,,! ,,spani% ,,s]ies ,,sculpture ,,9 ,,spa9 ,,! ,,spani% ,,s]ies ,,edit$ ,,by ,,alb]t ,f4 ,,calv]t ,,tol$o ,,madrid ,,seville ,,murillo ,,cordova ,,el ,,greco ,,velazquez ,,! ,,prado ,,! ,,escorial ,,sculpture ,,9 ,,spa9 ,,val5cia ,,& ,,murcia ,,royal ,,palaces ,,( ,,spa9 ,,spani% ,,arms ,,& ,,arm\r ,,leon1 ,,burgos ,,& ,,salamanca ,,catalonia ,,& ,,bale>ic ,,isl&s ,,valladolid1 ,,ovi$o1 ,,segovia1 ,,zamora1 ,,avila ,,& ,,z>agoza ,,sculpture ,,9 ,,spa9 33 ,,by ,,alb]t ,f4 ,,calv]t 33 33 ,,) #afb ,,illu/rations 33 ,,london3 ,,john ,,lane1 ,,! ,,bodley ,,head ,,new ,,york3 ,,john ,,lane ,,company4 ,,mcmxii ,pr9t$ by ,,ballantyne1 ,,hanson ,,co4 ,at ! ,ballantyne ,press1 ,ed9burgh ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,introduction #a ,,e>ly ,,sculpture ,,belong+ ,,to ,,! ,,native ,,ib]ian1 ,,lat91 ,,byzant9e1 ,,& ,,visigo?ic ,,p]iods #ad ,,! ,,*ur*es ,,( ,,! ,,romanesque ,,& ,,e>ly ,,go?ic ,,p]iods #be ,,! ,,sculptur$ ,,pieces ,,& ,,tombs ,,( ,,! ,,romanesque ,,& ,,e>ly ,,go?ic ,,p]iods #cg ,,! ,,alt>-,,scre5s ,,or ,,retablos ,,( ,,! ,,romanesque ,,& ,,go?ic ,,p]iods #ej ,,! ,,r5aissance1 ,,& ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,mi*ael ,,angelo ,,on ,,! ,,spani% ,,sculptors #gj ,,! ,,r5aissance1 ,,& ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,mi*ael ,,angelo 7cont9u$7--,,! ,,s*ools ,,( ,,valladolid ,,& ,,madrid #ig ,,! ,,s*ool ,,( ,,&alusia--,,juan ,,m>t9ez ,,monta,s--,,seville ,,& ,,its ,,sculptors #aag ,,! ,,disciples ,,( ,,monta,s ,,9 ,,seville #adb ,,! ,,s*ool ,,( ,,granada ,,& ,,alonso ,,cano--,,! ,,decl9e ,,( ,,sculpture--,,francisco ,,z>cello #aea ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,title ,,plate ,visigo? ,cr[ns f\nd ne> ,tol$o #a ,byzant9e ,crucifix & ! ,virg9 9 ! ,go?ic ,/yle4 ,prov9cial ,museum ( ,san ,m>cos1 ,leon #b ,wood5 ,crucifix ) :i* ! ,troops ( ! ,cid 7 h>angu$4 ,! small] ,crucifix ! ,cid c>ri$ b5ea? 8 ,arm\r4 ,salamanca ,ca!dral #c ,byzant9e ,*e/4 ,tol$o ,ca!dral #d ,roman ,/atue f\nd 9 ! ,ru9s ( ,salonica4 ,prov9cial ,museum1 ,burgos #e ,el ,santo ,cri/o1 ,burgos ,ca!dral #f ,faade ( ! ,ca!dral1 ,santiago de ,compo/ella #g ,portico ( ,la ,gloria1 ,santiago de ,compo/ella ,ca!dral #h ,detail ( ,c>v+s ( ! ,portico ( ,la ,gloria1 ,santiago de ,compo/ella #i ,colegiata de ,san ,isidoro1 ,leon #aj ,sp&ril ( ,gate ( ,p>don 9 ! ,college ( ,san ,isidoro1 ,leon #aa ,two ,/atues 9 ! ,ar*ological ,museum1 ,leon #ab ,san ,vic5te1 ,avila #ac ,basilica ( ,san ,vic5te1 ,avila1 ,pr9cipal ,we/ ,entrance #ad ,zamora ,ca!dral #ae ,cloi/]s ( ,san ,pablo del ,campo1 ,b>celona #af ,cloi/]s ( ! ,mona/]y ( ,las ,huelgas1 ,burgos #ag ,t>ragona ,ca!dral #ah ,portal1 ,t>ragona ,ca!dral #ai ,burgos ,ca!dral #bj ,tol$o ,ca!dral #ba ,leon ,ca!dral #bb ,detail ( ! ,*oir ,/alls1 ,leon ,ca!dral #bc ,detail ( ! ,*oir ,/alls1 ,leon ,ca!dral #bd ,/4 ,m>y ,magdal5e & ,santo ,dom+o 7,*oir ,/alls71 ,leon ,ca!dral #be ,san ,cel$onio & ,san ,e/eban 7,*oir ,/alls71 ,leon ,ca!dral #bf ,noah1 & ,adam & ,eve 7,*oir ,/alls71 ,leon ,ca!dral #bg ,samson 7,*oir ,/alls71 ,leon ,ca!dral #bh ,esau 7,*oir ,/alls71 ,leon ,ca!dral #bi ,detail ( ,portico1 ,santiago de ,compo/ella #cj ,san ,francisco4 ,san ,m>cos ,museum1 ,leon #ca ,v>i\s ,/atues f ! ,cross ,aisle1 ,leon ,ca!dral #cb ,our ,lady del ,=o & ! ,(f]+s ( ! ,k+s1 ,cloi/]s1 ,leon ,ca!dral #cc ,a ,sepul*re 9 ! ,conv5t ( ,las ,huelgas1 ,burgos #cd ,sepul*res 9 ! ,old ,ca!dral1 ,salamanca #ce ,/atues ( ! ,portico1 ,t>ragona ,ca!dral #cf ,pu]ta ,alta de la ,coron]ia1 ,burgos ,ca!dral #cg ,! ,cloi/] ,gate1 ,burgos ,ca!dral #ch ,! ,cloi/]s1 ,burgos ,ca!dral #ci ,detail ( ! ,cloi/]s1 ,burgos ,ca!dral #dj ,detail ( ! ,cloi/]s1 ,burgos ,ca!dral #da ,a ,sepul*re1 ,las ,huelgas1 ,burgos #db ,sepul*re ( ,ar*bi%op ,maurice1 ! ,f\nd] ( ! ,ca!dral1 ,burgos #dc ,sepul*re ( ,ar*bi%op ,maurice1 ! ,f\nd] ( ! ,ca!dral1 ,burgos #dd ,sepul*re ( ! ,infanta ,da ,b]5guela1 ,daught] ( ,san ,f]n&o1 ,mona/]y ( ,las ,huelgas1 ,burgos #de ,tomb ( ,jaime de ,aragon1 ,t>ragona ,ca!dral #df ,sepul*re ( ,m>t91 ,fir/ ,bi%op ( ,leon1 ,leon ,ca!dral #dg ,sepul*re ( ,don ,ordoo ,,ii41 ,leon ,ca!dral #dh ,sepul*re ( ! ,m>tyrs1 ,basilica de ,san ,vic5te1 ,avila #di ,sepul*re ( ,ar*bi%op ,lopez de ,luna1 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,la ,seo1 ,z>agoza #ej ,our ,lady la ,mayor1 ,/atue ( ,silv]1 ,burgos ,ca!dral #ea ,/atue ( ,our ,lady de la ,vega1 ,salamanca #eb ,/atue ( ,our ,lady de la ,blanca1 9 ! ,pr9cipal ,por*1 ,leon ,ca!dral #ec ,/4 ,mi*ael ,slay+ ! ,devil4 ,silv] ,/atue by ,juan de ,arf4 ,prov9cial ,museum1 ,salamanca #ed ,dipty* 9 ! ,cam>9 ( ,santa ,t]esa1 ,escorial #ee ,detail ( ! ,alt>-scre5 ( ! ,capilla de ,santiago1 ,tol$o ,ca!dral #ef ,alt>-scre5 9 ! ,capilla de ,santiago1 ,tol$o ,ca!dral #eg ,*apel ( ,santiago1 conta9+ ! ,sepul*res ( ,don ,alv>o de ,luna & t ( 8 ,wife1 ,da ,juana1 ,tol$o ,ca!dral #eh ,detail ( ! ,alt>-piece 9 ! ,capilla de la ,tr9idad1 ,tol$o #ei ,alt>-piece ,c>v$ 9 ,wood1 end ( ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 ,valladolid ,museum #fj ,c5tre ( a ,wood5 ,alt>-piece1 end ( ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 ,valladolid ,museum #fa ,*apel ( ,/4 ,anne1 ,burgos ,ca!dral #fb ,details ( ! ,alt>-,piece 9 ! ,*apel ( ,/4 ,anne1 ,burgos ,ca!dral #fc ,sepul*re ( ,don ,juan ,,ii4 & ,da ,isabel1 ,la ,c>tuja1 ,burgos #fd ,sepul*re ( ,don ,juan ,,ii4 & ,da ,isabel1 ,la ,c>tuja1 ,burgos #fe ,detail ( ! ,sepul*re ( ,don ,juan ,,ii4 & ,da ,isabel1 ,la ,c>tuja1 ,burgos #ff ,sepul*re ( ,infante ,don ,alonso1 son ( ,isabella ,i41 ,la ,c>tuja1 ,burgos #fg ,sepul*re ( ,don ,juan de ,padella4 ,prov9cial ,museum1 ,burgos #fh ,high ,alt>1 ,la ,c>tuja1 ,burgos #fi ,detail ( ! ,high ,alt>1 ,la ,c>tuja1 ,burgos #gj ,detail ( ! ,high ,alt>1 ,la ,c>tuja1 ,burgos #ga ,*oir ,/alls1 ,la ,c>tuja1 ,burgos #gb ,high ,alt>1 ,santa ,gadea del ,cid1 ,burgos #gc ,high ,alt> ( ! ,*ur* ( ,our ,lady del ,pil>1 ,z>agoza #gd ,bas-relief 9 ! ,alt>-piece1 ,*apel ,royal1 ,granada #ge ,detail ( ! ,sepul*re ( ! ,ca?olic ,sov]eigns1 ,royal ,*apel1 ,granada #gf ,sepul*re ( ! ,infante ,juan1 only ,son ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 ,*ur* ( ,santo ,toms1 ,avila #gg ,c>v+s ( ! ,pr9cipal ,*apel1 by ,borgoa1 ,burgos ,ca!dral #gh ,back ,"p ( ! ,high ,alt>1 ,burgos ,ca!dral #gi ,tras-,sagr>io1 by ,felipe de ,borgoa1 ,burgos ,ca!dral #hj ,tras-,sagr>io1 by ,felipe de ,borgoa1 ,burgos ,ca!dral #ha ,upp] ,"p ( ! ,*oir ,/alls1 ,c>v$ by ,b]ruguete & ,borgoa1 ,tol$o ,ca!dral #hb ,upp] ,"p ( ! ,*oir ,/alls1 ,c>v$ by ,b]ruguete & ,borgoa1 ,tol$o ,ca!dral #hc ,upp] ,"p ( ! ,*oir ,/alls1 ,c>v$ by ,b]ruguete & ,borgoa1 ,tol$o ,ca!dral #hd ,upp] ,"p ( ! ,*oir ,/alls1 ,c>v$ by ,b]ruguete & ,borgoa1 ,tol$o ,ca!dral #he ,upp] ,"p ( ! ,*oir ,/alls1 ,c>v$ by ,b]ruguete & ,borgoa1 ,tol$o ,ca!dral #hf ,upp] ,"p ( ! ,*oir ,/alls1 ,c>v$ by ,b]ruguete & ,borgoa1 ,tol$o ,ca!dral #hg ,upp] ,"p ( ! ,*oir ,/alls1 ,c>v$ by ,b]ruguete & ,borgoa1 ,tol$o ,ca!dral #hh ,details ( ! ,*oir ,/alls3 ,reconque/ ( ,granada by ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 ,tol$o ,ca!dral #hi ,detail ( ! ,*oir ,/alls3 ,reconque/ ( ,granada by ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 ,tol$o ,ca!dral #ij ,detail ( ! ,*oir ,/alls3 ,reconque/ ( ,granada by ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 ,tol$o ,ca!dral #ia ,detail ( ! ,*oir ,/alls3 ,reconque/ ( ,granada by ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 ,tol$o ,ca!dral #ib ,detail ( ! ,*oir ,/alls3 ,reconque/ ( ,granada by ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 ,tol$o ,ca!dral #ic ,detail ( ! ,*oir ,/alls3 ,reconque/ ( ,granada by ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 ,tol$o ,ca!dral #id ,detail ( ! ,*oir ,/alls3 ,reconque/ ( ,granada by ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 ,tol$o ,ca!dral #ie ,detail ( ! ,*oir ,/alls3 ,reconque/ ( ,granada by ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 ,tol$o ,ca!dral #if ,detail ( ! ,*oir ,/alls3 ,reconque/ ( ,granada by ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 ,tol$o ,ca!dral #ig ,detail ( ! ,*oir ,/alls3 ,reconque/ ( ,granada by ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 ,tol$o ,ca!dral #ih ,detail ( ! ,high ,alt>1 ,*apel ( ! 8,conde/able10 ,burgos ,ca!dral #ii ,alt>-piece1 by ,f4 de ,borgoa1 9 ! ,royal ,*apel1 ,granada #ajj ,detail ( ,alt>-scre51 ,granada3 ,k+ ,f]d9& ! ,ca?olic #aja ,detail ( ,alt>-scre51 ,granada3 ,que5 ,isabel ! ,ca?olic #ajb ,boabdil giv+ up ! ,keys ( ,granada to ! ,ca?olic ,sov]eigns4 ,fragm5t ( ! ,alt>-piece 9 ! ,royal ,*apel1 ,granada #ajc ,*oir ,/alls ( ,san ,b5ito1 ,valladolid #ajd ,back ( a ,*oir ,/all4 ,valladolid ,museum #aje ,fragm5ts ( ,*oir ,/alls4 ,valladolid ,museum #ajf ,sev]al ,fragm5ts ( ,*oir ,/alls4 ,valladolid ,museum #ajg ,fragm5ts ( ,*oir ,/alls1 by ,&rs de ,naj]a4 ,valladolid ,museum #ajh ,/alls ( ,san ,b5ito1 by ,&rs de ,naj]a1 ,valladolid #aji ,/alls ( ,san ,b5ito1 by ,&rs de ,naj]a1 ,valladolid #aaj ,/alls ( ,san ,b5ito1 by ,&rs de ,naj]a1 ,valladolid #aaa ,wood5 ,panels1 ,murcia ,ca!dral #aab ,abraham's ,sacrifice & ,/4 ,seba/ian1 by ,b]ruguete4 ,valladolid ,museum #aac ,sepul*re ( ,ar*bi%op ,tav]a1 by ,alonso ,b]ruguete1 ,hospital de ,afu]a1 ,tol$o #aad ,sepul*re1 by ,b]ruguete1 ,san ,j]onimo1 ,granada #aae ,/atue ( ,/4 ,secundus1 by ,b]ruguete1 ,*ur* ( ,san ,secundo1 ,avila #aaf ,san ,b5ito4 ,valladolid ,museum #aag ,! ,transept1 ,ca!dral ( ,la ,seo1 ,z>agoza #aah ,sepul*re ( ! ,m>ques de ,vill5a & ,retablo 9 ! ,mona/]y del ,p>ral1 ,segovia #aai ,cu/odia1 by ,juan ,arf1 ,avila ,ca!dral #abj ,/atue ( ,don ,cri/obal de ,rojas y ,s&oval1 ,*ur* ( ,san ,p$ro de ,l]ma1 ,burgos #aba ,detail ( ! ,/atue #abb ,/4 ,j]ome1 by ,casp> de ,bec]ra1 ,burgos ,ca!dral #abc ,alt>-scre51 by ,juan de ,juni1 ,segovia ,ca!dral #abd ,*ri/ 9 ! ,tomb1 by ,juan de ,juni4 ,valladolid ,museum #abe ,piet1 by ,h]n&ez4 ,valladolid ,museum #abf ,! ,baptism ( ,our ,"l1 by ,h]n&ez4 ,valladolid ,museum #abg ,/4 ,francis1 by ,h]n&ez4 ,valladolid ,museum #abh ,! ,crucifixion1 by ,gregorio ,h]n&ez1 ,*apel ( ! ex-mona/ic ,*ur* ( 8,conjo10 ,santiago #abi ,our ,lady ( ,sorr[s1 ,*ur* ( 8,conjo10 ,santiago #acj ,la ,dolorosa1 by ,salvador ,c>mona1 ,salamanca ,ca!dral #aca ,flagellation ( ,*ri/1 by ,salvador ,c>mona1 ,salamanca ,ca!dral #acb ,head ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,valladolid ,museum #acc ,high ,alt>1 ,seville ,ca!dral #acd ,oratory & ,scre5 ( ,isabella la ,catolica1 ,seville #ace ,pu]ta del ,p]don1 ,seville ,ca!dral #acf ,virg9 & ,*ild1 by ,p4 ,torrigiano4 ,seville ,museum #acg ,/4 ,j]ome1 by ,torrigiano4 ,seville ,museum #ach ,/atue ( ,fai?1 ,top ( ,giralda ,t[]1 ,seville #aci ,/4 ,ignatius ,loyola1 by ,montas4 ,univ]sity ,*apel1 ,seville #adj ,/4 ,francis ,xavi]1 by ,montas4 ,univ]sity ,*apel1 ,seville #ada ,our ,"l ,crucifi$1 by ,montas4 ,! ,sacri/y1 ,seville ,ca!dral #adb ,! ,immaculate ,conception1 by ,montas4 ,univ]sity ,*apel1 ,seville #adc ,! ,immaculate ,conception1 by ,montas1 ,seville ,ca!dral #add ,/4 ,bruno1 by ,j4 ,montas4 ,seville ,museum #ade ,our ,lady de las ,cuevas & ,*ild1 by ,montas4 ,seville ,museum #adf ,/4 ,bruno1 by ,montas1 ,cadiz ,ca!dral #adg ,ju/ice1 by ,solis4 ,seville ,museum #adh ,! ,conception ( ! ,virg91 by ,m>t9ez1 ,seville ,ca!dral #adi ,! ,crucifixion1 at ,triana1 ,seville #aej ,our ,"l1 ,sculpture 9 ,wood1 ,hospital de la ,c>idad1 ,seville #aea ,high ,alt> 9 ! ,*apel1 ,hospital de la ,c>idad1 ,seville #aeb ,our ,lady ( ,sorr[s1 by ,luisa ,roldan1 ,cadiz ,ca!dral #aec ,head ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 ,granada #aed ,head ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 ,granada #aee ,head ( ,john ! ,bapti/ #aef ,/atue ( ,/4 ,bruno1 9 ! ,*>treuse de ,miraflores1 ,burgos #aeg ,/4 ,bruno1 by ,alonso ,cano1 9 ! ,c>tuja1 ,granada #aeh ,/atue ( ! ,magdal5e1 =m]ly 9 ! ,c>tuja1 ,granada #aei ,/4 ,francis1 by ,p$ro de ,m5a1 ,tol$o ,ca!dral #afj ,! ,la/ ,supp]1 by ,z>cello1 ,ermita de ,jesus1 ,murcia #afa ,/4 ,v]onica1 by ,salcillo1 ,ermita de ,jesus1 ,murcia #afb ,,sculpture ,,9 ,,spa9 ,,*apt] ,i ,,introduction ,! ,spani% "* has express$ itself 9 sculpture m =cibly ?an 9 pa9t+4 ,9 no o!r c\ntry1 p]haps1 d we f9d a p ^: native ta/e = c>v+ 9 wood & /one is s deep-root$1 s ess5tially an outgr[? ( ! /rong life ( ! race4 ,to und]/& ! art ( ,spa9 y mu/ "k h] sculpture4 ,z f> back z ! prehi/oric ,ib]ian p]iod we f9d traces ( a vigor\s s*ool ( sculpture 9 ,spa91 :i*1 ?\gh bas$ on ,greek & ,asiatic s\rces1 yet atta9$ a /rik+ individuality ( its own4 ,pr(essor ,pi]re ,p>is ( ,bordeaux says ( ^! prehi/oric c>v+s t 8! figures are simple & virile1 :ile ! wom5 are di/+ui%$ by dignity ( attitude & nobility ( face1 expressive ( deep religi\s gravity40 ,! f9e/ example--a supreme type ( primitive ,ib]ian sculpture1 v fasc9at+ 9 its curi\s orig9ality--is ! ,lady ( ,el*e1 ! bu/ 9 ! ,l\vre1 :i* ,pi]re ,p>is1 9 agreem5t ) ,re9a*1 dates ab\t #ddj ,b4,c4 ,( ?is wond]ful "w ,pi]re ,p>is writes3 8,9 h] enigmatic face1 ideal & yet real1 9 h] liv+ eyes1 on h] voluptu\s lips1 on h] passive & sev]e =ehead1 are summ$ up all ! nobility & au/]ity1 ! promises & ! retic5ces1 ! *>m & ! my/]y ( woman4444 ,%e is above all ,spani%1 n only by ! mitre & ! great :eels t frame h] delicate face1 b by ! di/urb+ /rang5ess ( h] beauty4 ,%e is inde$ m ?an ,spani%3 %e is ,spa9 itself1 ,ib]ia aris+ /ill radiant ) y\? f ! tomb 9 :i* %e has be5 buri$ = m ?an tw5ty c5turies40,a ,?is is true4 ,sculpture has always be5 ! mo/ g5u9ely ,spani% ( ! arts4 ,! ,visigo?s 7 attract$ to sculpture2 & ?\gh _m ( ! cr$it$ examples !y 7 suppos$ to h left _c be accept$1 !re are a few ,visigo?ic c>v+s1 :i* be> witness to ?is pr$om9ant expression ( "*4 ,belong+ to a lat] date we f9d a surpris+ weal? ( c>v+ 9 wood & /one scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ,spa9 9 ! ca!drals1 *ur*es1 cloi/]s1 & palaces4 ,!re is no t[n 9 ,spa9 :i* does n possess "s sculptur$ works4 ,spa9 has giv5 to ! _w few great sculptors2 none ( h] c>v]s /& on q ! high level ( h] mo/ fam\s pa9t]s4 ,yet1 if we except ! great names ( ,el ,greco1 ,rib]a1 ,velazquez1 & ,goya1 h] sculptors are at lea/ equal 9 m]it ) h] pa9t]s4 ,damian ,=m5t1 ,b]ruguete1 ,gregorio ,h]n&ez1 ,juan de ,juni1 ,p$ro ,millan1 ,montas1 ,alonso ,cano1 ,roldan1 ,m5a1 z well z o!rs1 are wor?y to take a high place 9 ! temple ( ,spani% art4 ,& a fact ( ev5 great] importance3 !y h impress$ ^u _! "w ! national "* 9 a f> /rong] degree ?an any ( ! contempor>y pa9t]s4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t _m ( ^! sculptors 7 also pa9t]s2 &1 9 all cases1 _! c>v+s are m di/9ctly ,spani% ?an _! pa9t+s4 ,almo/ entirely sculpture escap$ f ! sl\gh ( neo-,italian imitation1 :i* did s mu* to ru9 pa9t+ 9 ! late fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies4 ,spani% sculpture is f9ely reali/ic & imag9ative4 ,sometimes fanta/ic to extravagance 9 its naturalness1 x is always vigor\s1 romantic1 & religi\s 9 ! highe/ degree4 ,h[ is x1 !n1 t sculpture is ! bran* ( ! national art lea/ kn[n beyond ! b\nds ( ! c\ntry8 ,r>e inde$ are ! writ]s :o h made a /udy ( ,spani% sculpture4 ,a few good articles on ! subject h appe>$ 9 ,france & 9 ,g]many2 9 ,engl& none4 ,ev5 9 ,spa9 a q inadequate att5tion has be5 giv5 to ?is mo/ important bran* ( ! national art4 ,!re are1 x is true1 sev]al excell5t monographs1 su* z ! works ( ,d4 ,jos ,ge/oso y ,p]ez on ,p$ro ,millan1 & t ( ,d4 ,manuel ,s]rano y ,ortega on ,montas4 ,!n !re is ! v int]e/+ /udy by ,d4 ,jos ,m>ti y ,monso on ! arti/s ( ,valladolid4 ,b ^! writ+s 7 limit$ to "o arti/1 or to ! works ( "o prov9ce4 ,until rec5tly !re 0 no "w treat+ ( ,spani% sculpture z a :ole1 except ! ,diccion>io ( ,cean ,b]mudez1 a book v excell5t1 b n free f error1 & = ! mo/ "p unimportant 9 its critical e/imates4 ,l mo/ ,spani% writ]s1 ,b]mudez praises "w because x belongs to 8 own c\ntry1 r ?an because ( its true arti/ic wor?4 ,x is well t ?is indiff]5ce is at an end4 ,a critical /udy ( ,spani% c>v+s1 entitl$ ,la ,/atuaire ,poly*rome en ,espagne1 f9ely illu/rat$ ) beautiful examples ( ! be/ c>v+s 9 ! ,p59sula1 has n[ be5 writt5 by ,m4 ,m>cel ,dieulafoy4 ,! book 0 publi%$ 9 ,p>is 9 #aijh4 ,we w\ld take ?is opportunity ( gratefully ackn[l$g+ ! help we h ga9$ f ?is excell5t "w4 ,b ! "q rema9s unansw]$ :y ! c>v+s ( ,spa9 h be5 treat$ ) su* a want ( int]e/4 ,to f9d ! answ] x w be necess>y to consid] briefly ! circum/ances :i* det]m9$ ! special "* ( ,spani% sculpture4 ,almo/ )\t exception /atu>y 0 execut$ = ! religi\s uses ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,images 7 ne$$ to increase ! pi\s f]v\r ( ! populace2 !y 7 us$ z alt> decorations 9 ! *ur*es2 (t5 !y 7 c>ri$ 9 ! religi\s processions2 & _m ( !m 7 cr$it$ ) miracle-work+ p[]s4 ,! "o ?+ necess>y = a ,spani% /atue 0 t x %\ld be an exact imitation ( life2 ! m reali/ic ! illusion ! great] 0 ! p[] ( ! /atue to fulfil ! requirem5ts ( ! ,*ur*4 ,x w readily be se5 t m>ble--! sub/ance mo/ fitt+ = ! arti/ic r5d]+ ( =m--w\ld n comply ) ^! dem&s4 ,?us 9 ,spa9 ! classic m>ble 0 disc>d$1 :ile wood & pla/] 7 employ$ 9 its place4 ,^! sub/ances c\ld be readily col\r$1 or ev5 cov]$ ) canvas resembl+ /one1 & !n pa9t$ to c\nt]feit life4 ,?us out ( ! religi\s requirem5ts--:i* 9 ,spa91 s mu* m ?an 9 any o!r c\ntry1 decid$ ! expression ( art--0 develop$ a natural employm5t ( multi-col\r+1 ^: pr9ciple 0 ! div]sity ( ! v>i\s mat]ials & ! use ( ! two arts ( pa9t+ & sculpture 9 ! same "w4 ,?is almo/ univ]sal use ( col\r--a relic ( v anci5t art--has really decid$ ! fate ( ,spani% sculpture4 ,= "s c5turies public ta/e 0 firmly decid$ 9 condemn+ /atue col\risation z 8an (f5ce aga9/ good ta/e40 ,x is held t ! true purpose ( sculpture is to depict =m1 & t pa9t+ an image 9 relief is b>b>\s & %[s a want ( culture1 because ! sculptor1 att5tive alone to ! beauties ( =m1 %\ld obs]ve ! limits set by ! mat]ial 9 :i* he has to "w1 & %\ld resi/ ! s$uctions ( col\r :i* belong to ! pa9t]4 ,col\r$ /atues h ev5 be5 comp>$ ) ! wax figures display$ 9 %[s4 ,!re is mu* to be said on bo? sides ( ! "q4 ,we %all n "h try to answ] x1 = to d s w\ld be to anticipate all t we hope to e/abli% ( ! beauty ( ! poly*rome /atu>y ( ,spa94 ,r we w\ld ask ! read] to look n[ at ! illu/rations at ! end ( ?is volume4 ,great works are ! only answ] t c sil5ce criticism4 ,^? :o h condemn$ poly*rome sculpture h1 almo/ )\t exception1 in/anc$ its wor/ examples4 ,?is is absurd2 x is l giv+ a judgm5t ( pa9t+ by ! pictures exhibit$ ea* ye> 9 ! ,royal ,academy ( ,london4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t poly*rome /atu>y is a v anci5t art2 moreov]1 x is a p]fectly natural & spontane\s developm5t1 gr[+ out ( ! ne$ = int5sifi$ expression4 ,x 0 n an arbitr>y practice adopt$ z 8a trick ( ! trade40 ,?is is important4 ,^? :o d5y ! use ( col\r to ! sculptor h tri$ to prove t among ! ,greeks sculpture 0 ant]ior to pa9t+1 & t 9 ! case ( c]ta9 /atues :i* we f9d col\r$ ! pa9t+ 0 an injury add$ at a lat] date4 ,?is is entirely errone\s1 z ,m4 ,m>cel ,dieulafoy proves by ref]r+ to ! rec5t excavations made 9 ,greece & ,italy4 ,! mo/ anci5t ( ! /atues c>v$ by ! ,greeks 7 ^? on :i* pigm5ts 7 us$4 ,c>v$ out ( wood1 :i* l5t itself readily to encru/ations ( bronze1 ivory1 & preci\s /ones1 z well z ( col\r1 ! figures 7 enri*$ 9 ?is way to give !m a clos] relation to life4 ,su* 0 ! bas-relief at ,olympia 9 ! ,treasury ( ! ,meg>ians1 :i* repres5ts a combat betwe5 ,h]akles & ,a*eloss1 :]e ! figures are c>v$ out ( c$>-wood ri*ly embelli%$ ) gold2 or ! gr\p ( ! ,dioscuri1 attribut$ by ,pausanias to ,dpo9os & ,skyllis1 :]e aga9 ! figures 7 enri*$ ) films ( ebony & ( ivory plac$ ^u ! wood4 ,:5 wood gave way to m>ble & bronze1 sculptors /ill cont9u$ ! use ( encru/ation2 especially a pa/e ( glass 0 us$ to =m ! eyes ( ! figures4 ,(t5 we f9d a gild$ or silv] necklace add$4 ,bronz]s t9t$ _! /atues1 & 9 ?is way bronze _h ! aspect ( col\r4 ,silv] 0 l>gely us$4 ,a v int]e/+ example is furni%$ by ,silam9 ( ,a!ns1 :o1 wi%+ to repres5t ,joca/a 9 h] la/ h\r1 silv]$ ! face s skilfully z to give x ! pallor ( dea?4 ,( ev5 great] int]e/ is a small bas-relief 9 ! ,/4 ,angelo ,collection 9 ! ,museum ( ,naples4 ,x repres5ts a maid5 dress$ 9 a d\ble robe1 ! "u "o pale gre51 ! out] "o rose-col\r$4 ,%e we>s besides an upp] g>m5t ( a d>k] col\r & a :ite fi*u bord]$ ) r$4 ,we f9d ?is cu/om ( multi-col\r+ 9 ! "w ( ! greate/ ma/]s4 ,we "k t ,phidias made use ( gems & gold to height5 ! beauty ( 8 /atues4 ,/rabo wrote ( 8 incomp>able "w 9 ! ,temple ( ,zeus at ,olympia3 8,:at adds greatly to its success is t 8 c\s9 ! pa9t] ,panu l5t 8 tal5t 9 cov]+ c]ta9 p>ts ( ! /atue ) brilliant col\rs1 notably ! drap]ies40 ,h[ significant is ?is /atem5t to ^? :o condemn ! col\r+ ( /atu>y6 ,x is purely arbitr>y to ma9ta9 t relief & col\r may n be unit$ 9 art4 ,r we may agree ) ,m4 ,homobles :5 he decl>es t 8! ,greeks h>monis$ col\r & =m s p]fectly t = !m 9 ! six? c5tury pa9t+ 0 a flatt5$ bas-relief1 & bas-relief a pa9t+ ) ! pa/e laid on v ?ick40 ,x is ! op9ion ( ,m4 ,m>cel ,dieulafoy1 f\nd$1 z he tells u1 on rese>*es pursu$ dur+ m ?an half a c5tury1 t 8no matt] :at ! mat]ial--wood1 /one1 bronze1 m>ble1 t]ra-cotta--nor ! epo* ( production1 ! ,hell5es acc5tuat$ ) coat+s & sometimes ) col\r$ enamels ! figures 9 bas-reliefs & alto-reliefs1 unless 9 ! case ( juxtaposition ) o!r mat]ials ( diff]5t col\r40 ,?us we are br\ght to ! conclusion t ^? :o condemn z b>b>\s ! use ( col\r 9 /atu>y mu/ condemn also ! /atu>y ( ,greece4 ,nor 0 multi-col\risation conf9$ to ! ,greek sculptors4 ,x 0 a natural developm5t 9 ! art ( c>v+ 9 e c\ntry1 aris+1 z we h se51 out ( ! desire ( ! arti/ to br+ 8 "w into a clos] relation ) life4 ,! ,egyptians & ! ,*aldeans nev] limit$ !mselves to ! use ( =m 9 _! /atues & 9 _! ar*itecture1 b s\ght = ways ( r5d]+ col\r4 ,! great ,asiatic races us$ enamel z ! basis ( _! decoration4 ,"h we f9d ! orig9 ( ! multi-col\r$ sculpture ( ,babylon1 ,assyria1 & ,susa1 &1 at a lat] date1 t ( ,m$ea & ,p]sia4 ,?is art rea*$ ,byzantium--a c\ntry :i* ga9$ ! highe/ skill 9 glass mosaic--& also ,rome4 ,p]sian arti/s1 foll[+ 9 ! tra9 ( ! conqu]+ ,arabs1 br\ght ! secrets & me?ods ( _! art to _m ,european c\ntries1 & among !m to ,spa9 & ,portugal4 ,! influ5ce spread also f ,byzantium1 &1 9 a less] degree1 f ,rome1 & soon multi-col\risation 0 univ]sally adopt$1 & all /atues1 :e!r ( wood1 /one1 or copp]1 7 cov]$ ) col\r4 ,c5turies pass$ be=e a reaction set 94 ,x became a cre$ ( arti/ic fai? t ! use ( col\r to acc5tuate works 9 relief 0 b>b>\s4 ,! reason ( ! *ange is v simple4 ,_m ( ! anci5t col\r$ /atues _h lo/ _! col\r by lapse ( "t1 & ^? :o saw !m 7 deceiv$1 believ+ t z !y 7 !n1 s !y _h be5 creat$4 ,!n pictures came to be pa9t$ m frequ5tly1 & col\r 0 all[$ to !m1 :ile =m alone 0 accord$ to /atu>y4 ,b ! tradition ( poly*rome /atu>y yet p]si/$1 & at ! op5+ ( ! ,r5aissance /ill f\ght = life4 ,italy possess$ "s great /atue col\ri/s 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,we "k ( col\r$ /atues & bas-reliefs by ,donatello1 by ,m9o ( ,fiesole1 by ,pisno ( ,luca1 by della ,robbia1 & o!rs4 ,ev5 mu* lat] we f9d examples ( ! cont9u$ use ( col\r4 ,su*1 = in/ance1 are ! eque/rian /atues ( ! ducal family ( ,sabbroneta & ! gr\ps 9 ! *apels ( ! ,sacromonte at ,v>ullo4 ,x is important to rememb] t ! great ma/]s deplor$ ! ab&onm5t ( /atue col\r+1 &1 among o!rs1 ,mi*ael ,angelo wrote an in/ructive & preci\s lett] ^u ! subject4 ,col\r$ /atu>y 0 m p]si/5t 9 ! s\? ?an 9 ! nor?4 ,fl&]s1 ,g]many1 & aft]w>ds ,france 7 conv]t$ f ! cu/om4 ,yet ,jan van ,eyck collaborat$ ) ! sculptor1 z did also ,&r ,beaunevau4 ,! life-size /atues :i* decorate ! ,*teau ( ,madrid built = ,francis ,i41 & ^? 9 ! ,t\l\se ,museum1 tak5 f ! ,basilica ( ,/4 ,s]m91 prove t col\r$ /atu>y /ill p]si/$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,^! la/ figures are ( special int]e/ f _! analogy ) ,spani% poly*rome /atu>y4 ,x 0 9 ,spa9 t ! art ( poly*rome liv$ & develop$4 ,! f9e/ ( h] col\r$ /atues 7 wr\ght 9 ! sixte5?1 sev5te5?1 & also 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5turies1 a p]iod :5 ! practice 0 dead 9 almo/ all o!r c\ntries4 ,= ?is reason1 ev5 if = no o!r1 ,spani% c>v+s claim ! att5tion ( ! /ud5t ( art4 ,!y are ! cr[n ( :at has be5 a*iev$ by e>li] civilisations4 ,:at 0 x t kept ,spa9 alone fai?ful to ! old me?od ( us+ col\r z well z =m to give life to h] /atues8 ,fir/1 a respect = tradition :i* has m>k$ all ?+s 9 ?is /rong & /ubborn race4 ,!n ! ,spani% c>v]s 7 9 v close connection ) ,mudj> ar*itecture1 :i* 0 closely alli$ ) ! art ( ,p]sia1 9 :i* col\r rul$ ) su* supreme insi/5ce1 & ^: :ole /r5g? lay 9 ornam5tation4 ,b deep] ev5 ?an ^! out] reasons 0 ! ,spani% "*1 :i* express$ itself 9 _! alt> c>v+s & 9 _! /atues4 ,! "o ?+ ! ,spani% arti/ s\ght = fir/ 0 ! reality ( life2 & ?is life 0 religi\s life1 = 9 ,spa9 ! div9e life 0 n sep>ate--a ?+ deta*$--b a real liv+ "p ( ! human daily life ( ! p4 ,! pa9t$ /atues 7 at once m life-l & spoke a m real language to ! p1 ?an figures *isell$ 9 :ite /one4 ,! /atu>y ( ,spa9 0 n wr\ght1 9 ! fir/ place1 to fulfil claims ( art1 b to satisfy ! ne$s ( ! p4 ,x is /ill 9 ! conv5ts & *ur*es ( ,spa9--n 9 ! museums1 if we except ! museums ( ,valladolid & ,seville--t ! ma/]pieces ( poly*rome /atu>y rema94 ,x is !re t we mu/ seek !m4,b ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,e>ly ,,sculpture ,,belong+ ,,to ,,! ,,native ,,ib]ian1 ,,lat91 ,,byzant9e1 ,,& ,,visigo?ic ,,p]iods ,! beg9n+s ( sculpture 9 ,spa9 take u back to ! middle ye>s ( ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,x is to ?is date1 ab\t #ddj ,b4,c41 t ! beautiful sculptur$ bu/ ( ! ,lady ( ,el*e belongs4 ,! figure 0 discov]$ 9 ,augu/ #ahig at ,el*e1 "o ( ! mo/ anci5t & int]e/+ ( ! old t[ns ( ,spa94 ,situat$ 9 ! beautiful rav9e ( ! ,v9alap1 twelve miles di/ant f ,alicante1 ,el*e /ill reta9s almo/ unalt]$ its ,arab "*4 ,x 0 ! ,roman ,ilice1 & probably ! ,ib]ian ,helike1 :]e ,hamilc> 0 defeat$4 ,! t[n is especially =tunate 9 hav+ possess$ ?is treasure1 :i* speaks s spl5didly ( ! p[] & /r5g? ( ,spa9's anci5t art4 ,?is is ! e>lie/ & by f> ! mo/ important ( ! antique /atues ( ,spa9--! "o supreme example ( primitive ,ib]ian "w4 ,b alas6 ! ,lady ( ,el*e has be5 tak5 out ( ,spa9 & is n[ 9 ! ,l\vre at ,p>is4 ,x is a /one bu/ ( a woman ( life size4 ,! lips & "p ( ! hair /ill reta9 traces ( r$ col\r4 ,! expressive face1 delicate & yet /rong1 has suff]$ little4 ,%e we>s enorm\s e> p5dants ( ,ori5tal /yle1 & two great :eels frame h] head4 ,ar\nd h] neck hangs a ,greco-,phnician necklace1 su* z wom5 wore f ! "t ( ! ,peloponnesian ,w>4 ,x is ?is t fixes ! date ( ! /atue4 ,x w\ld seem to be ! "w ( a native arti/ :o 0 "u ! comb9$ influ5ces ( ,greece & ,phnicia4 ,only a ,spani% arti/ c\ld h ?us immortalis$ ! "* ( ,spani% womanhood4 ,inde$ x is ?is special ,spani% quality :i* is ! mo/ int]e/+ feature ( ?is rem>kable "w4 ,mr4 ,havelock ,ellis has po9t$ out ! resemblance :i* ! ,lady ( ,el*e be>s to ,velazquez' 8,woman ) ! ,fan40 ,& ?is is no fanciful idea4 ,!re is a /range lik5ess 9 all ,spani% art--a lik5ess :i* is at once its /r5g? & also its weakness1 & :i* may be trac$ to ! /rong & p]si/5t "* ( ?is race t has alt]$ s little 9 ! pass+ ( ! c5turies4 ,x is ?is m>k$ individuality t speaks ev5 m /rongly 9 ,spani% sculpture ?an 9 ,spani% pa9t+4 ,! ,lady ( ,el*e /&s = all t is ,spa94 ,ap>t f ! ,lady ( ,el*e no important s+le example ( ,ib]ian art rema9s to u4 ,/atues h be5 f\nd1 su* z ! ,cirro de los ,santos & ! ,llano de la ,consolacion1 :i* c]ta9ly 7 pa9t$4 ,m4 ,m>cel ,dieulafoy believes t ?is 0 also ! case ) ! /atue ( a bull fac+ a be>d$ man1 9 ! ,museum ( ,val5cia2 t ( ! griff9 & ! an?ropoid s>cophagus at ,cadiz2 & ! int]e/+ heads ( bulls 9 bronze1 f\nd at ,co/ig1 ,majorca1 :i* be> "s resemblance to ! ,susian bulls & ,grecian bronzes1 &1 l !m1 h "s p>ts gild$4 ,!n x w n d to neglect ! /range /one figures ( bulls scatt]$ 9 diff]5t places 9 ,spa9 & ,portugal1 "o f9e example be+ 9 ! squ>e ( ,avila4 ,little is kn[n z to ! orig9 & purpose ( ^! rem>kable examples ( ,ib]ian art1 b "s /ill be> traces ( v]milion col\r+4 ,! exi/5ce ( ^! works1 z well z _m o!r notable fragm5ts 9 diff]5t *ur*es 9 ,spa91 prove at lea/ t ! native ,ib]ian c>v] _h atta9$ a skill c]ta9ly rem>kable at ?is e>ly date4 ,b !n foll[$1 z is s (t5 ! case1 a long night1 ( :i* no?+ ( special int]e/ is kn[n4 ,! ,roman sculptures1 :i* foll[ *ronologically ^? ( ! ,ib]ian epo*1 are n rem>kable 9 any way4 ,!y d n reveal any special "*4 ,!re are few sculptures left :i* c ) any c]ta9ty be ref]r$ to ! ,visigo?ic p]iod4 ,! fragm5ts discov]$ at ,san ,romano de ,hornija1 at ,tol$o1 & at ,seville1 ?\gh !y be> ve/iges ( ,visigo?ic workman%ip1 belong 9 reality to ! ,*ri/ian p]iod4 ,x w\ld seem t ! ,visigo?s = ! mo/ "p limit$ _! "w to re/or+ ! ,roman build+s & adapt+ !m = ,*ri/ian uses4 ,! ornam5tation :i* !y (t5 add$ is usually ( ,byzant9e orig91 an influ5ce rea*+ ,spa9 ?r\gh ,france4 ,yet ! sumptu\s "* ( _! art is %[n 9 ! only important works ( ?is p]iod :i* rema93 ! spl5did votive cr[ns ( ,k+s ,reccesw9? & ,sw5?ila1 f\nd 9 #aheh at ,gu>raza1 ne> ,tol$o 7,plate #a71 & n[ 9 ! ,royal ,arm\ry1 ,madrid1 & 9 ! ,muse de ,cluny 9 ,p>is4 ,b ^! cr[ns are n ,spani% works4 ,inde$ _m c5turies sep>ate ! g5u9ely ,spani% c>v+s ( ! ,ib]ian arti/s f any "w t aga9 manife/s ! *>act]s :i* belong to ! native art4 ,x has be5 said by ,pr(essor ,c>l ,ju/i1 9 a %ort b excell5t acc\nt ( ,spani% sculpture :i* is giv5 9 ,ba$ek]'s 8,guide to ,spa910 t 8! exi/5ce ( works 9 /one c h>dly be prov$ be=e ! elev5? c5tury40 ,?is is a mi/ake4 ,! e>ly ,*ri/ian c>v+s are 9 /one2 !y mu/ be s\ght 9 ,a/urias1 ! prov9ces :i* fir/ %ook (f ! ,moori% rule4 ,9 #gia ,alfonso ,,ii41 kn[n z ! ,*a/e1 made ,ovi$o ! capital ( ! !n /ruggl+ k+dom ( ,a/urias4 ,he 0 a rul] ( ability & culture1 & sp5t all 8 "t :5 he 0 n fight+ 9 build+ bo? *ur*es & palaces4 ,on 8 return f 8 campaigns he consecrat$ ! spoils tak5 f ! enemy to embelli% 8 gr[+ city4 ,! mo/ important ( ! build+s ( ,alfonso is ! ,cm>a ,santa ( ! ca!dral1 once ! ,capilla ,san ,miguel1 :i* 0 "p ( ! orig9al *ur* ( ,alfonso1 & 0 built 9 ! eigh? c5tury by 8 ar*itect ,favila4 ,! room itself is small1 )\t ornam5t1 ro($ ) l[ b>rel vault+1 & light$ ) "o small w9d[4 ,b "h are gu>d$ ! relics 9 ! ,byzant9e-,lat9 /yle1 :i* are among ! mo/ int]e/+ examples t rema9 to u ( ! "w ( ! p]iod4 ,! ,cruz de los ,angeles1 a "w ( ! eigh? c5tury & ! gift ( ,alfonso ,,ii41 & ! ,cruz de la ,victoria1 suppos$ to h belong$ to ,pelayo1 bo? resemble v closely ! cr[ns ( ,gu>raza2 l !m1 !y are n typically ,spani% "w4 ,t ( ! ,angeles is ( filigree "w ( exquisite delicacy1 & enri*$ 9 ! c5tre ) r>e encru/$ rubies & o!r preci\s /ones2 :ile t ( ! ,victory is made ( wood1 b ,alfonso ,,iii4 _h x ov]laid ) gold & ornam5t$ ) jewels4 ,a ?ird relic1 ! ca%-box ( ,/4 ,eulalia1 has its *ief int]e/ 9 ! inscription 9 ,arabic & ,cufic *>act]s :i* surr\nds ! cov]4 ,a special hi/orical int]e/ belongs to ! relic kn[n z ! ,arca de los ,santos4 ,! cov]1 on :i* is engrav$ ! figures ( ! ,apo/les1 & ! ,lat9 inscriptions belong1 by ! "* ( ! ve/m5ts1 :i* are ^? describ$ by ,/4 ,isidore1 & by ! lett]s us$1 to ! six? or sev5? c5turies2 :ile ! ,savi\r & angels on ! box itself1 ! inscriptions 9 ,cufic lett]+1 z well z ! g5]al /yle ( reliqu>y1 h ! *>act]s :i* belong to ! ,spani% works ( ! elev5? & e>ly ye>s ( ! twelf? c5turies4 ,! explanation1 ( c\rse1 is t ! casket 0 re/or$ & its "* alt]$ at a lat] date1 & probably 9 ! reign ( ,alfonso ,,vi4 ,?is m+l+ ( diff]5t /yles & p]iods 9 "o "w ( art meets u cont9ually 9 ,spa94 ,x is due 9 l>ge measure to ! cu/om by :i* ! ,spani>ds us$ & borr[$ ! arts ( ! ,moors1 ev5 = long aft] !y _h conqu]$ !m4 ,!re are a few works 9 ! ,madrid ,ar*ological ,museum :i* are 9 ! ,lat9-,byzant9e /yle1 & %\ld be comp>$ ) ! treasure ( ! ,cm>a ,santa1 & to ! same p]iod belong o!r relics n[ 9 diff]5t *ur*es 9 ! ,p59sula4 ,9 ! reign ( ,alfonso ! ,*a/e 7 built ! *ur*es ( ,san ,tirso & ,san ,tulliano or ,julian1 :i*1 ?\gh un=tunately mu* re/or$1 may /ill be visit$ 9 ,ovi$o4 ,belong+ to an ev5 e>li] date 0 ! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,cruz de ,canjas1 :i* 0 built by ! royal ar*itect ,favila1 9 ,alfonso's reign1 & :i* 0 ! orig9al *ur* on ! ,monte ,santo1 ! site :]e ! ca!dral ( ,ovi$o n[ /&s4 ,?is *ur* 0 rebuilt by ,alfonso ,,ii4 9 #hcj1 & surr\nd$ by protect+ walls4 ,! anci5t ,spani% *ronicl]s expatiate on ! magnific5ce ( ^! build+s ( ,alfonso1 speak+ ( _! columns ( m>ble1 & weal? ( decorations ( gold & silv]4 ,d\btless !y exagg]ate2 to-day !re is v little ( int]e/ to be se5 rema9+ 9 ! edifices4 ,mu* m important are ! build+s erect$ by ,alfonso's successor1 ,ramiro ,i4 7#hdc-hej71 a k+ ( unusual culture1 :o1 9 spite ( cont9ual w>s ) ! ,moors1 f\nd "t to c>ry fur!r ! improvem5t ( ! royal city ( ,ovi$o4 ,dur+ ?is reign1 writes ,m4 ,m>cel ,dieulafoy1 8!re 0 a v]itable r5aissance ( ! pla/ic arts40 ,two ( ^! build+s t we owe to ,ramiro ,i4 are /ill 9 exi/5ce1 & ?\gh sadly neglect$ & disfigur$ by alt]ations1 !y %\ld be visit$ by all :o take an int]e/ 9 e>ly ,spani% "w4 ,!y /& toge!r on ! summit ( ! l[ m\nta9 ,n>anco1 :i* is situat$ "o & a qu>t] miles f ,ovi$o4 ,! fir/1 ! ,*ur* ( ,san ,miguel1 is a basilica ) nave & aisles4 ,we recognise 9 ! heavy pill>s ) splay$ capitals & massive polygonal bases1 z also 9 ! frequ5tly us$ cord & twi/$ fr+e1 s *>act]i/ic ( ! p]iod1 a m>k$ ,byzant9e "*4 ,_m sculptur$ subjects occur among ! foliage :i* decorates bo? ! bases & capitals ( ! columns4 ,^! heads mu/ be attribut$ ei!r to ! ,roman traditions or1 z is m likely1 to ! e>ly ,fr5* s*ools4 ,! o!r *ur* is ev5 m int]e/+4 ,santa ,m>ia de ,n>anco probably =m$ "p ( ,ramiro's palace1 b ! build+ 0 conv]t$ into a *ur* ab\t ! ye> #ije4 ,x consi/s ( a cell>-l nave1 ) waggon vault+1 op5+ by ?ree ar*es into a *oir at "o end & a presbyt]y at ! o!r4 ,bel[ is a crypt4 ,"h ! "w %[s /rong ,roman influ5ce1 & mo/ preci\s details ( ornam5t occur4 ,ano!r *ur* ( great int]e/ belong+ to ?is e>ly p]iod is t ( ,san ,p$ro 9 ! anci5t city ( ,zamora4 ,true bas-reliefs are "h introduc$ among ! leafy decorations ( ! capitals3 "o1 /ill 9 excell5t pres]vation1 repres5ts ! sacrifice ( ,isaac by ,abraham4 ,?is is v rem>kable--"o ( ^? surprises t meet ! /ud5t s (t5 9 ,spani% art--= ! ,byzant9e sculptors did n cu/om>ily use ! human figure 9 su* circum/ances4 ,?is bas-relief br+s u to ! v few ,spani% /atues ( ?is p]iod1 :5 all ! skill ( ! arti/s seems to h be5 sp5t 9 build+s4 ,!re is ! small ivory crucifix1 =m]ly pa9t$ & encru/$ ) gems1 9 ! ,museum ( ,leon 7,plate #b71 & ! crucifix ( ! ,cid1 n[ at ,salamanca 7,plate #c74 ,bo? are ,byzant9e 9 "*4 ,! little-kn[n /atue ( ! ,virg9 & ,*ild1 pres]v$ 9 ! sanctu>y ( ,uju1 is a "w ( great] int]e/4 ,! figure is n9ety-"o c5timetres 9 height1 & dates1 ,m4 ,m>cel ,dieulafoy ?9ks1 f ! elev5?1 or ev5 ! end ( ! t5? c5tury4 ,! col\r+1 & also ! primitive "* ( ! "w1 has be5 spoil$ to "s ext5t by add$ ornam5ts1 & by ! silv] ?rone on :i* ! figure n[ sits4 ,b !re is real /r5g? 9 ! face ( ! ,virg91 & m individuality ?an is common 9 ! ,byzant9e figures2 aga9 we h a h9t ( ,spani% "w4 ,figures 9 /one1 dat+ back to ! elev5? c5tury1 & e>li]1 may be f\nd on ! portals1 fonts1 & tombs ( _m ,spani% *ur*es1 especially 9 ! ,n4,w4 & 9 ! di/rict ( ! ,pyr5ees4 ,mo/ ( !m are ( b>b>ic workman%ip1 b _m are int]e/+4 ,a pa9t$ sculpture ( ! ,savi\r seat$ 9 ! act ( bless+1 9 ! ,byzant9e mann]1 0 discov]$ 9 #ahie at ,sant&]4 ,m4 ,m>cel ,dieulafoy1 :o m5tions ?is "w1 places x 9 ! t5? or ! elev5? c5tury4 ,^! few /atues1 !n1 are all t we h ( ,lat9-,byzant9e art 9 ,spa94 ,rude z ! figures und\bt$ly are1 fall+ f> bel[ ! works ( ! native ,ib]ian art :i* prec$$ !m1 x w n d to neglect !m4 ,*ri/ian ,spa9 0 convuls$ ) ceaseless w>f>es1 :i* gave little "t = ! developm5t ( ! arts4 ,native tal5t slept4 ,*ri/ian mon>*s employ$ ,moori% sculptors1 ar*itects1 decorators1 & goldsmi?s4 ,s x happ5$ t !re 0 develop$ 9 ,spa9 a sort ( pseudo-,moz>abic /yle 9 :i*1 = a "t1 ! *>act]i/ic ,spani% "w seem$ lo/4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,*ur*es ,,( ,,! ,,romanesque ,,& ,,e>ly ,,go?ic ,,p]iods ,at ! close ( ! elev5? c5tury a new & m vigor\s life sprang up 9 ! art ( ,spa94 ,! fre% impulse came f ,france2 x exp5d$ itself *iefly 9 build+4 ,x is necess>y to rememb] t ! geographical b>ri] ( ! ,pyr5ees =ms no real e?nological sep>ation betwe5 t c\ntry & ,spa92 "o & ! same ,ib]ian race dwells 9 ,gascony1 ,nav>re1 & ! ,basque prov9ces4 ,h5ce x is easy to und]/& t natural relations1 intimate & frequ5t1 grew up betwe5 ! two c\ntries4 ,m>riage alliances unit$ ! two royal families1 & ! pr9ces ( ,france cross$ ! fronti] to fight aga9/ ! ,moors 9 ,spa94 ,) !m came prie/s & monks1 m le>n$ ?an _! neighb\rs1 _m ( :om settl$ 9 ! ,p59sula4 ,9 ?is way ! influ5ce ( ! great ord]s ( ,cluny & ,citeaux spread & grew p[]ful4 ,!n foll[$ ar*itects & sculptors f ,aquita9e1 ,langu$oc1 ,t\l\se1 ,burgundy1 & ,norm&y1 to f9d "w1 & impress _! sep>ate influ5ces on ! num]\s *ur*es t at ?is "t 7 be+ built4 ,! ,romanesque ca!drals are inde$ ! direct outcome ( ,fr5* m$ivalism2 & ! figure-/atues ( ! num]\s tombs & alt>s are full ( rem9isc5ces1 s t x is difficult to di/+ui% ! native art4 ,yet 9 ! mid/ ( ^! import$ /yles we %all f9d1 d we seek !m1 ^? di/9ct traits :i* belong to ,spa94 ,x is 9 ! prov9ce ( ,a/urias t we f9d ! greate/ numb] ( ,romanesque *ur*es4 ,^! *ur*es 7 ( mod]ate size4 ,_! /yle 0 t ( ! basilica1 ) nave & aisles1 a well-m>k$ transept1 a trans-apsidal t]m9ation1 & a lant]n or dome ov] ! cross+4 ,! ro( 0 at fir/ flat1 b aft]w>ds ! nave 0 cov]$ ) b>rel vault+1 & ! aisles ) quadrant or semi-b>rel vault+4 ,! mo/ important ( ! e>ly ,romanesque *ur*es is ,santiago de ,compo/ella 7,plate #g71 :i* 0 comm5c$ & f9i%$ build+ dur+ ! twelf? c5tury4 ,x is a some:at simplifi$ copy ( ,/4 ,s]n9 at ,t\l\se1 & %[s 9 its /ructure1 z well z 9 its ornam5ts & sculptures1 v cle>ly m>k$1 ! influ5ces ( ,cluny4 ,?is expla9s ! great excell5ce ( ! c>v+s 7,plates #h & #i72 works t are surpris+ at ?is p]iod :5 s _m figures are /ill b>b>ic4 ,! admirable ,pu]ta de las ,gloria1 :i* 0 complet$ by ! c>v] ,mae/re ,mateo 9 #aahh1 aft] tw5ty ye>s' "w1 is held by ,mr4 ,/reet to be 8"o ( ! greate/ glories ( ,*ri/ian art40 ,x is a ve/ibule or por*1 divid$ into ?ree sections1 :i* ext5d across ! entire wid? ( ! nave4 ,! quadri-p>tite vault+ ( ! ro( is adorn$ ) elaborate c>v+s4 ,/ill m sumptu\s are ! c>v+s ( ! doorways2 "o1 ! d\ble doorway :i* op5s on ! nave1 has exquisitely delicate c>v+s4 ,on ! %aft divid+ ! doorway into two is a seat$ figure ( ,/4 ,james1 hold+ ! burdon or pilgrim's /aff2 :ile ! %aft itself has c>v+s ( ! ,tree ( ,jesse4 ,! %afts 9 ! jambs h figures ( ! ,apo/les & ,major-,prophets4 ,! ma9 capital above repres5ts ! ,temptation 9 ! ,g>d5 & ,angels m9i/]+ to ,*ri/4 ,at ! back ( ! middle pill> is a kneel+ figure1 suppos$ to be ! portrait ( ,mae/re ,mateo4 ,!n 9 ! tympanum is a seat$ figure ( ,our ,"l1 ) uprais$ h&s2 & r\nd ,him are ! ,evangeli/s & eight angels ) ! symbols ( ! ,passion1 :ile above are a company ( ! wor%ipp+ elect4 ,! ar*ivolt %[s figures ( ! tw5ty-f\r eld]s ( ! ,apocalypse4 ,! g5]al idea ( ! subject ( ! :ole doorway is ! ,appe>ance ( ,*ri/ at ! ,la/ ,judgm5t1 b ea* ( ! s]ies ( small pictures is 9 itself an indep5d5t "w ( art4 ,! side doorways :i* lead into ! aisles are equally ornate4 ,! %afts are adorn$ ) figures ( ! ,apo/les2 above are repres5tations ( ,purgatory & ,hell4 ,all ! figures are cle>ly pa9t$4 ,m4 ,m>cel ,dieulafoy does n ?9k1 h[ev]1 t ! tones :i* n[ %[ are ! orig9al col\rs1 b t dur+ ! re/oration 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury "s innovations occurr$4 ,! ,colegiata de ,san ,isidoro at ,leon 7,plate #aj71 an e>ly ,romanesque edifice1 resembles 9 _m respects ,santiago de ,compo/ella4 ,! actual date ( ! build+ is difficult to e/abli%4 ,x 0 f\nd$ by ,f]d9& ,i4 ( ,ca/ile 9 #ajfe z a royal mausoleum2 & ! build+ is said to conta9 ! tombs ( elev5 k+s & twelve que5s4 ,x 0 alt]$ & rebuilt by ,mae/ro ,p$ro ,vitambeu1 & 0 n consecrat$ until #aadi1 :ile ev5 !n mu* ( its decoration 0 probably incomplete4 ,"s subjects ( sculpture & ornam5tation are v analog\s to ,/4 ,s]n91 ,t\l\se4 ,! ma9 faade is decorat$ ) qua9t old reliefs 9 /one2 above ! "r portal are ! ,desc5t f ! ,cross 7,plate #aa7 & ! ,deposition 9 ! ,tomb1 ) ,/4 ,paul on ! "r h& & ,/4 ,pet] on ! left4 ,!n 9 ! tympanum ( ! left portal is a v int]e/+ ,sacrifice ( ,abraham1 plac$ "u a zodiacal frieze4 ,b p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ p>ts ( ! build+ are ! *apel & cloi/]s ( ! ea/]n aisle1 :]e ! gro9$ vaults are cov]$ ) fresco pa9t+s ( admirable effect & pres]vation4 ,! pa9t+s %[ /rongly ! influ5ce ( ,france1 curi\sly int]pret$ by ! native art4 ,c4 ,gasquo9e ,h>tley writes1 9 8,a ,record ( ,spani% ,pa9t+03 8,9 col\r & c]ta9 peculi>ities ( outl9e !y are /rongly ,fr5*1 b !y are execut$ ) a rugg$ & orig9al =ce :i* is entirely ,spani%4444 ,! ,bible n>ratives are execut$ ) a direct & almo/ brutal baldness t at once m>ks ! frescoes z ! "w ( a ,spani>d40 ,we are1 h[ev]1 *iefly int]e/$ ) _! col\risation1 :i* is v important :]e s mu* ( ! col\risation ( /atu>y has disappe>$4 ,z ,m4 ,m>cel ,dieulafoy po9ts out1 ^! frescoes give ! range ( tones usual to ?is epo* 9 ,france & 9 ,spa94 ,we f9d r$-br[n1 indigo1 yell[-o*re1 & :ite2 ! black seems to h be5 obta9$ by a mixture ( ?ree ( ^! col\rs4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ^! are ! col\rs1 & ( ab\t ! same %ade1 t we f9d us$ by ! ,p]sian arti/s 9 _! decorations4 ,san ,vic5te ( ,avila 7,plate #ac7 is ano!r admirable example ( ! ,romanesque *ur*es4 ,! nave1 ) its tri=ium & cl]e/ory1 is 9 a pure ,romanesque /yle2 :ile ! transept1 *oir1 & ?ree semicircul> apses are 9 ! ,transition /yle4 ,?\gh ! build+ 0 begun 9 ! twelf? c5tury x 0 n f9i%$ until ?ree hundr$ ye>s lat]1 & = ?is reason x %[s a m advanc$ art4 ,m4 ,m>cel ,dieulafoy holds x to be 8! mo/ beautiful specim5 & ! pure/ example ( ,burgundian ar*itecture 9 ,spa940 ,! we/ portal 7,plate #ad7 is decorat$ ) admirable /atuettes 9 t]ra-cotta1 un=tunately mu* mutilat$1 ^: /yle recalls t ( ,/4 ,l&re ( ,avallon4 ,v curi\s are ! heads ( bulls1 decorat+ ! base ( ! pila/] by :i* ! tympanum is su/a9$4 ,"h ! analogy ) ! bicephal\s capitals ( ! ,a*em5ide is v m>k$4 ,romanesque *ur*es are f\nd 9 o!r prov9ces ( ,spa94 ,"o ( ! mo/ anci5t is ,san ,p$ro ( ,huesca1 :i* 0 begun 9 ! elev5? c5tury & consecrat$ 9 #abda4 ,! *ur* is ro($ ) b>rel vault+1 & t]m9ates 9 ?ree semicircul> apses4 ,x conta9s _m sculptures *>act]i/ic ( ?is p]iod4 ,! cloi/]s ( ! ,ca!dral ( ,g]ona1 & ^? ( ! ,mona/]y ( ,santo ,dom+o at ,silos1 & ( ,san ,p$ro1 & ! *ur*es ( ,santa ,m>ia & ,santiago at ,corunna1 are additional examples ( ! same /yle4 ,! ,ca!dral ( ,zamora 7,plate #ae7 is a m important edifice4 ,?is anci5t city _h 9 succession two ,fr5* ar*bi%ops--,b]n>d & ,j]ome de ,p]igneaux4 ,x is probable t ! *ur* 0 erect$ dur+ ! episcopate ( ,j]ome1 :o di$ 9 #aabf4 ,x 0 consecrat$ 9 #aagd1 z is n[ kn[n f t date discov]$ 9 an old epitaph dur+ ! re/oration 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,?is makes impossible ! old belief t ! *ur* 0 built by ,b]n>d de ,p]igneaux4 ,m4 ,m>cel ,dieulafoy believes t x is ! "w ( an ,aquita9e ar*itect4 ,bo? ! ext]ior ( ! build+1 ) its squ>e t[]1 graceful cupolas1 ri*ly decorat$1 & ! int]ior are int]e/+1 ) a "* v r>e 9 ,spa94 ,( ! c>v+s ( ?is *ur* ,m4 ,m>cel ,dieulafoy writes3 8,f ! sculptural po9t ( view ,i w\ld signalise 9 ! portal1 ! cor9?ian columns & ni*es1 :i* bo? seem to come d[n f a monum5t ( ! decad5ce ( ! ,roman age4 ,"o w notably rem>k ! bu/s1 bezel set 9 a sort ( w9d[1 :i* has be5 se5 9 ! monum5ts ( ,roman ,gaul1 on ! nor!rn slope ( ! ,pyr5ees1 & :i* became a mo/ common feature 9 ! ar*itecture ( ! ,spani% r5aissance2 also ! laurell$ fly+-ar*1 & ! bas-relief ( ! sp&ril :i* cr[ns ! bu/s40 ,two ,romanesque *ur*es1 "o belong+ to ! same p]iod1 ! o!r to a lat] date1 ) a m advanc$ art1 are ! *ur* & f9e cloi/]s ( ,san ,pablo del ,campo ( ,b>celona 7,plate #af7 & ! ,ca!dral ( ,sigenza4 ,?is la/ *ur*1 :i* 0 begun 9 #aajb & consecrat$ 9 #aabc1 0 n complet$ until ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,x is ! mo/ important example ( ! late-,romanesque ,transition /yle4 ,san ,pablo 0 orig9ally a ,b5$ict conv5t1 erect$ 9 #iad by ,c\nt ,guit>do1 b ! build+ 0 re/or$ 9 #aaag by ,guib]to ,guit>do1 & is an excell5t specim5 ( e>ly ,catalan ar*itecture4 ,l ,san ,p$ro ( ,huesca1 x has ?ree p>allel apses4 ,! nave & transept are cov]$ ) b>rel vault+1 & above ! cross+ rises an octagonal cupola4 ,on ! *ief portal are c>v$ figures ( ,/4 ,john & ,/4 ,mat!w2 & especially int]e/+ are ! c>v$ capitals ( ! columns1 bo? ^? 9 ! *ur* itself & ev5 m ^? 9 ! cloi/]s1 :]e we f9d cusp$ ar*es 9 ! ,s>ac5ic /yle1 c\pl$ %afts1 & ri*ly decorat$ capitals4 ,9 all ! ,romanesque *ur*es ! greate/ weal? ( ! c>v]'s art is lavi%$ on ! capitals ( ! columns4 ,"h we see ,bible sc5es & purely decorative designs1 alt]nat+1 (t5 v /rangely1 ) fanta/ic mon/]s1 fables1 & sc5es f daily life4 ,almo/ all ( ^! c>v+s are truly ,spani% 9 _! s5tim5t1 ?\gh ! =eign influ5ces are always visible4 ,! ,romanesque p]iod la/$ long] 9 ,spa9 ?an 9 ,france2 we d n f9d ! ,po9t$ or ,go?ic /yle be=e ! twelf? c5tury1 :5 ! ,ci/]cian ord] introduc$ ! sev]e & noble ,burgundian type ( *ur*4 ,b _m old *ur*es1 ?\gh begun 9 ! ,romanesque p]iod1 assum$ a ,go?ic "* be=e _! completion2 we f9d ?is at ,t>ragona1 9 ! old ,ca!dral ( ,salamanca1 & 9 ^? ( ,londa & ,tudela1 z well z 9 _m o!r *ur*es4 ,9 ! ,mona/]y ( ,las ,huelgas1 ,burgos1 celebrat$ z ! *ur* :]e ,edw>d ,i4 ( ,engl& 0 knight$ by ,alonso ! ,le>n$1 ! *ur*1 dat+ f #abgi1 is 9 sev]e ,go?ic /yle2 ! cloi/]s1 too1 are ,go?ic1 b 9 ! e>li] ,clau/reo 7,plate #ag7 !re are f9e ,romanesque capitals & ar*es4 ,aga91 ! old] & less-kn[n ,ci/]cian ,abbey at ,v]ula is a ,transition build+1 :ile ! beautiful cloi/]s ( ! f\rte5? c5tury are ,go?ic4 ,?is m+l+ ( /yles1 ow+ to ! diff]5ce 9 "t betwe5 ! build+ ( diff]5t p>ts ( ! same *ur*1 has a real advantage to ! /ud5t ( ,spani% ar*itecture & sculpture4 ,! ,ca!dral ( ,t>ragona 7,plate #ah7 especially furni%es an almo/ complete s]ies ( examples ( all ! ,spani% art-/yles4 ,= ! *ur*1 built on ! site ( a mosque1 0 begun ab\t ! ye> #aaah1 & dates ma9ly f ! end ( ! twelf? & fir/ half ( ! ?irte5? c5turies1 b additions 7 made f ! f\rte5? c5tury onw>ds z late z ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,?us we h examples ( e>ly ,*ri/ian art 9 a s>cophagus ( ! faade1 & t 9 ! anci5t w9d[ ( ! ,capilla ,mayor ) ! ?ree ,byzant9e columns4 ,! ma9 build+ is a brilliant example ( ! develop$ ,romanesque ,transition /yle2 ! beautiful cloi/]s1 among ! mo/ p]fect 9 ,spa91 & ! e>lie/ ( ! side *apels are ,go?ic2 ! o!r *apels1 add$ lat]1 date f ! sixte5? to ! eighte5? c5tury1 & are 9 ! ,r5aissance & b>oque /yles4 ,ev5 ,moori% art is repres5t$ 9 ! azulejo ro(+ ( ! ,n4,w4 lat]al *apels1 & 9 ! small ,moori% w9d[1 said to be a pray] ni*e or mihrab1 ) its ,cufic inscription dat+ f ! ye> ( ! ,hegira #cdg--t is1 #ieh ,a4,d4--9 ! anci5t ,capilla de ,santa ,m>ia ,magdal5a4 ,! spl5did doorway1 ) elaborate c>v+s1 :i* gives entrance to ! cloi/]s is ! mo/ notable pre-,go?ic "w 9 m>ble 9 ,spa9 7,plate #ai74 ,b ( ?is "w we %all speak 9 ! next *apt]4 ,foll[+ ^! e>ly ,go?ic build+s we h ! develop$ ,fr5* ca!dral /yle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury introduc$ into ,spa94 ,x is fir/ se5 9 ! great ca!drals ( ,burgos & ,tol$o 7,plates #bj & #ba71 & a little lat] 9 t ( ,leon 7,plate #bb71 ! mo/ p]fect ( ! ,go?ic ca!drals 9 ,spa94 ,v little ( ! national ,spani% art is visible 9 ^! build+s2 built = ! mo/ "p by ,fr5* ar*itects1 !y recall 9 turn ! ca!drals ( ,rheims1 ,beauvais1 ,bayonne1 & ,ami5s2 "s see 9 ,leon a copy ( ! great ca!dral at ,*>tres4 ,! tru? is t ! /yle ( ^! build+s is eclectic2 !y are all di/+ui%$ by ! romantic magnific5ce ( _! ornam5tation4 ,! elaborately c>v$ *oir-/alls ( ,leon ,ca!dral 7,plates #bc-bi7 furni% a spl5did example ( ! p[] ( c>v+4 ,!y are ! ma/]piece ( ,john ( ,mal9es & ! ,dut* arti/ ,cop94 ,x 0 f c>v+s su* z ^! t ! native arti/s drew _! inspiration4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,sculptur$ ,,pieces ,,& ,,tombs ,,( ,,! ,,romanesque ,,& ,,e>ly ,,go?ic ,,p]iods ,dur+ ! ,romanesque &1 ev5 m1 9 ! e>ly ,go?ic p]iods ! creative =ces ( art 9 ,spa9 f\nd its expression1 aft] build+1 9 c>v+ 9 /one & wood4 ,a weal? ( ornam5t meets u 9 e build+1 = x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! *ur*es are ! real museums ( ,spa94 ,we h 9 ! la/ *apt] spok5 incid5tally ( "s ( ^! c>v+s 9 connection ) ! *ur*es = :i* !y 7 execut$4 ,x is n[ necess>y to exam9e 9 detail ! mo/ repres5tative ( ^! works4 ,among !m we %all f9d _m beautiful examples ( poly*rome /atu>y4 ,all ! /atues ( ?is "t 7 col\r$1 = ,spa91 always t5aci\s 9 h] habits1 nev] wav]$ f ! cu/om ( col\r+ h] c>v+s to resemble life4 ,h[ev]1 few pieces reta9 manife/ traces ( su* col\risation1 ! t9ts hav+ be5 lo/ ?r\gh ! action ( ! atmosph]e1 z well z ?r\gh frequ5t wa%+s4 ,! /atues 9 ! ,gloria ( ,santiago de ,compo/ella 7,plate #cj7 are among ! e>lie/ works t are cle>ly pa9t$1 & ev5 9 ^!1 z we h se51 x is v d\btful if ! pres5t t9ts repres5t ! orig9al col\rs us$4 ,= ?is reason a v special int]e/ atta*es to ! f9e font 9 enamell$ bronze1 n[ 9 ! ,museum ( ,burgos1 :i* came f ! mona/]y ( ,santo ,dom+o at ,silos4 ,?is rem>kable & f9e "w is col\r$ & ri*ly encru/$ ) gold & jewels1 b ( ^! un=tunately _m h disappe>$4 ,seat$ on a ?rone1 ! figure ( ,god ! ,fa!r occupies ! c5tre1 & rang$ on ei!r side are ! twelve ,apo/les4 ,! figures are set 9 a k9d ( frame =m$ by columns plac$ on a base ( metal cross$ by horizontal b>s4 ,two w+$ mon/]s are 9 ! triangles on ei!r side1 & a dove is plac$ above ! figure ( ,god4 ,small rectangul> enamell$ m$allions are encru/$ 9 ! frame4 ,col\r is us$ = ! robes ( ! figures1 = ! w+$ mon/]s1 ! dove1 & ! m$allions1 ! pr$om9ant t9ts be+ d>k blue or vivid gre54 ,! heads1 ! h&s1 & ! feet1 z well z ! ar*itectural motives1 are all 9 gold4 ,poli%$ /ones 9 bezel sett+s alt]nate 9 ! decoration ( ! frame ) ! col\r$ m$allions1 & ?\gh _m ( ! /ones h disappe>$ ?is ri* sett+ helps ! effect ( ! :ole bas-relief1 :i* is "o ( great spl5d\r4 ,besides ! alt> font ! old mona/]y ( ,silos possess$ a ri* collection ( religi\s furniture4 ,among ^? :i* h be5 sav$ are a *alice1 us$ "u ! ,moz>abic ritual = celebrat+ ! communion1 a v beautiful specim5 ( ! mudj> goldsmi?'s "w2 an alt>-scre5 ( engrav$ copp] ) figures ( ! ,apo/les2 & sev]al small c(f]ets or caskets4 ,"o ( ^!1 compos$ ( an elephant's tusk1 belong$ to ,rahman ,,iii41 ,khalif ( ,cordova1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! t5? c5tury2 ano!r1 made at ,cu5ca 9 #ajbf1 is ( ivory1 & repres5ts a ,mussulman3 x 0 m\nt$ 9 enamel at a lat] date 7ab\t #aaej74 ,! anci5t ,conv5t ( ,san ,m>cos at ,leon is ano!r *ur* :i* has reta9$ its anci5t treasures2 among !m are sev]al poly*romes4 ,^! d n seem to h be5 repa9t$4 ,un=tunately half ( ! preci\s collection has be5 /ol53 ^? t rema9 are n[ 9 ! ,museum at ,leon4 ,! figures are c>v$ 9 wood1 & ! head1 h&s1 & nude p>ts are col\r$4 ,! ve/m5ts1 made ( clo?1 h>d5$ by means ( a glaze1 are also col\r$1 ! t9ts us$ be+ v h>moni\s4 ,!re is also a c>v$ tripty* 9 wood ( ! same date1 b ! c>v+ ( ! figures is n s good & ! col\rs us$ are crud]4 ,! /atue ( ,san ,francisco 7,plate #ca7 belongs to a lat] date4 ,x is a mo/ int]e/+ poly*rome1 ) spl5did "* 9 ! r5d]+ ( ! head4 ,9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,leon are v>i\s /atues :i* belong to ! same p]iod1 :ile 9 ! cloi/]s is an int]e/+ bas-relief1 ,our ,lady del ,=o & ! ,(f]+ ( ! ,k+s 7,plate #cc74 ,"s f9e c>v+s1 9 ! ,fr5* /yle1 come f ! ,port5da de ,san ,miguel1 ,e/ella4 ,?is /yle ( c>v+ spread ov] ! :ole ( ,spa91 & additional examples may be se5 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,sangesa1 9 two int]e/+ & little-kn[n *ur*es at ,olete1 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,basque ,vittoria1 & 9 ! old *ur*es ( ,leon & ,val5cia4 ,/atues on tombs are v num]\s1 & we f9d !m 9 almo/ e *ur*4 ,at fir/ ! figures are rudely c>v$1 ! skill ( ! arti/ be+ exp5d$ on ! frames1 & ! ca/ ( ! features be+ l>gely a conv5tion4 ,inde$ ^! e>ly monum5tal figures _c be reg>d$ z portraits4 ,among ! fir/ examples are ! figures on ! royal monum5t at ,naj]a1 erect$ by ,san*o ,,iii4 #aaeg4 ,"h ! figures are m]e puppets4 ,ano!r e>ly tomb is t 9 ! ,conv5t ( ,las ,huelgas1 ,burgos 7,plate #cd74 ,ev5 ! s>cophagus ( ,/4 ,eulalia1 at ,b>celona1 ( z late a date z #acbg1 ) its ,pisan rem9isc5ces1 %[s h[ easily art 0 sometimes satisfi$ at ?is p]iod4 ,b !re are "s really f9e tombs belong+ to ! ,romanesque p]iod4 ,! ,*ur* ( ! ,magdal5a--=m]ly ( ! ,templ>s--at ,zamora conta9s two knights' tombs1 "o ( :i* ,m4 ,m>cel ,dieulafoy consid]s ! f9e/ ,romanesque tomb 9 ,spa94 ,! figure1 j expir$ & re/+ on ! dea?-b$1 is plac$ b5ea? a portico ( tw9 balu/rades :i* cr[n ! /ructure4 ,fanta/ic animals are c>v$ on ! sp&rils1 & ! columns & capitals are ri*ly decorat$4 ,! c\* /&s aga9/ a wall1 on :i* are sculptur$ s]aphs1 :ile two angels be> away to ,p>adise ! mat]ialis$ s\l ( ! dead man wrapp$ 9 a w9d+-%eet4 ,?is device is common 9 ,spa91 :]e !re are _m tombs ( ! same "*1 b1 writes ,m4 ,m>cel ,dieulafoy1 8,i d n "k ( "o :]e ! decorative sculpture is r5d]$ m boldly or ) great] tal5t40 ,! /atues1 once fun]al monum5ts1 b n[ set into ! wall ( ! old ,ca!dral ( ,salamanca1 are important z be+ among ! mo/ complete examples ( ! twelf?-c5tury poly*rome 7,plate #ce74 ,! s>cophagus1 ! recl9+ figures1 & ! ni*es conta9+ !m are all pa9t$--r$1 blue-black1 & :ite be+ ! pr$om9at+ t9ts4 ,!re are "s traces ( yell[1 probably due1 z ,m4 ,m>cel ,dieulafoy sugge/s1 to ! siz+ us$ 9 fix+ ! gild+2 !re are also "s gre5 t9ts 9 ! foliage :i* decorates ! ar* 9 "o ( ! tombs4 ,=tunately ^! /atues h suff]$ v little f ! h& ( ! re/or]4 ,! /atue ( ,diego de ,anaya on ! tomb 9 ! ,capilla de ,san ,b>tolom1 to ! s\? ( ! cloi/]s1 is ano!r "w ( importance 9 ! same ca!dral4 ,x is q ideal 9 its treatm5t4 ,! ,ca!dral ( ,t>ragona repres5ts ! same div]sity 9 its /atu>y z we h not$ 9 its ar*itectural /yles4 ,?us ! /atu>y ( ! we/ faade may be divid$ into ?ree di/9ct gr\ps4 ,! fir/1 date ab\t #abgh1 consi/s ( ! beautiful sculptur$ figures ( n9e ,apo/les1 plac$ on ! ma9 portal1 :i* 7 c>v$ by ! ,catalan arti/ ,mae/ro ,b>tolom 7,plate #cf74 ,! ,apo/les & ,prophets on ! buttresses 7 execut$ a c5tury lat] by ,jaime ,ca/ayls1 ano!r native ,catalan c>v]4 ,!y are clumsy & ( ord9>y "* comp>$ ) ! delicate "w ( ,mae/ro ,b>tolom4 ,! gr\p ( ! ,virg9 & ,*ild :i* is plac$ above ! pill>s ( ! great door is n native "w1 b comes c]ta9ly f ,france4 ,! au?or is unkn[n4 ,! cloi/]s & portals ( ! ,ca!dral ( ,burgos (f] ano!r example ( an admirable museum ( sculpture4 ,! e>li] c>v+s--su*1 = in/ance1 z ! figures on ! ,apo/les' door 7,plate #cg71 belong+ to ! op5+ ye>s ( ! ?irte5? c5tury--are some:at /iff & con/ra9$ 9 /yle & contra/ ) ! graceful ease ( ! lat] works ( ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies 7,plate #ch74 ,! special int]e/ ( ! cloi/]s is t its c>v+s are col\r$1 & =tunately up to ! pres5t !y h n suff]$ f re/oration 7,plates #ci-da74 ,! col\rs are fad$1 b we c see t ! vivid r$s & blues1 s mu* lov$ by ! ,moori% arti/s employ$ by ! ,*ri/ians ( ?is p]iod1 7 us$1 z well z a prepond]ance ( gild+4 ,"h1 z at ,salamanca1 ! g5]al tone ( ! col\risation is 9 ! mudj> /yle4 ,! cloi/]s ( ,pampeluna are 9 ! same /yle & little inf]ior to ^? ( ,burgos4 ,! /atues & bas-reliefs are 9 /one2 ! mo/ beautiful1 & "o ( ! f9e/ examples left to u f ! f\rte5? c5tury1 is t :i* repres5ts ! ,dea? ( ! ,virg94 ,un=tunately ! col\r+ ( ?is piece & ( all ! /atues at ,pampeluna has be5 ru9$ by re/oration4 ,! ,ca!dral ( ,burgos is ri* 9 ,go?ic tombs4 ,! /atues ( ,/4 ,f]d9& & ,beatrice ( ,swabia1 on ! nor? wall ( ! cloi/]s1 are among ! f9e/ specim5s ( portrait sculpture4 ,9 ! same place is ! late ,go?ic tomb ( ,don ,gonzalo de ,burgos4 ,! monum5t ( ,ar*bi%op ,maurice 7di$ #abch71 :i* is 9 ! c5tre ( ! *oir1 is also a "w ( special importance1 %[+1 z x does1 ! skill ( ! ,spani% arti/s 9 enamell$ copp] 7,plate #dc74 ,( ! same /yle is ! tomb ( ,jaime ( ,aragon 7,plate #df71 :o di$ 9 #accd1 9 ,t>ragona ,ca!dral1 & two monum5ts 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,leon1 t ( ,m>t91 ! fir/ bi%op ( ! city 7,plate #dg71 ! o!r ( ,don ,ordoo ,,ii41 :o di$ #ibc 7,plate #dh74 ,all ?ree monum5ts are ( excell5t workman%ip1 & important z f9e specim5s ( portrait sculpture4 ,we may m5tion also ! s>cophagus ( ,/4 ,v9c5t & 8 si/]s1 ,,ss4 ,sab9a & ,criseta1 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,san ,vic5te at ,avila 7,plate #di71 ) notable reliefs ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & surm\nt$ by a ,go?ic canopy ( a lat] date--ab\t #adfe--re/+ ^u c\pl$ columns4 ,b inde$ x is difficult to make a selection among ! num]\s monum5ts t claim att5tion4 ,"o "w /&s out z a ma/]piece4 ,! magnific5t tomb ( ,ar*bi%op ,lopez de ,luna1 9 ! ,seo ( ,z>agoza1 is ! mo/ spl5did example ( ! ,fr5*-,go?ic /yle 9 ,spa9 7,plate #ej74 ,ev5 s calm a critic z ,pr(essor ,c>l ,ju/i pron\nces ?is "w 8a ma/]piece40 ,mitre on 8 head1 a cross 9 8 h&1 & dress$ 9 ri* pontifical robes1 ! figure recl9es on ! s>cophagus4 ,! face1 set 9 ! calm ( dea?1 is modell$ by a ma/] h&4 ,beh9d1 plac$ 9 a ni*e :i* is cut 9 ! ?ickness ( ! wall1 /& a company ( monks & nuns1 :o weep = _! b5efactor4 ,o!r figures are gr\p$ along ! inn] face ( ! tomb2 ea* is m>k$ ) "*1 & is c>v$ ) f9e skill4 ,b x is n possible to convey 9 words ! effect ( ?is spl5did & simple "w4 ,9 its /yle x may be comp>$ ) ! mausoleum ( ,philippe ! ,bold1 ! ma/]piece ( ,burgundian art4 ,x is ( ! same date1 & ,m4 ,m>cel ,dieulafoy believes t ! ,spani% monum5t mu/ h be5 execut$ 9 ,spa9 by ,aragonese arti/s :o _h le>nt ! art ( c>v+ 9 ,france4 ,?is op9ion ( ,fr5* influ5ce direct+ ! native arti/s is support$ by ! fact t ! ,t>ragona monum5t is n a solit>y example4 ,?is ,fr5* /yle ( c>v+ spread ov] ! ,p59sula2 ! ca!drals ( ,burgos1 ,leon1 & ,tol$o--to "n a few out ( _m *ur*es--are ri* 9 simil> monum5ts4 ,x is necess>y to rememb] ?is close connection betwe5 ! arts ( ,france & ,spa94 ,! great ecclesia/ical ord]s ( ,france1 & especially t ( ,cluny1 gave inspiration to ! ,romanesque & ,go?ic p]iods4 ,x 0 n until ! la/ ?ird ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 :5 a new art me?od came f ! ,ne!rl&s1 t ! ,fr5* influ5ce weak5$4 ,spani% art 0 almo/ inv>iably /imulat$ f )\t4 ,b x 0 ^! import$ art-/yles1 naturally awak5+ imitation1 :i* call$ into exi/5ce ! native s*ools ( c>v+1 & %[$ anew ^? di/9ct traits :i* c be call$ ,spani%4 ,!re 7 at ?is "t1 9 ,ca/ile & ,aragon1 a numb] ( really capable native arti/s2 )\t d\bt !y le>nt _! art f ! ,fr5* sculptors :o _h settl$ 9 ,spa94 ,! mo/ skilful native work] 0 ,juan de la ,hu>te1 ( ^: exquisite ,virg9 we %all speak directly4 ,b besides ,juan de la ,hu>te1 we "k ( ,p$ro de ,vallfongona1 call$ ,fa!r ,johan1 :o has left _m f9e c>v+s2 & ,jordi ,johan1 d\btless 8 bro!r1 commonly kn[n z ,mae/ro ,jordi1 mak] ( images1 ! au?or1 among o!r works1 ( ! ,sepul*re ( ,juana1 ,c\ntess ( ,a/urias 7#achf71 & ( ! ,ar*angel ,raphael1 :i* cr[ns ! beautiful doorway ( ,b>celona ,t[n ,hall4 ,!n !re 0 ,p$ro ,oll]1 :o c>v$1 9 #adej1 ! scre5 ( ! gr& alt> ( ,vi*1 &1 9 #addb1 ! tomb ( ,f]d9& ,i4 ( ,aragon4 ,!re 7 also skill$ goldsmi?s su* z ,m>cos ,canzes & ,francisco ,vil>dell2 nor mu/ we =get ! unkn[n au?or ( ! incomp>able ,cu/odia ( ,vi* ,ca!dral1 a spl5did example ( ! silv]-"w ( ! p]iod4 ,be=e clos+ ?is *apt] x is left to notice a few isolat$ works t are treasur$ 9 ! diff]5t cities ( ! ,p59sula4 ,& fir/ mu/ come ! p]fect /atues & /atuettes ( ! ,virg91 :i*1 z we might expect 9 religi\s ,spa91 are to be f\nd 9 almo/ all ! great *ur*es4 ,t kn[n z ! ,virg9 ( ,hu>te1 :i* 0 c>v$ by ,juan de la ,hu>te1 0 br\ght to ,pampeluna 9 #acdi4 ,! /atue is ( :ite m>ble1 & ! face & ve/m5ts /ill be> traces ( col\r4 ,( a noble simplicity1 x is "o ( ! mo/ exquisite productions ( art 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,( less ideal beauty1 b m ,spani% 9 its s5tim5t1 be+ )\t ! ,fr5* influ5ce1 is ,/4 ,f]d9&'s small ivory /atuette ( ! ,virg5 de las ,batallas 9 ! ,capilla ,real ( ,seville ,ca!dral4 ,?is is "o ( ! e>lie/ works ( ! k9d 9 ,spa94 ,! ,ca!dral ( ,plas5cia has sev]al images ( ! ,virg94 ,good examples--"o 9 silv] & ri*ly jewell$--are f\nd at ,burgos & ,salamanca 7,plates #ea & #eb71 besides figures c>v$ 9 wood & col\r$1 & also at ,tol$o1 ,sigenza1 ,g&a1 ,segunto1 & ! *ur*es 9 _m o!r cities4 ,! ,santo ,cri/o ( ,burgos ,ca!dral may also be m5tion$4 ,madonnas are to be se5 ov] ! alt>s ( *apels1 9 gateways1 or 9 ! great retablos1 z = in/ance at ,leon 7,plate #ec71 or aga9 at ,tortosa & ,palma1 :]e1 9 ! la/ *ur*1 a really beautiful /atue is hidd5 by a mod]n alt>4 ,among ^! ,madonnas are works full ( dignity & sweetness1 ( g5u9e beauty1 & c>v$ )\t /iffness or loos5ess4 ,!y give a conv9c+ defiance to ^? :o decry anci5t poly*rome4 ,v diff]5t 9 "*1 b ( equal m]it1 is ! small /atue1 silv] pa9t$1 ( ,/4 ,george 9 ! ,audi5cia ,*apel at ,b>celona4 ,m4 ,m>cel ,dieulafoy believes t we owe ?is f9e "w to a native arti/4 ,! figure1 /&+ fully arm$1 is c>v$ ) y\?ful en]gy2 ! face1 se5 "u ! gilt visor1 has lo/ none ( its fre%ness1 & ! orig9al t9ts ( col\r+ rema94 ,! arm\r is ( oxidis$ silv]1 :ile ! h+es1 nails1 belt1 dragon1 & p$e/al are ( burni%$ gilt4 ,( ?is /atue ,m4 ,m>cel ,dieulafoy writes3 8,_h ,meissoni] pa9t$ ! figure he c\ld n h done x o!rwise40 ,aga9 we h a triumph ( poly*rome4 ,o!r /atues wor?y ( special m5tion are ! bu/s1 execut$ 9 enamell$ silv]1 ( ,s4 ,val]ius1 ,s4 ,v9c5t1 & ,s4 ,laur5t1 9 ! ,treasury ( ,z>agoza ,ca!dral2 ! figures ( ,don ,guti]re de ,c>d5as1 ,duke ( ,magu$a1 & ( 8 wife1 ,da ,t]esa ,enriquez1 ea* (f]+ respectively _! son & daught] to ! ,virg91 & ! f9] pray+ figure ( ,juan ,,ii4 ( ,ca/ile1 :o rul$ f #adjf to #aded1 & 0 ! fa!r ( ,isabella ! ,ca?olic4 ,^! /atues are 9 ,burgos ,ca!dral4 ,gems among small] works ( art are ! plates 9 silv]1 %[+ sc5es 9 ! life ( ! ,virg91 :i* cov] ! high alt> 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,g]ona4 ,_! date is #acdh4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,alt>-,,scre5s ,,or ,,retablos ,,( ,,! ,,romanesque ,,& ,,go?ic ,,p]iods ,! alt>-scre5s1 ( great size1 & kn[n 9 ,spa9 z retablos1 :i* meet u 9 e *ur* may be consid]$ z ! mo/ entirely *>act]i/ic expression ( ! c\ntry's art4 ,n[h]e has ! developm5t ( ! alt>-scre5 assum$ su* importance4 ,! huge retablos ( ,spa9 /& alone bo? 9 _! dim5sions & 9 _! magnific5ce4 ,9 ^! works 7 jo9$ ! common ef=ts ( ! ar*itect1 ! sculptor1 & ! pa9t]4 ,( a size & ) a weal? ( decoration s great t (t5 an exam9ation ( _! detail is fatigu+1 !y repres5t ! mo/ exhau/ive examples ( ! creative ?\ght & p[] ( repres5tation ( ! native arti/s4 ,_! evolution is int]e/+ & curi\s4 ,at fir/ we f9d !m z scre5s ( pagan & ,roman orig91 & dat+ back to ! middle ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,b ! pagan scre5s 7 adapt$ by ,*ri/ians1 :o gave to !m ! "n dipty*a ( ! ,apo/les1 ( ! ,m>tyrs1 & ( ! ,sa9ts1 & us$ !m z portable alt>s1 & also l>gely z votive gifts1 _! ri*ness be+ 9 proportion to ! weal? ( ! giv] & ! importance ( ! subject depict$4 ,we h sev]al examples 9 ! ,cam>a ,santa ( ,ovi$o ,ca!dral & 9 ! ,cam>9 ( ,santa ,t]esa1 ,escorial 7,plate #ee74 ,! ,tablas ,alfons9as 9 ! ,sacri/ia ,mayor ( ! ,ca!dral ( ,seville is ano!r & m important example4 ,?is treasure is specially int]e/+1 z x %[s ! actual use made ( ^! fold+ tablets4 ,x 0 ! alt> ( ,alfonso ! ,le>n$1 & 0 pres5t$ by him to ! ca!dral 9 #abgd aft] he _h us$ x 9 battle2 = 9 ,spa9 ^! alt>-scre5s 7 c>ri$ by ,*ri/ian g5]als travell+ 9 ! campaigns aga9/ ! ,moors4 ,z ! ,reconque/ progress$ _! importance increas$1 & we h tripty*a & p5tapty*a z well z dipty*a2 _! numb] multipli$ z !y became ri*] & gr&] 9 ornam5t4 ,!y 7 connect$ ) ! deepe/ religi\s feel+s ( ,*ri/ian ,spa91 be+ us$ by ! ,palad9s to pray to be=e plung+ into battle4 ,lat]1 f portable alt>s !y became fix$ alt>s 9 *ur*es4 ,f ?is "t _! size & magnific5ce increas$1 ! religi\s s5tim5t associat$ ) !m expla9+1 z we believe1 bo? _! frequ5cy & _! importance 9 ! art ( ! p]iod4 ,a selection ( ! mo/ admirable alt>-scre5s alone w\ld make a long li/4 ,almo/ e *ur* & all ! great ca!drals furni% examples2 !y are especially num]\s 9 ! *ur*es ( ,catalonia & ,nav>re4 ,! alt>-scre5 9 ! ,romanesque *ur* ( ,san ,feli1 ?\gh less kn[n ?an ^? ( ,z>agoza1 ,b>celona1 ,t>ragona1 ,pampeluna1 & ,burgos1 is important z a v beautiful & e>ly example ( ^! retablos4 ,x is 9 two di/9ct sections1 :i* /& ^u a widely spread+ base4 ,! fir/ or c5tral "p is 9 ?ree /oreys1 :i* are support$ by ,go?ic pill>s1 & 9 ! n9e ni*es /& /atues ( ! sa9ts4 ,^!1 z well z ! bas-reliefs & c>v+s on ! pill>s1 are ( great vig\r1 & ! effect is /r5g!n$ by ! admirable pa9t+ & gild+4 ,! second "p ( ! scre5 is compos$ ( two w+s1 on :i* are c>v$ ! figures ( ! prophets1 surr\nd$ by ri* foliage4 ,^! too are pa9t$ & gild$4 ,! creative p[] display$ 9 ^! retablos is (t5 surpris+4 ,b x mu/ be admitt$ t _! g5]al effect is less satisfactory ?an an exam9ation ( ! p>ts 9 detail w\ld lead u to expect4 ,! arti/s w\ld (t5 seem to h be5 hamp]$ by ! huge size !y _h to ornam5t4 ,cont9u+ ! accu/om$ =ms1 evolv$ = use 9 scre5s ( m mode/ dim5sions1 !y h ga9$ ! desir$ amplitude ( ornam5t by a multiplication ( ! same =ms t is (t5 we>y+4 ,b grant+ ?is1 x is among ^! works t _m important & beautiful /atues w be f\nd4 ,= ?is reason !y _c be ov]look$ by ! /ud5t ( ,spani% poly*romes4 ,no alt>-scre5 9 ,spa9 is m beautiful or m wor?y ( /udy ?an ! "o 9 ! ,capilla ,mayor ( ,t>ragona ,ca!dral4 ,x illu/rates ! life ( ,/4 ,tecla1 ! disciple ( ,/4 ,paul1 & ! tutel>y sa9t ( ,t>ragona1 :o 0 m>tyr$1 accord+ to leg5d1 on ?is spot4 ,we read ! /ory 9 ! delightful ,lg5de ,dore ( ,jaques de ,vorag9e3-- 8,/4 ,paul 0 seiz$ & convey$ to prison1 :i!r 8 disciple ,tecla foll[$ him4 ,! apo/le & ! maid5 7 judg$ toge!r1 & toge!r condemn$3 he to be beat5 ) rods & driv5 f ! city1 %e to be burn$ alive4 ,%e ?rew h]self joy\sly on to ! pyre1 b imm$iately a heavy %[] ( ra9 fell f ! sky & ext+ui%$ ! flames2 also a great e>?quake occurr$1 9 :i* p]i%$ a great numb] ( pagans4 ,by ?is means ,tecla 0 enabl$ to escape4 ,%e took refuge 9 ! h\se :]e ,/4 ,paul 0 liv+1 & 0 ov]joy$ to meet ! inspir] ( h] conv]sion4 ,%e wi%$ to cut h] hair & travel ) him1 disguis$ z a man4 ,b ?is ! apo/le w\ld n p]mit1 = %e _h great beauty40 ,9 ! ,t>ragona scre5 *>m+ p9nacles cr[n a bas-relief repres5t+ ! ,virg9 & h] ,*ild1 to ! "r & left ( :i* /& ,/4 ,paul & ,/4 ,tecla1 figures ( h]oic size1 :o reg>d ! gr\p ) pi\s emotion4 ,beside !m are bas-reliefs1 mo/ m9utely execut$1 repres5t+ sc5es 9 ! sa9t's life4 ,9 "o we see h] z describ$ by ,vorag9e1 ) s]5e face1 h] body nude1 & pray+ 9 ! mid/ ( ! flames :i* envelop )\t burn+ h]4 ,angels enc\rage & su/a9 h]1 :ile bel[ are se5 ! gr9n+ heads ( ! damn$4 ,9 ano!r sc5e ! sa9t is surr\nd$ by reptiles & wild bea/s 9 ! cave into :i* %e 0 ?r[n2 & 9 yet ano!r %e /&s beside a bull1 de/9$ to drag & cru% h] body among ! /ones ( ! road4 ,betwe5 ! bas-reliefs are /atues ( prophets1 apo/les1 & sa9ts2 & on brackets1 9 ! mid/ ( foliage1 repose female sa9ts ) smil+ faces4 ,all ! figures are c>v$ ) great skill1 & besides !re is a weal? ( detail--fl[]s1 foliage1 animals1 & insects--all ( :i* are treat$ ) surpris+ ability4 ,! col\risation ( ! scre51 l mo/ m>ble & alaba/] monum5ts1 has suff]$ f repeat$ & c>eless wa%+s4 ,b ! c>v+s pres]ve ev]y:]e ve/iges ( pa9t & gilt1 s t x is possible to recon/ruct ! s*eme ( col\r4 ,?is is curi\s--g5]ally blue & gold1 ) only a few t\*es ( r$ & br[n1 :i* ,m4 ,m>cel ,dieulafoy sugge/s may be due to ! arti/'s desire to surr\nd ,/4 ,tecla by ! virg9al & holy atmosph]e :i* w\ld be sugge/$ by ?is manifold & unusual use ( blue tones4 ,?is realisation ( ! spiritual expression ( a leg5d is v *>act]i/ic ( ,spa91 ^: arti/s possess$ z _! greate/ gift ! p[] ( r5d]+ a /ory j z !y felt x _h happ5$4 ,we owe ! ,t>ragona alt>-scre5 to a native ,catalan arti/4 ,x 0 begun 9 #adbf by ,p$ro ,juan de ,vallfongona1 :o execut$ ! bas-reliefs & /atues ( ! fir/ two /ages1 :ile at ! same "t ! arti/ ,guill]mo de la ,monta work$ on ! ar*itecture & ornam5ts4 ,b 9 #adcf ,p$ro ,juan1 ga9+ fav\r f ! beauty ( 8 "w1 0 call$ to execute an alt> = ,z>agoza ,ca!dral1 aft] :i* he only reta9$ a sort ( inspector%ip ov] ! "w at ,t>ragona1 :i* 0 f9i%$ by ,guill]mo de la ,monta4 ,p$ro ,juan work$ on ! ,z>agoza alt>-scre5 until 8 dea? 9 #addg1 aid$ by ,p$ro ,g>ces1 ,guill]mo ,monta1 & ,p$ro ,nav>ro4 ,= "s reason ! "w 0 susp5d$ = tw5ty-six ye>s1 :51 on acc\nt ( ! great age ( ! orig9al collaborators1 x 0 entru/$ to ,gil ,morlau1 ) ,gabriel ,gombao to aid him 9 ! inf]ior p>ts4 ,f9ally ! scre5 0 complet$ & gild$ & pa9t$ 9 #adhj4 ,! alt>-scre5 ( ,z>agoza has "s f9e bas-reliefs2 ! mo/ important is t ( ! c5tre1 :i* %[s ! ,adoration ( ! ,magi4 ,! ,virg91 seat$1 pres5ts h] ,babe to ! ,k+s1 figures ( vigor\s life & great dignity1 :o b5d 9 wor%ip z !y (f] _! gifts2 beh9d1 a gr\p ( figures repres5t a cr[d ( onlook]s4 ,on ei!r side ( ?is c5tral composition are bas-reliefs repres5t+ sc5es 9 ! ,transfiguration1 lives ( ! ,virg91 & ,asc5sion ( ,*ri/3 ^! are ! "w ( ,p$ro ,juan4 ,ano!r important retablo1 :i* foll[s 9 date ! "w ( ,p$ro ,juan1 is t 9 ! ,capilla de ,santiago 7,plate #ef7 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,tol$o4 ,x is made ( l>* wood1 & c>v$1 gild$1 & pa9t$ 9 ! ri*e/ ,go?ic /yle4 ,! bas-reliefs repres5t sc5es 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t2 all ! figures are life size4 ,we owe ?is "w to ! arti/s ,san*o de ,zamora1 ,juan de ,segovia1 & ,p$ro ,gumiel1 & x 0 begun at ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,9 ! same *apel at ,tol$o are ! six magnific5t ,go?ic tombs ( ,don lv>o de ,luna1 ! "w ( ,pablo ,ortiz1 "o ( ! mo/ fam\s c>v]s 9 ! fifte5? c5tury 7,plate #eh74 ,ano!r int]e/+ alt>-scre5 is t 9 ! ,capilla de la ,tr9idad 7,plate #ei74 ,9 ! c>v+s ( ^! lat] alt>-scre5s & tombs a new influ5ce w be trac$2 =1 9 ! la/ ?ird ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 :at may truly be t]m$ a revolution 9 /yle took place 9 ,spani% sculpture4 ,a /rong] reali/ic t5d5cy1 ) a m m>k$ individuality 9 ! portraits1 w be se54 ,! *>act]i/ic features are m emphasis$1 ! ge/ures m free & m individual4 ,wav$ l9es give place to brok5 ones1 r\nd$ surfaces to %>p-edg$ ones4 ,?is height5$ vitality 0 due n only to a great] ma/]y ( ! te*nical "p ( sculpture by ! native arti/s1 b to a newly import$ art inspiration1 :i* n[ began to m+le )1 & ev5 to replace1 ! influ5ces ( ,france & ,burgundy4 ,up till ab\t #adjj ,spa9 0 loyal to ,france1 & kept h] arti/s z h] tea*]s & advis]s4 ,aft]w>ds ,burgundy displac$ ,france1 & we h ! f>-rea*+ influ5ce ( ! great ecclesia/ical ord]s4 ,n[ foll[$ ! rule ( ! ,ne!rl&s & ( ,g]many4 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury ,spa9 0 br\ght into close connection ) ! ,l[ ,c\ntries4 ,! int]m>ry+ ( ! royal h\ses ( ,burgundy & ,hapsburg unit$ ! ,nor!rn c\ntries fir/ ) ,portugal1 & aft]w>ds ) ,spa94 ,! result ( ?is union 0 a great advancem5t 9 ,spa9's art4 ,! fir/ ( ! ,nor!rn]s to come to ,spa9 7 pa9t]s1 & we h ! visit ( ,jan van ,eyck1 9 #adbh1 ) its f>-rea*+ consequ5ces to ,spani% pa9t+2 !n foll[$ ar*itects & sculptors4 ,a ,flemi% pa9t] 0 adopt$ by ! ,c\nt ( ,aragon ab\t #addj2 & ! ,c>tuja ( ,miraflores has a small alt>-scre5 ( :i* ! w+s 7 pa9t$ by him4 ,! ar*ives ( ,tol$o m5tion a great numb] ( ,flemi% arti/s ( r5[n1 :o settl$ & work$ 9 ! city1 among :om 7 ,juan & ,b]n>d9o ( ,brussels1 ^: names are (t5 m5tion$ by ,cean ,b]mudez1 & ! f\r bro!rs ,egas f ,eyck51 "o ( :om1 ,anequ91 0 appo9t$ ar*itect ( ! ca!dral by ! *apt]1 & direct$ ! "w ( ! sculptures ( ! ,gate ( ! ,lions1 be+ assi/$ by ,f]n&ez de ,li5a & ,juan ,givas1 also an ar*itect ( ! ca!dral4 ,!n we "k t at ,burgos work$ ! ,colonia family1 ,juan1 ,simeon1 & ,francisco1 :o c>v$ ! woodwork ( ! ca!dral & t ( ! ,c>tuja ( ,miraflores4 ,!re 7 also ,nor!rn arti/s 9 ,seville4 ,mateo & ,nicolas 7 skilful goldsmi?s1 & ,cri/obal--all ( :om probably came f ,g]many--0 a pa9t] on glass4 ,juan ,aleman1 9 #aeab1 f9i%$ ! *oir-/alls ( ! ca!dral1 ,george ,f]n&ez ,aleman c>v$ ! retablo1 :ile ano!r arti/ ( ! same "n1 ,rodrigo ,aleman1 sculptur$ ! wa9scot+ ( ,pal5cia ,ca!dral1 ^: inv5tion & hum\r1 ,pr(essor ,c>l ,ju/i says1 recall ! ,s\? ,g]man ma/]s4 ,^! ,nor!rn arti/s1 widely di/ribut$ ov] ,spa91 br\ght ab\t ! trans=mation ( art ( :i* we h spok54 ,! native arti/s readily absorb$ _! influ5ce4 ,we n[ meet a m>k$ *ange 9 ! direction ( realism4 ,! ,*ri/s are long1 lean1 & emaciat$1 ! ,virg9s are old]2 we h %>ply def9$ outl9es1 & ! religi\s sc5es & leg5ds are depict$ ) a /rong] & m passionate und]/&+4 ,! alt>-scre5s 7 /ill ! mo/ important works t 7 execut$4 ,an int]e/+ example1 :i* %[s v cle>ly ?is new expression ( realism1 is an alt>-scre5 9 ! ,museum ( ,valladolid1 :i* came f ! ,conv5t ( ,san ,francisco 7,plates #fj & #fa74 ,x is c>v$ 9 walnut wood1 & !re are traces ( pa9t+4 ,! figure ( ,*ri/ is /rangely emaciat$1 ! ,virg9 is old]1 :ile all ! figures are /rongly *>act]is$2 !re is a v consid]able am\nt ( creative ?\ght & p[] 9 ! pres5tm5t ( ! sc5e4 ,! au?or ( ! "w is unkn[n4 ,among _m o!r important examples ( ?is ov]-acc5tuat$ reali/ic type may be m5tion$ an anonym\s ,piet f ,salamanca1 9 :i* we see ! new t5d5cies express$ at _! /ronge/ po9t ( acc5tuation4 ,an alt>-scre5 9 "o ( ! *apels ( ,pal5cia ,ca!dral1 ! bas-reliefs :i* ornam5t ! sp&ril ( ! ,pu]ta de la ,pi$ad1 ! s\? entrance ( ,b>celona ,ca!dral1 & also ! figures :i* cr[n ! door ( ! ,hospice ( ,huesca1 are fur!r1 ?\gh less /rik+1 examples4 ,! alt> ( ,santa ,ana 9 ,burgos ,ca!dral belongs to ! same p]iod2 b 9 ?is v *>m+ example we h a "w ( a diff]5t "*4 ,! figures1 c>v$ 9 wood & col\r$1 especially ! y\?ful & beautiful ,virg91 h a grace & fre$om ( movem5t abs5t f ! m reali/ic works :i* 7 ! outcome ( ! ,nor!rn influ5ces4 ,! greate/ arti/ ( ?is p]iod 0 ,gil de ,siloe1 ^: works rank among ! mo/ important sculptures 9 ,spa94 ,he 0 a native ( ,burgos1 & 0 born at ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,8 ma/]piece is ! monum5t ( ,don ,juan ,,ii4 & ,da ,isabel1 kn[n z ! ,sepulcros de los ,reyes1 9 ! ,c>tuja ( ,miraflores1 ,burgos 7,plate #fd74 ,x 0 erect$ by ,isabella ! ,ca?olic1 daught] ( ,juan ,,ii41 & 0 begun 9 ! ye> #adhi1 :5 ,gil de ,siloe receiv$ #acdj m>av$is = ! design4 ,x 0 f9i%$ f\r ye>s lat]1 & a fur!r sum ( #ddb1ffg m>av$is = ! sculpture & #aeh1beb = ! alaba/] 7 paid4 ,x is p]haps ! f9e/ monum5t ( its k9d 9 ,spa91 p]fect bo? 9 design & execution4 ,! monum5t1 :i* /&s 9 ! c5tre ( ! *ur*1 is ( a curi\s %ape1 be+ octagonal1 or r sixte5-sid$1 a =m v uncommon1 & ,ori5tal 9 its orig94 ,! recumb5t figures ( ! ,k+ & ,que5 lie side by side on a sumptu\s b$1 & betwe5 !m is a l[ m>ble rail+4 ,! ,k+ has a r+ on ! "r h& & holds a sceptre1 9 ! ,que5's h& is a pray]-book & ros>y4 ,! sides are ornam5t$ ) /atues1 plac$ "u delicate canopies1 ( :i* "s repres5t ! ,c>d9al ,virtues1 & ea* is a ma/]piece ( c>v+4 ,!re are besides sixte5 lions be>+ escut*eons1 & bas-reliefs ( sc5es f ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,!n ar\nd ! top is a d\ble cornice ( foliage--bran*es ( v9es & laurels--) birds & animals spl5didly c>v$ 7,plates #fe & #ff74 ,above ! tomb1 inlaid ^u ! wall1 is ! monum5t ( _! son1 ,alfonso 7,plate #fg71 ^: dea? 9 #adgj1 at ! age ( sixte51 br\ght ,isabella ! ,ca?olic to ! ?rone4 ,?is "w is elaborately adorn$ ) c>v+s4 ,plac$ 9 a small elliptic ar*1 ! ,pr9ce kneels be=e a prie-dieu4 ,he we>s a mantle simil> to ! ,k+4 ,above him are ! ,virg9 & ! ,angel ,gabriel1 be>+ a vase 9 :i* blooms a lily z ! emblem ( ,purity1 :ile ,/4 ,mi*ael ) ! ,dragon1 ! emblem ( ,victory1 is plac$ on ! sp&ril betwe5 ! fly+-ar* & ! accolade4 ,bel[ on ! sub-basem5t a *>m+ gr\p ( angels hold ! battle-%ield ( ! "y ,pr9ce4 ,! tomb1 n[ 9 ! ,museum ( ,burgos1 ( ,juan de ,padella 7,plate #fh7 is s simil> to ! monum5t ( ,pr9ce ,alfonso1 n only 9 ! g5]al design & /yle1 b 9 ! actual c>ry+ out ( ! details1 t x seems "r to attribute x to ,gil de ,siloe4 ,juan de ,padella 0 a royal page1 kill$ 9 ! siege ( ,granada2 he is kn[n to h be5 a great fav\rite ( ,que5 ,isabella1 :o call$ him mi loco 7my fool71 & x is !re=e q probable t de ,siloe1 ! royal arti/1 w\ld be employ$ to design & execute 8 tomb4 ,! retablo ( ! high alt> at ,miraflores 7,plates #fi-ga7 is also by ,gil de ,siloe1 b 9 ?is "w he 0 aid$ by ,diego de la ,cruz4 ,x 0 begun 9 ! ye> #adij2 ! date at :i* x 0 complet$ is n kn[n4 ,x has num]\s /atues4 ,9 ! c5tre is a ,crucifixion1 ) a reali/ic ,*ri/4 ,! ,virg9 & ,/4 ,john1 figures ( great m]it1 wait beside ! ,cross1 & a b& ( angels press =w>d to receive ! drops ( ! ,div9e ,blood4 ,above flies ! symbolical pelican1 fe$+ its "y ) its own blood2 bel[ are ! kneel+ figures ( ,juan ,,ii4 & ,isabella 8 wife1 he be+ gu>d$ by ,santiago1 ,spa9's patron h]o1 :ile %e is protect$ by a sa9t4 ,at ei!r side ( ?is c5tral composition are bas-reliefs repres5t+ sc5es f ! life ( ,*ri/1 & figures ( ! ,apo/les & ,evangeli/s4 ,p]haps ! be/ ( ! c>v+s is ! "o ( a female sa9t ) a figure asleep at h] feet4 ,! sa9t's figure is exquisitely col\r$--a p]fect example ( poly*rome4 ,!re are also int]e/+ c>v+s 9 ! *oir-/alls 7,plate #gb74 ,) ! ,miraflores alt>-scre5 we may comp>e ! retablo ( ! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,gadea del ,cid1 also at ,burgos 7,plate #gc74 ,! au?or ( ?is important c>v+ is unkn[n4 ,among num]\s works :i* des]ve to take rank ) ! poly*romes ( ,gil de ,siloe a few mu/ be m5tion$4 ,"o ( ! be/ is ! fun]al monum5t ( ,da ,beatrice de ,pa*eco1 ,comtesse ( ,m$ell91 9 ! mona/]y *ur* ( ! ,hy]onymites del ,p>ral1 ne> ,segovia1 :i* ,m4 ,m>cel ,dieulafoy sugge/s is ! "w ( ,juan ,eqas or 8 bro!r4 ,un=tunately ! b>b>\s treatm5t ?is monum5t has suff]$ prev5ts its enjoy+ ! reputation x des]ves4 ,!n !re are ! bas-reliefs ( ,*ri/ ent]+ ,j]usalem & ,*ri/ 9 ,hades on ! door :i* leads f ! nave to ! cloi/]s ( ,burgos ,ca!dral1 f9e specim5s ( ,go?ic c>v+2 & o!r examples may be se5 9 ! ca!drals ( ,vittoria1 ,pampeluna1 ,avila1 ,val5cia1 ,leon1 & ,tol$o4 ,we h n[ exam9$ ! mo/ important poly*romes t 7 execut$ up to ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,!y pres5t u ) works ( great vig\r1 especially ^? lat] pieces1 :i* %[ ! influ5ces f ! ,nor?4 ,!y 7 wr\ght at a "t :5 ! vitality ( ,spa9 0 at its highe/ & its gr[? 9 ! art ( c>v+ 0 9 full developm5t4 ,x may be well at ?is po9t1 & be=e turn+ to new influ5ces :i* 7 aga9 to alt] ! t5d5cies ( ! native "w1 to consid] briefly ! te*nique ( poly*rome /atu>y4 ,! alt>-scre5s1 z we h se51 7 ! special activity ( ! p]iod4 ,m4 ,m>cel ,dieulafoy gives an excell5t & concise acc\nt ( ! mann] 9 :i* ^! important works 7 c>ri$ out by diff]5t sets ( workm51 = x 0 r>ely t all ! processes necess>y to ! completion ( a poly*rome 7 und]tak5 by "o arti/4 ,fir/ & mo/ important !re 0 ! trac]1 aft]w>ds call$ ! assembl]1 ! *ief arti/1 :o furni%$ ! design bo? = ! :ole "w & its ornam5ts ( /atu>y & bas-reliefs1 & also sup]9t5d$ its execution4 ,to him ! sculptors1 ornam5t]s1 ma/]-masons1 & ma/]-c>p5t]s 7 subord9ate1 b ! pa9t]s1 damask]s1 & gild]s 7 free f 8 control4 ,?us writes ,m4 ,m>cel ,dieulafoy3 8,! int]v5tion ( f\r successive bro!rhoods ( arti/s 0 requir$--#a4 ,trac]s1 :o lat] became kn[n z ,ar*itectural ,assembl]s2 #b4 ,imag]s1 :o 7 ! sculptors & c>v]s2 #c4 ! ,euc>uadores1 ! body-pa9t]s :o col\r$ ! fle% ( ! figures2 #d4 ! ,e/(adores & ,doradores1 :o 7 respectively ! /uff-pa9t]s & ! gild]s40 ,j z ! trac] _h asc5d5cy ov] & direct$ ! "w ( ! imag]s--! sculptors & c>v]s--s ! ,euc>uadore1 or fle%-arti/1 0 ! head ( ! poly*rome work]s1 & direct$ ! col\r]s ( ! /uff-pa9t]s & ! gild]s4 ,8 position 0 "o ( supreme importance1 :i* is prov$ by ! fact t x 0 n unusual = him to receive = 8 "w z mu* z half ( ! entire sum paid4 ,?is is an int]e/+ pro( ( ! high e/eem 9 :i* ! art ( poly*rome 0 held4 ,! ,e/(adores _h n ! same importance2 _! "w 0 to pa9t ! /uffs ( ! g>m5ts1 g5]ally on a backgr\nd ( gold1 & also foliage & arabesques4 ,! ,doradores or gild]s 7 _! collaborators1 & _! special "w1 besides ! gild+ ( ! backgr\nd1 0 to pa9t 9 8full-gilt0 arm\r1 c41 & to enri* ) jewels2 to _! %>e also fell ! art ( damask+4 ,almo/ all ! great pa9t]s ( ,spa9 7 poly*romi/s1 & we f9d !m collaborat+ ) ! sculptors4 ,?is cu/om cont9u$ f> beyond ! p]iod we h be5 consid]+4 ,zurb>an1 ,murillo1 ,valds ,leal1 & ,pa*eco col\r$ ! /atues ( ,gasp> ,delgado & ,montas4 ,pa*eco1 ! great hi/orian1 :o 0 also a pa9t]1 especially extols ! art ( poly*rome 9 sev]al illum9at+ passages 9 8 ,arte de la ,p9tura4 ,9 "o place he writes3-- 8,may x please ,god 9 ,8 m]cy to exile f ! _w ! vulg> enamell]s1 & 9 ! supreme cause ( tru?1 h>mony1 & enlight5m5t to e/abli% = fle%-pa9t+ ! use ( ! #8mat' col\r+0 7?is #8mat' or dull col\r+ sup]s$$ ! burni%$ or poli%$ col\r+71 8:i* approa*es ne>] to ,nature1 l5ds itself to num]\s ret\*es1 & s p]mits ! production ( t delicacy :i* to-day we s mu* admire4 ,x is true t ! mod]ns--by :om ,i mean ^? betwe5 ! anci5t pa9t]s & ourselves--began to employ ?is /yle1 z we may ga!r f _! treatises on sculpture & f :at we see on ! old alt>-scre5s1 b ! m]it ( hav+ reviv$ ! art 9 ,spa91 & ( giv+1 ?anks to x1 a bett] light & m ( life to good sculpture1 ,i d>e to say belongs 9 tru? to me4 ,at ! lea/ ,i am ! only "o 9 ,seville :o s9ce ! ye> #afjj prea*$ & practis$ x4 ,x is well to "k t on ! #ag? ( ,janu>y 9 t ye> ,i pa9t$ 9 #8mat' ! ,*ri/1 execut$ by ! goldsmi? ,juan ,bauti/a ,franconio1 aft] ! model ( ! #8f\r nails' ,crucifixion ( ,mi*ael ,angelo1 :i* he br\ght f ,rome4 ,s9ce !n all arti/s h imitat$ me4 ,x w\ld take too long to enum]ate ! rem>kable works ( ,gasp> ,nuez ,delgado & ,m>t9ez ,montas :i* ?is city possesses1 & 9 :i* ,i h collaborat$2 b x w\ld be unp>donable if ,i did n specify "s ( !m1 z !y are among ! be/ ( ! numb] :i* h prov$ ! sup]iority ( ?is inv5tion40 ,he !n gives a li/ ( poly*romes :i* he has col\r$1 works :i* we %all notice 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,aft]w>ds he cont9ues3-- 8,:5ce h !y acquir$ ! audacity1 ^? :o claim t pa9t+ on flat surfaces dom9ates ! arts1 & t if !y _h to pa9t ! fle% ( a /atue !y c\ld d x bett] ) _! feet ?an ! speciali/s ) _! h&s8 ,!y are v mu* mi/ak5 9 t1 = if !y tri$ !y w\ld br+ no grace1 nor lightness1 nor fre%ness to ! "w4 ,9 ! same way t :5 "o imitates ,nature 9 a well-design$ head1 "o r5d]s ! col\r1 ! delicacy ( ! eyes1 ( ! m\?1 ! brilliancy & effect ( ! hair1 s ev5 on good sculpture c admiration be exact$1 z has be5 prov$ by ! en?usiasm ( ^? :o h se5 ! works :i* ,i h pa9t$ 9 #8mat4' ,! fact is s public t ,i ne$ n insi/ on x40 ,pa*eco1 9 ano!r passage ( equal illum9ation1 also speaks ( ! beauty ( ! art ( damask+1 giv+ a c>eful & full acc\nt ( ! process3-- 8,m>vell\s 0 ! inv5tion made by ! old pa9t]s = ! ornam5tation ( figures 9 relief & ! ar*itecture ( alt>-scre5s by gild+ 9 burni%$ gold & damask+ !m4 ,! col\rs mu/ be ! same1 & *os5 ) ! same c>e z ^? design$ = illum9ation4 ,!y mu/ be gr\nd & prep>$ 9 wat] ) ! same limpidity1 b 9 lieu ( gum pa/e "o %\ld use ! yolks ( fre% eggs dilut$ 9 equal volume ( wat]1 fre% & cle>1 beat5 to a fro?4 ,?is pa/e mu/ be mix$ ) ! col\rs = damask+ ! burni%$ gold1 tak+ c>e to size ) :ite lead all ! p>ts to be pa9t$1 be x ei!r ( grotesque figures or ( ve/m5ts1 ( :i* ! gold %\ld s]ve z a backgr\nd = div]s col\rs4 ,x is always well to "k t blue does n require s /rong a pa/e z c>m9e1 v]milion1 o*re1 & o!r col\rs ( little body1 & t if ! pa/e be m ?an a day old x is necess>y to add ) ! egg a few drops ( v9eg> to prev5t spoil+40 ,^! significant passages may well end ?is *apt]4 ,x mu/ be accept$ t poly*rome 0 an art highly e/eem$1 t col\r+ ( /atu>y1 & especially ( ! great alt>-scre5s1 0 c>ri$ out ) extreme c>e1 & 0 reg>d$ z "w n b5ea? ! dignity ( ! greate/ arti/s4 ,9 ,spa9 ! sculptor & ! pa9t] 7 z "o4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,r5aissance1 ,,& ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,mi*ael ,,angelo ,,on ,,! ,,spani% ,,sculptors ,! ,nor!rn influ5ces ( ,fl&]s & ,g]many1 ?\gh f>-rea*+ 9 _! effects on ,spani% sculpture1 7 n long-liv$1 & 9 ! la/ decade ( ! fifte5? c5tury !y gave way to a new influ5ce f ,italy4 ,always responsive to newly import$ art me?ods1 h] ar*itecture1 sculpture1 & pa9t+ 7 invad$ by ! =ms ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance1 & ?anks to ! fl\ri%+ condition ( ar*itecture & sculpture1 & to a ta/e ref9$ by ! busy practice ( ^! arts1 ! new influ5ce f\nd n only a will+1 b an intellig5t foll[+4 ,! ,r5aissance influ5ces 7 n h>mful to ar*itecture & sculpture z !y 7 to ! si/] art ( pa9t+4 ,= "o reason1 bo? ar*itecture & sculpture 7 mu* m advanc$ at ?is p]iod ?an 0 pa9t+4 ,!n ! new elem5ts ( ta/e made _! way sl[ly1 & ! old influ5ces rema9$ active side by side ) ! new4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t 9 ,spa9 ! ,r5aissance 0 nev] a movem5t f )92 r its causes 7 ext]nal & political4 ,9 #aejd ,naples _h be5 conqu]$ by ,spa91 & at ! same "t ! ,sicilies _h become an appanage ( ! ,h\se ( ,aragon4 ,_m ,spani>ds ( position 7 attract$ to ,italy to take "p 9 ! w>s1 & ) !m travell$ native arti/s4 ,at ! same "t ,italian arti/s came to ,spa94 ,ano!r influ5ce 0 ! close relation :i* at ?is "t exi/$ betwe5 ,spa9 & ,rome4 ,!n a ?riv+ trade communication arose betwe5 ! cities ( ! two c\ntries1 & especially 0 ?is s betwe5 ! prosp]\s h>b\rs ( ,b>celona & ,g5oa4 ,! impulse ( art is curi\sly int]b\nd ) economic causes2 int]*ange ( trade inevitably results 9 int]*ange ( culture4 ,! *>m ( ! new /yle arose f its novelty2 x inspir$ imitation & sugge/$ new !ories ( art4 ,x f\nd an expression *iefly 9 ! direction ( decoration1 :]e ! old sumptu\sness 0 unit$ ) elegance & delicacy ( execution4 ,?us ! ,r5aissance ent]$ ,spa9 by num]\s *annels4 ,we f9d _m ,spani% nobles employ+ ,italian workm5 to decorate _! palaces2 = in/ance1 ,rodrigo de ,m5doza entru/$ ! ornam5tation ( ! ca/le ( ,calahorra to ,g5oese workm5 9 #aeaj4 ,italian m>ble-cutt]s 7 occupi$ 9 ! production ( sumptu\s monum5tal tombs1 ( :i* "s 7 c>v$ at ,g5oa1 :ile a /ill great] numb] 7 execut$ 9 ,spa9 by ,lomb>d & ,flor5t9e arti/s summon$ ?i!r = ! purpose4 ,! mural monum5t ( ,ar*bi%op ,m5doza 9 ,seville ,ca!dral 0 execut$ by ,miguel ( ,flor5ce ab\t #aeji1 & by him too is ! t]ra-cotta relief ov] ! ,pu]ta del ,p]don1 repres5t+ ! ,expulsion ( ! ,money-*ang]s f ! ,temple & ! ,annunciation1 betwe5 ! l>ge figures ( ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul4 ,! monum5t ( ,p4 ,gonzlez de ,m5doza 9 ! ,capilla ,mayor ( ,tol$o ,ca!dral1 ) ! ,madonna 9 ! lunette1 is absolutely ,flor5t9e1 & is p]haps ! "w ( ,&rea ,sansov9o4 ,! ,m>quis de ,t>ifa1 :ile on a j\rney to ,pale/9e 9 #aebj1 ord]$ at ,g5oa ! tomb-monum5ts ( 8 p>5ts1 ,enriquez & ,catal9a de ,rib]a1 ! ri*e/ examples ( ,r5aissance sculpture1 :i* are 9 ! ,univ]sity ,*ur* ( ,seville4 ,! alt> ( ! ,capilla de ,exalas1 9 ! ca!dral ( ! same city1 :i* 0 erect$ by del ,ro 9 #aeci1 is also ( ,g5oese workman%ip4 ,! new /yle 0 adopt$ 9 decorative sculptures appli$ to doorways1 faades1 w9d[s1 c42 !re are num]\s examples1 & especially is ?is s 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,tol$o1 :i* furni%es a museum ( ,r5aissance "w4 ,! ,italian tea*+ 0 fur!r assi/$ by ! settlem5t 9 ,spa9 ( a family ( ,italian arti/s1 ,leone ,leoni1 ,pompeo 8 son1 & ,mi*ael ! gr&son1 :o = ?ree g5]ations 7 employ$ by ,*>les ,v4 & ,philip ,,ii4 ,!y c>v$ = ! ,escorial /atues ( ! ,emp]or1 ( ,philip ,,ii41 & memb]s ( ! royal family1 z well z ! bas-reliefs ( ! retablo ( ! high alt>1 :i* ,h]r]a _h design$1 & two gr\ps 9 gilt-bronze plac$ "u ! tribunes to ! "r & left ( ! alt>4 ,9 addition ^! arti/s execut$ _m /atues 9 bronze & 9 m>ble = ! *ur*es & royal palace4 ,^! works1 by reason ( _! purity ( l9e & beauty1 ex]cis$ a b5eficial & widespread influ5ce on ! native sculptors4 ,cean ,b]mudez1 9 ,spa91 unites ) ,vas>i1 9 ,italy1 9 prais+ ! ,leoni family4 ,"o ( ! fir/ ,spani% arti/s to frequ5t ! s*ools ( ,italy1 :]e he is wrongly /at$ to h be5 a pupil ( ,donatello1 0 ,damian ,=m5t1 a native ( ,val5cia1 :o liv$ & work$ 9 ! fifte5? & fir/ ?ird ( ! sixte5? c5turies4 ,donatello di$ 9 #adff1 & z ,=m5t return$ to ,spa9 9 #aeji1 :5 /ill "y1 he c\ld n h be5 ! pupil ( ! great ,italian4 ,b :oev] 0 8 ma/]1 he 0 a great arti/1 ! mo/ fam\s ( ! ,aragonese sculptors1 & 8 works are ! pure/ examples ( ! new ,italian ta/e4 ,t he e/eem$ himself we "k1 = he calls himself 8! rival ( ,phidias & ,praxiteles02 :ile ! fact t he 0 all[$ ! unusual privilege ( ins]t+ life-size m$allions ( himself & 8 wife at ! base ( 8 great alt>-scre5s at ,z>agoza & ,huesca %[s h[ high a place he held 9 ! popul> e/imation4 ,!re are f\r alt>-scre5s :i* are kn[n c]ta9ly to be ! "w ( ,damian ,=m5t1 b ( ^! only two are important4 ,! fir/ 9 date is ! retablo ( ! ,virg5 del ,pil> at ,z>agoza 7,plate #gd71 :i* 0 begun 9 #aeji1 ! ye> 9 :i* ,=m5t return$ f ,italy1 & 0 f9i%$ elev5 ye>s lat]1 9 #aebj4 ,x has ?ree l>ge bas-reliefs1 surr\nd$ by a fram+1 & plac$ "u a s]ies ( p9nacles & divid$ by pila/]s1 :ile above is a pr$illa conta9+ sev5 small gr\ps4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! ?ree l>ge gr\ps is an exquisitely f9e ,annunciation ( ! ,virg91 & on ei!r side are ! ,bir? & ! ,purification4 ,injudici\s wa%+s h ru9$ ! poly*rome1 & no traces ( col\r rema9 except on two figures plac$ on ! "r & left ( ! alt>4 ,f ^! we c judge h[ f9e ! poly*rome mu/ once h be54 ,x is int]e/+ to note t :ile ! bas-reliefs & /atues1 ) _! beautiful =ms & great delicacy1 s diff]5t f ! reali/ic emaciat$ types ( ! late ,go?ic arti/s1 %[ v cle>ly ! influ5ce ,=m5t _h exp]i5c$ f 8 /udy ( ! ,italian ma/]s2 9 ! ar*itectural decorations he rema9$ fai?ful to ,go?ic traditions4 ,?is m+l+ ( /yles is :at we mu/ expect 9 ,spa92 x is at once ! int]e/ & ! weakness ( h] art4 ,nor 0 ,=m5t alone 9 ?us cl++ to ! old =ms1 :ile at ! same "t us+ ! new4 ,we f9d ! same cross+ ( influ5ces 9 ! "w ( all ! native arti/s1 & 9 ?is way ! ,spani% ,r5aissance reta9$ 9 sculpture a c]ta9 native /yle ( its own4 ,damian ,=m5t's second important retablo1 :i* 0 execut$ = ! celebrat$ ,abbey ( ,m\nt ,aragon1 & is n[ 9 ! p>i% *ur* ( ,huesca1 is entirely ,italian 9 s5tim5t & 9 execution4 ,x has a s5su\s *>m1 su* z is se5 9 sc>cely any o!r "w ( ,spani% art4 ,=m5t began ! scre5 9 #aebj1 work$ at x = ?irte5 ye>s1 & di$1 s tradition tells u1 almo/ at once aft] its completion4 ,l ! ,z>agoza alt>-scre51 x is ( alaba/]4 ,x is 9 ?ree regi/]s1 & is adorn$ ) bas-reliefs ( ! ,be>+ ( ! ,cross1 ! ,crucifixion1 & ! ,desc5t f ! ,cross4 ,betwe5 ^! bas-reliefs & on ! pila/]s1 cr[n$ ) elegant p9nacles1 are figures ( wom5 ( incomp>able beauty & grace4 ,"s ( ! figures %[ traces ( col\r1 b "h also ! poly*rome has be5 de/roy$ by wa%+s4 ,! m$allions ( ,=m5t & 8 wife are on ! base ( ! alt>4 ,! two rema9+ alt>-scre5s ( ,=m5t are less important4 ,san ,pablo at ,z>agoza has a retablo c>v$ 9 wood1 :i*1 ?\gh design$ by ,=m5t1 0 probably c>ri$ out by 8 pupils4 ,x 0 execut$ ab\t ! ye>s #aeaf-aebj4 ,! second alt>-scre5 is 9 ! p>i% *ur* ( ,velula de ,ebro4 ,besides ^! works1 ! retablo 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,santo ,dom+o de la ,calzada1 a small t[n twelve miles we/ ( ,naj>a1 has be5 attribut$ to ,=m5t4 ,b ?is is a mi/ake4 ,n only ! /yle ( ! c>v+s b ! records ( ! date ( ! "w prove t x _c be by ,damian ,=m5t4 ,! confusion has aris5 f its au?or hav+ ! "n ( ,=m5t2 he seems to h be5 an important imag]io1 or image-mak]4 ,we owe ! cle>+ up ( ?is error to ,m4 ,m>cel ,dieulafoy1 to ^: admirable "w we once m gratefully ackn[l$ge our debt4 ,! same le>n$ au?ority ?9ks t ! admirable tomb ( ! ,m>quis ,vasquez de ,arco1 :i* is 9 an annexe ( ! ,sigenza ,ca!dral1 may1 9 spite ( c]ta9 difficulties ab\t dates1 be ! "w ( ,damian ,=m5t4 ,= !re seems no o!r arti/ work+ at ?is "t :o c\ld h execut$ x4 ,=m5t left a consid]able =tune1 :i* w\ld po9t to !re hav+ be5 _m anonym\s works ( 82 8 f\r alt>-scre5s n be+ suffici5t to acc\nt = ! amass+ ( ?is weal?4 ,! ,sigenza tomb is "o ( ! e>lie/ monum5ts to %[ ! decisive influ5ces ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,! figure is repres5t$ recl9+1 ! attitude is new & free1 ! expression ( ! face is *>m+1 & all ! details are c>ri$ out ) great p]fection4 ,! only col\r t to-day rema9s is ! crimson cross ( ,santiago4 ,beh9d ! tomb an inscription on a slab ( m>ble inlaid into ! wall gives ! hi/ory ( ! "y h]o1 :o 0 kill$ dur+ "o ( ! _m sieges :i* prec$$ ! conque/ ( ,granada4 ,!re are "s v curi\s & v int]e/+ bas-reliefs 9 ! l[] section ( ! retablo ( ! ,royal ,*apel ( ,granada 7,plate #ge7 belong+ to ?is p]iod1 :i* %[ m>k$ly ! ,italian ,r5aissance =ms4 ,!y depict ! ,surr5d] ( ! ,city & ! ,baptism ( ! ,moors4 ,un=tunately ! au?or ( ^! works is unkn[n4 ,9 #aebj1 ! same ye> 9 :i* ,=m5t began ! alt>-scre5 ( ,huesca1 a ,catalan arti/1 ,b>tolom ,ordez1 w5t to ,g5eva to *isel f ,c>r>a m>ble ! tomb ( ,c>d9al ,ximnez1 :i* is n[ 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,alcal de ,h5>es1 b 0 =m]ly 9 ! ,univ]sity ,*apel ( ! city4 ,! tomb _h be5 already design$ by ! ,flor5t9e ,dom5ico ,alex&ro1 b on 8 dea? 9 #aebj ,ordez 0 *os5 to complete x4 ,) him work$ two ,g5oese arti/s1 ,?omas ,=ne & ,adam ,wibaldo1 & ,ordez assimilat$ s completely ! ,italian /yle t on 8 return to ,spa9 he became "o ( ! *ief *annels = introduc+ ! new =ms4 ,?is expla9s h[ x is t ! ,spani>d's *ief works h be5 ascrib$ to 8 ,flor5t9e ma/]1 ,dom5ico ,alex&ro4 ,^! are ! fun]al monum5ts ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 ! ,ca?olic sov]eigns1 9 ! ,royal ,*apel ( ,granada 7,plate #gf71 & t ( ,don ,juan1 _! only son1 :i* is 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,?omas at ,avila 7,plate #gg74 ,?is la/ monum5t is ( great purity & beauty ( /yle4 ,dom5ico ,alex&ro di$ 9 #aebj1 two ye>s be=e ! ,granada tombs 7 execut$4 ,a rec5t discov]y not$ by ,m4 ,m>cel ,dieulafoy ( ?ree names ( ^? :o presid$ at ! m\nt+ ( ! monum5ts1 all ( :om belong$ to ! /udio ( ,ordez1 gives fur!r pro( t we owe ^! spl5did fun]al monum5ts to him4 ,!re is confusion ab\t all ! works ( ?is great sculptor4 ,x is probable t he 0 ! au?or ( ! tombs ( ,philip ! ,h&some & ,juana la ,loca1 :i* are also 9 ,granada's ,royal ,*apel2 :ile _m anonym\s sculptures ( ?is date1 z well z o!rs t h be5 assign$ to ! e>ly ,r5aissance arti/s1 may well be 8 "w4 ,b ! "q ( attributions1 always difficult1 is especially s 9 ! case ( an arti/ :o1 l ,b>tolom ,ordez1 assumes a /yle typical ( 8 p]iod4 ,! mo/ fam\s ( ! e>ly ,r5aissance arti/s 0 ,philip ,vig>ni1 bett] kn[n by 8 surname ,borgoa4 ,he 0 ( ,burgundian orig91 b a native ( ,burgos1 & he sp5t 8 life 9 ! c\ntry ( 8 bir?4 ,we he> ( him fir/ 9 ! ye> #aejj1 ga9+ a competition to execute ! great retablo ( ! ,tras-,sagr>io 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,burgos4 ,! ,tras-,sagr>io alt>-scre5 is ! l>ge/ retablo 9 ,spa91 probably 9 ! _w 7,plates #gh-hj74 ,x is made entirely ( l>* wood1 & is 9 five /oreys1 ea* hav+ f\r comp>tm5ts1 :i* are decorat$ ) elaborately c>v$ bas-reliefs ( ! ,passion & sc5es f ! life ( ! ,virg94 ,above is a colossal crucifix4 ,! num]\s ni*es & p9nacles conta9 a v]itable cr[d ( prophets & sa9ts4 ,! /yle is flamboyant ,go?ic1 =1 l ,=m5t1 ,philip ,borgoa did n use ,r5aissance =ms until lat] 9 8 c>e]4 ,he _h z 8 collaborators ,alfonso ,san*ez1 & 8 fell[-competitors ,seba/ian ,almonacid1 ,peti ,juan1 ,diego ,cop9 ( ,holl&1 & sev5te5 o!r sculptors ( r5[n4 ,enrique ,egas1 ma/] ar*itect ( ! ca!dral1 & ,pietro ,gumiel1 ar*itect ( ! ar*bi%opric1 direct$ & look$ aft] ! con/ruction4 ,! poly*rome 0 entru/$ to ,juan de ,borgoa1 ! ,tol$an pa9t]1 & bro!r ( ,philip1 & he 0 assi/$ by ,francesco di ,amb]os1 ,f]n&o del ,r9con1 & o!rs4 ,) ! aid ( ^! num]\s collaborators ! alt>-scre5 0 complet$ 9 f\r ye>s1 & 0 inaugurat$ 9 #aeje4 ,9 spite ( ! m]it ( its c>v+s1 its great ar*itectural m]its1 & ! pr(usion & beauty ( its col\r & gild+1 ! g5]al effect ( ! retablo is disappo9t+4 ,x is too l>ge4 ,/&+ ne> to x1 ! eye _c embrace its multitude ( detail1 :ile at a di/ance ! p>ts become confus$ & lo/4 ,x is a spl5did & surpris+ monum5t1 & x is v ,spani%1 b x is unsatisfy+ z a "w ( art4 ,! real tal5t ( ,philip de ,borgoa is se5 be/ 9 ! admirable bas-reliefs 9 ! ,tras-,sagr>io at ! back ( ! ,gr& ,alt>4 ,9 ! fir/1 ,jesus goes out ( ,j]usalem to ,calv>y1 accompani$ by ,/4 ,v]onica1 :o dries 8 face1 wet ) drops ( blood & sweat1 & by ,/4 ,simon1 :o helps to c>ry ! ,cross2 ! second depicts ! ,crucifixion2 ! ?ird is 9 two comp>tm5ts1 :i* %[ ! ,desc5t f ! ,cross & ! ,resurrection 7,plate #ha74 ,two bas-reliefs on ei!r side are ( a lat] date1 belong+ to ! sev5te5? c5tury2 !y are ! "w ( ,alonso de ,rios4 ,x 0 aft] ! execution ( ^! works at ,burgos t ,philip de ,borgoa und]w5t 8 arti/ic evolution & embrac$ ,italian =ms4 ,:5ce ! influ5ce came we d n "k2 p]haps x 0 f ,alonso ,b]ruguete1 = ,philip de ,borgoa w\ld seem nev] to h left ,spa94 ,! great "w ( 8 late ye>s 0 c>v+ ! ?irty-five /alls on ! ,epi/le side ( ! *oir ( ,tol$o ,ca!dral1 ! /alls on ! ,gospel side be+ by ,alonso ,b]ruguete 7,plates #hb-ih74 ,! c>v+s ( ,borgoa are m delicate & m f9i%$1 :ile ^? ( ,b]ruguete %[ m creative tal5t & are m ,spani% 9 _! s5tim5t4 ,( ^! truly m>vell\s *oir-/alls ,?ophile ,gauti] says3 8,l'art ,go?ique1 sur les conf9s de la ,r5aissance1 n'a ri5 produit de plus p>fait ni de mieux dess940 ,9 8 ,tol$o ,p9toresca1 ,am>dor ?us beg9s 8 description ( ! /alls3 8,port5t ( ,spani% art1 9 :i* two great g5iuses ( our gold5 c5tury compet$1 ! victory to our own times rema9s undecid$1 & a/\nd$ ! judges :o h endeav\r$ to give _! op9ion on ?is matt]40 ,! bas-reliefs repres5t sc5es f ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t1 & ! s+le /atues are ( prophets1 apo/les1 & sa9ts4 ,!y are c>v$ ( walnut wood1 sep>at$ by jasp] & alaba/] pill>s4 ,m4 ,m>cel ,dieulafoy has po9t$ out ! s+ul> resemblance betwe5 ! figures 9 ^! *oir-/alls & ^? 9 ! alt>-scre5 9 ! ,capilla del ,conde/able ( ,burgos ,ca!dral4 ,x seems probable t we owe ?is f9e "w to ,philip de ,borgoa1 or at lea/ t x 0 produc$ 9 8 /udio4 ,x is adorn$ ) num]\s reliefs & /atues4 ,! sc5e ( ! c5tral panel1 ) life-size figures1 depicts ! ,pres5tation 9 ! ,temple1 & is *>m+ by reason ( its nave realism & ! beauty ( ! heads4 ,?is alt>-scre5 ga9s a fur!r importance f ! ri*ness ( its poly*romes4 ,philip de ,borgoa's la/ "w 0 ! l>ge retablo ( ! ,capilla ,real at ,granada1 ) ! /atuettes ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella kneel+4 ,! reliefs1 c>v$ 9 wood 9 two sections1 are ( great hi/orical int]e/ 7,plate #ajc74 ,to ! left is ,boabdil surr5d]+ ! keys ( ! ,alhambra1 :ile t to ! "r repres5ts ! ,baptism ( ! ,moors by ,spani% monks4 ,philip de ,borgoa di$ 9 #aedc4 ,! ,italian ,r5aissance became m univ]sal & m /rongly m>k$ 9 ! works ( ! sculptors t foll[$4 ,?is 0 due to ! influ5ce ( ,mi*ael ,angelo1 :i* 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 9 ,spa91 atta9$ a p[] else:]e unkn[n outside ( ,italy4 ,!re 0 a special reason = ?is4 ,! great ,italian's "w appeal$ to ! ,spani% s]i\sness1 to _! /rong dramatic in/9ct1 & to ! deeply emotional "* :i* has always m>k$ _! art4 ,alonso ,b]ruguete1 sculptor1 pa9t]1 & ar*itect1 /&s z ! repres5tative ( ?is ,mi*ael-,angelesque influ5ce1 & 8 "w is typical ( ! mann] ( 8 p]iod1 especially ( ! grotesque /yle :i* grew out ( ! ,italian1 & mu/ be associat$ ) 8 "n4 ,b]ruguete 0 born at ,p>$es de ,nava ab\t ! ye> #adhj4 ,he 0 ! son ( ,p$ro ,b]ruguete1 ! k+'s pa9t]1 f :om he receiv$ 8 fir/ lessons 9 art4 ,on 8 fa!r's dea? he w5t to ,italy1 :]e he at once became ! pupil ( ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,pro( ( 8 ability is giv5 by ! fact t ! ,italian ma/] confid$ to him ! copy+ ( ! celebrat$ ,pisan c>toon :i* he _h design$ = ! city4 ,lat] ,b]ruguete accompani$ ,mi*ael ,angelo to ,rome4 ,he made su* progress t ,bramanti1 foll[+ ! advice ( ,raphael1 *ose him out ( _m competitors to make a copy ( ! ,laocon to be ca/ 9 bronze4 ,he also complet$ a ,/4 ,j]ome by ,filipp9o ,lippi4 ,?is is all we "k ( ,b]ruguete's soj\rn 9 ,rome4 ,9 #aebj he return$ to ,spa91 :5 ,*>les ,v4 appo9t$ him royal sculptor & pa9t]4 ,?is position gave him great p[]4 ,he work$ = ! emp]or at ,valladolid & ,madrid1 & all ! great t[ns ( ,spa9--,tol$o1 ,z>agoza1 ,salamanca1 ,granada--compet$ = 8 s]vices4 ,9 ?is way 8 influ5ce 0 widespread1 & all t he _h le>nt 9 ,italy became kn[n to ! native arti/s4 ,f ,mi*ael ,angelo ,b]ruguete acquir$ ! p[] & vig\r t di/+ui%es all 8 be/ "w1 b at ! same "t he reta9$ 8 own p]sonality & 0 fai?ful to national traditions4 ,x 0 8 ,spani% temp]am5t1 ) its t5d5cy to ov]-emphasis1 & n 8 imitation ( ,mi*ael ,angelo1 :i* caus$ ! viol5t attitudes & exagg]at$ ge/ures :i* *>act]ise _m ( 8 works4 ,among ! num]\s alt>-scre5s :i* ,b]ruguete c>v$1 ei!r entirely or 9 "p1 ! mo/ important 0 t ( ,san ,b5ito el ,real at ,valladolid1 "s fragm5ts ( :i* rema9 9 ! museum ( ! city4 ,! *oir-/alls ( ! mona/]y1 also 9 ! museum1 :i* are (t5 mi/ak5ly attribut$ to ,b]ruguete1 7 c>v$ by ,&res de ,naj]a 9 #aebj1 a contempor>y sculptor1 too little kn[n1 if we may judge by ! p[] & beauty ( ^! *oir-/alls 7,plates #ajd-aaa74 ,c>v$ 9 wood1 !y d n appe> ev] to h be5 pa9t$4 ,naj]a has also left excell5t c>v+s 9 ! ,ca!drals ( ,calahorra & ( ,santo ,dom+o de la ,calzada4 ,! contracts = ! alt>-scre5 ( ,san ,b5ito1 sign$ 9 #aebf1 %[ t ,b]ruguete und]took 8to c>ve & f9i% ) 8 own h&s ! heads & feet ( ! /atues40 ,?is gives special importance to ^! works1 = ! execution ( _m ( ,b]ruguete's c>v+s 0 left to 8 pupils4 ,! mo/ beautiful ( ! figures is t ( ,/4 ,seba/ian 7,plate #aac74 ,x is "o ( ! f9e/ possible examples ( poly*rome4 ,! fle%-t9ts are subdu$1 ! face some:at w>m] 9 col\r ?an ! body1 ) skilful t\*es ( c>m9e on ! lips1 no/rils1 e>s1 & eyelids4 ,! eyebr[s are light1 ! hair r$-br[n4 ,"s drops ( blood %[ ^u ! w\nds4 ,! g5]al effect is p[]ful & true to life4 ,!re are "s f9e bas-reliefs2 among !m we may m5tion ! ,sacrifice ( ,abraham & ! ,adoration ( ! ,magi 7,plate #aac72 ! heads ( ! ,virg9 & ! ,*ild ,*ri/ 9 ! second panel are spl5did examples ( ,b]ruguete's art4 ,two m panels %[ ! ,bir? ( ,*ri/ & ! ,flight into ,egypt1 & 9 ^! aga9 ,b]ruguete's special p]sonality makes /rong appeal2 & h>dly less p[]ful are ! panels1 ) gold backgr\nds1 ( ! two ,evangeli/s1 ,/4 ,m>k & ,/4 ,mat!w4 ,all ^! bas-reliefs are col\r$4 ,b]ruguete has left _m notewor?y tombs4 ,! monum5t ( ,ar*bi%op ,tav]a1 9 ! ,afu]a ,hospital at ,tol$o1 is g5]ally acc\nt$ 8 ma/]piece 7,plate #aad74 ,b ?is tomb1 c>v$ 9 8 old age--x 0 ,b]ruguete's la/ "w--is n really f9] ?an _m ( 8 o!r monum5ts4 ,! bas-reliefs on ! s>cophagus are mann]$1 & sugge/ an ov]-excit$ imag9ation4 ,x seems probable t ! ,tol$o tomb owes its fame r to its be+ bett] kn[n ?an to ! sup]iority ( its execution4 ,a f9] example ( ,b]ruguete's works 9 m>ble1 accord+ to ,m4 ,m>cel ,dieulafoy1 are ! tombs ( ,don ,juan de ,rojas & 8 wife ! ,m>quesa de ,poza1 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,san ,pablo at ,pal5cia4 ,! kneel+ figures ( ! ,m>quis & 8 wife1 ) ! f9e heads ( /rongly m>k$ "*1 prove ,b]ruguete an accompli%$ c>v] ( portraits 9 m>ble4 ,! bas-reliefs1 & ! num]\s figures ( sa9ts1 evangeli/s1 & angels1 are vigor\sly c>v$2 especially f9e is ! =m ( ,god ! ,fa!r1 :i* dom9ates ! :ole4 ,! monum5tal tomb ( ,san ,j]onimo at ,granada1 :i* has be5 attribut$ to ! ,italian ,p$ro ,torrigiano1 & also to ,b]ruguete's successor1 ,gasp> ,bec]ra1 is almo/ c]ta9ly ! "w ( ,b]ruguete 7,plate #aae74 ,?is is ! op9ion ( ,m4 ,m>cel ,dieulafoy4 ,x furni%es a diff]5t expression ( ,b]ruguete's p[]s1 & is "o ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ically ,spani% ( 8 works4 ,( a simil> "* to ! ,pal5cia tombs1 & wor?y ( notice1 are ! excell5t portrait-bu/ ( ! eng9e] ,juanelo ,turriano1 9 ! ,conv5t ( ,san ,juan de los ,reyes at ,tol$o1 ! /atue-tomb ( ,/4 ,secundus1 ,bi%op ( ,avila1 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,san ,secundo 9 t city 7,plate #aaf71 & ! bu/s ( ! ar*bi%ops :i* adorn ! retablo ( ! ,colegio del ,arzobispo at ,salamanca4 ,! /ud5t ( ,b]ruguete %\ld visit 8 native t[n ,p>$es de ,nava1 :]e num]\s c>v+s are pres]v$ 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,eulalia1 = 9 ^! e>ly works we see h[ c>efully he /udi$ ! antique4 ,9 ! wood5 panels 9 ! sacri/y ( ,m]cia ,ca!dral we notice aga9 ! ov]-excit$ imag9ation :i* 0 ! defect ( ,b]ruguete's "w4 ,mu* f9] is ! retablo ( ,santa ,b>b>a 9 ! sacri/y ( ! ,ca!dral ( ,avila4 ,x is c>v$ 9 alaba/] & col\r$2 ! f9e/ ( ! reliefs repres5ts ! ,sc\rg+ ( ,*ri/1 a subject specially suitable to ,b]ruguete's p[]4 ,! influ5ce ( ,b]ruguete 0 decisive & widespread1 & a numb] ( native c>v]s & sculptors arose :o 7 ei!r 8 pupils or imitat$ 8 /yle4 ,gasp> de ,tordesillas1 born at ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 is reput$ to h be5 a pupil ( ,b]ruguete1 & ! vig\r ( 8 /yle1 %[n *iefly 9 ! attitudes & movem5ts ( 8 figures1 & 9 ! folds ( 8 drap]ies1 supports ?is pupil%ip4 ,he 0 fir/ an entallador1 or c>v] 9 wood1 & aft]w>ds escultor--sculptor--an arti/ ( high] rank4 ,he c>v$ 9 wood a small retablo = ! p>i% *ur* ( ,simancas1 a small t[n ne> to ,valladolid1 :i* ,antonio ,vasquez1 ano!r native arti/1 col\r$ 9 oils4 ,z an escultor ,tordesillas execut$ _m important works1 among !m ! f9e /atue ( ,san ,b5ito 7,plate #aag71 n[ 9 ! ,museum ( ,valladolid1 & also two alt>-scre5s = ! old mona/]y ( ,san ,b5ito4 ,_m ( ! works ( ,tordesillas h be5 attribut$ to 8 bett]-kn[n contempor>y ,juan de ,juni1 ! extravagant foll[] ( ,b]ruguete's /yle4 ,! alt>-scre5s 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,santiago & ! ,*ur* ( ,san ,francisco at ,valladolid--! fir/ repres5t+ ! ,adoration ( ! ,magi & ! o!r ! ,entombm5t ( ,*ri/--are all ! "w ( ,tordesillas4 ,m4 ,m>cel ,dieulafoy's v]dict ( ?is little kn[n c>v] is t he 0 8a great arti/40 ,francisco ,giralte1 a sculptor ( ,pal5cia1 :o1 l s _m ( ! ,spani% arti/s ( ?is p]iod1 /udi$ 9 ,italy1 0 ! pr9cipal collaborator ) ,b]ruguete 9 c>v+ ! celebrat$ *oir-/alls ( ,tol$o ,ca!dral4 ,! la/ ( ! works :i* he execut$ alone is ! alt>-scre51 =m]ly 9 ! *apel ( ! ,obispo1 ,pal5cia ,ca!dral1 b n[ at ,madrid4 ,?is scre5 is describ$ & highly prais$ by ,ponz 9 8 ,viage de ,espaa4 ,! poly*rome 0 c>ri$ out by ,juan de ,villodo1 "u ! direction ( ,francisco de ,vilalp&o1 an able ar*itect ( ,pal5cia4 ,giralte c>v$ _m o!r retablos1 & 0 assi/$ by ,juan ,manzano & o!r c>v]s4 ,! mo/ important ( 8 works are ! alt>-scre5 ( ,c>d9al ,ximnez1 t ( ! ,mona/]y ( ,valbu5a1 ! great alt> at ,esp9>1 ano!r = ! p>i% *ur* ( ,pozeido1 & f9ally ! retablo ( ! ,corral's *apel 9 ! ,*ur* ( ! ,magdal5a1 ,valladolid1 rem>kable = its bas-reliefs1 b unsatisfy+ 9 its :ole effect on acc\nt ( ! pov]ty ( composition4 ,giralte di$ 9 #aegf4 ,e/eban ,jordan 0 ! contempor>y ( ,giralte4 ,he 0 born at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury & di$ 9 #aeih or #aeii4 ,we read t ,b]ruguete 0 ! godfa!r ( 8 son1 :i* seems to sugge/ an intimate relation%ip1 if n pupil%ip1 betwe5 ! two arti/s4 ,b ,jordan has v little ( ! vigor\s /yle ( ,b]ruguete4 ,l ,giralte1 he 0 a c>v] ( second-rate m]it1 :o atta9$ fame 9 8 lifetime1 b 0 aft]w>ds =gott54 ,8 be/ works are ! retablo ( ,santa ,m>ia ,magdal5a at ,valladolid & ! tomb ( ,ar*bi%op ,don ,p$ro ,gasco 9 ! same *ur*4 ,ano!r ,spani>d :o le>nt 8 art 9 ,italy 0 ,tudelilla1 a native ( ,t>ragona4 ,he 0 born at ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & aft] /udy+ 9 ,italy1 9 #aebg return$ to ,spa91 9 :i* ye> we f9d him *>g$ ) ! con/ruction & decoration ( ! *oir enclosure ( ,z>agoza ,ca!dral 7,plate #aah74 ,! /yle 9 :i* x is c>ri$ out is kn[n 9 ,spa9 z ,plat]esque1 a "n d]iv$ f plat]os1 or silv]-"w1 & appli$ to ?is =m ( c>v+ f its elegance & delicacy ( execution4 ,! *oir is compos$ ( twelve highly ornam5t$ columns1 :i* h a frieze & p$im5ts ( delicate workman%ip4 ,9 ! c5tre is plac$ a ,crucifixion1 :ile betwe5 ! columns & on ei!r side are /atues ( sa9ts & f\r bas-reliefs repres5t+ sc5es 9 ! lives ( ,/4 ,v9c5t & ,/4 ,val]e1 ! patrons ( ! *ur*4 ,9 ,spa9 x is held 9 great e/imation1 b x mu/ be admitt$ t ! decoration is mann]$ & ( a pr(essional /amp4 ,tudelilla 0 l>gely employ$ by ! nobility ( ,z>agoza 9 ! decoration ( _! palaces4 ,we read 9 contempor>y writ]s ( ! spl5d\r ( ^! build+s1 b almo/ )\t exception !y h be5 de/roy$4 ,x 0 ! common cu/om at ?is p]iod ( arti/ic weal? to lavi% l>ge sums on ! decoration ) /atues & sculpture ( bo? ! outside & ! int]ior ( private dwell+s4 ,:]ev] ^! palaces rema9 !y %\ld be /udi$1 z !y conta9 _m f9e examples ( ,spani% c>v+4 ,among o!r c>v]s :o 7 ! contempor>ies ( ,b]ruguete we may m5tion ,diego ,morlanes1 :o complet$ ! portal ( ! conv5t *ur* ( ,santa ,engracia at ,z>agoza1 :i* 0 begun by 8 fa!r ,juan 9 #aeje1 :ile a fur!r example ( 8 sumptu\s /yle is ! *apel ( ,/4 ,b]n>d 9 ! ca!dral1 ) ! monum5t ( ,ar*bi%op ,f]n&o ( ,aragon & 8 "m4 ,juan de ,talav]e & ,eti5ne ,v]ay execut$ ! sumptu\s portal ( ! ,*ur* ( ! ,virg9 at ,calatayud2 ,diego de ,riao & ,m>t9 ,ga9oza work$ at ,seville1 & _! c>v+s 9 ! ,sacri/ia ,mayor & 9 ! ,capilla ,real ( ! ca!dral illu/rate ! elaborate & fanta/ic =ms 9 :i* ! native work]s n[ took increas+ delight4 ,( great] importance are ,juan ,rodriguez & ,g]nimo ,pellici]1 :o execut$ ! retablo ( ! ,mona/]y del ,p>ral at ,segovia 7,plate #aai74 ,all ^! sculptors & c>v]s 7 9 great] or less degree imitators ( ,b]ruguete4 ,we h 9 addition num]\s anonym\s works1 "s ( spl5did m]it4 ,! enum]ation ( ^! c>v+s w\ld fill a sep>ate volume4 ,burgos1 ,seville1 & _m *ur*es are v]itable museums ( poly*rome sculpture2 :ile _m *ur*es1 su*1 = in/ance1 z ! ,conv5t ( ,poblet1 n[ robb$ & left b>e1 7 =m]ly treasure-h\ses ( sculptures4 ,! limit ( space makes x impossible to d ju/ice to ?is multitude ( "w4 ,! epo* 0 m>k$ by a weal? ( production :i* %[s ! en?usiasm t !n prevail$ = ! pla/ic arts4 ,! hi/ory ( ,spani% sculpture w\ld be incomplete did we omit to m5tion ! ,cu/odias :i* almo/ no l>ge *ur* 9 ,spa9 is )\t4 ,^! ideali/ic t[]-l /ructures1 always wr\ght 9 silv] & f9ely c>v$1 are ! great ar*itectural a*ievem5ts ( ! metal-work]s4 ,! fir/ examples belong to ! ,go?ic p]iod4 ,! ,cu/odia ( ! ,ca!dral ( ,g]ona1 ri*ly adorn$ ) enamels & preci\s /ones1 is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful1 :ile ano!r ( almo/ equal m]it is t ( ,b>celona4 ,! sixte5? c5tury 0 ! great p]iod = ! production ( ^! silv] works1 & ?is 0 due ma9ly to ! tal5t$ ,arfes1 a ,spani% family ( ,g]man orig91 :o produc$ ,cu/odias = mo/ ( ! important ca!drals4 ,to ,enrique de ,arfe 7#adgj-aeej71 ! fir/ ( ! family1 we owe ! ,cu/odias ( ,cordova & ,tol$o2 ^! works are 9 ! late ,go?ic /yle4 ,b ! mo/ celebrat$ memb] ( ! family 0 ,juan ,arfes1 ! gr&son ( ,enrique1 :o 0 born ab\t ! middle & di$ at ! close ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,he 0 ! creator ( ! celebrat$ ,cu/odia ( ,avila 7,plate #abj74 ,he also execut$ two ,cu/odias = ! city ( ,valladolid--"o = ! ,conv5t ( ,c>mel & ! o!r = ! ca!dral4 ,?is "w be>s an inscription1 8,juan de ,arfe y ,villafae1 f4 ,,mdxc410 & ! price paid = x 0 #a1eah1jib m>av$is4 ,at ab\t ! same "t he made ano!r ,cu/odia = ! ,ca!dral ( ,burgos1 & yet ano!r = t ( ,seville4 ,besides excell+ z a silv]smi?1 ,juan 0 an excell5t c>v] ( /atues1 ?\gh he always us$ ! title escultor de plata y oro 7sculptor ( gold & silv]74 ,8 skill z a sculptor is prov$ by ! gr\p ( ,adam & ,eve1 :i* 0 execut$ to occupy ! c5tre ( ! fir/ /age ( ! ,valladolid ,cu/odia1 b is n[ on ! p$e/al4 ,8 greate/ sculptur$ piece 0 ! kneel+ /atue ( ,cri/obal de ,royas y ,s&oval1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,seville1 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,san ,p$ro de ,l]ma at ,burgos 7,plates #aba & #abb74 ,juan di$ be=e ! completion ( ! "w1 :i* 0 f9i%$ by ,f]n&ez del ,moral1 "u ! direction ( ,pompeo ,leoni2 & = ?is reason ?is spl5did monum5t = long has be5 wrongly attribut$ to ,leoni4 ,) ! silv]smi?s we may class ! orfrays1 or embroid]]s1 :o at ?is "t atta9$ a position ( great importance4 ,cean ,b]mudez praises especially ,m>cos ,cov>rubias1 ! ma/] embroid]] ( ,tol$o ,ca!dral1 :o 9 #aead c>ri$ out ! beautiful decorations ( ,c>d9al ,cisn]os' monum5t4 ,o!r celebrat$ 8embroid]]s0 7 ,gabriel ,c>vajal ( ,seville ,ca!dral1 & a ,fr5* ,hi]onimite monk nam$ ,mons]rate1 :o settl$ 9 ,spa9 9 ! sixte5? c5tury & work$ = ! mona/]y ( ! ,escorial4 ,he 0 a ma/] ( ! delicate art ( 8ne$lework 9 /one40 ,nor mu/ we =get ! ,spani% metal-work]s1 :o wr\ght ! exquisite rail+s 9 ! ca!drals ( ,burgos1 ,seville1 ,salamanca1 ,tol$o1 ,pampeluna1 & else:]e1 :i* are ma/]pieces ( art4 ,^! works1 besides fl[]s1 foliage1 & decorations1 conta9 m$allions ( m5's & wom5's heads1 sometimes oxidis$1 b (t5 gild$ & poly*rom$4 ,= ?is reason1 if = no?+ else1 ^! *ur* rail+s mu/ be /udi$ by ^? :o wi% to "k ! ,spani% poly*romes4 ,^! small m$allions are c>ri$ out ) exquisite delicacy & beauty4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,r5aissance1 ,,& ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,mi*ael ,,angelo 7cont9u$7--,,! ,,s*ools ,,( ,,valladolid ,,& ,,madrid ,aft] ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury a *ange came1 or r1 a fur!r /ep 0 tak5 9 ! use ( ,italian =ms1 & a /yle 0 evolv$ :i* may be said ) suffici5t accuracy to correspond to ! develop$ ,r5aissance ( ,italy4 ,gasp> ,bec]ra 0 n[ ! mo/ prom95t sculptor 9 ,spa94 ,l ,b]ruguete1 ^: rival & true successor he 01 he receiv$ 8 arti/ic tra9+ 9 ,italy2 l him1 too1 he 0 a pa9t] & ar*itect z well z sculptor4 ,x is said t ,bec]ra work$ 9 ! /udio ( ,mi*ael ,angelo1 b ,vas>i1 ^: pupil he 01 does n c\nt him among ! disciples ( ! great ,flor5t9e4 ,he 0 born at ,baeza1 a small t[n 9 ! k+dom ( ,ja51 9 #aebj4 ,he 0 /ill q "y :5 he w5t to ,italy4 ,9 ,rome he ga9$ a position ( importance work+ "u ! lead]%ip ( 8 ma/]1 ,vas>i1 & "u ,daniele da ,volt]ra 9 ! ,tr9ita de ,monti1 decorat+ 9 ! ,cancell]ia4 ,8 skill 9 draw+1 especially ! human figure1 0 great1 & he furni%$ ! plates = ,valv]de's 8,anatomy10 pr9t$ 9 ,rome 9 #aeed4 ,we "k also t he 0 m>ri$ 9 ,rome 9 #aeef4 ,five ye>s lat] he return$ to ,spa91 & l 8 pr$ecessor he became pa9t] & sculptor to ,philip ,,ii4 ,bec]ra work$ at ! decoration ( ! ,p>do palace1 & pa9t$ frescoes 9 ! ,alcaz> ( ,madrid1 :i* 7 de/roy$ 9 ! fire ( #agcd2 9 addition he design$1 sculptur$1 & pa9t$ ! alt>-scre5 ( ! ,conv5t ( ,dscalzas ,reales 9 ! same city1 work+ = ! ,infanta ,da ,m>ia1 :ile = ! ,que51 ,da ,isabel de la ,paz1 he sculptur$ ! /atue ( ,nue/ra ,seora de la ,solitude1 :i* is wor%ipp$ 9 ! *apel ( ! ,m9ime fa!rs4 ,?is position z ,c\rt arti/ caus$ ,bec]ra's s]vices to be eag]ly s\ght1 & c>v+s & pa9t+s ( 8 w be f\nd at ,zamora1 ,valladolid1 ,z>agoza1 ,burgos1 ,salamanca1 & else:]e4 ,8 ma/]piece1 & 8 la/ "w1 is ! retablo 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,a/orga1 on :i* he work$ f #aeej to #aefi4 ,he di$ at ,madrid 9 #aega1 :5 /ill "y & 9 ! height ( 8 activity & p[]4 ,! m]it ( ,bec]ra's "w is a feel+ = ideal beauty1 unusual 9 ,spa91 unit$ ) dignity &1 to "s degree1 ) /r5g?4 ,all 8 sculptures are 9 ! /yle ( ,mi*ael ,angelo2 & ?is has l$ to a confusion betwe5 8 c>v+s & ^? ( ,b]ruguete4 ,b ?is is a mi/ake4 ,b]ruguete1 ?\gh a foll[] ( ,mi*ael ,angelo1 0 ,spani% ) a /rong national acc5t1 :ile ,bec]ra 0 an ,italian1 completely r5\nc+ ! national traditions 9 fav\r ( ,r5aissance =ms4 ,= ?is reason 8 "w is f> less important ?an t ( 8 pr$ecessor2 x also op5$ ! road = ! deg5]ation ( native sculpture4 ,bec]ra made ! /udy ( ,mi*ael ,angelo & ! antique ! sub/itute = a /udy ( nature1 & possess+ a happy knack ( pleas+ ! eye1 he 0 cont5t to be an imitator1 & !re=e add$ no?+ to ,spani% sculpture4 ,a good example ( ,bec]ra's art1 & 8 be/ s+le c>v+1 is ! small poly*rome bas-relief ( ,/ ,j]ome 9 ! ,des]t 7,plate #abc7 9 ! side alt> ( ! ,capilla del ,conde/able at ,burgos4 ,!re are sev]al copies ( ?is /atue1 =1 l _m imitators1 ,bec]ra repeat$ 8 works2 "o1 9 :ite m>ble1 is 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,san ,p$ro at ,huesca4 ,on acc\nt ( its lik5ess to ! ,/4 ,j]ome1 ,m4 ,m>cel ,dieulafoy attributes to ,bec]ra ! /atue ( ! prophet ,elias 9 ,santo ,toms at ,tol$o1 ! *ur* t conta9s ! ma/]piece ( ,el ,greco4 ,! retablo at ,a/orga1 ,bec]ra's mo/ important "w1 is an impos+ erection1 mu* prais$ 9 ,spa94 ,! effect is pleas+1 b a clos] exam9ation leaves ! spectator unsatisfi$2 ! /atues & c>v+s are all modell$ on ,r5aissance types1 & are )\t individuality4 ,/ill ?is retablo mu/ n be neglect$2 x is a good example ( e/(ado sculpture4 ,contempor>y ) ,b]ruguete work$ ,juan de ,juni1 :o c>ri$ ! ,mi*ael ,angelo foll[+ to its fur!/ & mo/ exagg]at$ developm5t4 ,little is kn[n ab\t ?is arti/2 ev5 8 nationality is unc]ta91 "s acc\nt+ him a ,spani>d1 o!rs an ,italian1 or ev5 a ,flem+4 ,b]mudez ?9ks he 0 an ,italian4 ,b ?\gh a pupil & close imitator ( ,mi*ael ,angelo1 ,juni1 if n born 9 ,spa91 became a ,spani>d by temp]am5t & adoption1 z ! /yle ( 8 "w proves4 ,9 8 c>v+s we f9d t se>* = expression at any co/1 lead+ to exagg]at$ ge/ures & an ov]-acc5tuation ( detail1 z = example 9 depict+ ! sorr[s ( ! ,*ri/ by gap+ w\nds & ! pres5ce ( blood--by :i* ! ,spani% arti/s s\ght to give dramatic reality to _! religi\s repres5tation4 ,x is ?is t has caus$ ,juni to be s highly e/imat$ 9 ,spa94 ,! details ( ,juni's life are fragm5t>y & contradictory4 ,= long he 0 said to h be5 born dur+ ! second half ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & to h di$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,9 reality he liv$ e>li]1 & 0 born 9 #aejg1 :ile he di$ at ,valladolid 9 ,april #aegg4 ,we he> ( him fir/ ab\t ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 :5 ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,portugal summon$ him f ,rome to sup]9t5d ! build+ & decoration ( ! ,episcopal palace at ,oporto4 ,?is he did1 z well z con/ruct+ o!r build+s 9 ! city4 ,aft]w>ds he w5t to ,osuna1 !n to ,santoyo1 & f9ally to ,valladolid1 :]e he settl$1 & rema9$ until 8 dea?4 ,juni has left a great am\nt ( "w1 & 8 /atues & bas-reliefs1 always easily recognis$1 w be f\nd 9 ! *ur*es & conv5ts ( ,osuna1 ,segovia1 ,valladolid1 ,santoyo1 ,ar&a de ,d\ro1 & ,salamanca4 ,8 be/-kn[n alt>-scre5 is ! ,desc5t f ! ,cross 9 ,segovia ,ca!dral 7,plate #abd74 ,9 ?is surpris+ "w we h well display$ bo? ! qualities & defects ( ,juni's tal5ts4 ,in/ead ( ! decoration be+ c>ri$ out 9 comp>tm5ts1 ! c>v+s are 9 isolat$ gr\ps1 a *ange 9 con/ruction :i* 0 ! greate/ s]vice t ,juni r5d]$ to ,spani% sculpture4 ,! figures are all life-size2 ! f9e/ is t ( ! ,*ri/1 :i* has real dignity1 & is )\t exagg]ation4 ,! agitation & grief ( ! ,virg9 & ! holy wom5 is too mu* emphasis$1 :ile ! attitudes ( ! fanta/ically attir$ soldi]s plac$ on ei!r side are s acc5tuat$ t "o is left ) a consci\sness ( ins9c]ity4 ,! dramatic p[] becomes !atrical & unreal4 ,contra/ ?is ,desc5t f ! ,cross ) ,b]ruguete's r5d]+ ( ! same sc5e 9 ,san ,g]onimo at ,granada1 & ?is becomes abundantly evid5t4 ,! re/ra9t 9 ! latt] "w is /r5g?1 :ile ,juni's sc5e1 ) its ov]-acclamation1 ends 9 weakness4 ,b 9 ,spa9 ! ,segovia scre5 is highly treasur$4 ,x is brilliantly col\r$4 ,we h no pro( t ,juni himself poly*rom$ 8 /atues1 b we "k t he 0 a pa9t] ( great tal5t1 & ! h>mony :i* exi/s betwe5 8 models & ! col\r+ seems to prove t he mu/ h sup]9t5d$ ! poly*rome4 ,docum5t>y evid5ce %[s t 9 "s cases1 at any rate1 ! col\risation 0 done 9 8 /udio1 "u 8 direction1 & t he himself pa9t$ ! faces1 ! h&s1 & ! feet ( 8 figures4 ,! same model ( ! ,segovia ,*ri/ c be recognis$ 9 ano!r "w ( ,juni's1 ! ,burial ( ,*ri/1 execut$ = ! ,conv5t ( ,san ,francesco at ,valladolid1 & n[ 9 ! city museum 7,plate #abe74 ,"h we h an ev5 /rong] example ( ,juni's art1 9 :i* ! conception ( woe is depict$ ) great] extravagance1 & ) :at appe>s to u z futile exagg]ation ( ! details ( sorr[4 ,dea? is %[n ) />tl+ reality 9 ! body ( ! ,*ri/1 :i* is rigid ) ! muscles already contract$1 & ! reality is c>ri$ fur!r by ! col\r+2 ! limbs & ! face are mottl$ ) livid /a9s4 ,blood fl[s f ! w\nds1 :i* are laid op54 ,! body is horrible ) ! s5se ( human corruption4 ,! figures ( ! ,virg91 ,/4 ,john1 & ! ,magdal5 all express passionate & ov]-emphatic sorr[4 ,b ! "w is p]fectly s9c]e2 to d\bt ?is is to misund]/& ! nature ( ,spani% art4 ,x is ! quality t meets u s (t52 a too dramatic1 too emphatic ef=t to realise a sc5e exactly z x happ5$4 ,ano!r c>v+ 9 ! same /yle1 ) ! same faults & ! same qualities1 is ! ,virg9 ( ! ,swords 9 ! mona/]y ,capilla de ,nue/ra ,seora de las ,agu/9as1 also at ,valladolid4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ^! works c be appreciat$ only by ! /ud5t :o und]/&s ,spani% art4 ,c]ta9ly ,juni is m ,spani% ?an ,italian4 ,juan de ,juni op5$ ! way = 8 successor ,gregorio ,h]n&ez1 ! sculptor :o may be said to h inh]it$1 & aft]w>ds p]sonally express$1 all t 8 pr$ecessors _h accompli%$4 ,= ! great diff]5ce betwe5 ,juni1 ,bec]ra1 & ev5 ,b]ruguete & ! great ma/] ( ,galicia is t !y1 9 great] or less degree1 7 cont5t ) imitation1 :ile he1 w>n$ possibly by _! extravagances1 /udi$ nature ) pati5t c>e1 & said :at he _h to say = himself1 & 9 ?is way he purg$ ! pla/ic art ( s*ola/ic mann]isms4 ,?is is :y ,gregorio ,h]n&ez occupies ! mo/ important position 9 ! hi/ory ( ,nor!rn ,spani% sculpture4 ,gregorio ,h]n&ez did n /udy 9 ,italy1 inde$ x has be5 said t he nev] w5t f ,valladolid4 ,b ?is is a mi/ake4 ,he /udi$ & work$ 9 t city1 b we "k t he 0 m>ri$ 9 ,madrid1 & t 9 #afjd he 0 9 ,vittoria1 execut+ ! alt>-scre5 = ! ,*ur* ( ,san ,miguel4 ,no actual m5tion is made ( ,h]n&ez' resid5ce 9 ,valladolid be=e ! ye> #afje1 :5 9 c]ta9 contracts we f9d t he act$ z assi/ant sculptor to ! ,italian arti/ ,millan ,vilm]cati4 ,m4 ,m>cel ,dieulafoy places ! date ( 8 fir/ com+ to ,valladolid ab\t #afja1 ! ye> 9 :i* a numb] ( fam\s arti/s 7 summon$ to ! royal city by ,philip ,,ii4 & ! ,duke ( ,l]ma4 ,( ! life ( ,h]n&ez we "k few details4 ,he 0 born 9 ,galicia 9 #aegj1 a date furni%$ by ! inscription on 8 portrait1 n[ 9 ! ,museum ( ,valladolid4 ,he di$ 9 #afcf at ! age ( sixty-six1 z is %[n by ! regi/] 9 ! ar*ives ( ! ,*ur* ( ,san ,ildefonso4 ,x w\ld seem t he nev] left ,spa94 ,8 fir/ kn[n "w und]tak5 z a sculptor 0 ! alt>-scre5 ( ,san ,miguel at ,vittoria1 b he mu/ h execut$ e>li] c>v+s1 z is prov$ by ! paym5ts made = ?is "w--#dbjh reals = ! sculpture1 & ov] #fjd reals = ! /atues 9 relief--& also by ! importance ( ! position he occupi$4 ,h]n&ez direct$ ! :ole "w1 *oos+ z 8 assi/ants ! ma/]-c>p5t] ,cri/obal ,velazquez1 & ! pa9t]s ,francesco ,m>t9ez & ,p$ro de ,salaz>4 ,! activity ( ,h]n&ez 0 v great4 ,f ! date ( ?is alt>-scre5 we h a va/ numb] ( c>v+s execut$1 or suppos$ to h be5 execut$ by him4 ,8 /udio became ! c5tre ( ! arti/ic activities ( 8 day1 = ! am\nt ( 8 "w necessitat$ ! employm5t ( assi/ants4 ,?is has l$ to confusion1 & !re are _m c>v+s attribut$ to ,h]n&ez :i* _c be accept$ z ! "w ( 8 own h&4 ,x is =tunate t ! di/9ctive qualities ( 8 "w make x possible to recognise at once ^? c>v+s & /atues t h be5 fa!r$ on 8 "n4 ,h]n&ez plac$ special importance on ! col\risation ( 8 /atues4 ,9 an int]e/+ contract made ) 8 habitual poly*romi/1 ,diego ,val5t9 ,diaz1 we f9d ! mo/ m9ute details laid d[n1 en=c+ ! c>e ) :i* ! "w is to be c>ri$ out4 ,! col\rs *os5 8are to be ^? :i* are p]man5t02 8! fle% mu/ be mate10 z1 x w be rememb]$1 0 en=c$ by ,pa*eco1 & 89 ea* case ! col\r+ mu/ be suitable to ! model pa9t$10 z1 = example1 8,jesus ! t9t ( an infant1 ! ,virg9 t ( a "y woman1 ,/4 ,joseph t ( a man10 :ile 8! hair & eyes mu/ also be 9 h>mony40 ,also1 8gild$ /uffs & damask$ are to be avoid$10 & 8gold is to be us$ sp>+ly on laces & fr+es only40 ,! effect to be aim$ at is h>mony & tru? to nature4 ,x is by ?is re/riction to a sombre & quiet s*eme ( col\r1 s diff]5t f ! />tl+ & tumultu\s effects1 glitt]+ ) gold1 ( ,juni1 = in/ance1 t ! poly*romes ( ,h]n&ez may be recognis$4 ,8 col\rs1 always quiet1 give an effect ( hav+ be5 work$ on silv] or ivory4 ,! poly*romes t d n manife/ ^! tones are n by ,h]n&ez2 :5 !y be> 8 "n !y mu/ h be5 execut$ by 8 pupils ap>t f 8 direction4 ,examples ( su* spuri\s works are ! imm5se & highly col\r$ ,/a4 ,t]esa 9 ! ,valladolid ,museum1 & also ! ,pasos1 or gr\ps f ! ,passion1 highly prais$ by ! ,spani% writ]s & us$ 9 ! religi\s processions ( ,valladolid1 :i* h be5 attribut$1 c]ta9ly errone\sly1 to ,h]n&ez4 ,au!ntic works ( ,h]n&ez may be se51 fir/ 9 ! *ur*es1 conv5ts1 & museum ( ,valladolid1 & also at ,madrid1 ,pal5cia1 ,vittoria1 ,salamanca1 ,zamora1 ,pontev$ra1 ,m$9a del ,campo1 & o!r t[ns4 ,b 9 no case mu/ ! attribution to ,h]n&ez be accept$ )\t an exam9ation ( ! works !mselves4 ,^? :i* d n display 8 qualities1 especially 9 _! col\risation1 mu/ be acc\nt$ z ! "w ( 8 pupils4 ,h]n&ez cont9u$ ! practice ( ,juni 9 c>v+ 8 /atues z sep>ate figures or 9 isolat$ gr\ps4 ,almo/ )\t exception he us$ wood z 8 mat]ial4 ,! ,museum ( ,valladolid conta9s at lea/ ?ree au!ntic /atues by ,h]n&ez4 ,! mo/ important is ! ,piet1 execut$ = "o ( ! disp]s$ conv5ts ( ! city1 a beautiful example ( poly*rome 7,plate #abf74 ,! ,virg91 ^: sorr[ is g5u9ely express$1 ) dignity & )\t exagg]ation1 supports ! dead ,*ri/1 a pallid figure f9ely sugge/+ dea?4 ,%e we>s a r$-br[n robe p>tly cov]$ by a blue mantle4 ,! w9d+-%eet & h] veil are :ite1 & also ! b& atta*$ to ! ,cross1 & are col\r$ s skilfully t ! texture ( ! /uffs is cle>ly disc]nible4 ,m4 ,m>cel ,dieulafoy ju/ly says3 8,! grace & fre$om ( ! modell+ is only equall$ by ! v>iety & discreet h>mony ( ! pa9t+40 ,! bas-relief ( ! ,baptism ( ,*ri/ 7,plate #abg71 ?\gh v diff]5t1 is a "w ( equal m]it1 b x has suff]$ greatly f ! damage ( "t1 :i* has especially injur$ ! beauty ( ! poly*rome4 ,! ,/4 ,john is a spl5did figure ( en]gy & savage /r5g?1 & 9 /rong contra/ ) ! ,*ri/1 & ! contra/ is emphasis$ by ! skilful col\r+1 ! complexion ( ! prophet be+ br[n$ by exposure to ! sun1 :ile t ( ! ,*ri/ is ( delicate h>mony4 ,! ?ird /atue repres5ts ,/4 ,francis 7,plate #abh71 a f9e & h>moni\s "w4 ,x is col\r$ 9 sombre %ades1 almo/ mono*rome1 :i* speaks = ,h]n&ez' au?or%ip4 ,to ,h]n&ez also is attribut$ ! reliqu>y bu/ ( ,/4 ,elizabe? 9 ! museum4 ,x is a "w ( supreme m]it1 b ! poly*rome is too brilliant to make x easy to accept x z ! "w ( ,h]n&ez4 ,! vivid orange-br[n ( ! cape ) ! blue l9+1 ! violet-purple ( ! turban1 ! gleam+ :ite ( ! veil1 & ! gold trac]y ( ! brea/ ornam5t are n ! accu/om$ tones ( ! ,galician ma/]4 ,b ?\gh ! /atue is probably n by ,h]n&ez--& ?is is ! op9ion ( ,m4 ,m>cel ,dieulafoy--x is a spl5did example ( poly*rome4 ,! mo/ fam$ "w ( ,h]n&ez is ! ,mat] ,dolorosa1 pres]v$ & mo/ c>efully gu>d$ 9 ! ,capilla de la ,cruz at ,valladolid4 ,! repres5tation is v ,spani% 9 its frank & detail$ /atem5t ( sorr[4 ,probably no "o :o is n ,spani% c :olly appreciate ! /atue4 ,! te>s1 made ( glass set 9 wood1 ! reflect$ /a9s ( blood on ! yell[ robe & on ! sleeves1 ! pallid face & col\rless lips1 ! deep-set eyes made tragic ) bi/re r+s1 ! emphasis$ attitude especially ( ! h&s1 d n appeal to ^? to :om ! div9e trag$y repres5t$ is n a liv+ reality--a "p ( human life1 n an incid5t ( belief4 ,x is necess>y to take notice ( ^! ?+s 9 judg+ ! mo/ ,spani% ( ,spani% sculptures4 ,9 ?is ,virg9 ,h]n&ez is ne>] to ,juan de ,juni1 b 8 repres5tation ( ! ,"m ( ,sorr[s is mu* simpl]1 mu* ne>] to nature--,spani% nature1 n our nature1 let x be rememb]$--& !re=e 8 "w leaves a deep] & m la/+ impression4 ,! ,*ri/ at ! ,column 9 ! ,conv5t ( ! ,c>melites at ,avila is ano!r /atue ( a simil> "* :i* is attribut$ to ,h]n&ez4 ,! influ5ce ( ,gregorio ,h]n&ez 0 f>-rea*+1 & ! native sculptors ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 n only 9 ,valladolid b also 9 ! newly-f\nd$ s*ool ( ,madrid1 foll[$ 9 8 traditions4 ,c]ta9ly x 0 8 "w1 ) its /rong national acc5t1 its s9c]ity & close foll[+ ( nature1 :i* 9 ! ,nor!rn s*ools sav$ ,spani% sculpture 9 l>ge measure f ! degradation :i*1 at ! close ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 fell ^u ! si/] art ( pa9t+4 ,gregorio ,h]n&ez _h _m pupils4 ,we h m5tion$ ,cri/obal ,velazquez1 ! ma/]-c>p5t] :o work$ ) him on ! alt>-scre5 ( ,vittoria4 ,x is probable t he became ! pupil ( ! ,galician ma/]4 ,to ,cri/obal ,velazquez mu/ be attribut$ ! beautiful alt>-scre5 ( ! ,*ur* ( ,las ,agu/9as at ,valladolid1 :i* has be5 falsely ascrib$ to ,b]ruguete & to ,pompeo ,leoni4 ,! ref]5ces made to ,cri/obal ,velazquez 9 ! contracts = ! "w1 & ! fact t he 0 *>g$ ) ! 8look+ ov] & pass+0 ( ! scre5 aft] x _h be5 set up1 prove 8 au?or%ip4 ,no m5tion ei!r ( ,b]ruguete or ,pompeo ,leoni is giv51 an omission unacc\ntable if ^! great arti/s _h p>ticipat$ 9 ! "w1 :5 ! pa9t]s & sculptors are all c>efully nam$4 ,?is alt>-piece proves t ,cri/obal ,velazquez 0 a great arti/4 ,9 ! c5tral bas-relief ( ! ,annunciation ! ,virg9 kneels1 :ile ! ,angel ,gabriel1 a figure ( supreme beauty & nobility1 /&s ^u h] "r side4 ,above is a f9e ,piet1 & to ! "r & left are ! figures ( ,/4 ,augu/9 & ,/4 ,laur5t2 :ile b5ea? are /atuettes ( ! ,evangeli/s1 ) two small panels on ei!r side1 "o ( ,/4 ,joseph & ! ,*ild ,jesus1 ! o!r ( ,/4 ,ursula4 ,! ar*itecture1 ! ornam5ts1 & figures are all f9ely execut$1 & ! "w is "o ( great beauty & h>mony4 ,un=tunately ! col\r+1 :i* 0 c>ri$ out by ! pa9t] ,prado1 an arti/ ( great local celebrity :o _h already decorat$ ! ,*apel ( ,las ,huelgas1 ,burgos1 has become s black5$ ) age t x is difficult to judge its primitive m]it4 ,two sculptors intimately associat$ ) ,gregorio ,h]n&ez 7 ,luis de ,llamosa1 :o complet$ _m ( 8 ma/]'s unf9i%$ works1 & ,juan ,francisco de ,hib>ne1 8 fav\rite pupil1 to :om he gave 8 daught] ,damiana 9 m>riage4 ,c>v+s by ^! arti/s w be f\nd 9 sev]al ( ! *ur*es ( ,valladolid4 ,b ( great] fame 0 ! ,portuguese sculptor ,manuel ,p]eyra1 :o1 ?\gh report$ to h /udi$ 9 ,italy1 mu/ c]ta9ly h be5 ! pupil ( ,h]n&ez1 if we may judge f ! te/imony ( 8 works4 ,!y %[ no trace ( ,italian influ5ce1 & are inspir$ by ! e>ne/ness ( ,spani% devotion4 ,we fir/ he> ( ,p]eyra 9 ,may #afdf1 :5 he c>v$ 9 /one ! /atue ( ,san ,felipe = ! conv5t ( ! sa9t at ,valladolid4 ,8 reputation grew rapidly1 & 8 /atue ( ,/4 ,bruno1 execut$ = ! ,ho/el ( ! ,*>treuse del ,paula1 set ! seal to 8 fame4 ,! /atue 0 s greatly admir$ t x is said t ,k+ ,philip ,,iv4 ord]$ 8 coa*man1 on pass+ ! door1 to slack5 ! pace s t he might admire x at leisure4 ,!re is a f9e replica ( ! ,/4 ,bruno 9 ! ,*>treuse ( ,miraflores4 ,l ,h]n&ez1 ,p]eyra us$ quiet col\rs1 )\t gild+ or damask effects4 ,9 8 la/ ye>s ,p]eyra became bl9d1 b ?is calamity does n seem to h int]f]$ ) 8 c>v+4 ,he di$ 9 #affg4 ,x w\ld seem to be by ! aid ( ,manuel ,p]eyra t ! influ5ce ( ,gregorio ,h]n&ez 0 c>ri$ to ,madrid4 ,b 9 ?is "w he 0 support$ by ,alonso de los ,rios1 a c>v] ( intellig5ce1 ta/e1 & skill1 :o 0 born 9 ,valladolid ab\t #afej1 & :o e>ly w5t to ,madrid4 ,9 8 /udio work$ ,juan de ,villanueva & 8 two sons ,juan & ,alfonso ,rios1 :o direct$ ! art ( c>v+ 9 ! capital dur+ ! fir/ ye>s ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,aft]w>ds 9 ! /udio ( ,rios work$ ,luis ,salvador ,c>mona1 ^: tal5t 0 s m>k$ t on ! dea? ( 8 ma/] he became its director4 ,"u 8 guidance ! ,madrid s*ool became s fam\s t ,f]d9& ,,vi4 9 #ageb trans=m$ x into ! ,royal ,academy ( ,san ,f]n&o4 ,! great] numb] ( ,c>mona's c>v+s are at ,madrid4 ,!y are s+le /atues & bas-reliefs4 ,he does n appe> to h c>v$ an alt>-scre54 ,= alt>-scre5s1 t _h be5 requir$ by ! *ur*es1 _h n[ fall5 9 ! popul> e/eem1 due to a weak5+ ( ! /rong religi\s impulses t = s long _h direct$ ! expression ( art4 ,c>mona also execut$ =ty-two small /atues = ! p>i% ( ,seguro 9 ,biscay4 ,b 8 f9e/ works are 8 two /atues at ,salamanca4 ,bo? are 9 ! ca!dral--"o1 a ,piet1 kn[n z ,la ,dolorosa1 9 ! ,capilla de ,san ,jos 7,plate #aca72 ! o!r1 a ,flagellation ( ! ,*ri/ 7,plate #acb71 is 9 ! sacri/y4 ,^! reali/ic & emotional gr\ps are ! works by :i* ,c>mona mu/ be judg$4 ,!y witness t he _h ?r\gh 8 ma/]s inh]it$ ! traditions ( ,gregorio ,h]n&ez1 ?\gh 8 "w is less s9c]e & )\t ! ,galician ma/]'s f9e tru? to nature4 ,9 ,spa9 ,c>mona is acc\nt$ a ma/]1 b ?is praise is too high4 ,?is mu* may be grant$ to him3 8 works h great1 ev5 surpris+1 m]it :5 we take into consid]ation ! p]iod at :i* !y 7 execut$4 ,if ! influ5ce ( ,gregorio ,h]n&ez speaks 9 ! arti/s we h j consid]$1 x is to ! influ5ce ( ! impassion$ & dramatic ,juan de ,juni we mu/ turn to acc\nt = ^? tragic repres5tations ( sev]$ heads ( m>tyrs1 depict$ ) su* /range delight 9 all ! details ( horror & putrefaction1 ( :i* we f9d _m examples belong+ to ! late sev5te5? c5tury4 ,su* heads1 repres5t+ mo/ frequ5tly ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 ,/4 ,paul1 or ,/4 ,ana/asius1 may be se5 9 _m places--,nue/ra ,seora del ,pil> at ,z>agoza1 ! ca!dral & hospital *ur* at ,granada1 & ! ,mona/]y ( ,santa ,cl>a at ,seville are a few examples4 ,! ,museum ( ,valladolid possesses two heads ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,! f9] "o1 tak5 f ! ,conv5t ( ,/4 ,paul1 is ! "w ( ,alonso ,villabrille1 a sculptor ( ,madrid :o liv$ at ! end ( ! sev5te5? & beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5turies4 ,x is p]haps ! be/ example ( ^! a/oni%+ heads 7,plate #acc74 ,! poly*rome is c>ri$ out ) great c>e1 & ! horror ( ! dissev]$ head is less5$ by ! be>d :i* %ields ! sev]$ neck4 ,! influ5ce ( ,gregorio ,h]n&ez did mu* to /ay ! det]ioration :i* n[1 at ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ?reat5$ ! pla/ic arts ( ,nor!rn ,spa94 ,! b>oque /yle 0 introduc$ ) disa/r\s results1 & we f9d ! ugly1 ov]load$1 exagg]at$ decoration kn[n z ,*urrigu]a4 ,p]haps ! greate/ evil 0 ! de/ruction ( _m ( ! old ,go?ic & classic alt>-scre5s1 ) _! beautiful poly*rome /atues4 ,images 7 c>v$ ) app>atus = mov+ ! head & eyes1 & ! m\?4 ,^! figures 7 really wood5 dolls1 ) real hair & real dresses1 9 :i* only ! head & h&s 7 c>v$3 !y m>k ! l[e/ level ( ! pla/ic arts4 ,a notori\s example is ! ,transp>5te 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,tol$o1 execut$ by ,n>ciso ,tom 9 #ageb4 ,x is rem>kable t side by side ) ^! degrad$ works we f9d a numb] ( bas-reliefs & /atues 9 :i* ! e>ne/ness ( ! ,spani% religi\s _s has inspir$ ! b>oque =m4 ,we may m5tion z especially wor?y ( /udy1 a ,conception 9 ,pal5cia ,ca!dral1 & a sup]b monum5t let into ! wall on ! "r ( ! great alt>2 a beautiful ,virg9 9 ! ,*apel ( ,ayuntami5to1 ,pampeluna2 ! ,madonna ov] ! high alt> ( ,cu5ca2 ! kneel+ figure ( an ar*bi%op 9 ,san ,&rs at ,avila2 & ! magnific5t tomb ( ,c>d9al ,valds 9 ! ,*ur* ( ! ,sala1 ,ovi$o4 ,?is la/ "w is a ma/]piece4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,s*ool ,,( ,,&alusia--,,juan ,,m>t9ez ,,monta,s--,,seville ,,& ,,its ,,sculptors ,! ,&alusian s*ool ( sculpture 0 an (f%oot f ! s*ool ( ,ca/ile & ,aragon1 ?\gh 9 "s respects its hi/ory 0 diff]5t4 ,! reason ( its late developm5t is n difficult to f9d4 ,9 ,s\!rn ,spa9 ! ,moori% influ5ce 0 /rong] & m endur+ ?an 9 ! ,nor?2 & = all _! secul> build+s ! ,spani>ds adopt$ ,moori% designs & ,moori% me?ods ( decoration4 ,! ,alcz> ( ,seville1 9 its orig9al /ate be=e alt]ations1 & ! ,casa de ,pilatos1 are v pure mudj> monum5ts4 ,!re 0 no abrupt transition betwe5 ! ,p]sian ar*itecture & ! classic /yle ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,x 0 9 ! *ur*es alone t opportunity arose = ! developm5t ( ,*ri/ian ar*itecture4 ,we f9d ,roman or ,go?ic /ructures accord+ to ! epo*s ( _! build+4 ,b ev5 ! *ur*es reta9$ ! m9>et 9 ! =m ( clock-t[]s1 & o!r ,moori% features1 z1 = in/ance1 ! ,pu]ta del ,p]don ( ! ,ca!dral ( ,seville4 ,x 0 ! erection ( ^! ,*ri/ian edifices t br\ght ! opportunity = ! op5+ ( /udios ( sculpture4 ,native c>v]s arose1 :o at fir/ drew _! inspiration f ! m advanc$ art ( ! ,nor?4 ,!n ! fifte5? c5tury op5$ ) ! build+ ( ! great ,ca!dral ( ,seville1 an ev5t :i* drew =eign arti/s to ! ,s\!rn capital f ,fl&]s & also f ,italy4 ,^! =eign]s tra9$ wor?y native pupils1 & f ?is "t we may date ! rise & importance ( ! ,sevillian s*ool4 ,"o ( ! fir/ =eign]s to arrive 0 ,lor5zo de ,m]cadante1 a ,breton1 ^: p[] speaks 9 ! monum5t ( ,c>d9al ,c]vantes1 9 ! ca!dral1 ! e>lie/ p]fect portrait-/atue 9 ,s\!rn ,spa94 ,9 ! ca!dral1 :i* is a v]itable museum ( poly*rome art1 we f9d graceful & *>m+ /atues1 :i* %[ ! influ5ce ( ,m]cadante4 ,we may m5tion ! beautiful ,virg5 de ,madroe 7,virg9 ( ! arbutus fl[]7 & ! ,virg5 del ,reposo2 bo? /atues are poly*rom$1 b ! latt] "w has be5 to a l>ge ext5t ru9$ by injudici\s re/oration4 ,^! ,virg9s are f9e examples ( ! ideal treatm5t1 express+ g5u9e beauty ) dignity & sweetness1 :i* ! native arti/s a*iev$ 9 repres5t+ ! ,"m ( ,god4 ,spa9 is ! l& ( ! ,bless$ ,virg94 ,to ! tea*+ ( ,lor5zo ,m]cadante we owe ! native arti/s ,nufro ,sn*ez & ,mae/ro ,danc>t1 ! e>lie/ ( ! ,sevillian c>v]s1 :o 7 appo9t$ ma/] sculptors to ! ca!dral at an annual sal>y ( #aj1jjj m>av$is4 ,_! fir/ "w 0 ! *oir-/alls1 :i* 7 begun 9 #adge by ,sn*ez1 & f9i%$ by ,danc>t 9 #adgi4 ,( ?is "w ,pr(essor ,c>l ,ju/i says 8its ve9 ( inv5tion & hum\r recalls ! ,s\? ,g]man ma/]s40 ,f\r ye>s lat] ,danc>t 0 entru/$ ) ! important "w ( erect+ ! gr& alt> ( ! ca!dral 7,plate #acd74 ,he execut$ ! design1 b ! "w 0 c>ri$ out by 8 pupils ,m>co & ,b]n>do de ,ortega4 ,! latt] arti/ work$ at ! scre5 until 8 dea? 9 #aeje1 :5 ! completion ( ! "w 0 left to 8 son ,francesco & to 8 gr&son ,b]n>d9o4 ,gomez ,oroco1 ,george & ,alexis ,f]n&o ,aleman1 & ,&res de ,cov>rubias also work$ at diff]5t p>ts ( ! scre54 ,9 #aeai1 :5 ! "w 0 complet$1 ! canons1 = "s reason n kn[n1 employ$ a pupil ( ,f]n&o ,aleman nam$ ,moya to modify ! design4 ,he 0 ?ree ye>s ov] ! "w1 :i* he f9i%$ 9 ! autumn ( #aefd4 ,"s ye>s lat] two w+s 7 add$1 & ! scre5 0 f9ally complet$ 9 #aefd4 ,?is mix$ au?or%ip 0 a mi/ake1 & has result$ 9 a want ( cont9uity 9 ! design :i* has m>r$ to "s ext5t ! beauty & h>mony ( ! "w4 ,( m importance are ! c>v+s ( ,p$ro ,millan1 a pupil ( ,nufro ,sn*ez1 :o takes rank z ! fir/ really important ma/] ( ! ,sevillian s*ool4 ,! date ( 8 bir? is unkn[n4 ,we he> ( him fir/ 9 ! ye> #aeje1 :5 he execut$ ! /atues = ! cimborium ( ! ca!dral1 :i* un=tunately 7 de/roy$ :5 ! copula fell on ,decemb] #bh1 #aeab4 ,p$ro work$ 9 ! /yle ( ! ,burgundian ma/]s1 & 8 c>v+s %[ a g5u9ely creative tal5t1 unit$ ) a true /udy ( nature4 ,to him we owe ! /atues 9 t]ra-cotta kn[n z ! ,baptismo & ! ,nacimi5to1 :i* are outside two ( ! ca!dral doors4 ,! heads & h&s are mo/ beautifully modell$ & ! drap]ies are skilfully h&l$ to display ! figures4 ,! bas-relief ins]t$ 9 ! po9t$ sp&rel betwe5 ! fir/ ribs ( ! fly+-ar*1 :i* repres5ts ! ,adoration ( ! ,magi1 is also ! "w ( ,p$ro ,millan4 ,b 8 be/-kn[n /atue is ! noble ,virg5 del ,pil>1 9 ! ,capilla de ,nue/ra ,seora del ,pil>4 ,m4 ,m>cel ,dieulafoy believes t ?is is an e>li] "w ?an ! t]ra-cotta bas-reliefs4 ,its importance is great on acc\nt ( ! poly*rome1 ! orig9al col\rs hav+ be5 mo/ c>efully pres]v$4 ,! fle%-t9ts are beautiful1 delicate rose-%ades on ! *eeks1 lips1 & ends ( ! f+]s4 ,! robe %[s reflections ( pale gold1 & ! mantle1 ( ! same t9t1 has arabesques ( br[n1 :ile ! veil is 9 full gilt4 ,besides ^! works 9 ! ca!dral1 !re are two /atues ( ,p$ro's 9 private collections 9 ,seville1 & "o is a ma/]piece4 ,?is is ! small poly*rom$ /atuette ( ,/4 ,mi*ael 9 ! possession ( ,don ,jose ,ge/oso y ,p]ez4 ,l mo/ ( ?is arti/'s works1 x is execut$ 9 t]ra-cotta4 ,x be>s ! signature ( ,p$ro ,millan 9 ,go?ic *>act]s4 ,! o!r /atue gr\p is a ,piet1 9 :i* ! ,virg91 ,m>y ,magdal51 & ,/4 ,john m\rn ov] ! body ( ,*ri/4 ,x is 9 ! gall]y ( ,don ,lopz ,cep]o1 y #g1 ,plaza de ,alf>o4 ,un=tunately x has be5 pa9t$ a horrible /one col\r & q disfigur$4 ,p$ro ,millan also furni%$ ! models = ! small t]ra-cotta figures on ! beautiful portal ( ,santa ,paula1 :i* 7 execut$ by ,niculoso ( ,pisa1 ! au?or ( ! curi\s alt> 9 t]ra-cotta 9 ! ,alcz>4 ,x 0 ab\t ?is p]iod t ! ,italian influ5ces ( ! ,r5aissance began to be felt 9 ,&alusia4 ,arti/s 7 attract$ to ,seville by ! gr[+ opul5ce ( ! city4 ,besides ?is1 ,italian works ( art 7 br\ght to decorate ! palaces ( ! nobles4 ,vas>i1 = in/ance1 tells u ,luca del ,robbia s5t sev]al ( 8 works to ! ,spani% k+ = 8 ,s\!rn capital1 & he speaks also ( a l>ge bronze bas-relief1 repres5t+ a fight betwe5 nude m51 ! "w ( ,antonio ,pall&o1 :i* _h ! same de/9ation4 ,b ! old ,flemi% traditions 7 v deeply root$1 & rema9$ long] active "h ?an 9 ! ,nor!rn s*ools ( ,ca/ile & ,aragon4 ,?us a /yle arose t unit$ ! two s\rces ( inspiration4 ,! oratory & scre5 ( ,isabella la ,catolica 9 ! ,alcz> are int]e/+ examples ( ! expression ( ?is d\ble influ5ce 7,plate #ace74 ,!y are ! "w ( ,francisco ,niculoso ,pisano1 an ,italian arti/ :o settl$ 9 ,seville1 & ^: "w 0 ( importance 9 direct+ ! art ( ! sixte5? c5tury2 ! alt> be>s 8 inscription1 8,francisco ,niculoso me fecit10 ) ! date #aejc4 ,! pr9cipal p>ts ( ! alt> & also ! scre5 are 9 v pure ,italian /yle1 b ! panel above ! alt>1 z well z "s details ( ! decoration1 %[ cle>ly ! old ,spani% traditions f\nd$ on ! ,flemi% me?ods4 ,?is may be expla9$ z ,m4 ,m>cel ,dieulafoy sugge/s1 if we accept ! !ory t ! ,italian ma/] employ$ 8 colleague ,p$ro ,millan to assi/ him 9 ! execution ( ! "w4 ,ano!r =eign] :o help$ 9 ! introduction ( ,italian art to ! native work]s ( ,seville 0 ,miguel1 kn[n z 8! ,flor5t9e10 :o work$ ) ! wood-c>v]s 9 ! ca!dral4 ,aft]w>ds1 9 ! la/ ye>s ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ,miguel execut$ ! tomb ( ,m5doza1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,seville4 ,aft] ! completion ( ?is "w1 :i* ga9$ mu* admiration1 ,miguel 0 con/antly employ$ by ! *apt]1 & he rema9$ work+ 9 ,seville until 8 dea? 9 ! middle ye>s ( ! c5tury1 :5 8 position 0 tak5 by 8 son ,mic] ,antonio ,flor5t9e1 an arti/ ( ev5 great] tal5t ?an 8 fa!r4 ,among ,miguel's works are ! /atues ( ,/4 ,paul & ,/4 ,john at ei!r side ( ! ,pu]ta del ,p]don1 & ! bas-relief above repres5t+ ,*ri/ turn+ ! ,money-*ang]s out ( ! ,temple 7,plate #acf71 & also ! life-size t]ra-cotta /atues on ! enclosure ( ! ,capilla ,mayor4 ,b ! mo/ fam\s ( ! ,italian sculptors ( ,seville is ,pietro ,torrigiano1 ! disciple & rival ( ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,torrigiano 0 born at ,flor5ce 9 ! ye> #adgj1 & 8 "w e>ly proclaim$ him a ma/]4 ,x is record$ t 9 a fit ( rage he broke 8 rival's nose ) 8 fi/1 & z a result ( ?is act ( jeal\sy he _h to flee f ,italy4 ,= a "t he adopt$ ! call+ ( a soldi]1 b1 ang]$ at n ga9+ promotion1 he aga9 took up 8 *isel4 ,we he> ( him next 9 ,engl&1 :]e he ga9$ fame & weal? by 8 *apel ( ,h5ry ,,vii4 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 ,b ,torrigiano's rov+ disposition aga9 s5t him w&]+1 & he w5t to ,spa91 fir/ to ,granada1 :]e he compet$ = ! ord] to execute ! tombs ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 b1 be+ unsuccessful1 he came to ,seville1 9 :i* city he f9ally settl$4 ,he di$ 9 #aebb 9 a dungeon ( ! ,inquisition1 :i* ,vas>i says 0 due to 8 sma%+ 9 a fit ( rage a /atue ( ! ,virg91 ord]$ by ! ,duke ( ,arcos1 because he consid]$ ! paym5t insuffici5t4 ,b ,cean ,b]mudez1 ?\gh he does n d5y ! /ory1 /ates t ,torrigiano 0 *>g$ ) h]esy4 ,! influ5ce ex]cis$ 9 ,seville by ?is great ,italian 0 f>-rea*+1 & 8 /atues1 ?\gh few 9 numb]1 7 ! models f :i* ! native work]s drew _! inspiration4 ,9 /yle ,torrigiano closely resembl$ ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,we owe to him ! /atue ( ! ,madonna 7,plate #acg7 & t ( ,/4 ,j]ome 7,plate #ach71 :i* 7 execut$ = ! ,conv5t ( ,san ,j]nimo1 b are n[ 9 ! museum4 ,! figures are 9 t]ra-cotta1 & are spl5didly modell$1 & bo? are poly*rom$4 ,! t9ts us$ are simple1 & h>moni\s to ! model4 ,! face & h&s ( ,/4 ,j]ome are a br[ni% tone1 z we %\ld expect 9 "o expos$ to ! action ( ! sun2 ! drap]ies are ( a light r$ br[n4 ,! fle% t9ts ( ! ,madonna & h] *ild are *>m+2 %e we>s a rose-col\r$ robe ) a mantle ( light blue1 grey l9$1 & ) a gold bord]4 ,to ,torrigiano we owe also ! f9e m$allion 9 m>ble on ! front ( ! ,*ur* ( ,la ,c>idad1 & ano!r on t ( ! ,jesuits4 ,m4 ,m>cel ,dieulafoy ascribes to ,torrigiano ! /atue ( ,/4 ,j]ome1 n[ at ,granada1 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,ana4 ,x is a f9e piece ( sculpture1 b ! poly*rome has be5 de/roy$ ?r\gh want ( c>e4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,p$ro ,millan & ,torrigiano we f9d 9 ,seville a b& ( capable arti/s1 ?\gh none are equal 9 m]it to ,gregorio ,h]n&ez1 :o at ! same "t 0 work+ 9 ,valladolid4 ,at _! head /&s ,mic] ,antonio ,flor5t9e1 :o1 on ! dea? ( 8 fa!r ,miguel1 took *>ge ( 8 /udio1 & cont9u$ to direct ! activities ( ! ,sevillian sculptors4 ,! be/ kn[n ( 8 own works 0 ! ,good ,friday monum5t = ! ca!dral :i* he design$1 modell+ its /atues ) 8 own h&s4 ,8 contempor>y1 ,b>tolomo ,morel1 0 ! au?or ( ! /atue ( ,fai? ,triumphant :i* cr[ns ! ,giralda ,t[] 7,plate #aci71 & also ( ! celebrat$ ,t5ebr>io ( ! ca!dral ( :i* ,cean ,b]mudez says 8t x is ( its k9d ! f9e/ piece ( sculpture 9 ,spa940 ,9 ?is "w collaborat$ ,p$ro ,delgado1 a capable arti/1 & ! fav\rite pupil ( ,antonio ,flor5t9e4 ,p$ro ,delgado himself _h _m pupils4 ,among !m 7 ,juan ,bauti/a ,vasquez1 "o ( ! _m arti/s :o work$ on ! alt>-scre5 ( ,tol$o ,ca!dral1 & ,juan ,giralte1 a ,flemi% c>v]1 :o seems to h execut$ mu* "w1 b ^: hi/ory is unkn[n4 ,j]nimo ,h]n&ez 0 an arti/ ( high] m]it4 ,?\gh he 0 a pupil ( ,p$ro ,delgado1 he drew 8 inspiration f ,torrigiano4 ,?is expla9s ! attribution ( ! ,/4 ,j]ome ( ! ca!dral to ! ,italian ma/]4 ,b ?is f9e sculpture is und\bt$ly ! "w ( ,j]nimo ,h]n&ez4 ,he 0 also ! au?or ( ! beautiful ,jesus1 & a ,resurrection 9 ! possession ( ! ,dulce ,nombre ,bro!rhood2 ( a lo/ "w1 a gr\p ( ! ,virg5 del ,ros>io ) ! ,infant ,jesus 9 h] arms & ,/4 ,dom5ico & ,/4 ,ca!r9e kneel+ at h] feet2 & ( ! alt>-scre5 ( ! ,conv5t ( ,san ,le&ro4 ,^! /atues prove t ,j]nimo ,h]n&ez 0 a c>v] ( di/+ui%$ m]it4 ,9 ! alt>-scre5 ( ,san ,le&ro he 0 assi/$ by ,juan de ,sanc$o & ,vasco de ,p]eyra1 a celebrat$ ,portuguese pa9t]1 :o c>ri$ out ! pa9t+ & gild+ ( ! /atues4 ,a pupil ( ,j]nimo ,h]n&ez 0 ,gasp> ,nicolas ,delgado1 :o also /udi$ ) 8 uncle ,p$ro ,delgado4 ,he ga9$ a high] reputation ?an 8 ma/]s1 & 9 ,seville is acc\nt$ z "o ( ! greate/ sculptors4 ,?is e/imate is mislead+4 ,8 *ief "w1 ! ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/ 9 ! ,des]t1 :i* is 9 ! *apel ( ! ,nuns ( ,/4 ,clem5te ?\gh a bas-relief ( real m]it1 ! l&scape especially be+ well repres5t$1 does n ju/ify 8 position z a ma/]4 ,! m]it ( ! "w has ga9$ f ! f9e poly*rome1 :i* 0 c>ri$ out by ! arti/ ,pa*eco4 ,a ?ird arti/ :o work$ at ?is p]iod1 & a c>v] ( m p]sonal tal5t1 0 ,capitan ,cep$a1 a native ( ,cordova1 :o1 l ,torrigiano 0 9 turn a soldi] & arti/4 ,he s]v$ 9 ,italy & aft]w>ds came to ,seville1 be+ summon$ !re by ! goldsmi?s ( ! city = ! special "w ( ar\s+ a devotion = ! ,crucifi$ ,*ri/4 ,) ?is object ,cep$a modell$ ! ,cri/o de la ,expiracion :i* n[ /&s on ! alt> ( ! small *apel ( ! museum4 ,x is a "w ( ,spani% realism1 f9ely execut$1 ) e detail ( sorr[ express$ & acc5tuat$ by ! viol5t attitude & ge/ure4 ,aga9 we w\ld emphasise ! fact t su* a "w c only be e/imat$ truly by rememb]+ ! ,spani% religi\s _s4 ,cep$a repres5ts 9 ,seville ! /yle :i* ,juan ,juni made popul> 9 ! ,nor!rn s*ools4 ,l t arti/1 8 int]e/ re/s 9 ! individuality ( 8 "w1 :i* is national & :olly ,spani%1 :ile 8 contempor>ies1 ,j]nimo ,h]n&ez & ,gasp> ,nicolas ,delgado1 foll[$ ! new] influ5ces f ,italy4 ,! ,sevillian s*ool _h n yet produc$ a ma/]4 ,b ! "t 0 n[ ripe4 ,9 ! clos+ ye>s ( ! c5tury !re came to ,seville ! man :o rais$ poly*rome sculpture to its highe/ rank1 & :o 0 ! greate/ c>v] ( ,spa94 ,8 "n 0 ,juan ,m>t9ez ,montas4 ,( ! e>ly life ( ?is great arti/ we "k almo/ no?+ beyond ! fact t he 0 ! pupil ( ,pablo ,rojas1 a sculptor ( ,cordova4 ,we fir/ h def9ite in=mation ab\t him 9 ! ye> #aehb1 :5 he ) 8 wife came to ! ,mona/]y ( ,dulce ,nombre de ,jesus at ,seville1 :]e we le>n !y 7 grant$ free resid5ce = life 9 recognition ( an ,image ( ! ,virg9 execut$ = ! bro!rhood4 ,two ye>s lat]1 9 #aeij1 ,montas 0 at "w = ! ,c>melite nuns4 ,no?+ fur!r ( ! arti/'s life is kn[n until ! ye> #afjg1 :5 he complet$ a ,jesus = ! ,santsimo ,bro!rhood ( ! ca!dral4 ,! record ( ?is "w proves t ,montas 0 !n liv+ 9 ! ,arquillo de ,roelas ) ,catal9a ,salc$o y ,s&obal4 ,?us he mu/ h lo/ 8 fir/ wife & aga9 be5 m>ri$4 ,he 0 at ?is "t fifty ye>s old4 ,su* is ! scant record ( ! fir/ half ( ?is great arti/'s life4 ,9 tru? he came late to ! fruition ( 8 g5ius1 = x 0 aft] ^! fifty ye>s ( liv+1 :5 ! "w ( mo/ m5 is already accompli%$1 t ,montas creat$ ! greate/ ( ^? works :i* are ! glory ( ,spa94 ,x is fitt+ to say a few words ab\t 8 art4 ,montas occupies ! same position 9 ! ,s\!rn s*ool t ,gregorio ,h]n&ez held 9 ! ,nor?4 ,l t ma/]1 he drew 8 inspiration directly f ,nature4 ,he _h ! same respect = tru?1 ! same simplicity1 &1 /rong] ev5 ?an ^! qualities1 ! same ,spani% religi\s s5tim5t & noble idealism4 ,x is true t he us$ & made 8 own ! me?ods ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance1 :i* 7 dom9at+ ! ,sevillian arti/s1 & :i* he w\ld seem to h imbib$ f a /udy ( ! classical models 9 ! ,casa de ,pilatos ( ! ,duke ( ,alcala2 b ) ?is outside influ5ce he reta9$ a p[]ful p]sonality4 ,?us 8 "w is entirely remov$ f ! ,italian /yle1 z x express$ itself 9 ! ,p59sula ) its fanta/ic m+l+ ( ,*ri/ianity & paganism4 ,9 nobility ( =m & religi\s s5tim5t ! /atues ( ,montas surpass all o!r works ( _! class4 ,once aga91 & m emphatically ?an ! c>v+s ( any o!r arti/1 unless inde$ we except ,gregorio ,h]n&ez1 !y give an answ] to ^? :o w\ld discr$it ! beauty ( poly*rome /atu>y4 ,f ! ye> #afjg onw>ds1 up to 8 dea? 9 #afdi1 ,montas c>ri$ out num]\s ord]s = ! *ur*es1 conv5ts1 & religi\s bro!rhoods ( ,seville2 ! great] numb] ( ^! works /ill rema9 9 ! city4 ,b ( "s x mu/ be said t1 ?\gh d\btless execut$ 9 ! ma/]'s /udio & be>+ 8 "n1 !y 7 ! "w ( 8 pupils4 ,=tunately x is n difficult to di/+ui% ^! spuri\s pieces :i* h be5 fa!r$ ^u ,montas4 ,we h 9 ! ar*ives ( ! *ur*es an exact record1 usually ) dates1 ( mo/ ( 8 works4 ,?us we are able to foll[ *ronologically ! evolution ( 8 tal5t4 ,! e>lie/ und]tak+s ( ,montas aft] ! execution ( ! infant ,jesus = ! ,santsimo ,bro!rhood 7 two portrait-/atues ( ,/4 ,ignatius ,loyola & ,/4 ,francis ,xavi] 7,plates #adj & #ada7 :i* 7 commission$ 9 ! ye> #afaj on ! occasion ( ! beatification ( ! =m] sa9t1 & :i* are n[ 9 ! ,univ]sity ,*apel4 ,( ^! idealis$ portraits ,pr(essor ,ju/i writes t !y are 8m>k$ by noble sev]ity ( "* & pa?os ( expression40 ,! p]iod betwe5 #afaj & #afab 0 occupi$ ) an important "w1 ! design+ & c>v+ ( ! alt>-scre5 & /atues = ! old mona/]y ( ,san ,isidoro at ,santiponce1 9 ! suburb ( ,seville4 ,montas is notewor?y z a c>v] ( alt>-scre5s1 & 9 ?is he return$ to ! me?ods ( e>li] arti/s4 ,seville owes to him ?ree great retablos2 ^? ( ,santa ,cl>a & ,san ,lor5zo 9 ! city itself1 & ! "o at ,santiponce1 :i* ( ! ?ree is p]haps ! mo/ beautiful4 ,x is 9 two regi/]s ) an attic4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! fir/ portion /&s ! magnific5t /atue ( ,/4 ,j]ome1 "o ( ! f9e/ figures ( ,montas2 plac$ on ! "r & left are ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/ & ,/4 ,john ! ,evangeli/1 & two bas-reliefs ( ! ,adoration ( ! ,magi & ( ! ,%eph]ds4 ,! la/ gr\p is especially beautiful4 ,san ,isidoro1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,seville & patron ( ! *ur*1 occupies ! c5tre ( ! second regi/]1 :ile ! bas-reliefs on ei!r side repres5t ! ,resurrection & ,asc5sion ( ,*ri/4 ,9 ! attic are figures ( ! ,c>d9al ,virtues & an ,assumption ( ! ,virg91 :i* surm\nt a ,crucifix & two kneel+ angels4 ,9 ?is great "w x seems c]ta9 t ,montas mu/ h be5 aid$ by 8 pupils4 ,! ,/4 ,j]ome1 h[ev]1 0 c>v$ entirely by himself4 ,x 0 col\r$ by ,pa*eco1 :o 0 = _m ye>s ! collaborator ( ! ,sevillian ma/]4 ,! "w is p]fectly execut$1 inde$ x is impossible to say m ( ?is magnific5t poly*rome ?an t x m]its ! praise :i* has be5 lavi%$ ^u x4 ,!re are also 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,santiponce ! tombs ( ,don ,alonso ,p]ez de ,guzmn el ,bu5o & 8 wife ,da ,m>ia ,coronel1 :o f\nd$ ! mona/]y4 ,!y are c>v$ 9 m>ble & poly*rom$4 ,cean ,b]mudez attributes to ,montas ! figure ( ! h]o ( ,t>ifa4 ,?is is an error2 bo? monum5ts are cle>ly by ! same h&1 & ! /yle is n t ( ,montas4 ,b !y are f9e works1 h>moni\s & simple1 & ! poly*rome is v good inde$4 ,x is un=tunate t _! au?or is unkn[n4 ,! ma/]piece ( ,montas1 & ! "w by :i* he is mo/ widely kn[n1 belongs to ! ye> #afad3 x is ! ,crucifix n[ 9 ! sacri/y ( ! ca!dral 7,plate #adb71 b orig9ally execut$ = ! ,c>?usians ( ,santa ,m>ia de las ,cuevas1 & giv5 to ! mona/]y ) ! /ipulation t ! figure 0 nev] to be remov$4 ,?is /atue1 once se51 c nev] be =gott54 ,:at impresses u is ! dignity ( ! nude figures1 wond]fully c>v$1 )\t any viol5t attitudes1 & ! col\r+1 p]fectly h>moni\s2 x is ! incomp>able ref9em5t1 ! sobriety ) :i* ! div9e drama is repres5t$1 t moves u s pr(\ndly4 ,montas expresses p]fectly ! deep religi\s feel+ :i* animat$ ,spa9 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,a passage 9 ! ,arte de la ,p9tura tells u t ! poly*rome 0 done by ,pa*eco 9 ! 8mat tone0 :i* he us$ ) su* spl5did effect4 ,five ye>s lat]1 9 #afai1 ,montas execut$ ! fir/ ( 8 ,*ri/s ( ! ,passion = ! ,c(radia de ,cri/o del ,gr& ,pod] ,santsimo y ,madre de ,dios ,trespaso1 an ord] f\nd$ 9 ,seville by ! ,dukes ( ,m$9a ,sidonia 9 ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! /atue be>s ! "n ,el ,seor del ,gran ,pod] 7,! ,be+ ( ,great ,p[]74 ,a good replica ( ?is "w belongs to ! p>i% *ur* ( ,san ,ildefonso4 ,! orig9al /atue is n[ 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,san ,lor5zo4 ,x is plac$ 9 a d>k side-*apel1 :]e x is difficult to see x 9 ! unequal light ( ! c&les4 ,! ,*ri/ be>s ! ,cross 9 an unusual attitude1 ! upp] "p re/+ ^u ,8 %\ld]s4 ,! face has spl5did dignity4 ,b ! /atue has be5 disfigur$ by ! b>b>\s cu/om ( dress+ ! figure 9 elaborate robes entirely out ( h>mony ) ! subject4 ,nobody sees ! figure z x orig9ally 01 vigor\sly c>v$1 & we>+ no?+ b a lo9-clo?4 ,^! repres5tations ( ,*ri/ ) ! ,cross appeal$ /rongly to ! ,spani>ds1 & 7 greatly v5]at$4 ,montas c>$ mu* = !m1 & we read t a replica ( ,el ,seor del ,gran ,pod]1 kn[n z ,el ,seor de la ,pasion1 :i* he c>v$ = ! ,conv5t ( ,la ,m]c$ ,calzada1 0 m e/eem$ by him ?an any ( 8 works4 ,x is ev5 report$ t :5 9 ,holy ,week ! ,*ri/ 0 c>ri$ 9 procession1 he w\ld wait to wat* x pass1 ov]come ) joy & surprise at :at 8 h& _h be5 able to create4 ,?is ,*ri/ is n[ 9 ! p>o*ial *ur* ( ,san ,salvador1 :]e is also a gr\p ( ,/4 ,anne & ! ,virg9 attribut$ to ,montas4 ,z well z int]pret+ ! /ory ( ,*ri/'s ,passion1 ,montas creat$ /atues ( ! ,virg91 ^: dignity1 beauty1 & feel+ won = him ! popul> admiration ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,! wor%ip ( ! ,"m ( ,god _h always made deep appeal to ! religi\s he>t ( ,spa92 !n1 9 ! ye> #afag1 a papal edict 0 issu$1 at ! e>ne/ in/igation ( ,philip ,,iv41 decl>+ ! immaculate nature ( ,m>y4 ,no dogma _h ev] be5 accept$ s readily1 or believ$ 9 s f]v5tly1 9 ,spa94 ,! wor%ip ( ! p 9 ,montas' life 01 9 po9t ( fact1 practically c5tr$ 9 adoration ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y2 ! _m diff]5t religi\s ord]s1 :ile v5]at+ _! respective f\nd]s & sa9ts1 7 all unit$ 9 _! devotion to ! ,virg94 ,art1 /ill ! s]vant ( religion1 0 summon$ to give expression to ?is passionate wor%ip4 ,e arti/ 0 engag$ 9 depict+ ! ,virg9 ,"m4 ,9 ! ,nor?1 ! arti/s1 work+ "u ! inspiration ( ! ,flemi% ma/]s1 _h delight$ 9 repres5t+ ^? ,virg9s ( ,angui% :]e ! ,"m m\rns at ! foot ( ! ,cross = h] ,son4 ,b n[ ,m>y took a new =m2 %e symbolises grace & beauty in/ead ( ! sev]ity & asceticism ( ! old] ideal4 ,?is 0 especially ! case 9 ,seville1 ! joy\s city ( ! ,s\?4 ,"h 9 exquisite images & pa9t+s we see h] "y & happy1 ! s9less ,virg9-,"m ( ! ,"l4 ,montas 9 sculpture & ,murillo 9 pa9t+ 7 ! great ma/]s ( ?is new ideal4 ,!y int]pret$ ! fav\r$ subject ) t comb9ation ( naturalism & my/icism :i* f\nd its way direct to ! he>t ( ! ,&alusian religioni/s4 ,!y %>e toge!r ! claim ( be+ ! creators ( ! ,spani% ,virg9s4 ,seville conta9s sev]al ,conceptions by ,montas4 ,!re is "o 9 ! ca!dral1 ano!r ( equal m]it is 9 ! ,segr>io ,*apel ( ,san ,julian4 ,! ,conceptions ( ,santa ,cl>a & ,san ,clem5te are also f9e examples2 !y h great] m]it ?an ! bett]-kn[n & mu*-prais$ ,virg9 ( ! ,univ]sity 7,plate #adc74 ,x w suffice if we describe "o ( ^! ,conceptions4 ,montas 0 already old :5 9 #afcj he execut$ ! /atue1 :i* 0 ! e>lie/ ( 8 ,immaculate ,conceptions1 n[ 9 ! ca!dral 7,plate #add74 ,h] type is ,&alusian1 & %e is %[n 9 ! full bloom ( h] beauty4 ,%e appe>s to be m$itat+ on ! ,immaculate ,bir?1 & :at we note especially is ! dignity & grace ( h] attitude & ! s]5e expression4 ,! folds ( ! robe & mantle foll[1 b d n acc5tuate1 ! beautiful figure4 ,angels hov] ar\nd h] feet1 :i* are hidd5 by h] robe1 z is comm&$ by ! ,*ur*4 ,! poly*rome ( ! /atue has be5 r5ew$1 ow+ to damage hav+ be5 done to ! orig9al pa9t+ by ! removal ( ! ve/m5ts1 ) :i*1 up to ! ye> #aggi1 ! figure 0 b>b>\sly clo!d4 ,b ! "w has be5 c>efully done1 ) due reg>d to ! design ( ! primitive poly*romi/s4 ,! fle% t9ts are w>m & gl[+1 & ! hair is black ) br[n reflections4 ,! robe is :ite ov] a r$ dress1 ( :i* only ! sleeves appe>1 & is cov]$ ) a patt]n ( gold inset ar\nd ) a br[n fillet4 ,?is black mantle is also enri*$ ) a design ( gold5 palm-leaves4 ,we d n "k :o 0 ! orig9al pa9t] ( ?is "w4 ,x 0 n ,pa*eco1 = be=e #afcj1 ! date ( ! ,conception1 ! fa!r-9-law ( ,velazquez _h1 aft] ! lawsuit 9 #afbb1 sev]$ 8 connection ) ,montas1 :o wi%$ to ex]cise a clos] sup]9t5d5ce 9 ! c>ry+ out ( ! poly*rome ( 8 /atues ?an ,pa*eco w\ld submit to4 ,montas does n seem to h und]tak5 ! poly*rome himself2 8 works 7 too num]\s to p]mit ?is4 ,an int]e/+ contract dat$ #afda1 & relat+ to ! col\r+ ( ! alt>-scre5 ( ,san ,miguel at ,x]es1 names ,jac9to ,soto z ! poly*romi/1 & besides furni%es /rict injunctions t he mu/ accept & foll[ 9 ! "w ! directions ( ,montas4 ,f ?is docum5t we may assume t ,jac9to ,soto succe$$ ,pa*eco4 ,! consid]ation ( ^! ,*ri/s ( ! ,passion & ! ,conceptions has c>ri$ u away f ! *ronological ord] ( ,montas' "w4 ,! ye>s #afae to #afbb 7 occupi$ ) ! execution ( ! scre5 ( ! high alt> & f\r alt>s 9 ! nave ( ! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,cl>a1 ( :i* ! /atues & ! sculptures are ! "w ( ,montas4 ,! c>v+s are ( great m]it1 b un=tunately ! scre5 ( ! high alt> 0 r$ecorat$ aft] ! dea? ( ! ma/] & almo/ ru9$4 ,x has f9e /atues ( ,santa ,cl>a1 ( ! ,*ri/ & ,god ! ,fa!r1 z well z a ,conception1 :i* =m]ly 0 on "o ( ! side alt>s1 f\r bas-reliefs & a numb] ( /atuettes1 among :i* special att5tion %\ld be giv5 to ! v beautiful gr\p ( angels1 :o c>ry ! lamps ( ! ,holy ,sacram5t4 ,on ! side alt>s are ! figures ( ,/4 ,francis1 ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 & ,/4 ,john ! ,evangeli/4 ,! ?ird important alt> ( ,montas is t ( ! ,*ur* ( ,san ,lor5zo4 ,x belongs to a lat] p]iod ( 8 art1 hav+ be5 und]tak5 ab\t ! ye> #afci4 ,! /atue ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce & ! f\r bas-reliefs1 ?\gh probably n entirely ! "w ( ! ma/]1 are c>v+s ( excell5t ta/e & di/9ction4 ,! c>v+s attribut$ to ,montas are v num]\s1 &1 z we h /at$ already1 x is necess>y to make a di/9ction betwe5 8 own "w & t ( 8 pupils4 ,! /atues ( ,/4 ,bruno1 ! ,virg91 & ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/ 7,plates #ade & #adf71 :i* 7 execut$ = ! ,c>?usians ( ,santa ,m>ia dur+ ! p]iod betwe5 #afag & #afbj1 & :i* are n[ 9 ! ,museum ( ,seville1 are examples ( c>v+s :i*1 ?\gh execut$ 9 ! /udio ( ,montas1 mu/ n be acc\nt$ 8 p]sonal "w4 ,probably _! au?or 0 8 fav\rite pupil ,solis1 :o = _m ye>s 0 ! devot$ collaborator ( ! ma/]4 ,?is is also ! op9ion ( ,m4 ,m>cel ,dieulafoy4 ,! ,virg9 is a v beautiful poly*rome1 :i* speaks ( ! high skill ( ! c>v]4 ,! orig9al col\r+ has be5 well c>$ =1 & !re is great delicacy 9 ! rose-col\r$ robe & blue mantle1 :i* is cov]$ ) fl[]s & a network design 9 gold4 ,! *ild ,jesus we>s a robe ( pale blue reliev$ ) delicate gold damask+4 ,9 ! museum is also ! celebrat$ /atue ( ,santo ,dom+o1 :i* 0 br\ght f ! high alt> ( ! ,*ur* ( ,santo ,dom+o de ,portacelci4 ,x belongs to ! ye> #afbg4 ,x is a f9e "w1 b ?\gh mu* priz$ 9 ,seville1 its m]it is n s great z ! ,/4 ,j]ome ( ,santiponce1 ! /atue ) :i* x %\ld be comp>$4 ,9 ! ye> #afce1 :5 ,montas 0 at lea/ sev5ty-five ye>s old1 an age :5 ! activity ( mo/ m5 is ov]1 he 0 call$ to ,madrid by ! ,gr& ,duke ( ,tuscany1 to execute an eque/rian /atue ( ,philip ,,iv4 ,he modell$ a ma/]piece1 b ! m\ld be+ s5t to ,italy to be ca/1 0 by "s mis*ance lo/4 ,h[ev]1 ! ma/]'s design s]v$ z a model = ! sculptor ,pietro ,tacca1 ^: "w n[ /&s 9 ! ,plaza del ,ori5te1 at ,madrid4 ,x 0 dur+ ?is two ye>s' soj\rn 9 ,madrid t ,montas r5ew$ 8 fri5d%ip ) ,velazquez1 & sat = t incomp>able portrait :i* is "o ( ! ma/]pieces ( ! great pa9t]4 ,! la/ "w ( ,montas 0 an alt>-scre5 = ! ,*ur* ( ,san ,miguel at ,cadiz4 ,! commission = ! "w _h be5 giv5 z e>ly z #afji1 b ,montas _h be5 occupi$ ) ! alt>-scre5s ( ,santiponce & o!r commissions 9 ,seville1 & ! "w _h be5 po/pon$4 ,!re 0 a second commission sign$ 9 #afac1 b ! "w 0 n und]tak5 until mu* lat]1 & 0 n f9ally a*iev$ until #afdj1 aft] ! visit to ,madrid4 ,! /atue ( ,/4 ,bruno :i* dom9ates ! alt> is v f9e2 ! figure is seat$1 an unusual position = ,montas4 ,! poly*rome 0 execut$ by ,jac9to ,soto4 ,montas di$ 9 #afdi4 ,he left a numb] ( able pupils1 & ?\gh none inh]it$ 8 g5ius1 !y c>ri$ on 8 "w ) m]it1 & su/a9$ ! high r5[n ( ! s*ool ( ,seville4 ,x w be well to consid] _! works 9 a sep>ate *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,disciples ,,( ,,monta,s ,,9 ,,seville ,x is ! fate ( ! foll[]s ( a great ma/] t _! tal5t is almo/ always express$ 9 imitation1 r ?an 9 orig9al "w4 ,occupi$ ) ! glory t has be5 a*iev$1 !y =get t p]sonality is ! only liv+ quality 9 art2 t1 h[ev] capably !y may foll[1 !y _c rea* ! height t has already be5 ga9$4 ,?us ! result ( imitation mu/ always be decay4 ,b ! r5[n ( ! ,sevillian s*ool 0 = a "t ma9ta9$ by a b& ( really capable sculptors1 :o1 _h !y liv$ e>li]1 be=e ,montas in/ead ( aft]1 might h be5 ma/]s & n m]ely foll[]s4 ,we mu/ n[ consid] _! "w4 ,! sculptors mo/ imm$iately connect$ ) ,montas 7 ,solis1 ( :om we h spok5 already2 ! ,abbot ,juan ,gomez1 "o ( 8 e>lie/ pupils2 ,alonso ,m>t9ez1 an ar*itect & ma/] c>p5t] ( ,seville ,ca!dral2 ,luis ,ortiz1 a sculptor ( ,malaga2 & ,alonso de ,m5a1 :o came f ,granada4 ,^! five m5 all work$ z pupils 9 ! /udio ( ,montas1 & to a great] or less ext5t adapt$ _! tal5t to copy+ ! qualities ( _! ma/]4 ,inde$ ,solis & ! ,abbot ,juan ,gomez appropriat$ s well 8 /yle t consid]able confusion z to ! au?or%ip ( _! works has aris54 ,born 9 ,ja51 ,solis came to ,seville 9 ! ye> #afag1 & assi/$ ,montas 9 ! execution ( ! /atues ( ,/4 ,bruno1 ! ,virg91 & ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/ = ! ,c>?usians ( ,santa ,m>ia de las ,cuevas1 :i* are n[ 9 ! ,museum ( ,seville4 ,x is probable1 z we /at$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 t ! /atues 7 c>v$ by ,solis f ! wax models ( ,montas4 ,la ,ju/icia 7,plate #adh7 & ! ,f\r ,c>d9al ,virtues1 execut$ = ! same mona/]y1 & n[ also 9 ! museum1 7 ! p]sonal "w ( ,solis3 9 ?is "w he %[s t1 ap>t f 8 p[] ( imitation1 he possess$ tal5t ( 8 own :i* entitles him to recognition4 ,x is a poly*rome ( real m]it1 well conceiv$ & well execut$4 ,ev5 great] confusion has aris5 ) reg>d to ! au?or%ip ( ! works ( ! ,abbot ,juan ,gomez1 ( :i* ,seville has num]\s examples4 ,ev5 ,cean ,b]mudez places among ! orig9al works ( ,montas a ,jesus ( ,naz>e? ( ! ,conv5t ( ,san ,agu/9e1 :i* to-day is 9 ! ,priory ,*ur*1 al?\gh ! ar*ives prove ! ,abbot ,gomez to be its au?or4 ,?is "w is pro( ( ! capability ( ! pupil4 ,he does ev5 great] cr$it to 8 ma/] 9 8 life-size ,crucifixion1 execut$ 9 #afaf = ! t[n ( ,la ,campaa4 ,m4 ,m>cel ,dieulafoy says ( ?is "w3 8,x is a fai?ful copy ( ^? ( ,montas1 & l !m extremely beautiful40 ,un=tunately ! c>v+ has suff]$ greatly f bad re/oration4 ,alonso ,m>t9ez c>v$1 ) ,francisco de ,ribas1 ! alt>-scre5 ( ! ,*apel ( ,san ,pablo 9 ! ca!dral1 & x is to 8 h& we owe a v beautiful poly*rom$ figure ( ! ,virg9 7,plate #adi74 ,alonso de ,m5a1 a sculptor ^: fame has be5 ov]%ad[$ by 8 son ,p$ro1 ! disciple ( ,alonso ,cano1 c>v$ _m works = ! *ur*es ( ,alpuj>as2 9 addition he execut$ = ! ,*apel ( ! ,k+s two l>ge buffets ( :i* ! fold+ doors are ornam5t$ ) eight excell5t m$allions ( ! ,que5s & ,k+s ( ,spa94 ,to ,luis ,ortiz we owe ! e>lie/ ( ! ca!dral /alls at ,malaga1 :i* 7 c>v$ by him 9 #afcj 9 collaboration ) ,josef ,micael4 ,he 0 also ! au?or ( ! alt>-scre5 ( ! royal *apel ( ,nue/ra ,seora de los ,reyes4 ,! two bro!rs ,francisco ,ruiz & ,juan ,antonio ,gixon 7 taught _! art by ,alfonso ,m>t9ez4 ,antonio ,gixon 0 pr(essor1 & lat] director1 ( ! ,academy ( ,seville1 f\nd$ by ,murillo4 ,francisco ,ruiz remodell$1 aft] ,montas1 ! dy+ ,*ri/ 7,plate #aej7 :i* is 9 ! *ur* at ,triana1 a suburb ( ,seville4 ,x is a v beautiful c>v+1 :i* be>s comp>ison ) ! ma/]'s ,crucifixion 9 ! ca!dral4 ,! poly*rome also is h>moni\s1 equal to ! f9e/ "w ( ! ma/]s ( t art4 ,inde$ ! m]it ( ?is unkn[n /atue is surpris+ :5 ! late p]iod at :i* x 0 und]tak5 is rememb]$4 ,b ! art ( sculpture /ill _h /rong life 9 ,seville1 & ! s*ool 0 to produce ano!r ma/] to cont9ue ! traditions ( ,montas4 ,p$ro ,roldan 0 born 9 ,seville 9 #afbd1 & he le>nt 8 art 9 ! /udio ( ,montas1 work+ aft]w>ds 9 ! ,academy ( ,seville4 ,he is ! pupil :o did ! ma/] ! greate/ cr$it3 he may ev5 be said to h surpass$ him 9 ! art ( composition4 ,no "o else among ! ,s\!rn sculptors _h 8 p[] ( gr\p+ a numb] ( figures4 ,8 two ma/]pieces--"o 9 ! p>i% *ur* ( ! ca!dral1 ! o!r 9 ! ,hospital de la ,c>idad--are v]itable pictures 9 relief4 ,!y are ! f9e/ alt>-scre5s 9 ,seville1 & mu/ be comp>$ ) ! works ( ,gregorio ,h]n&ez & ,juni1 ! ma/]s ( ! ,nor!rn s*ools4 ,! ca!dral alt>-scre5 is a bas-relief repres5t+ ! ,desc5t f ! ,cross4 ,! ,virg9 supports ! body ( ! ,*ri/1 & ar\nd !m are gr\p$ ,/4 ,john & sev]al disciples1 ! ,magdal51 & ! holy wom54 ,! figures are l>g] ?an life-size4 ,9 ! backgr\nd are ! two ?ieves outl9$ aga9/ ! ,temple1 :i* is se5 9 ! di/ance4 ,ar\nd ?is c5tral composition are beautiful angel figures c>ry+ ! in/rum5ts ( ! ,passion4 ,!n on ! base ( ! alt> is outl9$ ! triumphal entry ( ,jesus into ,j]usalem4 ,9 ! execution ( ?is "w ,roldan 0 aid$ by ,francisco de ,ribas1 a ma/] c>p5t]1 :o 0 ! son ( ,gasp> de ,ribas1 ! fir/ collaborator ) ,alonso ,cano4 ,francisco ,ribas began ! alt> 9 #affi1 :5 he contract$ = ! price ( #hh1jjj reals1 ) ! condition t all ! figures 7 to be c>v$ by ! h& ( ,roldan4 ,we d n "k h[ mu* ,roldan receiv$ = 8 "w4 ,he 0 always indiff]5t z to ! paym5ts made to him4 ,! alt>-scre5 ( ! *apel ( ,la ,c>idad is ev5 f9] ?an t ( ! ca!dral4 ,! subject 7,plate #aeb7 is ! ,burial ( ,*ri/4 ,! figures plac$ ar\nd ! ,div9e ,body1 :i* is be+ l[]$ into ! tomb1 are spl5didly gr\p$1 & !re is great unity 9 ! composition ( ! sc5e4 ,! poly*rome 0 c>ri$ out by ,juan de ,valds ,leal1 :ile ,murillo aid$ t pa9t] ) 8 c\nsel & possibly ) 8 bru%4 ,! ar*itect ,b]n>do de ,pui$a contract$ = ! "w1 receiv+ = x #ab1ejj ducats4 ,( ?is sum #aa1jjj ducats w5t to ,valds ,leal1 b we h no k z to ! am\nt appo9t$ to ,roldan1 ?\gh a contempor>y writ] rem>ks t 8x 0 v little40 ,?is is :at we %\ld expect1 = we read ( ,roldan z be+ entirely engross$ 9 8 art4 ,he liv$ 9 a c\ntry h\se outside ,seville1 :]e he enjoy$ ! beauties ( nature1 only go+ to ! city :5 compell$4 ,!n he rode on a small donkey1 & occupi$ 8 "t :ile j\rney+ 9 mak+ small models 9 clay or wax1 :i* he always c>ri$ ) him4 ,besides 8 l>ge alt>-scre5s ,roldan execut$ _m small bas-reliefs1 :i* give fur!r pro( ( 8 tal5t4 ,! be/ examples are 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,ja54 ,^! bas-reliefs are c>v$ 9 m>ble1 &1 l 8 l>g] works1 are rem>kable = ! beauty ( _! composition4 ,! subjects are ! ,flight into ,egypt1 ! ,m>riage at ,cana1 & ,*ri/'s ,argum5t ) ! ,doctors1 :i* are 9 ! int]ior ( ! *ur* set ov] ! pr9cipal doorway4 ,!n on ! ext]ior ( ! build+ are /atues ( ,/4 ,f]d9&1 ! ,doctors1 & ! ,evangeli/s4 ,"s ( ,roldan's sculptur$ /atues 9 ,seville h be5 attribut$ to ,montas4 ,?is has be5 ! case ) ! /rik+ ,ecce ,homo ( ! ,hospital de la ,c>idad4 ,to complete ,roldan's "w we mu/ m5tion 8 gr\ps ( ! 8,pasos10 :i* he c>v$ = ! ,holy ,week procession4 ,9 ^! he appeal$ mo/ =cibly to ! p ( ,seville4 ,*ri/'s ,agony 9 ! ,g>d5 is ! be/ kn[n2 x is z f9e z any ( ! 8,pasos0 ( ,montas4 ,roldan left a daught]1 ,da ,luisa1 kn[n z ,roldana1 :o has ! hon\r ( be+ ! "o r5[n$ woman sculptor ( ,spa94 ,%e 0 born 9 ! ye> #aeef1 & 0 tra9$ by h] fa!r1 assi/+ him 9 8 "w4 ,%e inh]it$ 8 tal5t1 ) less /r5g? b m grace4 ,leg5d /ates t a /atue ( ,/4 ,f]d9& c>v$ by ,roldan 0 refus$ acceptance4 ,! daught] ret\*$ ! "w1 & gave x m life1 :5 x 0 receiv$ by ! pur*as] )\t kn[+ x 0 ! same /atue4 ,probably ! /ory is untrue1 b x proves ! e/imation 9 :i* ,roldana 0 held by h] contempor>ies4 ,roldana m>ri$ a k+'s *amb]la91 & w5t to reside 9 ,madrid1 :]e h] works & also h] p]son ga9$ admiration4 ,9 #afie %e 0 appo9t$ sculptor to ! ,*amb]4 ,b %e di$ 9 #agjd1 :5 /ill "y1 only f\r ye>s aft] h] fa!r4 ,roldana's be/ "w is ! ,virg91 kn[n z ,nue/ra ,seora de las ,augu/ias1 :i* is at ,cadiz 7,plate #aec71 :]e x is greatly e/eem$4 ,?is praise is des]v$4 ,! gr\p is clev]ly compos$1 & is rem>kable = ! orig9ality display$ 9 ! plac+ ( ! figures2 ! body ( ! dead ,*ri/ re/s betwe5 ! knees ( ! ,virg9 in/ead ( across !m4 ,! ,*ri/ is excell5t1 ! ,virg9 is less good2 b ! angels :o hold up ! arms ( ! ,div9e ,suff]] are v beautiful4 ,! way 9 :i* !y are gr\p$ is ma/]ly4 ,! ,escorial has "o "w by ,roldana1 a /atue ( ,/4 ,mi*ael1 :o is %[n danc+1 & is dress$ 9 ! arm\r & ,roman co/ume ( ! c5tury ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,?is /atue is less notewor?y4 ,roldan _h1 besides 8 daught]1 "o pupil :o des]ves m5tion1 ,p$ro ,duque ,cornejo4 ,he 0 ! la/ sculptor ( ! ,sevillian s*ool4 ,among 8 contempor>ies he ga9$ great success1 & = tw5ty-five ye>s he 0 sculptor to ! ,que5's ,*amb]--a success :i* 8 works c]ta9ly d n m]it4 ,all 8 c>v+s suff] f exagg]ation & an ov]load+ ( ornam5t & gild+--! faults ( ! decad5t p]iod 9 :i* he liv$4 ,he execut$ _m commissions = ! ,c>tuja del ,paula at ,seville4 ,he c>v$ 9 mahogany ! /alls ( ,cordova ,ca!dral1 & also ! f9e ,sill]ia1 :i* 0 br\ght f ! ,c>tuja ( ,seville to ! ,coro ( ,cadiz ,ca!dral4 ,cornejo di$ 9 #ageg1 & 0 buri$ ) pr9cely /ate 9 ,cordova ,ca!dral4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,s*ool ,,( ,,granada ,,& ,,alonso ,,cano--,,! ,,decl9e ,,( ,,sculpture--,,francisco ,,z>cello ,! s*ool ( ,granada 0 an (f%oot f ! s*ool ( ,seville1 & x owes its glory *iefly to "o man1 :o mu/ be consid]$ z ! pupil ( ,montas4 ,alonso ,cano 0 born at ,granada1 on ! #ag? ( ,m>* #afja1 & 0 baptiz$ 9 ! p>i% *ur* ( ,san ,ildefonso1 :]e ! regi/] ( 8 baptism may /ill be se54 ,8 fa!r1 ,miguel ,cano1 0 a c>v] ( retablos1 & x 0 ) him t ! "y ,cano le>nt ! rudim5ts ( 8 art4 ,be=e long 8 tal5t ga9$ ! notice ( ! pa9t] ,juan del ,ca/illo1 :o recomm5d$ ! removal ( ! ,cano family to ,seville = ! sake ( bett] in/ruction4 ,cano ent]$ = eight mon?s ! /udio ( ,francisco ,pa*o1 :]e he le>nt pa9t+1 hav+ = 8 fell[-/ud5t ,velazquez4 ,aft]w>ds he became ! assi/ant ( ,juan del ,ca/illo4 ,9 sculpture he 0 ! pupil ( ,montas1 & = sev]al ye>s he work$ "u 8 guidance4 ,!re seems to h be5 a great fri5d%ip betwe5 ! ma/] & pupil4 ,cano's debt to ,montas 0 v great1 & 8 e>ly works 9 ,seville1 execut$ "u ! direction ( ! ma/]1 are pro( ( h[ completely he assimilat$ 8 /yle4 ,cano's e>lie/ sculptur$ works 7 ?ree retablos1 design$1 c>v$1 & pa9t$1 "o = ! ,college ( ,san ,alb]to1 & two = ! ,conv5tual ,*ur* ( ,santa ,paula4 ,zurb>an & ,pa*eco 7 employ$ ) ,cano 9 execut+ ! alt>-scre5 ( ,san ,alb]to1 & ,cean ,b]mudez tells u t 8 "w surpass$ !irs 9 m]it4 ,9 ! execution ( ! two alt>-scre5s = ,santa ,paula he 0 help$ by ,gasp> de ,ribas1 :o work$ ) him "u ! direction ( ,montas4 ,^! scre5s rema9 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,paula--"o ov] ! alt> ( ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 ! o!r ov] t ( ,/4 ,john ! ,evangeli/4 ,!y are pieces ( h>moni\s "w1 altoge!r praisewor?y1 :i* %[ ,cano's comb9$ p[] z ar*itect1 sculptor1 pa9t]1 & damask work]4 ,! f9] is ! alt> ( ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/4 ,! /atue ( ! prophet & a bas-relief repres5t+ ! ,baptism ( ,*ri/ are at ei!r side1 & betwe5 a beautiful repres5tation ( figures c>ry+ ! head ( ,/4 ,john on a *>g]2 !n to "r & left1 betwe5 ! columns1 are plac$ /atues ( ! ,sa9ts1 & ^! surm\nt figures ( ! ,virtues & ,*]ubim4 ,! h& ( a ma/] is se5 ev]y:]e4 ,besides ! alt>-scre5s ( ,santa ,paula1 !re are a few good c>v+s t belong to ?is p]iod ( ,cano's y\?4 ,!re is a ,conception 9 ! nunn]y ( ,santa ,paula1 plac$ ov] ! doorway1 & a second1 & p]haps f9]1 ,conception is 9 ! p>i% *ur* ( ,san ,&rs1 & !re is also 9 ! same *ur* a v beautiful ,*ild ,jesus1 un=tunately dress$ 9 a sat9 robe :i* q hides ! body4 ,^! /atues are all good1 & inde$ might be ascrib$ to ,montas except = a weakness 9 ! modell+ ( ! nude portions1 a fault :i* ,cano aft]w>ds ov]came4 ,! few o!r c>v+s 9 ,seville t are ascrib$ to ,cano are less c]ta9ly by him1 & are works ( little int]e/4 ,an important und]tak+ belongs to ! ye> #afbh4 ,miguel ,cano _h be5 employ$ to erect a new high alt> = ! *ur* at ,lebrija1 a small t[n situat$ =ty-five miles f ,seville on ! way to ,j]z4 ,! alt> 0 already design$1 b ! actual c>v+ 0 n />t$1 :5 ,miguel ,cano di$4 ,x fell to 8 son to complete ! "w4 ,f\r pieces ( sculpture 7 execut$2 a ,crucifixion to be plac$ above ! alt>1 colossal /atues ( ,/4 ,paul & ,/4 ,pet] = its second /orey1 & a small & exquisite image ( ! ,virg9 en%r9$ )9 a curta9$ ni*e above ! slab ( ! alt>4 ,?is la/ is p]haps ! mo/ pleas+ sculpture ( ?is e>ly p]iod2 x is "o ( ^? really beautiful pieces :i* cause u to =give mu* ( ,cano's commonplace "w4 ,x 0 soon aft] ?is t ,cano left ,seville4 ,he c\ld n be> any sup]ior 9 8 art except 8 ma/] to be ne> him1 & he *all5g$ a fell[-pa9t]1 ,seba/ian de ,llano y ,valds1 ^: success _h enrag$ him4 ,he /abb$ & w\nd$ him1 &1 to escape ! action ( ! ecclesia/ical au?orities1 he fl$ to ,madrid4 ,"h he r5ew$ 8 fri5d%ip ) ,velazquez1 & ?r\gh 8 influ5ce ga9$ an appo9tm5t to "w 9 ! royal palaces1 besides hav+ ! hon\r ( be+ pr(essor to ,pr9ce ,baltas> ,c>los4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod1 & 9 ! ye>s t foll[$1 ,cano did m pa9t+ ?an modell+1 & we h _m pictures f 8 h&1 "s ( :i* may be se5 9 ! ,prado ,museum4 ,9 #afdc we f9d ,cano at ,tol$o solicit+ "w 9 ! ca!dral4 ,he did n obta9 x1 & return$ to ,madrid1 :]e1 soon aft]w>ds1 he 0 accus$ ( murd]+ 8 wife4 ,?is 0 ! beg9n+ ( a p]iod ( turmoil & w&]+4 ,cano fl$ to ! city ( ,val5cia & aft]w>ds took refuge 9 ! ,c>tuja ( ,portacali4 ,b lat] on1 return+ to ,madrid1 he fell "u ! tribunal ( ! ,inquisition4 ,aft] suff]+ ! torture1 he 0 adjudg$ innoc5t ( ! crime ) :i* he 0 *>g$1 & appo9t$ ,majordomo ( ! ,bro!rhood ( ,nue/ra ,seora de los ,dolores4 ,?is 0 a s\rce ( fre% tr\ble1 & ,cano 0 f9$ a sum ( a hundr$ ducats = refus+ to assi/ 9 ! procession 9 ,holy ,week beside ! alguazils ( ! c\rt--a *>act]i/ic incid5t1 = ,cano 0 a man :o nev] cross$ 8 own wi%es4 ,cano aga9 left ,madrid1 & we f9d him 9 ,tol$o1 employ$ by ! *apt] to inspect ! works 9 ! octagon *apel4 ,aft]w>ds he mu/ h gone to ,val5cia & ,malaga1 !n he appe>s aga9 at ,madrid4 ,b he seems to h s\ght an opportunity to leave ! royal city1 & a canonry be+ vacant 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,granada1 he petition$ ! po/ f ,philip ,,iv41 :i* 0 grant$ by a royal decree1 dat$ ,septemb] #aa1 #afea1 "u conditions t he %\ld take ord]s )9 a ye>4 ,b ! ye> pass$ & ,cano 0 n orda9$1 & 8 preb5d>y%ip 0 decl>$ vacant4 ,:]eupon ,cano1 :o 0 /ill gov]n$ by self-w1 took 8 grievance to ! c\rts4 ,a *apla9cy 0 conf]r$ on him by ! ,bi%op ( ,salamanca1 & ! arti/ 0 orda9$ a sub-deacon4 ,!n ! k+ ord]$1 by a decree dat$ ,april #ad1 #afeh1 t ! ,granada preb5d>y%ip %\ld be re/or$ to him1 ) ! condition t he adopt$ ecclesia/ical dress1 :i* hi!rto he _h refus$ to we>4 ,at la/1 9 #afei1 ,cano return$ to ,granada1 & took possession ( 8 preb5d>y%ip1 :i* he occupi$ 9 peace = ! rema9+ eight ye>s ( 8 life4 ,?is 0 ! p]iod ( ,cano's greate/ activity4 ,! only sculptur$ works a*iev$ dur+ ^! turbul5t ye>s 7 ! design = ! ,holy ,week monum5t ( ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,g9es1 ,madrid1 & also ! design & ! sup]9t5d+ ( ! build+ ( ! triumphal ar* erect$ at ! ,guadalaj>a gate = ! entry ( ,que5 ,m>iana on h] m>riage ) ,philip ,,iv4 ,b n[ ! re/less arti/ _h f\nd a fix$ home 9 ! city ( 8 bir?1 ) unh9d]$ opportunity = ! ex]cise ( 8 facile gifts4 ,granada1 & especially ! ca!dral--9 ! bell t[] ( :i* build+ 8 /udio 0--owe mu* to ^! ye>s ( ,cano's resid5ce4 ,8 activity seems to h be5 unwe>y+4 ,b1 inde$1 x mu/ be grant$ t ! city possesses m works ?an ,cano c\ld possibly h accompli%$ 9 a p]iod ( eight ye>s4 ,x has be5 usual to attribute to him e good piece ( poly*rome /atu>y 9 ,granada4 ,?is is n surpris+1 = x is (t5 impossible to di/+ui% ) c]ta9ty betwe5 8 "w & t ( 8 pupils ,josef de ,mora & ,p$ro de ,m5a1 :o imitat$ 8 /yle & made copies ( _m ( 8 works4 ,& ! confusion is increas$ by ! habit :i* ,cano _h ( himself work+ on ! c>v+s ( 8 assi/ants2 7 !y 9 difficulty1 he w\ld f9i% _! "w ) 8 own h&4 ,?us x is impossible to pron\nce ) c]ta9ty z to ! au?or%ip ( _m ( ! reput$ ,canos 9 ,granada4 ,among ! /atues 9 ! ca!dral t are ascrib$ to ,cano1 & are c]ta9ly 8 "w1 we may place fir/ ! ,purissima1 :i* is kept 9 ! sacri/y4 ,x is a small & v beautiful /atuette :i* has ! qualities t belong to ,cano's pa9t+s4 ,ev5 m int]e/+ is ! gr\p ( ! ,virg9 & ,*ild1 ) ,santa ,ana1 also 9 ! ca!dral1 :]e x is hidd5 9 ! gloom ( a d>k side-*apel4 ,q unkn[n1 ?is beautiful /atue is almo/ c]ta9ly ,cano's "w2 x has all ! qualities t belong to 8 art4 ,! ,virg91 :o is seat$ on ! knee ( ,santa ,ana1 holds ! ,*ild ,jesus4 ,! figures are half life-size2 ! ?ree faces & ! h&s are ( exquisite delicacy4 ,! ,virg9 resembles ! ,purissima 9 h] sweetness4 ,:at a da9ty fairness is "h2 ) :at exquisite ta/e ! veil & ! robe are arrang$6 ,! poly*rome1 too1 is v beautiful1 & =tunately x has n be5 re/or$4 ,! ,virg9 we>s a :ite tulle turban1 :i* is black /rip$ & gold fr+$2 h] robe is light r$1 damask$ 9 gold1 & p>tly cov]$ by a drap]y ( indigo blue1 :i* is fa/5$ ) gold clasps at ! %\ld]s & wai/4 ,santa ,ana's robe is black1 gold embroid]$1 :ile h] cloak is a deep] %ade ( ! same r$-br[n z ! ,virg9's tunic4 ,9 ^! two /atues we see ,cano's p[] 9 express+ t5d] human emotions4 ,x is ! quality t m>ks 8 works--bo? 8 pa9t+ & 8 c>v+s--among ! ,spani% ma/]s4 ,8 art nev] t\*es ! passionate ,conceptions ( ,rib]a or ,zurb>an 9 pa9t+1 or ( ,h]n&ez 9 sculpture3 x is on a l[] level ?an ! ec/atic emotion ( ,murillo or ! beautiful c>v+s ( ,montas4 ,cano is mild & t\*+2 he nei!r excites nor ?rills u4 ,8 ,virg9 is ! happy e>?ly ,"m :o takes sweet pleasure 9 h] ,*ild1 n ! ,mat] ,dolorosa1 suff]+ = ! sorr[s ( h] ,div9e ,son4 ,%e has ! fairness :i* he gives to all wom54 ,x 0 ?is und]/&+1 s uncommon 9 ,spani% art1 ^: object 0 8to p]suade m5 to piety & to incl9e !m to ,god10 ( ! joy ( life ) its human relation%ips1 t 0 ,cano's special gift4 ,he *ang$ ! dramatically s]i\s religi\s compositions common to 8 c\ntry into sc5es t speak *>m+ly ( t5d] joy\sness born ( e>?ly love4 ,to him alone1 x w\ld seem1 x 0 giv5 to f9d joy1 & n sorr[1 9 ! div9e drama f :i* ! ,spani% arti/s drew _! inspiration4 ,o!r c>v+s 9 ! ca!dral t are ascrib$ to ,cano1 ?\gh 8 au?or%ip 9 "s ( ! pieces is disput$1 are ! colossal bu/s ( ,adam & ,eve plac$ v high to ! "r & left ( ! entrance to ! ,capilla ,mayor1 & ! heads ( ,/4 ,paul & ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 :i* are hidd5 9 ! d>kness ( ! ,*apel ( ,nue/ra ,seora del ,c>mel4 ,^! c>v+s1 & especially ! ble$+ heads ( ! sa9ts1 are subjects t d n prop]ly belong to ,cano's art1 b 7 und]tak5 by him to meet ! popul> ta/e ( 8 day1 & = ?is reason !y are ( less int]e/4 ,yet _! importance is great on acc\nt ( ! excell5ce ( ! poly*rome4 ,! ,adam & ,eve1 l>g] ?an life-size1 are c>v$ 9 oak1 & h>moni\sly col\r$ ) excell5t c>e4 ,un=tunately ! height at :i* !y are plac$ makes x v difficult to see !m4 ,! head ( ,/4 ,paul & t ( ! ,bapti/--if ?is is ,cano's "w1 & ! skill ( ! craftsman%ip po9ts to its be+ s--mu/ be class$ ) ! simil> head ( ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/ 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,paula1 :i* is also ascrib$ to ,cano4 ,?is la/ piece seems to h be5 copi$ f ! head ( ! ,prophet sculptur$ by ,montas = ! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,cl>a4 ,!re is also a mo/ excell5t ,head ( ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/ 9 ! ,cam>9 ( ! ,*apel ( ,san ,juan de ,dios1 :i* mu/ c]ta9ly be ,cano's "w 7,plates #aed-aef74 ,none b a ma/] c\ld h c>v$ ?is head2 x is ! f9e/ example 9 ,spa9 ( a poly*rome ( ?is subject4 ,! livid face1 :i* %[s ! dea?-m>ks1 is surr\nd$ ) tumbl$ locks ( black hair & a be>d ( ! same col\r4 ,bo? x & ! ble$+ neck are fai?fully & spl5didly r5d]$3 !re is beauty 9 ! horror4 ,! *>g] on :i* ! head is plac$ is ( gold1 & =ms a sort ( aureole ar\nd x4 ,at ! top an eagle has seiz$ x 9 its beak to c>ry ! relic to heav52 ! bird is pa9t$ a deep w>m black ) beautiful reflections4 ,! ca!dral has o!r works :i* x owes to ! ye>s ( ,cano's resid5ce4 ,! beautiful frescoes ( ! ,capilla ,mayor1 illu/rat+ sc5es f ! life ( ! ,virg91 7 8 "w4 ,! l[] /age ( ! we/ faade we owe l>gely to him4 ,he design$ & sup]9t5d$ ! execution ( two silv] lamps = ! pr9cipal *apel2 he c>v$ ! elaborate lect]n ( ! *oir1 =m$ ( f9e woods1 bronze1 & preci\s /ones2 & execut$ new portals = ! sacri/y4 ,two m$allions on copp] ( great delicacy 7 wr\ght = ! ,*apel ( ! ,tr9ity4 ,"h ! figures recall ! ,virg9 9 ! gr\p ( ,santa ,ana & ,virg9 & ,*ild4 ,9 addition sev]al important pictures 7 pa9t$ = ! dome ( ! ,capilla ,mayor1 & o!rs z alt>-pieces = ! *apels4 ,"s ( ^! canvases disappe>$ :5 ,granada 0 /ripp$ ( s _m ( its treasures by ! ,fr5*4 ,b a few f9e pictures rema94 ,! ,tr9ity 9 ! *apel ( t "n1 ! ,way ( ! ,cross 9 ,naz>5o ,*apel1 & ! ,virg5 de la ,sol$ad1 :i* hangs ov] ! alt> ( ,san ,miguel1 are ! mo/ important4 ,?is la/-nam$ pa9t+ is especially int]e/+ to u1 = !re are two pieces ( sculpture c]ta9ly copi$ f x1 "o 9 ! p>i% *ur* ( ,santa ,ana1 ! o!r 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,paula4 ,bo? are excell5t4 ,! ,virg9 has ! delicacy & beauty t we expect f ,cano4 ,! poly*rome is subdu$2 ! fle% ( ! face & ! beautiful fold$ h&s are a dull pallor1 befitt+ grief2 ! eyes & ! te>s are =m$ by cry/als1 aft] ! cu/om us$ by ,gregorio ,h]n&ez & ,juan de ,juni4 ,! dress1 :i* is :ite1 & ! mantle1 ( blui% black1 are p]fectly h>moni\s4 ,^! col\rs are a repetition ( ! ca!dral picture4 ,& ! "q arises1 are ! sculptures also by ,cano8 ,t ( ,santa ,paula has always be5 ascrib$ to ,josef de ,mora4 ,if we accept ?is1 we mu/ acc\nt ! ,sol$ad ( ,santa ,ana z ! "w ( ,cano1 & ! ,santa ,paula z a spl5did copy4 ,b bo? /atues are s equally good1 especially 9 ! col\r+1 t ! pupil's "w mu/ h be5 t\*$ by ! h& ( ! ma/]4 ,x is impossible to believe t ,josef de ,mora c\ld h a*iev$ ?is ma/]piece unaid$4 ,! same difficulty ( au?or%ip betwe5 ! ma/] & ! pupil confronts u 9 ! two /atues ( ,/4 ,bruno1 bo? 9 ! ,c>tuja 7,plate #aeh74 ,"o1 life-size1 is 9 ! sacri/y1 & ?is "w is report$ to h be5 ord]$ f ,josef de ,mora2 ! o!r1 a /atuette1 :i* is plac$ ov] ! high alt>1 may ) little "q be ascrib$ to ,cano4 ,at lea/1 if x is n 8 "w1 !n x is a copy ( a lo/ orig9al4 ,josef de ,mora c\ld n by himself h design$ s exquisite a "w4 ,! /atuette exce$s ! /atue 9 beauty4 ,bo? ! c>v+ & col\r+ are equally f9e2 ! latt] is a triumph ( poly*rome4 ,! monk's pale face & h&s1 8 :ite robe1 & 8 scapul> ( ! same col\r1 are p]fectly transcrib$1 a ri*ness be+ giv5 to ! :ite ( ! dress1 9 contra/ to ! pale fle%1 by ! device ( ! old damask work]s ( pa9t+ ov] a gold gr\nd4 ,?is small "w is ano!r ma/]piece :i* ,cano a*iev$4 ,x takes rank ) ! ,/4 ,an?ony 9 ,san ,nicolas ( ,murcia1 a bett] kn[n "w1 :i* belongs to an e>li] p]iod ( ,cano's art4 ,! ,c>tuja =m]ly conta9$ a f9e /atue ( ! ,magdal51 :i* is ascrib$ to ,cano 7,plate #aei74 ,x 0 tak5 away1 ) _m works ( art1 dur+ ! invasion ( ! ,fr5*4 ,!re is almo/ hopeless unc]ta9ty ) reg>d to ! rema9+ commissions c>ri$ out by ,cano = ! religi\s ord]s ( ,granada4 ,cean ,b]mudez catalogues _m pa9t+s & sculptures t h disappe>$4 ,= ! ,conv5t ( ! ,angel we read t ,cano c>v$ 9 m>ble a figure ( ! ,gu>dian ,angel to be plac$ ov] ! portal1 & design$ an elaborate alt>-scre51 :i* 0 c>v$ by ,p$ro de ,m5a1 ?\gh ,cano *isell$ sev]al ( ! /atues ) 8 own h&4 ,he also pa9t$ a picture ( our ,"l p>t+ f ! ,virg9 9 ! ,via ,dolorosa4 ,o!r pictures 7 pa9t$ = ! ,conv5t ( ,san ,diego1 & a s]ies ( half-l5g? figures ( ! ,apo/les 7 design$ & execut$ = ! ,dom9ican ,mona/]y ( ,/a4 ,catal9a4 ,!n ,cano work$ = private patrons4 ,palom9o tells ( a /atue ( ,/4 ,an?ony ( ,padua1 c>v$ = ! ,auditor ( ! ,*anc]y1 :i* ,cano1 becom+ enrag$ ) 8 cli5t ab\t ! paym5t ( ! "w1 da%$ to pieces3 a *>act]i/ic incid5t1 :i* recalls ! action ( ,torrigiano4 ,un=tunately ! disappe>ance ( _m ( ^! *ur*es & mona/]ies ) all _! cont5ts1 & ! *ange ( ! names ( o!rs1 makes x impossible to e/imate ^! works or to haz>d an op9ion z to _! pres5t :]eab\ts4 ,cano clos$ 8 activity ) a s]ies ( works = ,malaga ,ca!dral4 ,he design$ ! ,capilla ,mayor1 & und]took to c>ve new /alls = ! *oir1 b a dispute aris+ ab\t ! paym5t1 he ?rew up ! "w ) 8 usual impetuosity & return$ to ,granada4 ,a gr\p ( important pictures 7 also pa9t$ 9 ^! la/ ye>s4 ,cano di$ 9 8 h\se 9 ! ,albaic9 qu>t] on ! #e? ,octob] #affg2 he 0 !n sixty-six ye>s old4 ,8 body re/s 9 ! ,pan!on ( ! ,canons b5ea? ! *oir ( ! ca!dral4 ,x is wor? not+ t ,cano di$ 9 pov]ty4 ,8 disposition 0 g5]\s1 & ! old ,spani% writ]s tell u t 8 ga9s1 z soon z he won !m1 7 divid$ among 8 fri5ds & among ! poor4 ,we f9d num]\s anecdotes ( 8 life1 & "o /ory ( 8 dea? is too good n to be record$2 moreov] x helps to complete our k ( ! man4 ,! prie/ summon$ to (f] extreme unction to ! dy+ ,cano 0 accu/om$ to lab\r among p5it5t ,jews1 t[>ds :om ! arti/ _h always display$ a curi\sly passionate antipa?y4 ,! sick man recognis$ ! prie/4 8,g1 ,seor ,lic5ciado10 he cri$1 8g ) ,god & d n tr\ble to call aga93 ! prie/ :o adm9i/]s ! ,sacram5ts to ,jews %all n adm9i/] !m to me40 ,a fre% prie/ 0 summon$4 ,! new-com] plac$ an old-fa%ion$ crucifix 9 ! h&s t _h c>v$ s _m beautiful pieces4 ,impati5tly ,cano pu%$ x aside4 8,my son10 g5tly remon/rat$ ! prie/1 8:at do/ ?\ mean8 ,?is is ! ,"l :o r$eem$ !e & mu/ save !e60 8,i "k t all v well10 0 ,cano's answ]1 8b d y want to provoke me ) ?is wret*$ ill-wr\ght ?+ 9 ord] to give me ov] to ! devil80 ,cano 0 a gallant s\l /orm+ ?r\gh life1 :o 9 spite ( 8 viol5ce & re/lessness 0 lov+ & *>itable1 display+ b\ndless graci\sness t[>ds 8 fri5ds & 8 pupils4 ,no ma/] ev] took great] int]e/ 9 8 pupils2 he gave freely to !m ( 8 k & 8 "w4 ,^! contradictions 9 ,cano's temp]am5t expla9 8 art4 ,among ,cano's pupils special m5tion mu/ be made ( ,josef de ,mora & ,p$ro de ,m5a2 bo? imitat$ _! ma/] s closely t1 z we h se51 _! works h be5 confus$ ) 84 ,?is is p]haps ! be/ praise t c be accord$ to ! pupils4 ,joseph de ,mora 0 born at ,majorca 9 #afch1 :]e he pass$ 8 y\? le>n+ 8 art f 8 fa!r4 ,! fame ( ,cano br\ght him to ,granada1 & he at once became a pupil 9 ! /udio ( ! ma/]4 ,he acquir$ consid]able skill z a c>v]1 & a few ye>s lat] he w5t to ,madrid1 :]e he 0 appo9t$ sculptor to ! k+4 ,b ! climate ( ! capital be+ unsuit$ to 8 heal?1 he return$ to ,granada4 ,f ?is "t ,mora became :olly ! imitator ( ,cano4 ,he _h a curi\s habit t is wor? record+2 no "o ev] saw him at "w1 = :5 9 8 /udio ) 8 model ! door 0 always kept bolt$4 ,?is expla9s p]haps :y he 0 able to copy s successfully ! c>v+s ( ,cano4 ,we h po9t$ out ! v>i\s /atues 9 :i* confusion has aris5 betwe5 ! au?or%ip ( ! ma/] & t ( ! pupil4 ,! ,/4 ,bruno ( ! ,c>tuja & ! ,virg5 de la ,sol$ad ( ,santa ,ana _c be giv5 to ,mora z :olly 8 own "w2 a ,conception 9 ! ,c>tuja1 if x is by 8 h&1 mu/ also be consid]$ z a copy ( ,cano4 ,=tunately = ,mora's p]sonal reputation !re is 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,ana a /atue by him ( ,/4 ,pantaleon1 :i* reveals "s individual *>act]i/ics4 ,! figure ( ! "y m>tyr$ sa9t 0 modell$ f a woman1 & ! spiritual effect ga9$ by ?is means is increas$ by ! unusual device ( plac+ ! /atue 9 a glass case4 ,! figure is v graceful & delicate1 :i* contra/s ) ! sev]ity ( ! face4 ,b !re is a weakness 9 ! modell+ ( ! legs & feet1 & also 9 ! folds ( ! ve/m5ts1 :i* ! arti/ has /riv5 to hide by ! poly*rome4 ,?is is good1 9 ! /yle comm5d$ by ,pa*eco1 made 9 subdu$ tones & ) no gild+4 ,! p]sonal qualities ( ?is /atue make u regret ! practice ( imitation ( 8 ma/] 9 :i* ,mora lo/ 8 own tal5t1 :i* mu/ h be5 consid]able4 ,?is is ev5 m true ( ,p$ro de ,m5a1 ,cano's second pupil1 :o _h mu* great] orig9ality & tal5t4 ,a native ( ,alpuj>as1 :]e1 9 collaboration ) 8 fa!r ,alonso de ,m5a1 he _h e/abli%$ a consid]able local reputation1 l ,mora he came to ,granada1 attract$ by ! r5[n ( ,cano4 ,x is report$ t :5 he saw ! ma/]'s works 9 ! ca!dral 8 en?usiasm 0 s great t he det]m9$ to d no m c>v+ until he _h become a pupil ( ,cano4 ,he br\ght 8 family to ,granada & at once ent]$ ! /udio ( ! ma/]4 ,cano recognis$ 8 tal5t1 & pass$ ov] to him all ! "w :i* he did n wi% p]sonally to execute4 ,"u ^! conditions ,m5a ga9$ ! commission1 refus$ by ,cano1 to c>ve =ty /atues ( ! sa9ts = ! *oir ( ,malaga ,ca!dral4 ,! "w occupi$ f\r ye>s1 #afeh-affb1 & = x ,m5a receiv$ paym5t ( #dj1jjj reals4 ,^! /atues prove ! great tal5t ( ,m5a4 ,! figures are c>v$ 9 c$>-wood & are n col\r$4 ,:at is rem>kable is ! individuality :i* ,m5a has succe$$ 9 giv+ to ! diff]5t sa9ts2 ea* is a liv+ "*4 ,pr(essor ,c4 ,ju/i says ( ^! /atuettes3 8,!y are among ! mo/ s+ul> & />tl+ products ( ,spani% art1 if n ( all mod]n sculpture40 ,m5a _h ! ,spani% gift ( impressive r5d]+ ( "*1 & x is = ?is quality he claims recognition4 ,9 #affg ,m5a 0 appo9t$ sculptor to ! ,*apt] ( ,tol$o4 ,probably x 0 at ?is "t t he c>v$ ! /atuette ( ,/4 ,francis 7,plate #afj71 n[ 9 ! ,ca!dral ,treasury1 :i* has errone\sly be5 ascrib$ to ,cano4 ,?is ascetic figure1 s ,spani% 9 its conception1 c\ld nev] h be5 c>v$ by ,cano4 ,! popul>ity ( ,m5a increas$1 & on ! dea? ( ,cano he took 8 place1 fulfill+ _m commissions = ! diff]5t religi\s ord]s4 ,! city /ill conta9s sev]al ( 8 works4 ,! eque/rian /atue ( ,/4 ,james & ! pray+ /atues ( ! ,ca?olic ,k+s 9 ! ca!dral are ! be/ kn[n4 ,b ^! works are ( mu* less m]it ?an ! sa9ts 9 ! *oir ( ,malaga4 ,c]ta9ly !y h "s individuality1 b ,m5a "h relies too mu* on :at he _h le>nt f ,cano2 or p]haps popul>ity _h made him c>eless4 ,b ,m5a's fame spread1 & he 0 call$ by ,pr9ce ,john ( ,au/ria to ,madrid to execute a ,virg5 del ,pil> ) ,/4 ,james at h] feet4 ,! success ( ?is "w ga9$ a second commission1 & ,pr9ce ,doria ord]$ a ,crucifixion :i* 0 s5t to ,italy1 :]e x ga9$ mu* praise--a r>e hon\r = a ,spani% sculptor4 ,m5a did n rema9 9 ,madrid1 & aft] a p]iod ( resid5ce 9 ,cordova1 ,malaga1 & ,salamanca1 :]e he c>v$ a /atuette ( ,/4 ,francis :i* is /ill 9 ! city1 he return$ to ,granada1 :]e he di$ 9 #afic4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! la/ ye>s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury saw ! dea? ( ! great sculptors ( ,spa91 & ) ! op5+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury we may say t ! art ( sculpture itself 0 dead4 ,a corruption 9 ta/e _h become g5]al2 x 0 evid5t 9 pa9t+ & 9 ar*itecture z well z 9 sculpture4 ,*urrigu]a 0 ! great (f5d]1 b 8 contempor>ies1 foll[+ 8 lead1 _h s\ght by bad ta/e1 display$ 9 excessive decoration & vivid col\r1 8to correct0 ! simplicity ( art4 ,! decl9e ( sculpture 9 ! ,s\? 0 m rapid & p]haps great] ?an 9 ! ,nor!rn s*ools4 ,_m ( ! old alt>-scre5s 7 replac$ by mod]n works ( ! new false art4 ,a popul> desire arose = works ( ! co>se/ mat]ialisation4 ,! cu/om grew ( dress+ ! /atues 9 real g>m5ts4 ,!n eyes ( glass & real hair 7 9 _m in/ances add$1 & app>atus 0 inv5t$ = mov+ ! head1 m\?1 eyes1 & limbs ( ! /atues4 ,_m pieces ( f9e sculpture 7 actually de/roy$ to meet ?is degrad$ dem&4 ,! ,virg9s1 & notably ! las ,doloras1 7 subject$ to ?is treatm5t4 ,"o example ( ^! 8dress$ images0 is a ,virg9 9 ,seville ,ca!dral4 ,! limbs ( ?is c>v$ doll move at ! jo9ts1 :ile a contrivance 9 ! body enables ! head to turn to ! "r or ! left4 ,! body is cov]$ ) rose-col\r$ taffeta :i* is glu$ to ! wood1 ! hair is ( silk plait$ ) gold ?reads1 & %oes ( :ite kid encase ! feet4 ,sometimes ! figure sits1 & sometimes /&s1 & ! ,*ild ,jesus is plac$ 9 ! arms or ^u ! knees accord+ to ! position ( ! "m4 ,!re is little m to add4 ,a dy+ tradition ( art ) no ma/] to reanimate its life--t is ! record ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,"o arti/ alone claims remembrance4 ,francisco ,z>cello 0 ! son ( an unimportant ,neapolitan arti/1 :o _h settl$ 9 ,murcia at ! close ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,x 0 f 8 fa!r t ,francisco ,z>cello ga9$ :at tra9+ 9 art he _h4 ,x is said t he purpos$ go+ to ,italy to /udy1 b ! project 0 n c>ri$ out4 ,probably ,z>cello ga9$ f ?us pursu+ 8 art alone1 z he 0 sav$ f ! error ( imitation1 especially baneful 9 ?is p]iod ( decad5ce4 ,& ?\gh ! r5[n he ga9$ mu/ be admitt$ to be 9 excess ( ! m]it t 8 works claim1 he did possess a consid]able tal5t1 ) real feel+ & some?+ ( ! old ,spani% religi\s s9c]ity4 ,_h he liv$ 9 a diff]5t epo*1 ) conditions m fav\rable to art1 he might h be5 a great arti/4 ,z>cello execut$ num]\s works3 inde$ a great] numb] ( /atues & /atuettes--no less ?an eighte5 hundr$--?an sev]al m5's lives c\ld h suffic$ to h produc$ are catalogu$ to 8 "n4 ,_m ( ^! pres5t really admirable qualities4 ,he 0 especially successful 9 ! gr\p+ ( 8 figures1 _m ( :i*1 ?\gh %[+ exagg]at$ attitudes1 are true works ( art4 ,8 retablos 9 ! *ur*es ( ,murcia1 & ! reali/ic gr\ps ( ! 8,pasos10 gu>d$ 9 ! ,ermita de ,jesus 7,plate #afa71 are rem>kable examples ( 8 p[]4 ,we are able to =get ! mat]iali/ic devices us$--su*1 = in/ance1 z ! embroid]$ velvet robes :i* ! ,*ri/ we>s--by reason ( ! tru? & religi\s passion :i* has inspir$ ! arti/4 ,b all ,z>cello's figures display 8 faults1 excit$ ge/ures1 confus$ drap]y1 & a want ( c>e 9 ! modell+ ( ! extremities4 ,among 8 s+le /atues we may m5tion ! ,/4 ,j]ome 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,murcia1 ( :i* !re is a replica 9 ! conv5t ( ! sa9t1 ?ree miles f ! city4 ,?is /atue is said by ,antonio ,alix1 ! late/ hi/orian ( ,z>cello1 to be equal to ,torrigiani's ,/4 ,j]ome1 an e/imate ( praise :i* is surely excessive4 ,!n !re are ! two bu/s ( ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/ 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,san ,juan1 a ,/4 ,an?ony--copi$ f ,cano's /atue--a ,/4 ,francis1 a ,conception1 & a ,purissima1 z well z num]\s repres5tations ( ! sa9ts4 ,e *ur* 9 ,murcia conta9s "s "w ( ,z>cello4 ,! /atue ( ,/4 ,v]onica 7,plate #afb7 9 ,ermita de ,jesus is ! be/ s+le figure t he a*iev$4 ,z>cello /ood alone4 ,he 0 assi/$ 9 8 /udio "w by ! memb]s ( 8 family1 b no "o ( !m inh]it$ 8 tal5t4 ,he seems to h _h no outside pupils4 ,) 8 dea?1 :i* occurr$ 9 ! ye> #agdh1 ! hi/ory ( anci5t ,spani% sculpture closes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #a ,visigo? ,cr[ns f\nd ne> ,tol$o ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #b ,byzant9e ,crucifix & ! ,virg9 9 ! ,go?ic ,/yle4 ,prov9cial ,museum ( ,san ,m>cos1 ,leon ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #c ,wood5 ,crucifix ) :i* ! ,troops ( ! ,cid 7 h>angu$4 ,! small] ,crucifix ! ,cid c>ri$ b5ea? 8 ,arm\r4 ,salamanca ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #d ,byzant9e ,*e/1 ,tol$o ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #e ,roman ,/atue f\nd 9 ! ,ru9s ( ,salonica4 ,prov9cial ,museum1 ,burgos ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #f ,el ,santo ,cri/o1 ,burgos ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #g ,faade ( ! ,ca!dral1 ,santiago de ,compo/ella ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #h ,portico ( ,la ,gloria1 ,santiago de ,compo/ella ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #i ,detail ( ,c>v+s ( ! ,portico ( ,la ,gloria1 ,santiago de ,compo/ella ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #aj ,colegiata de ,san ,isidoro1 ,leon ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #aa ,sp&ril ( ,gate ( ,p>don 9 ! ,college ( ,san ,isidoro1 ,leon ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ab ,two ,/atues 9 ! ,ar*logical ,museum1 ,leon ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ac ,san ,vic5te1 ,avila ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ad ,basilica ( ,san ,vic5te1 ,avila1 ,pr9cipal ,we/ ,entrance ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ae ,zamora ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #af ,cloi/]s ( ,san ,pablo del ,campo1 ,b>celona ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ag ,cloi/]s ( ! ,mona/]y ( ,las ,huelgas1 ,burgos ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ah ,t>ragona ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ai ,portal1 ,t>ragona ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bj ,burgos ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ba ,tol$o ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bb ,leon ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bc ,detail ( ! ,*oir ,/alls1 ,leon ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bd ,detail ( ! ,*oir ,/alls1 ,leon ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #be ,/4 ,m>y ,magdal5e & ,santo ,dom+o 7,*oir ,/alls71 ,leon ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bf ,san ,cel$onio & ,san ,e/eban 7,*oir ,/alls71 ,leon ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bg ,noah1 & ,adam & ,eve 7,*oir ,/alls71 ,leon ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bh ,samson 7,*oir ,/alls71 ,leon ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bi ,esau 7,*oir ,/alls71 ,leon ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #cj ,detail ( ,portico1 ,santiago de ,compo/ella ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ca ,san ,francisco4 ,san ,m>cos ,museum1 ,leon ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #cb ,v>i\s ,/atues f ! ,cross ,aisle1 ,leon ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #cc ,our ,lady del ,=o & ! ,(f]+s ( ! ,k+s1 ,cloi/]s1 ,leon ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #cd ,a ,sepul*re 9 ! ,conv5t ( ,las ,huelgas1 ,burgos ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ce ,sepul*res 9 ! ,old ,ca!dral1 ,salamanca ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #cf ,/atues ( ! ,portico1 ,t>ragona ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #cg ,pu]ta ,alta de la ,coron]ia1 ,burgos ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ch ,! ,cloi/] ,gate1 ,burgos ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ci ,! ,cloi/]s1 ,burgos ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #dj ,detail ( ! ,cloi/]s1 ,burgos ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #da ,detail ( ! ,cloi/]s1 ,burgos ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #db ,a ,sepul*re1 ,las ,huelgas1 ,burgos ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #dc ,sepul*re ( ,ar*bi%op ,maurice1 ! ,f\nd] ( ! ,ca!dral1 ,burgos ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #dd ,sepul*re ( ,ar*bi%op ,maurice1 ,f\nd] ( ! ,ca!dral1 ,burgos ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #de ,sepul*re ( ! ,infanta ,da ,b]5guela1 daught] ( ,san ,f]n&o1 ,mona/]y ( ,las ,huelgas1 ,burgos ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #df ,tomb ( ,jaime de ,aragon1 ,t>ragona ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #dg ,sepul*re ( ,m>t91 ,fir/ ,bi%op ( ,leon1 ,leon ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #dh ,sepul*re ( ,don ,ordoo ,,ii41 ,leon ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #di ,sepul*re ( ! ,m>tyrs1 ,basilica de ,san ,vic5te1 ,avila ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ej ,sepul*re ( ,ar*bi%op ,lopez de ,luna 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,la ,seo1 ,z>agoza ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ea ,our ,lady la ,mayor1 ,/atue ( ,silv]1 ,burgos ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #eb ,/atue ( ,our ,lady de la ,vega1 ,salamanca ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ec ,/atue ( ,our ,lady de la ,blanca1 9 ! ,pr9cipal ,por*1 ,leon ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ed ,/4 ,mi*ael slay+ ! ,devil1 ,silv] ,/atue by ,juan de ,arf4 ,prov9cial ,museum1 ,salamanca ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ee ,dipty* 9 ! ,cam>9 ( ,santa ,t]esa1 ,escorial ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ef ,detail ( ! ,alt>-scre5 ( ! ,capilla de ,santiago1 ,tol$o ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #eg ,alt>-scre5 9 ! ,capilla de ,santiago1 ,tol$o ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #eh ,*apel ( ,santiago1 conta9+ ! ,sepul*res ( ,don ,alv>o de ,luna & t ( 8 wife ,da ,juana1 ,tol$o ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ei ,detail ( ! ,alt>-piece 9 ! ,capilla de la ,tr9idad1 ,tol$o ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #fj ,alt>-piece c>v$ 9 ,wood1 end ( ,x,vth ,c5tury4 ,valladolid ,museum ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #fa ,c5tre ( a ,wood5 ,alt>-piece1 end ( ,x,vth ,c5tury4 ,valladolid ,museum ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #fb ,*apel ( ,/4 ,anne1 ,burgos ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #fc ,details ( ! ,alt>-piece 9 ! ,*apel ( ,/4 ,anne1 ,burgos ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #fd ,sepul*re ( ,don ,juan ,,ii4 & ,da ,isabel1 ,la ,c>tuja1 ,burgos ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #fe ,sepul*re ( ,don ,juan ,,ii4 & ,da ,isabel1 ,la ,c>tuja1 ,burgos ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ff ,detail ( ! ,sepul*re ( ,don ,juan ,,ii4 & ,da ,isabel1 ,la ,c>tuja1 ,burgos ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #fg ,sepul*re ( ,infante ,don ,alonso1 son ( ,isabella ,i41 ,la ,c>tuja1 ,burgos ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #fh ,sepul*re ( ,don ,juan de ,padella4 ,prov9cial ,museum1 ,burgos ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #fi ,high ,alt>1 ,la ,c>tuja1 ,burgos ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #gj ,detail ( ! ,high ,alt>1 ,la ,c>tuja1 ,burgos ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ga ,detail ( ! ,high ,alt>1 ,la ,c>tuja1 ,burgos ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #gb ,*oir ,/alls1 ,la ,c>tuja1 ,burgos ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #gc ,high ,alt>1 ,santa ,gadea del ,cid1 ,burgos ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #gd ,high ,alt> ( ! ,*ur* ( ,our ,lady del ,pil>1 ,z>agoza ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ge ,bas-relief 9 ! ,alt>-piece1 ,*apel ,royal1 ,granada ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #gf ,detail ( ! ,sepul*re ( ! ,ca?olic ,sov]eigns1 ,royal ,*apel1 ,granada ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #gg ,sepul*re ( ! ,infante ,juan1 only son ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 ,*ur* ( ,santo ,toms1 ,avila ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #gh ,c>v+s ( ! ,pr9cipal ,*apel1 by ,borgoa1 ,burgos ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #gi ,back ,"p ( ! ,high ,alt>1 ,burgos ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #hj ,tras-,sagr>io1 by ,felipe de ,borgoa1 ,burgos ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ha ,tras-,sagr>io1 by ,felipe de ,borgoa1 ,burgos ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #hb ,upp] ,"p ( ! ,*oir ,/alls1 c>v$ by ,b]riguete & ,borgoa1 ,tol$o ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #hc ,upp] ,"p ( ! ,*oir ,/alls1 c>v$ by ,b]ruguete & ,borgoa1 ,tol$o ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #hd ,upp] ,"p ( ! ,*oir ,/alls1 c>v$ by ,b]ruguete & ,borgoa1 ,tol$o ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #he ,upp] ,"p ( ! ,*oir ,/alls1 c>v$ by ,b]ruguete & ,borgoa1 ,tol$o ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #hf ,upp] ,"p ( ! ,*oir ,/alls1 c>v$ by ,b]ruguete & ,borgoa1 ,tol$o ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #hg ,upp] ,"p ( ! ,*oir ,/alls1 c>v$ by ,b]ruguete & ,borgoa1 ,tol$o ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #hh ,upp] ,"p ( ! ,*oir ,/alls1 c>v$ by ,b]ruguete & ,borgoa ,tol$o ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #hi ,detail ( ! ,*oir ,/alls3 ,reconque/ ( ,granada by ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 ,tol$o ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ij ,detail ( ! ,*oir ,/alls3 ,reconque/ ( ,granada by ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 ,tol$o ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ia ,detail ( ! ,*oir ,/alls3 ,reconque/ ( ,granada by ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 ,tol$o ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ib ,detail ( ! ,*oir ,/alls3 ,reconque/ ( ,granada by ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 ,tol$o ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ic ,detail ( ! ,*oir ,/alls3 ,reconque/ ( ,granada by ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 ,tol$o ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #id ,detail ( ! ,*oir ,/alls3 ,reconque/ ( ,granada by ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 ,tol$o ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ie ,detail ( ! ,*oir ,/alls3 ,reconque/ ( ,granada by ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 ,tol$o ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #if ,detail ( ! ,*oir ,/alls3 ,reconque/ ( ,granada by ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 ,tol$o ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ig ,detail ( ! ,*oir ,/alls3 ,reconque/ ( ,granada by ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 ,tol$o ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ih ,detail ( ! ,*oir ,/alls3 ,reconque/ ( ,granada by ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 ,tol$o ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ii ,detail ( ! ,high ,alt>1 ,*apel ( ! 8,conde/able10 ,burgos ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ajj ,alt>-piece1 by ,f4 de ,borgoa1 9 ! ,royal ,*apel1 ,granada ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #aja ,detail ( ,alt>-scre51 ,granada3 ,k+ ,f]d9& ! ,ca?olic ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ajb ,detail ( ,alt>-scre51 ,granada3 ,que5 ,isabel ! ,ca?olic ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ajc ,boabdil giv+ up ! ,keys ( ,granada to ! ,ca?olic ,sov]eigns4 ,fragm5t ( ! ,alt>-piece 9 ! ,royal ,*apel1 ,granada ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ajd ,*oir ,/alls at ,san ,b5ito1 ,valladolid4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #aje ,back ( a ,*oir ,/all4 ,valladolid ,museum ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ajf ,fragm5ts ( ,*oir ,/alls4 ,valladolid ,museum ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ajg ,sev]al ,fragm5ts ( ,*oir ,/alls4 ,valladolid ,museum ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ajh ,fragm5ts ( ,*oir ,/alls1 by ,&rs de ,naj]a4 ,valladolid ,museum ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #aji ,/alls ( ,san ,b5ito1 by ,&rs de ,naj]a1 ,valladolid ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #aaj ,/alls ( ,san ,b5ito1 by ,&rs de ,naj]a1 ,valladolid ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #aaa ,/alls ( ,san ,b5ito1 by ,&rs de ,naj]a1 ,valladolid ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #aab ,wood5 ,panels1 ,murcia ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #aac ,abraham's ,sacrifice & ,/4 ,seba/ian1 by ,b]ruguete4 ,valladolid ,museum ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #aad ,sepul*re ( ,ar*bi%op ,tav]a1 by ,alonso ,b]ruguete1 ,hospital de ,afu]a1 ,tol$o ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #aae ,sepul*re1 by ,b]ruguete1 9 ,san ,j]onimo1 ,granada ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #aaf ,/atue ( ,/4 ,secundus1 by ,b]ruguete1 ,*ur* ( ,san ,secundo1 ,avila ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #aag ,san ,b5ito4 ,valladolid ,museum ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #aah ,! ,transept1 ,ca!dral ( ,la ,seo1 ,z>agoza ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #aai ,sepul*re ( ! ,m>ques de ,vill5a & ,retablo 9 ! ,mona/]y del ,p>ral1 ,segovia ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #abj ,cu/odia by ,juan ,arf1 ,avila ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #aba ,/atue ( ,don ,cri/obal de ,rojas y ,s&oval1 ,*ur* ( ,san ,p$ro de ,l]ma1 ,burgos ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #abb ,detail ( ! ,/atue ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #abc ,/4 ,j]ome1 by ,gasp> de ,bec]ra1 ,burgos ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #abd ,alt>-scre51 by ,juan de ,juni1 ,segovia ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #abe ,*ri/ 9 ! ,tomb1 by ,juan de ,juni4 ,valladolid ,museum ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #abf ,pieta1 by ,h]n&ez4 ,valladolid ,museum ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #abg ,! ,baptism ( ,our ,"l1 by ,h]n&ez4 ,valladolid ,museum ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #abh ,/4 ,francis1 by ,h]n&ez4 ,valladolid ,museum ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #abi ,! ,crucifixion1 by ,gregorio ,h]n&ez1 ,*apel ( ! ex-mona/ic ,*ur* ( 8,conjo10 ,santiago ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #acj ,our ,lady ( ,sorr[s1 ,*ur* ( 8,conjo10 ,santiago ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #aca ,la ,dolorosa1 by ,salvador ,c>mona1 ,salamanca ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #acb ,flagellation ( ,*ri/1 by ,salvador ,c>mona1 ,salamanca ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #acc ,head ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,valladolid ,museum ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #acd ,high ,alt>1 ,seville ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ace ,oratory & ,scre5 ( ,isabella la ,catolica1 ,seville ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #acf ,pu]ta del ,p]don1 ,seville ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #acg ,virg9 & ,*ild1 by ,p4 ,torrigiano4 ,seville ,museum ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ach ,/4 ,j]ome1 by ,torrigiano4 ,seville ,museum ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #aci ,/atue ( ,fai?1 ,top ( ,giralda ,t[]1 ,seville ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #adj ,/4 ,ignatius ,loyola1 by ,montaes4 ,univ]sity ,*apel1 ,seville ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ada ,/4 ,frances ,xavi]1 by ,montaes4 ,univ]sity ,*apel1 ,seville ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #adb ,our ,"l ,crucifi$1 by ,montaes1 ,! ,sacri/y1 ,seville ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #adc ,! ,immaculate ,conception1 by ,montaes4 ,univ]sity ,*apel1 ,seville ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #add ,! ,immaculate ,conception1 by ,montaes1 ,seville ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ade ,/4 ,bruno1 by ,montaes4 ,seville ,museum ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #adf ,our ,lady de las ,cuevas & ,*ild1 by ,montaes4 ,seville ,museum ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #adg ,/4 ,bruno1 by ,montaes1 ,cadiz ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #adh ,ju/ice1 by ,solis4 ,seville ,museum ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #adi ,! ,conception ( ! ,virg91 by ,m>t9ez1 ,seville ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #aej ,! ,crucifixion1 at ,triana1 ,seville ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #aea ,our ,"l1 ,sculpture 9 ,wood1 ,hospital de la ,c>idad1 ,seville ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #aeb ,high ,alt> 9 ! ,*apel1 ,hospital de la ,c>idad1 ,seville ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #aec ,our ,lady ( ,sorr[s1 by ,luisa ,roldan1 ,cadiz ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #aed ,head ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 ,granada ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #aee ,head ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 ,granada ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #aef ,head ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 ,granada ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #aeg ,/atue ( ,/4 ,bruno1 9 ! ,*>treuse de ,miraflores1 ,burgos ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #aeh ,/4 ,bruno1 by ,alonso ,cano1 9 ! ,c>tuja1 ,granada ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #aei ,/atue ( ! ,magdal5e1 =m]ly 9 ! ,c>tuja1 ,granada ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #afj ,/4 ,francis1 by ,p$ro de ,m5a1 ,tol$o ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #afa ,! ,la/ ,supp]1 by ,z>cello1 ,ermita de ,jesus1 ,murcia ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #afb ,/4 ,v]onica1 by ,salcillo1 ,ermita de ,jesus1 ,murcia ,,footnotes3 ,a ,pi]re ,p>is1 ,essai sur l',art et l'indu/rie de l',espagne ,primitive1 #ahcj-d1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cjh4 ,mr4 ,havelock ,ellis has *os5 ! ,lady ( ,el*e1 on acc\nt ( ?is symbolic "*1 z ! frontispiece ( 8 illum9at+ book1 8,! ,s\l ( ,spa940 ,b ,= a full] acc\nt ( ! hi/ory ( poly*rome sculpture we ref] ! read] to ,m4 ,m>cel ,dieulafoy's ,la ,/atuaire ,poly*rome en ,espagne1 f :i* _m ( ! facts 9 ?is *apt] h be5 tak54