,transcrib$ f ! #aiac ,a4 ,c4 ,fifield  
edition by ,david ,price1 email         
ccx#jgdpglaf4org                        
,! ,fair ,hav5                    ,a ,"w
 9 ,def5ce ( ! ,miracul\s ,elem5t       
9 our ,"l's ,m9i/ry ^u ,e>?1 bo? z aga9/
          ,rationali/ic ,impugn]s &     
c]ta9 ,or?odox ,def5d]s1                
by ! late ,john ,pick>d ,ow51 ) a       
,memoir                 ( ! ,au?or by   
,william ,bick]/e? ,ow54                
,by                                     
,samuel ,butl]                          
,au?or ( 8,ere:on0                      
,,op4 #b                                
99 99 99 99 99                ,n[       
,reset2 & ,edit$1 ) an ,introduction1   
by ,r4 ,a4 ,/reatfeild                  
99 99 99 99 99                          
,london                    ,a4 ,c4      
,fifield1 #ac ,clif=d's ,inn1 ,e4,c4    
#aiac                                   
99 99 99 99 99                ,,william 
,,br5don ,,& ,,son1 ,,ltd41 ,,pr9t]s1   
,,plym\?                                

,cont5ts                 ,introduction  
by ,r4 ,a4 ,/reatfeild                  
ix               ,butl]'s ,preface to ! 
,second ,edition                 xv     
,memoir ( ! late ,john ,pick>d ,ow5     
#a  ,,*apt]           ,i4  ,introduction
                                        
#fa          ,,ii4  ,/rauss & !         
,halluc9ation ,!ory                     
#hc         ,,iii4  ,! ,"* & ,conv]sion 
( ,/4 ,paul              #aje           
,,iv4  ,paul's ,te/imony consid]$       
#abj           ,v4  ,a ,consid]ation (  
,c]ta9 ,ill-judg$ ,me?ods         #acd  
( ,def5ce          ,,vi4  ,m            
,dis+5u\sness                           
#aec         ,,vii4  ,difficulties felt 
by our ,oppon5ts                    #agj
        ,,viii4  ,! ,prec$+ ,*apt]      
,cont9u$                       #aid     
,,ix4  ,! ,*ri/-,ideal                  
#bcj           ,x4  ,conclusion         
#bee               ,app5dix             
#bgc          ,,introduction  ,by ,r4   
,a4 ,/reatfeild      ,,! dem& = a new   

edition ( ,! ,fair ,hav5 gives me an    
opportunity  ( say+ a few words ab\t !  
g5esis ( :at1 ?\gh n "o ( !  mo/ popul> 
( ,samuel ,butl]'s books1 is c]ta9ly "o 
( ! mo/  *>act]i/ic4  ,few ( 8 works1   
inde$1 %[ m /rik+ly 8  brilliant p[]s z 
a controv]siali/ & 8 implacable         
det]m9ation  to get at ! tru? ( :atev]  
engag$ 8 att5tion4    ,to f9d ! g]m ( ,!
 ,fair ,hav5 we %\ld probably h to g    
back  to ! ye> #aheh1 :5 ,butl]1 aft]   
tak+ 8 degree at ,cambridge1 0  prep>+  
himself = holy ord]s by act+ z a k9d (  
lay curate 9 a  ,london p>i%4  ,butl]   
nev] took ?+s = grant$1 & he felt x to  
be 8 duty to exam9e indep5d5tly a good  
_m po9ts ( ,*ri/ian  dogma :i* mo/      
c&idates = ord9ation accept z matt]s (  
c\rse4  ,! result ( 8 inve/igations 0 t 
he ev5tually decl9$ to take  ord]s at   
all4  ,"o ( ! /ones ^u :i* he !n /umbl$ 
0 !  efficacy ( infant baptism1 & ,i h  
no d\bt t ano!r 0 !  miracul\s elem5t ( 
,*ri/ianity1 :i*1 x w be rememb]$1 0 !  
cause ( griev\s se>*+s ( he>t to ,erne/ 

,pontifex 9 ,butl]'s                    
semi-autobiographical novel1 ,! ,way (  
,all ,fle%4  ,:ile ,butl] 0 9  ,new     
,zeal& 7#ahei-fd7 he _h leisure =       
prosecut+ 8 ,biblical  /udies1 ! result 
( :i* he publi%$ 9 #ahfe1 aft] 8 return 
to  ,engl&1 9 an anonym\s pamphlet      
entitl$ 8,! ,evid5ce = !  ,resurrection 
( ,jesus ,*ri/ z giv5 by ! ,f\r         
,evangeli/s critically  exam9$40  ,?is  
pamphlet pass$ unnotic$2 probably only a
 few copies  7 pr9t$ & x is n[ extremely
 r>e4  ,aft] ! publication (  ,ere:on 9 
#ahgb1 ,butl] return$ once m to !ology1 
& made 8  anonym\s pamphlet ! basis ( ! 
f> m elaborate ,fair ,hav51  :i* 0      
orig9ally publi%$ z ! po/hum\s "w ( a   
c]ta9 ,john  ,pick>d ,ow51 prec$$ by a  
memoir ( ! deceas$ au?or by 8 suppos$   
bro!r1 ,william ,bick]/e? ,ow54  ,x is  
possible t ! memoir 0  ! fruit ( a      
sugge/ion made by ,miss ,savage1 an able
 & witty woman  ) :om ,butl] correspond$
 at ! "t4  ,miss ,savage 0 s mu*        
impress$ by ! n>rative p[] display$ 9   

,ere:on t %e urg$  ,butl] to write a    
novel1 & we %all probably n be f> wrong 
9  reg>d+ ! biography ( ,john ,pick>d   
,ow5 z ,butl]'s trial trip 9  ! art (   
fiction--a prelude to ,! ,way ( ,all    
,fle%1 :i* he began 9  #ahgc4    ,x has 
(t5 be5 suppos$ t ! elaborate           
p>aph]nalia (  my/ification :i* ,butl]  
us$ 9 ,! ,fair ,hav5 0 delib]ately      
design$ 9 ord] to hoax ! public4  ,i d n
 believe t ?is 0 !  case4  ,butl]1 ,i   
feel conv9c$1 provid$ an ironical       
framework = 8  argum5ts m]ely t he might
 r5d] !m m effective ?an !y _h  be5 :5  
pla9ly /at$ 9 ! pamphlet ( #ahfe4  ,he  
fully expect$ 8  read]s to compreh5d 8  
irony1 & he anticipat$ t "s at any rate 
( !m w\ld ke5ly res5t x4  ,writ+ to     
,miss ,savage 9 ,m>*1 #ahgc  7%ortly    
be=e ! publication ( ! book71 he said3  
8,i %\ld hope  t attacks on ,! ,fair    
,hav5 w give me an opportunity ( excus+ 
myself1 & if s ,i %all endeav\r t !     
excuse may be worse ?an !  fault x is   
int5d$ to excuse40  ,a few days lat] he 

ref]r$ to !  difficulties t he _h       
enc\nt]$ 9 gett+ ! book accept$ by a    
publi%]3 8-- 7 fright5$ & ev5 consid]$ !
 s*eme ( ! book  unju/ifiable4  -- urg$ 
me1 z politely z he c\ld1 n to d x1 &   
evid5tly ?9ks ,i %all get myself into   
disgrace ev5 among  free?9k]s4  ,x's all
 nons5se4  ,i d>e say ,i %all get into a
 r[--at  lea/ ,i hope ,i %all40         
,evid5tly !re is "h no anticipation ( ,!
  ,fair ,hav5 be+ misund]/ood4          
,misund]/ood1 h[ev]1 x 01 n  only by    
review]s1 "s ( :om greet$ x solemnly z a
 def5ce (  or?odoxy1 b by div9es ( high 
/&+1 su* z ! late ,canon  ,a+]1 :o s5t x
 to a fri5d :om he wi%$ to conv]t4  ,?is
 0 m  ?an ,butl] c\ld resi/1 & he ha/5$ 
to issue a second edition  be>+ 8 "n &  
accompani$ by a preface 9 :i* ! deceiv$ 
elect  7 held up to ridicule4    ,butl] 
us$ to ma9ta9 t ,! ,fair ,hav5 did 8    
reputation no h>m4  ,writ+ 9 #aija1 he  
said3    8,! ,fair ,hav5 got me into no 
social disgrace t ,i h ev] be5  able to 
discov]4  ,i might attack ,*ri/ianity z 

mu* z ,i *ose &  nobody c>$ "o /raw2 b  
:5 ,i attack$ ,d>w9 x 0 a diff]5t       
matt]4  ,= _m ye>s ,evolution1 ,old &   
,new1 & ,unconsci\s  ,memory made a     
%ipwreck ( my lit]>y prospects4  ,i am  
only n[  beg9n+ to em]ge f ! lit]>y &   
social injury :i* ^? two  p]fectly      
righte\s books inflict$ on me4  ,i d>e  
say !y ab\nd )  small faults ( ta/e1 b  
,i rejoice 9 hav+ writt5 bo? ( !m40     
,v likely ,butl] 0 "r z to ! social side
 ( ! "q1 b ,i  am conv9c$ t ,! ,fair    
,hav5 did him grave h>m 9 ! lit]>y  _w4 
,review]s f\ght %y ( him = ! re/ ( 8    
life4  ,!y _h  be5 tak5 9 once1 & !y    
took v good c>e t !y %\ld n be  tak5 9  
aga94  ,! ^w w5t =? t ,butl] 0 n to be  
tak5  s]i\sly1 :atev] he wrote1 & !     
results ( ! decree 7 app>5t  9 !        
conspiracy ( sil5ce t greet$ n only 8   
books on  evolution1 b 8 ,hom]ic works1 
8 writ+s on art1 & 8 edition (          
,%akespe>e's sonnets4  ,n[ t he has     
pass$ beyond controv]sies &             
my/ifications1 & n[ t 8 o!r works are   

appreciat$ at _!  true value1 x is n too
 mu* to hope t t>dy ju/ice w be  accord$
 also to ,! ,fair ,hav54  ,x is true t !
 subject is no  long] ! burn+ "q t x 0  
=ty ye>s ago4  ,9 ! e>ly  sev5ties      
!ological polemics 7 fa%ionable4  ,books
 l ,seeley's  ,ecce ,homo & ,mat!w      
,arnold's ,lit]ature & ,dogma 7 eag]ly  
dev\r$ by read]s ( all classes4         
,n[adays we take b a languid  int]e/ 9 !
 problems t di/urb$ our gr&fa!rs1 & mo/ 
( u  h settl$ d[n into :at ,disraeli    
describ$ z ! religion ( all  s5sible m51
 :i* no s5sible man ev] talks ab\t4     
,!re is1 h[ev]1  9 ,! ,fair ,hav5 a good
 deal m ?an !ological controv]sy1 &  our
 ,laodicean age w appreciate ,butl]'s   
hum\r & irony if x c>es  little = 8     
polemics4  ,! ,fair ,hav5 sc&alis$ a    
good _m p  :5 x fir/ appe>$1 b ,i am n  
afraid ( its sc&alis+ anybody  n[4  ,i  
%\ld be sorry1 nev]!less1 if x gave any 
read] a false  impression ( ,butl]'s    
,*ri/ianity1 & ,i ?9k ,i _c d bett] ?an 
conclude ) a passage f "o ( 8 essays :i*

 repres5ts 8  attitude to religion      
p]haps m fai?fully ?an any?+ 9 ,! ,fair 
,hav53 8,:at1 aft] all1 is ! ess5ce (   
,*ri/ianity8  ,:at is !  k]nel ( ! nut8 
,surely common s5se & *e]fulness1 )     
unfl9*+ opposition to ! *>latanisms &   
,ph>isaisms ( a man's  own times4  ,!   
ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity lies nei!r 9 dogma1
 nor yet 9  abnormally holy life1 b 9   
fai? 9 an unse5 _w1 9 do+ "o's  duty1 9 
speak+ ! tru?1 9 f9d+ ! true life r 9   
o!rs  ?an 9 oneself1 & 9 ! c]ta9 hope t 
he :o loses 8 life on  ^! behalfs f9ds m
 ?an he has lo/4  ,:at c ,agno/icism d  
aga9/ su* ,*ri/ianity z ?is8  ,i %\ld be
 %ock$ if any?+ ,i _h  ev] writt5 or    
%all ev] write %\ld seem to make light (
 ^!  ?+s40                              
,r4 ,a4 ,,/reatfeild4    ,augu/1 #aiac4 
,butl]'s ,preface to ! ,second ,edition 
,,! occasion ( a ,second ,edition ( ,!  
,fair ,hav5 enables me to ?ank  ! public
 & my critics = ! fav\rable reception   
:i* has be5  accord$ to ! ,fir/         
,edition4  ,i _h fe>$ t ! fre$om ) :i*  

,i _h expos$ c]ta9 unt5able positions   
tak5 by ,def5d]s (  ,*ri/ianity might h 
giv5 (f5ce to "s review]s1 b no compla9t
  has rea*$ me f any qu>t] on ! score ( 
my n hav+ put !  be/ possible case = !  
evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! miracul\s elem5t  9 
,*ri/'s tea*+--nor c ,i believe t ,i    
%\ld h fail$ to he>  ( x1 if my book _h 
be5 op5 to exception on ?is gr\nd4      
,an apology is p]haps due = ! adoption (
 a pseudonym1 & ev5 m  s = ! creation ( 
two su* *>act]s z ,,john ,,pick>d ,,ow5 
& 8  bro!r4  ,:y c\ld ,i n1 x may be    
ask$1 h said all t ,i _h to  say 9 my   
own prop] p]son8    ,are !re n real ills
 ( life en\gh already8  ,is !re n a 8lo 
"h60 f ?is s*ool ) its gu%+ 8e>ne/ness10
 x di/9ctions  )\t diff]5ces1 its gnat  
/ra9+s & camel swall[+s1 its  pret5ce ( 
grappl+ ) a "q :ile resolutely b5t ^u   
%irk+  x1 its du/ ?r[+ & my/ification1  
its concealm5t ( its own  ineffable     
ins9c]ity "u an air ( ineffable c&\r8   
,is !re n a  8lo !re60 f t o!r s*ool )  
its bitum9\s atmosph]e (  exclusiv5ess &

 self-laudatory dilettanteism8  ,is !re 
n en\gh  actual exposition ( bor$om come
 ov] u f _m qu>t]s )\t  draw+ = new     
bores ^u ! imag9ation8  ,x is true ,i   
gave a s+le  drop ( com=t4  ,,john      
,,pick>d ,,ow5 0 dead4  ,b 8 hav+ ceas$ 
to  exi/ 7to use ! impi\s phraseology ( 
! pres5t day7 did n cancel  ! fact ( 8  
hav+ once exi/$4  ,t he %\ld h ev] be5  
born  gave pro( ( pot5tialities 9       
,nature :i* c\ld n be reg>d$  lightly4  
,:at hybrids might n be 9 /ore = u next8
  ,moreov]1  ?\gh ,,john ,,pick>d 0     
dead1 ,,william ,,bick]/e? 0 /ill liv+1 
&  might at any mom5t rek9dle 8 burn+ & 
%9+ lamp ( p]si/5t  self-satisfaction4  
,ev5 ?\gh ! ,,ow5s _h actually exi/$1   
%\ld  n _! exi/5ce h be5 ignor$ z a     
disgrace to ,nature8  ,:o !n  c\ld be   
ju/ifi$ 9 creat+ !m :5 !y did n exi/8   
,i am afraid ,i mu/ (f] an apology r ?an
 an excuse4  ,! fact is  t ,i 0 9 a v   
awkw>d position4  ,my previ\s "w1       
,ere:on1 _h  fail$ to give satisfaction 
to c]ta9 ultra-or?odox ,*ri/ians1 :o    

imag9$ t !y c\ld detect an analogy      
betwe5 ! ,engli% ,*ur* &  ! ,ere:onian  
,musical ,banks4  ,x is inconceivable h[
 !y c h got  hold ( ?is idea2 b ,i 0    
giv5 to und]/& t ,i %\ld f9d x  f> f    
easy to dispossess !m ( ! notion t      
some?+ 9 ! way  ( satire _h be5 int5d$4 
,!re 7 o!r p>ts ( ! book :i*  _h also   
be5 except$ to1 & altoge!r ,i _h reason 
to believe t if  ,i def5d$ ,*ri/ianity 9
 my own "n ,i %\ld n f9d ,ere:on any    
addition to ! weight :i* my rem>ks might
 o!rwise c>ry4  ,if ,i _h  be5 suspect$ 
( satire once1 ,i might be suspect$ aga9
 ) no great]  reason4  ,in/ead ( calmly 
review+ ! argum5ts :i* ,i adduc$1 ,!    
,rock might h rais$ a cry ( non tali    
auxilio4  ,x mu/ always be  rememb]$ t  
besides ! legitimate inve/ors 9 ,*ri/ian
 /ocks1 if  s homely a metaphor may be  
p>don$1 !re are unscrupul\s p]sons  ^:  
pr(ession x is to be bulls1 be>s1 /ags1 
& ,i "k n :at  o!r creatures ( ! v>i\s  
,*ri/ian m>kets4  ,x is all nons5se     
ab\t hawks n pick+ out ea* o!r's        

eyes--!re is no?+ !y l  bett]4  ,i fe>$ 
,! ,gu>dian1 ,! ,record1 ,! ,john ,bull1
 etc41  le/ !y %\ld sugge/ t f a be> ,i 
n[ turn$ bull ) a view  to an ev5tual   
bi%opric4  ,su* ins9uations w\ld h      
impair$ !  value ( ,! ,fair ,hav5 z an  
an*orage = well-mean+ p4  ,i  !re=e     
resolv$ to obey ! injunction ( ! ,g5tile
 ,apo/le &  avoid all appe>ance ( evil1 
by dissociat+ myself f ! au?or (        
,ere:on z completely z possible4  ,at ! 
mom5t ( my resolution ,,john  ,,pick>d  
,,ow5 came to my assi/ance2 ,i felt t he
 0 ! sort ( man ,i  want$1 b t he 0     
h>dly suffici5t 9 himself4  ,i !re=e    
summon$ 8 bro!r4  ,! pair h s]v$ _!     
purpose2 a ye>  n[adays produces great  
*anges 9 m5's ?\ghts conc]n+            
,*ri/ianity1 & ! little matt] ( ,ere:on 
hav+ q bl[n ov]  ,i feel t ,i may safely
 appe> 9 my true col\rs z ! *ampion (   
or?odoxy1 disc>d ! ,,ow5s z o!r ?an     
m\?pieces1 & relieve !  public f        
uneas9ess z to any fur!r writ+s f ! p5 (
 !  surviv+ bro!r4    ,nev]!less ,i am  

b\nd to own t1 9 spite ( a g5]ally      
fav\rable  op9ion1 my critics h n be5   
unanim\s 9 _! int]pretation (  ,! ,fair 
,hav54  ,?us1 ,! ,rock 7,april #be1     
#ahgc1 & ,may #i1 #ahgc71  says t ! "w  
is 8an extraord9>y "o1 :e!r reg>d$ z a  
biographical record or a !ological      
treatise4  ,inde$ ! importance (  !     
volume compels u to dep>t f our cu/om ( 
review+ ) brevity  works entru/$ to u1 &
 we %all 9 two consecutive numb]s ( ,!  
,rock lay be=e its read]s :at appe> to u
 to be ! m]its &  dem]its ( ?is po/hum\s
 production40                           
99 99 99 99 99    8,8 exhibition ( !    
c]ta9 pro(s furni%$ ( ! ,resurrection ( 
our ,"l is c]ta9ly ma/]ly & conv9c+40   
99 99 99 99 99    8,to ! s9c]ely inquir+
 d\bt]1 ! /rik+ way 9 :i* ! tru?  ( !   
,resurrection is exhibit$ mu/ be mo/    
b5eficial1 b su* a  "* we are compell$  
to believe is r>e among ^? ( ! s*ools  (
 neology40                              
99 99 99 99 99    8,mr4 ,,ow5',s        
exposition & refutation ( ! halluc9ation

 & my?ical  !ories ( ,/rauss & 8 foll[]s
 is mo/ admirable1 & all %\ld  read x :o
 desire to "k exactly :at excuses m5    
make = _!  incr$ulity4  ,! "w also      
conta9s _m beautiful passages on !      
discom=t ( unbelief1 & ! holy pleasure (
 a settl$ fai?1 :i*  _c fail to b5efit !
 read]40    ,on ! o!r h&1 9 spite ( all 
my precautions1 ! same mis=tune  :i*    
ov]took ,ere:on has also come ^u ,!     
,fair ,hav54  ,x has  be5 suspect$ ( a  
satirical purpose4  ,! au?or ( a        
pamphlet entitl$  ,jesus v]sus          
,*ri/ianity says3--    8,! ,fair ,hav5  
is an ironical def5ce ( or?odoxy at !   
exp5se (  ! :ole mass ( ,*ur* t5et &    
dogma1 ! "* ( ,*ri/ only  except$4  ,su*
 at lea/ is our read+ ( x1 ?\gh critics 
( !  ,rock & ,record ord] h accept$ !   
book z a s]i\s def5ce (  ,*ri/ianity1 & 
proclaim$ x z a mo/ valuable            
contribution 9 aid (  ! fai?4  ,affect+ 
an or?odox /&po9t x mo/ bitt]ly         
reproa*es  all previ\s apologi/s = !    
lack ( c&\r ) :i* !y h  ignor$ or       

expla9$ away insup]able difficulties &  
atta*$ undue  value to co9cid5ces real  
or imag9$4  ,"o & all !y h1 !  au?or    
decl>es1 be5 at be/1 b zeal\s #8li>s =  
,god1' or :at to  !m 0 m ?an ,god1 _!   
own religi\s sy/em4  ,?is mu/ g on no   
long]4  ,we1 z ,*ri/ians hav+ a s\nd    
cause1 ne$ n fe> to let !  tru? be kn[n4
  ,he proce$s accord+ly to set =? ! tru?
 z he  f9ds x 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t2 & 9 a  
ma/]ly analysis ( ! acc\nt  ( !         
,resurrection1 :i* he selects z !       
pr9cipal crucial miracle1  involv+ all  
o!r miracles1 he %[s h[ sl5d] is !      
f\ndation on  :i* ! :ole fabric (       
sup]natural !ology has be5 re>$40       
99 99 99 99 99    8,z told by our au?or 
! :ole af=ds an exquisite example ( !   
natural gr[? ( a leg5d40                
99 99 99 99 99    8,if ! read] c once   
fully grasp ! int5tion ( ! /yle1 & its  
affectation ( ! tone ( indignant        
or?odoxy1 & p]ceive also h[  utt]ly     
de/ructive are its #8c&id admissions' to
 ! :ole fabric (  sup]naturalism1 he w  

enjoy a r>e treat4  ,x is n h[ev] = !   
purpose ( recomm5d+ :at we at lea/ reg>d
 z a piece ( exquisite  hum\r1 t we call
 att5tion to ,! ,fair ,hav51 b c4 c40   
99 99 99 99 99    ,?is is v dreadful2 b 
:at c "o d8    ,aga91 ,! ,scotsman      
speaks ( ! writ] z be+ 8?r\gh\t 9       
d[nright almo/ pa!tic e>ne/ness40  ,:ile
 ,! ,national ,re=m]  seems to be 9 d\bt
 :e!r ! book is a cov]t attack ^u       
,*ri/ianity or a s]i\s def5ce ( x1 b    
decl>es t bo? or?odox  & unor?odox w f9d
 matt] requir+ ?\ght & answ]4    ,i am n
 responsible = ! int]pretations ( my    
read]s4  ,x is only  natural t ! same "w
 %\ld pres5t a v diff]5t aspect  accord+
 z x is approa*$ f "o side or ! o!r4    
,!re is only  "o way out ( x--t ! read] 
%\ld k9dly int]pret accord+ to  8 own   
fancies4  ,if he w d ?is ! book is sure 
to please him4  ,i  h done ! be/ ,i c = 
all p>ties1 & feel ju/ifi$ 9 appeal+  to
 ! exi/5ce ( ! widely conflict+ op9ions 
:i* ,i h quot$1  z a pro( t ! balance   
has be5 ev5ly held1 & t ,i 0  ju/ifi$ 9 

call+ ! book a def5ce--bo? z aga9/      
impugn]s &  def5d]s4                    
,s4 ,,butl]4    ,oct4 #h1 #ahgc4        
,memoir (  ,! late ,john ,pick>d ,ow5   
,*apt] ,i      ,,! subject ( ?is        
,memoir1 & ,au?or ( ! "w :i* foll[s x1 0
  born 9 ,goodge ,/reet1 ,tott5ham ,c\rt
 ,road1 ,london1 on ! #e? (  ,febru>y1  
#ahcb4  ,he 0 my eld] bro!r by ab\t     
eighte5 mon?s4  ,our  fa!r & "m _h once 
be5 ri*1 b ?r\gh a succession (         
unavoidable mis=tunes !y 7 left ) b a v 
mod]ate income  :5 my bro!r & myself 7  
ab\t ?ree & f\r ye>s old4  ,my  fa!r di$
 "s five or six ye>s aft]w>ds1 & we only
 recollect$  him z a s+ul>ly g5tle &    
humor\s playmate :o dot$ ^u u bo?  &    
nev] spoke unk9dly4  ,! *>m ( su* a     
recollection c nev] be  dispell$2 bo? my
 bro!r & myself return$ 8 love ) int]e/1
  & *]i%$ 8 memory ) ! mo/ affectionate 
regret1 f ! day  on :i* he left u till !
 "t came t ! "o ( u 0 aga9 to  see him  
face to face4  ,s sweet & w9n+ 0 8      
nature t 8  slighte/ wi% 0 our law--&   

:5ev] we pleas$ him1 no matt] h[        
little1 he nev] fail$ to ?ank u z ?\gh  
we _h done him a s]vice  :i* we %\ld h  
_h a p]fect "r to )hold4  ,h[ pr\d 7 we 
^u any ( ^! occasions1 & h[ we c\rt$ !  
opportunity ( be+  ?ank$6  ,he did inde$
 well "k ! art ( becom+ idolis$ by 8    
*ildr51 & de>ly did he prize ! results (
 8 own pr(ici5cy2 yet  truly !re 0 no   
art ab\t x2 all arose spontane\sly f !  
wellspr+ ( a sympa!tic nature :i* knew  
h[ to feel z o!rs felt1  :e!r old or "y1
 ri* or poor1 wise or fooli%4  ,on "o   
po9t alone  did he neglect u--,i ref] to
 our religi\s education4  ,on all o!r   
matt]s he 0 ! k9de/ & mo/ c>eful tea*] 9
 ! _w4  ,love  & gratitude be to 8      
memory6    ,my "m lov$ u no less ard5tly
 ?an my fa!r1 b %e 0 ( a  quick] temp]1 
& less adept at conciliat+ affection4   
,%e mu/ h  be5 exce$+ly h&some :5 %e 0  
"y1 & 0 /ill comely :5  we fir/ rememb]$
 h]2 %e 0 also highly accompli%$1 b %e  
felt  my fa!r's loss ( =tune m ke5ly ?an
 my fa!r himself1 & x  prey$ ^u h] m9d1 

?\gh r = our sake ?an = h] own4  ,_h  we
 n kn[n my fa!r we %\ld h lov$ h] bett] 
?an any "o 9  ! _w1 b affection goes by 
comp>ison1 & my fa!r spoil$ u =  any "o 
b himself2 inde$1 9 aft] life1 ,i       
rememb] my "m's  tell+ me1 ) _m te>s1 h[
 jeal\s %e _h (t5 be5 ( ! love  we bore 
him1 & h[ mean %e _h ?\ght x ( him to   
entru/ all  scold+ or repression to h]1 
s t he might h m ?an 8 due  %>e ( our   
affection4  ,n t ,i believe my fa!r did 
?is  consci\sly2 /ill1 he s greatly hat$
 scold+ t ,i d>e say we might  (t5 h got
 (f scot free :5 we really des]v$ repro(
 _h n my  "m und]tak5 ! onus ( scold+ u 
h]self4  ,we !re=e  naturally fe>$ h] m 
?an my fa!r1 & fe>+ m we lov$ less4  ,= 
z love ca/e? out fe>1 s fe> love4       
,?is mu/ h be5 h>d to be>1 & my "m      
sc>cely knew ! way to  be> x4  ,%e tri$ 
to upbraid u1 9 little ways1 into lov+  
h] z  mu* z my fa!r2 ! m %e tri$ ?is1 ! 
less we c\ld succe$ 9  do+ x2 & s on & s
 on 9 a fa%ion :i* ne$ n be detail$4  ,n
 b :at we really lov$ h] deeply1 :ile h]

 affection = u 0  unsurpassable /ill1 we
 lov$ h] less ?an we lov$ my fa!r1 & ?is
  0 ! grievance4    ,my fa!r entru/$ our
 religi\s education entirely to my "m4  
,he  0 himself1 ,i am assur$1 ( a deeply
 religi\s turn ( m9d1 & a  ?or\ghly     
consi/5t memb] ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&2 b he 
conceiv$1  & p]haps rightly1 t x is ! "m
 :o %\ld fir/ tea* h]  *ildr5 to lift _!
 h&s 9 pray]1 & imp>t to !m a k (  ! ,"o
 9 :om we live & move & h our be+4  ,my 
"m accept$  ! task gladly1 = 9 spite ( a
 c]ta9 n>r[ness ( view--! natural  b    
deplorable result ( h] e>li]            
surr\nd+s--%e 0 "o ( ! mo/  truly pi\s  
wom5 :om ,i h ev] kn[n2 un=tunately =   
h]self &  u %e _h be5 tra9$ 9 ! l[e/    
s*ool ( ,evangelical lit]alism--a  s*ool
 :i* 9 aft] life bo? my bro!r & myself  
came to reg>d z  ! ma9 ob/acle to !     
complete ov]?r[ ( unbelief2 we !re=e    
look$ ^u x ) some?+ /rong] ?an av]sion1 
& = my own "p  ,i /ill deem x p]haps !  
mo/ insidi\s enemy :i* ! cause (  ,*ri/ 
has ev] enc\nt]$4  ,b ( ?is m h]eaft]4  

,my "m1 z ,i said1 ?rew h] :ole s\l into
 ! "w ( our religi\s  education4        
,:atev] %e believ$ %e believ$ lit]ally1 
&1 if ,i may  say s1 ) a h>%ness (      
realisation :i* left v little scope =   
imag9ation or my/]y4  ,h] plans ( ,heav5
 & solutions ( life's  enigmas 7 direct 
& =cible1 b !y c\ld only be reconcil$ ) 
c]ta9 obvi\s facts--su* z ! omnipot5ce &
 all-goodness ( ,god--by  leav+ _m ?+s  
absolutely out ( sight4  ,& ?is my "m   
succe$$ effectually 9 do+4  ,%e nev]    
d\bt$ t h] op9ions  compris$ ! tru?1 !  
:ole tru?1 & no?+ b ! tru?2 %e  !re=e   
made ha/e to s[ ! good se$ 9 our t5d]   
m9ds1 & s f>  succe$$ t :5 my bro!r 0   
f\r ye>s old he c\ld repeat !  ,apo/les'
 ,cre$1 ! ,g5]al ,confession1 & ! ,"l's 
,pray] )\t a  blund]4  ,my "m made      
h]self believe t he delight$ 9 !m2 b1   
alas6 x 0 f> o!rwise2 =1 /range z x may 
appe> conc]n+ "o  ^: lat] life 0 a      
cont9ual pray]1 9 *ildhood he dete/$    
no?+  s mu* z be+ made to pray & to le>n
 8 ,cate*ism4  ,9 ?is ,i am  sorry to   

say we 7 bo? he>tily ( a m9d4  ,z =     
,sunday1 ! less  said ! bett]4    ,i h  
already h9t$ 7b z a w>n+ to o!r p>5ts ,i
 _h bett]1  p]haps1 express myself m    
pla9ly71 t ?is av]sion 0 probably  !    
result ( my "m's undue eag]ness to reap 
an artificial fruit (  lip s]vice1 :i*  
c\ld h little mean+ to ! he>t ( "o s    
"y4  ,i believe t ! sev]e *eck :i* !    
natural gr[? ( fai?  exp]i5c$ 9 my      
bro!r's case 0 due almo/ entirely to ?is
 cause1  & to ! s*ool ( lit]alism 9 :i* 
he _h be5 tra9$2 b1  h[ev] ?is may be1  
we bo? ( u hat$ be+ made to say our     
pray]s--morn+ & ev5+ x 0 our "o bugbe>1 
& we w\ld avoid  x1 z inde$ *ildr5      
g5]ally w1 by e artifice :i* we c\ld    
employ4  ,?us we 7 9 ! habit ( feign+ to
 be asleep %ortly  be=e pray] "t1 & w\ld
 gratefully he> my fa!r tell my "m  t x 
0 a %ame to wake u2 :]eon he w\ld c>ry u
 up to b$ 9 a  /ate app>5tly ( !        
pr(\nde/ slumb] :5 we 7 really wide     
awake & 9 great fe> ( detection4  ,= we 
knew h[ to pret5d to be  asleep1 b we   

did n "k h[ we ought to wake aga92 !re 0
 no?+  = x !re=e :5 we 7 once committ$1 
b to g on sleep+ till  we 7 fairly      
undress$ & put to b$1 & c\ld wake up    
safely 9 !  d>k4  ,b deceit is nev] long
 successful1 & we 7 at la/  ignom9i\sly 
expos$4    ,x happ5$ "o ev5+ t my "m    
suspect$ my bro!r ,john1 &  tri$ to op5 
8 little h&s :i* 7 ly+ clasp$ 9 front ( 
him4  ,n[ my bro!r 0 z yet v crude &    
inconsi/5t 9 8 !ories  conc]n+ sleep1 & 
_h no conception ( :at a real sleep]    
w\ld d  "u ^! circum/ances4  ,fe>       
depriv$ him ( 8 p[]s (  reflection1 & he
 ?us un=tunately conclud$ t because     
sleep]s1 s  f> z he _h obs]v$ !m1 7     
always motionless1 !re=e1 !y mu/  be q  
rigid & incapable ( motion1 & inde$ t   
any movem5t1  "u any circum/ances 7= f 8
 e>lie/ *ildhood he lik$ to  c>ry 8     
!ories to _! legitimate conclusion71    
w\ld be physically  impossible = "o :o 0
 really sleep+2 =getful1 oh6 unhappy "o1
  ( ! flexibility ( 8 own body on be+   
c>ri$ up/airs1 &1 m  unhappy /ill1      

ignorant ( ! art ( wak+4  ,he1 !re=e1   
cl5*$  8 f+]s h>d] & h>d] z he felt my  
"m try+ to unfold !m  :ile 8 head hung  
li/less1 & 8 eyes 7 clos$ ,i z ?\gh he  
7 sleep+ sweetly4  ,x is ne$less to     
detail ! agony ( %ame t  foll[$4  ,my "m
 begg$ my fa!r to box 8 e>s1 :i* my fa!r
  flatly refus$ to d4  ,!n %e box$ !m   
h]self1 & !re foll[$ a  sc5e & a day or 
two ( disgrace = bo? ( u4    ,%ortly    
aft] ?is !re happ5$ ano!r misadv5ture4  
,a lady came to  /ay ) my "m1 & 0 to    
sleep 9 a b$ t _h be5 br\ght into  our  
nurs]y1 = my fa!r's =tunes _h already   
fail$1 & we 7  liv+ 9 a humble way4  ,we
 7 /ill b f\r & five ye>s old1 s  !     
arrangem5t 0 n unnatural1 & x 0 assum$ t
 we %\ld be  asleep be=e ! lady w5t to  
b$1 & be d[n/airs be=e %e w\ld  get up 9
 ! morn+4  ,b ! arrival ( ?is lady & h] 
be+ put to  sleep 9 ! nurs]y 7 great    
ev5ts to u 9 ^? days1 & be+  p>ticul>ly 
want$ to g to sleep1 we ( c\rse sat up 9
 b$ talk+  & keep+ ourselves awake till 
%e %\ld come up/airs4  ,p]haps we  _h   

fanci$ t %e w\ld give u some?+1 b if s  
we 7  disappo9t$4  ,h[ev]1 :e!r ?is 0 ! 
case or n1 we 7 wide  awake :5 our      
visitor came to b$1 & hav+ no p>ticul>  
object to  ga91 we made no pret5ce (    
sleep+4  ,! lady kiss$ u bo?1 told u  to
 lie /ill & g to sleep l good *ildr51 & 
!n began do+ h]  hair4    ,i rememb] t  
?is 0 ! occasion on :i* my bro!r        
discov]$ a  good _m ?+s 9 connection ) !
 fair sex :i* _h hi!rto be5  beyond 8   
k52 m especially t ! mass ( petticoats &
 clo!s  :i* envelop ! female =m 7 n1 z  
he express$ x to me1 8all  solid woman10
 b t wom5 7 n 9 reality m sub/antially  
built  ?an m51 & _h legs z mu* z he _h1 
a fact :i* he _h nev] yet  realis$4  ,on
 ?is he = a long "t consid]$ !m z       
impo/ors1 :o  _h wrong$ him by lead+ him
 to suppose t !y _h f> m 8body 9  !m0 7s
 he said71 ?an he n[ f\nd !y _h4  ,?is 0
 a sort ( ?+  :i* he reg>d$ ) /]n moral 
reprobation4  ,if he _h be5 old  en\gh  
to h a solicitor ,i believe he w\ld h   
put ! matt] into  8 h&s1 z well z c]ta9 

o!r ?+s :i* _h lately tr\bl$ him4  ,= b 
rec5tly my "m _h b\ght a f[l1 & he _h   
se5 x pluck$1  & ! inside tak5 out2 8   
irritation _h be5 extreme on discov]+  t
 f[ls 7 n all solid fle%1 b t _!        
insides--& ^!  =m$1 z x appe>$ to him1  
an enorm\s p]c5tage ( ! bird--7         
p]fectly useless4  ,he 0 n[ beg9n+ to   
und]/& t %eep &  c[s 7 also holl[ z f> z
 good meat 0 conc]n$2 ! fle% !y  _h 0   
only a m\?ful 9 comp>ison ) :at !y ought
 to h  consid]+ _! app>5t               
bulk--insignificant1 m]e sk9 & bone     
cov]+ a cav]n4  ,:at "r _h !y1 or any?+ 
else1 to ass]t  !mselves z s big1 &     
prove s empty8  ,& n[ ?is discov]y (    
woman's falsehood 0 q too mu* = him4  ,!
 _w itself 0  holl[1 made up ( %ams &   
delusions1 full ( s\nd & fury signify+  
no?+4    ,truly a prosaic "y g5tleman   
en\gh4  ,ev]y?+ ) him 0 to be  exactly 9
 all its p>ts :at x appe>$ on ! face (  
x1 &  ev]y?+ 0 to g on do+ exactly :at x
 _h be5 do+ hi!rto4  ,if a ?+ look$     
solid1 x 0 to be v solid2 if holl[1 v   

holl[2  no?+ 0 to be half & half1 & no?+
 0 to *ange unless he _h  himself       
already become accu/om$ to its times &  
mann]s ( *ang+2  !re 7 to be no         
exceptions & no contradictions2 all ?+s 
7 to  be p]fectly consi/5t1 & all       
premises to be c>ri$ ) extreme/  rig\r  
to _! legitimate conclusions4  ,heav5 0 
to be v neat 7=  he 0 always tidy       
himself71 & free f sudd5 %ocks to !     
n]v\s  sy/em1 su* z ^? caus$ by dogs    
b>k+ at him1 or c[s driv5 9  ! /reets4  
,god 0 to resemble my fa!r1 & ! ,holy   
,_s to be>  "s sort ( indi/9ct analogy  
to my "m4    ,su* 7 ! ideal !ories ( 8  
*ildhood--unconsci\sly =m$1 b  v firmly 
believ$ 94  ,z he grew up he made su*   
modifications z  7 =c$ ^u him by enl>g$ 
p]ceptions1 b e modification 0  an ef=t 
to him1 9 spite ( a cont9ual &          
successful resi/ance to  :at he         
recognis$ z 8 initial m5tal defect4     
,i may p]haps be all[$ to say "h1 9     
ref]5ce to a rem>k 9 !  prec$+ p>agraph1
 t bo? my bro!r & myself us$ to notice x

 z  an almo/ inv>iable rule t *ildr5's  
e>lie/ ideas ( ,god are  modell$ ^u ! "*
 ( _! fa!r--if !y h "o4  ,%\ld !  fa!r  
be k9d1 consid]ate1 full ( ! w>me/ love1
 fond ( %[+  x1 & res]v$ only ab\t 8    
displeasure1 ! *ild hav+ le>n$ to  look 
^u ,god z ,8 ,heav5ly ,fa!r ?r\gh !     
,"l's ,pray] & our  ,*ur* ,s]vices1 w   
feel t[>ds ,god z he does t[>ds 8 own   
fa!r2  ?is conception w /ick to a man = 
ye>s & ye>s aft] he has  atta9$         
manhood--probably x w nev] leave him4   
,= all *ildr5 love  _! fa!rs & mo!rs1 if
 ^! la/ w only let !m2 x is n a  little 
unk9dness t w kill s h>dy a plant z !   
love ( a *ild  = its p>5ts4  ,nature has
 all[$ ample m>g9 = _m blund]s1  provid$
 !re be a g5u9e desire on ! p>5t's "p to
 make ! *ild  feel t he is lov$1 & t 8  
natural feel+s are respect$4  ,?is  is  
all ! religi\s education :i* a *ild %\ld
 h4  ,z he gr[s  old] he w !n turn      
naturally to ! wat]s ( life1 & ?ir/ aft]
  !m ( 8 own accord by reason ( !       
spiritual refre%m5t :i* !y1  & !y only1 

c af=d4  ,o!rwise he w %r9k f !m1 on    
acc\nt ( 8 recollection ( ! way 9 :i* he
 0 l$ d[n to dr9k  aga9/ 8 w1 & p]haps )
 h>%ness1 :5 all ! analogies )  :i* he 0
 acqua9t$ po9t$ 9 ! direction ( _! be+  
unpleasant & un:olesome4  ,s            
s\l-satisfy+ is family affection to a   
*ild1 t he :o has once enjoy$ x _c be>  
to be depriv$ ( !  hope t he is possess$
 9 ,heav5 ( a p>5t :o is l 8 e>?ly      
fa!r--( a fri5d & c\nsellor :o w nev]1  
nev] fail him4  ,!re  is no su* religi\s
 nor moral education z k9dly g5ial      
treatm5t & a  good example2 all else may
 !n be let alone till ! *ild is old     
en\gh  to feel ! want ( x4  ,x is true t
 ! se$ w ?us be s[n late1  b 9 :at a    
soil6  ,on ! o!r h&1 if a man has f\nd 8
 e>?ly  fa!r h>% & uncong5ial1 8        
conception ( 8 ,heav5ly ,p>5t w  be     
pa9ful4  ,he w beg9 by see+ ,god z an   
exagg]at$ lik5ess (  8 fa!r4  ,he w     
!re=e %r9k f ,him4  ,! rott5ness (      
/illborn love 9 ! he>t ( a *ild poisons 
! blood ( ! s\l1 &  h5ce1 lat]1 crime4  

,to return1 h[ev]1 to ! lady4  ,:5 %e _h
 put on h] night-g[n1 %e  knelt d[n by  
h] b$side &1 to our con/]nation1 began  
to say h]  pray]s4  ,?is 0 a cruel bl[  
to bo? ( u2 we _h always be5 "u  !      
impression t gr[nup p 7 n made to say _!
 pray]s1  & ! idea ( any "o say+ !m ( 8 
or h] own accord _h nev]  occurr$ to u z
 possible4  ,( c\rse ! lady w\ld n say  
h] pray]s  if %e 7 n oblig$2 & yet %e   
did say !m2 !re=e %e mu/ be  oblig$ to  
say !m2 !re=e we %\ld be oblig$ to say  
!m1 & ?is  0 a v great disappo9tm5t4    
,awe-/ruck & op5-m\!d we li/5$  :ile !  
lady pray$ 9 sonor\s acc5ts1 = _m ?+s   
:i* ,i d n  n[ rememb]1 & f9ally = my   
fa!r & "m & = bo? (  u--%ortly aft]w>ds 
%e rose1 blew out ! light & got into b$4
  ,e ^w t %e said _h confirm$ our wor/  
appreh5sions2 x 0  j :at we _h be5      
taught to say ourselves4    ,next morn+ 
we comp>$ notes & drew ! mo/ pa9ful     
inf]5ces2 b  9 ! c\rse ( ! day our      
spirits ralli$4  ,we agre$ t !re 7  _m  
my/]ies 9 connection ) life & ?+s :i* x 

0 high "t  to unravel1 & t an           
opportunity 0 n[ af=d$ u :i* might n    
readily occur aga94  ,all we _h to d 0  
to be true to ourselves &  equal to !   
occasion4  ,we laid our plans ) great   
a/ut5ess4  ,we  w\ld be fa/ asleep :5 ! 
lady came up to b$1 b our heads %\ld  be
 turn$ 9 ! direction ( h] b$1 & cov]$ ) 
clo!s1 all b  a s+le peep-hole4  ,my    
bro!r1 z ! elde/1 _h cle>ly a "r to be  
ne>e/ ! lady1 b ,i c\ld see v well1 &   
c\ld dep5d on 8  report+ fai?fully      
:atev] %\ld escape me4    ,!re 0 no     
*ance ( h] giv+ u any?+--if %e _h meant 
to d s  %e w\ld h done x soon]2 %e      
might1 inde$1 consid] ! mom5t (  h]     
dep>ture z ! mo/ auspici\s = ?is        
purpose1 b !n %e 0  n go+ yet1 & !      
int]val 0 at our own disposal4  ,we sp5t
 !  aft]noon 9 try+ to le>n to snore1 b 
we 7 n c]ta9 ab\t x1  & 9 ! end         
regretfully conclud$ t z snor+ 0 n de   
rigueur  we _h bett] disp5se ) x4    ,we
 7 put to b$2 ! light 0 tak5 away2 we 7 
told to g to  sleep1 & promis$ fai?fully

 t we w\ld d s2 ! tongue inde$  swore1 b
 ! m9d 0 unsworn4  ,x 0 agre$ t we %\ld 
keep  p9*+ "o ano!r to prev5t our go+ to
 sleep4  ,we did s at  frequ5t int]vals2
 at la/ our pati5ce 0 rew>d$ ) ! heavy  
creak1 z ( a /\t eld]ly lady lab\r+ up !
 /airs1 & pres5tly  our victim ent]$4   
,to cut a long /ory %ort1 ! lady on     
satisfy+ h]self t we 7  asleep1 nev]    
said h] pray]s at all2 dur+ ! rema9d] ( 
h] visit  :5ev] %e f\nd u awake %e      
always said !m1 b :5 %e ?\ght we  7     
asleep1 %e nev] pray$4  ,x is ne$less to
 add t we _h !  matt] out ) h] be=e %e  
left1 & t ! consequ5ces 7  unpleasant = 
all p>ties2 !y add$ to ! tr\bles 9 :i*  
we 7  already involv$ z to our pray]s1 &
 7 indirectly among !  e>lie/ causes :i*
 l$ my bro!r to look ) scepticism ^u    
religion4    ,= a :ile1 h[ev]1 all w5t  
on z ?\gh no?+ _h happ5$4  ,an  effect (
 di/ru/1 inde$1 rema9$ aft] ! cause _h  
be5 =gott51  b my bro!r 0 /ill too "y to
 oppose any?+ t my "m told  him1 & to   
all outw>d appe>ance he grew 9 grace no 

less rapidly ?an  9 /ature4    ,= ye>s  
we l$ a quiet & ev5tless life1 brok5    
only by ! "o great  sorr[ ( our fa!r's  
dea?4  ,%ortly aft] ?is we 7 s5t to a   
day  s*ool 9 ,bloomsbury4  ,we 7 nei!r (
 u v happy !re1 b my  bro!r1 :o always  
took k9dly to 8 books1 pick$ up a fair k
  ( ,lat9 & ,greek2 he also le>n$ to    
draw1 & to ex]cise himself a  little 9  
,engli% composition4  ,:5 ,i 0 ab\t     
f\rte5 my "m  capitalis$ a "p ( h]      
income & />t$ me (f to ,am]ica1 :]e %e  
_h fri5ds :o c\ld give me a help+ h&2 by
 _! k9dness ,i 0  enabl$1 aft] an abs5ce
 ( tw5ty ye>s1 to return ) a h&some     
income1 b n1 alas1 be=e ! dea? ( my "m4 
,up to ! "t ( my dep>ture my "m cont9u$ 
to read ! ,bible )  u & expla9 x4  ,%e  
_h become deeply impress$ ) ! mill5>ian 
f]v\r :i* laid hold ( s _m "s tw5ty-five
 or ?irty ye>s ago4  ,! ,apocalypse 0   
p]haps h] fav\rite book 9 ! ,bible1 & %e
 0  imbu$ ) ! fulle/ conviction t all ! 
?reat5$ horrors )  :i* x teems 7 ^u !   
eve ( _! accompli%m5t4  ,! ye>  eighte5 

hundr$ & =ty-eight 0 to be 7z inde$ x 07
 a "t (  g5]al blood%$ & confusion1 :ile
 9 eighte5 hundr$ & sixty-six1  %\ld x  
please ,god to sp>e h]1 h] eyes w\ld be 
gladd5$ by !  visible desc5t ( ! ,son ( 
,man ) a %\t1 ) ! voice ( !  ,ar*angel1 
) ! trump ( ,god2 & ! dead 9 ,*ri/ %\ld 
rise  fir/2 !n %e1 z "o ( !m t 7 alive1 
w\ld be caught up )  o!r sa9ts into !   
air1 & w\ld possibly receive :ile ris+  
"s  di/+ui%+ tok5 ( confid5ce &         
approbation :i* %\ld fall )  due        
impressiv5ess ^u ! surr\nd+ multitude2  
!n w\ld come !  consummation ( all ?+s1 
& %e w\ld be ev] ) ! ,"l4  ,%e  di$     
peaceably 9 h] b$ be=e %e c\ld "k t a   
comm]cial panic  0 ! ne>e/ approa* to ! 
fulfilm5t ( prophecy :i* ! ye>  eighte5 
hundr$ & sixty-six br\ght =?4    ,^!    
op9ions ( my "m's 7 positively          
disa/r\s--injur+ h]  naturally heal?y & 
vigor\s m9d by lead+ h] to indulge 9 all
  mann] ( dreamy & fanciful             
int]pretations ( ,scripture1 :i* any b  
! mo/ n>r[ lit]ali/ w\ld feel at once to

 be unt5able4  ,?us  sev]al times %e    
express$ to u h] conviction t my bro!r &
  myself 7 to be ! two witnesses m5tion$
 9 ! elev5? *apt] (  ! ,book (          
,revelation1 & dilat$ ^u ! gratification
 %e %\ld  exp]i5ce ^u f9d+ t we _h inde$
 be5 res]v$ = a position  ( su*         
di/9ction4  ,we 7 z yet m]e *ildr51 &   
naturally took  all = grant$ t our "m   
told u2 we !re=e made a c>eful          
exam9ation ( ! passage :i* ?rew light ^u
 our future2 b on  f9d+ t ! prospect 0  
gloomy & full ( blood%$ we prote/$      
aga9/ ! hon\rs :i* 7 int5d$ = u1 m      
especially :5 we  reflect$ t ! "m ( !   
two witnesses 0 n m5ac$ 9  ,scripture ) 
any p>ticul> discom=t4  ,if we 7 to be  
m>tyrs1 my  "m ought to wi% to be a     
m>tyr too1 :]eas no?+ 0 f>!r f  h]      
int5tion4  ,h] notion cle>ly 0 t we 7 to
 be massacr$  some:]e 9 ! /reets (      
,london1 9 consequ5ce ( ! anti-,*ri/ian 
ma*9ations ( ! ,pope2 t aft] ly+ ab\t   
unburi$ = ?ree days  & a half we 7 to   
come to life aga92 &1 f9ally1 t we %\ld 

conspicu\sly asc5d to heav51 9 front1   
p]haps1 ( ! ,f\ndl+  ,hospital4    ,%e 0
 n h]self inde$ to %>e ei!r our m>tyrdom
 or our  glorification1 b 0 to survive u
 _m ye>s on e>?1 liv+ 9 an  od\r ( great
 sanctity & reflect$ spl5d\r1 z ! c5tral
 & mo/  augu/ figure 9 a select society4
  ,%e w\ld p]haps be able indirectly1   
?r\gh h] sons' influ5ce ) ! ,almighty1  
to h a voice 9 mo/ (  ! arrangem5ts bo? 
( ?is _w & ( ! next4  ,if all ?is 7 to  
come true 7& ?+s seem$ v l x71 ^? fri5ds
 :o _h  neglect$ u 9 our adv]sity w\ld n
 f9d x too easy to be re/or$  to fav\r1 
h[ev] greatly !y might desire x--t is to
 say1 !y  w\ld n h f\nd x too easy 9 !  
case ( "o less magnanim\s &             
spiritually-m9d$ ?an h]self4  ,my "m    
said b little ( ! above  directly1 b !  
fragm5ts :i* occasionally escap$ h] 7   
pregnant1  & on look+ back x is easy to 
p]ceive t %e mu/ h be5  build+ "o ( !   
mo/ /up5d\s a]ial fabrics t h ev] be5   
re>$4    ,i h giv5 ! above 9 its m amus+
 aspect1 & am half afraid  t ,i may     

appe> to be mak+ a je/ ( weakness on !  
"p ( "o (  ! mo/ devot$ly unselfi% mo!rs
 :o h ev] exi/$4  ,b "o c  love :ile    
smil+1 & ! v wildness ( my "m's dream   
s]ves to  %[ h[ entirely h] :ole s\l 0  
occupi$ ) ! ?+s :i* are  above4  ,to h]1
 religion 0 all 9 all2 ! e>? 0 b a place
 (  pilgrimage--only s f> important z x 
0 a possible road to heav54  ,%e        
impress$ ?is ^u bo? ( u by e ^w &       
action--in/ant 9  season & out ( season1
 s t %e might fill u m deeply ) a  s5se 
( ,god4  ,b ! inevitable consequ5ces    
happ5$2 my "m _h  aim$ too high & _h    
ov]%ot h] m>k4  ,! influ5ce inde$ ( h]  
guileless & unworldly nature rema9$     
impress$ ^u my bro!r ev5  dur+ ! "t ( 8 
extreme/ unbelief 7p]haps 8 ultimate    
safety is  9 ! ma9 ref]able to ?is      
cause1 & to ! happy memories ( my  fa!r1
 :i* _h pr$ispos$ him to love ,god71 b  
my "m _h  insi/$ on ! mo/ m9ute v]bal   
accuracy ( e "p ( ! ,bible2  %e _h also 
dwelt ^u ! duty ( indep5d5t rese>*1 & on
 !  necessity ( giv+ up ev]y?+ r ?an    

ass5t to ?+s :i* our  consci5ce did n   
ass5t to4  ,no "o c\ld h m effectually  
taught  u to try to ?9k ! tru?1 & we _h 
tak5 h] at h] ^w because  our he>ts told
 u t %e 0 "r4  ,b %e requir$ ?ree       
incompatible ?+s4  ,:5 my bro!r grew    
old] he came to feel t  indep5d5t &     
unfl9*+ exam9ation1 ) a det]m9ation to  
abide by  ! results1 w\ld lead him to   
reject ! po9t :i* to my "m 0  m         
important ?an any o!r--,i mean !        
absolute accuracy ( ! ,gospel  records4 
,my "m 0 inexpressibly %ock$ at he>+ my 
bro!r d\bt  ! au!nticity ( ! ,epi/le to 
! ,hebrews2 & !n1 z x appe>$  to him1 %e
 tri$ to make him violate ! duties (    
exam9ation &  c&\r :i* he _h le>nt too  
?or\ghly to unle>n4  ,!reon came pa9  & 
an e/rangem5t :i* 0 none ! less pr(\nd =
 be+ mutually  conceal$4    ,?is        
e/rangem5t 0 ! gradual "w ( "s five or  
six ye>s1 dur+  :i* my bro!r 0 betwe5   
elev5 & sev5te5 ye>s old4  ,at  sev5te51
 ,i am told t he 0 rem>kably well in=m$ 
& clev]4  ,8 mann]s 71 l my fa!r's1     

s+ul>ly g5ial1 & 8 appe>ance  v         
prepossess+4  ,he _h z yet no d\bt      
conc]n+ ! s\ndness (  any fundam5tal    
,*ri/ian doctr9e1 b 8 m9d 0 too active  
to all[  ( 8 be+ cont5t$ ) my "m's      
*ild-l fai?4  ,!re 7  po9ts on :i* he   
did n inde$ d\bt1 b :i* x w\ld none !   
less  be int]e/+ to consid]2 su* =      
example z ! p]fectibility ( !  reg5]ate 
,*ri/ian1 & ! mean+ ( ! my/]i\s c5tral  
*apt]s  ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans4  ,he 0
 engag$ 9 ^! rese>*es ?\gh  /ill only a 
boy1 :5 an ev5t occurr$ :i* gave ! fir/ 
real %ock  to 8 fai?4    ,he 0 accu/om$ 
to tea* 9 a s*ool = ! poore/ *ildr5 e   
,sunday aft]noon1 a task = :i* 8 pati5ce
 & good temp] well  fitt$ him4  ,on "o  
occasion1 h[ev]1 :ile he 0 expla9+ !    
effect  ( baptism to "o ( 8 fav\rite    
pupils1 he discov]$ to 8 great  surprise
 t ! boy _h nev] be5 baptis$4  ,he pu%$ 
8 inquiries  fur!r1 & f\nd t out ( !    
fifte5 boys 9 8 class only five  _h be5 
baptis$1 &1 n only s1 b t no diff]5ce 9 
disposition or conduct c\ld be discov]$ 

betwe5 ! reg5]ate boys  & ! unreg5]ate4 
,! good & bad boys 7 di/ribut$ 9        
proportions equal to ! respective numb]s
 ( ! baptis$ &  unbaptis$4  ,9 spite ( a
 c]ta9 impetuosity ( natural "*1 he  0  
also ( a matt]-(-fact & exp]im5tal turn 
( m9d2 he !re=e  w5t ?r\gh ! :ole s*ool1
 :i* numb]$ ab\t a hundr$ boys1 &  f\nd 
out :o _h be5 baptis$ & :o _h n4  ,!    
same results  appe>$4  ,! majority _h n 
be5 baptis$2 yet ! good & bad           
dispositions 7 s di/ribut$ z to preclude
 all possibility (  ma9ta9+ t ! baptis$ 
boys 7 bett] ?an ! unbaptis$4    ,!     
read] may smile at ! idea ( any "o's    
fai? be+ tr\bl$ by a  fact ( :i* !      
explanation is s obvi\s1 b 9 tru? my    
bro!r 0  s]i\sly & pa9fully %ock$4  ,!  
tea*] to :om he appli$ = a  solution ( !
 difficulty 0 n a man ( any real p[]1 & 
report$  my bro!r to ! rector = hav+    
di/urb$ ! s*ool by 8  inquiries4  ,!    
rector 0 old & self-op9ionat$2 !        
difficulty1  inde$1 0 pla9ly z new to   
him z x _h be5 to my bro!r1 b  in/ead ( 

say+ s at once1 & ref]r+ to any         
recognis$ !ological  au?ority1 he tri$  
to put him (f ) words :i* seem$ int5d$  
to  sil5ce him r ?an to satisfy him2    
f9ally he lo/ 8 temp]1 &  my bro!r fell 
"u suspicion ( unor?odoxy4    ,?is k9d (
 treatm5t might answ] ) "s p1 b n ) my  
bro!r4  ,he alludes to x res5tfully 9 ! 
introductory *apt] ( 8  book4  ,he      
became suspici\s t a preconceiv$ op9ion 
0 be+  def5d$ at ! exp5se ( hone/       
scrut9y1 & 0 ?us driv5 ^u 8  own unaid$ 
inve/igation4  ,! result may be guess$3 
he began to g  a/ray1 & /ray$ fur!r &   
fur!r4  ,! *ildr5 ( ,god1 he  reason$1 !
 memb]s ( ,*ri/ & inh]itors ( ! k+dom ( 
,heav51  7 no m spiritually m9d$ ?an !  
*ildr5 ( ! _w & !  devil4  ,0 !n ! grace
 ( ,god a gift :i* left no trace :atev] 
^u ^? :o 7 possess$ ( x--a ?+ ! pres5ce 
or abs5ce (  :i* might be asc]ta9$ by   
consult+ ! p>i% regi/ry1 b 0 n          
disc]nible 9 conduct8  ,! grace ( man 0 
m cle>ly p]ceptible  ?an ?is4  ,assur$ly
 !re mu/ be a screw loose some:]e1 :i*1 

=  aught he knew1 might be jeop>dis+ !  
salvation ( all ,*ri/5dom4  ,:]e !n 0   
?is loose screw to be f\nd8    ,he      
conclud$ aft] "s mon?s ( reflection t ! 
mis*ief 0 caus$  by ! sy/em ( sponsors &
 by infant baptism4  ,he !re=e1 to my   
"m's inexpressible grief1 jo9$ !        
,bapti/s & 0 imm]s$ 9 a  pond ne>       
,dork+4  ,) ! ,bapti/s he rema9$ quiet  
ab\t ?ree  mon?s1 & !n began to qu>rel )
 8 in/ructors z to _!  doctr9e (        
pr$e/9ation4  ,%ortly aft]w>ds he came  
accid5tally ^u  a fasc9at+ /rang] :o 0  
no less /ruck ) my bro!r ?an my  bro!r )
 him1 & ?is g5tleman1 :o turn$ out to be
 a ,roman  ,ca?olic mission>y1 l&$ him 9
 ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 :]e he felt sure  t he
 _h n[ f\nd re/ = 8 s\l4  ,b "h1 too1 he
 0 mi/ak52  aft] ab\t two ye>s he       
rebell$ aga9/ ! /ifl+ ( all free        
inquiry2 on ?is rebellion ! flood-gates 
( scepticism 7 op5$1 &  he 0 soon battl+
 ) unbelief4  ,he !n fell 9 ) "o :o 0 a 
pure ,dei/1 & 0 %orn ( e %r$ ( dogma :i*
 he _h ev] held1  except a belief 9 !   

p]sonality & provid5ce ( ! ,creator4    
,on review+ 8 lett]s writt5 to me ab\t  
?is "t1 ,i am pa9fully  /ruck ) ! mann] 
9 :i* !y %[ t all ^! pitiable  vag>ies 7
 to be trac$ to a s+le cause--a cause   
:i* /ill exi/s  to ! mislead+ ( hundr$s 
( ?\s&s1 & :i*1 ,i fe>1 seems  likely to
 cont9ue 9 full =ce = _m a ye> to       
come--,i mean1 to a  false sy/em ( tra9+
 :i* tea*es p to reg>d ,*ri/ianity z a  
?+ "o & indivisible1 to be accept$      
entirely 9 ! /ricte/  read+ ( ! lett]1  
or to be reject$ z absolutely untrue4   
,! fact  is1 t all p]man5t tru? is z "o 
( ^? coal measures1 a seam (  :i* lies  
ne> ! surface1 & ev5 crops up above !   
gr\nd1 b  :i* is g5]ally ( an inf]ior   
quality & soon work$ out2 b5ea? x  !re  
comes a lay] ( s& & clay1 & !n at la/ ! 
true seam (  preci\s quality & 9        
virtually inexhau/ible supply4  ,! tru? 
:i*  is on ! surface is r>ely ! :ole    
tru?4  ,x is seldom until ?is has  be5  
work$ out & done )--z 9 ! case ( !      
app>5t flatness (  ! e>?--t un*angeable 

tru? is discov]$4  ,x is ! glory ( !    
,"l to conceal a matt]3 x is ! glory ( !
 k+ to f9d x out4  ,if  my bro!r1 f :om 
,i h tak5 ! above illu/ration1 _h _h "s 
judici\s & wide-m9d$ fri5d to correct & 
supplem5t ! ma9ly  admirable pr9ciples  
:i* _h be5 in/ill$ into him by my "m1 he
  w\ld h be5 sav$ ye>s ( spiritual w&]+2
 b1 z x 01 he  fell 9 ) "o aft] ano!r1  
ea* 9 8 own way z lit]al &  unspiritual 
z ! o!r--ea* impress$ ) "o aspect (     
religi\s  tru?1 & ) "o only4  ,9 ! end  
he became p]haps ! wide/-m9d$  & mo/    
orig9al ?9k] :om ,i h ev] met2 b no "o f
 8 e>ly  manhood c\ld h augur$ ?is      
result2 on ! contr>y1 he %ew$ e  sign ( 
be+ likely to develop into "o ( ^? :o c 
nev] see m  ?an "o side ( a "q at a "t1 
9 spite ( _! see+ t side  ) s+ul>       
cle>ness ( m5tal vision4  ,9 aft] life1 
he (t5 met  ) m]e lads :o seem$ to him  
to be ye>s & ye>s 9 advance ( :at  he _h
 be5 at _! age1 & w\ld say1 smil+1 8,) a
 great sum  obta9$ ,i ?is fre$om2 b ?\  
wa/ free-born40    ,yet :5 "o comes to  

?9k ( x1 a late developm5t & labori\s   
gr[? are g5]ally m fruitful ?an ^? :i*  
are ov]-e>ly  luxuriant4  ,draw+ an     
illu/ration f ! art ( pa9t+1 ) :i*  he 0
 well acqua9t$1 my bro!r us$ to say t   
all ! greate/  pa9t]s _h begun ) a h>d &
 precise mann] f :i* !y _h  only brok5  
aft] sev]al ye>s ( ef=t2 & t 9 l mann]  
all  ! e>ly s*ools 7 f\nd$ ^u def9it5ess
 ( outl9e to !  exclusion ( tru? (      
effect4  ,?is may be true2 b 9 my       
bro!r's case  !re 0 some?+ ev5 m        
unpromis+ ?an ?is2 !re 0 a  commonness1 
s to speak1 ( m5tal execution1 f :i* no 
"o c\ld  h =ese5 8 aft]-emancipation4   
,yet 9 ! c\rse ( "t he 0  inde$         
emancipat$ to ! v utt]mo/1 :ile 8 bonds 
w1 ,i firmly  tru/1 be f\nd to h be5 (  
ine/imable s]vice to ! :ole human  race4
    ,= al?\gh x 0 s _m ye>s be=e he 0   
enabl$ to see !  ,*ri/ian s*eme z a     
:ole1 or ev5 to conceive ! idea t !re  0
 any :ole at all1 o!r ?an ea* "o ( !    
/ages ( op9ion  ?r\gh :i* he 0 at ! "t  
pass+2 yet :5 ! idea 0 at l5g?  pres5t$ 

to him by "o :om ,i mu/ n "n1 ! disc>d$ 
fragm5ts (  8 fai? assum$ %ape1 & =m$   
!mselves into a consi/5tly  organis$    
s*eme4  ,!n became app>5t ! value ( 8 k 
( !  details ( s _m diff]5t sides (     
,*ri/ian v]ity4  ,buri$ 9 !  details1 he
 _h hi!rto ignor$ ! fact t !y 7 only !  
uness5tial developm5ts ( c]ta9 compon5t 
p>ts4  ,awak5+ to !  p]ception ( ! :ole 
aft] an intimate acqua9tance ) !        
details1  he 0 able to realise !        
position & mean+ ( all t he _h  hi!rto  
exp]i5c$ 9 a way :i* has be5 v\*saf$ to 
few1 if any  o!rs4    ,?us he became    
truly a broad ,*ur*man4  ,n broad 9 !   
ord9>y &  ill-consid]$ use ( ! t]m 7= ! 
broad ,*ur*man is z little able  to     
sympa?ise ) ,romani/s1 extreme ,high    
,*ur*m5 & ,diss5t]s1 z  ^! are )        
himself--he is only "o ( a sect :i* is  
call$ by !  "n broad1 ?\gh x is no      
broad] ?an its own base71 b 9 ! true    
s5se ( be+ able to believe 9 !          
naturalness1 legitimacy1 & tru?  qu     
,*ri/ianity ev5 ( ^? doctr9es :i* seem  

to /& mo/  widely & irreconcilably      
asund]4        ,*apt] ,,ii      ,,b x 0 
impossible t a m9d ( su* activity %\ld h
 gone ov]  s mu* gr\nd1 & yet 9 ! end   
return$ to ! same position z t  f :i* x 
/>t$4    ,s f> 0 ?is f be+ ! case t !   
,*ri/ianity ( 8 matur]  life w\ld be    
consid]$ dang]\sly het]odox by ^? :o    
belong to any  ( ! m def9ite or precise 
s*ools ( !ological ?\ght4  ,he 0  z "o  
:o has made ! circuit ( a m\nta91 & yet 
be5 asc5d+  dur+ ! :ole "t ( 8 do+ s3   
su* a p]son f9ds himself ^u  ! same side
 z at fir/1 b ^u a greatly high] level4 
,! peaks  :i* _h seem$ ! mo/ important  
:5 he 0 9 ! valley 7 n[  dw>f$ to _!    
true proportions by colossal cl\d-capp$ 
masses ^:  v exi/5ce c\ld n h be5       
suspect$ f b5ea?3 & aga91  o!r po9ts :i*
 _h seem$ among ! l[e/ turn$ out to be !
 v  highe/ ( all--z ! ,f9/]-,a>horn1 :i*
 hides itself away 9 !  c5tre ( !       
,b]nese ,alps1 is nev] se5 to be !      
greate/ till "o is  high & f> (f4       
,?us he felt no sort ( fe> or repugnance

 9 admitt+ t ! ,new  ,te/am5t writ+s1 z 
we n[ h !m1 are n by any means accurate 
records ( ! ev5ts :i* !y pr(ess to      
*ronicle4  ,?is1 :i* few  ,engli%       
,*ur*m5 w\ld be prep>$ to admit1 0 to   
him s mu* ( an  axiom t he despair$ (   
see+ any s\nd !ological /ructure rais$  
until x 0 univ]sally recognis$4    ,& "h
 he w\ld probably meet ) sympa?y f ! m  
advanc$  ?9k]s )9 ! body ( ! ,*ur*1 b s 
f> z ,i "k1 he /ood  alone z recognis+ !
 wisdom ( ! ,div9e c\nsels 9 hav+ orda9$
  ! wide & app>5tly irreconcilable      
div]g5cies ( doctr9e &  "* :i* we f9d   
assign$ to ,*ri/ 9 ! ,gospels1 & z f9d+ 
8 fai? confirm$1 n by ! supposition t   
bo? ! portraits drawn  ( ,*ri/ are      
objectively true1 b t bo? are           
objectively  inaccurate1 & t ! ,almighty
 int5d$ !y %\ld be inaccurate1  inasmu* 
z ! true spiritual conception 9 ! m9d ( 
man c\ld be  indirectly m c]ta9ly       
eng5d]$ by a /rife1 a w>r+1 a cla%+1  s 
to speak1 ( v]sions1 all ( !m di/ort+   
slightly "s "o or  o!r ( ! features ( ! 

orig9al1 ?an directly by ! mo/          
absolutely correct impression :i* human 
language c\ld convey4  ,ev5  ! mo/      
p]fect human spee*1 z has be5 (t5 po9t$ 
out1 is a v  gross & imp]fect vehicle ( 
?\ght4  ,i rememb] once he>+ him say  t 
x 0 n till he 0 ne>ly ?irty t he        
discov]$ 8:at ?ick  & /icky fluids 7 air
 & wat]10 h[ crass & dull 9 comp>ison  )
 o!r m subtle fluids2 he add$ t spee* _h
 no less deceiv$  him1 seem+1 z x did1  
to be su* a p]fect mess5g] ( ?\ght1 &   
be+ aft] all no?+ b a %uffl] & a loit]]4
    ,) mo/ m5 ! ,gospels are true 9     
spite ( _! discrepancies &              
inconsi/5cies2 ) him ,*ri/ianity1 z     
di/+ui%$ f a b>e  belief 9 ! objectively
 hi/orical "* ( ea* "p ( !  ,gospels1 0 
true because ( ^! v discrepancies2 z 8  
conceptions  ( ! ,div9e mann] ( work+   
became wid]1 ! v =ces :i* _h  at "o "t  
%ak5 8 fai? to its f\ndations e/abli%$ x
 anew ^u  a firm] & broad] base4  ,he 0 
gradually l$ to feel t ! ideal  pres5t$ 
by ! life & dea? ( our ,savi\r c\ld nev]

 h be5  accept$ by ,jews at all1 if its 
:ole purport _h be5 made intelligible   
dur+ ! ,r$eem]'s life-"t2 t 9 ord] to   
insure its acceptance  by a nucleus (   
foll[]s x mu/ h be5 end[$ ) a m local   
aspect ?an x 0 int5d$ aft]w>ds to we>2  
yet t1 = ! sake (  its subsequ5t        
univ]sal value1 ! de/ruction ( t local  
complexion  0 indisp5sable2 t !         
corruptions insep>able f viv voce       
communication & imp]fect education 7 !  
means adopt$ by !  ,creator to blur !   
details ( ! ideal1 & give x t bread? :i*
  c\ld n be o!rwise obta9able--& t ?us !
 value ( ! ideal  0 indef9itely enhanc$1
 & design$ly enhanc$1 alike by ! wa/e  (
 "t & by its incru/ations2 t all ideals 
ga9 by a c]ta9  am\nt ( vagu5ess1 :i*   
all[s ! behold] to fill 9 ! details     
accord+ to 8 own spiritual ne$s1 & t no 
ideal c be truly  univ]sal & p]man5ts   
unless x h an ela/icity :i* w all[ (    
?is process 9 ! m9ds ( ^? :o contemplate
 x2 t x _c  become ?us ela/ic unless by 
! loss ( no inconsid]able am\nt (       

detail1 & t ?us ! half1 z ,dr4 ,arnold  
us$ to say1 8becomes  great] ?an !      
:ole10 ! sket* m preci\sly sugge/ive ?an
 !  photograph4  ,h5ce f> f deplor+ !   
fragm5t>y1 confus$1 &  contradictory    
condition ( ! ,gospel records1 he saw 9 
?is condition  ! means :]eby alone !    
human m9d c\ld h be5 enabl$ to          
conceive--n ! precise nature ( ,*ri/--b 
! highe/ ideal ( :i*  ea* individual    
,*ri/ian s\l 0 capable4  ,z soon z he _h
 grasp$  ^! conceptions1 :i* w be f\nd m
 fully develop$ 9 "o ( !  lat] *apt]s ( 
8 book1 ! spell ( unbelief 0 brok54     
,b1 once brok51 x 0 dissolv$ utt]ly &   
entirely2 he c\ld all[  himself to      
contemplate fe>lessly all sorts ( issues
 f :i* "o  ^: exp]i5ces _h be5 less v>i$
 w\ld h %runk4  ,he 0 free (  ! enemy's 
camp1 & c\ld g hi!r & ?i!r :i!rsoev] he 
w\ld4  ,! v po9ts :i* to o!rs 7         
insup]able difficulties 7 to him        
f\ndation-/ones ( fai?4  ,= example1 to 
! objection t if 9 !  pres5t /ate ( !   
records no cle> conception ( ! nature ( 

,*ri/'s life & tea*+ c\ld be =m$1 we    
%\ld be compell$ to  take "o = our model
 ( :om we knew little or no?+ c]ta91 ,i 
h  he>d him answ]1 8,& s mu* ! bett] = u
 all4  ,! tru?1 if read  by ! light (   
man's imp]fect und]/&+1 w\ld h be5 fals]
 to  him ?an any falsehood4  ,x w\ld h  
be5 tru? no long]4  ,bett] be  l$ aright
 by an error :i* is s adju/$ z to       
comp5sate = !  errors 9 man's p[]s (    
und]/&+1 ?an be misl$ by a tru?  :i* c  
nev] be translat$ f objectivity to      
subjectivity4  ,9 su*  a case1 x is !   
error :i* is ! tru? & ! tru? ! error40  
,fe>less himself1 he c\ld n und]/& !    
fe>s felt by o!rs2 &  ?is 0 p]haps 8    
greate/ sympa!tic weakness4  ,he 0      
impati5t (  ! subt]fuges ) :i* unt5able 
int]pretations ( ,scripture 7  def5d$1 &
 ( ! dis+5u\sness ( c]ta9 h>moni/s2     
inde$1 !  m5tion ( ! ^w h>mony 0 en\gh  
to k9dle an outbreak ( righte\s  ang]1  
:i* w\ld sometimes g to ! utmo/ limit ( 
righte\sness4  8,h>monies60 he w\ld     
exclaim1 8! sweete/ h>monies are ^? :i* 

are mo/ full ( discords1 & ! discords ( 
"o g5]ation (  musicians become heav5ly 
music 9 ! h&s ( _! successors4  ,:i*  ( 
! great musicians has n enri*$ 8 art n  
only by ! discov]y  ( new h>monies1 b by
 prov+ t s\nds :i* are actually         
inh>moni\s are nev]!less ess5tially &   
et]nally delightful8  ,:at  an outcry   
has !re n always be5 aga9/ !            
#8unw>rantable lic5ce'  ) ! rules (     
h>mony :5ev] a ,bee?ov5 or a ,moz>t has 
brok5  ?r\gh any ( ! trammels :i* h be5 
reg>d$ z ! safegu>ds (  ! art1 in/ead ( 
9 _! true light ( fett]s1 & h[          
gratefully  h succe$+ musicians         
acquiesc$ 9 & adopt$ ! innovation40  ,!n
 w\ld foll[ a tirade ) illu/ration ^u   
illu/ration1  comp>ison ( ?is passage ) 
t1 & an exhau/ive demon/ration  t "o or 
o!r1 or bo?1 c\ld h _h no sort (        
possible f\ndation  9 fact2 he c\ld only
 see t ! p]sons f :om he diff]$ 7       
def5d+ some?+ :i* 0 untrue & :i* !y     
ought to h kn[n  to be untrue1 b he c\ld
 n see t p ought to "k _m ?+s  :i* !y d 

n "k4    ,_h he himself se5 all t he    
ought to h be5 able to see f 8  own     
/&po9ts8  ,c any ( u d s8  ,! =ce ( e>ly
 bias &  education1 ! =ce ( intellectual
 surr\nd+s1 ! =ce ( natural  timidity1 !
 =ce ( dulness1 7 ?+s :i* he c\ld       
appreciate &  make all[ance = 9 any o!r 
age1 & among any o!r p ?an 8  own2 b z  
belong+ to ,engl& & ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury  
!y _h no  place 9 8 !ory ( ,nature2 !y 7
 inconceivable1 unnatural1  unp>donable1
 :5ev] !y came into contact ) ! subject 
(  ,*ri/ian evid5ces4  ,deplorable1     
inde$1 !y are1 b ?is 0 j !  sort ( ^w to
 :i* he c\ld n conf9e himself4  ,!      
criticisms ^u  ! late ,dean ,al=d's     
notes1 :i* w be giv5 9 ! sequel1 display
  ?is sort ( temp]2 !y are n entirely 8 
own1 b he adopt$ !m  & endors$ !m ) a   
w>m? :i* we _c b feel to be  unnecess>y1
 n to say m4  ,yet ,i am free to confess
 t :atev]  editorial lic5ce ,i c\ld     
v5ture to take has be5 tak5 9 !         
direction  ( l5ity4    ,on ! :ole1      
h[ev]1 he valu$ ,dean ,al=d's "w v      

highly1 giv+  him great praise = ! c&\r 
) :i* he n unfrequ5tly set !  h>moni/s  
aside4  ,= example1 9 8 notes ^u !      
discrepancies  betwe5 ,/4 ,luke's & ,/4 
,mat!w's acc\nts ( ! e>ly life ( our    
,"l1 ! ,dean op5ly av[s t x is q beyond 
8 purpose to  attempt to reconcile !    
two4  8,?is "p ( ! ,gospel hi/ory10 he  
writes1 8is "o :]e ! h>moni/s1 by _!    
arbitr>y reconcilem5t (  ! two acc\nts1 
h giv5 great advantage to ! enemies ( ! 
fai?4  ,z ! two acc\nts n[ /&1 x is     
:olly impossible to sugge/ any          
satisfactory me?od ( unit+ !m1 e "o :o  
has attempt$ x has  9 "s "p or o!r ( 8  
hypo!sis violat$ probability & common   
s5se10 b 9 spite ( ?is1 ! ,dean _h no   
hesitation 9 accept+  bo? ! acc\nts4  ,)
 ref]5ce to ?is ! au?or ( ,! ,jesus (   
,hi/ory 7,williams & ,norgate1          
#ahff7--;a "w to :i* my bro!r admitt$   
himself to be "u v great obligations1 & 
:i* he greatly admir$1  9 spite ( 8 utt]
 diss5t f ! ma9 conclusion arriv$ at1   
has  ! foll[+ note3--    8,dean ,al=d1  

,n4,t4 = ,engli% read]s1 admits t !     
n>ratives z  !y /& are contradictory1 b 
he believes bo?4  ,he is ev5 sev]e  ^u !
 h>moni/s :o attempt to frame s*emes (  
reconciliation  betwe5 ! two1 on acc\nt 
( ! triumph !y ?us furni% to !          
#8enemies ( ! fai?1' a phrase :i* seems 
to imply all :o believe  less ?an he    
does4  ,! ,dean1 h[ev]1 =gets t ! fai?  
:i* c  believe two 7app>5tly7           
contradictory propositions 9 matt]s (   
fact is  a v r>e gift1 & t = "o :o is s 
end[$ !re are ?\s&s  :o c be satisfi$ ) 
a plausible ?\gh demon/rably false      
explanation4  ,to ! latt] class !       
despis$ h>moni/s r5d] a real  s]vice40  
,^u ?is note my bro!r 0 v sev]e4  ,9 a  
lett]1 dat$ ,dec4 #ah1  #ahff1 address$ 
to a fri5d :o _h allud$ to x1 & express$
 8  concurr5ce ) x z 9 ! ma9 j1 my bro!r
 wrote3 8,y are wrong  ab\t ! note 9 ,! 
,jesus ( ,hi/ory1 !re is m ( !          
,*ri/ianity ( ! future 9 ,dean ,al=d's  
indiff]5ce to ! h>mony  betwe5 !        
discordant acc\nts ( ,luke & ,mat!w ?an 

!re w\ld h  be5 ev5 9 ! mo/ conv9c+ &   
satisfactory explanation ( !  way 9 :i* 
!y came to diff]4  ,no su* explanation  
is possible2 bo?  ! ,dean & ! au?or ( ,!
 ,jesus ( ,hi/ory 7 v well aw>e (  ?is1 
b ! latt] is unju/ 9 assum+ t 8 oppon5t 
0 n  alive to ! absurdity ( appe>+ to   
believe two contradictory  propositions 
at "o & ! same "t4  ,! ,dean takes v    
good c>e  t he %all n appe> to d ?is1 = 
x is p]fectly pla9 to any  c>eful read] 
t he mu/ really believe t "o or bo?     
n>ratives  are inaccurate1 inasmu* z !  
diff]5ces betwe5 !m are too great to    
all[ ( reconciliation by a suppos$      
suppression ( detail4    8,?is1 ?\gh n  
said s cle>ly z x %\ld h be51 is yet    
virtually impli$ 9 ! admission t no sort
 ( fact :i* c\ld by  any possibility be 
admitt$ z reconcil+ !m _h ev] occurr$ to
  human +5uity2 :at1 !n1 ,dean ,al=d mu/
 h really felt 0 t  ! spiritual value ( 
ea* acc\nt 0 no less preci\s = n be+ 9  
/rict accordance ) ! o!r2 t ! objective 
tru? lies some:]e  betwe5 !m1 & is ( v  

little importance1 be+ long dead &      
buri$1 & liv+ 9 its results only1 9     
comp>ison ) ! subjective  tru? convey$  
by bo? ! n>ratives1 :i* lives 9 our     
he>ts  indep5d5tly ( precise k conc]n+ !
 actual facts4  ,moreov]1 t ?\gh bo?    
acc\nts may p]haps be inaccurate1 yet t 
a v little natural inaccuracy on ! "p ( 
ea* writ] w\ld ?r[  !m app>5tly v wide  
asund]1 t su* inaccuracies are easily to
  be acc\nt$ =1 & w\ld1 9 fact1 be      
inevitable 9 ! sixty ye>s (  oral       
communication :i* elaps$ betwe5 ! bir? (
 our ,"l & !  writ+ ( ! fir/ ,gospel1 & 
aga9 9 ! eighty or n9ety ye>s  prior to 
! ?ird1 s t ! details ( ! facts connect$
 ) !  conception1 bir?1 g5ealogy1 &     
e>lie/ hi/ory ( our ,savi\r are         
irrecov]able--a g5]al impression be+    
alone possible1 or inde$  desirable4    
8,x might p]haps h be5 m satisfactory if
 ,dean ,al=d _h  express$ ! above m     
pla9ly2 b if he _h done ?is1 :o w\ld h  
read 8 book8  ,:]e w\ld h be5 t influ5ce
 9 ! direction (  truly lib]al          

,*ri/ianity :i* has be5 s pot5t dur+ !  
la/  tw5ty ye>s8  ,z x 01 ! fre$om ) :i*
 ! ,dean wrote 0 !  cause ( no          
inconsid]able sc&al4  ,or1 aga91 he may 
n h be5  fully consci\s ( 8 own         
position3 few m5 are2 he _h tak5 ! "r   
"o1 b m p]haps by spiritual in/9ct ?an  
by consci\s &  delib]ate ex]cise ( 8    
intellectual faculties4  ,f9ally1       
compromise  is n a matt] ( good policy  
only1 x is a solemn duty 9 ! int]e/s  ( 
,*ri/ian peace1 & ?is n 9 m9or matt]s   
only--we c all d ?is  mu*--b 9 ^?       
conc]n+ :i* we feel mo/ /rongly1 = "h ! 
sacrifice is greate/ & mo/ acceptable to
 ,god4  ,!re are1 ( c\rse1  limits to   
?is1 & ,dean ,al=d may h c>ri$          
compromise too f> 9  ! pres5t in/ance1 b
 x is v transp>5t4  ,! n>r[ness :i*     
leads ! au?or ( ,! ,jesus ( ,hi/ory to  
/ra9 at su* a gnat is  ! secret ( 8     
inability to accept ! div9ity & miracles
 ( our  ,"l1 & has m>r$ ! mo/           
exhau/ively critical exegesis ( ! life  
& dea? ( our ,savi\r ) an impot5t       

conclusion40    ,x is /range t "o :o    
c\ld write ?us %\ld occasionally h  %[n 
himself s little able to apply 8 own    
pr9ciples4  ,he seems to  h be5         
alt]nately "u ! influ5ce ( two conflict+
 spirits--at  "o "t writ+ z ?\gh !re 7  
no?+ preci\s "u ! sun  except logic1    
consi/5cy1 & precision1 & brea?+ fire & 
smoke  aga9/ ev5 v trifl+ deviations f !
 pa? ( exact criticism--at  ano!r1 lead+
 ! read] almo/ to believe t he disreg>d$
 !  value ( any objective tru?1 & speak+
 ( endeav\r aft] accuracy 9  t]ms t are 
positively contemptu\s4  ,:5ev] he 0 9 !
 "o mood  he seem$ to =get ! possibility
 ( any o!r2 s mu* s t ,i h  sometimes   
?\ght t he did ?is delib]ately & = !    
same reasons  z ^? :i* l$ ,adam ,smi? to
 exclude "o set ( premises 9 8  ,!ory ( 
,moral ,s5tim5ts & ano!r 9 8 ,weal? (   
,nations4  ,i  believe1 h[ev]1 t !      
explanation lies 9 ! fact t my bro!r  0 
incl9$ to und]rate ! importance ( belief
 9 ! objective tru?  ( any o!r          
individual features 9 ! life ( our ,"l  

?an 8  ,resurrection & ,asc5sion4  ,all 
else seem$ dw>f$ by ! side ( ^!  ev5ts4 
,8 :ole s\l 0 s conc5trat$ ^u ! c5tre ( 
! circle  t he =got ! circumf]5ce1 or   
left x out ( sight4  ,no?+ less  ?an !  
/ricte/ objective tru? z to ! ma9 facts 
( !  ,resurrection & ,asc5sion w\ld     
cont5t him2 ! o!r miracles & !  life &  
tea*+ ( our ,"l might !n be left op52   
:atev] view 0  tak5 ( !m by ea*         
individual ,*ri/ian 0 probably ! "o mo/ 
desirable = ! spiritual wellbe+ ( ea*4  
,ev5 z reg>ds ! ,resurrection &         
,asc5sion1 he did n greatly value  !    
detail4  ,provid$ ^! facts 7 s e/abli%$ 
t !y c\ld  nev] h5ce=? be controv]t$1 he
 ?\ght t ! less detail !  broad] & m    
univ]sally acceptable w\ld be ! effect4 
,h5ce1 :5  ,dean ,al=d's notes seem$ to 
jeop>dise ! evid5ces = ^! ?+s1  he c\ld 
brook no trifl+2 = unless ,*ri/ actually
 di$ & actually  came to life aga91 he  
saw no escape f an utt] d5ial ( any b   
natural religion4  ,*ri/ w\ld h be5 no m
 to him ?an ,socrates or  ,%akespe>e1   

except 9 s f> z 8 tea*+ 0 m spiritual4  
,!  triune nature ( ! ,deity--!         
,resurrection f ! dead--! hope (  ,heav5
 & salut>y fe> ( ,hell--all w\ld g b = !
 ,resurrection  & ,asc5sion ( ,jesus    
,*ri/2 no?+ w\ld rema9 except a s5se ( !
  ,div9e z a sub/itute = ,god1 & !      
curr5t feel+ ( "o's pe]s z  ! *ief moral
 *eck ^u misconduct4  ,inde$1 we h se5  
?is view  op5ly advocat$ by a rec5t     
writ]1 & set =? 9 ! v pla9e/  t]ms4  ,my
 bro!r did n live to see x1 b if he _h1 
he w\ld h  recognis$ ! fulfilm5t ( 8 own
 prophecies z to :at mu/ be !           
inevitable sequel ( a d5ial ( our ,"l's 
,resurrection4    ,x w be se5 !re=e t he
 0 9 no dang] ( be+ c>ri$ away  by a    
8pet !ory40  ,:]e light & def9ition 7   
ess5tial1 he w\ld  sacrifice no?+ (     
ei!r2 b he 0 jeal\s = 8 highe/ light1  &
 felt 8t ! :ole effect ( ! ,*ri/ian     
s*eme 0 indef9itely  height5$ by keep+  
all o!r lights subord9ate0--?is at lea/ 
0 !  illu/ration :i* he (t5 us$ conc]n+ 
x4  ,b z !re 7 limits  to ! value (     

light & 8f9d+0--limits :i* _h be5 f>    
exce$$1  ) ! result ( an unnatural =c+ (
 ! lights1 & an effect (  g>i%ness &    
unreality--s !re 7 limits to ! z yet    
unrecognis$  preci\sness ( 8los+0 &     
obscurity2 ^! limits he plac$ at !      
objectivity ( our ,"l's ,resurrection & 
,asc5sion4  ,let !re be light  en\gh to 
%[ ^! ?+s1 & ! re/ w\ld ga9 by be+ 9    
half-tone & %ad[4    ,8 facility (      
illu/ration 0 simply m>vell\s4  ,f 8    
conv]sation any "o w\ld h ?\ght t he 0  
acqua9t$ ) all  mann] ( arts & sci5ces (
 :i* he knew little or no?+4  ,x is     
true1 z has be5 said already1 t he _h _h
 "s practice 9 ! art  ( pa9t+1 & 0 an   
en?usia/ic admir] ( ! ma/]pieces (      
,raphael1 ,titian1 ,guido1 ,dom5i*9o1 & 
o!rs2 b he c\ld nev] h  be5 call$ a     
pa9t]2 = music he _h consid]able feel+2 
,i ?9k he  mu/ h kn[n ?or\gh-bass1 b x 0
 h>d to say :at he did or did  n "k4  ,(
 sci5ce he 0 almo/ entirely ignorant1   
yet he _h  assimilat$ a quantity ( /ray 
facts1 & :atev] he assimilat$ seem$  to 

agree ) him & n\ri% 8 m5tal be+4  ,b    
?\gh 8  acqua9tance ) any "o art or     
sci5ce mu/ be all[$ to h be5  sup]ficial
 only1 he _h an a/oni%+ p]ception ( !   
relative  be>+s ( facts :i* seem$ at    
fir/ sight to be q beyond !  range ( "o 
ano!r1 & ( ! relations betwe5 ! sci5ces 
g5]ally2 x 0 ?is :i* gave him 8 felicity
 & fecundity (  illu/ration--a gift :i* 
he nev] abus$4  ,he delight$ 9 its use =
  ! purpose ( c>ry+ a cle> impression ( 
8 mean+ to ! m9d (  ano!r1 b ,i nev]    
rememb] to h he>d him mi/ake illu/ration
 =  argum5t1 nor endeav\r to mislead an 
adv]s>y by a fasc9at+ b  irrelevant     
simile4  ,! subtlety ( 8 m9d 0 a m s]i\s
 s\rce (  dang] to him1 ?\gh ,i d n "k t
 he greatly lo/ by x 9  comp>ison ) :at 
he ga9$2 8 s5se1 h[ev]1 ( di/9ctions 0  
s f9e t x w\ld sometimes di/ract 8      
att5tion f po9ts (  inf9itely great]    
importance 9 connection ) 8 subject ?an 
!  p>ticul> di/9ction :i* he 0 try+ to  
e/abli% at ! mom5t4    ,! read] may be  
glad to "k :at my bro!r felt ab\t reta9+

 !  unhi/oric passages ( ,scripture4    
,w\ld he wi% to see !m s\ght =  & sift$ 
out8  ,or1 aga91 :at w\ld he propose    
conc]n+ su* ( !  p>ables z are ackn[l$g$
 by e lib]al ,*ur*man to be immoral1  z1
 = in/ance1 ! /ory ( ,dives & ,laz>us & 
! ,unju/  ,/ew>d--p>ables :i* c nev] h  
be5 spok5 by our ,"l1 at any  rate n 9  
_! pres5t %ape8  ,& "h we h a rem>kable 
in/ance  ( 8 mod]ation & truly ,engli%  
good s5se4  8,d n t\* "o ^w  ( !m10 0 8 
(t5-repeat$ exclamation4  8,if n        
directly inspir$  by ! m\? ( ,god !y h  
be5 indirectly inspir$ by ! =ce (       
ev5ts1 & ! =ce ( ev5ts is ! p[] &       
manife/ation ( ,god2  !y c\ld n h be5   
all[$ to come into _! pres5t position if
  !y _h n be5 recognis$ 9 ! c\nsels ( ! 
,almighty z be+ (  indirect s]vice to   
mank9d2 !re is a subjective tru? convey$
 ev5 by  ^! p>ables to ! m9ds ( _m1 t   
enables !m to lay hold (  o!r &         
objective tru?s :i* !y c\ld n else h    
grasp$4    8,!re c be no "q t !         
communi/ic utt]ances ( ! ?ird  gospel1 z

 di/+ui%$ f ,/4 ,mat!w's m spiritual &  
d\btless  m hi/oric r5d]+ ( ! same      
tea*+1 h be5 ( ine/imable  s]vice to    
,*ri/ianity4  ,*ri/ is n = ! :ole only1 
b also =  !m t are sick1 = !            
ill-in/ruct$ & :at we are pleas$ to     
call #8dang]\s' classes1 z well z = ! m 
sob] ?9k]s4  ,to h[  _m d ! words1      
#8,bless$ be ye poor3 = y\r's is ! k+dom
 (  ,heav5' 7,luke vi41 #bj71 c>ry a    
com=t :i* c\ld nev] be giv5 by !        
#8,bless$ are ! poor 9 _s' ( ,mat!w v41 
#c4  ,9 ,mat!w we f9d1  #8,bless$ are ! 
poor 9 _s3 = _!'s is ! k+dom ( ,heav54  
,bless$ are !y t m\rn3 = !y %all be     
com=t$4  ,bless$ are  ! meek3 = !y %all 
inh]it ! e>?4  ,bless$ are !y :i* d     
hung] & ?ir/ aft] righte\sness3 = !y    
%all be fill$4  ,bless$  are ! m]ciful3 
= !y %all obta9 m]cy4  ,bless$ are !    
pure 9  he>t3 = !y %all see ,god4       
,bless$ are ! peacemak]s3 = !y  %all be 
call$ ! *ildr5 ( ,god4  ,bless$ are !y  
:i* are  p]secut$ = righte\sness' sake3 
= _!'s is ! k+dom ( heav54  ,bless$ are 

ye1 :5 m5 %all revile y1 & p]secute y1 &
 %all  say all mann] ( evil aga9/ y     
falsely1 = my sake4  ,rejoice1 & be     
exce$+ glad3 = great is y\r rew>d 9     
heav53 = s p]secut$  !y ! prophets :i* 7
 be=e y4'  ,9 ,luke we read1 #8,bless$  
are  ye t hung] n[3 = ye %all be fill$4 
,bless$ are ye t weep  n[3 = ye %all    
laugh4 4 4 4  ,b woe unto y t are ri*6 =
 ye  h receiv$ y\r consolation4  ,woe   
unto y t are full6 = ye %all  hung]4    
,woe unto y t laugh n[6 = ye %all m\rn &
 weep4  ,woe  unto y1 :5 all m5 %all    
speak well ( y6 = s did _!  fa!rs to !  
false prophets1' :]e ev5 ! gramm> ( !   
la/  s5t5ce1 indep5d5tly ( ! sub/ance1  
is su* z x is impossible to  ascribe to 
our ,"l himself4    8,! #8upp]' classes 
naturally turn to ! v]sion ( ,mat!w1 b !
  #8l[]1' no less naturally to t (      
,luke1 nor is x likely t !  ideal (     
,*ri/ w\ld be "o-t5? "p s de> to !m _h n
 ?is  provision = !m be5 made1 n by !   
direct tea*+ ( ! ,savi\r1  b by !       
indirect inspiration ( su* ev5ts z 7 se5

 by !  ,almighty to be necess>y = ! full
 developm5t ( ! highe/ ideal (  :i*     
mank9d 0 capable4  ,all t we h 9 ! ,new 
,te/am5t is !  inspir$ ^w1 directly or  
indirectly1 ( ,god1 ! unhi/oric no less 
?an ! hi/oric2 x is = u to take         
spiritual su/5ance f  :atev] meats we   
f9d prep>$ = u1 n to ord] ! removal (   
?is  or t di%2 ! co>s] meats are = !    
co>s] natures2 z !y gr[  9 grace !y w   
turn f ^! to ! f9]3 let u ourselves     
p>take  ( t :i* we f9d be/ suit$ to u1 b
 d n let u grudge to  o!rs ! provision t
 ,god has set be=e !m4  ,!re are _m ?+s 
:i* ?\gh n objectively true are         
nev]!less subjectively true to  ^? :o c 
receive !m2 & subjective tru? is        
univ]sally felt to  be ev5 high] ?an    
objective1 z may be %[n by ! ackn[l$g$  
duty  ( obey+ our consci5ces 7:i* is !  
"r to u7 r ?an any  dictate ( man h[ev] 
mu* m objectively true4  ,x is t :i* is 
true to u t we are b\nd ea* "o ( u to   
seek & foll[40    ,hav+ he>d him ?us f>1
 & be+ unable to und]/&1 mu* less to    

sympa?ise ) tea*+ s utt]ly =eign to     
any?+ :i* ,i _h he>d  else:]e1 ,i said  
to him1 8,ei!r our ,"l did say ! words  
assign$ to  him by ,/4 ,luke or he did  
n4  ,if he did1 z !y /& !y are bad1  &  
any "o :o he>d !m = ! fir/ "t w\ld say t
 !y 7  bad2 if he did n1 !n we ought n  
to all[ !m to rema9 9 our  ,bibles to ! 
mislead+ ( p :o w ?us believe t ,god is 
tell+ !m :at he nev] did tell !m--to !  
mislead+ ( ! poor1  :om ev5 9 l[        
self-int]e/ we are b\nd to in/ruct z    
fully &  tru?fully z we c40    ,he smil$
 & answ]$1 8,t is ! ,pet] ,bell view ( !
 matt]4  ,i  ?\ght s once1 z1 inde$1 no 
"o c "k bett] ?an y\rself40    ,!       
expression ^u 8 face z he said ?is 0    
suffici5t to %[ !  cle>ness ( 8 pres5t  
p]ception1 nev]!less ,i 0 anxi\s to get 
to  ! root ( ! matt]1 & said t if our   
,"l nev] utt]$ ^!  words _! be+         
attribut$ to him mu/ be due to fraud2 to
 pi\s fraud1  b /ill to fraud4    8,n   
s10 he answ]$1 8x is due to ! weakness (
 man's p[]s (  memory & communication1 &

 p]haps 9 "s measure to unconsci\s      
inspiration4  ,moreov]1 ev5 ?\gh wrong (
 "s sort may h _h its  %>e 9 ! orig9 (  
c]ta9 ( ! say+s ascrib$ to our ,savi\r1 
yet _! removal n[ t !y h be5 consecrat$ 
by "t w\ld be a  /ill great] wrong4     
,w\ld y def5d ! spoliation ( !          
mona/]ies1  or ! confiscation ( ! abbey 
l&s8  ,i take x no--/ill less w\ld  y   
re/ore ! mona/]ies or take back ! l&s2 a
 consecrat$ *ange  becomes a new        
dep>ture2 accept x & turn x to ! be/    
advantage4  ,^! are ?+s to :i* ! !ory ( 
! ,*ur* conc]n+ lay baptism  is /rictly 
applicable4  ,fi]i non debet1 factum    
valet4  ,if 9 our  n>r[ & unsympa!tic   
/riv+s aft] precision we %\ld remove !  
hall[$ imp]fections :]eby "t has set !  
glory ( 8 seal ^u  ! gospels z well z ^u
 all o!r ag$ ?+s1 n = tw5ty  g5]ations w
 !y resume t ineffable & inviolable     
aspect :i*  our fussy m$dlesom5ess w h  
di/urb$4  ,let !m alone4  ,x is z  !y /&
 t !y h sav$ ! _w4    8,no *ange is good
 unless x is imp]atively call$ =4  ,n   

ev5 !  ,re=mation 0 good2 x is good n[2 
,i acquiesce 9 x1 z ,i d 9  any?+ :i* 9 
itself n vital has receiv$ ! sanction ( 
_m  g5]ations ( my c\ntrym54  ,x is     
sanction :i* sanctifie? 9  matt]s ( ?is 
k9d4  ,i w\ld no m undo ! ,re=mation n[ 
?an ,i  w\ld h help$ x =w>d 9 ! sixte5? 
c5tury4  ,leave !  hi/oric1 ! unhi/oric1
 & ! d\btful to gr[ toge!r until !      
h>ve/3 t :i* is n vital w p]i% & rot    
unnotic$ :5 x  has ceas$ to h vitality2 
x is liv+ till x has done ?is4  ,note   
h[ ! v passages :i* y w\ld condemn h di$
 out ( ! reg>d  ( any b ! poor4  ,:o    
quotes !m8  ,:o appeals to !m8  ,:o     
believes 9 !m8  ,:o inde$ except !      
poore/ ( ! poor atta*es !  smalle/      
weight to !m :atev]8  ,to u !y are dead1
 & o!r  passages w die to u 9 l mann]1  
noiselessly & almo/  imp]ceptibly1 z !  
s]vices = ! fif? ( ,novemb] di$ out ( ! 
,pray] ,book4  ,"o day ! fruit w be     
hang+ ^u ! tree1 z x has  hung = mon?s1 
! next x w be ly+ ^u ! gr\nd4  ,x is n  
ripe until x has fall5 ( itself1 or ) ! 

g5tle/ %ak+2 use no  viol5ce t[>ds x1   
confid5t t y _c hurry ! rip5+1 &  t if  
%ak5 d[n unripe ! fruit w be wor?less4  
,*ri/ianity  mu/ h conta9$ ! se$s ( gr[?
 )9 itself1 ev5 to !  %$d+ ( _m ( its   
pres5t dogmas4  ,if ! dogmas fall       
quietly 9  _! maturity1 ! preci\s se$ ( 
tru? 7:i* w be f\nd 9 !  he>t ( e dogma 
t has be5 able to take liv+ hold ^u !   
_w's imag9ation7 w quick5 & spr+ up 9   
its own "t3 /rike  at ! fruit too soon &
 ! se$ w die40    ,i %\ld be sorry to   
convey an impression t ,i am responsible
 =1 or  t ,i entirely agree )1 ! def5ce 
( ! unhi/oric :i* ,i h  "h record$4  ,i 
h giv5 x 9 my capacity ( editor & 9 "s  
sort  biograph]1 b am f> f be+ prep>$ to
 ma9ta9 t x is likely1  or inde$ ought1 
to meet ) ! approval ( any consid]able  
numb] (  ,*ri/ians4  ,b1 surely1 9 ^!   
days ( self-my/ification x is  refre%+  
to see ! boldness ) :i* my bro!r ?\ght1 
& !  fre$om ) :i* he contemplat$ all    
sorts ( issues :i* are too  g5]ally     
avoid$4  ,:at temptation w\ld h be5 felt

 by _m to  s(t5 d[n ! inconsi/5cies &   
contradictions ( ! ,gospels4  ,h[  few  
are ^? :o w v5ture to foll[ ! lead (    
sci5tific  criticism1 & admit :at e     
s*ol> mu/ well "k to be  indisputable4  
,yet if a man w n d ?is1 he %[s t he has
  great] fai? 9 falsehood ?an 9 tru?4   
,*apt] ,,iii      ,,on my bro!r's dea?  
,i came into possession ( sev]al ( 8    
e>ly  commonplace books fill$ ) sket*es 
= articles2 "s ( ^! are  m develop$ ?an 
o!rs1 b !y are all ( !m fragm5t>y4  ,i d
  n ?9k t ! read] w fail to be int]e/$ )
 ! insight  into my bro!r's spiritual & 
intellectual progress :i* a few         
extracts f ^! writ+s w af=d1 & h !re=e1 
aft] "s  hesitation1 decid$ 9 fav\r (   
mak+ !m public1 ?\gh well aw>e  t my    
bro!r w\ld nev] h done s4  ,!y are too  
exagg]at$ to be  dang]\s1 be+ s obvi\sly
 unfair z to c>ry _! own antidote4  ,!  
read] w n fail to notice ! gr[? n only 9
 ?\ght b also 9  lit]>y /yle :i* is     
display$ by my bro!r's lat] writ+s4     
,9 ref]5ce to ! v subject ( ! p>ables   

above allud$ to1 he _h  writt5 dur+ 8 "t
 ( unbelief3--8,:y are we to int]pret s 
lit]ally all passages ab\t ! guilt (    
unbelief1 & insi/ ^u !  hi/orical "* ( e
 miracul\s acc\nt1 :ile we are indignant
  if any "o dem&s an equally lit]al     
r5d]+ ( ! precepts  conc]n+ human       
conduct8  ,he t ha? two coats is n to   
give to him  t ha? none3 ?is w\ld be    
#8vision>y1' #8utopian1' #8:olly        
unpractical1' & s =?4  ,or1 aga91 he t  
is smitt5 on ! "o  *eek is n to turn !  
o!r to ! smit]1 b to h& ! (f5d]  ov] to 
! law2 nor are ! comm&s relative to     
indiff]5ce z to !  morr[ & a neglect (  
ord9>y prud5ce to be tak5 z !y /&2 nor  
yet ! w>n+s aga9/ pray+ 9 public2 nor c 
! p>ables1 any "o  ( !m1 be int]pret$   
/rictly ) advantage to human welf>e1    
except  p]haps t ( ! ,good ,sam>itan2   
nor ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 save 9  su*    
passages z 7 already ! common prop]ty ( 
mank9d be=e !  com+ ( ,*ri/4  ,! p>ables
 :i* e "o praises are 9 reality  v bad3 
! ,unju/ ,/ew>d1 ! ,lab\r]s 9 ! ,v9ey>d1

 ! ,prodigal  ,son1 ,dives & ,laz>us1 ! 
,s[] & ! ,se$1 ! ,wise & ,fooli%        
,virg9s1 ! ,m>riage ,g>m5t1 ! ,man :o   
plant$ a ,v9ey>d1 are all  ei!r grossly 
immoral1 or t5d to eng5d] a v l[ e/imate
 ( !  "* ( ,god--an e/imate f> bel[ !   
/&>d ( ! be/ e>?ly  k+s2 :]e !y are n   
immoral1 or d n t5d to degrade !  "* (  
,god1 !y are ! m]e/ commonplaces        
imag9able1 su* z  "o is a/oni%$ to see p
 accept z hav+ be5 fir/ taught by       
,*ri/4  ,su* maxims z ^? :i* inculcate  
conciliation & a  =giv5ess ( injuries   
7:]ev] practicable7 are c]ta9ly good1 b 
! _w does n owe _! discov]y to ,*ri/1 & 
!y h _h  little place 9 ! practice ( 8  
foll[]s4    8,x is impossible to say t z
 a matt] ( fact ! ,engli% p  =give _!   
enemies m freely n[ ?an ! ,romans did1  
we w say 9  ! "t ( ,augu/us4  ,! value (
 g5]osity & magnanimity 0  p]fectly well
 kn[n among ! anci5ts1 nor d ^!         
qualities assume  any nobl] guise 9 !   
tea*+ ( ,*ri/ ?an !y did 9 t ( !  anci5t
 hea!n philosoph]s4  ,on ! contr>y1 !y h

 no direct  equival5t 9 ,*ri/ian ?\ght  
or phraseology4  ,!y are hea!n words    
drawn f a hea!n language1 & in/9ct ) !  
same hea!n ideas  ( high _s & good bir? 
z belong$ to !m 9 ! ,lat9 language2  !y 
are no "p or p>cel ( ,*ri/ianity1 & are 
n only indep5d5t  ( x1 b sav\r di/9ctly 
( ! fle% z oppos$ to ! _s1 &  are h5ce m
 or less antagoni/ic to x1 until !y h   
und]gone a  c]ta9 modification &        
trans=mation--until1 t is to say1 !y h  
be5 mulct$ ( _! m frank & g5ial elem5ts4
  ,! ne>e/  approa* to !m 9 ,*ri/ian    
phrase is #8self-d5ial1' b ! s\nd (  ?is
 ^w k9dles no smile ( pleasure l t k9dl$
 by ! ideas (  g5]osity & nobility (    
conduct4  ,at ! ?\ght ( self-d5ial we   
feel good1 b uncom=table1 & z ?\gh on ! 
po9t ( p]=m+  "s disagreeable duty :i*  
we ?9k we ought to pret5d to l1 b  :i*  
we d n l4  ,at ! ?\ght ( g5]osity1 we   
feel z "o :o  is go+ to %>e 9 a         
delightfully exhil>at+ b ardu\s         
pa/ime--full  ( ! mo/ pleasurable       
excitem5t4  ,on ! m5tion ( ! ^w         

g5]osity we feel z if we 7 go+ out      
hunt+2 at ! ^w  #8self-d5ial1' z if we 7
 gett+ ready to g to *ur*4  ,g5]osity   
turns well-do+ into a pleasure1         
self-d5ial into a duty1 z ( a  s]vant "u
 compulsion4    8,!re are p :o w d5y    
?is1 b !re are p :o w d5y  any?+4  ,!re 
are "s :o w say t ,/4 ,paul w\ld n h    
condemn$ ! ,fal/aff plays1 ,twelf?      
,night1 ,! ,tempe/1 ,a  ,midsumm]       
,night's ,dream1 & almo/ ev]y?+ t       
,%akspe>e ev]  wrote2 b !re is no argu+ 
aga9/ ?is4  #8,e man1' said ,dr4        
,johnson1 #8has a "r to 8 own op9ion1 & 
e "o else has a "r  to knock him d[n =  
x4'  ,b ev5 grant+ t g5]osity & high  _s
 h made "s progress s9ce ! days ( ,*ri/1
 all[ance mu/  be made = ! lapse ( two  
?\s& ye>s1 dur+ :i* "t x is only        
reasonable to suppose t an advance w\ld 
h be5 made 9  civilisation--& h5ce 9 !  
direction ( clem5cy &  =be>ance--:e!r   
,*ri/ianity _h be5 prea*$ or n1 b no "o 
c  %[ t ! mod]n ,engli%1 if sup]ior to !
 anci5ts 9 ^!  respects1 %[ any great]  

sup]iority ?an may be ascrib$ ju/ly to  
c5turies ( e/abli%$ ord] & good         
gov]nm5t40                              
99 99 99 99 99    8,aga91 z to ! ideal  
pres5t$ by ! "* ( ,*ri/1 ab\t :i*  s mu*
 has be5 writt52 is x "o :i* w\ld meet )
 all ?is  admiration if x 7 pres5t$ to u
 n[ = ! fir/ "t8  ,surely x  (f]s b a   
peevi% view ( life & ?+s 9 comp>ison ) t
  (f]$ by o!r highe/ ideals--! old      
,roman & ,greek ideals1 !  ,italian     
ideal1 & ! ,%akespe>ian ideal40         
99 99 99 99 99    8,z ) ! p>ables s ) ! 
,s]mon on ! ,m\nt--:]e x is n           
commonplace x is immoral1 & vice v]s2 ! 
admiration :i* is s  freely lavi%$ ^u ! 
tea*+s ( ,jesus ,*ri/ turns out to be b 
(  ! same k9d z t be/[$ ^u c]ta9 mod]n  
writ]s1 :o h made  great reputations by 
tell+ p :at !y p]fectly well knew2 &  7 
9 no p>ticul> dang] ( =gett+4  ,!re is1 
h[ev]1 ?is  excuse = ^? :o h be5 c>ri$  
away ) su* musical b  untru?ful s5t5ces 
z #8,bless$ are !y t m\rn3 = !y %all be 
com=t$1' namely1 t !y h n come to !     

subject ) unbiass$  m9ds4  ,x is "o ?+  
to see no m]it 9 a picture1 & ano!r to  
see  no m]it 9 a picture :5 "o is told t
 x is by ,raphael2 we are few  ( u able 
to /& aga9/ ! pre/ige ( a great "n2 our 
self-love  is al>m$ le/ we %\ld be      
defici5t 9 ta/e1 or1 worse /ill1 le/ we 
%\ld be consid]$ to be s2 z if x c\ld   
matt] to any "r-m9d$  p]son :e!r ! _w   
consid]$ him to be ( good ta/e or n1 9  
comp>ison ) ! keep+ ( 8 own s\l tru?ful 
to itself4    8,b if ?is holds good ab\t
 ?+s :i* are purely matt]s ( ta/e1  h[  
mu* m does x d s conc]n+ ^? :o make a   
di/9ct claim  ^u u = moral approbation  
or ! rev]se8  ,su* a claim is mo/       
imp]atively made by ! tea*+ ( ,jesus    
,*ri/3 are we !n cont5t to  answ] 9 !   
words ( o!rs--words to :i* we h no title
 ( our  own--or %all we /rip ourselves (
 preconceiv$ op9ion1 & come to !  "q )  
m9ds t are truly c&id8  ,:oev] %r9ks f  
?is is  a li> to 8 own self1 & z su*1 ! 
wor/ & mo/ dang]\s (  li>s4  ,he is z "o
 :o sits 9 an impregnable citadel &     

trembles 9 a  "t ( peace--s great a c[>d
 z n ev5 to feel safe :5 he is 9  8 own 
keep+4  ,h[ loose ( s\l if he kn[s t 8  
own keep+ is  wor?less1 h[ asp5-he>t$ if
 he fe>s le/ o!rs %\ld f9d him out  &   
hurt him = commun+ tru?fully ) himself6 
99 99 99 99 99    8,t a man %\ld lie to 
o!rs if he hopes to ga9 some?+          
consid]able--?is is reckon$ *eat+1      
robb+1 fraudul5t deal+1 or  :atev] x may
 be2 b x is an intelligible (f5ce 9     
comp>ison )  ! all[+ oneself to be      
deceiv$4  ,s 9 l mann] ) be+ bor$4  ,!  
man :o lets himself be bor$ is ev5 m    
contemptible ?an !  bore4  ,he :o puts  
up ) %oddy pictures1 %oddy music1 %oddy 
morality1 %oddy society1 is m despicable
 ?an he :o is ! prime  ag5t 9 any ( ^!  
?+s4  ,he has less to ga91 & probably   
deceives  himself m2 s t he commits !   
great] crime = ! less rew>d4  ,& ,i say 
emphatically t ! morality :i* mo/ m5    
pr(ess to hold  z a ,div9e revelation 0 
a %oddy morality1 :i* w\ld nei!r wa%    
nor we>1 b 0 wov5 toge!r f a tissue (   

dreams & blund]s1  & /eep$ 9 blood m    
virul5t ?an ! blood ( ,nessus4    8,oh6 
if m5 w\ld b leave (f ly+ to !mselves6  
,if !y w\ld b  le>n ! sacr$ness ( _! own
 likes & dislikes1 & ex]cise _!  moral  
discrim9ation1 mak+ x cle> to !mselves  
:at x is t !y  really love & v5]ate4    
,!re is no su* enemy to mank9d z moral  
c[>dice4  ,a d[nright vulg> self-int]e/$
 & unblu%+ li> is a  high] be+ ?an !    
moral cur ^: likes & dislikes are at !  
beck  & call ( bullies t /& betwe5 him &
 8 own s\l2 su* a  creature gives up !  
mo/ sacr$ ( all 8 rights = some?+ m     
unsub/antial ?an a mess ( pottage--a    
m5tal s]f too abject ev5 to  "k t he is 
be+ wrong$4  ,wret*$ emasculator ( 8 own
 reason1  ^: jejune timidity & want (   
vitality are ?us omnipres5t 9 !  mo/    
secret *amb]s ( 8 he>t6    8,we c =give 
a man = almo/ any falsehood provid$ we  
feel t he  0 "u /rong temptation & well 
knew t he 0 deceiv+4  ,he has  done     
wrong--/ill we c und]/& x1 & he may yet 
h "s useful  /uff ab\t him--b :at c we  

feel t[>ds "o :o = a small motive  tells
 lies ev5 to himself1 & does n "k t he  
is ly+8  ,:at  useless rott5 fig-wood   
lumb] mu/ n su* a ?+ be made (1 & :at   
lies w !re n come out ( x1 fall+ 9 e    
direction ^u all  :o come )9 its rea*4  
,! common self-deceiv] ( mod]n society  
is  a m dang]\s & contemptible object   
?an almo/ any ord9>y felon1  a matt] ^u 
:i* ^? :o d n deceive !mselves ne$ no   
enlight5m5t40                           
99 99 99 99 99    8,b :y insi/ s /rongly
 on ! lit]al int]pretation ( "o "p (  ! 
say+s ( ,*ri/1 & be s ela/ic ab\t t ( ! 
passages :i*  inculcate m ?an ^? ord9>y 
precepts :i* all _h agre$ ^u z  e>ly z !
 days ( ,solomon & probably e>li]8  ,we 
h cut d[n  ,*ri/ianity s z to make x    
appe> to sanction our own conv5tions2 b 
we h n alt]$ our conv5tions s z to br+  
!m into h>mony )  ,*ri/ianity4  ,we d n 
give to him t aske?2 we take good c>e to
  avoid him2 yet if ! precept meant only
 t we %\ld be lib]al 9  assi/+ o!rs--x  
want$ no en=c+3 ! probability is t x _h 

be5 en=c$ too mu* r ?an too little      
already2 ! m lit]ally  x has be5 foll[$ 
! m t]rible has ! mis*ief be52 ! say+   
only becomes h>mless :5 reg>d$ z a m]e  
conv5tion4  ,s ) mo/  p>ts ( ,*ri/'s    
tea*+4  ,x is only conv5tional          
,*ri/ianity :i*  w /& a man 9 good /ead 
to live by2 true ,*ri/ianity w nev]  d  
s4  ,m5 h tri$ x & f\nd x fail2 or1 r1  
its inevitable  failure 0 s obvi\s t no 
age or c\ntry has ev] be5 mad en\gh to  
c>ry x out 9 su* a mann] z w\ld h       
satisfi$ its f\nd]s4  ,s  said ,dean    
,swift 9 8 ,argum5t aga9/ aboli%+       
,*ri/ianity4  #8,i  hope1' he writes1   
#8no read] imag9es me s weak z to /& up 
9  def5ce ( real ,*ri/ianity1 su* z us$ 
9 primitive times' 7if we may  believe !
 au?ors ( ^? ages7 #8to h an influ5ce ^u
 m5's  beliefs & actions4  ,to (f] at ! 
re/or+ ( t w\ld be1 inde$1  a wild      
project2 x w\ld be to dig up f\ndations1
 to de/roy at "o bl[  all ! wit & half !
 le>n+ ( ! k+dom1 to break ! entire     
frame & con/itution ( ?+s1 to ru9 trade1

 ext+ui% arts &  sci5ces1 ) ! pr(essors 
( !m2 9 %ort1 to turn our c\rts (       
ex*ange & %ops into des]ts2 & w\ld be   
full z absurd z !  proposal ( ,horace   
:]e he advises ! ,romans all 9 a body to
 leave  _! city1 & to seek a new seat 9 
"s remote "p ( ! _w by  way ( cure = !  
corruption ( _! mann]s4    8#8,!re=e1 ,i
 ?9k ?is caution 0 9 itself altoge!r    
unnecess>y  7:i* ,i h ins]t$ only to    
prev5t all possibility ( cavill+71  s9ce
 e c&id read] w easily und]/& my        
disc\rse to be  int5d$ only 9 def5ce (  
nom9al ,*ri/ianity1 ! o!r hav+ be5  = "s
 "t :olly laid aside by g5]al cons5t z  
utt]ly  inconsi/5t ) our pres5t s*emes (
 weal? & p[]4'    8,yet b = ^! s*emes ( 
weal? & p[] ! _w w\ld relapse  into     
b>b>ianism2 x is !y & n ,*ri/ianity :i* 
h creat$ &  pres]v$ civilisation4  ,&   
:at if "s unhappy wret*1 ) a s]i\s  turn
 ( m9d & no s5se ( ! ridicul\s1 takes   
all ?is talk ab\t  ,*ri/ianity 9 sob]   
e>ne/1 & tries to act ^u x8  ,into :at  
mis]y may he n easily fall1 & ) :at     

life-long errors may he n  embitt] !    
lives ( 8 *ildr56                       
99 99 99 99 99    8,aga91 we d n cut (f 
our "r h& nor pluck out our eyes if !y  
(f5d u2 we conv5tionalise our           
int]pretations ( ^! say+s at our  w &   
pleasure2 we d take he$ = ! morr[1 &    
%\ld be  inconceivably wick$ & fooli% 7 
we n to d s2 we d ga!r up  ri*es1 &     
inde$ we d mo/ ?+s :i* ! exp]i5ce (     
mank9d has  taught u to be to our       
advantage1 q irrespectively ( any       
precept (  ,*ri/ianity = or aga9/4  ,b  
:y say t x is ,*ri/ianity :i*  is our   
*ief guide1 :5 ! words ( ,*ri/ po9t 9   
su* a v  diff]5t direction f t :i* we h 
se5 fit to take8  ,p]haps x  is 9 ord]  
to comp5sate = our laxity (             
int]pretation ^u ^!  po9ts t we are s   
rigid 9 /ickl+ = accuracy ^u ^? :i*     
make no dem& ^u our com=t or conv5i5ce8 
,?us1 ?\gh we  conv5tionalise practice1 
we nev] conv5tionalise dogma4  ,"h1     
inde$1  we /ickle = ! lett] mo/         
inflexibly2 yet "o w\ld h ?\ght  t we   

might h _h great] lic5ce to modify !    
latt] ?an !  =m]4  ,if we say t ! tea*+ 
( ,*ri/ is n to be tak5  accord+ to its 
import--:y give x s mu* importance8     
,tea*+ by  exagg]ation is n a           
satisfactory me?od1 nor "o wor?y ( a be+
  high] ?an man2 x might h be5 well     
once1 & 9 ! ,ea/1 b x is  n well n[4  ,x
 induces m & m ( t j>r+ & /ra9+ (  our  
moral faculties1 ( :i* mu* is           
unavoidable 9 ! exi/+ complex  condition
 ( affairs1 b ( :i* ! less ! bett]4  ,at
 pres5t !  tug ( pr(ess$ pr9ciples 9 "o 
direction1 & ( necess>y practice  9 !   
o!r1 causes ! same sort ( we> & te> 9   
our moral ge> z  is caus$ to a          
/eam-eng9e by cont9ually rev]s+ x :5 x  
is go+  x at full spe$4  ,no me*anism c 
/& x40    ,! above extracts 7writt5 :5  
he 0 ab\t tw5ty-?ree ye>s old7 may  s]ve
 to %[ h[ utt] 0 ! subv]sion ( 8 fai?4  
,8 m9d 0  inde$ 9 d>kness6  ,:o c\ld h  
hop$ t s brilliant a day %\ld  h succe$$
 to ! gloom ( su* mi/ru/8  ,yet z ^u a  
w9t]'s  morn+ 9 ,novemb] :5 ! sun rises 

r$ ?r\gh ! smoke1 &  pres5tly ! fog     
spreads its curta9 ( ?ick d>kness ov] ! 
city1  & !n !re comes a s+le brea? ( w9d
 f "s m g5]\s  qu>t]1 :]eupon ! bless$  
sun %9es aga91 & ! gloom is gone2  or1  
aga91 z :5 ! w>m s\?-we/ w9d comes up   
brea?+ k9dness  f ! sea1 unh]ald$1      
suspect$1 :5 ! e>? is 9 h] sadde/  fro/1
 & on ! in/ant all ! l&s are ?aw$ & op5$
 to !  g5ial influ5ces ( a sweet spr+ful
 :isp]--s ?aw$ 8 he>t1 &  ! se$ :i* _h  
la9 dormant 9 its f]tile soil sprang up1
 grew1  rip5$1 & br\ght =? an abundant  
h>ve/4    ,inde$ n[ t ! result has be5  
made pla9 we c p]haps feel t  8         
scepticism 0 precisely ( t nature :i*   
%\ld h giv5 !  greate/ gr\nd = hope4    
,he 0 a g5u9e lov] ( tru? 9 s f> z  he  
c\ld see x4    ,8 lights 7 dim1 b su* z 
!y 7 he walk$ accord+ to !m1  & h5ce !y 
burnt ev] m & m cle>ly1 till 9 lat] life
 !y  s]v$ to %[ him :at is v\*saf$ to   
su* m5 & to su* only--!  enormity ( 8   
own mi/akes4  ,bett] t a man %\ld feel !
  div]g5ce betwe5 ,*ri/ian !ory &       

,*ri/ian practice1 t he  %\ld be %ock$  
at x--ev5 to ! break+ away utt]ly f !   
!ory  until he has arriv$ at a wid]     
compreh5sion ( its scope--?an t he  %\ld
 be indiff]5t to ! div]g5ce & make no   
ef=t to br+ 8  pr9ciples & practice into
 h>mony ) "o ano!r4  ,a true lov] (     
consi/5cy1 x 0 intol]able to him to say 
"o ?+ ) 8 lips &  ano!r ) 8 actions4  ,z
 long z ?is is true conc]n+ any man1  8 
fri5ds may feel sure t ! h& ( ! ,"l is )
 him1 ?\gh  ! signs !re( be hidd5 f     
mortal eyesight4        ,*apt] ,,iv     
,,dur+ ! d>k & unhappy "t :5 he _h1 z x 
seems to me1 bulli$  himself1 or be5    
bulli$ into infidelity1 he _h be5 utt]ly
 unable to  realise ! importance ev5 (  
su* a self-evid5t fact z t our ,"l      
address+ an ,ea/]n p w\ld speak 9 su* a 
way z ,ea/]n p  w\ld be/ und]/&2 x took 
him ye>s to appreciate ?is4  ,he c\ld  n
 see t modes ( ?\ght are z mu* "p ( a   
language z !  gramm> & words :i* compose
 x1 & t be=e a passage c be said  to be 
translat$ f "o language into ano!r x is 

(t5 n ! words  only :i* mu/ be r5d]$1 b 
! ?\ght itself :i* mu/ be  trans=m$2 to 
a p habituat$ to exagg]ation a say+ :i* 
0  n exagg]at$ w\ld h be5 po9tless--s   
weak z to arre/ !  att5tion ( no "o2 9  
ord] to translate x into su* words z    
%\ld  c>ry precisely ! same mean+ to    
cold] & m temp]ate m9ds1 !  words w\ld  
(t5 h to be left out ( sight altoge!r1 &
 a new  s5t5ce or p]haps ev5 simile or  
metaphor sub/itut$2 ?is is pla9ly  out (
 ! "q1 & !re=e ! be/ c\rse is t :i* has 
be5  tak51 i4e41 to r5d] ! words z      
accurately z possible1 & leave  ! read] 
to modify ! mean+4  ,b x 0 ye>s be=e my 
bro!r  c\ld be got to feel ?is1 nor did 
he ev] d s fully1 simple &  obvi\s ?\gh 
x mu/ appe> to mo/ p1 until he _h le>n$ 
to  recognise ! value ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( 
inaccuracy & inconsi/5cy  9 ev]y?+ :i*  
is n compreh5d$ 9 me*anics or ! exact   
sci5ces4  8,x is ?is10 he us$ to say1   
8:i* gives arti/ic or  spiritual value z
 contra/$ ) me*anical precision40    ,9 
inaccuracy & inconsi/5cy1 !re=e 7)9     

c]ta9 limits71 my  bro!r saw ! means    
:]eby our m9ds are kept f reg>d+ ?+s z  
rigidly & immutably fix$ :i* are n yet  
fully und]/ood1 &  p]haps may nev] be s 
:ile we are 9 our pres5t /ate (         
probation4  ,life is n "o ( ! exact     
sci5ces1 liv+ is ess5tially an art &  n 
a sci5ce4  ,e ?+ address$ to human m9ds 
at all mu/ be m  or less ( a compromise2
 ?us1 to take a v old illu/ration1 ev5 !
  def9itions ( a po9t & a l9e--!        
fundam5tal ?+s 9 ! mo/  exact ( !       
sci5ces--are m]e compromises4  ,a po9t  
is suppos$ to h  nei!r l5g?1 bread?1 nor
 ?ickness--?is 9 !ory1 b 9 practice     
unless a po9t h a little ( all ^! ?+s   
!re is no?+ !re4  ,s ) a l9e2 a l9e is  
suppos$ to h l5g?1 b no bread?1 yet 9   
practice we nev] saw a l9e :i* _h n     
bread?4  ,:at inconsi/5cy  is !re "h1 9 
requir+ u to conceive some?+ :i* we _c  
conceive1 & :i* c h no exi/5ce1 be=e we 
g on to !  inve/igation ( ! laws :]eby !
 e>? c alone be measur$ & !  orbits ( ! 
planets det]m9$4  ,i d n ?9k t ?is      

illu/ration  0 pres5t$ to my bro!r's m9d
 :ile he 0 "y1 b ,i am sure t  if x _h  
be5 x w\ld h made him mis]able4  ,he    
w\ld h _h no  confid5ce 9 ma!matics1 &  
w\ld v likely h made a furi\s  attack ^u
 ,newton & ,galileo1 & be5 firmly       
conv9c$ t he 0  discomfit+ !m4  ,inde$  
,i _c =get a c]ta9 look ( bewild]m5t    
:i* came ov] 8 face :5 ! idea 0 put be=e
 him1 ,i imag9e1 =  ! fir/ "t4          
,=tunately he _h s gr[n t ! "r inf]5ce 0
  n[ 9 no dang] ( be+ miss$4  ,he did n 
conclude t because !  evid5ces =        
ma!matics 7 f\nd$ ^u compromises &      
def9itions  :i* are inaccurate--!re=e t 
ma!matics 7 false1 or t !re  7 no       
ma!matics1 b he le>nt to feel t !re     
might be o!r  ?+s :i* 7 no less         
indisputable ?an ma!matics1 & :i* might 
also be f\nd$ on facts = :i* ! evid5ces 
7 n :olly free  f inconsi/5cies &       
inaccuracies4    ,to "s he might appe>  
to be approa*+ too ne>ly to ! 8,s$ tu   
v]a  puta0 argum5t ( ,juv5al4  ,i       
greatly fe> t an attempt may be made to 

misrepres5t him z tak+ ?is l9e2 t is to 
say1 z accept+  ,*ri/ianity on ! gr\nd (
 ! excell5ce ( its moral tea*+1 &  look+
 ^u x z1 inde$1 a sup]/ition1 b salut>y 
= wom5 &  "y p4  ,h>dly any?+ w\ld h    
%ock$ him m pr(\ndly4  ,?is doctr9e )   
its plausible %[ ( morality appe>$ to   
him to be1  p]haps1 ! mo/ gross ( all   
immoralities1 inasmu* z x cuts !  gr\nd 
f "u ! feet ( tru?1 lur+ ! _w f>!r &    
f>!r  f ! only true salvation--! c>eful 
/udy ( facts & ( ! safe/  inf]5ces t may
 be drawn f !m4  ,e fact 0 to him a "p (
  nature1 a ?+ sacr$1 pregnant ) ,div9e 
tea*+ ( "s sort1 z  be+ ! expression (  
,div9e w4  ,x 0 ?r\gh facts t he saw    
,god2 to tamp] ) facts 01 9 8 view1 to  
deface ! c\nt5ance (  ! ,almighty4  ,to 
say t su* & su* 0 s & s1 :5 ! speak]    
did n believe x1 0 to lead p to wor%ip a
 false ,god in/ead (  a true "o2 an 2   
sett+ !m1 to quote ! words ( ! ,psalmi/1
  8a-:or+ aft] _! own imag9ations40  ,he
 saw ! ,div9e pres5ce 9  ev]y?+--! evil 
z well z ! good2 ! evil be+ ! expression

 (  ! ,div9e w t su* & su* c\rses %\ld n
 g unpuni%$1 b  br+ pa9 & mis]y :i* %\ld
 det] o!rs f foll[+ !m1 &  ! good be+ 8 
sign ( approbation4  ,!re 0 no?+ good = 
man  to "k :i* c\ld n be d$uc$ f facts4 
,?is 0 ! only s\nd  basis ( k1 & to f\nd
 ?+s ^u fiction :i* c\ld be made  to /& 
^u facts 0 to try & build ^u a quicks&4 
,he1 !re=e1 loa!d ! reason+ ( ,juv5al ) 
all ! int5sity (  8 nature4  ,x 0       
because he believ$ t ! ,resurrection &  
,asc5sion ( our ,"l 7 j z mu* matt]s (  
actual hi/ory z !  assass9ation (       
,julius ,cs>1 & t !y happ5$ precisely 9 
!  same way z e daily ev5t happ5s at    
pres5t--t he accept$ !  ,*ri/ian s*eme 9
 its ess5tials4  ,!n came ! details4  ,7
 ^!  also objectively true8  ,he answ]$1
 8,c]ta9ly n 9 e case40  ,he  w\ld n = !
 _w h _h any "o believe t he s consid]$ 
!m2 b hav+ made x p]fectly cle> t he 0 n
 go+ to deceive  himself1 he set himself
 to d]ive :atev] spiritual com=t he c\ld
  f !m1 j z he w\ld f any noble fiction 
or "w ( art1 :i*1  :ile n pr(ess+ to be 

hi/orical1 0 in/9ct ) ! s\l (  g5ius4   
,t !re 7 unhi/orical passages 9 ! ,new  
,te/am5t 0  to him a fact2 !re=e x 0 to 
be /udi$ z an expression ( !  ,div9e w4 
,:at c\ld be ! mean+ ( x8  ,t we %\ld   
consid]  !m z true8  ,assur$ly n ?is4   
,!n :at else8  ,?is--t we %\ld  accept z
 subjectively true :atev] we f\nd       
spiritually preci\s1 &  be at lib]ty to 
leave all ! re/ alone--! unhi/oric      
elem5t hav+  be5 introduc$ purposely = !
 sake ( giv+ great] scope &  latitude to
 ! value ( ! ideal4    ,( c\rse "o :o 0 
s firmly p]suad$ ( ! objective tru? ( ! 
,resurrection & ,asc5sion c\ld be 9 no  
sort ( dang] ( relaps+  into infidelity 
z long z 8 reason rema9$4  ,dur+ ! ye>s 
( 8  illness 8 m9d 0 cle>ly impair$1 &  
no long] "u 8 own  control2 b :ile 8    
s5ses 7 8 own x 0 absolutely impossible 
t he c\ld be %ak5 by discrepancies &    
inconsi/5cies 9 !  gospels4  ,:at small 
& trifl+ ?+s are su* discrepancies by ! 
side ( ! great c5tral miracle ( !       
,resurrection6  ,nev]!less  _! exi/5ce 0

 indisputable1 & 0 no less indisputably 
a cause (  /umbl+ to _m1 z x _h be5 to  
himself4  ,8 exp]i5ce ( 8 own  suff]+s z
 an unbeliev] gave him a ke5] sympa?y ) 
^? :o  7 9 t di/ress+ condition ?an c\ld
 be felt by any "o :o _h  n s suff]$1 & 
fitt$ him1 p]haps1 m ?an any "o :o has  
yet  liv$ to be ! int]pret] (           
,*ri/ianity to ! ,rationali/1 & (       
,rationalism to ! ,*ri/ian4  ,?is1      
accord+ly1 0 ! task to :i*  he set      
himself1 hav+ be5 s+ul>ly adapt$ = x by 
,nature1 & z  s+ul>ly discipl9$ by      
ev5ts4    ,x seem$ to him t ! fir/ ?+ 0 
to make ! two p>ties  und]/& "o ano!r--a
 ?+ :i* _h nev] yet be5 done1 b :i*  0 n
 at all impossible4  ,= ,prote/antism is
 rais$ ess5tially ^u  a ,rationali/ic   
base4  ,:5 we come to a def9ition (     
,rationalism  no?+ c be pla9] ?an t x   
dem&s no scepticism f any "o  :i* an    
,engli% ,prote/ant w\ld n approve (4  ,x
 is ano!r matt]  ) ! ,*ur* ( ,rome4  ,t 
,*ur* op5ly decl>es x z an axiom t      
religion & reason h no?+ to d ) "o      

ano!r1 & t  religion1 ?\gh 9 flat       
contradiction to reason1 %\ld yet be    
accept$  f ! h&s ( a c]ta9 ord] z an act
 ( unque/ion+ fai?4  ,!  l9e ( sep>ation
 !re=e betwe5 ! ,romani/ & ! ,rationali/
 is  cle>1 & def9itely b>s any          
possibility ( arrangem5t betwe5 !  two4 
,n s ) ! ,prote/ant1 :o z he>tily z !   
,rationali/  admits t no?+ is requir$ to
 be believ$ by man except su* ?+s  z c  
be reasonably prov$--i4e41 prov$ to !   
satisfaction ( !  reason4  ,no          
,prote/ant w\ld say t ! ,*ri/ian s*eme  
ought to be  accept$ 9 spite ( its be+  
contr>y to reason2 we say t  ,*ri/ianity
 is to be believ$ because x c be %ewn to
 foll[ z !  necess>y consequ5ce ( us+   
our reason rightly4  ,we %\ld be %ock$  
at be+ suppos$ to ma9ta9 o!rwise4  ,yet 
?is is pure ,rationalism4  ,!           
,rationali/ w\ld require no?+ m2 he     
demurs to ,*ri/ianity  because he       
ma9ta9s t if we br+ our reason to be> ^u
 !  evid5ces :i* are br\ght =w>d 9      
support ( x1 we are compell$ to  reject 

x2 b he w\ld accept x )\t hesitation if 
he believ$ t  x c\ld be su/a9$ by       
argum5ts :i* ought to c>ry conviction to
 !  reason4  ,?us bo? are agre$ 9       
pr9ciple t if ! evid5ces (  ,*ri/ianity 
satisfy human reason1 !n ,*ri/ianity    
%\ld be receiv$1  b t on any o!r        
supposition x %\ld be reject$4    ,"h   
!n1 he said1 we h a common />t+-po9t & !
 ma9  pr9ciple ( ,rationalism turns out 
to be no?+ b :at we all readily  admit1 
& ) :i* we & our fa!rs h be5 z famili> =
  c5turies z ) ! air we brea!4  ,e      
,prote/ant is a ,rationali/1  or else he
 ought to be a%am$ ( himself4  ,does he 
want to be call$ an  8,irrationali/08   
,h>dly--yet if he is n a ,rationali/ :at
 else c he  be8  ,no3 ! diff]5ce betwe5 
u is "o ( detail1 n ( pr9ciple4  ,?is is
 a great /ep ga9$4    ,! next ?+ !re=e 0
 to make ea* p>ty und]/& ! view :i*  !  
o!r took conc]n+ ! position :i* !y _h   
agre$ to hold 9  common4  ,!re 0 no "w1 
s f> z he knew1 :i* w\ld be accept$  bo?
 by ,*ri/ians & unbeliev]s z conta9+ a  

fair /atem5t ( !  argum5ts ( ! two      
cont5d+ p>ties3 e book :i* he _h yet se5
  ^u ei!r side seem$ writt5 ) ! view (  
ma9ta9+ t its own  side c\ld hold no    
wrong1 & ! o!r no "r3 nei!r p>ty seem$  
to  ?9k t !y _h any?+ to le>n f ! o!r1 &
 nei!r t  any consid]able addition to _!
 k ( ! tru? 0 ei!r  possible or         
desirable4  ,ea* 0 9 possession ( tru?  
already1 & all  :o did n see & feel ?is 
mu/ be ei!r wilfully bl9d$1 or  int5sely
 /upid1 or hypocrites4    ,s long z p   
c>ri$ on a discussion ?us1 :at agreem5t 
0  possible betwe5 !m8  ,yet :]e1 ^u !  
,*ri/ian side1 0 !  attempt to grapple )
 ! real difficulties n[ felt by         
unbeliev]s8  ,simply n[h]e4  ,all t _h  
be5 done hi!rto 0 antiquat$4  ,mod]n    
,*ri/ianity seem$ to %r9k f grappl+ )   
mod]n ,rationalism1 &  display$ a       
timidity :i* c\ld n be acc\nt$ = except 
by !  supposition ( secret misgiv+ t    
c]ta9 ?+s 7 be+ def5d$  :i* c\ld n be   
def5d$ fairly4  ,?is 0 q intol]able2 a  
misgiv+ 0 a w>n+ voice f ,god1 :i* %\ld 

be att5d$ to z a  man valu$ 8 s\l4  ,on 
! o!r h&1 ! conviction reasonably       
ent]ta9$ by unbeliev]s t !y 7 "r on _m n
  inconsid]able details ( ! dispute1 & t
 s-call$ or?odox  ,*ri/ians 9 _! he>ts  
knew x b w\ld n own x--or t if !y  did n
 "k x1 !y 7 only 9 ignorance because x  
suit$ _!  purpose to be s--?is          
conviction gave an ov]we5+              
self-confid5ce to  infidels1 z ?\gh !y  
mu/ be "r 9 ! :ole because !y 7 s  9 "p2
 !y !re=e bl9d$ !mselves to all ! m     
fundam5tal  argum5ts 9 support (        
,*ri/ianity1 because c]ta9 %all[ ones _h
  be5 put =w>d 9 ! front rank1 & be5 f> 
too ob/9ately  def5d$4  ,!y ?us reg>d$ !
 "q too sup]ficially1 & _h  err$ ev5 m  
?r\gh pride ( intellect & conceit ?an _!
  oppon5ts ?r\gh timidity4    ,:at !n 0 
to be done8  ,surely ?is2 to expla9 !   
two cont5d+  p>ties to "o ano!r2 to %[  
to ,rationali/s t ,*ri/ians are "r  ^u  
,rationali/ic pr9ciples 9 all ! m       
important ( _!  allegations2 t is to    
say1 to e/abli% ! ,resurrection &       

,asc5sion  ( ! ,r$eem] ^u a basis :i*   
%\ld satisfy ! mo/ imp]i\s  dem&s (     
mod]n criticism4  ,?is w\ld =m ! fir/ & 
mo/  important "p ( ! task4  ,!n %\ld   
foll[ a no less conv9c+  pro( t         
,rationali/s are "r 9 demurr+ to !      
hi/orical accuracy  ( mu* :i* has be5   
too ob/9ately def5d$ by s-call$ or?odox 
writ]s4  ,?is w\ld be ! second "p4  ,0  
!re n reason to hope  t :5 ?is 0 done ! 
two p>ties might und]/& "o ano!r1 &     
meet 9 a common ,*ri/ianity8  ,he       
believ$ t !re 01 & t !  gr\nd _h be5    
already cle>$ = su* mutual compromise z 
might be  accept$ by bo? sides1 n f     
policy b conviction4  ,!re=e he  began  
writ+ ! book :i* x has devolv$ ^u myself
 to edit1 &  :i* mu/ n[ speak = itself4 
,= him x 0 to suff] & to lab\r2  almo/  
on ! v in/ant ( 8 hav+ done en\gh to    
express 8  mean+ he 0 remov$ f all fur!r
 p[] ( usefulness4    ,! happy *ange f  
unbelief to fai? _h already tak5 place  
"s  ?ree or f\r ye>s be=e my return f   
,am]ica4  ,) x _h also come  t sudd5    

developm5t ( intellectual & spiritual   
p[] :i* s  greatly a/oni%$ ev5 ^? :o _h 
kn[n him be/4  ,! :ole man  seem$       
*ang$--to h become possess$ ( an        
unusually capaci\s m9d1  in/ead ( "o :i*
 0 acute1 b acute only4  ,on look+ ov] !
  e>li] lett]s :i* ,i receiv$ f him :5  
,i 0 9 ,am]ica1 ,i c  h>dly believe t !y
 %\ld h be5 writt5 by ! same p]son z  ! 
"o to :om1 9 spite ( n a few great m5tal
 defects1 ,i aft]w>ds  ow$ m spiritual  
enri*m5t ?an ,i h ow$ to any o!r p]son4 
,yet  s x 04  ,x came ^u me imp]ceptibly
 t ,i _h be5 v /upid 9  n discov]+ t my 
bro!r 0 a g5ius2 b h>dly _h ,i made !   
discov]y1 & h>dly _h ! fragm5t :i*      
foll[s ?is memoir receiv$  its pres5t   
%ape1 :5 8 ov]work$ bra9 gave way & he  
fell into a  /ate little bett] ?an      
idiocy4  ,8 orig9ally *e]ful spirits    
left  him1 & 7 succe$$ by a religi\s    
melan*oly :i* no?+ c\ld  di/urb4  ,he   
became incapable ei!r ( m5tal or        
physical ex]tion1 &  0 pron\nc$ by ! be/
 physicians to be suff]+ f "s obscure   

disease ( ! bra9 br\ght on by excitem5t 
& undue m5tal t5sion3  9 ?is /ate he    
cont9u$ = ab\t f\r ye>s1 & di$          
peacefully1 b  /ill z "o 9 ! pr(\nde/   
melan*oly1 on ! #ae? ( ,m>*1 #ahgb1  ag$
 #dj4    ,always hopeful t 8 heal? w\ld 
"o day be re/or$1 ,i nev]  v5tur$ to    
propose t ,i %\ld edit 8 book dur+ 8 own
 life-"t4  ,on 8 dea? ,i f\nd 8 pap]s 9 
! mo/ deplorable confusion4  ,!  foll[+ 
*apt]s _h alone receiv$ any?+ l a       
pres5table  %ape--& ^! provid5tially are
 ! mo/ ess5tial4    ,a dream is a dream 
only1 yet sometimes !re foll[s a        
fulfilm5t :i*  be>s a /range resemblance
 to ! ?+ dreamt (4  ,no "o n[ believes  
t ! ,book ( ,revelation is to be tak5 z 
=etell+ ev5ts :i*  w happ5 9 ! same way 
z ! massacre1 = in/ance1 ( ,/4          
,b>?olomew1 inde$ x is d\btful h[ f> !  
:ole is n to be  int]pret$ z an         
allegory1 descriptive ( spiritual       
revolutions2 yet  surely my "m's dream z
 to ! future ( "o1 at lea/1 ( h] sons   
has be5 /rangely v]ifi$1 & x is believ$ 

t ! read] :5 he  lays d[n ?is volume w  
feel t !re h be5 few m pot5t  witnesses 
to ! tru? ( ,*ri/ ?an ,john ,pick>d     
,ow54          ,! ,fair ,hav5           
,*apt] ,i  ,introduction      ,,x is to 
be fe>$ t !re is no "w ^u ! evid5ces (  
our fai?1  :i* is z satisfactory 9 its  
complet5ess & conv9c+ p[] z we  h a "r  
to expect :5 we consid] ! p>am\nt       
importance ( !  subject & ! activity (  
our enemies4  ,o!rwise :y %\ld !re be   
no sign ( yield+ on ! "p ( s _m s9c]e & 
em95t m5 :o  h he>d all t has be5 said  
^u ! ,*ri/ian side & are yet n  conv9c$ 
by x8  ,we _c ?9k t ! _m philosoph]s :o 
make no  secret ( _! opposition to !    
,*ri/ian religion are unacqua9t$  ) !   
works ( ,butl] & ,paley--( ,mansel &    
,liddon4  ,?is _c be3  !y mu/ be        
acqua9t$ ) !m1 & f9d !m fail4    ,n[1   
grant+ readily t 9 "s m9ds !re is a     
c]ta9 wilful &  prejudic$ self-bl9dness 
:i* no reason+ c ov]come1 & grant+  also
 t m5 v mu* preoccupi$ ) any "o pursuit 
7m especially  a sci5tific "o7 w be apt 

to give b scant & divid$ att5tion to    
argum5ts ^u o!r subjects su* z religion 
or politics1 nev]!less  we h s _m       
oppon5ts :o pr(ess to h made a s]i\s    
/udy (  ,*ri/ian evid5ces1 & aga9/ ^:   
op9ion no exception c be fairly  tak51 t
 x seems z ?\gh we 7 b\nd ei!r to admit 
t our  demon/rations require re>rangem5t
 & reconsid]ation1 or to take !  ,roman 
position1 & ma9ta9 t revelation is no   
fit subject =  evid5ce b is to be       
accept$ ^u au?ority4  ,?is la/ position 
w  be reject$ at once by n9e-t5?s (     
,engli%m54  ,b ^u reject+ x  we look 9  
va9 = a "w :i* %all appe> to h any su*  
success 9  arre/+ infidelity z att5d$ ! 
works ( ,butl] & ,paley 9 !  la/ c5tury4
  ,9 _! own day ^! two great m5 /emm$ ! 
curr5t  ( infidelity3 b no mod]n writ]s 
h succe$$ 9 do+ s1 & x  w sc>cely be    
said t ei!r ,butl] or ,paley set at re/ 
! _m  s]i\s & inevitable que/ions 9     
connection ) ,*ri/ianity :i*  h aris5   
dur+ ! la/ fifty ye>s4  ,we c\ld h>dly  
expect "o (  ! m intellig5t /ud5ts at   

,ox=d or ,cambridge to f9d 8 m9d set    
once & = ev] free f all ris+ d\bt ei!r  
by ! ,analogy or  ! ,evid5ces4          
,suppose1 = example1 t he has be5 misl$ 
by !  ,g]man writ]s ( ! ,tb+5 s*ool1 h[ 
w ei!r ( ! above-nam$  writ]s help him8 
,on ! contr>y1 !y w d him h>m1 = !y w  n
 meet ! requirem5ts ( ! case1 & !       
inf]5ce is too readily  drawn t no?+    
else c d s4  ,x ne$ h>dly be insi/$ ^u t
  ?is inf]5ce is a mo/ unfair "o1 b     
surely ! blame ( its be+  drawn re/s 9  
"s measure at ! door ( ^? ^: want (     
?or\ghness has left p "u ! impression t 
no m c be  said ?an :at has be5 said    
already4    ,x is ! object1 !re=e1 ( ?is
 book to contribute t[>ds  e/abli%+     
,*ri/ian evid5ces ^u a m secure &       
self-evid5t base  ?an any ^u :i* !y are 
made to re/ at pres5t1 s f>1 t is to    
say1 z a "w :i* delib]ately excludes    
:ole fields ( ,*ri/ian  evid5ce c t5d   
t[>ds s great a consummation4  ,9 spite 
( !  n>r[ limits )9 :i* ,i h resolv$ to 
keep my treatm5t ( !  subject1 ,i tru/ t

 ,i may be able to produce su* an effect
 ^u !  m9ds ( ^? :o are 9 d\bt conc]n+ !
 evid5ces = ! hope  t is 9 !m1 t        
h5ce=w>d !y %all nev] d\bt aga94  ,i am 
n sangu9e en\gh to suppose t ,i %all be 
able to induce c]ta9  em95t naturali/s &
 philosoph]s to reop5 a "q :i* !y h     
probably long laid aside z settl$2      
un=tunately x is n 9 any b  ! v noble/  
,*ri/ian natures to d ?is1 nev]!less1   
c\ld !y  be p]suad$ to read ^! pages ,i 
believe t !y w\ld f9d s mu*  :i* w\ld be
 new to !m1 t _! prejudices w\ld be     
greatly  %ak54  ,to ! y\ng] b& (        
sci5tific inve/igators ,i appeal m      
hopefully4    ,x may be ask$ :y n h     
und]tak5 ! :ole subject & devot$ a      
life-"t to writ+ an exhau/ive "w8  ,!   
answ] sugge/s itself t  ! believ] is 9  
no want ( su* a book1 :ile ! unbeliev]  
w\ld be  repell$ by its size4  ,assur$ly
 !re c be no d\bt z to ! value (  a     
great "w :i* %\ld meet objections d]iv$ 
f c]ta9 rec5t  sci5tific !ories1 &      
confute oppon5ts :o h aris5 s9ce !  dea?

 ( our two great apologi/s1 b z a       
prelim9>y to ?is a small]  & m elem5t>y 
book seems call$ =1 :i* %all give ! ma9 
outl9es ( our position ) su* boldness & 
effectiv5ess z to  arre/ ! att5tion (   
any unbeliev] into ^: h&s x may fall1 & 
induce him to look fur!r into :at else  
may be urg$ ^u ! ,*ri/ian  side4  ,we   
are b\nd to adapt our means to our ends1
 & %all h a  bett] *ance ( ga9+ ! e> (  
our adv]s>ies if we c (f] !m  a %ort &  
pregnant book ?an if we come to !m ) a  
long "o f  :i* :ole *apt]s might be     
prun$4  ,we h to br+ ! ,*ri/ian         
religion to m5 :o w look at no book :i* 
_c be read 9 a  railway tra9 or 9 an    
arm-*air2 x is mo/ deplorable t ?is %\ld
  be ! case1 nev]!less x is indisputably
 a fact1 & z su* mu/ be  att5d$ to by   
all :o hope to be ( use 9 br++ ab\t a   
bett] /ate  ( ?+s4  ,& let me add t nev]
 yet 0 !re a "t :5 x s  mu* behov$ all  
:o are impress$ ) ! vital p[] ( religion
 to  be/ir !mselves2 = ! symptoms ( a   
g5]al indiff]5ce1 n to say  ho/ility1   

mu/ be admitt$ to be widely diffus$1 9  
spite ( an  impos+ array ( facts :i* c  
be br\ght =w>d to ! contr>y2 &  n only  
?is1 b ! /ream ( infidelity seems mak+ m
 havoc  ye>ly1 z x might naturally be   
expect$ to d1 :5 met by no new works  ( 
any real /r5g? or p]man5ce4    ,be>+ 9  
m9d1 !re=e1 ! necessity = prompt action1
 x seem$  be/ to take ! mo/ ov]:elm+ (  
all miracles--! ,resurrection (  our ,"l
 ,jesus ,*ri/1 & %[ t x c be s          
sub/antiat$ t no  reasonable man %\ld   
d\bt x4  ,?is ,i h !re=e attempt$1 & ,i 
humbly tru/ t ! read] w feel t ,i h n   
only attempt$ x1  b done x1 once & = all
 s cle>ly & satisfactorily & ) su*  an  
unfl9*+ exam9ation ( ! mo/ advanc$      
argum5ts ( unbeliev]s1  t ! "q c nev] be
 rais$ h]eaft] by any c&id m9d1 or at   
any rate n until sci5ce has be5 made to 
re/ on diff]5t gr\nds  f ^? on :i* %e   
re/s at pres5t4    ,b ! tru? ( our ,"l's
 resurrection hav+ be5 once e/abli%$1   
:at ne$ to encumb] ?is book ) fur!r     
evid5ces ( ! miracul\s  elem5t 9 8      

m9i/ry8  ,! o!r miracles c be no        
insup]able  difficulty to "o :o accepts 
! ,resurrection4  ,x is true t z        
,*ri/ians we _c dwell too m9utely ^u e  
act & incid5t 9  ! life ( ! ,r$eem]1 b  
unhappily we h to deal ) ^? :o  are n   
,*ri/ians1 & mu/ consid] r :at we c get 
!m to take  ?an :at we %\ld l to give   
!m3 8,be ye wise z s]p5ts &  h>mless z  
doves10 sai? ! ,savi\r4  ,a s+le miracle
 is z good z  tw5ty1 provid$ t x be well
 e/abli%$1 & c be %ewn to be s3  x is "h
 t ev5 ! able/ ( our apologi/s h too (t5
 fail$2  !y h pr(ess$ to sub/antiate !  
hi/orical accuracy ( all !  record$     
miracles & say+s ( our ,"l1 ) a result  
:i* is 9 "s  in/ances feeble &          
conv5tional1 & occasionally ev5 unfair  
7oh6 :at  suicidal folly is !re 9 ev5 ! 
remote/ semblance ( unfairness71  in/ead
 ( devot+ !mselves to ?r[+ a flood (    
brilliancy ^u !  mo/ important features 
& leav+ ! o!rs to %9e out 9 ! light     
reflect$ f ^!4  ,ev5 grant+ t "s ( !    
miracles record$  ( our ,"l are         

apocryphal1 :at ( t8  ,we d n re/ ^u !m3
 we  h en\gh & m ?an en\gh )\t !m1 & c  
af=d to take !  l9e ( say+ to !         
unbeliev]1 8,disbelieve ?is miracle or t
 if y  f9d t y _c accept x1 b believe 9 
! ,resurrection1 ( :i*  we w put =w>d   
su* ample pro(s t no heal?y reason c    
)/& !m1 &1 hav+ accept$ ! ,resurrection1
 admit x z !  manife/ation ( sup]natural
 p[]1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* c ?us no  long] be
 d5i$40    ,does n ! read] feel t !re is
 a r+ ( tru? & c&\r ab\t  ?is :i* mu/   
c>ry m weight ) an oppon5t ?an any /ra9$
  def5ce ( su* a d\btful miracle z !    
heal+ ( ! impot5t man at  ! pool (      
,be!sda8  ,we weight ourselves z aga9/  
our oppon5ts by  try+ to def5d too mu*2 
no matt] h[ s\nd & able ! def5ce (  "o  
"p ( ! ,*ri/ian s*eme may h be51 its    
effect is (t5  m>r$ by contiguity )     
argum5t :i* ! writ] himself mu/ h       
suspect$1 or ev5 kn[n1 to be +5i\s r ?an
 s\nd3 ! mom5t  t ?is is felt 9 any book
 its value ) an oppon5t is at an end1  =
 he mu/ be cont9ually 9 d\bt :e!r ! _s  

:i* he has  detect$ "h or !re may n be  
exi/+ & at "w 9 a hundr$ o!r  places :]e
 he has n detect$ x4  ,:at c>ries weight
 ) an  antagoni/ is ! feel+ t 8 position
 has be5 ma/]$ & 8  difficulties grasp$ 
) ?or\ghness & c&\r4    ,on ?is po9t ,i 
am qualifi$ to speak f long & bitt]     
exp]i5ce4  ,i  say t want ( c&\r & !    
failure to grasp ! position occupi$1    
h[ev] unt5ably1 by unbeliev]s is ! *ief 
cause ( ! cont9uance  ( unbelief4  ,:5  
?is cause has be5 remov$ unbelief w die 
a  natural dea?4  ,= ye>s ,i 0 myself a 
believ] 9 no?+ beyond !  p]sonality &   
provid5ce ( ,god3 yet ,i feel 7n )\t a  
c]ta9  s5se ( bitt]ness1 :i* ,i "k t ,i 
%\ld n feel b _c  utt]ly subdue7 t if my
 fir/ d\bts _h be5 met ) pati5t         
endeav\r to und]/& _! nature & if ,i _h 
felt t ! "o 9  :om ,i confid$ _h be5    
ready to g to ! root ( ! matt]1 & ev5   
to yield up ! convictions ( a life-"t   
c\ld x be %ewn t !y  7 unsafely f\nd$1  
my d\bts w\ld h be5 resolv$ 9 an h\r or 
two's quiet conv]sation1 & w\ld at once 

h _h ! effect1 :i*  !y h only _h aft]   
long suff]+ & unre/1 ( confirm+ me 9  my
 allegiance to ,*ri/4  ,b ,i 0 met )    
ang] & impati5ce4  ,!re  0 an in/9ct :i*
 told me t my oppon5t _h nev] he>d a    
syllable  aga9/ 8 own convictions1 & 0  
det]m9$ n to he> "o3 on ?is  ,i assum$  
ra%ly t he mu/ h good reason = 8        
resolution2 &  d\bt rip5$ into unbelief4
  ,oh6 :at ye>s ( he>t-burn+ & utt]     
drift+ foll[$4  ,yet :5 ,i 0 at la/     
br\ght )9 ! influ5ce  ( "o :o n only    
believ$ all t my fir/ oppon5t did1 b :o 
also  knew t ! m light 0 ?r[n ^u x ! m  
cle>ly w\ld its  tru? be made app>5t--a 
man :o talk$ ) me z ?\gh he 0 anxi\s  t 
,i %\ld conv9ce him if he 7 9 error1 n z
 ?\gh b5t on  mak+ me believe :atev]    
habit & circum/ances _h impos$ z a      
=mula ^u himself--my he>t s(t5$ at once1
 & ! dry places ( my  s\l 7 wat]$4    ,!
 above may seem too purely p]sonal to   
w>rant its introduction "h1  yet !      
exp]i5ce is "o :i* %\ld n be )\t its    
value to  o!rs4  ,its effect ^u myself  

has be5 to give me an unutt]able  long+ 
to save o!rs f suff]+s l my own2 ,i "k s
 well :]e  x is t1 to use a homely      
metaphor1 ! %oe p9*es4  ,& x is  *iefly 
"h--9 ! fact t ! unbeliev] does n feel z
 ?\gh we  really want$ to und]/& him4   
,?is feel+ is 9 _m cases  lam5tably well
 f\nd$4  ,no "o likes he>+ d\bt ?r[n ^u 
any?+  :i* he reg>ds z settl$ beyond    
dispute1 & ?is1 happily1 is :at  mo/ m5 
feel conc]n+ ,*ri/ianity4  ,aga91       
indol5ce or impot5ce (  m9d indisposes  
_m to intellectual ef=t2 o!rs are pa9$  
by com+  into contact ) any?+ :i*       
d]ogates f ! glory due to !  great      
sacrifice ( ,*ri/1 or to 8 ,div9e       
nature1 & la/ly n a few  are )held by   
moral c[>dice f d>+ to be/[ ! pa9s ^u ! 
unbeliev] :i* 8 condition requires4  ,b 
f :i*ev] ( ^!  s\rces ! dis9cl9ation to 
und]/& him comes1 its effect is equally 
disa/r\s to ! unbeliev]4  ,p d n m9d a  
diff]5ce (  op9ion1 if !y feel t ! "o :o
 diff]s f !m has got a firm  grasp ( _! 
position2 or aga91 if !y feel t he is   

try+ to  und]/& !m b fails f "s defect  
ei!r ( intellect or  education1 ev5 9   
?is case !y are n pa9$ by opposition4   
,:at  injures _! moral nature & h>d5s _!
 he>ts is ! conviction  t ano!r c\ld    
und]/& !m if he *ose1 b does n *oose1 & 
yet none ! less condemns !m4  ,on ?is !y
 become imbu$ ) t  bitt]ness aga9/      
,*ri/ianity :i* is noticeable 9 s _m    
free-?9k]s4    ,c we greatly wond]8  ,=1
 sad ?\gh ! admission be1 x is only     
ju/ice to admit t we ,*ri/ians h be5 too
 (t5 cont5t$ to  accept our fai? )\t    
kn[+ its gr\nds1 9 :i* case x is m by   
luck ?an by cunn+ t we are ,*ri/ians at 
all1 & our fai? w be  9 cont9ual dang]4 
,! great] numb] ev5 ( ^? :o h  und]tak5 
to def5d ! ,*ri/ian fai? h be5 sadly    
incl9$ to  avoid a difficulty r ?an to  
face x1 unless x is s easy z to be  no  
real difficulty at all4  ,i d n say t   
?is is unnatural1 = !  ,*ri/ian writ]   
mu/ be deeply impress$ ) ! s9fulness (  
unbelief1 & w !re=e be anxi\s to avoid  
rais+ d\bts :i*  w probably nev] yet h  

occurr$ to 8 read]1 & might possibly    
nev] d s2 nor does !re at fir/ sight    
appe> to be mu* advantage 9  rais+      
difficulties = ! sole purpose ( remov+  
!m2 nev]!less  ,i _c ?9k t if ei!r      
,butl] or ,paley c\ld h =ese5 !         
cont9uance ( unbelief1 & ! ru9 ( s _m   
s\ls :om ,*ri/ di$  to save1 !y w\ld h  
be5 cont5t$ to act s almo/ entirely ^u  
! def5sive4    ,yet x is impossible n to
 feel t we 9 _! place %\ld h done  z !y 
did4  ,infidelity 0 /ill 9 its infancy3 
! nature ( !  disease 0 h>dly yet       
und]/ood2 & !re seem$ reason to fe> le/ 
x might be aggravat$ by ! v means tak5  
to cure x2 x seem$  saf] !re=e 9 ! fir/ 
in/ance to conf9e att5tion to ! matt]   
actually 9 debate1 & leave x to "t to   
sugge/ a m active  treatm5t %\ld ! c\rse
 fir/ tri$ prove unsatisfactory4  ,:o c 
be  surpris$ t ! e>li] apologi/s %\ld h 
felt ?us 9 !  pres5ce ( an enemy ^:     
novelty made him appe> m port5t\s ?an   
he c ev] seem to ourselves8  ,!y 7 b\nd 
to v5ture no?+  ra%ly2 :at !y did !y    

did1 = _! own age1 ?or\ghly2 we owe x   
to _! cauti\s pione]+ t we s "k !       
weakness ( our  oppon5ts & our own /r5g?
 z to be able to d fe>lessly :at may    
well h seem$ p]il\s to our =efa!rs3     
nev]!less x is easy to  be wise aft] !  
ev5t1 & to regret t a bold] c\rse 0 n   
tak5  at ! outset4  ,if ,butl] & ,paley 
_h f\ght z m5 eag] = ! fray1  z m5 :o   
smelt ! battle f af>1 x is impossible to
 believe t  infidelity c\ld h la/$ z    
long z x has4  ,:at c be done n[  c\ld h
 be5 done j z effectively !n1 & ?\gh we 
_c be  surpris$ at ! caution %ewn at    
fir/1 we are b\nd to deplore x z        
%ort-sight$4    ,! "q1 h[ev]1 =         
ourselves is n :at dead m5 might h done 
bett] long ago1 b :at liv+ m5 & wom5 c d
 mo/ wisely n[2  & 9 answ] to x ,i w\ld 
say t !re is no policy s unwise z fe>  9
 a good cause3 ! bold c\rse is also !   
wise "o2 x consi/s 9  be+ on ! look\t = 
objections1 9 f9d+ ! v be/ t c be  f\nd 
& /at+ !m 9 _! mo/ intelligible =m1 9   
%ew+ :at  are ! logical consequ5ces (   

unbelief1 & ?us c>ry+ ! w> into  !      
enemy's c\ntry2 9 fight+ ) ! mo/        
*ivalr\s g5]osity &  a det]m9ation to   
take no advantage :i* is n accord+ to ! 
rules  ( w> mo/ /rictly int]pret$ aga9/ 
ourselves1 b )9 su* an  int]pretation   
%[+ no qu>t]4  ,?is is ! bold c\rse & ! 
true  c\rse3 x w beget a confid5ce :i* c
 nev] be felt 9 !  w>9ess1 h[ev]        
well-int5tion$1 ( ! old def5d]s4    ,let
 me1 !re=e1 beg ! read] to foll[ me     
pati5tly :ile ,i d my  be/ to put be=e  
him ! ma9 difficulties felt by          
unbeliev]s4  ,:5  he is once acqua9t$ ) 
^! he w run 9 no dang] ( confirm+  d\bt 
?r\gh 8 fe> 9 turn+ away f x 9 ! fir/   
in/ance4  ,h[ _m die h>d5$ unbeliev]s   
?r\gh ! treatm5t :i* !y h  receiv$ f ^? 
to :om _! ,*ri/ianity has be5 a matt] ( 
circum/ances & habit only8  ,hell is no 
fiction4  ,:o1 )\t bitt]  sorr[1 c      
reflect ^u ! agonies ev5 ( a s+le s\l z 
be+ due  to ! selfi%ness or c[>dice (   
o!rs8  ,awful ?\ght6  ,yet x is "o  :i* 
is daily realis$ 9 ! case ( ?\s&s4    ,9

 ! commone/ ju/ice to bre?r51 h[ev]     
s9ful1 ea* "o ( u :o  tries to lead !m  
to ! ,savi\r is b\nd n only to %ew !m ! 
:ole /r5g? ( our own argum5ts1 b to make
 !m see t we  und]/& ! :ole /r5g? (     
!irs2 = m5 w n s]i\sly  li/5 to ^? :om  
!y believe to "k "o side ( a "q only4   
,x is ?is :i* makes ! educat$ infidel s 
h>d to deal )2 he  kn[s v well t an     
intellig5t appreh5sion ( ! position held
 by  an oppon5t is indisp5sable =       
pr(itable discussion2 b he v  r>ely     
meets ) ?is 9 ! case ( ^? ,*ri/ians :o  
try to argue  ) him2 he !re=e soon      
acquires a habit ( avoid+ ! subject (   
religion1 & c seldom be induc$ to ent]  
^u an argum5t :i* he is  conv9c$ c lead 
to no?+4    ,he :o w\ld cure a disease  
mu/ fir/ "k :at x is1 & he :o w\ld      
conv]t an infidel mu/ "k :at x is t he  
is to be conv]t$ f1  z well z :at he is 
to be l$ to2 no?+ c be laid hold (      
unless  its :]eab\ts is kn[n4  ,x is    
deplorable t su* commonplaces %\ld  be  
want$2 b1 alas6 x is impossible to d )\t

 !m4  ,p h  tak5 a panic on ! subject ( 
infidelity z ?\gh x 7 s  infecti\s t ! v
 nurses & doctors %\ld run away f ^?    
afflict$ ) x2 b su* conduct is no less  
absurd ?an cruel &  disgraceful4        
,infidelity is only infecti\s :5 x is n 
und]/ood4  ,! smalle/ reflection %\ld   
suffice to rem9d u t a fai? :i*  has    
satisfi$ ! mo/ brilliant & pr(\nd (     
human intellects =  ne>ly two ?\s& ye>s 
mu/ h _h v sure f\ndations1 & t  any    
digg+ ab\t !m = ! purpose ( demon/rat+  
_! dep? &  solidity1 w result1 n 9 _!   
di/urbance1 b 9 its be+ made  cle> to e 
eye t !y are laid ^u a rock :i* no?+ c  
%ake--t !y d inde$ satisfy e dem& (     
human reason1 :i*  suff]s viol5ce n f ^?
 :o accept ! s*eme ( ! ,*ri/ian         
r$emption1 b f ^? :o reject x4    ,?is  
be+ ! case1 & t x is s w1 ,i believe1   
appe> ) great  cle>ness 9 ! foll[+      
pages1 :at ne$ to %r9k f ! j &  *>itable
 c\rse ( und]/&+ ! nature ( :at is urg$ 
by ^?  :o diff] f u8  ,h[ c we hope to  
br+ !m to be ( "o m9d 9  ,*ri/ ,jesus ) 

ourselves1 unless we c resolve _!       
difficulties &  expla9 !m8  ,& h[ c we  
resolve _! difficulties until we "k  :at
 !y are8  ,infidelity is z a reek+ fev] 
d51 :i* none c  ent] safely )\t due     
precautions1 b ! tak+ ^! precautions is 
)9 our own p[]2 we c all rely ^u !      
bless$ promises ( !  ,savi\r t he w n   
des]t u 9 our h\r ( ne$ if we w only    
truly seek him2 !re is m infidelity 9   
?is %r9k+ & fe> (  inve/igation ?an 9   
almo/ any op5 d5ial ( ,*ri/2 ! "o :o    
refuses to exam9e ! d\bts felt by ano!r1
 & is prev5t$ f  mak+ any ef=t to remove
 !m ?r\gh fe> le/ he %\ld come to  %>e  
!m1 %ews ei!r t he has no fai? 9 ! p[] (
  ,*ri/ianity to /& exam9ation1 or t he 
has no fai? 9 !  promises ( ,god to     
guide him into all tru?4  ,9 ei!r case  
he is h>dly  less an unbeliev] ?an ^?   
:om he condemns4    ,let ! read] !re=e  
und]/& t he w "h f9d no attempt to      
conceal ! full /r5g? ( ! argum5ts reli$ 
on by unbeliev]s4  ,?is mann] (         
sub/antiat+ ! tru? ( ,*ri/ianity has    

unhappily  be5 tri$ already2 x has be5  
tri$ & has fail$ z x 0 b\nd to  fail4   
,infidelity lives ^u concealm5t4  ,%ew x
 9 broad daylight1  hold x up be=e ! _w 
& make its hide\sness manife/ to        
all--!n1 & n till !n1 w ! h\rs (        
unbelief be numb]$4  ,we h be5 ! ma9/ay 
( unbelief ?r\gh our timidity4  ,f> be x
  f me1 !re=e1 t ,i %\ld help any       
unbeliev] by conceal+ 8  case = him4    
,?is 7 ! mo/ cruel k9dness4  ,on !      
contr>y1 ,i  %all insi/ ^u all 8        
argum5ts & /ate !m1 if ,i may say s  )\t
 presumption1 m cle>ly ?an !y h ev] be5 
/at$ )9  ! same limits4  ,no "o kn[s :at
 !y are bett] ?an ,i d4  ,no "o  0 at "o
 "t m firmly p]suad$ t !y 7 s\nd4  ,may 
x be  f\nd t no "o has s well kn[n h[   
also to refute !m4    ,! read] mu/ n    
!re=e expect to f9d fictiti\s           
difficulties 9  ! way ( accept+         
,*ri/ianity set up ) "o h& 9 ord] to be 
knock$ d[n aga9 ) ! o!r3 he w f9d ! mo/ 
p[]ful  argum5ts aga9/ all t he holds   
mo/ sacr$ insi/$ on ) ! same  cle>ness z

 ^? on 8 own side2 x is only by plac+ ! 
two  cont5d+ op9ions side by side 9 _!  
utmo/ developm5t t !  /r5g? ( our own c 
be made app>5t4  ,^? :o wi% to cry      
peace1  peace1 :5 !re is no peace1 ^? :o
 w\ld take _! fai? by  fa%ion z ! take  
_! clo!s1 ^? :o d\bt ! /r5g? ( _!  own  
cause & d n 9 _! he>t ( he>t believe t  
,*ri/ianity  w /& inve/igation1 ^?1     
aga91 :o c>e n :o may g to ,hell        
provid$ !y are com=tably sure ( go+ to  
,heav5 !mselves1 su*  p]sons may compla9
 ( ! l9e :i* ,i am ab\t to take4  ,!y on
 !  o!r h& ^: fai? is su* t x kn[s no   
fe> ( criticism1 &  !y ^: love = ,*ri/  
leads !m to reg>d ! br++ ( lo/  s\ls    
into 8 flock z ! highe/ e>?ly           
happ9ess--su* w admit  gladly t ,i h be5
 "r 9 te>+ aside ! veil f infidelity  & 
display+ x uncloak$ by ! side ( fai?    
itself4    ,at ! same "t ,i am b\nd to  
confess t ,i nev] %\ld h be5 able  to   
see ! exp$i5cy1 n to say ! absolute     
necessity = su* a  c\rse1 unless ,i _h  
be5 myself = _m ye>s an unbeliev]4  ,x  

is  ?is exp]i5ce1 s bitt]ly pa9ful1 t   
has made me feel s /rongly  z to ! only 
mann] 9 :i* o!rs c be br\ght f d>kness  
into  light4  ,! wisdom ( ! ,almighty   
recognis$ t if man 0 to be sav$  x mu/  
be done by ! assumption ( man's nature  
on ! "p ( !  ,deity4  ,god mu/ make     
himself man1 or man c\ld nev] le>n !    
nature  & attributes ( ,god4  ,let u !n 
foll[ ! sublime example ( !  inc>nation1
 & make ourselves z unbeliev]s t we may 
tea*  unbeliev]s to believe4  ,if ,paley
 & ,butl] _h only be5 real  infidels = a
 s+le ye>1 in/ead ( tak+ ! ?\ghts &     
reason+s ( _! oppon5ts at second-h&1 :at
 a diff]5ce %\ld we  n h se5 9 ! nature 
( _! "w4  ,alas6 _! cle> &  p[]ful      
intellects _h be5 tra9$ e>ly 9 ! sev]e/ 
ex]cises2  !y c\ld n be misl$ by any ( !
 sophi/ries ( _! oppon5ts2  b1 on ! o!r 
h&1 nev] hav+ be5 misl$ !y knew n !     
?read  ( ! labyr9? z "o :o has be5 %ut  
up !re94    ,i %\ld also w>n ! read] (  
ano!r matt]4  ,he mu/ n expect to  f9d t
 ,i c ma9ta9 ev]y?+ :i* he c\ld p]haps  

desire to see  ma9ta9$4  ,i c prove1 to 
su* a high degree ( presumption z %all  
am\nt virtually to demon/ration1 t our  
,"l di$ ^u ! cross1  rose aga9 f ! dead 
^u ! ?ird day1 & asc5d$ into ,heav53  b 
,i _c prove t none ( ! acc\nts ( ^!     
ev5ts :i* h  come d[n to u h suff]$ f ! 
h& ( "t3 on ! contr>y1 ,i  mu/ own t !  
reasons :i* l$ me to conclude t !re mu/ 
be  confusion 9 "s ( ! acc\nts ( !      
,resurrection cont9ue 9 full  =ce ) me  
ev5 n[4  ,i see no way ( escap+ f ?is   
conclusion3  b x seems equally /range t 
! ,*ri/ian %\ld h su* an  indomitable   
repugnance to accept x1 & t ! unbeliev] 
%\ld  conceive t x inflicts any damage  
:atev] ^u ! ,*ri/ian  evid5ces4  ,p]haps
 ! error ( ea* confirms t ( ! o!r1 z w  
appe> h]eaft]4    ,i h spok5 hi!rto z   
?\gh ,i 7 writ+ only = m51 b !  help (  
good wom5 c nev] be s preci\s z 9 !     
salvation ( human  s\ls2 if !re is "o "w
 = :i* wom5 are bett] fitt$ ?an  ano!r1 
x is t ( arre/+ ! progress ( unbelief4  
,c !re be  a nobl] "o8  ,_! sup]ior tact

 & quickness give !m a great  advantage 
ov] m52 m5 w li/5 to !m :5 !y w\ld turn 
away  f "o ( _! own sex2 & ?\gh ,i am   
well aw>e t c\rtesy is no  argum5t1 yet 
! natural polit5ess %ewn by a man to a  
woman w  compel att5tion to :at falls f 
h] lips1 & w ?us p]haps be  ! means (   
br++ him into contact ) ,div9e tru?s :i*
 w\ld  nev] o!rwise h rea*$ him4  ,yet  
?is is a "w f :i* too _m  wom5 recoil 9 
horror--!y "k t !y c d no?+ unless !y   
are  intimately acqua9t$ ) ! op9ions (  
^? f :om !y diff]1  & f su* an intimacy 
!y believe t !y are "r 9 %r9k+4    ,oh1 
my si/]s1 my si/]s1 ye :o g into ! f\le/
 d5s ( disease  & vice1 fe>less ( !     
pe/il5ce & ( man's brutality1 ye ^:     
:ole lives be> witness to ! cross (     
,*ri/ & ! efficacy ( !  ,div9e love1 did
 "o ( y ev] fe> be+ corrupt$ by ! vice )
  :i* y came 9 contact8  ,is !re "o ( y 
:o fe>s to exam9e :y  x is t ev5 ! mo/  
speci\s =m ( vice is vici\s8  ,y fe> n  
infection "h1 = y "k t y are on sure    
gr\nd1 & t !re  is no =m ( vice ( :i* ! 

vici\sness is n cle>ly provable2 b  c y 
d\bt t ! f\ndation ( y\r fai? is sure   
also1 & c y  n see t y\r c[>dice 9 n d>+
 to exam9e ! f\l &  s\l-de/roy+ d5 (    
infidelity is a /umbl+-block to ^? :o h 
n yet kn[n _! ,savi\r8  ,y\r fe> is z ! 
fe> ( *ildr5 :o  d>e n g 9 ! d>k2 b     
alas6 ! unbeliev] does n und]/& x  ?us4 
,he says t y\r fe> is n ( ! d>kness b ( 
! light1  & t y d>e n se>* le/ y %\ld   
f9d t :i* w\ld make  aga9/ y4  ,hide\s  
blasphemy aga9/ ! ,"l6  ,b is n ! s9 to 
be laid p>tly at ! door ( ^? ^: c[>dice 
has giv5 occasion  = x8    ,is !re none 
( y :o kn[s t z to ! pure all ?+s are   
pure1  s to ! true & loyal he>t all ?+s 
w confirm its fai?8  ,y  %r9k f ?is la/ 
trial ( y\r allegiance1 p>tly f ! pa9 ( 
ev5 see+ ! w\nds ( y\r ,r$eem] laid     
op5--( ev5 he>+ !  words ( ^? enemies :o
 h traduc$ him & crucifi$ him afre%--b  
y lose ! la/ & highe/ ( ! prizes1 =     
great z is y\r fai?  n[1 be v sure t f  
?is cr[n+ pro( ( y\r devotion y  w\ld   
em]ge ) great] /ill4    ,has none ( y   

se5 a savage dog b>k+ & te>+ at ! end ( 
8  *a9 z ?\gh he 7 long+ to dev\r y1 &  
yet if y h gone  bravely up to him &    
bade him be /ill1 he is c[$ & nev] b>ks 
aga98  ,su* is ! g5ius ( infidelity2 x  
loves to ?reat5 ^? :o  retreat1 yet x   
%r9ks daunt$ back f ^? :o meet x boldly2
 x is  ! lack ( boldness on ! "p ( !    
,*ri/ian :i* gives x all its  p[]2 :5   
,*ri/ians are /rong 9 ! /r5g? ( _! own  
cause  infidels w "k _! impot5ce1 b z   
long z !re are c[>ds  !re w be ^? :o    
prey ^u c[>dice1 & z long z ^? :o  %\ld 
def5d ! cross ( ,*ri/ hide !mselves     
beh9d battlem5ts1 s  long w ! enemy come
 up to ! v walls ( ! def5ce & tr\ble  !m
 t are )94  ,! above words mu/ h s\nd$  
h>% & w ,i  fe> h giv5 pa9 to _m a t5d] 
he>t :i* is consci\s ( !  dep? ( its own
 love = ! ,r$eem]1 & w\ld be %ock$ at ! 
?\ght t any?+ _h be5 neglect$ 9 8       
s]vice1 b has n !  voice ( su* a he>t   
return$ answ] to itself t :at ,i h      
writt5  is j8    ,aga91 ,i h be5 told by
 "s t !y h be5 aw>e ( !  necessity ( do+

 _! be/ t[>ds putt+ a /op to infidelity1
 &  t !y h be5 unceas+ 9 _! pray]s =    
fri5ds or husb&s or  relations :o "k n  
,*ri/1 b t ) pray]s _! ef=ts h  end$4   
,n[1 !re c be no "o 9 ! :ole _w :o has  
_h m  signal pro(s ( ! efficacy ( pray] 
?an ! writ] ( ^! pages1  b he w\ld lie  
if he 7 to say t pray] 0 ev] answ]$ :5 x
  0 only ano!r "n = idl5ess1 a cloak = !
 avoidance ( obvi\s  duty4  ,god is no  
help] ( ! indol5t & ! c[>d2 if ?is 7 s1 
:at ne$ to "w at all8  ,:y n sit /ill1 &
 tru/ 9 pray] =  ev]y?+8  ,no2 to ! wom5
 :o h pray$1 & pray$ only1 !  answ] is  
ready at h&1 t "w )\t pray] is bad1 b   
pray]  )\t "w worse4  ,let !m d _! own  
utmo/ 9 ! way ( s[+1  plant+1 & wat]+1 &
 !n let !m pray to ,god t he w  v\*safe 
!m ! increase2 b !y c no m expect !     
increase to  be ( ,god's free gift )\t !
 toil ( s[+ ?an did ! bless$  ,apo/le   
,/4 ,paul4  ,if ,god did n conv]t !     
hea!n = ,paul &  ,apollos 9 answ] to _! 
pray]s alone1 h[ c we expect t he w     
conv]t ! infidel = ourselves1 unless we 

h fir/ foll[$ 9 !  foot/eps ( !         
,apo/les8  ,! s9 ( infidelity w re/ ^u u
 &  our *ildr5 until we h done our be/  
to %ake x (f2 & ?is n  timidly &        
dis+5u\sly z ^? :o fe> = ! result1 b ) !
  c]ta9ty t x is ! infidel & n !        
,*ri/ian :o ne$ fe>  inve/igation1 if ! 
inve/igation only goes deep en\gh4      
,h]e9 has  la9 our error1 we h fe>$ to  
all[ ! unbeliev] to put =? all  8 /r5g? 
le/ x %\ld prove /rong] ?an we ?\ght x  
01 :5  9 tru? ! _w w\ld only h kn[n !   
soon] ( its weakness2 &  ?is %all n[ at 
la/ be abundantly %ewn1 =1 z ,i said    
above1 ,i w  help no infidel by conceal+
 8 case2 x %all appe> 9 full1 & z  ne>ly
 9 8 own words z ! limits at my disposal
 w all[4  ,out (  8 own m\? %all he be  
condemn$1 & yet1 ,i tru/1 n condemn$    
alone2 b conv]t$ z ,i myself1 & by !    
same irresi/ible *a9 (  pure/ reason2 "o
 ?+ only is want$ on ! "p ( ! read]1 x  
is  ?is1 ! desire to atta9 tru?         
reg>dless ( pa/ prejudices4    ,if an   
unbeliev] has made up 8 m9d t we mu/ be 

wrong1 )\t  hav+ he>d our side1 & if he 
presumes to neglect ! mo/ ord9>y        
precaution aga9/ error--t ( und]/&+ !   
position ( an  oppon5t--,i c d no?+ )   
him or = him4  ,no man c make ano!r     
see1 if ! o!r p]si/s 9 %utt+ 8 eyes &   
b&ag+ !m3 if x  is a victory to be able 
to say t !y _c see ! tru? "u ^!         
circum/ances1 ! victory is ) our        
oppon5ts2 b = ^? :o c  lay _! h&s ^u _! 
he>t & say truly be=e ,god & man t  !y  
c>e no?+ = ! ma9t5ance ( _! own op9ions1
 b only  t !y may come to "k ! tru?1 =  
su* ,i c d mu*4  ,i c put  ! matt] be=e 
!m 9 s cle> a light t !y %all nev] d\bt 
h]eaft]4    ,nev] 0 !re a "t :5 su* an  
exposition 0 want$ s mu* z n[4  ,!      
speci\s plausibilities ( a pseudo-sci5ce
 h l$ hundr$s (  ?\s&s into error2 !    
misapplication ( geology has ensn>$ a   
ho/  ( victims1 & a /ill great]         
misapplication ( natural hi/ory seems   
likely to dev\r ^? :om ! p]v]sion (     
geology has sp>$4  ,n  t ,i h a ^w to   
say aga9/ true sci5ce3 true sci5ce c    

nev]  be an enemy ( ! ,bible1 :i* is !  
text-book ( ! sci5ce ( !  salvation (   
human s\ls z writt5 by ! great ,creator 
& ,r$eem] (  ! s\l itself1 b ! ,enemy ( 
,mank9d is nev] idle1 & no soon]  does  
,god v\*safe to u any cle>] illum9ation 
( 8 purposes &  mann] ( work+1 ?an !    
,evil ,"o sets himself to consid] h[ he 
c  turn ! bless+ into a curse2 & by !   
all-wise disp5sation (  ,provid5ce he is
 all[$ s mu* triumph z t he %all sift ! 
wise  f ! fooli%1 ! fai?ful f !         
traitors4  ,god kn[e? 8 own4  ,/ill !re 
is no sur] m>k t "o is among ! numb] (  
^? :om  he ha? *os5 ?an ! desire to br+ 
all to %>e 9 ! graci\s  promises :i* he 
has v\*saf$ to ^? t w take advantage (  
!m2 & !re are few m c]ta9 signs (       
reprobation ?an  indiff]5ce z to !      
exi/5ce ( unbelief1 & fa9t-he>t$ness 9  
try+ to remove x4  ,x is ! duty ( all ^?
 :o love ,*ri/ to lead  _! bre?r5 to    
love him also2 b h[ c !y hope to succe$ 
9 ?is  until !y und]/& ! gr\nds on :i*  
he is reject$8    ,= !re are gr\nds1    

insuffici5t ones1 unt5able ones1 gr\nds 
:i*  a little lov+ pati5ce &1 if ,i may 
be all[$ ! ^w1 +5uity1  w %ew to be     
utt]ly rott52 b z long z _! rott5ness is
 only  to be ass]t$ & n prov$1 s long w 
delud$ p build ^u  !m 9 fanci$ security4
  ,z yet ! pro( has nev] be5 made       
suffici5tly cle>4  ,if display$         
suffici5tly = "o age x has be5  necess>y
 to d ! "w aga9 = ! next4  ,z soon z !  
errors (  "o set ( p h be5 made app>5t1 
ano!r set has aris5 )  fre% objections1 
or ! old fallacies h reappe>$ 9 ano!r   
%ape4  ,x is n too mu* to say t x has   
nev] yet be5 s cle>ly prov$  t ,*ri/    
rose aga9 f ! dead1 t a jury ( educat$  
,engli%m5  %\ld be compell$ to ass5t to 
x1 ev5 ?\gh !y _h nev] be=e  he>d (     
,*ri/ianity4  ,?is !re=e x is my object 
to d once & =  ev] n[4    ,x is n = me  
to pry into ! motives ( ! ,almighty1 nor
 to inquire  :y x is t = ne>ly two ?\s& 
ye>s ! p]fection ( pro(  %\ld nev] h be5
 duly produc$1 b if ,i d>e haz>d an     
op9ion ,i  %\ld say t su* pro( 0 nev]   

necess>y until n[1 b t x has  la9 ready 
to be produc$ at a mom5t's notice on !  
arrival ( !  fitt+ "t4  ,9 ! e>ly /ages 
( ! ,*ur* ! viv voce  te/imony ( !      
,apo/les 0 /ill s ne> t its =ce 0 9 no  
way  sp5t2 f ^? times until rec5tly !   
univ]sality ( belief 0  su* t pro( 0    
h>dly ne$$2 x is only = a hundr$ ye>s or
 s  7:i* 9 ! sight ( ,god are b z       
ye/]day7 t infidelity has made  real    
progress4  ,!n ,god rais$ 8 h& 9 wra?2  
revolution taught m5  to see ! nature ( 
unbelief & ! _w %rank back 9 horror2 !  
"t ( fe> pass$ by2 unbelief has aga9    
rais$ itself2 :]eon we c  see t o!r &   
ev5 m fe>ful revolutions #hb are daily  
?reat5+4  ,:at c\ntry is safe8  ,9 :at  
"p ( ! _w d n m5  feel an uneasy =ebod+ 
( ! wra? :i* w surely come if !y d  n   
rep5t & turn unto ! ,"l _! ,god8  ,g :]e
 we w we are  consci\s ( t heav9ess &   
oppression :i* is ! precursor ( !       
hurricane & ! e>?quake2 none escape x3  
an all-p]vad+ s5se (  rott5ness & fe>ful
 wait+ ^u judgm5t is ^u ! he>ts ( all   

m54  ,may x n be t ?is awe & sil5ce h   
be5 orda9$ 9 ord]  t ! /ill small voice 
( ! ,"l may be ! m cle>ly he>d &        
welcom$ z salvation8  ,is x n possible t
 ! inf9ite m]cy ( ,god  is det]m9$ to   
give mank9d "o la/ *ance1 be=e ! day ( t
  com+ :i* no creature may abide8  ,i   
d>e n answ]3 yet ,i "k well  t ! fire   
burne? )9 me1 & t night & day ,i take no
 re/  b am consum$ until ! "w committ$  
to me is done1 t ,i may be  cle> f !    
blood ( all m54        ,*apt] ,,ii      
,/rauss & ! ,halluc9ation ,!ory      ,,x
 has be5 well e/abli%$ by ,paley1 &     
inde$ has seldom be5 d5i$1  t )9 a v few
 ye>s ( ,*ri/'s crucifixion a l>ge numb]
 (  p believ$ t he _h ris5 f ! dead4    
,!y believ$ t  aft] hav+ suff]$ actual  
dea? he rose to actual life1 z a man :o 
c\ld eat & dr9k & talk1 :o c\ld be se5 &
 h&l$4  ,"s :o  held ?is 7 ne> relations
 ( ,*ri/1 "s _h kn[n him intimately  = a
 consid]able "t be=e 8 crucifixion1 _m  
mu/ h kn[n him  well by sight1 b all 7  
unanim\s 9 _! ass]tion t !y _h  se5 him 

alive aft] he _h be5 dead1 & 9          
consequ5ce ( ?is belief  !y adopt$ a new
 mode ( life1 ab&on+ 9 _m cases e o!r   
e>?ly consid]ation save t ( be>+ witness
 to :at !y _h kn[n  & se54  ,i h n ?\ght
 x wor? :ile to wa/e "t & space by      
introduc+ actual pro( ( ! above4  ,?is w
 be f\nd 9 ,paley's  op5+ *apt]s1 to :i*
 ! read] is ref]r$4    ,h[ !n did ?is   
int5sity ( conviction come ab\t8  ,diff]
 z !y  might & did ^u _m ( ! que/ions   
aris+ out ( ! ma9 fact  :i* !y taught1 z
 to ! fact itself !y diff]$ n 9 ! lea/  
degree4  ,9 _! own life-"t & 9 t ( ^? :o
 c\ld confute  !m _! /ory ga9$ ! adh]5ce
 ( a v l>ge & ev] increas+  numb]4  ,if 
x c\ld be %ewn t ! belief 9 ,*ri/'s     
reappe>ance  did n arise until aft] !   
dea? ( ^? :o 7 said to h se5  him1 :5   
actions & tea*+s might h be5 imput$ to  
!m :i*  7 n !irs1 ! case w\ld !n be     
diff]5t2 b ?is _c be  done2 !re is no?+ 
9 hi/ory bett] e/abli%$ ?an t ! m5  :o  
said t !y _h se5 ,*ri/ alive aft] he _h 
be5 dead1 7  !mselves ! fir/ to lay     

aside all else 9 ord] to ma9ta9 _!      
ass]tion4  ,if x c\ld be ma9ta9$ t !y   
taught :at !y did 9  ord] to sanction   
laxity ( morals1 ! case w\ld aga9 be    
*ang$4  ,b  ?is too is impossible4  ,!y 
taught :at !y did because ( !  int5sity 
( _! own conviction & f no o!r motive   
:atsoev]4    ,:at !n c t ?+ h be5 :i*   
made ^! m5 s beyond all  measure &      
"o-m9d$ly c]ta98  ,7 !y ?us be=e !      
,crucifixion8  ,f> o!rwise4  ,yet ! m5  
:o fl$ 9 ! h\r ( _! ma/]'s p]il  betray$
 no signs ( fl9*+ :5 _! own 0 no less   
imm95t4  ,h[  came x t ! c[>dice &      
fretfulness ( ! ,gospels %\ld be        
trans=m$ into ! lion-he>t$ /eadfa/ness (
 ! ,acts8    ,! ,crucifixion _h int]v5$4
  ,yes1 b surely some?+ m ?an !         
,crucifixion4  ,c we believe t if _!    
exp]i5ce ( ,*ri/ _h end$  ) ! ,cross1 ! 
,apo/les w\ld h be5 9 t /ate ( m9d :i*  
%\ld compel !m to leave all else = !    
sake ( prea*+ :at he  _h taught !m8  ,x 
is a h>d ?+ = a man to *ange ! s*eme (  
8 life2 yet ?is is n a case ( "o man b (

 _m1 :o became  *ang$ z if /ruck ) an   
en*ant]'s w&1 & :o1 ?\gh _m1 7  z "o 9 !
 vehem5ce ) :i* !y prote/$ t _! ma/] _h 
reappe>$ to !m alive4  ,_! conv]se )    
,*ri/ did n probably  la/ above a ye> or
 two1 & 0 int]rupt$ by frequ5t abs5ce4  
,if  ,*ri/ _h di$ once & = all ^u !     
,cross1 ,*ri/ianity mu/ h  di$ ) him2 b 
x did n die2 nay1 x did n beg9 to live )
  full en]gy until aft] its f\nd] _h be5
 crucifi$4  ,we mu/ ask  aga91 :at c\ld 
t ?+ h be5 :i* turn$ ^! qu]ul\s &       
fa9t-he>t$ foll[]s into ! mo/ e>ne/ &   
successful body (  propag&i/s :i* ! _w  
has ev] se51 if x 0 n t :i*  !y said x  
0--namely1 t ,*ri/ _h reappe>$ to !m    
alive aft]  !y _h !mselves kn[n him to  
be dead8  ,?is w\ld acc\nt = !  *ange 9 
!m1 b is !re any?+ else t w8    ,!y _h  
su* ample opportunities ( kn[+ ! tru? t 
!  supposition ( mi/ake is fraught ) !  
greate/ difficulties2 !y  gave su*      
gu>antees ( s9c]ity z t none h giv5     
great]2 _!  unanimity is p]fect2 !re is 
n ! fa9te/ trace ( any diff]5ce  (      

op9ion among/ !m z to ! ma9 fact ( !    
,resurrection4  ,^!  are ?+s :i* nev] h 
be5 & nev] c be d5i$1 b if !y d  n =m   
/rong prim facie gr\nd = believ+ 9 !    
tru? &  actuality ( ,*ri/'s             
,resurrection1 :at is !re :i* w am\nt to
 a  prim facie case = any?+ :atev]8     
,nev]!less ! matt] does n re/ "h4  ,:ile
 !re exi/s !  fa9te/ possibility (      
mi/ake we may be sure t we %all deal mo/
  wisely by exam9+ its "* & value4  ,let
 u inquire !re=e  :e!r !re are any      
circum/ances :i* seem to indicate t !   
e>ly  ,*ri/ians might h be5 mi/ak51 &   
be5 firmly p]suad$ t !y  _h se5 ,*ri/   
alive1 al?\gh 9 po9t ( fact !y _h n     
really se5  him8  ,m5 h be5 v positive &
 v s9c]e ab\t ?+s :]e9  we %\ld h       
conceiv$ mi/ake impossible1 & yet !y h  
be5  utt]ly mi/ak54  ,a /rong           
pr$isposition1 a r>e co9cid5ce1 an      
unwont$ natural ph5om5on1 a hundr$ o!r  
causes1 may turn s\nd  judgm5ts awry1 & 
we d>e n assume =?) t ! fir/ disciples  
( ,*ri/ 7 sup]ior to influ5ces :i* h    

misl$ _m :o h _h  bett] *ances ( )/&+   
!m4  ,visions & halluc9ations are n     
uncommon ev5 n[4  ,h[ easily belief 9 a 
sup]natural occurr5ce  obta9s among !   
peasantry ( ,italy1 ,irel&1 ,belgium1   
,france1 &  ,spa92 & h[ mu* m easily    
w\ld x d s among ,jews 9 ! days (       
,*ri/1 :5 belief 9 sup]natural          
int]f]5ces ) ?is _w's  economy 01 s to  
speak1 omnipres5t4  ,means (            
communication1 t is  to say (           
v]ification1 7 few1 & ! tone ( m5's m9ds
 z reg>ds  accuracy ( all k9ds 0 utt]ly 
diff]5t f t ( our own2 sci5ce  exi/$ n  
ev5 9 "n z ! ?+ we n[ mean by x2 few    
c\ld read  & few] write1 s t a /ory c\ld
 seldom be conf9$ to its orig9al        
limits2 error1 !re=e1 _h mu* *ance &    
tru? little z comp>$  ) our own times4  
,:at m is ne$$ to make u feel h[        
possible x  0 = ! pure/ & mo/ hone/ ( m5
 to become p>5ts ( all  fallacy8        
,/rauss believes ?is to h be5 ! case4   
,he supposes t !  e>lie/ ,*ri/ians 7 "u 
halluc9ation :5 !y ?\ght t !y  _h se5   

,*ri/ alive aft] 8 ,crucifixion2 9 o!r  
words1 t !y  nev] saw him at all1 b only
 ?\ght t !y _h done s4  ,he does  n     
imag9e t !y conceiv$ ?is idea at once1 b
 t x grew up  gradually 9 ! c\rse ( a   
few ye>s1 & t ^? :o came "u its         
influ5ce ant$at$ x unconsci\sly         
aft]w>ds4  ,he appe>s to believe  t )9 a
 few mon?s ( ! ,crucifixion1 & 9        
consequ5ce ( "s  unexpla9$ comb9ation ( 
int]nal & ext]nal causes1 "s "o ( !     
,apo/les came to be impress$ ) ! notion 
t he _h se5 ,*ri/  alive2 ! impression1 
h[ev] made1 0 exce$+ly /rong1 & 0       
communicat$ z soon z might be to "s o!r 
or o!rs ( ! ,apo/les3  ! idea 0         
welcome--z giv+ life to a hope :i* _h   
be5 fondly  *]i%$2 ea* inflam$ !        
imag9ation ( ! o!r1 until ! orig9al     
basis ( ! conception slipp$ unconsci\sly
 f recollection1 :ile  ! int5sity ( !   
conviction itself became /rong] & /rong]
 !  m (t5 ! /ory 0 repeat$4  ,/rauss    
supposes t on see+ !  firm conviction ( 
two or ?ree :o _h hi!rto be5 lead]s     

among !m1  ! o!r ,apo/les took he>t1 & t
 ?us ! body grew toge!r aga9  p]haps )9 
a twelve-mon? ( ! ,crucifixion4         
,accord+ to him1 !  idea ( !            
,resurrection hav+ be5 once />t$1 & hav+
 once tak5  root1 ! soil 0 s cong5ial t 
x grew apace2 ! re/ ( !  ,apo/les1      
p]haps assembl$ toge!r 9 a high /ate (  
m5tal en?usiasm  & excitem5t1 conceiv$ t
 !y saw ,*ri/ ent] ! room 9 :i*  !y 7   
sitt+ & af=d "s manife/ pro( ( life &   
id5tity2 or  "s "o else may h enl>g$ a  
less extraord9>y /ory to ^!  dim5sions1 
s t 9 a %ort "t x pass$ curr5t ev]y:]e  
7!re  h be5 in/ances ( delusions q z    
extraord9>y ga9+ a  foo?old among m5 ^: 
s9c]ity is n to be disput$71 & f9ally   
!y conceiv$ t ^! appe>ances ( _! ma/] _h
 comm5c$ a few  mon?s--& :at is a few   
mon?s8--e>li] ?an !y actually _h1 s t  !
 fir/ appe>ance 0 soon look$ ^u z hav+  
be5 v\*saf$  )9 ?ree days ( !           
,crucifixion4    ,! above is n 9        
,/rauss's words1 b x is a c>eful rsum ( 
:at  ,i ga!r to be 8 conception ( !     

orig9 ( ! belief 9 !  ,resurrection (   
,*ri/4  ,! belief1 & ! int5sity ( !     
belief1  ne$ explanation2 ! sup]natural 
explanation1 z we %\ld ourselves        
readily admit1 _c be accept$ unless all 
o!rs are f\nd want+2 he  !re=e1 if ,i   
und]/& him rightly1 puts =w>d ! above z 
be+ a  reasonable & natural solution ( !
 difficulty--! only solution :i*  does n
 fail ^u exam9ation1 & !re=e ! "o :i*   
%\ld be  accept$4  ,x is f\nd$ ^u !     
affection :i* ! ,apo/les _h borne  t[>ds
 _! ma/]1 & _! unwill+ness to give up _!
 hope t  !y _h be5 *os51 z ! fav\r$     
lieut5ants ( ! promis$  ,messiah4    ,no
 man w\ld be will+ to give up su* hope  
easily2 all m5 w\ld  readily welcome its
 r5ewal2 x 0 easy 9 ! !n intellectual   
condition ( ,pale/9e = halluc9ation to  
orig9ate1 & /ill easi]  = x to spread2 !
 /ory t\*$ ! he>ts ( m5 too ne>ly to    
r5d] its propagation difficult4  ,m5 &  
wom5 l believ+ 9 !  m>vell\s1 = x br+s !
 *ance ( good =tune ne>] to _! own      
doors2 b h[ mu* m s :5 !y are !mselves  

closely connect$  ) ! c5tral figure ( ! 
m>vel1 & :5 x appe>s to give a clue  to 
! solution ( t my/]y :i* all w\ld pry   
into if !y  c\ld--our future aft] dea?8 
,!re c be no great cause = wond]  t an  
halluc9ation :i* arose "u su* conditions
 z ^! %\ld  h ga9$ gr\nd & conqu]$ all  
opposition1 ev5 ?\gh its orig9  may be  
trac$ to ! bra9 ( b a s+le p]son4    ,he
 w\ld be a bold man :o %\ld say t ?is 0 
impossible2  nev]!less x _c be accept$4 
,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 we collect  mo/     
c]ta9ly f ! ,gospel records t ! ,apo/les
 7 n a  compact & devot$ body ( adh]5ts 
at ! "t ( ! ,crucifixion2 yet  x is h>d 
to see h[ ,/rauss's halluc9ation !ory c 
be accept$1  unless ?is 0 ! case4  ,if  
,/rauss believ$ ! e>lie/ foll[]s (      
,*ri/ to h be5 already immovably fix$ 9 
_! belief t he 0  ! ,son ( ,god--!      
promis$ ,messiah1 ( :om !y 7 !mselves ! 
especially *os5 m9i/]s--if he consid]$ t
 !y believ$ 9 _!  ma/] z ! work] (      
innum]able miracles :i* !y _h !mselves  
witness$2 z "o :om !y _h se5 raise o!rs 

f dea? to life1 &  :om1 !re=e1 dea? c\ld
 n be expect$ to control--if he held !  
foll[]s ( ,*ri/ to h be5 9 ?is frame (  
m9d at ! "t ( !  ,crucifixion1 x might  
be intelligible t he %\ld suppose !     
/r5g?  ( _! fai? to h eng5d]$ an imag9>y
 reappe>ance 9 ord] to  save !m f !     
conclusion t _! hopes _h be5 )\t        
f\ndation2 t1 9 po9t ( fact1 !y %\ld h  
accept$ a new  delusion 9 ord] to prop  
up an old "o2 b we "k v well t  ,/rauss 
does n accept ?is position4  ,he d5ies t
 ! ,apo/les _h  se5 any miracles2       
indep5d5tly !re=e ( ! _m & unmi/akable  
traces ( _! hav+ be5 b p>tial & wav]+   
adh]5ts1 :i*  h made x a matt] ( common 
belief among ^? :o h /udi$ !  ,new      
,te/am5t t ! fai? ( ! ,apo/les 0        
un/eadfa/ be=e !  ,crucifixion1 he mu/ h
 o!r & /rong] reasons = ?9k+ t  ?is 0 s1
 inasmu* z he does n look ^u !m z m5 :o 
_h se5  our ,"l raise any "o f ! dead1  
nor re/ore ! eyes ( ! bl9d4    ,accord+ 
to him1 !y may h se5 ,*ri/ ex]cise      
unusual p[] ov]  ! insane1 & tempor>y   

alleviations ( sickness1 due p]haps to  
m5tal  excitem5t1 may h tak5 place 9 _! 
pres5ce & pass$ =  miracles2 he w\ld    
d\bt h[ f> !y _h ev5 se5 ?is mu*1 = he  
w\ld insi/ on _m passages 9 ! ,gospels  
:i* w\ld po9t 9 !  direction ( our ,"l's
 nev] hav+ pr(ess$ to "w a s+le miracle2
  b ev5 ?\gh he grant$ t !y _h se5 c]ta9
 extraord9>y cases  ( heal+1 !re is no  
am\nt ( te/imony :i* w\ld = a mom5t     
satisfy him ( _! hav+ se5 m4  ,we see ! 
,apo/les z m5 :o  be=e ! ,crucifixion _h
 se5 ,laz>us rais$ f dea? to life aft]  
! corruption ( ! grave _h begun its "w1 
& :o _h se5 sight  giv5 to "o t _h be5  
born sightless2 z m5 :o _h se5 miracle  
aft] miracle1 ) e loophole = escape f a 
belief 9 !  miracul\s c>efully exclud$2 
:o _h se5 _! ma/] walk+ ^u !  sea1 &    
bidd+ ! w9ds be /ill2 our difficulty    
!re=e is to  und]/& ! incr$ulity ( !    
,apo/les z display$ abundantly 9 !      
,gospels2 b ,/rauss c h none su*2 = he  
mu/ see !m z m5 ov]  :om ! influ5ce ( _!
 ma/] _h be5 purely p]sonal1 & due to   

no?+ m ?an to a /r5g? & beauty ( "* :i* 
8  foll[]s v imp]fectly und]/ood4  ,he  
does n believe t  ,laz>us 0 rais$ at    
all1 or t ! man :o _h be5 born bl9d ev] 
exi/$2 he consid]s ! f\r? gospel1 :i*   
alone records ^!  ev5ts1 to be ! "w ( a 
lat] age1 & n to be dep5d$ on =  facts1 
save "h & !re2 c]ta9ly n :]e ! facts    
record$ are  miracul\s4  ,he mu/ !re=e  
be ev5 m ready ?an we are to admit  t ! 
fai? ( ! ,apo/les 0 weak be=e !         
,crucifixion2 b  :e!r he is or n1 we h x
 on ! highe/ au?ority t _!  fai? 0 n    
/rong en\gh to ma9ta9 !m at ! v fir/    
approa*  ( dang]1 nor to h giv5 !m any  
hope :atev] t our ,"l %\ld  rise aga92  
:]eas = ,/rauss's !ory to hold good1 x  
mu/ already  h be5 9 a :ite heat (      
en?usiasm4    ,b ev5 grant+ t ?is 0 s--9
 ! face ( all ! evid5ce we c  rea*--m5 s
 hone/ & s9c]e z ! ,apo/les prov$       
!mselves to be1  w\ld h tak5 o!r gr\nd  
?an ! ass]tion t _! ma/] _h  reappe>$ to
 !m alive1 unless "s v extraord9>y      
occurr5ces _h  l$ !m to believe t !y _h 

inde$ se5 him4  ,if _! fai? 0  gl[+ &   
int5se at ! "t ( ! ,crucifixion--s      
int5se t !y  believ$ 9 ,*ri/ z mu*1 or  
ne>ly z mu*1 aft] ! ,crucifixion z  be=e
 x 7& unless ?is 7 s ! halluc9ations    
c\ld nev] h  aris5 at all1 or at any    
rate c\ld nev] h be5 s unanim\sly       
accept$7--x w\ld h be5 s int5se z to /& 
9 no ne$ ( a  reappe>ance4  ,9 ?is case1
 if !y _h f\nd t _! ma/] did n  return  
to !m1 ! ,apo/les w\ld probably h       
accept$ ! position  t he _h1 contr>y to 
_! expectation1 be5 put to a viol5t     
dea?2  !y w\ld1 p]haps1 h come soon] or 
lat] to ! conclusion t he  0 imm$iately 
on dea? receiv$ into ,heav51 & 0 sitt+  
on !  "r h& ( ,god2 :ile "s extraord9>y 
dream might h be5  con/ru$ into a       
revelation ( ! fact ) ! mann] ( its     
occurr5ce1 & be5 soon g5]ally believ$2 b
 ! idea ( our ,"l's  return to e>? 9 a  
gross mat]ial body :]eon ! w\nds 7 /ill 
unheal$1 0 p]haps ! la/ ?+ t w\ld h     
sugge/$ itself to  !m by way (          
halluc9ation4  ,if _! fai? _h be5 great 

en\gh1 &  _! spirits high en\gh to h    
all[$ halluc9ation to orig9ate at  all1 
_! imag9ation w\ld h pres5t$ !m at once 
) a glori\s  ?rone1 & ! spl5d\rs ( !    
highe/ ,heav5 z appe>+ ?r\gh !  op5$    
firmam5t2 x w\ld n surely h re/$        
satisfi$ ) a man  ^: h&s & side 7 w\nd$1
 & :o c\ld eat ( a piece (  broil$ fi% &
 ( an honeycomb4  ,a fabric s utt]ly    
baseless z !  reappe>ances ( our ,"l 7on
 ! supposition ( _! be+ unhi/oric7  w\ld
 h be5 built ( gaudi] mat]ials4  ,to    
repeat1 x seems  impossible t ! ,apo/les
 %\ld h attempt$ to connect _!          
halluc9ations circum/antially &         
hi/orically ) ! ev5ts :i*  _h imm$iately
 prec$$ !m4  ,halluc9ation w\ld h be5   
consci\s  ( a hiatus & n h tri$ to      
bridge x ov]4  ,x w\ld n h  develop$ !  
idea ( our ,"l's return to ?is grovell+ 
& unwor?y  e>? prior to 8 assumption    
into glory1 unless ^? :o 7 "u its       
influ5ce _h ei!r se5 o!r resurrections f
 ! dead--9 :i* case  !re is no          
difficulty atta*+ to ! ,resurrection (  

our ,"l  himself--or be5 =c$ into       
believ+ x by ! evid5ce ( _! own  s5ses2 
?is1 on ! supposition t ! devotion ( !  
fir/ disciples  0 int5se be=e !         
,crucifixion2 b if1 on ! o!r h&1 !y 7   
at t "t any?+ b /eadfa/1 z bo? a priori 
& a  po/]iori evid5ce w\ld seem to      
indicate1 if !y 7 few &  wav]+1 & if :at
 little fai? !y _h 0 %ak5 to its        
f\ndations  & app>5tly at an end = ev] )
 ! dea? ( ,*ri/1 x becomes  inde$       
difficult to see h[ ! idea ( 8 return to
 e>? alive c\ld  h ev] /ruck ev5 a s+le 
"o ( !m1 mu* less t halluc9ations  :i*  
c\ld h _h no orig9 b 9 ! disord]$ bra9 (
 "s "o  memb] ( ! ,apo/olic body1 %\ld 9
 a %ort "t h be5 accept$  by all z by "o
 man )\t a %ad[ ( diss5sion1 & be5 /rong
  en\gh to conv]t !m1 z 0 said above1   
into ! mo/ e>ne/ &  successful body (   
propag&i/s t ! _w has ev] se54    ,truly
 ?is is n too mu* to say ( !m2 & yet we 
are ask$ to  believe t ?is fai?1 s      
int5sely en]getic1 grew out ( "o :i*  c 
h>dly be call$ a fai? at all1 9         

consequ5ce ( day-dreams ^:  exi/5ce     
presupposes a fai? h>dly if any less    
int5se ?an t :i*  x is suppos$ to h     
eng5d]$4  ,are we n w>rant$ 9 ass]t+  t 
a movem5t :i* is conf9$ to a few wav]+  
foll[]s1 & :i*  receives any v decisive 
*eck1 :i* scatt]s & demoralises ! few   
:o h already jo9$ x1 w be absolutely    
sure to die a spe$y  natural dea? unless
 some?+ utt]ly /range & new occurs to   
give x  a fre% impetus8  ,su* a         
resuscitat+ influ5ce w\ld h be5 giv5 to 
! ,*ri/ian religion by ! reappe>ance (  
,*ri/ alive4  ,?is w\ld  meet !         
requirem5ts ( ! case1 = we c all feel t 
if we _h  already half believ$ 9 "s     
gift$ fri5d z a mess5g] f ,god1 &  if we
 _h se5 t fri5d put to dea? be=e our    
eyes1 & yet f\nd  t ! grave _h no p[]   
ov] him1 b t he c\ld bur/ its bonds  &  
%[ himself to u aga9 unmi/akably alive1 
we %\ld f t  mom5t yield ourselves      
absolutely 82 b our fai? w\ld die ) him 
unless x _h be5 utt] be=e 8 dea?4    ,! 
devotion ( ! ,apo/les is expla9$ by _!  

belief 9 !  ,resurrection1 b _! belief 9
 ! ,resurrection is n expla9$ by a      
suppos$ halluc9ation2 = _! m9ds 7 n 9 t 
/ate 9 :i*  alone su* a delusion c\ld   
e/abli% itself firmly1 & unless x 7     
e/abli%$ firmly by ! mo/ app>5tly       
irrefragable evid5ce ( _m  p]sons1 x    
w\ld h _h no liv+ en]gy4  ,h[ an        
halluc9ation c\ld  occur 9 ! requisite  
/r5g? to ! requisite numb] ( p is  nei!r
 expla9$ nor explicable1 except ^u !    
supposition t !  ,apo/les 7 9 a v       
diff]5t frame ( m9d at ! "t ( ,*ri/'s   
,crucifixion f t :i* all ! evid5ce we c 
get w\ld seem to  indicate4  ,if ,/rauss
 _h fir/ made ?is po9t cle> we c\ld     
foll[  him4  ,b he has n done s4        
,/rauss says1 ! conception t ,*ri/'s    
body _h be5 reawak5$ &  *ang$1 8a d\ble 
miracle1 exce$+ f> :at _h occurr$ 9 !   
case  ( ,eno* & ,elijah1 c\ld only be   
cr$ible to "o :o saw 9 him a  prophet f>
 sup]ior to !m0--i4e41 to "o :o not)/&+ 
8  dea? 0 p]suad$ t he 0 ! ,messiah3    
8?is conviction0 7t a  d\ble miracle _h 

be5 p]=m$7 80 ! fir/ to :i* ! ,apo/les  
_h to atta9 9 ! days ( _! humiliation   
aft] ! ,crucifixion40  ,yes--b h[ 7 !y  
to atta9 to x1 be+ n[ utt]ly brok5 d[n &
  disillusion$8  ,/rauss admits t be=e  
!y c\ld h come to hold  :at he supposes 
!m to h held1 !y mu/ h se5 9 ,*ri/ ev5  
aft] 8 ,crucifixion a prophet f> great] 
?an ei!r ,moses or ,elias2  :]eas 9 po9t
 ( fact x is v d\btful :e!r !y ev]      
believ$  ?is mu* ( _! ma/] ev5 be=e !   
,crucifixion1 & h>dly  que/ionable t    
aft] x !y disbeliev$ 9 him almo/        
entirely1 until  he %ew$ himself to !m  
alive4  ,is x possible t f ! dead  emb]s
 ( s weak a fai?1 s va/ a conflagration 
%\ld h be5  k9dl$8    ,i submit1 !re=e1 
t indep5d5tly ( any direct evid5ce z to 
!  :5 & :]e ( ,*ri/'s reappe>ances1 !   
fact t ! ,apo/les  be=e ! ,crucifixion 7
 irresolute1 & aft] x unspeakably       
resolute1 af=ds /rong gr\nd = believ+ t 
!y mu/ h se5  some?+1 or come to "k     
some?+1 :i* to _! m9ds 0 utt]ly         
ov]:elm+ 9 its conv9c+ p[]3 :5 we f9d ! 

e>lie/ & mo/  tru/wor?y records         
unanim\sly ass]t+ t t some?+ 0 !        
reappe>ance ( ,*ri/ alive1 we feel t su*
 a reappe>ance 0 an  adequate cause = ! 
result actually produc$2 & :5 we ?9k ov]
  ! condition ( m9d :i* bo? probability 
& evid5ce assign to !  ,apo/les1 we also
 feel t no o!r circum/ance w\ld h be5   
adequate1 nor ev5 ?is unless ! pro( _h  
be5 su* z none c\ld  reasonably escape  
f4    ,aga91 ,/rauss's supposition t !  
,apo/les ant$at$ _!  halluc9ations      
sugge/s no less difficulty4  ,suppose t1
 aft] all1  ,/rauss is "r1 & t !re 0 no 
actual reappe>ance2 :atev] x  0 t l$ !  
,apo/les to believe 9 su* reappe>ance   
mu/ h be51  judg+ by its effect1 int5se 
& memorable3 x mu/ h be5 z a  %ock      
oblit]at+ ev]y?+ save ! memory ( itself 
& ! ?+s  connect$ ) x3 ! "t & mann] (   
su* a %ock c\ld nev] h  be5 =gott51 nor 
misplac$ )\t delib]ate int5tion to      
deceive1  & no "o w impute any su*      
int5tion to ! ,apo/les4    ,x may be    
said t if !y 7 capable ( believ+ 9 !    

reality (  _! visions !y w\ld be also   
capable ( ant$at+ !m2 ?is is  true2 b ! 
d\ble supposition ( self-delusion1 fir/ 
9 see+ !  visions at all1 & !n 9        
unconsci\sly ant$at+ !m1 r$uces !       
,apo/les to su* an exce$+ly l[ level (  
intellig5ce &  tru/wor?9ess1 t no good &
 p]man5t "w c\ld come f su*  p]sons2 !  
m5 :o c\ld be weak en\gh1 & craz$ en\gh1
 if !  read] w p>don ! expression1 to d 
z ,/rauss sugge/s1 c\ld nev]  h c>ri$ _!
 "w ?r\gh 9 ! way !y did4  ,su* m5 w\ld 
h  wreck$ _! und]tak+ a hundr$ times ov]
 9 ! p]ils :i*  await$ x ^u e side2 !y  
w\ld h become victims ( _! own  fancies 
& desires1 ) little or no o!r gr\nds ?an
 ^! = any  op9ions !y might hold or     
tea*3 f su* a condition ( m9d !y  mu/ h 
gone on to "o /ill worse2 & _! t5ets    
w\ld h  p]i%$ ) !m1 if n soon]4         
,aga91 z reg>ds ?is ant$at+2 unless !   
visions happ5$ at once1  x is           
inconceivable t !y %\ld h happ5$ at all4
  ,/rauss  believes t ! disciples fl$ 9 
_! fir/ t]ror to _! homes3  t :5 !re1   

8outside ! range to :i* ! p[] ( !       
enemies &  murd]]s ( _! ma/] ext5d$1 !  
spell ( t]ror & con/]nation  :i* _h be5 
laid ^u _! m9ds gave way10 & t "u !     
circum/ances a reaction up to ! po9t at 
:i* !y might h visions  ( ,*ri/ is      
capable ( explanation4  ,! answ] to ?is 
is t x is  inde$ likely t ! spell (     
t]ror w\ld give way :5 !y f\nd  !mselves
 safe at home1 b t x is n at all likely 
t any  reaction w\ld take place 9 fav\r 
( "o to :om _! allegiance _h  nev] be5  
?or\gh1 & :om !y suppos$ to h met ) a   
viol5t  & accurs$ end4  ,x might be easy
 to imag9e su* a reaction if we did  n  
also attempt to imag9e ! circum/ances t 
mu/ h prec$$ x2  ! mom5t we try to d    
?is1 we f9d x to be an impossibility4   
,if once  ! ,apo/les _h be5 disp]s$1 &  
_h return$ home to _! =m]  avocations   
)\t hav+ se5 or he>d any?+ ( _! ma/]'s  
return  to e>?1 all _! expectations w\ld
 h be5 end$2 !y w\ld h  rema9$ peaceable
 fi%]m5 = ! re/ ( _! lives1 & be5 cur$  
once & = ev] ( _! en?usiasm4    ,c we   

believe t ! disciples1 return+ to       
,galilee 9 fe>1 &  b]eav$ ( t ma/] m9d  
:i* _h kept !m f fall+ out )  "o ano!r1 
w\ld h rema9$ a unit$ & en?usia/ic body8
  ,/rauss  admits t _! en?usiasm 0 = !  
"t end$4  ,is x !n likely  t !y w\ld h  
rema9$ 9 any s5se unit$1 or is x n mu* m
  likely t !y w\ld h %unn$ ea* o!r &    
dislik$ allusions to  ! pa/8  ,:at b    
,*ri/'s actual reappe>ance c\ld rek9dle 
?is dead  en?usiasm1 & fan x to su* a   
burn+ heat8  ,suppose t "o or two       
disciples recov]$ fai? & c\rage1 !      
majority w\ld nev] d s4  ,if ,*ri/      
himself ) ! magic ( 8 pres5ce c\ld n    
weld !m into  a devot$ & h>moni\s       
company1 w\ld ! rum\r aris+ at a lat]   
"t t "s "o _h se5 him aft] dea?1 be     
acceptable en\gh to make  ! o!rs believe
 t !y too _h actually se5 & h&l$ him8   
,p]haps--if ! rum\r 0 believ$4  ,b w\ld 
x h be5 believ$8  ,or at any rate h be5 
believ$ s utt]ly8    ,we _c ?9k x4  ,= !
 belief & ass]tion are absolutely )\t   
trace ( diss5t )9 ! ,*ri/ian body1 & t  

body 0 9 !  fir/ in/ance compos$        
entirely ( ! v p]sons :o _h kn[n &      
foll[$ ,*ri/ be=e ! ,crucifixion4  ,if  
"s ( ! orig9al twelve  _h rema9$ alo( & 
disput$ ! reappe>ances ( ,*ri/1 is x    
possible t no trace ( su* diss5sion %\ld
 appe> 9 ! ,epi/les  ( ,/4 ,paul8  ,paul
 diff]$ widely en\gh f ^? :o 7 ,apo/les 
be=e him1 & 8 language conc]n+ !m is    
occasionally t (  ill-conceal$ contempt 
& hatr$ r ?an ( affection2 b is !re  a  
^w or h9t :i* w\ld seem to indicate t a 
s+le "o ( ^?  :o _h ! be/ means ( kn[+  
d\bt$ ! ,resurrection8  ,!re is  no?+ ( 
! k9d2 on ! contr>y1 :atev] we f9d is   
su* z to make  u feel p]fectly sure t   
none ( !m did d\bt x4  ,is x !n         
possible t ?is unanimity %\ld h sprung f
 ! orig9al  halluc9ations ( a small     
m9ority8  ,true--x is pla9 f ! ,epi/le  
to  ! ,cor9?ians t !re 7 "s ( ,paul's   
contempor>ies :o d5i$  ! ,resurrection4 
,b :o 7 !y8  ,we %\ld expect t _m among 
! m educat$ ,g5tile conv]ts w\ld ?r[    
d\bt ^u s /up5d\s a  miracle1 b is !re  

any?+ :i* w\ld po9t 9 ! direction (  ^! 
d\bts hav+ be5 held )9 ! orig9al body ( 
^? :o said  t !y _h se5 ,*ri/ alive8    
,by ! elev51 or by ! five hundr$  :o saw
 him at once8  ,!re is n "o s+le        
syllable4  ,^? :o he>d  ! /ory second-h&
 w\ld d\btless "s ( !m attempt to expla9
  away its miracul\s "*1 b if x _h be5  
f\nd$ on  halluc9ation x is n f ^! alone
 t ! d\bts w\ld h come4    ,some?+ is   
imp]atively dem&$ 9 ord] to acc\nt = !  
int5sity  ( conviction manife/$ by !    
e>lie/ ,*ri/ians %ortly aft] !          
,crucifixion2 = until t "t !y 7 f> f be+
 firmly  conv9c$1 & ! ,crucifixion 0 ! v
 la/ ?+ to h conv9c$  !m4  ,giv5 7to    
speak ( our ,"l z he mu/ probably appe> 
to ,/rauss7  an unusually gift$ tea*] ( 
a noble & beautiful "*3 giv5  also1 a   
small body ( adh]5ts :o 7 incl9$ to     
adopt him z _!  ma/] & to reg>d him z ! 
com+ lib]ator1 b :o 7  nev]!less f> f   
settl$ 9 _! conviction3 giv5 su* a man &
  su* foll[]s3 ! tea*] is put to a      
%ameful dea? ab\t two ye>s  aft] !y _h  

fir/ kn[n him1 & ! foll[]s =sake him    
in/antly3  surely )\t 8 reappe>+ 9 "s   
way ^u ! sc5e !y w\ld h  conclud$ t _!  
d\bts _h be5 "r & _! hopes )\t          
f\ndation3 b if he reappe>$1 _! fai?    
w\ld1 = ! fir/ "t1  become int5se1      
all-absorb+4  ,surely also !y might be  
tru/$ to "k  :e!r !y _h really se5 _!   
ma/] return to !m or n1 & n  to         
sacrifice !mselves 9 e way1 & sp5d _!   
:ole lives 9  be>+ te/imony to pure     
halluc9ation8    ,!re is "o o!r po9t on 
:i* a few words w be necess>y1 be=e  we 
proce$ to ! argum5ts 9 fav\r ( !        
objective "* (  ,*ri/'s ,resurrection z 
d]ivable f ! conv]sion & te/imony (  ,/4
 ,paul4  ,x is ?is4  ,/rauss & ^? :o    
agree ) him w p]haps  ma9ta9 t !        
,apo/les 7 9 tru? :olly devot$ to ,*ri/ 
be=e  ! ,crucifixion1 b t ! ,evangeli/s 
h repres5t$ !m z be+  only half-he>t$1 9
 ord] to height5 ! effect ( _! subsequ5t
  int5se devotion4  ,b ?is looks l fall+
 into ! v error :i*  ,rationali/s       
condemn mo/ l\dly :5 x comes f s-call$  

or?odox  writ]s4  ,!y compla91 & ) too  
mu* ju/ice1 t our apologi/s  h made     
8any?+ out ( any?+40  ,yet if ! ,apo/les
 7 n  un/eadfa/1 & did n des]t _! ma/] 9
 8 h\r ( p]il1 & if  all ! acc\nts (    
,*ri/'s reappe>ances are ! creations (  
disord]$ fancy1 we may z well at once   
decl>e ! ,evangeli/s to be  wor?less z  
hi/orians1 & _h bett] give up all       
attempt at !  con/ruction ( hi/ory ) _! 
assi/ance4  ,we _c take :atev]  we wi%1 
& leave :atev] we wi%1 & alt] :atev] we 
wi%4  ,if we  admit t ^u ! :ole !       
,gospel writ+s or at any rate ! fir/    
?ree ,gospels1 conta9 a consid]able     
am\nt ( hi/oric matt]1 we  %\ld also    
arrive at "s g5]al pr9ciples by :i* we w
  consi/5tly abide 9 sep>at+ ! hi/oric f
 ! unhi/oric4  ,we  _c deal ) !m        
arbitr>ily1 accept+ :atev] fits 9 ) our 
fancies1 & reject+ :atev] is at v>iance 
) !m4    ,n[ c x be ma9ta9$ t !         
,evangeli/s w\ld be s likely to  ov]rate
 ! half-he>t$ness ( ! ,apo/les1 t we    
%\ld look )  suspicion ^u ! _m & v pla9 

indications ( _! hav+ be5  only         
half-he>t$8  ,c]ta9ly n4  ,if !re 0 any 
likelihood ( a  t5d5cy "o way or ! o!r x
 w\ld be 9 ! direction ( ov]rat+  _!    
fai?4  ,w\ld n ! unbelief ( ! ,apo/les 9
 ! face ( all  ! record$ miracles be a  
mo/ damag+ ?+ 9 ! eyes ( !  unconv]t$8  
,w\ld n ! ,apo/les !mselves1 aft] !y 7  
once  firmly conv9c$1 be incl9$ to ?9k t
 !y _h f ! fir/  believ$ m firmly ?an !y
 really _h done8  ,?is at lea/ w\ld be  
9 accordance ) ! natural prompt+s (     
human in/9ct3 we are all  ( u apt to be 
wise aft] ! ev5t1 & are f> m prone to   
dwell  ^u ?+s :i* seem to give "s col\r 
to a pret5ce ( presci5ce1  ?an ^u ^? :i*
 =ce f u a confession ( our own         
/upidity4  ,x might seem a damag+ ?+ t !
 ,apo/les %\ld h d\bt$ z  mu* z long z  
!y cle>ly did2 w\ld !n ! ,evangeli/s g  
out (  _! way to introduce m signs (    
hesitation8  ,w\ld any "o sugge/  t !   
signs ( d\bt & wav]+ _h be5 ov]rat$1    
unless !re  7 "s !ory or o!r to be      
support$1 9 ord] to acc\nt = :i*  ?is   

ov]rat+ 0 necess>y8  ,w\ld ! op9ion t ! 
want ( fai?  _h be5 exagg]at$ arise     
prior to ! =mation ( a !ory1 or         
subsequ5tly8  ,?is is ! faire/ te/2 let 
! read] apply x =  himself4    ,on ! o!r
 h&1 !re are _m reasons :i* %\ld incl9e 
u to  believe t1 be=e ! ,resurrection1 !
 ,apo/les 7 less conv9c$  ?an is g5]ally
 suppos$1 b x w\ld be dang]\s to dep>t  
ei!r to  ! "r h& or to ! left ( t :i* we
 f9d actually record$1  namely1 t 9 !   
ma9 ! ,apo/les 7 prep>$ to accept ,*ri/ 
be=e ! ,crucifixion1 b t !y 7 by no     
means resolute &  devot$ foll[]s4  ,i   
submit t ?is is a fair r5d]+ ( ! _s  (  
:at we f9d 9 ! ,gospels4  ,x is j       
because ,/rauss has *os5 to  dep>t f x t
 he has f\nd himself involv$ 9 ! maze ( 
self-contradiction ?r\gh :i* we h be5   
try+ to foll[ him4  ,!re is no position 
s absurd t x _c be easily made to look  
plausible1 if ! /rictly sci5tific me?od 
( inve/igation is once  dep>t$ f4    ,b 
if ,i _h be5 9 ,/rauss's place1 & _h    
wi%$ to make out a case  aga9/          

,*ri/ianity )\t mu* he$ ( facts1 ,i %\ld
 n h done  x by a !ory ( halluc9ations4 
,a mu* pretti]1 m novel & m  s5sational 
op5+ = su* an attempt is af=d$ by an    
attack ^u !  ,crucifixion itself4  ,a v 
neat !ory might be made1 t !re may  h   
be5 "s di/urbance at "o ( ! ,jewi%      
passov]s1 dur+ :i*  "s p]sons 7 crucifi$
 z an example by ! ,romans3 t dur+ ?is  
"t ,*ri/ happ5$ to be miss+2 t he       
reappe>$1 & f9ally  dep>t$1 :i!r1 no man
 c say3 t ! ,apo/les1 aft] 8 la/        
disappe>ance1 rememb]+ t he _h be5 abs5t
 dur+ ! tumult1  little by little work$ 
!mselves up into ! belief t on 8        
reappe>ance !y _h se5 w\nds ^u him1 & t 
! details ( !  ,crucifixion 7 aft]w>ds  
reveal$ 9 a vision to "s fav\r$         
believ]1 until 9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s ! 
n>rative assum$ its  pres5t %ape3 t !n !
 reappe>ance ( ,*ri/ 0 d5i$ among !     
,jews1 :ile ! ,crucifixion z atta*+     
disgrace to him 0 n  disput$1 & t x ?us 
became s g5]ally accept$ z to f9d its   
way into ,pl9y & ,josephus4  ,?is tissue

 ( absurdity may s]ve z an  example (   
:at ! unlic5s$ indulg5ce ( !ory might   
lead to2 b  truly x w\ld be f\nd q z    
easy ( belief z t ! e>ly  ,*ri/ian fai? 
9 ! ,resurrection 0 due to halluc9ation 
only4    ,consid]+1 !n1 t ,*ri/ianity 0 
n cru%$ b ov]ran ! mo/  civilis$        
portions ( ! _w2 t ,/4 ,paul 0 und\bt$ly
 e>ly  told1 9 su* a mann] z = him to be
 ?or\ghly conv9c$ ( ! fact1  t on "s few
 b suffici5t occasions ,*ri/ 0 se5 alive
 aft] he  _h be5 crucifi$2 t ! g5]al    
belief 9 ! reappe>ance ( our  ,"l 0 s   
/rong t ^? :o _h ! be/ means ( judg+    
gave up  all else to prea* x1 ) a       
unanimity & s+l5ess ( purpose :i*  is   
irreconcilable ) halluc9ation2 t all our
 records mo/  def9itely insi/ ^u ?is    
belief & t !re is no trace ( its ev]    
hav+ be5 disput$ among ! ,jewi%         
,*ri/ians1 x seems h>d to see  h[ we c  
escape f admitt+ t ,jesus ,*ri/ 0       
crucifi$1 dead1  & buri$1 & yet t he 0  
v]ily & inde$ se5 alive aga9 by  ^? :o  
expect$ no?+ less1 b :o1 be+ once       

conv9c$1 turn$  ! :ole _w aft] !m4    ,x
 is n[ incumb5t ^u u to exam9e !        
te/imony ( ,/4 ,paul1 to  :i* ,i w\ld   
propose to devote a sep>ate *apt]4      
,*apt] ,,iii  ,! ,"* & ,conv]sion ( ,/4 
,paul      ,,sett+ aside = ! pres5t !   
/ory ( ,/4 ,paul's conv]sion z giv5  9 !
 ,acts ( ! ,apo/les--= ,i am b\nd to    
admit t !re are  circum/ances 9         
connection ) t acc\nt :i* ?r[ d\bt ^u   
its  hi/orical accuracy--& look+ at !   
broad facts only1 we are /ruck at  once 
) ! foll[+ obvi\s reflection1 namely1 t 
,paul 0 an able  man1 a cultivat$ man1 &
 a bitt] oppon5t ( ,*ri/ianity2 b t 9   
spite ( ! /r5g? ( 8 orig9al prejudices1 
he came to see :at he  ?\ght conv9c+    
reasons = go+ ov] to ! camp ( 8 enemies4
  ,he  w5t ov]1 & ) ! result we are all 
famili>4    ,n[ ev5 suppos+ t !         
miracul\s acc\nt ( ,paul's conv]sion is 
entirely devoid ( f\ndation1 or aga91 z 
,i believe myself1 t !  /ory giv5 9 !   
,acts is n correctly plac$1 b ref]s to !
 vision  allud$ to by ,paul himself 7,i4

 ,cor4 xv471 & to ev5ts :i* happ5$1  n  
co9cid5tly ) 8 conv]sion1 b "s ye>s aft]
 x--does n  ! importance ( ! conv]sion  
itself r ga9 ?an lose 9  consequ5ce8  ,a
 *>ge ( unimportant inaccuracy may be   
?us su/a9$  aga9/ "o :o wrote 9 a mo/   
inaccurate age2 b :at is ?is 9          
comp>ison ) ! te/imony borne to ! /r5g? 
( ! ,*ri/ian  evid5ces by ! supposition 
t ( _! own weight alone1 &  )\t         
miracul\s assi/ance1 !y succe$$ 9       
conv9c+ ! mo/  bitt]1 & at ! same "t !  
able/1 ( _! oppon5ts8  ,?is  is v       
pregnant4  ,no man likes to ab&on ! side
 :i* he has once  tak54  ,! spectacle ( 
a man committ+ himself deeply to 8      
orig9al  p>ty1 *ang+ )\t rhyme or       
reason1 & !n rema9+ = ! re/  ( 8 life ! 
mo/ devot$ & c\rage\s adh]5t ( all t he 
_h  oppos$1 )\t a s+le human inducem5t  
to make him d s1 is "o  :i* has nev] be5
 witness$ s9ce man 0 man4  ,:5 m5 :o h  
be5  committ$ deeply & spontane\sly to  
"o cause1 leave x = ano!r1  !y d s ei!r 
because facts h come to _! k :i* are    

new to !m & :i* !y _c resi/1 or because 
_! temporal  int]e/s urge !m1 or f      
caprice3 b if !y *ange f caprice 9      
important matt]s & aft] _m pl$ges giv51 
!y w *ange f  caprice aga93 !y w n rema9
 = tw5ty-five or ?irty ye>s  )\t *ang+ a
 jot ( _! caprici\sly =m$ op9ions4  ,we 
are  !re=e w>rant$ 9 assum+ t ,/4       
,paul's conv]sion to  ,*ri/ianity 0 n   
dictat$ by caprice3 x 0 n dictat$ by    
self-int]e/3 x mu/ !re=e h sprung f !   
weight ( c]ta9  new facts :i* ov]bore   
all ! resi/ance :i* he c\ld make to !m4 
,:at !n c\ld ^! facts h be58    ,paul's 
conduct z a ,jew 0 logical & consi/5t3  
he did :at any  s]i\sly-m9d$ man :o _h  
be5 /rictly br\ght up w\ld h done 9  8  
situation4  ,in/ead ( half believ+ :at  
he _h be5 taught1 he  believ$ x :olly4  
,*ri/ianity 0 cutt+ at ! root ( :at 0 9 
8 day accept$ z fundam5tal3 x 0 !re=e   
p]fectly natural t  he %\ld set himself 
to attack x4  ,!re is no?+ aga9/ him 9  
?is  beyond ! fact ( 8 hav+ done x1 z f>
 z we c see1 ) mu*  cruelty4  ,yet ?\gh 

cruel1 he 0 cruel f ! be/ ( motives--!  
/amp+ out ( an error :i* 0 h>mful to !  
s]vice ( ,god2 &  cruelty 0 n !n :at x  
is n[3 ! age 0 n s5sitive & !  lot ( all
 0 h>d]4  ,f ! fir/ he prov$ himself to 
be a man (  great /r5g? ( "*1 & l _m    
su*1 deeply conv9c$ ( !  s\ndness ( 8   
op9ions1 & deeply impress$ ) ! belief t 
no?+ c\ld be good :i* did n also comm5d 
itself z good to him4  ,he te/$ ! tru? (
 8 e>li] convictions n by ext]nal /&>ds1
  b by ! int]nal /&>d ( _! own /r5g? &  
purity--a fe>ful  error :i* b = ,god's  
m]cy t[>ds him w\ld h made him no less  
wick$ ?an well-int5tion$4    ,ev5 aft]  
hav+ be5 conv9c$ by a weight ( evid5ce  
:i* no  prejudice c\ld resi/1 & aft] ?us
 atta9+ to a high] conception  ( "r &   
tru? & goodness ?an 0 possible to him z 
a ,jew1 !re  rema9$ n a few traces ( !  
old "*4  ,opposition beyond  c]ta9      
limits 0 a ?+ :i* to ! end ( 8 life he  
c\ld n  brook4  ,x is n too mu* to say t
 he reg>d$ ! o!r ,apo/les--&  0 reg>d$  
by !m--) suspicion & dislike2 ev5 if an 

angel f  ,heav5 _h prea*$ any o!r       
doctr9e ?an :at ,paul prea*$1 ! angel  0
 to be accurs$ 7,gal4 i41 #h71 & x is n 
probable t he reg>d$  8 fell[ ,apo/les z
 tea*+ ! same doctr9e z himself1 or t he
  w\ld h all[$ !m great] lic5ce ?an an  
angel4  ,x is pla9 f  8 und\bt$ ,epi/les
 to ! ,cor9?ians & ,galatians t ! o!r   
,apo/les1 no less ?an 8 conv]ts1        
exce$+ly well knew t he 0  n a man to be
 trifl$ )4  ,if ! arm ( ! law _h be5 z  
mu* on  8 side aft] 8 conv]sion z be=e  
x1 x w\ld h gone h>dly  ) diss5t]s2 !y  
w\ld h be5 treat$ ) politic t5d]ness !  
mom5t t !y yield$1 b woe betide !m if !y
 presum$ on hav+  any v decid$ op9ions (
 _! own4    ,on ! o!r h&1 8 sagacity is 
beyond dispute2 x is c]ta9 t 8          
p]ception ( :at ! ,g5tile conv]ts c\ld &
 c\ld n be> 0 !  ma9 proximate cause ( !
 spread ( ,*ri/ianity4  ,he prev5t$ x f 
becom+ a m]e ,jewi% sect1 & x has be5   
well said t b = him  ! ,jews w\ld n[ be 
,*ri/ians1 & ! ,g5tiles unbeliev]s4  ,:o
 c  d\bt 8 tact & =be>ance1 :]e matt]s n

 ess5tial 7  conc]n$8  ,8 /r5g? 9 n     
yield+ a fraction ^u vital po9ts 0      
mat*$ only by 8 suppl5ess & conciliatory
 be>+ ^u all o!rs4  ,to use 8 own words1
 he did inde$ become 8all ?+s to all m50
 if by  any means he c\ld ga9 "s1 & !   
probability is t he pu%$ ?is  pr9ciple  
to its extreme 7see ,acts xxi41 #bj-bf74
    ,n[ :5 we see a man s /rong & yet s 
yield+--! writ] moreov]  ( lett]s :i*   
%ew an intellect at once v vigor\s & v  
subtle  7n to say m ( !m71 & :5 we "k t 
!re 0 no am\nt (  h>d%ip1 pa91 &        
indignity1 :i* he did n be> & c\nt z ga9
 9  ! s]vice ( ,jesus ,*ri/2 :5 we also 
rememb] t he cont9u$ ?us  = all ! kn[n  
ye>s ( 8 life aft] 8 conv]sion1 c we ?9k
  t t conv]sion c\ld h be5 ! result (   
any?+ ev5  approa*+ to caprice8  ,or    
aga91 is x likely t x c\ld h be5  due to
 contact ) ! halluc9ations ( 8 despis$ &
 hat$ enemies8  ,paul ! ,*ri/ian appe>s 
to be ! same sort ( man 9 mo/ respects z
  ,paul ! ,jew1 yet c we imag9e ,paul ! 
,*ri/ian z be+ conv]t$  f ,*ri/ianity to

 "s o!r cre$1 by ! infection (          
halluc9ations8  ,on ! contr>y1 no man   
w\ld m quickly h come to  ! bottom ( !m1
 & assign$ !m to diabolical ag5cy4  ,:at
 !n  c t ?+ h be51 :i* wr5*$ ! /rong &  
able man f all  t _h ! greate/ hold ^u  
him1 & fix$ him = ! re/ ( 8  life z !   
mo/ self-sacrific+ *ampion (            
,*ri/ianity8  ,9 answ] to  ?is "q we    
might say1 t x is ( no great importance 
h[ !  *ange 0 made1 inasmu* z ! fact (  
its hav+ be5 made at all is  suffici5tly
 pregnant4  ,nev]!less x w be int]e/+ to
 foll[  ,/rauss 9 8 rem>ks ^u ! acc\nt  
giv5 9 ! ,acts1 & ,i am b\nd  to add t  
,i ?9k he has made out 8 case4  ,/range6
 t he %\ld  h fail$ to see t ! evid5ces 
9 support ( ! ,resurrection are         
incalculably /r5g!n$ by 8 hav+ done s4  
,h[ %ort-sight$ is  m]e +5uity6  ,& h[  
weak & c[>dly are !y :o %ut _! eyes  to 
facts because !y happ5 to come f an     
oppon5t6    ,/rauss1 h[ev]1 writes z    
foll[s3--8,t we are n b\nd to !         
individual features ( ! acc\nt 9 ! ,acts

 is %ewn by comp>+ x  ) ! sub/ance ( !  
/atem5t twice repeat$ 9 ! language (    
,paul himself3 = !re we f9d t ! au?or's 
own acc\nt is n  accurate1 & t he       
attribut$ no importance to a few        
v>iations m  or less4  ,n only is x said
 on "o occasion t ! att5dants /ood      
dumb-f\nd]$3 on ano!r t !y fell ) ,paul 
to ! gr\nd2 on "o  occasion t !y he>d ! 
voice b saw no "o2 on ano!r t !y  saw ! 
light b did n he> ! voice ( him :o spoke
 ) ,paul3 b  also ! spee* ( ,jesus      
himself1 9 ! ?ird repetition1 gets !    
well  kn[n addition ab\t 8kick+ aga9/ ! 
pricks10 to say no?+ ( !  fact t !      
appo9tm5t to ! ,apo/le%ip ( ! ,g5tiles1 
:i*  accord+ to ! two e>li] acc\nts 0   
made p>tly by ,ananias1 p>tly  on !     
occasion ( a subsequ5t vision 9 !       
,temple at ,j]usalem1 is 9  ?is la/     
acc\nt incorporat$ 9 ! spee* ( ,jesus4  
,!re is no  occasion to d]ive ! ?ree    
acc\nts ( ?is occurr5ce 9 ! ,acts f     
diff]5t s\rces1 & ev5 9 ?is case "o mu/ 
suppose t ! au?or  ( ! ,acts mu/ h      

rem>k$ & reconcil$ ! discrepancies2 t he
  did n d s1 or r t )\t foll[+ 8 own    
e>li] n>rative  he repeat$ x 9 an       
arbitr>y =m1 proves to u h[ c>eless !   
,new  ,te/am5t writ]s are ab\t details (
 ?is k9d1 important z !y are  to "o :o  
/rives aft] /rict hi/orical accuracy4   
8,b ev5 if ! au?or ( ! ,acts _h gone m  
accurately to "w1  /ill he 0 n an eye   
witness1 sc>cely ev5 a writ] :o took !  
hi/ory f ! n>rative ( an eye witness4   
,ev5 if we consid] !  p]son :o 9 diff]5t
 places compreh5ds himself & ! ,apo/le  
,paul  "u ! ^w #8we' or #8u' to h be5 ! 
compos] ( ! :ole "w1  t p]son 0 n on !  
occasion ( ! occurr5ce be=e ,damascus z 
yet 9 ! company ( ! ,apo/le4  ,into ?is 
he did n ent] until mu*  lat]1 9 !      
,troad1 on ! ,apo/le's second mission>y 
j\rney 7,acts  xvi41 #aj74  ,b t        
hypo!sis ) reg>d to ! au?or ( ! ,acts ( 
! ,apo/les is1 moreov]1 z we h se5      
above1 errone\s4  ,he only  work$ up    
into diff]5t passages ( 8 composition ! 
memor&a ( a  tempor>y companion ( !     

,apo/le ab\t ! j\rneys p]=m$ 9 8        
company1 & we are !re=e n ju/ifi$ 9     
consid]+ ! n>rator  to h be5 an eye     
witness 9 ^? passages & sections 9 :i* !
  #8we' is want+4  ,n[ among ^! is f\nd 
! v section 9 :i*  appe> ! two acc\nts (
 8 conv]sion :i* ,paul gives1 fir/1 to !
  ,jewi% p 9 ,j]usalem1 secondly1 to    
,agrippa & ,fe/us 9 ,cs>ea4  ,! la/     
occasion on :i* ! #8we' 0 f\nd 0 xxi41  
#ah1 t ( !  visit ( ,paul to ,james1 & x
 does n appe> aga9 until xxvii41 #a1  :5
 ! subject is ! ,apo/le's emb>kation =  
,italy4  ,no?+  !re=e compels u to      
assume t we h 9 ! reports ( ^!  spee*es 
! acc\nt ( any "o :o _h be5 a p>ty to ! 
he>+ (  !m1 &1 9 !m1 ,paul's own        
n>rative ( ! occurr5ces t took  place on
 8 conv]sion40    ,! belief 9 ! v]bal   
inspiration ( ! ,scriptures hav+ be5    
long  giv5 up by all :o h consid]$ !    
awful consequ5ces :i* x  entails1 !     
,bible records h be5 op5$ to mod]n      
criticism3--!  result has be5 t _! g5]al
 accuracy is amply prov$1 :ile at !     

same "t ! writ]s mu/ be admitt$ to h    
fall5 9 ) !  feel+s & cu/oms ( _! own   
times1 & mu/ accord+ly be all[$  to h   
be5 occasionally guilty ( :at w\ld 9 our
 own age be call$  inaccuracies4  ,!re  
is no dep5d5ce to be plac$ on ! v]bal1  
or  inde$ ! sub/antial1 accuracy ( any  
anci5t spee*es1 except ^?  :i* we "k to 
h be5 report$ v]batim1 !y 7 7z ) !      
,h]odotean & ,?ucydidean spee*es7 9 mo/ 
cases ! inv5tion ( !  hi/orian himself1 
z be+ :at seem$ mo/ appropriate to be   
said by  "o 9 ! position ( ! speak]4    
,report+ 0 a r>e art among !  anci5ts1 &
 0 conf9$ to a few great c5tres (       
intellectual  activity2 accuracy1       
moreov]1 0 n held to be ( ! same        
importance  z at ! pres5t day4  ,yet )\t
 accurate report+ a spee* p]i%es  z soon
 z x is utt]$1 except 9 s f> z x lives 9
 ! actions (  ^? :o he> x4  ,ev5 a      
hundr$ ye>s ago ! inv5tion ( spee*es  0 
consid]$ a matt] ( c\rse1 z 9 !         
well-kn[n case ( ,dr4  ,johnson1 ?an :om
 none c\ld be m consci5ti\s1 &--accord+ 

to 8  lights--accurate4  ,i may p]haps  
be p>don$ = quot+ ! passage 9  full f   
,boswell1 :o gives x on ! au?ority (    
,mr4 ,john ,ni*ols2 !  italics are m9e4 
8,he said t ! ,p>liam5t>y debates 7 !   
only  "p ( 8 writ+s :i* !n gave him any 
compunction3 b t at  ! "t he wrote !m he
 _h no conception t he 0 impos+ ^u !    
_w1 ?\gh !y 7 frequ5tly writt5 f v sl5d]
  mat]ials1 & (t5 f none at all--! m]e  
co9age ( 8 own  imag9ation4  ,he nev]   
wrote any "p ( 8 works ) equal          
velocity40  7,boswell's ,life (         
,johnson1 *ap4 lxxxii47    ,?is is an   
extreme case1 yet !re c be no "q ab\t   
its tru?4  ,x is only "o among ! v _m   
examples :i* c\ld be adduc$ 9  ord] to  
%ew t ! appreciation ( ! value (        
accuracy is a ?+  ( mod]n date only--a  
?+ :i* we owe ma9ly to ! *emical &      
me*anical sci5ces1 :]e9 ! ine/imable    
diff]5ce betwe5 precision  & inaccuracy 
became mo/ spe$ily app>5t4  ,if ! read] 
w p>don  an app>5t digression1 ,i w\ld  
rem>k t t sort ( c>e is want$  on behalf

 ( ,*ri/ianity ) :i* a ca%i] 9 a bank   
c\nts out !  money t he t5d]s--c\nt+ x &
 rec\nt+ x z ?\gh he c\ld  nev] be sure 
en\gh be=e he all[$ x to leave 8 h&s4   
,?is  caution w\ld h sav$ ! wa/+ ( _m   
lives1 & ! break+ (  _m he>ts4    ,we1  
on ! o!r h&1 h[ev] reckless we may be   
ourselves1 are 9 !  habit ( assum+ t any
 hi/orian :om we may h occasion to      
consult1 & on ^: te/imony we w\ld fa9   
rely1 mu/ h himself  weigh$ & re-weigh$ 
8 words z ! ca%i] 8 money2 an error :i* 
arises f want ( t sympa?y :i* %\ld make 
u be> con/antly 9  m9d :at lights m5 _h1
 "u :at influ5ces !y wrote1 & :at we    
%\ld ourselves h done _h we be5 s plac$ 
z !y4  ,b if any  w ma9ta9 t ?\gh !     
g5]al run ( anci5t spee*es 71 z  ^?     
suppos$ to h be5 report$ by ,johnson1   
pure inv5tion1 yet t  x is n likely t "o
 report+ ! words ( ,almighty ,god %\ld h
  fail$ to feel ! awful responsibility (
 8 position1 we c only  answ] t ! writ] 
( ! ,acts did mo/ indisputably s fail1 z
 is  %ewn by ! v>i\s reports ( ^? words 

:i* he has himself giv53  if he c\ld 9 !
 innoc5cy ( 8 he>t d ?is1 & at "o "t    
report  ! ,almighty z say+ ?is1 & at    
ano!r t1 z ?\gh1 m or  less1 ?is or t 7 
a matt] ( no mom5t1 :at c]ta9ty c we h  
conc]n+ su* a man t inaccuracy %all n   
else:]e be f\nd 9  him8  ,none4  ,he is 
a w>p$ mirror :i* w di/ort e object t  x
 reflects4    ,x foll[s1 !n1 t f ! ,acts
 ( ! ,apo/les we h no data =  arriv+ at 
any conclusion z to ! mann] ( ,paul's   
*ange ( fai?1  nor ! circum/ances       
connect$ ) x4  ,to u ! acc\nts !re giv5 
%\ld be simply non-exi/5t2 b ?is is n   
easy1 = we h he>d  !m too (t5 & f too   
e>ly an age to be able to escape _!     
influ5ce2 yet we mu/ assur$ly ignore !m 
if we are anxi\s to arrive  at tru?4    
,we _c let ! /ory told 9 ! ,acts ent]   
into any  judgem5t :i* we may =m conc]n+
 ,paul's "*4  ,! desire to  repres5t him
 z hav+ be5 conv]t$ by miracle 0 v      
natural4  ,he  himself tells u t he saw 
visions1 & receiv$ 8 apo/le%ip by       
revelation--n necess>ily at ! "t (1 or  

imm$iately aft]1 8  conv]sion1 b /ill at
 "s p]iod or o!r 9 8 life2 x w\ld be  ! 
mo/ natural ?+ 9 ! _w = ! writ] ( !     
,acts to connect  "s v]sion ( "o ( ^!   
visions ) ! conv]sion itself3 !         
dramatic effect w\ld be height5$ by mak+
 ! *ange1 :ile !  *ange itself w\ld be  
utt]ly unimportant 9 ! eyes ( su* a     
writ]2  be ?is h[ev] z x may1 we are    
only n[ conc]n$ ) ! fact t  we "k no?+  
ab\t ,paul's conv]sion f ! ,acts ( !    
,apo/les1  :i* %\ld make u believe t t  
conv]sion 0 wr\ght 9 him by  any o!r    
means1 ?an by su* an irresi/ible        
pressure ( evid5ce z no  sane p]son c\ld
 )/&4    ,f ! ,apo/le's own writ+s we c 
glean no?+ ab\t 8 conv]sion  :i* w\ld   
po9t 9 ! direction ( its hav+ be5 sudd5 
or  miracul\s4  ,x is true t 9 ! ,epi/le
 to ! ,galatians he says1  8,aft] x _h  
pleas$ ,god to reveal 8 ,son 9 me10 b   
?is expression  does n preclude !       
supposition t 8 conv]sion may h be5 l$  
up to by a gradual process1 ! culm9ation
 ( :i* 7if t7 he alone  reg>d$ z        

miracul\s4  ,?us we are =c$ to admit t  
we "k no?+  f any s\rce conc]n+ ! mann] 
& circum/ances ( ,/4 ,paul's  *ange f   
,judaism to ,*ri/ianity1 & we c only    
conclude !re=e  t he *ang$ because he   
f\nd ! weight ( ! evid5ce to be great]  
?an he c\ld resi/4  ,& ?is1 z we h se51 
is an exce$+ly  tell+ fact4  ,!         
probability is1 t com+ mu* into contact 
)  ,*ri/ians ?r\gh 8 p]secution ( !m1 & 
submitt+ !m to !  sev]e/ que/ion+1 he   
f\nd t !y 7 9 all respects sob]         
pla9spok5 m51 t _! conviction 0 int5se1 
_! /ory coh]5t1  & ! doctr9es :i* !y _h 
receiv$ simple & ennobl+2 t  ^! results 
( _m inquisitions 7 s unv>y+ t he f\nd  
conviction /eal+ gradually ^u him aga9/ 
8 w2 common hone/y  compell$ him to     
inquire fur!r2 ! answ]s po9t$ inv>iably 
9 "o  direction only2 until at l5g? he  
f\nd himself utt]ly unable to resi/  !  
weight ( evid5ce :i* he _h collect$1 &  
resolv$1 p]haps at  ! la/ sudd5ly1 to   
yield himself a conv]t to ,*ri/ianity4  
,/rauss says t1 89 ! pres5ce ( !        

believ]s 9 ,jesus10 !  conviction t he 0
 a false tea*]--an impo/or--8mu/ h      
become  e day m d\btful to him4  ,!y    
consid]$ x n only publicly  hon\rable to
 be z conv9c$ ( 8 ,resurrection z !y 7 (
 _!  own life--b !y %ew$ also a /ate (  
m9d1 a quiet peace1 a tranquil          
*e]fulness1 ev5 "u suff]+1 :i* put to   
%ame ! re/less &  joyless zeal ( _!     
p]secutor4  ,c\ld he h be5 a false tea*]
  :o _h adh]5ts su* z ^!8  ,c\ld t h be5
 a false pret5ce  :i* gave su* re/ &    
security8 on ! "o h&1 he saw ! new sect1
  9 spite ( all p]secutions1 nay1 9     
consequ5ce ( !m1 ext5d+  _! influ5ce    
wid] & wid] r\nd !m2 on ! o!r1 z _!     
p]secutor1 he felt t inw>d tranquillity 
gr[+ less & less :i*  he c\ld obs]ve 9 s
 _m ways 9 ! p]secut$4  ,we _c !re=e  be
 surpris$ if 9 h\rs ( inw>d despond5cy &
 unhapp9ess he put to  himself ! "q1    
#8,:o aft] all is "r1 ?\1 or ! crucifi$ 
,galilean ab\t :om ^! m5 are s          
en?usia/ic8'  ,& :5 he _h got  z f> z   
?is1 ! result1 ) 8 bodily & m5tal       

*>act]i/ics1  naturally foll[$ 9 an     
ec/asy 9 :i* ! v same ,*ri/ :om up to   
?is "t he _h s passionately p]secut$1   
appe>$ to him 9 all !  glory ( :i* 8    
adh]5ts spoke s mu*1 %ew$ him ! p]v]sity
 &  folly ( 8 conduct1 & call$ him to   
come ov] to 8 s]vice40    ,! above comes
 simply to ?is1 t ,paul 9 8 con/ant     
contact )  ,*ri/ians f\nd t !y _h m to  
say = !mselves ?an he c\ld  answ]1 &    
%\ld1 "o w\ld h ?\ght1 h sugge/$ to     
,/rauss  :at he supposes to h occurr$ to
 ,paul1 namely1 t x 0 n likely  t ^! m5 
_h made a mi/ake 9 ?9k+ t !y _h se5     
,*ri/  alive aft] 8 ,crucifixion4  ,!re 
c be no d\bt ab\t ,/rauss's be+  "r z to
 ! ,*ri/ian int5sity ( conviction1      
/r5u\sness (  ass]tion1 & read9ess to   
suff] = ! sake ( _! fai? 9 ,*ri/2  & ^! 
are ! ma9 po9ts ) :i* we are conc]n$4   
,we arrive  !re=e at ! conclusion t !   
fir/ ,*ri/ians 7 suffici5tly  unanim\s1 
coh]5t & undaunt$ to conv9ce ! =emo/ (  
_!  enemies4  ,!y 7 n s be=e !          
,crucifixion2 !y c\ld n  c]ta9ly h be5  

made s by ! ,crucifixion alone2 some?+  
beyond  ! ,crucifixion mu/ h occurr$ to 
give !m su* a moral asc5dancy  z %\ld   
suffice to g5]ate a revulsion ( feel+ 9 
! m9d ( !  p]secut+ ,saul4  ,/rauss asks
 u to believe t ?is miss+ some?+  is to 
be f\nd 9 ! halluc9ations ( two or ?ree 
m5 ^: names h  n be5 record$ & :o h left
 no m>k ( _! own4  ,is !re any  occasion
 = answ]8    ,x is inconceivable t he :o
 c\ld write ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans  %\ld
 n also h be5 z able z any man :o ev]   
liv$ to "q  ! e>ly believ]s z to _!     
conv]se ) ,*ri/1 & to report  fai?fully 
! sub/ance ( :at !y told him4  ,t he    
knew ! o!r  ,apo/les1 t he w5t up to    
,j]usalem to hold conf]5ces ) !m1  t he 
abode fifte5 days ) ,/4 ,pet]--z he     
tells u1 9 ord] 8to  "q him0--^! ?+s are
 c]ta94  ,! ,greek ^w  is a  v sugge/ive
 "o4  ,x is s easy to make too mu* out (
 any?+ t  ,i h>dly d>e to say h[ /rongly
 ! use ( ! v]b  sugge/s  to me 8gett+ at
 ! facts ( ! case10 8que/ion+ z to h[   
?+s  happ5$10 yet su* w\ld be ! mo/     

obvi\s mean+ ( ! ^w f  :i* our own      
8hi/ory0 & 8/ory0 are d]iv$4  ,fifte5   
days 0 "t  en\gh to give ,paul ! means (
 com+ to an und]/&+ ) ,pet] z  to :at ! 
value ( ,pet]'s /ory 01 nor c we believe
 t ,paul  %\ld n bo? receive & transmit 
p]fectly all t he 0 !n told4  ,9 fact1  
)\t suppos+ ^! m5 to be s utt]ly        
vision>y t  no?+ durable c\ld come out (
 !m1 !re is no escape f hold+  t ,pet] 0
 ju/ifi$ 9 firmly believ+ t he _h se5   
,*ri/  alive )9 a v few days ( !        
,crucifixion1 t he succe$$ also  9      
satisfy+ ,paul t ?is belief 0           
well-f\nd$1 & t 9 !  acc\nt ( ,*ri/'s   
reappe>ances1 z giv5 ,i4 ,cor4 xv41 we h
 a  virtually v]batim report ( :at ,paul
 he>d f ,pet] & ! o!r  ,apo/les4  ,(    
c\rse ! possibility rema9s t ,paul may h
 be5 too  easily satisfi$1 & n h        
cross-exam9$ ,pet] z closely z he  might
 h done4  ,b !n ,paul 0 conv]t$ be=e ?is
 int]view2  & ?is implies t he _h       
already f\nd a g5]al cons5t among !     
,*ri/ians :om he _h met )1 t ! /ory :i* 

he aft]w>ds he>d  f ,pet] 7or "o to !   
same effect7 0 true4  ,:5ce !n !        
unanimity ( ?is belief8  ,/rauss answ]s 
z be=e--f !  halluc9ations ( an         
orig9ally small m9ority4  ,we c only    
aga9 reply  t = ! reasons already giv5  
we f9d x q impossible to agree  ) him4  
99 99 99 99 99    ,! quotation f ,/rauss
 giv5 9 ?is *apt] w be f\nd pp4 #dad1   
#dae1 #dbj1 ( ! fir/ volume ( ! ,engli% 
translation1 publi%$ by  ,williams &    
,norgate1 #ahfe4  ,i believe t my bro!r 
int5d$ to make a  fre% translation f !  
orig9al passages1 b he nev] c>ri$ out  8
 int5tion1 & 9 8 ,,ms4 ! page ( !       
,engli% translation )  ! fir/ & la/     
words ( ea* passage are alone giv54  ,i 
c\ld h>dly  v5ture to und]take !        
responsibility ( mak+ a fre% translation
  myself1 & h !re=e adh]$ almo/ ^w = ^w 
to ! publi%$  ,engli% translation--"h & 
!re1 h[ev]1 a trifl+ alt]ation 0  really
 irresi/ible on ! scores alike ( euphony
 & cle>ness4--,w4 ,b4  ,o4        ,*apt]
 ,,iv  ,paul's ,te/imony ,consid]$      

,,en\gh has p]haps be5 said to cause !  
read] to agree ) ! view  ( ,/4 ,paul's  
conv]sion tak5 above--t is to say1 to   
make him reg>d  ! conv]sion z ma9ly1 if 
n entirely1 due to ! weight ( evid5ce   
af=d$ by ! c\rage & consi/5cy ( ! e>ly  
,*ri/ians4    ,b1 ! *ange 9 ,paul's m9d 
be+ ?us ref]r$ to causes :i*  preclude  
all possibility ( halluc9ation or ec/asy
 on 8 own "p1 x  becomes unnecess>y to  
discuss ! attempts :i* h be5 made to    
expla9 away ! miracul\s "* ( ! acc\nt   
giv5 9 ! ,acts4  ,i believe t ?is acc\nt
 is f\nd$ ^u fact1 & t x is d]iv$  f "s 
description furni%$ by ,/4 ,paul himself
 ( ! vision  m5tion$1 ,i4 ,cor4 xv41 :i*
 aga9 is v possibly ! same z t (  ,,ii4 
,cor4 xii4  ,= ! purposes ( ! pres5t    
inve/igation1 h[ev]1  ! :ole /ory mu/ be
 set aside4  ,at ! same "t x %\ld be    
borne  9 m9d1 t any detraction f !      
hi/orical accuracy ( ! writ]  ( ! ,acts1
 is m ?an comp5sat$ =1 by ! additional  
weight giv5  to ! conv]sion ( ,/4 ,paul1
 :om we are n[ able to reg>d z hav+  be5

 conv]t$ by evid5ce :i* 0 9 itself      
ov]p[]+1 & :i*  did n /& 9 ne$ ( any    
miracul\s int]f]5ce 9 ord] to confirm   
x4    ,x is important to obs]ve t !     
te/imony ( ,paul %\ld c>ry m  weight )  
^? :o are b5t ^u close critical         
inve/igation ?an  t ev5 ( ! ,evangeli/s4
  ,/4 ,paul is "o :om we "k1 & "k  well4
  ,no syllable ( suspicion has ev] be5  
brea!d1 ev5 9 ,g]many1  aga9/ ! fir/ f\r
 ( ! ,epi/les :i* h be5 g5]ally assign$ 
to him2 fri5ds & foes ( ,*ri/ianity are 
alike agre$ to accept !m  z ! g5u9e "w (
 ! ,apo/le4  ,few figures1 !re=e1 9     
anci5t  hi/ory /& out m cle>ly reveal$  
to u ?an t ( ,/4 ,paul1  :]eas a ?ick   
veil ( d>kness hangs ov] t ( ea* "o ( ! 
,evangeli/s4  ,:o ,/4 ,mat!w 01 & :e!r !
 gospel t we h is  an orig9al "w1 or a  
translation 7z w\ld appe> f ,papias1 our
  highe/ au?ority71 & h[ f> x has be5   
modifi$ 9 translation1 are  ?+s :i* we  
%all nev] "k4  ,! ,gospels ( ,/4 ,m>k & 
,/4 ,luke  are involv$ 9 ev5 great]     
obscurity4  ,! au?or%ip1 date1 & orig9  

( ! f\r? ,gospel h be51 & are be+1 ev5 m
 hotly conte/$  ?an ^? ( ! o!r ?ree1 &  
all t c be affirm$ )  c]ta9ty conc]n+ x 
is1 t no trace ( its exi/5ce c be f\nd  
be=e ! latt] half ( ! second c5tury1 & t
 ! _s ( !  "w itself is em95tly         
anti-,judai/ic1 :]eas ,/4 ,john appe>s  
bo?  f ! ,gospels & f ,/4 ,paul's       
,epi/les to h be5 a pill> (  ,judaism4  
,) ,/4 ,paul all is *ang$3 we n only "k 
him bett] ?an we "k  n9e-t5?s ( our own 
mo/ em95t c\ntrym5 ( ! la/ c5tury1 b  we
 feel a confid5ce 9 him :i* gr[s great] 
& great] ! m we  /udy 8 "*4  ,he comb9es
 to p]fection ! qualities t make a  good
 witness--capacity & integrity3 add to  
?is t 8 conclusions  7 =c$ ^u him4  ,we 
!re=e feel t1 :]eas f a sci5tific  po9t 
( view1 ! ,gospel n>ratives c only be   
consid]$ z !  te/imony ( e>ly & s9c]e   
writ]s ( :om we "k little or no?+1  yet 
t 9 ! evid5ce ( ,/4 ,paul we f9d ! miss+
 l9k :i*  connects u securely ) actual  
eye-witnesses & gives u a confid5ce  9 !
 g5]al accuracy ( ! ,gospels :i* !y c\ld

 nev] (  !mselves alone h imp>t$4  ,we  
c\ld inde$ ill sp>e ei!r !  te/imony ( !
 ,evangeli/s or t ( ,/4 ,paul1 b if we 7
 oblig$  to cont5t ourselves ) "o only1 
we %\ld *oose ! ,apo/le4    ,turn+ !n to
 ! evid5ce ( ,/4 ,paul z d]ivable f ,i4 
,cor4 xv4 we  f9d ! foll[+3             
8,moreov]1 bre?r51 ,i decl>e unto y !   
gospel :i* ,i prea*$ unto  y1 :i* also  
ye h receiv$ & :]e9 ye /&4  ,by :i* also
 ye  are sav$ if ye keep 9 memory :at ,i
 prea*$ unto y1 unless ye h  believ$ 9  
va94  ,= ,i deliv]$ unto y fir/ ( all t 
:i* ,i  also receiv$1 h[ t ,*ri/ di$ =  
our s9s accord+ to !  ,scriptures3 & t  
,he 0 buri$1 & t ,he rose aga9 ! ?ird   
day  accord+ to ! ,scriptures2 & t ,he 0
 se5 ( ,cephas1 !n ( !  twelve3 aft] t  
,he 0 se5 ( above five hundr$ bre?r5 at 
once2 (  :om ! great] portion rema9 unto
 ?is pres5t1 b "s are fall5  asleep4    
,aft] t ,he 0 se5 ( ,james2 !n ( all !  
,apo/les4  ,&  la/ ( all ,he 0 se5 ( me 
also1 z ( "o born out ( due "t40    ,9 !
 fir/ place we mu/ notice ,paul's       

ass]tion t ! ,gospel :i*  he 0 !n writ+ 
0 id5tical ) t :i* he _h orig9ally      
prea*$4  ,we may assume t ea* ( !       
appe>ances ( ,*ri/ "h  m5tion$ _h 9     
,paul's m9d a def9ite "t & place1 d]iv$ 
f !  acc\nt :i* he _h receiv$ & :i*     
probably l$ to 8 conv]sion2  ! words 8t 
:i* ,i also receiv$0 surely imply 8t :i*
 ,i also  receiv$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance03 n[ 
we "k f 8 own m\? 7,gal4  i41 #af1 #ag7 
t aft] 8 conv]sion he 8conf]r$ n ) fle% 
&  blood0--8nei!r10 he cont9ues1 8w5t ,i
 up to ,j]usalem to !m :i*  7 ,apo/les  
be=e me1 b ,i w5t into ,arabia1 &       
return$ aga9 unto  ,damascus3 !n aft]   
?ree ye>s ,i w5t up to ,j]usalem to see 
77 ,pet]1 & abode ) him fifte5 days1 b  
o!rs ( !  ,apo/les saw ,i none1 save    
,james ! ,"l's bro!r40  ,s9ce1 !n1 he   
mu/ h he>d "s /ory conc]n+ ,*ri/'s      
reappe>ances be=e 8  conv]sion &        
subsequ5t soj\rn 9 ,arabia1 & s9ce he _h
 he>d  no?+ f eye-witnesses until ! "t (
 8 go+ up to ,j]usalem  ?ree ye>s lat]1 
x is probable t ! acc\nt quot$ above is 

!  sub/ance ( :at he f\nd p]si/$ 9 by ! 
,*ri/ians :om he 0  p]secut+ at         
,damascus1 & 0 at l5g? compell$ to      
believe4  ,b  ?is is v unimportant3 x is
 m to ! po9t to insi/ ^u ! fact  t ,/4  
,paul mu/ h receiv$ ! acc\nt giv5 ,i4   
,cor4 xv41 #c-h  )9 a v few ye>s ( !    
,crucifixion itself1 & t x 0            
subsequ5tly confirm$ to him by ,pet]1 & 
probably by ,james & ,john1  dur+ 8 /ay 
( fifte5 days 9 ,pet]'s h\se4    ,?is   
acc\nt c h be5 no?+ new ev5 !n1 = x is  
pla9 t at  ! "t ( ,paul's conv]sion !   
,*ri/ian ,*ur* _h spread f>3 ,paul      
speaks ( return+ to ,damascus1 z ?\gh ! 
writ] ( ! ,acts 0  "r z reg>ds ! place (
 8 conv]sion2 b ! fact ( !re  hav+ be5 a
 *ur* 9 ,damascus ( suffici5t importance
 = ,paul to g  ?i!r to p]secute x1      
involves ! lapse ( consid]able "t s9ce  
! orig9al promulgation ( our ,"l's      
,resurrection1 & ?r[s back !  orig9 ( ! 
belief 9 t ev5t to a "t closely         
consequ5t ^u !  ,crucifixion itself4    
,n[ ,paul in=ms u t he 0 told 7we may   

assume by ,pet] & ,james7  t ,*ri/ fir/ 
reappe>$ )9 ?ree days ( ! ,crucifixion4 
,!re is no suffici5t reason = d\bt+ ?is2
 & "o fact ( weekly  recurr5ce ev5 to   
?is day1 af=ds x /rik+ confirmation--,i 
ref] to  ! in/itution ( ,sunday z !     
,"l's day4  ,we "k t ! obs]vance  ( ?is 
day 9 commemoration ( ! ,resurrection 0 
a v e>ly  practice1 nor is !re any?+ :i*
 w\ld seem to ?r[ d\bt ^u !  fact ( !   
fir/ 8,sunday0 hav+ be5 also ! ,sunday (
 !  ,resurrection4  ,ano!r confirmation 
( ! e>ly date assign$ to !              
,resurrection by ,/4 ,paul1 is to be    
f\nd 9 ! fact t e in/9ct  w\ld w>n !    
,apo/les aga9/ ! ?ird day z be+         
dang]\sly  e>ly1 & z op5+ a door = !    
d5ial ( ! complet5ess ( !  dea?4  ,!    
=tie? day w\ld f> m naturally h be5     
*os54    ,turn+ n[ f ! "q ( ! date ( !  
fir/ reappe>ance to  :at is told u ( !  
reappe>ances !mselves1 we f9d t !       
e>lie/ 0 v\*saf$ to ,/4 ,pet]1 :i* is at
 fir/ sight oppos$ to  ! ,evangeli/ic   
records2 b ?is is a discrepancy ^u :i*  

no /ress  %\ld be laid2 ,/4 ,paul might 
well be aw>e t ,m>y ,magdal5e 0 !  fir/ 
to look ^u h] ris5 ,"l1 & yet h pref]r$ 
to dwell ^u  ! m widely kn[n names (    
,pet] & 8 fell[ ,apo/les4  ,! facts  are
 probably ^!1 t our ,"l fir/ %ew$       
,himself to ! wom51 b  t ,pet] 0 ! fir/ 
( ! ,apo/olic body to see ,him2 x 0     
natural  t if our ,"l did n *oose to %[ 
,himself to ! ,apo/les )\t  prep>ation1 
,pet] %\ld h be5 *os5 z ! "o be/ fitt$  
to  prep>e !m3 ,pet] probably collect$ !
 o!r ,apo/les1 & !n !  ,r$eem] %ew$     
,himself alive to all toge!r4  ,?is is  
:at we %\ld  ga!r f ,/4 ,paul's         
n>rative2 a n>rative :i* x w\ld seem    
arbitr>y to set aside 9 ! face ( ,/4    
,paul's "*1 opportunities  & antec$5t   
prejudices aga9/ ,*ri/ianity--9 ! face  
also ( !  unanimity ( all ! records we  
h1 z well z ( ! fact t !  ,*ri/ian      
religion triumph$1 & ( ! endless        
difficulties att5dant  on ! halluc9ation
 !ory4    ,we conclude !re=e t ,paul 0  
satisfi$ by suffici5t evid5ce t  our ,"l

 _h appe>$ to ,pet] on ! ?ird day aft] !
 ,crucifixion1  nor c any reasonable    
d\bt be ?r[n ^u ! o!r appe>ances (  :i* 
he tells u4  ,x is true t on ! occasion 
( 8 visit to ,pet]  he saw none o!r ( ! 
,apo/les save ,james--b !re is no?+ to  
lead  u to suppose t !re 0 any want (   
unanimity among !m3 no trace  ( ?is has 
come d[n to u1 & w\ld surely h done s if
 x _h  exi/$4  ,if any dep5d5ce at all  
is to be plac$ on ! writ]s ( !  ,new    
,te/am5t x did n exi/4  ,/rong] evid5ce 
?an ?is unanimity x  w\ld be h>d to f9d4
    ,ano!r mo/ noticeable feature is !  
fewness ( ! record$  appe>ances ( ,*ri/4
  ,!y comm5c$ accord+ to ,paul 7& ?is is
  virtually accord+ to ,pet] & ,james7  
imm$iately aft] !  ,crucifixion4  ,paul 
m5tions only five appe>ances3 ?is does n
 preclude  ! supposition t he knew ( m1 
nor t ! wom5 :o came to !  sepul*re _h  
also se5 ,him1 b x does seem to imply t 
!  reappe>ances 7 few 9 numb]1 & t !y   
cont9u$ only = a v  %ort "t4  ,!y 7     
suffici5t = _! purpose3 "o ( prep>ation 

to ,pet]--ano!r to ! ,apo/les--ano!r to 
! outside _w1 & !n  "o or two m--b /ill 
n m ?an en\gh to e/abli% ! fact  beyond 
all possibility ( dispute4  ,! writ] ( !
 ,acts tells u t  ,*ri/ 0 se5 = a space 
( =ty days--presumably n e day1 b  f "t 
to "t4  ,n[ =ty days is a my/ical p]iod1
 & "o :i*  may mean ei!r m or less1 )9 a
 week or two1 ?an ! precise "t  /at$2 x 
seems ^u ! :ole mo/ reasonable to       
conclude t !  reappe>ances record$ by   
,paul1 & "s few o!rs n record$1  ext5d$ 
ov] a p]iod ( "o or two mon?s aft] !    
,crucifixion1 &  t !y !n came to an end2
 = !re c be no d\bt t ,/4 ,paul         
conceiv$ !m z hav+ end$ ) ! appe>ance to
 ! assembl$  ,apo/les m5tion$ ,i4 ,cor4 
xv41 #g1 &1 ?\gh he does n say s        
expressly1 !re is t 9 ! context :i*     
sugge/s _! hav+ be5  conf9$ to a %ort   
space ( "t4    ,x is p]fectly cle> t ,/4
 ,paul did n believe t any "o _h se5    
,*ri/ 9 ! int]val betwe5 ! la/ record$  
appe>ance to !  elev51 & ! vision grant$
 to himself4  ,! words 8& la/ ( all he  

0 se5 also ( me z ( "o born out ( due   
"t0 po9t /rongly 9  ! direction ( a     
lapse ( "s ye>s betwe5 ! second         
appe>ance to  ! elev5 & 8 own vision4   
,?is confirms & is confirm$ by !  writ] 
( ! ,acts4  ,/4 ,paul nev] c\ld h us$ ! 
words quot$  above1 if he _h held t !   
appe>ances :i* he records _h be5  spread
 ov] a space ( ye>s int]v5+ betwe5 !    
,crucifixion & 8  own vision4  ,:]e w\ld
 be ! =ce ( 8born out ( due "t0 unless  
! "t ( ! previ\s appe>ances _h long     
pass$ by8  ,b if1 at !  "t ( ,/4 ,paul's
 conv]sion1 x 0 already _m ye>s s9ce !  
la/  occasion ^u :i* ,*ri/ _h be5 se5 by
 8 disciples1 we f9d  ourselves driv5   
back to a "t closely consequ5t ^u !     
,crucifixion  z ! only possible date ( !
 reappe>ances4  ,b ?is is 9 itself      
suffici5t condemnation ( ,/rauss's !ory3
 t !ory requires  consid]able "t = !    
developm5t ( a p]fectly unanim\s &      
h>moni\s belief 9 ! halluc9ations1 :ile 
e p>ticle ( evid5ce  :i* we c get po9ts 
9 ! direction ( ! belief 9 !            

,resurrection hav+ foll[$ v closely ^u !
 ,crucifixion4    ,to repeat3 _h !      
reappe>ances be5 due to halluc9ation    
only1 !y  w\ld nei!r h be5 s few 9 numb]
 nor h come to an end s soon4  ,:5 once 
! m9d has begun to run riot 9           
halluc9ation1 x is prodigal  ( its own  
inv5tions4  ,fav\r$ believ]s w\ld h be5 
con/antly  see+ ,*ri/ ev5 up to ! "t (  
,paul's lett] to ! ,cor9?ians1  & !     
,apo/le w\ld h writt5 t ev5 !n ,*ri/ 0  
/ill  occasionally se5 ( ^? :o tru/$ 9  
him1 & s]v$ him fai?fully4  ,b we meet )
 no?+ ( ! sort3 we are told t ,*ri/ 0   
se5 a  few times %ortly aft] !          
,crucifixion1 !n aft] a lapse ( sev]al  
ye>s 7,i am surely w>rant$ 9 say+ ?is7  
,paul himself saw ,him--b no  "o 9 !    
int]val1 & no "o aft]w>ds4  ,?is is n ! 
mann] (  ! halluc9ations ( un$ucat$ p4  
,x is altoge!r too sob]3 !  /ate ( m9d f
 :i* alone s baseless a delusion c\ld   
spr+1 is  "o :i* nev] c\ld h be5 cont5t$
 ) ! results :i* 7  evid5tly all1 or    
ne>ly all1 t ,paul knew (4  ,/4 ,paul's 

words _c  be set aside )\t m cause ?an  
,/rauss has %ewn3 in/ead (  betray+ a   
t5d5cy t[>ds exagg]ation1 !y conta9 no?+
 :atev]1  ) ! exception ( 8 own vision1 
t is n imp]atively dem&$  9 ord] to     
acc\nt = ! rise & spread ( ,*ri/ianity4 
,conc]n+ t vision ,/rauss writes z      
foll[s3    8,) reg>d to ! appe>ance he  
7,paul7 witness$--he uses ! same ^w  77 
z ) reg>d to ! o!rs3 he places x 9 !    
same category  ) !m only 9 ! la/ place1 
z he names himself ! la/ ( !  ,apo/les1 
b 9 exactly ! same rank ) ! o!rs4  ,?us 
mu*1  !re=e1 ,paul knew--or suppos$--t !
 appe>ances :i* ! eld]  disciples _h se5
 soon aft] ! ,resurrection ( ,jesus _h  
be5 ( !  same k9d z t :i* _h be51 only  
lat]1 v\*saf$ to himself4  ,(  :at sort 
!n 0 ?is80    ,i confess t ,i am :olly  
unable to feel ! =ce ( ! above4  ,/rauss
 says t ,paul's vision 0                
ec/atic--subjective & n  objective--t   
,paul ?\ght he saw ,*ri/1 al?\gh he nev]
 really saw  him4  ,b1 says ,/rauss1 he 
uses ! same ^w = 8 own vision & =  !    

appe>ances to ! e>li] ,apo/les3 x is    
pla9 !re=e t he  did n suppose ! e>li]  
,apo/les to h se5 ,*ri/ 9 ! same sort  (
 way 9 :i* !y saw !mselves & o!r p1 b to
 h se5  him z ,paul himself did1 i4e41  
by sup]natural revelation4    ,b w\ld x 
n be m fair to say t ,paul's us+ ! same 
^w =  all ! appe>ances--8 own vision    
includ$--implies t he consid]$  ?is la/ 
to h be5 no less real ?an ^? v\*saf$    
e>li]1 ?\gh  he may h be5 p]fectly well 
aw>e t x 0 diff]5t 9 k9d8  ,!  use ( !  
same ^w = all ! appe>ances is q         
compatible ) a  belief 9 ,paul's m9d t !
 mann] 9 :i* he saw ,*ri/ 0  diff]5t f t
 9 :i* ! ,apo/les _h se5 him3 inde$1 s  
long  z he believ$ t he _h se5 ,*ri/ no 
less really ?an ! o!rs1  "o _c see :y he
 %\ld h us$ any o!r ^w = 8 own vision   
?an t :i* he _h appli$ to ! o!rs3 we    
%\ld ev5 expect t  he w\ld d s1 & %\ld  
be surpris$ at 8 hav+ done o!rwise4  ,t 
,paul did believe 9 ! reality ( 8 own   
vision is indisputable1  & 8 use ( ! ^w 
0 probably dictat$ by a desire to ass]t 

?is belief 9 ! /ronge/ possible way1 &  
to place 8 own vision 9  ! same category
 ) o!rs1 :i* 7 s univ]sally kn[n among  
,*ri/ians to h be5 mat]ial & objective1 
t !re 0 no  occasion to say s4          
,nev]!less !re is t 9 ,paul's words on  
:i*  ,/rauss does n dwell1 b :i* _c be  
pass$ ov] )\t notice4  ,paul does n     
simply say1 8& la/ ( all he 0 se5 also (
 me0--b he  adds ! words 8z ( "o born   
out ( due "t40    ,x is impossible to   
say decisively t ?is addition implies t 
,paul  recognis$ a diff]5ce 9 k9d betwe5
 ! appe>ances1 inasmu* z !  words add$  
may only ref] to "t--/ill !y w\ld expla9
 ! possible  use (  9 a some:at diff]5t 
s5se1 & ,i _c b ?9k t  !y w sugge/ ?is  
possibility to ! read]4  ,!y w make him 
feel1 if he does n feel x )\t !m1 h[    
/ra9$ a proce$+ x  is to b9d ,paul d[n  
to a rigor\sly id5tical mean+ on e      
occasion  on :i* ! same ^w came f 8 p51 
& to ma9ta9 t because he  once uses x on
 ! occasion ( an appe>ance :i* he held  
to be  v\*saf$ by revelation1 !re=e1    

:]ev] else he uses x1 he mu/  h int5d$  
to ref] to some?+ se5 by revelation3 !  
words 8z (  "o born out ( due "t0 imply 
! utt]ly unlook$ = & transc5d5t  nature 
( ! fav\r1 & sugge/1 ev5 ?\gh !y d n    
compel1 !  inf]5ce t :ile ! o!r ,apo/les
 _h se5 ,*ri/ 9 ! common  c\rse (       
nature1 z a visible tangible be+ be=e _!
 wak+ eyes1  he _h himself se5 ,him n   
less truly1 b /ill only by special &    
unlook$ = revelation4  ,if su* ?\ghts 7 
9 8 m9d he w\ld n  probably h express$  
!m f>!r ?an by ! t\*+ words :i* he  has 
add$ conc]n+ 8 own vision4  ,s mu* = !  
objection t !  evid5ce ( ,paul conc]n+ !
 e>li] appe>ances is impair$ by 8  hav+ 
us$ ! same ^w = !m1 & = ! appe>ance to  
himself4  ,x only rema9s !re=e to review
 9 brief ! g5]al be>+s (  ,paul's       
te/imony z giv5 ,i4 ,cor4 xv41 #a-h4    
,fir/ly1 !re is ! e>ly comm5cem5t ( !   
reappe>ances3 ?is is  incompatible )    
halluc9ation1 = ! halluc9ation mu/ be   
suppos$  to h occurr$ :5 mo/ easy to    
refute1 & :5 ! spell ( %ame  & fe> 0    

laid mo/ heavily ^u ! ,apo/les4  ,/rauss
 ma9ta9s t  ! appe>ances 7 unconsci\sly 
ant$at$ by ,pet]2 we c only say  t !    
circum/ances ( ! case1 z ent]$ into m   
fully above1  r5d] ?is v improbable2 t  
if ,pet] told ,paul t he saw ,*ri/  on !
 ?ird day aft] ! ,crucifixion1 he       
probably firmly believ$ t  he did see   
,him2 & t if he believ$ ?is1 he 0 also  
probably "r  9 s believ+4    ,secondly1 
!re is ! fact t ! reappe>ances 7 few1 & 
ext5d$  ov] a %ort "t only4  ,_h !y be5 
due to halluc9ation !re w\ld  h be5 no  
limit ei!r to _! numb] or duration4     
,paul seems to  h _h no idea t !re ev]  
_h be51 or ev] w\ld be1 successors  to !
 five hundr$ bre?r5 :o saw ,*ri/ at "o  
"t4  ,"s 7  fall5 asleep--! re/ w\ld 9  
"t foll[ !m4  ,x is incr$ible t  m5 %\ld
 h s lo/ all c\nt ( fact1 s debau*$ _!  
p]ception  ( ext]nal objects1 s /eep$   
!mselves 9 belief 9 dreams :i* _h  no   
f\ndation b 9 _! own disord]$ bra9s1 z  
to h turn$ !  :ole _w aft] !m by ! %e]  
=ce ( _! conviction ( !  tru? ( _!      

delusions1 & yet t sudd5ly1 )9 a few    
weeks f  ! comm5cem5t ( ?is             
intoxication1 !y %\ld h come to a dead  
/op & giv5 no fur!r sign ( l            
extravagance4  ,! halluc9ations  mu/ h  
be5 s baseless1 & w\ld argue su* an utt]
 subord9ation  ( judgem5t to imag9ation1
 t in/ead ( ceas+ !y mu/ infallibly  h  
end$ 9 riot & disorganisation2 ! fact t 
!y did cease  7:i* _c be d5i$7 & t !y 7 
foll[$ by no disord]1 b  by a solemn    
sob] /eadfa/ness ( purpose1 z (         
reasonable m5 9  deadly e>ne/ ab\t a    
matt] :i* _h come to _! k1 &  :i* !y    
held x vital = all to "k--?is fact alone
 w\ld be  suffici5t to ov]?r[ !         
halluc9ation !ory4  ,su* intemp]ance    
c\ld nev] h begott5 su* temp]ance3 f su*
 a frame ( m9d z  ,/rauss assigns to !  
,apo/les no religion c\ld h come :i*    
%\ld  satisfy ! highe/ spiritual ne$s ( 
! mo/ civilis$ nations ( !  e>? = ne>ly 
two ?\s& ye>s4    ,:51 !re=e1 we look at
 ! want ( fai? ( ! ,apo/les be=e !      
,crucifixion1 & to _! subsequ5t int5se  

devotion2 at _! unanimity  at _! g5]al  
sobriety2 at ! fact t !y succe$$ 9      
conv9c+  ! able/ ( _! enemies &         
ultimately ! :ole ( ,europe2 at !       
undeviat+ cons5t ( all ! records we h2  
at ! e>ly date at  :i* ! reappe>ances   
comm5c$1--at _! small numb] & %ort      
duration--?+s s =eign to ! nature (     
halluc9ation2 at !  excell5t            
opportunities :i* ,paul _h = kn[+ :at he
 tells u2 at  ! pla9 mann] 9 :i* he     
tells x1 & ! m ?an pro( :i* he  gave ( 8
 own conviction ( its tru?2 at !        
impossibility (  acc\nt+ = ! rise (     
,*ri/ianity )\t ! reappe>ance ( its     
,f\nd] aft] ,8 ,crucifixion2 :5 we look 
at all ^! ?+s we %all  admit t x is     
impossible to avoid ! belief t aft] hav+
 di$1  ,*ri/ did reappe> to 8 disciples1
 & t 9 ?is fact we h !  only            
intelligible explanation ( ! triumph (  
,*ri/ianity4        ,*apt] ,v  ,a       
,consid]ation ( ,c]ta9 ,ill-,judg$      
,me?ods ( ,def5ce      ,,! read] has n[ 
he>d ! utmo/ t c be said aga9/ ! hi/oric

  "* ( ! ,resurrection by ! able/ ( its 
impugn]s4  ,i "k (  no?+ 9 any (        
,/rauss's works :i* c be consid]$ z do+ 
bett]  ju/ice to 8 op9ions ?an !        
passages :i* ,i h quot$ &1 ,i  tru/1    
refut$4  ,i h quot$ fully1 & h kept no?+
 9 !  backgr\nd4  ,if ,i _h kn[n ( any?+
 /rong] aga9/ ! ,resurrection  f any o!r
 s\rce1 ,i %\ld c]ta9ly h produc$ x4  ,i
 h  answ]$ 9 outl9e only1 b ,i d n      
believe t ,i h pass$ any  difficulty on 
"o side4    ,:at !n does ! read] ?9k8   
,0 ! attack s dang]\s1 or !  def5ce s f>
 to seek8  ,i believe he w agree ) me t 
! combat  0 "o ( no great dang] :5 x 0  
once fairly ent]$ ^u4  ,b !  wond]1 &1  
let me add1 ! disgrace1 to ,engli%      
div9es1 is t !  battle %\ld h be5 %irk$ 
s long4  ,:at is x t has made !  "n (   
,/rauss s t]rible to ! e>s ( ,engli%    
,*ur*m58  ,surely  no?+ b ! om9\s sil5ce
 :i* has be5 ma9ta9$ conc]n+ him  9     
almo/ all qu>t]s ( our ,*ur*4  ,= :at c 
he say or d aga9/  ! o!r miracles if he 
be p[]less aga9/ ! ,resurrection8  ,he c

  make s5t5ces :i* s\nd plausible1 b t  
is no great feat4  ,c he  %[ t !re is   
any a priori improbability :atev]1 9 !  
fact (  miracles hav+ be5 wr\ght by "o  
:o di$ & rose f ! dead8  ,if  a man did 
?is x is a small ?+ t he %\ld also walk 
^u !  waves & comm& ! w9ds4  ,b if !re  
is no a priori difficulty  ) reg>d to ^!
 miracles1 !re is c]ta9ly none o!r4     
,let ?is1 h[ev]1 = ! pres5t pass1 only  
let me beg ( ! read] to  h pati5ce :ile 
,i foll[ out ! plan :i* ,i h pursu$ up  
to !  pres5t po9t1 & proce$ to exam9e   
c]ta9 difficulties ( ano!r  "*4  ,i     
propose to d s ) ! same unfl9*+         
exam9ation z  h]et(ore1 conceal+ no?+ t 
has be5 said1 or t c be said2  go+ out (
 my way to f9d argum5ts = oppon5ts1 if  
,i d n ?9k  t !y h put =w>d all t f _!  
own po9t ( view !y  might h done1 &     
c>eless h[ _m difficulties ,i may br+   
be=e  ! read] :i* may nev] yet h occurr$
 to him1 provid$ ,i feel t  ,i c also   
%ew him h[ little occasion !re is to fe>
 !m4    ,i mu/1 h[ev]1 ma9ta9 two       

propositions1 :i* may p]haps be         
unfamili> to "s ( ^? :o h n z yet giv5 m
 ?an a  conv5tional & sup]ficial        
att5tion to ! ,scriptural records1 b    
:i* w meet ) ready ass5t f all ^: /udies
 h be5  deep]4  ,fa9 w\ld ,i avoid pa9+ 
ev5 a s+le read]1 b ,i am  conv9c$ t !  
arre/+ ( infidelity dep5ds ma9ly ^u !   
g5]al recognition ( two broad facts4  ,!
 fir/ is ?is--t !  ,apo/les1 ev5 aft] !y
 _h receiv$ ! gift ( ! ,holy ,_s 7  /ill
 fallible ?\gh holy m52 ! second--t !re 
are c]ta9  passages 9 ea* ( ! ,gospels z
 we n[ h !m1 :i* 7 n  orig9ally to be   
f\nd !re91 & o!rs :i*1 ?\gh g5u9e1 are  
/ill n hi/oric4  ,?is mu* ( concession  
we mu/ be prep>$ to make1  & we %all f9d
 7z 9 ! case ( ! conv]sion ( ,/4 ,paul7 
t our  position is indef9itely /r5g!n$  
by do+ s4    ,:5 %all we ,*ri/ians le>n 
t ! true/ gr\nd is also !  /ronge/8  ,we
 may be sure t until we h done s we %all
 f9d a  ho/ ( enemies :o w say t tru? is
 n ours4  ,x is we :o h  creat$         
infidelity1 & :o are responsible = x4   

,we are ! true  infidels1 = we h n      
suffici5t fai? 9 our own cre$ to believe
  t x w be> ! removal ( ! incru/ations (
 "t &  sup]/ition4  ,:5 m5 see our      
c[>dice1 :at c !y ?9k b t  we mu/ "k t  
we h cause to be afraid8  ,we drive m5  
into unbelief  9 spite ( !mselves1 by   
our t5aci\s adh]5ce to op9ions :i*  e   
unprejudic$ p]son mu/ see at a glance t 
we _c rightfully  def5d1 & !n we pride  
ourselves ^u our love = ,*ri/ & our     
hatr$ ( ,8 enemies4  ,if ,*ri/ accepts  
?is k9d ( love ,he is n  su* z ,he has  
decl>$ ,himself4    ,we mi/ake our love 
( our own imm$iate ease = ! love (      
,*ri/1 &  our hatr$ ( e op9ion :i* is   
/range to u1 = zeal aga9/ ,8  enemies4  
,if ^? to :om ! unfamili>ity ( an op9ion
 or its  inconv5i5ce to !mselves is a   
te/ ( its hatefulness to ,*ri/1 _h  be5 
born ,jews1 !y w\ld h crucifi$ ,him :om 
!y imag9e t !y  are n[ s]v+3 if ,turks1 
!y w\ld h massacr$ bo? ,jew &  ,*ri/ian2
 if ,papi/s at ! "t ( ! ,re=mation !y   
w\ld h  p]secut$ ,prote/ants3 if        

,prote/ants1 "u ,elizabe?1 ,papi/s4     
,tru?  is to !m an accid5t ( bir? &     
tra9+1 & ! ,*ri/ian fai? is  9 _! eyes  
true because ^! accid5ts1 z f> z !y are 
conc]n$1  h decid$ 9 its fav\r4  ,b su* 
p]sons are n ,*ri/ians4  ,x is  !y :o   
crucify ,*ri/1 :o drive m5 f com+ to    
,him ^: e  in/9ct w\ld lead !m to love &
 wor%ip ,him1 b :o are w>n$ (f  by      
obs]v+ ! cr[d ( sycophants & "t-s]v]s :o
 presume to call  ,him ,"l4    ,b to    
look at ! matt] f ano!r po9t ( view2 :5 
!re is a  long su/a9$ conte/ betwe5 two 
bodies ( capable & s]i\sly  dispos$ p1  
7& none c d5y t _m ( our adv]s>ies h    
be5 bo? "o & ! o!r71 & :5 ?is conte/    
%ews no sign (  heal+1 b r wid5s f      
g5]ation to g5]ation1 & ea* p>ty        
accuses ! o!r ( dis+5u\sness1 ob/9acy & 
o!r l s]i\s  defects ( m9d--x may be    
c]ta9ly assum$ t ! tru? lies :olly  )   
nei!r side1 b t ea* %\ld make "s        
concessions to !  o!r4  ,a ?ird p>ty    
sees ?is at a glance1 & is amaz$ because
  nei!r ( ! disputants c p]ceive t 8    

oppon5t mu/ be  possess$ ( "s tru?s1 9  
spite ( 8 try+ to def5d o!r  positions  
:i* are indef5sible4  ,/range6 t a ?+   
:i* x seems  s easy to avoid1 %\ld s    
seldom be avoid$6  ,hom] said well3     
8,p]i% /rife1 bo? f among gods & m51    
,& wra? :i* make? ev5 him t is          
consid]ate1 cruel1      ,:i* gette? up 9
 ! he>t ( a man l smoke1      ,& ! ta/e 
!re( is sweet] ?an drops ( honey40    ,b
 /rife c nev] cease )\t concessions ^u  
bo? sides4  ,we agree  to ?is readily 9 
! ab/ract1 b we seldom d s :5 any giv5  
concession is 9 "q4  ,we are all =      
concession 9 ! g5]al1 b  = none 9 !     
p>ticul>1 z p :o say t !y w retr5*  :5  
!y are liv+ beyond _! income1 b w n     
cons5t to any  propos$ retr5*m5t4  ,?us 
_m %ake _! heads & say t x is           
impossible to live 9 ! pres5t age & n be
 aw>e ( _m  difficulties 9 connection ) 
! ,*ri/ian religion2 !y h /udi$  ! "q m 
deeply ?an p]haps ! unbeliev] imag9es2 &
 hav+  said ?is mu* !y give !mselves    
cr$it = be+ wide-m9d$1 lib]al  & above  

vulg> prejudices3 b :5 press$ z to ?is  
or t  p>ticul> difficulty1 & ask$ to own
 t su* & su* an objection  ( ! infidel's
 ne$s explanation1 !y w h none ( x1 & w 
9 n9e cases out ( t5 betray by _! answ]s
 t !y nei!r "k  nor want to "k :at !    
infidel means1 b on ! contr>y t !y  are 
resolute to rema9 9 ignorance4  ,i "k   
?is k9d ( lib]ality  exce$+ly well1 & h 
ev] f\nd x to h>b\r m selfi%ness1       
idl5ess1 c[>dice & /upidity ?an does op5
 bigotry4  ,! bigot is  g5]ally bett]   
?an 8 express$ op9ions1 ^! p are        
inv>iably  worse ?an !irs4    ,! above  
pr9ciple has be5 l>gely appli$ 9 !      
writ+s ( s-call$  or?odox comm5tators1 n
 unfrequ5tly ev5 by m5 :o might h be5   
assum$ to be above condesc5d+ to su*    
trick]y4  ,a great preface  conc]n+     
c&\r1 ) a fl\ri% ( trumpets 9 ! praise (
 tru?1  seems to h exhau/$ e atom ( tru?
 & c&\r f ! "w  t foll[s x4    ,x w be  
said t ,i ought n to make use ( language
 su* z ?is  )\t br++ =w>d examples4  ,i 
%all !re=e adduce !m4    ,"o ( ! mo/    

s]i\s difficulties to ! unbeliev] is !  
inextricable confusion 9 :i* ! acc\nts (
 ! ,resurrection h  rea*$ u3 no "o c    
reconcile ^! acc\nts ) "o ano!r1 n  only
 9 m9ute p>ticul>s1 b 9 matt]s on :i* x 
is ( ! highe/  importance to come to a  
cle> und]/&+4  ,?us1 to omit all notice 
(  _m o!r discrepancies1 ! acc\nts (    
,m>k1 ,luke1 & ,john concur 9  /at+ t :5
 ! wom5 came to ! tomb ( ,jesus v e>ly  
on !  ,sunday morn+1 !y f\nd x already  
empty3 ! /one 0 gone :5  !y came !re1 &1
 accord+ to ,john1 !re 0 n ev5 an       
angelic  vision = "s "t aft]w>ds4  ,!re 
is no?+ 9 any ( ^! ?ree  acc\nts to     
preclude ! possibility ( ! /one's hav+  
be5 remov$  )9 an h\r or two ( ! body's 
hav+ be5 laid 9 ! tomb4    ,b :5 we turn
 to ,mat!w we f9d all *ang$3 we are told
 t !  /one 0 gone n :5 ! wom5 came1 b t 
on _! arrival !re  0 a great e>?quake1 &
 t an angel came d[n f ,heav51 &  roll$ 
away ! /one1 & sat ^u x1 & t ! gu>d :o  
_h be5  set ov] ! tomb 7( :om we he>    
no?+ f any ( ! o!r  evangeli/s7 became z

 dead m5 :ile ! angel address$ ! wom54  
,n[ ?is is n "o ( ^? cases 9 :i* !      
supposition c be  tol]at$ t all w\ld be 
cle> if ! :ole facts ( ! case 7  kn[n to
 u4  ,no additional facts c make x come 
ab\t t ! tomb  %\ld h be5 seal$ & gu>d$1
 & yet n seal$ & gu>d$2  t ! same wom51 
at ! same "t & place1 %\ld h witness$ an
  e>?quake1 & yet n witness$ "o2 h f\nd 
a /one already gone  f a tomb1 & yet n  
f\nd x gone2 h se5 x roll$ away1 &  n   
se5 x1 & s on2 ^? :o say t we %\ld f9d  
no difficulty  if we knew all ! facts   
are /ill c>eful to ab/a9 f any example  
7s f> z ,i "k7 ( ! sort ( additional    
facts :i* w\ld s]ve  _! purpose4  ,!y _c
 give "o2 any m9d :i* is truly          
c&id--:ite--n scrawl$ & scribbl$ ov]    
till no "* is  deciph]able--w feel at   
once t ! only "q to be rais$ is1  :i* is
 ! m correct acc\nt ( !                 
,resurrection--,mat!w's or ^?  giv5 by !
 o!r ?ree ,evangeli/s8  ,h[ f> is       
,mat!w's acc\nt true1  & h[ f> is x     
exagg]at$8  ,= !re mu/ be ei!r          

exagg]ation or  inv5tion some:]e4  ,x is
 inconceivable t ! o!r writ]s %\ld  h   
kn[n ! /ory told by ,mat!w1 & yet n only
 made no allusion  to x1 b introduc$    
matt] :i* flatly contradicts x1 & x is  
also  inconceivable t ! /ory %\ld be    
true1 & yet t ! o!r  writ]s %\ld n h    
kn[n x4    ,?is is h[ ! difficulty      
/&s--a difficulty :i* vani%es 9 a mom5t 
if x be rightly dealt )1 b :i*1 :5      
treat$ aft] our unskilful  ,engli%      
me?od1 becomes capable ( do+            
inconceivable mis*ief to !  ,*ri/ian    
religion4  ,let u see !n :at ,dean      
,al=d--a writ] ^:  pr(essions ( c&\r &  
talk ab\t ! duty ( unfl9*+ exam9ation   
leave no?+ to be desir$--has to say ^u  
?is po9t4  ,i w fir/  quote ! passage 9 
full f ,mat!w1 & !n give ! ,dean's note4
  ,i  h drawn ! great] "p ( ! comm5ts t 
w foll[ x f an  anonym\s pamphlet #ada  
^u ! ,resurrection1 dat$ #ahfe1 b )\t a 
publi%]'s "n1 s t ,i presume x mu/ h be5
 pr9t$ = private  circulation only4     
,/4 ,mat!w's acc\nt runs3--        8,n[ 

! next day1 t foll[$ ! day ( !          
prep>ation1 !      *ief prie/s &        
,ph>isees came toge!r unto ,pilate1     
say+1 #8,sir1      we rememb] t t       
deceiv] said1 :ile he 0 yet alive1      
8,aft]      ?ree days ,i w rise aga940  
,comm& !re=e t ! sepul*re      be made  
sure until ! ?ird day1 le/ 8 disciples  
come by night      & /eal him away & say
 unto ! p1 8,he is ris5 f !      dead30 
s ! la/ error %all be worse ?an ! fir/4'
  ,pilate said      unto !m1 #8,ye h a  
wat*3 g y\r way1 make x z sure z ye c4' 
,s !y w5t & made ! sepul*re sure1 seal+ 
! /one &      sett+ a wat*4  ,9 ! end ( 
! ,sabba?1 z x began to dawn      t[>ds 
! fir/ day ( ! week1 came ,m>y ,magdal5e
 & ! o!r      ,m>y to see ! sepul*re4   
,&1 behold1 !re 0 a great      e>?quake3
 = ! angel ( ! ,"l desc5d$ f heav51 &   
came      & roll$ back ! /one f ! door1 
& sat ^u x4  ,8      c\nt5ance 0 l      
lightn+1 & 8 raim5t :ite z sn[3 ,&      
= fe> ( him ! keep]s did %ake1 & became 
z dead m54  ,&      ! angel answ]$ &    

said unto ! wom51 #8,fe> n ye3 = ,i "k  
t ye seek ,jesus1 :i* 0 crucifi$4  ,he  
is n "h3 = he is      ris51 z he said4  
,come1 see ! place :]e ! ,"l lay4  ,& g 
quickly1 & tell 8 disciples t he is ris5
 f ! dead2 &1      behold1 he goe? be=e 
y into ,galilee2 !re %all ye see him3   
lo1      ,i h told y4'  ,& !y dep>t$    
quickly f ! sepul*re )      fe> & great 
joy2 & did run to br+ 8 disciples ^w4   
,& z      !y w5t to tell 8 disciples1   
,jesus met !m1 say+1 #8,all hail4'      
,& !y came & held him by ! feet1 &      
wor%ipp$ him 7cf4      ,john xx41 #af1  
#ag74  ,!n said ,jesus unto !m1 #8,be n 
afraid3 g      tell my bre?r5 t !y g    
into ,galilee1 & !re %all !y see        
me4'  ,n[ :5 !y 7 go+1 behold1 "s ( !   
wat* came into      ! city1 & %ew$ unto 
! *ief prie/s all ! ?+s t 7      done4  
,& :5 !y 7 assembl$ ) ! eld]s1 & _h tak5
      c\nsel1 !y gave l>ge money unto ! 
soldi]s1 say+1 #8,say ye1      ,8       
disciples came by night1 & /ole him away
 :ile we slept4  ,&      if ?is come to 

! gov]nor's e>s1 we w p]suade him &     
secure      y4'  ,s !y took ! money1 &  
did z !y 7 taught3 & ?is      say+ is   
commonly report$ among ! ,jews until ?is
 day40    ,let u turn n[ to ! ,dean's   
note on ,matt4 xxvii41 #fb-ff4    ,)    
reg>d to ! sett+ ( ! wat* & seal+ ( !   
/one1 he  tells u t ! n>rative foll[+   
7i4e41 ! acc\nt ( ! gu>d  & ! e>?quake7 
8has be5 mu* impugn$ & its hi/orical    
accuracy  v g5]ally giv5 up ev5 by ! be/
 ( ! ,g]man comm5tators  7,ol%aus51     
,mey]2 also ,de ,wette1 ,hase1 & o!rs74 
,! *ief  difficulties f\nd 9 x seem to  
be3 7#a7 ,h[ %\ld ! *ief prie/s1  c41 "k
 ( ,8 hav+ said #89 ?ree days ,i w rise 
aga91' :5  ! say+ 0 hid ev5 f ,8 own    
disciples8  ,! answ] to ?is is  easy4   
,! mean+ ( ! say+ may h be51 & 0 hid f !
  disciples2 b ! fact ( its hav+ be5    
said c\ld be no secret4  ,n to lay any  
/ress on ,john ii41 #ai 7,jesus answ]$ &
 said unto !m1  #8,de/roy ?is temple & 9
 ?ree days ,i w build x up'71 we h !    
direct prophecy ( ,matt4 xii41 #dj 7#8,=

 z ,jonah 0 ?ree days & ?ree  nights 9 !
 :ale's belly1 s %all ! ,son ( ,man be  
?ree days &  ?ree nights 9 ! he>t ( !   
e>?73 besides ?is !re w\ld be a  rum\r  
curr5t1 ?r\gh ! int]c\rse ( ! ,apo/les )
 o!rs1 t  ,he _h be5 9 ! habit ( s say+4
  7,f :at s\rce c ,dean ,al=d  "k t our 
,"l 0 9 ! habit ( s say+8  ,:at p>ticle 
(  au?ority is !re = ?is alleg$ habit ( 
our ,"l87  ,z to !  und]/&+ ( ! words we
 mu/ rememb] t hatr$ is ke5]  sight$ ?an
 love3 t ! rais+ ( ,laz>us w\ld %ew :at 
sort  ( a ?+ ris+ f ! dead 0 to be2 & ! 
fulfilm5t ( !  ,"l's ann\ncem5t ( 8     
crucifixion w\ld naturally lead !m to   
look fur!r to :at m he _h ann\nc$4 7#b7 
,h[ %\ld ! wom5  :o 7 solicit\s ab\t !  
removal ( ! /one n h be5 /ill  m s ab\t 
its be+ seal$ & a gu>d set8  ,! answ] to
 ?is la/  has be5 giv5 above--!y 7 n    
aw>e ( ! circum/ance because !  gu>d 0 n
 set till ! ev5+ be=e4  ,!re w\ld be no 
ne$ (  ! application be=e ! approa* ( ! 
?ird day--x is only made  = a wat*1     
7v]4 #fd71 & x is n probable t  !       

circum/ance w\ld transpire t            
night--c]ta9ly x seems n to  h done s4  
7#c7 ,t ,gamaliel 0 ( ! c\ncil1 & if su*
 a ?+  z ?is & its sequel 7*ap4 xxviii41
 #aa-ae7 _h really happ5$1 he  ne$ n h  
express$ himself d\btfully 7,acts v41   
#ci71 b w\ld h  be5 c]ta9 t ?is 0 f     
,god4  ,b1 fir/1 x does n necess>ily    
foll[ t e memb] ( ! ,sanh$rim 0 pres5t1 
& appli$ to  ,pilate1 or ev5 _h !y done 
s1 t all bore a "p 9 ! act (  xxviii41  
#ab0 7! brib+ ( ! gu>d to sil5ce74  8,"o
 :o l ,joseph  _h n cons5t$ to ! de$    
be=e--& we may safely say t !re  7 o!rs 
su*--w\ld naturally )draw himself f     
fur!r  proce$+s aga9/ ! p]son ( ,jesus4 
7#d7 ,_h ?is be5 s ! ?ree  o!r          
,evangeli/s w\ld n h pass$ ov] s        
important a te/imony to  !              
,resurrection4  ,b surely we _c argue 9 
?is way--= ?us e  important fact n>rat$ 
by "o ,evangeli/ alone mu/ be reject$1  
e4g4  7:i* /&s 9 mu* ! same relation71 !
 satisfaction (  ,?omas--ano!r su*      
n>rations4  ,till we "k m ab\t !        

circum/ances "u :i*1 & ! scope ) :i*1   
ea* ,gospel 0  compil$1 all a priori    
argum5ts ( ?is k9d are good = no?+40    
7,! italics 9 ! above1 & ?r\gh\t ! notes
 quot$1 are !  ,dean's1 unless x is     
expressly /at$ o!rwise47    ,i w n[     
proce$ to consid] ?is def5ce ( ,mat!w's 
accuracy aga9/  ! objections ( ! ,g]man 
comm5tators4    ,i4  ,! ,g]man          
comm5tators ma9ta9 t ! *ief prie/s are n
  likely to h kn[n ( any prophecy (     
,*ri/'s ,resurrection :5 ,8  own        
disciples _h evid5tly he>d ( no?+ to ?is
 effect4  ,dean  ,al=d's answ] am\nts to
 ?is3--    #a4  ,!y _h he>d ! words b   
did n und]/& _! mean+2 hatr$  enabl$ !  
*ief prie/s to see cle>ly :at love did n
 reveal to !  und]/&+ ( ! ,apo/les4     
,true1 accord+ to ,mat!w1 ,*ri/ _h  said
 t z ,jonah 0 ?ree days & ?ree nights 9 
! :ale's belly1  s ! ,son ( ,man %\ld be
 ?ree days & ?ree nights 9 ! he>t (  !  
e>?2 b x w\ld be only hatr$ :i* w\ld    
sugge/ !  int]pretation ( s obscure a   
prophecy3 love w\ld n be suffici5tly    

ke5-sight$ to und]/& x4    ,b 9 ! fir/  
place ,i w\ld urge t if ! ,apo/les _h   
ev] he>d  any words capable ( sugge/+ ! 
idea t ,*ri/ %\ld rise1 aft]  !y _h     
already se5 ! rais+ ( ,laz>us1 on :om   
corruption _h  begun its "w1 !y mu/ h   
expect$ ! ,resurrection4  ,aft] hav+    
se5 s /up5d\s a miracle1 any "o w\ld    
expect any?+ :i* 0  ev5 sugge/$ by ! ,"o
 :o _h p]=m$ x4  ,&1 secondly1 hatr$ is 
n ke5] sight$ ?an love4    #b4  ,dean   
,al=d says t ! rais+ ( ,laz>us w\ld %ew 
! *ief  prie/s :at sort ( a ?+ !        
,resurrection f ! dead 0 to be1  & t !  
fulfilm5t ( ,*ri/'s prophecy conc]n+ 8  
,crucifixion  w\ld naturally lead !m to 
look fur!r to :at else he _h ann\nc$4   
,b1 if ! rais+ ( ,laz>us w\ld %ew ! *ief
 prie/s :at sort (  ?+ ! ,resurrection 0
 to be1 x w\ld %ew ! ,apo/les also2 &   
aga9 if ! fulfilm5t ( ! prophecy ( !    
,crucifixion w\ld lead !  *ief prie/s to
 look fur!r to ! fulfilm5t ( ! prophecy 
( !  ,resurrection1 s w\ld x lead !     
,apo/les2 ?is supposition ( "o set  ( m5

 :o c see ev]y?+1 & ( ano!r ) precisely 
! same  opportunities & no less int]e/1 
:o c see no?+1 is va/ly  conv5i5t ^u !  
/age1 b x is n support$ by a ref]5ce to 
,nature2 self-int]e/ w\ld h op5$ ! eyes 
( ! ,apo/les4    ,,ii4  ,! ,g]man       
comm5tators ask h[ 0 x possible t ! wom5
 :o  7 solicit\s ab\t ! removal ( !     
/one1 %\ld n be /ill m  s ab\t 8its be+ 
seal$ & a gu>d set80  ,if ! ,g]man      
comm5tators  h ask$ _! "q 9 ?is %ape1 !y
 h ask$ x badly1 &  ,dean ,al=d's answ] 
is suffici5t3 !y might h ask$1 h[ ! o!r 
?ree writ]s c\ld all tell u t ! /one 0  
already gone :5 !  wom5 got !re1 & yet  
,mat!w's /ory be true8 & h[ ,mat!w's    
/ory  c\ld be true )\t ! o!r writ]s hav+
 kn[n x8 & h[ !  o!r writ]s c\ld h      
introduc$ matt] contradictory to x1 if  
!y  _h kn[n x to be true8    ,,iii4  ,! 
,g]man comm5tators say t 9 ! ,acts ( !  
,apo/les we  f9d ,gamaliel express+     
himself z d\btful :e!r or no ,*ri/ianity
  0 ( ,god1 :]eas _h he kn[n ! facts    
relat$ by ,mat!w he c\ld  h _h no d\bt  

at all4  ,he mu/ h kn[n t ,*ri/ianity 0 
(  ,god4    ,dean ,al=d answ]s t p]haps 
,gamaliel 0 n !re4  ,to :i* ,i  w\ld    
rejo9 t ?\gh ,gamaliel might h _h no h& 
9 ! brib]y1  suppos+ x to h tak5 place1 
x is inconceivable t su* a /ory  %\ld h 
n rea*$ him2 ! matt] c\ld nev] h be5    
kept s  quiet b t x mu/ h leak$ out4    
,m5 are n s utt]ly bad or s  utt]ly     
fooli% z ,dean ,al=d seems to imply2 &  
:e!r ,gamaliel 0  or 0 n pres5t :5 !    
gu>d 7 brib$1 he mu/ h be5 equally  aw>e
 ( ! fact be=e mak+ ! spee* :i* is      
assign$ to him 9  ! ,acts4    ,,iv4  ,! 
,g]man comm5tators argue f ! sil5ce ( ! 
o!r  ,evangeli/s3 ,dean ,al=d replies by
 d5y+ t ?is sil5ce is any  argum5t3 b ,i
 w\ld answ]1 t on a matt] :i* ! o!r ?ree
  writ]s mu/ h kn[n to h be5 ( su*      
int5se int]e/1 _!  sil5ce is a          
conclusive pro( ei!r ( _! ignorance or  
_!  indol5ce z hi/orians4  ,dean ,al=d  
has well sub/antiat$ !  indep5d5ce ( !  
f\r n>ratives1 he has well prov$ t !    
writ]  ( ! f\r? ,gospel c\ld nev] h se5 

! o!r ,gospels1 & yet he  supposes t t  
writ] ei!r did n "k ! facts relat$ by   
,mat!w1 or ?\ght x unnecess>y to allude 
to !m4  ,nei!r ( ^!  suppositions is    
t5able3 b !re w\ld nev]!less be a %ad[ (
  gr\nd = ,dean ,al=d to /& ^u if ! o!r 
,evangeli/s 7 simply  sil5t3 b :y does  
he omit all notice ( _! introduc+ matt] 
:i*  is absolutely incompatible )       
,mat!w's accuracy8    ,!re is "o o!r    
consid]ation :i* mu/ sugge/ itself to ! 
read]  9 connection ) ?is /ory ( ! gu>d4
  ,x ref]s to ! conduct (  ! *ief prie/s
 & ! soldi]s !mselves4  ,! conduct      
assign$ to  ! *ief prie/s 9 brib+ ! gu>d
 to lie aga9/ "o :om !y mu/  by ?is "t h
 kn[n to be "u sup]natural protection1  
is contr>y  to human nature4  ,! *ief   
prie/s 7accord+ to ,mat!w7 knew t  ,*ri/
 _h said he %\ld rise3 9 spite ( _! be+ 
well aw>e t  ,*ri/ _h rais$ ,laz>us f ! 
dead b v rec5tly !y did n  believe t he 
w\ld rise1 b fe>$ 7s ,mat!w says7 t !   
,apo/les w\ld /eal ! body & pret5d a    
resurrection3 up to ?is  po9t we admit t

 ! /ory1 ?\gh v improbable1 is /ill     
possible3  b :5 we read ( _! brib+ !    
gu>ds to tell a lie "u su*  circum/ances
 z ^? :i* we are told _h j occurr$1 we  
say t  su* conduct is impossible3 m5 are
 too great c[>ds to be capable (  x4  ,!
 same applies to ! soldi]s3 !y w\ld nev]
 d>e to run  c\nt] to an ag5cy :i* _h   
ne>ly kill$ !m ) fright on t  v selfsame
 morn+4  ,let any man put himself 9 _!  
position3 let  him rememb] t ^! soldi]s 
7 previ\sly no enemies to ,*ri/1  nor1 z
 f> z we c judge1 is x likely t !y 7 a  
gang (  d\ble-dy$ villa9s3 b ev5 if !y  
71 !y w\ld n h d>$ to  act z ,mat!w says
 !y act$4    ,& n[ let u turn to ano!r  
note ( ,dean ,al=d's4    ,speak+ ( !    
indep5d5ce ( ! f\r n>ratives 79 8 note  
on ,matt4  xxviii41 #a-aj7 & ref]r+ to  
_! 8m9or discrepancies10 ! ,dean  says1 
8,suppos+ u to be acqua9t$ ) e ?+ said &
 done 9  its ord] & exactness1 we %\ld  
d\btless be able to reconcile1 or       
acc\nt =1 ! pres5t =ms ( ! n>ratives2 b 
n hav+ ?is  key to ! h>monis+ ( !m1 all 

attempts to d s 9 m9ute  p>ticul>s mu/  
be full ( arbitr>y assumptions1 & c>ry  
no c]ta9ty  ) !m3 & ,i may rem>k t ( all
 h>monies ^? ( !  incid5ts ( ^! *apt]s  
are to me ! mo/ unsatisfactory4  ,giv+  
_! compil]s all cr$it = ! be/ int5tions1
 ,i confess !y  seem to me to weak5     
in/ead ( /r5g!n+ ! evid5ce1 :i* n[  re/s
 7speak+ m]ely objectively7 on !        
unexceptionable te/imony (  ?ree        
indep5d5t n>rators1 & "o :o besides 0 an
 eye witness (  mu* t happ5$4  ,if we   
are to comp>e ! f\r & ask :i* is to be  
tak5 z mo/ ne>ly report+ ! exact words &
 incid5ts1 on ?is  !re c1 ,i ?9k1 be no 
d\bt4  ,on int]nal z well z ext]nal     
gr\nd  t ( ,john takes ! highe/ place1 b
 n ( c\rse to !  exclusion ( ^? p>ts ( !
 n>rative :i* he does n t\*40    ,surely
 ! above is a v extraord9>y note4  ,!   
difficulty ( !  irreconcilable diff]5ces
 betwe5 ! f\r n>ratives is n met nor    
attempt$ to be met3 ! ,dean seems to    
consid] ! attempt z hopeless3  no "o1   
accord+ to him1 has be5 z yet           

successful1 nei!r c he see  any prospect
 ( succe$+ bett] himself3 ! exp$i5t     
!re=e :i*  he proposes is t ! :ole %\ld 
be tak5 on tru/2 t x %\ld be  assum$ t  
no discrepancy :i* c\ld n be acc\nt$ =  
w\ld be  f\nd1 if ! facts 7 kn[n 9 !    
exact ord] 9 :i* !y occurr$4  ,9 o!r    
words1 he leaves ! difficulty :]e x 04  
,yet surely x is  a v grave "o4  ,! same
 ev5ts are record$ by ?ree writ]s 7"o   
be+ pr(ess$ly an eye-witness1 & ! o!rs  
indep5d5t writ]s71 9  a way :i* is      
virtually ! same1 9 spite ( "s          
unimportant  v>iations 9 ! mann] ( tell+
 x1 :ile a f\r? gives a totally  diff]5t
 & irreconcilable acc\nt2 ! matt] /&s 9 
su* confusion  at pres5t t ev5 ,dean    
,al=d admits t any attempt to reconcile 
!  diff]5ces leaves !m 9 worse confusion
 ?an ev]2 ! able/ & mo/  spiritually    
m9d$ ( ! ,g]man comm5tators sugge/ a way
 ( escape2  nev]!less1 accord+ to !     
,dean we are n to pr(it by x1 b %all    
avoid ! difficulty bett] by a simpl]    
process--! process ( pass+  x ov]4    ,a

 man does well to be angry :5 he sees s 
solemn & mom5t\s a  subject treat$ ?us4 
,:at is trifl+ if ?is is n trifl+8  ,:at
 is  dis+5u\sness if n ?is8  ,x involves
 "s tr\ble & app>5t  dang] to admit t ! 
same ?+ has happ5$ to ! ,*ri/ian records
  :i* has happ5$ to all o!rs--i4e41 t !y
 h  suff]$--miracul\sly little1 b /ill  
some?+--at ! h&s ( "t2  p w\ld h to     
famili>ise !mselves ) new ideas1 & ?is c
  seldom be done )\t a c]ta9 am\nt (    
wrangl+1 di/urbance1 &  unsettl+ (      
com=table ease3 x is !re=e by all means 
& at all  risks to be avoid$4  ,:o c    
d\bt t "s su* feel+ z ?is 0 9  ,dean    
,al=d's m9d :5 ! notes above criticis$ 7
 writt58  ,yet  :at are ! means tak5 to 
avoid ! recognition ( obvi\s tru?8  ,!y 
are dis+5u\s 9 ! v highe/ degree4  ,c   
?is prosp]8  ,n if  ,*ri/ is true4      
,:at is ! practical result8  ,! loss (  
_m s\ls :o w\ld gladly  come to !       
,savi\r1 b :o are fright5$ (f by see+ ! 
mann] 9  :i* 8 case is def5d$4  ,& :at  
aft] all is ! dang] t w\ld  foll[ ^u    

c&\r8  ,none4  ,n "o p>ticle4           
,nev]!less1 dang] or  no dang]1 we are  
b\nd to speak ! tru?4  ,we h no?+ to d )
  consequ5ces & moral t5d5cies & risk to
 ?is or t fundam5tal  pr9ciple ( our    
belief1 nor yet ) ! possibility ( lurid 
lights  be+ ?r[n "h or !re4  ,:at are ^!
 ?+s to u8  ,!y are n  our bus9ess or   
conc]n1 b re/ ) ! ,be+ :o has requir$ ( 
u  t we %\ld rev]5tly1 pati5tly1        
uno/5tati\sly1 yet resolutely1  /rive to
 f9d out :at ?+s are true & :at false1 &
 t we  %\ld give up all1 r ?an =sake our
 own convictions conc]n+  ! tru?4       
,?is is our pla9 & imm$iate duty1 9     
pursuance ( :i* we proce$ to  set aside 
! acc\nt ( ! ,resurrection giv5 9 ,/4   
,mat!w's ,gospel4  ,t acc\nt mu/ be     
look$ ^u z ! inv5tion ( "s copyi/1 or   
possibly ( ! translator ( ! orig9al "w1 
at a "t :5 m5 :o  _h be5 eye-witnesses  
to ! actual facts ( ! ,resurrection 7   
becom+ sc>ce1 & :5 x 0 felt t "s m      
unmi/akably  miracul\s acc\nt ?an t giv5
 9 ! o!r ?ree ,gospels w\ld be a  com=t 

& enc\ragem5t to succe$+ g5]ations4     
,we1 h[ev]1 mu/  n[ foll[ ! example (   
8ev5 ! be/0 ( ! ,g]man comm5tators1 &   
disc>d x z soon z possible4  ,on hav+   
done ?is ! :ole difficulty  ( !         
confusion ( ! f\r acc\nts ( !           
,resurrection vani%es l  smoke1 & we f9d
 ourselves ) ?ree indep5d5t writ]s ^:   
diff]5ces are exactly ^? :i* we might   
expect1 consid]+ ! "t  & circum/ances 9 
:i* !y wrote1 b :i* are /ill s trifl+ z 
to di/urb no man's fai?4        ,*apt]  
,,vi  ,m ,dis+5u\sness      ,"h1 p]haps1
 w be ! fitte/ place = introduc+ a lett]
 to my  bro!r f a g5tleman :o is well   
kn[n to ! public1 b :o does  n au?orise 
me to give 8 "n4  ,i f\nd ?is lett]     
among my  bro!r's pap]s1 endors$ ) !    
words 8?is mu/ be att5d$ to10 b  ) no?+ 
m4  ,i imag9e t my bro!r w\ld h         
incorporat$ !  sub/ance ( 8             
correspond5t's lett] into ?is or !      
prec$+  *apt]1 b n v5tur+ to d s myself1
 ,i h ?\ght x be/ to  give ! lett] &    
extract 9 full1 & ?us to let !m speak = 

!mselves4--,w4 ,b4 ,o4                  
,june #ae1 #ahfh4    ,my de> ,ow51      
,y\r bro!r has told me :at y are do+1 & 
! g5]al l9e ( y\r  argum5t4  ,i am sorry
 t y %\ld be do+ x1 = ,i ne$ n tell  y t
 ,i d n & _c sympa?ise ) ! great &      
unexpect$  *ange 9 y\r op9ions4  ,y are 
! la/ man 9 ! _w f :om ,i  %\ld h       
expect$ su* a *ange3 b1 z y well "k1 y  
are also  ! la/ man 9 ! _w ^: s9c]ity 9 
mak+ x ,i %\ld be  incl9$ to "q4  ,may y
 f9d peace & happ9ess 9 :atev]  op9ions 
y adopt1 & let me tru/ also t y w nev]  
=get !  lessons ( tol]ation :i* y le>nt 
z ! disciple ( :at y w  p]haps h>dly    
p>don me = call+ a fre] & happi] s*ool (
  ?\ght ?an ! "o to :i* y n[ believe    
y\rself to belong4    ,y\r bro!r tells  
me t y are ill2 ,i ne$ n say t ,i am    
sorry1  & t ,i %\ld n tr\ble y ) any    
p]sonal matt]--,i write solely  9       
ref]5ce to ! "w :i* ,i he> t y h        
und]tak51 & :i*  ,i am giv5 to und]/&   
consi/s ma9ly 9 ! endeav\r to conqu]    
unbelief1 by really ent]+ into !        

difficulties felt by unbeliev]s4  ,!    
s*eme is a good "o if ?or\ghly c>ri$    
out4  ,we imag9e t we  /& 9 no dang] f  
any su* c\rse z ?is1 & %\ld he>tily     
welcome any book :i* tri$ to grapple )  
u1 ev5 ?\gh x 7 to  compel u to admit a 
great deal m ?an ,i at pres5t ?9k x     
likely  t ev5 y c extort f u4  ,mu* m   
%\ld we welcome a "w  :i* made p und]/& 
u bett] ?an !y d2 ?is w\ld inde$  conf] 
a la/+ b5efit bo? ^u !m & u4    ,h[ev]1 
,i "k y wi% to d y\r "w ?or\ghly2 ,i    
want1 !re=e1  to make a trifl+ sugge/ion
 :i* y w take pro tanto3 x is           
?is3--,paley1 9 8 ?ird book1 pr(esses to
 give 8a brief consid]ation  ( "s popul>
 objections10 & beg9s ,*ap4  ,i4 ) 8,!  
discrepancies  betwe5 ! sev]al          
,gospels40    ,n[1 ,i "k y h a ,paley1 b
 ,i "k also t y are ill1 & t  p :o are  
ill l be+ sav$ f small ex]tions4  ,i h1 
!re=e1 b\ght a second-h& ,paley = a     
%ill+1 & h cut out  ! *apt] to :i* ,i   
especially want to call y\r att5tion4   
,w y  k9dly read x ?r\gh f beg9n+ to    

end8    ,is x fair8  ,is ! /atem5t ( our
 objections any?+ l :at we  %\ld put    
=w>d ourselves8  ,& c y believe t ,paley
 ) 8  pr(\ndly critical in/9ct1 & really
 great k ( ! ,new  ,te/am5t1 %\ld n h   
be5 p]fectly well aw>e t he 0           
misrepres5t+ & ignor+ ! objections :i*  
he pr(ess$ to be  remov+8    ,he mu/ h  
kn[n v well t ! pr9ciple ( confirmation 
by  discrepancy is "o ( v limit$        
application1 & t x w n  cov] any?+      
approa*+ to su* wide div]g5cies z ^? :i*
 are  pres5t$ to u 9 ! ,gospels4        
,besides1 h[ c he talk ab\t  ,mat!w's   
object z he does1 & yet omit all        
allusion to ! wide &  important         
diff]5ces betwe5 8 acc\nt ( !           
,resurrection1 & ^?  ( ,m>k1 ,luke1 &   
,john8  ,v few "k :at ^? diff]5ces      
really  are1 9 spite ( _! hav+ ! ,bible 
always op5 to !m4  ,i suppose  t ,paley 
felt pretty sure t 8 read]s w\ld be aw>e
 ( no  difficulty unless he *ose to put 
!m up to x1 & wisely decl9$ to  d s4  ,v
 prud5t1 b v 7z x seems to me7 wick$4   

,n[ don't d  ?is y\rself4  ,if y are go+
 to meet u1 meet u fairly1 & let u  h   
our say4  ,don't pret5d to let u h our  
say :ile tak+ good  c>e t we get no     
*ance ( say+ x4  ,i "k y won't4         
,h[ev]1 w y po9t out ,paley's unfairness
 9 head+ ?is "p (  8 "w 8,a brief       
consid]ation ( "s popul> objections10 & 
!n  proce$+ to give a *apt] on 8!       
discrepancies betwe5 ! sev]al           
,gospels10 )\t go+ into ! details ( any 
( ^? important  discrepancies :i* c h   
be5 kn[n to none bett] ?an himself8     
,?is is ! only place1 s f> z ,i rememb]1
 9 8 :ole book1 :]e he  ev5 t\*es ^u !  
discrepancies 9 ! ,gospels4  ,does he d 
s z a  man :o felt t !y 7 unimportant & 
c\ld be approa*$ )  safety1 or z "o :o  
is det]m9$ to c>ry ! read]'s att5tion   
away  f !m1 & fix x ^u some?+ else by a 
c\p de ma98    ,?is *apt] alone has     
always conv9c$ me t ,paley did n believe
 9  8 own book4  ,no "o c\ld h re/$     
satisfi$ ) x = mom5t1 if  he felt t he 0
 on really /rong gr\nd4  ,besides1 h[   

insuffici5t  = _! purpose are 8 examples
 ( discrepancies :i* d n impair  !      
cr$ibility ( ! ma9 fact record$6    ,h[ 
w\ld x h be5 if ,"l ,cl>5don & ?ree o!r 
hi/orians _h  ea* told u t ! ,m>quis (  
,argyll came to life aga9 aft] be+      
behead$1 & !n set to "w to contradict   
ea* o!r hopelessly z to  ! mann] ( 8    
reappe>ance8  ,h[ if ,burnet1 ,woodr[1 &
 ,hea? _h  giv5 an acc\nt :i* 0 n at all
 incompatible ) a natural  explanation (
 ! :ole matt]1 :ile ,cl>5don gave a     
circum/antial  /ory 9 flat contradiction
 to all ! o!rs1 & c>efully exclud$ any  
b a sup]natural explanation8  ,ought we 
to1 or %\ld we1 all[ !  discrepancies to
 pass un*all5g$8  ,n = an h\r--if inde$ 
we did n  r ord] ! :ole /ory out ( c\rt 
at once1 z too wildly  improbable to    
des]ve a he>+4    ,y w1 ,i "k1 see all  
?is1 & a great deal m1 & w po9t x  bett]
 ?an ,i c4  ,let me z an old fri5d      
entreat y n to pass ?is  ov]1 b to all[ 
me to cont9ue to ?9k ( y z ,i always h  
?\ght ( y hi!rto1 namely1 z ! mo/       

imp>tial disputant 9 !  _w4--,y\rs1 c4  
99 99 99 99 99     7,extract f ,paley's 
8,evid5ces40--,"p ,,iii41 ,*apt] #a4    
8,!                    ,discrepancies   
betwe5 ! ,gospels407    8,i "k n a m ra%
 or unphilosophical conduct ( ! und]/&+1
  ?an to reject ! sub/ance ( a /ory1 by 
reason ( "s div]sity 9  ! circum/ances )
 :i* x is relat$4  ,! usual "* ( human  
te/imony is sub/antial tru? "u          
circum/antial v>iety4  ,?is is  :at !   
daily exp]i5ce ( c\rts ( ju/ice tea*es4 
,:5 acc\nts (  a transaction come f !   
m\?s ( diff]5t witnesses1 x is seldom  t
 x is n possible to pick out app>5t or  
real inconsi/5cies  betwe5 !m4  ,^!     
inconsi/5cies are /udi\sly display$ by  
an  adv]se plead]1 b (t5times ) little  
impression ^u ! m9ds (  ! judges4  ,on !
 contr>y1 close & m9ute agreem5t induces
 !  suspicion ( conf$]acy & fraud4  ,:5 
writt5 hi/ories t\* ^u  ! same sc5es (  
action1 ! comp>ison almo/ always af=ds  
gr\nd  = a l reflection4  ,num]\s &     
sometimes important v>iations  pres5t   

!mselves2 n seldom1 also1 absolute &    
f9al contradictions2  yet nei!r "o nor !
 o!r are deem$ suffici5t to %ake !      
cr$ibility ( ! ma9 fact4  ,! embassy ( !
 ,jews to deprecate !  execution (      
,claudian's ord] to place 8 /atue 9 _!  
temple ,philo  places 9 h>ve/1 ,josephus
 9 se$-"t1 bo? contempor>y writ]s4  ,no 
read] is l$ by ?is inconsi/5cy to d\bt  
:e!r su* an embassy 0  s5t1 or :e!r su* 
an ord] 0 giv54  ,our own hi/ory        
supplies  examples ( ! same k9d4  ,9 !  
acc\nt ( ! ,m>quis ( ,argyll's  dea? 9 !
 reign ( ,*>les ,,ii41 we h a v         
rem>kable  contradiction4  ,"l ,cl>5don 
relates t he 0 condemn$ to be  hang$1   
:i* 0 p]=m$ ! same day2 on ! contr>y1   
,burnet1  ,woodr[1 ,hea?1 ,e*>d1 concur 
9 /at+ t he 0 condemn$ ^u !  ,saturday1 
& execut$ ^u a ,monday4 #aeh;a  ,0 any  
read] ( ,engli%  hi/ory ev] sceptic     
en\gh to raise f h5ce a "q1 :e!r !      
,m>quis ( ,argyll 0 execut$ or n8  ,yet 
?is ought to be left 9  unc]ta9ty1      
accord+ to ! pr9ciples ^u :i* ! ,*ri/ian

  religion has sometimes be5 attack$4   
,dr4 ,middleton cont5d$ t !  diff]5t    
h\rs ( ! day assign$ to ! ,crucifixion (
 ,*ri/ by ,john  & ! o!r ,evangeli/s1   
did n admit ( ! reconcilem5t :i*  le>n$ 
m5 _h propos$2 & !n concludes !         
discussion ) ?is  h>d rem>k3 #8,we mu/  
be =c$1 ) sev]al ( ! critics1 to leave  
! difficulty j z we f\nd x1 *>geable )  
all ! consequ5ces  ( manife/            
inconsi/5cy4' #aeh;b  ,b :at are ^!     
consequ5ces8  ,by  no means ! discr$it+ 
( ! hi/ory z to ! pr9cipal fact1 by a   
repugnancy 7ev5 suppos+ t repugnancy n  
to be resolvable into  diff]5t modes (  
computation7 9 ! "t ( ! day 9 :i* x is  
said to h tak5 place4    8,a great deal 
( ! discrepancy obs]vable 9 ! ,gospels  
arises f  omission2 f a fact or a       
passage ( ,*ri/'s life be+ notic$ by  "o
 writ]1 :i* is unnotic$ by ano!r4  ,n[1 
omission is at all times  a v unc]ta9   
gr\nd ( objection4  ,we p]ceive x n only
 9 !  comp>ison ( diff]5t writ]s1 b ev5 
9 ! same writ]1 :5  comp>$ ) himself4   

,!re are a great _m p>ticul>s1 & "s (   
!m ( importance1 m5tion$ by ,josephus 9 
8 ,antiquities1 :i* z we  %\ld h        
suppos$1 ought to h be5 put d[n by him 9
 _! place  9 ! ,jewi% ,w>s4 #aei;a      
,suetonius1 ,tacitus1 ,dion ,cassius h  
all  ?ree writt5 ( ! reign ( ,tib]ius4  
,ea* has m5tion$ _m ?+s  omitt$ by !    
re/1 #aei;b yet no objection is f !nce  
tak5 to !  respective cr$it ( _!        
hi/ories4  ,we h 9 our own times1 if !re
  7 n some?+ indecor\s 9 ! comp>ison1 ! 
life ( an em95t  p]son1 writt5 by ?ree (
 8 fri5ds1 9 :i* !re is v great  v>iety 
9 ! incid5ts select$ by !m1 "s app>5t1 &
 p]haps  "s real1 contradictions3 yet   
)\t any impea*m5t ( ! sub/antial  tru? (
 _! acc\nts1 ( ! au!nticity ( ! books1 (
 !  compet5t in=mation or g5]al fidelity
 ( ! writ]s4    8,b ^! discrepancies w  
be /ill m num]\s1 :5 m5 d n  write      
hi/ories1 b memoirs2 :i* is p]haps !    
true "n & prop]  description ( our      
,gospels2 t is1 :5 !y d n und]take1 or  
ev]  meant to deliv]1 9 ord] ( "t1 a    

regul> & complete acc\nt (  all ! ?+s ( 
importance :i* ! p]son :o is ! subject (
  _! hi/ory did or said2 b only1 out (  
_m simil> ones1 to give  su* passages1  
or su* actions & disc\rses1 z (f]$      
!mselves m  imm$iately to _! att5tion1  
came 9 ! way ( _! enquiries1  occurr$ to
 _! recollection1 or 7 sugge/$ by _!    
p>ticul>  design at ! "t ( writ+4       
8,?is p>ticul> design may appe>         
sometimes1 b n always1 nor (t54  ,?us ,i
 ?9k t ! p>ticul> design :i* ,/4 ,mat!w 
_h 9 view  :il/ he 0 writ+ ! hi/ory ( ! 
,resurrection1 0 to atte/ !  fai?ful    
p]=mance ( ,*ri/'s promise to 8         
disciples to g be=e  !m into ,galilee2  
because he alone1 except ,m>k1 :o seems 
to h tak5  x f him1 has record$ ?is     
promise1 & he alone has conf9$ 8        
n>rative to t s+le appe>ance to !       
disciples :i* fulfill$ x4  ,x 0 !       
preconc]t$1 ! great & mo/ public        
manife/ation ( our  ,"l's p]son4  ,x 0 !
 ?+ :i* dwelt ^u ,/4 ,mat!w's m9d1 &  he
 adapt$ 8 n>rative to x4  ,b1 t !re is  

no?+ 9 ,/4  ,mat!w's language :i*       
negatives o!r appe>ances1 or :i* imports
  t ?is 8 appe>ance to 8 disciples 9    
,galilee1 9 pursuance ( 8  promise1 0 8 
fir/ or only appe>ance1 is made pretty  
evid5t by ,/4  ,m>k's ,gospel1 :i* uses 
! same t]ms conc]n+ ! appe>ance 9       
,galilee z ,/4 ,mat!w uses1 yet itself  
records two o!r appe>ances  prior to    
?is3 #8,g y\r way1 tell 8 disciples &   
,pet] t he goe?  be=e y into ,galilee3  
!re %all ye see him1 z he said unto y'  
7xvi41 #g74  ,we might be apt to inf] f 
^! words1 t ?is 0 !  fir/ "t !y 7 to see
 him3 at lea/1 we might inf] x ) z  mu* 
reason z we draw ! inf]5ce f ! same     
words 9 ,mat!w2 yet  ! hi/orian himself 
did n p]ceive t he 0 lead+ 8 read]s to  
any su* conclusion1 = 9 ! twelf? & two  
foll[+ v]ses ( ?is  *apt]1 he in=ms u ( 
two appe>ances1 :i*1 by comp>+ ! ord]  (
 ev5ts1 are %[n to h be5 prior to !     
appe>ance 9 ,galilee4  #8,he appe>$ 9   
ano!r =m unto two ( !m1 z !y walk$1 &   
w5t  into ! c\ntry3 & !y w5t & told x   

unto ! residue3 nei!r  believ$ !y !m4   
,aft]w>d ,he appe>$ unto ! elev5 z !y   
sat at  meat1 & upbraid$ !m ) _!        
unbelief1 because !y believ$ n  !m :i*  
_h se5 ,him aft] ,he 0 ris54'  ,probably
 ! same  obs]vation1 conc]n+ ! p>ticul> 
design :i* guid$ !  hi/orian1 may be (  
use 9 comp>+ _m o!r passages ( !        
,gospels40                              
99 99 99 99 99    ,my bro!r's "w1 :i*   
has be5 int]rupt$ by ! lett] & extract  
j giv51 w n[ be cont9u$4  ,:at foll[s   
%\ld be consid]$ z  com+ imm$iately aft]
 ! prec$+ *apt]4--,w4  ,b4 ,o4          
99 99 99 99 99    ,,b !re is a mu* worse
 set ( notes ?an ^? on ! tw5ty-eigh?    
*apt] ( ,/4 ,mat!w1 & s important is x t
 we %\ld put an end  to su* a /yle (    
argum5t1 & get into a mann] :i* %all    
comm5d  itself to s9c]e & able          
adv]s>ies1 t ,i %all n apologise =  giv+
 !m 9 full "h4  ,!y ref] to ! spe> w\nd 
record$ 9 ,/4  ,john's ,gospel z hav+   
be5 inflict$ ^u ! body ( our ,"l4    ,! 
passage 9 ,/4 ,john's ,gospel /&s ?us   

7,john xix41 #cb-cg7--8,!n  came !      
soldi]s & brake ! legs ( ! fir/ & ( !   
o!r :i*  0 crucifi$ ) ,him4  ,b :5 !y   
came to ,jesus & saw t ,he 0  dead      
already !y brake n ,8 legs3 b "o ( !    
soldi]s ) a  spe> pi]c$ ,8 side1 & =?)  
came !re out blood & wat]4  ,& he t saw 
x b>e record1 & we "k t 8 record is     
true1 &  he kn[e? t he sai? true t ye   
might believe4  ,= ^! ?+s  7 done t !   
,scripture %\ld be fulfill$1 #8,a bone (
 ,him %all  n be brok5' & aga9 ano!r    
,scripture sai?1 #8,!y %all look on ,him
  :om !y pi]c$4'0    ,9 8 note ^u !     
?irty-f\r? v]se ,dean ,al=d writes--8,! 
lance  mu/ h p5etrat$ deep1 = ! object 0
 to ensure dea?40  ,n[  :at w>rant is   
!re = ei!r ( ^! ass]tions8  ,we are told
 t  ! soldi]s saw t our ,"l 0 dead      
already1 & t = ?is reason  !y did n     
break 8 legs3 if !re _h be5 any d\bt    
ab\t ,8 be+  dead c we believe t !y w\ld
 h hesitat$8  ,!re is ample pro(  ( !   
complet5ess ( ! dea? 9 ! fact t ^? ^:   
bus9ess x  0 to assure !mselves ( its   

hav+ tak5 place 7 s satisfi$ t  !y w\ld 
be at no fur!r tr\ble2 :at ne$ to kill a
 dead man8  ,if  !re _h be5 any "q z to 
! possibility ( life rema9+1 x  w\ld n h
 be5 resolv$ by ! ?ru/ ( ! spe>1 b 9 a  
way  :i* we mu/ %udd] to ?9k (4  ,x is  
mo/ pa9ful to h _h to  write ! =ego+    
l9es1 b are !y n call$ = :5 we see a man
  s well int5tion$ & s widely read z !  
late ,dean ,al=d  condesc5d+ to argum5t 
:i* mu/ only weak5 ! /r5g? ( 8  cause 9 
! eyes ( ^? :o h n yet be5 br\ght to "k 
!  bless+s & com=t ( ,*ri/ianity8  ,f ! 
words ( ,/4 ,john no "o  c say :e!r !   
w\nd 0 a deep "o1 or :y x 0 giv5--yet ! 
,dean cont9ues1 8& see ,john xx41 #bg10 
!reby imply+ t ! w\nd  mu/ h be5 l>ge   
en\gh = ,?omas to get 8 h& into x1      
because  our ,"l says1 8rea* hi!r ?9e h&
 & ?ru/ x into my side40  ,?is is simply
 %ock+4  ,words _c be press$ 9 ?is way4 
,dean  ,al=d !n says t ! spe> 0 ?ru/    
8probably into ! left side  on acc\nt ( 
! position ( ! soldi]0 7no "o c arrive  
at !  position ( ! soldi]1 & no "o w\ld 

attempt to d s1 unless  actuat$ by a    
n]v\s anxiety to direct ! spe> into !   
he>t ( !  ,r$eem]71 8& ( :at foll[$0 7! 
,dean "h implies t ! wat]  mu/ h come f 
! p]ic>dium2 yet 9 8 next note we are l$
 to  inf] t he rejects ?is supposition1 
inasmu* z ! quantity ( wat]  w\ld h be5 
8s small z to h sc>cely be5 obs]v$074   
,is ?is  fair & manly argum5t1 & c x h  
any o!r effect ?an to  increase !       
scepticism ( ^? :o d\bt8    ,"h ?is note
 ends4  ,! next beg9s ^u ! words 8blood 
& wat]40    8,! spe>10 says ! ,dean1    
8p]haps pi]c$ ! p]ic>dium or envelope  (
 ! he>t0 7b :y introduce a 8p]haps0 :5  
!re is ample pro( (  ! dea? )\t x871 89 
:i* case a liquid answ]+ to !           
description ( wat] may h0 7may h7 8fl[$ 
) ! blood1 b  ! quantity w\ld h be5 s   
small z sc>cely to h be5 obs]v$0  7yet 9
 ! prec$+ note he has l$ u to suppose t 
he ?9ks !  wat] 8probably0 came f ne> ! 
he>t74  8,x is sc>cely possible  t !    
sep>ation ( ! blood into plac5ta & s]um 
%\ld h  tak5 place s soon1 or t if x _h1

 x %\ld h be5 describ$ by  an obs]ve z  
blood & wat]4  ,x is m probable t ! fact
 "h s  /rongly te/ifi$ 0 a consequ5ce ( 
! extreme exhau/ion ( !  body ( !       
,r$eem]40  7,n[ if ?is is ! case1 !     
spe>-w\nd does  n prove ! dea? ( ,him on
 :om x 0 inflict$1 & ,dean ,al=d has    
weak5$ a /rong case = no?+47  8,! m$ical
 op9ions on !  subject are v v>i\s & by 
no means satisfactory40  ,satisfactory6 
,:at does ,dean ,al=d mean by           
satisfactory8  ,if ! evid5ce does n g   
to prove t ! spe>-w\nd mu/ h be5        
necess>ily fatal :y n  h said s at once1
 & h let ! :ole matt] re/ 9 ! obscurity 
f :i* no human be+ c remove x4  ,! w\nd 
may h be5 sev]e  or may n h be5 sev]e1 x
 may h be5 giv5 9 m]e wanton  mock]y ( !
 dead ,k+ ( ! ,jews1 = ! indignity's    
sake3 or x may  h be5 ! savage ?ru/ ( an
 implacable foe1 :o w\ld rejoice at  !  
mutilation ( ! dead body ( 8 enemy3 none
 c say ( :at nature  x 01 nor :y x 0    
giv52 b ! object ( its hav+ be5 record$ 
is no my/]y1 = we are expressly told t x

 0 9 ord] to %ew  t prophecy 0 ?us      
fulfill$3 ! ,evangeli/ tells u s 9 !    
pla9e/ language3 he ev5 goes f>!r1 = he 
says t ^! ?+s  7 done = ?is end 7n only 
t !y 7 record$7--s t !  prim>y motive ( 
! ,almighty 9 caus+ ! soldi] to be      
inspir$ )  a desire to inflict ! w\nd is
 ?us graci\sly v\*saf$ to u1 & we  h no 
reason to h>r[ our feel+s by suppos+ t a
 deep] ?ru/  0 giv5 ?an w\ld suffice = !
 fulfilm5t ( ! prophecy4  ,may we  n !n 
well re/ ?ankful ) ! k :i* ! ,holy ,_s  
has  se5 fit to imp>t to u1 )\t caus+ ! 
weak bro!r to (f5d by  our special      
plead+8    ,! read] has n[ se5 ! two    
fir/ ( ,dean ,al=d's notes ^u ?is       
subject1 & ,i tru/ he w feel t ,i h us$ 
no great] pla9ness1  & spok5 ) no great]
 sev]ity ?an ! case n only ju/ifies b   
dem&s4  ,we c h>dly suppose t ! ,dean   
himself is n firmly  conv9c$ t our ,"l  
di$ ^u ! ,cross1 b !re are millions :o  
are n conv9c$1 & ^: conviction %\ld be !
 ne>e/ wi% (  e ,*ri/ian he>t4  ,h[     
deeply1 !re=e1 %\ld we n grieve at      

meet+ ) a /yle ( argum5t f ! p5 ( "o (  
our =emo/  *ampions1 :i* c h no effect b
 t ( mak+ ! sceptic  suspect t !        
evid5ces = ! dea? ( our ,"l are felt1   
ev5 by  ,*ri/ians1 to be insuffici5t4   
,= ?is is :at x comes to4    ,let u1    
h[ev]1 g on to ! note on ,john xix41    
#ce1 t is to say on  ,/4 ,john's        
emphatic ass]tion ( ! tru? ( :at he is  
record+4  ,!  note /&s ?us1 8,?is       
emphatic ass]tion ( ! fact seems r to   
reg>d ! :ole incid5t ?an ! m]e outfl[+ (
 ! blood &  wat]4  ,x 0 ! object ( ,john
 to %ew t ! ,"l's body 0 a  real body & 
und]w5t real dea?40  7,?is is n ,john's 
own  acc\nt--suppos+ t ,john is ! writ] 
( ! f\r? ,gospel--ei!r (  8 own object 9
 record+1 or yet ( ! object ( ! w\nd's  
hav+  be5 inflict$2 8 words1 z we h se5 
above1 run ?us3--8& he t  saw x b>e     
record1 & we "k t 8 record is true2 & he
 kn[e?  t he sai? true t ye might       
believe4  ,= ^! ?+s 7 done  t !         
,scripture %\ld be fulfill$ :i* sai? #8a
 bone ( him %all  n be brok51' &1 aga91 

ano!r ,scripture sai?1 #8!y %all look   
^u' him :om !y pi]c$4'0  ,:o %all d>e to
 say t ,/4 ,john _h  any o!r object ?an 
to %[ t ! ev5t :i* he relates _h be5    
long =ese51 & =etold by ! words ( !     
,almighty87  ,& bo?  ^! 7 %ewn by :at   
took place1 n s mu* by ! ph5om5on (  !  
wat] & blood0 7!n "h we h x admitt$ t s 
mu*  dis+5u\sness has be5 resort$ to =  
no advantage1 inasmu* z !  fact ( ! wat]
 & blood hav+ fl[$ is n p] se pro( ( a  
necess>ily fatal w\nd7 8z by !          
infliction ( su* a w\nd0 7,su* a  w\nd6 
,:at c be ! mean+ ( ?is8  ,:at has ,dean
 ,al=d made cle>  ab\t ! w\nd8  ,we "k  
absolutely no?+ ab\t ! sev]ity or       
int5tion ( ! w\nd1 & x is m]e baseless  
conjecture & assumption  to say t we d2 
nei!r d we "k any?+ conc]n+ its effect  
unless x be %ewn t ! issu+ ( ! blood &  
wat] prove t  dea? mu/ h ensu$1 & ?is   
,dean ,al=d has j virtually admitt$  to 
be n %ewn71 aft] :i*1 ev5 if dea? _h n  
tak5 place be=e  7?is is intol]able71   
!re c\ld n by any possibility be life   

rema9+40  7,! italics on ?is page are   
m9e47    ,) ?is climax ( presumptu\s    
ass]tion ^! disgraceful notes are  end$4
  ,!y h %ewn cle>ly t ! w\nd does n 9   
itself prove  ! dea?3 !y %ew no less    
cle>ly t ! ,dean does n consid] t  !    
dea? is prov$ beyond possibility ( d\bt 
)\t ! w\nd2 :at  !re=e %\ld be !        
legitimate conclusion8  ,surely t we h  
no  pro( ( ! complet5ess ( ,*ri/'s dea? 
^u ! ,cross--or 9 o!r  words no pro( (  
,8 hav+ di$ at all6  ,c\ple ?is ) !     
notes  ^u ! ,resurrection consid]$      
above1 & we feel r z ?\gh we  7 9 ! h&s 
( "s ,jesuitical unbeliev]1 :o 0 try+ to
  und]m9e our fai? 9 our mo/ preci\s    
convictions "u ! guise (  def5d+ !m1 ?an
 9 ^? ( "o :om x is almo/ impossible to 
suspect ( su* any design4  ,:at %\ld we 
say if we _h f\nd ,newton1  ,adam ,smi? 
or ,d>w91 argu+ = _! op9ions ?us8  ,:at 
%\ld we  ?9k conc]n+ any sci5tific cause
 :i* we f\nd ?us def5d$8  ,we  %\ld     
exce$+ly well "k t x 0 lo/4  ,& yet our 
lead+  !ologians are to be applaud$ &   

set 9 high places = condesc5d+  to su*  
%>p practice z w\ld be despis$ ev5 by a 
disreputable  attorney1 z too           
transp>5tly %all[ to be ( ! smalle/ use 
to him4    ,aft] all t has be5 said ei!r
 by ,dean ,al=d or any "o else1 we  "k  
no?+ m ?an :at we are told by ! ,apo/le1
 namely1 t  imm$iately be=e be+ tak5 d[n
 f ! ,cross our ,"l's body 0  w\nd$ m   
sev]ely1 or less sev]ely1 z ! case may  
be1 ) !  po9t ( a spe>1 t f ?is w\nd !re
 fl[$ some?+ :i* to  ! eyes ( ! writ]   
resembl$ blood & wat]1 & t ! :ole 0     
done 9 ord] t a well-kn[n prophecy might
 be fulfill$4  ,yet 8  s5t5ces 9 ref]5ce
 to ?is fact be+ end$1 )\t 8 hav+ add$  
"o iota to our k ^u ! subject1 ! ,dean  
gravely w9ds up by  ?r[+ a d\bt ^u !    
c]ta9ty ( our ,"l's dea? :i* 0 n  felt  
by a s+le "o ( ^? ^u ! spot1 & re/+ 8   
cl5*+  pro( ( its hav+ tak5 place ^u a  
w\nd1 :i* he has j virtually  admitt$ to
 h n be5 necess>ily fatal4  ,no?+ c be m
  deplorable ei!r z morality or policy4 
,yet ! ,dean is ju/ifi$ by ! ev5t4  ,"o 

w\ld h ?\ght he c\ld  h be5 guilty (    
no?+ %ort ( infatuation 9 hop+ t ! above
  notes w\ld pass mu/] ) any ord9>ily   
intellig5t p]son1 b he  knew t he might 
safely tru/ to ! =ce ( habit & prejudice
 9  ! m9ds ( 8 read]s1 & 8 confid5ce has
 n be5 misplac$4  ,(  all ^? engag$ 9 ! 
tra9+ ( our "y m5 = ,holy ,ord]s1 (  all
 our ,bi%ops & cl]gy & tutors at        
colleges1 ^: v pr(ession  x is to be    
lov]s ( tru? & c&\r1 :o are paid = be+  
s1 &  :o are m]e %ams & wolves 9 %eep's 
clo?+ if !y are n ev] on  ! look-out =  
falsehood1 to make w> ^u x z ! enemy (  
our  s\ls--n "o1 no1 n a s+le "o1 s f> z
 ,i "k1 has rais$ 8  voice 9 prote/4    
,if a man has n lo/ 8 p[] ( weep+ let   
him  weep = ?is2 if !re is any :o       
realises ! crime ( self-deception1  z   
p]haps ! mo/ subtle & hide\s ( all =ms (
 s91 let him lift  up 8 voice & proclaim
 x n[2 = ! times are n ( peace1 b (  a  
s[+ ( w9d = ! reap+ ( :irlw9ds1 & ( !   
calm t is  ! c5tre ( ! hurricane4       
,ei!r ,*ri/ianity is ! tru? ( tru?s--!  

"o :i* %\ld 9 ?is  _w ov]ma/] all o!rs 9
 ! ?\ghts ( all m51 & comp>$ )  :i* all 
o!r tru?s are insignificant except z    
gr\p+ !mselves  ar\nd x--or x is at !   
be/ a mi/ake :i* %\ld be set "r z  soon 
z possible4  ,!re is no middle c\rse4   
,ei!r ,jesus ,*ri/ 0  ! ,son ( ,god1 or 
,he 0 n4  ,if ,he 01 ,8 great ,fa!r =bid
 t  we %\ld juggle 9 ord] to prove ,him 
s--t we %\ld higgle = an  in* ( w\nd m1 
or an in* less1 & haggle = ! root y 9 ! 
,greek ^w 4  ,bett] admit t ! dea? (    
,*ri/ mu/ be ev] a  matt] ( d\bt1 %\ld s
 great a sacrifice be dem&$ ( u1 ?an g  
ne> to ! h&l+ ( a lie 9 ord] to make    
assurance d\bly sure4  ,no  tru?ful m9d 
c d\bt t ! cause ( ,*ri/ is f> bett]    
s]v$ by  expos+ an insuffici5t argum5t  
?an by sil5tly pass+ x ov]1 or  else t !
 cause ( ,*ri/ is "o to be attack$ & n  
def5d$4        ,*apt] ,,vii             
,difficulties felt by our ,oppon5ts     
,,!re are "s :o avoid all close         
exam9ation into ! circum/ances  att5dant
 ^u ! dea? ( our ,"l1 us+ ! plea t h[ev]

  excell5t a quality intellect may be1 &
 h[ev] desirable t !  facts connect$ ) !
 ,crucifixion %\ld be intellig5tly      
consid]$1  yet t aft] all x is spiritual
 insight :i* is want$ = a j             
appreciation ( spiritual tru?s1 & t !   
way to be pres]v$ f  error is to        
cultivate hol9ess & purity ( life4  ,?is
 is well =  ^? :o are already satisfi$ )
 ! evid5ces = _! convictions4  ,we c\ld 
h>dly give !m any bett] advice ?an      
simply to 8dep>t f  evil1 d good1 seek  
peace & ensue x0 7,psalm xxxiv41 #ad71  
if we c\ld  only make sure t _! duty    
w\ld nev] lead !m into contact )  ^? :o 
hold ! ext]nal evid5ces ( ,*ri/ianity to
 be insuffici5t4  ,:51 h[ev]1 !y meet ) 
any ( ^! unhappy p]sons !y w f9d  _!    
influ5ce = good p>alys$2 = unbeliev]s d 
n und]/&  :at is meant by appeal+ to _! 
spiritual insight z a ?+ :i*  c 9 any   
way affect ! evid5ce = or aga9/ an      
alleg$ fact 9  hi/ory--or at any rate z 
=m+ evid5ce = a fact :i* !y believe  to 
be 9 itself improbable & unsupport$ by  

ext]nal pro(4  ,!y h  n got any         
spiritual insight 9 matt]s ( ?is sort2  
nor1 inde$1 d  !y recognise :at is meant
 by ! words at all1 unless !y be        
int]pret$ z self-respect & reg>d = !    
feel+s & usages (  o!r p4  ,:at         
spiritual insight !y h1 !y express by ! 
v  ne>ly synonym\s t]ms1 8curr5t feel+10
 or 8common s5se10 &  h[ev] deep _!     
rev]5ce = ^! ?+s may be1 !y w nev]      
admit t goodness or "r feel+ c guide !m 
into intuitive  accuracy ^u a matt] (   
hi/ory4  ,on ! contr>y1 9 any su* case  
!y believe t s5tim5t is likely to       
mislead1 & t !  well-discipl9$ intellect
 is alone tru/wor?y4  ,! "q is1  :e!r x 
is wor? :ile to try & rescue ^? :o are 9
 ?is  condition or n4  ,if x is wor?    
:ile1 we mu/ deal ) !m  accord+ to _!   
s5se ( "r & n ours3 9 o!r words1 if we  
meet ) an unbeliev] we mu/ n expect him 
to accept our fai? unless  we take mu*  
pa9s ) him1 & are prep>$ to make great  
sacrifice (  our own peace & pati5ce4   
,yet h[ _m %r9k f ?is1 & ?9k t !y are   

do+ ,god s]vice  by %r9k+2 ! only ?+ f  
:i* !y %\ld really %r9k1 is !  falsehood
 :i* has ov]laid ! be/ e/abli%$ fact 9  
all hi/ory  ) s mu* sophi/ry1 t ev5 our 
own side has come to fe> t  !re mu/ be  
some?+ lurk+ beh9d :i* w n be> daylight2
 to  su* a pass h we be5 br\ght by !    
desire to prove too mu*4    ,n[ = !     
com=t ( ^? :o may feel an uneasy s5se ( 
dread1 z  ?\gh any close exam9ation ( ! 
ev5ts connect$ ) ! ,crucifixion  might  
end 9 sugge/+ a natural in/ead ( a      
miracul\s explanation (  !              
,resurrection1 = ! com=t ( su*--& !y    
inde$ /& 9 ne$  ( com=t--let me say at  
once t ! able/ ( our adv]s>ies w\ld     
tell !m t !y ne$ be "u no su* fe>4      
,/rauss himself admits  t our ,"l di$ ^u
 ! ,cross2 he does n ev5 attempt to     
dispute  x1 b writes z ?\gh he 7 well   
aw>e t !re 0 no room =  any diff]5ce (  
op9ion ab\t ! matt]4  ,he has !re=e be5 
compell$ to adopt ! halluc9ation !ory1 )
 a result :i* we h  already consid]$4   
,yet :o c "q t ,/rauss w\ld h  ma9ta9$ !

 position t our ,"l did n die ^u !      
,cross1 unless  he _h felt t x 0 "o 9   
:i* he w\ld n be able to secure !       
support ev5 ( ^? :o 7 incl9$ to         
disbelieve8  ,we _c d\bt  t ! conviction
 ( ! reality ( our ,"l's dea? has be5   
=c$  ^u him by a weight ( te/imony :i*1 
l ,/4 ,paul1 he has f\nd  himself utt]ly
 unable to resi/4    ,"h !n1 we might   
almo/ pause4  ,/rauss admits t our ,"l  
di$ ^u  ! ,cross4  ,yet c ! read] help  
feel+ t ! v9dication ( !  reality ( our 
,"l's reappe>ances1 & ! refutation (    
,/rauss's  !ories ) :i* ?is "w op5$1 0  
triumphant & conclusive8  ,!n :at       
foll[s8  ,t ,*ri/ di$ & rose aga96  ,!  
c5tral fact (  our fai? is prov$4  ,x is
 prov$ ext]nally by ! mo/ solid &       
irrefragable pro(s1 su* z %\ld appeal   
ev5 to m9ds :i* reject all  spiritual   
evid5ce1 & recognise no canons (        
inve/igation b ^? (  ! pure/ reason4    
,b any?+ & ev]y?+ is believable conc]n+ 
"o ^:  resurrection f dea? to life has  
be5 e/abli%$4  ,:at ne$1 !n1  to ent] ^u

 any consid]ation ( ! o!r miracles8  ,( 
! ,asc5sion8  ,( ! desc5t ( ! ,holy ,_s8
  ,:o c feel difficulty ab\t ^!  ?+s8   
,w\ld n ! miracle r be t !y %\ld n h    
happ5$6  ,may we n n[ let ! w+s ( our   
s\l exp&1 & so> into  ! heav5 ( heav5s1 
to ! foot/ool ( ! ,?rone ( ,grace1      
secure  t we h e>n$ ! "r to hope & to   
glory by hav+ cons5t$ to  ! pa9 (       
und]/&+8    ,we may3 & ,i h giv5 ! read]
 ?is =eta/e ( ! prize :i* he  may ju/ly 
claim1 le/ he %\ld be swall[$ up 9      
ov]mu* grief at !  j\rney :i* is yet    
be=e him ere he %all h done all :i* may 
ju/ly be requir$ ( him4  ,= x is n en\gh
 t 8 own s5se (  security %\ld be       
p]fect$4  ,?is is well2 b let him also  
?9k (  o!rs4    ,:at !n is _! ma9       
difficulty1 n[ t x has be5 %ewn t !     
reappe>ances ( our ,"l 7 n due to       
halluc9ation8    ,i propose to %ew ?is  
by collect+ f all ! s\rces ) :i* ,i  0  
famili> 9 =m] ye>s1 & ?r[+ ! :ole toge!r
 z if x  7 my own4  ,i %all sp>e no pa9s
 to make ! argum5t tell ) z  mu* =ce z  

fairness w all[4  ,i %all be compell$ to
 be v  brief1 b ! unbeliev] w n1 ,i     
hope1 feel t any?+ (  importance to 8   
side has be5 pass$ ov]4  ,! believ]1 on 
! o!r  h&1 w be ?ankful bo? to "k ! wor/
 & to see h[ %all[ &  impot5t x w appe> 
:5 x comes to be te/$4  ,oh6 t ?is _h   
be5 done at ! beg9n+ ( ! controv]sy1    
in/ead ( 7z ,i he>tily  tru/7 at ! end (
 x4    ,our oppon5ts1 !re=e1 may be     
suppos$ to speak some:at aft] !  foll[+ 
mann]3--8,grant$10 !y w say1 8= ! sake (
 argum5t1  t ,jesus ,*ri/ did reappe>   
alive aft] 8 ,crucifixion2 x does n     
foll[ t we %\ld at once necess>ily admit
 t 8 reappe>ance 0  due to miracle4     
,:at 0 en\gh1 & reasonably en\gh1 to    
make !  fir/ ,*ri/ians accept !         
,resurrection1 & h5ce ! o!r miracles (  
,*ri/1 is n en\gh & ought n to be en\gh 
to make m5 d s n[4  ,if we 7 to he> n[ (
 ! reappe>ance ( a man :o _h be5 believ$
  to be dead1 our fir/ impulse w\ld be  
to le>n ! :5 & :]e ( !  dea?1 & ! :5 &  
:]e ( ! fir/ reappe>ance4  ,:at _h be5  

! nature ( ! dea?8  ,:at conclusive pro(
 0 !re t ! dea?  _h be5 actual &        
complete8  ,:at exam9ation _h be5 made (
 !  body8  ,& to :om _h x be5 deliv]$ on
 ! complet5ess ( ! dea?  hav+ be5       
e/abli%$8  ,h[ long _h ! body be5 9 !   
grave--if  buri$8  ,:at 0 ! condition ( 
! grave on its be+ fir/  revisit$8  ,x  
is pla9 to any "o t at ! pres5t day we  
%\ld ask  ! above que/ions ) ! mo/      
jeal\s scrut9y & t our op9ion  ( ! "* ( 
! reappe>ance w\ld dep5d ^u ! answ]s :i*
  c\ld be giv5 to !m4    8,b x is no    
less pla9 t ! di/ance ( ! suppos$ ev5t f
 our  own "t & c\ntry is no b> to !     
necessity = ! same que/ions  be+ z      
jeal\sly ask$ conc]n+ x1 z w\ld be ask$ 
if x 7  alleg$ to h happ5$ rec5tly &    
ne>] home4  ,on ! contr>y1  di/ance ( "t
 & space introduces an additional       
necessity =  caution4  ,x is "o ?+ to "k
 t ! fir/ ,*ri/ians unanim\sly  believ$ 
t _! ma/] _h miracul\sly ris5 f dea? to 
life2 x  is ano!r to "k _! reasons = s  
?9k+4  ,times h *ang$1  & te/s ( tru?   

are inf9itely bett] und]/ood1 s t !     
reasonable ( ^? days is reasonable to u 
no long]4  ,nor w\ld x be  en\gh t !    
answ]s giv5 c\ld be j /ra9$ into s mu*  
agreem5t ) "o ano!r z to all[ ( a modus 
viv5di betwe5 !m1  & n to exclude !     
possibility ( dea?1 !y mu/ exclude all  
possibility ( life hav+ rema9$1 or we   
%\ld n hesitate = a  mom5t ab\t refus+  
to believe t ! reappe>ance _h be5       
miracul\s3 inde$1 s long z any *9k or   
cranny or loophole = escape  f !        
miracul\s 0 af=d$ to u1 we %\ld         
unhesitat+ly escape  by x2 ?is1 at lea/1
 is ! c\rse :i* w\ld be adopt$ by any   
judge  & jury ( s5sible m5 if su* a case
 7 to come be=e _!  unprejudic$ m9ds 9 !
 common c\rse ( affairs4    8,we %\ld n 
refuse to believe 9 a miracle ev5 n[1 if
 x 7  support$ by su* evid5ce z 0       
consid]$ to be conclusive by !  b5* (   
judges & by ! lead+ sci5tific m5 ( !    
day3 9 su* a  case z ?is we %\ld feel   
b\nd to accept x2 b we _c believe 9  a  
miracle1 no matt] h[ deeply x has be5   

engra9$ into ! cre$s (  ! civilis$ _w1  
m]ely because x 0 believ$ by #8unlett]$ 
fi%]m5' two ?\s& ye>s ago4  ,?is is n a 
s\rce f :i* su*  an ev5t z a miracle    
%\ld be receiv$ )\t ! close/            
inve/igation4  ,we "k1 inde$1 t !       
,apo/les 7 s9c]e m51 &  t !y firmly     
believ$ t ,jesus ,*ri/ _h ris5 f ! dead2
  _! lives prove _! fai?2 b we _c =get t
 ! fact itself  ( ,*ri/'s hav+ be5      
crucifi$ & aft]w>ds se5 alive1 w\ld be  
en\gh1 "u ! circum/ances1 to incl9e ! m5
 ( t day to  believe t he _h di$ & _h   
be5 miracul\sly re/or$ to life1  al?\gh 
we %\ld ourselves be b\nd to make a f> m
 se>*+  inquiry be=e we c\ld arrive at  
any su* conclusion4  ,a miracle 0 n  &  
c\ld n be to !m1 :at x is & ought to be 
to ourselves--a  matt] to be reg>d$ a   
priori ) ! v grave/ suspicion4  ,to  !m 
x 0 :at x is n[ to ! l[] & m ignorant   
classes (  ,iri%1 ,fr5*1 ,spani% &      
,italian peasants3 t is to say1 a ?+    
:i* 0 always m or less likely to happ51 
& :i* h>dly dem&$  m ?an a prim facie   

case 9 ord] to e/abli% its cr$ibility4  
,if  we w\ld "k :at ! ,apo/les felt     
conc]n+ a miracle1 we mu/ ask  ourselves
 h[ ! m ignorant peasants ( to-day feel3
 if we d ?is we  %all h to admit t a    
miracle might h be5 accept$ ^u v        
insuffici5t gr\nds1 & t1 once accept$1 x
 w\ld n h _h  "o-hundr$? "p s good a    
*ance ( be+ refut$ z x w\ld h  n[4      
8,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d1 & is too (t5   
lo/ sight (1 t we  h no acc\nt ( !      
,resurrection f any s\rce :atev]4  ,we h
  acc\nts ( ! visit ( c]ta9 wom5 to a   
tomb :i* !y f\nd empty2  b ?is is n an  
acc\nt ( a resurrection4  ,we are told t
 ,jesus  ,*ri/ 0 se5 alive aft] be+     
?\ght to h be5 dead1 b ?is  aga9 is n an
 acc\nt ( a resurrection4  ,x is a      
/atem5t ( a fact1  b x is n an acc\nt ( 
! circum/ances :i* att5d$ t fact4  ,9 ! 
/ory told by ,mat!w we h :at comes ne>e/
 to an acc\nt (  ! ,resurrection1 b ev5 
"h ! pr9cipal figure is want+2 !  angel 
rolls away ! /one & sits ^u x1 b we he> 
no?+ ab\t  ! body ( ,*ri/ em]g+ f !     

tomb2 we only meet ) ?is1 :5  we come to
 ! ,italian pa9t]s4    8,moreov]1 ,/4   
,mat!w's acc\nt is utt]ly incr$ible f   
fir/ to  la/2 we are !re=e ?r[n back ^u 
! o!r ?ree ,evangeli/s1 none  ( :om     
pr(esses to give u ! smalle/ in=mation z
 to ! "t &  mann] ( ,*ri/'s             
,resurrection4  ,!re is no?+ 9 any ( _! 
acc\nts to preclude 8 hav+ ris5 )9 two  
h\rs f 8 hav+  be5 laid 9 ! tomb4       
8,if a man ( note 7 condemn$ to dea?1   
crucifi$ & aft]w>ds se5  alive1 ! almo/ 
in/antane\s conclusion 9 ! days ( !     
,apo/les1  & 9 su* m9ds z !irs1 w\ld be 
t he _h ris5 f ! dead2  b ! almo/       
in/antane\s conclusion n[1 among all ^: 
judgem5t  w\ld c>ry ! smalle/ weight1   
w\ld be t he _h nev] di$--t  !re mu/ h  
be5 "s mi/ake4  ,*ildr5 & inexp]i5c$    
p]sons  believe readily 9 all mann] (   
improbabilities & impossibilities1  :i* 
:5 !y become old] & wis] !y _c conceive 
_! hav+  ev] s]i\sly accept$4  ,z ) m51 
s ) ages2 an unusual tra9 (  ev5ts br+s 
ab\t unusual results1 :]eon ! *ildlike  

age turns  in/9ctively to miracle = a   
solution ( ! difficulty4  ,9 ! days  (  
,*ri/ m5 w\ld ask = evid5ce ( !         
,crucifixion & !  reappe>ance2 :5 ^! two
 po9ts _h be5 e/abli%$ !y w\ld h  be5   
satisfi$--n unnaturally--t a great      
miracle _h be5 p]=m$3  b no sane man    
w\ld be cont5t$ n[ ) ! evid5ce t 0      
suffici5t !n1 any m ?an he w\ld be      
cont5t to accept _m ?+s  :i* a *ild mu/ 
take ^u au?ority1 & au?ority only4  ,we 
ought  to require ! mo/ ample evid5ce t 
n only ! appe>ance ( dea?1  b dea?      
itself1 mu/ h inevitably ensu$ ^u !     
,crucifixion1 &  if ?is 7 n =?com+ we   
%\ld n = a mom5t hesitate ab\t  refus+  
to believe t ! reappe>ance 0 miracul\s4 
8,& ?is is :at w\ld mo/ assur$ly be done
 n[ by imp>tial  exam9]s--by m5 (       
sci5tific m9d :o _h no wi% ei!r to      
believe or  disbelieve except accord+ to
 ! evid5ce2 b ev5 n[1 if _!  affections 
& _! hopes ( a glori\s k+dom 9 a _w     
beyond !  grave 7 enli/$ on ! side ( !  
miracle1 x w\ld g h>d ) !  judgem5t (   

mo/ m54  ,h[ mu* m w\ld ?is be s1 if !y 
_h  believ$ f e>lie/ *ildhood t miracles
 7 /ill occasionally  work$ 9 ,engl&1 & 
t a few g5]ations ago !y _h be5 mu* m   
signal & common8    8,c we wond] !n1 if 
we ourselves feel s /rongly conc]n+     
ev5ts  :i* are hull d[n ^u ! horizon (  
"t1 t ^? :o liv$ 9 !  v ?ick ( !m %\ld h
 be5 possess$ ) an all absorb+  ec/asy  
or ev5 fr5zy ( excitem5t8  ,assur$ly !re
 is no blame on !  score ( cr$ulity to  
be atta*$ to ^? :o propagat$ ! ,*ri/ian 
religion1 b ! beliefs :i* 7 natural &   
lawful to !m1 are1 if  natural1 yet n   
lawful to ourselves3 !y %\ld be resi/$3 
!y are  nei!r "r nor wise1 & d n =m any 
legitimate gr\nd = fai?3  if fai? means 
only ! believ+ facts ( hi/ory ^u        
insuffici5t  evid5ce1 we d5y ! m]it (   
fai?2 on ! contr>y1 we reg>d x z  "o ( !
 mo/ deplorable ( all errors--z sapp+ ! 
f\ndations (  all ! moral & intellectual
 faculties4  ,x is grossly immoral to   
violate "o's inn] s5se ( tru? by ass5t+ 
to ?+s :i*1 ?\gh  !y may appe> to be    

support$ by mu*1 are /ill n support$ by 
en\gh4  ,! man :o c kn[+ly submit to su*
 a d]ogation f !  rights ( 8            
self-respect1 des]ves ! injury to 8     
m5tal eye-sight  :i* su* a c\rse w      
surely br+ ) x4  ,b ! mis*ief w         
un=tunately n be conf9$ to himself2 x w 
devolve ^u all :o  are ill-fat$ en\gh to
 be 9 8 p[]2 he w be reckless ( ! h>m   
he works !m1 provid$ he c keep its      
consequ5ces f be+  imm$iately (f5sive to
 himself4  ,no3 if a good ?+ c be       
believ$  legitimately1 let u believe x &
 be ?ankful1 o!rwise ! goodness  w h    
dep>t$ out ( x2 x is no long] ours2 we h
 no "r to  x1 & %all suff] = x1 we & our
 *ildr51 if we try to keep x4  ,x has   
be5 said t ! fa!rs h eat5 s\r grapes1 & 
!  *ildr5's tee? are set on edge1 b1 m  
truly1 x is ! eat+ (  sweet & /ol5 fruit
 by ! fa!rs t sets ! tee? ( ! *ildr5    
j>r+4  ,let ^? :o love _! *ildr5 look to
 ?is1 = on _!  own acc\nt !y may be     
ma9ly tru/$ to avoid ! s\r4  ,hi!rto !  
int5sity ( ! belief ( ! ,apo/les has be5

 ! ma9/ay ( our own  belief4  ,b t      
ma9/ay is n[ no long] /rong en\gh4  ,a  
rehe>+  ( ! evid5ce is imp]atively      
dem&$1 t x may ei!r be confirm$  or     
ov]?r[n40    ,x _c be d5i$ t !re is mu* 
9 ! above ) :i* all true  ,*ri/ians w   
agree1 & little to f9d fault ) except ! 
self-complac5cy :i* w\ld seem to imply t
 common s5se & pla9  deal+ belong       
exclusively to ! unbeliev+ side4  ,x is 
"t t ?is  _s %\ld be prote/$ aga9/ n 9  
^w only b 9 de$4  ,!  fact is1 t bo? we 
& our oppon5ts are agre$ t no?+ %\ld be 
believ$ unless x c be prov$ to be true4 
,we repudiate ! idea t  fai? means !    
accept+ hi/orical facts ^u evid5ce :i*  
is  insuffici5t to e/abli% !m4  ,we d n 
call ?is fai?2 we call x  cr$ulity1 &   
oppose x to ! utmo/ ( our p[]4    ,our  
oppon5ts imply t we reg>d z a virtue    
well-pleas+ 9 ! sight  ( ,god1 & dignify
 ) ! "n ( fai?1 a /ate ( m9d :i* turns  
out to be no?+ b a will+ness to /& by   
all sorts ( wildly  improbable /ories   
:i* h rea*$ u f a remote age & c\ntry1  

& :i*1 if true1 mu/ lead u to ?9k       
o!rwise ( ! :ole c\rse  ( nature ?an we 
%\ld ?9k if we 7 left to ourselves4     
,?is  accusation is utt]ly false &      
gr\ndless4  ,fai? is ! 8evid5ce (  ?+s n
 se510 b x is n 8insuffici5t evid5ce =  
?+s alleg$  to h be5 se540  ,x is 8!    
sub/ance ( ?+s hop$ =10 b  8reasonably  
hop$ =0 0 unque/ionably int5d$ by !     
,apo/le4  ,we  base our fai? 9 ! deep]  
my/]ies ( our religion1 z 9 ! nature  ( 
! ,tr9ity & ! sacram5tal graces1 ^u !   
c]ta9ty t o!r  ?+s :i* are )9 ! grasp ( 
our reason c be %ewn to be beyond       
dispute4  ,we "k t ,*ri/ di$ & rose     
aga92 !re=e we believe  :atev] ,he sees 
fit to tell u1 & foll[ ,him1 or endeav\r
 to foll[  ,him1 :]e9soev] ,he comm&s u1
 b we are n requir$ to take bo?  !      
comm&s ( ! ,m$iator & ,8 cr$5tials ^u   
fai?4  ,x is  because c]ta9 ?+s )9 our  
compreh5sion are capable ( ! mo/        
irrefragable pro(1 t c]ta9 o!rs out ( x 
may ju/ly be requir$  to be believ$1 &  
inde$ _c be disbeliev$ )\t contumacy &  

presumption4  ,& ?is applies to a c]ta9 
ext5t to ! cr$5tials  also3 = al?\gh no 
man %\ld be capti\s1 nor ask = m evid5ce
  ?an w\ld satisfy a well-discipl9$ m9d 
conc]n+ ! tru? ( any  ord9>y fact 7z "o 
:o n cont5t$ ) ! evid5ce ( a seal1 a    
h&writ+ & a matt] n at v>iance )        
probability1 w\ld  nev]!less refuse to  
act ^u in/ructions because he _h n ) 8  
own eyes actually se5 ! s5d] write &    
sign & seal71 yet x is  bo? reasonable &
 inde$ necess>y t a c]ta9 am\nt ( c>e   
%\ld  be tak5 be=e ! cr$5tials are      
accept$4  ,if our oppon5ts mean no  m   
?an ?is we are at "o ) !m1 & may all[ !m
 to proce$4    8,turn !n10 !y say1 8to !
 acc\nt ( ! ev5ts :i* are alleg$ to  h  
happ5$ ^u ! morn+ ( ! ,resurrection1 z  
giv5 9 !  f\r? ,gospel3 & assume = !    
sake ( ! argum5t t t acc\nt1  if n f    
,john's own h&1 is nev]!less f a        
,johannean s\rce1 &  virtually ! "w ( ! 
,apo/le4  ,! acc\nt runs z foll[s3      
8#8,! fir/ day ( ! week come? ,m>y      
,magdal5e :ile x 0 yet d>k  unto !      

sepul*re1 & see? ! /one tak5 away f !   
sepul*re4  ,!n %e runne? & come? to     
,simon ,pet] & to ! o!r disciple :om    
,jesus lov$1 & sai? unto !m1 #8,!y h    
tak5 away ! ,"l out (  ! sepul*re1 & we 
"k n :]e !y h laid ,him4'  ,pet]  !re=e 
w5t =? & t o!r disciple1 & came to !    
sepul*re4  ,s !y bo? ran toge!r3 & ! o!r
 disciple did outrun ,pet]1 &  came fir/
 to ! sepul*re4  ,& he /oop+ d[n & look+
 91 saw  ! l95 clo!s ly+1 yet w5t he n  
94  ,!n come? ,simon ,pet]  foll[+ him &
 w5t into ! sepul*re & see? ! l95 clo!s 
lie1 & ! napk9 t 0 ab\t ,8 head n ly+ ) 
! l95  clo!s b wrapp$ toge!r 9 a place  
by itself4  ,!n w5t 9 also  t o!r       
disciple1 :i* came fir/ to ! sepul*re1 &
 he saw &  believ$4  ,= z yet !y knew n 
! ,scripture t he mu/ rise f  ! dead4   
,!n ! disciples w5t away aga9 to _! own 
home4  ,b  ,m>y /ood )\t at ! sepul*re  
weep+2 & z %e wept1 %e /oop$  d[n1 &    
look$ into ! sepul*re1 & see? two angels
 9 :ite  sitt+1 ! "o at ! head1 ! o!r at
 ! feet1 :]e ! body (  ,jesus _h la91 & 

!y say unto h]1 #8,woman1 :y weepe/ ?\8'
  ,%e  sai? unto !m1 #8,because !y h    
tak5 away my ,"l & ,i "k n  :]e !y h    
laid him4'0    8,!n ,m>y sees ,jesus    
himself1 b does n at fir/ recognise him4
    8,n[1 let u see :at ! above am\nts  
to1 &1 divid+ x into two  p>ts1 let u   
exam9e fir/ :at we are told z hav+ come 
actually  "u ,john's own obs]vation1 &1 
secondly1 :at happ5$ aft]w>ds4    ,i4   
8,x is cle> t ,m>y _h se5 no?+ miracul\s
 be=e %e came  runn+ to ! two ,apo/les1 
,pet] & ,john4  ,%e _h f\nd ! tomb      
empty :5 %e rea*$ x4  ,%e did n "k :]e !
 body ( h] ,"l  !n 01 nor 0 !re any?+ to
 %ew h[ long x _h be5 remov$3  all %e   
knew 0 t )9 ?irty-six h\rs f ! "t ( its 
hav+  be5 laid 9 ! tomb x _h disappe>$1 
b h[ mu* e>li] x _h  be5 gone nei!r did 
%e "k1 nor %all we4  ,pet] & ,john w5t  
into  ! sepul*re & ?or\ghly exam9$ x3 !y
 saw no angel1 nor any?+  approa*+ to ! 
miracul\s1 simply ! grave clo!s 7:i* 7  
probably ( :ite l9571 ly+ 9 two sep>ate 
places4  ,!n1 &  n till !n1 d !y appe>  

to h ent]ta9$ _! fir/ belief or  hope t 
,*ri/ might h ris5 f ! dead4    8,?is is
 pla9 & cr$ible2 b x am\nts to an empty 
tomb1 & to an  empty tomb only4    8,"h1
 = a mom5t1 we mu/ pause4  ,_h ^! m5 b a
 few weeks  previ\sly se5 ,laz>us rais$ 
f ! corruption ( ! grave--to say  no?+ (
 o!r resurrections f ! dead8  ,_h !y se5
 _! ma/]  ov]ride e kn[n natural law1 & 
prove t1 z f> z he 0  conc]n$1 all human
 exp]i5ce 0 wor?less1 by walk+ ^u r\gh  
wat]1 by actually talk+ to a /orm ( w9d 
& mak+ x li/5 to  him1 by fe$+ ?\s&s ) a
 few loaves1 & caus+ ! fragm5ts  t      
rema9$ aft] all _h eat51 to be m ?an !  
food orig9ally  provid$8  ,_h !y se5    
ev5ts ( ?is k9d cont9ually happ5+ = a   
space ( "s two ye>s1 & f9ally _h !y se5 
_! ma/]  transfigur$1 conv]s+ ) !       
greate/ ( _! prophets 7m5 :o _h  be5    
dead = ages71 & recognis$ by a voice f  
heav5 z ! ,son (  ! ,almighty1 & _h !y  
also he>d any?+ approa*+ to an          
ann\ncem5t t he %\ld himself rise f !   
dead--or _h !y n8  ,!y might h se5 !    

rais+ ( ,laz>us & ! re/ ( ! miracles1  b
 might n h anticipat$ t ,*ri/ himself   
w\ld rise1 = want  ( any ann\ncem5t t   
?is %\ld be s2 or1 aga91 !y might h     
he>d a prophecy ( 8 ,resurrection f !   
lips ( ,*ri/1 b  disbeliev$ x = ! want (
 any previ\s miracles :i* %\ld  conv9ce 
!m t ! prophecy came f no ord9>y p]son2 
s t  _! n hav+ expect$ ! ,resurrection  
is explicable by giv+ up  ei!r !        
prophecies1 or ! miracles1 b x is       
impossible to believe  t 9 spite bo? ( !
 miracles & ! prophecies1 ! ,apo/les    
%\ld h be5 /ill )\t any expectation ( ! 
,resurrection4  ,if  !y _h bo? se5 !    
miracles & he>d ! prophecies1 !y mu/ h  
be5 9 a /ate ( inconceivably agitat$    
excitem5t 9 anticipation (  _! ma/]'s   
reappe>ance4  ,& ?is !y 7 n2 on !       
contr>y1  !y 7 expect+ no?+ ( ! k9d4  ,!
 condition ( m9d ascrib$  to !m consid]+
 _! suppos$ surr\nd+s1 is "o :i* belongs
 to  ! drama only2 x is n ( nature3 x is
 s utt]ly at v>iance )  all human       
exp]i5ce t x %\ld be dismiss$ at once z 

incr$ible4    8,b x is v cr$ible if     
,*ri/ 0 se5 alive aft] 8 ,crucifixion1  
& 8 reappe>ance1 ?\gh due to natural    
causes1 0 once believ$ to  be miracul\s1
 t ?is "o seem+ly well sub/antiat$      
miracle %\ld  become ! p>5t ( all !     
o!rs1 & ( ! prophecies ( !              
,resurrection4  ,?irty ye>s 9 all       
probability elaps$ betwe5 !             
reappe>ances ( ,*ri/ & ! e>lie/ ( ! f\r 
,gospels2 ?irty  ye>s ( oral            
communication & spiritual en?usiasm1    
among an ori5tal  p1 & 9 an unsci5tific 
age2 an age by :i* ! idea ( an          
int]f]5ce ) ! modes ( ! univ]se f a po9t
 outside (  itself1 0 tak5 z a matt] (  
c\rse2 an age :i* believ$ 9 an          
an?ropomorphic ,deity :o _h back p>ts1  
:i* ,moses _h be5 all[$ to  see ?r\gh ! 
h& ( ,god2 an age :i*1 ov] & above all  
?is1 0  at ! "t especially convuls$ )   
expectations ( deliv]ance f  ! ,roman   
yoke4  ,h we n "h a soil suitable = !   
gr[? (  miracles1 if ! se$ once fell ^u 
x8  ,"u su* conditions !y  w\ld ev5 spr+

 up ( !mselves1 se$less4    8,once let !
 reappe>ances ( ,*ri/ h be5 believ$ to  
be miracul\s  7& "u all ! circum/ances  
!y might easily h be5 believ$ to  be s1 
?\gh due to natural causes71 & x is n   
wond]ful t1 9  su* an age & among su* a 
p1 ! o!r miracles & !  prophecies ( !   
,resurrection %\ld h become curr5t )9   
?irty  ye>s4  ,ev5 we ourselves1 ) all  
our incalculably great] advantages1     
c\ld n )/& s great a temptation to let  
our wi% become fa!r  to our ?\ghts4  ,if
 we _h be5 ! especially fav\r$ fri5ds ( 
"o  :om we believ$ to h di$1 b :o yet 0 
n to behold5 by dea?1  no matt] h[      
c>eful & judicially m9d$ we might be by 
nature1 we  %\ld be bl9d to ev]y?+      
except ! fact t we _h once be5 !  *os5  
companions ( an immortal4  ,!re lives no
 "o :o c\ld )/&  ! intoxication ( su* an
 idea4  ,a s+le well-sub/antiat$ miracle
 9  ! pres5t day1 ev5 ?\gh we _h n se5 x
 ourselves1 w\ld uproot  ! h$ges ( our  
caution2 x w\ld rob u ( t s5se ( !      
cont9uity ( nature1 9 :i* our judgem5ts 

are1 consci\sly or  unconsci\sly1       
an*or$2 b if we 7 v closely connect$ ) x
 9  our own p]sons1 we %\ld dwell ^u !  
recollection ( x & on  little else4     
8,few ( u c realise :at happ5$ s v long 
ago4  ,m5 believe 9  ! ,*ri/ian         
miracles1 ?\gh !y w\ld reject ! notion (
 a mod]n  miracle almo/ ) ridicule1 &   
w\ld h>dly ev5 exam9e ! evid5ce  9 its  
fav\r4  ,b ! ,*ri/ian miracles /& 9 _!  
m9ds z ?+s  ap>t2 _! pre/ige is great]  
?an t atta*+ to any o!r  ev5ts 9 ! :ole 
hi/ory ( mank9d4  ,!y are hall[$ by !   
unhesitat+ belief ( _m1 _m g5]ations4   
,e circum/ance :i*  %\ld induce u to b[ 
to _! au?ority surr\nds !m ) a bulw>k  (
 def5ces :i* may make u well believe t  
!y mu/ be impregnable1  & sacr$ f       
attack4  ,small wond] !n t ! _m %\ld    
/ill  believe !m4  ,nev]!less !y d n    
believe !m s fully1 nor ne>ly  s fully1 
z !y ?9k !y d4  ,= ev5 ! /ronge/        
imag9ation c  travel b a v little way   
beyond a man's own exp]i5ce2 x w n  be> 
! burd5 ( c>ry+ him to a remote age &   

c\ntry2 x w  flag1 w&] & dream2 x w n   
answ] truly1 b w lay hold (  ! mo/      
obvi\s absurdity1 & pres5t x impud5tly  
to its tir$  ma/]1 :o w accept x gladly 
& h done ) x4  ,ev5  recollection fails1
 b h[ mu* m imag9ation6  ,x is a high   
flight  ( imag9ation to be able to      
realise h[ weak imag9ation is4    8,we  
_c !re=e judge :at w\ld be ! effect (   
imm$iate contact  ev5 ) ! wild hope ( a 
miracle1 f our conv5tional acceptance ( 
! ,*ri/ian miracles4  ,if we w\ld       
realise ?is we mu/ look to mod]n  alleg$
 miracles--to ! en?usiasm ( ! ,iri% &   
,am]ican revivals1  :5 m9d inflames m9d 
till /rong m5 bur/ into hy/]ical te>s l 
*ildr52 we mu/ look = x 9 ! effect      
produc$ by ! suppos$  ,irv+ite miracles 
on ^? :o believ$ 9 !m1 or 9 ! miracles t
  foll[$ ! ,port ,royal miracle ( ! holy
 ?orn4  ,!re nev] 0 a  miracle solit>y  
yet3 "o w soon become ! p>5t ( _m4  ,!  
m9ds  ( ^? :o h believ$ 9 a s+le miracle
 z hav+ come )9  _! own exp]i5ce become 
ec/atic2 s deeply impress$ are !y )  !  

mom5t\s "* ( :at !y h kn[n1 t _! p[] (  
enli/+ sympa?y becomes immeasurably     
great] ?an t ( m5 :o h  nev] believ$    
!mselves to h come into contact ) !     
miracul\s2  _! deep conviction c>ries   
o!rs along ) x1 & s ! belief is  /r5g!n$
 till adv]se influ5ces *eck x1 or till x
 rea*es a pit*  ( grotesque horror1 z 9 
! case ( ! lat] ,jans5i/ miracles4  ,!re
 is no?+1 !re=e1 extraord9>y 9 ! gradual
 developm5t  )9 ?irty ye>s ( all !      
,*ri/ian miracles1 if ! ,resurrection  7
 once held to be well sub/antiat$2 & !re
 is no?+ wond]ful1  "u ! circum/ances1 9
 ! reappe>ance ( ,*ri/ alive aft] 8     
,crucifixion hav+ be5 assign$ to        
miracle4  ,he _h already made  suffici5t
 impression ^u 8 foll[]s to require b   
little help f  circum/ances4  ,he _h n s
 impress$ !m z to want no help f  any   
suppos$ miracle1 b nev]!less any /range 
ev5t 9 connection  ) him w\ld pass mu/]1
 ) little or no exam9ation1 z be+       
miracul\s4  ,he _h und\bt$ly pr(ess$    
himself to be1 & _h be5  half accept$ z1

 ! promis$ ,messiah4  ,he _h no less    
und\bt$ly  appe>$ to be dead1 & _h be5  
believ$ to be s bo? by fri5ds &  foes4  
,let u also grant t he reappe>$ alive4  
,w\ld x1 !n1 be  v a/oni%+ t ! little   
miss+ l9k 9 ! complet5ess ( !  *a9 (    
evid5ce--absolute c]ta9ty conc]n+ !     
actuality ( !  dea?--%\ld h be5 all[$ to
 drop out ( sight8    8,r\nd su* a      
c5tre1 & 9 su* an age1 ! o!r miracles   
w\ld spr+  up spontane\sly1 & be accept$
 ! mom5t t !y arose2 !re is  no?+ 9 ?is 
:i* is =eign to ! kn[n t5d5cies ( !     
human  m9d1 b !re w\ld be some?+ utt]ly 
=eign to all we "k (  human nature1 9 ! 
fact ( m5 n anticipat+ t ,*ri/ w\ld     
rise1  if !y _h already se5 him raise   
o!rs f ! dead & "w !  miracles ascrib$  
to him1 & if !y _h also he>d him        
prophesy t he  %\ld himself rise f !    
dead4  ,9 fact no?+ c expla9 !          
univ]sally record$ incr$ulity ( !       
,apo/les z to ! reappe>ance  ( ,*ri/1   
except ! fact t !y _h nev] se5 him "w a 
s+le  miracle1 or else t !y _h nev] he>d

 him say any?+ :i* c\ld  lead !m to     
suppose t he 0 to rise f ! dead4    8,we
 are !re=e n unwill+ to accept ! facts  
record$ 9 !  f\r? ,gospel1 9 s f> z !y  
in=m u ( ?+s :i* came "u !  k ( ! writ]4
  ,m>y f\nd ! tomb empty4  ,ignorant    
alike (  :at _h tak5 place & ( :at 0 go+
 to happ51 %e came to ,pet]  & ,john to 
tell !m t ! body 0 gone2 ?is 0 all %e   
knew4  ,!  two g to ! tomb1 & f9d all z 
,m>y _h said2 on ?is x is n  impossible 
t a wild dream ( hope may h fla%$ ^u _! 
m9ds1  t ! aspirations :i* !y _h already
 indulg$ 9 7 to prove  well f\nd$4  ,)9 
an h\r or two ,*ri/ 0 se5 alive1 nor c  
we  wond] if ! ye>s :i* int]v5$ betwe5 !
 morn+ ( !  ,resurrection & ! writ+ ( ! 
f\r? ,gospel1 %\ld h suffic$  to make ! 
writ] believe t ,john _h _h an actual   
belief 9 !  ,resurrection1 :ile 9 tru?  
he _h only wildly hop$ x4  ,?is mu* is  
at any rate pla91 t nei!r he nor ,pet]  
_h z yet he>d any cle>ly  intelligible  
prophecy t _! ma/] %\ld rise f ! dead4  
,:atev] subsequ5t int]pretation may h   

be5 giv5 to "s ( !  say+s ( ,jesus      
,*ri/1 no say+ 0 yet kn[n :i* w\ld (    
itself  h sugge/$ any su* inf]5ce4  ,we 
may ju/ly d\bt ! caution &  accuracy ( !
 fir/ f\nd]s ( ,*ri/ianity1 )\t1 ev5 9  
our  he>ts1 = "o mom5t impugn+ ! hone/y 
( _! int5tions4  ,we are  ready to admit
 t _h we be5 9 _! places we %\ld 9 all  
likelihood h felt1 believ$1 &1 we w     
hope1 act$ z !y did2 b  we _c & w n     
admit1 9 ! face ( s mu* evid5ce to !    
contr>y1 t !y 7 sup]ior to ! intellig5ce
 ( _! times1 or1  9 o!r words1 t !y 7   
capable critics ( an ev5t1 9 :i* bo?  _!
 feel+s & ! prim facie view ( ! facts   
w\ld be s likely  to mislead !m4        
,,ii4  8,turn+ n[ to ! n>rative ( :at   
pass$ :5 ,pet] & ,john  7 gone1 we f9d t
 ,m>y1 /oop+ d[n1 look$ ?r\gh h] te>s   
into ! d>kness ( ! tomb1 & saw two      
angels clo!d 9 :ite1 :o  ask$ h] :y %e  
wept4  ,we mu/ rememb] ! wide diff]5ce  
betwe5  believ+ :at ! writ] ( ! f\r?    
,gospel tells u t ,john saw1  & :at he  
tells u t ,m>y ,magdal5e saw4  ,all we  

"k on ?is po9t  is t he believ$ t ,m>y  
_h spok5 truly4  ,pet] & ,john 7 m51  !y
 w5t into ! tomb itself1 & we may say = 
a c]ta9ty t !y  saw no angel1 nor inde$ 
any?+ at all1 b ! grave clo!s 7:i*  7   
probably ( :ite l9571 ly+ 9 two sep>ate 
places )9 x4  ,m>y 0 a woman--a woman ^:
 p>allel we mu/ look = among ,spani% or 
,italian wom5 ( ! l[] ord]s at ! pres5t 
day2 %e _h1 we are  else:]e told1 be5 at
 "o "t possess$ ) devils2 %e 0 9 a  /ate
 ( te>ful excitem5t1 & look+ ?r\gh h]   
te>s f light  into comp>ative d>kness4  
,is x possible n to rememb] :at ,pet] & 
,john did see :5 !y 7 9 ! tomb8  ,is x  
possible n to surmise  t ,m>y 9 good    
tru? saw no?+ m8  ,%e ?\ght %e saw m1 b 
! excitem5t "u :i* %e 0 lab\r+ at ! "t1 
an excitem5t  :i* w\ld increase t5fold  
aft] %e _h se5 ,*ri/ 7z %e did          
imm$iately aft]w>ds & be=e %e _h _h "t  
to tell h] /ory71  w\ld easily di/ort   
ei!r h] vision or h] memory1 or bo?4    
8,! evid5ce ( wom5 ( h]                 
class--especially :5 !y are highly      

excit$--is n to be reli$ ^u 9 a matt] ( 
su* importance &  difficulty z a        
miracle4  ,:o w\ld d>e to insi/ ^u su*  
evid5ce  n[8  ,& :y %\ld x be consid]$ z
 any m tru/wor?y eighte5  hundr$ ye>s   
ago8  ,we are inde$ told t ! angels     
spoke to h]2 b  ! spee* 0 v %ort2 !     
angels simply ask h] :y %e weeps2 %e    
answ]s !m z ?\gh x 7 ! common "q (      
common p1 &  !n leaves !m4  ,?is is 9   
itself incr$ible2 b x is n incr$ible  t 
if ,m>y look+ into ! tomb saw two :ite  
objects )91 %e  %\ld h drawn back       
affright$1 & t h] imag9ation1 ?r[n into 
a fev] by h] subsequ5t int]view ) ,*ri/1
 %\ld h r5d]$ h]  utt]ly incapable (    
recollect+ ! true facts ( ! case2 or1   
aga91  x is n incr$ible t %e %\ld h be5 
believ$ to h se5  ?+s :i* %e nev] did   
see4  ,all we c say = c]ta9 is t  be=e !
 f\r? ,gospel 0 writt51 & probably      
%ortly aft] !  fir/ reappe>ance ( ,*ri/1
 ,m>y ,magdal5e believ$1 or 0 ?\ght to  
h believ$1 t %e _h se5 angels 9 ! tomb2 
& ?is be+ s1  ! developm5t ( ! %ort &   

po9tless "q attribut$ to  !m--possibly z
 mu* due to ! eag] cross-que/ion+ ( o!rs
 z to  ,m>y h]self--is n surpris+4      
8,be=e ! ,sunday ( ! ,resurrection 0    
ov]1 ! facts z d]ivable  f ! f\r?       
,gospel w\ld /& ?us4  ,jesus ,*ri/1 :o 0
 suppos$  to h be5 v]ily & inde$ dead1 0
 kn[n to be alive aga94  ,he _h  be5    
se51 & he>d to speak4  ,he _h be5 se5 by
 ^? :o 7  already prep>$ to accept him z
 _! lead]1 & ^: previ\s  education1 &   
tone ( m9d1 w\ld lead !m r to an excess 
( fai?  9 a miracle1 ?an ( scepticism   
conc]n+ its miracul\s "*4  ,! ,apo/les  
w\ld be 9 no imp>tial nor sceptical mood
 :5 !y saw  t ,*ri/ 0 alive4  ,! miracle
 0 too ne> !mselves--too  fasc9at+ 9 its
 suppos$ consequ5ces = !mselves--to all[
 ( _!  go+ into curi\s que/ions ab\t !  
complet5ess ( ! dea?4  ,!  ,ma/] :om !y 
_h lov$1 & 9 :om !y _h hop$1 _h be5     
crucifi$ & 0 alive aga94  ,is x a h>% or
 /ra9$ supposition1  t :at w\ld h       
assur$ly be5 en\gh = ourselves1 if we _h
 kn[n  & lov$ ,*ri/ & _h be5 attun$ 9   

m9d z ! ,apo/les 71  %\ld also h be5    
en\gh = !m8  ,:o c say s8  ,! nature (  
our belief 9 our ,ma/] w\ld h be5 *ang$ 
once & = ev]2 &  s we f9d x to h be5 ) !
 ,*ri/ian ,apo/les4    8,ov] & above !  
reappe>ance ( ,*ri/1 !re w\ld also be a 
report  7probably curr5t ^u ! v ,sunday 
( ! ,resurrection71 t ,m>y  ,magdal5e _h
 se5 a vision ( angels 9 ! tomb 9 :i*   
,*ri/'s body  _h be5 laid2 & ?is1 ?\gh a
 matt] ( small mom5t 9 comp>ison  ) !   
reappe>ance ( ,*ri/ himself1 w nev]!less
 conc]n u  ne>ly :5 we come to consid] !
 n>ratives ( ! o!r ,evangeli/s40        
,*apt] ,,viii  ,! ,prec$+ ,*apt]        
,cont9u$      8,,let u n[ turn to ,luke4
  ,8 acc\nt runs z foll[s3--    8#8,n[  
^u ! fir/ day ( ! week1 v e>ly 9 !      
morn+1 !y  came unto ! sepul*re br++ !  
spices :i* !y _h prep>$1 &  c]ta9 o!rs )
 !m4  ,& !y f\nd ! /one roll$ away f !  
sepul*re4  ,& !y ent]$ 91 & f\nd n !    
body ( ! ,"l  ,jesus4  ,& x came to pass
 z !y 7 mu* p]plex$ !reab\t1  behold1   
two m5 /ood by !m 9 %9+ g>m5ts1 & z !y 7

  afraid1 & b[$ _! faces to ! e>?1 !y   
said unto !m1 8,:y  seek ye ! liv+ among
 ! dead8  ,he is n "h1 b is ris53       
rememb] h[ he spake unto y :5 he 0 yet 9
 ,galilee1 say+1  #8,! ,son ( ,man mu/  
be deliv]$ into ! h&s ( s9ful m5 & be   
crucifi$1 & ! ?ird day rise aga940  ,&  
!y rememb]$ 8  words1 & return$ f !     
sepul*re1 & told all ^! ?+s unto  !     
elev51 & to all ! re/4  ,x 0 ,m>y       
,magdal5e & ,joanna1 &  ,m>y ! "m (     
,james1 & o!r wom5 t 7 ) !m :i* told  ^!
 ?+s unto ! ,apo/les4  ,& _! words seem$
 unto !m z  idle tales1 & !y believ$ !m 
n4  ,!n arose ,pet]1 & w5t  unto !      
sepul*re3 &1 /oop+ d[n1 he beheld ! l95 
clo!s laid  by !mselves1 & dep>t$ wond]+
 9 himself at t :i* 0 come  to pass4'   
8,:5 we comp>e ?is acc\nt ) ,john's we  
are at once /ruck ) !  resemblances & ! 
discrepancies4  ,luke & ,john inde$ are 
bo? agre$  t ,*ri/ 0 se5 alive aft] !   
,crucifixion4  ,bo? agree t !  tomb 0   
f\nd empty v e>ly on ! ,sunday morn+    
7i4e41 )9  ?irty-six h\rs ( ! deposition

 f ! ,cross71 & nei!r writ]  af=ds u any
 clue :atev] z to ! "t & mann] ( !      
removal (  ! body2 b "h ! resemblances  
end2 ! angelic vision ( ,m>y1 se5  aft] 
,pet] & ,john _h dep>t$ f ! tomb1 & se5 
app>5tly by  ,m>y alone1 9 ,luke f9ds   
its way into ! van ( ! n>rative1 &      
,pet] is repres5t$ z hav+ gone to !     
tomb1 n 9 consequ5ce (  hav+ be5 simply 
told t ! body ( ,*ri/ 0 miss+1 b        
because he refus$ to believe ! miracul\s
 /ory :i* 0 told him by  ! wom54  ,9 !  
f\r? ,gospel we he>d ( no miracul\s /ory
 be+  c>ri$ by ,m>y to ,pet] & ,john4   
,! angels in/ead ( be+ se5 by  "o p]son 
only1 z w\ld h appe>$ f ! f\r? ,gospel1 
are n[  se5 by _m2 & ! wom5 in/ead ( be+
 almo/ /olidly  indiff]5t to ! pres5ce (
 sup]natural be+s1 are afraid1 & b[  d[n
 _! faces to ! e>?2 in/ead ( m]ely want+
 to be in=m$  :y ,m>y 0 weep+1 ! angels 
speak ) def9ite po9t1 & z angels  might 
be expect$ to speak2 !y allude1 also1 to
 pa/ prophecy1 :i*  ! wom5 at once      
rememb]4    8,/range1 t !y %\ld want    

rem9d+6  ,& /rang] /ill t a few  v]ses  
l[] d[n we %\ld f9d ! ,apo/les rememb]+ 
no prophetic  say+1 b reg>d+ ! /ory ( ! 
wom5 z m]e idle tales4  ,:at  %all we   
say8  ,are n ^! diff]5ces precisely     
simil> to ^? :i*  we are cont9ually     
meet+ )1 :5 a case ( exagg]ation comes  
be=e  u8  ,c we accept bo? ! /ories8    
,is ?is "o ( ^? cases 9  :i* all w\ld be
 made cle> if we did b "k all ! facts1  
or is  x r "o 9 :i* we c und]/& h[      
easily ! /ory giv5 by  ! "o writ] might 
become di/ort$ into ! v]sion ( ! o!r8   
,does x seem 9 any way improbable t )9 !
 =ty ye>s or s  betwe5 ! occurr5ces     
record$ by ,john & ! writ+ ( ,luke's    
,gospel1 ! app>5tly trifl+1 yet truly   
mo/ important1 diff]5ces  betwe5 ! two  
writ]s %\ld h be5 develop$8    8,no "o w
 v5ture to say t ! facts1 ^u ! face (   
!m1 d n  /rongly sugge/ su* an inf]5ce1 
& t1 too1 ) no consci\s  fraud on ! "p (
 any ( ^? ?r\gh ^: m\?s ! /ory mu/  h   
pass$4  ,if ! f\r? ,gospel be assign$ to
 ,john 7& if x is  n assign$ to ,john ! 

difficulties on ! ,*ri/ian side become s
  great t ! cause may be decl>$ lo/71 8 
/ory is t ( a  pr9cipal actor &         
eye-witness2 x be>s e impress ( tru? &  
none  ( exagg]ation ^u any po9t :i* came
 "u 8 own obs]vation4  ,ev5 :5 he tells 
( :at ,m>y ,magdal5e said %e saw1 we see
 ! my?  9 its e>lie/ & crude/ =m2 !re is
 no attempt at circum/ance 9  connection
 ) x1 & abundant reason = suspect+ its  
sup]natural  "* is giv5 along ) x2      
reason :i* to our m9ds is at any  rate  
suffici5t to make u d\bt x1 b :i* w\ld  
naturally h no  weight :atev] ) ,john   
aft] he _h once se5 ,*ri/ alive1 or     
inde$  ) u if we _h be5 9 8 place4  ,x  
is n to be wond]$ at t 9  su* times _m a
 fre% bud %\ld be graft$ on to ! orig9al
 /ory2  inde$ x 0 simply inevitable t   
?is %\ld h be5 ! case4  ,no  "o w\ld    
mean to deceive1 b we "k h[1 among      
un$ucat$ &  en?usia/ic p]sons1 !        
m>vell\s has an irresi/ible t5d5cy to   
become m m>vell\s /ill2 &1 z f> z we c  
ga!r1 all !  causes :i* br+ ?is ab\t 7 m

 actively at "w %ortly aft]  ! "t (     
,*ri/'s fir/ reappe>ance ?an at any o!r 
"t :i* c  be readily call$ to m9d4  ,!  
ma9 facts1 z we d]ive !m f !  cons5t (  
bo? writ]s1 7 simply ^!3--,t ! tomb (   
,*ri/ 0  f\nd unexpect$ly empty on !    
,sunday morn+2 t ?is fact 0  report$ to 
! ,apo/les2 t ,pet] w5t into ! tomb &   
saw ! l95  clo!s laid by !mselves2 t    
,m>y ,magdal5e said t %e _h se5  angels2
 & t ev5tually ,*ri/ %ew$ himself       
und\bt$ly alive4  ,bo? writ]s agree s   
f>1 b x is impossible to say t !y agree 
f>!r4    8,"s may say t x is ( little   
mom5t :e!r ! angels appe>$  fir/ or la/2
 :e!r !y 7 se5 by _m or by "o2 :e!r1 if 
se5  only by "o1 t "o _h previ\sly be5  
insane2 :e!r !y spoke z  angels might be
 expect$ to speak1 i4e41 to ! po9t1 &   
are %ewn to  h be5 recognis$ z angels by
 ! fe> :i* _! appe>ance caus$2  or :e!r 
!y caus$ no al>m1 & said no?+ :i* 0 9 ! 
lea/  equal to ! occasion4  ,b mo/ m5 w 
feel t ! :ole complexion  ( ! /ory      
*anges accord+ to ! answ]s :i* c be made

 to ^!  v que/ions4  ,surely !y w also  
beg9 to feel a /rong suspicion  t ! /ory
 told by ,luke is "o :i* has n lo/ 9 !  
tell+4  ,h[ natural 0 x t ! angelic     
vision %\ld f9d its way into !  =egr\nd 
( ! picture1 & receive ^? little        
circum/antial  details ( :i* x appe>$   
mo/ to /& 9 ne$2 h[ desirable also  t ! 
te/imony ( ,m>y %\ld be corroborat$ by t
 ( o!rs :o  7 ) h]1 & out ( :om no      
devils _h be5 ca/4  ,! fir/  ,*ri/ians  
w\ld n h be5 m5 & wom5 at all unless !y 
_h felt  ?us2 b !y 7 m5 & wom51 & h5ce  
!y act$ aft] !  fa%ion ( _! age &       
unconsci\sly exagg]at$2 ! only wond] is 
t !y did n exagg]ate m1 = we mu/ rememb]
 t ev5 ?\gh  ! ,apo/les !mselves be     
suppos$ to h be5 m judicially           
unimpassion$ & less liable to inaccuracy
 ?an we h reason to  believe !y 71 yet t
 f ! v e>lie/ ages ( ! ,*ur*  !re w\ld  
be "s conv]ts ( an inf]ior /amp4  ,no   
matt] h[ small a  society is1 !re w be  
bad 9 x z well z good--!re 0 a ,judas   
ev5 9 ! twelve4    8,b to speak less    

h>%ly1 !re mu/ f ! fir/ h be5 "s        
conv]ts :o w\ld be capable ( report+    
incauti\sly2 visions &  dreams 7 v\*saf$
 to _m1 & n a few m>vels may be ref]able
 to  ?is s\rce2 !re is no tru/+ an age 9
 :i* m5 are liable to give  a           
sup]natural int]pretation to an         
extraord9>y dream1 nor is !re any  end  
to :at may come ( x1 if p beg9 s]i\sly  
conf\nd+ _!  sleep+ & wak+ impressions4 
,9 su* times1 !n1 ,luke may h said  ) a 
cle> consci5ce t he _h c>efully sift$ ! 
tru? ( :at he  wrote2 b ! _w has n pass$
 ?r\gh ! la/ two ?\s& ye>s  9 va91 & we 
are b\nd to insi/ ^u a high] /&>d (     
cr$ibility4  ,luke w\ld believe at once1
 & z a matt] ( c\rse1  ?+s :i* we %\ld z
 a matt] ( c\rse reject2 yet x is       
probable  t he too _h he>d mu* t he     
reject$2 he seems to h be5  dissatisfi$ 
) all ! records ) ! exi/5ce ( :i* he 0  
aw>e2 ! acc\nt :i* he gives is possibly 
d]iv$ f "s v  e>ly report2 ev5 if ?is   
report arose at ,j]usalem1 & )9 a week  
aft] ! ,crucifixion1 x might well be v  

inaccurate1 ?\gh  app>5tly support$ by  
excell5t au?ority1 s t !re is no        
necessity = *>g+ ,luke ) unusual        
cr$ulity4  ,no "o c be  expect$ to be   
greatly 9 advance ( 8 surr\nd+s2 x is   
well =  e "o except himself if he %\ld  
happ5 to be s1 b no man is to  be blam$ 
if he is n2 x is en\gh to save him if he
 is fairly up to  ! /&>d ( 8 own times4 
#8,morality' is r ( ! cu/om :i*  is1 ?an
 ( ! cu/om :i* ought to be4    8,turn+  
n[ to ! acc\nt ( ,m>k1 we f9d !         
foll[+3--    8#8,& :5 ! ,sabba? 0 pa/1  
,m>y ,magdal5e1 & ,m>y ! "m (  ,james1 &
 ,salome _h b\ght sweet spices t !y     
might come & ano9t  him4  ,& v e>ly 9 ! 
morn+1 ! fir/ day ( ! week1 !y came     
unto ! sepul*re at ! ris+ ( ! sun4  ,&  
!y said among  !mselves1    8,:o %all   
roll u away ! /one f ! door ( !         
sepul*re80  ,&  :5 !y look$ !y saw t !  
/one 0 roll$ away2 = x 0 v  great4  ,&  
ent]+ into ! sepul*re !y saw a "y man   
sitt+ on  ! "r side1 clo!d 9 a long :ite
 g>m5t2 & !y 7  affright$4  ,& he sai?  

unto !m1 8,be n affright$2 ye seek      
,jesus (  ,naz>e? :i* 0 crucifi$2 he is 
ris52 he is n "h2 behold !  place :]e !y
 laid him4  ,b g y\r way1 tell 8        
disciples & ,pet]  t he goe? be=e y into
 ,galilee3 !re ye %all see him1 z he    
said  unto y40  ,& !y w5t out quickly1 &
 fl$ f ! sepul*re2 =  !y trembl$ & 7    
amaz$1 nei!r said !y any ?+ to any man1 
= !y 7 afraid4  ,n[ :5 ,jesus 0 ris5    
e>ly ! fir/ day (  ! week1 he appe>$    
fir/ to ,m>y ,magdal5e1 out ( :om he _h 
ca/  sev5 devils4  ,& %e w5t & told !m t
 _h be5 ) him z !y  m\rn$ & wept4  ,&   
!y1 :5 !y he>d t he 0 alive1 & _h  be5  
se5 ( h]1 believ$ n4'    8,"h we h      
sub/antially ! same v]sion z t giv5 by  
,luke2 !re  is only "o angel m5tion$1 b 
x may be said t x is possible t  !re may
 h be5 ano!r :o is n m5tion$1 inasmu* z 
he rema9$  sil5t2 ! angelic vision1     
h[ev]1 is aga9 br\ght into ! =egr\nd  ( 
! /ory & ! fe> ( ! wom5 is ev5 m /rongly
 insi/$ on  ?an x 0 9 ,luke4  ,! angel  
rem9ds ! wom5 t ,*ri/ _h said  t he %\ld

 be se5 by 8 ,apo/les 9 ,galilee1 ( :i* 
say+ we  aga9 f9d t ! ,apo/les seem to h
 _h no recollection4  ,! l95  clo!s h q 
dropp$ out ( ! /ory1 & we c detect no   
trace  ( ,pet] & ,john's visit to !     
tomb1 b x is rem>kable t !  wom5 are    
repres5t$ z n hav+ said any?+ ab\t !    
pres5ce (  ! angel imm$iately on _! hav+
 se5 him2 & ?is fact1 :i*  might be 9   
itself suspici\s1 is apologis$ = on !   
score ( fe>1  not)/&+ t _! sil5ce 0 a   
direct violation ( ! comm&  ( ! be+ :om 
!y s greatly fe>$4  ,we %\ld h expect$ t
  if !y _h fe>$ him s mu* !y w\ld h done
 z he told !m1 b  "h aga9 ev]ybody seems
 to act z 9 a dream or drama1 9 defiance
 (  all ! ord9>y pr9ciples ( human      
action4    8,?r\gh\t ! prec$+ p>agraph  
we h assum$ t ,m>k int5d$  8 read]s to  
und]/& t ! "y man se5 9 ! tomb 0 an     
angel2 b1 aft] all1 ?is is r a bold     
assumption4  ,on :at gr\nds  is x       
support$8  ,because ,luke tells u t :5 !
 wom5 rea*$ !  tomb !y f\nd two :ite    
angels )9 x1 are we !re=e to  conclude t

 ,m>k1 :o wrote _m ye>s e>li]1 & z f> z 
we c  ga!r ) mu* great] hi/orical       
accuracy1 mu/ h meant an angel  :5 he   
spoke ( a #8"y man'8  ,yet ?is c be !   
only reason1 unless  ! "y man's hav+    
worn a long :ite robe is consid]$ z     
suffici5t  cause = believ+ him to h be5 
an angel2 & ?is1 aga91 is r  a bold     
assumption4  ,b if ,/4 ,m>k meant no m  
?an he said1 & :5  he wrote ( a #8"y    
man' int5d$ to convey ! idea ( a "y man 
&  ( no?+ m1 :at becomes ( ! angelic    
visions at ! tomb (  ,*ri/8  ,= ,/4     
,mat!w's acc\nt is :olly unt5able2 ,/4  
,luke is a  mu* lat] writ]1 :o mu/ h got
 all 8 mat]ials second or ?ird  h&2 &   
al?\gh we grant$1 & are incl9$ to       
believe1 t !  acc\nts ( ! visits ( ,m>y 
,magdal5e1 & subsequ5tly ( ,pet] &      
,john to ! tomb1 :i* are giv5 9 ! f\r?  
,gospel1 are f a  ,johannean s\rce1 if  
we 7 ask$ our reasons = ?is belief1 we  
%\ld  be v h>d put to x to give !m4     
,nev]!less we ?9k x probable4    8,b    
take x ei!r way2 if ! acc\nt 9 ! f\r?   

,gospel is suppos$  to h be5 d]iv$ f !  
,apo/le ,john1 we h already se5 t  !re  
is no?+ miracul\s ab\t x1 s f> z x deals
 ) :at came  "u ,john's own obs]vation2 
if1 on ! o!r h&1 x is n  au!ntic we are 
?r[n back ^u ,/4 ,m>k z incomp>ably our 
be/  au?ority = ! facts t occurr$ on !  
,sunday aft] !  ,crucifixion1 & he tells
 u ( no?+ b a tomb f\nd empty1 ) !      
exception t !re 0 a "y man 9 x :o wore a
 long :ite dress  & told ! wom5 to tell 
! ,apo/les to g to ,galilee1 :]e !y     
%\ld see ,*ri/4  ,on ! /r5g? ( ?is we   
are ask$ to believe t  ! reappe>ance (  
,*ri/ alive1 aft] a hurri$ crucifixion1 
mu/ h  be5 due to sup]natural causes1 & 
sup]natural causes only6  ,x w  be      
easily se5 :at a numb] ( ?reads might be
 tak5 up at ?is po9t1  & foll[$ ) n     
un9t]e/+ results4  ,= ! sake1 h[ev]1 (  
brevity1 we grant x z mo/ probable t ,/4
 ,m>k meant ! "y man  said to h be5 se5 
9 ! tomb1 to be consid]$ z an angel2 b  
we  mu/ also express our conviction t   
?is suppos$ angelic vision is a         

misplac$ (f%oot ( ! report t ,m>y       
,magdal5e _h se5 angels 9  ! tomb aft]  
,pet] & ,john _h left x4    8,x is      
possible t ,m>k's acc\nt may be ! mo/   
hi/oric ( all ^?  t we h2 b we incl9e to
 ?9k o!rwise1 inasmu* z ! angelic       
vision plac$ 9 ! =egr\nd by ,m>k &      
,luke1 w\ld n be likely to  f9d its way 
into ! backgr\nd aga91 z x does 9 ! f\r?
 ,gospel1  unless 9 consequ5ce ( really 
au!ntic in=mation2 no unnecess>y        
detraction f ! miracul\s elem5t is      
conceivable z com+ f !  writ] :o has h&$
 d[n to u ! /ory ( ! rais+ ( ,laz>us1   
:]e we h1 inde$1 a real acc\nt ( a      
resurrection1 ! cont9uity  ( ! evid5ce  
be+ unbrok51 & e l9k 9 ! *a9 =g$ fa/  & 
/rong1 ev5 to ! unwrapp+ ( ! grave clo!s
 f ! body z  x em]g$ f ! sepul*re4  ,is 
x possible t ! writ] may h  giv5 ! /ory 
( ! rais+ ( ,laz>us 7( :i* we f9d no    
trace  except 9 ! f\r? ,gospel71 because
 he felt t 9 giv+ !  ,apo/olic v]sion ) 
absolute or sub/antial accuracy1 he 0 s 
weak5+ ! miracul\s elem5t 9 connection )

 ! ,resurrection (  ,jesus ,*ri/        
himself1 t x became necess>y to         
introduce an  incontrov]tible acc\nt ( !
 resurrection ( "s o!r p]son1 :i*  %\ld 
d1 z x 71 vic>i\s duty8    8,nev]!less  
!re are "s po9ts on :i* all ! ?ree      
writ]s are  agre$3 we h ! same sub/ratum
 ( facts1 namely1 ! tomb f\nd  already  
empty :5 ! wom5 rea*$ x1 a confus$ &    
contradictory  report ( an angel or     
angels se5 )9 x1 & ! subsequ5t          
reappe>ance ( ,*ri/4  ,n "o ( ! ?ree    
writ]s af=ds u !  slighte/ clue z to !  
"t & mann] ( ! removal ( ! body f  !    
tomb2 !re is no?+ 9 any ( ! n>ratives   
:i* is incompatible  ) its hav+ be5 tak5
 away on ! v night ( ! ,crucifixion     
itself4    8,is ?is a case 9 :i* !      
def5d]s ( ,*ri/ianity w\ld clam\r =  all
 ! facts1 unless !y exce$+ly well knew t
 !re 0 no  *ance ( _! gett+ !m8  ,all ! 
facts1 inde$--:at tricks does  our      
imag9ation play u6  ,"o w\ld h ?\ght t  
!re 7 q  en\gh facts giv5 z ! matt] /&s 
to make ! def5d]s (  ,*ri/ianity wi% t  

!re 7 n s _m2 & !n = !m to say  t if we 
_h m1 ^? t we h w\ld become less        
contradictory6  ,:at "r h !y to assume t
 if !y _h all ! facts1 !  acc\nts ( !   
,resurrection w\ld cease to puzzle u1 m 
?an we h  to say t if we _h all ! facts1
 we %\ld f9d ^! acc\nts ev5  m          
inexplicable ?an we d at pres5t8  ,_h we
 argu$ ?us we %\ld  h be5 accus$ (      
%ameless impud5ce2 ( a desire to ma9ta9 
any  position 9 :i* we happ5$ to f9d    
ourselves1 & by :i* we made  money1     
reg>dless ( e common pr9ciple ( tru? or 
hon\r1 or  :atev] else makes ! diff]5ce 
betwe5 upright m5 &  self-deceiv]s4     
8,x may be said by "s t ! discrepancies 
betwe5 ! ?ree acc\nts  giv5 above are   
discrepancies conc]n+ details only1 b t 
all ?ree  writ]s agree ab\t ! #8ma9     
fact4'  ,we are cont9ually he>+ ab\t    
?is #8ma9 fact1' b nobody is good en\gh 
to tell u precisely :at  fact is meant4 
,is ! ma9 fact ! fact t ,jesus ,*ri/ 0  
crucifi$8  ,!n no "o d5ies x4  ,we all  
admit t ,jesus ,*ri/ 0  crucifi$4  ,or1 

is x t he 0 se5 alive sev]al times aft] 
!  ,crucifixion8  ,?is also we are n    
dispos$ to d5y4  ,we believe t  !re is a
 consid]able prepond]ance ( evid5ce 9   
its fav\r4  ,b if  ! #8ma9 fact' turns  
out to be t ,*ri/ 0 crucifi$1 di$1 &  !n
 came to life aga91 we admit t "h too   
all ! writ]s are  agre$1 b we _c f9d )  
any c]ta9ty t "o ( !m 0  pres5t :5 ,*ri/
 di$ or :5 8 body 0 tak5 d[n f ! ,cross1
  or t !re 0 any su* exam9ation ( ! body
 z w\ld be absolutely  necess>y 9 ord]  
to prove t a man _h be5 dead :o 0       
aft]w>ds  se5 alive4  ,if ,*ri/ reappe>$
 alive1 !re is n only no tittle (       
evid5ce 9 support ( 8 dea? :i* w\ld be  
all[$ = a mom5t 9  an ,engli% c\rt (    
ju/ice1 b !re is an ov]:elm+ am\nt (    
evid5ce :i* po9ts inexorably 9 !        
direction ( 8 nev] hav+  di$4  ,if he   
reappe>$1 !re is no evid5ce ( 8 hav+    
di$4  ,if he  did n reappe>1 !re is no  
evid5ce ( 8 hav+ ris5 f ! dead4    8,we 
are incl9$1 h[ev]1 z has be5 said       
already1 to believe t  ,jesus ,*ri/     

really did reappe> %ortly aft] !        
,crucifixion1 & t  8 reappe>ance1 ?\gh  
due to natural causes1 0 conceiv$ to be 
miracul\s4  ,we believe also t ,m>y     
fanci$ t %e _h se5 angels  9 ! tomb1 &  
op5ly said t %e _h done s2 :o w\ld d\bt 
h]  :5 s f> great] a m>vel ?an ?is _h   
be5 made palpably manife/ to  all8  ,:o 
w\ld c>e to inquire v p>ticul>ly :e!r   
!re 7 two  angels or only "o8  ,:e!r !re
 7 o!r wom5 ) ,m>y or :e!r  %e 0 q      
alone8  ,:o w\ld comp>e notes ab\t !    
exact mom5t (  _! appe>+1 & :at /rictly 
accurate acc\nt ( _! words c\ld  be     
expect$ 9 ! f]m5t ( su* excitem5t & su* 
ignorance8  ,any  spee* :i* s\nd$       
tol]ably plausible w\ld be accept$ "u ! 
circum/ances1 & none w compla9 ( ,m>k z 
hav+ wilfully  attempt$ to deceive1 any 
m ?an he w ( ,luke3 ! amplification (  !
 /ory 0 inevitable1 & ! v c&\r &        
innoc5ce ) :i*  ! writ]s leave loophole 
aft] loophole = escape f ! miracul\s1   
is alone suffici5t pro( ( _! s9c]ity2   
nev]!less1 x is also  pro( t !y 7 all m 

or less inaccurate2 we c only say 9  _! 
def5ce1 t 9 ! reappe>ance ( ,*ri/       
himself we f9d  abundant palliation ( _!
 inaccuracy4  ,giv5 "o great miracle1   
prov$  ) a suffici5cy ( evid5ce = !     
capacities & proclivities ( !  age1 & ! 
re/ is easy4  ,! gr\ndwork ( !          
aft]-/ructure ( !  o!r miracles is to be
 f\nd 9 ! fact t ,*ri/ 0 crucifi$1 &  0 
aft]w>ds se5 alive40    ,!re is no      
occasion = me to exam9e ,/4 ,mat!w's    
acc\nt ( !  ,resurrection 9 company ) ! 
unhappy m5 ^: views ,i h be5  endeav\r+ 
to repres5t above4  ,= reasons :i* h    
already be5  suffici5tly dwelt ^u ,i    
freely own t ,i agree ) !m 9 reject+  x4
  ,i %all !re=e admit t ! /ory ( ! seal+
 ( ! tomb1  & sett+ ( ! gu>d1 !         
e>?quake1 ! desc5t ( ! angel f  ,heav51 
8 roll+ away ! /one1 sitt+ ^u x1 &      
address+ !  wom5 !refrom1 is to be      
treat$ = all controv]sial purposes z    
?\gh x _h nev] be5 writt54  ,by ?is     
admission1 ,i confess to  complete      
ignorance ( ! "t :5 ! /one 0 remov$ f ! 

m\?  ( ! tomb1 or ! h\r :5 ! ,r$eem]    
rose4  ,i %\ld add t ,i  agree ) our    
oppon5ts 9 believ+ t our ,"l nev] =etold
 ,8  ,resurrection to ! ,apo/les4  ,b h[
 little does x matt] :e!r ,he  =etold ,8
 ,resurrection or n1 & :e!r ,he rose at 
"o h\r or  ano!r4  ,x is en\gh = me t he
 rose at all2 = ! re/ ,i c>e  n4        
8,yet1 see10 our oppon5ts w exclaim 9   
answ]1 8:at a mighty riv]  has come f a 
little spr+4  ,we he>d fir/ ( two m5 go+
 into an  empty tomb1 f9d+ two bundles (
 grave clo!s1 & dep>t+4  ,!n  !re comes 
a c]ta9 p]son1 conc]n+ :om we are       
else:]e told a  fact :i* leaves u ) a v 
uncom=table impression1 & %e  sees1 n   
two bundles ( grave clo!s1 b two :ite   
angels1 :o ask a  dreamy po9tless "q1 & 
receive an appropriate answ]4  ,!n we   
f9d ! "t ( ?is app>ition %ift$2 x is    
plac$ 9 ! front1 n  9 ! backgr\nd1 & is 
se5 by _m1 in/ead ( be+ v\*saf$ to no   
"o b to a weep+ woman look+ into !      
bottom ( a tomb4  ,! spee*  ( ! angels1 
also1 becomes effective1 & ! l95 clo!s  

drop out (  sight entirely1 unless "s   
fa9t trace ( !m is to be f\nd 9 !       
#8long :ite g>m5t' :i* ,m>k tells u 0   
worn by ! "y man :o  0 9 ! tomb :5 !    
wom5 rea*$ x4  ,f9ally1 we h a gu>d set 
^u ! tomb1 & ! /one :i* 0 roll$ 9 front 
( x is seal$2  ! angel is se5 to desc5d 
f ,heav51 to roll away ! /one1 &  sit ^u
 x1 & !re is a great e>?quake4  ,oh6 h[ 
?+s gr[1 h[  ?+s gr[6  ,&1 oh6 h[ p     
believe6    8,see by :at easy /ages !   
/ory has gr[n up f ! smalle/ se$1  z !  
mu/>d tree 9 ! p>able1 & h[ ! acc\nt    
giv5 by ,mat!w  *anges ! :ole complexion
 ( ! ev5ts4  ,& see h[ ?is acc\nt has   
be5 dwelt ^u to ! exclusion ( ! o!rs by 
! great pa9t]s &  sculptors f :om1      
consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 our ideas ( 
!  ,*ri/ian era are *iefly drawn4  ,yes4
  ,^! m5 h be5 ! mo/  pot5t ( !ologians1
 = _! !ology has rea*$ & t\*$ mo/       
widely4  ,we h mi/ak5 _! e*o ( ! s\nd = 
! s\nd itself1  & :at 0 to !m an        
aspiration1 has1 alas6 be5 to u 9 !     
place (  sci5ce & reality4    8,truly ! 

ease ) :i* ! pla9e/ inf]5ces f ! ,gospel
  n>ratives h be5 ov]look$ is ! be/     
apology = ^? :o h  attribut$ unnatural  
bl9dness to ! ,apo/les4  ,if we are s   
bl9d1 :y  n !y also8  ,a p]t95t "q1 b "o
 :i* raises m  difficulties ?an x       
solves4  ,! see+ ( tru? is z ! f9d+ (   
gold 9 f> c\ntries1 :]e ! %eph]d has    
drunk ( ! /ream &  us$ x daily to       
cleanse ! sweat ( 8 br[1 & reck$ little 
( !  treasure :i* lay abundantly        
conceal$ !re91 until "o lucki] ?an  8   
fell[s espies x1 & ! _w comes flock+    
?i!r4  ,s )  tru?2 a little c>e1 a      
little pati5ce1 a little sympa?y1 & !   
wond] is t x %\ld h la9 hidd5 ev5 f !   
m]e/ *ild1 n  t x %\ld n[ be manife/4   
8,h[ e>ly mu/ x h be5 object$ t !re 0 no
 evid5ce t !  tomb _h n be5 tamp]$ ) 7n 
by ! ,apo/les1 = !y 7  scatt]$1 & ( him 
:o laid ! body 9 ! tomb--,joseph (      
,arima?a--we he> no m7 & t ! body _h be5
 deliv]$ n to  enemies1 b fri5ds2 h[    
natural t s desirable an addition to !  
complet5ess ( ! evid5ces 9 fav\r ( a    

miracul\s ,resurrection  %\ld h be5 e>ly
 & eag]ly accept$4  ,w\ld n tw5ty ye>s (
  oral communication & ,spani% or       
,italian excitability suffice = !  root+
 ( su* a /ory8  ,yet1 z f> z we c ga!r1 
! ,gospel  accord+ to ,/4 ,mat!w 0 ev5  
!n unwritt54  ,& :o 0 ,mat!w8  ,& :at 0 
8 orig9al ,gospel8    8,!re is "o "p ( 8
 /ory1 & "o only1 :i* w /& ! te/  (     
criticism1 & t is ?is3--,t ! say+ t !   
disciples came  by night & /ole ! body (
 ,jesus away 0 curr5t among ! ,jews1 at 
! "t :5 ! ,gospel :i* we n[ h appe>$4   
,n t !y did  s--no "o w believe ?is2 b !
 allegation ( ! rum\r 7:i*  w\ld h>dly h
 be5 v5tur$ unless x w\ld comm& ass5t z 
true7  po9ts 9 ! direction ( se>* hav+  
be5 made = ! body (  ,jesus--& made 9   
va94    8,we h n[ se5 t !re is no       
evid5ce wor? ! "n1 = any  miracle 9     
connection ) ! tomb ( ,*ri/4  ,he       
probably reappe>$  alive1 b n ) any     
circum/ances :i* we are ju/ifi$ 9 reg>d+
  z sup]natural4  ,we are !re=e at l5g? 
l$ to a consid]ation (  ! ,crucifixion  

itself4  ,is !re evid5ce = m ?an ?is--t 
,*ri/  0 crucifi$1 0 aft]w>ds se5 alive1
 & t ?is 0 reg>d$ by  8 fir/ foll[]s z a
 suffici5t pro( ( 8 hav+ ris5 f !  dead8
  ,?is w\ld acc\nt = ! rise (           
,*ri/ianity1 & = all !  o!r miracles4   
,take ! foll[+ passage f ,gibbon3--#8,! 
grave &  le>n$ ,augu/9e1 ^: und]/&+     
sc>cely admits ! excuse (  cr$ulity1 has
 atte/$ ! innum]able prodigies :i* 7    
work$ 9  ,africa by ! relics ( ,/4      
,/eph51 & ?is m>vell\s n>rative is      
ins]t$ 9 ! elaborate "w ( 8,! ,city (   
,god10 :i* ! ,bi%op  design$ z a solid &
 immortal pro( ( ! tru? ( ,*ri/ianity4  
,augu/9e solemnly decl>es t he _h       
select$ ^? miracles only  :i* _h be5    
publicly c]tifi$ by p]sons :o 7 ei!r !  
objects  or ! spectators ( ! p[]s ( !   
m>tyr4  ,_m prodigies 7  omitt$ or      
=gott51 & ,hippo _h be5 less fav\rably  
treat$ ?an !  o!r cities ( ! prov9ce1   
yet ! ,bi%op enum]ates above sev5ty     
miracles1 ( :i* ?ree 7 resurrections f !
 dead1 )9 !  limits ( 8 own diocese4    

,if we enl>ge our view to all ! dioceses
  & all ! sa9ts ( ! ,*ri/ian _w1 x w n  
be easy to  calculate ! fables & errors 
:i* issu$ f ?is inexhau/ible  s\rce4  ,b
 we may surely be all[$ to obs]ve t a   
miracle 9 t  age ( sup]/ition & cr$ulity
 lo/ its "n & its m]its1 s9ce x  c\ld   
h>dly be consid]$ z a deviation f !     
e/abli%$ laws (  ,nature4'--7,gibbon's  
,decl9e & ,fall1 *ap4 xxviii41 sec4 #b74
    8,:o believes 9 ! miracles1 or :o   
w\ld d>e to quote !m8  ,yet on  :at     
bett] f\ndation d ^? ( ! ,new ,te/am5t  
re/8  ,= ! dea?  ( ,*ri/ !re is no      
evid5ce at all4  ,!re is evid5ce t he 0 
believ$ to h be5 dead 7"u circum/ances  
:]e a misappreh5sion  0 s+ul>ly likely  
to arise71 by m5 ^: m9ds 7 altoge!r 9 a 
diff]5t clef to ours z reg>ds !         
miracul\s1 & :om we _c  !re=e fairly    
judge by any mod]n /&>d4  ,we _c judge  
!m1  b we are b\nd to weigh ! facts :i* 
!y relate1 n 9 _!  balance1 b 9 our own4
  ,x is n :at might h seem$ reasonably  
believable to !m1 b :at is reasonably   

believable 9 our own m  enlight5$ age   
:i* c be alone accept$ s9lessly by      
ourselves4  ,m5's modes ( ?\ght conc]n+ 
facts *ange f age to age2 b !  facts    
*ange n at all1 & x is ( !m t we are    
call$ to judge4    8,we turn to ! f\r?  
,gospel1 z t f :i* we %all d]ive !  mo/ 
accurate k ( ! facts connect$ ) !       
,crucifixion4  ,"h we f9d t x 0 ab\t    
twelve o'clock :5 ,pilate br\ght out    
,*ri/ = ! la/ "t2 ! dialogue t foll[$1 !
 prep>ations  = ! ,crucifixion1 & !     
lead+ ,*ri/ outside ! city to ! place   
:]e ! ,crucifixion 0 to take place1 c\ld
 h>dly h occupi$ less  ?an an h\r4  ,by 
six o'clock 7by cons5t ( all writ]s7 !  
body 0  entomb$1 s t ! actual "t dur+   
:i* ,*ri/ hung ^u ! cross  0 little m   
?an f\r h\rs4  ,let u be ?ankful to hope
 t !  "t ( suff]+ may h be5 s %ort--b   
say five h\rs1 say six1 say  :atev] !   
read] *ooses1 ! ,crucifixion 0 av[$ly   
too hurri$ =  dea? 9 an ord9>y case to h
 ensu$4  ,! ?ieves _h to be kill$1  z   
yet alive4  ,imm$iately be=e be+ tak5   

d[n f ! cross !  body 0 deliv]$ to      
fri5ds4  ,)9 ?irty-six h\rs aft]w>ds !  
tomb 9 :i* x _h be5 laid 0 discov]$ to h
 be5 op5$2 =  h[ long x _h be5 op5 we d 
n "k1 b a few h\rs lat] ,*ri/  0 se5    
alive4    8,let x be rememb]$ also t !  
fact ( ! body hav+ be5  deliv]$ to      
,joseph be=e ! tak+ d[n f ! cross1      
greatly  enhanc$ ! *ance ( an escape f  
dea?1 inasmu* z ! duties (  ! soldi]s   
w\ld h end$ ) ! pres5tation ( ! ord] f  
,pilate4  ,if any fa9t symptom ( return+
 animation %ew$ itself 9  consequ5ce ( !
 m]e *ange ( position & ! inevitable    
%ock  att5dant ^u be+ mov$1 ! soldi]s   
w\ld n "k x2 _! task  0 end$1 & !y w\ld 
n be likely ei!r to wi%1 or to be all[$1
  to h any?+ to d ) ! matt]4  ,joseph   
appe>s to h be5 a  ri* man1 & w\ld be   
foll[$ by att5dants4  ,moreov]1 al?\gh  
we are  told by ,m>k t ,pilate s5t = !  
c5turion to inquire :e!r ,*ri/  0 dead1 
yet ! same writ] also tells u t ?is     
c5turion _h  already come to !          
conclusion t ,*ri/ 0 ! ,son ( ,god1 a   

/atem5t :i* is support$ by ! acc\nts (  
,mat!w & ,luke2 ,m>k is  ! only         
,evangeli/ :o tells u t ! c5turion 0 s5t
 =1 b  ev5 grant+ t ?is 0 s1 w\ld n "o  
:o _h already recognis$  ,*ri/ z ! ,son 
( ,god be incl9$ to give him e assi/ance
 9 8  p[]8  ,he w\ld be fright5$1 &     
anxi\s to get ! body d[n f !  cross z   
fa/ z possible4  ,s long z ,*ri/ appe>$ 
to be dead1 !re  w\ld be no unnecess>y  
ob/acle ?r[n 9 ! way ( ! deliv]y ( !    
body to ,joseph1 by a c5turion :o       
believ$ t he _h be5 help+ to  crucify ! 
,son ( ,god4  ,besides ,joseph 0 ri*1 & 
ri* p h  _m ways ( gett+ _! wi%es att5d$
 to4    8,we "k ( no "o z assi/+ at !   
tak+ d[n or ! removal ( !  body1 except 
,joseph ( ,arima?a1 = ! pres5ce (       
,nicodemus1 &  inde$ 8 exi/5ce1 re/s ^u 
! sl5d]e/ evid5ce4  ,none ( !  ,apo/les 
appe> to h _h any?+ to d ) ! deposition1
 nor yet  ! wom5 :o _h come f ,galilee1 
:o are repres5t$ z see+ :]e  ! body 0   
laid 7& by ,luke z see+ h[ x 0 laid71 b 
d n  seem to h come into close contact )

 ! body4    8,w\ld any mod]n jury (     
intellig5t m5 believe "u simil>         
circum/ances t ! dea? _h be5 actual &   
complete8  ,w\ld !y  n reg>d--& ought !y
 n to reg>d--reappe>ance z con/itut+    
ample pro( t !re _h be5 no dea?8  ,mo/  
assur$ly1 unless ,*ri/  _h _h 8 head cut
 (f1 or _h be5 se5 to be burnt to a%es4 
,aga91  if unexceptionable m$ical       
te/imony z to ! complet5ess ( ! dea?  _h
 rea*$ u1 !re w\ld be no help = x2 we   
%\ld h to admit  t some?+ _h happ5$ :i* 
0 at v>iance ) all our exp]i5ce  ( !    
c\rse ( nature2 or aga9 if 8 legs _h be5
 brok51 or 8  feet pi]c$1 we c\ld say   
no?+2 b :at irrep>able mis*ief is done  
to any vital function ( ! body by ! m]e 
act ( crucifixion8  ,!  feet 7 n always1
 #8nor p]haps g5]ally1' pi]c$ 7s ,dean  
,al=d  tells u1 quot+ f ,ju/9 ,m>tyr71  
nor is !re a p>ticle (  evid5ce to %ew t
 any exception 0 made 9 ! pres5t        
in/ance4  ,a  man :o is crucifi$ dies f 
%e] exhau/ion1 s t x _c be  deem$       
improbable t he might swoon away1 & t e 

outw>d  appe>ance ( dea? might prec$e   
dea? by sev]al h\rs4    8,are we to     
suppose t a h&ful ( ignorant soldi]s    
%\ld be above  error1 :5 we rememb] t m5
 h be5 left = dead1 be5 laid out  =     
burial & buri$ by _! be/ fri5ds--nay1 t 
!y h ov] &  ov] aga9 be5 pron\nc$ dead  
by skill$ physicians1 :5 !  facilities =
 kn[+ ! tru? 7 f> great]1 & :5 a mi/ake 
0  mu* less likely to occur1 ?an at !   
hurri$ ,crucifixion ( ,jesus  ,*ri/8  ,!
 soldi]s w\ld apply no poli%$ mirror to 
! lips1 nor  make use ( any ( ^? te/s   
:i*1 "u ! circum/ances1 w\ld be         
absolutely necess>y be=e life c\ld be   
pron\nc$ to be ext9ct2 !y  w\ld see t ! 
body 0 lifeless1 inanimate1 to all      
outw>d  appe>ance l ! few o!r dead      
bodies :i* !y _h probably  obs]v$       
closely2 ) ?is !y w\ld re/ cont5t$4     
8,x is true1 !y probably believ$ ,*ri/  
to be dead at ! "t !y  h&$ ov] ! body to
 8 fri5ds1 & if we _h he>d no?+ m (  !  
matt] we might assume t !y 7 "r2 b !    
reappe>ance (  ,*ri/ alive *anges ! :ole

 complexion ( ! /ory4  ,x is n v  likely
 t ! ,roman soldi]s w\ld h be5 mi/ak5 9 
believ+ him  to be dead1 unless ! hurry 
( ! :ole affair1 & ! ord] f  ,pilate1 _h
 dispos$ !m to c>elessness1 & to gett+ !
 matt] done  z fa/ z possible2 b x is   
mu* less likely t a dead man %\ld  come 
to life aga9 ?an t a mi/ake %\ld h be5  
made ab\t 8  hav+ be+ dead4  ,! latt] is
 an ev5t :i* probably happ5s e  week 9  
"o "p ( ! _w or ano!r2 ! =m] has nev]   
yet be5  kn[n4    8,x is n probable t a 
man (ficially execut$ %\ld escape dea?2 
b t a dead man %\ld escape f x is m     
improbable /ill2 9  addition to !       
enorm\s prepond]ance ( probability on ! 
side (  ,*ri/'s nev] hav+ di$ :i* arises
 f ?is consid]ation alone1 we  are told 
_m facts :i* greatly less5 !            
improbability ( 8 hav+  escap$ dea?1    
inasmu* z ! ,crucifixion 0 hurri$1 & !  
body 0  imm$iately deliv]$ to fri5ds )\t
 ! kn[n de/ruction ( any  organic       
function1 & :ile /ill hang+ ^u ! cross4 
8,joseph & ,nicodemus 7suppos+ t        

,nicodemus 0 inde$ a p>ty to !          
entombm5t7 may be believ$ to h ?\ght t  
,*ri/ 0 dead :5  !y receiv$ ! body1 b !y
 c\ld n refuse him _! assi/ance  :5 !y  
f\nd out _! mi/ake1 nor1 aga91 c\ld !y  
=feit _!  high position by all[+ x to be
 kn[n t !y _h re/or$ ! life  ( "o :o 0 s
 obnoxi\s to ! au?orities4  ,!y w\ld be 
9 a v  difficult position1 & w\ld take !
 prud5t c\rse ( back+ out (  ! matt] at 
! fir/ mom5t t humanity w\ld all[1 (    
leav+ !  re/ to *ance1 & ( keep+ _! own 
c\nsel4  ,x is noticeable t  we nev] he>
 ( !m aga92 = !re 7 no two p 9 ! _w     
bett] able to "k :e!r ! ,resurrection 0 
miracul\s or n1 &  none :o w\ld be m    
deeply int]e/$ 9 fav\r ( ! miracle4  ,!y
  _h be5 fai?ful :5 ! ,apo/les !mselves 
_h fail$1 & if _!  fai? _h be5 s /rong  
:ile ev]y?+ po9t$ 9 ! direction ( !     
utt] collapse ( ,*ri/ianity1 :at w\ld x 
be1 accord+ to e  natural impulse (     
self-approbation1 :5 s transc5d5t a     
miracle z a  resurrection _h be5 work$  
almo/ ^u _! own premises1 & ^u "o  ^:   

rema9s !y _h g5]\sly tak5 "u _!         
protection at a "t  :5 no o!rs _h v5tur$
 to %ew !m respect8    8,we %\ld h      
fanci$ t ,m>y w\ld h run to ,joseph &   
,nicodemus1  n to ! ,apo/les2 t ,joseph 
& ,nicodemus w\ld !n h s5t =  !         
,apo/les1 or t1 to say ! lea/ ( x1 we   
%\ld h he>d (  ^! two p]sons z hav+ be5 
prom95t memb]s ( ! ,*ur* at  ,j]usalem2 
b "h aga9 ! exp]i5ce ( ! ord9>y c\rse ( 
nature  fails u1 & we d n f9d ano!r ^w  
or h9t conc]n+ !m4  ,?is  may be !      
result ( accid5t1 b if s1 x is a v      
un=tunate  accid5t1 & we h already _h a 
great deal too mu* ( un=tunate          
accid5ts1 & ( tru?s :i* may be tru?s1 b 
:i* are uncommonly  l exagg]ation4      
,/ories are l p1 :om we judge ( 9 no    
small  degree by ! dress !y we>1 !      
company !y keep1 & t subtle  indef9able 
some?+ :i* we call _! expression4       
8,nev]!less1 !re arise ! que/ions h[ f> 
! spe> w\nd record$  by ! writ] ( ! f\r?
 ,gospel mu/ be reg>d$1 fir/ly1 z an    
actual occurr5ce1 &1 secondly1 z hav+   

be5 necess>ily fatal1 =  unless ^! ?+s  
are %ewn to be indisputable we h se5 t !
  balance ( probability lies greatly 9  
fav\r ( ,*ri/'s hav+ escap$  ) life4    
,if1 h[ev]1 x c be prov$ t x is a matt] 
(  c]ta9ty bo? t ! w\nd 0 actually      
inflict$1 & t dea? mu/  h inevitably    
foll[$1 !n ! dea? ( ,*ri/ is prov$4  ,! 
,resurrection becomes sup]natural2 !    
,asc5sion =?) ceases to be  m>vell\s2 ! 
,miracul\s ,conception1 ! ,temptation 9 
! ,wild]ness1  all ! o!r miracles (     
,*ri/ & 8 ,apo/les1 become believable at
  once ^u s signal a failure ( human    
exp]i5ce2 human exp]i5ce  ceases to be a
 guide at all1 inasmu* z x is f\nd to   
fail on ! v  po9t :]e x has be5 always  
consid]$ to be mo/ firmly  e/abli%$--!  
remorselessness ( ! grip ( dea?4  ,b    
be=e we c  cons5t to "p ) ! firm gr\nd  
on :i* we tread1 9 ! confid5ce  ( :i* we
 live1 move1 & h our be+--! tru/ 9 !    
e/abli%$  exp]i5ce ( c\ntless ages--we  
mu/ prove ! infliction ( ! w\nd  & its  
necess>ily fatal "* beyond all          

possibility ( mi/ake4  ,we _c be expect$
 to reject a natural solution ( an ev5t 
h[ev]  my/]i\s1 & to adopt a sup]natural
 9 its place1 s long z !re is  any      
elem5t ( d\bt ^u ! sup]natural side4    
8,! natural solution ( ! orig9 ( belief 
9 ! ,resurrection lies  v ready to our  
h&s2 once admit t ,*ri/ 0 crucifi$      
hurri$ly1  t !re is no pro( ( !         
de/ruction ( any organic function ( !   
body1 t ! body itself 0 imm$iately      
deliv]$ to fri5ds1 & t  ?irty-six h\rs  
aft]w>ds ,*ri/ 0 se5 alive1 & x is      
impossible  to und]/& h[ any human be+ c
 d\bt :at he ought to ?9k4  ,we  mu/ own
 also t once let ,joseph h kept 8 own   
c\nsel 7& he _h  a great /ake to lose if
 he did n keep x71 once let ! ,apo/les  
believe t ,*ri/'s re/oration to life 0  
miracul\s 7& "u !  circum/ances !y w\ld 
be sure to ?9k s71 & _! reason w\ld be  
s unsettl$ t 9 a v %ort "t all !        
recognis$ & all !  apocryphal miracles (
 ,*ri/ w\ld pass curr5t ) !m )\t a  %ad[
 ( difficulty40    ,x w be obs]v$ t     

?r\gh\t bo? ?is & ! prec$+ *apt] ,i  h  
be5 deal+ ) ^? ( our oppon5ts :o1 :ile  
admitt+ !  reappe>ances ( our ,"l1      
ascribe !m to natural causes only4  ,i  
consid] ?is position to be only second 9
 importance to ! "o tak5  by ,/rauss1 & 
z p]haps 9 "s respects capable ( be+    
support$  ) an ev5 great] outw>d        
appe>ance ( probability4  ,i !re=e      
resolv$ to combat x1 & z a prelim9>y to 
?is1 h tak5 c>e t  x %all be /at$ 9 !   
cle>e/ & mo/ def9ite mann] possible4  ,b
 x is pla9 t ^? :o accept ! fact t our  
,"l reappe>$  aft] ! ,crucifixion diff] 
h>dly less widely f ,/rauss ?an !y d  f 
ourselves2 x w !re=e be exp$i5t to %ew  
h[ !y ma9ta9  _! gr\nd aga9/ s =midable 
an antagoni/4  ,let x be rememb]$  t    
,/rauss & 8 foll[]s admit t ! ,dea? (   
our ,"l is  prov$1 :ile ^? ( our        
oppon5ts :o w\ld d5y ?is1 nev]!less     
admit t we c e/abli% ! reappe>ances2 x  
foll[s !re=e  t ea* ( our mo/ important 
propositions is admitt$ by "o section   
or o!r ( ! enemy1 & ea* section w\ld    

probably be he>tily glad  to be able to 
d5y :at x admits4  ,c !re be any d\bt   
ab\t !  significance ( ?is fact8  ,w\ld 
n a little reflection be likely to      
sugge/ to ! di/ract$ ho/ ( our adv]s>ies
 t ea* ( its two  halves is "r1 z f> z x
 goes1 b t agreem5t w only be  possible 
betwe5 !m :5 ea* p>ty has le>nt t x is 9
 possession  ( only half ! tru?1 & has  
come to admit bo? ! ,dea? ( our ,"l  &  
,8 ,resurrection8    ,return+1 h[ev]1 to
 ! mann] 9 :i* ! section ( our oppon5ts 
) :om ,i am n[ deal+ meet ,/rauss1 !y   
may be suppos$ to speak z  foll[s3--    
8,/rauss believes t ,*ri/ di$1 & says   
7,new ,life ( ,jesus1 ,vol4  ,i41 p4    
#daa7 t #8! acc\nt ( ! ,evangeli/s ( !  
dea? ( ,jesus is  cle>1 unanim\s1 &     
connect$4'  ,if ?is means t !           
,evangeli/s  w\ld c]ta9ly "k :e!r ,*ri/ 
di$ or n1 we demur to x at once4        
,/rauss w\ld himself admit t n "o ( !   
writ]s :o h record$  ! facts connect$ ) 
! ,crucifixion 0 an eyewitness ( t ev5t1
  & he mu/ also be aw>e t ! v utmo/ :i* 

any ( ^! writ]s  c h kn[n1 0 t ,*ri/ 0  
believ$ to h be5 dead4  ,x  is /range to
 see ,/rauss s sudd5ly /ruck ) !        
cle>ness1  unanimity1 & connect$ness ( !
 ,evangeli/s4  ,9 ! v next  s5t5ce he   
goes on to say1 #8,equally fragm5t>y1   
full ( contradiction  & obscurity1 is   
all t !y tell u ( ! opportunities (     
obs]v+  him :i* 8 adh]5ts are suppos$ to
 h _h aft] 8 resurrection4'  ,n[1 ?is   
seems v unfair1 =1 aft] all1 ! gospel   
writ]s are q  z unanim\s 9 ass]t+ ! ma9 
fact t ,*ri/ reappe>$1 z !y  are 9      
ass]t+ t he di$2 !y w\ld seem to be j z 
#8cle>1  unanim\s1 & connect$1' ab\t !  
=m] ev5t z ! latt] 7= !  acc\nts ( !    
,crucifixion v>y n a little71 & !y mu/ h
 _h  inf9itely bett] means ( kn[+ :e!r  
,*ri/ reappe>$ ?an :e!r  he _h actually 
di$4  ,!re is n ! same scope = v>iation 
9 !  b>e ass]tion t a man di$1 z !re is 
9 ! n>ration ( 8  say+s & do+s ^u !     
sev]al occasions ( 8 reappe>ance4       
,besides1 9 support ( ! reappe>ances1 we
 h ! evid5ce ( ,paul1  :o1 ?\gh n an    

eye-witness1 0 well acqua9t$ ) ^? :o 72 
:]eas no man c make m out ( ! facts     
record$ conc]n+ !  dea? ( ,jesus1 ?an t 
he 0 believ$ to be dead "u circum/ances 
9 :i* mi/ake might easily arise1 t !re  
is no reason to ?9k  t any organic      
function ( ! body _h be5 de/roy$ at ! "t
 t  x 0 deliv]$ ov] to fri5ds1 & t none 
( ^? :o te/ifi$ to  ,*ri/'s dea? appe>  
to h v]ifi$ _! /atem5t by p]sonal       
inspection ( ! body4  ,on ^! po9ts !    
,evangeli/s d inde$ appe>  to be #8cle>1
 unanim\s1 & connect$4'    8,lat] on    
,/rauss is ev5 m unsatisfactory1 = on ! 
page :i*  foll[s ! "o above quot$ f1 he 
writes3 #8,besides :i*1 x is q  evid5t t
 ?is 7! natural7 view ( ! resurrection (
 ,jesus1 ap>t  f ! difficulties 9 :i* x 
is involv$1 does n ev5 solve !  problem 
:i* is "h "u consid]ation3 ! orig91 t   
is1 ( !  ,*ri/ian ,*ur* by fai? 9 !     
miracul\s resurrection ( ! ,messiah4  ,x
 is impossible t a be+ :o _h /ol5       
half-dead out ( a  sepul*re1 :o crept   
ab\t weak & ill1 want+ m$ical treatm5t1 

:o  requir$ b&ag+1 /r5g!n+1 & indulg5ce1
 & :o /ill1 at  la/1 yield$ to 8        
suff]+s1 c\ld h giv5 to ! disciples !   
impression t he 0 a conqu]or ov] dea? & 
! grave1 ! ,pr9ce  ( ,life1 an          
impression :i* lay at ! bottom ( _!     
future m9i/ry4  ,su* a resuscitation    
c\ld only h weak5$ ! impression :i* he  
_h  made ^u !m 9 life & 9 dea?2 at ! mo/
 c\ld only h giv5 x  an elegiac voice1 b
 c\ld by no possibility h *ang$ _! sorr[
  into en?usiasm1 h elevat$ _! rev]5ce  
into wor%ip4'    8,n[1 ! fallacy 9 !    
above is obvi\s2 x assumes t ,*ri/ 0  9 
su* a /ate z to be compell$ to creep    
ab\t1 weak & ill1 c41 &  ultimately to  
die f ! effects ( 8 suff]+s2 :]eas !re  
is  n a ^w ( evid5ce 9 support ( all    
?is4  ,he may h be5 weak &  ill :5 he   
=bade ,m>y to t\* him1 on ! fir/        
occasion ( 8 be+  se5 alive2 b x w\ld be
 h>d to prove ev5 ?is1 & on no subsequ5t
  occasion does he %ew any sign (       
weakness4  ,! supposition t he di$  ( ! 
effects ( 8 suff]+s is q gratuit\s2 "o  

w\ld l to  "k :]e ,/rauss got x f4  ,he 
may h done s1 or he may h  be5          
assass9at$ by "s "o commission$ by !    
,jewi% ,sanh$rim1 or he  may h felt t 8 
"w 0 done1 & t any fur!r int]f]5ce  ^u 8
 "p w\ld only m> x1 & !re=e resolv$ ^u  
)draw+  himself f ,pale/9e = ev]1 or    
,joseph ( ,arima?a may h fe>$  !        
revolution :i* he saw approa*+--or tw5ty
 ?+s besides might  acc\nt = ,*ri/'s    
f9al disappe>ance4  ,! only ?+1 h[ev]1  
:i*  we c say ) any c]ta9ty is t he     
disappe>$1 & t !re is  no reason to     
believe t he di$ ( 8 w\nds4  ,all ov] & 
above ?is  is guesswork4    8,aga91 if  
,*ri/ on reappe>+ _h cont9u$ 9 daily    
int]c\rse )  8 disciples1 x might h be5 
impossible t !y %\ld n f9d  out t he 0 9
 all respects l !mselves4  ,b he seems  
to h  be5 c>eful to avoid see+ !m mu*4  
,paul only m5tions five  reappe>ances1  
only "o ( :i* 0 to any consid]able numb]
 (  p4  ,accord+ also to ! gospel       
writ]s1 ! reappe>ances 7  few2 !y 7 )\t 
prep>ation1 & no?+ seems to h be5 kn[n  

( :]e he resid$ betwe5 ea* visit2 ?is   
r>ity & my/]i\sness (  ! reappe>ances ( 
,*ri/ 7:e!r dictat$ by fe> ( 8 enemies  
or  by policy7 w\ld height5 _! effect1 &
 prev5t ! ,apo/les f  kn[+ mu* m ab\t _!
 ma/] ?an ! simple fact t he 0          
indisputably alive4  ,!y saw en\gh to   
assure !m ( ?is1 b !y did  n see en\gh  
to prev5t _! be+ able to reg>d _! ma/] z
 a  conqu]or ov] dea? & ! grave1 ev5    
?\gh x c\ld be %ewn 7:i*  c]ta9ly _c be 
done7 t he cont9u$ 9 infirm heal?1 &    
ultimately di$ ( 8 w\nds4    8,if !     
,apo/les _h be5 highly educat$ ,engli%  
or ,g]man ,pr(essors1  x might be h>d to
 believe !m capable ( mak+ any mi/ake2 b
 !y  7 no?+ ( ! k9d2 !y 7 ignorant      
,ea/]n peasants1 liv+ 9  ! v ?ick ( e   
conceivable k9d ( delusive influ5ce4    
,/rauss  himself supposes _! m9ds to h  
be5 s weak & unh+$ t !y  became easy    
victims to halluc9ation4  ,b if ?is 0 ! 
case1 !y  w\ld be liable to o!r k9ds (  
cr$ulity1 & x seems /range t  "o :o w\ld
 br+ !m d[n s l[1 %\ld be "h s sudd5ly  

jeal\s  = _! intellig5ce4  ,!re is no   
reason to suppose t ,*ri/ 0  weak & ill 
aft] ! fir/ day or two1 any m ?an !re is
 =  believ+ t he di$ ( 8 w\nds4  ,?is   
be+ s1 is x n m  simple & natural to    
believe t ! ,apo/les 7 really misl$ by a
  solid sub/ratum ( /range ev5ts--a     
sub/ratum :i* seems to be  support$ by  
all ! evid5ce :i* we c get--?an t ! :ole
 /ory  ( ! appe>ances ( ,*ri/ aft] !    
,crucifixion %\ld be due to  baseless   
dreams & fancies8  ,at any rate1 if !   
,apo/les c\ld be  misl$ by halluc9ation1
 mu* m might !y be misl$ by a natural   
reappe>ance1 :i* look$ n unlike a       
sup]natural "o4    8,! belief 9 !       
miracul\s "* ( ! ,resurrection is !     
c5tral po9t ( ! :ole ,*ri/ian sy/em4    
,let ?is be once believ$1  & consid]+ ! 
times1 :i*1 x mu/ always be rememb]$1 7 
9  respect ( cr$ulity widely diff]5t f  
our own1 consid]+ !  previ\s hopes &    
expectations ( ! ,apo/les1 consid]+ _!  
education1 ,ori5tal modes ( ?\ght &     
spee*1 famili>ity ) !  ideas ( miracle &

 demonology1 & unfamili>ity ) ! ideas ( 
accuracy & sci5ce1 & consid]+ also !    
unque/ionable beauty &  wisdom ( mu* :i*
 is record$ z hav+ be5 taught by ,*ri/1 
& !  really rem>kable circum/ances ( !  
case--we say1 once let !  ,resurrection 
be believ$ to be miracul\s1 & ! re/ is  
cle>2 !re  is no fur!r my/]y ab\t !     
orig9 ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4    8,s !   
matt] has n[ come to ?is pass1 t we are 
to jeop>dise our  fai? 9 all human      
exp]i5ce1 if we are unable to see our   
way cle>ly  out ( a few words ab\t a    
spe> w\nd1 record$ z hav+ be5 inflict$  
9 a di/ant c\ntry ne>ly two ?\s& ye>s   
ago1 by a writ]  conc]n+ :om we are     
entirely ignorant1 & ^: connection ) any
  eye-witness ( ! ev5ts :i* he records  
is a matt] ( pure  conjecture4  ,we w   
see ab\t ?is h]eaft]2 all t is necess>y 
n[  is to make sure t we d n jeop>dise  
x1 if we d see a way (  escape1 & ?is   
assur$ly exi/s40    ,i w n pa9 ei!r !   
read] or myself by a recapitulation ( ! 
argum5ts :i* h l$ our oppon5ts z well z 

! ,dean ( ,cant]bury1  & ,i may add1 )  
due apology1 myself1 to conclude t no?+ 
is  kn[n z to ! sev]ity or purpose ( !  
spe> w\nd4  ,! case1  !re=e1 ( our      
adv]s>ies w re/ ?us3--t !re is n only no
  suffici5t reason = believ+ t ,*ri/ di$
 ^u ! cross1 b t  !re are ! /ronge/     
conceivable reasons = believ+ t ,he did 
n  die2 t ! %ortness ( "t dur+ :i* ,he  
rema9$ ^u ! cross1  ! imm$iate deliv]y (
 ! body to fri5ds1 &1 above all1 !      
subsequ5t reappe>ance alive1 are ample  
gr\nds = arriv+ at su* a  conclusion4   
,!y add fur!r t x w\ld seem a mon/r\s   
supposition  to believe t a good &      
m]ciful ,god %\ld h design$ to r$eem  ! 
_w by ! infliction ( su* awful mis]y ^u 
,8 own ,son1 &  yet det]m9$ to condemn e
 "o :o did n believe 9 ?is design1  9   
spite ( su* a defici5cy ( evid5ce t     
disbelief w\ld appe> to  be a moral     
obligation4  ,no good ,god1 !y say1 w\ld
 h left a matt]  ( su* unutt]able       
importance 9 a /ate ( su* mis]able      
unc]ta9ty1  :5 ! addition ( a v small   

am\nt ( te/imony w\ld h be5  suffici5t  
to e/abli% x4    ,9 ! two foll[+ *apt]s 
,i %all %[ ! futility & irrelevancy  ( !
 above reason+--if1 inde$1 t c be call$ 
reason+ :i* is  f fir/ to la/ ess5tially
 unreasonable4  ,plausible z1 9 p>ts1 x 
may h appe>$1 ,i h little d\bt t ! read]
 w h already  detect$ ! great] numb] ( !
 fallacies :i* und]lie x4  ,b  be=e ,i c
 all[ myself to ent] ^u ! welcome task (
 refutation1 a  few m words f our       
oppon5ts w yet be necess>y4  ,h[ev]     
/rongly ,i disapprove ( _! views1 ,i    
tru/ !y w admit t ,i h  ?r\gh\t express$
 !m z "o :o ?or\ghly und]/&s !m4  ,i am 
conv9c$ t ! c\rse ,i h tak5 is ! only "o
 :i* c lead to  _! be+ br\ght into ! way
 ( tru?1 & ,i mean to p]sev]e 9 x  until
 ,i h expla9$ ! views :i* !y take       
conc]n+ our ,"l's  ,asc5sion1 ) no less 
cle>ness ?an ,i %ew$ =? _! op9ions      
conc]n+ ! ,resurrection4    8,9 ,/4     
,mat!w's ,gospel10 !y w say1 8we f9d no 
trace :atev] (  any /ory conc]n+ !      
,asc5sion4  ,! writ] _h ei!r nev] he>d  

any?+ ab\t ! matt] at all1 or did n     
consid] x ( suffici5t  importance to    
des]ve notice4    8,dean ,al=d1 inde$1  
ma9ta9s o!rwise4  ,9 8 notes on ! words1
  #8,& lo6  ,i am ) y always unto ! end 
( ! _w1' he says1  #8,^! words imply &  
set =? ! ,asc5sion'2 x is true t he     
adds1  #8! mann] ( :i* is n relat$ by ! 
,evangeli/'3 b h[ d !  words quot$1     
#8imply & set =?' ! ,asc5sion8  ,!y     
imply a belief  t ,*ri/'s _s w\ld be    
pres5t ) 8 disciples to ! end (  "t2 b  
h[ d !y set =? ! fact t 8 body 0 se5 by 
a  numb] ( p to rise into ! air &       
actually to m\nt up f> into  ! region ( 
! cl\ds8    8,! fact is simply ?is--&   
nobody c "k x bett] ?an ,dean  ,al=d--t 
,mat!w tells u no?+ ab\t ! ,asc5sion4   
8,! la/ v]ses ( ,m>k's ,gospel are      
admitt$ by ,dean ,al=d himself to  be n 
g5u9e1 b ev5 9 ^! ! subject is dismiss$ 
9 a s+le  v]se1 & al?\gh x is /at$ t    
,*ri/ 0 receiv$ into ,heav51  !re is n a
 s+le ^w to imply t any "o 0 suppos$ to 
h  se5 him actually on 8 way ?i!r4      

8,! au?or ( ! f\r? ,gospel is also sil5t
 conc]n+ ! ,asc5sion4  ,!re is n a ^w1  
nor h9t1 nor fa9te/ trace ( any k ( !   
fact1 unless an allusion be detect$ 9 ! 
words1 #8,:at & if ye %all  see ! ,son (
 ,man asc5d+ :]e he 0 be=e8' 7,john vi41
 #fb7 9  ref]5ce to :i* passage ,dean   
,al=d1 9 8 note on ,luke xxiv41 #eb1    
writes z foll[s3--#8,& might n we h     
conclud$ f ! word+ (  ,john vi41 #fb1 t 
our ,"l mu/ h int5d$ an asc5sion insight
 (  "s ( ^? to :om he spoke1 & t !      
,evangeli/ gives t  h9t1 by record+ ^?  
words )\t comm5t1 t he _h se5  x8'  ,t  
is to say1 we are to conclude t ! writ] 
( ! f\r?  ,gospel actually saw !        
,asc5sion1 because he tells u t ,*ri/   
utt]$ ! words1 #8,:at & if ye %all see !
 ,son ( ,man asc5d+  :]e he 0 be=e8'    
8,b :o 0 ! au?or ( ! f\r? ,gospel8  ,&  
:at reason is !re  = ?9k+ t t "w is     
g5u9e8  ,let u make ano!r extract f     
,dean ,al=d4  ,9 8 prolegom5a1 *apt] v41
 section #f1 on !  g5u95ess ( ! f\r?    
,gospel1 he writes3--#8,nei!r ,papias1  

:o  c>efully s\ght out all t ,apo/les & 
,apo/olic m5 _h relat$  reg>d+ ! life ( 
,*ri/2 nor ,polyc>p1 :o 0 himself a     
disciple (  ! ,apo/le ,john2 nor        
,b>nabas1 nor ,clem5t ( ,rome1 9 _!     
epi/les2  nor1 la/ly1 ,ignatius 79 8    
g5u9e writ+s71 makes any m5tion (1 or   
allusion to1 ?is gospel4  ,s t 9 ! mo/  
anci5t circle (  ecclesia/ical te/imony1
 x appe>s to be unkn[n or n recognis$4' 
,we may add t !re is no trace ( its     
exi/5ce be=e ! latt] half  ( ! second   
c5tury1 & t ! int]nal evid5ce aga9/ its 
g5u95ess appe>s to be m & m conclusive !
 m x is  exam9$4    8,/4 ,paul1 :5      
enum]at+ ! la/ appe>ances ( 8 ma/]1 9 a 
passage :]e ! abs5ce ( any allusion to !
 ,asc5sion is almo/  conclusive z to 8  
nev] hav+ he>d a ^w ab\t x1 is also     
sil5t4  ,9 no "p ( 8 g5u9e writ+s does  
he give any sign ( 8 hav+  be5 aw>e t   
any /ory 0 9 exi/5ce z to ! mann] 9 :i* 
,*ri/ 0 receiv$ into ,heav54    8,:]e1  
!n1 does ! /ory come f1 if nei!r ,mat!w1
 ,m>k1 ,john1  nor ,paul appe> to h he>d

 ( x8    8,x comes f a s+le v]se 9 ,/4  
,luke's ,gospel--writt5 m ?an half  a   
c5tury aft] ! suppos$ ev5t1 :5 few1 or m
 probably none1 (  ^? :o 7 suppos$ to h 
se5 x 7 ei!r liv+ or )9  rea* to        
contradict x4  ,luke writes 7xxiv41     
#ea71 #8,& x came to pass  t :ile he    
bless$ !m1 he 0 p>t$ f !m1 & c>ri$ up   
into  ,heav54'  ,?is is ! only acc\nt ( 
! ,asc5sion giv5 9 any "p (  ! ,gospels 
:i* c be consid]$ g5u9e4  ,x gives      
,be?any z !  place ( ! miracle1 :]eas1  
if ,dean ,al=d is "r 9 say+ t !  words (
 ,mat!w #8set =?' ! ,asc5sion1 !y set x 
=? z hav+  tak5 place on a m\nta9 9     
,galilee4  ,b "h1 z else:]e1 all is     
haze & contradiction4  ,p]haps "s       
,*ri/ian writ]s w ma9ta9  t x happ5$ bo?
 at ,be?any & 9 ,galilee4    8,9 8      
subsequ5t "w1 writt5 "s sixty or sev5ty 
ye>s aft] !  ,asc5sion1 ,/4 ,luke gives 
u t m detail$ acc\nt :i* is commonly    
pres5t to ! imag9ation ( all m5 7?anks  
to ! ,italian pa9t]s71  :5 ! ,asc5sion  
is allud$ to4  ,! details1 x w\ld seem1 

came to  8 k aft] he _h writt5 8        
,gospel1 & _m a long ye> aft]  ,mat!w & 
,m>k & ,paul _h writt54  ,h[ he came by 
! additional  details we d n "k4        
,nobody seems to c>e to "k4  ,he mu/ h  
_h  !m reveal$ to him1 or be5 told !m by
 "s "o1 & t "s "o1  :oev] he 01 d\btless
 knew :at he 0 say+1 & all ,europe at "o
  "t believ$ ! /ory1 & ?is is suffici5t 
pro( t mi/ake 0  impossible4    8,x is  
indisputable t f ! v e>lie/ ages ( !    
,*ur* !re  exi/$ a belief t ,*ri/ 0 at !
 "r h& ( ,god2 b no "o :o  pr(esses to h
 se5 him on 8 way ?i!r has left a s+le  
^w (  record4  ,x is easy to believe t !
 facts may h be5 reveal$ 9 a  night     
vision1 or communicat$ 9 "o or o!r ( !  
_m ways 9 :i*  extraord9>y circum/ances 
are communicat$1 dur+ ! ye>s ( oral     
communication & en?usiasm :i* elaps$    
betwe5 ! suppos$ ,asc5sion  ( ,*ri/ & ! 
writ+ ( ,luke's second "w4  ,x is n     
surpris+  t a firm belief 9 ,*ri/'s hav+
 surviv$ dea? %\ld h aris5  9 consequ5ce
 ( ! actual circum/ances connect$ ) !   

,crucifixion  & entombm5t4  ,0 x !n     
/range t ?is %\ld develop itself into  !
 belief t he 0 n[ 9 ,heav51 sitt+ at !  
"r h& ( ,god  ! ,fa!r8  ,& f9ally 0 x   
/range t a circum/antial acc\nt (  !    
mann] 9 :i* he left ?is e>? %\ld be     
eag]ly accept$80                        
99 99 99 99 99    ,9 an app5dix at ! end
 ( ! book ,i h giv5 ! extracts f !      
,gospels :i* are necess>y = a full      
compreh5sion ( ! prec$+  *apt]s4--,w4   
,b4 ,o4        ,*apt] ,,ix  ,!          
,*ri/-,ideal      ,i ,,h complet$ a task
 pa9ful to myself & ! read]4  ,pa9ful to
  myself inasmu* z ,i am humiliat$ ^u   
rememb]+ ! p[] :i*  argum5ts1 s %all[ & 
s easily to be refut$1 once _h ^u me2   
pa9ful to ! read]1 z ev]y?+ mu/ be      
pa9ful :i* ev5 appe>s  to ?r[ d\bt ^u ! 
mo/ sublime ev5t t has happ5$ 9 human   
hi/ory4  ,h[ little does all t has be5  
writt5 above t\* ! real  "q at issue1   
yet1 :at self-discipl9e & m5tal tra9+ is
  requir$ be=e we le>n to di/+ui% !     
ess5tial f !  uness5tial4    ,be=e1     

h[ev]1 we come to close qu>t]s ) our    
oppon5ts conc]n+  ! views put =w>d 9 !  
prec$+ *apt]s1 x w be well to  consid]  
two que/ions ( ! grave/ & mo/ int]e/+   
"*1  que/ions :i* w probably h already  
occurr$ to ! read] )  su* =ce z to dem& 
imm$iate answ]4  ,!y are ^!4    ,fir/ly1
 :at w be ! consequ5ces ( admitt+ any   
consid]able  deviation f hi/orical      
accuracy on ! "p ( ! sacr$ writ]s8      
,secondly1 h[ c x be conceivable t ,god 
%\ld h p]mitt$  inaccuracy or obscurity 
9 ! evid5ce conc]n+ ! ,div9e commission 
( ,8 ,son8    ,if ,god s lov$ ! ,_w t   
,he s5t ,8 only begott5 ,son into x to  
rescue ^? :o believ$ 9 ,him f           
de/ruction1 h[ is x cr$ible  t ,he %\ld 
n h s arrang$ matt]s z t all %\ld f9d x 
easy to believe8  ,if ,he want$ to save 
mank9d & knew t ! only way  9 :i* mank9d
 c\ld be sav$ 0 by believ+ c]ta9 facts1 
h[ c  x be t ! records ( ! facts %\ld h 
be5 all[$ to fall into  confusion8      
,to bo? ^! que/ions ,i tru/ t ! foll[+  
answ]s may appe>  conclusive4    ,i4  ,z

 reg>ds ! consequ5ces :i* may be suppos$
 to foll[ ^u  giv+ up any "p ( ! sacr$  
writ+s1 no matt] h[ seem+ly             
unimportant1 x is und\bt$ly true t to _m
 m9ds !y h appe>$  too dang]\s to be ev5
 contemplat$4  ,?us ?r\gh fe> ( "s      
suppos$ unutt]able consequ5ces :i* w\ld 
happ5 to ! cause (  tru? if tru? 7      
spok51 p pr(ess to believe 9 ! g5u95ess 
( _m passages 9 ! ,bible :i* are        
univ]sally ackn[l$g$ by  compet5t judges
 ( e %ade ( !ological op9ion to be      
int]polations into ! orig9al text4  ,to 
say no?+ ( ! ,old  ,te/am5t1 :]e _m :ole
 books are ( disput$ g5u95ess or        
au!nticity1 !re are portions ( ! ,new   
:i* none w s]i\sly  def5d2--= example1 !
 la/ v]ses ( ,/4 ,m>k's                 
,gospel1--conta9+1 z  !y d1 ! s5t5ce (  
damnation aga9/ all :o d n believe--!   
second half ( ! ?ird1 & ! :ole ( ! f\r? 
v]se ( ! fif?  *apt] ( ,/4 ,john's      
,gospel1 ! /ory ( ! woman tak5 9        
adult]y1  & probably ! :ole ( ! la/     
*apt] ( ,/4 ,john's ,gospel1 n to       

m5tion ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 !       
,epi/les to ,timo?y1 ,titus1 &  to !    
,ephesians1 ! ,epi/les ( ,pet] & ,james1
 ! fam\s v]ses z  to ! ?ree witnesses 9 
! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,john1 & p]haps   
also  ! book ( ,revelation4  ,^! are    
passages & works ab\t :i* !re  is ei!r  
no d\bt at all z to _! n be+ g5u9e1 or  
ov] :i*  !re hangs s mu* unc]ta9ty t no 
dep5d5ce c be plac$ ^u  !m4    ,b ov] & 
above ^!1 !re are n a few p>ts ( ea* ( !
  ,gospels :i*1 ?\gh ( undisput$        
g5u95ess1 _c be accept$ z  hi/orical2   
?us ! acc\nt ( ! ,resurrection giv5 by  
,/4 ,mat!w1  & p>ts ( ^? by ,luke &     
,m>k1 ! curs+ ( ! b>r5 fig-tree1  & !   
prophecies ( ,8 ,resurrection ascrib$ to
 our ,"l ,himself1 w  n /& ! te/s (     
criticism :i* we are b\nd to apply to !m
 if  we are to ex]cise ! "r ( private   
judgem5t2 in/ead ( h&+  ourselves ov] to
 a prie/hood z ! sole cu/odians &       
int]pret]s (  ! ,bible4  ,x has be5 said
 by "s t ! miracle ( ! p5ny f\nd  9 !   
fi%'s m\? %\ld be includ$ 9 ! above     

category1 b x  %\ld be rememb]$ t we h  
only ! injunction ( our ,"l to ,/4      
,pet] t he %\ld cat* ! fi% & ! promise t
 he %\ld f9d  ! p5ny 9 its m\?1 b t we h
 no acc\nt ( ! sequel1 x is  !re=e      
possible t 9 ! ev5t ( ,/4 ,pet]'s fai?  
hav+ fail$  him he may h procur$ ! money
 f "s o!r s\rce1 & t ?us  ! miracle1    
?\gh und\bt$ly int5d$1 0 nev] actually  
p]=m$4  ,h[ unnecess>y !re=e z well z   
presumptu\s are ! ,rationali/ic         
int]pretations :i* h be5 put ^u ! ev5t  
by c]ta9 ,g]man  writ]s6    ,n[ !re are 
few1 if any1 :o w\ld be s illib]al z to 
wi% = !  exclusion f ! sacr$ volume (   
all ^? books or passages :i*1  ?\gh     
nei!r g5u9e nor p]haps edify+1 h rema9$ 
9 ! ,canon  ( ,scripture = _m c5turies4 
,any s]i\s attempt to recon/ruct !      
,canon w\ld raise a !ological /orm :i*  
w\ld n subside 9 ?is  c5tury4  ,! "w    
c\ld nev] be done p]fectly1 & ev5 if x  
c\ld1  x w\ld h to be done at ! exp5se (
 te>+ all ,*ri/5dom 9  pieces4  ,!      
passages d little or no h>m :]e !y are1 

& h  receiv$ ! sanction ( "t2 let !m    
!re=e by all means rema9 9  _! pres5t   
position4  ,b ! "q is /ill =c$ ^u u :e!r
  ! consequ5ces ( op5ly admitt+ ! c]ta9 
spuri\sness ( _m  passages1 & !         
que/ionable nature ( o!rs z reg>ds      
morality1  g5u95ess & au!nticity1 %\ld  
be fe>$ z be+ likely to  prejudice ! ma9
 doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity4    ,! answ] is 
v pla94  ,he :o has v\*saf$ to u !      
,*ri/ian  disp5sation may be safely     
tru/$ to provide t no h>m %all happ51   
ei!r to x or to u1 f an hone/ endeav\r  
to atta9 ! tru?  conc]n+ x4  ,:at h we  
to d ) consequ5ces8  ,^! are 9 !  h&s ( 
,god4  ,our duty is to seek out ! tru? 9
 pray] & humility1  & :5 we believe t we
 h f\nd x1 to cleave to x ?r\gh evil  & 
good report2 to fail 9 ?is is to fail 9 
fai?2 to fail 9 fai?  is to be an       
infidel4  ,^? :o suppose t x is wis] to 
gloss ov]  ?is or t1 & :o consid] x     
8injudici\s0 to ann\nce ! :ole  tru? 9  
connection ) ,*ri/ianity1 %\ld h le>nt  
by ?is "t  t no admission :i* c by any  

possibility be requir$ ( !m c be  s     
p]il\s to ! cause ( ,*ri/ z ! appe>ance 
( %irk+  inve/igation4  ,x has already  
be5 insi/$ ^u t c[>dice is at  ! root ( 
! infidelity :i* we see ar\nd u2 ! want 
( fai? 9  ! p[] ( tru? :i* exi/s 9 c]ta9
 pi\s b timid he>ts has  begott5 utt]   
unbelief 9 ! m9ds ( all sup]ficial      
inve/igators  into ,*ri/ian evid5ces4   
,su* p]sons see t ! def5d]s h  some?+ 9 
! backgr\nd1 some?+ :i* !y w\ld cl+ to  
al?\gh  !y are secretly aw>e t !y _c    
ju/ly claim x4  ,?is is en\gh  = _m1 &  
h5ce m h>m is done by fe> ?an c\ld ev] h
 be5  done by boldness4  ,boldness goes 
out into ! fight1 & if 9 ! wrong  gets  
sla91 *ildless4  ,fe> /ays at home & is 
prolific ( a brood (  falsehoods4    ,x 
is immoral to reg>d consequ5ces at all1 
:]e tru? & ju/ice are  conc]n$2 ! be+   
impregnat$ ) ?is conviction to ! inmo/  
core  ( "o's he>t is an axiom ( common  
hone/y--"o ( ! ess5tial  features :i*   
di/+ui% a good man f a bad "o4          
,nev]!less1 to  make x pla9 t !         

consequ5ces ( outspok5 tru?fulness 9    
connection ) ! scriptural writ+s w\ld h 
no h>mful effect  :atev]1 b w\ld1 on !  
contr>y1 be ( ! utmo/ s]vice z  remov+ a
 /umbl+-block f ! way ( _m--let u = !   
mom5t  suppose t v mu* m w\ld h to be   
giv5 up ?an c ev] be  dem&$4    ,suppose
 we 7 driv5 to admit t no?+ 9 ! life (  
our ,"l c  be c]ta9ly dep5d$ ^u beyond !
 facts t ,he 0 begott5 by !  ,holy ,gho/
 ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y2 t ,he work$ _m        
miracles ^u e>?1  & deliv]$ ,/4 ,mat!w's
 v]sion ( ! s]mon on ! m\nt & mo/  ( !  
p>ables z we n[ h !m2 f9ally1 t ,he 0   
crucifi$1  dead1 & buri$1 t ,he rose    
aga9 f ! dead ^u ! ?ird day1  & asc5d$  
unto ,heav54  ,grant+ = ! sake ( argum5t
 t we  c\ld rely on no o!r facts1 :at   
w\ld foll[8  ,no?+ :i* c\ld 9  any way  
impair ! liv+ p[] ( ,*ri/ianity4    ,!  
ess5tials ( ,*ri/ianity1 i4e41 a belief 
9 ! ,div9ity ( !  ,savi\r & 9 ,8        
,resurrection & ,asc5sion1 h /ood1 & w  
/&1 = ev] aga9/ any attacks t c be made 
^u !m1 & ^!  are probably ! only facts 9

 :i* belief has ev] be5 absolutely      
necess>y = salvation2 ! answ]1 !re=e1 to
 ! "q :at ill  consequ5ces w\ld arise f 
! op5 av[al ( ?+s :i* e  /ud5t mu/ "k to
 be ! fact conc]n+ ! biblical writ+s is 
t  !re w\ld be none at all4  ,!         
,*ri/-ideal :i*1 aft] all1 is !  s\l &  
_s ( ,*ri/ianity w\ld rema9 precisely   
:]e x 01  :ile its recognition w\ld be  
f> m g5]al1 ow+ to ! dep>ture  on ! "p (
 its apologi/s f c]ta9 l9es ( def5ce :i*
 are  irreconcilable ) ! ideal itself4  
,,ii4  ,return+ to ! objection h[ x c\ld
 be possible t ,god %\ld  h left !      
records ( our ,"l's hi/ory 9 su* a vague
 &  fragm5t>y condition1 if x 7 really (
 su* int5se importance =  ! _w to und]/&
 x & believe 9 x1 we f9d ourselves face 
to  face ) a "q ( f> great] importance &
 difficulty4    ,! old !ory t ,god      
desir$ to te/ our fai?1 & t !re w\ld  be
 no m]it 9 believ+ if ! evid5ce 7 su* z 
to comm5d itself  at once to our        
und]/&+1 is "o :i* ne$ only be /at$ to  
be set  aside4  ,x is blasphemy aga9/ ! 

goodness ( ,god to suppose t ,he  has   
?us laid z x 7 an ambuscade = man1 & w  
only let him  escape on condition ( 8   
cons5t+ to violate "o ( ! v mo/  preci\s
 ( ,god's own gifts4  ,!re is an +5i\s  
cruelty ab\t su*  conduct :i* x is      
revolt+ ev5 to imag9e4  ,inde$1 ! :ole  
!ory  r$uces our ,heav5ly ,fa!r to a    
level ( wisdom & goodness f> bel[  our  
own2 & ?is is suffici5t answ] to x4     
,b :51 turn+ aside f ! above1 we try to 
adopt "s o!r &  m reasonable view1 we   
naturally set ourselves to consid] :y ! 
,almighty %\ld h requir$ belief 9 !     
,div9ity ( ,8 ,son f man4  ,:at is !re 9
 ?is belief on man's "p :i* c be s      
grateful to  ,god t ,he %\ld make x a   
s9e qu non = man's salvation8  ,z       
reg>ds ,himself1 h[ c x matt] to ,him   
:at man %\ld ?9k ( ,him8  ,nay1 x mu/ be
 = man's own good t ! belief is dem&$4  
,& :y8  ,surely we c see pla9ly t x is !
 beauty ( !  ,*ri/-ideal :i* con/itutes 
! work+ p[] ( ,*ri/ianity ov] !  he>ts &
 lives ( m51 lead+ !m to t highe/ ( all 

wor%ips  :i* consi/s 9 imitation4  ,n[ !
 sanction :i* is giv5 to ?is  ideal by  
belief 9 ! ,div9ity ( our ,"l1 raises x 
at once above all  possibility (        
criticism4  ,if x _h n be5 s sanction$ x
 might h  be5 consid]$ op5 to           
improvem5t2 "o critic w\ld h _h ?is1 &  
ano!r t2 comp>ison w\ld h be5 made )    
ideals ( purely human  orig9 su* z !    
,greek ideal1 exemplifi$ 9 ! "w (       
,phidias1 &  9 lat] times ) ! m$ival    
,italian ideal1 z d$ucible f !  be/     
fifte5? & e>ly sixte5? ,italian pa9t+ & 
sculpture1 !  ,madonnas ( ,bell9i &     
,raphael1 or ! ,/4 ,george ( ,donatello2
 or aga9  ) ! ideal d]ivable f ! works (
 our own ,%akespe>e1 & !re  are "s ev5  
n[ among ^? :o d5y ! ,div9ity ( ,*ri/ :o
 w  pr(ess t ea* "o ( ^! ideals is m    
univ]sal1 m fitt$ =  ! spiritual food ( 
a man1 & inde$ actually high]1 ?an t    
pres5t$ by ! life & dea? ( our ,savi\r4 
,b once let ! ,div9e  orig9 ( ?is la/   
ideal be admitt$1 & !re c be no fur!r   
unc]ta9ty2 h5ce ! absolute necessity =  

belief 9 ,*ri/'s ,div9ity  z clos+ ! mo/
 important ( all que/ions1 ,:]eunto %\ld
 a man  endeav\r to lik5 bo? himself & 8
 *ildr58    ,see+ !n t we h reasonable  
gr\nd = ?9k+ t belief 9  ! ,div9ity (   
our ,"l is ma9ly requir$ ( u 9 ord] to  
exalt our  s5se ( ! p>am\nt importance (
 foll[+ & obey+ ! life &  comm&s (      
,*ri/1 x is natural also to suppose t   
:atev] may h  happ5$ to ! records ( t   
life %\ld h be5 orda9$ ) a  view to !   
enhanc+ ( ! preci\sness ( ! ideal4      
,n[1 ! fragm5t>y "*1 & ! p>tial         
obscurity--,i might h  almo/ writt51 !  
incomp>able *i>oscuro--( ! ,evangeli/ic 
writ+s h add$ to ! value ( our ,"l's "* 
z an ideal1 n  only 9 ! case (          
,*ri/ians1 b z br++ ! ,*ri/-ideal )9  ! 
rea* & compreh5sion ( an inf9itely      
great] numb] ( m9ds ?an  x c\ld ev]     
o!rwise h appeal$ to4  ,x is true t ^?  
:o are  ins5sible to spiritual          
influ5ces1 & ^: mat]iali/ic in/9ct      
leads !m to d5y ev]y?+ :i* is n z cle>ly
 demon/rable by  ext]nal evid5ce z a    

fact 9 *emi/ry1 geography1 or ma!matics1
 w  fail to f9d ! h>dness1 def9ition1   
tightness1 &1 let me add1  littl5ess (  
outl9e1 9 :i* _! s\ls delight2 !y w f9d 
r ! gloom & gleam ( ,rembr&t1 or ! gold5
 twilight ( !  ,v5etians1 ! los+ & !    
f9d+1 & ! inf9ite lib]ty (  %ad[2 & ?is 
!y hate1 inasmu* z x taxes _!           
imag9ation1 :i*  is no less defici5t ?an
 _! p[] ( sympa?y2 !y w\ld h all  f\nd1 
z 9 "o ( ^? lab\r$ pictures :]e9 ea* =m 
is z an  inflat$ bladd] &1 has its own  
uncompromis+ outl9e remorselessly       
insi/$ ^u4    ,look+ to ! ideals (      
purely human creation :i* h come d[n to 
u  f old times1 d we f9d t ! ,!seus     
suff]s because we are unable  to realise
 to ourselves ! precise features ( !    
orig9al8  ,or aga9  d ! works ( ,john   
,bell9i suff] because ! h& ( ! pa9t] 0  
less dext]\s ?an 8 int5tion pure8  ,x is
 n :at a man has  actually put ^u 8     
canvas1 b :at he makes u feel t he felt1
  :i* makes ! diff]5ce betwe5 good & bad
 9 pa9t+4  ,bell9i's  h& 0 cunn+ en\gh  

to make u feel :at he int5d$1 & did 8   
utmo/ to realise2 b he has n realis$ x1 
& ! same hall[+  effect :i* has be5     
wr\ght ^u ! ,!seus by decay 7to ! enl>g+
  ( its spiritual influ5ce71 has be5    
wr\ght ^u ! "w ( ,bell9i by             
incapacity--! incapacity ( ! pa9t] to   
utt] p]fectly ! p]fect  ?\ght :i* 0 )94 
,! e>ly ,italian pa9t+s h t /amp (      
individuality ^u !m :i* assures u t !y  
are n only  portraits1 b z fai?ful      
portraits z ! pa9t] c\ld make !m1 m  ?an
 ?is we "k n1 b m is unnecess>y4    ,d  
we n detect an analogy to ?is 9 !       
records ( ! ,evangeli/s8  ,d we n see ! 
*ild-l unself-seek+ "w ( e>ne/ & lov+   
he>ts1 ^: innoc5ce & simplicity m ?an   
atone = _! _m  %ortcom+s1 _! di/ort$    
r5d]+s1 & _! omissions8  ,we c  see     
?r\gh ^! ?+s z ?r\gh a glass d>kly1 or z
 "o look+  ^u "s ineffable ma/]piece (  
,v5etian portraiture by ! fad+  light ( 
an autumnal ev5+1 :5 ! beauty ( !       
picture is enhanc$  a hundr$fold by !   
gloom & my/]y ( dusk4  ,we may inde$ see

 less  ( ! actual l9eam5ts !mselves1 b !
 e*o is ev] m  spiritually tuneful ?an !
 s\nd1 & ! e*o we f9d )9 u4  ,our       
imag9ation is 9 clos] communion ) our   
long+s ?an ! h& ( any  pa9t]4    ,^? :o 
reli% def9ition1 & def9ition only1 are  
inde$ kept away  f ,*ri/ianity by !     
pres5t condition ( ! records1 b ev5 if  
! life ( our ,"l _h be5 s def9itely     
r5d]$ z to f9d a place  9 _! sy/em1 w\ld
 x h greatly s]v$ _! s\ls8  ,& w\ld x  n
 repel hundr$s & ?\s&s ( o!rs1 :o f9d 9 
!  sugge/iv5ess ( ! sket* a complet5ess 
( satisfaction1 :i* no  photographic    
reproduction c\ld h giv58  ,! above may 
be difficult  to und]/&1 b let me       
e>ne/ly implore ! read] to endeav\r to  
ma/] its import4    ,p misund]/& ! aim &
 scope ( religion4  ,religion is only   
int5d$ to guide m5 9 ^? matt]s ^u :i*   
sci5ce is sil5t4  ,god  illum9es u by   
sci5ce z ) a me*anical draughtsman's    
plan2 ,he  illum9es u 9 ! ,gospels z by 
! draw+ ( a great arti/4  ,we  _c build 
a 8,great ,ea/]n0 f ! draw+s ( ! arti/1 

b :at  poetical feel+1 :at true         
spiritual emotion 0 ev] k9dl$ by a      
me*anical draw+8  ,h[ cold & dead 7     
sci5ce unless supplem5t$  by art & by   
religion6  ,n jo9$ ) !m1 = ! m]e/ t\* ( 
^! ?+s impairs sci5tific value--:i*     
dep5ds ess5tially ^u  accuracy1 & n ^u  
any feel+ = ! beautiful & lovable4  ,9  
l mann] ! m]e/ t\* ( sci5ce *ills ! w>m?
 (  s5tim5t--! spiritual life4  ,!      
me*anical draw+ is spoil$ by be+  made  
arti/ic1 & ! "w ( ! arti/ by becom+     
me*anical4  ,!  aim ( ! "o is to tea* m5
 h[ to con/ruct1 ( ! o!r h[ to  feel4   
,= ! due cons]vation !re=e ( bo? !      
ess5tial requisites (  human            
well-be+--sci5ce1 & religion--x is      
requisite t !y be kept  asund] & res]v$ 
= sep>ate use at diff]5t times4         
,religion is  ! mi/ress ( ! arts1 & e   
art :i* does n s]ve religion  truly is  
doom$ to p]i% z a ly+ & unpr(itable     
s]vant4  ,sci5ce  is ext]nal to         
religion1 be+ a sep>ate disp5sation1 a  
di/9ct  revelation to mank9d1 :]eby we  

are put into full pres5t possession (  m
 & m ( ,god's modes ( deal+ ) mat]ial   
?+s1 accord+  z we become m fitt$ to    
receive !m ?r\gh ! appreh5sion (  ^?    
modes :i* h be5 already laid op5 to u4  
,we ought n !re=e to h expect$ sci5tific
 accuracy f !  ,gospel records--mu* less
 %\ld we be requir$ to believe t su*    
accuracy exi/s4  ,does any great arti/  
ev] dream ( aim+ directly at  imitation8
  ,he aims at repres5tation--n at       
imitation4  ,9 ord] to  atta9 true ma/]y
 "h1 he mu/ sp5d ye>s 9 le>n+ h[ to see2
 &  !n no less "t 9 le>n+ h[ n to see4  
,f9ally1 he le>ns h[  to translate4     
,take ,turn] = example4  ,:o conveys s  
liv+ an  impression ( ! face ( nature8  
,yet g up to 8 canvas & :at does  "o f9d
 !reon8  ,imitation8  ,nay--blot*es &   
daubs ( pa9t2 !  comb9ation ( ^! daubs1 
ea* "o 9 itself :5 tak5 alone           
absolutely untrue1 =ms an impression :i*
 is q tru?ful4  ,no  comb9ation ( m9ute 
tru?s 9 a picture w give s fai?ful a    
repres5tation ( nature z a wisely       

arrang$ tissue ( untru?s4    ,absolute  
reproduction is impossible ev5 to !     
photograph4  ,! "w (  a great arti/ is  
f> m tru?ful ?an any photograph2 b n ev5
 !  greate/ arti/ c convey to our m9ds !
 :ole tru? ( nature2 no  human h& nor   
pigm5ts c exp\nd all t lies hidd5 9     
8,nature's  inf9ite book ( secrecy02 !  
utmo/ t c be done is to convey an       
impression1 & if ! impression is to be  
convey$ tru?fully1 ! means  mu/ (t5 be (
 ! mo/ un=ese5 "*4  ,! old              
,pre-,raphaelites  aim$ at absolute     
reproduction4  ,!y 7 succe$$ by a race (
 m5 :o  saw all t _! pr$ecessors _h se51
 b also some?+ high]4  ,!  ,van ,eycks &
 ,meml+ pav$ ! way = pa9t]s :o f\nd _!  
highe/  repres5tatives 9 ,rub5s1 ,v&yke1
 & ,rembr&t--! mightie/ ( !m  all4      
,giovanni ,bell9i1 ,c>paccio & ,mantegna
 7 succe$$ by ,titian1  ,giorgione1 &   
,t9toretto2 ,p]ug9o 0 succe$$ by        
,raphael4  ,x is  ev]y:]e ! same /ory2 a
 rev]5d b *ild-l wor%ip ( !  lett]1     
foll[$ by a manful appreh5sion ( ! _s1  

&1 alas6 9  due "t by an almo/ total    
disreg>d ( ! lett]2 !n rant & cant  &   
bomba/1 till ! value ( ! lett] is       
reass]t$4  ,9 !ology !  e>ly m5 are     
repres5t$ by ! ,evangelicals1 ! times ( 
utt]  decad5ce by infidelity--! middle  
race ( giants is yet to come1 &  w be   
f\nd 9 ^? :o1 :ile see+ some?+ f> beyond
 ei!r  m9ute accuracy or m9ute          
inaccuracy1 are yet fully alive bo? to !
  lett] & to ! _s ( ! ,gospels4         
,aga91 d n ! seem+ wrongs :i* ! greate/ 
ideals ( purely  human orig9 h suff]$ at
 ! h&s ( "t1 add to _! value  in/ead (  
detract+ f x8  ,is x n probable t if we 
7 to see  ! glori\s fragm5ts f !        
,p>!non1 ! ,!seus & ! ,ilyssus1  or ev5 
! ,v5us ( ,milo1 9 _! orig9al &         
unmutilat$ condition1  we %\ld f9d t !y 
appeal$ to u mu* less =cibly ?an !y d   
at pres5t8  ,all ideals ga9 by vagu5ess 
& lose by def9ition1  inasmu* z m scope 
is left = ! imag9ation ( ! behold]1 :o  
c ?us fill 9 ! miss+ detail accord+ to 8
 own spiritual ne$s4  ,?is is h[ x comes

 t no?+ :i* is rec5t1 :e!r animate or   
inanimate1 c s]ve z an ideal unless x is
 adorn$ by m ?an common  my/]y &        
unc]ta9ty4  ,a new ,ca!dral is          
necess>ily v ugly4  ,!re is too mu* f\nd
 & too little lo/4  ,mu* less c\ld an   
absolutely p]fect ,be+ be ( ! highe/    
value z an ideal1 z long z  ,he c\ld be 
cle>ly se51 = x is impossible t ,he c\ld
 be kn[n z  p]fect by imp]fect m51 & ,8 
v p]fections mu/ p]=ce appe>  z blemi%es
 to any b p]fect critics4  ,to give     
!re=e an impression  ( p]fection1 to    
create an absolutely unsurpassable      
ideal1 x became  ess5tial t ! actual    
image ( ! orig9al %\ld become blurr$ &  
lo/1 :]eon ! behold] n[ supplies f 8 own
 imag9ation t  :i* is to him m p]fect   
?an ! orig9al1 ?\gh objectively x  mu/  
be inf9itely less s4    ,x is probably  
to ?is cause t ! incr$ulity ( ! ,apo/les
 dur+  our ,"l's life-"t mu/ be assign$4
  ,! ideal 0 too ne> !m1 &  too f> above
 _! compreh5sion2 = x mu/ be always     
rememb]$ t  ! conv9c+ p[] ( miracles 9 !

 days ( ! ,apo/les mu/ h  be5 greatly   
weak5$ by ! curr5t belief 9 _! be+ ev5ts
 ( no  v unusual occurr5ce1 & 9 !       
exi/5ce bo? ( good & evil  spirits :o   
c\ld take possession ( m5 & compel !m to
 d _!  bidd+4  ,a resurrection f ! dead 
or a re/oration ( sight to !  bl9d1 mu/ 
h seem$ ev5 less port5t\s to !m1 ?an an 
unusually  skilful treatm5t ( disease by
 a physician is to u4  ,we c !re=e      
und]/& h[ x happ5$ t ! fai? ( ! ,apo/les
 0 s little  to be dep5d$ ^u ev5 up to !
 ,crucifixion1 inasmu* z !  conv9c+ p[] 
( miracles _h be5 already1 s to speak1  
exhau/$1 a  fact :i* may p]haps expla9 !
 e>ly )drawal ( ! p[] to "w  !m2 we _c  
inde$ believe t x c\ld h be5 s f> weak5$
 z  to make ! ,apo/les disreg>d !       
prophecies ( _! ,ma/] t ,he  %\ld rise f
 ! dead1 if ,he _h ev] utt]$ !m1 & we h 
already se5 reason to ?9k t ^!          
prophecies are ! ex po/  facto h&iwork (
 "t2 b ! incr$ulity ( ! disciples1 :5   
se5  ?r\gh ! light n[ ?r[n ^u x1 loses t
 :olly inexplicable  "* :i* x w\ld      

o!rwise be>4    ,b to return to !       
subject ( ! ideal pres5t$ by ! life &   
dea?  ( our ,"l4  ,9 ! e>lie/ days ( !  
,*ur* !re c h be5 no  want ( ! mo/      
complete & irrefragable evid5ce = !     
objective  reality ( ! miracles1 &      
especially ( ! ,resurrection &          
,asc5sion4  ,! "* ( ,*ri/ w\ld also /&  
out reveal$ to all1  ) ! mo/ copi\s     
fulness ( detail4  ,! limits )9 :i* s   
%>ply def9$ an ideal c\ld be acceptable 
7 n>r[1 b z !  radius ( ,*ri/ian        
influ5ce increas$1 s also w\ld !        
vagu5ess &  ela/icity ( ! ideal2 & z !  
ela/icity ( ! ideal1 s also !  range (  
its influ5ce4    ,a b5efic5t & truly    
m>vell\s provision = ! great] complexity
 (  man's spiritual ne$s 0 ?us provid$  
by a gradual loss ( detail &  ga9 (     
bread?4  ,en\gh evid5ce 0 giv5 9 ! fir/ 
in/ance to  secure au?oritative sanction
 = ! ideal4  ,dur+ ! fir/ ?irty or  =ty 
ye>s aft] ! dea? ( our ,"l no "o c\ld be
 9 want (  evid5ce1 & ! guilt ( unbelief
 is !re=e br\ght prom95tly  =w>d4  ,!n  

came ! loss ( detail :i* 0 necess>y 9   
ord] to  secure ! univ]sal acceptability
 ( ! ideal2 b ! same causes  :i* blurr$ 
! di/9ctness ( ! features1 involv$ !    
inevitable  blurr+ ( no small portions (
 ! ext]nal evid5ces :]eby !  ,div9e     
orig9 ( ! ideal 0 e/abli%$4  ,! prim>y  
ext]nal  evid5ce became less & less     
capable ( compell+ in/antane\s ass5t1   
accord+ z x 0 less want$1 ow+ to !      
great] mass ( second>y  evid5ce1 & to ! 
gr[? ( appreciation ( ! int]nal         
evid5ces1 a  gr[? :i* w\ld be fo/]$ by !
 gr[+ adaptability ( ! ideal4    ,"s    
?irty or =ty ye>s1 !n1 f ! dea? ( our   
,savi\r ! case  w\ld /& ?us4  ,!        
,*ri/-ideal w\ld h become inf9itely m   
vague1 & h5ce inf9itely m univ]sal3 b ! 
causes :i* _h ?us  add$ to its value    
w\ld also h de/roy$ :atev] prim>y       
evid5ce  0 sup]abundant1 & ! vagu5ess   
:i* _h ov]spread ! ideal w\ld  h ext5d$ 
itself 9 "s measure ov] ! evid5ces :i*  
_h  e/abli%$ its ,div9e orig94    ,b !re
 w\ld ( c\rse be limits to ! ga9 caus$  

by decay4  ,"t  came :5 !re w\ld be     
dang] ( too mu* vagu5ess 9 ! ideal1 &   
too little di/9ctness 9 ! evid5ces4  ,x 
became necess>y !re=e  to provide aga9/ 
?is dang]4    ,precisely at t epo* !    
,gospels made _! appe>ance4  ,n         
simultane\sly1 n 9 conc]t1 & n 9 p]fect 
h>mony ) ea*  o!r1 yet ) ! error        
di/ribut$ skilfully among !m1 z 9 a     
well-tun$ in/rum5t :]e9 ea* /r+ is      
purposely some?+ out (  tune ) e o!r4   
,_! div]g5ce ( aim1 & diff]5t  au?or%ip1
 secur$ ! necess>y bread? ( effect :5 ! 
acc\nts  7 view$ toge!r2 _! univ]sal    
recognition af=d$ ! necess>y  p]man5cy1 
& arre/$ fur!r decay4  ,if ,i may be    
p>don$ = us+  ano!r illu/ration1 ,i w\ld
 say t z ! r\ndness ( !  /]eoscopic     
image c only be atta9$ by ! comb9ation (
 two  di/9ct pictures1 nei!r ( !m 9     
p]fect h>mony ) ! o!r1 s  ! highe/      
possible conception ( ,*ri/1 _c o!rwise 
be produc$  ?an ?r\gh ! discrepancies ( 
! ,gospels4    ,f ! mom5t ( ! appe>+ ( !
 ,gospels1 &1 ,i %\ld add1 (  ! ,epi/les

 ( ,/4 ,paul1 ! ext]nal evid5ces (      
,*ri/ianity became  secur$ f fur!r      
*ange2 z !y 7 !n1 s are !y n[1 !y c     
nei!r be add$ to nor subtract$ f2 !y h  
la9 z x 7  sleep+1 till ! "t %\ld come  
to awak5 !m4  ,& ! "t is  surely n[1 =  
!re has aris5 a v num]\s & increas+     
class (  p]sons1 ^: habits ( m9d unfit  
!m = appreciat+ ! value (  vagu5ess1 b  
:o h ea* "o ( !m a s\l :i* may be lo/ or
  sav$1 & on ^: behalf ! evid5ces = !   
au?ority :]eby !  ,*ri/-ideal is        
sanction$1 %\ld be re/or$ to some?+ l _!
  =m] %>pness4  ,*ri/ianity conta9s     
provision = all ne$s ^u  _! aris+4  ,!  
"w ( re/oration is easy4  ,x dem&s ?is  
mu*  only--! recognition t "t has made  
incru/ations ^u "s p>ts (  ! evid5ces1 &
 t x has de/roy$ o!rs2 :5 ?is is        
admitt$1  x becomes easy1 aft] a little 
practice1 to detect ! p>ts t h  be5     
add$1 & to remove !m1 ! p>ts t are      
want+1 & to supply  !m4  ,only let ?is  
be done outside ! pages ( ! ,bible      
itself1 &  n to ! di/urbance ( _! pres5t

 =m & arrangem5t4    ,! above           
explanation ( ! causes = ! obscurity :i*
 re/s ^u  mu* ( our ,"l's life & tea*+1 
may give u gr\nd = hop+ t  "s ( ^? :o h 
fail$ to feel ! =ce ( ! ext]nal evid5ces
  hi!rto1 may yet be sav$1 provid$ !y h 
fully recognis$ !  ,*ri/-ideal &        
endeav\r$ to imitate x1 al?\gh          
irrespectively (  any belief 9 its      
hi/orical "*4    ,x is reasonable to    
suppose t ! duty ( belief 0 s           
imp]atively  insi/$ ^u1 9 ord] t ! ideal
 might ?us be exalt$ above  controv]sy1 
& made m sacr$ 9 ! eyes ( m5 ?an x c\ld 
h  be5 if ref]able to a purely human    
s\rce4  ,may n1 !n1 "o :o  recognises ! 
ideal z 8 summum bonum f9d grace al?\gh 
he kn[s  n1 or ev5 c>es n1 h[ x %\ld h  
come to be s8  ,= ev5 a  sceptic :o     
reg>d$ ! :ole ,new ,te/am5t z a "w (    
art1 a poem1 a  pure fiction f beg9n+ to
 end1 & :o rev]$ x = its intr9sic       
beauty only1 z ?\gh x 7 a picture or    
/atue1 ev5 su* a p]son  might well f9d t
 x eng5d]$ 9 him an ideal ( goodness &  

p[]  & love & human sympa?y1 :i* c\ld be
 d]iv$ f no o!r s\rce4  ,if1 !n1 our    
bless$ ,"l s causes ! sun ( ,8          
righte\sness to  %9e ^u ^! m51 %all we  
presume to say t ,he w n 9 ano!r  _w    
re/ore !m to t full communion ) ,himself
 :i* c only  come f a belief 9 ,8       
,div9ity8    ,we c und]/& t x %\ld h be5
 impossible to proclaim ?is 9  ! e>lie/ 
ages ( ! ,*ur*1 inasmu* z no weak5+ ( ! 
sanctions ( ! ideal c\ld be tol]at$1 b  
are we b\nd to ext5d !  op]ation ( ! _m 
passages condemnatory ( unbelief to a "t
 s  remote z our own1 & to circum/ances 
s widely diff]5t f ^?  "u :i* !y 7      
utt]$8  ,d we s ext5d ! comm& n to eat  
?+s /rangl$ or blood1 or ! ass]tion (   
,/4 ,paul t !  unm>ri$ /ate is high] ?an
 ! m>ri$8  ,may we n !re=e hope  t c]ta9
 k9ds ( unbelief h become less hateful 9
 ! sight (  ,god inasmu* z !y are less  
dang]\s to ! univ]sal acceptance (  our 
,"l z ! "o model = ! imitation ( all m58
  ,=1 aft] all1  x is n belief 9 ! facts
 :i* con/itutes ! ess5ce (  ,*ri/ianity1

 b r ! be+ s impregnat$ ) love at !     
contemplation ( ,*ri/ t imitation       
becomes almo/ in/9ctive2 ?is  x is :i*  
draws ! he>ts ( m5 to ,god ! ,fa!r1 f> m
 ?an any  intellectual belief t ,god s5t
 our ,"l into ! _w1 orda9+ t  he %\ld be
 crucifi$ & rise f ! dead4  ,*ri/ianity 
is address$  r to ! inf9ite _s ( man ?an
 to 8 f9ite intellig5ce1 &  ! believ+ 9 
,*ri/ ?r\gh love is m preci\s 9 ! sight 
( ,god  ?an any lov+ ?r\gh belief4  ,may
 we n hope1 !n1 t ^? ^:  love is great  
may 9 ! end f9d acceptance1 ?\gh _!     
belief is  small8  ,we d>e n answ] ?is  
positively2 b we "k t !re are  times (  
transition 9 ! cle>ness ( ! ,*ri/ian    
evid5ces z 9 all  else1 & ! treatm5t (  
^? ^: lot is ca/ 9 su* times w  surely n
 escape ! consid]ation ( our ,heav5ly   
,fa!r4    ,b ) ref]5ce to ! _m-sid$ness 
( ! ,*ri/-ideal1 z hav+  be5 "p ( !     
design ( ,god1 & n atta9able o!rwise ?an
 z !  creation ( de/ruction--z com+ out 
( ! wa/e ( "t--x is cle>  t ! p]ception 
( su* a design c\ld only be an (fspr+ ( 

mod]n  ?\ght2 ! conception ( su* an     
app>5tly self-fru/rat+ s*eme  c\ld only 
arise 9 m9ds :i* 7 famili> ) ! mann] 9  
:i* x  is necess>y 8to h\nd nature 9 h] 
w&]+s0 be=e h] fe9ts c be  elud$1 & h]  
prev>ications br\ght to book4  ,a deep  
di/ru/ ( !  ov]-obvi\s is want$1 be=e m5
 c be br\ght to turn aside f  objections
 :i* at ! fir/ blu% appe> to be v s]i\s1
 & to  take refuge 9 solutions :i* seem 
h>d] ?an ! problems :i* !y  are int5d$  
to solve4  ,:at a %ock mu/ ! discov]y ( 
! rotation  ( ! e>? h giv5 to ! moral   
s5se ( ! age 9 :i* x 0  made4  ,h[ x    
contradict$ all human exp]i5ce4  ,h[ x  
mu/ h  outrag$ common s5se4  ,h[ x mu/ h
 enc\rag$ scepticism ev5 ab\t  ! mo/    
obvi\s tru?s ( morality4  ,no "q c\ld   
h5ce=? be  consid]$ settl$2 ev]y?+ seem$
 to require reop5+2 = if man  _h once   
be5 deceiv$ by ,nature s entirely1 if he
 _h be5 s utt]ly  l$ a/ray & delud$ by !
 plausibility ( h] pret5ce t ! e>?  0   
immovably fix$1 :at else1 t seem$ no    
less incontrov]tible1  might n prove no 

less false8    ,x is probable t !       
opposition to ,galileo on ! "p ( !      
,roman  *ur* 0 z mu* due to "s su*      
feel+s z ^!1 z to !ological  objections2
 ! discov]y 0 felt to unsettle n only ! 
f\ndations  ( ! e>?1 b ^? ( e bran* (   
human k & polity1  & h5ce to be an      
outrage ^u morality itself4  ,a man has 
no "r to  be v mu* 9 advance ( o!r p2 he
 is z a %eep1 :i* may lead  ! mob1 b mu/
 n /ray =w>d a qu>t] ( a mile 9 front ( 
x2  if he does ?is1 he mu/ be r\nd$ up  
aga91 no matt] h[ "r may  h be5 8       
direction4  ,he has no "r to be "r1     
unless he c get  a c]ta9 foll[+ to keep 
him company2 ! %ock to morality & !     
enc\ragem5t to lawlessness d m h>m ?an 8
 discov]y c atone  =4  ,let him hold    
himself back till he c get "o or two m  
to come  ) him4  ,9 l mann]1 _h         
reflections z to ! advantage ga9$ by  ! 
,*ri/ ideal 9 consequ5ce ( !            
inaccuracies & inconsi/5cies  ( !       
,gospels--reflections :i* mu/ n[ occur  
to any "o--be5 put  =w>d a hundr$ ye>s  

ago1 !y w\ld h met ju/ly ) ! sev]e/     
condemnation4  ,b n[1 ev5 ^? to :om !y  
may n h occurr$  already w h little     
difficulty 9 admitt+ _! =ce4    ,b be   
?is z x may1 x is c]ta9 t ! inability to
 und]/& h[  ! s5se ( ,*ri/ 9 ! s\ls ( m5
 c\ld be /r5g!n$ by ! loss  ( mu* k ( ,8
 "*1 & ( ! facts connect$ ) ,8  hi/ory1 
lies at ! root ( ! error ev5 ( ! ,apo/le
 ,/4 ,paul1 :o  exclaims ) 8 usual      
f]v\r1 b ) less ?an 8 usual wisdom1     
8,has ,*ri/ be5 divid$80 7,i4 ,cor4 i41 
#ac74  8,yea10 we may make answ]1  8,he 
is divid$ & is yet divisible t all may  
%>e 9 ,him40  ,/4 ,paul  himself _h     
realis$ t x 0 ! spiritual value ( !     
,*ri/-ideal  :i* 0 ! purifi] & refre%] (
 our s\ls1 inasmu* z he  else:]e decl>es
 t ev5 ?\gh he _h kn[n ,*ri/ ,himself   
aft] !  fle%1 he knew ,him no m2 !      
spiritual ,*ri/1 t is to say !  _s (    
,*ri/ z recognisable by ! spirits ( m51 
0 to him all 9  all4  ,b he liv$ too ne>
 ! days ( our ,"l = a full compreh5sion 
( ! ,*ri/ian s*eme1 & x is possible t _h

 he kn[n ,*ri/  aft] ! fle%1 8 s\l might
 h be5 less capable ( recognis+ !       
spiritual ess5ce1 r ?an m s4  ,h we "h a
 fa9t glimm]+  ( ! motive ( ! ,almighty 
9 n hav+ all[$ ! ,g5tile ,apo/le  to see
 ,*ri/ aft] ! fle%8  ,we _c say4  ,b we 
may say ?is mu*  ) c]ta9ty1 t _h he be5 
liv+ n[1 ,/4 ,paul w\ld h rejoic$  at ! 
_m-sid$ness ( ,*ri/1 :i* he appe>s to h 
h>dly  recognis$ 9 8 own life-"t4    ,! 
app>5tly contradictory portraits ( our  
,"l :i* we f9d 9 !  ,gospels--s long a  
/umbl+-block to unbeliev]s--are n[ se5  
to be !  v means :i* enable m5 ( all    
ranks1 & all %ades ( op9ion1 to  accept 
,*ri/ z _! ideal2 !y are l ! sea1 :i* f 
hav+  seem$ ! mo/ impassable ( all      
objects1 turns out to be ! greate/      
highway ( communication4  ,to ! artisan1
 = in/ance1 :o may h  long be5 out ( "w1
 or :o may h suff]$ f ! gre$ &          
selfi%ness ( 8 employ]s1 or aga91 to !  
f>m lab\r] :o has be5  dis*>g$ p]haps at
 ! approa* ( w9t]1 ! p>able ( 8!        
,lab\r]s 9 ! ,v9ey>d0 (f]s itself z a   

div9ely sanction$ picture  ( ! deal+s ( 
,god ) man2 few b ^? :o h mix$ mu* )  ! 
less educat$ classes1 c h any idea ( !  
priceless com=t  :i* ?is p>able af=ds   
daily to ^? ^: lot x has be5 to rema9   
unemploy$ :5 _! m =tunate bre?r5 h be5 9
 full "w4  ,h[ _m ( ! poor1 aga91 are   
drawn to ,*ri/ianity by ! p>able (      
,dives & ,laz>us4  ,h[ _m a humble-m9d$ 
,*ri/ian :ile reflect+  ^u ! h>dness ( 8
 lot1 & tempt$ to ca/ a long+ eye ^u !  
luxuries :i* are at ! comm& ( 8 ri*]    
neighb\rs1 is re/ra9$  f s]i\sly covet+ 
!m1 by rememb]+ ! awful fate ( ,dives1 &
  ! happy future :i* 0 9 /ore = ,laz>us4
  8,dives10 !y exclaim1  89 8 life-"t   
possess$ good ?+s & 9 l mann] ,laz>us   
evil  ?+s1 b n[ ! "o is com=t$ 9 ! bosom
 ( ,abraham1 & !  o!r torm5t$ 9 a lake (
 fire40  ,!y rememb]1 also1 t x is      
easi] = a camel to g ?r\gh ! eye ( a    
ne$le ?an = a ri* man  to ent] into !   
k+dom ( ,heav54    ,x has be5 said by "s
 t ! poor are ?us enc\rag$ to gloat ov] 
! future mis]y ( ! ri*1 & t _m ( ! say+s

 ascrib$ to  our ,"l h an unheal?y      
influ5ce ov] _! m9ds4  ,i rememb] to  h 
?\ght s once myself1 b ,i h se5 reason  
to *ange my m9d4  ,hope is giv5 by ^!   
say+s to _m ^: lives w\ld be o!rwise  v 
ne>ly hopeless1 & ?\gh ,i fully grant t 
! p>able ( ,dives  & ,laz>us c only af=d
 com=t to ! v poor1 yet x is mo/  c]ta9 
t x does af=d com=t to ?is num]\s class1
 & helps  to keep !m cont5t$ ) _m ?+s   
:i* !y w\ld n o!rwise  endure4    ,on ! 
o!r h&1 ?\gh ! poor are fir/ provid$ =1 
! ri* are  n left )\t _! full %>e (     
consolation4  ,joseph ( ,arima?a  0 ri*1
 & mod]n criticism =bids u to believe t 
! p>able (  ,dives & ,laz>us 0 ev]      
actually spok5 by our ,"l--at any rate n
 9  its pres5t =m4  ,nei!r are ! *ildr5 
( ! ri* =gott52 !  son :o rep5ts at l5g?
 ( a c\rse ( extravagant or riot\s liv+ 
is  enc\rag$ to return to virtue1 & to  
seek reconciliation ) 8  fa!r1 by       
reflect+ ^u ! p>able ( ! ,prodigal ,son1
 :]e9 he  w f9d an ev]la/+ model = !    
conduct ( all e>?ly fa!rs4  ,i  w say   

no?+ ( ! p>able ( ! ,unju/ ,/ew>d1 = x  
is "o (  :i* ! int]pretation is mo/     
unc]ta92 nev]!less ,i am sure t  x af=ds
 com=t to a v l>ge numb] ( p]sons4      
,*ri/ came n to ! :ole1 b to ^? t 7     
sick2 he came n to  call ! righte\s b   
s9n]s to rep5tance4  ,ev5 our fall5     
si/]s  are rememb]$ 9 ! /ory ( ! woman  
tak5 9 adult]y1 :i* rem9ds  !m t !y c   
only be condemn$ ju/ly by ^? :o are )\t 
s94  ,x is to ! poor1 ! weak1 ! ignorant
 & ! infirm t  ,*ri/ianity appeals mo/  
/rongly1 & to ^: ne$s x is mo/          
especially adapt$--b ^! =m by f> !      
great] portion ( mank9d4  8,bless$ are  
!y t m\rn60  ,^: sorr[ is n assuag$ by !
 m]e  s\nd ( ^! words8  ,:o aga9 is n   
reassur$ by be+ rem9d$ t  our ,heav5ly  
,fa!r fe$s ! sp>r[s & clo!s ! lilies ( !
  field1 & t if we w only seek ! k+dom (
 ,god & ,8  righte\sness we ne$ take no 
he$ = ! morr[ :at we %all eat1 &  :at we
 %all dr9k1 nor :]e)al we %all be clo!d4
  ,god w  provide ^! ?+s = u if we are  
true ,*ri/ians1 :e!r we take  he$       

conc]n+ !m or n4  8,i h be5 "y & n[ am  
old10 sai?  ! ,psalmi/1 8yet nev] saw ,i
 ! righte\s =sak5 nor 8 se$  begg+ _!   
bread40    ,h[ inf9itely nobl] & m      
s\l-satisfy+ is ! ideal ( !  ,*ri/ian   
sa9t ) wa/$ limbs1 & clo!d 9 ! g>b (    
pov]ty--8  upturn$ eyes pi]c+ ! v heav5s
 9 ! ec/asy ( a div9e  despair--?an any 
( ! fle%ly ideals ( gross human         
conception su* z  h already be5 allud$  
to4  ,if a man does n feel ?is          
in/9ctively  = himself1 let him te/ x   
?us--:om does 8 he>t ( he>ts tell him  t
 8 son w be mo/ l ,god 9 resembl+8  ,!  
,!seus8  ,!  ,discobolus8 or ! ,/4      
,pet]s & ,/4 ,pauls ( ,guido &          
,dom5i*9o8  ,:o c hesitate = a mom5t z  
to :i* ideal pres5ts ! high]  developm5t
 ( human nature8  ,& ?is ,i take x %\ld 
suffice2 !  natural in/9ct :i* draws u  
to ! ,*ri/-ideal 9 pref]5ce to all  o!rs
 z soon z x has be5 once pres5t$ to u1  
is a suffici5t  gu>antee ( its be+ ! "o 
mo/ t5d+ to ! g5]al well-be+ (  ! _w4   
,*apt] ,x  ,conclusion      ,,x only    

rema9s to return to ! sev5? & eigh?     
*apt]s1 & to pass  9 review ! reasons   
:i* w lead u to reject ! conclusions    
!re9 express$ by our oppon5ts4    ,^!   
conclusions h no real be>+ ^u ! "q at   
issue4  ,our  oppon5ts c make out a     
/rong case1 s long z !y conf9e !mselves 
to ma9ta9+ t exagg]ation has to a c]ta9 
ext5t impair$ !  hi/oric value ( "s ( ! 
,gospel records ( ! ,resurrection4  ,!y 
h made out ?is mu*1 b h !y made out m8  
,!y h mi/ak5  ! "q--:i* is ?is--8,did   
,jesus ,*ri/ die & rise f ! dead80  ,& 9
 ! place ( x !y h rais$ ano!r1 namely1  
8,has !re be5  any inaccuracy 9 !       
records ( ! "t & mann] ( ,8 reappe>+80  
,our error has be5 t in/ead ( demurr+ to
 ! relevancy ( !  issue rais$ by our    
oppon5ts1 we h accept$ x4  ,we h ?us    
plac$  ourselves 9 a false position1 & h
 enc\rag$ our oppon5ts by do+  s4  ,we h
 und]tak5 to fight !m ^u gr\nd ( _! own 
*oos+4  ,we h be5 discomfit$2 b in/ead (
 own+ to our defeat1 &  beg9n+ ! battle 
anew f a fre% base ( op]ations1 we h    

decl>$ t we h n be5 defeat$2 h5ce ^?    
lam5table &  suicidal attempts at       
dis+5u\s reason+ :i* we h se5 reason to 
condemn s /rongly 9 ! works ( ,dean     
,al=d & o!rs4  ,h[  deplorable1 h[      
un*ri/ian !y are6    ,! mom5t t we take 
a tru] gr\nd1 ! conditions ( ! /rife    
*ange4  ,! same _s ( c&id criticism :i* 
l$ u to reject !  acc\nt ( ,mat!w 9     
toto1 w make x easy = u to admit t  ^? (
 ,m>k1 ,luke1 & ,john1 may n be s       
accurate z we c\ld h  wi%$1 & yet to    
feel t our cause has su/a9$ no injury4  
,!re  are probably v few :o w\ld p9 _!  
fai? to ! fact t ,julius  ,cs> fell     
exactly at ! feet ( ,pompey's /atue1 or 
t he utt]$ !  words 8,et tu1 ,brute40   
,yet !re are /ill few] :o w\ld dispute !
  fact t ,julius ,caes> 0 assass9at$ by 
conspirators ( :om ,brutus  & ,cassius 7
 among ! lead]s4  ,z long z we c be sure
 t our  ,"l di$ & rose f ! dead1 we may 
leave x to our oppon5ts to  cont5d ab\t 
! details ( ! mann] 9 :i* ea* ev5t took 
place4    ,we _h ?\ght t ^! details 7   

kn[n1 & s ?9k+1 we _h a  c]ta9          
consolation 9 realis+ to ourselves !    
precise mann] 9 :i*  e incid5t occurr$2 
yet on reflection we mu/ feel t ! desire
  to realise is ( ! ess5ce ( idolatry1  
:i*1 n cont5t ) kn[+  t !re is a ,god1 w
 be satisfi$ ) no?+ if x has n an       
effigy ( ,8 face & figure4  ,if x has n 
?is x falls /raight-way  to ! d5ial (   
,god's exi/5ce1 be+ unable to conceive  
h[ a ,be+  %\ld exi/ & yet be incapable 
( repres5tation4  ,we are z ^? :o  w\ld 
fall d[n & wor%ip ! idol2 our oppon5ts1 
z ^? :o ^u  ! de/ruction ( ! idol w\ld  
say t !re 0 no ,god4    ,we h met       
sceptics hi!rto by adh]+ to ! op9ions z 
to !  necessity ( accuracy :i* prevail$ 
among our =efa!rs1 & in/ead  ( say+1 8,y
 are "r--we d n "k all t we ?\ght we    
did--nev]!less we "k en\gh--we "k !     
fact1 ?\gh ! mann] (  ! fact be hidd510 
we h pref]r$ to say1 8,y are mi/ak51 our
  sev]e outl9e1 our h>d-&-fa/ l9es are  
all p]fectly accurate1 !re  is n a      
detail ( our !ories :i* we are n prep>$ 

to /& by40  ,on ?is comes recrim9ation &
 mutual ang]1 & ! /rife gr[s hott]  &   
hott]4    ,let u n[ r say to !          
unbeliev]1 8,we d n d5y ! tru? (  mu*   
:i* y ass]t4  ,we give up ,mat!w's      
acc\nt ( ! ,resurrection2  we may p]haps
 accept p>ts ( ^? ( ,m>k & ,luke &      
,john1 b x is  impossible to say :i*    
p>ts1 unless ^? 9 :i* all ?ree agree )  
"o ano!r2 & ?is be+ s1 x becomes wis] to
 reg>d all !  acc\nts z e>ly & preci\s  
memorials ( ! c]ta9ty felt by !         
,apo/les t ,*ri/ di$ & rose aga91 b z   
hav+ little hi/oric  value ) reg>d to ! 
"t & mann] ( ! ,resurrection40    ,once 
take ?is gr\nd1 & in/ead ( demurr+ to ! 
tru? ( _m (  ! ass]tions ( our oppon5ts1
 demur to _! relevancy1 & !  unbeliev] w
 f9d ! gr\nd cut away f "u 8 feet       
indep5d5tly ( ! fact t ! reasonabl5ess (
 ! concession1 &  ! discov]y t we are n 
fight+ m]ely to ma9ta9 a position1  w   
incl9e him to calmness & to !           
reconsid]ation ( 8 own  op9ions--:i* w 9
 itself be a great ga9--he w soon       

p]ceive t  we are really /&+ ^u firm    
gr\nd1 f :i* no enemy c dislodge  u4  ,!
 discov]y t we "k less ( ! "t & mann] ( 
our ,"l's  dea? & ,resurrection ?an we  
?\ght we did1 does n invalidate a  s+le 
"o ( ! irresi/ible argum5ts :]eby we c  
e/abli% !  fact ( ,8 hav+ di$ & ris5    
aga94  ,! read] w n[ p]haps  beg9 to    
p]ceive t ! sad division betwe5         
,*ri/ians &  unbeliev]s has be5 "o ( ^? 
common cases 9 :i* bo? are "r  & bo?    
wrong2 ,*ri/ians be+ "r 9 _! *ief       
ass]tion1 &  wrong 9 /&+ out = !        
accuracy ( _! details1 :ile  unbeliev]s 
are "r 9 d5y+ t our details are         
accurate1 b wrong  9 draw+ ! inf]5ce t  
because c]ta9 facts h be5  inaccurately 
record$1 !re=e c]ta9 o!rs nev] happ5$ at
 all4  ,bo? ! errors are natural2 x is  
high "t1 h[ev]1 t ^u bo?  sides !y %\ld 
be recognis$ & avoid$4    ,b z reg>ds ! 
demolition ( ! /ructure rais$ 9 ! sev5? 
&  eigh? *apt]s ( ?is book1 :]e9soev]1 t
 is to say1 x seems to  m5ace ! m vital 
"p ( our fai?1 ! ease ) :i* ?is w       

effect$ may p]haps lead ! read] to ?9k t
 ,i h n fulfill$  ! promise made 9 !    
outset1 & h fail$ to put ! be/ possible 
case = our oppon5ts4  ,?is supposition  
w\ld be unju/2 ,i h done  ! v be/ = !m t
 ,i c\ld4  ,= x is pla9 t !y c only     
take "o ( two positions1 namely1 ei!r t 
,*ri/ really di$ ^u  ! ,cross b 0 nev]  
se5 alive aga9 aft]w>ds at all1 & t !   
/ories ( ,8 hav+ be5 s se5 are purely   
my?ical1 or1 if !y  admit t ,he 0 se5   
alive aft] ,8 ,crucifixion1 !y mu/ d5y !
  complet5ess ( ! dea?2 9 o!r words1 if 
!y are to escape miracle1  !y mu/ ei!r  
d5y ! reappe>ances or ! dea?4    ,n[ 9 !
 comm5cem5t ( ?is "w ,i dealt ) ^? :o   
d5y t our  ,"l rose f ! dead1 & z !     
expon5t ( ^? :o take ?is view  ,i       
select$ ,/rauss1 :o is und\bt$ly ! able/
 writ] !y h4  ,:e!r ,i %ew$ suffici5t   
reason = ?9k+ t 8 !ory 0  uns\nd mu/    
rema9 = ! decision ( ! read]1 b ,i      
c]ta9ly  believe t ,i succe$$ 9 do+ s4  
,p]haps ! able/ ( all !  writ]s :o h    
treat$ ! facts giv5 u 9 ! ,gospels f !  

,rationali/ic po9t ( view1 is ! au?or ( 
an anonym\s "w call$  ,! ,jesus (       
,hi/ory 7,williams & ,norgate1 #ahff72 b
 ?is writ] 7&  x is a *>act]i/ic feature
 ( ! ,rationali/ic s*ool to become      
vague precisely at ?is v po9t7 leaves u 
entirely 9 d\bt z to  :e!r he accepts ! 
reappe>ances ( ,*ri/ or n1 & 8 treatm5t 
( ! facts connect$ bo? ) ! ,crucifixion 
& ,resurrection is less  def9ite ?an t (
 any o!r "p ( ! life ( our ,"l4  ,he    
does  n seem to see 8 own way cle>ly1 & 
appe>s to consid] t x mu/  = ev] rema9 a
 matt] ( d\bt :e!r ! ,dea? ( ,*ri/ or ,8
  reappe>ance is to be reject$4    ,x is
 evid5t t x 0 mo/ desirable to exam9e   
bo? sets (  argum5ts1 i4e41 ^? aga9/ !  
,resurrection1 & ^? aga9/ !  complet5ess
 ( ! ,dea?2 ,i h !re=e ma9ly drawn !    
op9ions (  ^? :o d5y ! ,dea? f ! same   
pamphlet z t f :i* ,i drew  ! criticisms
 on ,dean ,al=d's notes4  ,i "k ( no o!r
 ,engli% "w1  inde$1 9 :i* :atev] c be  
said aga9/ u ^u ?is all-important  head 
has be5 put =w>d1 & 0 !re=e compell$ to 

draw f ?is  s\rce1 or to inv5t !        
argum5ts = our oppon5ts1 :i* w\ld h     
subject$ me to ! accusation ( /at+ !m 9 
su* way z %\ld be/  suit my own purpose4
  ,! read]1 h[ev]1 mu/ n[ feel t s9ce   
!re  c be no o!r position tak5 b "o or  
o!r ( ! two allud$ to  above1 & s9ce !  
"o tak5 by ,/rauss has be5 %ewn to be   
unt5able1  !re rema9s no?+ b to %ew t ! 
o!r is unt5able also1  :]eupon x w foll[
 t our ,savi\r did actually die1 & did  
actually %ew ,himself subsequ5tly alive2
 & ?is am\nts to a  demon/ration ( !    
miracul\s "* ( ! ,resurrection4  ,if1   
!n1  ?is "o miracle be e/abli%$1 ,i ?9k 
x unnecess>y to def5d !  o!rs1 because  
,i _c ?9k t any w attack !m4    ,b1 z   
has be5 se5 already1 ,/rauss admits t   
our ,"l di$ ^u !  ,cross1 & d5ies !     
reality ( ! reappe>ances4  ,x is n      
probable  t ,/rauss w\ld h tak5 refuge 9
 ! halluc9ation !ory if he  _h felt t   
!re 0 ! remote/ *ance ( successfully    
d5y+ our  ,"l's dea?2 = ! difficulties (
 8 pres5t position are  ov]:elm+1 z 0   

fully po9t$ out 9 ! second1 ?ird1 & f\r?
  *apt]s ( ?is "w4  ,i regret1 h[ev]1 to
 say t ,i c n[h]e f9d  any detail$      
acc\nt ( ! reasons :i* h l$ him to feel 
s  positively ab\t our ,"l's ,dea?4     
,su* reasons mu/ und\bt$ly be at  8     
comm&1 or he w\ld indisputably h ref]r$ 
! ,resurrection to  natural causes4  ,is
 x possible t he has ?\ght x bett] to   
keep  !m to himself1 z prov+ ! ,dea? (  
our ,"l too conv9c+ly8  ,if  s1 ! c\rse 
:i* he has adopt$ is a cruel "o4    ,we 
mu/ endeav\r1 h[ev]1 to disp5se )       
,/rauss's assi/ance1 &  w proce$ to     
inquire :at x is t ^? :o d5y ! ,dea? (  
our  ,"l1 call ^u u to reject4    ,i    
regret to pass s quickly ov] "o great   
field ( evid5ce :i* 9  ju/ice to myself 
,i mu/ allude to1 ?\gh ,i _c dwell ^u x1
 = 9  ! outset ,i decl>$ t ,i w\ld      
conf9e myself to ! hi/orical  evid5ce1 &
 to ?is only4  ,i ref] to spiritual     
insight2 to !  te/imony borne by ! s\ls 
( liv+ p]sons1 :o f p]sonal  exp]i5ce "k
 t _! ,r$eem] live?1 & t ?\gh worms     

de/roy ?is body1 yet 9 _! fle% %all !y  
see ,god4  ,h[ _m  ?\s&s are !re 9 ! _w 
at ?is mom5t1 :o h kn[n ,*ri/ z  a      
p]sonal fri5d & com=t]1 & :o c te/ify to
 ! "w :i* ,he  has wr\ght ^u !m6  ,i _c 
pass ov] su* te/imony z ?is 9  sil5ce4  
,i mu/ assign x a =emo/ place 9 review+ 
! reasons =  hold+ t our hope is n 9    
va91 b ,i may n dwell ^u x1  inasmu* z x
 w\ld c>ry no weight ) ^? = :om ?is "w  
is  design$1 ,i mean ) ^? to :om ?is    
preci\s exp]i5ce ( ,*ri/  has n yet be5 
v\*saf$4  ,su* p]sons require ! ext]nal 
evid5ce  to be made cle> to demon/ration
 be=e !y w tru/ !mselves to  li/5 to !  
voices ( hope or fe>1 & x is ( no use   
appeal+ to  ! k & hopes ( o!rs )\t mak+ 
x cle> ^u :at t  k & ^? hopes are       
gr\nd$4  ,nev]!less1 ,i may be all[$  to
 po9t out t ^? :o d5y ! ,dea? &         
,resurrection ( our ,"l1  call ^u u to  
believe t an imm5se multitude ( mo/     
tru?ful &  e/imable p are no less       
deceiv]s ( _! own selves & o!rs1  ?an   
,mohamm$ans1 ,jews & ,buddhi/s are4  ,h[

 _m d we n ea* ( u  "k to :om ,*ri/ is !
 spiritual meat & dr9k ( _! :ole lives4 
,yet our oppon5ts call ^u u to ignore   
all ?is1 & to ref] !  emotions & elation
 ( s\l1 :i* ! love ( ,*ri/ k9dles 9 8   
true foll[]s1 to an inh]itance (        
delusion & blund]4  ,truly a  melan*oly 
outlook4    ,aga91 let a man travel ov] 
,engl&1 ,nor?1 ,s\?1 ,ea/1 & ,we/1 &  9 
8 :ole j\rney he %all h>dly f9d a s+le  
spot f :i* he  _c see "o or sev]al      
*ur*es4  ,!re is h>dly a hamlet :i* is  
n also a c5tre = ! celebration ( our    
,r$emption by ! ,dea? &  ,resurrection (
 ,*ri/4  ,n "o ( ^! *ur*es1 say !       
,rationali/s1  n "o ( ! cl]gym5 :o m9i/]
 !re91 n "o s+le village  s*ool 9 all   
,engl&1 b mu/ be reg>d$ z a f\nta9 (    
error1 if  n ( delib]ate falsehood4     
,look :]e !y may1 !y _c escape  f !     
signs ( a vital belief 9 !              
,resurrection4  ,all ^! signs1  !y w    
tell u1 are signs ( sup]/ition only2 x  
is sup]/ition  :i* !y celebrate & w\ld  
confirm2 !y are f\nd$ ^u fanaticism1  or

 at ! be/ ^u %e] delusion2 !y poison !  
f\nta9 heads (  moral & intellectual    
well-be+1 by tea*+ m5 to set human      
exp]i5ce on ! "o side1 & to ref] _!     
conduct to ! suppos$  w ( a p]sonal     
an?ropomorphic ,god :o 0 actually once a
 baby--:o  0 born ( "o ( 8 own          
creatures--& :o is n[ locally &         
corporeally 9 ,heav51 8( reasonable s\l 
& human fle% subsi/+40    ,?us d our    
oppon5ts taunt u1 b :5 we ?9k n only ( !
 pres5t  day1 b ( ! ne>ly two ?\s& ye>s 
dur+ :i* ,*ri/ianity has  fl\ri%$1 n 9  
,engl& only1 b ov] all ,europe1 t is to 
say1  ov] ! qu>t] ( ! globe :i* is mo/  
civilis$1 & ^:  civilisation is 9 itself
 pro( bo? ( capacity to judge & ( hav+  
judg$ rightly--:at an awful admission d 
unbeliev]s require u to make1  :5 !y bid
 u ?9k t all ^! ages & c\ntries h gone  
a/ray  to ! imag9+ ( a va9 ?+4  ,all !  
self-sacrifice ( ! holie/  m5 = sixty   
g5]ations1 all ! w>s t h be5 wag$ = !   
sake  ( ,*ri/ & ,8 tru?1 all ! money    
sp5t ^u *ur*es1 cl]gy1  mona/]ies &     

religi\s education1 all ! blood (       
m>tyrs1 all !  celibacy ( prie/s & nuns1
 all ! self-d5y+ lives ( ^? :o are  n[  
m9i/]s ( ! ,gospel--accord+ to !        
,rationali/1 no "p ( all  ?is devotion  
to ! cause ( ,*ri/ has _h any ju/ifiable
 base on  actual fact4  ,! b>e          
contemplation ( su* a /up5d\s           
misapplication  ( self-sacrifice &      
en]gy1 %\ld be en\gh to prev5t any "o f 
ev] smil+ aga9 to ^: m9d su* a          
deplorable view 0 pres5t3 we  wond] t   
our oppon5ts d n %r9k back appall$ f !  
contemplation ( a picture :i* !y mu/    
reg>d z conta9+ s mu*  ( s91 impud5ce & 
folly2 yet x is to ! contemplation ( su*
 a  picture1 & to a belief 9 its        
tru?fulness to nature1 t !y w\ld  invite
 u2 !y _c ev5 see a cl]gyman )\t say+ to
 !mselves1  8,!re goes "o ^: trade is ! 
promotion ( error2 ^: :ole life  is     
devot$ to ! uphold+ ( ! untrue40  ,to !m
 ! sight ( p  flock+ to a *ur* mu/ be z 
pa9ful z x w\ld be to u to see a        
congregation ( ,jews or ,mohamm$ans3 !y 

ought to h no happ9ess 9  life s long z 
!y believe t ! va/ majority ( _!        
fell[-c\ntrym5 are s lam5tably delud$2  
yet !y w\ld call on u to  jo9 !m1 & half
 despise u ^u our refus+ to d s4    ,b  
^u ?is view also ,i may n dwell2 x w\ld 
h be5 easy & ,i  ?9k n unpr(itable1 _h  
my aim be5 diff]5t1 to h drawn an  ampl]
 picture ( ! he>t-r5d+ am\nt (          
falsehood1 /upidity1  cruelty & folly   
:i* mu/ be ref]able to a belief 9       
,*ri/ianity1  if1 z our oppon5ts ma9ta91
 !re is no solid gr\nd = believ+ x2  b  
my pres5t purpose is to prove t !re is  
su* gr\nd1 &  hav+ said en\gh to %ew t  
,i d n ignore ! fields ( evid5ce  :i*   
lie beyond ! purpose ( my "w1 ,i w      
return to ! ,crucifixion  &             
,resurrection4    ,:at1 !n1 let me ask (
 free?9k]s1 became ( ,*ri/ ev5tually8   
,sev]al answ]s may be made to ?is "q1 b 
!re is none b !  "o giv5 9 ,scripture   
:i* w set x at re/4  ,?us x has be5 said
  t ,*ri/ surviv$ ! ,cross1 l+]$ = a few
 weeks1 & 9 ! end  succumb$ to !        

injuries :i* ,he _h su/a9$4  ,on ?is !re
 arises  ! "q1 did ! ,apo/les "k ( ,8   
dea?8  ,& if s1 7 !y  likely to mi/ake !
 reappe>ance ( a dy+ man1 s %att]$ &    
weak  z ,he mu/ h be51 = ! glory ( an   
immortal be+8  ,we "k t  p c idealise a 
great deal1 b !y _c idealise z mu* z    
?is4  ,! ,apo/les _c h kn[n ( any dea? (
 ,*ri/ except ,8  ,dea? ^u ! ,cross1 & x
 is n cr$ible t if ,he _h di$ f !       
effects ( ! ,crucifixion ! ,apo/les %\ld
 n h be5 aw>e ( x4  ,no "o w pret5d t !y
 71 s x is ne$less to discuss ?is  !ory 
fur!r4    ,x has also be5 said t our    
,"l1 hav+ se5 ! effect ( ,8  reappe>ance
 on ! ,apo/les1 consid]$ t fur!r conv]se
 ) !m  w\ld only weak5 x2 & t ,he may h 
!re=e ?\ght x wis] to  )draw ,himself   
f9ally f !m1 & to leave ,8 tea*+ 9 _!   
h&s1 ) ! c]ta9ty t x w\ld nev] h5ce=? be
 lo/ sight  (2 b ?is view is inconsi/5t 
) ! "* :i* ev5 our  adv]s>ies !mselves  
assign to our ,savi\r4  ,! idea is "o   
:i*  might occur to a !ori/ sitt+ 9 8   
/udy1 & enlight5$ by a  k ( ev5ts1 b x  

w\ld n sugge/ itself to a lead] 9 !     
heat ( action4    ,ano!r supposition has
 be5 t our ,"l on recov]+ consci\sness  
aft] ,he _h be5 left alone 9 ! tomb1 or 
p]haps ev5 be=e ,joseph  _h gone1 may h 
be5 unable to realise to ,himself !     
nature ( !  ev5ts t _h befall5 ,him1 &  
may h actually believ$ t ,he _h  be5    
dead1 & be5 miracul\sly re/or$ to life2 
t ,he may yet h  felt a natural fe> (   
aga9 fall+ into ! h&s ( ,8 enemies2 &   
p>tly f ?is cause1 & p>tly ?r\gh awe at 
! miracle t ,he  suppos$ _h be5 work$ ^u
 ,him1 h only %ewn ,himself to ,8       
disciples hurri$ly1 9 secret1 & on r>e  
occasions1 sp5d+ !  great] "p ( ,8 "t 9 
"s "o or o!r ( ! secret places (        
resort1 9 :i* ,he _h be5 wont to live   
ap>t f ! ,apo/les be=e  ! ,crucifixion4 
,i h kn[n x urg$ t our ,"l nev] said or 
ev5 ?\ght t ,he  _h ris5 f ! dead1 b    
%ew$ ,himself alive secretly & fe>fully1
  & bade ,8 disciples foll[ ,him to     
,galilee1 :]e ,he might1 & p]haps  did1 
appe> m op5ly1 ?\gh /ill r>ely & )      

caution2 t !  r>ity & my/]y ( !         
reappe>ances w\ld add to ! impression ( 
a  miracul\s resurrection :i* _h        
in/antly pres5t$ itself to ! m9ds  ( !  
,apo/les on see+ ,*ri/ alive2 t ?is     
impression alone w\ld  prev5t !m f he$+ 
facts :i* mu/ h be5 obvi\s to any ^:    
m9ds 7 n already unh+$ by ! k t ,*ri/ 0 
alive1  & by ! belief t ,he _h be5 dead2
 & t !y w\ld be bl9d$  by awe1 :i* awe  
w\ld be increas$ by ! r>ity ( !         
reappe>ances--a  r>ity t 0 9 reality    
due1 p]haps to fe>1 p]haps to           
self-delusion1 p]haps to bo?1 b :i* 0   
none ! less politic =  n hav+ be5       
dictat$ by policy2 f9ally t ! report (  
,*ri/'s  hav+ be5 se5 alive rea*$ !     
,*ief ,prie/s 7or p]haps ,joseph (      
,arima?a71 & t !y det]m9$ at all haz>ds 
to nip ! com+  mis*ief 9 ! bud2 t !y    
!re=e wat*$ _! opportunity1 &  got rid (
 s probable a cause ( di/urbance by !   
knife ( !  assass91 or induc$ ,him to   
dep>t by ?reats1 :i* ,he did n v5ture   
to resi/4    ,b if our ,"l 0 secretly   

assass9at$ h[ c\ld x h happ5$ t  ! body 
%\ld nev] h be5 f\nd1 & produc$1 :5 !   
,apo/les  began decl>+ publicly t ,*ri/ 
_h ris58  ,:at c\ld be easi]  ?an to br+
 x =w>d & settle ! :ole matt]8  ,x _c be
  d\bt$ t ! body mu/ h be5 look$ = :5 ! 
,apo/les began  publi%+ _! /ory2 we saw 
reason = believ+ ?is :5 we  consid]$ !  
acc\nt ( ! ,resurrection giv5 by ,/4    
,mat!w4  ,n[  ^? t hide c f9d2 & if !   
enemies ( ,*ri/ _h got rid (  ,him by   
f\l play1 !y w\ld "k v well :]e to lay  
_! h&s ^u  t :i* w\ld be ! dea? bl[ to  
,*ri/ianity4  ,if !n ,*ri/ did  n g away
 ( ,8 own accord1 z feel+ t ,8 tea*+    
w\ld be  bett] pres]v$ by ,8 abs5ce1 &  
if ,he did n die f w\nds  receiv$ ^u !  
,cross1 & if ,he 0 n assass9at$         
secretly1 :at  rema9s z ! mo/ reasonable
 view to be tak5 conc]n+ ,8             
disappe>ance8  ,surely ! "o t 0 tak52 ! 
view :i* comm5d$  itself to ^? :o 7 be/ 
able to judge--namely1 t ,he _h asc5d$  
bodily into ,heav5 & 0 sitt+ at ! "r h& 
( ,god ! ,fa!r4    ,:]e else c\ld ,he   

be8    ,= t ,he disappe>$1 & disappe>$  
f9ally1 )9 six weeks ( !  ,crucifixion  
mu/ be consid]$ c]ta92 !re is no "o :o w
 be bold  en\gh ev5 to haz>d a          
conjecture t ! appe>ance ( ,*ri/ allud$ 
to by ,/4 ,paul1 z hav+ be5 v\*saf$ to  
him "s ye>s lat]1 0  t ( ! liv+ ,*ri/1  
:o _h *os5 ^u ?is "o occasion to  dep>t 
f ! seclusion & secrecy :i* he _h       
ma9ta9$ hi!rto4  ,b if ,*ri/ 0 /ill liv+
 on e>?1 h[ 0 x possible t no  human be+
 %\ld h ! smalle/ clue to ,8 :]eab\ts8  
,if ,he 0  dead h[ is x t no "o %\ld h  
produc$ ! body8  ,su* a  my/]i\s & total
 disappe>ance1 ev5 9 ! face ( great     
jeop>dy1  has nev] yet be5 kn[n1 & c    
only be satisfactorily expla9$ by       
adopt+ ! belief :i* has prevail$ = ne>ly
 ! la/ two ?\s&  ye>s1 & :i* w prevail m
 & m triumphantly s long z !  _w %all   
la/--! belief t ,*ri/ 0 re/or$ to !     
glory :i*  ,he _h %>$ ) ! ,fa!r1 z soon 
z ev] ,he _h giv5 suffici5t  pro(s ( ,8 
be+ alive to ensure ! devotion ( ,8     
foll[]s4    ,be=e we c reject !         

sup]natural solution ( a my/]y o!rwise  
inexplicable1 we %\ld h "s natural      
explanation :i* w meet !  requirem5ts ( 
! case4  ,a confession ( ignorance is n 
en\gh "h4  ,we are n ignorant2 we "k t  
,*ri/ di$1 inasmu* z we h  ! te/imony ( 
all ! f\r ,evangeli/s to ?is effect1 !  
te/imony  ( ! ,apo/le ,paul1 & ?r\gh him
 t ( all ! o!r ,apo/les2 we  h also !   
c]ta9ty t ! c5turion 9 *>ge ( ! soldi]s 
at  ! ,crucifixion w\ld n h committ$ s  
grave a brea* ( discipl9e  z ! deliv]y (
 ! body to ,joseph & ,nicodemus1 unless 
he _h felt  q sure t life 0 ext9ct2 &   
f9ally we h ! te/imony (  ! ,*ur* =     
sixty g5]ations1 & t ( myriads n[ liv+1 
^:  exp]i5ce assures !m t ,*ri/ di$ &   
rose f ! dead2 9  addition to ?is       
trem5d\s body ( evid5ce we h also ! /ory
 (  ! spe> w\nd record$ 9 a ,gospel :i* 
ev5 our oppon5ts believe to  be f a     
,johannean s\rce 9 its lat] *apt]s2 &   
?\gh1 z has be5  already /at$1 ?is w\nd 
_c be insi/$ ^u z 9 itself  suffici5t to
 prove our ,"l's dea?1 yet x mu/        

assur$ly be all[$  its due weight 9     
review+ ! evid5ce4  ,! unbeliev] _c     
surely  h consid]$ h[ %all[ are all !   
argum5ts :i* he c produce1  9 comp>ison 
) ^? t make aga9/ him4  ,he _c say t ,i 
h n done him ju/ice1 & ,i feel confid5t 
t :5 he reconsid]s  ! matt] 9 t _s (    
humility )\t :i* he _c hope to be  guid$
 to a true conclusion1 he w feel sure t 
,/rauss is "r 9  believ+ t ! dea? ( our 
,"l _c be s]i\sly call$ 9  "q4    ,b ?is
 be+ s1 ! reappe>ances1 :i* we h se5 to 
be  e/abli%$ by ! collapse ( !          
halluc9ation !ory1 mu/ be ref]r$  to    
sup]natural or miracul\s ag5cy2 t is to 
say1 our ,"l di$ &  rose aga9 on ! ?ird 
day1 accord+ to ! ,scriptures4  ,:]eon  
,8  disappe>ance "s six weeks lat] mu/  
be look$ ^u v diff]5tly  f t ( any      
ord9>y p]son4  ,if our ,"l c\ld h be5   
%ewn to  h be5 a m]e man1 :o _h escap$  
dea? only by a hair's bread?1 b  /ill   
escap$ x1 p]haps "s "o ( ! !ories = ,8  
disappe>ance1  or "s comb9ation ( !m1 or
 "s o!r explanation :i* has n yet  be5  

?\ght (1 might be held to be suffici5t2 
b 9 ! case ( ,"o  :o di$ & rose f !     
dead1 !re is no !ory :i* w /&1  except !
 "o :i* x has be5 res]v$ = our own      
lawless &  self-seek+ times to "q4      
,?r\gh ! light ( ! ,resurrection  !     
,asc5sion is cle>ly se54                
99 99 99 99 99    ,my task is n[        
complet$4  ,9 an age :5 ,rationalism has
 become  recognis$ z ! only basis ^u :i*
 fai? c re/ securely1 ,i h  e/abli%$ !  
,*ri/ian fai? ^u a ,rationali/ic basis4 
,i h made no concession to ,rationalism 
:i* did n place all !  vital p>ts (     
,*ri/ianity 9 a f> /rong] position ?an  
!y 7 9  be=e1 yet ,i h conc$$ ev]y?+ :i*
 a s9c]e ,rationali/ is  likely to      
desire4  ,i h cle>$ ! gr\nd =           
reconciliation4  ,x only  rema9s = ! two
 cont5d+ p>ties to come =w>d & occupy x 
9  peace jo9tly4  ,may x be m9e to see !
 day :5 all traces (  disagreem5t h be5 
long oblit]at$6    ,to ! unbeliev] ,i c 
say1 8,nev] yet 9 any "w ^u ! ,*ri/ian  
side h y\r difficulties be5 s fully &   

fairly /at$2 nev] yet  has or?odox      
dis+5u\sness be5 s unsp>+ly expos$40    
,to !  ,*ri/ian ,i c say ) no less      
ju/ice1 8,nev] yet h ! true  reasons = !
 discrepancies 9 ! ,gospels be5 s put   
=w>d z to  enable u to look ^!          
discrepancies boldly 9 ! face1 & to ?ank
  ,god = hav+ graci\sly all[$ !m to     
exi/40  ,i d n say ?is 9  any _s (      
self-glorification4  ,we are *ildr5 ( ! 
h\r1 &  creatures ( our surr\nd+s4  ,z x
 has be5 giv5 unto u1 s w x  be requir$ 
at our h&s1 & we are at be/ unpr(itable 
s]vants4  ,nev]!less ,i _c refra9 f     
express+ my gratitude at hav+ be5  born 
9 an age :5 ,*ri/ianity & ,rationalism  
are n only ceas+ to  appe> antagoni/ic  
to "o ano!r1 b h ea* become ess5tial to 
! v exi/5ce ( ! o!r4  ,may ! read] feel 
?is no less  /rongly ?an ,i d1 & may he 
also feel t ,i h suppli$ ! miss+  elem5t
 :i* c\ld alone cause !m to comb9e4  ,if
 he asks me :at  elem5t ,i allude to1 ,i
 answ] ,c&\r4  ,?is is ! pilot t has    
tak5  u safely into ! ,fair ,hav5 (     

univ]sal bro!rhood 9 ,*ri/4             
,app5dix      ,i  ,! ,burial            
7,john xix4 #ch-db7    ,& aft] ?is      
,joseph ( ,arima?a1 be+ a disciple (    
,jesus1 b  secretly = fe> ( ! ,jews1    
bes\ght ,pilate t he might take away  ! 
body ( ,jesus3 & ,pilate gave him leave4
  ,he came !re=e1 &  took ! body (      
,jesus4  ,& !re came also ,nicodemus1   
:i* at !  fir/ came to ,jesus by night1 
& br\ght a mixture ( myrrh & aloes1     
ab\t an hundr$ p\nd weight4  ,!n took !y
 ! body ( ,jesus1 &  w\nd x 9 l95 clo!s 
) ! spices1 z ! mann] ( ! ,jews is  to  
bury4  ,n[ 9 ! place :]e he 0 crucifi$  
!re 0 a g>d52 &  9 ! g>d5 a new         
sepul*re1 :]e9 0 nev] man yet laid4     
,!re  laid !y ,jesus !re=e because ( !  
,jews' prep>ation day2 = !  sepul*re 0  
nigh at h&4                             
7,luke xxiii4 #ej-ef7    ,&1 behold1 !re
 0 a man nam$ ,joseph1 a c\nsellor2 & he
 0 a  good man1 & a j3 7! same _h n     
cons5t$ to ! c\nsel & de$  ( !m27 he 0 (
 ,arima?a1 a city ( ! ,jews3 :o also    

himself  wait$ = ! k+dom ( ,god4  ,?is  
man w5t unto ,pilate1 & begg$ !  body ( 
,jesus4  ,& he took x d[n1 & wrapp$ x 9 
l951 & laid x  9 a sepul*re t 0 hewn 9  
/one1 :]e9 nev] man be=e 0 laid4  ,& t  
day 0 ! prep>ation1 & ! sabba? drew on4 
,& ! wom5  also1 :i* came ) him f       
,galilee1 foll[$ aft]1 & beheld !       
sepul*re1 & h[ 8 body 0 laid4  ,& !y    
return$1 & prep>$  spices & o9tm5ts2 &  
re/$ ! sabba? day accord+ to !          
comm&m5t4                               
7,m>k xv4 #db-dg7    ,& n[ :5 ! ev5 0   
come1 because x 0 ! prep>ation1 t is1  !
 day be=e ! sabba?1 ,joseph ( ,arima?a1 
an hon\rable  c\nsellor1 :i* also wait$ 
= ! k+dom ( ,god1 came1 & w5t 9  boldly 
unto ,pilate1 & crav$ ! body ( ,jesus4  
,& ,pilate m>vell$  if he 7 already     
dead3 & call+ unto him ! c5turion1 he   
ask$ him  :e!r he _h be5 any :ile dead4 
,& :5 he knew x ( !  c5turion1 he gave !
 body to ,joseph4  ,& he b\ght f9e l951 
&  took him d[n1 & wrapp$ him 9 ! l951 &
 laid him 9 a sepul*re  :i* 0 hewn out (

 a rock1 & roll$ a /one unto ! door ( ! 
sepul*re4  ,& ,m>y ,magdal5e & ,m>y ! "m
 ( ,joseph beheld :]e  he 0 laid4       
7,mat!w xxvii4 #eg-fa7    ,:5 ! ev5 0   
come1 !re came a ri* man ( ,arima?a1    
nam$ ,joseph1  :o also himself 0 ,jesus'
 disciple4  ,he w5t to ,pilate1 & begg$ 
!  body ( ,jesus4  ,!n ,pilate comm&$ ! 
body to be deliv]$4  ,& :5  ,joseph _h  
tak5 ! body1 he wrapp$ x 9 a clean l95  
clo?4  ,&  laid x 9 8 own new tomb1 :i* 
he _h hewn out 9 ! rock3 & he  roll$ a  
great /one to ! door ( ! sepul*re1 &    
dep>t$4  ,&  !re 0 ,m>y ,magdal5e1 & !  
o!r ,m>y1 sitt+ ov] aga9/ !  sepul*re4  
,,ii  ,! ,gu>d set ^u ! ,tomb  7,peculi>
 to ,mat!w7                             
7,mat!w xxvii4 #fb-ff7    ,n[ ! next    
day1 t foll[$ ! day ( ! prep>ation1 !   
*ief  prie/s & ,ph>isees came toge!r    
unto ,pilate4  ,say+1 ,sir1 we  rememb] 
t t deceiv] said1 :ile he 0 yet alive1  
,aft] ?ree  days ,i w rise aga94  ,comm&
 !re=e t ! sepul*re be made  sure until 
! ?ird day1 le/ 8 disciples come by     

night1 & /eal him  away1 & say unto ! p1
 ,he is ris5 f ! dead3 s ! la/  error   
%all be worse ?an ! fir/4  ,pilate said 
unto !m1 ,ye h a  wat*3 g y\r way1 make 
x z sure z ye c4  ,s !y w5t1 & made  !  
sepul*re sure1 seal+ ! /one1 & sett+ a  
wat*4      ,,iii  ,visit ( ,m>y         
,magdal5e1 & ,o!rs1 to ! ,tomb          
7,john xx4 #a-ac7    ,! fir/ day ( !    
week come? ,m>y ,magdal5e e>ly1 :5 x 0  
yet  d>k1 unto ! sepul*re1 & see? ! /one
 tak5 away f !  sepul*re4  ,!n %e       
runne?1 & come? to ,simon ,pet]1 & to ! 
o!r  disciple1 :om ,jesus lov$1 & sai?  
unto !m1 ,!y h tak5 away !  ,"l out ( ! 
sepul*re1 & we "k n :]e !y h laid him4  
,pet] !re=e w5t =?1 & t o!r disciple1 & 
came to !  sepul*re4  ,s !y ran bo?     
toge!r3 & ! o!r disciple did outrun     
,pet]1 & came fir/ to ! sepul*re4  ,& he
 /oop+ d[n1 &  look+ 91 saw ! l95 clo!s 
ly+2 yet w5t he n 94  ,!n come?  ,simon 
,pet] foll[+ him1 & w5t into ! sepul*re1
 & see? !  l95 clo!s lie4  ,& ! napk91 t
 0 ab\t 8 head1 n ly+  ) ! l95 clo!s1 b 

wrapp$ toge!r 9 a place by itself4  ,!n 
w5t 9 also t o!r disciple1 :i* came fir/
 to ! sepul*re1 &  he saw1 & believ$4   
,= z yet !y knew n ! scripture1 t he    
mu/ rise aga9 f ! dead4  ,!n ! disciples
 w5t away aga9 unto  _! own home4  ,b   
,m>y /ood )\t ! sepul*re weep+3 & z %e  
wept1 %e /oop$ d[n1 & look$ into !      
sepul*re1 ,& see? two  angels 9 :ite    
sitt+1 ! "o at ! head1 & ! o!r at !     
feet1  :]e ! body ( ,jesus _h la94  ,&  
!y say unto h]1 ,woman1 :y  weepe/ ?\8  
,%e sai? unto !m1 ,because !y h tak5    
away my ,"l1  & ,i "k n :]e !y h laid   
him4                                    
7,luke xxiv4 #a-ab7    ,n[ ^u ! fir/ day
 ( ! week v e>ly 9 ! morn+1 !y came     
unto ! sepul*re1 br++ ! spices :i* !y _h
 prep>$1 &  c]ta9 o!rs ) !m4  ,& !y f\nd
 ! /one roll$ away f !  sepul*re4  ,& !y
 ent]$ 91 & f\nd n ! body ( ! ,"l       
,jesus4  ,& x came to pass1 z !y 7 mu*  
p]plex$ !reab\t1  behold1 two m5 /ood by
 !m 9 %9+ g>m5ts3 & z !y 7  afraid1 &   
b[$ d[n _! faces to ! e>?1 !y said unto 

!m1 ,:y  seek ye ! liv+ among ! dead8   
,he is n "h1 b is ris53  rememb] h[ he  
spake unto y :5 he 0 yet 9 ,galilee1    
say+1 ,!  ,son ( man mu/ be deliv]$ into
 ! h&s ( s9ful m51 & be  crucifi$1 & !  
?ird day rise aga94  ,& !y rememb]$ 8   
words1  & return$ f ! sepul*re1 & told  
all ^! ?+s unto !  elev51 & to all !    
re/4  ,x 0 ,m>y ,magdal5e1 & ,joanna1 & 
,m>y  ! "m ( ,james1 & o!r wom5 t 7 )   
!m1 :i* told  ^! ?+s unto ! apo/les4  ,&
 _! words seem$ to !m z idle  tales1 &  
!y believ$ !m n4  ,!n arose ,pet]1 & ran
 unto !  sepul*re2 & /oop+ d[n1 he      
beheld ! l95 clo!s laid by  !mselves1 & 
dep>t$1 wond]+ 9 himself at t :i* 0 come
 to  pass4                              
7,m>k xvi4 #a-h7    ,& :5 ! sabba? 0    
pa/1 ,m>y ,magdal5e1 & ,m>y ! "m (      
,james1 & ,salome1 _h b\ght sweet       
spices1 t !y might come &  ano9t him4   
,& v e>ly 9 ! morn+ ! fir/ day ( ! week1
  !y came unto ! sepul*re at ! ris+ ( ! 
sun4  ,& !y said  among !mselves1 ,:o   
%all roll u away ! /one f ! door ( !    

sepul*re8  ,& :5 !y look$1 !y saw t !   
/one 0 roll$  away3 = x 0 v great4  ,&  
ent]+ into ! sepul*re1 !y saw a  "y man 
sitt+ on ! "r side1 clo!d 9 a long :ite 
g>m5t2 &  !y 7 affright$4  ,& he sai?   
unto !m1 ,be n affright$3 ,ye seek      
,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 :i* 0 crucifi$3 he is 
ris52 he is n "h3  behold ! place :]e !y
 laid him4  ,b g y\r way1 tell 8        
disciples & ,pet] t he goe? be=e y into 
,galilee3 !re %all ye  see him1 z he    
said unto y4  ,& !y w5t out quickly1 &  
fl$ f  ! sepul*re2 = !y trembl$ & 7     
amaz$3 nei!r said !y  any?+ to any man2 
= !y 7 afraid4                          
7,mat!w xxviii4 #a-h7    ,9 ! end ( !   
sabba?1 z x began to draw t[>d ! fir/   
day (  ! week1 came ,m>y ,magdal5e & !  
o!r ,m>y to see ! sepul*re4  ,&1 behold1
 !re 0 a great e>?quake3 = ! angel ( !  
,"l  desc5d$ f heav51 & came & roll$    
back ! /one f ! door1  & sat ^u x4  ,8  
c\nt5ance 0 l lightn+1 & 8 raim5t  :ite 
z sn[1 & = fe> ( him ! keep]s did %ake1 
& became z  dead m54  ,& ! angel answ]$ 

& said unto ! wom51 ,fe> n ye3  = ,i "k 
t ye seek ,jesus1 :i* 0 crucifi$4  ,he  
is n "h3 =  he is ris51 z he said4      
,come1 see ! place :]e ! ,"l lay4  ,& g 
quickly1 & tell 8 disciples t he is ris5
 f ! dead2 &1  behold1 he goe? be=e y   
into ,galilee2 !re %all ye see him3 lo1 
,i  h told y4  ,& !y dep>t$ quickly f ! 
sepul*re ) fe>  & great joy2 & did run  
to br+ 8 disciples ^w4      ,,iv        
,appe>ance ( ,*ri/ to ,m>y ,magdal5e &  
,o!rs                                   
7,john xx4 #ad-ah7    ,& :5 %e _h ?us   
said1 %e turn$ h]self back1 & saw ,jesus
  /&+1 & knew n t x 0 ,jesus4  ,jesus   
sai? unto h]1 ,woman1  :y weepe/ ?\8    
,:om seeke/ ?\8  ,%e1 suppos+ him to be 
!  g>d5]1 sai? unto him1 ,sir1 if ?\ h  
borne him h5ce1 tell me  :]e ?\ ha/ laid
 him1 & ,i w take him away4  ,jesus sai?
 unto  h]1 ,m>y4  ,%e turn$ h]self1 &   
sai? unto him1 ,rabboni2 :i* is to  say1
 ,ma/]4  ,jesus sai? unto h]1 ,t\* me n2
 = ,i am n yet  asc5d$ to my ,fa!r3 b g 
to my bre?r51 & say unto !m1 ,i asc5d   

unto my ,fa!r1 & y\r ,fa!r2 & to my     
,god1 & y\r ,god4  ,m>y  ,magdal5e came 
& told ! disciples t %e _h se5 ! ,"l1 & 
t he _h spok5 ^! ?+s unto h]4           
7,m>k xvi4 #i-aa7    ,n[ :5 ,jesus 0    
ris5 e>ly ! fir/ day ( ! week1 he appe>$
  fir/ to ,m>y ,magdal5e1 out ( :om he  
_h ca/ sev5 devils4  ,& %e  w5t & told  
!m t _h be5 ) him1 z !y m\rn$ & wept4   
,&  !y1 :5 !y _h he>d t he 0 alive1 & _h
 be5 se5 ( h]1  believ$ n4              
7,mat!w xxvii4 #i-aj7    ,& z !y w5t to 
tell 8 disciples1 behold1 ,jesus met !m1
 say+1  ,all hail4  ,& !y came & held   
him by ! feet1 & wor%ipp$ him4  ,!n said
 ,jesus unto !m1 ,be n afraid3 g tell my
 bre?r5 t !y  g into ,galilee1 & !re    
%all !y see me4      ,v  ,! ,brib+ ( !  
,gu>d  7,peculi> to ,mat!w7             
7,mat!w xxviii4 #aa-ae7    ,n[ :5 !y 7  
go+1 behold1 "s ( ! wat* came into !    
city1  & %ew$ unto ! *ief prie/s all !  
?+s t 7 done4  ,&  :5 !y 7 assembl$ ) ! 
eld]s1 & _h tak5 c\nsel1 !y  gave l>ge  
money unto ! soldi]s1 say+1 ,say ye1 ,8 

disciples came by  night1 & /ole him    
away :ile we slept4  ,& if ?is come to !
  gov]nor's e>s1 we w p]suade him1 &    
secure y4  ,s !y took !  money1 & did z 
!y 7 taught3 & ?is say+ is commonly     
report$  among ! ,jews until ?is day4   
,,vi  ,appe>ance to ,cleopas 7& ,james87
                                  7,luke
 xxiv4 #ac-ce7    ,&1 behold1 two ( !m  
w5t t same day to a village call$       
,emmaus1  :i* 0 f ,j]usalem ab\t        
?reescore furlongs4  ,& !y talk$  toge!r
 ( all ^! ?+s :i* _h happ5$4  ,& x came 
to pass1  t1 :ile !y commun$ toge!r &   
reason$1 ,jesus himself drew ne>1  & w5t
 ) !m4  ,b _! eyes 7 hold5 t !y %\ld n  
"k  him4  ,& he said unto !m1 ,:at mann]
 ( communications are ^! t  ye h "o to  
ano!r1 z ye walk1 & are sad8  ,& ! "o ( 
!m1  ^: "n 0 ,cleopas1 answ]+ said unto 
him1 ,art ?\ only a /rang]  9 ,j]usalem1
 & ha/ n kn[n ! ?+s :i* are come to pass
 !re  9 ^! days8  ,& he said unto !m1   
,:at ?+s8  ,& !y said unto  him1        
,conc]n+ ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 :i* 0 a      

prophet mighty 9 de$ &  ^w be=e ,god &  
all ! p3 ,& h[ ! *ief prie/s & our      
rul]s deliv]$ him to be condemn$ to     
dea?1 & h crucifi$ him4  ,b we tru/$ t x
 _h be5 he :i* %\ld h r$eem$ ,israel3 & 
beside all ?is1 to-day is ! ?ird day    
s9ce ^! ?+s 7 done4  ,yea1 & c]ta9 wom5 
also ( our company made u a/oni%$1 :i* 7
  e>ly at ! sepul*re2 & :5 !y f\nd n 8  
body1 !y came1  say+1 t !y _h also se5 a
 vision ( angels1 :i* said t he  0      
alive1 & c]ta9 ( !m :i* 7 ) u w5t to !  
sepul*re1  & f\nd x ev5 s z ! wom5 _h   
said3 b him !y saw n4  ,!n  he said unto
 !m1 ,o fools1 & sl[ ( he>t to believe  
all t !  prophets h spok53 ,ought n     
,*ri/ to h suff]$ ^! ?+s1 &  to ent]    
into 8 glory8  ,& beg9n+ at ,moses & all
 ! prophets1 he  exp\nd$ unto !m 9 all !
 scriptures ! ?+s conc]n+ himself4  ,&  
!y drew nigh unto ! village1 :i!r !y    
w5t3 & he made z  ?\gh he w\ld h gone   
fur!r4  ,b !y con/ra9$ him1 say+1       
,abide ) u3 = x is t[>d ev5+1 & ! day is
 f> sp5t4  ,&  he w5t 9 to t>ry ) !m4   

,& x came to pass1 z he sat at meat  )  
!m1 he took bread1 & bless$ x1 & brake1 
& gave to !m4  ,& _! eyes 7 op5$1 & !y  
knew him2 & he vani%$ out (  _! sight4  
,& !y said "o to ano!r1 ,did n our he>t 
burn )9  u1 :ile he talk$ ) u by ! way1 
& :ile he op5$ to u !  scriptures8  ,&  
!y rose up ! same h\r1 & return$ to     
,j]usalem1  & f\nd ! elev5 ga!r$ toge!r1
 & !m t 7 ) !m1  say+1 ,! ,"l is ris5   
inde$1 & ha? appe>$ to ,simon4  ,& !y   
told :at ?+s 7 done 9 ! way1 & h[ he 0  
kn[n ( !m 9  break+ ( bread4            
7,m>k xvi4 #ab-ac7    ,aft] t he appe>$ 
9 ano!r =m unto two ( !m1 z !y walk$1  &
 w5t into ! c\ntry4  ,& !y w5t & told x 
unto ! residue3  nei!r believ$ !y !m4   
,,vii  ,appe>ance to ! ,apo/les  7,twice
 9 ,john7                               
7,john xx4 #ai-bi7    ,!n ! same day at 
ev5+1 be+ ! fir/ day ( ! week1 :5 !     
doors 7 %ut :]e ! disciples 7 assembl$ =
 fe> ( ! ,jews1  came ,jesus & /ood 9 ! 
mid/1 & sai? unto !m1 ,peace be unto  y4
  ,& :5 he _h s said1 he %ew$ !m 8 h&s &

 8 side4  ,!n 7 ! disciples glad1 :5 !y 
saw ! ,"l4  ,!n said ,jesus to  !m aga91
 ,peace be unto y3 z my ,fa!r ha? s5t   
me1 ev51 s s5d ,i  y4  ,& :5 he _h said 
?is1 he brea!d on !m1 & sai? unto  !m1  
,receive ye ! ,holy ,gho/4  ,^: soev]   
s9s ye remit1 !y are  remitt$ unto !m2 &
 ^: soev] s9s ye reta91 !y are reta9$4  
,b ,?omas1 "o ( ! twelve1 call$         
,didymus1 0 n ) !m :5  ,jesus came4  ,! 
o!r disciples !re=e said unto him1 ,we h
 se5  ! ,"l4  ,b he said unto !m1       
,except ,i %all see 9 8 h&s !  pr9t ( ! 
nails1 & put my f+] into ! pr9t ( !     
nails1 &  ?ru/ my h& into 8 side1 ,i w n
 believe4  ,& aft] eight days  aga9 8   
disciples 7 )91 & ,?omas ) !m3 !n came  
,jesus1  ! doors be+ %ut1 & /ood 9 !    
mid/1 & said1 ,peace be unto  y4  ,!n   
sai? he to ,?omas1 ,rea* hi!r ?y f+]1 & 
behold my  h&s2 & rea* hi!r ?y h&1 &    
?ru/ x into my side3 & be n  fai?less1 b
 believ+4  ,& ,?omas answ]$ & said unto 
him1 ,my ,"l  & my ,god4  ,jesus sai?   
unto him1 ,?omas1 because ?\ ha/ se5 me1

  ?\ ha/ believ$3 bless$ are !y t h n   
se51 & yet h  believ$4                  
99 99 99 99 99    ,i h n quot$ !        
tw5ty-fir/ *apt] ( ,/4 ,john's ,gospel  
on  acc\nt ( its exce$+ly d\btful       
g5u95ess4--,w4 ,b4 ,o4                  
7,luke xxiv4 #cf-di7    ,& z !y ?us     
spake1 ,jesus himself /ood 9 ! mid/ (   
!m1 &  sai? unto !m1 ,peace be unto y4  
,b !y 7 t]rifi$ &  affright$1 & suppos$ 
t !y _h se5 a _s4  ,& he said unto  !m1 
,:y are ye tr\bl$8 & :y d ?\ghts arise 9
 y\r he>ts8  ,behold my h&s & my feet1 t
 x is ,i myself2 h&le me1 & see2 =  a _s
 ha? n fle% & bones1 z ye see me h4  ,& 
:5 he _h  ?us spok51 he %ew$ !m 8 h&s & 
8 feet4  ,& :ile !y yet  believ$ n =    
joy1 & wond]$1 he said unto !m1 ,h ye "h
 any  meat8  ,& !y gave him a piece ( a 
broil$ fi%1 & ( an honeycomb4  ,& he    
took x1 & did eat be=e !m4  ,& he said  
unto !m1 ,^!  are ! words :i* ,i spake  
unto y1 :ile ,i 0 yet ) y1 t all  ?+s   
mu/ be fulfill$1 :i* 7 writt5 9 ! law ( 
,moses1 & 9  ! prophets1 & 9 ! psalms   

conc]n+ me4  ,!n op5$ he _!  und]/&+1 t 
!y might und]/& ! scriptures4  ,& said  
unto  !m1 ,?us x is writt51 & ?us x     
behov$ ,*ri/ to suff]1 & to  rise f !   
dead ! ?ird day3 ,& t rep5tance &       
remission (  s9s %\ld be prea*$ 9 8 "n  
among all nations1 beg9n+ at  ,j]usalem4
  ,& ye are witnesses ( ^! ?+s4  ,&1    
behold1 ,i s5d  ! promise ( my ,fa!r ^u 
y3 b t>ry ye 9 ! city ( ,j]usalem1      
until ye be endu$ ) p[] f on high4      
7,m>k xvi4 #ad-ah7    ,aft]w>d he appe>$
 unto ! elev5 z !y sat at meat1 &       
upbraid$  !m ) _! unbelief & h>dness (  
he>t1 because !y believ$ n  !m :i* _h   
se5 him aft] he 0 ris54  ,& he sai? unto
 !m1 ,g  ye into all ! _w1 & prea* !    
gospel to e creature4  ,he t  believe? &
 is baptiz$ %all be sav$2 b he t        
believe? n %all  be damn$4  ,& ^! signs 
%all foll[ !m t believe2 ,9 my "n  %all 
!y ca/ out devils2 !y %all speak ) new  
tongues2 ,!y %all  take up s]p5ts2 & if 
!y dr9k any deadly ?+1 x %all n hurt    
!m2 !y %all lay h&s on ! sick1 & !y %all

 recov]4                                
7,mat!w xviii4 #af-bj7    ,!n ! elev5   
disciples w5t away into ,galilee1 into a
 m\nta9 :]e  ,jesus _h appo9t$ !m4  ,&  
:5 !y saw him1 !y wor%ipp$ him3  b "s   
d\bt$4  ,& ,jesus came & spake unto !m1 
say+1 ,all p[]  is giv5 unto me 9 heav5 
& 9 e>?1 g ye !re=e1 & tea* all         
nations1 baptiz+ !m 9 ! "n ( ! ,fa!r1 & 
( ! ,son1 & (  ! ,holy ,gho/3 tea*+ !m  
to obs]ve all ?+s :atsoev] ,i h  comm&$ 
y3 &1 lo1 ,i am ) y alway1 ev5 unto !   
end ( !  _w4  ,am54      ,,viii  ,!     
,asc5sion                               
7,luke xxiv4 #ej-ec7    ,& he l$ !m out 
z f> z to ,be?any1 & he lift$ up 8 h&s1 
&  bless$ !m4  ,& x came to pass1 :ile  
he bless$ !m1 he 0 p>t$  f !m1 & c>ri$  
up into heav54  ,& !y wor%ipp$ him1 &   
return$ to ,j]usalem ) great joy4  ,& 7 
cont9ually 9 !  temple1 prais+ & bless+ 
,god4  ,am54                            
7,m>k xvi4 #ai-bj7    ,s !n aft] ! ,"l  
_h spok5 unto !m1 he 0 receiv$ up into  
heav51 & sat on ! "r h& ( ,god4  ,& !y  

w5t =?1 &  prea*$ e :]e1 ! ,"l work+ )  
!m1 & confirm+ ! ^w  ) signs foll[+4    
,am54                                   
7,acts i4 #a-ab7    ,! =m] treatise h ,i
 made1 ,o ,!ophilus1 ( all t ,jesus     
began  bo? to d & tea*1 ,until ! day 9  
:i* he 0 tak5 up1 aft] t  he ?r\gh !    
,holy ,gho/ _h giv5 comm&m5ts unto !    
apo/les :om  he _h *os54  ,to :om also  
he %ew$ himself alive aft] 8 passion by 
_m infallible pro(s1 be+ se5 ( !m =ty   
days1 & speak+ (  ! ?+s p]ta9+ to !     
k+dom ( ,god3 &1 be+ assembl$  toge!r ) 
!m1 comm&$ !m t !y %\ld n dep>t f       
,j]usalem1 b wait = ! promise ( ! ,fa!r1
 :i*1 sai? he1 ye  h he>d ( me4  ,=     
,john truly baptiz$ ) wat]1 b ye %all be
  baptiz$ ) ! ,holy ,gho/ n _m days     
h5ce4  ,:5 !y !re=e  7 come toge!r1 !y  
ask$ ( him1 say+1 ,"l1 wilt ?\ at ?is   
"t re/ore aga9 ! k+dom to ,israel8  ,&  
he said unto !m1 ,x is  n = y to "k !   
times or ! seasons1 :i* ! ,fa!r ha? put 
9 8 own p[]4  ,b ye %all receive p[]1   
aft] t ! ,holy ,gho/  is come ^u y3 & ye

 %all be witnesses unto me bo? 9        
,j]usalem1  & 9 all ,juda1 & 9 ,sam>ia1 
& unto ! utt]mo/ "p ( !  e>?4  ,& :5 he 
_h spok5 ^! ?+s1 :ile !y beheld1 he 0   
tak5 up2 & a cl\d receiv$ him out ( _!  
sight1 ,& :ile !y  look$ /$fa/ly t[>d   
heav5 z he w5t up1 behold1 two m5 /ood  
by  !m 9 :ite app>el2 ,:i* also said1   
,ye m5 ( ,galilee1 :y /& ye  gaz+ up    
into heav58  ,?is same ,jesus1 :i* is   
tak5 up f y into  heav51 %all s come 9 l
 mann] z ye h se5 him g into heav54  ,!n
 return$ !y unto ,j]usalem f ! m\nt     
call$ ,olivet1 :i* is  f ,j]usalem a    
sabba? day's j\rney4      ,,ix  ,/4     
,paul's acc\nt ( our ,"l's ,reappe>ances
                               7,i4     
,cor9?ians xv4 #c-h7    ,= ,i deliv]$   
unto y fir/ ( all t :i* ,i also receiv$1
 h[  t ,*ri/ di$ = our s9s accord+ to ! 
scriptures2 & t he  0 buri$1 & t he rose
 aga9 ! ?ird day accord+ to !           
scriptures3 & t he 0 se5 ( ,cephas1 !n (
 ! twelve2 aft]  t he 0 se5 ( above five
 hundr$ bre?r5 at once2 ( :om !  great] 

"p rema9 unto ?is pres5t1 b "s are fall5
 asleep4  ,aft]  t1 he 0 se5 ( ,james3  
!n ( all ! apo/les4  ,& la/ ( all he  0 
se5 ( me also z ( "o born out ( due "t4 
,,footnotes      #hb  ,x %\ld be borne 9
 m9d t ?is passage 0 writt5 five or  six
 ye>s ago1 be=e ! comm5cem5t ( !        
,franco-,prussian w>1 ,:at  w\ld my     
bro!r h said _h he be5 able to compreh5d
 ! ev5ts (  #ahgj & #ahga8--,w4 ,b4 ,o4 
#ada  ,?is pamphlet 0 by ,butl] himself4
    #aeh;a  ,see ,biog4 ,britann4       
#aeh;b  ,middleton's ,reflections answ]$
 by ,b5son4  ,hi/4 ,*ri/1 vol4  iii41 p4
 #ej4    #aei;a  ,l>dn]1 "p ,i41 vol4   
ii41 p4 #ace et seq4    #aei;b  ,ibid41 
"p ,i41 vol4 ii41 p4 #gdb4