu>y 7 soon discov]$4 ,!y are notic$ 9 ,ni*oll's ,comm5t>y on ! ,book ( ,common ,pray] 7#agab74 ,among ! r$-lett] days ( #affb 7 #8,k+ ,*>les4 ,m>tyr' 7,jan4 #cj71 #8,k+ ,*>les ,,ii4 ,nativity & ,re/oration' 7,may #bi71 #8,papi/s' ,conspiracy' 7,nov4 #e74 ,^! days h ! au?ority ( ! ,act ( ,uni=mity ( #affb1 all ( !m appe>+ 9 ! ,book annex$ to ! ,act4 ,on ! au?ority ( a ,royal ,w>rant 7,jan4 #ag1 #ahei71 ! legal suffici5cy ( :i* has be5 que/ion$1 ^! days h ceas$ to be ent]$ 9 ! ,kal5d>s ( mod]n ,pray] ,books4 ,x may be add$ t ! ,kal5d> ( ! ,scotti% ,pray] ,book ( #afcg 7kn[n commonly1 ?\gh n correctly z #8,ar*bi%op ,laud's ,pray] ,book'7 exhibit$1 9 addition to ! black-lett] sa9ts ( ! ,engli% ,pray] ,book ( ! day1 ! foll[+ national or local commemorations3--,david1 ,k+1 ,jan4 #aa2 ,mungo1 ,bi%op1 ,jan4 #ac2 ,colman1 ,feb4 #ah2 ,con/ant9e ,,iii1 ,k+1 ,m>* #aa2 ,patrick1 ,m>* #ag2 ,cu?b]t1 ,m>* #bj2 ,gilb]t1 ,bi%op1 ,april #a2 ,s]f1 ,bi%op1 ,april #bj2 ,columba1 ,june #i2 ,palladius1 ,july #f2 ,n9ian1 ,bi%op1 ,sept4 #ah2 ,adaman 7sic71 ,bi%op 7sic71 ,sept4 #be2 ,m>g>et1 ,que51 ,nov4 #af2 ,ode1 ,virg91 ,nov4 #bg2 ,dro/an1 ,dec4 #d4 ,! ,kal5d> ( ! ,pray] ,book ( ! ,*ur* ( ,irel& has s9ce #ahgg omitt$ all black-lett] days4 ,! same is true ( ! ,am]ican ,pray] ,book s9ce #agij4 ,,footnotes #a ,less co/ly works are ,giry's admirable ,manuel de ,diplomatique 7#ahid71 ,sir ,h>ris ,ni*olas' ,*ronology ( ,hi/ory1 & ,mr ,j4 ,j4 ,bond's ,h&y-,book ( ,rules & ,tables = v]ify+ dates4 #b ,acts xx4 #g2 #a ,cor4 xvi4 #b4 #c ,! view t ,/ ,john is "h repres5t+ himself z rapt 9 vision to ! "t ( judgm5t spok5 ( by ,/ ,paul 7#a ,cor4 i4 #h2 #b ,!ss4 ii4 #b7 is ! only o!r int]pretation :i* des]ves s]i\s consid]ation4 7,= ! view m5tion$ see ,hort1 ,apocalypse1 p4 #ae47 ,b x does n1 z x seems to ! pres5t writ]1 dislodge ! commonly accept$ view4 #d ,! ,italian #8,dom5ica' & ! ,fr5* #8,diman*e' foll[ ! language ( ! ,lat9 ,*ur* 9 designat+ :at we call #8,sunday4' ,9 ! ,greek ,*ur* #8! ,"l's ,day' is /ill ! t]m employ$4 #e ,e4g4 ,epi/4 to ,diognetus #d4 #f ,*ri/ian ,wor%ip1 ,e4 tr4 #bca4 #g ,expos4 ,fid4 #bd4 #h ,see ,maclean1 ,anci5t ,*ur* ,ord]s1 p4 #adi f4 #i ,ibid41 p4 #aga f4 #aj ,?is la/ ^w 77 po9ts to a tempor>y deprival ( communion4 #aa ,h4,e4 v4 #bb4 #ab ,epi/4 xxxvi4 #b1 ad ,casulanum4 #ac ,augu/9e1 ,ep4 liv4 #c1 ad ,bonifacium4 #ad ,canon ,,xxvi4 #8,errorem placuit corrigi1 ut omni sabbati die sup]positiones celebremus4' ,on sup]positio jejunii see ,d4,c4,a4 ,x w\ld seem t once a mon? 7except 9 ,july & ,augu/1 ob quorumdam infirmitatem7 ! add$ fa/ ( ,saturday 0 to be obs]v$2 ,canon ,,xxiii4 #ae ,t]tullian 7de ,jejuniis #b7 speaks ( #8/ations' be+ held on ! f\r? & six? f]ia4 #af ,de ,natura ,r]um1 c4 #c4 #ag ,see ! ,notes ( ,valesius on ,eusebius' ,m>tyrs ( ,pale/9e 7,p>is1 #afei71 pp4 #agc f4 #ah ,comp>e ,luke xviii4 #ab4 #ai ,simil4 v4 #a1 4 #bj ,de ,jejuniis #ad4 #ba ,/rom4 vii4 p4 #hgg1 ,pott]'s edit4 ,on conjectures z to ! orig9 ( ! ^w /atio 9 ?is s5se1 see ,d4,c4,a4 #bb ,see p4 #ia4 #bc ,*ri/ian ,wor%ip1 ,e4 tr4 #bcj4 #bd ,aegidius ,bu*]ius 7,gilles ,b\*]71 a le>n$ ,fr5* ,jesuit1 ^: ,de doctr9a temporum appe>$ at ,antw]p 9 #afcd4 #be ,ru9>t's ,acta ,m>tyrum 7#agca71 p4 #eda1 & ,lietzmann1 ,?ree olde/ ,m>tyrologies1 #aijd4 #bf ,x w be rememb]$ t ,felicitas & ,p]petua are nam$ 9 ! ,canon ( ! ,roman ,mass4 #bg ,satornilos is presumably a transcriptional v>iant ( ,saturn9us4 #bh ,du*esne has assi/$ ,r4 ,graff9 9 edit+ ?is ,m>tyrology 9 ,acta ,sanctorum ,boll41 ,nov4 ,,ii41 "u ! title ,brevi>ium ,syriacum4 #bi ,see ,momms51 ,corpus ,inscript4 ,lat4 ,i4 #ccc4 #cj ,lietzmann has pr9t$ ! text 9 ,! ,?ree ,olde/ ,m>tyrologies4 ,see also ,ru9>t1 ,acta ,m>tyrum1 pp4 #eda f4 #ca ,f ! m5tion ( ,eug5ius1 bi%op ( ,c>?age 7 #eje71 ,lietzmann concludes t ! ,kal5d> receiv$ its pres5t =m %ortly aft] ! dea? ( ,eug5ius4 ,edd4 #cb ,m9i/ry ( ,grace1 #fe4 #cc ,see ,hefele ,,ii4 #djj1 ,engli% translation4 #cd ,liturgia ,romana ,vetus1 ,muratori ,i4 #ch-dj4 ,see z to ! date ( ! ,sacram5t>y1 ,du*esne1 ,*r4 ,wor%ip1 ,e4 tr4 pp4 #acg-aci4 ,x has be5 edit$ by ,c4 ,l4 ,feltoe 7,sacram5t>ium ,leonianum1 ,cambridge1 #ahif74 #ce #8,georgii' is a conjecture ( ,muratori4 ,! ,,ms4 has #8,gregorii4' ,see ,feltoe's note1 op4 cit4 p4 #agg4 ,edd4 #cf ,b ,feltoe reads #8iiii4 non4 aug41' :i* corresponds ) ! ord9>y date1 ,aug4 #b4 ,! actual pray]s1 h[ev]1 9 ! ,leon9e ,sacram5t>y ref] to ,/ ,/eph5 ! protom>tyr1 ^: #8,inv5tion' ! ,roman ,kal5d> /ill keeps on ,aug4 #c4 ,see ,feltoe1 pp4 #he f41 ) notes4 ,edd4 #cg ,gregorius disappe>s f ?is day 9 ! ,gregorian ,kal5d>4 #ch ,see ,muratori's ,liturg4 ,rom4 ,vet4 ,i4 #dh-ej4 #ci ,x w int]e/ ,engli% /ud5ts to "k t ! synod ( ,worce/]1 "u ,cantilupe1 9 ,a4,d4 #abdj appo9t$ ?is day1 ) ?ree o!rs1 ,/ ,m>g>et's1 ,/ ,lucy's1 & ,/ ,aga?a's1 to be free f lab\r = wom54 #dj ,hi/oire du ,brviaire roma91 p4 #acb4 #da 9 ,diem ,natal4 #a4 #db ,topograph4 ,*ri/4 v4 #aid 7,migne1 ,p4 ,g4 lxxxviii4 #aig74 #dc ,see ! late ,dr ,george ,salmon's ma/]ly article #8,! ,comm5t>y ( ,hippolytus on ,daniel' 9 ,h]ma!na1 vol4 ,,viii4 #ahic1 & ,bi%op ,j4 ,wordswor?'s exposition 9 ! ,m9i/ry ( ,grace1 pp4 #cic-cih4 #dd ,m9i/ry ( ,grace1 #cii4 #de ,!re are un=tunately "s grave d\bts z to ! correct text ( ,sozom51 & z to ! accuracy ( 8 computation4 ,see :at is said by ,us%] 9 8 ,diss]tation de ,mac$onum et ,asianorum anno sol>i1 c4 #b4 ,comp>e also ,j]ome's ,comm5t>y on ,ezekiel :]e ! "t ( ! prophet's vision 7?irtie? ye>1 f\r? mon?1 fif? day1 ,i4 #a7 is set =? z correspond+ to ! day ( ! ,"l's baptism & ,epiphany4 ,j]ome makes ! f\r? mon? #8( ! ori5tals' correspond to ! ,janu>y ( ! ,romans4 #df ,?is view 7fanciful ?\gh x seems7 %\ld n be summ>ily dismiss$2 see ,kelln]1 pp4 #aja-b4 #dg ,accord+ to ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria 7,/rom4 i4 #ade1 #adf7 ! ,basilidians kept ,jan4 #f z ! fe/ival ( ! ,baptism1 & x 0 prec$$ by a ,vigil4 ,edd4 #dh ,x may int]e/ ! ,engli% /ud5t to be giv5 a sket* ( ! pr9cipal features ( ! ,s>um ,brevi>y & ,missal 9 relation to ! subject ( ! fe/ival4 ,at ,matt9s ! fir/ ?ree lessons are f ,isaiah 7lv4 #a-e1 #f-ab2 lx4 #a-g71 speak+ ( light1 & ! call+ ( ! ,g5tiles4 ,! v]sicle aft] ! #a/ lesson is #8& ! nations1 %all walk 9 ?y light1 & k+s 9 ! brightness ( ?y ris+4' ,! response & v]sicle aft] ! #bnd lesson t\* on ! gifts ( gold & inc5se f ,saba2 #8! k+s ( ! ,arabs & ( ,saba %all br+ gifts'2 & ?is note is s\nd$ aga9 & aga94 ,! #d?1 #e? & #f? lessons are f a s]mon ( ,/ ,leo1 & ! responses & v]sicles relate to ! visit ( ! ,magi4 ,9 ! response & v]sicle to ! #g? lesson ! baptism ( ,*ri/ is rec\nt$2 & subsequ5tly !re are sev]al ref]5ces to ! baptism4 ,! collect is solely conf9$ to ! ?\ght ( ! revelation ( ,god's only begott5 ,son to ! ,g5tiles by ! guid+ ( a />2 & ?is is ! dom9ant 7?\gh n exclusive7 feature ( ! re/ ( ! s]vice4 ,dur+ ! octave ! baptism is giv5 great] prom95ce2 & on ! octave itself ! miracle at ,cana has an important place1 z well z ! baptism4 ,9 ! ,missal ! prop]s are conf9$ to ! revelation to ! ,g5tiles & ! visit ( ! ,magi4 ,b on ! octave & ! ,sunday )9 ! octave ! baptism ( ,*ri/ =ms ! lead+ ?\ght4 #di ,du*esne1 ,*r4 ,wor%ip1 ,e4 tr41 #bff f41 :]e c]ta9 v>iations 9 ! ,arm5ian & ,ne/orian ,kal5d>s are exhibit$4 #ej ,possibly #8! ,bapti/' is a bungle ( ! transcrib]4 #ea ,on ^! commemorations ( ,/ ,james & ,/ ,john see fur!r ,c4 ,l4 ,feltoe 9 ,j4 ,?4 ,/4 x4 #ehi f4 ,edd4 #eb ,! ,hi]onymian ,m>tyrology is a me*anical & un9tellig5t piec+ toge!r ( ,ea/]n & ,we/]n li/s1 to :i* ,african additions 7 made z late z ,a4,d4 #fjj4 ,its orig9 has be5 inve/igat$ by ,de ,rossi & ,du*esne1 ,v4 de ,buck & ,a*elis3 see ,wordswor?'s ,m9i/ry ( ,grace1 p4 #ff4 #ec ,ca!m]9on1 ,hymnus ,,xii4 #ed ,de ,corona1 #c4 #ee ,contra ,celsum1 ,,viii4 #bb4 #ef ,les ,vies des ,sa9ts 7,p>is1 #agci71 ,,ii4 #d4 #eg ,s]m4 #aig1 #aih4 #eh ,?is is s z reg>ds ! text pr9t$ by ,muratori2 b 9 ,m5>d's text !re is a b5$iction t 9 its language is n unlike ! collect 9 ! ,book ( ,common ,pray]4 #ei ,de ,eccl4 ,(f4 ,i4 #dj1 #da4 #fj ,9 ,dom ,cabrol's ,les ,orig9es liturgiques 7,app5dice ,c47 w be f\nd an int]e/+ collection ( liturgical passages illu/rat+ ! ,*ur*'s prote/ aga9/ idolatry on ! ,kal5ds ( ,janu>y4 #fa ,de ,orat4 #ah4 #fb ,concil4 ,c>?ag4 ,,iii4 c4 #bi4 #fc ,ep4 ,,liv4 #g1 ad ,janu>ium4 ,! well-kn[n passage 9 ,socrates 7,h4,e4 v4 #bb7 seems to indicate t he believ$ t1 exclud+ ,alex&ria1 ! ,egyptians & ! inhabitants ( ! ,!bais ord9>ily p>took ( ! my/]ies 9 ! ev5+ aft] a full meal4 #fd ,spelman 7,gloss>ium ,ar*aeologicum1 s4v47 d]ives our ,maundy f maund1 #8a basket1' because gifts = ! poor 7 c>ri$ 9 baskets2 & ?is d]ivation has atta9$ "s popul>ity4 ,b !re is little to support x4 ,9 ,g]many f ! lat] m$iaeval p]iod ,d] grne ,donn]/ag 7,gre5 ,?ursday7 has be5 ! popul> "n ( ! day4 ,no entirely satisfactory explanation ( ! t]m has be5 (f]$4 ,!re is no "q t 9 sev]al ,g]man *ur*es gre5 ve/m5ts 7 worn by ! prie/ & 8 m9i/]s at ! ,mass ( ,maundy ,?ursday4 #fe ,*r4 ,wor%ip1 ,e4 tr41 p4 #bdh4 ,see also ,cabrol1 ,les ,orig9es liturgiques1 pp4 #agc f4 #ff ,see ,luke ix4 #ea4 #fg ,epi/4 ,,liv4 #a1 ad ,janu>ium4 #fh 4 #fi ,9 #ahib ! ,prote/ant ,episcopal ,*ur* 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica introduc$ into its ,pray] ,book ! ,transfiguration 7,aug4 #f7 z a r$-lett] day ) prop] ,lessons1 ,collect1 ,epi/le1 & ,gospel4 #gj ,de ,corona1 #c4 #ga c4 ,celsum1 ,,viii4 #bb4 #gb ,on ! date ( ?is ,*ur* ,ord]1 see ,maclean1 ,anci5t ,*ur* ,ord]s1 p4 #afc f4 #gc ,see ,wilson's edit4 #abi-aca4 #gd ,= details ! /ud5t may consult ,baillet1 tom4 ,,ix4 ii4 #aeb-aeh4 #ge ,twysd5's ,decem4 ,scriptores1 col4 #achc4 #gf ,! date ( ?is ,c\ncil is sometimes plac$ z e>ly z ,a4,d4 #fef4 #gg ,see esp4 ! ,protevangelium ,jacobi4 ,edd4 #gh ,9 ! pr9t$ ,s>um books ! ,assumption 0 a #8pr9cipal d\ble'2 ! ,purification & ,nativity #8great] d\bles'2 & ! ,annunciation a #8less] d\ble4' #gi ,= ^!1 & v>ieties z to ! day ( obs]vance1 see ,grotef5d1 ,zeitre*nung des deuts*4 ,mittelalt]s u4 d] ,neuzeit4 #hj ,see ! ,protevangelium 7cc4 #g1 #h74 ,edd4 #ha ,see h[ev] ,gasquet & ,bi%op1 ,boswor? ,psalt]1 pp4 #di f4 ,edd4 #hb ,?is leg5d also appe>s 9 ! ,protevangelium 7cc4 #a-e74 ,edd4 #hc ,gasquet & ,bi%op1 ,boswor? ,psalt]1 pp4 #dc ff4 ,edd4 #hd ,summa1 ,p4 ,,iii4 qu4 #bg1 art4 #b4 #he ,bo? ^! con/itutions w be f\nd 9 ! ,common ,extravagants1 lib4 iii4 tit4 #ab4 #hf ,see p4 #ace4 #hg ,see ! pray] 9 ,feltoe's edition1 p4 #df2 #8omnipot5s sempit]ne deus qui nos omnium apo/olorum m]ita sub una tribui/i celebritate v5]>i4' ,edd4 #hh ,annales ,cyprianici1 sub anno #beh4 #hi ,9 ! 7s-call$7 ,hi]onymian ,m>tyrology ! entry at ,jan4 #ah runs #8,d$icatio ,ca!drae ,s4 ,petri ,apo/oli1 qu primo ,romae s$it4' #ij ,! /ud5t may consult ! s*ol>ly article ( ,dr ,s9k] on #8,pet] ,s41 ,fe/ivals (' 9 ,d4,c4,a41 toge!r ) ,du*esne's ,*ri/ian ,wor%ip1 ,e4 tr4 7pp4 #bgg-bha71 ,wordswor?'s ,m9i/ry ( ,grace1 & ,kelln]'s ,heortology1 pp4 #cja-cjh4 ,x %\ld be add$ h[ev] ) reg>d to ,kelln] t ! notion t ! fea/ is connect$ ) ! ,primacy1 z di/+ui%$ f ! ,episcopacy ( ,/ ,pet]1 seems to be devoid ( evid5ce4 #ia ,d',a*]y's ,spicilegium1 tom4 ii4 #ae4 #ib ,x is f\nd 9 ! ,c>?ag9ian ,kal5d>1 b n 9 ! ,bu*]ian1 nor 9 t ( ,polemius ,silvius4 ,edd4 #ic ,o!r fe/ivals connect$ ) ,/ ,&rew are notic$ 9 ,d4,c4,a4 #id ,m9i/ry ( ,grace1 #dai4 #ie ,see ,du*esne1 ,*r4 ,wor%ip1 ,e4 tr4 #bha4 #if ,see ,s9k]'s article 9 ,d4,c4,a4 #ig ,= v>iations z to ! day ( obs]vance see ,baillet1 & ,s9k] 9 ,d4,c4,a4 #ih ,s]m4 #aif1 #bhg4 #ii ,x is f\nd 9 ! ,gelasian & 9 "s =ms ( ! ,gregorian ,sacram5t>y4 ,edd4 #ajj ,= o!r v>iations z to ! day see ,s9k]'s article 9 ,d4,c4,a4 #aja ,kelln]1 #cac4 #ajb ,see ! ,gelasian & ,gregorian ,sacram5t>ies4 #ajc ,heortology1 p4 #ae4 #ajd ,ad ,uxor4 ii4 #d4 #aje ,see = details ( evid5ce ,b+ham1 bk4 xiii4 c4 #i4 #ajf ,epp4 lib4 v4 #ag4 #ajg ,ep4 ad ,laetam1 #i4 #ajh ,comm5t4 9 ,mat?4 ,,xxv4 #f4 #aji ,?is lett] is to be f\nd 9 ! ,corpus ,juris ,canonici1 ,decretal4 lib4 iii4 tit4 #df4 #aaj ,muratori1 ,liturg4 ,rom4 ,,ii4 #ghf-gij3 #gjb-gjc4 #aaa ,h4,e4 ,,iv4 #cj3 ,,iii4 #bg4 #aab ,see p4 #aaj4 #aac ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 v4 #bd4 ,! words z to ! =ty h\rs are n unatt5d$ ) difficulty2 b ! int]pretation giv5 above is t adopt$ by ! s\nde/ s*ol>s4 ,see ,du*esne 7,*ri/4 ,wor%ip1 ,e4 tr41 p4 #bda71 & ! notes on ! place by ,valesius4 ,! mean+ is probably t no food 0 p>tak5 = =ty cont9u\s h\rs4 #aad de ,jejunio1 #b1 #ac1 #ad4 #aae ,dionysius ( ,alex&ria1 ,ep4 to ,basilides1 9 ,feltoe1 ,lett]s ( ,dionysius ( ,alex41 p4 #id f4 #aaf ,h4,e4 v4 #bb4 #aag ,! acc\nt 9 ,socrates _c be confid5tly reg>d$ z /rictly accurate 9 "s ( its details4 ,we _c readily accept ! /atem5t t ! ,saturdays at ,rome 7 n fa/+ days4 #aah ,collat4 xxi4 #be4 #aai ,liturgia ,romana ,vetus 7,muratori71 ,,ii4 #bh1 #bi4 #abj ,vita ,s4 ,m>g>itae1 c4 ,,ii4 #ah4 #aba ,see pp4 #adc f4 #abb ,! :ole subject ( ! ,l5t ( ! ,ea/]n ,*ur* is v fully dealt ) by ,nilles 9 8 ,kal5d>ium ,manuale & by ,pr9ce ,maximilian ( ,saxony 9 8 ,praelectiones de ,liturgiis ,ori5talibus1 #aijh4 #abc ,see pp4 #gg1 #hj f4 #abd ,ano!r read+ is pro populo4 #abe ,pa5it5tiale1 ,,ii4 xiv4 #a 7,haddon & ,/ubbs1 ,c\ncils1 ,,iii4 #bjb74 #abf #8,9 tribus quadragesimis anni et 9 dom9ica die et 9 f]iis qu>tis et 9 sextis f]iis conjuges cont9]e se deb5t4' ,lib4 xlvi4 c4 #aa3 ,wass]s*leb51 ,die ,iris*e ,kanon5sammlung 7ed4 #ahhe71 p4 #ahg4 #abg ,! ,great ,litany on ,/ ,m>k's day at ,rome 0 mu* e>li]4 #abh ,see ,s]m4 xix4 #b2 lxxx4 #d4 #abi ,= ! reasons = 8 +5i\s conjecture see ,*ri/ian ,wor%ip1 ,e4 tr4 p4 #bbc4 #acj ,see ,s9k]'s s*ol>ly article #8,emb] ,days' 9 ! ,diction>y ( ,*ri/ian ,antiquities1 = _m valuable details4 #aca ,! ,,ms4 is want+ = ! "p be=e ,april4 #acb ,c4 #h 7,labbe xi4 #bgd74 ,x is to be obs]v$ t 9 ! ,le(ric ,missal1 ( mu* e>li] date1 ! ,emb] days are not$ z fall+ 9 ! fir/ week ( ,l5t2 9 ! week ( ,p5teco/2 9 ! full week be=e ! autumnal equ9ox2 & 9 ! full week be=e ! ,nativity4 #acc ,! /udy ( ! ,m>tyrologies ( ,b$e1 ,florus1 ,ado1 & ,usu>d has be5 rec5tly approa*$ 9 ! true sci5tific _s by ,dom ,h5ri ,qu5t91 ( ,solesmes4 ,manuscripts 9 ! v>i\s libr>ies ( ,europe h be5 exam9$ & classifi$1 & ! s\rces ( ! entries trac$ 9 mo/ cases ) great success4 ,see ?is writ]'s ,les ,m>tyrologes hi/oriques du moy5 age 7#aijh74 #acd ,m$4 v4 ,kal4 ,i4 #cig-dbj4 #ace ,on ^! t]ms see ,ducange1 ,gloss>ium1 s4v4 ,fe/um2 ,addis & ,arnold1 ,ca?olic ,diction>y1 art4 #8,fe/ival4' ,edd4 #acf ,! classification ( fe/ivals 9 ! ,kal5d>s ( ,g]many ) ,tyrol1 ,holl&1 ,d5m>k1 & ,sc&9avia1 z pr9t$ by ,grotef5d1 v>ies mu*4 ,we f9d su* t]ms z #8,triplex' z well z #8,duplex' 7,breslau72 #8,duplex compositum' 7,utre*t72 #8ix ,psalmorum' 7,metz72 #8,b9i' 7i4e4 b9i *ori7 at ,salzburg2 #8,fe/a ,prelatorum1' #8,fe/a ,canonicorum1' #8,fe/a vic>iorum' 7,roskilde72 #8,summum' & #8semi-summum' 7,erfurt71 & _m =ms t are unfamili> to ,engli% /ud5ts4 #acg ,= fur!r obs]vations on ! ,kal5d>s ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& & ( ,*ur*es 9 communion ) x see ,app5dix ,,iii4 #ach ,see ,qu5t9's ,les ,m>tyrologes hi/oriques1 pp4 #bg1 #bh4 #aci ,= details see ,baillet1 ,les ,vies des ,sa9ts1 tom4 ,i1 9 8 ,disc\rs1 pp4 xxxiii4-xxxix4 #adj ,9 ! rec5tly discov]$ ,te/am5t ( ! ,"l1 ! ^w #8,pas*a' is us$ = ! season prec$+ ,ea/]1 ev5 z #8,p5teco/' is us$ = ! season ( fifty days prec$+ ,:itsunday4 #ada ,gute ,freitag is f\nd occasionally 9 ! ,g]man ,*ur* ,ord]s ( ! ,re=mation ,p]iod4 #adb ,9 ,greek writ]s 4 ,= a full discussion ( ! :ole "q1 ) ref]5ce to ! au?orities1 see ,v4 ,h4 ,/anton1 ,! ,gospels z ,hi/orical ,docum5ts1 ,"p ,i41 pp4 #agc-aig4 ,edd4 #adc ,see ,eusebius1 ,h4,e4 v4 #bd1 :]e ! full context sc>cely leaves a d\bt t mu/ be und]/ood 9 ! s5se t ,anicetus yield$ ! place ( celebrant to ,polyc>p4 #add ,h4,e4 v4 #bd4 #ade ,we d n ent] ^u ! discussion ( ! "q :e!r he actually proce$$ to ! l5g? ( a =mal excommunication4 ,9 c]ta9 ( 8 lett]s he und\bt$ly spoke ( !m z 4 ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 v4 #bd4 #adf ,ibid4 #adg ,see ! discussion by ,bp ,maclean1 ,anci5t ,*ur* ,ord]s 79 ! pres5t s]ies71 p4 #adi f4 #adh ,lib4 ,v4 c4 #g4 #adi ,see p4 #aag4 #aej ,see p4 #aah f4 #aea ,h4,e4 ,,vi4 #bb4 #aeb ,lag>de1 ,analecta ,syriaca1 p4 #hi4 #aec ,see ,dr ,george ,salmon's article on #8,hippolytus ,romanus' 9 ,smi? & ,wace's ,diction>y ( ,*ri/ian ,biography4 #aed ,see ,ludwig ,idel]1 ,h&bu* d] ma!matis*5 u4 te*n4 ,*ronologie1 ,,ii4 #bai4 #aee ,see = a full treatm5t ( ! subject ,idel]1 ,,ii4 #bbf-bca4 #aef ,h4,e4 ,i4 #i4 #aeg ,9 ! op9ion ( ,du*esne ! controv]sy dealt ) 9 ,a4,d4 #cbe 0 betwe5 ! sy/em ( ,antio*1 :i* celebrat$ ,ea/] on ! ,sunday next aft] ! ,jewi% ,pas*a1 & ! sy/em ( ,alex&ria1 :i* insi/$ on ,ea/] be+ always aft] ! v]nal equ9ox4 ,see ,*ri/ian ,wor%ip1 ,e4 tr41 #bcg4 #aeh ,eusebius1 ,vita ,con/4 ,,iii4 #ah3 ,socrates ,h4,e4 ,i4 #i4 #aei ,9 ,fr5* !re is a trace ( ! m ext5d$ mean+ 9 ! phrase #8qu9za9e de ,pques1' mean+ #8,holy week & ,ea/] week4' ,9 ,scotl& & ! nor? ( ,engl& gifts ( #8pas* eggs' 7pron\nc$ #8paise eggs'71 h>d-boil$ eggs /a9$ ) v>i\s col\rs1 at ,ea/] are /ill n unkn[n4 #afj ,hefele1 ,c\ncils1 ,e4 tr4 ,,ii4 #fg4 #afa ,= ! hi/ory ( ! pas*al controv]sies 9 ! "t ( ,pope ,leo see ,bruno ,krus*1 ,/udi5 zur *ri/li*-mittelalt]li*5 ,*ronologie4 ,d] #hd jhrige ,o/]cyclus und se9e ,quell5 7,leipzig1 #ahhj74 #afb ,see ,app5dix ,i4 #afc ,see ,bruno ,krus*1 ,/udi51 p4 #cb f4 #afd ,! /ud5t :o desires fur!r details ( ! hi/ory ( ! controv]sies ab\t ! date ( ,ea/]1 prior to ! "t ( ,dionysius ,exiguus1 may consult ) pr(it ! diss]tation ( ,adrian ,baillet 9 ! n9? volume ( 8 ,les ,vies des ,sa9ts 7ed4 #agci74 #afe ,! au?or di$ be=e 8 "w 0 pres5t$ to ! ,pope1 a duty p]=m$ by 8 bro!r ,antonio ,lilio1 :o 0 also a physician4 ,n[ & !n we f9d ! ,gregorian ,kal5d> spok5 ( z ! ,lilian ,kal5d>4 #aff ,see ,seabury1 ,! !ory & use ( ! ,*ur* ,cal5d> 9 measurem5t & di/ribution ( "t1 p4 #abj4 ,o!r devices ( ! a/ronom]s :i* w\ld r$uce ! error to only "o day 9 a ?\s& c5turies are notic$ 9 ! same "w4 #afg ,sir ,h>ris ,ni*olas1 ,*ronology ( ,hi/ory1 pp4 #cb-cd2 ,giry1 ,manuel de ,diplomatique1 pp4 #afe-afg4 #afh ,notices ( ^! ,m5ologies w be f\nd 9 ,kelln]'s ,heortology1 #chg-cic3 & on bo? ! ,m5ology & ! ,m5aea 79 twelve volumes1 correspond+ to ! mon?s f ,septemb] to ,augu/7 see ! ,diss]tation de libris et (ficiis ecclesia/icis ,graecorum app5d$ to ,cave's ,hi/oria ,lit]>ia4 #afi ,nilles' ,kal5d>ium ,manuale1 tom ,i41 & ,pr9ce ,maximilian's ,praelectiones1 pp4 #abb-bba1 may be consult$ by ! curi\s4 #agj ,! great doxology corresponds sub/antially to ,gloria 9 excelsis2 & ! little doxology to ,gloria ,patri1 etc4 #aga ,see ,suic]'s ,!saurus1 s4v4 #agb ,! #cah bi%ops at ,nicaea 9 ,a4,d4 #cbe4 #agc p4 #hd4 #agd ,see ,neale's ,holy ,ea/]n ,*ur*1 ,,ii4 pp4 #gdc1 #gdi1 #gec4 #age ,see ,gee & ,h>dy1 ,docum5ts illu/rative ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 pp4 #aej1 #agc4 #agf ,see ,v4 ,/aley's ,! ,liturgical ,ye>1 :]e ! ,kal5d> ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& is treat$ ) mu* fulness4 ,,index ,see also ,table ( ,cont5ts1 p4 vii4 ,abyss9ian ,kal5d>1 see ,kal5d> ,ado1 m>tyrology ( xvi1 #ic1 #id ,adv5t1 obs]vance ( #gf ff4 ,agnes1 ,/1 octave ( #bj1 #ga ,aka?i/1 sabba? ( #add ,alex&ria1 *ur* (1 its au?ority 9 settl+ date ( ,ea/] #aba ,all ,sa9ts 7,allhall571 fe/ival ( #bc1 #adi2 ,sunday ( #ia1 #ada2 vigil ( #ge ,all ,s\ls' ,day xiii1 #bd ,ambrosian rite #gg an>guroi1 see ,unm]c5>y ,anatolius1 ,pas*al cycle ( #aae ,&rew1 ,/1 commemoration ( #ag1 #ai1 #bb1 #fc f41 #acg2 octave ( #ga2 relation ( ,adv5t to fe/ival ( #gi ,anna1 ,/1 conception (1 see ,m>y1 fe/ivals ( ,annunciation1 see ,m>y1 fe/ivals ( ,antipas* #ada1 #adb ,antiphons1 9 ,adv5t #gh f4 ,apocreos1 ,sunday ( #hd1 #ada1 #adc2 ,sabba? ( #add ,apodosis #ga1 #ace ,apo/les1 commemoration ( #bb1 #eh ff42 ,fa/ ( ! #ij f42 ,synaxis ( ! ,twelve #eh1 #aci2 ,sev5ty #gj1 #ach1 #aci ,apo/olic ,canons #f1 #aaa ,apo/olic ,con/itutions #f1 #aaa ,arats*avor-atz #ib ,arm5ians1 _! obs]vance ( ,epiphany & ,*ri/mas #cb1 #ch2 rules ( fa/+ #gh1 #ia f42 ,kal5d> ( #cf1 #dc1 #adg f4 ,artziburion #ib ,asc5sion1 commemoration ( #ah1 #db f41 #ace1 #adi ,ascetics1 ,sabba? ( #add ,a% ,w$nesday #hb1 #hc f4 ,asiatics1 commemoration ( ! ,pas*a by #ajf ff4 ,assumption1 see ,m>y1 fe/ivals ( ,baptism1 ( ,*ri/1 commemoration ( #cj1 #ca n41 #cb1 #aci f4 ,b>nabas1 ,/1 commemoration ( #gj1 #aej ,b>onius1 ,c>d9al #ajc ,b>?olomew1 ,/1 commemoration ( #fh ,basilian ,m5ology1 see ,m5ology ,basilidians1 fe/ival ( ,baptism ( ,*ri/ kept by #ca ,becket1 ,?omas1 in/itution ( fe/ival ( ,tr9ity by #df2 fea/s ( 8 m>tyrdom & translation #aej ,b$e1 m>tyrology ( xvi1 #bc1 #di1 #fb1 #fi1 #gj1 #ic1 #id ,borromeo1 ,*>les #hc ,c&lemas1 mean+ ( #dh2 fe/ival (1 see ,purification caput jejunii #hc ,c>a cognatio1 pagan solemnity ( #fa ,celtic *ur*es1 ,pas*al cycle ( #abb1 #adf ,*>lemagne1 ,capitula ( #hf ,*ri/mas1 see ,nativity ,circumcision1 fea/ ( #bb f41 #cg ff41 #ace1 #adg claves quadragesimae1 ,pas*ae1 ,rogationum #ajb ,clavius1 see ,s*lssel ,co5a ,dom9i #dj ,conception1 see ,m>y1 fea/s ( ,con/ant9e1 lett] (1 on ,pas*al "q #aaa f41 #aag ff4 ,coptic ,kal5d>1 see ,kal5d> ,corbie ,kal5d> #ga ,corpus ,*ri/i1 fea/ ( xiv1 #ih2 octave ( #gb ,cross1 ,holy1 adoration ( #da f42 ,sunday ( ,adoration ( #ada2 ,exaltation ( #bb1 #ii1 #ace1 #adb1 7a fa/ 9 ,ea/]n ,*ur*7 #ia2 ,inv5tion ( #ii2 ,procession ( #be ,cyprian1 ,/1 ,pas*al cycle attribut$ to #aae2 commemoration (1 9 ,engli% ,pray] ,book #aeb ,dead1 ,sabba? ( #add ,decollation1 see ,john ,bapti/ depositiones1 ( m>tyrs & bi%ops #ad1 #af1 #ag dies canicul>es #aja dies pr(e/us #gd1 #hg ,dionysius ( ,alex&ria1 ,pas*al cycle ( #aae ,dionysius ,exiguus1 ,pas*al cycle ( #abc1 #abd f4 dom9ica c>nisprivii1 see ,apocreos dom9ica 9 albis #adb ,dom9ical ,kal5d>1 ( ,or?odox ,ea/]n ,*ur* #adj ff4 ,dormitio1 see ,m>y1 fea/s ( ,doxology1 ! great & ! little #acg ,ea/]1 regulations = date ( #ae1 #aaa f41 #abb ff4 ,see also ,pas*a1 ,pas*al cycle etc42 octave ( #ga1 #gb ,edw>d1 ,/1 ! ,confessor1 fea/ & translation ( #ii ,egb]t1 ,abp1 ,pontifical ( #fi ,elias ( ,nisibis #aac ,emb] ,days1 mean+ ( t]m #ij4 ,see ,fa/s ,engli% ,pray] ,book1 see ,pray] ,book ,enur*us1 ,/ #aea ,epiphany1 fea/ ( #ag1 #bj1 #bc1 #cj f41 #ace1 #aci2 octave ( #ga1 #gb1 #ace ,e?iopic ,kal5d>1 see ,kal5d> ,evangeli/s1 commemoration ( #fe ff4 ,fa/s1 9 ,adv5t #gh2 be=e ,ea/] 7,l5t7 #gi ff42 aft] ,p5teco/ #he1 #ib1 #adg2 ,rogation days #hf2 ( f\r seasons 7,emb] ,days7 #ah f41 #hg ff42 ( vigils #gd f42 ( ,ea/]n ,*ur* #ij f42 ( ,n9eveh #ia f41 #adg f]ia1 mean+ ( t]m #h fe/a *ori1 fe/a =i xix ,fe/al ,lett]s1 see ,pas*al ,epi/les ,fe/ivals1 rank & dignity ( #ih f4 ,florus1 m>tyrology ( xvi1 #ic1 #id ,friday1 ,*ri/ian obs]vance ( #aj f42 fa/ 9 ,adv5t #gh2 a fa/ 9 ,ea/]n ,*ur* #ia1 #adj2 commemoration ( ,sa9ts among ,ea/ ,syrians on #adg ,gabriel1 ar*angel1 ,synaxis ( #aci1 #adj ,gales9i1 ,pietro1 m>tyrology ( #ajc gang-days #hg ,gelasian ,sacram5t>y1 see ,sacram5t>y ,gellon5se1 see ,m>tyrologies ,george1 ,/1 commemoration ( #ba1 #bc1 #acf1 #adi ,good ,friday #da f41 #ajg ,gorman1 m>tyrology ( #ie ,go?ic ,missal #fe ,gregorian re=m1 see ,kal5d> ,gregory ! ,great #gg1 #hb ,gregory ,,xiii1 ,pope1 8 s*eme = a fix$ ,ea/] xviii2 appo9ts a commission to revive ,m>tyrology #ajc2 8 re=m ( ,kal5d> #abg ff4 ,hi]om>tyr #ach ,hippolytus1 ,pas*al ,tables ( #aaa1 #aab ff42 /atue ( #aab ,holy ,?ursday1 see ,asc5sion ,holy ,week1 obs]vance ( #dj ff4 ,horologium #ajc ,hosiom>tyr #ach ,hypapante1 see ,purification ,immaculate ,conception1 see ,m>y1 fea/s ( ,innoc5t ,,iii1 ,pope1 rules (1 conc]n+ vigils #gd f4 ,innoc5ts1 ,holy1 commemoration ( #ag1 #ai1 #bb1 #cc ff4 ,ir5aeus1 lett] (1 to ,victor ( ,rome #gi1 #aaj ,iri% canons1 collection ( #he f4 ,isapo/olos #ach ,james1 ,/1 son ( ,zeb$ee1 commemoration ( #ag1 #cd1 #cf1 #fd f4 ,james1 ,/1 ! ,"l's bro!r1 commemoration ( #cd1 #cf1 #fg4 ,see also ,philip & ,james ,james & ,john1 ,,ss41 commemoration ( #af1 #cc f41 #fe ,janu>y1 ,kal5ds (1 obs]v$ z a fa/ #ch f4 ,j]ome1 see ,m>tyrologies 7,hi]onymian7 ,john ,bapti/1 ,/1 commemoration ( #ag1 #ah1 #ba1 #cd2 ,conception ( #ec1 #aci2 ,nativity ( #ah1 #fh1 #ace1 #aci1 #adi2 ,decollation ( #ah1 #fi1 #ace1 #aci1 7a fa/7 #ia2 ,synaxis ( #aci1 #adj2 ,ea/ ,syrian commemoration ( #adh2 vigil ( ,nativity ( #ge ,john1 ,/1 ! ,evangeli/1 commemoration ( #ag1 #ai1 #bb1 #cc f41 #fe1 #ge1 #acf2 be=e ! ,lat9 ,gate #ba1 #ff2 ,migration 7or ,assumption7 ( #cd1 #fe1 #acf ,jude1 ,/ 7,?addaeus71 commemorat$ 9 ,greek ,*ur* #fg ,kal5d>1 causes ( gr[? ( xii f41 #ie ff42 antiqu>ian notices 9 #ajj1 #ajb2 artificial con/ruction ( xii2 a/ronomical notes 9 #aja2 influ5ces affect+ #ig f42 m>ks ( antiquity 9 #ac2 value (1 = /udy ( ,,mss #ie f42 ,gregorian re=m ( #abe ff42 ,bu*]ian 7,lib]ian1 or ,philocalian7 #ad1 #bh1 #ca1 #ch1 #ei1 #fc n42 ,c>?ag9ian #af1 #ca1 #cd1 #ch1 #fc n42 ( ,polemius ,silvius1 #af1 #fc n42 ,abyss9ian #adh2 ,arm5ian #adg2 ,coptic #adh2 ,ea/ ,syrian #adg2 ( ,engli% ,pray] ,books #adi ff42 ,e?iopic #adh2 ,moz>abic #cf2 ( ,or?odox ,ea/]n ,*ur* #acc ff4 ,see also ,m>tyrologies1 ,sacram5t>y ,k+s1 ! ,?ree1 ,translation ( #ig1 #ajj ,kollyba1 ,sabba? ( #add ,koryphaeoi #ace ,lawr5ce1 ,/1 octave ( #ga2 vigil ( #ge ,laz>us1 ,sabba? ( #ace1 #add ,l5t1 obs]vance ( #gi ff41 #ada ff4 ,leo1 ,/1 correspond5ce (1 on ,pas*al limits #abj f41 #abd2 ,sacram5t>y (1 see ,sacram5t>y ,le(ric ,missal #fi1 #ig ,lights1 ,fea/ ( 7,epiphany7 #cj f41 #adb ,lilio1 ,luigi1 re=mation ( ,kal5d> by #abg ,litanies1 orig9 ( #hf f42 at ,rome #fg ,"l1 fe/ivals ( !1 xii1 #bg ff4 ,"l's ,day1 ,*ri/ian obs]vance ( xi1 #c f41 #e1 #f1 #g1 #aj1 #cg2 vigil prec$+ #gc4 ,see also ,dom9ical ,kal5d> ,luke1 ,/1 commemoration ( #ag1 #ff ,lup]calia1 hea!n fe/ival ( #dh ,maccabees1 commemoration ( #af1 #ag1 #be f4 ,mam]tus1 bi%op ( ,vi5ne1 rogations appo9t$ by #hf ,m>g>et1 ,que5 ( ,scotl& #hc ,m>k1 ,/1 commemoration ( #ff f4 ,m>tyrologies1 use ( t]m #ic f42 influ5ce on lat] ,kal5d>s #id2 m>ks ( antiquity 9 #ac2 ,bu*]ian 7,lib]ian or ,philocalian7 #ad2 ,c>?ag9ian #af f42 ,syrian #ae1 #fe2 ,gellon5se #fb1 #gj2 ,hi]onymian #cd1 #fc1 #fe1 #ff1 #fi1 #gj2 mod]n ,roman #ajc4 ,see also ,ado1 ,b$e1 ,florus1 ,usu>d1 & ,kal5d> ,m>tyrs1 days (1 obs]v$ locally xi1 #ab ff41 7at cemet]ies7 #bd2 ,acts (1 read 9 *ur*es #ag2 oblations (f]$ = #ad ,m>y1 ,/1 ! ,virg9 7,!otokos71 fea/s ( xv1 #dg ff41 #adh2 ,annunciation ( #ba1 #di f41 #eg1 #ace1 #adj1 #adg2 ,assumption 7dormitio1 ,repose7 ( #bb1 #ea1 #eg1 #ge1 #ace1 7fa/ be=e7 #ge1 #ij2 ,conception ( xiv f41 #eb ff41 #eg1 #ih2 ,immaculate ,conception ( #eb ff42 ,nativity ( #bb1 #ej1 #ea n41 #eg1 #ace1 #adj2 ,pres5tation ( #ea1 #eg1 #ace2 ,synaxis ( ,!otokos #eg1 #aci1 #adj4 ,see also ,purification ,m>y ,magdal5e1 ,/1 commemoration ( #fi f42 ! #8myrrh-be>]' #fi2 9 ,engli% ,pray] ,book #gj1 #aej1 #aea ,mat!w4 ,/1 commemoration ( #ff ,mat?ias1 ,/1 commemoration (1 9 ,engli% ,pray] ,book #aej ,maundy ,?ursday 7dies m&ati71 obs]vance ( #dj f42 mean+ ( t]m #da n4 ,maurolico1 ,francesco1 m>tyrology ( #ajc ,melito1 ,bp ( ,s>dis1 def5ce ( ,asiatic ,pas*al obs]vance by #ajh f4 ,m5ology1 "* ( e>ly ,ea/]n #acc2 ( ,con/ant9ople #acc2 ,basilian #cj1 #acc ,mi*ael1 ,/1 ,synaxis ( #acg1 #aci2 mon?ly commemoration (1 by ,e?iopic ,*ur* #adh missa ad prohib5dum ab idolis #ci ,montani/s1 celebration ( ,pas*a by #bh f4 ,moz>abic rite #gg1 #hc ,myrrh-be>]s1 ,sunday ( #ada1 #adb4 ,see also ,m>y ,magdal5e natale1 dies natalis1 natalitia #ac1 #ae1 #fg natale ,calicis #ae1 #dj natale ,petri de ,ca!dra1 see ,pet]1 ,/ natalis ,solis ,invicti #cj ,nativity1 ( ! ,"l 7,*ri/mas71 fea/ ( #ae1 #ag1 #ai1 #bb1 #bg f41 #di1 #gf1 #ace1 #adj1 #adg1 #adh2 orig9 ( fea/ ( #bi f42 octave ( #ga1 #gb2 fa/ be=e #ij2 vigil ( #ge ,nicaea1 ,c\ncil (1 decisions (1 on ,pas*al "q #aaf f42 commemoration ( ! #cah fa!rs ( #ada1 #adc ,octaves1 mean+ ( t]m #gj f42 hi/ory ( #ga ,o5gus1 ! ,culdee1 m>tyrology ( #ie ,old ,te/am5t wor?ies1 commemoration ( xii1 #acd1 #acf1 #adh ,or?odoxy ,sunday xiii1 #ada1 #adb ,o sapi5tia #gh f4 ,palm ,sunday 7,fea/ ( ,palms7 #dj1 #hd1 #ace1 #ada ,p>asceve #aj1 #aa1 #cg1 #add f4 ,pas*a1 orig9al use ( t]m #ajd ff42 ,*ri/ian commemoration ( xi1 #cg1 #ajd ff42 dies ,pas*ae #dj ,pas*al ,cycles1 ( ,hippolytus #aaa1 #aab ff42 ( ,dionysius ,al4 #aae2 ( ,anatolius #aae2 ,roman #abc2 ,alex&r9e #abc2 ( ,victorius #abd2 ( ,dionysius ,exiguus #abc1 #abd f4 ,pas*al ,epi/les xviii1 #aba ,pas*al limits #abj f4 ,pas*al "q xvii1 #aje ff4 ,pas*al ,tables1 see ,pas*al ,cycles ,passiontide1 obs]vance ( #dj ff4 ,paul1 ,/1 commemoration ( #ba1 #cc2 ,conv]sion ( #fi2 ,translation ( #fi4 ,see also ,pet] & ,paul ,p5teco/1 mean+ ( t]m #dc ff42 obs]vance ( #ah1 #cg1 #dc ff41 #ace1 #ada2 octave ( #ga1 #gb2 vigil ( #ge ,pet]1 ,/1 commemoration ( #cc2 ,*a9s ( 7ad ,v9cula7 #ba1 #be1 #fc2 ,*air ( 7,ca!dra ,petri7 #ae1 #ei1 #fj ff42 ,d$ication ( ,basilica ( #ah1 #fc ,pet] & ,paul1 ,,ss41 commemoration ( #af1 #ah1 #ba1 #cd1 #ce1 #ace2 depositio ( #af2 orig9 ( fe/ival ( xiii1 #ei f42 fa/ be=e #ij2 octave ( #ga ,philip1 ! deacon #fg ,philip1 ,/1 fea/ ( #fg1 #gh2 fa/ ( #gh ,philip & ,james1 ,,ss41 commemoration ( #ba1 #fg1 #ge ,pl9y1 lett] (1 to ,trajan #gb ,polyc>p1 ,/1 conf]5ce (1 ) ,anicetus on ,pas*al "q #ajh ,polycrates1 lett] (1 on ,pas*al controv]sy #aji ,polyeleos #acf ,pontius ,pilate1 commemorat$ by ,e?iopians #adh ,pray] ,book1 ,am]ican #dc1 #aec2 ,engli% 7#aedi1 #aeeb7 #gj1 #aja1 #aej1 7#aeei7 #aja1 #aej1 7#afjd7 #aea1 7#affb7 #gi1 #aea2 ,iri% #aec2 ,lat9 7#aefj7 #aej2 ,scotti% 7#afcg7 #gi1 #aec ,preces ,privatae 7#aefd7 #aea ,pre-sanctifi$1 ,mass ( #db ,pres5tation1 ( ! ,"l 9 ,temple #dh1 #adg4 ,see also ,purification2 ( ,/ ,m>y1 see ,m>y1 fea/s ( ,prim]1 ( ,edw>d ,,vi #aja ,prodromos #ach proheortia #dc1 #ace ,protevangelium ,jacobi #ej n41 #eb n41 #ec n4 ,purification 7,hypapante1 ,c&lemas71 fea/ ( #bj1 #bc1 #dg ff41 #ea n41 #eg1 #aja1 #ace1 #adj1 #adi ,quadragesima1 ante ,pas*a 7,l5t7 #hj f41 #he2 ( ,/ ,m>t9 #gg1 #he2 aft] ,p5teco/ #he2 be=e ,/ ,john ,bapti/ #he f4 ,see also ,fa/s ,qu>todecimans #ajg ,qu9quagesima #hd ,rabanus ,maurus1 m>tyrology ( #fi1 #ie ,relics1 translation (1 z affect+ ,kal5d>s #ig ,requiem masses1 prohibit$ )9 c]ta9 octaves1 #gb ,rogation ,days1 orig9 ( #hf f4 ,roman ,brevi>y & ,missal #fc1 #ga ,roman ,kal5d> #eb ,sabba?1 see ,saturday ,sacram5t>y1 ,gallican #gg2 ,go?ic-,gallican #gg2 ,gelasian #bj1 #ci1 #eh1 #fd1 #ff1 #fh2 ,gregorian #bj f41 #cc1 #ci1 #di1 #ff1 #fh1 #fi1 #hc2 ,leon9e #ah f41 #db1 #eh1 #fd1 #ff1 #fh1 #hh f4 ,sam>ia1 woman ( 7,phot9a71 commemorat$ xii1 #ada ,s>um1 ,brevi>y #cb1 #ea1 #eb2 ,en*iridion #ea f42 ,missal #cb1 #ea ,saturday 7or ,sabba?71 ,*ri/ian obs]vance ( #b1 #d ff42 special obs]vances (1 9 ,greek ,*ur* #add2 ,great ,sabba? #f1 #dj1 #add ,s*lssel1 ,*ri/oph]1 re=mation ( ,kal5d> by #abg ,sev5ty ,apo/les 7disciples7 #gj1 #ach1 #aci ,sexagesima #hd ,silvia1 ,pilgrimage ( xvi1 #bg1 #dj1 #db1 #dh1 #gb1 #gc1 #hb ,simon & ,jude1 ,,ss41 commemoration (1 #fg ,simon ,zelotes1 ,/1 commemorat$ 9 ,greek ,*ur* #fg ,/ation 7/atio7 #aa ,/eph51 ,/1 commemoration ( #af1 #ag1 #ah n41 #bb1 #cc1 #cd ,/yle1 ,new1 hi/ory ( adoption ( #acj ff4 ,sunday1 see ,"l's ,day supputatio ,romana #abc ,synaxis1 use ( t]m 9 ,ea/]n ,kal5d>s #aci ,syrians1 ,ea/1 ,kal5d> ( #adg f4 ,tess>ako/e1 use ( t]m #hj1 #ij f4 ,?addaeus1 see ,jude ?aumaturgos #ach ,!odore1 ( ,cant]bury1 ,pa5it5tiale ( #he ,!odore ,tyro1 ,/1 #add ,!ometor1 ,!opator1 #aci ,!ophany1 see ,epiphany !ophorus #acg ,!otokos1 see ,m>y1 fea/s ( ,?omas1 ,/1 commemoration ( #fg f4 ,?ree hundr$ & eighte51 see ,nicaea ,transfiguration1 commemoration ( #dc1 #ace ,tr9ity ,sunday1 obs]vance ( #de f4 ,tyr9is or ,tyrophagus 7,sunday7 #hd1 #ada1 #adc ,unm]c5>y sa9ts #aci ,usu>d1 m>tyrology ( xvi1 #di1 #fb1 #fg1 #ic1 #id1 #ie ,victor1 ,bp ( ,rome1 attitude (1 on ,pas*al "q #aji f4 ,victorius ( ,aquita9e1 ,pas*al cycle ( #abd ,vigils1 orig9 ( #gb ff42 rules = #gd f42 at ,emb] seasons #hh ,votive masses1 prohibit$ )9 c]ta9 octaves #gb ,w$nesday1 obs]vance ( #aj f42 fa/ 9 ,adv5t #gh2 a fa/ 9 ,ea/]n ,*ur* #ia1 #adj ,week1 ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian #b2 fir/ day (1 see ,"l's ,day2 ,great1 see ,holy ,week ,weigel1 ,erh>d1 ,kal5d> ( #aca ,xim5es1 ,c>d9al #hc #db #dc #aj #aai #aai #adc #hj #ajg #adc ,,cambridge3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,john ,,clay1 ,m4,a4 ,,at ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,press4