,,lipp9cott',s ,,educational ,,s]ies ,,edit$ ,,by ,,m>t9 ,g4 ,,brumbaugh1 ,,ph4,d4 ,,ll4,d4 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,p$agogy1 ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,p5nsylvania1 ,,& ,,commission] ,,( ,,education ,,= ,,pu]to ,,rico ,illu/ration ,,volume ,i ,lipp9cott ,educational ,s]ies ,,edit$ ,,by ,,dr4 ,m4 ,g4 ,,brumbaugh ,pr(essor ( ,p$agogy1 ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania ,,volume ,i ,?9k+ & ,le>n+ to ,?9k ,by ,,na?an ,c4 ,,s*aeff]1 ,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,public ,in/ruction = ! ,/ate ( ,p5nsylvania4 #cea pages4 ,clo?1 #a4be4 ,,volume ,,ii ,two ,c5turies ( ,p5nsylvania ,hi/ory ,by ,,isaac ,,%>pless1 ,presid5t ( ,hav]=d ,college4 #che pages4 ,illu/rat$4 ,clo?1 #a4be4 ,,volume ,,iii ,kemp's ,hi/ory ( ,education ,by ,,dr4 ,e4 ,l4 ,,kemp1 ,pr9cipal ( ,ea/ ,/r\dsburg ,normal ,s*ool4 #che pages4 ,clo?1 #a4be4 ,,volume ,,iv ,kant's ,educational ,!ory ,by ,,edw>d ,,frankl9 ,,buckn]1 ,ph4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy & ,education 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,alabama4 #cji pages4 ,clo?1 #a4be4 ,,lipp9cott',s ,,educational ,,s]ies ,,?9k+ ,,& ,,le>n+ ,,to ,,?9k ,,by ,,na?an ,c4 ,,s*aeff]1 ,,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,,sup]9t5d5t ,,( ,,public ,,in/ruction ,,= ,,! ,,/ate ,,( ,,p5nsylvania ,illu/ration ,,philadelphia ,j4 ,b4 ,,lipp9cott ,,company #aijf ,,copyright1 #aijj ,,by ,j4 ,b4 ,,lipp9cott ,,company ,,electrotyp$ ,,& ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,j4 ,b4 ,,lipp9cott ,,company1 ,,philadelphia1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,,editor',s ,,preface ,! progress ( educational ?\ght dur+ ! clos+ ye>s ( ?is c5tury has be5 m>vell\s4 ,pr(essional s*ools h creat$ a dem& = pr(essional tea*+ by giv+ an increas+ gr\p ( skill$ in/ructors to our s*ools4 ,?is pr(essional activity has caus$ our lead+ cities to provide tra9+-s*ools1 z integral p>ts ( ! city sy/em ( education4 ,f9ally1 our great univ]sities h e/abli%$ dep>tm5ts ( p$agogy = ! high] tra9+ 9 education4 ,z a result1 ! lead+ positions 9 high] s*ools & 9 sup]vision are m & m dem&+ pr(essionally tra9$ lead]s4 ,9 ?is auspici\s awak5+ = pr(essional lead]%ip !re has come an increas+ dem& = /&>d treatises ^u ! fundam5tal problems ( education4 ,treatises ^u ! hi/ory1 me?ods1 pr9ciples1 & sy/ems ( education h appe>$ ) a/oni%+ frequ5cy4 ,t _m ( ^! are comm]cial treatises--made to sell--is d\btless true4 ,!re is always a great temptation to pr(it by an active dem&4 ,well-dispos$ b n always widely tra9$ & broadly cultur$ tea*]s1 :o h a*iev$ a local success ) a me?od t ow$ its virtue to ! p]sonality ( its au?or & n to its intr9sic wor?1 h be5 tempt$ into au?or%ip4 ,! wis] & nobl] m9ds 9 ! pr(ession wait4 ,! days ( unre/ & exp]im5tation1 bre$+ discord & confusion1 h 9 "p pass$ away1 & ! "t has come :5 ! products ( all ?is div]g5t activity may be put to ! te/ ( cle> analysis & adequate exp]i5ce4 ,?is is especially true 9 ! doma9s ( hi/oric & philosophic inquiry4 ,9 exp]im5tal activity1 t\*+ ! problems ( psy*ic life z relat$ to its s5sorium1 mu* has be5 done 9 a t5tative way4 ,mu* mu/ yet be done to produce results ( endur+ significance4 ,?is s]ies ( educational treatises is project$ to give inquir+ m9ds ! be/ ?\ght ( our pres5t pr(essional life4 ,fundam5tal problems 9 education w be exhibit$ 9 ! s]ies f "t to "t by ?or\ghly tra9$ lead]s ( ext5d$ exp]i5ce4 ,tea*]s may confid5tly accept ^! z au?oritative discussions ( ! c>d9al que/ions ( _! pr(ession4 ,! highe/ end[m5t ( ! human _s on ! intellectual side is ! p[] to ?9k4 ,le>n+ to ?9k is an ess5tial process & end 9 all s*ool "w4 ,?9k+ is ! intellect's regal activity4 ,9 a vague way1 all tea*+ appeals to ! ?\ght-activity ( ! pupil2 b vagu5ess 9 tea*+ is z p]nici\s z x is common4 ,to exhibit ! value1 scope1 & process ( ?\ght is ( ine/imable s]vice to ! tea*]4 ,x gives specific direction to tea*+ processes1 & saves ! *ild f a ?\s& fanciful exp$i5ts4 ,9 ! craze ( ! pass+ decade = novelty 9 tea*+1 !re has result$ an undue emphasis ^u =ms ( s-call$ expressional activity4 ,x has be51 9 _m qu>t]s1 =gott5 t education is noble/ :5 x produces reflective activity4 ,! p[] to analyze & syn!tize ?\ght-complexes is ! mo/ fruitful end[m5t ( ! intellectual life4 ,expression )\t adequate reflection is productive ( sup]ficiality4 ,we h be5 liv+ a life ( educational exp$i5ts4 ,! pa? ( educational advance is /rewn ) c\ntless ca/-(f practices :i* once claim$ att5tion l>gely because ( ! feel+ among too _m t ! newe/ !ory is ! be/4 ,!re has come1 let u hope1 ! m rational resolve to te/ all new & l\dly h]ald$ !ories by fundam5tal laws ( m5tal activity4 ,to emphasize ! significance ( ?is reaction1 & to af=d helpful crit]ia ( educational processes1 ?is volume w be f\nd mo/ /imulat+1 sugge/ive1 & s5sible4 ,= ! purposes ( ! tea*] ?9k+ may be di/+ui%$ z foll[s3 7a7 ,cle> ?9k+1 by :i* "o is to und]/& ?9k+ ! ?+1 & n "s o!r ?+ 9 its /ead4 ,mu* ?9k+ is n cle>4 ,! p[] ( recall is n fully develop$4 ,! m9d acts1 b is n able to ass]t confid5tly ! accuracy ( :at x acts ^u4 ,mu* ne$less criticism is heap$ ^u s*ools because pupils _c spell correctly1 solve problems accurately1 recite a lesson 9 hi/ory or 9 geography prop]ly1--9 %ort1 because ! pupil's k is n cle>4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 all true tea*+ is ! /ep t makes cle> to ! pupil ! ?+ he is to ?9k4 7b7 ,di/9ct ?9k+1 by :i* "o is to und]/& ?9k+ ! ?+ 9 its relations4 ,?is phase ( ?9k+ is sometimes call$ app]ception4 ,x is ! second1 & n ! fir/ /ep 9 ?9k+4 ,!re is no value 9 tea*+ relations until ! ?+s to be relat$ are fir/ cle>ly appreh5d$4 ,p]ception mu/ prec$e app]ception4 ,! pupil 9 ! elem5t>y s*ool has be5 well taught if he has be5 taught to ?9k cle>ly & di/9ctly4 7c7 ,adequate ?9k+1 by :i* "o is to und]/& ?9k+ ! ?+ 9 its ess5tial p>ts4 ,?is is ! analytic =m ( ?\ght4 ,! *ild at fir/ _c ?9k adequately4 ,8 m9d ?9ks ?+s z :oles4 ,he has n ! p[] to ?9k ! :ole & its p>ts1 z p>ts ( ! :ole1 simultane\sly4 ,he mu/ rise to adequate ?9k+ only aft] cle> & di/9ct ?9k+ h become habits ( m9d4 ,! full] phase ( ?is activity1 by :i* ^! analyz$ p>ts are syn!tically wr\ght into an organic unity1 is ! process ( concept-mak+1--! ess5tial pr]equisite ( all high ord]s ( ?\ght4 ,?is p[] e tea*] %\ld possess4 ,x is 8 surplus ( k1 ! possession ( :i* makes him easily ma/] 9 ! tea*+ process4 7d7 ,exhau/ive ?9k+1 by :i* "o is to und]/& ?9k+ ! ?+ 9 its causes4 ,?is is ! highe/ =m ( ?9k+ ! ?+4 ,x gives p]spective to ?\ght-processes1 & elim9ates all accid5tal & mislead+ elem5ts f ! categories ( ?\ght4 ,to a*ieve ?is1 "o mu/ specialize4 ,! tea*+ ( ! future mu/ be m & m int5sive 9 scope4 ,! day ( ! encyclopdi/ is gone4 ,! tea*] ( to-morr[ mu/ be a tea*] :o kn[s "o ord] ( tru? exhau/ively1 & :o possesses ! skill to incite 9 o!rs a p]man5t en?usiasm = t ord] ( tru?4 ,sci5tific progress is condition$ by su* tea*+4 ,! au?or has br\ght to ?is discussion ! matur$ convictions ( broad tra9+ 9 ,am]ican & ,european sy/ems ( s*ools1 & a wide & successful exp]i5ce 9 tea*+ pupils & direct+ sy/ems ( education4 ,! discussion takes on ! mode/ b /imulat+ /yle ( ! public speak]4 ,! au?or has = _m ye>s be5 among our =emo/ lectur]s ^u education4 ,! temp] ( ! discussion is mod]ate & con/ructive4 ,!re w be f\nd "h no wild excess1 no /ra9+ aft] fanciful effect1 no advocacy ( s5sational & ephem]al me?ods2 nor is !re a trace ( pessimi/ic & de/ructive criticism ( ! e>ne/ tea*]s :o are consci\s ( limitations & are rea*+ hopefully = help4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! discussion is full ( real sympa?y1 f\nd$ ^u p]sonal exp]i5ce ) tea*+ 9 all its phases1 & ab\nds 9 /imulat+ sugge/ion4 ,m4 ,g4 ,b4 ,octob] #a1 #aijj4 ,,preface ,= a numb] ( ye>s x has be5 ! au?or's duty z well z privilege to lecture at c\nty in/itutes on ! difficult art ( tea*+ pupils to ?9k4 ,?is l$ to ! reque/ t ! lectures be ?r[n into p]man5t =m = publication4 ,! lectur] :o nev] publi%es has no pet !ories to def5d2 he c *ange 8 views z (t5 z he sees fit2 yet1 9 spite ( ?is advantage1 he _c always escape or ignore ! art ( pr9t+4 ,"o :o gives 8 ?\ghts to ! public )\t ! use ( manuscript & "u ! limitations ( extemporane\s spee*1 made necess>y by ! l>ge audi5ces :i* ga!r at tea*]s' in/itutes1 especially 9 ,p5nsylvania1 runs ! risk ( be+ misquot$ & misund]/ood2 he pays ! p5alty ( be+ report$ 9 fragm5t>y if n di/ort$ =ms4 ,?is ultimately drives him1 9 ju/ice to himself & o!rs1 to write out 8 !ories on education & to give !m to 8 c[ork]s 9 pr9t4 ,portions ( ^! lectures 7 deliv]$ at ! annual meet+ ( ! sup]9t5d5ts ( ,new ,engl&1 be=e ! ,/ate tea*]s' associations ( ,massa*usetts1 ,rhode ,isl&1 & ,florida1 be=e ! ,connecticut ,c\ncil ( ,education1 be=e ! summ] s*ools held "u ! auspices ( ! ,ohio ,/ate ,univ]sity & ! ,univ]sity ( ,wiscons91 & at sev]al ( ! meet+s ( ! ,national ,educational ,association4 ,! favorable he>+ accord$ on ^! occasions induces ! hope t ! lectures w be k9dly receiv$ by _m :o tea* outside ( ,p5nsylvania1 & by "s :o give in/ruction 9 our high] in/itutions ( le>n+4 ,al?\gh no "o c hope1 on s difficult a !me1 to say mu* t w be entirely satisfactory to lead+ educators1 surely no apology is ne$$ f any "o :o1 aft] sp5d+ 8 be/ ye>s 9 educational "w1 attempts to contribute 8 mite t[>ds ! solution ( any ( ! problems :i* confront ! tea*]4 ,x is assum$ t !re is a body ( educational doctr9e well e/abli%$ 9 ! m9ds ( tea*]s1 & t on _m s*ool que/ions we h advanc$ beyond ! bord] l9e ( fir/ discov]y4 ,^? :o ass]t t our educational practice is radically wrong & 9 ne$ ( ?or\gh re=mation %\ld ha/5 to cl>ify _! own views & ideas1 to sub/itute con/ructive = de/ructive criticism1 & to give def9ite %ape to _! re=ms2 o!rwise a :ole g5]ation w gr[ to maturity & ! re=m]s !mselves w pass away be=e any ( _! re=ms w h be5 accompli%$4 ,to give tea*]s ! feel+ t :at !y are do+ is all wrong1 & to leave !m )\t any?+ bett] 9 place ( :at is condemn$1 robs !m ( joy 9 _! "w1 makes !m victims ( worry & neura/h5ia1 & unfits !m = ! c>e ( *ildr54 ,x is hop$ t ^! lectures w be f\nd to sugge/ a bett] way :5ev] criticism is be/[$ ^u exi/+ me?ods ( in/ruction4 ,no attempt is made to ridicule ! arm-*air psy*ologi/s1 or ! advocates ( *ild /udy1 or ^? pati5t & pa9/ak+ work]s :o are hone/ly seek+ to e/abli% ! facts ( m9d ?r\gh exp]im5ts 9 ! laboratory4 ,he :o has c>efully reflect$ ^u ! art ( mak+ pupils ?9k w n hesitate to admit t ?us f> he has receiv$ m light f ! /&>d psy*ology ?an f ! labors ( ^? :o claim to be ! expon5ts ( ! new psy*ology4 ,! latt] c h>dly write or talk )\t us+ ! t]ms co9$ by ! old] /ud5ts ( m9d2 ?is %[s _! indebt$ness to ^? :o taught & speculat$ be=e laboratories ( psy*ology 7 e/abli%$4 ,sometimes ! exp]im5ts h only s]v$ to te/ & give a reason = :at 0 already accept$4 ,(t5 !y h br\ght to our k facts ( m9d :i* c\ld nev] h be5 discov]$ by ! me?od ( introspection4 ,9 ei!r case ! exp]im5ts h result$ 9 cle> ga94 ,let ! facts ( bra9 & m9d1 ( n]v\s & m5tal action1 ( human gr[?1 maturity1 & decay be ga!r$1 que/ion$1 te/$1 & classifi$2 let _! be>+ ^u educational practice be set =? 9 ! cle>e/ possible light3 e result+ /ep ( progress & re=m w be hail$ ) delight by all :o h no pet !ories to def5d4 ,! lectur] is limit$ by "t1 by ! k9d ( audi5ce :i* he addresses1 & by circum/ances l>gely beyond 8 control4 ,^! limitations drop out :5 he r$uces 8 ?\ghts to writ+1 & a re>rangem5t at _m po9ts becomes possible z well z desirable4 ,! exp$i5ts = reliev+ ! /ra9 ( att5tion & w9n+ back ! li/less c be omitt$2 & omissions t become necess>y ?r\gh ! exig5cies ( ! programme mu/ be suppli$ = ! sake ( logical sequ5ce4 ,moreov]1 ! aims :i* ^? :o engage ! lectur] set be=e him frequ5tly require a modification ( ! l9e ( discussion1 s t a c\rse ( lectures on a specific !me _c always foll[ ! same ord] ( treatm5t1 al?\gh sub/antially ! same 9 cont5t & scope4 ,h5ce ! division into *apt]s has be5 adopt$ z pref]able to ! orig9al sequ5ce ( lectures4 ,nev]!less1 ! /yle ( ! ro/rum has n be5 altoge!r elim9at$1 because :5 oral disc\rse is ?r[n into new =ms1 & ! phraseology is *ang$ = ! sake ( publication1 ! loss 9 vividness1 directness1 & simplicity is great] ?an ! ga9 9 diction & fulness ( /atem5t4 ,lectur+1 z well z book-mak+1 has its peculi> temptations4 ,! lectur] mu/ int]e/ 8 he>]s 9 ord] to hold !m2 he is tempt$ to play to ! gall]ies1 & to omit :at is beyond ! compreh5sion ( ! av]age audi5ce4 ,! book-mak]1 on ! o!r h&1 is tempt$ to display 8 le>n+1 to make a %[ ( dep? & erudition4 ,! /ud5t ( p$agogy is suppos$ to be 9 se>* ( pr(\nd wisdom4 ,^? :o write = him (t5 dive s deep t _! /yle becomes muddy4 ,un=tunately1 "s ( ! be/ treatises on education h be5 writt5 9 ! /yle ( ! philosoph] & wr\ght out on ! plane ( ! univ]sity pr(essor1 al?\gh int5d$ = und]graduates at normal s*ools1 & = tea*]s ^: meagre sal>ies d n enable !m to pursue c\rses ( /udy at in/itutions ( high] le>n+4 ,! lucid /yle ( ,sp5c]'s treatise on 8,education0 has done mu* to c\nt]act ?is t5d5cy4 ,yet _m ( ! au?ors ( our treatises on p$agogy seem to be haunt$ by a feel+ simil> to t ( ! ,g]man pr(essor1 :o1 on read+ ! op5+ *apt]s ( a new book1 & f9d+ !m to be intelligible to 8 colleagues1 exclaim$1 8,!n ,i mu/ rewrite ^! *apt]s2 o!rwise nobody w read my book ?r\gh40 ,huxley has well describ$ ! p5alty :i* mu/ be paid by ^? :o speak or write = ! purpose ( be+ und]/ood4 ,^! are 8 words3 8,at ! same "t x mu/ be admitt$ t ! popul>ization ( sci5ce1 :e!r by lecture or essay1 has its drawbacks4 ,success 9 ?is dep>tm5t has its p]ils = ^? :o succe$4 ,! #8p :o fail' take _! rev5ge1 z we h rec5tly _h occasion to obs]ve1 by ignor+ all ! re/ ( a man's "w & glibly labell+ him a m]e popul>iz]4 ,if ! falsehood 7 n too gl>+1 !y w\ld say ! same ( ,f>aday & ,helmholtz & ,kelv940 ,"o :o c nev] hope to rival ! /yle ( ,sp5c] & ,huxley & ^? to :om ! latt] ref]s1 w nev]!less d well to emulate _! skill 9 mak+ difficult ?+s pla9 to p :o are n speciali/s or exp]ts4 ,he :o writes = ! tea*]s 9 our public s*ools %\ld put aside 8 ambition to be consid]$ erudite or pr(\nd1 & endeavor above all ?+s to be und]/ood4 ,vague !ories are apt to beget a bad consci5ce 9 ^? :o tea* & to de/roy ! joy :i* e "o has a "r to feel :ile do+ hone/ & fai?ful "w4 ,h5ce ! writ] (f]s no apology = heap+ illu/ration ^u illu/ration 9 ! ef=t to make 8 mean+ pla9 to ^? :om he aims to help4 ,!re is at pres5t great ne$ = cle> ?9k+ & lum9\s pres5tation ( facts on ! "p ( all :o write on education = ! p or = tea*]s 9 our public s*ools4 ,by a process simil> to t by :i* ! m$ival imag9ation swell$ ! murd] ( ! innoc5ts at ,be?lehem into a slaught] ( ?\s&s ( *ildr5 7!re _c h be5 _m male *ildr5 two ye>s old & "u 9 a small ,judean village71 ! h>m :i* "s pupils suff] is magnifi$ into a national crime at ! feet ( ,am]ican p>5ts2 ! evils :i* result f 8,bob ,:ite0 societies1 f *ildr5's p>ties1 f *ur* sociables = "y boys & girls1 are all ascrib$ to ! s*ool curriculum2 & re=ms 9 home /udy are propos$ :i* nev] fail to provoke a smile on ! face ( a heal?y boy4 ,! hygi5ic conditions ( ! av]age s*ool are q equal to ^? ( ! av]age home4 ,! heal? ( _m *ildr5 improves dur+ _! att5dance at s*ool4 ,! pupils :o are born ) a s\nd m9d 9 a s\nd body1 :o get heal?ful diet1 en\gh sleep1 & treatm5t f _! eld]s :i* is n calculat$ to make !m n]v\s or unhappy1 %[ none ( ! illness f ov]work1 ! dulness ( bra9 f fatigue1 & ! exhau/ion ( n]v\s en]gy :i* are made to furni% ! n>r[ basis ( fact = vague & broad g5]alizations4 ,! haze 9 :i* ^? :o mu/ furni% ! pr9t] a giv5 am\nt ( copy 9 a giv5 "t are apt to envelop :atev] !y write has an effect l t ( mi/y air ^u ! size ( visible objects4 ,travell]s :o h come into a cl\d :ile asc5d+ a m\nta9 report t a small wood-pile !n looks l a b>n1 a c[ seems l>g] ?an an elephant1 m5 appe> z giants1 & ! surr\nd+ heights assume ?reat5+ proportions4 ,z soon z sunlight cle>s ! atmosph]e1 objects are aga9 se5 9 _! true dim5sions4 ,! mom5t ! light ( common s5se p5etrates ! haze & mi/ & fog & cl\d :i* are us$ to height5 ! effect ( essays ^u s*ool "w1 ! ne$ ( radical re=m seems f> less urg5t2 & tea*]s1 in/ead ( wa/+ _! "t 9 worry & unc]ta9ty1 beg9 ) *e]ful he>t to imp>t t :i* mod]n civilization requires e *ild to "k z a condition ( bread-w9n+ & complete liv+4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 a worse fault ?an obscurity ( /yle1--namely1 de>? ( ideas4 ,! dang] to :i* ! lectur] is always expos$1 t ( los+ 8 he>]s & fail+ to be recall$ 7_! m9ds may leave :ile !y are bodily pres5t71 spurs to ef=t 9 two directions4 ,ei!r he w try to say some?+ wor? li/5+ to1 or he w /rive to ent]ta9 by amus+ /ories & incid5ts4 ,if he be consci\s ( a lack ( tal5t = humor1 he w try to /uff 8 lectures full ( s5se4 ,if ! lectures "h publi%$ lack 9 ?is respect1 ! writ] is will+ to ackn[l$ge failure4 ,9 prep>+ a c\rse ( lectures x is prop] to be> 9 m9d ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! lectur]1 ! orator1 ! poet1 & ! philosoph]4 ,! philosoph] inve/igates ideas & tru?s1 explores _! ess5ce & relations1 & unfolds !m 9 _! deepe/ unity & 9 _! greate/ possible compass4 ,:5 ?is has be5 done ?r\gh\t ! :ole doma9 ( ?\ght1 8 mission is accompli%$4 ,! poet seeks to clo! 8 ideas 9 beautiful =ms4 ,:5 ! idea is p]fectly suit$ to ! =m & ! =m to ! idea1 8 mission is accompli%$4 ,! orator aims to move ! w2 he quotes au?orities1 uses ideas1 appeals to ! feel+s1 & subord9ates ev]y?+ to ! "o end ( ga9+ a v]dict1 w9n+ a vote1 or gett+ a response 9 ! conduct ( ^? :om he addresses4 ,! lectur] seeks to imp>t in=mation4 ,he aims to get a response 9 ! ?9k+ ( ^? :om he addresses4 ,he tries to rea* ! intellect r ?an ! w4 ,beautiful language & exhau/ive treatm5t are n ess5tial p>ts ( 8 mission4 ,x is 8 prov9ce to elucidate ! !me "u consid]ation1 to guide ! ef=ts & inquiries ( ^? :o come to him = in/ruction1 to direct !m to ! s\rces ( in=mation1 & to furni% su* inc5tives z he c t[>ds indep5d5t /udy & inve/igation4 ,s9ce ! data = p$agogy are d]iv$ ma9ly f k9dr$ fields ( inve/igation1 ! lectur] on ! sci5ce & art ( education has frequ5t occasion to cite au?orities & to utilize ! labors & conclusions ( ! m5 em95t 9 ! sci5ces :i* ?r[ light ^u ! gr[? ( ! *ild1 m especially ^u ! developm5t ( m9d & "*4 ,! mo/ orig9al writ]s quote v little1 & ^? :o are anxi\s to e/abli% a reputation = orig9ality refra9 f quot+ o!rs4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( ! lectur] to lead ! he>] to ! s\rces ( in=mation4 ,:5 any?+ has be5 s well said t he _c improve ^u ! =m ( /atem5t x is prop] t he %\ld quote ! language1 c>efully giv+ ! s\rce :5ce x is d]iv$4 ,)\t d\bt1 :5 ! g5ius appe>s :o w d = p$agogy :at ,ari/otle did = logic & ,euclid = geometry1 he w s poli% e gem he gets f o!rs & give x a sett+ s unique & appropriate t ! _w w recognize ! t\* ( ! ma/] & ackn[l$ge ! contribution z peculi>ly 8 own h&iwork4 ,9 pa9t+ & sculpture we look to ! pa/ = ! greate/ works ( art4 ,9 music ! c5tury n[ clos+ has rivall$1 if n surpass$1 its pr$ecessors4 ,9 ! sci5ce & art ( education ! greate/ a*ievem5ts belong to ! future4 ,x is curr5tly report$ & sometimes believ$ t :5 ! presid5t ( a celebrat$ univ]sity 0 ask$ :y he _h transf]r$ a c]ta9 pr(essor f ! dep>tm5t ( geology to t ( p$agogy1 he repli$1 8,i ?\ght ! fell[ w\ld d less h>m 9 t dep>tm5t40 ,if ! /ory is n a my?1 he probably meant less h>m to ! reputation ( ! univ]sity4 ,:5 9 our day a c\rse 9 geology or logic or geometry is ann\nc$1 "o c =etell ! gr\nd t w be cov]$4 ,no su* pr$iction c be made ) ref]5ce to a c\rse ( lectures on tea*+4 ,! prophet is yet to come :o w fix ! scope ( ! sci5ce ( education & give x some?+ l def9ite & abid+ %ape4 ,?is volume is n design$ to supplant sy/ematic treatises on psy*ology & logic4 ,its aim is to ?r[ light ^u "o important phase ( ! art ( tea*+4 ,if x contributes b two mites to ! treasury ( in=mation on ! sci5ce & art ( education1 ! labor be/[$ ^u x has n be5 9 va94 ,%\ld any critic h9t t two mites are all "o has to give1 x may be said 9 reply t x is bett] to give some?+ ?an to give no?+ at all1 & t accord+ to ,holy ,writ ! smalle/ contributions are n to be despis$ if made 9 ! "r _s4 ,& x may add to ! critic's /ock ( ideas to be in=m$ t a small ,engli% weight1 call$ mite1 outweighs v _m ( ! curr5t criticisms ^u mod]n education1 t ( ?is small weight x takes tw5ty to make a gra91 & t to a fai?ful tea*] a t5? ( a gra9 ( helpful sugge/ion is wor? m ?an _m tons ( de/ructive criticism4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4--,,make ,,! ,,pupils ,,?9k #ba ,,ii4--,,?9k+ ,,9 ,,?+s ,,& ,,9 ,,symbols #ce ,,iii4--,,! ,,mat]ials ,,( ,,?\ght #dg ,,iv4--,,basal ,,concepts ,,z ,,?\ght-,,mat]ial #fc ,v4--,,! ,,in/rum5ts ,,( ,,?\ght #he ,,vi4--,,te*nical ,,t]ms ,,z ,,in/rum5ts ,,( ,,?\ght #ii ,,vii4--,,?\ght ,,& ,,language #aaa ,,viii4--,,! ,,/imulus ,,to ,,?9k+ #abc ,,ix4--,,! ,,"r ,,use ,,( ,,books #acg ,x4--,,obs]vation ,,& ,,?9k+ #aee ,,xi4--,,! ,,memory ,,& ,,?9k+ #afg ,,xii4--,,imag+ ,,& ,,?9k+ #aia ,,xiii4--,,! ,,/ream ,,( ,,?\ght #bji ,,xiv4--,,! ,,/ream ,,( ,,?\ght ,,9 ,,li/5+ ,,& ,,read+ #bbc ,,xv4--,,! ,,/ream ,,( ,,?\ght ,,9 ,,writ+1 ,,speak+1 ,,& ,,oral ,,read+ #bci ,,xvi4--,,k9ds ,,( ,,?9k+ #bee ,,xvii4--,,?9k+ ,,& ,,kn[+ #bfi ,,xviii4--,,?9k+ ,,& ,,feel+ #bhi ,,xix4--,,?9k+ ,,& ,,will+ #cjc ,,xx4--,,?9k+ ,,& ,,do+ #cag ,,xxi4--,,?9k+ ,,9 ,,! ,,arts #cca ,,xxii4--,,?9k+ ,,& ,,! ,,high] ,,life #cda ,i ,,make ,,! ,,pupils ,,?9k ,! value ( a ?\ght _c be told4 ,,bailey4 ,he :o w n reason is a bigot2 he :o _c is a fool2 he :o d>es n is a slave4 ,,byron4 ,reason is ! glory ( human nature1 & "o ( ! *ief em95ces :]eby we are rais$ above ! bea/s 9 ?is l[] _w4 ,,watts4 ,man is n ! pr9ce ( creatures1 ,b 9 reason4 ,fail t1 he is worse ,?an horse1 or dog1 or bea/ ( wild]ness4 ,,field4 ,man is a ?9k+ be+1 :e!r he w or no4 ,all he c d is to turn 8 ?\ghts ! be/ way4 ,,sir ,w4 ,,temple4 ,i ,,make ,,! ,,pupils ,,?9k ,sid5ote3 ,a te/ ( tea*+4 ,= ! purpose ( te/+ ! quality ( gold alloy jewell]s =m]ly us$ a f9e-gra9$ d>k /one1 call$ ! t\*/one4 ,9 ! eyes ( an educator good in/ruction is m preci\s ?an pure gold4 ,! t\*/one by :i* he te/s ! quality ( in/ruction1 s z to di/+ui% g5u9e tea*+ f its c\nt]feit1 rote tea*+1 is ?9k+4 ,! s*oolma/] :o tea*es by rote is satisfi$ if ! pupils repeat 8 words or ^? ( ! book2 ! true tea*] sees to x t ! pupils ?9k ! ?\ghts :i* ! words convey4 ,sid5ote3 ,?r+'s practice4 ,?r+1 :o1 next to ,arnold1 0 p]haps ! greate/ tea*] ,engl& ev] _h1 laid mu* /ress ^u ?9k+4 ,sometimes he w\ld />tle a dull lad1 9 ! mid/ ( an ex]cise1 by ask+1 8,:at h y got /ick+ up betwe5 y\r %\ld]s80 8,my head10 0 ! reply4 8,h[ does x diff] f a turnip80 ,& by que/ion+ he w\ld elicit ! answ]1 8,! head ?9ks2 ! turnip does n40 ,sid5ote3 ,views ( o!rs4 ,s important is ?9k+ 9 all tea*+ t at ! ,_w's ,educational ,congress1 9 #ahic1 "o educator aft] ano!r rose 9 8 place to emphasize ! maxim1 8,make ! pupils ?9k40 ,"o ( ! mo/ advanc$ ( ! re=m]s %\t$ 9 almo/ frantic tones1 8,yes1 make ev5 ! v babies ?9k40 ,aft] ! wise m5 _h return$ to _! homes1 a ,*icago p]iodical rais$ ! qu]y1 8,h[ c y /op a pupil f ?9k+80 ,& ! conclusion x ann\nc$ 0 t nei!r ! tea*] beh9d ! desk nor ! tyrant ^u 8 ?rone c /op a pupil f ?9k+4 ,evid5tly1 if t :i* /icks up betwe5 a boy's %\ld]s is a head & n a turnip1 if ! pupil is rational & n an imbecile or an idiot1 he does "s ?9k+ = himself2 & ! maxim1 8,make ! pupils ?9k10 requires fur!r analysis be=e x c be helpful 9 ! art ( tea*+4 ,sid5ote3 ,?9k+ = "o's self4 ,rely+ on o!rs4 ,we :o tea* are v apt to ov]e/imate ?9k+ 9 our own l9e ( "w & to und]value ?9k+ outside ( ! s*ool4 ,!re is1 p]haps1 z mu* good ?\ght 9 a lady's bonnet z 9 ! solution ( a quadratic equation4 ,a sew+-ma*9e embodies z mu* g5u9e ?\ght z ! demon/ration ( a geometrical !orem4 ,! con/ruction ( a locomotive or a railway bridge displays z mu* effective ?9k+ z ,hegel's 8,philosophy ( ,hi/ory10 or ,kant's 8,critique ( ! ,pure ,reason40 ,mo/ m5 ?9k v well 9 do+ _! own k9d ( "w2 9 _m o!r sph]es ( activity !y mu/ let o!r p ?9k = !m4 ,:5 ! pr(essor ( a/ronomy discusses a problem connect$ ) 8 sci5ce1 he ?9ks = himself2 b :5 he buys a piece ( l&1 he gets a lawy] to ?9k = him 9 ! exam9ation ( ! title & ! prep>ation ( ! de$4 ,! lawy] ?9ks = himself 9 ! c\rt-h\se2 b :5 he goes home to d9e1 he expects 8 wife1 or ! cook1 to h done ! ?9k+ = him 9 ! prep>ation ( ! d9n]4 ,grov] ,clevel& _h ! reputation ( ?9k+ = himself3 _m a politician f\nd out t ?is reputation 0 f\nd$ on fact2 b :5 ! ex-,presid5t is sick1 or has ! too?a*e1 he is will+ to let a physician or a d5ti/ ?9k = him4 ,9 l mann]1 a pupil may ?9k v well ^u ! play-gr\nd2 b if ! tea*]1 ^: v "n indicates ! function ( guid+1 fails to guide ! pupil aright1 ! latt] may become a m]e p>rot 9 ! class-room4 ,:at1 !n1 is involv$ 9 mak+ a pupil ?9k8 ,sid5ote3 ,?9k+ def9$4 ,! difficulty 9 answ]+ ?is "q is increas$ by ! div]sity ( mean+s ( ! ^w ?9k+4 ,! tea*] :o is n cle> 9 8 use ( ! t]m may employ ex]cises calculat$ to develop "o k9d ( m5tal activity1 & !n accuse ! pupils ( dulness because !y d n %[ facility 9 "s o!r intellectual process4 ,:5 a text-book on m5tal sci5ce def9es ! intellect z ! p[] by :i* we ?9k1 ! t]m ?9k+ is us$ to designate e =m ( intellectual activity4 ,! ,c5tury ,diction>y def9es ?9k+ z an ex]cise ( ! cognitive faculties 9 any way n involv+ outw>d obs]vation1 or ! passive reception ( ideas f o!r m9ds4 ,! logician def9es ?9k+ z ! process ( comp>+ two ideas ?r\gh _! relation to a ?ird4 ,_m ex]cises ( ! s*ool are suppos$ to cultivate ?9k+ 9 ! la/ s5se ( ! ^w1 :5 9 reality !y cultivate ?9k+ only 9 ! wide/ acceptation ( ! t]m4 ,sid5ote3 ,a faulty ex]cise4 ,! writ] saw a normal s*ool pr9cipal conduct an ex]cise 9 ?9k+1 z ! latt] call$ x4 ,turn+ to "o ( ! pupils1 he said1 8,*>ley1 w y please ?9k ( some?+80 ,z soon z ! boy rais$ 8 h& ! pr9cipal ask$1 8,does x belong to ! animal1 ! vegetable1 or ! m9]al k+dom80 ,!n turn+ to ! o!r memb]s ( ! class1 he said1 8,:o ( y c ?9k ( ! vegetable 9 ,*>ley's m9d80 ,! names ( at lea/ =ty diff]5t vegetables 7 giv5 & spell$ & writt5 ^u ! black-bo>d4 ,at la/ a pupil succe$$ 9 nam+ :at 0 9 ,*>ley's m9d4 ,!n !re 0 a look ( triumph ^u ! faces ( ! pr9cipal & ! class1 z mu* z to say1 8,isn't t spl5did ?9k+80 ,at lea/ "o p]son felt l bury+ 8 face 9 8 h&s = v %ame2 = "h 0 resurrect$ f ! dead an old ex]cise ( philan?rop9ism :i* 0 buri$ m ?an a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,:at %\ld "o call t k9d ( m5tal activity8 ,guess+4 ,t is all x is4 ,! ex]cise t5d$ to beget a habit v difficult to break up aft] x has be5 =m$4 ,sid5ote3 ,a bett] plan4 ,f> bett] 0 an ex]cise :i* ! writ] witness$ 9 a grad$ s*ool4 ,! tea*] _h call$ ! class 9 ! second read]4 ,z soon z all ! pupils 7 seat$ %e said1 8,y may read ! fir/ p>agraph40 ,in/ead ( read+ orally1 ! class became s quiet t "o might h he>d a p9 drop4 ,aft] mo/ ( ! h&s 7 rais$ %e call$ ^u "o pupil to tell :at ! p>agraph said4 ,! second p>agraph 0 read & ! sub/ance ( x /at$ 9 ! pupil's own words4 ,an omission 0 suppli$ by ano!r pupil2 an incorrect phrase 0 modifi$ by giv+ ! correct words = convey+ ! ?\ght4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! lesson x became necess>y to cl>ify ! ideas ( "s4 ,?is 0 accompli%$ by a few p]t95t que/ions :i* made ! pupils ?9k = !mselves4 ,aft] ! entire lesson _h be5 read 9 ?is way %e dismiss$ ! class )\t assign+ a lesson4 ,e memb] ( ! class w5t to 8 seat1 took out 8 slate1 & began to write out ! lesson 9 8 own language4 ,! int]e/ & pleasure depict$ on _! faces %[$ t x 0 n a task b a joy to express ?\ght by ! p5cil4 ,! tea*] _h giv5 !m some?+ to ?9k ab\t2 %e _h taught !m to express _! ?\ghts 9 spok5 & writt5 language2 h] que/ions _h /imulat$ _! ?9k+1 & :51 lat] 9 ! day1 ! lesson 9 oral read+ 0 giv51 ! vocal utt]ance %[$ t e pupil und]/ood :at he 0 read+4 ,!re 0 no p>rot-l utt]ance ( vocables1 b an expression ( ?\ght bas$ ^u a ?or\gh und]/&+ & appreciation ( :at 0 read4 ,! sil5t read+ 0 an ex]cise 9 ?\ght-gett+ & ?\ght-begett+1 ! language lesson ^u ! slate 0 an ex]cise 9 active ?9k+ ?r\gh writt5 words1 & ! oral expression furni%$ a te/ by :i* ! tea*] c\ld asc]ta9 :at %e _h accompli%$ 9 gett+ h] pupils to ?9k4 ,sid5ote3 ,a sugge/ive reply4 ,! fir/ ?+ necess>y 9 mak+ ! pupil ?9k is be/ %[n by relat+ ano!r incid5t4 ,! catalogue ( a well-kn[n s*ool ann\nc$ t ! tea*]s 7 aim+ to get _! pupils to read ,lat9 at sight & to ?9k 9 m tongues ?an "o4 ,a capti\s sup]9t5d5t wrote to ! pr9cipal1 say+1 8,i envy y4 ,h[ d y d x8 ,we w\ld be satisfi$ if we c\ld make pupils ?9k 9 ,engli%40 ,! reply 0 equally %>p & sugge/ive3 8,y ask h[ we make pupils ?9k4 ,i answ]1 ,by giv+ !m some?+ to ?9k ab\t4 ,if y ask h[ we make !m ?9k 9 m tongues ?an "o1 ,i answ]1 ,by giv+ !m1 9 addition to ! mat]ials ( ?\ght1 ! in/rum5ts ( ?\ght z f\nd 9 two or m languages40 ,sid5ote3 ,! fir/ ess5tial4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 tra9+ a pupil to ?9k is to furni% him prop] mat]ials ( ?\ght1 to develop 9 8 m9d ! concepts :i* lie at ! basis ( a bran* ( /udy1 & :i* mu/ be analyz$1 comp>$1 & comb9$ 9 new =ms dur+ ! prosecution ( t /udy4 ,j z little z a boy c draw fi% f an empty pond1 s little c he draw ideas1 ?\ghts1 & conclusions f an empty head4 ,if ! fundam5tal ideas are n c>efully develop$ :5 ! /udy ( a new sci5ce is begun1 all subsequ5t ?9k+ on ! "p ( ! pupil is necess>ily hazy1 unc]ta91 unsatisfactory4 ,h[ c a pupil comp>e two ideas or concepts & jo9 !m 9 a correct judgm5t if !re is no?+ 9 8 m9d except ! te*nical t]ms by :i* ! sci5ti/ d5otes ^! ideas8 ,! idea ( numb] lies at ! basis ( ari?metic4 ,h[ (t5 are beg9n]s expect$ to ?9k 9 figures )\t hav+ a cle> idea ( :at figures d5ote6 ,:at tea*] has n se5 *ildr5 wre/l+ ) fractions :o _h no idea ( a fraction save t ( two figures1 "o above ! o!r1 ) a l9e betwe5 !m6 ,h[ _m ( our ari?metics are full ( problems involv+ bus9ess transactions ( :i* ! pupil _c possibly h an adequate idea6 ,n hav+ cle> ideas ( ! ?+s to be comp>$1 h[ c ! le>n] =m cle> & accurate judgm5ts & conclusions8 ,sid5ote3 ,prop] ?\ght-mat]ial4 ,s ess5tial to correct ?9k+ is ! developm5t ( ! concepts & ideas :i* lie at ! basis ( ea* sci5ce1 t we may designate ! giv+ to ! pupil ( some?+ to ?9k ab\t z ! fir/ & mo/ important /ep 9 ! solution ( ! educational problem be=e u4 ,9 o!r words1 ! furni%+ ( ! prop] mat]ials ( ?\ght is ! fir/ /ep 9 tea*+ o!rs to ?9k4 ,! =ce & ! validity ( ?is proposition are easily se5 if we reflect ^u ! ess5tial on5ess ( ! manifold div]sities ( ?9k+ z !y appe> at s*ool & 9 subsequ5t ye>s4 ,sid5ote3 ,?9k+ 9 ! pr(essions4 ,x is univ]sally conc$$ t education %\ld be a prep>ation = life4 ,! ?9k+ at s*ool %\ld be an adumbration ( ! ?9k+ beyond ! s*ool4 ,! possession ( en\gh data1 or ?\ght-mat]ials1 = rea*+ tru/wor?y conclusions1 :i* is ! indisp5sable requisite ( successful ?9k+ at s*ool1 is likewise a necess>y requisite ( successful ?9k+ 9 practical life4 ,x behooves u to inquire into ! nature & f\ndation ( ! ?9k+ ( m5 9 ! pr(essions1 & 9 o!r vocations1 = ! purpose ( ga9+ fur!r light ^u ! problem be=e u4 ,let u1 !n1 inquire into ! nature & f\ndation ( ! ?9k+ ( m5 em95t 9 a pr(ession or prom95t 9 "s o!r vocation4 ,! pr(essional man may h less native ability1 less g5]al k1 less culture & education1 less m5tal p[] ?an ! cli5t :om he advises or ! pati5t = :om he prescribes2 & yet 8 inf]5ces & conclusions are accept$ z m tru/wor?y ?an ^? ( m5 outside ( ! giv5 pr(ession1 because he has a k ( facts & data :i* !y d n possess4 ,if he be a physician1 special tra9+ & pr(essional exp]i5ce h taught him h[ to obs]ve ! symptoms ( diff]5t diseases2 h[ to elim9ate s\rces ( d\bt & error2 h[ to rea* a correct diagnosis ( difficult cases1 & h[ to apply ! prop] rem$ies4 ,if he be a lawy]1 he has be5 taught h[ to exam9e c\rt records2 h[ to detect & gu>d aga9/ flaws 9 legal docum5ts2 h[ to f9d & int]pret ! law 9 specific cases2 h[ to protect ! life & prop]ty ( 8 cli5t4 ,! judge on ! b5* is le>n$ 9 ! law1 ?\gh he may be ignorant ( sci5ce1 lit]ature1 agriculture1 comm]ce1 & manufactures4 ,he is aid$ 9 arriv+ at correct conclusions by ?\ght-mat]ials :i* are n 9 ! possession ( laym54 ,sid5ote3 ,! ?9k+ ( exp]ts4 ,sid5ote3 ,tea*+ n a trade4 ,h[ does ! ?9k+ ( an exp]t diff] f t ( o!r m58 ,n s mu* 9 ! processes ( ?\ght z 9 ! data ^u :i* he reasons4 ,an ord9>y witness may te/ify z to matt]s ( fact2 ! exp]t is suppos$ to possess ext5sive k & sup]ior discrim9ation 9 a p>ticul> bran* ( le>n+ or practice2 h5ce he may be a witness 9 matt]s z to :i* ord9>y obs]v]s _c =m j conclusions1 & he is held liable = neglig5ce 9 case he injures ano!r f want ( prop] qualifications or prop] use ( ! ?\ght-mat]ials necess>y to =m tru/wor?y conclusions4 ,f ?is po9t ( view we c see new =ce & beauty 9 ! rem>k ( ,fit* t tea*+ is ! noble/ ( ! pr(essions1 b ! sorrie/ ( trades4 ,! aim ( a trade is to make some?+ t w sell2 its ultimate aim is money1 a livelihood4 ,tea*+ & ! o!r pr(essions1 al?\gh !y _c be sund]$ f money-mak+1 h a nobl] aim4 ,?is arises out ( ! ?\ght-mat]ials ) :i* !y deal4 ,if a tea*]'s m9d does n busy itself ) ^!1 he s9ks to ! level ( a tradesman4 ,a v ke5 obs]v] said ( ! head ( a l>ge bo>d+-s*ool1 t he _h le>n$ 8 trade f ! pr9cipal ( a l>ge normal s*ool "u :om he _h be5 tra9$4 ,! rem>k1 if true1 0 sev]e1 b significant4 ,x 0 an intimation t ! sub/ance ( ! ?9k+ ( ^! two m5 0 bus9ess r ?an education2 t _! conv]sation ab\t ! quality ( ! beef & mutton s]v$1 ab\t ! loaves ( bread1 ! p\nds ( butt]1 & ! bu%els ( potatoes consum$ ea* week1 indicat$ t !y 7 ?9k+ m ( ! /oma* & ! purse ?an ( ! ?+s ( ! m9d2 t _! aim 0 a l>ge att5dance & a l>ge ca%-balance at ! end ( ! ye> r ?an ! m5tal gr[? & pr(essional prep>ation ( _! /ud5ts4 ,_! ?9k+ 0 effici5t & tru/wor?y 9 ! doma9 9 :i* x 0 ex]cis$4 ,x p>took ( ! nature ( trade-?9k+1 & lack$ pr(essional quality because x did n conc]n itself ) problems ( m5tal gr[? & moral tra9+1 ) ! prop] sequ5ce ( /udies1 ) ! educational value ( diff]5t k9ds ( k1 & ) ! be/ me?ods ( economiz+ ! "t & ef=t ( _! /ud5ts4 ,sid5ote3 ,my/]ies4 ,9 sev]al aspects tea*+ is l a trade4 ,e art has its my/]ies1 ) :i* ^? :o practise x mu/ be famili> if !y w\ld succe$4 ,tea*+ is no exception2 & if ! annual in/itute or ! s*ool ( p$agogy fails to cl>ify ^! my/]ies by putt+ ! tea*]s 9 possession ( mat]ials = ?\ght & ( me?ods ( apply+ k to beget ?9k+ :i* are n )9 ! k5 ( ! av]age p>5t & ! g5]al public1 !n failure mu/ be writt5 ov] ! outcome4 ,a my/]y is a lesson to be le>n$4 ,a scrut9y ( ! my/]ies :i* *>act]ize e trade & e art w s]ve n m]ely to emphasize ! necessity = furni%+ prop] ?\ght-mat]ials1 b w be helpful also 9 pav+ ! way = ! consid]ation ( ano!r ess5tial 9 tra9+ pupils to ?9k4 ,let u view !m 9 ! concrete4 ,sid5ote3 ,examples4 ,a ma*9i/1 :o 0 also a skill$ me*anic1 0 compell$ by circum/ances to quit 8 trade & to accept a position z janitor4 ,"o day ! pipe lead+ f ! s9k to ! sew] 0 clogg$4 ,! tea*]1 9 conjunction ) a c>p5t]1 work$ a long "t to fix x1 b 9 va94 ,! janitor 0 call$1 :o 9 a few mom5ts ov]came ! difficulty by ! application ( a pr9ciple 9 natural philosophy on :i* ! tea*] c\ld h talk$ le>n$ly1 al?\gh he knew n h[ to apply x 9 ! giv5 case4 ,! janitor relat$ h[ ! =eman 9 a f\ndry 0 baffl$ 9 ! ef=t to bore a hole ?r\gh a piece ( iron until a workman1 tra9$ "u a =eign ma/]1 sugge/$ ! pur*ase ( two ?+s at a drug-/ore by means ( :i* ! hole 0 easily bor$4 ,:5 ! druggi/ ask$ ab\t ! use t 0 to be made ( ^! *emicals1 he 0 told t ! use 0 "o ( ! my/]ies ( ! ma*9i/'s trade4 ,next1 ! c>p5t] fix$ ! mortise lock ( a door :i* ne$$ att5tion1 & ! o!rs laud$ ! skill ) :i* he h&l$ 8 tools & appli$ 8 k4 ,be=e ! ?ree sep>at$1 ! janitor's son came ) a ^w :i* he c\ld n f9d 9 8 lexicon4 ,) ! aid ( *alk & black-bo>d & gramm>1 ! tea*] %[$ h[ to dig out ! roots ( a ,greek v]b & :at beautiful *anges occur 9 its conjugation4 ,! turn _h come = ! tradesm5 to admire ! my/]i\s skill & p[] ( ! tea*]4 ,9 apply+ ! pr9ciple ( natural philosophy1 ! janitor made skilful use ( "o or two tools :i* ! tea*] & ! c>p5t] _h nev] se54 ,he c\ld express ?\ght ?r\gh ! tools ( 8 own h&icraft1 9 ways t !y c\ld n4 ,ea* "o ( ! ?ree m5 knew ! tools & ! my/]ies ( 8 own vocation4 ,dur+ ! entire sc5e !re 0 n a logical flaw 9 ! ?9k+ ( any "o ( !m4 ,probably !re 0 little diff]5ce 9 _! native ability2 c]ta9ly none 9 ! fundam5tal nature ( _! ?\ght-processes4 ,! practical diff]5ce result$ f ! data at _! comm& & f ! tools !y 7 us+ to express ! ?\ghts peculi> to _! sev]al vocations4 ,sid5ote3 ,man1 ! tool-us]4 ,sid5ote3 ,in/rum5ts ( ?\ght ! second ess5tial4 ,! p[] to use tools1 in/rum5ts1 & ma*9]y lifts man above ! brute creation4 ,!re is labor-sav+ ma*9]y 9 ?9k+ z well z 9 manual labor4 ,! m p]fect ! tools ) :i* we "w ! great] ! results we c a*ieve )\t wa/e ( ef=t4 ,9 ?9k+ z well z 9 work+ we mu/ use ! be/ tools 9 ord] to atta9 ! greate/ facility & effici5cy4 ,yond] are two :eat-fields4 ,9 "o ( !m a giant is wield+ ! sickle ( our =efa!rs2 9 ! o!r a y\?1 n yet out ( 8 te5s1 is at "w4 ,at ! close ( ! day ! "w ( ! giant w n be> comp>ison ) t ( ! lad1 because ! latt] 0 sitt+ ^u a self-b9d]4 ,!y _h ! same mat]ial to "w ^u1 yet1 9 spite ( 8 sup]ior /r5g?1 ! giant c\ld n cope ) 8 weak] ?\gh bett]-equipp$ competitor4 ,9 l mann]1 ! y\? :o has ma/]$ ! algebraic equation1 or ! symbols & =mulas ( *emi/ry1 is 9 _m respects ! sup]ior ( a mu* bright] man :o is n 9 possession ( ^! tools or in/rum5ts ( ?\ght4 ,a boy ( av]age capacity :o goes ?r\gh a good high s*ool !reby acquires c]ta9 fundam5tal ideas & ! accompany+ in/rum5ts ( ?\ght by :i* he is enabl$ to solve problems entirely beyond ! p[] ( a mu* bright] boy :o nev] /udies beyond ! gramm> grade4 ,sid5ote3 ,confusion 9 ?\ght & practice4 ,! in/rum5ts ( ?\ght are g5]ally spok5 ( z symbols1 :il/ ! mat]ials ( ?\ght are ! ?+s = :i* ! symbols /&4 ,9 ?9k+1 ! m9d may employ ! ideas :i* correspond to ! ?+s 9 ! ext]nal _w2 or x may employ ! symbols by :i* sci5ce indicates ?+s t h be5 def9itely fix$ or quantifi$4 ,failure to di/+ui% ! sign f ! ?+ signifi$1 ! symbol f its reality1 leads to confusion 9 ?\ght & to ! mo/ disa/r\s results 9 m5tal developm5t4 ,loss ( appetite = k mu/ inevitably result f me?ods ( tea*+ by :i* ! pupil is expect$ to le>n ! s\nds ( ! lett]s f _! names1 or musical s\nds f ! notation on ! /aff1 or ! ideas ( numb] f ! arabic notation1 or a k ( fl[]s f ! te*nical t]ms ( a text-book1 or a k ( *emical elem5ts & sub/ances f ! def9itions1 descriptions1 & =mulas ( a sci5tific treatise4 ,! symbol is indisp5sable 9 advanc$ ?9k+2 b to expect ! le>n] to get ! fundam5tal ideas ( a sci5ce f words1 symbols1 & def9itions is evid5ce t ! tea*] does n und]/& ! nature ( ?9k+4 ,x may1 !re=e1 be helpful to set =? cle>ly ! important di/9ction betwe5 ?9k+ 9 ?+s & ?9k+ 9 symbols2 to po9t out _! relative value 9 m5tal developm5t2 & to fix _! place 9 a rational sy/em ( education4 ,,ii ,,?9k+ ,,9 ,,?+s ,,& ,,9 ,,symbols ,! rote sy/em1 l o!r sy/ems ( its age1 made m ( =ms & symbols ?an ( ! ?+s symboliz$4 ,to repeat ! words correctly 0 ev]y?+1 to und]/& ! mean+ no?+2 & ?us ! _s 0 sacrific$ to ! lett]4 ,,h]b]t ,,sp5c]4 ,words are m5's daught]s1 b ,god's sons are ?+s4 ,,johnson4 ,= words are wise m5's c\nt]s1--!y d b reckon by !m1--b !y are ! money ( fools4 ,,hobbes4 ,x is only by ! help ( language 7or "s o!r equival5t set ( signs7 t we c ?9k 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w2 t is to say1 consid] ?+s "u _! g5]al or common aspects4 ,,sully4 ,,ii ,,?9k+ ,,9 ,,?+s ,,& ,,9 ,,symbols ,sid5ote3 ,lesson 9 geography4 ,sid5ote3 ,two k9ds ( ?9k+4 ,)9 half a mile ( ! ,susquehanna ,riv] a tea*] 0 ask+ ! class1 8,( :at is ! e>?'s surface compos$80 8,( l& & wat]10 0 ! reply4 ,9 answ] to a "q by ! sup]9t5d5t conc]n+ ! e>?'s surface1 "o boy decl>$ t he _h nev] se5 ! e>?4 ,he _h be5 acquir+ words )\t ! correspond+ ideas4 ,turn+ to ano!r boy1 ?is (ficial said1 8,w y please %[ me wat]80 ,) a gleam ( satisfaction on 8 face1 ! lad rais$ 8 atlas1 po9t$ to ! blue color+ ar\nd ! map ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 & said1 8,t is wat]40 8,w y please dr9k x80 ,! expression on ! faces ( tea*] & pupils indicat$ t all felt z if "s "o _h committ$ a blund]4 ,:]e did ! blund] lie8 ,_h ! tea*] taught :at %\ld n be le>n$8 ,surely1 e *ild %\ld le>n h[ wat] is indicat$ on a map4 ,did ! boy use language wrong 9 idiom8 ,by no means2 =1 z e /ud5t :o has h&l$ a lexicon well kn[s1 _m words h bo? a lit]al & a tropical1 or figurative1 mean+4 ,if1 po9t+ to an object1 ! tea*] says1 8,?is is a desk10 he uses ! ^w is 9 its lit]al s5se4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if he po9ts to a division on ! map ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & says1 8,?is is ,p5nsylvania10 he does n mean t ! color$ surface to :i* he is po9t+ is ! real ,/ate ( ,p5nsylvania 7if x 71 a political boss c\ld pocket x1 & c>ry x ! re/ ( 8 days )\t fur!r tr\ble74 ,:at is meant is1 t a giv5 space on ! map indicates or repres5ts ,p5nsylvania1 ! ^w is be+ us$1 9 ! latt] in/ance1 9 a figurative s5se4 ,:e!r ! ^w is1 9 ! expression1 8,?is is my body10 %\ld be und]/ood 9 a lit]al or 9 a figurative s5se has be5 discuss$ = ages 9 ! ,*ri/ian *ur*4 ,9 ! answ] ( ! boy we /rike a di/9ction 9 ?\ght t lies at ! basis ( good tea*+ 9 all grades ( s*ools1 f ! k9d]g>t5 to ! univ]sity1--namely1 ! di/9ction betwe5 ?9k+ 9 ?+s & ?9k+ 9 symbols4 ,9 "o s5se ( ! ^w1 all ?9k+ is symbolic2 = ! p]cepts1 concepts1 & images ( ext]nal objects :i* ! m9d employs 9 ! ?9k+ process are symbolic ( ! ?+s = :i* !y /&4 ,b 9 advanc$ ?9k+1 & especially 9 sci5tific inve/igations1 objective symbols1 su* z words1 signs1 lett]s1 equations1 =mulas1 te*nical t]ms & expressions1 are utiliz$ to facilitate ! ?9k+ process4 ,take ! age que/ions 9 m5tal ari?metic t h be5 prematurely inflict$ ^u s _m pupils 9 ! public s*ools4 ,s long z ! m9d consci\sly c>ries ,a's age & ! wife's age1 us+ ! clumsy in/rum5ts ( ari?metical analysis1 ! ?9k+ is difficult inde$4 ,z soon z x is made ! symbol ( ,a's age1 & y ! symbol ( ! wife's age1 s t ! conditions ( ! problem c be ?r[n into algebraic equations1 ! difficulty vani%es4 ,9 ! algebraic solution ! m9d drops all ?\ght ( ,a's age & ! wife's age :ile manipulat+ ! signs & symbols ( ! equation1 & re/ores ! mean+ ( ! symbols only :5 _! value 9 figures has be5 f\nd4 ,! algebraic solution is a g5u9e specim5 ( ?9k+ 9 symbols1 & illu/rates ! labor-sav+ ma*9]y :i* ! human m9d employs1 m or less1 9 all ! mo/ difficult sci5tific inve/igations4 ,sid5ote3 ,symbol def9$4 ,:at is a symbol8 ,x is a m>k1 sign1 or visible repres5tation ( an idea4 ,! ma!matician uses ! symbol to repres5t quantities1 op]ations1 & relations4 ,! *emi/ uses ! symbol to indicate elem5ts & _! gr\p+s or comb9ations4 ,! !ologian applies ! t]m symbol to cre$s & ab/ract /atem5ts ( doctr9e4 ,! grips1 c\nt]signs1 & passwords ( a secret society may be spok5 ( z symbols ( ! ideas1 aims1 & pr9ciples ( ! organization4 ,(t5 ! symbol is *os5 on acc\nt ( "s suppos$ resemblance betwe5 x & t = :i* x /&s1 z :5 black is made ! symbol ( m\rn+1 :ite ( purity1 ! oak ( /r5g?1 & ! sword ( slaught]4 8,a symbol10 says ,kate ,d\glass ,wigg91 8may be consid]$ to be a s5su\s object :i* sugge/s an idea1 or x may be def9$ z ! sign or repres5tation ( some?+ moral or intellectual by ! images or prop]ties ( natural ?+s1 z we commonly say1 = in/ance1 t ! lion is ! symbol ( c\rage1 ! dove ! symbol ( g5tl5ess4 ,x ne$ n be an object any m ?an an action or an ev5t1 = ! em]g+ ( ! butt]fly f ! *rysalis may be a symbol ( ! resurrection ( ! body1 or ! silv] l9+ ( ! cl\d typify ! joy t %9es ?r\gh adv]sity40 ,frequ5tly ! symbol is *os5 arbitr>ily1 or because x is ! fir/ lett] ( ! ^w :i* d5otes ! quality1 sub/ance1 ?+1 or idea = :i* ! symbol /&s4 ,g5]ally ! symbol is a visible repres5tation1 b x may also address ! o!r s5ses1 notably ! e> & ! s5se ( t\*4 ,! ,/&>d ,diction>y excludes ! portrait f ! ext5t or scope ( ! symbol1 & conf9es x to ! repres5tation ( t :i* is n capable ( portraiture1 z an idea1 /ate1 quality1 or action4 ,x is well to be> ?is limitation 9 m9d dur+ ! pres5t discussion4 ,sid5ote3 ,examples4 ,a few illu/rations w s]ve to fix ! s5se ( ! ^w symbol4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,am]ica ! tramps h a sy/em ( symbols ( _! own1 a giv5 m>k on ! front gate indicat+ a good place to ask = a meal1 ano!r indicat+ a cross dog 9 ! re> y>d4 ,t :i* ! tramp fe>s or likes is n ! m>k :i* he sees1 b a v real ?+ :i* t m>k sugge/s to 8 m9d4 ,a numb] ( ! apo/les 7 fi%]m5 by trade4 ,! fi% became a v significant symbol 9 ! days ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity4 ,! lett]s 9 ! ,greek "n = fi% are ! initial lett]s ( ! expression1 ,jesus ,*ri/1 ,god's ,son1 ,savi\r4 ,x is "o ( _m in/ances %[+ h[ ! human m9d delights 9 heap+ symbol ^u symbol to conceal preci\s mean+s f ! un9itiat$4 ,sid5ote3 ,symbols = wat]4 ,:at 0 ! m5tal condition ( ! lad spok5 ( at ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt]8 ,! boy knew ! real ?+ long be=e he knew ! fir/ symbol = wat]4 ,)\t d\bt he _h ta/$ x1 play$ 9 x aga9/ 8 "m's w1 be5 wa%$ 9 x aga9/ 8 own w1 = mon?s be=e he le>n$ ! fir/ symbol = wat] us$ 9 common by him & o!rs1 :i* 0 probably ! spok5 ^w4 ,up to t "t he ?\ght ( wat] 9 "s m5tal picture or image :i* _h be5 =m$ ^u ! eye & !n ^u m9d some:at z ! picture is =m$ ?r\gh ! art ( ! photograph]4 ,up to ! "t t he le>n$ ! spok5 ^w = wat] ?is liquid sugge/$ m5tal pictures :i* con/itut$ a ?9k+ 9 ?+s#a r ?an 9 symbols1 us+ ! latt] t]m accord+ to ! limitation set by ! ,/&>d ,diction>y4 ,on ent]+ s*ool he 0 taught to read2 he add$ to ! e>-symbol ! eye-symbol1--t is1 ! writt5 or pr9t$ ^w1 :i* he may h associat$ at fir/ ) ! real ?+1 or ) ! spok5 ^w2 ( c\rse1 v soon ) bo?1 if correct me?ods ( tea*+ 7 foll[$4 ,next1 he 0 taught ! map-symbol4 ,! blund] :i* ! tea*] on ! banks ( ! ,susquehanna _h committ$ consi/$ n 9 tea*+ h[ wat] is indicat$ on a map1 b 9 n po9t+ to ! maje/ic riv] ne> ! s*ool-h\se1 & associat+ ! wat] 9 its *annel ) ! repres5tations ( wat] on a map4 ,if ! boy /udi$ ,lat9 or ,greek1 he 0 taught new symbols = wat] 9 ! correspond+ words ( ^! languages4 ,if he /udi$ *emi/ry1 he e>ly le>n$ ! composition ( wat]1 & 0 !nce=? taught to write x ,h,o1 a symbol en%r9+ a new tru? & lift+ him to high] planes ( ?\ght by giv+ him a new in/rum5t z well z new mat]ials ( ?\ght4 ,sid5ote3 ,s\rces ( error4 ,sid5ote3 ,elem5t>y in/ruction4 ,half ! errors 9 tea*+ arise f ! fact t ! tea*] does n con/antly be> 9 m9d ! di/9ction betwe5 ! symbol & ! ?+ = :i* ! symbol /&s1 ?us giv+ rise to confusion 9 ! m9d ( ! le>n]4 ,a class 0 b\nd+ ! diff]5t ,/ates ( ! ,union4 ,at ! close ( ! recitation ! sup]9t5d5t sugge/$ t ! class b\nd ! s*ool-h\se4 ,x 0 b\nd$ on ! nor? by ! ro(1 on ! s\? by ! cell>1 on ! ea/ & we/ by walls4 ,! geography classes ( an entire city 7 caught 9 t way4 ,ei!r ! pupils _h n be5 taught1 or else !y _h =gott5 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! real directions & ! ord9>y repres5tation ( !m on ! surface ( a wall map4 ,sometimes ! confusion exi/s 9 ! m9d ( ! tea*] z well z 9 ! m9ds ( ! pupils4 ,!n he expects !m to le>n "o ?+ :ile he tea*es !m ano!r4 ,by ! me?ods =m]ly 9 vogue ! pupil 0 expect$ to le>n ! s\nds ( ! lett]s f _! names2 ! pronunciation ( ! ^w f ! names ( ! lett]s :i* compose x2 ! names1 =ms1 & s\nds ( lett]s f ! ^w taught z a :ole2 ! musical s\nds f ! notation on a musical /aff2 ! ideas ( numb]1 ( fractions1 f ! correspond+ symbols2 ! units ( d5om9ate numb]s & ( ! metric sy/em f ! names us$ 9 ! tables ( weights & measures2 ! fl[]s ( ! field f ! nom5clature ( ! botany2 ! sub/ances & exp]im5ts 9 *emi/ry f ! descriptions & pictures ( a text-book4 ,su* tea*+ has giv5 rise to endless lectures1 editorials1 & discussions ^u ! use ( ! concrete 9 tea*+1 ^u ! value ( ?9k+ 9 ?+s1 ^u ! importance ( object-lessons1 laboratory me?ods1 & ! l4 ,sid5ote3 ,m advanc$ in/ruction4 ,b !re is ano!r side to ! "q4 ,!re comes a "t 9 ! developm5t ( ! pupil :5 he mu/ rise above ! /icks & %oe-pegs & blocks ( ! elem5t>y ari?metic1 & le>n to ?9k 9 ! symbols ( ! ,arabic notation4 ,lat] he mu/ le>n to ?9k 9 ! m compreh5sive symbols ( ! algebraic notation4 ,he mu/ le>n to ?9k ! ab/ract & g5]al concepts ( sci5ce1 &1 9 ?9k+ ^!1 to use ! devices1 te*nical t]ms1 & o!r symbols :i* ! sci5ti/s h inv5t$ to facilitate _! ?9k+4 ,sid5ote3 ,a p>able4 ,he> a p>able4 ,a tea*] sat d[n to d9n]4 ,! wait] h&$ him ! bill ( f>e4 ,! proprietor foll[$ ! wait] to ! kit*51 direct$ him to cut out ! names ( ! eatables :i* _h be5 ord]$1 & to c>ry ^! names on plates to ! d9+-room4 8,x is n ^! words10 exclaim$ ! gue/1 8t ,i desire to eat1 b ! ?+s 9 ! kit*5 = :i* ^! words /&40 8,isn't t :at y p$agogues are do+ all ! "t1 expect+ *ildr5 to make an intellectual meal on words su* z are f\nd 9 ! columns ( ! spell+-book & atta*$ on maps to ! black dots :i* y call cities8 ,my boy gravely in=ms me t e ,/ate capital has its r+1 because on 8 map !re is always a r+ ar\nd ! dot call$ ! capital ( a c\ntry40 ,! tea*] 0 =c$ to admit t !re is1 alas6 too mu* tru? 9 ! allegation4 ,9 ! aft]noon he took rev5ge4 ,kn[+ t ! proprietor _h a ?\s&-doll> draft to be ca%$1 he arrang$ ) ! bank] to h x paid 9 silv] co94 ,:5 ! l&lord saw ! gr[+ heap ( co91 he exclaim$1 8,if ,i mu/ be paid 9 silv]1 c y n give me silv] c]tificates80 8,did y n intimate to me10 said ! tea*]1 tapp+ him on ! %\ld]1 8t x is ! real ?+s we want1 & n words & symbols :i* /& = realities80 ,! l&lord 0 oblig$ to admit t 9 ! l>g] transactions ( ! m]cantile _w x saves "t & is f> m conv5i5t to use *ecks1 drafts1 & o!r symbols = money ?an x w\ld be to use ! actual ca%4 ,9 elem5t>y transactions1 l ! pur*ase ( a necktie1 x is bett] to use ! ca%1 to ?9k & deal 9 real money1 b :5 x comes to ! di/ribution ( five & "o-half million doll>s among ! s*ool di/ricts ( ,p5nsylvania1 x is bett] to draw w>rants ^u ! ,/ate ,treasur]1 to use *ecks & drafts1 & to ?9k 9 figures1 ?an x w\ld be to c\nt s mu* co91 & s5d ! appropriation 9 t =m all ov] a great commonweal?4 ,sid5ote3 ,its int]pretation4 ,! p>able h>dly ne$s an int]pretation4 ,its lesson po9ts 9 two directions4 ,on ! "o h&1 x %[s 9 ! true light e species ( rote tea*+1 ( p>rot-l repetition ( def9itions1 /atem5ts1 & li/s ( words :i* give a %[ ( k )\t ! sub/ance4 ,x puts ! seal ( condemnation on mo/ =ms ( pure memory "w4 ,x s\nds ! note ( w>n+ to all tea*]s :o are try+ to improve ! memory by conc]t recitations4 ,! boy ^: class 0 taught to def9e a po9t z position )\t l5g?1 bread?1 or ?ickness1 & :o1 :5 ask$ to recite alone1 gave ! def9ition1 8,a po9t has a physician )\t /r5g?1 heal?1 or sickness10 is b "o ( _m specim5s ( class-tea*+ condemn$ by ! p>able4 ,x says 9 unmi/akable t]ms t all elem5t>y in/ruction mu/ />t 9 ! concrete1 tak+ up ! objects or ?+s to be kn[n1 & resolutely refus+ to beg9 ) /atem5ts & def9itions :i* to ! *ildr5 are a m]e j>gon ( words4 ,sid5ote3 ,mak+ blockheads4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! p>able indicates h[ too long-cont9u$ use ( ! concrete may arre/ developm5t1 & h9d] ! le>n] f rea*+ ! /ages ( advanc$ ?9k+4 ,x h9ts t ! too con/ant use ( blocks1 h[ev] valuable at fir/1 ultimately begets blockheads1 in/ead ( intellig5ces capable ( ! high] life ( ?\ght & reflection4 ,a rational sy/em ( p$agogy involves prop] att5tion to ! mat]ials ( ?\ght & prop] c>e 9 furni%+ ! in/rum5ts by :i* advanc$ ?9k+ is made easy & effective4 ,9 "o respect ! p>able does n set =? ! :ole tru?4 ,x makes no acc\nt ( diff]5ces 9 ?9k+ due to h]$ity & m5tal tra9+4 ,! diff]5ces 9 native ability are1 h[ev]1 n z great z is g5]ally suppos$ 7unless ! feeble-m9d$ ent] into ! comp>ison72 ! diff]5ces due to correct tra9+1 or ! neglect ( x1 are f> m /rik+4 ,! "w expect$ ( ! pupil %\ld1 ( c\rse1 tally ) 8 capacity2 o!rwise x w =ce him to resort to p]nici\s helps1 beget 9 him wrong habits ( /udy1 rob him ( ! s5se ( ma/]y & ! joy ( intellectual a*ievem5t1 & de/roy 8 self-reliance1 8 p[] ( initiative1 & 8 ability to grapple ) difficult problems & p]plex+ que/ions4 ,! p[] to ?9k gr[s by judici\s ex]cise4 ,"h bett] ?an any:]e else 9 ! :ole doma9 ( s*ool "w c we di/+ui% ! g5u9e co9 f its c\nt]feit1 & discrim9ate betwe5 true skill & quack]y1 betwe5 ! arti/ & ! artisan4 ,x is at ?is po9t t mo/ help c be giv5 to "y tea*]s by a good c\rse ( lectures on le>n+ to ?9k & on ! difficult art ( /imulat+ o!rs to ?9k4 ,,iii ,,! ,,mat]ials ,,( ,,?\ght ,a va/ abundance ( objects mu/ lie be=e u ere we c ?9k ^u !m4 ,,goe!4 ,! "y h a /rong appetite = reality1 & ! tea*] :o does n make use ( t appetite is n wise4 ,j4 ,s4 ,,blackie4 ,! *ild's re/less obs]vation1 in/ead ( be+ ignor$ or *eck$1 %\ld be dilig5tly m9i/]$ to1 & made z accurate z possible4 ,,h]b]t ,,sp5c]4 ,:at d y read1 my "l8 ,words1 words1 words4 ,,hamlet4 ,y h an ex*equ] ( words1 & ,i ?9k no o!r treasure4 ,,two ,,g5tlem5 ,,( ,,v]ona4 ,,iii ,,! ,,mat]ials ,,( ,,?\ght ,sid5ote3 ,words )\t ?\ghts4 ,! hotel man 0 "r 9 8 criticism ( tea*]s :o expect _! pupils to make an intellectual meal on m]e words4 ,= ?ree hundr$ ye>s educational re=m]s h be5 hurl+ _! epi!ts aga9/ ?is abuse4 ,has x be5 bani%$ f ! s*ools8 ,by no means4 ,x crops out anew ) e g5]ation ( tea*]s & 9 e grade ( in/ruction f ! k9d]g>t5 to ! univ]sity4 ,dur+ ! ye>s 9 :i* a *ild acquires sev]al languages )\t difficulty1 if x he>s !m spok51 ! m9d is eag] = words & (t5 appropriates !m reg>dless ( _! mean+4 ,! *ild le>ns rhymes & phrases = ! sake ( ! j+le t is 9 !m1 & c>es v little = cle>ly def9$ ideas & ?\ghts4 ,s /rong & ret5tive is ! memory = words t ! *ild f9ds x easi] to le>n by he>t entire s5t5ces ?an to ?9k ! ?\ghts !re9 express$4 ,l a will+ & ob$i5t slave1 ! v]bal memory c be made to d ! "w ( ! o!r m5tal p[]s4 ,! m]e/ glimpse at a picture may recall all ! s5t5ces on ! same page1 s t ! pupil c repeat !m ) ! book clos$ or ! back turn$ t[>ds ! read+ *>t4 ,! recollection ( :at ! e> has he>d may ?us relieve ! eye ( its function 9 see+ words1 degrade ! *ild to ! level ( a p>rot1 & !reby greatly h9d] progress 9 le>n+ to read4 ,v frequ5tly ! memory is requir$ to p]=m "w belong+ to ! reflective p[]s1 because ! le>n] is !reby sav$ ! tr\ble ( compreh5d+ ! lesson & express+ its sub/ance 9 8 own language4 ,moreov]1 ! accurate /atem5t ( a tru? is apt to be accept$ z evid5ce ( k & correct ?9k+4 ,! av]age exam9ation te/s v little m ?an ! memory4 ,if ! answ]s are giv5 9 ! language ( ! text-book or ! tea*]1 ! exam9] seldom supplem5ts ! writt5 "w by an oral exam9ation4 ,?us !re is a con/ant t5d5cy on ! "p ( tea*]s & pupils to re/ satisfi$ ) correct =ms ( /atem5t2 & ! p]nici\s cu/om ( fe$+ ! m9d on m]e words is enc\rag$ & p]petuat$4 ,expos$ 9 pla9 t]ms1 ?is abuse ( words is condemn$ by ev]ybody2 yet x is z easy at ?is po9t to slide into ! wrong practice z x is to fall into ! s9s =bidd5 by ! decalogue4 ,l ,proteus1 ?is abuse assumes div]se & unexpect$ =ms2 in/ance aft] in/ance is ne$$ to put "y tea*]s on _! gu>d & to expose its p]nici\s effect ^u me?ods ( in/ruction & habits ( /udy4 ,to cry 8words1 words1 no?+ b words10 w n suffice to correct ! evil1 = words mu/ be us$ 9 ! be/ k9d ( in/ruction4 ,l9e ^u l9e1 precept ^u precept1 example aft] example is ne$$ to expose ! folly ( le>n+ words )\t correspond+ ideas1 ( tea*+ symbols ap>t f ! ?+s = :i* !y /&4 ,no apology is ne$$ = cit+ laughable & flagrant in/ances 9 po9t2 ridicule sometimes avails :]e good c\nsel fails4 ,sid5ote3 ,spell+4 ,a sup]9t5d5t :o advocates spell+-bees & magnifies correct or?ography out ( all proportion to its real value />tl$ a class 9 ! high s*ool by ask+ = ! spell+ ( a ^w ( five syllables4 ,n receiv+ an imm$iate answ]1 he ref]r$ to ! ,greek4 ,?is made ! spell+ easy = at lea/ "o pupil4 ,a ye> lat] he acco/$ ?is pupil1 say+1 8,y are ! only p]son t ev] spell$ psy*opanny*ism = me40 8,:at does x mean80 0 ! "q fla%$ back at him 9 return = 8 complim5t4 ,he c\ld n tell1 because he did n "k4 ,= ye>s he _h worri$ tea*]s & pupils ) ! spell+ ( a ^w ^: mean+ he _h fail$ to fix accurately 9 8 own m9d4#b ,:at m effective me?od c\ld be devis$ = de/roy+ correct habits ( ?9k+8 ,sid5ote3 ,eyesight4 ,!re is a "t 9 ! life ( ! *ild :5 x is hungry = new words4 ,! habit ( see+ words accurately & le>n+ _! spell+ at fir/ sight is !n easily acquir$1 provid$ !re is no defect 9 ! pupil's eyes4 ,9 cases ( defective eyesight ! fir/ /ep t[>ds ! solution ( ! spell+ problem1 z well z ! fir/ condition 9 tea*+ ! pupil to ?9k accurately1 is to s5d him to a skill$ oculi/ 7n to a s-call$ graduate optician or doctor ( refraction1 :o mu/ make 8 liv+ out ( ! spectacles he sells1 & ^: limit$ tra9+ does n enable him to make a correct diagnosis 9 critical cases74 ,correct vision w assi/ ! pupil n m]ely 9 le>n+ ! exact =m ( ! words :i* he uses 9 writ+1 b also 9 =m+ correct ideas ( ! ?+s ) :i* ! m9d deals 9 ! ?\ght-processes4 ,al?\gh great /ress %\ld be laid ^u ! or?ography ( su* words 9 common use z are frequ5tly misspell$1--daily drill ^u li/s ( ^! %\ld n be omitt$ at s*ool :ile ! *ild's ^w-hung] la/s1--yet x is va/ly m important to acquire an adequate k ( ! ideas1 concepts1 & relations = :i* ! words /&4 ,to sp5d "t ^u ! spell+ ( words :i* only ! speciali/ uses1 & :i* are easily le>n$ 9 connection ) ! specialty by a /ud5t possess+ correct m5tal habits1 is a =m ( wa/e t _c be too sev]ely condemn$4 ,x is f> bett] to sp5d "t 9 build+ concepts ( ?+s met ) 9 real life4 ,! mean+ ( v _m words is1 ( c\rse1 le>n$ f ! connection 9 :i* !y occur4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n true ( sesquip$alian words l ! "o m5tion$ above1 nor ( ! te*nical t]ms by :i* sci5ce designates ! ?+s t h be5 accurately def9$ or quantifi$4 ,sid5ote3 ,fundam5tal ideas4 ,te*nical t]ms are us$ to d5ote ! ideas :i* lie at ! basis ( sci5ce4 ,^! fundam5tal ideas are appropriately call$ basal concepts4 ,s9ce basal concepts _c be transf]r$ f ! tea*]'s m9d to ! pupils' m9ds by m]ely tea*+ ! correspond+ te*nical t]ms1 !y mu/ be develop$ by appropriate lessons4 ,if ?is be neglect$1 !re may be juggl+ ) words & a %[ ( k2 b close1 accurate ?9k+ is impossible4 ,?is seems to be s self-evid5t t "o w\ld h>dly expect to meet violations ( su* a simple rule 9 ! art ( tea*+4 ,& yet x is relat$ ( ! pr(essor ( physics 9 "o ( our l>ge/ univ]sities t he began 8 c\rse ( lectures 9 ?is wise3 8,a re>rangem5t ( ! c\rses ( /udy depriv$ y ( ! usual in/ruction 9 elem5t>y physics4 ,t is y\r mis=tune1 & n my fault40 ,!reupon1 he began 8 lectures on advanc$ physics z if ! prep>ation ( 8 class to ?9k ! concepts at ! f\ndation ( 8 sci5ce c\ld be ignor$ )\t detrim5t to ! progress ( ! /ud5t1 z if confus$ m9ds & unsatisfactory ?9k+ 7 n ! inevitable outcome ( juggl+ ) te*nical t]ms ap>t f ! concepts :i* !y d5ote4 ,a ma/] 9 ! art ( tea*+ w\ld h />t$ on ! plane occupi$ by ! /ud5ts4 ,by developm5t lessons he w\ld h lift$ !m to ! plane ( ?\ght on :i* he int5d$ to move4 ,he w\ld h consid]$ _! m5tal progress ( m consequ5ce ?an ! c\rse ( lectures :i* he 0 9 ! habit ( deliv]+4 ,! /ud5t1 & n ! /udy1 %\ld h held ! *ief place 9 8 pr(essional horizon4 ,sid5ote3 ,abuse ( text-books4 ,9 ano!r ,/ate univ]sity ! pr(essor ( physics appli$ to an influ5tial memb] ( ! bo>d ( tru/ees = an appropriation = app>atus4 8,tea* :at is 9 ! text-book2 !n y w n ne$ app>atus10 0 ! reply4 ,x seems almo/ incr$ible t a tru/ee ( a mod]n univ]sity %\ld fail to see ! diff]5ce betwe5 an exp]im5t actually p]=m$ & a description ( ! exp]im5t 9 a text-book4 ,m incr$ible /ill does x seem :5 we he> ( pr(essors :o see no diff]5ce betwe5 an exp]im5t made 9 ! pres5ce ( a /ud5t & an exp]im5t made by ! /ud5t himself4 ,sid5ote3 ,app>atus & exp]im5ts4 ,sid5ote3 ,agassiz4 ,pictures ( app>atus & descriptions ( exp]im5ts %\ld1 ( c\rse1 n be despis$ or neglect$4 ,!y are helpful 9 =m+ concepts ( t :i* _c be br\ght be=e a class4 ,:5 made by ! le>n] himself1 z a result ( 8 own "w1 !y s]ve to cl>ify 8 ?9k+1 & furni% a sure te/ ( ! pupil's progress & ( ! tea*]'s skill z a guide & in/ructor4 ,a draw+1 or ev5 a /atem5t 9 ! pupil's own words1 is (t5 an a/oni%+ revelation ( ! crude notions :i* pictures give4 ,! city lad :o said t a c[ 0 no bigg] ?an a f+]-nail because he _h (t5 measur$ its size 9 ! ,fir/ ,read] is a typical example4 ,! ability to int]pret pictures & descriptions comes f actual k ( ?+s simil> to :at is depict$ or describ$4 ,! not$ tea*]1 ,agassiz1 made a diff]5ce 9 8 directions to beg9n]s & advanc$ /ud5ts4 ,to ! =m] he w\ld give specim5s1 ) directions to /udy !m )\t ref]r+ to a book4 ,hav+ taught !m h[ to use _! eyes1 he w\ld gradually lead !m to ! me?od ( int]pret+ & v]ify+ ! /atem5ts ( an au?or4 ,& :5 ! advanc$ /ud5t 0 set to "w at orig9al inve/igations1 he 0 told to /udy c]ta9 books1 z x w\ld save mu* valuable "t4 ,"o ( 8 pupils writes1 8,i %all nev] =get a =ceful lesson giv5 me by ! great ,agassiz1 :5 ,i /udi$ ) him 9 ! ,museum ( ,cambridge4 ,i work$ ne> a "y man f ,clevel&1 ,ohio1 :o has s9ce a*iev$ di/9ction z a tea*] ( biology4 ,i 0 comp>atively a beg9n]1 h[ev]1 :ile he 0 well advanc$ 9 8 /udies4 ,on a c]ta9 day ,agassiz came saunt]+ by1 & /opp$ long en\gh to tell me n to use ! libr>y s mu*1 b to conf9e myself to obs]vations ( ! specim5s on h& & ! writ+ ( my obs]vations & comm5ts4 ,pass+ on a little f>!r1 he spoke to my fri5d & said1 #8,alb]t1 :5 y g home1 ?is summ]1 to ,clevel&1 ,i wi% y w\ld make a special /udy ( a c]ta9 k9d ( fi% f\nd 9 ! h>bor !re4 ,x is n f\nd pl5tifully any:]e else 9 ! _w4 ,take a r[-boat & g ?ree hundr$ y>ds nor!a/ ( ! po9t ( ! breakwat]1 & y w f9d !m 9 abundance4 ,be=e go+ home1 get ! only ?ree books ev] writt5 on ?is fi% f ! libr>y "h & read !m4 ,x w save y\r "t to read !m be=e beg9n+ to /udy ! fi% itself4'0#c ,agassiz 0 z anxi\s to tea* ! "r use ( books z is ! pr(essor ( lit]ature2 b he adapt$ 8 directions to ! degree ( advancem5t :i* 8 /ud5ts _h atta9$1 & did n neglect ! =mation ( ! basal concepts & ! habits ( /udy ne$ful 9 ! sci5ces he taught4 ,sid5ote3 ,botany4 ,h[ little ! exhortations ( our educational re=m]s h be5 tak5 to he>t by "s tea*]s is evid5t f ! rec5t exp]i5ces ( a normal s*ool pr9cipal1 :o _h great difficulty 9 f9d+ a satisfactory tea*] ( botany4 ,! /ud5ts c\ld inv>iably answ] ! que/ions ( ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,exam9]s by fill+ pages ( manuscript ) te*nical t]ms4 ,9 ! field !y c\ld n di/+ui% "o plant f ano!r4 ,9 despair1 ! pr9cipal said to 8 tea*] ( psy*ology1 8,:y c we n apply common s5se to ! tea*+ ( botany8 ,c we n plant se$s1 wat* _! gr[?1 & /udy ! gr[+ specim5s in/ead ( ! pictures 9 a text-book80 8,if y w give me ! class 9 botany1 ,i w try x10 0 ! reply4 ,be=e ! next class took up botany1 e *alk-box 0 empti$ & e fl[]-pot utiliz$ 9 ! plant+ ( se$s4 ,9 no long "t !re appe>$ on ! f5ces ( neighbor+ f>ms sign-bo>ds ) ! inscription1 8,trespass+ on ^! fields is =bidd51 "u p5alty ( ! law40 ,! memb]s ( ! class 7 trav]s+ ! c\ntry1 /udy+ ! real fl[]s1 ! gr[+ plants1 in/ead ( ! te*nical t]ms ( a text-book4 ,at ! next f9al exam9ation1 ! h]b>ium :i* ea* "o _h prep>$1 toge!r ) ! accompany+ analysis & draw+s ( p>ts :i* c\ld n be describ$1 includ+ color+s 9 imitation ( ! actual colors ( ! fl[]s1 gave evid5ce ( real k1 & s]v$ to satisfy ! exam9]s1 al?\gh ! array ( te*nical t]ms 0 f> less =midable4 ,if violations ( ! fundam5tal laws ( tea*+ occur 9 our high] in/itutions ( le>n+1 :at may we n expect 9 ! l[] s*ools :]e ! tea*+ is intru/$ to "y p ( limit$ education8 ,nev]!less1 x is a notori\s fact t ! wor/ =ms ( tea*+ are f\nd 9 our high] in/itutions ( le>n+1 :]e _m ( ! pr(essors seem to "k z little ( ! sci5ce ( education z ! motorman kn[s ( ! sci5ce ( electricity2 o!rwise !y w\ld make impossible ! use ( 8ponies1 coa*es1 & keys10 by means ( :i* ! /ud5t taxes ! memory r ?an ! und]/&+1 & ultimately loses all p[] ( indep5d5t ?\ght & inve/igation4 ,su* helps arre/ m5tal developm5t1 de/roy ! p[] ( orig9al ?9k+1 & d m h>m ?an ! practice ( fe$+ ! m9d ) m]e v]bal /atem5ts :i* 9 c\rse ( "t may acquire cont5t & mean+4 ,! /udy ( ! sci5ces :i* classify m9]als1 plants1 insects1 birds1 fi%es1 & o!r animals may deg5]ate into a m]e /udy ( words1 ev5 :5 ! /ud5t acquires "s famili>ity ) ! specim5s to be classifi$4 ,! sci5tific "n is ! "o ?+ ab\t a fl[] ) :i* ! ,creator has _h no?+ to d1 & if ! recognition ( ! sci5tific "n is ! *ief or sole aim ( ! /ud5t ( botany1 x is a g5u9e case ( fe$+ ! m9d on words4 ,sid5ote3 ,words z mat]ial = ?\ght4 ,sid5ote3 ,geometry z ?\ght-mat]ial4 ,by ^? :o are fond ( sci5tific pursuits ! dead languages are sometimes despis$ z ?\gh ! /udy ( !m 7 le>n$ play+ ) m]e words4 ,among p :o beg9 _! education some:at late 9 life !re is a /rong temptation to e/imate l+ui/ic /udies v f> bel[ _! true value z a means = discipl9+ ! reason+ faculty4 ,:5 pursu$ 9 ! "r way1 ! /udy ( ! classical languages furni%es z mu* good mat]ial = ?\ght z ! natural sci5ces4 ,huxley may *>m an audi5ce by a lecture on a piece ( *alk2 ! philologi/ c excite equal int]e/ by a lecture on ! ^w *alk4 ,words gr[ & und]go *anges accord+ to well-def9$ laws :i* furni% z mu* food = ?\ght z ! laws gov]n+ ! union ( atoms or ! motions ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,! words ( a lexicon conta9 z mu* ( preci\s int]e/ 9 ! sight ( man z ! manufactur$ gases or ! pluck$ leaves & dissect$ fl[]s ( ! laboratory4 ,greek & ,lat9 roots h m vitality 9 !m ?an ! collections ( /ones1 /uff$ birds1 & transfix$ bugs 9 ! museum4 ,! end+s ( n\ns1 adjectives1 pron\ns1 & v]bs furni% ample opportunity = obs]vation1 comp>ison1 & reflection2 _! functions 9 ! syntax ( ! s5t5ce furni% spl5did ex]cises 9 =mal & qualitative ?9k+4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! "t ( ! pupil is entirely consum$ 9 ma/]+ ! hundr$s ( exceptions to ! rules ( g5d] & case1 ( decl5sions & conjugations1 ( syntax & prosody1 x is ano!r sad in/ance ( fe$+ ! m9d on m]e words4 ,! pupil :o beg9s ! /udy ( any =eign language be=e he has rea*$ 8 te5s %\ld acquire ! p[] to read ! language at sight2 o!rwise !re has be5 some?+ faulty 9 ! me?ods ( tea*+ or ( /udy1 or 9 bo?4 ,a man is z _m times a man z he kn[s languages2 & ! comp>ison ( ! idioms ( two or m languages furni%es mo/ excell5t mat]ial = c>eful & accurate ?9k+4 ,9 translat+ an au?or l ,plato ! /ud5t mu/ ?9k ! ?\ghts ( a ma/] m9d1 weigh words s z to detect ! f9] %ades ( mean+1 & arrange !m 9 s5t5ces t %all adequately express ! mean+ ( ! orig9al4 ,! value ( pure ma!matics1 especially ! ,euclidian geometry1 z a means = ! cultivation ( ?9k+1 lies 9 ! limit$ numb] ( fundam5tal concepts :i* mu/ be cle>ly fix$ & 9 ! nature ( ! reason+ by :i* ! tru? ( ! !orems is e/abli%$4 ,! axioms are few 9 numb] & easily grasp$2 ! quantities to be def9$ c1 )\t difficulty1 be set 9 a cle> light be=e ! und]/&+2 ! *a9 ( pro( compels ! m9d to jo9 ideas by _! logical nexus1 & if ! le>n] p]si/s 9 memoriz+ ! demon/ration1 he is at once detect$4 ,& yet :51 z sometimes happ5s1 he goes ov] sev]al books ( geometry )\t cle>ly p]ceiv+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 an angle & a triangle1 x mu/ be a g5u9e specim5 ( acquir+ words )\t ! correspond+ ideas4 ,sid5ote3 ,s4 ,s4 ,gre5e's views4 ,! words ( ,s4 ,s4 ,gre5e des]ve ! att5tion ( e tea*] anxi\s to prev5t ! =mation ( vici\s habits ( ?\ght by ! pupils 9 our s*ools & colleges4 ,ye>s ago he wrote z foll[s3 8,:ile an ext]nal object may be view$ by ?\s&s 9 common1 ! idea or image ( x addresses itself only to ! individual consci\sness4 ,my idea or image is m9e alone1--! rew>d ( c>eless obs]vation1 if imp]fect2 ( att5tive1 c>eful1 & v>i$ obs]vation1 if correct4 ,betwe5 m9e & y\rs a great gulf is fix$4 ,no man c pass f m9e to y\rs1 or f y\rs to m9e4 ,nei!r1 9 any prop] s5se ( ! ^w1 c m9e be convey$ to y4 ,words d n convey ?\ghts2 !y are n vehicles ( ?\ght 9 any true s5se ( t t]m4 ,a ^w is simply a common symbol :i* ea* associates ) 8 own idea or image4 ,nei!r c ,i comp>e m9e ) y\rs1 except ?r\gh ! m$iation ( ext]nal objects4 ,&1 !n1 h[ d ,i "k t !y are alike2 t a measure call$ a foot1 = in/ance1 seems z long to y z to me8 ,my idea ( a new object1 :i* y & ,i obs]ve toge!r1 may be v imp]fect4 ,by x ,i attribute to ! object :at does n belong to x1 take f x :at does1 di/ort its =m1 & o!rwise p]v]t x4 ,suppose1 n[1 at ! "t ( obs]vation we agree ^u a ^w z a sign or symbol ( ! object or ! idea ( x4 ,! object is )drawn2 ! idea only rema9s1--imp]fect 9 my case1 complete & vivid 9 y\rs4 ,! sign is employ$4 ,does x br+ back ! orig9al object8 ,by no means4 ,does x convey my idea to y\r m9d8 ,no?+ ( ! k9d2 y w\ld be disgu/$ ) ! %apeless image4 ,does x convey y\rs to me8 ,no2 ,i %\ld be delight$ at ! sight4 ,:at does x effect8 ,x becomes ! occasion = ea* to call up 8 own image4 ,does ea* n[ contemplate ! same ?+8 ,:at multitudes ( dissimil> images in/antly spr+ up at ! ann\ncem5t ( ! same symbol6--dissimil> n because ( any?+ 9 ! "o s\rce :5ce !y are d]iv$1 b because ( ei!r an inatt5tive & imp]fect obs]vation ( t s\rce1 or "s con/itutional or habitual defect 9 ! use ( ! p]ceptive faculty40 ,sid5ote3 ,j4 ,p4 ,gordy's /atem5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,pe/alozzi's re=m4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,p4 ,gordy1 to :om cr$it is due = ! prec$+ quotation1 fur!r says1 8,words are l pap] money2 _! value dep5ds on :at !y /& =4 ,z y w\ld be none ! ri*] = possess+ ,conf$]ate money to ! am\nt ( a million doll>s1 s y\r pupils w\ld be none ! wis] = be+ able to repeat book aft] book by he>t1 unless ! words 7 ! signs ( ideas 9 _! m9ds4 ,words )\t ideas are an irr$eemable pap] curr5cy4 ,x is ! practical recognition ( ?is tru? t has revolutioniz$ ! be/ s*ools 9 ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury4444 ,9 :at did ! re=m inaugurat$ by ,pe/alozzi consi/8 ,9 ! sub/itution ( ! intellig5t = ! bl9d use ( words4 ,he rev]s$ ! educational eng9e4 ,be=e 8 "t tea*]s expect$ _! pupils to g f words to ideas2 he taught !m to g f ideas to words4 ,he br\ght out ! fact ^u :i* ,i h be5 insi/+1--t words are utt]ly p[]less to create ideas2 t all !y c d is to help ! pupil to recall & recomb9e ideas already =m$4 ,) ,pe/alozzi1 !re=e1 & ) ^? :o h be5 imbu$ ) 8 !ories1 ! important matt] is ! =m+ ( cle> & def9ite ideas40#d ,sid5ote3 ,sight & insight4 ,x 0 a rem>k ( ,goe! t g5ius beg9s 9 ! s5ses4 ,) equal tru? we may say t ?9k+ beg9s 9 ! s5ses4 ,l unto ! g5ius1 ! ?\ghtful man p]ceives & int]prets :at has escap$ ! notice ( o!r p4 ,to sight he adds insight4 ,t :i* he sees is subsum$ "u ! prop] class or category1 & is view$ f diff]5t sides until its significance is discov]$1 & a place is assign$ to x 9 ! intellectual horizon & 9 ! ext]nal _w4 ,e fact ?us se5 9 its relation to o!r facts s]ves z a basis = fur!r obs]vation1 reflection1 & comp>ison4 ,n m]ely ! g5ius1 b e o!r p]son ^: ?9k+ is above ! av]age 9 vigor & accuracy1 has ! p[] to p]ceive ?+s :i* escape ! eyes & e>s ( o!r p4 ,?r\gh habits ( c>eful & correct obs]vation he fills 8 m9d ) images1 ideas1 concepts ( ! objects ( ?\ght & ( ! relations :i* exi/ betwe5 ^! objects1 & !reby acquires ! mat]ials = ! comp>isons :i* con/itute ! ess5ce ( good ?9k+4 ,if ! /r5g? ( a /ud5t is exhau/$ 9 ga!r+ & /or+ ! mat]ials = ?\ght1 8 m9d becomes a wild]ness ( facts2 if he reasons )\t ! facts1 8 conclusions are m unreal ?an ! figm5ts ( ! imag9ation4 ,sid5ote3 ,tru? ! prop] ?\ght-mat]ial4 ,tru? is ! be/ ?\ght-mat]ial = ! m9d to act ^u4 ,! possession ( tru? is ! aim & ! goal ( all correct ?9k+4 ,k ( ! tru? implies ! con=mity ( ?9k+ ) be+4 ,! _w )9 %\ld be made to correspond ) ! _w outside ( u4 ,sid5ote3 ,! laboratory & ! libr>y4 ,sid5ote3 ,ari/otle4 ,=tunately1 ! self-activity ( *ildr5 is t[>ds ! objective _w ( ?+s :i* !y c see1 he>1 smell1 ta/e1 & h&le4 ,f inn] impulse _! ?9k+ is direct$ t[>ds ! cognition ( objects4 ,"o ( ! functions ( nature /udy is to beget habits ( c>eful & accurate obs]vation4 ,?is is a *>act]i/ic feature ( ! laboratory me?od z di/+ui%$ f ! libr>y me?od4 ,a tra9+ 9 bo? is ess5tial to a complete education4 ,! libr>y /ores ! treasures ( k :i* ! human race has ga!r$ & makes !m accessible to ! le>n]4 ,! laboratory %[s him by :at me?ods tru? is discov]$ & te/$ & v]ifi$4 ,! ,g]man pr(essor :o decl9$ to visit a m5ag]ie1 ass]t+ t he c\ld evolve ! idea ( ! elephant f 8 inn] consci\sness1 may h sp5t mu* "t 9 read+ books & 9 speculation2 b he c]ta9ly nev] work$ 9 a laboratory2 nor _h he tak5 to he>t ! lessons :i* he might h le>n$ f ! sages ( antiquity4 ,ari/otle knew ! importance ( ask+ nature = facts1 & he induc$ 8 royal pupil1 ,alex&] ! ,great1 to employ two ?\s& p]sons 9 ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,africa = ! purpose ( ga!r+ in=mation conc]n+ bea/s1 birds1 & reptiles1 :]eby he 0 enabl$ to write fifty volumes ^u animat$ nature4 ,aft] tea*]s _h =gott5 8 me?ods !y /ill turn$ to 8 books = ! treasures :i* he _h ga!r$4 ,9 ! ages 9 :i* m5 h>dly d>$ to ask nature = h] secrets1 fe>+ t !y might be accus$ ( wit*craft1 !y turn$ to ,ari/otle z if he 7 an infallible guide--s mu* s t :5 ,galileo ann\nc$ ! discov]y ( sun-spots a monk decl>$ t he _h read ,ari/otle ?r\gh f beg9n+ to end1 & inasmu* z ,ari/otle said no?+ ab\t spots on ! sun1 !re=e !re are none4 ,?is book-me?od ( /udy+ sci5ce has n entirely disappe>$ f ! seats ( le>n+4 ,books l ,tyndall's 8,wat] & ! ,=ms ( ,wat]10 ,f>aday's 8,*emi/ry ( a ,c&le10 & ,newcomb's 8,popul> ,a/ronomy0 may1 inde$1 be read or /udi$ z lit]ature1 & ?us prove a means ( culture2 b to accept ! facts & /atem5ts ( a text-book )\t v]ification is ! lazy man's me?od ( /udy+ sci5ce2 & z a me?od x fails to lay ! f\ndation ^u :i* a solid sup]/ructure c be built4 ,! correct me?od />ts ) obs]vation ( ! ?+s to be kn[n1 develops ! basal concepts :i* lie at ! f\ndation ( ! sci5ce "u consid]ation1 ends by tea*+ ! pupil h[ to make indep5d5t inve/igations1 h[ to utilize ! treasures :i* h be5 pres]v$ 9 our libr>ies1 !reby furni%+ an adequate supply ( prop] mat]ials = ?\ght4 ,sid5ote3 ,productive m9ds4 ,! habits ( m5 :o h surpris$ ! _w by _! intellectual & pr(essional a*ievem5ts are v sugge/ive4 ,spurgeon kept 8 m9d fill$ by con/ant read+4 ,goe! 0 fond ( travel & utiliz$ :at he le>n$ f o!rs4 ,em]son visit$ ! m>kets regul>ly1 conv]s$ ) ! m5 & wom5 f :om he b\ght1 & s\ght to le>n _! views on curr5t ev5ts4 ,/udy ! greate/ ?9k]s ! _w has kn[n1 & y w f9d _! memories to h be5 a /oreh\se ( ?\ght-mat]ials :i* !y analyz$1 sift$1 comp>$1 & =mulat$ into sy/ems t w9 ! admiration ( all :o love to ?9k4 ,,iv ,,basal ,,concepts ,,z ,,?\ght-,,mat]ial ,?\ght prop]1 z di/+ui%$ f o!r facts ( consci\sness1 may be adequately describ$ z ! act ( kn[+ or judg+ ( ?+s by means ( concepts4 ,,mansel4 ,we _c le>n all words ?r\gh o!r words4 ,!re is a l>ge & rapidly increas+ "p ( all mod]n vocabul>ies :i* c be compreh5d$ only by ! obs]vation ( nature1 sci5tific exp]im5t1--9 %ort1 by ! /udy ( ?+s4 ,,m>%4 ,! "q we ask ( ea* ?+ 7& ( ! :ole exp]i5ce7 is1 ,:at are y8 ,y h qualities :i* ,i f9d ev]y:]e else2 y\r color ,i f9d 9 o!r ?+s2 y\r texture & h>dness & odor & =m ,i f9d 9 o!r ?+s2 b !y are comb9$ 9 y 9 su* a way z to make y a ?+ by y\rself1 & n any?+ else4 ,& ,i want to "k :at y truly are1--9 %ort1 :at is y\r ess5ce1 :i* is also y\r idea1 & ! purpose or ( y\r exi/5ce4 ,,laurie4 ,,iv ,,basal ,,concepts ,,z ,,?\ght-,,mat]ial ,sid5ote3 ,build+ concepts4 ,! head may be lik5$ unto a wall$ city1 ) comp>atively few build+ mat]ials on ! inside1 & ) a limit$ numb] ( gate-ways ?r\gh :i* all o!r mat]ials = build+ purposes mu/ pass4 ,! walls are n made ( brick or /one1 b ( bone2 ! gate-ways are ! diff]5t s5ses ?r\gh :i* k ent]s ! m9d4 ,! build+ mat]ials on ! inside are intuitive ideas :i* take %ape 9 conjunction ) ! entrance ( mat]ials f )\t4 ,! /ructures :i* are built up out ( ! ideas )9 & ! s5se-impressions f )\t are individual & g5]al concepts4 ,take an orange4 ,its %ape1 color1 p>ts1 are kn[n ?r\gh ! eye4 ,its flavor1 z sweet or s\r1 is asc]ta9$ ?r\gh ta/e2 its odor ?r\gh smell2 its temp]ature1 %ape1 & "s o!r qualities ?r\gh t\*4 ,^! v>i\s s5se-impressions1 giv+ ! m9d a k ( ess5tial & accid5tal qualities & attributes1 are comb9$ 9 ! idea ( a p>ticul> orange4 ,if ! object 7 a bell1 its s\nd1 p>ts1 uses1 & qualities w\ld make impressions ?r\gh diff]5t gate-ways ( k2 ! build] inside w\ld comb9e !m into ! m or less complete idea ( ! object pres5t$ to ! s5ses4 ,f ea* s5se-impression ! m9d may get a p]cept2 ! syn!sis ( ^! p]cepts produces ! individual concept or notion4 ,x is helpful at ?is po9t cle>ly to di/+ui% betwe5 ess5tial & accid5tal attributes4 ,! orange may h be5 kept 9 ! op5 air :5 ! temp]ature is l[4 ,to ! h& x feels cold1 & ?is quality ent]s into ! idea ( ! fir/ orange :i* ! *ild has4 ,z o!r oranges :i* h be5 9 a w>m] atmosph]e are br\ght to ! *ild1 ! attribute cold is se5 to be accid5tal1--t is1 x is n a necess>y quality ( oranges 9 g5]al4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! qualities :i* are f\nd 9 e orange--_m ( !m h>d to describe 9 words--become fix$ 9 ! m9d z ess5tial attributes ( ! orange4 ,9 c\rse ( "t _m objects ( ! same k9d are pres5t$ to ! s5ses1 cogniz$ by comp>ison s z to reta9 ! ess5tial attributes & to omit ! accid5tals4 ,by ?is process ! g5]al notion or concept is =m$4 ,sid5ote3 ,gate-ways ( k4 ,x is self-evid5t t ! m9d's comp>isons & conclusions are unreliable 9 s f> z ! gate-ways ( k are defective4 ,few p]sons h p]fect e>s2 _m c nev] become exp]t tun]s ( pianos or reliable critics ( musical p]=mances4 ,! man :o is color-bl9d is n accept$ 9 ! railway s]vice or z an (fic] 9 ! navy4 ,! man :o is totally bl9d is nev] select$ z a guide 9 daylight4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! bl9d girl spok5 ( by ,bulw] c\ld f9d h] way bett] 9 ! d>kness ( ! la/ days ( ,pompeii ?an o!r p1 because %e 0 accu/om$ to rely ^u ! data furni%$ by ! o!r s5ses 9 mak+ h] way ?r\gh ! city1 & _h improv$ ^! z gate-ways ( k beyond ! ne$s ( ^? gift$ ) sight4 ,sid5ote3 ,f ?+s to symbols4 ,sid5ote3 ,f sign to ?+ or idea4 ,sid5ote3 ,! s5se to be address$4 ,9 build+ concepts ( objects 9 nature x w\ld be a great mi/ake to beg9 ) ! ^w in/ead ( ! ?+4 ,j z little z a bl9d man c conceive ! qualities color1 light1 d>kness1 ?r\gh m]e words1 s little c *ildr5 conceive classes ( objects :i* h nev] address$ ! s5ses4 ,h5ce great /ress has be5 laid by educational re=m]s ^u ! cultivation ( habits ( obs]vation1 ^u ! supreme necessity ( tea*+ by ! use ( objects1 or s-call$ object-lessons4 ,fir/1 ?+s1 !n words1 or signs = ?+s1 0 at "o "t a favorite maxim 9 treatises on tea*+4 ,consi/5t application ( ! maxim w\ld h bani%$ ! diction>y f ! s*ool-room1 or at lea/ its use z a means = asc]ta9+ ! mean+ ( words4 ,9 consult+ ! diction>y = ! mean+ ( a ^w1 we pass n f ! ?+ to its sign1 b 9 ! opposite direction1--t is1 f ! sign to ! ?+ signifi$1 f ! symbol to ! idea = :i* ! symbol /&s4 ,! ma9 ess5tial 9 good in/ruction is t ! words be made significant4 ,9 prim>y in/ruction ?is is be/ accompli%$ by pass+ f ! idea to ! ^w2 b 9 advanc$ in/ruction x is ( less importance :e!r we pass f ! ^w to ! idea or f ! idea to ! ^w4 ,! mean+ ( v _m words is acquir$ f ! connection 9 :i* !y are us$4 ,= ! mean+ ( ! l>g] numb] ( words 9 our vocabul>y we nev] consult a diction>y4 ,! f9] %ades ( mean+ we get n f def9itions1 b f quotations tak5 f /&>d au?ors4 ,?is fact %\ld nev] tempt ! tea*] to tru/ to words1 def9itions1 & descriptions 9 ! =mation ( basal concepts4 ,he %\ld seek to give unto himself a cle> & full acc\nt ( ! ?+s or ideas :i* _c spr+ f m]e words1 h[ev] skilfully arrang$ 9 s5t5ces4 ,! music-tea*] :o compla9$ ( ! public s*ools because a sev5-ye>-old *ild did n grasp 8 mean+ :5 he spoke ( half-notes1 qu>t]-notes1 eigh?-notes1 sixte5?-notes1 %\ld h kn[n t _m *ildr5 ( t age h nev] be5 taught fractions1 & t ! idea ( a fraction is obta9$ n f s\nds 7:o di/+ui%es betwe5 half a noise & a :ole noise871 b f objects :i* address ! eye4 ,in/ead ( compla9+ ab\t ! s*ool :i* ! pupil att5d$1 a tea*] acqua9t$ ) ! my/]ies ( 8 art w\ld h />t$ ) ! comp>ison ( ?+s visible2 & aft] hav+ develop$ ! idea ( halves1 qu>t]s1 eigh?s1 sixte5?s1 by ! division ( visible objects into equal p>ts1 he w\ld h appli$ ! idea to musical s\nds4 ,sid5ote3 ,diff]5t gate-ways = diff]5t ideas4 ,sid5ote3 ,integ]s4 ,9 seek+ to build 9 ! m9d ( ! le>n] ! concepts :i* lie at ! basis ( a new bran* ( /udy1 x is a legitimate "q to ask by :i* ( ! gate-ways ( k ! mat]ials or elem5ts = ! new idea c be/ be made to ent] ! m9d4 ,at ! basis ( ari?metic lies ! idea ( numb]1--an idea t is evok$ by ! "q ( h[ _m appli$ to a collection ( two or m units4 ,ta/e & smell mu/ be rul$ out f ! li/ ( s5ses :i* c be utiliz$ to advantage4 ,?ree taps on ! desk are z easily recogniz$ z ?ree m>ks or /rokes on ! black-bo>d4 ,! s5se ( t\* is helpful 9 pass+ f concrete to ab/ract numb]s4 ,to ?9k a numb] :5 ! correspond+ collection ( objects is n visible1 b is sugge/$ by tactile impressions1 helps to emancipate ! ?9k+ process f ! dom9ation ( ! eye2 9 o!r words1 x helps to sund] ! ?9k+ ( numb] f a specific s5se1 & ?us aids 9 ! evolution ( ! idea ( numb] ap>t f concrete objects4 ,sid5ote3 ,fractions4 ,z already indicat$1 !re are "s basal concepts1 l t ( a fraction1 9 ! developm5t ( :i* only "o s5se c be utiliz$ to advantage4 ,:il/ imp>t+ ! idea ( a :ole numb]1 ! appeal may be to ! eye1 ! e>1 & ! s5se ( t\*2 ! in/ruction design$ to imp>t ! idea ( fractions to ! normal *ild is limit$ to visible objects4 ,9 ! in/ruction ( ! bl9d ! o!r s5ses are address$ f necessity4 ,! ext5t to :i* t\* c supply ! function ( sight is full ( h9ts to tea*]s 9 *>ge ( pupils possess+ all ! gate-ways ( k4 ,sid5ote3 ,tea*+ decimals4 ,moreov]1 n all units are equally adapt$ = imp>t+ ! fir/ ideas ( a fraction4 ,half ( a /ick is /ill a /ick to ! *ild1 j z half ( a /one is /ill call$ a /one 9 common p>lance4 ,! half %\ld be radically diff]5t f ! unit2 h5ce an object resembl+ a sph]e or a circle is be/ adapt$ = ! fir/ lessons 9 fractions4 ,9 tea*+ decimals ! squ>e or rectangle is bett] ?an ! circle4 ,x is difficult to divide a circumf]5ce into t5 equal p>ts4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! squ>e is easily divid$ into t5?s by v]tical l9es1 & !n into hundr$?s by horizontal l9es1 ?us furni%+ also a conv5i5t device = ! fir/ lessons 9 p]c5tage4 ,sid5ote3 ,basal concepts4 ,sid5ote3 ,john ,fiske on symbolic conceptions4 ,x is "o ( ! aims ( ! tra9+-class & ! normal s*ool to po9t out ! be/ me?ods ( develop+ ! diff]5t basal concepts :i* lie at ! f\ndation ( ! bran*es to be taught4 ,_m ( ^! are complex1 & require great skill on ! "p ( ! tea*]4 ,! difficulty is well /at$ 9 ,john ,fiske's discussion ( ,symbolic ,conceptions4 ,he says1 8,( any simple object :i* c be grasp$ 9 a s+le act ( p]ception1 su* z a knife or a book1 an egg or an orange1 a circle or a triangle1 y c frame a conception :i* almo/1 or q exactly1 repres5ts ! object4 ,! picture1 or visual image1 9 y\r m9d :5 ! orange is pres5t to ! s5ses is almo/ exactly reproduc$ :5 x is abs5t4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! two lies *iefly 9 ! relative fa9tness ( ! latt]4 ,b z ! objects ( ?\ght increase 9 size & 9 complexity ( detail1 ! case soon comes to be v diff]5t4 ,y _c frame a truly repres5tative conception ( ! t[n 9 :i* y live1 h[ev] famili> y may be ) its /reets & h\ses1 its p>ks & trees1 & ! looks & demeanor ( ! t[nsm52 x is impossible to embrace s _m details 9 a s+le m5tal picture4 ,! m9d mu/ range to & fro among ! ph5om5a1 9 ord] to repres5t ! t[n 9 a s]ies ( conceptions4 ,b practically1 :at y h 9 m9d :5 y speak ( ! t[n is a fragm5t>y conception 9 :i* "s portion ( ! object is repres5t$1 :ile y are well aw>e t ) suffici5t pa9s a s]ies ( m5tal pictures c\ld be =m$ :i* w\ld approximately correspond to ! object4 ,to "s ext5t ! conception is repres5tative1 b to a great degree x is symbolic4 ,) a fur!r increase 9 ! size & complexity ( ! objects ( ?\ght1 our conceptions gradually lose _! repres5tative "*1 & at l5g? become purely symbolic4 ,no "o c =m a m5tal picture t answ]s ev5 approximately to ! e>?4 ,ev5 a homog5e\s ball eight ?\s& miles 9 diamet] is too va/ an object to be conceiv$ o!rwise ?an symbolically1 & mu* m is ?is true ( ! ball ^u :i* we live1 ) all its endless multi=mity ( detail4 ,we imag9e a globe1 & clo! x ) a few t]re/rial attributes1 & 9 our m9ds ?is fragm5t>y notion does duty z a symbol ( ! e>?4 8,! case becomes /ill m /rik+ :5 we h to deal ) conceptions ( ! univ]se1 ( cosmic =ces su* z light & heat1 or ( ! /up5d\s secul> *anges :i* mod]n sci5ce calls u to contemplate4 ,"h our conceptions _c ev5 pret5d to repres5t ! objects2 !y are z purely symbolic z ! algebraic equations :]eby ! geomet] expresses ! %apes ( curves4 ,yet s long z !re are means ( v]ification at our comm& we c reason z safely ) ^! symbolic conceptions z if !y 7 truly repres5tative4 ,! geomet] c at any mom5t translate 8 equation into an actual curve1 & !reby te/ ! results ( 8 reason+2 & ! case is simil> ) ! undulatory !ory ( light1 ! *emi/'s conception ( atomicity1 & o!r va/ /ret*es ( ?\ght :i* 9 rec5t times h revolutioniz$ our k ( nature4 ,! dang] 9 ! use ( symbolic conceptions is ! dang] ( fram+ illegitimate symbols t answ] to no?+ 9 heav5 or e>?1 z has happ5$ fir/ & la/ ) s _m %ort-liv$ !ories 9 sci5ce & 9 metaphysics40 ,! ^w conception z us$ 9 ?is quotation is synonym\s ) concept1 b else:]e x is also us$ 9 two o!r s5ses1--namely1 to signify ! m9d's p[] to conceive objects1 _! relations & classes1 & to "n ! activity by :i* ! concept is produc$4 ,h5ce ! t]m concept is pref]r$ 9 ?is discussion4 ,sid5ote3 ,concepts ( di/ance4 ,sid5ote3 ,l>ge cities4 ,to give a full acc\nt ( ! developm5t ( ! basal concepts 9 ! diff]5t bran*es ( /udy w\ld require a treatise on ! me?ods ( tea*+ ^! bran*es4 ,all t c be attempt$ is to draw att5tion to "s ( ! typical me?ods & devices adopt$ by em95t tea*]s 9 ! developm5t ( ! concepts :i* ,mr4 ,fiske calls symbolic conceptions4 ,di/ance is "o ( ! concepts at ! basis ( geography & a/ronomy4 ,to say t ! circumf]5ce ( ! e>? is tw5ty-five ?\s& miles1 t ! di/ance ( ! moon f ! e>? is two hundr$ & =ty ?\s& miles1 & t ! di/ance ( ! sun is n9ety-two & "o-half millions ( miles may mean v little to ! human m9d1 especially to ! m9d ( a *ild4 ,suppos+1 h[ev]1 t a boy f9ds a mile by actual measurem5t1 & t he f9ds he c walk f\r miles an h\r1 he c gradually rise to ! ?\ght ( walk+ =ty miles 9 a day ( t5 h\rs1 or two hundr$ & =ty miles 9 ! six work+ days ( a week4 ,9 "o hundr$ & f\r weeks1 or two ye>s1 he c\ld walk ar\nd ! globe4 ,to walk to ! moon w\ld require a ?\s& weeks1 or ab\t tw5ty ye>s4 ,x is by ! me?od ( gradual approa* t concepts ( great di/ance1 ( imm5se magnitudes1 ( ! inf9itely l>ge & ! inf9itely small1 mu/ be develop$4 ,to ?is category belong l>ge cities l ,new ,york & ,london1 quantities d5ot+ ! size ( ! e>? & its di/ance f ! sun & ! fix$ />s1 ! fraction ( a second 9 :i* a snap-%ot is tak51 or an electric fla% is photograph$2 su* quantities are apt to rema9 z m]e figures or symbols 9 ! m9d ( ! le>n] unless ! me?od ( gradual approa* is adopt$4 ,/>t+ ) a t[n or a w>d ) :i* ! pupil is famili>1 sev]al may be jo9$ 9 idea until ! concept ( a city ( fifty or sixty ?\s& population is rea*$4 ,x takes ab\t tw5ty ( ^! to make a city l ,philadelphia1 & five cities l ,philadelphia to make a city l ,london4 ,a lesson on h[ ,london is f$ w add mu* to ! =mation ( an adequate idea ( su* a l>ge city4#e ,sid5ote3 ,%ape ( ! e>?4 ,an adequate idea ( ! %ape ( ! e>? c be =m$ only by gradual developm5t4 ,! ?ree k9ds ( r\ndness 7doll>1 pill>1 ball7 mu/ be taught2 !n ! v>i\s easily intelligible reasons = believ+ x to be r\nd l a ball may foll[ 9 ! elem5t>y grade4 ,z ! pupil advances he may be told ( ! dispute betwe5 ,newton & ! ,fr5*1 ! =m] affirm+ x to be r\nd l an orange1--t is1 flatt5$ at ! poles1--! latt] ass]t+ t x resembl$ a lemon ) ! pol> axis long] ?an ! equatorial diamet]2 & h[1 by measur+ degrees ( latitude & f9d+ t _! l5g? increases z we approa* ! poles1 ! ,fr5* ma!maticians1 9 spite ( _! wi%es to ! contr>y1 prov$ ,newton's view to be correct4 ,! same lesson might be taught by />t+ ) ! rotation ( ! e>?1 %[+ by exp]im5t ! t5d5cy ( revolv+ bodies to bulge out at ! equator1 & !n draw+ ! inf]5ce t ! degrees ( latitude are %orte/ :]e ! curvature is greate/1 & t !y are longe/ :]e ! curvature is lea/4 ,ei!r me?od is /rictly logical2 b ! me?od :i* foll[s ! ord] ( discov]y1 :5ev] x is feasible1 is calculat$ to ar\se ! great] int]e/ 9 m9ds ( av]age capacity4 ,! tea*] :o is a ma/] ( 8 art w supplem5t ! hi/orical lesson by a lesson pass+ f cause to consequ5ce1 s z to fix & cl>ify ! concept =m$ by pass+ f ! gr\nd ( k to ! necess>y inf]5ce4 ,f9ally1 by draw+ att5tion to ! fact t ! equatorial diamet]s are n all ( ! same l5g?1 he w build up 9 ! pupil's m9d a concept ( ! real %ape ( ! e>?1--a %ape unlike any ma!matical figure treat$ ( 9 ! text-books on geometry4 ,! attempt to give a complete idea ( ! %ape ( ! e>? 9 ! fir/ lessons on geography w\ld h end$ 9 confusion ( ?\ght2 ! wise tea*] develops complex concepts gradually & n m rapidly ?an ! le>n] is able to advance4 ,?is process may be call$ enri*+ ! concept4 ,! successive concepts1 al?\gh only p>tial repres5tations ( :at is to be kn[n1 are adequate = ! ?9k+ requir$ at a giv5 /age ( developm5t2 ! numb] ( complete or exhau/ive concepts 9 any dep>tm5t ( k is small inde$4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ord] ( discov]y & ( in/ruction4 ,in/ructive z x (t5 is to foll[ ! ord] ( discov]y1 x mu/ n be inf]r$ t ?is is inv>iably ! be/ ord] ( in/ruction4 ,:at tea*] ( a/ronomy w\ld be s fooli% z to lead a /ud5t ?r\gh ! n9ete5 imag9>y pa?s :i* ,kepl] tri$ be=e he discov]$ t an elliptical orbit fitt$ ! record$ obs]vations ( ,ty*o ,brahe6#f ,mu* may be le>n$ f ! me?ods pursu$ by em95t tea*]s4 ,x w abundantly pay any tea*] ( sci5ce to /udy ,f>aday's lectures on ! *emi/ry ( a c&le1--a s]ies :i* = models ( develop+ ! fundam5tal concepts ( *emi/ry is unsurpass$4 ,! devices us$ by su* tea*]s are (t5 v sugge/ive4 ,= in/ance1 9 tea*+ ! concept ( ! new geography t ! e>? revolves n l a body ) a liquid int]ior1 b l a body ) an int]ior z rigid z glass1 ,"l ,kelv9 sugge/s a comp>ison ( ! sp9n+ ( a h>d-boil$ egg & ( an egg n boil$ at all1--an exp]im5t easily made 9 e s*ool-room4 ,sid5ote3 ,ideas ( great di/ances4 ,a few quotations f ! a/ronom] ,"y w %[ h[ concepts ( great di/ances c be develop$ s z to be m ?an a num]al ) a r[ ( ciph]s annex$3 8,if "o 7 to try to walk su* a di/ance1 suppos+ t he c\ld walk f\r miles an h\r1 & keep x up = t5 h\rs e day1 x w\ld take sixty-eight & "o-half ye>s to make a s+le million ( miles1 & m ?an sixty-?ree hundr$ ye>s to trav]se ! :ole4 ,if "s cele/ial railway c\ld be imag9$1 ! j\rney to ! sun1 ev5 if our tra9s ran sixty miles an h\r1 day & night1 )\t a /op1 w\ld require ov] "o hundr$ & sev5ty-five ye>s4 ,to borr[ ! curi\s illu/ration ( ,pr(essor ,m5d5hall1 if we c\ld imag9e an infant's arm long en\gh to enable him to t\* ! sun & burn himself1 he w\ld die ( old age be=e ! pa9 c\ld rea* him1 s9ce1 accord+ to ! exp]im5ts ( ,helmholtz & o!rs1 a n]v\s %ock is communicat$ only at ! rate ( "o hundr$ feet p] second1 or "o ?\s& six hundr$ & ?irty-sev5 miles a day1 & w\ld ne$ m ?an "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s to make ! j\rney4 ,s\nd w\ld d x 9 ab\t f\rte5 ye>s if x c\ld be transmitt$ ?r\gh cele/ial space1 & a cannon-ball 9 ab\t n9e1 if x 7 to move uni=mly ) ! same spe$ z :5 x left ! muzzle ( ! gun4 ,if ! e>? c\ld be sudd5ly /opp$ 9 h] orbit1 & all[$ to fall unob/ruct$ t[>ds ! sun "u ! accel]at+ influ5ce ( 8 attraction1 %e w\ld rea* ! c5tre 9 ab\t two mon?s4 ,i h said if %e c\ld be /opp$1 b su* is ! compass ( h] orbit t to make its circuit 9 a ye> %e has to move ne>ly n9ete5 miles a second1 or m ?an fifty times fa/] ?an ! swifte/ rifle-ball2 & 9 mov+ tw5ty miles h] pa? deviates f p]fect /raightness by less ?an "o-eigh? ( an in*40#g ,pr(essor ,"y uses a v sugge/ive device 9 8 a/ronomy = %[+ ! comp>ative sizes & di/ances ( heav5ly bodies3 8,repres5t+ ! sun by a globe two feet 9 diamet]1 ! e>? w\ld be tw5ty-two-hundr$?s ( an in* 9 diamet]--! size ( a v small pea or a #8tw5ty-two calib] r\nd pellet4' ,its di/ance f ! sun on t scale w\ld be j two hundr$ & tw5ty feet1 & ! ne>e/ /> 7/ill on ! same scale7 w\ld be eight ?\s& miles away at ! antipodes40#h ,sometimes ! employm5t ( a new unit aids 9 realiz+ ! idea ( v great di/ances4 ,! ord9>y a/ronomical unit is ! di/ance ( ! sun f ! e>?2 x is n l>ge en\gh to be conv5i5t 9 express+ ! di/ances ( fix$ />s4 ,h5ce a/ronom]s h f\nd x m satisfactory to take z a unit ! di/ance light travels 9 a ye>1 :i* is ab\t sixty-?ree ?\s& times ! di/ance ( ! sun f ! e>?4 ,! tables ( fix$ />s give di/ances 9 t]ms ( ?is unit f #c4e upw>d4 ,a glance at ^! figures fills ! m9d ) an idea ( ! inf9ite gr&eur ( ! univ]se & ) feel+s ( awe & sublimity ak9 to ^? :i* mu/ fill ! s\l on approa*+ ! ?rone ( ,almighty ,god4 ,sid5ote3 ,"t ( snap-%ot4 ,sci5ti/s ass]t t ! inf9itely great is m easily conceiv$ ?an ! inf9itely small2 t quantities repres5t$ by billions & trillions are m easily grasp$ ?an fractions ( a unit ) a million 9 ! d5om9ator2 t ages ( "t are m easily compreh5d$ ?an fractions ( a second4 ,9 a lecture deliv]$ at ! ,int]national ,electrical ,exhibition1 ,pr(essor ,*>les ,f4 ,himes employ$ a v +5i\s device = giv+ an idea ( h[ a 8snap-%ot0 may be made1 or a photographic impression tak5 ( an electric sp>k1 or a fla% ( lightn+4 ,he exhibit$ a photograph ( ! sp>ks ( a ,holtz ma*9e1 :i* are ( %ort] duration ?an any in/antane\s drop or slide c\ld be made to give4 8,!y impress$ !mselves ^u an ord9>y collodion plate z !y pass$4 ,suppose we assume "o-tw5ty-?\s&? ( a second z ! "t1 & we w be )9 b\nds4 ,t is a fraction difficult to compreh5d4 ,our m5tal divid+ eng9e fails z we "w t[>ds z]o4 ,! tw5ty-?\s&? ( a second is s small t x eludes our m5tal grasp4444 ,look+ at x f ano!r po9t ( view1 let u reg>d ! effect z a space-effect in/ead ( a "t-effect4 ,light has a velocity1 9 r\nd numb]s1 ( "o hundr$ & n9ety ?\s& miles p] second4 ,t w\ld be "o hundr$ & n9ety miles 9 "o-?\s&? ( a second1 n9ete5 9 "o-t5-?\s&?1 or1 say1 t5 miles 9 our "o-tw5ty-?\s&? ( a second4 ,t5 miles ( light drive 9 ^u our plate 9 t "t2 or1 if we held ! corpuscul> !ory ( ,newton1 a *a9 ( ^! little pellets t5 miles long w\ld h deliv]$ !mselves ^u ! s5sitive surfaces4 ,t5 miles is compreh5sible1 "o mile is1 s t we c\ld easily conceive ( an effect 9 "o-t5? ( ! "t all[$ to our electric sp>ks4 ,b let u take ano!r look at x4 ,light is n corpuscles1 b undulations1 t9y wavelets1 ripplets ( e!r1 eight hundr$ million million 9 a second = violet1 a numb] we c easily und]/&1 z ,sir ,william ,?omson#i has told u4 ,t w\ld make eight hundr$ ?\s& million 9 "o-?\s&?1 eight ?\s& million 9 "o-t5-?\s&?1 or =ty ?\s& million impulses /rik+ our s5sitive molecules 9 our "o-tw5ty-?\s&? ( a second4 ,surely t numb] %\ld produce an effect4 ,we c readily conceive t "o ?\s& million wavelets w\ld produce an appreciable effect4 ,!y w\ld repres5t "o-eight-hundr$-?\s&? ( a second1 say "o-million? ( a second4 ,t w\ld seem1 !n1 to be ample "t to produce a photographic effect40#aj ,sid5ote3 ,idea ( total depravity4 ,_m tea*]s ( sci5ce sp5d all _! sp>e "t 9 read+ sci5tific lit]ature & 9 po/+ !mselves ^u ! late/ a*ievem5ts 9 _! specialty4 ,x might be to !m a less delightful occupation if !y trav]s$ fields ( inve/igation already well explor$ = ! purpose ( see+ h[ ! /ud5t c be l$ ov] ^! mo/ exp$iti\sly & ) m9imum exp5diture ( "t & ef=t4 ,?\ght be/[$ ^u ! be/ way ( imp>t+ ! elem5ts ( sci5ce w\ld h a mo/ b5eficial effect ^u _! me?ods ( in/ruction1 & w\ld greatly increase _! skill 9 tea*+4 ,_m ( ! mo/ ab/ruse & complex ideas c be resolv$ by analysis into _! elem5ts1 & !reby be made intelligible to p ( ord9>y tra9+4 ,an em95t tea*] ( !ology felt call$ ^u to imp>t to a promiscu\s audi5ce an idea ( ! doctr9e ( total depravity z taught by ! ,*ur*4 ,he />t$ by ref]r+ fir/ to ! popul> mi/ake t ! doctr9e tea*es ! utt] depravity ( ! human race1 !n to ! anci5t h]esy t ! depravity ( human nature resides 9 ! body1 & n 9 ! s\l1 &1 f9ally1 to ! mean+ ( total z signify+ n t man is z bad z he c become1 b t he is deprav$1 or has a t5d5cy t[>ds s9 n m]ely 9 8 physical body1 b 9 ! totality ( 8 be+4 ,analysis prep>$ !m to see t by total depravity is n meant t m5 are z bad z !y c be1 nor t !y d n h 9 _! natural condition c]ta9 amiable qualities or c]ta9 laudable virtues2 t ! doctr9e means t depravity1 or ! s9ful condition ( man1 infects ! :ole man1--intellect1 feel+1 he>t1 & w1--& t 9 ea* unr5ew$ p]son "s l[] affection1 & n ! love ( ,god1 is supreme4 ,su* analysis ( a complex concept into its elem5ts1 ! explicit sett+ =? :at x is & :at x is n1 foll[$ by ! syn!sis ( ! p>ts into a ?\ght-unit1 is ! plan pursu$ by ! be/ tea*]s 9 tea*+ difficult subjects4 ,by analysis we resolve complex concepts into _! elem5ts1 :i* may be simple p]cepts or _! relations4 ,?+s are sep>at$ 9 ?\ght :i* g toge!r 9 "t1 space1 motion1 =ce1 or sub/ance4 ,e ess5tial attribute or con/itu5t c !n be view$ by itself until ! m9d has gone ar\nd x ) ! b\nd+ l9e ( ?\ght1 grasp$ its nature & ess5ce1 & explor$ x 9 its diff]5t aspects & relations4 ,9 ?is way ! mo/ ab/ruse subjects are %orn ( _! difficulties1 ! mo/ complex problems are solv$ & elucidat$4 ,sid5ote3 ,value ( analysis4 ,! be>+ ( all ?is ^u ! art ( tea*+ is easily %[n4 ,a tea*] ( geometry1 ^: m9d 0 q logical1 fail$1 ?r\gh lack ( p[]1 to make ?+s pla94 ,if ! class did n grasp ! demon/ration ( a !orem1 he inv>iably />t$ at ! beg9n+1 tri$ to ?r[ light ^u e l9k 9 ! *a9 ( pro(1 & by ! "t he rea*$ ! po9t ( difficulty ! memb]s ( ! class 7 ?9k+ ( some?+ else4 ,a y\ng] colleague pursu$ a diff]5t plan4 ,/>t+ "s pupil ^u ! demon/ration1 he detect$ ! difficulty1 & by a few words ( explanation1 or by a well-fram$ "q1 he focuss$ att5tion ^u ! simple elem5ts1 into :i* he resolv$ ! difficulty1 & frequ5tly surpris$ ! class by %[+ ! simplicity ( :at _h puzzl$ _! m9ds4 ,"u ! cl>ify+ light ( analysis half ! difficulties & half ! sophi/ries ( human ?9k+ vani% l dew & mi/ be=e ! morn+ sun4 ,sid5ote3 ,! moral nature4 ,= ! purpose ( mak+ an impression ^u ! moral nature ^w-pa9t+ is sometimes v helpful4 ,all ! text-books on physiology & hygi5e int5d$ = use 9 ! public s*ools seek to tea* ! evils ( /rong dr9k by %[+ ! effect ( alcoholic /imulants ^u diff]5t p>ts ( ! human sy/em4 ,yet ! mo/ exhau/ive lessons on h[ :iskey is made1 & :at are its exhil>at+ & its p]nici\s effects1 _c equal ! effects ( ! ^w pa9t+ ( ,rob]t ,+]soll & ! p>aphrase by ,dr4 ,buckley4 ,9 mak+ a gift to a fri5d ! =m] p5n$ ! foll[+ eulogy on :iskey3 8,i s5d y "s ( ! mo/ wond]ful :iskey t ev] drove ! skeleton f ! fea/ or pa9t$ l&scapes 9 ! bra9 ( man4 ,x is ! m+l$ s\ls ( :eat & corn4 ,9 x y w f9d ! sun%9e & ! %ad[ t *as$ ea* o!r ov] ! bill[y fields1 ! brea? ( ,june1 ! c>ol ( ! l>k1 ! dew ( night1 ! weal? ( summ]1 & autumn's ri* cont5t1 all gold5 ) imprison$ light4 ,dr9k x1 & y w he> ! voice ( m5 & maid5s s++ ! #8,h>ve/ ,home1' m+l$ ) ! laught] ( *ildr54 ,dr9k x1 & y w feel )9 y\r blood ! />lit dawns1 ! dreamy1 tawny dusks ( p]fect days4 ,= =ty ye>s ?is liquid joy has be5 )9 ! /aves ( oak1 long+ to t\* ! lips ( man40 ,?is 0 ,dr4 ,buckley's /atem5t ( ! o!r side3 8,i s5d y "s ( ! mo/ wond]ful :iskey t ev] br\ght a skeleton into ! closet1 or pa9t$ sc5es ( lu/ & blood%$ 9 ! bra9 ( man4 ,x is ! gho/s ( :eat & corn1 craz$ by ! loss ( _! natural bodies4 ,9 x y w f9d a transi5t sun%9e *as$ by a %ad[ z cold z an ,arctic midnight1 9 :i* ! brea? ( ,june gr[s icy & ! c>ol ( ! l>k gives place to ! =ebod+ cry ( ! rav54 ,dr9k x1 & y %all h #8woe1' #8sorr[1' #8babbl+1' & #8w\nds )\t cause4' ,y\r eyes %all behold /range wom51 & #8y\r he>t %all utt] p]v]se ?+s4' ,dr9k x deep1 & y %all he> ! voices ( demons %riek+1 wom5 wail+1 & worse ?an orphan$ *ildr5 m\rn+ ! loss ( a fa!r :o yet lives4 ,dr9k x deep & long1 & s]p5ts w hiss 9 y\r e>s1 coil !mselves ab\t y\r neck1 & seize y ) _! fangs2 = at ! la/ x bite? l a s]p5t & /+e? l an add]4 ,= =ty ye>s ?is liquid dea? has be5 )9 /aves ( oak1 h>mless !re z pure/ wat]4 ,i s5d x to y t y may put an enemy 9 y\r m\? to /eal away y\r bra9s1 & yet ,i call myself y\r fri5d40 ,sid5ote3 ,! languages4 ,!re comes a /age ( developm5t ( ! le>n] at :i* ! ^w itself becomes ! object ( ?\ght4 ,words are !n classifi$ z p>ts ( spee*1 & _! function 9 s5t5ces is /udi$4 ,_! prop]ties & end+s mu/ be le>n$ & comp>$4 ,!re is abundant room = ?\ght 9 ! elev5 hundr$ v>iations ( ! ,greek v]b4 ,! v>iations ( words by decl5sion & conjugation c be made ! mat]ial = ?\ght1 & z ^! are always at h& 9 ! text-book1 no excursions to ! field be+ ne$$ to secure specim5s1 & no prep>ation ( difficult exp]im5ts be+ requir$ on ! "p ( ! tea*]1 ! anci5t languages h held _! own 9 ! s*ools ) mo/ wond]ful t5acity4 ,! /udy ( language has n m]ely ! advantage ( supply+ mat]ial = ?\ght 9 ! words1 grammatical =ms1 & s5t5ces :i* are always at h& 9 ! text1 b ?r\gh ! classics x br+s ! le>n] into intellectual contact ) ! be/ ?\ghts ( ! be/ m5 9 anci5t & mod]n times4 ,to translate an au?or l ,virgil or ,demo/h5es is to ?9k ! ?\ghts ( a ma/] m9d1 to weigh words z 9 a mo/ nicely adju/$ balance1 & f9ally to arrange !m 9 s5t5ces t %all adequately convey ! mean+ ( ! orig9al text4 ,sid5ote3 ,sci5ce4 ,sci5ce is1 ( c\rse1 a product ( ! human m9d1 q z mu* z ! s-call$ humanities1 & answ]s ! same purpose :5 /udi$ z lit]ature2 b !n x ceases to h ! value ( tra9+ ! intellect 9 ! rigid me?ods ( orig9al rese>* & sci5tific inve/igation4 ,:il/ x is ! function ( ! laboratory to initiate ! /ud5t into ! my/]ies ( ! me?ods by :i* new discov]ies are made & v]ifi$1 & ?us to enable him to avail himself ( ! labors ( o!rs ?r\gh _! publications1 x does n br+ ! /ud5t into liv+ contact ) human hopes1 emotions1 & aspirations z d ! poems ( ,goe!1 ,s*ill]1 & ,%akespe>e4 ,sid5ote3 ,hi/ory4 ,hi/ory deals ) :at man has a*iev$4 ,! mat]ials = ?\ght :i* x furni%es are mo/ly 9 ! %ape ( ! te/imony ( eye-witnesses & o!r orig9al s\rces ( in=mation4 ,! incid5ts1 ! a*ievem5ts1 ! /ruggles1 ! victories & ! defeats1 ! ?\ghts1 feel+s1 & exp]i5ces ( hi/oric p]sonages1 are an inexhau/ible supply ( mat]ial f :i* au?ors1 editors1 & orators draw illu/rations1 figures ( spee*1 & o!r matt] = _! ?9k+4 ,"h is a field :i* mu/ n be neglect$ by ^? :o w\ld influ5ce _! fell[s or figure z lead]s ( m54 ,sid5ote3 ,vigor\s ?9k+4 ,"s m9ds are sl[ at ga!r+ mat]ials2 yet !y ?9k vigor\sly4 ,!y look at facts & ideas f e possible po9t ( view1 explore _! nature & relations1 _! cont5t & ext5t1 & po9t out _! be>+ ^u o!r ?+s by ! conclusions !y rea*4 ,sometimes !y g a/ray because !y d n h suffici5t data to w>rant a conclusion4 ,_! condition resembles t ( ! ,k+ ( ,siam1 :o did n believe t wat] c\ld become solid because he _h be5 9 ! n9e po9ts ( 8 k+dom & _h n se5 ice4 ,sid5ote3 ,intellectual gluttony4 ,o!r m5 are intellectual gluttons4 ,!y keep p\r+ into !mselves k f e qu>t]1 c>ry x 9 _! m9ds z ! ov]load$ /oma* c>ries food1 & end 9 m5tal dyspepsia4 ,bett] ! man ) few ideas1 :o c apply ^! 9 practical life1 ?an ! man ( erudition :o _c apply 8 k4 ,too little food produces inanition & />vation2 too mu* food br+s on dyspepsia & a ho/ ( o!r ills & di/emp]s4 ,! haphaz>d selection ( /udies by inexp]i5c$ y\? f ! l>ge li/ ( electives (f]$ by a great univ]sity is apt to result ei!r 9 m5tal ov]fe$+ or 9 intellectual />vation4 ,! m9d c be rightly =m$ only :5 x is rightly in=m$4 ,to expect satisfactory ?\ght-products :5 ! m9d lacks prop] mat]ials to act ^u w\ld be z irrational z to expect good gri/ f a fl\r-mill ^: supply ( gra9 is defici5t 9 quality & quantity4 ,9 ! process ( mak+ fl\r v mu* dep5ds ^u ! in/rum5ts employ$4 ,! rude implem5ts ( antiquity1 ! buhr-/ones ( our fa!rs1 & ! improv$ ma*9]y ( ! roll] process make a diff]5ce 9 ! product1 ev5 ?\gh ! same quality ( gra9 is us$4 ,9 ! elaboration ( ! ?\ght-mat]ial ! well-educat$ man uses in/rum5ts :i* may be lik5$ to our mod]n inv5tions = sav+ labor 9 ! doma9 ( ! me*anic arts4 ,^! in/rum5ts ( ?\ght w next claim our att5tion4 ,v ,,! ,,in/rum5ts ,,( ,,?\ght ,b words are ?+s2 & a small drop ( ink ,fall+1 l dew1 ^u ?\ght1 produces ,t :i* makes ?\s&s1 p]haps millions1 ?9k4 ,,byron4 ,con/ant ?\ght w ov]fl[ 9 words unconsci\sly4 ,,byron4 ,! great ,lagrange specifies among ! _m advantages ( algebraic notation t x expresses tru?s m g5]al ?an ^? :i* 7 at fir/ contemplat$1 s t by avail+ ourselves ( su* ext5sions we may develop a multitude ( new tru?s f =mul f\nd$ on limit$ tru?s4 ,a glance at ! hi/ory ( sci5ce w %[ ?is4 ,= example1 :5 ,kepl] conceiv$ ! happy idea ( inf9itely great & inf9itely small quantities 7an idea at :i* common s5se mu/ h %ak5 its head pity+ly71 he devis$ an in/rum5t :i* 9 exp]t h&s may be made to rea* conclusions = an inf9ite s]ies ( approximations )\t ! inf9ite labor ( go+ successively ?r\gh ^!4 ,aga91 :5 ,napi] inv5t$ log>i?ms1 ev5 he _h no suspicion ( ! value ( ?is in/rum5t4 ,he calculat$ ! tables m]ely to facilitate ari?metical computation1 little dream+ t he 0 at ! same "t con/ruct+ a scale :]eon to measure ! d5sity ( ! /rata ( ! atmosph]e1 ! height ( ! m\nta9s1 ! areas ( innum]able curves1 & ! relation ( /imuli to s5sations4 ,,lewes',s ,,problems ,,( ,,life ,,& ,,m9d4 ,v ,,! ,,in/rum5ts ,,( ,,?\ght ,sid5ote3 ,labor-sav+ 9 ?9k+4 ,sid5ote3 ,squ>+ ! circle4 ,( ! p :o1 ?\gh inh]it+ a ri* v]nacul> l ! ,engli%1 sp5d _! lives 9 ! r\t9e ( a f>m1 a trade1 or a /ore1 v few h an adequate conception ( ! labor-sav+ in/rum5ts & appliances :i* mod]n civilization places at ! disposal ( ! ?9k]4 ,! ma*9]y by :i* "o man does z mu* z a ?\s& h&s =m]ly did is n a :it m wond]ful ?an ! mod]n appliances = rea*+ results 9 ! doma9 ( ?\ght4 ,ref]5ce might be made to ! ma*9es = add+ us$ 9 c\nt+-h\ses1 to ! tables ( int]e/ us$ by bank]s1 to ! tables ( log>i?ms by :i* x is z easy to f9d ! "o-hundr$? p[] z ! squ>e ( a numb]4 ,! la/ nam$ h1 s to speak1 multipli$ ! lives ( a/ronom]s by enabl+ !m to make 9 a %ort "t calculations t =m]ly occupi$ mon?s1 & ev5 ye>s4 ,x is n necess>y to discuss ^!2 _! value is app>5t at a glance4 ,b ! value ( a ri* vocabul>y1 ! function ( ! symbols & =mulas ( *emi/ry1 physics1 ma!matics1 & o!r sci5ces1 & ! advantages d]iv$ f ! use ( ! te*nical t]ms peculi> to e doma9 ( ?\ght are n s easily se54 ,! tea*] :o fails at ! "r "t to put ! pupils 9 possession ( ^! in/rum5ts ( ?\ght cripples _! ?9k+1 wa/es _! "t & ef=t1 & s]i\sly m>s _! progress4 ,h5ce x is wor? :ile to devote a *apt] or two to ! consid]ation ( in/rum5ts ( ?\ght1 = ! purpose ( %[+ h[1 by means ( !m1 ?9k+ is made easi] & m effective4 ,let "s "o write ! am\nts 9 a l$g] column by ! ,roman notation1 !n endeavor to add !m )\t us+ any figures ( ! ,arabic notation1 ei!r 9 8 m9d or 9 any o!r way1 & he w soon realize :at a labor-sav+ device our t5 digits are4 ,!n let him face ! problem ( squ>+ ! circle z x confront$ ,ar*im$es1 us+ ! obvi\s tru? t ! p]imet] ( an inscrib$ polygon is less1 :ile ! p]imet] ( ! circumscrib$ polygon is great] ?an ! circumf]5ce ( ! circle1 & long be=e 8 calculations rea* ! regul> polygon ( n9ety-six sides 7:i* is z f> z ,ar*im$es c>ri$ x71 he w realize h[ ! great ,syracusan 0 hamp]$ by ! lack ( ! ari?metical notation n[ 9 use4 ,next1 suppos+ himself 9 possession ( ! ,arabic me?od ( notation1 let him conceive ! labor ( ,rudolph von ,ceul51 :o1 be=e log>i?ms 7 kn[n1 comput$ ! ratio ( ! circumf]5ce to ! diamet] to ?irty-five decimal places1--an a*ievem5t consid]$ s great t ! result 0 inscrib$ ^u 8 tomb/one1--& !n1 turn+ to ! calculus1 let him exam9e ! =mulas by :i* ,claus5 & ,dase1 ( ,g]many1 comput+ indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r1 c>ri$ out ! value to two hundr$ decimal places1 _! results agree+ to ! la/ figure2 ?is w give him a conception ( ! sup]ior in/rum5ts ( ?\ght inv5t$ by ^? :o develop$ ! calculus4 ,8 idea ( ! labor-sav+ devices introduc$ by ! calculus w be height5$ /ill m on le>n+ t ,mr4 ,%anks1 ( ,durham1 ,engl&1 c>ri$ ! calculation to six hundr$ & sev5 decimal places1--a result s ne>ly accurate t if x 7 correctly us$ 9 calculat+ ! circumf]5ce ( ! visible univ]se1 ! possible error w\ld be inappreciable 9 ! mo/ p[]ful microscope4 ,on fur!r le>n+ t 9 #ahhb ,l9deman1 ( ,knigsb]g1 rigor\sly prov$ ?is ratio1 commonly repres5t$ by ! symbol 1 to be incapable ( repres5tation z ! root ( any algebraic equation :atev] ) rational coeffici5ts1 he w n only refra9 f jo9+ ! common h]d ( squ>]s ( ! circle1 b no fur!r argum5t w be ne$$ to %[ ! nature & value ( ! labor-sav+ devices introduc$ into ! doma9 ( ?\ght by mod]n ma!matics4 ,s9ce x is unreasonable to expect t e read] %all be famili> ) high] ma!matics1 ! duty ( us+ simpl] illu/rations _c be evad$4 ,=tunately = ! purpose 9 h&1 ! book ( exp]i5ce furni%es ^! ) an abundance t is almo/ bewild]+4 ,sid5ote3 ,*emi/ry4 ,a pr(essor ( *emi/ry 0 lectur+ to an audi5ce ( tea*]s on agriculture4 ,:5 he began to write ^u ! black-bo>d !y smil$ at 8 spell+4 ,iron he wrote ,fe4 ,wat] he spell$ ,h,o4 ,!y soon saw t he 0 us+ ! in/rum5ts ( ?\ght furni%$ by a sci5ce ) :i*1 un=tunately1 few ( !m 7 famili>4 ,he _h f\nd t ! use ( ^! *emical symbols made 8 ?9k+ z mu* sup]ior to t ( ! ord9>y man z ! "w ( ! y\? ^u a self-b9d] is sup]ior to t ( ! giant work+ ) no bett] in/rum5t ?an ! sickle ( our =efa!rs4 ,sid5ote3 ,arabic notation4 ,! s*ool furni%es num]\s examples to illu/rate ?is po9t4 ,:5 ! tea*]s ( a well-kn[n city began ! use ( objects to imp>t ! ideas ( numb] & ( ! fundam5tal rules 9 ari?metic1 ! int]e/ ( ! pupils & _! facility 9 calculation grew wond]fully4 ,! tea*+ 0 9 accordance ) ! laws ( m5tal gr[?4 ,= fe> ! pupils w\ld manipulate ! ,arabic figures )\t correspond+ ideas1 collections & equal p>ts ( objects 7 drawn ^u ! slate to illu/rate addition & subtraction ( integ]s & fractions4 ,! plan 0 foll[$ = ye>s & c>ri$ upw>d ?r\gh ! grades4 ,f9ally ! pupils 7 exam9$ = admission into ! high s*ool4 ,a problem involv+ ! f\r fundam5tal rules 9 comb9ations :i* c\ld n be illu/rat$ by pictures ( objects1 or ! objects !mselves1 0 set = solution4 ,out ( fifty-n9e applicants1 only t5 succe$$ 9 giv+ ! correct answ]4 ,! same k9d ( problem 0 giv5 ?ree times by ?ree diff]5t p]sons1 & ) practically ! same outcome4 ,! tea*]s realiz$ t !y _h kept up = too long a "t ! ?9k+ 9 ?+s1 in/ead ( drill+ ! pupils ^u ! process ( ?9k+ 9 ! symbols ( ! ,arabic notation4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 possible to ?9k numb] )\t us+ ! ,arabic digits4 ,! ,romans did s by means ( _! c\nt+-bo>ds1 & ! ,*9ese d s by devices ( _! own4 ,! *>act]s :i* 7 br\ght into ,we/]n ,europe ?r\gh ,arabic influ5ces are d]iv$1 accord+ to ,max ,muell]1 f ! fir/ lett]s ( ! ,sanskrit words = ! fir/ t5 num]als4 ,_! use facilitat$ calculation to su* an ext5t t ari?metic gradually ceas$ to be ! pr]ogative ( slaves & ecclesia/ics2 its op]ations began to be und]/ood by freem5 & by ! nobility4 ,if *ildr5 are d5i$ ! use ( objects 9 _! e>ly lessons 9 numb]1 !y resort to c\nt+ on _! f+]s4 ,if !y are n l$ f ?is ?9k+ on _! f+]s to ?9k+ 9 figures1 !y w nev] become exp]t 9 ari?metic4 ,sometimes ! f+]s no long] move1 b ! m9d conceives pictures ( ! h&1 & ! m9d's eye runs along ! f+]s ( h&s n visible to ! corporeal eye4 ,x is equally bad if ! pupils nev] ?9k numb] except by m5tal pictures ( blocks1 /icks1 balls1 & ! l4 ,:5 ! pupil sees #g #i1 he %\ld n conceive sev5 heaps ( n9e %oe-pegs ea*1 & !n a re>rangem5t into six gr\ps ( t5 %oe-pegs1 & ?ree /ray ones alongside ( ^! gr\ps2 b in/antane\sly ! symbols #g #i %\ld sugge/1 ) un]r+ accuracy1 ! result1--#fc4 ,sid5ote3 ,fractions4 ,9 ! s*ools ( ano!r di/rict ! pr9cipal propos$ concrete "w 9 fractions4 ,! tea*]s & pupils began to divide ?+s into halves1 & ?irds1 & f\r?s1 & six?s4 ,!y add$ & subtract$ by subdivid+ ^! into fractions t d5ot$ equal p>ts ( a unit4 ,:il/ ! *>m ( novelty /ill clung to ! process1 a /rang] :o visit$ ! s*ools ask$ "o ( ! tea*]s h[ ! pupils & p>5ts lik$ ! *ange4 8,ev]ybody is delight$10 0 ! exclamation4 ,a ye> lat] ! same tea*] 0 ask$ by ! visitor1 8,h[ are y succe$+ ) y\r concrete "w 9 fractions80 ,) a deject$ air %e repli$1 8,we are disappo9t$ ) ! results40 8,j z ,i expect$10 exclaim$ ! visitor2 8= y 7 mak+ ! *ildr5 ?9k on ! level ( b>b>ism1 in/ead ( tea*+ !m to use ! tools & labor-sav+ ma*9]y ( mod]n civilization40 ,sid5ote3 ,reckon+ int]e/4 ,/ill ano!r incid5t1 tak5 f actual life1 w s]ve to ?r[ light ^u ! subject "u discussion4 ,9 ! boom+ days ( ! iron indu/ry a labor] _h sav$ & put out at int]e/ twelve hundr$ doll>s4 ,! rate 0 six p] c5t41 & no int]e/ _h be5 paid = "o ye> & f\r mon?s4 ,unable to reckon int]e/ ) figures1 ! toil] ask$ ! pr9cipal ( ! s*ools to tell him ! am\nt ( int]e/ due4 ,next day he greet$ ! pr9cipal by ask+1 8,did y n make a mi/ake 9 y\r calculation80 ,! reply 01 8,9 my hurry to avoid be+ late at s*ool ,i may h made a mi/ake40 ,he f\nd t ! man 0 "r1 & curiosity l$ him to ask h[ ! error _h be5 detect$4 8,i reckon$ x10 said ! man4 ,?is ar\s$ /ill great] curiosity2 = ! pr9cipal knew t1 beyond ! ability to c\nt1 ! man _h no k ( ari?metic4 ,by agreem5t !y met on ,saturday aft]noon1 s t ! man might %[ 8 me?od ( reckon+ int]e/4 ,at ! appo9t$ h\r ! man laid six p5nies on ! floor to d5ote a ye>'s int]e/ on "o doll>1 & !n laid two p5nies alongside ( ^! z ! additional int]e/ on a doll> = f\r mon?s4 ,! supply ( p5nies be+ exhau/$1 he made /rokes ) *alk1 & proce$$ to d ?is twelve hundr$ times1 & !n to c\nt !m = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ ! int]e/4 ,x 0 ?9k+ 9 ?+s ) a v5geance4 ,& yet ! mak+ ( /rokes ) *alk 0 a /ep 9 symbolic repres5tation1 & %[s ! innate t5d5cy ( ! human m9d to use symbols 9 ?9k+4 ,sid5ote3 ,words4 ,sid5ote3 ,dialects4 ,ev5 ! words us$ 9 c\nt+ are symbols4 ,9 fact1 e ^w t signifies any?+ is a symbol us$ by ! m9d to indicate an idea m or less complex1 z well z ! ?+ or ?+s or relation ( ?+s 9 ! ext]nal _w :i* corresponds to ! idea4 ,9 advanc$ ?9k+ ! words d5ote ideas m & m complex z ! problems gr[ 9 difficulty or involve m ( ! ab/ract & g5]al concepts "u :i* ! m9d classifies ! objects ( :i* x takes cognizance4 ,?is is m l>gely true ( ! words 9 a develop$ language ?an x is ( a dialect ) little or no lit]ature4 ,a ref]5ce to ! writ]'s e>ly home w be p>don$ 9 ?is connection4 ,8 fa!r1 a pla9 f>m] 9 ,ea/]n ,p5nsylvania1 s5t f\r sons ?r\gh college & gave ea* ( !m a pr(essional or univ]sity education4 ,:5 !y ga!r "u ! p>5tal ro( !y use ! dialect ( _! e>ly days 9 discuss+ life on ! f>m & 9 rehe>s+ ! funny exp]i5ces ( _! boyhood2 b :5 !y discuss a "q 9 sci5ce or ma!matics1 9 law1 m$ic9e1 or !ology1 !y drop ! dialect ( _! boyhood & use ! in/rum5ts ( ?\ght furni%$ by languages hav+ a lit]ature4 ,"s "o has faceti\sly said ( "o t[n 9 ! ,lehigh ,valley t ! p pray 9 sev5 languages & swe> 9 eight4 ,x is a witty /atem5t ( an actual fact4 ,! ,wel%man c pray z well z swe> 9 8 native tongue4 ,! ,p5nsylvania ,g]man c v5t 8 feel+s fully 9 8 own dialect :5 he gr[s pr(ane4 ,z soon z he says 8 pray]s he rev]ts to ! language ( ! pulpit & ( ,lu!r's ,bible because he !re f9ds ! words :i* express ! deepe/ wants & emotions ( ! human s\l4 ,sid5ote3 ,melan*?on4 ,sid5ote3 ,gr[? ( ! ,g]man language4 ,sid5ote3 ,value ( a ri* vocabul>y4 ,:5 ,melan*?on prep>$ ! ,saxony s*ool plan he insi/$ t pupils %\ld read ,lat91 write ,lat91 & speak ,lat9 to ! exclusion ( ! "m tongue4 ,if an educator ( to-day %\ld advocate ?is policy 9 ! fa!rl&1 he w\ld be bani%$4 ,melan*?on1 surnam$ preceptor ,g]mani1 knew :at he 0 ab\t4 ,he taught at a "t :5 tea*]s ( ! humanities lam5t$ t *ildr5 7 born 9 ! homes ( p>5ts speak+ ,g]man4 ,he lectur$ at a "t :5 ,lu!r & 8 colleagues 7 visit+ m>ket-places to talk ) ! peasants = ! purpose ( ga!r+ words & phrases by :i* ! ,new ,te/am5t might be adequately r5d]$ 9 ! v]nacul> ( ! common p4 ,a developm5t ext5d+ ov] "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s 0 requir$ be=e ! lectur]s at ! univ]sities f\nd 9 x en\gh words & phrases to s]ve z in/rum5ts ( ?\ght = purposes ( advanc$ inve/igation & ratioc9ation4 ,s ri* & flexible has ! ,g]man become t ,voss succe$$ 9 translat+ ,hom] into ,g]man1 us+ ! same metre1 ! same numb] ( l9es1 )\t add+ to or subtract+ f ! ideas ( ! orig9al4 ,s*legel's translation ( ,%akespe>e is equally fam\s & equally successful4 ,bo? ( ^! ma/]pieces %[ h[ ess5tial a ri* vocabul>y is 9 r5d]+ or 9 reproduc+ ! be/ ?\ghts ( ! be/ m9ds2 !y %[ ! importance ( l+ui/ic developm5t & l+ui/ic tea*+4 ,= purposes ( ?\ght & culture a ri* "m tongue is ( untold advantage4 ,x is a great bless+ to be born & rais$ 9 a home presid$ ov] by a well-educat$ "m4 ,x is an invaluable help to be tra9$ 9 s*ools ^: tea*]s speak & write ! languages :i* h felt ! t\* ( ! g5ius ( ,%akespe>e & ( ,goe!4 ,next to furni%+ ideas or some?+ to ?9k ab\t1 ! ?+ ( mo/ importance 9 tea*+ a pupil to ?9k is to enri* 8 vocabul>y1 to tra9 him 9 language4 ,dr4 ,:ewell has well rem>k$ t 8language is ! atmosph]e 9 :i* ?\ght lives1 = !re is h>dly a subject we c ?9k ab\t )\t ! aid ( language4 ,consequ5tly1 )\t k ( ! language ( a sci5ce all ?9k+ ) reg>d to t sci5ce is impossible2 = al?\gh we conceive ! _w by means ( our s5ses1 we compreh5d x only 9 & ?r\gh ! =m ( language40 ,9 ?is connection "o _c d bett] ?an li/5 to ! conclusions ( m5 :o h atta9$ em95ce z s*ol>s1 ?9k]s1 & writ]s4 ,speak+ f exp]i5ce1 !y c ?r[ light ^u ! art ( correct & effici5t ?9k+4 ,sid5ote3 ,dr4 ,morrell4 8,language1 we mu/ rememb]10 says ,dr4 ,morrell1 8is n con/ruct$ afre% by e individual m9d :i* uses x4 ,x is a _w already creat$ = u1--"o into :i* we h simply to be introduc$1 & 9 :i* ! process ( human developm5t1 up to any giv5 p]iod1 is m or less p]fectly pres]v$ & regi/]$4 ,recollection1 accord+ly1 by enabl+ u to appropriate to ourselves a :ole sy/em ( signs1 ) ! ideas atta*$ to !m1 initiates u ins5sibly into ! intellectual _w ( ! pres5t1 puts u ^u ! vantage-gr\nd ( ! late/ degree ( civilization1 & enables u to grasp ! ideas ( ! age )\t ! labor ( ?9k+ !m out consecutively by our own individual ef=t40#aa ,sid5ote3 ,dr4 ,:ewell4 8,language10 says ,dr4 ,:ewell1 8is (t5 call$ an in/rum5t ( ?\ght2 b x is also ! nutrim5t ( ?\ght2 or1 r1 x is ! atmosph]e 9 :i* ?\ght lives2 a m$ium ess5tial to ! activity ( our speculative p[]1 al?\gh invisible & imp]ceptible 9 its op]ation2 & an elem5t modify+1 by its qualities & *anges1 ! gr[? & complexion ( ! faculties :i* x fe$s4 ,9 ?is way ! influ5ce ( prec$+ discov]ies ^u subsequ5t ones1 ( ! pa/ ^u ! pres5t1 is mo/ p5etrat+ & univ]sal1 ?\gh mo/ subtle & difficult to trace4 ,! mo/ famili> words & phrases are connect$ by imp]ceptible ties ) ! reason+s & discov]ies ( =m] m5 & mo/ di/ant times4 ,_! k is an insep>able "p ( ours2 ! pres5t g5]ation inh]its & uses ! sci5tific weal? ( all ! pa/4 ,& ?is is ! =tune n only ( ! great & ri* 9 ! intellectual _w1 ( ^? :o h ! key to ! anci5t /oreh\ses & :o h accumulat$ treasures ( _! own1 b ! humble/ inquir]1 :ile he puts 8 reason+ into words1 b5efits by ! labors ( ! greate/ discov]]s4 ,:5 he c\nts 8 little weal?1 he f9ds he has 9 8 h&s co9s :i* be> ! image & sup]scription ( anci5t & mod]n intellectual dyna/ies2 & t1 9 virtue ( ?is possession1 acquisitions are 9 8 p[]1 solid k )9 8 rea*1 :i* none c\ld ev] h atta9$ to if x 7 n t ! gold ( tru?1 once dug out ( ! m9e1 circulates m & m widely among mank9d40#ab ,sid5ote3 ,dr4 ,h9sdale4 8,! ^w #8v]nacul>1'0 says ,h9sdale1 8is d]iv$ f v]naculus1 :i* comes f v]na1 a slave born 9 8 ma/]'s h\se2 & x means ! spee* to :i* "o is born & 9 :i* he is re>$1--! patrius s]mo ( ! ,roman1 ! ,mutt]-spra*e ( ! ,g]man1 ! "m tongue ( ! ,engli%man4 ,comm& ( a noble v]nacul> involves ! mo/ valuable discipl9e & culture t a man is capable ( receiv+4 ,x conditions all o!r discipl9e & culture4444 ,! greate/ m5tal inh]itance to :i* a ,g]man1 a ,fr5*man1 or an ,engli%man is born is 8 native tongue1 ri* 9 ! k & wisdom1 ! ideas & ?\ghts1 ! wit & fancy1 ! s5tim5t & feel+1 ( a ?\s& ye>s4 ,nay1 ( m ?an a ?\s& ye>s2 = ^! languages1 9 _! mod]n =ms1 7 enri*$ by /ill e>li] c5turies4 ,to come back to ! old ?\ght1 su* a spee* z "o ( ^! only fl[s out f su* a life z x expresses1 & is 9 turn ess5tial to ! exi/5ce ( t life40#ac ,sid5ote3 ,engli%4 ,p>5ts :o wi% _! *ildr5 to possess ! be/ in/rum5ts ( ?\ght _c be too c>eful 9 ! selection ( tea*]s = !m4 ,*ildr5 ^: "m tongue is a dialect %\ld be tra9$ 9 "o or m ( ! languages t h be5 enri*$ by c5turies ( developm5t & lit]>y culture4 ,! be/ t ! p ( ,p5nsylvania-,g]man extraction c d = future g5]ations is to make ! transition z spe$ily z possible f _! v]nacul>--s pov]ty-/rick5 9 its vocabul>y--to ! ,engli%1 ) its abundant vocabul>y & its unsurpass$ lit]>y treasures4 ,9 ! ,engli% !y w f9d ! in/rum5ts ( ?\ght fitt$ to develop native p[]s t h be5 inh]it$ f an ance/ry ( /urdy husb&m51 & /r5g!n$ ?r\gh h]$ity by c5turies ( contact ) ! soil1 ev5 z ! giant ,antu1 9 wre/l+ ) ,h]cules1 is fabl$ to h ga9$ new /r5g? z (t5 z he came 9 contact ) "m e>?4 ,! same advice w apply to ! o!r nationalities :o h come to live on ,am]ican soil1 ev5 ?\gh !y h br\ght ) !m a m develop$ v]nacul>4 ,! ,engli% diction>y conta9s "o hundr$ & tw5ty ?\s& words2 b besides ^! words 9 common use1 ! diction>ies ( ! speciali/s conta9 sev]al hundr$ ?\s& m1 :i* may be call$ te*nical t]ms1 & :i* s]ve z in/rum5ts ( ?\ght 9 sci5tific discussions & inve/igations4 ,to ^! we next turn our att5tion4 ,,vi ,,te*nical ,,t]ms ,,z ,,in/rum5ts ,,( ,,?\ght ,x is ! p[] ( ?9k+ by means ( symbols :i* dem>cates m5 f animals1 & gives "o man or nation ! sup]iority ov] o!rs4 ,,lewes4 ,h>dly any orig9al ?\ghts on m5tal or social subjects ev] make _! way among mank9d or assume _! prop] importance 9 ! m9ds ev5 ( _! inv5tors until aptly select$ words or phrases h1 z x 71 nail$ !m d[n & held !m fa/4 ,j4 ,s4 ,,mill4 ,?\gh mo/ read]s1 probably1 ent]ta91 at fir/1 a p]suasion t a writ] ought to cont5t himself ) ! use ( common words 9 _! common s5se1 & feel a repugnance to te*nical t]ms & arbitr>y rules ( phraseology1 z p$antic & tr\blesome1 x is soon f\nd by ! /ud5t ( any bran* ( sci5ce t1 )\t te*nical t]ms & fix$ rules1 !re c be no c]ta9 or progressive k4 ,! loose & infant9e grasp ( common language _c hold objects /eadily en\gh = sci5tific exam9ation1 or lift !m f "o /age ( g5]alization to ano!r4 ,!y mu/ be secur$ by ! rigid me*anism ( a sci5tific phraseology4 ,?is necessity has be5 felt 9 all ! sci5ces1 f ! e>lie/ p]iods ( _! progress4 ,,:ewell4 ,ideas & exi/5ces are repres5t$ by t]ms & phrases2 & z t]ms & phrases are repres5tative ( ?\ghts & ?+s1 & are ! means :i* enable u to speak ab\t !m1 ! def9itions1 descriptions1 & explanations ( t]ms =m a v necess>y "p ( sci5ce2 & he :o w\ld und]/& sci5ce mu/ le>n ! mean+ ( ! special t]ms employ$ 9 x4 ,,gore4 ,,vi ,,te*nical ,,t]ms ,,z ,,in/rum5ts ,,( ,,?\ght ,sid5ote3 ,te*nical t]ms4 ,sid5ote3 ,_! value4 ,"s tea*]s are v mu* afraid ( te*nical t]ms4 ,!y tea* _! pupils to say "n-^w in/ead ( n\n1 action-^w in/ead ( v]b1 & br+ ov] in/ead ( transpose4 ,!re is no end to ! phrases !y inv5t = ! sake ( avoid+ te*nical t]ms4 ,act+ on ! maxim t a pupil %all nev] be all[$ to use a ^w )\t compreh5d+ its mean+1 !y pref] to use comp\nd words & phrases to d5ote ! fundam5tal ideas ( ! v>i\s bran*es ( /udy4 ,?is fe> ( te*nical t]ms is a natural result ( ! reaction aga9/ rote tea*+4 ,s mu* has be5 said & writt5 aga9/ ! tea*+ ( m]e words1 especially big words1 aga9/ p>rot-l recitations ( def9itions1 rules1 pr9ciples1 & =ms ( /atem5t giv5 9 ! text-book or wr\ght out by ! tea*]1 t _m p fail to see ! value ( te*nical t]ms z in/rum5ts ( ?\ght4 ,a sep>ate *apt] is necess>y to po9t out _! function 9 sci5tific ?9k+ & in/ruction4 ,9 common p>lance ! use ( te*nical t]ms %\ld be avoid$4 ,d we say t ,nebu*adnezz> _h a long n\n or a long "n8 ,n\n is a te*nical t]m2 "n is ! ^w 9 ord9>y use4 ,d we say t a man broke 8 femur or 8 leg8 ,! doctors :o set ! limb w probably use ! te*nical t]m 9 _! conf]5ces4 ,9 talk+ ) ! common p !y use ! common names1 unless !y wi% to awe ! multitudes by a %[ ( le>n+4 ,(t51 inde$1 m5 use big words to hide _! ignorance4 ,9 physiology ! inve/igations are c>ri$ z f> z possible1 & !n a t]m is co9$ to cov] ! unkn[n4 ,(t5 high-s\nd+ words are /rung toge!r to cov] a lack ( ideas or to e/abli% a reputation = erudition4 ,^! are tricks to :i* a g5u9e tea*] has no occasion to resort4 ,x is 8 duty to asc]ta9 ! educational value ( ! te*nical t]ms ( sci5ce1 & to use ^! t]ms = ! purpose ( fix+ sci5tific ideas 9 ! m9d & ( caus+ ! pupil to ?9k cle>ly & exactly4 ,sid5ote3 ,basal concepts4 ,at ! basis ( e sci5ce1 z we h se51 !re are c]ta9 ideas :i* _c be convey$ to o!r m9ds by ! use ( ! correspond+ te*nical t]ms4 ,^! basal concepts mu/ be built up 9 ! le>n]'s m9d by skilful tea*+1 sometimes by ! v process by :i* ! race acquir$ or discov]$ !m4 ,x may require a trip to ! field1 to ! museum1 or to ! m9e2 or an exp]im5t 9 ! laboratory may be necess>y4 ,p]haps a developm5t lesson is ne$$ to enable ! pupil to grasp ! idea cle>ly & fully4 ,x is v c]ta9 t if ! idea is hazy & ill-def9$1 ! subsequ5t ?9k+ w be loose1 obscure1 & unsatisfactory4 ,! glib use ( te*nical t]ms may (t5 hide f ! tea*] ! defects ( ! pupil's ?9k+1 & x may require an exam9ation to reveal ! po9ts :]e9 ! tea*] has fail$4 ,que/ions :i* require a pupil to look at 8 k f a new po9t ( view are helpful2 an exam9ation ab\nd+ 9 su* que/ions may be an intellectual bless+ to bo? tea*] & pupil4 ,! exam9] %\ld1 ( c\rse1 avoid puzzl+ cat*-que/ions1 = ^! are calculat$ to emb>rass ! pupil & confuse 8 ?9k+4 ,sid5ote3 ,popul> lectures4 ,a cle> ?9k] c always make 8 ideas intelligible to ^? :o h acquir$ ! basal concepts ( ! ?+s1 pr9ciples1 & laws ) :i* he deals4 ,lectur]s on popul> sci5ce avoid ! ab/ruse que/ions ( advanc$ sci5ce & ! te*nical t]ms :i* d n convey a def9ite mean+ to ! av]age he>]4 ,!y select topics :i* c be discuss$ 9 ! language ( common life1 & (t5 /ate ! results ( sci5tific rese>* )\t lead+ ! audi5ce ?r\gh ! successive /eps by :i* ^! results are obta9$4 ,! popul> lecture requires special gifts t are n 9 ! possession ( e sci5ti/4 ,huxley 0 "o ( ! mo/ gift$ m5 ( ! c5tury2 yet he says ( himself1-- ,sid5ote3 ,huxley4 8,i h n be5 "o ( ^? =tunate p]sons :o are able to reg>d a popul> lecture z a m]e hors d'uvre unwor?y ( be+ rank$ among ! s]i\s ef=ts ( a philosoph]1 & :o keep _! fame z sci5tific hi]ophants unsulli$ by attempts--at lea/ ( ! successful sort--to be und]/&$ by ! p4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i h f\nd t ! task ( putt+ ! tru?s le>n$ 9 ! field1 ! laboratory1 & ! museum into language :i*1 )\t bat+ a jot ( sci5tific accuracy1 %all be g5]ally intelligible1 tax$ su* sci5tific & lit]>y faculty z ,i possess$ to ! utt]mo/2 inde$1 my exp]i5ce has furni%$ me ) no bett] corrective ( ! t5d5cy to s*ola/ic p$antry1 :i* besets all ^? :o are absorb$ 9 pursuits remote f ! common ways ( m51 & become habituat$ to ?9k & speak 9 ! te*nical dialect ( _! own little _w1 z if !re 7 no o!r40 ,sid5ote3 ,exact ?9k+4 ,!re is an error1 on ! o!r h&1 into :i* practical m5 fall :5 !y object to ! te*nical language ( ! sci5ti/4 ,!re are _m ?+s 9 sci5ce :i* _c be made pla9 to ! non-sci5tific m9d4 ,! difficulty lies n 9 ! t]m9ology employ$1 b 9 ! lack ( ! basal concepts necess>y = ! advanc$ ?9k+ :i* mu/ be employ$4 ,says ,rob]t ,gall[ay1 8,words :5 employ$ 9 sci5ce1 unlike _! employm5t 9 common use1 h a mean+ /eadily fix$ & precisely det]m9$2 ?is precision 9 ! mean+ ( sci5tific t]ms necess>ily requires on ! "p ( ^? :o c make prop] use ( !m accurate habits ( ?\ght2 ?is is an indisp5sable qualification = atta9m5t 9 any sci5ce2 !re is no disp5s+ ) x1 consequ5tly "o :o does n "k ! language ( a sci5ce1 & :o has n be5 taught to ?9k accurately ) respect to x1 _c und]/& prop]ly :at may be told or %[n him ab\t ! facts or pr9ciples ( t sci5ce40 ,sid5ote3 ,de ,qu9cey4 ,f ?is po9t ( view x is easy to see ! use :i* ! tea*] %\ld make ( te*nical t]ms4 ,circumlocutions & explanatory phrases may be helpful 9 develop+ fundam5tal ideas1 b ! correspond+ te*nical t]ms %\ld be associat$ ) ! ideas z soon z ^! assume cle>1 def9ite %ape4 ,language is ! atmosph]e 9 :i* ?9k+ lives2 te*nical language is z necess>y to ! sci5tific ?\ght z ! air we brea! is to ! physical life4 ,9 "o ( 8 lett]s to a "y man ^: education _h be5 neglect$1 ,de ,qu9cey r5d]s an important s]vice to ! sci5ce ( tea*+4 8,9 assign+ to ! complex notion ,x ! "n transc5d5tal1 ,kant 0 n simply transf]r+ a ^w :i* _h previ\sly be5 us$ by ! s*ool-m5 to a m useful (fice2 he 0 br++ into ! s]vice ( ! intellect a new bir?2 t is1 draw+ into a syn!sis1 :i* _h n exi/$ be=e z a syn!sis1 p>ts or elem5ts :i* exi/ & come =w>d h\rly 9 e man's m9d4 ,i urge ?is ^u y\r att5tion1 because y w (t5 he> su* *all5ges ?r[n out z ?is 7or o!rs involv+ ! same error73 #8,n[1 if !re be any s5se 9 ?is ,mr4 ,kant's writ+s1 let u h x 9 good old "m ,engli%4' ,t is1 9 o!r words1 transf] into ! unsci5tific language ( life sci5tific notions :i* x is n fitt$ to express4 ,! *all5g] proce$s ^u ! common error ( suppos+ all ideas fully develop$ to exi/ 9 esse 9 all und]/&+s1 ergo1 8 own2 & all t are 9 8 own he ?9ks we c express 9 ,engli%4 ,?us ! *all5g]1 9 8 own notions1 has y 9 a dilemma1 at any rate2 =1 if y d n translate x1 !n x confirms 8 belief t ! :ole is j>gon2 if y d 7z1 d\btless1 ) ! help ( mu* p]iphrasis1 t w be intelligible to a man :o already und]/&s ! philosophy71 !n :]e 0 ! use ( ! t]m9ology8 ,b ! way to deal ) ?is fell[ is z foll[s3 ,my good sir1 ,i %all d :at y ask2 b be=e ,i d x ,i beg y w oblige me by 7#a7 translat+ ?is ma!matics into ! language ( *emi/ry2 7#b7 translat+ ?is *emi/ry into ! language ( ma!matics2 7#c7 bo? into ! language ( cook]y1 &1 f9ally1 solve me ! ,cambridge problem1 ,giv5 ! capta9's "n1 ! ye> ( our ,"l1 to det]m9e ! longitude ( ! %ip8 ,?is is ! way to deal ) su* fell[s40 ,sid5ote3 ,images4 ,sid5ote3 ,high] =ms ( ?9k+4 ,te*nical t]ms are v helpful 9 deal+ ) t :i* _c be imag$ or visualiz$4 ,:5 ,francis ,galton began 8 inquiries into ! p[] possess$ by diff]5t m9ds to conceive ! breakfa/ table1 to recall vividly ! v>i\s di%es & ! way 9 :i* !y are plac$ ^u ! table1 _m m5 ( sci5tific habits ( ?\ght decl>$ t !re is no su* human faculty4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! educational re=m] ^: e>ly tra9+ did n make him famili> ) ! ?\ght-processes ( high] ma!matics may hone/ly decl>e t he _c conceive an ab/ract numb]1 &1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 he c h no adequate conception ( ! value ( ! high] =ms ( ?9k+ 9 symbols4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,t4 ,h>ris has well said t ! m9d c ?9k ideas :i* _c be pictorially conceiv$ or made to /& be=e ! m9d 9 ?\ght-images4 ,9 ?9k+ ?is class ( ideas1 te*nical t]ms are indisp5sable z in/rum5ts ( ?\ght4 ,sid5ote3 ,symbols classifi$4 ,sid5ote3 ,sugge/ive symbols4 ,! value ( te*nical t]ms z in/rum5ts ( ?\ght is se5 9 a /ill cle>] light if we try to classify ! v>i\s uses ( ! signs & symbols :i* are employ$ z aids 9 ?9k+4 ,_m ( ^! h no (fice beyond t ( sugge/+ ! ?+s or ideas = :i* !y /&4 ,to ?is class belong ! m>ks :i* sugge/ to ! tramp a cross dog or a good meal4 ,z soon z he has se5 !m1 !y c\ld be eras$2 ! tra9 ( ?\ght :i* !y />t$ 9 8 m9d c g on )\t !m4 ,( a simil> "* are ! devices by :i* ! m]*ant m>ks ! buy+ & ! sell+ prices ( goods1 ! r$ & blue lights us$ on railways & ocean /eam]s1 ! secret signs & signals employ$ by ! signal corps ( an army1 & ! /eps1 grips1 signs1 c\nt]signs1 & passwords employ$ by secret societies z a means ( id5tification4 ,v _m ( ! artificial devices us$ 9 sy/ems ( mnemonics h no high] function ?an t ( sugge/+ :at o!rwise might be =gott54 ,sid5ote3 ,symbols z sub/itutes4 ,v diff]5t are ! signs & symbols :i* ma!matics employs z sub/itutes = ! quantities to be consid]$4 ,9 add+ a column 9 ! l$g] or 9 a /ati/ical table ! m9d ?9ks ! figures )\t ref]5ce to ! concrete objects :i* !y d5ote4 ,9 ! solution ( a problem 9 algebra ! unkn[n quantities are repres5t$ by symbols l x & y1 ! kn[n quantities by ! fir/ lett]s ( ! alphabet or by num]ical expressions2 ! relations betwe5 ! quantities are indicat$ by equations2 !re is no ?\ght ( ! quantities !mselves :ile ! m9d is engag$ 9 manipulat+ ! symbols accord+ to well-def9$ rules ( op]ation1 & only :5 ! result is to be int]pret$ d ! quantities reappe> 9 ! field ( consci\sness4 ,! sub/itute symbol is a device = tempor>ily dropp+ an idea until x is ne$$ = int]pretation2 ! sugge/ive symbol is a means ( br++ an idea or ?\ght into ! doma9 ( consci\sness4 ,! latt] furni%es or recalls mat]ial = ! m9d to act ^u2 ! =m] light5s ! burd5 :i* ! m9d w\ld o!rwise h to c>ry4 ,! ari?metical solution ( an age "q 9 :i* ! m9d con/antly c>ries ! ?\ght ( ,a's age & 8 wife's age z comp>$ ) ! algebraic solution ( ! same "q 9 :i* ,a & 8 wife1 z well z _! ages1 s9k tempor>ily out ( sight1 %[s ! value ( sub/itute signs & symbols 9 ma!matical ?9k+1 & expla9s :y algebraic me?ods are s f> sup]ior to ! clumsy & involv$ me?ods ( ari?metical analysis4 ,sid5ote3 ,expressive symbols4 ,diff]5t f ei!r ( ^! is ! class ( symbols us$ 9 express+ ideas4 ,?is class includes n only ! words ( writt5 & spok5 language1 b also ! natural signs ( ge/ure language & ! conv5tional signs ( manual language taught to deaf mutes4 ,! language is full ( fad$ metaphors indicat+ ! (fice ( common words4 ,!y are said to express mean+1 to convey ?\ght1 to embody ideas1 to en%r9e cont5t4 ,!y may be lik5$ to w9d[-panes ?r\gh :i* "o sees :at is back ( !m4 ,sometimes ! w9d[-panes1 l spectacles :5 fir/ worn1 attract m att5tion f ! p]son look+ ?an ! objects se5 ?r\gh !m1--a p>allel to :at occurs :5 ! articulate spee*1 or its rhetorical adornm5t1 attracts m att5tion ?an ! ?\ght express$4 ,b if t :i* is se5 ?r\gh ! w9d[-pane is on ! ord] ( a ,santa ,claus load$ ) toys & ,*ri/mas-gifts1 !n no notice is tak5 ( ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* ! object is se54 ,h5ce ! v be/ tea*+--t :i* rivets att5tion ^u ! ?\ght convey$--always fails to tea* ! spell+ ( words incid5tally4 ,fur!rmore1 ! in/ruction :i* frequ5tly /ops to draw att5tion to ! gramm> ( ! s5t5ces1 ! spell+ ( ! words or _! mode ( utt]ance1 int]f]es ) ! =mation ( logical habits ( ?9k+ & dive/s ! words ( _! function z expressive signs4 ,:5 ! ^w itself becomes an object ( ?\ght ! m9d is n ?9k+ by means ( t ^w4 ,x has be5 well said t we may fail to appreh5d ! mean+ ( :at a p]son is say+ because ! tone ( 8 voice arre/s our att5tion ?r\gh its resemblance to t ( "s "o else 9 :om we feel an int]e/2 t s f> z signs ?us attract notice on _! own acc\nt1 !y fail to fulfil _! function z a means ( att5d+ to some?+ o!r ?an !mselves4 ,= ?is v p]t95t obs]vation cr$it is due to ,mr4 ,g4 ,f4 ,/\t1 :o 78,m9d10 lxii4 page #ah7 has v cle>ly drawn ! di/9ction betwe5 ! ?ree classes ( signs or symbols us$ z helps 9 ?9k+4 ,he says1-- ,sid5ote3 ,g4 ,f4 ,/\t4 8,sugge/ive signs s]ve only to br+ some?+ to m9d2 !y are n a means ( m9d+ x :5 once recall$4 ,an expressive sign1 on ! contr>y1 is a means ( att5d+ to its signification4444 ,expressive signs diff] f sub/itutes 9 a mann] exactly ! inv]se ( t 9 :i* !y diff] f sugge/ive signs4 ,a sugge/ive sign has fulfill$ its purpose & becomes ( no fur!r avail s soon z x has sugge/$ its mean+4 ,a sub/itute sign is a c\nt] :i* takes ! place ( its mean+2 s long z x fulfils its repres5tative function x r5d]s useless all ref]5ce to t :i* x repres5ts4 ,! c\nt]s are manipulat$ accord+ to c]ta9 rules ( op]ation until a c]ta9 result is rea*$1 :i* is !n int]pret$4 ,! op]ator may be actually unable to int]pret ! int]m$iate /eps4 ,algebraical & ari?metical symbols are to a great ext5t us$ z m]e sub/itute signs4 ,! same is true ( ! symbols employ$ 9 =mal logic4 ,x is possible to use signs ( ?is k9d :5ev] fix$ & def9ite rules ( op]ation c be d]iv$ f ! nature ( ! ?+s symboliz$1 s z to be appli$ 9 manipulat+ ! signs )\t fur!r ref]5ce to _! signification4 ,a ^w is an in/rum5t = ?9k+ ab\t ! mean+ :i* x expresses2 a sub/itute sign is a means ( n ?9k+ ab\t ! mean+ :i* x symbolizes40 ,sid5ote3 ,fix+ concepts4 ,9 addition to ^! ?ree purposes ! te*nical t]m may s]ve /ill ano!r important end4 ,x helps to fix ! new concept or notion aft] x has be5 develop$ by skilful in/ruction4 ,its association !re) makes x a sugge/ive sign :5ev] occasion requires ! recurr5ce ( ! concept or ?\ght = :i* x /&s4 ,! tra9 ( ?\ght is facilitat$ & made possible by ! use ( te*nical t]ms z expressive signs4 ,& if ! idea d5ot$ by x c be accurately def9$1 s t ! def9ition becomes a triumph ( intellect1 or if x c be quantifi$1 s z to become a unit ( measure l ! volts1 ohms1 ampres1 & watts 9 appli$ electricity1 ! te*nical t]m may ev5 s]ve a purpose analog\s to ! sub/itute signs 9 sci5ces l =mal logic & ma!matics4 ,sid5ote3 ,prop] use ( te*nical t]ms4 ,! =ego+ analysis indicates ! prop] me?od ( tea*+ te*nical t]ms4 ,fir/1 ! basal concept %\ld be c>efully develop$ & cle>ly pres5t$2 x %\ld !n be fix$ 9 ! m9d by association ) ! correspond+ te*nical t]m2 f9ally1 ! union %\ld be made p]man5t by frequ5tly caus+ ! two to appe> toge!r 9 ! doma9 ( ?\ght1 by treat+ !m z welcome gue/s :5 !y appe> toge!r 9 ! citadel ( m9d4 ,divorce ( "o f ! o!r %\ld be z impossible z 9 ! case ( ! two p>ties to a suitable m>riage4 ,on ! fte days ( sci5ce !y %\ld appe> toge!r1 ea* sugge/+ ! pres5ce ( ! o!r1 ! te*nical t]m s]v+ z a helpmeet to ! idea1 & z its repres5tative :51 9 ! *>m$ circle ( sci5tific inve/igation1 ! pres5ce ( ! idea is n absolutely requir$4 ,circumlocutions1 l "n-^w = n\n1 quality-^w = adjective1 & relation-^w = preposition1 may be helpful 9 pres5t+ ! idea or 9 introduc+ ! te*nical t]m2 !y may be tol]at$1 l a ?ird p>ty 9 ! mak+ ( a mat*2 b :5 ! mat* has be5 made1 & ! w$d+ has be5 solemniz$1 !y %\ld drop out ( sight z ( no fur!r use4 ,! figure ( spee* c\ld easily be press$ too f>2 = _m objects kn[n to sci5ce h a common z well z a te*nical designation4 ,ea* has its prop] place 9 ! realm ( ?\ght1--! common "n 9 ord9>y conv]sation1 ! te*nical t]m :5 sci5tific precision is requir$4 ,,vii ,,?\ght ,,& ,,language ,x seems to me q c]ta9 t we c & d ?9k ?+s )\t ?9k+ ( any s\nd or words4 ,language seems to me to be necess>y to ! progress ( ?\ght1 b n at all necess>y to ! m]e act ( ?9k+4 ,x is a product ( ?\ght3 a vehicle = ! communication ( x1 a *annel = ! conveyance ( x1 & an embodim5t :i* is ess5tial to its gr[? & cont9uity4 ,b x seems to be altoge!r errone\s to repres5t x z an insep>able "p ( cogitation4 ,donkeys & dogs are )\t true ?\ght1 n because !y are spee*less1 b !y are spee*less because !y h no ab/ract ideas1 & no true reason+ p[]s4 ,9 p>rots ! p[] ( m]e articulation exi/s sometimes 9 wond]ful p]fection4 ,b p>rots are n s clev] z _m o!r birds :i* h no su* p[]4 ,man's vocal organs are correlat$ ) 8 bra94 ,bo? are equally my/]i\s1 because !y are co-op]ative1 & yet sep>able1 p>ts ( 8"o plan40 ,,argyll4 ,t ! language may be fitt$ = its purpose1 n only %\ld e ^w p]fectly express its mean+1 b !re %\ld be no important mean+ )\t its ^w4 ,:atev] we h occasion to ?9k ( (t51 & = sci5tific purposes1 ought to h a "n appropriat$ to x4 ,j4 ,s4 ,,mill4 ,,vii ,,?\ght ,,& ,,language ,sid5ote3 ,?ree possible cont+5cies4 ,9 ! developm5t ( intellectual life ?ree cont+5cies are possible4 #a4 ,! gr[? ( ! vocabul>y may be m rapid ?an ! acquisition ( ideas4 #b4 ,! accumulation & developm5t ( ideas may exce$ ! ability to express !m 9 language4 #c4 ,! acquisition ( ideas & words1 ( ?\ght & language1 may be simultane\s4 ,)\t d\bt1 ^! possibilities 9 m5tal gr[? exi/ = wise & b5efic5t purposes4 ,sid5ote3 ,words )\t ideas4 ,! t5d5cy to acquire words )\t ! correspond+ ideas is1 9 at lea/ "o direction1 a s\rce ( ga9 r ?an loss4 ,! p]t phrases1 pr(ane words1 & o!r objectionable language :i* ! *ild accid5tally he>s f ! lips ( old] p]sons1 & at times uses to ! unspeakable annoyance ( p>5ts & tea*]s1 w\ld be an occasion = f> m s]i\s al>m if ! mean+ 7 fully und]/ood4 ,7 x a law ( our m5tal life t ! he>+ & le>n+ ( a pr(ane or obsc5e ^w necess>ily c>ri$ ) x a cle> grasp ( ! mean+1 ! result+ h>m to ! inn] life ( ! s\l w\ld be immeasurably great]1 & ! /a9 ^u ! "* w\ld be va/ly m difficult to remove4 ,! objectionable language may mirror ! habits ( ?\ght & spee* into :i* ^? 9 *>ge ( ! *ild h fall51 awak5 9 !m a new s5se ( _! responsibility1 & cause !m to be m c>eful ( :at !y say2 or x may prove an index to ! k9d ( company into :i* ! *ild is drift+1 & ?us s]ve z a dang]-signal to p>5t & tea*]4 ,:5 ! m9d has n le>n$ to ?9k ! ?\ght express$1 a simple w>n+ aga9/ ! use ( su* ugly words g5]ally suffices to eradicate !m f ! *ild's vocabul>y2 & 9 su* in/ances x is a bless+ 9 disguise t ! le>n+ ( ! words 0 n accompani$ by ! acquisition ( _! mean+4 ,! loss to ! intellectual life is m ?an balanc$ by ! ga9 9 moral tra9+4 ,sid5ote3 ,?9k+ )\t words4 ,is ?9k+ possible )\t language8 ,if by language is meant oral spee* & writt5 words1 ! sign-language ( deaf mutes is suffici5t to compel an affirmative answ] to ! "q4 ,moreov]1 !re are modes ( ?9k+ & ( express+ ?\ght o!r ?an by ! use ( words4 ,( ! means ( express+ ?\ght )\t words1 symbols l ! t5 digits & ! sigma ( ! new psy*ology are well-kn[n examples4 ,! play] 9 a game ( *ess1 croquet1 or billi>ds ?9ks movem5ts 9 advance ( mak+ !m1 & g5]ally )\t describ+ ! same 9 words4 ,! draw+s & plans by means ( :i* ! ar*itect designs a new build+1 ! m5tal images ( me*anical contrivances :i* prec$e ! inv5tion & con/ruction ( ma*9es1 ! m5tal pictures us$ 9 design+1 eng9e]+1 & sket*+1 9 orig9al geological ?\ght1 prove beyond ! %ad[ ( a d\bt t ?9k+ may g =w>d )\t words & s5t5ces1 & may f9d expression 9 ways bett] adapt$ to ! ne$s ( ! artisan4 ,! graphic me?od ( pres5t+ to ! eye ! results ( an inve/igation is less cumb]some ?an any description 9 words4 ,"s m5 dep5d s mu* ^u m5tal pictures 9 _! ?9k+ t !y ass]t !y _c ?9k at all )\t !m4 ,9 "s k9ds ( gymna/ic drill ! movem5t is describ$ 9 words1 !n conceiv$ by ! m9d1 & f9ally execut$4 ,?is ex]cise has a diff]5t educational value f ! ex]cise 9 :i* ! /ud5t simply imitates ! movem5ts ( ! tea*]1 ! latt] be+ an in/ance ( ?9k+ & express+ ?\ght )\t ! help ( words4 ,! spe$ ) :i* _m movem5ts mu/ be execut$1 z 9 f5c+1 leg]dema91 a?letic sports1 ! manipulation ( ! lev] 9 ! h&s ( ! eng9e]1 requires ?9k+ )\t ! int]m$iate ag5cy ( words & s5t5ces4 ,! "t x takes = an idea to pass into words1 & ?r\gh !m into actions1 is measurably great] ?an ! "t requir$ = ! direct translation ( ?\ght into action4 ,al?\gh ! diff]5ce 9 specific in/ances is measur$ by ! fraction ( a second1 x w\ld involve s]i\s loss ( "t z well z en]gy 9 ! h&icrafts if ?\ghts c\ld only pass into action ?r\gh spee* or writt5 language4 ,sid5ote3 ,sup]fluity ( words4 ,sid5ote3 ,?\ght & action4 ,sid5ote3 ,francis ,galton4 ,"s p]sons run to m\?2 o!rs lack 9 ?is respect4 ,to ! =m] class belong ^? ^: lips move 9 /udy2 ^? :o talk to !mselves2 & _m ^: paucity ( ideas does n ju/ify _! sup]fluity ( words4 ,let su* a man be elect$ z a delegate to a synod or a conv5tion1 & ! sessions w be prolong$ beyond ! usual "t4 ,z a rule1 ! en]gy ( su* m5 is exhau/$ 9 spee*2 !y are n not$ = gett+ ?+s done4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! m5 ( great executive ability are (t5times m5 ( few words2 _! ?\ght is translat$ into do+ r ?an talk+4 ,! man ( de$s is always e/imat$ above ! man ( words1 ! g5]al above ! orator1 ,cs> ! comm&] above ,cs> ! orator4 ,sometimes ! m5 ( orig9al turn ( m9d f9d t _! ?9k+ out/rips _! p[] to express ?\ght4 ,francis ,galton says ( himself1 8,x is a s]i\s drawback to me 9 writ+ t ,i d n s easily ?9k 9 words z o!rwise4 ,x (t5 happ5s t aft] be+ h>d at "w & hav+ arriv$ at results t are p]fectly cle> & satisfactory to myself1 :5 ,i try to express !m 9 language ,i feel t ,i mu/ beg9 by putt+ myself on q a diff]5t intellectual plane2 ,i h to translate my ?\ghts into a language t does n run ev5ly ) !m4 ,i !re=e wa/e a great deal ( "t 9 seek+ = appropriate words & phrases1 & am consci\s1 :5 requir$ to speak on a sudd51 ( be+ (t5 obscure ?r\gh m]e v]bal maladroitness1 & n ?r\gh want ( cle>ness ( p]ception4 ,?is is "o ( ! small annoyances ( my life4 ,i may add t (t5 :ile engag$ 9 ?9k+ out some?+ ,i hat* an accompanim5t ( nons5se-words1 j z notes ( a song might accompany ! ?\ght4 ,also1 t aft] ,i h made a m5tal /ep1 ! appropriate ^w frequ5tly foll[s z an e*o2 z a rule1 x does n accompany x40 ,sid5ote3 ,kn[+ & tell+4 ,?is ?r[s a new light ^u "o phase ( s*ool "w4 ,! boy :o has a notion ( ! cont5t ( a lesson sometimes /ops 9 ! mid/ ( a recitation &1 )\t prem$itation1 exclaims1 8,i "k x1 b _c say x40 ,! tea*] retorts1 8,y d n "k :at y _c express40 ,bo? are "r & bo? are wrong4 ,!re is1 probably1 a measure ( tru? 9 :at ea* claims4 ,if ! pupil _h ma/]$ ! text1 he w\ld n only h a cle> idea ( ! lesson1 b he w\ld also h acquir$ f ! book or f ! tea*] ! words to express ! idea4 ,nev]!less1 if !re is reason = ?9k+ t ! pupil has devot$ reasonable "t to ! lesson1 8 l+ui/ic p[]s %\ld be develop$ by que/ions & o!r appropriate help4 ,! good s5se & native in/9cts ( mo/ tea*]s lead !m to give ?is help4 ,! tea*] ^: capti\s disposition issues 9 rem>ks calculat$ to repress a backw>d pupil's p[]s ( expression %\ld f9d employm5t outside ( ! s*ool-room4 ,sid5ote3 ,=eign-born *ildr54 ,! *ild ( =eign]s may out/rip native *ildr5 & a/oni% ! s*ool by unprec$5t$ progress because1 be+ already famili> ) ! ideas ( ! lesson1 x is compell$ simply to acquire ! language by :i* ! ideas are express$4 ,by reason ( _! inability at fir/ to tell :at !y "k1 su* *ildr5 are (t5 classifi$ ) ^? less mature1 & ! ma/]y ( ! new language 9 _! case is n z difficult z ! ma/]y ( new ideas = :i* bra9-gr[? may be ! ess5tial condition4 ,to ignore ! fact t su* *ildr5 (t5 "k m ?an !y c tell is p$agogic folly 9 ! highe/ degree4 ,sid5ote3 ,language cl>ifies ?\ght4 ,sid5ote3 ,lit]>y societies4 ,c\rses ( /udy are sometimes mapp$ out s z to cause inequality 9 ! pace ) :i* ideas are accumulat$ & language is develop$4 ,undue /ress on gramm>1 rhetoric1 & belles-lettres may cause abnormal developm5t 9 ! direction ( fl[]y language1 a v]bose /yle1 an ornate diction4 ,x is a fault difficult to correct4 ,to insi/ t su* a /ud5t %all h some?+ to say1 to =ce him into /udies t w br+ him face to face ) great que/ions z yet unsettl$1 to beget 9 him a /ate ( m9d 9 :i* he is tr\bl$ ) ideas1 to compel him to "w ov] & ov] :at he writes until 8 s5t5ces are z cle> z cry/als1 seems necess>y to c\nt]act ! "o-sid$ developm5t ( su* /ud5ts4 ,! curriculum ( /udy may err on ! o!r side4 ,! graduates 9 ! v>i\s c\rses ( eng9e]+ 7civil1 electrical1 me*anical1 & m9+7 sometimes develop te*nical1 to ! neglect ( l+ui/ic1 skill4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( a body ( capitali/s !y are made deeply consci\s ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ability to ?9k & ! ability to express ?\ght4#ad ,9 "o l>ge s*ool ( te*nology ! graduates e/abli%$ prizes 9 ,engli% composition & end[$ *airs ( ! ,engli% language & lit]ature1 s t future /ud5ts might acquire ! p[] to /ate 9 cle> & intelligible language ! results ( _! "w z speciali/s4 ,9 no long "t x 0 discov]$ t = ?is purpose !y also ne$$ tra9+ 9 an art simil> to t ( ! tea*]1--namely1 ! art ( develop+ ! ideas & ?\ghts :i* und]lie & condition ! eng9e]+ project "u consid]ation4 ,= him :o w\ld be a lead] among m51 ! ability to express ?\ght is q z important z ! ability to ?9k4 ,moreov]1 !re is a va/ diff]5ce betwe5 ability to express ?\ght on "o's feet 9 ! pres5ce ( an audi5ce & ability to express x on pap] 9 ! privacy ( ! home4 ,j4 ,j4 ,r\sseau & ,wa%+ton ,irv+ c\ld write well1 b nei!r ( !m c\ld make a spee*4 ,patrick ,h5ry's eloqu5ce be=e an audi5ce 0 unsurpass$2 he nev] c\ld write a satisfactory report4 ,p[] 9 bo? directions may be acquir$ 9 a college c\rse ?r\gh ! ex]cises ( a good debat+ society4 ,! /ud5t :o1 dur+ f\r ye>s1 c>efully writes out 8 ?\ghts1 !n disc>ds 8 manuscript :ile speak+1 & /udies h[ he c be/ conv9ce 8 he>]s & h[ he c prune himself ( ! defects po9t$ out by ! m]ciless criticism ( 8 fell[s1 c feel sure ( ultimate success4 ,presid5t ,b>n>d says ( "o ( our l>ge/ in/itutions t half its glory dep>t$ :5 its lit]>y societies 7 kill$ ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! ,greek lett] frat]nities4 ,a public speak] :o is a slave to 8 manuscript is des]v+ ( pity4 ,college au?orities may well ex]cise _! +5uity 9 f9d+ a sub/itute = ! drill & practice :i* ! lit]>y societies ( by-gone days af=d$ 9 le>n+ to ?9k & to express ?\ght 9 ! face ( opposition1 criticism1 & o!r unfavorable conditions4 ,sid5ote3 ,influ5ce ( language ^u ?9k+4 ,sid5ote3 ,tea*+ ,engli%4 ,?\ght & language ex]cise a reciprocal influ5ce4 ,?\ght is /imulat$ & cl>ifi$ by ! ef=t to express x4 ,(t5 x is %ap$ by ! limitations ( "o's vocabul>y & ! range ( ! words ) :i* "o's he>]s or read]s are famili>4 ,! fad$ metaphors ( language betray u into fallacies4 ,phrases l ! witness ( ! _s1 total depravity1 h l$ to extravagant expectations & unw>rant$ conclusions4 ,p sometimes h a religi\s phraseology )\t a correspond+ religi\s exp]i5ce1 & h5ce deceive !mselves & o!rs4 ,ev]y:]e we see in/ances t g to %[ h[ important x is t ! developm5t ( ! p[] to ?9k %\ld keep pace ) ! gr[? ( ! p[] to express ?\ght4 ,v mu* is said 9 ^! days ab\t ! use ( good ,engli%4 ,z ,adam ?rew ! blame ^u ,eve1 & ,eve ca/ x ^u ! ,s]p5t1 s e "o blames "s "o else = ! poor ,engli% us$ at s*ool & college4 ,9 ! end ! tea*]s are usually made to be> mo/ ( ! blame3 ! college pr(essor blames ! tea*]s 9 ! high s*ool2 ^!1 9 turn1 blame ! tea*]s 9 ! l[] grades2 & :5 ! matt] is ca/ up to ! prim>y tea*]1 %e ?r[s ! blame ^u ! /reet & ! home4 ,a pr(essor 9 ! college dep>tm5t ( a univ]sity gave _m ludicr\s specim5s ( ,engli% 9 ! "w h&$ to him by /ud5ts4 ,he 0 ask$ ( :at college class he _h *>ge1 & :5 he repli$ ! sophomore1 a high-s*ool tea*] sugge/$ t ! specim5s reflect$ q z mu* ^u ! tea*]s ( ! fre%man class z ^u ! s*ools bel[ ! univ]sity4 ,sid5ote3 ,! committee4 ,a wom5's society 9 "o ( our l>ge cities s5t a committee to ! sup]9t5d5t to compla9 ( ! poor ,engli% us$ by ! *ildr5 9 ! s*ools4 ,he agre$ t /r5u\s ef=ts %\ld be made to provide a rem$y4 ,he add$1 8,if y w take c>e ( ! ,engli% 9 ! homes & on ! /reets1 ,i w get ! tea*]s to look aft] ! ,engli% 9 ! s*ools40 ,in/ead ( ?r[+ blame ^u o!rs1 x 7 f> m s5sible = ea* educat$ p]son to ask :]e9 he is to blame = sett+ o!rs a bad example & :]e9 he c help ! tea*]s ( ,engli% to accompli% ! desir$ result4 ,sid5ote3 ,aim4 ,! aim 9 tea*+ ,engli% is tw(old1--fir/1 to get ! /ud5t to appreciate good ,engli% & good lit]ature2 secondly1 to get him to use x 9 speak+ & writ+4 ,! latt] end _c be rea*$ by m]e practice 9 essay-writ+4 ,ability to ?9k is a condition ( ability to express ?\ght4 ,too _m ( ! subjects assign$ lay /ress ^u ! =ms ( spee* & n ^u ! cont5t ( language4 ,:5 pupils ?9k 9 words & disconnect$ phrases r ?an s5t5ces1 :5 !y violate ! rules = capitals1 punctuation1 & p>agraphs1 ! tea*]s ( ,engli% may be solely to blame2 b1 9 s f> z ! use ( good ,engli% dep5ds ^u good ?9k+1 ! blame = ! use ( faulty language re/s ^u all :o tea*4 ,if ! ability to ?9k is n develop$ 9 proportion to ! use ( language1 ! s*ool w produce /yli/s :o exalt ! =ms ( spee* above _! cont5t1 slaves ( beautiful & fl[]y language :o resemble ! fops & dudes ( social life4 ,to emancipate f su* slav]y requires m ?an an emancipation proclamation f ! presid5t ( a college association4 ,sid5ote3 ,l+ui/ic /udies4 ,sid5ote3 ,language tribut>y to ?9k+4 ,! labors ( ! bro!rs ,grim1 ,max ,mll]1 & o!rs h r$uc$ ! k ( language to a sci5ce4 ,l+ui/ic /udies h become z int]e/+ z any bran* ( natural sci5ce4 ,!y %$ new light ^u ! hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,9 furni%+ mat]ial = ?\ght1 z well z m5tal discipl9e1 !y are n inf]ior to any o!r /udy 9 ! curriculum4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 be a mi/ake to suppose t philological /udies are sup]ior to o!r discipl9es z means = develop+ p[] to ?9k & p[] to express ?\ght4 ,! pr(essor ( any language is apt to reg>d t language z an end1 & n z means to an end4 ,prim>ily1 language is a m$ium ( communication4 ,x di/+ui%es man f ! brute creation1 & furni%es him ! in/rum5ts ( ?\ght by :i* he c>ries =w>d processes ( reason+ beyond ! rea* ( ! l[] animals4 ,at ! univ]sity language 9 g5]al1 or any p>ticul> language1 may be /udi$ z a specialty1 & c ?us be made an end 9 itself z appropriately z any o!r subject :i* is /udi$ = its own sake4 ,9 ! l[] s*ools language %\ld always be made tribut>y to ! art ( ?9k+4 ,x %\ld be employ$ to embody ?\ght1 & to convey ?\ght1 )\t intrud+ itself ^u our att5tion z ! ?+ ( *ief value4 ,any phase ( l+ui/ic /udy may be lift$ by an en?usia/ic tea*] into ! *ief place 9 ! c\rse ( /udy4 ,or?ography has sometimes be5 taught z if x 7 ! *ief end ( man to spell correctly4 ,gramm> has be5 taught z if a faulty s5t5ce 7 "o ( ! s9s =bidd5 by ! ,decalogue1 & z if ! fate ( ! republic dep5d$ ^u p>s+1 analysis1 & diagramm+4 ,! pronunciation ( words may be emphasiz$ until ! lips ( tea*] & pupil smack ( an ov]dose ( diction>y1 until ! ov]do+ ( obscure v[els draws att5tion away f ! ?\ght to ! mann] ( utt]ance4 ,a s5sible man articulates 8 words 9 su* a mann] z readily to be und]/ood1 b nev] 9 su* a way z to excite rem>k or draw ! m9d ( ! li/5] f ! subject-matt] ( ! disc\rse4 ,9 educational practice1 ! mann] ( express+ ! ?\ght %\ld n supplant ! m important art ( mak+ ! pupil ?9k4 ,gett+ & begett+ ?\ght are ( m consequ5ce ?an ! expression ( ?\ght2 9 fact1 !y condition ! correct use ( language4 ,all talk ab\t ,engli%1 or ,g]man1 or ,spani%1 or ,lat91 or ,greek1 z if any "o ( ^! languages 7 an end 9 itself = ! av]age pupil1 is wide ( ! m>k4 ,correct s5t5ces1 beautiful expressions1 & rhetorical phrases c nev] make a nation great or p]petuate its free in/itutions4 ,fl[]y language c nev] save a dy+ s9n] or console ! wid[ :o is foll[+ ! bi] ( a son1 h] only *ild & support4 ,f9e words nev] w9 a battle by l& or by sea4 ,! mo/ eloqu5t orations aga9/ ,philip ( ,mac$on did n keep him f de/roy+ ! lib]ties ( ,greece4 ,correct & =ceful language is a gift to be covet$1 a prize wor? /riv+ =2 b x %\ld nev] be made ! all-absorb+ aim ( education4 ,! tea*] ( any phase ( language mu/ = a "t make 8 in/ruction ! object ( *ief conc]n2 b he %\ld nev] ignore ! fact t language is & ev] %\ld be an aid to ?\ght1 a /imulus to ?9k+1 an embodim5t ( ideas1 a m$ium ( communication1 a means to an end4 ,,viii ,,! ,,/imulus ,,to ,,?9k+ ,good me?ods ( tea*+ are important1 b !y _c supply ! want ( ability 9 ! tea*]4 ,! ,socratic me?od is good2 b a ,socrates beh9d ! tea*]'s desk to ask que/ions is bett]4 ,,?omas ,m4 ,,balliet4 ,( all =ms ( fri5d%ip 9 y\?1 by f> ! mo/ effective z a means ( education is t species ( en?usia/ic v5]ation :i* "y m5 ( loyal & well-condition$ m9ds are apt to contract = m5 ( intellectual em95ce 9 _! own circles4 ,! educat+ effect ( su* an atta*m5t is prodigi\s2 & happy ! y\? :o =ms "o4 ,we all "k ! advice giv5 to "y m5 to 8?9k = !mselves20 & !re is s5se & s\ndness 9 ! advice2 b if ,i 7 to select :at ,i acc\nt p]haps ! mo/ =tunate ?+ t c befall a "y man dur+ ! e>ly p]iod ( 8 life1--! mo/ =tunate1 too1 9 ! end1 = 8 intellectual indep5d5ce1--x w\ld be 8 be+ volunt>ily subject$ = a "t to "s p[]ful intellectual slav]y4 ,,david ,,masson4 ,,viii ,,! ,,/imulus ,,to ,,?9k+ ,sid5ote3 ,?\ght /imulus4 ,:il/ ! di/9ction betwe5 ?9k+ 9 ?+s & ?9k+ 9 symbols %\ld nev] be ignor$ or lo/ sight ( by ! tea*]1 x ne$ n be br\ght to ! att5tion ( ! le>n]1--at lea/ n 9 ! elem5t>y /ages ( in/ruction4 ,x is m pr(itable = ! le>n] to be absorb$ 9 ga!r+ ! mat]ials ( ?\ght & 9 le>n+ by practice h[ ! educat$ man uses ! in/rum5ts ( ?\ght = draw+ correct conclusions by ! mo/ effective me?ods4 ,if ! eye ( consci\sness is turn$ inw>d ^u ! m5tal processes too e>ly1 ! fl[ ( ?\ght is int]rupt$ & turn$ away f its logical tr5d4 ,! tea*]1 on ! o!r h&1 is expect$ to wat* ! gr[? ( ! m9d1 to awak5 its p[]s1 & to r\se ^! into vigor\s activity4 ,x is ess5tial n m]ely t he furni% ! pupils ) ! prop] mat]ials & ! be/ in/rum5ts ( ?\ght1 b x is necess>y also to /imulate & direct _! ?9k+2 o!rwise t :i* is giv5 !m may ov]load ! memory1 lie undige/$ 9 ! m9d1 exhau/ ! en]gy ( ! intellect 9 ! ef=t at ret5tion1 & ultimately cause m5tal dyspepsia4 ,sid5ote3 ,competition4 ,sid5ote3 ,socratic "q4 ,m5 engag$ 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce or pref]m5t usually f9d ample /imulus to _! ?9k+ faculties 9 ! competition :i* real life af=ds4 ,if ! m]*ant does n ?9k accurately & effectively1 ! consequ5ces make !mselves visible 9 8 bank-acc\nt4 ,! desire = ga9 is ! /imulus to ?\ght 9 ! comm]cial _w4 ,an appeal to ! same motive is (t5 made ?r\gh ! (f] ( prizes & fell[%ips4 ,! competition ( matur] ye>s f9ds an adumbration 9 ! competition = class-/&+ & = sup]iority 9 field sports4 ,! tea*] :o employs no high] /imulus to ?\ght mu/ be a /rang] to ! my/]ies ( ! art :i* he pr(esses to practise4 ,! be/ device = /imulat+ ?\ght has come d[n to u hall[$ by ! ages4 ,x be>s ! "n ( ! greate/ tea*] ( anci5t ,a!ns4 ,x is ! "q z employ$ 9 ! ,socratic me?od4 ,n e "q is ! ,socratic "q4 ,a man :o has lo/ 8 way may ask a "q1 b x is = ! sake ( gett+ in=mation4 ,! tea*] may be /riv+ to fix 9 ! memory ! sali5t po9ts ( ! lesson3 he asks que/ions1 ! answ]s to :i* ! pupils are expect$ to h at _! tongue's or f+]s' end4 ,a "q ?us us$ = purposes ( drill is (t5 call$ a categorical "q4 ,x is n ! ,socratic "q4 ,yond] sits a boy :o = half an h\r has be5 wre/l+ ) a problem4 ,unable to f9d a clue to ! solution1 he asks ! tea*] = help4 ,in/ead ( tell+ him directly :at he wi%es to "k1 ! ,socrates beh9d ! tea*]'s desk asks a "q :i* causes ! pupil to put side by side 9 8 m9d two ideas nev] be=e l9k$ toge!r 9 8 ?\ght4 ,^u ! le>n]'s face is se5 an expression z if light _h brok5 9 f on high4 ,he goes back to 8 seat1 & ere five m9utes h elaps$ he is rejoic+ 9 ! glory ( a triumph4 ,! tea*] did n d ! pupil's ?9k+2 he simply ask$ ! ,socratic "q1 :i* aims to make ! pupil ?9k = himself4 ,sid5ote3 ,sub/itute tea*]s4 ,?is /imulus to ?\ght is employ$ by e ma/] 9 ! art ( tea*+4 ,! "q may be us$ to badg] & confuse a pupil1 especially if ! tea*] is n fully acqua9t$ ) ! ideas & ?\ghts already 9 ! le>n]'s m9d4 ,to cause ea* pupil to place side by side 9 8 m9d ideas & concepts ^: relation he _h n be=e p]ceiv$1 x is necess>y t ! tea*] be famili> ) ! intellectual /oreh\se ( e memb] ( ! class4 ,at ?is po9t ! sub/itutes :o occasionally supply ! places ( regul> tea*]s are at a s]i\s disadvantage4 ,n kn[+ :at ! pupils h ma/]$1 !y mu/ (t5 wa/e "t 9 f9d+ out :]e ! new %\ld be l9k$ to ! old1 & :]e x is necess>y to cl>ify & develop ideas ) :i* ! memb]s ( ! class are only p>tially famili>4 ,(t5 ^! lose int]e/ 9 ! recitation :ile ! new tea*] quizzes !m on ?+s t h gr[n /ale by repetition4 ,sid5ote3 ,! liv+ tea*]4 ,sid5ote3 ,! dead l9e4 ,sid5ote3 ,k & tea*+ p[]4 ,sid5ote3 ,! c\rse ( /udy4 ,sid5ote3 ,difficulties4 ,back ( ! ,socratic me?od mu/ be a ,socrates to ask ! que/ions4 ,education results n f highly diff]5tiat$ me?ods1 b prim>ily f ! play ( m9d ^u m9d1 he>t ^u he>t1 w ^u w4 ,9 ! difficult art ( mak+ o!rs ?9k ! mo/ important factor is ! tea*] himself4 ,?9k+ begets ?9k+4 ,9 ?is connection "o _c =be> contra/+ ! liv+ tea*] ) o!r educational =ces4 ,treatises on education are 9 ! habit ( pr9t+ nature ) a capital lett]1 :il/ words l tea*]1 humanity1 unless !y /& at ! beg9n+ ( ! s5t5ce1 beg9 ) a small lett]4 ,are lifeless rocks1 dead leaves1 /uff$ birds1 & transfix$ bugs m pot5t 9 begett+ ?\ght ?an ! tea*] himself8 ,if nature 7 su* a wond]ful tea*]1 !n ! savage1 :o is 9 daily contact ) nature1 & :o kn[s little or no?+ ( ! artificial life ( our great cities & great seats ( le>n+1 %\ld be ! be/ ?9k]4 ,a tea*] ^: p[] to /imulate ?\ght is n sup]ior to dead leaves & bugs & butt]flies mu/ h rea*$ ! dead l9e4 ,tea*]s may be divid$ into two classes1--^? :o h ceas$ to gr[ & ^? :o are /ill alive & gr[+4 ,"u ! tuition ( ! =m] ! boy soon loses int]e/ 9 /udy1 & seldom acquires ! p[] to ?9k4 ,f a dead tree y _c propagate life4 ,+raft a lifeless tea*] ^u ! s*ool2 ! mo/ skilful devices ( s*ool managem5t & recitation s]ve only to int5sify ! dull r\t9e1 ! me*anical it]ation & repetition :i* ,bi%op ,spald+ decl>es to be ! mo/ radical defect 9 our sy/ems ( education4 ,x takes life to beget life4 ,a gr[+ m9d is requir$ to beget gr[? 9 o!r m9ds4 ,a good ?9k] begets habits ( close & c>eful ?9k+ 9 ^? :om he m\lds4 ,"s m9ds are m gift$ 9 ?is respect ?an o!rs4 ,)\t d\bt ! read] c recall ! diff]5ce betwe5 k & tea*+ p[] :i* he felt :ile "u sev]al in/ructors at ! same "t4 ,f ^? gift$ ) /imulat+ p[] he came away ) a m9d full ( int]rogation po9ts1 & ) ! att5tion rivet$ ^u problems call+ = inve/igation4 ,"u _! tuition ! commone/ ?+s acquir$ new int]e/ & became food = ?\ght4 ,! ?9k+ seem$ to spr+ out ( t ^u :i* ! m9d 0 fe$+4 ,)\t ! /imulat+ influ5ce :i* comes f a live tea*]1 contact ) nature1 access to libr>ies & laboratories1 may am\nt to v little4 ,! *ief tr\ble 9 our s*ools is n t ! c\rses ( /udy are too cr[d$1 b ! tea*]s are too empty4 ,!re is n en\gh fuel 9 _! m9ds to keep alive ! gl[ ( ?\ght4 ,a c\rse ( /udy 9 ! h&s ( a skilful in/ructor is l a good bill ( f>e "u ! direction ( a skilful cat]]4 ,! latt] does n expect e gue/ to eat 8 way ?r\gh ! entire bill ( f>e2 he s manages ! succession ( di%es z to /imulate ! appetite to ! end ( ! fea/2 he s5ds ! gue/s away )\t ! feel+ ( satiety1--9 fact1 anxi\s = ! next banquet4 ,! wise tea*] does n expect ! pupils to assimilate ev]y?+ 9 ! c\rse ( /udy2 he aims s to fe$ & /imulate _! m9ds t !y f9d g5u9e pleasure 9 ?9k+1 & g away f him ) a desire n only = m k1 b also = ?+s t give suitable ex]cise to ! reflective p[]s4 ,wat* a boy at "w ^u a puzzle1 & y w be conv9c$ t he f9ds g5u9e delight 9 ?9k+ t :i* is difficult4 ,! mo/ popul> tea*]s are n !y :o smoo? away e difficulty 9 ! pa?way ( ! /ud5t1 b !y :o /imulate 8 ?9k+ & help him to a s5se ( ma/]y ov] intellectual difficulties4 ,! quick5+1 /imulative influ5ce ( ! ,socratic "q lies 9 its cont5t r ?an its =m2 & bo? =m & cont5t d]ive _! vivify+ p[] f ! p]sonality ( ! tea*]4 ,sid5ote3 ,consci\s & unconsci\s influ5ces4 ,! /imulat+ influ5ces :i* g =? f a live tea*] are p>tly consci\s & p>tly unconsci\s4 ,! latt] are ! m effective4 ,m9ds gift$ ) quick5+ p[] create ab\t !mselves an intellectual atmosph]e t is l ! invigorat+ atmosph]e ( ! m\nta9s or ! tonic breezes :i* bl[ f ! sea4 ,! woman :o t\*$ ! hem ( ! ,savi\r's g>m5t felt at once ! vivify+ influ5ces :i* 7 all ! "t go+ =? f ! ,great ,tea*]4 ,"h we /& face to face ) ! greate/ my/]y ( ! tea*]'s art4 ,sid5ote3 ,! he>t4 ,"s light is %$ ^u ! my/]y by ! intimate relation :i* exi/s betwe5 ! consci\s & ! subconsci\s life ( ! s\l4 ,! ideas ^u any subject :i* ! individual *]i%es dur+ 8 consci\s mom5ts1 ! tra9 ( logical ?9k+ :i* he pursues :5 ! w gives direction to reflection1 ! creative ef=t :i* he seeks to put =? 9 a giv5 direction1--^! %ape ! activities :i* g =w>d 9 ! dep?s ( ! s\l :5 p]haps ! att5tion is direct$ to ! dis*>ge ( r\t9e duties4 8,out ( ! he>t are ! issues ( life40 8,out ( ! fulness ( ! he>t ! m\? speake?40 ,f ! treasure-h\se ( ! he>t come well+ up ?\ghts1 ideas1 s5tim5ts1 & purposes :i* l>gely det]m9e ! influ5ce ex]t$ ^u o!rs :5 ! individual is n aw>e ( x4 ,! tea*] mu/ make himself :at he wi%es 8 pupil to be4 ,if foot-ball & base-ball & boat+ =m ! /aple ( 8 ?9k+1 ! c5tre ( 8 affections1 ^! a?letic sports1 9 ways t are m>vell\s & (t5 pa/ f9d+ out1 become ! objects ( ?\ght 9 :i* 8 /ud5ts w delight4 ,if ! tru?s & pr9ciples ( sci5ce absorb 8 int]e/ & engage ! be/ ?\ght ( 8 consci\s h\rs1 ^! w det]m9e ! m\ld+ influ5ce :i* he w unconsci\sly ex]t ^u o!rs4 ,if he delights 9 g]m-ideas1 9 se$-?\ghts1 ^! w emanate f him :5ev] he is ?r[n into contact ) inquir+ m9ds4 ,mu*1 ( c\rse1 is due to native ability1 to inh]it$ qualities4 ,! circle ( m9ds :i* "o tea*] c rea* is fur!r limit$ by ! bread? or n>r[ness ( 8 views1 by ! po9ts :i* he has 9 common ) o!rs1 by ! am\nt ( sympa!tic int]e/ :i* he manife/s 9 _! progress & welf>e1 by ! sum total ( ! *>act]i/ics ( g5]ic humanity :i* he has tak5 up into himself4 ,9 o!r words1 8 /imulat+ p[] dep5ds ^u ! ext5t to :i* 8 inn] life is repres5tative ( ! be/ ?\ght & ! be/ traits ( ! age 9 :i* he lives & ( ! p to :om he belongs4 ,sid5ote3 ,exhau/ive treatm5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,hope4 ,a tea*] may de/roy 8 p[] to awak5 & /imulate ?\ght by develop+ e subject 9 all its be>+s to its logical or f9al conclusion4 ,he %\ld s5d 8 classes away f ! daily lecture or recitation to ! libr>y or ! laboratory1 to ! /udy1 ! %op1 or ! field1 ) ! s5se ( some?+ to be a*iev$1 ) ! feel+ t !re are fields ( rese>* = !m to explore1 fields t w amply repay c>eful /udy1 inve/igation1 & reflection4 ,!re is no?+ t tires a boy s soon z ! feel+ t !re is no?+ = him to d1 no?+ t he c ma/]1 a*ieve1 or conqu] on 8 own acc\nt4 ,! normal *ild is s con/itut$ t x loves activity1 looks into ! future1 & reg>ds itself z an important factor 9 ! _w's life4 ,! advance f *ildhood to y\? is m>k$ by a transition into ! p]iod t is brimful ( hope & ambition4 ,! pamp]$ son ( a ri* man may feel no long+ ( ?is sort2 8 opportunities = e>ly travel & premature indulg5ce 9 e :im may h br\ght him to ! po9t :]e ! :ole _w seems l a suck$ orange = :i* "o has no fur!r use4 ,unless ! ri* fa!r & "m possess an extraord9>y am\nt ( good s5se1 _! *ildr5 d n h an ev5 *ance ) ! *ildr5 ( ! middle classes ^: outlook ^u life supplies abundant motives = /udy & ex]tion4 ,sid5ote3 ,! field ( vision4 ,if a boy has n made a mi/ake 9 select+ 8 p>5ts1 if ! atmosph]e ( ! home 9 :i* 8 fir/ six ye>s are sp5t is normal1 he comes to s*ool ) a s5se ( some?+ to be a*iev$4 ,%\ld ?is feel+ be lack+1 ! true tea*] w aim to beget x by ! in/ruction he gives & by appeals to ! innate desire = k4 ,z ! intellig5ce dawns1 ! int]rogation po9ts on ! boy's face multiply2 8 appetite = k gr[s by :at x fe$s on4 ,if ! bran*es ( /udy d n become m int]e/+ ?an any occupation by :i* ! boy c e>n copp]s1 !re is some?+ wrong ei!r ) ! boy or 8 tea*]1 or ) bo?4 ,9 ! asc5t ( ! hill ( sci5ce e /ep upw>d wid5s ! horizon1 increases ! field ( vision1 & /imulates to new ef=t4 ,e field explor$ beckons to new fields ( inve/igation4 ,x is ! pr]ogative ( ! tea*] to po9t out :at is 9 /ore = ! aspir+ y\?4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! doma9 ( pure ma!matics4 ,a pupil _h le>n$ 9 8 geometry t p>allel l9es nev] meet4 ,! tea*] told him t 8 geometrical /udies w\ld aft] a :ile acqua9t him ) l9es t are n p>allel & yet nev] meet4 ,no soon] _h he met l9es ( ?is k9d1 situat$ 9 diff]5t planes1 ?an 8 tea*] told him ( l9es t cont9ually approa* b nev] meet4 ,! appeal to 8 curiosity help$ to /imulate ! desire = k & kept him ?9k+ e>ne/ly & s]i\sly until he met ! asymptote & its curve4 ,! /udy ( asymptotes soon grew m int]e/+ ?an *ess or any sports ^u ! a?letic field4 ,sid5ote3 ,ma/] m9ds4 ,! aim ( ! tea*] %\ld be to make himself useless4 ,9 o!r words1 ! s*ool %\ld aim to lift ! pupil to ! plane ( an indep5d5t ?9k]1 capable ( giv+ consci\s direction to 8 intellectual life & ( conc5trat+ all 8 p[]s ^u any?+ t is to be ma/]$4 ,x is to be reckon$ a piece ( good =tune = a bright & tal5t$ y\? to fall "u ! dom9at+ influ5ce ( a ma/] m9d4 ,9 endeavor+ to walk 9 ! foot/eps ( an intellectual giant1 to compreh5d 8 !ories & speculations1 & to c>ry ! burd5 ( 8 ?\ghts1 unexpect$ /r5g? & p[] are develop$1 & :5 ! day ( emancipation comes--z x always does come 9 ! case ( gift$ y\?--! le>n] w f9d t he has ent]$ a high] sph]e ( intellectual activity1 & w h5ce=? rank among ! _w's productive ?9k]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,false /imulants4 ,sid5ote3 ,m5tal le?>gy4 ,z 0 said at ! beg9n+ ( ! *apt]1 ! competition ( m5 9 mature life is usually suffici5t to /imulate _! ?9k+4 ,! m5 ^: duties make a con/ant dra9 ^u _! productivity ne$ o!r =ms ( ?\ght-/imulation4 ,ref]5ce is n "h made to ! n>cotics1 alcoholic /imulants1 & o!r drugs :i* bra9-work]s use 9 p]iods ( reaction & fatigue3 ^! /imulate only = a %ort "t1 & leave ! n]v\s sy/em & ! bra9 weak] ?an be=e2 !y %ort5 life by burn+ ! c&le at bo? ends2 !y _c supply ! ne$ ( sleep1 re/1 & recreation4 ,to take rational ex]cise1 to eat prop] food1 & to obey all ! laws ( heal? is ! sacr$ duty ( e p]son :o tea*es by ^w ( m\? or p54 ,e ef=t %\ld be made to keep vitality at its maximum4 ,(t5 ! m9d resembles ! soil :i* yields a ri*] h>ve/ if p]mitt$ to lie fall[ = a "t4 ,if at ! close ( a p]iod ( re/ or a summ] vacation ! m9d refuses to "w1 :at %all !n be done to /imulate m5tal activity8 ,diff]5t m5 d]ive /imulus f diff]5t s\rces4 ,"o f9ds help f tak+ a p5 9 h&1 ano!r by fac+ a sea ( upturn$ faces4 ,a cl]gyman ( consid]able repute uses an ,indian /ory to />t 8 m5tal ma*9]y4 ,h5ry ,w>d ,bee*] decl>$ t ! greate/ k9dness :i* c\ld be %[n him 0 to oppose 8 public utt]ances4 ,opposition r\s$ all 8 p[]s & help$ him to ?9k vigor\sly & to ! be/ advantage4 ,s*ill] is said to h kept rott5 apples 9 8 desk1 because he believ$ t ! odor /imulat$ 8 m9d4 ,"s m5 f9d help 9 solitude1 f ! s++ ( birds1 f ! s\nd ( ru/l+ leaves & fall+ wat]s1 f ! noise ( ocean waves1 or f ! glimpse ( di/ant wat]s or f>-(f m\nta9s4 ,an em95t !ologian is /imulat$ by ! play+ ( a piano 9 ! next room4 ,! /imulus f books is res]v$ = discussion 9 a sep>ate *apt] on ! ,"r ,use ( ,books4 ,sid5ote3 ,h9d]ances4 ,z !re are helps1 s !re are h9d]ances to good ?9k+4 ,petty c>es1 executive duties1 noises 9 ! same room1 or 9 ! next room1 or ^u ! /reet1 are well-kn[n examples4 ,_! "n is legion1 & _! co/ is enorm\s if !y come f manufactur+ e/abli%m5ts ne> ! s*ool4 ,a ^w ab\t ! extra-mural music :i* emanates f vile ma*9]y on ! /reets is n out ( place 9 ?is connection4 ,an ,engli% writ] ass]ts t ! organ-gr9d]s ( ,london h done m 9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s to detract f ! quality & quantity ( ! high] m5tal "w ( ! nation ?an any two or ?ree colleges at ,ox=d h effect$ to increase x4 ,a ma!matician e/imates ! co/ ( ! increas$ m5tal labor ^! /reet-musicians h impos$ ^u him & 8 cl]ks at sev]al ?\s& p\nds' wor? ( fir/-class "w1 = :i* ! gov]nm5t actually paid 9 add$ l5g? ( ! "t ne$$ = 8 calculations4 ,sid5ote3 ,our fell[-m54 ,9 matt]s ( ?is k9d e man mu/ be a law unto himself4 ,s9ce no two human be+s are exactly alike1 b ea* is a new creation fre% f ! h&s ( ! ,creator1 x foll[s t ea* p]son mu/ /udy 8 own peculi>ities1 =m 8 own habits ( "w1 & acquire ! p[] to ?9k 9 ! mid/ ( ! circum/ances 9 :i* he is plac$4 ,by resolute ef=t ! m9d c ignore _m a h9d]ance & di/raction4 ,! be/ /imulus f )\t comes f our fell[-m54 8,our m9ds ne$ ! /imulus ( o!r m9ds1 z our lungs ne$ oxyg5 to p]=m _! functions40 ,at s*ool ! /imulus comes f classmates1 f ^? 9 ! high] & l[] classes1 b above all else1 f ! be/ books & ! be/ tea*]s4 ,9 ! life beyond ! s*ool ! /imulus comes f ! daily contact & competition ) o!rs1 f conv]sation & discussions ) ^? :o ?9k1 f communion ) ! be/ books1 ) nature1 & ) nature's ,god4 ,sid5ote3 ,s\rces ( /imulus4 ,aft] ! p[]s ( ! m9d h be5 awak5$ & discipl9$1 /imulus & inspiration may come f t5 ?\s& s\rces4 ,sil5ce & solitude1 city & c\ntry1 bus9ess & pleasure1 obs]vation & travel1 obs]vatories & laboratories1 libr>ies & museums1 nature & art1 poetry & prose1 fiction & hi/ory1 may ea* 9 turn s]ve z a spur to creative1 inv5tive1 & productive ?9k+1 z an inc5tive to orig9al rese>*1 fruitful inve/igation1 & pr(itable reason+4 ,among all ! s\rces ( /imulation1 ! good tea*] & ! good book take sup]lative rank4 ,,ix ,,! ,,"r ,,use ,,( ,,books ,ev5 ! v greate/ ( au?ors are indebt$ to miscellane\s read+1 (t5 9 sev]al diff]5t languages1 = ! sugge/ion ( _! mo/ orig9al works1 & = ! light :i* has k9dl$ _m a %9+ ?\ght ( _! own4 ,,ham]ton4 ,he reads a book mo/ wisely :o ?9ks ev]y?+ into a book t x is capable ( hold+1 & x is ! /amp & tok5 ( a great book s to incorporate itself ) our own be+1 s to quick5 our insight & /imulate our ?\ght1 z to make u feel z if we help$ to create x :ile we read4 ,:atev] we c f9d 9 a book t aids u 9 ! conduct ( life1 or to a tru] int]pretation ( x1 or to a frank] reconcilem5t ) x1 we may ) a good consci5ce believe is n !re by accid5t1 b t ! au?or meant we %\ld f9d x !re4 ,,l[ell4 ,mu* z a man ga9s f actual conflict ) liv+ m9ds1 he may ga9 mu* ev5 ( ! same k9d ( k1 ?\gh diff]5t 9 detail1 f ! accumulat$ ?9k+ ( ! pa/4 ,no liv+ g5]ation c outweigh all ! pa/4 ,if books )\t exp]i5ce 9 real life _c develop a man all r\nd1 nei!r c life )\t books d x4 ,!re is a c]ta9 dignity ( culture :i* lives only 9 ! atmosph]e ( libr>ies4 ,!re is a bread? & a g5u95ess ( self-k :i* "o gets f ! sil5t fri5d%ip ( great au?ors )\t :i* ! be/ "w t is 9 a man _c come out ( him 9 l>ge pr(essional successes4 ,,phelps4 ,! great secret ( read+ consi/s 9 ?is1--t x does n matt] s mu* :at we read or h[ we read x z :at we ?9k & h[ we ?9k x4 ,read+ is only ! fuel2 &1 ! m9d once on fire1 any & all mat]ial w fe$ ! flame1 provid$ only x h any combu/ible matt] 9 x4 ,& we _c tell f :at qu>t] ! next mat]ial w come4 ,! ?\ght we ne$1 ! facts we are 9 se>* (1 may make _! appe>ance 9 ! corn] ( ! newspap]1 or 9 "s =gott5 volume long ago consign$ to du/ & oblivion4 ,haw?orne 9 ! p>lor ( a c\ntry inn on a ra9y day c\ld f9d m5tal nutrim5t 9 an old directory4 ,t accompli%$ philologi/1 ! late ,"l ,/rang=d1 c\ld f9d ample amusem5t = an h\r's delay at a railway /ation 9 trac+ out ! etymology ( ! names 9 ,brad%aw4 ,! m9d t is n awake & alive w f9d a libr>y a b>r5 wild]ness4 ,,*>les ,f4 ,,ri*>dson4 ,,ix ,,! ,,"r ,,use ,,( ,,books ,sid5ote3 ,a novel4 ,a cl]gyman :o f\nd ! reaction f 8 pulpit ef=ts s great t (t5 he c\ld n br+ himself to ?9k vigor\sly & consecutively be=e ! middle ( ! foll[+ week 0 advis$ by 8 physician to try ! effect ( an ,indian tale or an excit+ /ory1 & f\nd t a good novel works l a *>m 9 br++ ! m9d back to normal action4 ,aft] ! int]e/ 9 ! /ory or novel beg9s to gr[ !re is dang] ( read+ too long1 ( read+ until ano!r spell ( fatigue & reaction comes4 ,! book %\ld be laid aside z soon z ! fir/ gl[ ( m5tal action is felt4 ,sid5ote3 ,books4 ,mo/ ?9k]s ne$ ! /imulat+ influ5ce ( o!r m9ds4 ,^! c be f\nd at _! be/ ^u ! %elves ( a well-select$ libr>y4 ,!y are ready to help u :5ev] we feel ready to give !m our att5tion4 ,m5 put ! be/ "p ( !mselves into _! books4 ,! process ( writ+ = pr9t int5sifies m5tal activity1 spurs ! intellect to ! ke5e/1 mo/ vigor\s ef=t1 & ar\ses ! highe/ en]gy ( ?\ght & feel+4 ,au?ors t ex]t a quick5+ influ5ce ^u our ?9k+ %\ld be kept = use :5ev] we ne$ a /imulus to r\se ! m9d f its le?>gy4 ,leibnitz got 8 be/ ideas :ile read+ books4 ,he _h acquir$ ! habits ( a libr>ian to :om favorite volumes are always accessible4 ,sid5ote3 ,z /imulus4 ,a sci5ti/ ( repute says he gets ! necess>y /imulus f ,jevons's treatise on ! inductive sci5ces4 ,pr(essor ,phelps has collect$ an in/ructive li/ ( au?ors ^: writ+s h be5 helpful to o!r au?ors ( note4 ,he says1-- ,sid5ote3 ,examples4 8,voltaire us$ to read ,massillon z a /imulus to production4 ,bossuet read ,hom] = ! same purpose4 ,gray read ,sp5s]'s #8,fa]ie ,que5e' z ! prelim9>y to ! use ( 8 p54 ,! favorites ( ,milton 7 ,hom] & ,euripides4 ,fnelon resort$ to ! anci5t classics promiscu\sly4 ,pope read ,dryd5 z 8 habitual aid to compos+4 ,corneille read ,tacitus & ,livy4 ,cl>5don did ! same4 ,sir ,william ,jones1 on 8 passage to ,india1 plann$ five diff]5t volumes1 & assign$ to ea* ! au?or he resolv$ to read z a guide & awak5] to 8 own m9d = its "w4 ,buffon made ! same use ( ! works ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton4 ,) great v>iety ( ta/es successful au?ors h g5]ally agre$ 9 avail+ !mselves ( ?is natural & facile me?od ( educat+ _! m9ds to ! "w ( orig9al creation40#ae ,sid5ote3 ,great ?9k]s4 ,! mo/ valuable function ( /&>d au?ors lies 9 _! quick5+ influ5ce ^u ! intellectual life4 ,! ef=t to appropriate _! ideas & to ma/] _! ?\ghts is ! be/ possible ex]cise = ! und]/&+4 ,9 ?9k+ _! ?\ghts1 weigh+ _! argum5ts1 & foll[+ _! tra9 ( reason+ ! m9d ga9s vigor1 /r5g?1 & ! capacity = su/a9$ ef=t4 ,! invigorat+ atmosph]e :i* a great ?9k] creates has a mo/ rem>kable tonic effect ^u all :o dwell 9 x4 ,by unconsci\s absorption !y acquire 8 _s ( inquiry1 8 me?ods ( rese>*1 8 habits ( inve/igation1 8 way ( attack+ & ma/]+ difficulties4 ,:ile try+ to walk 9 8 foot/eps !y le>n to take giant /rides4 ,8 idioms1 8 *oice ( words1 8 favorite phrases & expressions are at _! s]vice :5 !y ent] new fields ( tru?4 ,bo? 9 p[] & aspiration !y become l him ?r\gh ! my/]i\s process ( m9d act+ ^u m9d1 ( he>t evok+ he>t1 & ( w transfus+ itself into w4 ,a great ?9k] gets 8 place 9 ! galaxy ( %9+ intellects ?r\gh ! tru?s :i* he communicates2 & z tru? is ! be/ food = ! s\l1 s ! que/ ( tru? is ! be/ ex]cise = all its faculties4 ,sid5ote3 ,! lit]ature ( k & ! lit]ature ( p[]4 ,de ,qu9cey1 9 8 essay on ,alex&] ,pope1 draws an important & (t-quot$ di/9ction betwe5 ! lit]ature ( k & ! lit]ature ( p[]4 ,he says ! function ( ! "o is to tea*1 ( ! o!r to move4 ,! =m] he lik5s to a rudd]1 ! latt] to an o> or a sail4 ,to illu/rate ! diff]5ce he asks1 8,:at d y le>n f #8,p>adise ,lo/'8 ,no?+ at all4 ,:at d y le>n f a cook]y-book8 ,some?+ new1 some?+ t y did n "k be=e1 9 e p>agraph4 ,b w\ld y1 !re=e1 put ! wret*$ cook]y-book on a high] level ( e/imation ?an ! div9e poem8 ,:at y owe to ,milton is n any k1 ( :i* a million sep>ate items are /ill b a million ( advanc+ /eps on ! same e>?ly level2 :at y owe is p[]1--t is1 ex]cise & expansion to y\r own lat5t capacity ( sympa?y ) ! inf9ite1 :]e e pulse & ea* sep>ate influx is a /ep upw>d1 a /ep asc5d+1 z ^u ,jacob's ladd]1 f e>? to my/]i\s altitudes above ! e>?4 ,all ! /eps ( k1 f fir/ to la/1 c>ry y f>!r on ! same plane1 b c\ld nev] raise y "o foot above y\r anci5t level ( e>?2 :]eas1 ! v fir/ /ep 9 p[] is a flight1 is an asc5d+ into ano!r elem5t :]e e>? is =gott540 ,sid5ote3 ,l[ell4 ,! value ( ! lit]ature ( p[] z a means ( imp>t+ p[] to e s\l t lives "u its influ5ce is easily se5 & g5]ally ackn[l$g$4 ,b ! lit]ature ( k s]ves ! d\ble purpose ( furni%+ u mat]ial = ?\ght & ( act+ z a /imulus to ?\ght4 ,on ?is po9t we h ! te/imony ( ! wise/ :o h v5tur$ to give advice ^u ! use ( books4 ,l[ell says1 8,x is c]ta9ly true t ! mat]ial ( ?\ght reacts ^u ! ?\ght itself4 ,%akespe>e himself w\ld h be5 commonplace _h he be5 padlock$ 9 a ?9ly %av5 vocabul>y1 & ,phidias1 _h he work$ 9 wax1 only a m inspir$ ,mrs4 ,j>ley40 ,! advice :i* ,l[ell gives conc]n+ a c\rse ( read+ & ! ends ( s*ol>%ip to be kept 9 m9d by ^? :o read ) a purpose is too valuable to be omitt$ 9 ?is connection3 ,sid5ote3 ,8 advice4 8,"o is sometimes ask$ by "y p to recomm5d a c\rse ( read+4 ,my advice w\ld be t !y %\ld conf9e !mselves to ! supreme books 9 :atev] lit]ature1 or1 /ill bett]1 to *oose "s "o great au?or & make !mselves ?or\ghly famili> ) him4 ,=1 z all roads lead to ,rome1 s d !y likewise lead away f x1 & y w f9d t 9 ord] to und]/& p]fectly & to weigh exactly any vital piece ( lit]ature y w be gradually & pleasantly p]suad$ to excursions & explorations ( :i* y little dream$ :5 y began1 & w f9d y\rselves s*ol>s be=e y are aw>e4 ,=1 rememb]1 !re is no?+ less pr(itable ?an s*ol>%ip = ! m]e sake ( s*ol>%ip1 nor any?+ m we>isome 9 ! atta9m5t4 ,b ! mom5t y h a def9ite aim1 att5tion is quick5$1 ! "m ( memory1 & all t y acquire gr\ps & arranges itself 9 an ord] t is lucid1 because ev]y:]e & always x is 9 intellig5t relation to a c5tral object ( con/ant & gr[+ int]e/4 ,?is me?od also =ces ^u u ! necessity ( ?9k+1 :i* is1 aft] all1 ! highe/ result ( all education4 ,= :at we want is n le>n+1 b k2 t is1 ! p[] to make le>n+ answ] its true end z a quick5] ( intellig5ce & a wid5] ( our intellectual sympa?ies4 ,i d n mean to say t e "o is fitt$ by nature or incl9ation = a def9ite c\rse ( /udy1 or1 inde$1 = s]i\s /udy 9 any s5se4 ,i am q will+ t ^! %\ld #8br[se 9 a libr>y1' z ,dr4 ,johnson call$ x1 to _! he>t's cont5t4 ,x is p]haps ! only way 9 :i* "t may be pr(itably wa/$4 ,b desultory read+ w n make a #8full man1' z ,bacon und]/ood x1 ( "o :o has n ,johnson's memory1 8 p[] ( assimilation1 &1 above all1 8 compreh5sive view ( ! relations ( ?+s4 #8,read n1' says ,"l ,bacon1 9 8 #8,essay ( ,/udies1' #8to contradict & confute2 n to believe & take = grant$2 nor to f9d talk & disc\rse2 b to weigh & consid]4 ,"s books are to be ta/$1 o!rs to be swall[$1 & "s few to be *ew$ & dige/$2 t is1 "s books are to be read only 9 p>ts2 o!rs to be read1 b n curi\sly 7c>efully71 & "s few to be read :olly & ) dilig5ce & att5tion4 ,"s books1 also1 may be read by deputy4' 8,?is is weighty & well said1 & ,i w\ld call y\r att5tion especially to ! wise words ) :i* ! passage closes4 ,! be/ books are n always ^? :i* l5d !mselves to discussions & comm5t1 b ^? 7l ,montaigne's #8,essays'7 :i* discuss & comm5t ourselves40#af ,pr(essor ,phelps1 9 8 lectures to div9ity /ud5ts1 gives gold5 advice to ! class ( pr(essional m5 ^: life-"w compels !m to draw ^u _! productive intellect m ?an any o!r class ( pr(essional m54 ,sid5ote3 ,phelps4 8,!re is an influ5ce ex]t$ by books ^u ! m9d :i* resembles t ( diet ^u ! body4 ,a /udi\s m9d becomes1 by a law ( its be+1 l ! object :i* x /udies ) en?usiasm4 ,if y\r favorite au?ors are sup]ficial1 gaudy1 %ort-liv$1 y become y\rself su* 9 y\r culture & y\r influ5ce4 ,if y\r favorite au?ors are ( ! gr&1 pr(\nd1 endur+ ord]1 y become y\rself su* to ! ext5t ( y\r innate capacity = su* gr[?4 ,_! ?\ghts become y\rs n by transf]1 b by transfusion4 ,_! me?ods ( comb9+ ?\ghts become y\rs2 s t on diff]5t subjects f !irs y w compose z !y w\ld h done if !y _h h&l$ ^? subjects4 ,_! *oice ( words1 _! idioms1 _! con/ructions1 _! illu/rative mat]ials become y\rs2 s t _! /yle & y\rs w belong to ! same class 9 expression1 & yet y\r /yle w nev] be m]ely imitative ( !irs4 8,x is ! pr]ogative ( great au?ors ?us to ?r[ back a *>m ov] subsequ5t g5]ations :i* is (t5 m pla/ic ?an ! influ5ce ( a p>5t ov] a *ild4 ,d we n feel ! fasc9ation ( x f c]ta9 favorite *>act]s 9 hi/ory8 ,are !re n already c]ta9 sol> m9ds 9 ! firmam5t ( y\r s*ol>ly life ^: rays y feel %oot+ d[n into ! dep?s ( y\r be+1 & quick5+ !re a vitality :i* y feel 9 e orig9al product ( y\r own m9d8 ,su* m9ds are tea*+ y ! true ends ( an intellectual life4 ,!y are unseal+ ! spr+s ( intellectual activity4 ,!y are attract+ y\r intellectual aspirations4 ,!y are l voices call+ to y f ! sky4 8,respect+ ?is process ( assimilation1 x des]ves to be rem>k$ t x is ess5tial to any broad range ( orig9ality4 ,nev]1 if x is g5u9e1 does x create copyi/s or mann]i/s4 ,imitation is ! "w ( undevelop$ m9d4 ,*ildi% m9d imitates4 ,m9d unawak5$ to ! consci\sness ( its own p[]s copies4 ,/agnant m9d falls into mann]ism4 ,on ! contr>y1 a m9d enk9dl$ into aspiration by high ideals is nev] cont5t ) imitat$ excell5ce4 ,any m9d ?us awak5$ mu/1 above all ?+s else1 be itself4 ,x mu/ act itself out1 ?9k its own ?\ghts1 speak its own v]nacul>1 gr[ to its own complet5ess4 ,y c no m become s]vile "u su* a discipl9e ?an y c unconsci\sly copy ano!r man's gait 9 y\r walk or mask y\r own c\nt5ance ) 840#ag 8,give to y\rself a he>ty1 affectionate acqua9tance ) a gr\p ( ! able/ m9ds 9 ,*ri/ian lit]ature1 & if !re is any?+ 9 y k9dr$ to su* m9ds1 !y w br+ x up to ! surface ( y\r own consci\sness4 ,y w h a *e]+ s5se ( discov]y4 ,qu>ries ( ?\ght orig9al to y w be op5$4 ,sudd5ly1 x may be 9 "s *oice h\r ( rese>*1 ve9s w gli/5 ) a lu/re ri*] ?an t ( silv]4 ,y w feel a new /r5g? = y\r life's "w1 because y w be s5sible ( new res\rces40#ah ,sid5ote3 ,two ways ( read+4 ,!re are two ways ( read+ books1--"o a help to ?9k+1 ! o!r de/ructive ( ability to ?9k4 ,if ! read] all[s ! ideas ( a book to pass ?r\gh 8 m9d z a l&scape passes be=e ! eye ( a travell]1 ev] seek+ ! excitem5t ( some?+ new & nev] /opp+ to reflect ^u ! cont5ts ( ! book s z to weigh its argum5ts1 to notice its beauties1 & to appropriate its tru?s1 ! book w leave him less able to ?9k ?an be=e4 ,passive read+ is p]missible :5 ! aim is m]ely recreation1 b he :o w\ld read to ga9 m5tal /r5g? mu/ read actively1 read books t he c und]/& only z ! result ( ef=t4 ,presid5t ,port] gives ?is advice3 ,sid5ote3 ,presid5t ,port]4 8,! p]son1 p>ticul>ly ! /ud5t1 :o has nev] wre/l$ manfully & p]sev]+ly ) a difficult book w be good = little 9 ?is _w ( wre/l+ & /rife4 ,b :5 y are conv9c$ t a book is above y\r atta9m5ts1 capacity1 or age1 x is ( little use = y1 & x is wis] to let x alone4 ,x is bo? vex+ & unpr(itable to /& ^u "o's toes & /ra9 "o's self = h\rs 9 ef=ts to rea* ! fruit :i* y are n tall en\gh to ga!r4 ,x is bett] to leave x till x c be rea*$ m easily4 ,:5 ! grapes are bo? ripe & )9 easy rea* = y1 x is safe to conclude t !y are n s\r40#ai ,sid5ote3 ,read+ z a s\rce ( mat]ial4 ,!re are _m phases ( ! libr>y problem :i* d n call = consid]ation 9 ?is connection1 b 9 addition to _! value z a /imulus to ?9k+1 ! function ( books 9 furni%+ prop] mat]ial = ?\ght & suitable in/rum5ts ( ?\ght des]ves special consid]ation on ! "p ( ^? *>g$ ) ! duty ( tea*+ o!rs to ?9k4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 libr>ies 7 manag$ z if x 7 ! mission ( ! libr>ian to keep ! books f be+ us$4 ,! mod]n libr>ian seeks to make ! accumulat$ wisdom ( ! pa/ accessible to all4 ,he reg>ds ! libr>y z a /oreh\se ( k1 f :i* any "o able to read c get :at he ne$s4 ,cyclopdias & diction>ies ( ref]5ce1 c>d catalogues1 & helps l ,poole's 8,index to ,p]iodical ,lit]ature0 make ! be/ ?\ght ( ! be/ m9ds 9 ^! & o!r days accessible to ! /ud5t4 ,he :o wi%es to ga9 a he>+ on any !me mu/ "k :at o!rs h said ^u x4 ,disraeli has well said t ^? :o d n read l>gely w n !mselves des]ve to be read4 ,! prize debates betwe5 diff]5t colleges are tea*+ /ud5ts h[ to utilize books 9 gett+ mat]ial = public discussions4 ,!ses = graduation develop ! ability to use books 9 ! "r way4 ,& yet1 valuable z books are = furni%+ fuel to ! m9d1 !y may be us$ to de/roy :at little ability to ?9k a pupil has o!rwise develop$4 ,to assign topics = composition :i* require a cull+ ( facts f books1 & to all[ ! essays to be writt5 outside ( s*ool h\rs1 expose ! pupil to unnecess>y temptations4 ,9 ! public s*ools !re %\ld be set ap>t ea* week sev]al p]iods ( suitable l5g?1 dur+ :i* ! pupil1 "u ! eye ( ! tea*]1 writes out 8 ?\ghts4 ,9 su* ex]cises ! att5tion %\ld n be rivet$ ^u capitals1 spell+1 punctuation1 grammatical con/ruction1 & rhetorical devices2 ! m9d %\ld be occupi$ solely & int5sely ) ! expression ( ! ?\ght4 ,mi/akes %\ld be correct$ :5 ! pupil reviews & rewrites 8 composition4 ,books c be us$ to furni% mat]ial = ?\ght2 ! elaboration c be help$ by oral discussions2 ! int]e/ !reby ar\s$ w make ea* memb] ( ! class anxi\s to express 8 ?\ghts2 hesitation 9 compos+ & di/raction f dread ( mi/akes c be ov]come by mak+ ! class write aga9/ "t4 ,sid5ote3 ,enri*+ "o's vocabul>y4 ,books are helpful 9 enri*+ "o's vocabul>y4 ,treatises on rhetoric tea* :at words %\ld be avoid$4 ,! /ud5t f9ds m difficulty 9 gett+ en\gh words to express 8 ?\ghts4 ,! /udy ( a good s]ies ( read]s is m valuable z a means ( acquir+ a good vocabul>y ?an all ! rules on purity1 propriety1 & s =?1 :i* are f\nd 9 ! text-books on rhetoric4 ,a good s]ies ( s*ool read]s employs f five to six ?\s& words4 ,) ^! ! av]age tea*] is famili> to ! ext5t ( kn[+ _! mean+ :5 he sees !m 9 s5t5ces4 ,he does n h a suffici5t comm& ( a ?ird ( !m to use !m 9 writ+ or speak+4 ,! selections ( a ,fif? ,read] conta9 m words ?an are f\nd 9 ! vocabul>y ( any liv+ au?or4 ,! /ep f kn[+ a ^w :5 us$ by ano!r to ! ability to use t ^w 9 express+ our own ?\ghts has n be5 tak5 9 ! case ( ! l>g] proportion ( ! words ) :i* we are famili> on ! pr9t$ page4 ,mo/ p]sons use m words 9 writ+ ?an 9 oral spee*1 m words 9 public speak+ ?an 9 ord9>y conv]sation4 ,we unconsci\sly absorb _m words :i* we he> o!rs use1 b we pick up a f> l>g] numb] f ^? we see 9 pr9t simply because ! pr9t$ page conta9s a l>g] v>iety ( words ?an spok5 language4 ,9 ?is respect !re is a va/ diff]5ce betwe5 ! oral disc\rse & ! writt5 manuscript ( ! same p]son4 ,! /yle is diff]5t2 ! s5t5ces 9 oral disc\rse are less involv$2 ! diction is less complicat$2 ! vocabul>y is less copi\s4 ,h5ce ! advantage ( ! boy :o has access to /&>d au?ors ov] ! y\? :o has access to few books1 & ^! n well select$4 ,)\t any ef=t1 ! =m] ga9s possession ( a vocabul>y :i* makes ?9k+ easi] & ri*]4 ,sid5ote3 ,s*ool read]s4 ,! lack ( a libr>y ( /&>d au?ors c be suppli$1 to "s ext5t1 by a judici\s use ( ! s*ool read]s4 ,if ! ma/]y ( ! words & ! gett+ ( ! ?\ght prec$e ! oral read+ ( ! lesson1 & if ! vocal utt]ance is foll[$ by oral & writt5 reproduction ( ! ?\ght1 correct habits ( /udy w be =m$1 & ! work+ vocabul>y ( tea*] & pupil w be va/ly increas$4 ,! habit ( ey+ e /rang] on ! pr9t$ page w be fix$1 & ! appropriation ( new words w rise above ! subconsci\s /age4 ,only "o o!r ex]cise is comp>able1--namely1 ! comp>ison ( words 9 a lexicon = ! purpose ( select+ ! "r "o 9 mak+ a translation f "s anci5t or mod]n language4 ,su* translations1 if hone/ly made1 enri* ! vocabul>y & furni% ex]cise 9 ! /udy ( ! f9] %ades ( mean+ :i* words h1 z well z 9 ! use ( ! words = ! purpose ( express+ ?\ght4 ,sid5ote3 ,frankl9's plan4 ,sid5ote3 ,correct+ pap]s4 ,mo/ p]sons1 :5 !y face an audi5ce or feel at all emb>rass$1 ?9k 9 phrases1 9 brok5 s5t5ces4 ,h5ce ex]cises design$ to cultivate ! habit ( ?9k+ 9 s5t5ces are v valuable4 ,frankl9's plan ( rewrit+ ! ?\ght ( a book l 8,! ,spectator10 & !n comp>+ 8 own s5t5ces ) ^? ( a ma/]-m9d1 c be foll[$ ) great advantage1 because x lifts ! burd5 ( correction f ! tea*]'s %\ld]s & ?r[s x ^u ! pupil1 giv+ ! latt] ! full b5efit ( ! ex]cise4 ,moreov]1 x cultivates 9 ! pupil ! habit ( wat*+ h[ ?\ght is express$ by /&>d au?ors4 ,! tea*]'s int]e/ 9 ! ?\ght side ( language (t5 makes him =get t ! correct use ( capitals1 punctuation m>ks1 s5t5ces1 & p>agraphs is a matt] ( ?9k+ q z mu* z inv5tion & ! arrangem5t ( mat]ials4 ,^! ext]nals ( ! process ( compos+ mu/ at "s "t be made ! object ( *ief reg>d4 ,! reason s _m pupils d n le>n _! use is f\nd 9 ! fact t tea*]s hate ! drudg]y ( correct+ pap]s1 & !y expect ! pupils to acquire ?is k incid5tally4 ,! "r use ( books obviates ! necessity = mu* ( ?is drudg]y1 & secures ! desir$ end ) a m9imum exp5diture ( "t & ef=t4 ,skill 9 ! use ( capitals & punctuation m>ks is be/ acquir$ :5 ! att5tion is n absorb$ by ! elaboration ( ideas or by ! labor ( compos+4 ,! ext]nals involv$ 9 putt+ s5t5ces ^u pap] c claim ! *ief att5tion 9 ! dictation ( /&>d selections f a s*ool read]4 ,?is ex]cise enables ! pupil to make 8 own corrections1 & is wor? a doz5 9 :i* ! tea*] makes ! corrections1 only to be ca/ aside aft] a mom5t>y glance by ! pupil4 ,! ex]cise may be v>i$ by copy+ a selection f a /&>d au?or ^u ! black-bo>d1 cov]+ x ) a scre5 or %ade 7on roll]s7 dur+ ! dictation1 & expos+ x to view only :ile ! corrections are made4 ,if ea* "o ( ! punctuation m>ks is made an object ( special att5tion 9 a p>ticul> grade1 !re are en\gh grades to cov] !m all be=e ! pupil rea*es ! high s*ool4 ,sid5ote3 ,dictation4 ,a sup]9t5d5t revolutioniz$ ! language-"w ( an entire c\nty by dictat+ to ! applicants at ! annual exam9ation = provisional c]tificates a selection f a ,fir/ ,read] = ! purpose ( te/+ _! k ( capitals & punctuation & ! o!r details ( writt5 spee*4 ,e "o saw ! value ( ! te/1 & x l$ to a /udy ( ! s*ool read] f a new po9t ( view4 ,sid5ote3 ,books = all4 ,sid5ote3 ,"r use ( books4 ,x is n easy to ov]e/imate ! value ( books1 n m]ely = ^? :o aspire to become ?9k]s1 b ev5 = all classes ( m5 9 civiliz$ life4 ,books treasure ! wisdom ( ! ages & transmit x to future g5]ations4 ,!y k9dle ?\ght1 enliv5 ! emotions1 & lift ! s\l into ! doma9 ( ! true1 ! beautiful1 & ! good4 ,!y furni% recreation & in/ruction1 com=t & consolation1 /imulation & inspiration4 ,!y confirm or correct ! op9ions already =m$1 & give tone to ! entire intellectual life4 ,!y enl>ge ! vocabul>y1 exemplify ! be/ me?ods ( embody+ ?\ght 9 language1 & %[ h[ ma/]-m9ds ?r[ _! mat]ials into connect$ disc\rse1 h[ !y organize facts1 tru?s1 inf]5ces1 & !ories into sy/ems ( sci5ce or speculation4 ,"o c subscribe to all t is said 9 favor ( object-tea*+ & laboratory me?ods1 & /ill be consi/5t 9 ma9ta9+ t x %\ld be "o ( ! *ief aims ( ! s*ool to tea* ! "r use ( books1 t ! college & univ]sity fail 9 _! mission if !y neglect to put ! /ud5t into ! way ( us+ a libr>y to ! be/ advantage4 ,if ! policy ( _m s*ools 7 adopt$ 9 o!r fields ( human activity1 ! folly w\ld be too gl>+ to escape notice4 ,suppose1 by mon?s ( ef=t1 a botani/ c\ld create 9 8 son a lik+ = ! plants ( ! night%ade family1 "s ( :i*1 l ! potato & ! tomato1 are good = food & o!rs are poison\s4 ,hav+ creat$ ! appetite1 ! fa!r makes no ef=t to gratify x4 ,! son1 fail+ to di/+ui% betwe5 ! good & ! bad1 ! escul5t & ! poison\s1 & f9d+ ! latt] )9 easy rea*1 beg9s to gratify 8 appetite by eat+ )\t discrim9ation4 ,! deadly effects are m easily imag9$ ?an describ$4 ,sid5ote3 ,good lit]ature4 ,a p>allel folly has be5 committ$ 9 hundr$s ( communities :i* h tax$ !mselves to bani% illit]acy & to make ignorance impossible among ! "y p4 ,read+ is c>efully taught2 ! ability to read is foll[$ by an appetite = read+2 a /rong desire = ! m5tal food d]iv$ f ! pr9t$ page is creat$4 ,yet no?+ is done to supply ! "r k9d ( books = ! purpose ( gratify+ ?is appetite4 ,! av]age y\? is all[$ to get :at he c f ! book-/alls1 :i* conta9 mu* t is z delet]i\s to ! s\l z "s plants ( ! night%ade family are to ! body4 ,x is z mu* a duty to supply prop] lit]ature z x is to imp>t ! ability to read4 ,:51 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury1 "s hi/orian %all give an acc\nt ( ! educational developm5t ( ,p5nsylvania1 he w record x z a fact pass+ /range & well-nigh incapable ( explanation t = m ?an ?ree decades !re /ood ^u ! /atute-books ( a great commonweal? a law prev5t+ bo>ds ( directors f appropriat+ any s*ool funds to ! pur*ase ( books = a s*ool libr>y except su* works ( a /rictly pr(essional "* z 7 necess>y = ! improvem5t ( ! tea*]s4 ,)9 ! la/ decade a new era has dawn$ 9 libr>y legislation & 9 ! pur*ase ( books4 ,directors are n[ emp[]$ to levy a tax = libr>y purposes1 & free libr>ies are spr++ into exi/5ce n only 9 ! l>ge c5tres ( population1 b ev5 9 ! rural s*ools4 ,! movem5t has come n a :it too soon2 = habits ( read+ are sadly ne$$ to supplem5t life 9 ! factory & on ! f>m4 ,to make f day to day no?+ except ! head ( a p91 or ! sixtie? "p ( a %oe1 may develop m>vell\s skill & spe$ 9 workman%ip1 b su* division ( labor leaves little room = intellectual activity or = any?+ above ! m]e/ me*anical r\t9e4 ,sid5ote3 ,! factory4 ,x %\ld n occasion surprise t op]atives 9 factories seek ! m5tal excitem5t :i* human nature always craves aft] h\rs ( monotony4 ,f> bett] t !y %\ld f9d recreation 9 a good book ?an 9 a game ( c>ds1 9 a free libr>y ?an 9 a dr9k+-saloon4 ,t ! workman may ta/e ! joys ( ! high] life ( ?\ght1 x is ess5tial t he h access to ! be/ lit]ature 9 prose & poetry1 to books ( travel1 biography1 hi/ory1 sci5ce1 & sociology4 ,if he lack ^!1 8 m9d w lose itself 9 local gossip1 9 discont5t ov] 8 lot1 9 envy ( ^? :o h m to eat & dr9k1 bett] clo!s to we>1 & bett] h\ses to live 94 ,( ! pleasures ( ! high] life he c h z _m z1 if n m ?an1 o!rs h2 = at ! close ( ! day 8 m9d is n exhau/$ by pr(essional ?9k+1 & he c enjoy a good book f> m ?an ! m5 ^: daily occupation obliges !m to seek recreation 9 physical ex]cise4 ,sid5ote3 ,! f>m4 ,sid5ote3 ,tw5tie? c5tury4 ,! same rem>ks apply to life on ! f>m4 ,! incessant drudg]y ( monoton\s toil day aft] day f e>ly dawn till late at night has s5t f>m]s & _! wives to untimely graves1 sometimes to ! insane asylum4 ,!y ne$ ! intellectual /imulus :i* comes f good books1 ! heal?-giv+ recreation :i* comes ) ! *ange f ! fatigu+ toil ( ! day to ! p]usal ( good lit]ature 9 ! ev5+4 ,"u ! m rational policy ( provid+ a supply ( good books along ) ! creation ( a ta/e = read+1 ! work+ p ( ! next g5]ation w be z well read1 z well in=m$1 & z capable ( su/a9$ ?\ght z ^? :o ?9k money all day1 or sp5d _! /r5g? 9 vocations :i* act ^u ! m9d v mu* z a gr9d/one acts ^u a knife1--n>r[+ ! blade :ile %>p5+ ! edge4 ,let x be hop$ t e>ly 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury ! labor+ classes w h %ort] h\rs ( "w1 m leisure = read+1 & an appreciation ( good books equal to t ( ,*>les ,lamb1 :o ass]t$ t !re 0 m reason = say+ grace be=e a new book ?an be=e a d9n]4 ,"u ! b5efic5t influ5ce ( free text-books & free libr>ies x %\ld be possible to create 9 ! ris+ g5]ation a _s l t ( ,macaulay1 :o decl>$ t if any "o %\ld (f] to make him ! greate/ k+ t ev] liv$1 ) palaces & g>d5s1 & f9e d9n]s & w9es1 & coa*es & beautiful clo!s1 & hundr$s ( s]vants1 on condition t he %\ld n read books1 he w\ld decl9e ! (f]1 pref]r+ to be a poor man 9 a g>ret ) pl5ty ( books r ?an a k+ :o did n love read+4 ,x ,,obs]vation ,,& ,,?9k+ ,! degree ( vision t dwells 9 a man is ! correct measure ( a man4 ,,?omas ,,c>lyle4 ,:5 g5]al obs]vations are drawn f s _m p>ticul>s z to become c]ta9 & indubitable1 ^! are ! jewels ( k4 ,,dr4 ,i4 ,,watts4 ,to behold is n necess>ily to obs]ve1 & ! p[] ( comp>+ & comb9+ is only to be obta9$ by education4 ,x is mu* to be regrett$ t habits ( exact obs]vation are n cultivat$ 9 our s*ools2 to ?is defici5cy may be trac$ mu* ( ! fallaci\s reason+1 ! false philosophy :i* prevails4 ,,humboldt4 ,y %\ld n only h att5tion to ev]y?+1 b quickness ( att5tion1 s z to obs]ve at once all ! p 9 ! room1 _! motions1 _! looks1 & _! words1 yet )\t />+ at !m or seem+ to be an obs]v]4 ,?is quick & unobs]v$ obs]vation is ( inf9ite advantage 9 life1 & is to be acquir$ ) c>e2 &1 on ! contr>y1 :at is call$ abs5ce1 :i* is a ?\ghtlessness & want ( att5tion ab\t :at is do+1 makes a man s l ei!r a fool or a madman1 t1 = my "p1 ,i see no real diff]5ce4 ,a fool nev] has ?\ght1 a madman has lo/ x1 & an abs5t man is = ! "t )\t x4 ,,"l ,,*e/]field4 ,x ,,obs]vation ,,& ,,?9k+ ,sid5ote3 ,inv5tors4 ,v few ?9k]s h let u into ! secret ( _! ?9k+4 ,probably mo/ ( !m c\ld n if !y w\ld4 ,!y are too mu* absorb$ 9 t :i* engrosses _! att5tion to pay any he$ to ! processes ( ! inn] life4 ,occasionally an inv5tor or discov]] gives u a glimpse ( ! /ate ( 8 m9d :5 ! new idea fla%$ into consci\sness4 ,su* glimpse always reveals 8 indebt$ness to habits ( c>eful obs]vation4 ,8 ?9k+ 0 /imulat$ by "s felt want or puzzl+ ph5om5on1 & p]haps by contact ) o!rs engag$ 9 simil> l9es ( /udy4 ,(t5times a numb] ( p]sons are ?9k+ ( ways1 means1 & contrivances by :i* a widely felt want may be suppli$ or a p]plex+ fact expla9$4 ,aft] prolong$ ef=t & m$itation1 dur+ :i* ! m9d is conc5trat$ ^u "o ?+ to ! neglect ( ev]y?+ else hav+ no be>+ ^u ! problem 9 h&1 ! happy ?\ght is sugge/$ by ! obs]vation ( "s neglect$ fact or ! p]ception ( "s unsuspect$ relation4 ,probably half ! inv5tions are made 9 t way4 ,:at seems accid5tal or a piece ( good luck is 9 reality ! result ( long mus+ & reflection1 dur+ :i* _m comp>isons are made1 until at l5g? ! "r comb9ation gives ! desir$ result4 ,wants ke5ly felt by mank9d 9 g5]al or by "s gift$ individual 9 p>ticul> s]ve z a p[]ful /imulus to ?\ght1 & quick5 ! eye & ! e> to p]ceive :at 0 be=e unnotic$1 !reby lay+ ! f\ndation = inv5tion1 discov]y1 or progress 9 new fields ( ?\ght4 ,sid5ote3 ,writ]s4 ,great writ]s are equally indebt$ to _! p[]s ( obs]vation4 ,( ! m5 ( g5ius :om ! _w delights to honor1 probably no "o wat*$ 8 inn] developm5t m closely ?an ,goe!4 ,he gives u ! foll[+ acc\nt ( h[ 8 works 7 produc$3 ,sid5ote3 ,goe!4 8,to ea* "o ( my writ+s a ?\s& p]sons1 a ?\s& ?+s h contribut$4 ,! le>n$ & ! ignorant1 ! wise & ! fooli%1 *ildhood & age h all a %>e !re94 ,!y all1 )\t suspect+ x1 h br\ght me ! gifts ( _! faculties1 _! ?\ght & exp]i5ce4 ,(t5 !y h s[n1 & ,i h reap$4 ,my works are a comb9ation ( elem5ts :i* h be5 tak5 f all nature & :i* be> ! "n--,goe!40 ,sid5ote3 ,human nature4 ,human nature furni%es z mu* room = obs]vation z all ! re/ ( nature4 ,! hopes & fe>s1 ! joys & sorr[s1 ! trials & /ruggles1 ! ?\ghts & beliefs1 ! aspirations & a*ievem5ts1 ! motives & de$s ( ! m5 & wom5 :om we meet 9 our daily life & on ! pages ( hi/ory & fiction 7su* z is true to life7 (f] a field = obs]vation z va/1 z int]e/+1 & z important z all ! rocks & soils1 ! bugs & beetles1 ! insects1 birds1 bea/s1 & fi%es t dwell b5ea? or above or on ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,! l>g] proportion ( ! books tak5 f free libr>ies are works ( fiction1--a fact :i* %[s t ! int]e/ ( mo/ ( ^? :o read is c5tr$ ^u ! ?+s ( ! human he>t & 9 ! obs]vation ( human life4 ,goe!'s views ( orig9ality are ^!3 ,sid5ote3 ,orig9ality4 8,we are always talk+ ab\t orig9ality1 b :at d we mean8 ,z soon z we are born ! _w beg9s to "w ^u u1 & ?is goes on to ! end4 ,aft] all1 :at c we call our own except our en]gy1 /r5g?1 & w8 ,if ,i c\ld give an acc\nt ( all t ,i owe to great pr$ecessors & contempor>ies1 !re w\ld be little left ( my own40 ,sid5ote3 ,obs]vation4 ,obs]vation lies at ! basis ( ! ?9k+ :i* leads to inv5tion 9 ! arts1 to discov]y 9 ! doma9 ( sci5ce1 to productivity 9 ! fields ( lit]ature1 j\rnalism1 & oratory4 ,x lies at ! f\ndation ( success 9 ! pr(essions & 9 ! ord9>y walks ( life4 ,! m$ical s*ool1 = in/ance1 seeks to develop ! p[] ( not+ facts & mak+ c>eful obs]vations4 ,x enc\rages ! /ud5t to put 8 obs]vations on pap] :ile ! pati5t is be=e him1 to comp>e ! diseas$ or injur$ "p ) ! correspond+ heal?y "p1 & to wat* symptoms z a basis = a correct diagnosis ( ! case to be treat$4 ,sid5ote3 ,books4 ,sid5ote3 ,daily life4 ,! use ( ! encyclopdia1 if pursu$ )\t any attempt to v]ify its /atem5ts1 may de/roy ! habits ( obs]vation :i* are s ess5tial to correct ?9k+4 ,m]e reliance on books _c beget tru/wor?y habits ( ?\ght1 = books conta9 ! errors1 z well z ! wisdom1 ( ! ages4 ,errors ( judgm5t may be correct$ by ?9k+2 errors ( fact mu/ be correct$ by obs]vation4 ,_m a book is made useless by new obs]vations & discov]ies4 8,s5d to ! cell> z useless e book on surg]y t is eight ye>s old10 said ! pr(essor to ! libr>ian ( a great univ]sity4 ,! ord] is an indication ( ! rapid advances :i* sci5ce is mak+ "u ! influ5ce ( obs]vation1 exp]im5t1 hypo!sis1 & v]ification4 ,obs]vation is ne$$ n m]ely to ext5d our sci5tific k1 b f> m imp]atively to acqua9t u ) our environm5t4 ,we _c le>n f books ! multitud9\s details ( bus9ess1 or ( our daily life4 ,books _c make u acqua9t$ ) ! circle ( fri5ds 9 :i* we move1 ! pupils :om we tea*1 ! ?+s 9 dress1 toilet1 & behavior ^u :i* our /&+ & reputation v l>gely dep5d4 ,no ?9k] has a "r to neglect ^!4 ,_m a fam\s pr(essor has dim9i%$ 8 usefulness by c>elessness 9 ! obs]vation ( su* details4 ,! wor/ failures 9 ! class-room are due to failure 9 obs]v+ ei!r ! difficulties or ! conduct ( ! pupils4 ,if conduct is to be regulat$1 x mu/ be obs]v$2 if difficulties are to be expla9$1 ! tea*] mu/ p]ceive :5 & :]e !y occur4 ,m5 not$ = _! abs5t-m9d$ness nev]!less owe mu* ( _! fame & success to _! ability to make accurate obs]vations 9 favorite l9es ( /udy4 ,not)/&+ ! _m ludicr\s tales ab\t ,newton's failure to see ord9>y conditions & circum/ances1 he %[$ himself indefatigable 9 wat*+ ! effect ( a glass prism ^u ! ray ( light admitt$ into a d>k room4 ,! fall+ ( an apple />t$ 9 8 m9d a tra9 ( ?\ght :i* l$ to ! discov]y ( ! law ( gravitation4 ,sid5ote3 ,exp]im5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,dagu]re4 ,our be/ ?9k+ is bas$ ^u exp]i5ce1 & our two ma9 s\rces ( exp]i5ce are obs]vation & exp]im5t4 ,h[ does exp]im5t diff] f simple obs]vation8 ,9 ! latt] we wat* conditions1 ph5om5a1 & sequ5ces z !y foll[ "o ano!r 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( nature4 ,9 an exp]im5t we *ange or control ! c\rse ( nature by v>y+ ! conditions & causes = ! sake ( see+ ! effects produc$4 ,9 exp]im5t ! relation ( causes & effects is /udi$ by add+ or exclud+ "o factor aft] ano!r4 ,take ! discov]y :i* made ,dagu]re fam\s4 ,up to 8 "t m5 _h tri$ 9 va9 to fix ! impression ( ! image =m$ 9 ! cam]a obscura4 ,no al*emi/ ev] w5t to "w at a m unpromis+ task ?an ! "o ,dagu]re set be=e himself4 8,z ye>s roll$ on1 ! passion only took deep] hold ^u him4 ,9 spite ( utt] failures & disc\ragem5t ( all k9ds1 = ye>s 9 lonel9ess & secrecy1 suspect$ ( m5tal weakness ev5 by 8 wife1 he kept on 9 ! same l9e ( exp]im5t40 ,f9ally an accid5t gave him a clue to discov]y4 ,! plates ) :i* he exp]im5t$ 7 /[$ away 9 a rubbi% closet4 ,"o day he f\nd1 to 8 surprise1 ^u "o ( ^! plates ! v image :i* _h fall5 ^u x 9 ! cam]a4 ,some?+ 9 ! closet mu/ h produc$ ! effect4 ,he remov$ "o ?+ aft] ano!r1 gett+ ! same effect1 until no?+ rema9$ except "s m]cury :i* _h be5 spill$ ^u ! closet floor4 ,?is 0 inf]r$ to be ! ag5t :i* develop$ ! image1 & ?us 0 laid ! f\ndation ( ! mod]n art ( photography4#bj ,sid5ote3 ,accid5tal obs]vations4 ,! obs]vation ( a fact (t5 /imulates ?\ght 9 new directions4 ,9 fact1 new sci5ces h aris5 f accid5tal obs]vations4 8,erasmus ,b>?ol9us ?us fir/ discov]$ d\ble refraction 9 ,icel& sp>2 ,galv9i notic$ ! twit*+ ( a frog's leg2 ,ok5 0 /ruck by ! =m ( a v]tebra2 ,malus accid5tally exam9$ light reflect$ f a di/ant w9d[ ) a d\ble refract+ sub/ance2 & ,sir ,john ,h]s*el's att5tion 0 drawn to ! peculi> appe>ance ( a solution ( qu99e sulphate4 ,9 e>li] times !re mu/ h be5 "s "o :o fir/ notic$ ! /range behavior ( a load/one1 or ! unacc\ntable motions produc$ by amb]4 ,z a g5]al rule we %all n "k 9 :at direction to look = a great body ( ph5om5a widely diff]5t f ^? famili> to u4 ,*ance1 !n1 mu/ give u ! />t+-po9t2 b "o accid5tal obs]vation well us$ may lead u to make ?\s&s ( obs]vations 9 an int5tional & organiz$ mann]1 & ?us a sci5ce may be gradually work$ f ! smalle/ op5+40#ba ,sid5ote3 ,factories4 ,9 rec5t ye>s exp]im5tal rese>* has become a regul> occupation 9 connection ) l>ge manufactur+ e/abli%m5ts4 ,9 "s factories along ! ,rh9e upw>d ( sixty m5 are employ$ 9 *emical exp]im5ts = ! purpose ( f9d+ :at use c be made ( wa/e products4 ,9 ?is way ov] two hundr$ useful products f petroleum h be5 discov]$1 & a l>ge increase 9 pr(its has be5 ! result4 ,! great electrical works sp5d "t & money ^u exp]im5ts1 & jeal\sly c5sor e article writt5 by _! employees = sci5tific j\rnals le/ _! valuable secrets %\ld be giv5 away4 ,a company engag$ 9 ! manufacture ( ca% regi/]s (f]s a ye>ly premium = ! mo/ helpful sugge/ion f ! m5 & wom5 9 its employ4 ,9 "o ye> ! firm receiv$ ov] elev5 hundr$ sugge/ions1 ( :i* at lea/ eight hundr$ 7 utiliz$ 9 improvem5ts ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,sid5ote3 ,univ]sities4 ,sid5ote3 ,:]e obs]vation is ne$$4 ,sid5ote3 ,! wea!r4 ,^! in/ances are only samples ( _m t c\ld be cit$ to %[ h[ sy/ematic obs]vation & exp]im5t l5d a help+ h& to our national prosp]ity4 ,manufactur]s c>ry !m on = ! sake ( ga91 ! univ]sities = ! sake ( wid5+ ! field ( k4 ,to aid 9 su* rese>* l>ge end[m5ts h be5 e/abli%$1 & _m ( ! common p will+ly pay tax 9 support ( ,/ate univ]sities4 ,treatises on inductive logic & on ! physical sci5ces h be5 prep>$ by ,h]s*el1 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 ,jevons1 & o!rs = ! purpose ( %[+ ! correct me?ods ( rese>* by ! use ( in/rum5ts ( precision1 ( /&>ds ( measurem5t1 & ( o!r app>atus2 = ! laws ( ?\ght mu/ be obey$ 9 ! int]pretation ( natural ph5om5a4 ,al?\gh z a matt] ( discipl9e ! tea*] 9 our public s*ools may well /udy ^! advanc$ treatises1 yet ! habits ( obs]vation :i* ! elem5t>y s*ool %\ld aim to beget & to fo/] are simpl] 9 detail1 m easily acquir$1 &1 x may be add$1 ( ine/imable value 9 ! subsequ5t life ( ! pupils4 ,habits ( obs]vation are ne$$ n only by au?ors1 inv5tors1 & sci5ti/s1 b also by all o!r p = ! int]pretation ( ! books !y may read & = ! dis*>ge ( ! daily duties devolv+ ^u !m4 ,! eng9e]1 ! fireman1 ! conductor1 ! tradesman1 ! me*anic1 ! detective1 ! sc\t1 ! w>rior1 mu/ be able to see ?+s z !y are or face p>tial failure4 ,too _m ( !m h eyes & see n2 !y h e>s & he> n4 ,! /udy ( nature is valuable z a prep>ation = life ei!r 9 ! c\ntry or 9 ! city4 ,our rural population h n le>n$ to see & appreciate ! m>vels 9 nature :i* are transpir+ on e side4 ,! way 9 :i* ! almanac is consult$ = signs to guide 9 s[+ & plant+1 = progno/ications ( ! wea!r1 %[ h[ little ! av]age man c make obs]vations4 ,! pr9t]s h f\nd x necess>y to reta9 ^! absolutely unreliable wea!r pr$ictions 9 _! almanacs2 ! attempt$ omission has be5 an exp]im5t involv+ ! loss ( ?\s&s ( doll>s4 ,! success ( ! quack is l>gely due to limit$ obs]vation4 ,"o cure is made mu* ( :ile multitudes ( failures are always =gott54 ,sid5ote3 ,c\ntry & city4 ,our rural population w\ld be f> m cont5t$ if ! boys & girls 7 taught at s*ool h[ to obs]ve & appreciate _! surr\nd+s4 ,!y h _m advantages ov] city folks :i* !y nev] realize z s\rces ( enjoym5t4 ,! s5ses !mselves1 :i* h be5 /yl$ ! gate-ways ( k1 may be improv$ by judici\s ex]cise2 & ! p[] ( ! m9d to int]pret s5se-impressions may be develop$ to a m>vell\s degree4 ,! savages ( our ,nor? ,am]ican =e/s _h develop$ ke5 eyes & e>s2 ! m civiliz$ backwoodsm5 7 soon m ?an a mat* = ! wily ,indian4 ,to-day1 :5 ! latt] wat*es ! tra9$ %>p-%oot]s hitt+ ) un]r+ accuracy a m>k m ?an half a mile di/ant1 he %akes 8 head & walks away 9 sil5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,! *ild4 ,x has be5 ass]t$ t a *ild ga9s m k 9 ! fir/ sev5 ye>s ( its life ?an 9 all its subsequ5t days4 ,if ! doma9 ( ab/ract & sci5tific k be exclud$ f ! comp>ison1 ?is is probably true4 ,at any rate1 if ! ?9k+ :i* is bas$ ^u ! k ( facts ?us ga9$ is to be correct1 ! facts mu/ be correctly obs]v$4 ,sid5ote3 ,obs]vation a s\rce ( ?\ght-mat]ial4 ,obs]vation is ?us ( prime importance1 n m]ely z furni%+ a /imulus to ?\ght1 b also z supply+ abundant mat]ials ( ?\ght4 ,travel1 exp]i5ce1 exp]im5t1 z well z ! ord9>y c\rse ( natural ph5om5a1 furni% abundant opportunity = ! =mation ( correct habits ( obs]vation4 ,! obs]vations ?us made %\ld be record$ 9 ! memory1 if n on manuscript4 ,f ! /oreh\se ( ! memory1 ?us fill$ ) mat]ials = ?\ght1 ! m9d d]ives _m ( ! be/ data = rea*+ conclusions4 ,obs]vation1 exp]i5ce1 & read+1 z s\rces ( ?\ght-mat]ial1 presuppose an accurate & ret5tive memory 9 ^? :o ?9k well & act well4 ,! relation ( memory to ?9k+ des]ves treatm5t 9 a sep>ate *apt]4 ,sid5ote3 ,nature-/udy4 ,!re is a limit to ! numb] ( obs]vations :i* ! m9d c c>ry & use4 ,nature-/udy may be ov]done4 ,m]e see+ is n ?9k+4 ,:at ! eye beholds mu/ be sort$ & assign$ to its appropriate class2 o!rwise ! treasure-h\se ( memory w soon resemble a wild]ness ( mean+less facts4 ,?an ?is only "o ?+ c be worse1--namely1 a wild]ness ( mean+less words4 ,sid5ote3 ,read+ & obs]vation4 ,sid5ote3 ,tea*+ a *ild to read4 ,sid5ote3 ,fir/ te/4 ,sid5ote3 ,second te/4 ,read+ is a species ( obs]vation4 ,an ex]cise 9 oral read+1 dur+ :i* ea* pupil is call$ d[n z soon z he miscalls a ^w1 is (t5 an a/oni%+ revelation1 %[+ h[ few ( ! advanc$ pupils c accurately see & correctly "n e ^w 9 a /anza or p>agraph4 ,me?ods ( tea*+ a beg9n] to read are correct 9 seek+ to develop ! ability to pron\nce words )\t help f o!rs4 ,faulty application ( a me?od t is "r 9 ?is respect may s]i\sly ret>d1 & ev5 de/roy1 ! p[] ( ?9k+ :at is on ! pr9t$ page4 ,:at on e>? is a fir/-ye> pupil to d ) ! _m hundr$ words :i* he is sometimes taught to pron\nce8 ,(t5 words are arrang$ 9 s5t5ces :i* come dang]\sly ne> ! slang ( ! slums1 & :i* no *ild ev] he>s 9 a cultur$ home4 ,fur!rmore1 "s s5t5ces 9 prim]s & fir/ read]s are well-nigh void ( mean+1 ! aim be+ to tea* ! words = ! sake ( ! comb9ations ( lett]s :i* !y conta94 ,! fir/ te/ to apply to a me?od ( tea*+ a beg9n] to read is ! "q1 ,h[ quickly does x tea* t :i* mu/ be kn[n z a condition ( pron\nc+ new words1--namely1 ! %ape & ! s\nd or s\nds ( ea* ( ! lett]s ( ! alphabet8 ,z comp>$ ) ! s\nd & ! %ape1 ! "n ( ! lett] is ( relatively little importance4 ,/ud5ts ( ,hebrew may read t language flu5tly )\t be+ able to repeat ! ,hebrew alphabet1 ! names ( ! lett]s be+ a m]e matt] ( conv5i5ce 9 talk+ ab\t !m4 ,! second great te/ to be appli$ to ! me?od ( tea*+ a beg9n] to read is ! "q1 ,does x =m ! habit ( gett+ ?\ght f ! pr9t$ page8 ,gr[n m5 h admitt$ t !y pass$ ?r\gh sev]al read]s be=e !y discov]$ t !re 0 a mean+ or connect$ /ory 9 ! words :i* !y 7 pron\nc+4 ,!y saw & gave names to words v mu* z p see & give names to objects r\nd ab\t !m )\t recogniz+ ! significance ( :at is se51 or ?9k+ ! ?\ghts :i* ! ,au?or ( ! ,univ]se has spread out be=e !m 9 ! great book ( nature4 ,sid5ote3 ,?ird te/4 ,! ?ird te/ to be appli$ to ! me?od ( tea*+ read+ is ! "q1 ,does x save ! pupil f ! unnatural tones ( ! s*ool-room by tra9+ him to use 8 voice 9 ! "r way8 ,to ?is te/ ref]5ce w be made lat]4 ,sid5ote3 ,obs]vation %\ld lead to ?9k+4 ,if obs]vation is to h abid+ value1 x mu/ lead to ?9k+4 ,?is is z true ( ! obs]vation ( words & s5t5ces on ! pr9t$ or writt5 page z x is ( ! obs]vation ( e>? & sky & sea1 ( ! />ry heav5s above & ! moral law )9 7:i* fill$ ! s\l ( ! philosoph] ,kant ) nev]-ceas+ awe74 ,h[ ! ?+s obta9$ f books & f ! _w outside are appropriat$ 9 ?\ght & made our own w appe> m fully :5 we discuss ! relation ( memory to ?9k+4 ,,xi ,,! ,,memory ,,& ,,?9k+ ,ov]burd5 n ?y memory to make s fai?ful a s]vant a slave4 ,rememb] ,atlas 0 we>y4 ,h z mu* reason z a camel1 to rise :5 ?\ ha/ ?y full load4 ,memory1 l a purse1 if x be ov]full t x _c %ut1 all w drop out ( x3 take he$ ( a glutton\s curiosity to fe$ on _m ?+s1 le/ ! gre$9ess ( ! appetite ( ?y memory spoil ! dige/ion !re(4 ,,?omas ,,full]4 ,to impose on a *ild to get by he>t a long scroll ( phrases )\t any ideas is a practice fitt] = a jackdaw ?an = any?+ t we>s ! %ape ( man4 ,,dr4 ,i4 ,,watts4 ,! habit ( lay+ up 9 ! memory :at has n be5 dige/$ by ! und]/&+ is at once ! cause & ! effect ( m5tal weakness4 ,,sir ,w4 ,,hamilton4 ,!re is no "o dep>tm5t ( educational "w 9 :i* ! diff]5ce betwe5 skill$ & unskill$ tea*+ is s manife/ z 9 ! view :i* is tak5 ( ! faculty ( memory1 ! mode ( tra9+ x1 & ! uses to :i* diff]5t tea*]s seek to put x4 ,,fit*4 ,,xi ,,! ,,memory ,,& ,,?9k+ ,sid5ote3 ,memory & judgm5t4 ,_m p freely admit t !y h a poor memory4 ,_! mis/atem5ts1 brea*es ( etiquette1 & failure to keep engagem5ts !y excuse by claim+ a poor memory = dates1 names1 faces1 facts1 & ! l4 ,accuse !m ( possess+ poor judgm5t1 & !y are v mu* (f5d$4 ,!y fail to see ! close relation betwe5 a good memory & good judgm5t1 betwe5 an accurate memory & s\nd common s5se1 :i* is b ano!r "n = good judgm5t 9 matt]s t all m5 h 9 common4 ,judgm5t affirms ! agreem5t or disagreem5t betwe5 two objects ( ?\ght4 ,x involves comp>ison4 ,h[ c ! comp>ison be accurate if ! memory is n accurate 9 ! ideas x recalls ( ! ?+s to be comp>$8 ,sid5ote3 ,comp>ison4 ,at "o "t x 0 a moot$ "q :e!r ! m9d c ?9k ( m ?an "o ?+ at a "t4 ,z a matt] ( d\bt ?is "q is no long] discuss$4 ,=1 s9ce all ?9k+ involves comp>ison1 if two objects are to be comp>$1 !y mu/ be held be=e ! m9d at "o & ! same "t4 ,a good memory is1 !re=e1 a v important aid to reflection4 ,sid5ote3 ,memoriz+4 ,sid5ote3 ,two =ms ( memory4 ,& yet ,?ucydides & ,"l ,bol+broke are said to h compla9$ ( a memory s ret5tive ( details t x s]i\sly int]f]$ ) _! processes ( ?\ght4 ,x is commonly believ$ t mu* memory "w int]f]es ) ! gr[? & developm5t ( a pupil's ability to ?9k4 8,mu* memoriz+ dead5s ! p[] ( ?\ght10 says ,w4 ,t4 ,h>ris1 :o is recogniz$ at home & abroad z "o ( ! pr(\nde/ ?9k]s t ,am]ica has produc$4 ,innum]able anecdotes are told ( great ?9k]s to %[ _! =getfulness 9 ! commone/ details ( e-day life4 ,^! anecdotes are h&$ d[n f "o g5]ation ( /ud5ts to ! next2 _! mir?-provok+ "* gives !m vitality2 !y gr[ m ludicr\s ! (t5] !y are told2 !y d h>m because !y lead pupils to und]value ! importance ( a good memory to ^? :o are ambiti\s to %9e z ?9k]s4 ,(t51 aft] x is too late1 ! /ud5t f9ds h[ he has crippl$ 8 :ole intellectual life by neglect & abuse ( ! memory4 ,a correct conception ( ! nature ( memory & its function 9 e dep>tm5t ( ?\ght & rese>* is ( imm5se importance to ^? :o tea*1 z well z to ^? :o h gone f> en\gh 9 _! /udies to give consci\s direction to _! own intellectual life4 ,mo/ writ]s on education h treat$1 directly or indirectly1 ( ! use & abuse ( ! memory2 e exam9] appeals to x m or less 9 ! que/ions he puts2 & e tea*] %[s ! nature & ext5t ( 8 skill 9 ! k9d ( dem&s he makes ^u ! ret5tive p[] ( 8 pupils4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! lesson 9 geometry4 ,!re are two ways ( le>n+ & giv+ ! pro( ( a !orem3 ! language ( ! text-book may be committ$ to memory1 & accept$ 9 ! class-room2 or ! pupil may fix 9 8 m9d ! l9e ( argum5t & give 9 8 own language ! successive /eps ( ! demon/ration4 ,! =m] me?od is a sure sign ( bad tea*+ & ( defective habits ( /udy4 ,:5ev] a skilful tea*] f9ds 8 pupils giv+ ! exact words ( ! text-book on geometry1 he *anges ! lett]+ ( ! figure1 & sometimes ev5 ! figure itself4 ,he is n satisfi$ until he feels sure t ! pupil is ?9k+ ! ?\ghts ( ! geometry & recall+ ! ideas by ! inn] nexus :i* b9ds !m into a l9e ( argum5t4 ,he insi/s on x t ! le>n] %all cultivate a memory = ideas r ?an words4 ,sid5ote3 ,v]bal memory4 ,does x foll[ t ! v]bal memory is to be neglect$ & despis$8 ,?is is ! feel+ ( ! le>n] :o has ta/$ ! joys ( ?9k+2 he hates ! drudg]y ( le>n+ by he>t1 because he has rea*$ ! age :5 logical memory beg9s to ass]t itself at ! exp5se ( ! v]bal memory4 ,no less a psy*ologi/ ?an ,pr(essor ,james ( ,h>v>d has rec5tly put 9 a plea = ! v]bal memory :i*1 by reason ( ! abuses to :i* x 0 =m]ly subject$1 has fall5 into su* disuse t pupils on rea*+ ! high s*ool are (t5 unable to quote a s+le /anza ( poetry4 ,9 8 8,talks on ,psy*ology to ,tea*]s0 he says1-- 8,! old] p$agogic me?od ( le>n+ ?+s by rote1 & recit+ !m p>rot-l 9 ! s*ool-room1 re/$ on ! tru? t a ?+ m]ely read or he>d1 & nev] v]bally reproduc$1 contracts ! weake/ possible adhesion to ! m9d4 ,v]bal recitation or reproduction is ?us a highly important k9d ( reactive behavior on our impressions2 & x is to be fe>$1 9 ! reaction aga9/ ! old p>rot recitations z ! beg9n+ & end ( in/ruction1 ! extreme value ( v]bal recitation z an elem5t ( complete tra9+ may n[adays be too mu* =gott540#bb ,sid5ote3 ,association4 ,psy*ologi/s h %[n t1 9 rememb]+ & recollect+1 ! m9d works accord+ to c]ta9 laws ( association4 ,( two words or ideas :i* h be5 be=e ! m9d at ! same "t1 or 9 imm$iate sequ5ce1 ! "o naturally t5ds to sugge/ ! o!r4 ,if ! att5tion is direct$ to ! words z !y foll[ ea* o!r 9 a l9e ( poetry1 ! memory w recall ^! 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y occur4 ,if ! m9d's eye is fix$ on ! ideas :i* ! words express1 ! memory may c>ry ^! by reason ( ! logical connection :i* exi/s betwe5 !m4 ,(t5 ! connection betwe5 ! two ?+s :i* are to be rememb]$ is purely arbitr>y4 ,!n ! l9k :i* b9ds !m toge!r mu/ be =g$ by "s me*anical process l frequ5t oral repetition1 or by con/ant gaz+ at !m ^u ! pr9t$ page1 or by writ+ !m out s t ! impression made ^u ! m9d ?r\gh ! eye & ! e> is fur!r /r5g!n$ ?r\gh ! muscul> s5se4 ,! latt] species ( memory is usually call$ ! me*anical memory1 9 di/9ction f ! memory = ideas1 :i* has be5 aptly /yl$ ! logical memory4 ,sid5ote3 ,me*anical memory4 ,! v]bal memory is b "o =m ( ! me*anical memory4 ,!re is no necess>y connection betwe5 p]sons & _! names1 betwe5 ev5ts & dates1 betwe5 ?+s & _! symbols2 ^! mu/ be le>n$ by br++ !m toge!r be=e ! m9d until by ! law ( association1 call$ contiguity 9 "t & place1 ! l9k t b9ds !m is =g$2 or1 to *ange ! figure1 until !y occupy places side by side on ! tablets ( ! me*anical memory4 ,x is sometimes suppos$ t !re is a necess>y connection betwe5 ! two factors & _! result 9 ! multiplication table4 ,b ! mom5t we con/ruct an ari?metical scale bas$ on ! doz5 in/ead ( t51 #g #h #dh in/ead ( #ef 7! =m] comb9ation ( figures signify+ f\r twelves & eight ones71 & ! arbitr>y "* ( ! comb9ations 9 ! ,arabic notation becomes app>5t at a glance4 ,sometimes a peculi>ity 9 a rule l t = ! middle & ! opposite p>ts 9 ! "r-angl$ sph]ical triangle may assi/ ! memory2 b 9 mo/ cases ! =mulas :i* are 9 con/ant use 9 ! high] ma!matics mu/ be fix$ by ! me?ods ( drill appropriate = ! me*anical memory4 ,sid5ote3 ,pe/alozzi's mi/ake4 ,x is a mi/ake 9 tea*+ z well z 9 practical life to neglect ! me*anical memory4 ,9 _m directions x takes c>e ( itself ?r\gh ! conditions & requirem5ts ( a p]son's daily occupation4 ,! salesman 9 a l>ge /ore1 ! conductor on a railway1 ! politician on ! hu/+s rememb]s _m ?+s 9 ?is way1 & n because !y are b\nd toge!r by a logical nexus l t :i* b9ds toge!r ! ?\ghts ( a geometrical pro(4 ,_m ?+s :i* ! pupil mu/ c>ry f ! s*ool into practical life mu/ be reta9$ ?r\gh drill & repetition4 ,pe/alozzi imag9$ t if he taught pupils h[ to con/ruct ! multiplication table x w\ld n be necess>y = !m to commit x to memory4 ,! ,swiss tea*]s long ago f\nd out ! insuffici5cy ( 8 me?od2 f\nd out t1 :il/ x pays to let a pupil con/ruct ! table = himself1 because x increases 8 int]e/ 9 ! comb9ations1 & ?us light5s ! burd5 ( ! me*anical memory1 ! drill mu/ be kept up until ! sight ( two factors sugge/s _! product ) infallible accuracy4 ,valuable "t c be sav$ if ! tea*] w make a li/ ( ?+s t mu/ be fix$ 9 ! me*anical memory = ! purpose ( facilitat+ ! ?\ght-processes 9 m advanc$ /ages ( in/ruction & 9 ! dis*>ge ( ! duties ( practical life4 ,! foll[+ are typical examples ( :at %\ld be lodg$ 9 ! me*anical memory3 #a4 ,a reasonable vocabul>y ( words 9 ! "m tongue4 #b4 ,a work+ vocabul>y ( words 9 ! =eign languages :i* ! circum/ances or occupation ( a /ud5t w compel him to use4 #c4 ,! comb9ations ( addition up to "o hundr$1 ! multiplication table1 & ! tables ( weights & measures4 #d4 ,algebraic & o!r =mulas :i* con/antly recur 9 ! high] ma!matics4 #e4 ,! fundam5tal =mulas 9 *emi/ry1 physics1 & o!r sci5ces4 #f4 ,decl5sions1 conjugations1 comp>ison1 & g5d]s ( words 9 su* =eign languages z ! pupil expects to read1 write1 & speak4 #g4 ,! mo/ necess>y fact-lore ( hi/ory & geography4 #h4 ,*oice selections f ! be/ lit]ature & su* def9itions z m>k a triumph ( intellect 9 ! hi/ory ( human ?\ght4 ,?is enum]ation may indicate ! range & k9d ( k :i* %\ld be fix$ 9 ! me*anical memory s t ! m9d may be 9 possession ( ! be/ in/rum5ts ( ?\ght evolv$ by ages ( civilization4 ,_m ( ! ?+s above nam$ mu/ be le>n$ by an ef=t ( ret5tion1 pure & simple1 l t ( ! boy :o is s5t to a /ore to buy half a doz5 %eets ( pap]1 two y>ds ( ribbon1 five doz5 eggs1 & specifi$ quantities ( salt1 fl\r1 & o!r provisions4 ,he may write ^! on pap] & ?us ease ! memory burd51 b 9 solv+ ma!matical problems & 9 read+1 writ+1 or speak+ a =eign language x is impossible always to c>ry = use writt5 or pr9t$ tables1 vocabul>ies1 & lexicons4 ,to use ^! 9 ?9k+1 "o mu/ h !m on 8 tongue & at 8 f+]s' end4 ,( c\rse x makes a diff]5ce :e!r "o wi%es simply to read a language1 l ,lat9 or ,greek1 or to use x1 l ,fr5* & ,g]man1 9 conv]sation & correspond5ce4 ,9 ! =m] in/ance x is suffici5t to le>n ! language symbols ?r\gh ! eye2 9 ! latt] !y mu/ be acquir$ ?r\gh ! e>1 ! tongue1 & ! p54 ,sid5ote3 ,"t = le>n+ languages4 ,x is a wise provision ( nature t ! p]ceptive p[]s & ! me*anical memory are mo/ active 9 *ildhood & y\?4 ,! normal *ild is hungry = words & facts1 & ga!rs in=mation f e conceivable qu>t]4 ,! judgm5t & ! reason develop aft] ! m9d has be5 /or$ ) ! mat]ials ^u :i* ^! may act4 ,p>5ts & tea*]s :o are ignorant ( ?is ord] ( developm5t (t5 =ce ! reasons = ari?metical processes ^u ! pupil :5 ^! are difficult & :5 he c\ld le>n ! elev5 hundr$ v>iations ( ! ,greek v]b )\t difficulty1 :il/ ! /udy ( ! classical & =eign languages is po/pon$ to an age :5 ! acquisition ( a new language becomes a difficult task because ! logical memory has driv5 ! me*anical into ! backgr\nd1 & ! gr[? ( judgm5t & reason makes ! pupil crave ! intellectual food furni%$ by ! ?\ght-/udies4 ,x is a species ( cruelty to =ce ^u *ildr5 ! consid]ation ( ! :y's & ! :]e=e's ( ma!matical op]ations1 :5 le>n+ h[ to g ?r\gh ! motions w\ld be q en\gh ( a tax ^u _! m5tal /r5g?4 ,"s ( ! demon/rations 9 ari?metic are logically m difficult ?an _m ( ! pro(s 9 geometry2 h5ce no pupil %\ld be ask$ to pass 8 f9al exam9ation 9 ari?metic be=e he has ma/]$ ! elem5ts ( geometry4 ,! prop] sequ5ce ( subjects is ( imm5se importance 9 lead+ ! *ild f ! l[] to ! high] =ms ( intellectual activity4 ,) ! prop] /udy ( geometry ! logical memory /eps to ! front1 & ! ?\ght-/udies %\ld !n supplant ^? :i* l>gely appeal to ! me*anical memory4 ,nev]!less1 x is a di/9ct loss if ! v]bal or me*anical memory is ev] all[$ to drop into desuetude4 ,on ?is po9t ! practice1 z well z ! te/imony1 ( ,dr4 ,w4 ,t4 ,h>ris is wor?y ( ! att5tion ( e p]son *>g$ ) ! tra9+ ( himself or o!rs4 ,sid5ote3 ,h>ris on ! memory4 8,if a p]son f9ds himself =getful ( names1 x is a heal?-giv+ process to take a c]ta9 portion ( "t 9 committ+ to memory words4 ,if ?is is done by committ+ new ma/]pieces ( poetry & prose1 or 9 committ+ to memory ! words ( a new language1 !re is pr(it or ga9 to ! ?9k+ p[]s1 z well z to ! memory4 ,d\btless ! cultivation ( v]bal memory1 build+ up1 z x does1 a c]ta9 convolution 9 ! bra91 has a t5d5cy to prev5t atrophy 9 t organ4 ,?is conta9s a h9t 9 ! direction ( keep+ up 9 ! lat] "p ( life ! faculties :i* are usually s active 9 y\?4 ,! t5d5cy is to neglect *ildi% faculties & all[ !m to become torpid4 ,b if ?is is liable to weak5 c]ta9 portions ( ! bra9 9 su* a way z to induce hemorrhage1 end+ 9 s(t5+ ( ! bra91 c]ta9ly ! memory %\ld be cultivat$1 if only = ! heal? ( ! bra91 & ! memory = me*anical items ( detail %\ld be cultivat$ on gr\nds ( heal? z well z on gr\nds ( culture4 ,! extreme advocates ( ! rational me?od ( tea*+ are p]haps wrong 9 repudiat+ entirely all me*anical memory ( dates & names or items4 ,c]ta9ly !y are "r 9 oppos+ ! extremes ( ! old p$agogy1 :i* oblig$ ! pupils to memorize1 page aft] page1 ! cont5ts ( a gramm> v]batim et lit]atim et punctuatim 7z1 = in/ance1 ! graduates ( ! ,bo/on ,lat9 ,s*ool tell u 0 ! cu/om e>ly 9 ?is c5tury74 ,b is !re n a middle gr\nd8 ,is !re n a m9imum li/ ( details1 ( dates & names :i* mu/ & %\ld be memoriz$1 bo? on acc\nt ( ! heal? ( ! n]v\s sy/em & on acc\nt ( ! intr9sic usefulness ( ! data !mselves8 ,& mu/ n ! p]son 9 lat] life cont9ue to ex]cise ^! classes ( memory :i* deal ) details = ! sake ( physical heal?8 ,?is is a "q = ! educational pa?ologi/40#bc ,sid5ote3 ,vocabul>ies4 ,a tea*] ( ,hebrew sp5t "o-f\r? ( 8 "t 9 drill on ,hebrew roots & _! mean+4 ,8 /ud5ts groan$ "u ! drudg]y impos$4 ,at ! end ( ! fir/ six *apt]s ( ,g5esis1 he surpris$ 8 class by ! ann\ncem5t1 8,n[ y "k half ! words 9 ! ,hebrew ,bible40 ,he _h select$ words us$ five hundr$ times1 !n words us$ ?ree hundr$ times1 & drill$ on ^! 9 v>i\s ways until he _h fix$ all ! words 9 mo/ frequ5t use 9 ! ,hebrew text4 ,x 0 a great sav+ ( "t 9 ! end1 & a great /ep t[>ds read+ at sight ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ! orig9al4 ,by ! mod]n %ort-cuts to k ! pupils are hurri$ f "o classic au?or to ano!r1 & h5ce !y nev] ma/] ! vocabul>y to ! ext5t ( read+ ,lat9 or ,greek at sight4 ,a little less ha/e at ! />t1 & a little m drill = ! purpose ( fix+ new words z !y come up1 ?us avoid+ ! ev]la/+ turn+ to ! lexicon = m ?an half ! words 9 a lesson1 w\ld facilitate progress & enable ! /ud5t to f9d "s pleasure 9 ! /udy ( =eign languages4 ,sid5ote3 ,tea*+ languages4 ,an old tea*] ( ,lat91 :o _h discov]$ ?is secret 9 ! acquisition ( a =eign tongue1 agre$ to take a small class 9 ,livy on condition t ! /ud5ts write 9 a special blank-book & review e day all ! words ^: mean+ !y 7 requir$ to hunt 9 ! lexicon4 ,at ! end ( t5 weeks half ! class read two pages )\t look+ up m ?an two words4 ,_! /udy ( ,lat9 n only gave !m a s5se ( pleasure1 b1 9 ?9k+ ! ?\ghts ( ! au?or ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! eye-symbols & !n putt+ !m into good ,engli%1 !y acquir$ excell5t ?\ght-mat]ial1 an ext5sive vocabul>y1 & sup]ior skill 9 syntactical con/ruction4 ,x prov$ a mo/ valuable ex]cise 9 ?9k+ & 9 ! expression ( ?\ght4 ,sid5ote3 ,logical memory4 ,valuable z ! me*anical memory is = ! purpose ( furni%+ ! ?\ght-in/rum5ts1 x s9ks into comp>ative insignificance alongside ( ! logical memory4 ,! latt] is ! memory = ideas1 b9d+ !m by associations bas$ on cause & effect1 reason & consequ5ce1 simil>ity & contra/1 ! g5]al & ! p>ticul>4 ,x is ! k9d ( memory by :i* ! m9d c>ries a k ( ! laws ( sci5ce1 ! pr9ciples ( art1 ! sali5t po9ts ( a disc\rse1 ! tra9 ( ideas 9 a book1 ! lead+ ?\ghts 9 a sy/em ( philosophy4 ,x conv]ts hi/ory & geography f a dry collection ( facts1 dates1 & names into a liv+ organism ^: p>ts are int]nally relat$ by a pla/ic pr9ciple1 & comb9$ into a :ole t has ord] & sy/em 9 e detail4 ,h[ mu* bett] t a pupil's k ( hi/ory & geography %\ld be ?us sy/ematiz$ ?an t x %\ld resemble a wild]ness ( facts6 ,z a means = furni%+ ?\ght-mat]ial1 ! logical memory is f> m valuable ?an ! memory :i* holds words & ?+s by ! accid5tal ties ( s\nd1 sight1 & fanciful relations4 ,sid5ote3 ,la?am's classification4 ,a classification ( ! =ms ( memory into portative1 analytical1 & assimilative1 giv5 9 ,la?am's book on ! 8,action ( ,exam9ations10 is helpful 9 det]m9+ ! relation ( memory to ?9k+4 ,sid5ote3 ,portative memory4 ,! portative memory simply conveys matt]4 8,its only aim1 l t ( a c>ri]1 is to deliv] ! p>cel z x 0 receiv$40 ,x is ! =m ( memory t enables "s p to c>ry ! cont5ts ( entire volumes 9 _! m9ds1 sometimes 9 ! v words1 (t5] 9 ideas only4 ,! rhapsodi/s 9 anci5t ,greece :o c\ld repeat entire books ( ,hom] are examples 9 po9t4 ,"s m5 ( sup]ior tal5t h possess$ ?is p[] 9 an em95t degree4 ,macaulay1 on a voyage across ! ,iri% ,*annel1 rehe>s$ f memory an entire book ( ,virgil's 8neid40 ,x is ! k9d ( memory t %9es at exam9ations & excites ! envy ( p]sons less gift$ ) p[]s ( ret5tion4 ,x may easily be degrad$ into a slave1 do+ "w :i* %\ld be p]=m$ by high] m5tal p[]s4 ,h5ce x has be5 appropriately /yl$ ! ,c9d]ella faculty ( ! m9d4 ,l ! girl 9 ! /ory1 x may be abus$ dreadfully by hav+ all sorts ( useless drudg]y heap$ ^u x4 ,to require a *ild to le>n ! five ?\s& isolat$ facts =m]ly scatt]$ ?r\gh treatises on geography 0 an ex]cise z useless z ! pick+ ( ! l5tils :i* 7 p\r$ into ! a%es to give ,c9d]ella some?+ to d1 &1 un=tunately1 !re is no bird f fairyl& to assi/ 9 ! accompli%m5t ( ! task4 ,mu* z we may admire ! p[] ( ,?omas ,full]1 :o c\ld repeat five hundr$ unrelat$ words 9 =eign languages aft] he>+ !m twice1 x is an accompli%m5t n wor? acquir+4 ,z an accompli%m5t x recalls ! k+ to :om a man exhibit$ 8 skill 9 ?r[+ a pea s t x w\ld /ick on ! end ( a p91--a feat acquir$ aft] ye>s ( pati5t practice4 ,! man hop$ to get a valuable pres5t = 8 exhibition ( skill4 ,! k+ ord]$ a bag ( pease to be giv5 him1 say+ t x 0 all 8 accompli%m5t 0 wor?4 ,!re is no end ( w>n+s z to ! possible evil effects ( a good memory ^u ! p[] to ?9k1--w>n+s t a tea*] may take to he>t ) advantage to himself & o!rs4 ,sid5ote3 ,memory & ! und]/&+4 ,dr4 ,c>p5t] ass]ts t :5 ! =m ( memory by :i* *ildr5 le>n a piece ( poetry ^: mean+ !y d n compreh5d exi/s 9 unusual /r5g?1 x seems to imp$e r ?an aid ! =mation ( ! nexus ( associations :i* makes acquir$ k a "p ( ! m9d itself4 ,9 illu/ration1 he cites ! sugge/ive case ( ,dr4 ,leyd51 8:o 0 di/+ui%$ = 8 extraord9>y gift ( le>n+ languages1 & :o c\ld repeat long acts ( ,p>liam5t1 or any simil> docum5t1 aft] hav+ once read x4 ,be+ congratulat$ by a fri5d on 8 rem>kable gift1 he repli$ t1 in/ead ( be+ an advantage to him1 x 0 (t5 a s\rce ( great inconv5i5ce1 because1 :5 he wi%$ to recollect any?+ 9 a docum5t he _h read1 he c\ld only d x by repeat+ ! :ole f ! comm5cem5t till he rea*$ ! po9t he wi%$ to recall40 ,la?am has well said1 8,! ready me*anical memory ( a y\?1 besides enabl+ him to mislead unpractis$ exam9]s1 makes him deceive himself4 ,tea*]s f9d t a v ready memory is a bad educator2 x /unts ! gr[? ( o!r m5tal p[]s by do+ _! "w = !m4 ,a y\? :o c recollect )\t tr\ble w1 z x 71 mask ! difficulty 9 8 classical au?or or 8 ma!matics by le>n+ by rote :at /&s 9 8 translation or text-book1 & m>* =w>d )\t m ado4 ,?us a quick memory involves a temptation :i* may en]vate its possessor by suff]+ him to evade a difficulty in/ead ( brac+ himself to enc\nt] x 9 front40#bd ,maudsley writes 9 ! same /ra93 8,?is k9d ( memory1 9 :i* ! p]son seems to read a photographic copy ( =m] impressions ) 8 m9d's eye1 is n1 inde$1 commonly associat$ ) high intellectual p[]2 = :at reason ,i "k n1 unless x be t ! m9d1 to :i* x belongs1 is prev5t$1 by ! v excell5ce ( its p[] ( appreh5d+ & recall+ sep>ate facts1 f ris+ to t disc]nm5t ( _! relations :i* is involv$ 9 reason+ & judgm5t1 & s /ays 9 a function :i* %\ld be ! f\ndation ( fur!r developm5t1 or t1 be+ by "s natural defect prev5t$ f ris+ to ! high] sph]e ( a compreh5sion ( relations1 x applies all its en]gies to a compreh5sion ( details4 ,c]ta9ly "o runs ! risk1 by ov]load+ ! memory ( a *ild ) details1 ( arre/+ ! developm5t ( ! m5tal p[]s ( ! *ild2 /]eotyp+ details on ! bra91 we prev5t t fur!r developm5t ( x :i* consi/s 9 ris+ f concrete conceptions to ! conception ( relations40#be ,"h is ano!r w>n+ f ! p5 ( ,ar*bi%op ,:ately3 8,"s p h be5 intellectually damag$ by hav+ :at is call$ a good memory4 ,an unskilful tea*] is cont5t to put be=e *ildr5 all !y ought to le>n1 & to take c>e t !y rememb] x2 & s1 ?\gh ! memory is ret5tive1 ! m9d is left 9 a passive /ate1 & m5 wond] t he :o 0 s quick at le>n+ & rememb]+ %\ld n be an able man1 :i* is z reasonable z to wond] t a ci/]n if fill$ %\ld n be a p]petual f\nta94 ,_m m5 are sav$ by _! defici5cy ( memory f be+ spoil$ by an education2 = ^? :o h no extraord9>y memory are driv5 to supply its place by ?9k+4 ,if !y d n rememb] a ma!matical demon/ration1 !y are driv5 to devise "o4 ,if !y d n rememb] :at ,ari/otle or ,bacon said1 !y are driv5 to consid] :at !y are likely to h said or ought to h said40#bf ,9 8 lett] to a /ud5t :o lam5t$ 8 defective memory1 ,p4 ,c4 ,ham]ton says t1 s f> f writ+1 z might be expect$1 a lett] ( condol5ce on a mis]able memory1 he felt dispos$ to write a lett] ( congratulation4 8,x is possible t y may be bless$ ) a select+ memory :i* is n only useful = :at x reta9s1 b also = :at x rejects4 ,9 ! imm5se mass ( facts :i* come be=e y 9 lit]ature & 9 life x is well t y %\ld suff] z little bewild]m5t z possible4 ,! nature ( y\r memory saves y f ?is by unconsci\sly select+ :at has int]e/$ y & lett+ ! re/ g by40#bg ,sid5ote3 ,analytical memory4 ,9 ! la/ quotation we get a h9t ( ! =m ( memory :i* ,la?am /yles ! analytical4 8,! analytical memory is ex]cis$ :5 ! m9d furni%es a view ( its own & !reby holds toge!r a set ( impressions select$ out ( a mass4 ,?us a b>ri/] /r+s toge!r ! mat]ial facts ( 8 case1 & a lectur] ^? ( 8 sci5ce by _! be>+ on :at he wants to e/abli%40 ,_m ?9k]s sift ev]y?+ !y read1 he>1 & see4 ,t :i* !y d n ne$ is reject$ & =gott54 ,t :i* has a be>+ ^u _! inve/igations is select$1 reta9$1 & utiliz$4 ,z an aid 9 ?9k+ a =m ( ret5tion call$ ! index memory is v helpful4 ,! lawy] %\ld "k :]e to f9d su* law z he does n c>ry 9 8 head4 ,hav+ f\nd ! requir$ /atute or judicial int]pretation1 he applies x to ! case 9 h&4 ,no soon] is a case f9ally decid$ or settl$ ?an he drops its details f 8 m9d & directs 8 intellectual /r5g? to ! int]e/s ( ! next cli5t4 ,9 ?is ability to sift1 select1 & reject1 z ! occasion dem&s1 lies ! secret ( ! success ( _m a public lectur]1 ( _m a magaz9e writ]4 ,! m5 9 ! pulpit or ^u ! plat=m :o lack ?is gift soon we> out2 ! public spe$ily detects :5 !y h no?+ m to give4 ,! prep>ation ( debates1 spee*es1 essays1 & !ses tra9s ^! =ms ( memory4 ,aft] ! analytical habit has be5 =m$1 ! /ud5t unconsci\sly1 yet con/antly1 ga!rs1 classifies1 & /ores mat]ials = ?\ght4 ,! public are frequ5tly surpris$ by ! array ( /rik+ facts1 int]e/+ data1 apt illu/rations1 & pleas+ anecdotes ) :i* he enliv5s e topic ( discussion & elucidates e subject ( inve/igation4 ,sid5ote3 ,assimilative memory4 ,high] ?an ! analytical is ! assimilative =m ( memory :i* 8absorbs matt] into ! sy/em s t ! k assimilat$ becomes a "p ( ! p]son's own self1 l t ( 8 "n or ( a famili> language40 ,! assimilation ( k has a p>allel 9 ! assimilation ( food4 ,! phrase t k is ! food ( ! m9d has almo/ become classical 9 treatises on education4 ,! figure ( spee* ?r[s light ^u ! relative functions ( memory & ?9k+ 9 ! acquisition & elaboration ( k4 ,be=e ! food is set be=e ! *ild x %\ld be cook$ & put into ! mo/ palatable =m1--a p>allel to ! prep>ation ( ! lesson by ! tea*] s t he may put x be=e ! le>n] 9 its mo/ attractive =m4 ,be=e ! food is swall[$ x %\ld be ma/icat$1 brok5 into p>ts1--a p>allel to ! act ( analysis by :i* ! *unks ( k are resolv$ into _! elem5ts & ea* set be=e ! m9d 9 ! simple/ =m1 9 ! =m 9 :i* x c be grasp$ mo/ easily4 ,sid5ote3 ,trans=mation ( k4 ,if ! food rema9s 9 ! /oma* un*ang$1 x produces dyspepsia & a long tra9 ( bodily ills4 ,if ! k :i* ! m9d appropriates is reta9$ un*ang$1 x produces m5tal dyspepsia1 & !re is no real assimilation4 ,f ?is po9t ( view we c easily see :y ,montaigne said t to "k by he>t is n to "k at all4 ,j z ! food :i* is tak5 into ! body mu/ be trans=m$ into *yme & *yle & blood be=e x c be assimilat$1 s ! k :i* is tak5 up by ! m9d mu/ be trans=m$ if x is to be assimilat$4 ,! be/ illu/ration ( ! trans=mation ( k is t giv5 by an anecdote ( ,g\gh1 :i* has n[ become classic4 ,9 a ,pullman c> a cry+ *ild 0 di/urb+ ! slumb]s ( e pass5g]4 ,at la/ a gruff m9]1 ^: pati5ce 0 exhau/$1 /uck 8 head out ( 8 b]? & exclaim$1 8,i %\ld l to "k :]e t *ild's "m is80 8,9 ! baggage c> 9 a c(f910 0 ! reply ( ! p]son 9 *>ge ( ! *ild4 ,! k imp>t$ by t phrase 0 imm$iately trans=m$ into new ?\ght & s5tim5t & purpose4 ,!re 0 n ano!r ^w ( compla9t ?r\gh\t ! entire j\rney2 e pass5g] 0 ?9k+ ( ! un=tunate *ild 9 ! light ( an orphan4 ,_! he>ts 7 /irr$ ) feel+s ( sympa?y1 :i*1 9 ! case ( ! old m9]1 issu$ into w & purpose1 = he got up1 began to c>ry ! little "o1 & did 8 be/ to make x feel cont5t$ 9 ! new surr\nd+s4 ,if ! lessons 9 civil gov]nm5t & hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates rema9 9 ! memory a m]e tissue ( dates1 names1 & ev5ts1 ! tea*] has fail$1 no matt] h[ brilliant ! answ]s 9 class or at ! exam9ation4 ,if ^! lessons d n issue 9 new ?\ghts1 s5tim5ts1 & purposes1 if !y d n enl>ge ! m5tal vision ( ! pupils1 beget 9 !m ! s5tim5t ( patriotism & cause !m to resolve t !y w support ! gov]nm5t by pay+ a j %>e ( its taxes & by insi/+ on a pure ballot1--9 a ^w1 if ^! lessons d n make ! pupil say t he w live = 8 c\ntry & ev5 die 9 its def5ce1--!n ! tea*] has fail$ because !re has be5 no adequate assimilation ( k4 ,ano!r figure ( spee* is sometimes us$ to describe ! trans=mation ( k4 8,except a gra9 ( :eat fall into ! e>? & die1 x abide? by itself alone2 b if x die1 x be>e? mu* fruit40#bh ,if ! k :i* ent]s ! m9d rema9s un*ang$1 x abide? by itself alone4 ,b if x p]i% 9 its orig9al =m1 if x is *ang$ ?r\gh ! process ( gr[? s z to ent] into new relations1 x br+s =? a h>ve/ ( ?\ght & s5tim5t & purpose4 ,! la/ two %\ld be ! concomitants ( ! crop ( new ?\ghts :i* spr+ f se$-?\ghts implant$ 9 ! s\l4 ,t ! anci5ts und]/ood ! use & abuse ( ! memory is evid5t f _! me?od ( tea*+ law4 ,sid5ote3 ,tea*+ ! law4 ,! ,roman s*ool-boy le>n$ by he>t ! ,twelve ,tables ( ! ,law4 ,8 tea*]s 7 n satisfi$ ) a m]e k ( ! words2 !y insi/$ t he %\ld und]/& ! mean+ ( ! law1 & apply x 9 regulat+ 8 own conduct & 9 pass+ judgm5t ^u ! conduct ( o!rs4 ,is x any wond] t ! ,roman p became ! expon5ts ( law & ord] ?r\gh\t ! civiliz$ _w1 & t ,roman jurisprud5ce /ill ex]ts a m\ld+ influ5ce ^u ! legislation ( ! ,lat9 races1 if n ( ! entire civiliz$ _w8 ,!re is /ill ano!r nation ( antiquity ^: y\? 7 in/ruct$ 9 ! law ) ! mo/ scrupul\s c>e4 ,! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts ( ! ,mosaic ,law 7 committ$ to memory4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,vi41 #f-i1 ( ,deut]onomy1 we read3 8,& ^! words1 :i* ,i comm& !e ?is day1 %all be 9 ?9e he>t3 & ?\ %alt tea* !m dilig5tly unto ?y *ildr51 & %alt talk ( !m :5 ?\ sitte/ 9 ?9e h\se1 & :5 ?\ walke/ by ! way1 & :5 ?\ lie/ d[n1 & :5 ?\ rise/ up4 ,& ?\ %alt b9d !m = a sign ^u ?9e h&1 & !y %all be z frontlets betwe5 ?9e eyes40 ,v]se #ah ( ,*apt] ,,xi4 is /ill m explicit3 8,!re=e %all ye lay up ^! my words 9 y\r he>t & 9 y\r s\l1 & b9d !m = a sign ^u y\r h&1 t !y may be z frontlets betwe5 y\r eyes40 ,! exact words ( ! law 7 to be fix$ 9 ! memory1 & kept bo? be=e ! bodily & m5tal eye until !y pass$ into ! de$s & conduct ( e-day life4 ,9 ,john vii4 #di we f9d ! same ?\ght3 8,?is p :o kn[e? n ! law are curs$40 ,?is 0 ! univ]sal conviction ( ! ,jewi% p aft] ! ,babylonian exile1 if n be=e4 ,! read+ ( ! ,talmud has be5 lik5$ unto travell+ ?r\gh endless gall]ies ( lumb]1 :]e ! air is d>k5$ & ! lungs are well-nigh asphyxiat$ ) ! ris+ du/4 ,on "o po9t1 h[ev]1 ! ,jewi% ,rabbis speak ) ! au?ority & e>ne/ness ( ^? :o "k :]e( !y affirm4 8,to ! ,law60 is ! exhortation s\nd$ abroad 9 e key4 8,let y\r h\se10 says "o1 8be a h\se ( assembly = ^? wise 9 ! law2 let y\rself be du/$ by ! du/ ( _! feet1 & dr9k eag]ly _! tea*+40 8,make ! /udy ( ! law ?y special bus9ess10 says ano!r4 8,! m tea*+ ( ! law10 says a ?ird1 8! m life2 ! m s*ool1 ! m wisdom2 ! m c\nsel1 ! m reasonable action4 ,he :o ga9s a k ( ! law ga9s life 9 ! _w to come40 ,maxims l ! foll[+ %[ ! /ress t 0 laid ^u ex]cises design$ to br+ out ! full =ce & import ( ! law3 8,:5 two sit toge!r & d n conv]se ab\t ! law1 !y are an assembly ( scorn]s1 ( :i* x is said1 #8,sit n 9 ! seat ( ! scorn]s4' ,:51 h[ev]1 two sit toge!r & conv]se ab\t ! law1 ! ,%e*9ah 7! ,div9e ,pres5ce7 is pres5t among !m40 8,:5 ?ree eat toge!r at "o table1 & d n conv]se ab\t ! law1 x is z ?\gh !y ate ( ! (f]+s ( ! dead4 ,b :5 ?ree eat toge!r at "o table & conv]se ab\t ! law1 x is z ?\gh !y ate at ! table ( ,god40 8,! foll[+ are ?+s ^: int]e/ is enjoy$ 9 ?is _w1 :ile ! capital rema9s = ! _w to come2 ,rev]5ce = fa!rs & mo!rs1 b5evol5ce1 peacemak+ among neighbors1 & ! /udy ( ! law above !m all40 ,x is v app>5t t ! *os5 p 7 n satisfi$ ) m]e memoriz+ ( ! law4 ,_! tea*]s s\ght to make x a liv+1 regulative =ce 9 all ! relations ( man4 ,_! practice emphasiz$ a phase ( memory "w :i* %\ld be borne 9 m9d :5ev] pupils are reque/$ to le>n by he>t any =m ( words or selection ( lit]ature4 ,words h no value s long z !y rema9 m]e words4 ,:5 words convey ! int5d$ mean+1 ! m p]fect ! =m 9 :i* !y are jo9$ toge!r ! deep] & m la/+ is ! impression made ^u ! m9d ( ! le>n]4 ,! ?\ghts :i* h be5 transmitt$ 9 =ms fix$ = ages may n produce a h>ve/ ( new ?\ght & l+ui/ic expression1 b may issue 9 feel+ & w1 9 l(ty emotions & noble purposes1 9 h]oic de$s & unselfi% devotion1 9 righte\sness & "r conduct f> m valuable ?an m$iocre effusions ( prose & poetry1 or _m ( ! speculations ( sci5ti/s & philosoph]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,se$-?\ghts4 ,?\ghts t are to regulate conduct & life may be rememb]$ 9 ! =m 9 :i* a nation has treasur$ !m = ages4 ,if ?\ghts are to become se$-?\ghts1 _! =m mu/ be *ang$ ?r\gh ! process ( gr[?2 o!rwise no crop ( new ?\ghts c mature4 ,! expression1 se$-?\ghts1 is a figure ( spee* bas$ ^u vegetable life4 ,! m9d may be lik5$ unto soil t has become f]tile ?r\gh ! labor & skill ( ! husb&man4 ,! m9d gr[s f]tile & productive by cultivation4 ,l ! s[] go+ =? to s[1 ! good tea*] deposits 9 ! y\?ful m9d ideas :i* g]m9ate & br+ =? a h>ve/ ( ?\ght1 s5tim5t1 & purpose4 ,if ! gra9 ( :eat be cut 9 pieces1 & !n put into ! soil1 !re c be no gr[?1 because ! life has be5 de/roy$4 ,! ideas :i* ! tea*] in/ils into ! m9ds ( ! pupils %\ld be liv+ ideas4 ,_! vitality %\ld n be de/roy$ by dissection into fragm5ts f :i* all life has dep>t$4 ,sun%9e & moi/ure are conditions ( gr[?4 ,lack ( sympa?y is lack ( sun%9e4 ,cold natures h an ,arctic effect 9 /unt+ & prev5t+ gr[?4 ,aga91 in/ruction may be s dry t no?+ c ?rive "u its influ5ce4 ,l a dr\ght1 x may spe$ily evaporate ! *ild's love ( s*ool & int]e/ 9 /udy4 ,we$s may *oke ! gr[+ crop4 ,^! ! husb&man removes & de/roys1 s t ! good se$ may h a *ance to rip54 ,) equal solicitude ! fai?ful tea*] wat*es ! developm5t ( ! se$-?\ghts :i* are spr\t+ 9 ! m9d4 ,= a "t ! se$ is hid 9 ! e>?4 ,se$-?\ghts disappe> 9 ! unconsci\s dep?s ( ! s\l4 ,!y are n lo/4 ,by processes :i* we _c expla91 !y spr\t & gr[ & rip54 ,t su* my/]i\s processes are go+ =w>d 9 ! hidd5 dep?s ( ! s\l _c be d\bt$4 ,a process ( gr[? may be unse52 its visible results are evid5ce t x exi/s & is go+ =w>d4 ,if ! soil be b>r5 or ! conditions ( gr[? be want+1 no h>ve/ is possible4 ,un=tunately1 ! unskilful husb&man always blames ! soil & ! wea!r :5 he himself is at fault4 ,un=tunate is ! pupil ^: tea*] is a fossil1 devoid ( life & ! p[] to infuse life4 ,"u su* a tea*] ! pupil always gets ! blame4 ,,xii ,,imag+ ,,& ,,?9k+ ,?+s m excell5t ?an any image are express$ ?r\gh images4 ,,jambli*us4 ,an unimag9ative p]son c nei!r be rev]5t nor k9d4 ,,rusk94 ,few m5 h imag9ation en\gh = ! tru? ( reality4 ,,goe!4 ,sci5ce does n "k its debt to ! imag9ation4 ,,em]son4 ,! human race is gov]n$ by its imag9ation4 ,,napoleon4 ,,xii ,,imag+ ,,& ,,?9k+ ,e human be+ divides ! _w into two p>ts1 ! self & ! n-self4 ,x w\ld n be "r to say t he divides ! _w into two hemisph]es1 because self may occupy m space & engross m ?\ght ?an all else 9 ! univ]se4 ,sid5ote3 ,self4 ,! idea ( self is complex4 ,x includes our ?\ghts1 emotions1 & purposes4 ,k9dr$ & fri5ds1 home & c\ntry1 cre$ & occupation1 dress & p]sonal appe>ance1 possessions & ! "w "o has done1--9 fact1 all "o has & is & does ent]s into ! idea ( self4 ,:5 we lose a *ild1 a manuscript1 an inve/m5t1 a position1 we are apt to feel z if a "p ( ourselves _h be5 lo/4 ,s closely are ! ?+s ( self id5tifi$ ) ! inn] self1 ! self 9 ! n>r[e/ signification ( ! t]m1 t ! latt] is (t5times lo/ 9 ! =m]2 & ! end ( exi/5ce is s\ght 9 weal?1 fame1 honor1 social position1 erudition1 & ! ?\s& o!r ?+s :i* int5sify ! feel+ ( self by giv+ x =m & cont5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,image ( self4 ,an important elem5t 9 ! ?\ght ( self is ! image ( self t e man c>ries 9 8 own m9d4 ,?is image ( self is d]iv$ f look+-glasses & photographs1 f ! sight ( h&s & feet & ! o!r impressions ( ! physical organism :i* rea* ! m9d ?r\gh ! s5ses4 ,9 ! m9ds ( _m p]sons ! image ( self is ev] pres5t1 x matt]s n :e!r !y are eat+ or dr9k+1 walk+ or talk+1 s++ or ?9k+1 pos+ or work+4 ,! p]petual pres5ce ( ! image ( self gives rise to vanity & pride1 to av>ice1 ambition1 & o!r dete/able =ms ( selfi%ness4 ,x is ! prov9ce ( education to br+ self & ! ?+s ( self into prop] relation ) ! n-self1 ) ,god & ! univ]se4 ,t ?is may be accompli%$ ! images ( s5se & ! idea ( self mu/ be made to take _! prop] place 9 ! doma9 ( ?\ght & volition4 ,sid5ote3 ,education def9$4 ,n _m ye>s ago x 0 cu/om>y 9 c]ta9 qu>t]s to def9e education z ! process ( uns5s+ ! m9d & unself+ ! w4 ,! def9ition nev] became popul>4 ,x conta9s a tru? & an error1 bo? des]v+ ( c>eful consid]ation4 ,! maxim may signify t by ! process ( education ! s\l is to be emancipat$ f ! tyranny ( ! s5ses & f ! dom9ation ( selfi% desires4 ,! m9d may be h9d]$ 9 its gr[? because x is "u ! ?raldom ( desire & appetite4 ,excess 9 eat+ & dr9k+1 9 sight-see+1 & 9 o!r pleasures :i* s easily rip5 into dissipation may *eck ! normal developm5t ( ! high] faculties4 ,! delight :i* "s gift$ natures f9d 9 beautiful colors & good music may prev5t !m f acquir+ ! p[] ( ab/ract & ab/ruse ?9k+4 ,! ?+s ( ! m9d may be sacrific$ to ! ?+s ( s5se1 ! high] life ( ! s\l may be /ifl$ ?r\gh ! exaltation ( self & ! dom9ation ( selfi% desires4 ,sid5ote3 ,uns5s+ ! m9d4 ,:at is meant by uns5s+ ! m9d8 ,x may mean1 = in/ance1 t ! /ud5t ( ari?metic is to be fre$ f ! necessity ( c\nt+ /rokes or f+]s 9 f9d+ ! sum or ! product ( two numb]s2 t ! le>n] is to get away f ! cats & dogs ( ! ,fir/ ,read] z soon z possible2 t he is to be lift$ by education to ! plane on :i* he c ?9k 9 ab/ract & g5]al t]ms4 ,9 ?is s5se x is correct to say t x is ! purpose ( education to uns5se ! m9d4 ,! phrase may also be int]pret$ to imply t ! habit ( ?9k+ by means ( visual images is to be got rid (4 ,9 ?is s5se x is a dang]\s maxim4 ,sid5ote3 ,arre/$ developm5t4 ,! fir/ ?9k+ ( *ildr5 is c>ri$ on 9 m5tal pictures4 ,x is "o ( ! aims ( ! s*ool to lift ! le>n] above ?is necessity ( ?9k+ 9 ?+s by enabl+ him to ?9k 9 symbols4 ,^! symbols are 9 _! turn visualiz$2 & we may h specim5s ( arre/$ developm5t 9 ! use ( figures z well z 9 ! use ( f+]s1 blocks1 or o!r objects employ$ 9 tea*+ ! fundam5tal op]ations ( integ]s & fractions4 ,! pr9cipal ( a well-kn[n w>d s*ool aim$ at great spe$ 9 ari?metical calculations4 ,! results :i* 8 tea*]s obta9$ excit$ surprise & admiration4 ,! te/ ( progress 0 ! numb] ( digits t a pupil c\ld add1 or subtract1 or multiply1 or divide 9 a m9ute4 ,! dang] ( ?is in/ruction became app>5t :5 x 0 f\nd t ( five or six hundr$ *ildr5 drill$ 9 t way only "o ev] rea*$ ! high s*ool1 & %e 0 only a ?ird-rate /ud5t1 :o nev] acquir$ skill or pr(ici5cy 9 ?9k+ 9 ab/ract & g5]al t]ms4 ,m5tal en]gy 0 exhau/$ 9 ! attempt to develop lightn+ calculators4 ,!re 0 no gr[? 9 ! direction ( ?9k+ ! laws & tru?s :i* make k sci5tific4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ?9k+ ( savages4 ,! untutor$ savage is guid$ by s5se impressions2 he ?9ks 9 m5tal pictures2 he is incapable ( a *a9 ( reason+ l ! demon/ration ( a !orem 9 geometry4 ,tribes h be5 f\nd :o c\ld n c\nt beyond ?ree2 any numb] 9 excess ( two 0 call$ _m or a multitude4 ,:il/ _! p[]s ( obs]vation 7 develop$ to a rem>kable degree1 !y lack$ ! p[] ( ab/ruse ?\ght4 ,_! desc5dants1 :o are n[ at s*ool1 make rapid progress 9 k :i* appeals to ! s5ses2 !y f9d m ?an ! usual difficulty 9 /udies requir+ demon/rative reason+ or su/a9$ ef=t 9 sci5tific ?\ght4 ,music is _! delight2 !y c be taught to s+ l birds 9 ! air2 _! b&s give sighs to brass itself4 ,z 9 ! eighte5? c5tury ! ,iroquois1 :o w\ld n submit to ! doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity1 7 ov]come by conc]ts1 s1 9 ! n9ete5?1 ! mission>ies ( ,briti% ,columbia appeal to ! r$ man's e> = music 9 w9n+ him = ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,sid5ote3 ,popul> audi5ces4 ,language is full ( fad$ metaphors :i* %[ h[ ! ?+s ( ! m9d are conceiv$ 9 images =m$ ?r\gh ! s5ses4 ,^? :o address popul> audi5ces clo! _! ?\ghts 9 figures ( spee* bas$ ^u ! m5tal pictures 9 :i* ! common p c>ry on _! ?9k+4 ,! ability to ?9k 9 ! language ( sci5ce & philosophy is a lat] developm5t1 & ^? :o by disuse or neglect impair _! p[] to ?9k 9 s5se-images pay a p5alty 9 los+1 or nev] acquir+1 ! p[] to move ! multitudes4 ,sid5ote3 ,m5tal pictures4 ,! p[] to ?9k 9 m5tal pictures1 or ?r\gh ! s5se-impressions :i* memory recalls1 v>ies 9 diff]5t p]sons4 ,occasionally ! s5se ( t\* is v active2 ! *ild 9 su* cases manife/s a desire to h&le ev]y?+ )9 rea*1 & und\bt$ly ga9s impressions ( peculi> /r5g? answ]+ its desire to "k4 ,a limit$ numb] ( *ildr5 9 e s*ool get _! be/ impressions ?r\gh ! e>1 & h5ce are said to be e>-m9d$2 b ! f> l>g] proportion are eye-m9d$ to ! ext5t ( connect+ _! mo/ accurate k ) images obta9$ ?r\gh vision4 ,simil> peculi>ities exi/ among old] p]sons4 ,a fri5d claims t he he>s ! voices ( speak]s :ile read+ ! pro(-%eets ( _! spee*es4 ,ano!r fri5d claims t he _c br+ up a m5tal picture ( ! faces ( 8 *ildr5 & 8 fri5ds1 b he writes out /ra9s ( music :i* he ?9ks & he>s :ile seat$ on railway c>s4 ,! p[] ( br++ up a vivid picture ( ! breakfa/-table1 or ( "s sc5e ( special int]e/1 is possess$ by _m p]sons4 ,!y live ov] aga9 9 memory ! delights ( travel1 & enjoy sc5]y ?r\gh ! vivid m5tal pictures /or$ away 9 ! treasure-h\se ( memory4 ,! ability to appreciate ! be/ lit]ature 9 prose & poetry dep5ds l>gely ^u ! p[] ( visualiz+ ! realities at ! basis ( ! descriptions & figures ( spee*4 ,francis ,galton ?9ks t ! p]spicu\s /yle ( ,fr5* lit]ature & ! wond]ful manual skill ( ! ,fr5* p is due to _! p[] ( ?9k+ 9 visual images4 ,he says1-- ,sid5ote3 ,! ,fr5*4 8,! ,fr5* appe> to possess ! visualiz+ faculty 9 a high degree4 ,! peculi> ability !y %[ 9 pre>rang+ c]emonials & ftes ( all k9ds & _! und\bt$ g5ius = tactics & /rategy %[ t !y are able to =esee effects ) unusual cle>ness4 ,_! +5uity 9 all te*nical contrivances is an additional te/imony 9 ! same direction1 & s is _! s+ul> cle>ness ( expression4 ,_! phrase #8figurez-v\s1' or #8picture to y\rself1' seems to express _! dom9ant mode ( p]ception4 ,our equival5t ( #8imag9e' is ambigu\s40#bi ,sid5ote3 ,galton's inve/igations4 ,! pr(ession ( tea*+ owes ,mr4 ,galton a special debt ( gratitude = ! light :i* 8 inve/igations ?r[ ^u ! process ( ?9k+4 ,^! inve/igations 7 publi%$ 9 a volume entitl$ 8,inquiries into ,human ,faculty40 ,:5 he began to inquire among 8 fri5ds z to _! p[] to call up m5tal pictures ( ! breakfa/-table1 ^? engag$ 9 sci5tific pursuits 7 incl9$ to consid] him fanciful & fanta/ic 9 suppos+ t ! words m5tal imag]y really express$ :at he ?\ght ev]ybody suppos$ !m to mean4 ,he says !y _h no m notion ( its true nature ?an a color-bl9d man :o has n disc]n$ 8 defect has ( ! nature ( color4 ,:5 he spoke to p]sons 9 g5]al society1 he got v diff]5t replies4 ,among o!r curi\s ?+s :i* he discov]$1 he f\nd t ! p[] ( ?9k+ 9 s5se-images1 or m5tal pictures1 may be p>tly inh]it$1 p>tly develop$ by practice1 & t x may be impair$ by disuse or by ! habit ( h>d ?9k+ peculi> to m5 engag$ 9 sci5tific pursuits4 ,sci5tific m51 z a class1 h feeble p[]s ( visual repres5tation4 ,he rea*$ ! conclusion t 8an ov]-ready p]ception ( %>p m5tal pictures is antagoni/ic to ! acquirem5t ( highly g5]aliz$ & ab/ract ?\ght1 especially :5 ! /eps ( reason+ are c>ri$ on by words z symbols1 & t if ! faculty ( see+ ! pictures 0 ev] possess$ by m5 :o ?9k h>d1 x is v apt to be lo/ by disuse40 ,sid5ote3 ,wrong me?ods4 ,he fur!r claims t ! visualiz+ faculty c be develop$ by education4 ,?is is v significant4 ,x %[s h[ unwise me?ods may h>m our *ildr5 9 two directions4 ,! wrong me?od may keep ! m9d at "w 9 ! concrete :5 ! sci5ce "u consid]ation dem&s m advanc$ & v diff]5t me?ods ( ?\ght4 ,9 ! o!r direction ! m9d may be ti$ to words1 descriptions1 book me?ods1 & symbolic repres5tations1 :]eas ! ?9k+ :i* "o's future duties dem& po9ts 9 ! direction ( draw+1 me*anics1 & h&icrafts1 9 :i* success turns ^u ! p[] ( ?9k+ 9 visual images & m5tal pictures4 ,"o _c =be> quot+ 8 language 9 s f> z x be>s ^u ! ?9k+ develop$ by s*ools = manual tra9+ 9 di/9ction f ! ?9k+ develop$ by ! univ]sity :i* aims to fit its /ud5ts = ! pr(essions & = sci5tific ?\ght & exp]im5tal rese>*4 ,sid5ote3 ,?9k+ 9 images4 8,!re c1 h[ev]1 be no d\bt z to ! utility ( ! visualiz+ faculty :5 x is duly subord9at$ to ! high] intellectual op]ations4 ,a visual image is ! mo/ p]fect =m ( m5tal repres5tation :]ev] ! %ape1 position1 & relations ( objects 9 space are conc]n$4 ,x is ( importance 9 e h&icraft & pr(ession :]e design is requir$4 ,! be/ workm5 are ^? :o visualize ! :ole ( :at !y propose to d be=e !y take a tool 9 _! h&s4 ,! village smi? & ! c>p5t] :o are employ$ on odd jobs employ x no less = _! "w ?an ! me*anician1 ! eng9e]1 & ! ar*itect4 ,! lady's maid :o arranges a new dress requires x = ! same reason z ! decorator employ$ on a palace1 or ! ag5t :o lays out great e/ates4 ,/rategi/s1 arti/s ( all d5om9ations1 physici/s :o contrive new exp]im5ts1 &1 9 %ort1 all :o d n foll[ r\t9e1 h ne$ ( x4 ,! pleasure its use c af=d is imm5se4 ,i h _m correspond5ts :o say t ! delight ( recall+ beautiful sc5]y & great works ( art is ! highe/ t !y "k2 !y c>ry :ole picture-gall]ies 9 _! m9ds4 ,our booki% & wordy education t5ds to repress ?is valuable gift ( nature4 ,a faculty t is ( importance 9 all te*nical & arti/ic occupations1 t gives accuracy to our p]ceptions1 & ju/ness to our g5]alizations is />v$ by lazy disuse in/ead ( be+ cultivat$ judici\sly 9 su* a way z w1 on ! :ole1 br+ ! be/ return4 ,i believe t a s]i\s /udy ( ! be/ me?od ( develop+ & utiliz+ ?is faculty1 )\t prejudice to ! practice ( ab/ract ?\ght 9 symbols1 is "o ( ! _m press+ desid]ata 9 ! yet un=m$ sci5ce ( education40#cj ,:at is meant by ! process ( unself+ ! w8 ,if ! maxim is int]pret$ to mean t education mu/ elim9ate ! selfi%ness ( ! individual1 & tea* him to w & act = ! good ( humanity1 especially ( all ) :om he comes 9 contact1 ! maxim po9ts out an important end ( education4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! maxim is made to mean t ! self1 ) its peculi>ities1 is to be sacrific$ 9 ! educative process1 x c>ries a contradiction on its face4 ,! l[] self may h to be sacrific$ 9 ord] t ! high] self may be cons]v$4 ,he t lose? 8 life %all save x2 he t save? 8 life %all lose x1 is ! tea*+ ( ,holy ,writ4 ,op5 a diction>y & se>* = words indicat+ h[ ! belief 9 ! necessity ( emancipat+ life f ! dom9ion ( self has be5 wov5 into ! v texture ( ! ,engli% language4 ,egotism1 :i* orig9ally meant ! excessive use ( ! pron\n ,i1 has come to signify all k9ds ( self-praise1 self-exaltation1 & to include all mann] ( p>ad+ "o's virtues & excell5cies2 egoism d5otes a /ate ( m9d 9 :i* ! feel+s are conc5trat$ on self4 ,vanity & self-conceit are two words closely alli$ to ! natural selfi%ness ( ! human he>t4 ,! =m] indicates ! feel+ :i* spr+s f ! ?\ght t we are highly e/eem$ by o!rs2 ! latt] is an ov]we5+ op9ion ( "o's tal5ts1 capacities1 & importance4 ,!re is ano!r li/ ( comp\nd words1 l self-d5ial1 self-sacrifice1 self-abnegation1 :i* po9t to ! importance ( elim9at+ self & ?\ghts ( self f ! s\l's activities 9 ?9k+ & will+4 ,virtues l humility1 love1 s]vice1 sacrifice1 are laud$ 9 e ,*ri/ian l&4 ,!y are ! ,*ri/ian virtues exemplifi$ by ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 :o liv$ to d good to o!rs1 & :o di$ t ! s9n+1 sorr[+ millions on e>? might f9d peace & consolation = _! tr\bl$ s\ls4 ,sid5ote3 ,selfi%ness4 ,! unself+ ( ! w dep5ds z mu* ^u "r ?9k+ z does ! uns5s+ ( ! m9d4 ,! untra9$ m9d deals too mu* ) ?+s ne> at h& 9 ! objective _w2 ! un$ucat$ w deals too mu* ) ! ?+ ne>e/ to e man 9 ! subjective _w1--! individual self4 ,! ?\ght ( self may ent] s ?or\ghly into ! feel+s & activities ( ! s\l t ! rights ( o!rs are nev] ?\ght ( 9 ! gratification ( self & 9 ! ef=ts at self-aggr&izem5t & self-glorification4 ,selfi% desire & selfi% ambition may dom9ate ! s\l & cause ! individual to trample ^u ! de>e/ rights ( o!rs4 ,! millions :i* "s m5 heap up are squeez$ f ! productive toil ( ?\s&s1 p]haps millions1 ( human h&s4 ,colossal =tunes c seldom be made )\t r$uc+ a consid]able numb] ( human be+s to a condition ( liv+ f h& to m\?1 to a /ate ( *ronic pov]ty4 ,t ! inord9ate ambition ( a ma/]ful politician may be gratifi$1 ! hopes ( o!r aspirants mu/ be fru/rat$ & _! rights mu/ be trampl$ ^u4 ,h5ce 9 ! end !re is little happ9ess among (fice-hold]s & (fice-seek]s4 ,! selfi%ness ( great conqu]ors is /ill m inexcusable4 ,9 ! ef=t to gratify an unholy ambition ! lives ( ?\s&s are sacrific$1 _! blood is spilt ^u ! battle-field1 & _! heal? is und]m9$ by suff]+ & disease4 ,if ! m5 :o s5d ! soldi] to ! front 7 !mselves compell$ to sleep 9 dit*es1 or to expose !mselves to ! fire ( ma*9e-guns ^u ! op5 field1 w>s w\ld n be decl>$1 or1 if decl>$1 w\ld soon cease4 ,sid5ote3 ,self-sacrifice4 ,! high] life dem&s t ! l[] self be subord9at$1 regulat$ & sublimat$ 9 ! education ( man4 ,! individual may be taught to f9d happ9ess 9 self-sacrifice = ! sake ( o!rs1 9 de$s ( love1 *>ity1 & b5evol5ce4 ,t ?is may result f ! educative process1 !re %\ld occur a *ange ( he>t1 result+ 9 a *ange ( view & 9 a trans=mation ( ! habits ( ?\ght s t self is se5 9 its true relation to mank9d & to ,god1 s t ! ?+s ( "t & s5se %all /& 9 true relation to ! v]ities ( et]nity & ! int]e/s ( ! high] life4 ,sid5ote3 ,self-developm5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! maxim is int]pret$ to mean t any gifts or p[]s ( ! self are to be sacrific$ 9 prep>ation = a giv5 call+1 say = ! army or navy1 x becomes a dang]\s h]esy4 ,! true end ( education is f\nd 9 ! h>moni\s developm5t ( all our faculties4 ,e man is 9 "o s5se ! product ( c\ntless ages & g5]ations1 & f ano!r po9t ( view he is a new creation fre% f ! h& ( 8 ,mak]1 & a di/9ct sett+ =? ( ! creative p[] ( ,him :o said1 8,let u make man 9 our own image1 aft] our lik5ess40 ,z su* he has a claim ^u immortality1 z well z ^u all ! help :i* e>? c give him t[>ds a full realization ( self4 ,e p]son feels t !re are possibilities ( 8 be+ :i* are nev] realiz$ 9 ?is _w2 t x w require ! ceaseless ages ( et]nity to unfold & mature 8 ,god-giv5 p[]s & traits4 ,any unself+ ( ! w 9 ! s5se ( sacrific+ or *eck+ ! gr[? & fruition ( ! be/ ( :i* ! self is capable1 is a violation ( ,sp5c]'s fam\s def9ition t education is a prep>ation = complete liv+4 ,sid5ote3 ,ju/ice to o!rs4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! relation ( ! imag+ p[] to ! prop] unself+ ( ! w & ! full realization ( ! self8 8,a great deal ( ! selfi%ness ( ! _w comes n f bad he>ts1 b f languid imag9ations40#ca ,to d ju/ice to o!rs1 we mu/ put ourselves 9 _! place4 ,?is we _c d except ?r\gh ! ex]cise ( ! imag9ation4 ,! imag9ation is ! creative p[] ( ! m9d4 ,by means ( x we c create = our ?9k+ ! _w 9 :i* our neighbor lives1 & le>n to und]/& 8 motives1 aims1 hopes1 ne$s1 & temptations4 ,?is w keep u f _m a mi/ake 9 judg+ 8 conduct & e/imat+ 8 "*4 ,moreov]1 ?is ?9k+ ( ourselves into ! life & surr\nd+s ( our fell[-m5 is a condition ( success 9 deal+ ) !m4 ,x helps ! m]*ant to sell 8 w>es & ! tea*] to gov]n 8 pupils4 ,x helps ! orator to rea* ! he>ts ( ! audi5ce :om he is address+1 & ! j\rnali/ to write editorials t w modify ! views & m\ld ! ?9k+ ( ! read+ public4 ,e pr(ession & e occupation requires ! con/ant ex]cise ( ! imag9ation s t we may see life f our neighbor's po9t ( view1 &1 9 sympa?iz+ ) him or help+ him1 outgr[ our innate selfi%ness4 ,a h>d1 cruel1 un=giv+ man makes a failure ( life ev5 ?\gh he w9 ri*es1 fame1 & public position4 ,sid5ote3 ,ideals4 ,by means ( ! imag9ation we pa9t ideals ( life & conduct1 :i* hov] be=e ! m9d 9 ! h\r ( /ruggle & trial1 lur+ u onw>d & upw>d1 spurr+ u to great] ef=t1 & giv+ to life add$ *>ms & glories4 ,)\t ! p[] to imag9e :at is beyond ! real1 ! workman s9ks to ! level ( drudg]y1 & nev] rises to ! plane ( arti/ic production4 ,sid5ote3 ,! *ild's imag9ation4 ,sid5ote3 ,geography4 ,! imag9ation is v active 9 *ildr54 ,wat* _! plays if y w\ld see h[ !y conv]t a /ick into a horse1 ! play-h\se into a home1 & mimic ! drama ( life 9 _! games & conte/s4 ,_! life is l>gely make-believe & ?9k+ 9 images4 ,?is t5d5cy to ?9k 9 images c be utiliz$ 9 ! lessons 9 ari?metic1 geometry1 geography1 & hi/ory4 ,)\t ! comb9ation ( images into new =ms & products1 ! pupil _c ?9k ! ?\ghts peculi> to ^! bran*es4 ,= in/ance1 ! lesson 9 geography />ts ) :at ! *ild has se5 or c see at home1 & proce$s to t :i* is away f home1 us+ pictures1 draw+s1 lant]n-slides1 & vivid descriptions to aid ! imag9ation 9 pictur+ sc5]y1 cities1 c\ntries1 & =ms ( life 9 o!r p>ts ( ! globe4 ,x may be a "q :at ! m9d %\ld ?9k 9 connection ) ! symbols & tru?s ( t sci5ce4 ,! =m ( a cont95t is )\t d\bt be/ conceiv$ z giv5 on a map4 ,= _m practical purposes1 cities may be ?\ght z m]e />t+-po9ts & halt+-places 9 a j\rney4 ,_m a riv] is = mature m9ds a w9d+ black l9e on color$ surfaces call$ maps4 ,nev]!less1 if geography means = a pupil no m ?an ?is1 x w be dry & un9t]e/+ inde$4 ,out ( ! images ( ?+s obs]v$ ! m9d %\ld be l$ to con/ruct images ( :at x has n se54 ,^! images are nev] an adequate picture ( ! =eign city or c\ntry1 ev5 aft] !y h be5 supplem5t$ or modifi$ by visits to museums1 cons]vatories1 & zoological g>d5s1 by excursions to ! field1 ! =e/1 & ! factory1 or ev5 by travel at home & abroad4 ,! ?\ghts ( a c\ntry t "o has j\rney$ ?r\gh1 or liv$ 9 = a "t1 consi/ p>tly ( images & p>tly ( symbolic repres5tations4 ,s9ce ?9k+ 9 images is easi] = beg9n]s ?an ?9k+ 9 symbols1 ! in/ruction 9 geography %\ld beg9 ) *ild-life at home1 ) ! ?+s on ! breakfa/-table1 ) ! g>m5ts worn & ! means ( transportation us$1 & proce$ f ^! to ! life1 ! home1 ! dress1 & ! sports ( *ildr5 liv+ 9 o!r l&s & o!r climes4 ,! lessons 9 geography make con/ant appeals to ! imag9ation1 & call = ?9k+ 9 images or m5tal-pictures 9 connection ) map-symbols & ! discussions ( causes & laws4 ,sid5ote3 ,hi/ory4 ,n less valuable is ! p[] ( imag+ 9 ! /udy ( hi/ory4 ,_m details are wor?less & mean+less until ! imag9ation weaves !m into a fabric 9 :i* _! relations & significance become app>5t4 ,s f> z ! tr5d ( hi/ory is conc]n$1 x w\ld h matt]$ v little if ! "n ( ! %ip 9 :i* ! ,pilgrim fa!rs sail$ _h be5 ,april%[] in/ead ( ,mayfl[]1 if ! numb] ( pass5g]s _h be5 "o hundr$ & "o in/ead ( exactly "o hundr$1 if !y _h l&$ at "s place o!r ?an ,plym\? ,rock4 ,_! com+1 _! compact1 _! religi\s life & purposes 7 ( *ief importance4 ,details help to fill out ! m5tal picture ( _! voyage1 l&+1 & settlem5t4 ,!y ?r[ a halo ( int]e/ ar\nd ! c5tral ev5t1 or g]m9al idea4 ,or1 to *ange ! figure1 !y furni% ! scaffold+ by means ( :i* ! tea*] gradually raises ! edifice ( hi/orical k4 ,aft] ! edifice has be5 complet$ ! scaffold+ may be remov$4 ,aft] ! ess5tial or c5tral idea has be5 grasp$ & fix$1 details l ! "n ( ! %ip1 ! numb] ( emigrants1 & ! exact day ( _! arrival may be =gott54 ,! m9d c (t5 unload ! luggage t is n absolutely ne$$1 & move ) m ease & spe$ into new fields ( ?\ght & inve/igation4 ,sid5ote3 ,geometry4 ,sid5ote3 ,ari?metic4 ,geometry has be5 aptly /yl$ e9e ,aug5wiss5s*aft1 8a sci5ce ( ! eye0 7! la/ ^w be+ us$ n z ! object ) :i* ! sci5ce deals1 b z ! means by :i* its ideas are acquir$74 ,! l9e drawn ^u ! black-bo>d has bread?1 & is n at all a ma!matical l9e4 ,?r\gh ! eye x s]ves to sugge/ ! l9e :i* has l5g? )\t bread? or ?ickness4 ,progress 9 solid geometry is impossible if ! m9d does n image or conceive ! volumes ( ?ree dim5sions indicat$ by ! draw+s on a surface :i* has b two dim5sions4 ,9 ari?metic _m ( ! bus9ess transactions ^u :i* ! problems are bas$ h n come into ! exp]i5ce ( ! *ild1 b mu/ be evolv$ by appeals to ! imag9ation if ! solutions are to be br\ght )9 easy rea* ( ! und]/&+4 ,! p[] ( comb9+ images into new =ms aids greatly 9 ! con/ruction ( app>atus & 9 ! mak+ ( exp]im5ts4 ,x helps ! sci5ti/ to evolve 8 !ories & hypo!ses4 ,x is ! faculty by :i* man becomes a creator 9 sci5ce1 art1 lit]ature1 & philosophy4 ,sid5ote3 ,creative imag9ation4 ,sid5ote3 ,productive ?9k+4 ,sid5ote3 ,k uncommunicat$4 ,few sugge/ions = ! ex]cise ( ! creative imag9ation c be giv54 ,"h rules are m ( a h9d]ance ?an a help4 ,! imag9ation is n creative 9 ! s5se ( evolv+ some?+ out ( no?+1--?is notion has misl$ _m 9 _! e/imate ( g5ius1--b 9 ! s5se ( produc+ t :i* nev] exi/$1 at lea/ = ! individual himself4 ,its activity has be5 d5om9at$ pla/ic f ! fact t x m\lds & fa%ions ! mat]ials or images into ! =ms :i* ! new product is to assume4 ,! influ5ce ( judgm5t is ne$$ to keep ! imag9ation f violat+ ! laws & pr9ciples inh]5t 9 ! ?+s f :i* its mat]ials are drawn4 ,! und]/&+ aids & is aid$ by ?is creative1 pla/ic function ( ! imag9ation4 ,! two %\ld h free play 9 productive ?9k+4 ,let ! /ud5t ( sci5ce or art saturate himself ) ! !me on :i* he is work+2 let him keep heal? & en]gy ( body & m9d at _! highe/ po9t2 let him conc5trate 8 be/ p[]s on :at is to be accompli%$1 keep+ cle>ly 9 m9d ! end to be rea*$ & ! mat]ials to be us$2 ! product = :i* he is work+ w spr+ into be+ 9 ways t he _c expla94 ,l an unfa?omable well :i* has be5 ga!r+ its wat]s ?r\gh hidd5 *annels f my/]i\s s\rces1 ! /ream ( ?\ght comes well+ up f ! dep? ( ! s\l into ! consci\s life ( ! ?9k]1 giv+ him ! liv+ wat]s by :i* he c satisfy ! ?ir/ = k felt by o!r s\ls4 ,9 express+1 =mulat+1 & communicat+ ! ?\ghts :i* ?us come to him he _c help feel+ ! 8joy ( creat+40 8,! hi/ory ( lit]ature10 says ,%$d1 8furni%es _m examples ( m5 ^: k only increas$ _! sorr[1 because x nev] f\nd an efflux f _! own m9ds into ! _w4 ,k uncommunicat$ is some?+ l remorse unconfess$4 ,! m9d1 n be+ all[$ to g out ( itself1 & to direct its en]gies t[>ds an object & end great] & wor?i] ?an itself1 turns back ^u itself1 & becomes morbidly self-reflect+ & self-consci\s4 ,a /udi\s & reflect+ man ( ?is class is *>act]iz$ by excessive fa/idi\sness1 :i* makes him dissatisfi$ ) all t he does himself or sees done by o!rs2 :i* represses & f9ally suppresses all ! buoyant & spirit$ activity ( ! intellect1 leav+ x sluggi% z #8! dull we$ t rots by ,le!'s :>f4'0 ,sid5ote3 ,=ms ( creative ef=t4 ,no tea*] & no sy/em ( tra9+ c furni% bo? bra9s & culture4 ,x is n ! mission ( any p]son to create 9 e l9e ( ef=t4 ,"s f9d _! joy 9 evolv+ & express+ ?\ght ) tongue or p51 o!rs ?r\gh ! bru% or ! *isel1 & /ill o!rs ?r\gh ma*9]y & ! h&icrafts4 ,9 e occupation man may exp]i5ce ! joy ( creat+ if 8 p[]s ( imag+ are all[$ to play & int]play ) o!r activities ( ?\ght4 ,ea* 9 normal conditions helps ! o!rs1 & ! activity ( all comb9$ is ess5tial to complete liv+4 ,,xiii ,,! ,,/ream ,,( ,,?\ght ,at ,le>n+'s f\nta9 x is sweet to dr9k1 ,b 'tis a nobl] privilege to ?9k2 ,& (t1 f books ap>t1 ! ?ir/+ m9d ,may make ! nect> :i* x _c f9d4 ',tis well to borr[ f ! good & great2 ',tis wise to le>n2 'tis godlike to create6 ,j4 ,g4 ,,saxe4 ,madame ,swet*9e says t to h ideas is to ga!r fl[]s3 to ?9k is to weave !m into g>l&s4 ,!re c\ld be no happi] synonym = ?9k+ ?an ! ^w weav+1--a putt+ toge!r ( ! be/ products ( obs]vation1 read+1 exp]i5ce1 & travel s z to repres5t a patt]n$ :ole1 receiv+ its design f ! weav]'s own m9d4 ,we h pl5ty ( fl[]s2 we want m g>l&s4 ,we h libr>ies1 books1 & newspap]s2 we want m ?9k]s4 ,t4 ,,%>p] ,,kn[lson4 ,,xiii ,,! ,,/ream ,,( ,,?\ght ,9 speak+ ( our inn] life we employ language t ab\nds 9 metaphors drawn f ! ext]nal _w4 ,"s are fad$ metaphors2 o!rs are /ill fre% & new en\gh to sugge/ :at 0 9 ! m9ds ( ^? fir/ us+ !m4 ,_m ( ^! metaphorical expressions draw att5tion to "o side or phase ( ! tru?4 ,if press$ ) ! design ( mak+ !m embody ! :ole tru?1 !y become untru?s4 ,sid5ote3 ,! fl[ ( ?\ght4 ,"o fact ( our wak+ consci\sness is t ?\ght goes on )\t /opp+ s long z we rema9 awake4 ,inde$1 "s philosoph]s h drawn ! inf]5ce t ! s\l always ?9ks1 t dur+ ! h\rs ( deep sleep ! bra9-c5tres may be at re/1 b t ?\ght nev]!less fl[s on 9 ! unconsci\s dep?s ( our be+4 ,locke combats ?is idea at l5g? & ) m ?an usual w>m?4 ,dur+ sleep on a railway tra9 we sometimes seem to be awake1 ! ends ( our consci\s ?9k+ app>5tly fitt+ into ea* o!r )\t gaps2 & yet ! call+ out ( ! /ations conv9ces u t we mu/ h be5 wrapp$ 9 unconsci\s slumb] :5 we pass$ c]ta9 /ations )\t notic+ t ! tra9 /opp$ & ! /ations 7 ann\nc$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is ! exp]i5ce ( e>ne/ /ud5ts t ! /rik+ ( a clock may escape notice because ! m9d has be5 deeply absorb$ 9 a difficult problem4 ,sid5ote3 ,tea*]'s duty4 ,! "q ne$ n conc]n u beyond ! fact t ! ?9k+ ( our mo/ wakeful mom5ts p]petually plays into our subconsci\s life4 ,9 ord] t ! fl[ ( ?\ght well+ up f ! deepe/ dep?s ( ! s\l may be cle>1 copi\s1 & full1 x is ! duty ( ! tea*] to keep himself & 8 pupils wide awake dur+ ! h\rs ( /udy & recitation4 ,he %\ld n worry !m by excessive tasks or unreasonable exam9ations s t ! h\rs ( sleep are di/urb$ by dreams1 foll[$ dur+ ! day by we>9ess & fatigue4 ,! folly ( burn+ ! midnight oil & ( sp5d+ too _m h\rs ea* day 9 m5tal toil is fraught ) evil consequ5ces 9 ! doma9 ( ?\ght4 ,9 ! ma9 ,h>baugh 0 "r :5 he und]took to *ange ,frankl9's maxim ab\t e>ly ris+ into ! foll[+ =m3 8,g to b$ e>ly1 & get up late2 b !n keep awake all day40 ,sid5ote3 ,?\ght l a /ream4 ,s f> z we are aw>e1 ?\ght is go+ =w>d cont9u\sly :ile we are awake4 ,?is phase ( consci\sness has be5 lik5$ to a /ream1 & has giv5 rise to ! expression1 ,! /ream ( ?\ght4 ,! metaphor c be press$ v f> )\t convey+ untru?s4 ,a /ream does n always fl[ ) ! same velocity4 ,x is at times deep1 at o!r times %all[1 n[ mov+ =w>d l a swoll5 torr5t1 n[ fl[+ placidly ) sc>cely a wave or a ripple p]ceptible on its surface4 ,"h its smoo? c\rse is di/urb$ by w9d & /orm & ra92 !re its ev5 fl[ is influ5c$ by rocks & irregul>ities 9 ! b$ ( ! /ream4 ,aga9 & aga9 its curr5t is modifi$ by afflu5ts :i* empty _! wat]s into ! ma9 /ream1 p]haps *ang+ ! appe>ance f cle> to cl\dy or muddy1 or1 x may be1 ex]t+ ! opposite effect4 ,to all ^! peculi>ities 9 ! fl[ ( ! /ream !re are lik5esses 9 ! /ream ( ?\ght4 ,at times x is deep & at o!r times %all[1 n[ viol5t & di/urb$1 n[ calm & placid1 sometimes cle> to ! bottom1 sometimes cl\dy1 yea1 muddy1 always modifi$ m or less by influ5ces f )\t1 :i* are tak5 up into ! ma9 curr5t ( ?\ght & alt] ! /ream l ! tribut>ies ( a great riv]4 ,sid5ote3 ,e>ly life4 ,sid5ote3 ,o!r metaphors4 ,on rea*+ ! level c\ntry a riv] may spread out into a lake1 result+ 9 a cle>+ up ( ! wat] & resembl+ ! p]iods ( calm m$itation dur+ :i* ! s\l cl>ifies its ?9k+4 ,! lifelike behavior ( riv]s & ! c>v+ ( l& =ms f _! y\? ?r\gh maturity to old age h furni%$ _m a figure ( spee* = our poetic lit]ature4 ,! *ange f ! active upp] wat]s to ! s$ate l[] curr5t may typify ! *ange 9 ! /ream ( ?\ght z we pass f y\? to age4 ,:ile ! volume ( ! /ream is small & ! *annel lacks dep?1 x is easy to *ange ! direction ( ! curr5t1 z sometimes happ5s :5 a /raight *annel is dug to take ! place ( its w9d+s4 ,9 e>ly life ! /ream ( ?\ght is apt to w&] 9 me&]+ c\rses2 ! tea*] may v frequ5tly f9d x necess>y to keep ! m9d f w&]+1 to direct ! /ream ( ?\ght t[>ds ! de/9$ goal1 & to make x groove = itself *annels 9 h>mony ) logical habits4 ,9 tea*+ pupils to ?9k x is q z ess5tial to give direction to ?\ght z x is to furni% ei!r ?\ght-/imulus or ?\ght-mat]ial4 ,9 "o respect ! metaphor1 /ream ( ?\ght1 fails utt]ly to express ! tru?4 ,! con/itu5ts ( ?\ght are n relat$ to ea* o!r l ! molecules ( a liquid :i* move freely among !mselves4 ,?\ghts h a connection ) ^? t prec$e & ^? t foll[4 ,an inn] nexus b9ds ! successive portions ( a demon/ration4 ,h5ce o!r figures ( spee* h be5 employ$ to d5ote ! connection betwe5 ! successive elem5ts ( a logical pro(1 su* z ! tra9 ( ?\ght1 ! l9e ( argum5t1 ! *a9 ( reason+4 ,sid5ote3 ,cognitive function4 ,x w be readily admitt$ t (t5 our ?9k+ is s loose & disjo9t$ t its compon5t p>ts resemble ! liquid m ?an ! *a91 :]eas our be/ ?9k+--namely1 t :i* leads to a goal 9 ! %ape ( a tru/wor?y conclusion--resembles a tra9 ( c>s 9 :i* motive p[] is d]iv$ n f /eam1 b f a consci\s exp5diture ( w-p[]4 ,! tea*] may p]=m ! triple function ( fireman1 eng9e]1 & swit*-t5d]1 supply+ ! fuel = ! process1 regulat+ ! spe$1 & direct+ x along ! l9es ( track :i* lead to ! desir$ goal4 ,x is z natural = a pupil to ?9k z x is = a /ream to fl[ t[>ds ! ocean4 ,! /ream may run %all[ if no supply ( wat] is receiv$ f ! outside4 ,x is ! mission ( ! tea*] to keep up ! supply1 to remove z f> z possible ! ob/ructions :i* are likely to ?r[ ! curr5t ( ?\ght into unexpect$ *annels4 ,x is a peculi>ity ( ?is curr5t ( ?9k+ t x is cognitive1 or possesses ! function ( kn[+4 ,human ?\ght resembles ! /ream 9 seem+ly tak+ up & c>ry+ :at 0 n a "p ( itself4 ,j z ! /ream ( wat] c>ries m9]als 9 solution z well z silt1 s&1 pebbles1 & ev5 heavi] objects1 s ! /ream ( ?\ght appe>s to lay hold ( objects & to c>ry !m z "p ( itself4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 ! /r+s ( ! analogy break4 ,! /ream ( ?\ght is 9 ! m9d2 ! objects ) :i* x deals are outside ( ! m9d4 ,m5tal pictures ( ^! objects float 9 ! /ream ( ?\ght z objects on ! bank ( a riv] are mirror$ 9 its wat]s2 yet ! p>allel is n complete1 because ! m9d may turn ! eye ^u itself & make :at is ?us se5 ! object ( ?\ght4 ,?is turn+ ^u itself may be lik5$ to eddies 9 ! /ream4 ,b ev5 :5 ! m9d ?us turns back ^u itself & views its own /ates & activities1 ^! are reg>d$ z objective1 z relat$ to ! ?9k+ process v mu* l ! objects ( k 9 ! ext]nal _w4 ,ano!r important phase ( ?9k+ f9ds no lik5ess 9 any ( ! figures ( spee* above ref]r$ to4 ,! m9d meets c]ta9 objects ( ?\ght on :i* x seems to t>ry or fa/5 itself4 ,?is has l$ "s writ]s to d5y t ! /ream ( ?\ght is a cont9u\s curr5t4 ,?is view causes undue /ress to be laid ^u ! mat]ial ( ?\ght1 & leads ! tea*] to und]value 8 function z direct+ guide 9 tea*+ pupils to ?9k4 ,ev5 ,pr(essor ,ba9 claims t1-- ,sid5ote3 ,ba9's view4 8,! /ream ( ?\ght is n a cont9u\s curr5t1 b a s]ies ( di/9ct ideas1 m or less rapid 9 _! succession1 ! rapidity be+ measurable by ! numb] t pass ?r\gh ! m9d 9 a giv5 "t4 ,m5tal excitem5t is con/antly judg$ ( by ?is te/2 & if we *oose to c\nt & "t ! ?\ghts z !y succe$ "o ano!r1 we c\ld give s mu* m precision to ! e/imate40#cb ,sid5ote3 ,transitions4 ,sid5ote3 ,two phases4 ,^! transitions %\ld n be conf\nd$ ) ! relations betwe5 objects ( ?\ght or betwe5 objects 9 ! ext]nal _w4 ,! relations may be "p ( ! ?\ght ( t :i* is p]ceiv$ or kn[n1 or !y may be made di/9ct ideas or ?\ghts4 ,! important phase "u consid]ation is ! passage ( ! m9d f "o idea or ?\ght to ano!r4 ,su* transitions are q z important & q z mu* a "p ( ! curr5t ( ?\ght z ! premises & conclusions on :i* ! m9d seems to re/4 ,^! two phases ( ! ?\ght-process may be lik5$ to ! p]*+ & ! flight ( a bird4 ,?is figure ( spee* is us$ by ,pr(essor ,james1 among ^: s]vices to ! pr(ession ( tea*+ x is n ! lea/ t he has call$ att5tion to ! importance ( ^! transitions 9 ! /ream ( consci\sness4 ,8 acc\nt is s lucid & satisfactory t "o _c =be> to quote 8 words at "s l5g?4 ,ref]r+ to ! /ream ( ?\ght1 he says1-- ,sid5ote3 ,view ( ,pr(essor ,james4 8,l a bird's life1 x seems to be made up ( an alt]nation ( flights & p]*+s4 ,! rhy?m ( language expresses ?is1 :]e e ?\ght is express$ 9 a s5t5ce & e s5t5ce clos$ by a p]iod4 ,! re/+-places are usually occupi$ by s5sorial imag9ations ( "s sort1 ^: peculi>ity is t !y c be held be=e ! m9d = an indef9ite "t & contemplat$ )\t *ang+2 ! places ( flight are fill$ ) ?\ghts ( relations1 /atic or dynamic1 t = ! mo/ "p obta9 betwe5 ! matt]s contemplat$ 9 ! p]iods ( comp>ative re/4 ,let u call ! halt+-places ! #8sub/antive' p>ts & ! places ( flight ! #8transitive' p>ts ( ! /ream ( ?\ght4 ,x !n appe>s t ! ma9 ne$ ( our ?9k+ is at all times ! atta9m5t ( "s o!r sub/antive "p ?an ! "o f :i* we h j be5 dislodg$4 ,& we may say t ! ma9 use ( ! transitive p>ts is to lead u f "o sub/antive conclusion to ano!r4 ,n[ x is v difficult1 introspectively1 to see ! transitive p>ts = :at !y really are4 ,if !y are b flights to a conclusion1 /opp+ !m to look at !m be=e a conclusion is rea*$ is really annihilat+ !m4 ,:il/ if we wait until ! conclusion be rea*$1 x s exce$s !m 9 vigor & /ability t x q eclipses & swall[s !m up 9 its gl>e4 ,let any "o try to cut a ?\ght 9 ! middle & get a look at its section1 & he w see h[ difficult ! introspective obs]vation ( ! transitive tract is4 ,! ru% ( ! ?\ght is s headlong t x almo/ always br+s u up at ! conclusion be=e we c arre/ x4 ,or if our purpose is nimble en\gh & we d arre/ x1 x ceases =?) to be itself4 ,z a sn[-flake cry/al caught 9 ! w>m h& is no long] a cry/al1 b a drop1 s1 in/ead ( cat*+ ! feel+ ( relation mov+ to its t]m1 we f9d we h caught "s sub/antive ?+1 usually ! la/ ^w we 7 pron\nc+1 /ati/ically tak51 & ) its function1 t5d5cy1 & p>ticul> mean+ 9 ! s5t5ce q evaporat$4 ,! attempt at introspective analysis 9 ^! cases is1 9 fact1 l seiz+ a sp9n+ top to cat* its motion1 or try+ to turn up ! gas quickly en\gh to see ! d>kness4 ,& ! *all5ge to produce ^! psy*oses1 :i* is sure to be ?r[n by d\bt+ psy*ologi/s at any "o :o cont5ds = _! exi/5ce1 is z unfair z ,z5o's treatm5t ( ! advocates ( motion1 :51 ask+ !m to po9t out 9 :at place an arr[ is :5 x moves1 he argues ! falsity ( _! !sis f _! inability to make to s prepo/]\s a "q an imm$iate reply40#cc ,sid5ote3 ,n\ns1 v]bs1 etc4 ,sid5ote3 ,connectives4 ,! sci5ce ( logic deals almo/ altoge!r ) ! halt+-places1 ) ! sub/antive p>ts1 ) ! ideas1 notions1 concepts t are to be comp>$1 & ) ! result+ judgm5ts1 inf]5ces1 & conclusions4 ,:e!r ! tea*] has /udi$ ! sci5ce ( logic or n1 x is to ^! he devotes 8 *ief att5tion2 !y c be analyz$1 def9$1 & cle>ly fix$ z ?\ght-products or k4 ,defects 9 ! ?9k+-process are apt to %[ !mselves "h2 at lea/1 !y furni% tangible data = criticism1 corrections1 & reviews4 ,^! ?\ght-products on :i* ! m9d loves to l+] are d5ot$ by n\ns1 v]bs1 adjectives1 & adv]bs1--! p>ts ( spee* :i* con/itute ! bulk ( ! vocabul>y ( e language4 ,! movem5ts ( ! m9d f "o object ( ?\ght to ano!r are indicat$ by conjunctions & o!r connectives4 ,?9k]s are (t5 kn[n by _! favorite connective words & phrases4 ,pupils cat* ^! f ! phraseology ( _! tea*]s1 or pick !m up unconsci\sly f ! books !y read4 ,"s languages are ri*] 9 su* connective words & phrases ?an o!rs2 ! m9d c>ries away "s influ5ce 9 ! way ( mak+ ^! transitions 9 ?\ght f e language :i* x /udies2 its ?9k+ is m\ld$ by ! language :i* x ma/]s4 ,logic has v little to say ab\t ^! transitions = :i* "o language sometimes supplies words & expressions altoge!r want+ 9 ano!r4 ,frequ5tly we gr[ consci\s ( !m ?r\gh ! feel+ ( a gap to be fill$1 or ( a *asm to be leap$ ov]1 or ( an ob/acle to be cle>$ away1 or ( some?+ t ob/ructs our ?9k+ & h9d]s x f rea*+ ! goal4 ,"h aga9 "o _c refra9 f quot+ ,pr(essor ,james1 al?\gh 8 words d n indicate t he fully realizes ! value = elem5t>y in/ruction ( :at he has writt54 ,"h are 8 words3 8,! tru? is t l>ge tracts ( human spee* are no?+ b signs ( direction 9 ?\ght1 ( :i* direction we1 nev]!less1 h an acutely discrim9ative s5se1 ?\gh no def9ite s5sorial image plays any "p 9 x :atsoev]4 ,s5sorial images are /able psy*ic facts2 we c hold !m /ill1 & look at !m z long z we l4 ,^! b>e images ( logical movem5ts1 on ! contr>y1 are psy*ic transitions1 always on ! w+1 s to speak1 & n to be glimps$ except 9 flight4 ,_! function is to lead f "o set ( images to ano!r4 ,z !y pass1 we feel bo? ! wax+ & ! wan+ images 9 a way q diff]5t f ! way ( _! full pres5ce4 ,if we try to hold fa/ ! feel+ ( direction1 ! full pres5ce comes1 & ! feel+ ( direction is lo/4 ,! blank v]bal s*eme ( logical movem5t gives u ! fleet+ s5se ( ! movem5t z we read x1 q z well z does a rational s5t5ce awak5+ def9ite imag9ations by its words40#cd ,sid5ote3 ,direct+ ! y\?ful m9d4 ,"r "h ! tea*] :o is an arti/ f9ds ! opportunity = ! display ( 8 highe/ skill4 ,x is 8 privilege to direct ! flights & ! p]*+s ( ! y\?ful m9d4 ,he c %ape ! ?\ghts & _! sequ5ce4 ,he c cause ! intellect to move f ! reason to its consequ5ce1 or 9 ! rev]se direction if t be m natural or m appropriate4 ,he c guide ! ?\ght f cause to effect1 f ! :ole to ! p>ts1 f ! g5]al to ! p>ticul>1 f ! end to ! means1 f ! design to its execution2 or a movem5t ! o!r way is possible 9 ea* ( ^! categories4 ,:ile ?us *oos+ ! direction :i* ?\ght %all take1 he c select ! objects ^u :i* x %all t>ry4 ,?is direct+ influ5ce he w (t5 ex]t :5 he is n aw>e ( x4 ,8 own habits ( m9d w be reflect$ 9 ! m5tal life ( 8 pupils4 ,!re 0 pr(\nd philosophy 9 ! reply ( a gift$ au?or :o1 :5 ask$ by 8 daught] :at %e %\ld /udy1 said1 8,i am m conc]n$ ab\t ! tea*]s "u :om y /udy ?an ab\t ! bran*es ( /udy :i* y may select40 ,habits ( ?\ght dep5d f> m ^u ! tea*] ?an ^u ! text-book1 ^u ! quality ( ! in/ruction ?an ^u its g5]al cont5t4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 a diff]5ce 9 ! culture value ( diff]5t bran*es ( /udy2 b a /udy z valuable z geometry may be pursu$ 9 a loose way1 :il/ bran*es ( mu* inf]ior value = develop+ p[] to ?9k may be taught & /udi$ by ! me?ods ( rigid & exact ?\ght4 ,sid5ote3 ,! arti/-tea*]4 ,sid5ote3 ,=ms ( spee*4 ,9 %ap+ ! activity ( ?\ght1 ! arti/-tea*] makes ! m9d t>ry long en\gh = cle> appreh5sion1 sometimes = ?or\gh compreh5sion1 ^u ! ideas1 judgm5ts1 & conclusions :i* are ! framework ( a sy/em ( ?\ght1 b he does n neglect ! transitions f "o to ! o!r1 z if ^! 7 ( little acc\nt or necess>ily took c>e ( !mselves4 ,! transitions 9 ?\ght are aid$ by set phrases & =ms ( solution4 ,z soon z ^! are ma/]$1 !re develops ! t5d5cy to ?9k !m z algebraic symbols1 :i* d sub/itute duty 9 ! abs5ce ( t = :i* !y /&4 ,= fe> ( ?is1 ! tea*] sometimes fails to drill on !m long en\gh to fix !m 9 ! m9d1--c]ta9ly a radical mi/ake4 ,drill is a condition ( ! highe/ discipl9e 9 ! s*ool z well z 9 ! army4 ,! drill-ma/] seeks to habituate ! soldi] to ! ^w ( comm&1 s t he w obey 9 ! face ( dang] )\t ?9k+ ( ! consequ5ces4 ,! drill-ma/] at s*ool seeks to make x second nature = a pupil to g ?r\gh ! logical motions1 b n )\t consci\s ?\ght ( ! process or ! consequ5ces4 ,:5ev] ! le>n] uses =ms ( p>s+1 analysis1 or solution1 8 m9d %\ld g ?r\gh ! movem5ts ( ?\ght express$ by ! language4 ,ask any ord9>y class to give y a n\n ( ! fir/ p]son2 !y are almo/ sure to give y ei!r a n\n ( ! ?ird p]son or a pron\n ( ! fir/ p]son4 ,dictate a s5t5ce ) a n\n 9 ! fir/ p]son1 & ask ! pupils to p>se x 9 ! cu/om>y way2 9 ne>ly all cases !y w p>se x z a n\n ( ! ?ird p]son4 ,ask !m to tell :y a p]sonal pron\n is s call$2 frequ5tly !y say because x indicates a p]son1--a /atem5t q applicable to o!r k9ds ( pron\ns4 ,if ! logical or cu/om>y =ms ( spee* are employ$1 ! /ream ( ?\ght moves on1 ! m9d (t5 fail+ to p]ceive ! new tru?1 or error1 or nons5se inh]5t 9 ! language employ$4 ,s*ool-boys h tricks ( _! own :i* turn ^u ?is peculi>ity 9 ! movem5t ( ?\ght4 8,:o kill$ ,ca980 is sudd5ly ask$4 8,abel10 is ! reply g5]ally elicit$ by ! "q4 ,%\ld y say1 ,n9e times sev5 is or are =ty-two8 ,! boy :o decides 9 favor ( is or are gets a %ock ( surprise on be+ told t ! product ( n9e times sev5 is n =ty-two4 ,sid5ote3 ,a /range reply4 ,"o day a tea*] 0 lectur+ ^u education 9 ! d>k ages4 ,to %[ h[ ! en]gies ( ! common p 7 exhau/$ 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 ! resolution ( a synod 9 ! s\? ( ,france 0 cit$4 ,! resolution enjo9$ ^u ! bi%ops ! duty ( see+ to x t dur+ a p]iod ( sc>city ( food ! peasants 7 at lea/ provid$ ) bread made ( acorns4 ,a few m9utes lat] a ref]5ce 0 made to ! autobiography ( ,?omas ,platt]1 9 :i* c]ta9 ?+s are describ$ z happ5+ ab\t ! "t ( ! ,diet ( ,worms4 ,on be+ ask$ 9 :at p]iod ( hi/ory t 01 a pupil promptly repli$1 8,:5 ! common p 7 f$ on worms40 ,sid5ote3 ,biblical phraseology4 ,sid5ote3 ,huxley's /ory4 ,v mu* ( ! s]moniz+ ( our day gives rise to ! same k9d ( ?9k+4 ,! m9d is borne along by ! cu/om>y fl[ ( words4 ,! phrases us$ h an or?odox s\nd2 p]haps !y are biblical 9 ! s5se t !y occur 9 ! ,bible4 ,x is impossible to tell :e!r any cle> idea or real religi\s exp]i5ce is sugge/$ to ! he>]'s m9d by ! words us$4 ,! ideas excit$ 9 ! he>] %\ld be ^? = :i* ! words /& 9 ! m9d ( ! speak]4 ,if ! ideas ( ! speak] are n cle>1 h[ c 8 words sugge/ any?+ def9ite to ! audi5ce8 ,huxley relates an amus+ /ory ( an aft]-d9n] orator :o 0 end[$ ) a voice ( r>e flexibility & p[]1 & ) a f9e fl[ ( words1 & :o 0 call$ ^u to speak )\t mu* prep>ation4 ,! applause 0 t]rific4 ,:5 ,huxley ask$ a neighbor :o 0 especially en?usia/ic :at ! orator _h said1 ! latt] c\ld n tell4 ,no?+ 0 lack+ 9 ! po/-pr&ial spee* save s5se & occasionally gramm>4#ce ,! full] consid]ation ( ! /ream ( ?\ght 9 li/5+ & lectur+1 9 read+1 speak+1 & compos+1 is des]v+ ( sep>ate *apt]s4 ,! m5tal attitude 9 li/5+ resembles t 9 gett+ ?\ght f ! pr9t$ page4 ,sil5t read+ is = ! read]'s own b5efit2 x comprises by f> ! l>g] proportion ( our read+4 ,9 oral read+1 ! /ream ( ?\ght is some:at diff]5t1 ! aim be+ simil> to t ( public speak+1--namely1 to sugge/ or convey to ! he>] ?\ghts f "s o!r m9d4 ,9 ! act ( compos+1 ! aim is to evolve ?\ght f ! m9d's own res\rces & activities4 ,! ?\ght process is v mu* ! same1 no matt] :e!r we dictate to a /5ograph]1 or speak to an audi5ce1 or use ! p5 9 giv+ to x =m & abid+ %ape4 ,x w be mo/ conv5i5t to treat toge!r ! /ream ( ?\ght 9 li/5+ & 9 sil5t read+1 & to res]ve = sep>ate consid]ation ! activity ( ! m9d 9 writ+1 speak+1 & oral read+4 ,,xiv ,,! ,,/ream ,,( ,,?\ght ,,9 ,,li/5+ ,,& ,,read+ ,read+ is ?9k+ along a prescrib$ l9e t lies gold5ly b5ea? ! fl[ ( words4 ,,brumbaugh4 ,:itti] uses words z /epp+-/ones ^u :i* ) a light & joy\s b\nd he crosses & recrosses at w ! rapid & ru%+ /ream ( ?\ght4 ,,longfell[4 ,to li/5 well is to ?9k well1--! he>+ e> mu/ be att5d$ by ! al]t m9d1 eag] to seize ^u incom+ s5sations & weave !m into a g>l& ( ?\ght4 ,m4 ,g4 ,b4 ,words1 h[ev] well con/ruct$ orig9ally1 are always t5d+1 l co9s1 to h _! inscription worn (f by pass+ f h& to h&2 & ! only possible mode ( reviv+ x is to be ev] /amp+ x afre% by liv+ 9 ! habitual contemplation ( ! ph5om5a !mselves1 & n re/+ 9 our famili>ity ) ! words t express !m4 ,j4 ,s4 ,,mill4 ,,xiv ,,! ,,/ream ,,( ,,?\ght ,,9 ,,li/5+ ,,& ,,read+ ,sid5ote3 ,a sugge/ive dialogue4 ,two m5 engag$ 9 speculative pursuits met aft] "o _h publi%$ a book4 ,let u speak ( !m z ,a & ,b4 ,a3 ,i h j read y\r new book4 ,_m ?+s 9 x please me v mu*1 b 9 x y say s & s1 ) :i* ,i d n f9d myself 9 full accord4 ,b3 ,i say no?+ ( ! k9d 9 t book4 ,a3 ,i surely read y\r book4 ,b3 ,y nev] read a book 9 y\r life4 ,y read "s s5t5ces or p>agraphs2 y\r m9d beg9s to react ^u :at y h read2 & ere long y imag9e t y\r inf]5ces are ! conclusions ( ! au?or4 ,a3 ,i h a notion to write a psy*ology1 & to set =? my views 9 full4 ,b3 ,don't y d x4 ,y "k no psy*ology4 ,y h be5 ( great s]vice 9 /imulat+ o!rs to ?9k2 y are a mo/ delightful lectur]2 b y h nev] ma/]$ psy*ology4 ,sid5ote3 ,feel+4 ,sid5ote3 ,int]e/4 ,if a ?ird p>ty c\ld h li/5$ to ! conv]sation1 :at /ream ( consci\sness w\ld h />t$ 9 8 m9d8 ,possibly surprise at ! frankness ( ,b & ! composure ( ,a1 m+l$ ) ?\ghts ( :at !y 7 discuss+4 ,9 o!r words1 a /rong t+e ( feel+ w\ld be p]ceptible 9 ! /ream ( ?\ght4 ,9 ! m9ds ( ! two engag$ 9 ! dialogue1 feel+ mu/ h greatly modifi$ ! curr5t ( ?\ght4 ,! greate/ k9dness t c be %[n to "s m5 is to oppose or criticise _! views4 ,opposition & criticism /imulate _! ?9k+1 & r\se _! m5tal p[]s to ! highe/ possible t5sion & activity4 ,9 m5 ( ! opposite temp]am5t1 feel+ becl\ds _! ?9k+1 & makes ! /ream ( ?\ght m sluggi%4 ,! common prejudice aga9/ appeals to feel+ are due to ! abuse ( ! "r :i* e orator has ( address+ ! feel+s ?r\gh ! intellect1 & ( !reby mov+ ! w4 ,to move ! w is ! ess5ce & aim ( all eloqu5ce4 ,9 li/5+ or lectur+1 9 read+ or compos+1 "s =m ( emotion always accompanies ! /ream ( ?\ght4 ,! orator may move ! he>] to te>s or to laught]2 he is n untrue to 8 mission if he c !reby w9 a vote1 secure a v]dict1 or move ! he>] to action4 ,a lecture is address$ prim>ily to ! und]/&+4 ,x is greatly improv$ if ! /ream ( ?\ght :i* x />ts & supplies is accompani$ by feel+s ( int]e/ & ! pleasurable emotions att5dant ^u novelty1 curiosity1 or admir+ approval4 ,! consci\sness t we und]/& a lecture is accompani$ by pleasurable emotions :i* help to su/a9 ! att5tion4 ,sid5ote3 ,spurgeon4 ,! writ] once paid a %ill+ to he> ,spurgeon4 ,x 0 8 purpose to get a good seat1 s t he might /udy ?is fam\s prea*]'s ge/ures & deliv]y1 ! quality ( 8 voice1 & ! secret ( 8 eloqu5ce4 ,! text 0 h>dly ann\nc$ be=e e "o 9 ! audi5ce1 includ+ ! writ]1 =got all ab\t ,spurgeon1 & ?\ght only ( 8 message to ! ?\s&s be=e him4 ,! secret ( 8 oratory lay 9 8 ability to make ! audi5ce =get ev]y?+ except ! gospel he 0 prea*+4 ,if p1 aft] he>+ a speak]1 talk ( 8 f9e deliv]y1 8 fl[]y language & beautiful figures ( spee*1 or 8 peculi>ities ( pronunciation & o!r ecc5tricities1 x is pro( positive t he has fail$4 ,in/ead ( hold+ ! att5tion to :at he 0 say+1 ! audi5ce 0 ?9k+ ( 8 mann] & deliv]y4 ,a well-pr9t$ book has ! advantage ( keep+ ! au?or's p]sonal *>act]i/ics f int]f]+ ) ! /ream ( ?\ght4 ,x has ! disadvantage ( los+ all ! helps to li/5+ & ?9k+ :i* come f ! tones ( ! voice & eloqu5t deliv]y4 ,! accusation ( ,b aga9/ ,a1 ref]r$ to at ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt]1 is applicable to _m read]s4 ,= sev]al s5t5ces ! m9d is rivet$ ^u ! au?or's mean+4 ,pres5tly a tra9 ( ?\ght />ts2 ! eye runs along ! s5t5ces to ! bottom ( ! page4 ,on turn+ ! page1 ! read] wakes up to ! consci\sness t 8 m9d does n reta91 p]haps nev] _h ! slighte/ notion ( ! cont5ts ( said page4 ,(t5 ! tra9 ( ?\ght leads to no goal2 ! ?9k+ resembles ! process ( wool-ga!r+1 ! tufts ( wool on bu%es & h$ges necessitat+ mu* w&]+ to little purpose4 ,sid5ote3 ,! works ( great ?9k]s4 ,= ! sake ( cultivat+ ability to ?9k1 /ud5ts are advis$ to read ! works ( great ?9k]s1 l ,kant1 ,s*lei]ma*]1 & ,hegel4 ,su* read+ is (t5 a %am & a delusion4 ,no "o has done m to %ape ! critical ?9k+ ( ! _w ?an ,kant2 & yet h[ _m "y m5 wa/e "t ^u 8 pages because !y are n prep>$ to ?9k 8 ?\ghts4 ,s*lei]ma*] /imulat$ & modifi$ ! ?9k+ ( !ologians 9 e dep>tm5t ( _! sci5ce except ,old ,te/am5t exegesis2 & yet ! celebrat$ ,dr4 ,kahnis1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,leipsic1 us$ to say ( ,s*lei]ma*]1 8,er i/ re9 ni*t zum /udir540 ,nev]!less1 /ud5ts = ! m9i/ry h be5 kn[n to wa/e h\rs 9 try+ to read 8 writ+s1 :i* !y 7 n prep>$ to und]/&4 ,( ! obscur] passages 9 ,hegel an em95t au?ority says1 8,x is a fair "q :e!r ! rationality includ$ 9 !m be any?+ m ?an ! fact t ! words all belong to a common vocabul>y1 & are /rung toge!r on a s*eme ( pr$ication & relation1--imm$iacy1 self-relation1 & :at n1--:i* has habitually recurr$4 ,yet !re seems no reason to d\bt t ! subjective feel+ ( ! rationality ( ^! s5t5ces 0 /rong 9 ! writ] z he p5n$ !m1 or ev5 t "s read]s by /ra9+ may h reproduc$ x 9 !mselves40#cf ,x may be wor? an hone/ ef=t = /ud5ts & tea*]s to try to grasp ! mean+ ( su* writ]s2 b if aft] a fair trial ! m9d is left empty ( mean+1 x is wise to foll[ ! advice ( ,locke ) reg>d to obscure anci5t au?ors3 8,9 read+ ( !m1 if !y d n use _! words ) a due cle>ness & p]spicuity1 we may lay !m aside1 &1 )\t any injury done !m1 resolve ?us ) ourselves3 8,si non vis intelligi1 debes negligi40#cg ,sev]al mon?s or ye>s ( /udy may be requir$ to prep>e ! m9d = grasp+ ! ideas or phraseology ( new dep>tm5ts ( inve/igation4 ,no "o c compreh5d ! treatises on physiological psy*ology )\t devot+ sev]al weeks to ! anatomy ( ! bra94 ,sid5ote3 ,read+4 ,sid5ote3 ,lewes's view4 ,! words1 phrases1 & s5t5ces ( ! pr9t$ or writt5 page %\ld call up 9 ! m9d ( ! read] t = :i* !y /& 9 ! m9d ( ! au?or4 ,:at ! /ream ( ?\ght %\ld be 9 read+ a book is well wor?y ( c>eful consid]ation4 ,g4 ,h4 ,lewes1 9 8,problems ( ,life & ,m9d10 claims t 8our ?\ght is a con/ant int]*ange ( ideas & images1 "s tra9s ( ?\ght be+ c>ri$ on ma9ly by images m or less vivid1 o!rs ma9ly by ideas ) only a fa9t escort ( images40 ,x %\ld be said1 by way ( explanation1 t he does n use ! ^w 8ideas0 9 ! ,platonic s5se ( patt]ns fix$ 9 nature1 ( :i* ! individual objects 9 any giv5 class are b imp]fect copies1 & by p>ticipation 9 :i* !y h _! be+2 nor 9 ! s5se ( a m5tal image or picture1 :i* 79 opposition to ,sir ,william ,hamilton71 ! ,c5tury ,diction>y claims1 has be5 ! m common mean+ ( ! t]m 9 ,engli% lit]ature s9ce ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,9 ,lewes's pages ideas nev] /& = images1 nor = copies ( s5sations4 ,sully says t ! t]m idea is us$ to include bo? images & concepts1 m>k+ (f ! :ole region ( ! repres5tative f ! pres5tative1 b t1 l ! t]m notion1 x n[ t5ds to be conf9$ to concepts4 ,) ,lewes all ideas are ?\ghts1 b n all ?\ghts are ideas4 ,he does n reject ! popul> usage ( ! ^w 9 phrases l ! idea ( ,%akespe>e's ,o!llo1 ( ,bism>ck's policy4 ,take ! foll[+ s5t5ce f ,ju/9 ,mc,carthy's 8,hi/ory ( ,our ,own ,times30 8,unluckily1 ,"l ,palm]/on became possess$ ) ! idea t ! ,fr5* m9i/] 9 ,greece 0 secretly sett+ ! ,greek gov]nm5t on to resi/ our claims40 ,9 ?9k+ ! ?\ght ( ?is s5t5ce ! m9d is n fill$ ) any images ( ,greece or m5tal pictures ( any o!r k9d4 ,possibly ! adjective ,greek may br+ to ! m9ds ( "s p]sons ! map symbol ( ,greece or ev5 sc5]y & cities 9 ,greece1 especially if !y h travell$ or resid$ !re2 b su* m5tal pictures really int]f]e ) ! curr5t ( ?\ght 9 read+4 ,9 plann+ a r\te f ,new ,york to ,san ,francisco "o is apt to ?9k x 9 ! l9es & dots ( railway maps4 ,t 9 ! m9d = :i* words /& may be /yl$ _! mean+1 & ,lewes claims t mu* ( our read+ does n translate ! words into _! full signification1 b proce$s by a process ( logical symbolism4 ,he ass]ts t 8! great] proportion ( all m5's ?9k+ goes =w>d ) confid5t reliance on ! correctness ( ! logical op]ations1 & ) only an occasional translation ( symbols into images4 ,! translation--v]ification--does1 inde$1 f "t to "t take place1 & always 9 proportion to ! novelty ( ! connections2 b h[ easily & h[ fatally ! m9d glides along ! pa? ( logical op]ation )\t paus+ to int]pret m ?an ! relation ( ! symbols is humor\sly illu/rat$ 9 ! common /ory ( a physici/1 ^: claim to omnisci5ce 0 ! joke ( 8 fri5ds4 ,be+ ask$ e>ne/ly :e!r he _h #8read ,biot's pap] on ! malleability ( light8' #8,no1' he repli$2 #8he s5t x me1 b ,i h n yet _h "t to read x4'0 ,sid5ote3 ,an example4 ,lewes's mean+ is made some:at cle>] by two examples :i* he uses4 8,suppose y in=m me t ! blood ru%$ viol5tly f ! man's he>t1 quick5+ 8 pulse1 at ! sight ( 8 enemy4 ,( ! _m lat5t images 9 ?is phrase1 h[ _m 7 sali5t 9 y\r m9d & 9 m9e8 ,probably two1--! man & 8 enemy1--& ^! images 7 fa9t4 ,images ( blood1 he>t1 viol5t ru%+1 pulse1 quick5+1 & sight 7 ei!r n reviv$ at all or 7 pass+ %ad[s4 ,_h any su* images aris51 !y w\ld h hamp]$ ?\ght1 ret>d+ ! logical process ( judgm5t by irrelevant connections4 ,! symbols _h sub/itut$ relations = ^! values1--! logical relations ( inclusion & exclusion :i* con/itute judgm5t4 ,y 7 n anxi\s to in=m me respect+ ! qualities ( blood1 he>t1 pulse1 etc41 b only ( a c]ta9 effect produc$ on "o man by sight ( ano!r2 & ?is effect y express$ 9 ! physiological t]ms :i* came fir/ to h&2 y might h express$ x equally well 9 v diff]5t psy*ological t]ms1--#8fi]ce ang] seiz$ ! man's s\l1 r\s+ all 8 en]gies at ! sight ( 8 enemy1' :5 assur$ly !re w\ld n h be5 pres5t images ( #8ang]1' #8seiz+1' #8s\l1' #8r\s+1' & #8en]gies4' ,^! t]ms are symbols :i* /& = clu/]s ( images1 & c at w be translat$ into images1 j z algebraic lett]s /& = values :i* c be assign$4 ,b = purposes ( ?\ght & calculation su* translation is unnecess>y1 is hamp]+2 all t is necess>y is t ! t]ms %\ld occupy _! prop] logical position40#ch ,sid5ote3 ,ano!r example4 ,! o!r example is /ill m /rik+4 8,suppose ,i read ! phrase1 #8,! %ip :i* c>ri$ ,nelson 0 appropriately nam$ ! ,victory2' unless ! %ip itself is ! prom95t int]e/1 ,i h probably no image at all1 or at lea/ only a fa9t & fleet+ %ad[ ( "s vague outl9e4 ,i d n picture a man-(-w>1 ,i d n see ! hull1 ma/s1 cordage1 & cannon1 ?\gh ^!1 ) ! figure-head1 flutt]+ flags1 & p5nons1 may successfully em]ge if ,i dwell on ! %ip4 ,i p]haps d n see ,nelson1 or1 at any rate1 d n see 8 pale face1 "o eye1 & "o arm1 b only "s fa9t sugge/ion ( a human =m4 ,! purpose ( ! phrase 0 n to raise images1 b to communicate a fact respect+ ! "n ( ! %ip2 & my intellig5ce has be5 occupi$ ) ?is purpose4 ,i mu/1 x is true1 h und]/ood ea* ^w1 or1 at any rate1 ea* clause ( ! s5t5ce2 b = ?is und]/&+ x is n necess>y t ,i %\ld translate1 nor ev5 t ,i %\ld be capable ( translat+1 ea* ^w into an image or clu/] ( images2 x is en\gh if ,i appreh5d a s]ies ( logical relations4 ,we all use occasional words ) intellig5t & intelligible propriety1 ! mean+ ( :i* z isolat$ t]ms we _c translate4 ,we read ,%akespe>e & ,goe! )\t a suspicion ( ! _m words :i* = u h no images4 ,b if "o ( ^! words occurs 9 an unfamili> connection we are at once arre/$1 z we are if any famili> ^w is plac$ 9 an unfamili> position4 ,suppose we come ^u ! s5t5ce1 #8,! %ip :i* c>ri$ ,nelson 0 nam$ ,victory2 ! %ip :i* c>ri$ ,napoleon across ! des]t 0 nam$ ,akb>1'--we are at once arre/$2 ! connection ( %ip & des]t is unusual1 & is se51 on reflection1 to be contr>y to exp]i5ce2 b :5 we le>n t ! camel is call$ ! #8%ip ( ! des]t1' we recognize ! new value assign$ to ! t]m1 & ! logical correctness ( ! phrase is !reby recogniz$40#ci ,^! examples1 & o!rs l !m :i* ,lewes gives1 br+ u face to face ) ! proposition t 8mu* ( our ?9k+ is c>ri$ on by means ( symbols )\t any images1 :i* is ! same ?+ z ?9k+ be+ c>ri$ on by words )\t any mean+s & ) only ! accompany+ intuition ( _! logical relations40 ,?us1 aft] a c5tury ( exhortation aga9/ ! bl9d use ( words we are br\ght face to face ) ! "q ( us+ words 9 ?9k+ )\t realiz+ ! full mean+1 an abuse ( words = :i* re=m]s h %ot _! arr[s at rote tea*+ f e possible po9t ( view4 ,:at tru? is !re 9 ! /atem5t ( ,mr4 ,lewes8 ,:at c be 8 mean+8 ,sid5ote3 ,lit]ature4 ,sid5ote3 ,imag+ 9 poetry4 ,sid5ote3 ,! correct plan4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t m5 9 mature life skim newspap]s1 magaz9es1 & books1 especially books ( fiction & books ( ref]5ce1 )\t realiz+ 9 _! m9ds ! import ( all ! words ^u :i* ! eye falls4 ,! aim may be to get ! plot ( ! /ory or a fact = "s specific use1 or a hurri$ view ( ! news & curr5t ev5ts ( ! la/ tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,b ?is is n ! k9d ( ?9k+ :i* ! tea*] aims to beget 9 ! m9ds ( 8 pupils4 ,nor does x ev] lead to a j appreciation ( lit]ature4 ,all lit]ature :i* appeals to ! imag9ation _c be read & enjoy$ 9 t way4 ,no "o c rightly read a *oice selection )\t ?9k+ :at 0 9 ! au?or's m9d1 recon/ruct+ ! images & sc5es :i* 7 be=e 8 m5tal eye & foll[+ ! movem5ts depict$ by 8 language4 ,movem5t is m easily conceiv$ ?an sc5]y1 & ab\nds 9 ! /ories :i* are mo/ popul> among *ildr54 ,judici\s ex]cises w soon enable ! pupil to call up all k9ds ( imag]y4 ,9 ! ,/&>d ,fif? ,read] x is sugge/$ t ! pupils sit ) clos$ eyes & close att5tion :ile ! tea*] or "o ( ! pupils reads a p>agraph or /anza4 ,= illu/ration1 ,kate ,putnam ,osgood's poem1 entitl$ 8,driv+ ,home ! ,c[s10 is select$4 ,out ( ! clov] & blue-ey$ grass ,he turn$ !m into ! riv] lane2 ,"o aft] ano!r he let !m pass1 ,!n fa/5$ ! mead[ b>s aga94 ,"u ! will[s & ov] ! hill ,he pati5tly foll[$ _! sob] pace2 ,! m]ry :i/le = once 0 /ill1 ,& some?+ %ad[$ ! sunny face4 ,only a boy6 & 8 fa!r _h said ,he nev] c\ld let 8 y\nge/ g2 ,two already 7 ly+ dead ,"u ! feet ( ! trampl+ foe4 ,b aft] ! ev5+'s "w 0 done1 ,& ! frogs 7 l\d 9 ! mead[-swamp1 ,ov] 8 %\ld] he slung 8 gun1 ,& /eal?ily foll[$ ! foot-pa? damp2 ,across ! clov] & ?r\gh ! :eat1 ,) resolute he>t & purpose grim2 ,?\gh ! dew 0 on 8 hurry+ feet ,& ! bl9d bat's flitt+ />tl$ him4 ,?rice s9ce !n _h ! lanes be5 :ite1 ,& ! or*>d sweet ) apple-bloom2 ,& n[1 :5 ! c[s came back at night1 ,! feeble fa!r drove !m home4 ,= news _h come to ! lonely f>m ,t ?ree 7 ly+ :]e two _h la92 ,& ! old man's tremul\s1 palsi$ arm ,c\ld nev] lean on a son's aga94 ,! summ] days grew cool & late3 ,he w5t = ! c[s :5 ! "w 0 done2 ,b d[n ! lane z he op5$ ! gate ,he saw !m com+1 "o by "o3 ,br9dle1 ,ebony1 ,speckle1 & ,bess1 ,%ak+ _! horns 9 ! ev5+ w9d2 ,cropp+ ! butt]cups out ( ! grass2 ,b :o 0 x foll[+ close beh9d8 ,loosely swung 9 ! idle air ,an empty sleeve ( army blue2 ,& worn & pale1 f ! crisp+ hair1 ,look$ out a face t ! fa!r knew4 ,! great te>s sprang to _! meet+ eyes ,= ! he>t mu/ speak :5 ! lips are dumb2 ,& "u ! sil5t ev5+ skies ,toge!r !y foll[$ ! cattle home4 ,sid5ote3 ,"s ?\ghts are n images4 ,:o c fully appreciate ^! /anzas )\t pictur+ ! l&scape ( clov]1 blue-ey$ grass1 mead[ b>s1 riv] lane1 c[s mov+ homew>d1 & especially ! boy ) ! %ad[ on 8 face1 ! two old] bro!rs ly+ dead "u ! feet ( ! trampl+ foe8 ,! subsequ5t p>ts ( ! poem l5d !mselves to ! activity ( ! imag9ation1 to a play ( sympa?y = ! fa!r seem+ly b]eft ( all 8 sons1 until on a summ] day cool & late he sees flutt]+ 9 ! w9d an empty sleeve ( army blue1 b5ea? a face t he knew1--a sc5e :i*1 if con/ruct$ by ! imag9ation1 _c help /irr+ ! emotional life ( ! read] & giv+ him prop] tones & inflections 9 oral read+ :ile m fully realiz+ ! price paid 9 w> = ! sav+ ( ! nation4 ,v mu* ( our ?9k+ does n turn on images or m5tal pictures4 ,we d n prim>ily ?9k ju/ice1 law1 k9dness1 m]cy "u ! =m ( images1 ?\gh by a second>y process we c ?r[ ^! ideas into concrete examples & image !m z occurr+ 9 life4 ,v _m ideas _c be made concrete 9 t way1 z1 = example1 ! ideas ( inf9ity1 et]nity4 ,sometimes an indi/9ct or fad$ image does duty = ! idea ( horses 9 g5]al1 b 9 su* cases ! image is repres5tative ( ! idea1 & %\ld n be conf\nd$ ) ! idea4 ,bo? are ?\ghts1 b n all ?\ghts are ideas or images4 ,_m ?\ghts are propositions & _c be imag$ at all4 ,sid5ote3 ,putt+ cont5t into words4 ,! images :i* g ) words gr[ 9 fulness z "o's exp]i5ce enl>ges4 ,take ! ^w fire4 ,! fir/ idea 0 =m$ f fire 9 ! /ove & 9 ! smi?y4 ,a full] idea result$ f ! sight ( a di/ant m\nta9 on fire4 ,!n a di/ant conflagration result+ 9 ! loss ( a block ( t[n prop]ty gave ! ^w /ill full] cont5t4 ,f9ally1 ! de/ruction ( ! ,/ate ,capitol1 9 :i* "p ( ! manuscript ( a book1 o!r valuable pap]s & records 7 de/roy$1 & 9 :i* "o or two fri5ds almo/ lo/ _! lives1 gave a mean+ to ! ^w fire :i* x nev] _h be=e4 ,)\t d\bt x hamp]s ! m9d & imp$es ! logical processes ( ?\ght if ! ^w inv>iably calls up ! idea ( ^! fires ) ! accompany+ emotions4 ,sid5ote3 ,books on ma!matics & o!r sci5ces4 ,we saw ! value ( ! labor-sav+ devices introduc$ by ! symbols & =mulas ( ma!matics & o!r sci5ces4 ,analy/s c>ry =w>d long tra9s ( ?\ght by means ( symbols ^: mean+ c be1 b is n always1 call$ up ) ! successive l9ks ( ! *a9 ( reason+4 ,9 add+ a column ( figures1 9 solv+ an algebraic equation1 9 read+ a "w on high] ma!matics or logic1 9 ?9k+ ! =mulas ( *emi/ry1 physics1 a/ronomy1 etc41 & 9 deal+ ) objects1 =ces1 & relations :i* h be5 accurately & def9itely quantifi$1 ! ?9k+ may be c>ri$ =w>d by ! use ( symbols :i* c be int]pret$ & appli$ :5ev] ! occasion requires1 b ^: mean+ is n always pres5t to ! m9d4 ,9 read+ ( ?+s :i* h n be5 quantifi$1 ! /ream ( ?\ght (t5 fl[s on )\t images1 or m5tal pictures1 or copies ( s5sations4 ,nev]!less1 ! exam9ation ( any s*ool read] or book ( selections f ! be/ lit]ature w %[ h[ our be/ writ]s & orators appeal to ! imag9ation1 & to :at a l>ge field ! me?od ( ?9k+ 9 images or m5tal pictures is applicable = ! purpose ( secur+ due appreciation ( good lit]ature & prop] expression 9 oral read+4 ,! simple/ ?9k+ is ! comp>ison ( objects :5 ^! are pres5t to ! s5ses4 ,x prevails l>gely 9 ! h&icrafts & 9 ! ord9>y duties ( life4 ,m difficult is ! comp>ison ( images or m5tal pictures ( ?+s :5 ^! are n pres5t to ! s5ses1 b mu/ be recall$ by ! memory4 ,?is ?9k+ is ess5tial to ! appreciation ( poetry1 to ! vivid pres5tation ( ?\ght1 & %\ld n be neglect$ by ^? :o wi% to move ! multitudes ) tongue or p54 8,imag+10 says ,dryd51 8is 9 itself ! v height & life ( poetry1 :i*1 by a k9d ( en?usiasm or extraord9>y emotion ( ! s\l1 makes x seem to u t we behold ^? ?+s :i* ! poet pa9ts40 ,high]1 f ! sci5ti/'s po9t ( view1 is ! ?9k+ 9 sub/itute symbols :i* /& = ideas def9itely fix$ or quantifi$4 ,high] /ill is ! comp>ison ( ab/ract & g5]al ideas ?r\gh expressive symbols1 includ+ _! application to ! problems ( life2 = ?is is ! k9d ( ?9k+ t *>act]izes ! sci5ti/ & ! philosoph]1 ! eng9e] & ! surgeon1 ! editor & ! orator1 &1 9 fact1 all ^: vocation has ris5 to ! rank ( a pr(ession4 ,b highe/ ( all is ! ?9k+ :i* creates & inv5ts1 begett+ progress 9 sci5ce & art1 9 lit]ature & hi/ory1 9 gov]nm5t & civilization4 ,,xv ,,! ,,/ream ,,( ,,?\ght ,,9 ,,writ+1 ,,speak+1 ,,& ,,oral ,,read+ ,! highe/ joy is ! fre$om ( ! m9d 9 ! liv+ play ( all its p[]s4 ,,s*ill]4 ,! hi/orian ,niebuhr1 speak+ ( ! hi/orian's vocation1 rem>ks t he :o calls pa/ ages into be+ enjoys a bliss analog\s to t ( creat+4 ,) /ill m tru? may we say ( t m9d :i* is able1 9 ! consci\s awak5+ ( all its p[]s1 to give full & satisfactory utt]ance to its ?ick-com+ ?\ghts1 t x enjoys ! joy ( a creator4 ,if !re is "o bright p>ticul> h\r 9 ! life ( ! educat$ man1 9 ! c>e] ( ! s*ol>1 x is t h\r = :i* all o!r h\rs ( /ud5t-life 7 made1--t h\r 9 :i* he gives orig9al & full expression to :at has be5 sl[ly g5d]+ )9 him4 ,,%$d4 ,unless a man c l9k 8 writt5 ?\ghts ) ! ev]la/+ wants ( m5 s t !y %all draw f !m z f wells1 !re is no m immortality to ! ?\ghts & feel+s ( ! s\l ?an to ! muscles & bones4 ,,bee*]4 ,,xv ,,! ,,/ream ,,( ,,?\ght ,,9 ,,writ+1 ,,speak+1 ,,& ,,oral ,,read+ ,sid5ote3 ,! fir/ spee*4 ,ev5tful 9 8 c>e] is ! day on :i* a "y p]son speaks 9 public = ! fir/ "t4 ,8 h&s & arms are 9 8 way2 8 l[] limbs quake2 8 lips & ?roat feel dry & p>*$2 ! vocal organs refuse to obey 8 bidd+2 he exp]i5ces o!r discom=ts :i* he _c expla9 & :i* are due to emb>rassm5t & n]v\sness4 ,:at is wor/ ( all1 he _c tell :at has gone wrong 9 8 m9d4 ,if 8 spee* 0 committ$1 ! memory fails to recall "s ^w or s5t5ce t seems absolutely ess5tial to ! sequ5ce ( ?\ght4 ,if he speaks extemporane\sly1 ! /ream ( ?\ght /ops fl[+1 or turns back 9 eddies1 or p]haps spreads out ov] all ! l& in/ead ( mov+ t[>ds ! prop] goal4 ,9 fact1 all ^! annoyances h _! fontal s\rce 9 ! m9d1 9 a play ( emotions 9 :i* /age-fright is ! pr9cipal elem5t4 ,to ?is "y man "s tru/$ fri5d %\ld :isp]1 8,take c\rage20 = if ev] 9 8 life a "y man ne$s enc\ragem5t x is :5 he makes 8 fir/ spee* or prea*es 8 fir/ s]mon4 ,sid5ote3 ,public speak]s are made1 n born4 ,public speak]s are made1 n born4 ,native tal5t is helpful1 b n all suffici5t4 ,mo/ ( ! ob/acles to success disappe> z soon z "o has le>n$ to ?9k on 8 feet2 t is1 to control ! /ream ( ?\ght :5 fac+ an audi5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,dang]s ( flu5cy4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 exceptions to all rules4 ,"s "y m5 possess an am\nt ( self-confid5ce :i* is pro( aga9/ emb>rassm5t4 ,su* y\? are sometimes gift$ ) a fl[ ( words t is fatal to ultimate success4 ,x enables !m to fill "t )\t previ\s prep>ation4 ,bauta9 describes a 8fatal facility a ?\s& times worse ?an hesitation or ?an sil5ce1 :i* dr[ns ?\ght 9 floods ( words1 or 9 a torr5t ( copi\sness1 sweep+ away good e>? & leav+ beh9d s& & /ones alone4 ,heav5 keep u f ^! int]m9able talk]s1 su* z are (t5 to be f\nd 9 s\!rn c\ntries1 :o deluge y1 relatively to any?+ & to no?+1 ) a %[] ( diss]tation & a d[n-p\r+ ( _! eloqu5ce4 ,dur+ n9e-t5?s ( ! "t !re is n "o rational ?\ght 9 ! :ole ( ?is twaddle1 c>ry+ along 9 its c\rse e k9d ( rubbi% & platitude4 ,! class ( p]sons :o produce a spee* s easily & :o are ready at ! %orte/ mom5t to extemporize a spee*1 a diss]tation1 or a homily1 "k n h[ to compose a tol]able s5t5ce2 & ,i repeat t1 ) su* exceptions z defy all rule1 he :o has n le>n$ h[ to write w nev] "k h[ to speak40#dj ,no "o /&s 9 great] ne$ ( ! discipl9e d]iv$ f ! use ( ! p5 ?an ^? :o ov]fl[ ) words & s5t5ces4 ,_! de>? ( ideas c be rem$i$ 9 no o!r way4 ,! s5t5ce :i* escapes f ! lips is fleet+ & soon =gott54 ,! s5t5ce 9 black & :ite1 :i* />es y 9 ! face f ! writt5 page1 c be read & re-read until its lack ( s5se & its weal? ( nons5se & absurdity gr[ too gl>+ to be endur$4 ,p>agraph aft] p>agraph c ?us be te/$1 cond5s$1 & /uff$ full ( mean+4 ,?is discipl9e ultimately enables a flu5t talk] to speak ) =ce & to ! po9t1 because x gradually trans=ms 8 habits ( ?9k+1 deep5+ ! /ream ( ?\ght & enabl+ x to c>ry craft too weighty to be borne by a %all[ /ream4 ,sid5ote3 ,hesitat+ speak]s4 ,! p]son :o is afflict$ ) hesitation & emb>rassm5t also /&s 9 sore ne$ ( ! discipl9e ( writ+4 ,9 ! solitude ( ! home "o c take "t to f9d & fix ! "r ^w1 to weave x into s5t5ces t /& ! te/ ( gramm>1 logic1 & rhetoric1 & to arrange a l9e ( ?\ght f :i* ev]y?+ irrelevant is exclud$4 ,emb>rassm5t vani%es ) ! adv5t ( ! feel+ t "o has some?+ to say4 ,! gr[? ( language1 :i* inv>iably accompanies ! evolution & cl>ification ( ?\ght1 corrects hesitation4 ,soon ! h&s drop to ! side or obey ! w 9 ge/ure1 & ! feel+ ( ease beg9s to color ! deliv]y4 ,no?+ m b5eficial c happ5 to a "y prea*] ?an ! call to prea* ! same disc\rse a numb] ( times 9 succession1 ea* "t to a diff]5t audi5ce4 ,repetition w make him a ma/] ( ! tra9 ( ideas1 improv+ 8 phraseology1 & deep+ ! /ream ( ?\ght4 ,:o has n wat*$ ) delight ! improvem5t 9 ! pres5tation ( a lecture he>d f ! same lips half a doz5 times 9 succession8 ,! *ange = ! bett] 0 due to ! deep5+1 /raight5+1 & improvem5t ( ! *annel 9 :i* ! /ream ( ?\ght seems to fl[4 ,sid5ote3 ,writ+4 ,if a /ud5t sev]al times ea* mon? dur+ a college c\rse writes out & fixes a l9e ( argum5t = a debate1 he c acquire ! p[] to fix & reta9 ! ?\ghts z fa/ z he writes4 ,! habit ( memoriz+ ! words is1 ( c\rse1 p]nici\s1 because x is apt to make him ! slave ( 8 manuscript1 to de/roy 8 fre$om 9 meet+ ! bl[s ( an antagoni/1 & to dive/ him ( ! gl[ ( feel+ & animation :i* gives =ce to ! deliv]y :ile ! m9d is engag$ 9 ! elaboration ( ! argum5t4 ,! sequ5ce ( ideas r ?an ( words %\ld be fix$ 9 ! m9d1 v mu* z ! /ud5t ( ,euclid fixes 9 8 m9d1 n ! words1 b ! ideas :i* con/itute ! *a9 ( pro(4 ,?is k9d ( practice gives a "y speak] ! s5se ( security )\t de/roy+ 8 fre$om 9 modify+ ! l9e ( ?\ght :ile /&+ ^u 8 feet4 ,sid5ote3 ,criticism4 ,f ?is po9t ( view ! folly ( mu* criticism 9 tea*+ is v app>5t4 ,! curr5t ( ?\ght is frequ5tly int]rupt$ by draw+ att5tion at ! wrong "t to mi/akes 9 gramm> & errors ( pronunciation4 ,! prop] "t = su* criticism is aft] ! movem5t ( ?\ght has rea*$ ! goal2 & ev5 !n ! critic %\ld n call att5tion to too _m defects at "o "t2 o!rwise ! effect w be to disc\rage & bewild] ! pupil4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ?\ght4 ,! /ream ( ?\ght is ! mo/ ess5tial ?+ 9 writ+1 speak+1 & oral read+4 ,! managem5t ( face & h&s & feet1 ! po/ures ( ! body1 & ! vocal utt]ance %\ld1 ( c\rse1 n be neglect$4 ,! intellig5t c\nsel ( a good fri5d is ne$$ to po9t out mann]isms & ecc5tricities4 ,! practice prescrib$ by a wise tea*] is helpful 9 prun+ ! deliv]y ( defects & h>mful habits :i* are sure to gr[ :]e att5tion to ! ?\ght s9ks ! deliv]y into ! subconsci\s realm4 ,nev]!less1 ! ma9 ?+ 9 writ+ & speak+ is ! /ream ( ?\ght4 ,a pr(\nd tru? 0 /at$ by ! ,k5tucky backwoodsman1 :o said t he w\ld h x 9 him to become z great an orator z ,h5ry ,clay1 7 x n t he f\nd himself lack+ 9 two ?+s3 ,:5ev] a favorable opportunity = a great spee* pres5t$ itself he nev] knew :at to say nor h[ to say x4 ,! h[ is m easily acquir$ ?an ! :at4 ,bo? %\ld receive att5tion1 f ! k9d]g>t5 to ! univ]sity4 ,! gett+ ( some?+ to say is inv5tion4 ,x is ! "o ?+ 9 :i* special tea*]s & special c\rses give lea/ help4 ,! p[] ( inv5tion is acquir$ by ye>s ( ef=t & discipl9e4 ,tribut>ies f _m s\rces mu/ p\r into ! /ream ( ?\ght be=e x becomes full1 copi\s1 & capable ( c>ry+ great ?\ghts1 or ( supply+ ! motive p[] = great und]tak+s4 ,sid5ote3 ,h9d]ances4 ,9 writ+ no?+ %\ld be all[$ to int]f]e ) ! /ream ( ?\ght4 ,"s c write 9 ! mid/ ( noise4 ,o!rs mu/ seek sil5ce & solitude4 ,gift$ m5 l ,horace ,greeley c write 9 ! c>s1 ^u ! knee1 any:]e4 ,habit has mu* to d ) ! art ( compos+4 ,9 any ev5t1 ! /ream ( ?\ght mu/ be kept fl[+4 ,9 s f> z ! rules ( gramm>1 logic1 rhetoric h become unconsci\s guid+ pr9ciples1 !y d n int]f]e ) ! evolution ( ?\ght4 ,9 s f> z !y absorb ! att5tion & h9d] ! fl[ ( ?\ght1 !y %\ld be ca/ to ! w9ds dur+ ! fir/ gl[ ( writ+4 ,bett] ?9k ( ^! dur+ ! process ( rewrit+1 poli%+1 & correct+4 ,s great a ?9k] & successful a writ] z ,*>les ,d>w9 makes ! foll[+ sugge/ive /atem5t conc]n+ 8 own me?ods ( compos+3 ,sid5ote3 ,h[ ,d>w9 compos$4 8,!re seems to be a sort ( fatality 9 my m9d1 lead+ me to put at fir/ my /atem5t or proposition 9 a wrong or awkw>d =m4 ,=m]ly ,i us$ to ?9k ab\t my s5t5ces be=e writ+ !m d[n2 b = sev]al ye>s ,i h f\nd t x saves "t to scribble 9 a vile h& :ole pages z quickly z ,i possibly c1 contract+ half ! words2 & !n correct delib]ately4 ,s5t5ces ?us scribbl$ d[n are (t5 bett] ones ?an ,i c\ld h writt5 delib]ately40#da ,no "o %\ld speak z he writes1 nor %\ld any "o write z he speaks4 ,few m5 are satisfi$ ) ! /5ographic report ( a spee*1 exactly true to ! language at ! "t ( deliv]y4 ,a report] :o _c make a spee* read bett]1 )\t *ang+ ! l9e ( ?\ght1 ?an if x 7 pr9t$ exactly z spok5 is n a ma/] ( ! art ( report+4 ,writt5 disc\rse ab\nds 9 long] s5t5ces1 9 m involv$ con/ructions1 9 =ms ( diction :i* please ! eye1 b are too cumb]some = ! voice & ! e>4 ,! public speak] is prone to use %ort1 simple s5t5ces 9 :i* ! subject ( ! s5t5ce does n pass out ( ! m9d be=e ! pr$icate is rea*$4 ,8 /yle ab\nds 9 que/ions :i* arre/ ! att5tion ( ! he>]2 if necess>y1 he indulges 9 colloquial expressions to :i* ! e>s ( ! he>] are accu/om$1 !reby br++ himself ne>] ! common p4 ,sid5ote3 ,fox's op9ion4 ,sid5ote3 ,writt5 disc\rse4 ,^u a spee* deliv]$ 9 ! ,briti% ,p>liam5t high praise 0 be/[$ 9 ! he>+ ( ,mr4 ,fox4 8,does x read well80 he inquir$4 8,yes1 gr&ly10 0 ! reply4 8,!n10 said he1 8x 0 n a good spee*40 ,x may be difficult to po9t out exactly :]e9 speak+ diff]s f writ+ s f> z ! /ream ( ?\ght is conc]n$2 yet "o feels ! diff]5ce4 ,au/9 ,phelps %[s ! diff]5ce by us+ an extract f an essay on ! 8,end ( ,god 9 ,creation30 8,:at 0 ! f9al cause ( creation8 ,! transition f ! uncondition$ to ! condition$ is incompreh5sible by ! human faculties4 ,:at t transition is1 & h[ x c\ld take place1 & h[ x became an actualiz$ occurr5ce1 x is confess$ on all h&s are absolutely incompreh5sible enigmas4 ,we _c reasonably imag9e1 !n1 t1 if we are ?us ignorant ( ! nature & mode ( ?is /up5d\s fact1 we c nev]!less compreh5d its primitive gr\nd1 c explore its ultimate reasons1 c def9e its f9al motive4 ,nor c we ?9k to unveil ! inf9ite s\l at t mom5t :51 accord+ to our conceptions1 ! et]nal uni=mity 0 int]rupt$ & a new mode ( be+1 absolutely un9telligible to u1 0 fir/ introduc$4 ,we _c ?9k to grasp all ! views :i* 7 pres5t to t s\l1 ext5d+ f ! unbeg9n+ pa/ to ! un5d+ future1 & to fa?om all its purposes1 & to analyze all its motives4 ,if any:]e1 we mu/ "h repel ev]y?+ l dogmatic int]pretation ( ! ph5om5a1 & admit :atev] is put =? only z conjectural 9 its nature1 or1 at all ev5ts1 p>tial1 & belong+ f> m to ! surface ?an to ! int]ior ( ! subject40 ,sid5ote3 ,example ( spok5 disc\rse4 ,"o c easily see h[ ill adapt$ to oral deliv]y ^! s5t5ces are4 ,phelps ?r[s ! same lead+ ?\ghts & succession ( ?\ghts into a =m adapt$ = public speak+3 8,:y did ,god create ! univ]se8 ,creation is incompreh5sible to man4 ,:at is creation8 ,h[ 0 x possible8 ,h[ did x ev] come to be8 ,i _c answ]4 ,c y8 ,e man ( common s5se confesses 8 ignorance "h4 ,b if we are ignorant ( :at creation is1 & h[ x is1 c we imag9e t we und]/& :y x is8 ,%all we ?9k to unveil ! m9d ( ,god 9 ! /up5d\s act8 ,t mom5t :5 ,god said #8,let !re be light' 0 a mom5t ( :i* we c "k no?+ b t #8!re 0 light4' ,%all we ?9k to see all t ,god saw8 ,c we look ?r\gh ! pa/ )\t beg9n+1 & ! future )\t end1 & fa?om all ,8 purposes & all ,8 motives8 ,c we1 by se>*+1 f9d out ,god8 ,if we mu/ repel ass]tion any:]e1 we mu/ d s "h4 ,:atev] we may ?9k1 x is b little m ?an guess-"w4 ,at ! be/ x c be b kn[+ 9 "p4 ,! mo/ we c "k mu/ be on ! surface4 ,x _c p5etrate to ! he>t ( ! matt]40#db ,sid5ote3 ,two k9ds ( /yle4 ,! plan ( writ+ d[n a l9e ( discussion helps to cl>ify ! ?\ght4 ,ca/+ aside ! manuscript z soon z ! sequ5ce ( ideas is fix$ 9 ! m9d emancipates ! speak] f ! writt5 page4 ,sev]al ye>s ( practice develop two k9ds ( /yle1 "o adapt$ = writ+1 ! o!r = speak+4 ,aft] ?is /age ( developm5t is rea*$1 x may be no long] necess>y to =mulate on pap] e l9e ( argum5t4 ,nev]!less1 ! p5 _c be laid aside entirely )\t detrim5t to ! quality ( ! ?\ght & ! effectiv5ess ( oral disc\rse4 ,sid5ote3 ,dictat+4 ,ev]y?+ calculat$ to int]f]e ) ! /ream ( ?\ght %\ld1 s f> z possible1 be elim9at$ f ! act ( compos+4 ,"s m5 f9d ! p5 an irksome dra9 ^u _! en]gy & vitality4 ,_! ?\ght moves fa/] ?an !y c write4 ,! employm5t ( a /5ograph] aids !m 9 ! "w ( compos+4 ,! dang] aga9/ :i* !y mu/ gu>d is a gr[+ dislike to ! use ( ! p51 & a det]ioration ( _! /yle result+ 9 ! oblit]ation ( ! diff]5ce :i* di/+ui%es effective speak+ f successful writ+4 ,sid5ote3 ,lectures & orations4 ,!re is a radical diff]5ce betwe5 a lecture & an oration4 ,public speak+ :i* p>takes ( ! nature ( ! lecture1 aim+ prim>ily at in/ruction or ! communication ( k1 may be assi/$ by exp]im5ts1 by maps1 *>ts1 & pictures ^u ! scre51 by specim5s & models design$ to ?r[ light ^u ! !me "u discussion4 ,public speak+ :i* p>takes ( ! nature ( oratory1 its aim be+ to move ! w to action1 is g5]ally limit$ 9 ! appliances x c utilize1 & 9 ! way x mu/ appeal to ! he>]4 ,x mu/ n exhau/ ! att5tion ( ! he>] by consum+ 8 "t 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( pr9ciples1 & 9 %[+1 by l5g?y details1 h[ results are obta9$4 ,f> bett] is x to cite au?orities1 to quote _! language if necess>y1 & to make ! application to ! case 9 h&4 ,9 ref]r+ to recogniz$ /&>ds1 l a diction>y1 a treatise on law1 or ! ,sacr$ ,scriptures1 x is always be/ to quote ! exact words4 ,?is is also m appropriate on ! writt5 page ?an a reproduction ( ! ?\ght 9 inf]ior =ms ( /atem5t4 ,9 public speak+1 h[ev]1 ! orig9al /atem5t may be too involv$1 & a break+ up into %ort]1 simpl] s5t5ces may aid ! =w>d movem5t ( ! /ream ( ?\ght4 ,! fir/ aim ( ! speak] is to be und]/ood4 ,if he fails to rea* ! und]/&+1 he c nei!r p]suade nor conv9ce1 nor spur ! w to action4 ,sid5ote3 ,/>t+ 9 too high a key4 ,!re is ano!r limitation to ! k9d ( public speak+ :i* p>takes ( ! nature ( oratory4 ,! idea :i* ! speak] seeks to h realiz$ 9 ! vote1 or v]dict1 or conduct ( o!rs1 mu/ be c>ri$ back to ! necess>y ideas ( ! he>]4 ,! full discussion ( ?is peculi>ity 9 ! /ream ( ?\ght belongs to treatises on rhetoric4 ,su* a discussion c be f\nd 9 ,!rem9's ,rhetoric1 translat$ by ,%$d4 ,suffice x to say t ! recognition ( ?is pr9ciple makes ! speak] a m ?\ghtful man4 ,x causes him to rely = ! effect he seeks to produce ^u solid & /]l+ qualities r ?an %[y rhetoric4 ,x t5ds to make ! /ream ( ?\ght fl[ deep]1 full]1 yet cle>] & ) m p[]4 ,any int]f]5ce ) ! /ream ( ?\ght :ile ! speak] is be=e ! audi5ce may be disa/r\s4 ,! cry+ ( a *ild1 or an outbur/ ( feel+ 9 ! audi5ce1 or "s o!r mi%ap may disconc]t 8 m9d4 ,leg\v tells h[ ! _w-r5[n$ advocate1 ,b]ry]1 lo/ a v good cause by unconsci\sly />t+ 8 spee* 9 too high a key4 8,8 temples soon felt ! unusual fatigue ( ! l>ynx2 f ! temples x pass$ to ! bra92 ! /ra9 be+ too great1 ! bra9 gave way2 ! ?\ght became confus$1 & ! language dis>rang$ & indi/9ct40 ,he broke d[n 9 op5 c\rt because he nev] ?\ght ( desc5d+ f ! l(ty p]* on :i* 8 voice />t$ at ! beg9n+ ( 8 plea4 ,leg\v claims1 & ! exp]i5ce ( _m speak]s confirms ! claim1 t ! abuse ( ! high notes has n infrequ5tly affect$ injuri\sly ! orator's v fl[ ( ?\ght4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ?ree g5]als4 ,?ree g5]als made /ump spee*es on a jo9t trip dur+ ! la/ ,presid5tial campaign4 ,"o day ! "n ( ! c&idate ( ! o!r great political p>ty 0 m5tion$1 :5 !re 0 a p]fect /orm ( applause 9 ! gall]y4 ,a second ref]5ce elicit$ simil> applause1 & ! disconc]t$ g5]al1 :o _h bravely fac$ ! enemy on ! battle-field1 took 8 seat4 ,! next g5]al1 walk+ on a crut*1 came =w>d1 & reque/$ t all :o _h be5 s5t to di/urb ! meet+ %\ld rise4 ,ho "o mov$4 ,he exclaim$1 8,!re are "s c[>ds "h40 ,!n he ask$ t all :o _h come to li/5 & le>n %\ld rise4 ,ev]ybody rose4 ,he exclaim$1 8,!re are "s li>s "h40 ,next he ann\nc$ t any "o attempt+ to di/urb ! meet+ w\ld be pit*$ out ( doors1 ! g5]al on ! crut* decl>+ he w\ld lead ! attack4 ,soon a man arose z if to ask a "q4 ,:]eupon a big burly policeman ?rew ! fell[ out1 & !re 0 no fur!r outside int]f]5ce ) ! /ream ( ?\ght 9 ! m9d ( speak] or li/5]s4 ,! man on ! plat=m always has ! advantage ov] di/urb]s 9 ! audi5ce1 provid$ he is ma/] ( 8 faculties1 full ( res\rces1 & quick at rep>tee4 ,sid5ote3 ,! s*ools ( ,france4 ,sid5ote3 ,! read+ lesson4 ,! s*ools ( ,france h be5 quot$ to %[ ! uselessness ( ex]cises 9 oral read+4 ,z 9 o!r ?+s1 s 9 s*ool matt]s1 di/ance l5ds en*antm5t to ! view4 ,leg\v1 9 8 lectures on ! 8,art ( ,read+10 m5tions ) approval t 9 ! great ,republic ( ,nor? ,am]ica read+ al\d is ju/ly consid]$ "o ( ! v fir/ elem5ts ( a *ild's education1 :il/ 9 ,france1 read+ al\d does n rea* ev5 ! sorry dignity ( a div]t+ art1 b is reg>d$ z a curiosity1 a luxury1 (t5 some?+ h>dly bett] ?an a pret5sion4#dc ,?is 0 writt5 sev]al decades ago1 & may n be j to ! ,fr5* nation at ?is "t4 ,! value ( oral read+ dep5ds ^u ! way 9 :i* x is done4 ,if x am\nts to no m ?an call+ words & p>rot-l imitation ( ! tea*]'s mann] ( read+1 ! ex]cise is a wa/e ( "t4 ,! ma/]y ( ! new words & ( ! ?\ght embodi$ %\ld prec$e ! attempt to read a lesson al\d4 ,! ma/]y ( ! words involves ability to recognize !m at sight1 to pron\nce !m ) flu5cy & ease1 & to spell !m by lett] & by s\nd4 ,x implies bo? a k ( _! mean+ & ability to use !m 9 a s5t5ce4 ,an av]age s]ies ( read]s has a vocabul>y ( five ?\s& words4 ,! mean+ ( all ^! words may be kn[n at sight1 b ability to use !m by tongue or p5 is q ano!r ?+1 ! vocabul>y ( mo/ p]sons be+ n mu* 9 excess ( a ?\s& words4 ,! ?\ght c be ma/]$ by an ex]cise 9 sil5t read+1 foll[$ by ! oral & writt5 reproduction ( ! lesson4 ,! ma/]y ( ! ?\ght is a condition ( prop] vocal utt]ance4 ,sid5ote3 ,act+ & read+4 ,sid5ote3 ,read+ & talk+4 ,!re is a diff]5ce betwe5 act+ & read+4 ,! actor endeavors to speak & act aft] ! exact mann] ( ! "* :om he imp]sonates4 ,! read] aims to sugge/ ! ?\ght in/ead ( imitat+ ! orig9al actors4 ,an actor w g ?r\gh ! motion ( /abb+ or %oot+ an enemy2 ! read] simply aims to sugge/ ! ?\ght ( :at 0 done4 ,ex]cises 9 brea?+1 ge/ure1 tone1 pit*1 cad5ce1 voice may be ne$$ = ! sake ( correct+ defects2 nev]!less1 ev]y?+ connect$ ) oral read+ %\ld turn on & culm9ate 9 ! /ream ( ?\ght4 ,if any?+ else is made ! object ( *ief reg>d1 ! ma9 purpose ( oral read+ is lo/4 ,x furni%es an excell5t te/ by means ( :i* ! tea*] c det]m9e :e!r ! pupil und]/&s :at he reads or is m]ely call+ words aft] ! mann] ( a p>rot4 ,to correct ! unnatural tones acquir$ 9 ! s*ool-room1 ! pupil is wisely exhort$ to read z he w\ld talk4 ,9 ! ef=t to develop a /yle ( read+ exactly l talk+1 "s tea*]s ru9 _! natural way ( talk+ & read+4 ,9 conv]sation1 !y talk z if !y 7 try+ to read4 ,:ile read+1 !y seem to be try+ to talk4 ,! human voice is s made t x puts ! quotation m>ks to selections recit$ f memory & to s5t5ces read f a manuscript or book4 ,z a rule1 a p]son c read be/ :at he himself has writt52 yet 8 voice tells :e!r 8 s5t5ces & ?\ghts are fram$ & evolv$ at ! mom5t ( deliv]y1 or tak5 f a manuscript prep>$ be=eh&4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 no "o c read z he talks or speaks4 ,a bl9dfold$ li/5] c\ld tell :5 ,spurgeon 0 read+ or speak+4 ,! same 0 true ( ,*>les ,sumn]1 & ( e o!r great speak] ,am]ica has produc$4 ,sid5ote3 ,abid+ ?\ghts4 ,to ?9k ! be/ ?\ghts ( ! be/ m5 is ! privilege ( him :o c read4 ,to plant ^! ?\ghts 9 o!r m9ds by read+ al\d is a noble a*ievem5t4 ,to give 9 spee* some?+ f our own res\rces t o!rs %all treasure is nobl] /ill1 because x l9ks our life ) ! creative work]s ( ! _w4 ,b noble/ ( all is x to write :at %all be read by our own & future g5]ations1 9 our own & o!r l&s1 z a s\rce ( light & life1 ( uplift & enjoym5t4 ,! wor/ puni%m5t t c befall a human be+ is to be cut (f f p>ticipation 9 ! movem5t ( ! race t[>ds great] well-be+ & p]fection4 ,"o naturally desires to employ 8 gifts & p[]s = ! b5efit ( mank9d4 ,! /ream ( ?\ght det]m9es :at we %all accompli%4 ,if o!rs are to be b5efit$ by our ?9k+1 !y mu/ ?9k our ?\ghts4 ,! /ream ( our ?\ght mu/ c>ry ideas ( int]e/ & value to !m1 ideas !y w c>e to get & keep4 ,if our ?9k+ is busy ) ?+s ( transi5t int]e/1 transi5t w be our influ5ce ov] o!rs4 ,if our ?\ght is to abide1 x mu/ deal ) v]ities ( et]nal mom5t to humanity1 ) ! works ( ,him :o made ! heav5s & ! e>?1 ) ! tru? ( ,him :o is 8! same ye/]day1 to-day1 & =ev]40 ,,xvi ,,k9ds ,,( ,,?9k+ 8,:at we want is n ! example ( ,democritus1 :o put out 8 eyes t1 ceas+ to read1 he might ?9k ! m2 or ! example ( ,py?agoras1 :o devot$ 8 ev5+s to solemn reflections on ! ev5ts ( ! day4 ,we want m5 & wom5 ( all-r\nd activities :o w set ap>t an h\r = ?\ght's own sake1 & ?us fulfil ! exhortation ( a wise man ^: practice x 0 to #8sort 8 ?\ghts & label !m4'0 ,t4 ,s4 ,,kn[lson4 8,p read a great deal m ?an !y us$ to d1--!re is m to be read1--b !y ?9k less4 ,! *ief dang] ( to-day is t ( intellectual apa?y4 ,life is s complex1 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce is s ke51 & pleasures ( v>i\s k9ds s *eap & abundant1 t m5 & wom5 seem to live entirely on ! surface ( ?+s4 ,:at we ne$ is a call to indep5d5t ?\ght40 ,,ibid4 ,,xvi ,,k9ds ,,( ,,?9k+ ,sid5ote3 ,equivocal t]ms4 ,sid5ote3 ,! t]m ?9k+4 ,sid5ote3 ,k9ds ( ?9k+4 ,z 0 po9t$ out 9 ! fir/ *apt]1 ! ^w ?9k+ has sev]al mean+s4 ,"o c h>dly write or speak on education )\t us+ ! ^w 9 m s5ses ?an "o1 & x is n always conv5i5t to break ! l9e ( ?\ght or discussion by indicat+ ) a def9ition ! mean+ int5d$4 ,?is is a violation ( ,pascal's rule1 t no t]ms 9 ! lea/ obscure or equivocal %all be us$ )\t def9+ !m4 ,pascal possess$ "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable intellects ! _w has ev] kn[n4 ,8 /yle has be5 describ$ z a g>m5t ( light4 ,few ?9k]s h atta9$1 to an equal degree1 cle>ness ( expression & p]fect grasp ( ! tru?4 ,n[h]e are ^! qualities m ess5tial ?an 9 lectures & treatises on tea*+4 ,x is a mis=tune t s useful a ^w z ?9k+ %\ld ev] be ambigu\s4 ,! use ( equivocal t]ms leads to misund]/&+s 9 !ory & faults 9 practice4 ,! advantage ( te*nical t]ms lies 9 ! fact t aft] !y h be5 cle>ly def9$ !y c always be us$ 9 ! same s5se4 ,! disadvantage 9 ! use ( te*nical t]ms is t !y convey no mean+ to m9ds unfamili> ) ! t]m9ology ( ! specific sci5ce to :i* !y belong4 ,h5ce ! be/ ?9k]s _c escape ! necessity ( employ+ words 9 curr5t use to convey _! ?\ghts4 ,z soon z words pass into common p>lance !y acquire a v>iety ( mean+s & ( %ades ( mean+4 ,! ?\ght ( a p is always m or less 9 advance ( _! vocabul>y2 ! same ^w mu/ be us$ 9 sev]al mean+s1 because no o!r t]m equally simple & conv5i5t c s]ve z a sub/itute4 ,no "o1 = in/ance1 c write or speak 9 ! ,engli% language )\t us+ ! ^w is 9 bo? its figurative & its lit]al s5se4 ,! connection mu/ %[ :at signification is int5d$4 ,! same rem>k applies to ! ^w ?9k+4 ,! connection mu/ %[ :e!r x is us$ 9 ! colloquial s5se ( guess+1 or 9 ! logical s5se ( a comp>ison ( two ideas ?r\gh _! relation to a ?ird1 or 9 ! broad] s5se ( imag+1 reflect+1 & react+ ^u :at "o reads or he>s1 or 9 a /ill broad] s5se1 to designate any =m ( m5tal activity4 ,s9ce ! popul> m9d employs ! ^w z a g5]al t]m to cov] ! entire intellectual life1 x is conv5i5t to specify k9ds ( ?9k+ by ! use ( adjectives l indep5d5t1 loose1 cont9u\s1 organic1 te*nical1 sci5tific1 & o!r qualify+ phrases4 ,inasmu* z ^! di/9ctions are made = ! purpose ( *>act]iz+ diff]5ces obs]v$ 9 ! ?\ght-processes ( ! matur] life = :i* our pupils are to be tra9$1 x is helpful to glance at !m = ! purpose ( see+ ! be>+ ( :at we d at s*ool ^u habits ( ?\ght beyond ! s*ool4 ,sid5ote3 ,! indep5d5t ?9k]4 ,:at is meant by an indep5d5t ?9k]8 ,evid5tly "o :o is n indebt$ to o!rs = ! inf]5ces :i* he draws or ! conclusions at :i* he arrives4 ,_m practices at s*ool are subv]sive ( habits ( indep5d5t ?9k+4 ,! assignm5t ( lessons ( su* l5g? & difficulty t ! weak] pupils mu/ rely ^u _! /rong] classmates = help1 or resort to 8coa*es1 keys1 & ponies0 = assi/ance1 makes !m helpless in/ead ( self-reliant1 & cultivates ! memory at ! exp5se ( ! und]/&+4 ,! lessons %\ld be grad$ s z to beget ! s5se ( ma/]y4 ,e difficulty t is ov]come by a pupil's own ef=ts t5ds to develop 9 him an ambition to conqu] o!r difficulties4 ,few1 if any1 joys c be comp>$ ) ! ec/atic joy ( victory4 ,moreov]1 x %\ld be ! aim ( ! tea*] to beget 9 ! pupil a love ( tru? m pot5t & pr(\nd ?an rev]5ce = a favorite au?ority4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! feel+ ( indep5d5ce & ! desire ( di/9ction by diff]+ f o!r p may gr[ into a passion4 ,?is seldom does mu* h>m 9 ! case ( an editor or a pr(essor4 ,if y give ei!r ( !m leave to criticise & to pr9t1 he is well satisfi$4 ,if he is elect$ to a bo>d ( manag]s or ! national assembly1 8 critical faculty & 8 fondness = f9d+ fault & ?9k+ diff]5tly f o!r p may make him a h9d]ance to ! lead]s1 :o mu/ get ?+s done1 or cause him to /& ap>t1 l ,ewald1 9 ! ,g]man ,rei*/ag1 z a "o-man p>ty1 ^: views mu/ be ignor$ on all que/ions requir+ prompt action or imm$iate decision4 ,to c\nt]act ?is t5d5cy 9 a y\? ( /rong p]sonality1 x is difficult to devise any?+ bett] ?an ! m\ld+ supremacy ( class-_s1 ! *a/5+ influ5ce ( a conte/ 9 ! lit]>y society1 & ! rel5tless lessons :i* a boy gets on ! play-gr\nd :5 he w n play because ! game does n g 8 way4 ,indep5d5ce ( ?\ght 9 ! que/ ( tru?1 on ! "o h&1 & conc]t ( action = ! public good1 on ! o!r1 are two ( ! mo/ useful lessons to be le>n$ at s*ool4 ,at ?is po9t !re is room = a k9d ( *ild-/udy ap>t f a syllabus ( set que/ions1 & lead+ to results :i* _c be tabulat$ 9 /ati/ics or av]ages4 ,! av]age 9 su* cases is untrue z a guide1 & may be utt]ly subv]sive ( correct habits ( ?9k+1 or ! correct me?od ( deal+ ) ! individual4 ,to give en\gh optional or specific "w = ! brighte/1 & n too mu* g5]al or requir$ "w = ! sl[e/1 is an ideal h>d to realize 9 ! assignm5t ( "w1 & yet ( supreme importance 9 ! endeavor to develop habits ( indep5d5t ?9k+4 ,sid5ote3 ,indep5d5t ?9k+ & popul> gov]nm5t4 ,!re is great ne$ = indep5d5t ?9k+ "u a sy/em ( popul> gov]nm5t1 especially on ! "p ( ^? :o ex]cise ! elective fran*ise4 ,9 ! mod]n caucus or conv5tion "o man (t5 does ! ?9k+ = ! re/4 8,if he is ! man :om ,i foll[1 ,i call him my lead]4 ,if he is ! man :om y foll[1 ,i call him y\r boss40 ,:5 ! lead] or boss is n suffici5tly sure ( 8 ability to b9d ! o!rs by 8 ord]s1 ^? :o h a foll[+ are invit$ to a conf]5ce1 at :i* a l9e ( action is agre$ ^u to relieve ! multitudes ( ! tr\ble ( ?9k+4 ,a delegate :o 0 giv+ v vocif]\s v5t to 8 feel+s 0 rebuk$ by a colleague1 say+1 8,j ?9k :]e y are40 ,he repli$ ) m emphasis ?an elegance1 8,i 0 n br\ght "h to ?9k1 b to %\t40 ,indep5d5t ?9k+ is z h>d "w z ! av]age man c>es to d4 ,he craves a guide1 an au?ority to relieve him ( ! tr\ble ( ?9k+ = himself4 ,outside ( _! p>ticul> vocation or pr(ession x is absolutely necess>y at times = ! /ronge/ intellects to accept ! conclusions ( o!r ?9k]s4 ,! man :o has be5 successful at mak+ money1 & :o f9ds t 8 ?9k+ 9 f9ancial matt]s is tru/wor?y1 (t5 makes himself obnoxi\s by assum+ t 8 op9ions & conclusions %\ld be accord$ equal weight 9 e o!r sph]e ( human activity4 ,!re is no bett] place to tea* ! individual 8 limitations )\t de/roy+ 8 indep5d5ce z a ?9k] ?an ! atmosph]e ( a great univ]sity4 ,! dep5d5t ?9k] is aptly describ$ by a writ] 9 ,leisure ,h\rs 9 ! foll[+ language3 ,sid5ote3 ,! dep5d5t ?9k]4 8,x is sometimes amus+ to he> a man ( ?is ord] com+ out /rongly ) op9ions :i* he w\ld h y believe are ?or\ghly indep5d5t & orig9al1 b :i* y c trace directly to ! s\rce f :i* he got !m4 ,y c\ld indicate ^? s\rces if x 7 n uncivil to d s1 v mu* z a %rewd b n v well-behav$ old g5tleman is said to h indicat$ at *ur*1 9 a tone suffici5tly l\d to be he>d by ! cl]gyman & ! congregation1 too1--:i* 0 especially gall+1--! au?ors to :om ! said cl]gyman _h be5 indebt$ = 8 s]mon1 #8,t's ,%]lock2 t's ,tillotson2 t's ,j]emy ,taylor4' #8,i tell y :at1 fell[1 if y don't hold y\r tongue1 ,i'll h y turn$ out ( *ur*4' #8,t's 8 own4'0 ,! m5 :o mu/ dep5d ^u o!rs to d _! ?9k+ = !m des]ve pity & commis]ation4 ,! bureaus :i* ?rive by furni%+ essays & orations = comm5cem5ts1 s]mons = special occasions1 & ev5 = ! regul>ly recurr+ ,sunday s]vices1 %[ h[ (t5 our s*ools make _! pupils dep5d5t in/ead ( self-reliant4 ,on be+ ca/ ^u ! sea ( life1 _! m9ds resemble a craft :i* has lo/ its rudd]2 !y drift ) w9d & tide1 unc]ta9 :]e !y %all l&4 ,_! ?9k+ is n gr\nd$ on fir/ pr9ciples2 h5ce _! m9ds reflect transi5t views on e "q4 ,! /rong p]sonality 9 ! sunlight ( ^: influ5ce !y happ5$ la/ to bask m\lds _! op9ions & directs _! intellectual life until !y move into ! sph]e ( new influ5ces1 con/antly resembl+ ^? :om ,r&olph ( ,roanoke /igmatiz$ z d\gh-faces because _! votes 7 "u ! control ( p>ty lead]s & 7 ca/ reg>dless ( _! convictions ( "r4 ,sid5ote3 ,cont9u\s ?\ght4 ,! m5 :om ! _w rev]es z great ?9k]s h be5 di/+ui%$ by _! ability to give cont9u\s ?\ght to :atev] engag$ _! s]i\s att5tion4 ,newton claim$ t he made 8 discov]ies by always ?9k+ ab\t !m4 ,8 biograph]s relate h[ he w\ld = h\rs rema9 seat$ ^u 8 b$1 half dress$1 absorb$ 9 ?\ght1 =getful ( 8 surr\nd+s4 ,/ories ( ! abs5t-m9d$ness ( ,socrates1 ,sydney ,smi?1 ,ne&]1 ,edison1 & _m o!rs :o atta9$ em95ce z philosoph]s1 au?ors1 or inv5tors1 are int]e/+ inde$1 b !y ?r[ no light ^u ! way 9 :i* ^! m5 acquir$ _! m>vell\s p[]s2 !y m]ely %[ a capacity = focuss+ all ! en]gies ( ! s\l ^u "o po9t to ! exclusion ( s5se impressions f )\t4 ,x is v c]ta9 t m5 :o excel 9 any l9e ( "w acquire habits ( conc5trat$ & cont9u\s ?\ght 9 "o direction4 ,v diff]5t f ^! are ! m5tal habits ( ! boy & ! av]age man4 ,a writ] 9 ,cornhill ,magaz9e describes _! intellectual activity z foll[s3 8,! normal m5tal locomotion ( ev5 well-educat$ m5 & wom5 7save "u ! spur ( exceptional /imulus7 is nei!r ! flight ( an eagle 9 ! sky1 nor ! trot ( a horse ^u ! road1 b may bett] be comp>$ to ! l\nge ( a truant s*ool-boy 9 a %ady lane1 n[ dawdl+ passively1 n[ tak+ a hop-skip-jump1 n[ /opp+ to pick blackb]ries1 & n[ turn+ to "r or left to cat* a butt]fly1 climb a tree1 or make dick-duck-drake on a pond2 go+ n[h]e 9 p>ticul>1 & only once 9 a mile or s proce$+ six /eps 9 an ord]ly & philosophical mann]40 ,sid5ote3 ,loose ?9k]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,organic ?9k+4 ,! ?\ghts ( "s m5 resemble mosaic "w4 ,ea* "p is beautiful 9 itself1 b has no inn] connection ) ^? next to x4 ,m5 ( ?is class are call$ loose ?9k]s2 x is always difficult to reta9 :at !y say4 ,! ?9k+ ( a totally opposite class ( m5 resembles ! gr[? ( an organism4 ,!y />t f a g]m9al idea1 :i*1 l se$ s[n into good soil1 beg9s to gr[1 ?r[+ out p>ts :i* h inw>d connection & :i* toge!r con/itute an organic unity4 ,9 a ma*9e any "p c be replac$ by ano!r4 ,9 ! organism no su* sub/itution is possible4 ,= ea* organ be>s a life relation to ! :ole1 & if x is want+ ! unity ( ! organism is de/roy$4 ,organic ?9k+ gives ! he>] ! feel+ t ! sev]al p>ts & inf]5ces ( a disc\rse are evolv$ f 8 inn] consci\sness4 ,hav+ _h ! g]m-idea 9 8 m9d1 he feels z if he _h held all x involves2 ! speak] suppli$ ! conditions ( developm5t z ! sun supplies w>m? = vegetable gr[?4 ,! effect ( su* ?9k+ is irresi/ible4 ,! bran*es ( /udy :i* ?us gr[ out ( a fundam5tal idea1 & %[ ! inn] relation betwe5 ! subjects n z a m]e sequ5ce1 b z a liv+ organic relation1 h an educative value :i* _c be too highly priz$4 ,! organic ?9k]1 if he makes himself und]/ood1 has ! audi5ce on 8 side2 & 8 cog5cy c seldom be refut$ except by %[+ ei!r t 8 g]m9al idea is wrong or t 8 conclusions h no connection ) 8 premises4 ,sid5ote3 ,h>ris on /ages ( ?9k+4 ,dr4 ,h>ris has drawn att5tion to ?ree /ages ( ?9k+4 ,he claims t 9 ! fir/ /age ?+s are reg>d$ z ! ess5tial elem5ts ( all be+1 t 9 ! second ! m9d discov]s relations1--truly ess5tial relations1--& t 9 ! ?ird /age ! m9d ?9ks ! self-relat$4 8,self-relation is ! category ( ! reason1 j z relativity is ! category ( ! und]/&+1 or non-relativity 7atomism7 ! category ( s5se-p]ception40 ,!oretically ?is di/9ction is important z giv+ u a rational basis = ! k ( ,god z reveal$ to man4 ,practically1 e *ild ?9ks ! idea ( ,god4 ,:]e ! /udy ( sci5ce or philosophy leads to a!ism1 ! wi% is always fa!r to ! ?\ght4 ,sid5ote3 ,te*nical & sci5tific ?9k+4 ,clif=d has made a di/9ction betwe5 te*nical & sci5tific ?9k+4 ,! =m] enables "o to d ) skill & accuracy :at has be5 done h]et(ore4 ,! latt] p>takes ( ! nature ( prophecy or pr$iction4 ,he claims t sci5tific z well z m]ely te*nical ?\ght make use ( exp]i5ce to direct human action1 b t :ile te*nical ?\ght or skill enables a man to deal ) ! same circum/ances he has met be=e1 sci5tific ?\ght enables him to deal ) circum/ances diff]5t f any he has met be=e4 ,9 8 op9ion1 sci5tific ?\ght is human progress itself4 ,an example or two c be/ be giv5 9 8 own language4 8,if y make a dot on a piece ( pap]1 & !n hold a piece ( ,icel& sp> ov] x1 y w see n "o dot1 b two4 ,a m9]alogi/1 by measur+ ! angles ( a cry/al1 c tell y :e!r or n x possesses ?is prop]ty )\t look+ ?r\gh x4 ,he requires no sci5tific ?\ght to d t4 ,b ,sir ,r[an ,hamilton1 ! late ,a/ronom] ,royal ( ,irel&1 kn[+ ^! facts1 & also ! explanation ( !m :i* ,fresnel _h giv51 ?\ght ab\t ! subject1 & pr$ict$ t by look+ ?r\gh c]ta9 cry/als 9 a p>ticul> direction we %\ld see n two dots1 b a cont9u\s circle4 ,mr4 ,lloyd made ! exp]im5t & saw ! circle1 a result :i* _h nev] be5 ev5 suspect$4 ,?is has always be5 consid]$ "o ( ! mo/ signal in/ances ( sci5tific ?\ght 9 ! doma9 ( physics4 ,x is mo/ di/9ctly an application ( exp]i5ce ga9$ "u c]ta9 circum/ances to entirely diff]5t circum/ances40#dd ,clif=d comp>es two well-kn[n a*ievem5ts 9 ! doma9 ( a/ronomy :i* help to set ! di/9ction betwe5 te*nical & sci5tific ?\ght 9 a /ill cle>] light3 8,anci5t a/ronom]s obs]v$ t ! relative motions ( ! sun & moon recurr$ all ov] aga9 9 ! same ord] e n9ete5 ye>s4 ,!y 7 ?us enabl$ to pr$ict ! "t at :i* eclipses w\ld take place4 ,a calculator at "o ( our great obs]vatories c d a great deal m ?an ?is4 ,l !m1 he makes use ( pa/ exp]i5ce to pr$ict ! future2 b he kn[s ( a great numb] ( o!r cycles besides ! "o ( n9ete5 ye>s1 & takes acc\nt ( all ( !m2 & he c tell ab\t ! sol> eclipse ( six ye>s h5ce1 exactly :5 x w be visible1 & h[ mu* ( ! sun's surface w be cov]$ at ea* place1 & to a second at :at "t ( ! day x w beg9 & f9i% !re4 ,?is pr$iction involves te*nical skill ( ! highe/ ord]1 b x does n involve sci5tific ?\ght1 z any a/ronom] w tell y4 ,by su* calculations ! place ( ! planet ,uranus at diff]5t times ( ! ye> _h be5 pr$ict$ & set d[n4 ,! pr$ictions 7 n fulfill$4 ,!n arose ,adams1 & f ! errors 9 ! pr$iction he calculat$ ! place ( an entirely new planet t _h nev] yet be5 suspect$2 & y all "k h[ ! new planet 0 actually f\nd 9 t place4 ,n[ ?is pr$iction does involve sci5tific ?\ght1 z any "o :o has /udi$ x w tell y4 ,"h1 !n1 are two cases ( ?\ght ab\t ! same subject1 bo? pr$ict+ ev5ts by ! application ( previ\s exp]i5ce1 yet we say "o is te*nical & ! o!r sci5tific40#de ,sid5ote3 ,sci5ce z k ( ?+s 9 _! causes & relations4 ,! =ego+ di/9ction may be valuable 9 ! tra9+ ( univ]sity /ud5ts ^: c>e] is to be t ( orig9al rese>* & discov]y1 b x has v little value = tea*]s 9 s*ools ( l[] grade4 ,= ord9>y purposes1 sci5ce is ! k ( ?+s 9 _! causes & relations4 ,if ! tea*] begets ! habit ( ask+ :y1 & makes ! pupils dissatisfi$ ) simply kn[+ ! h[ & ! :at1 he has gone f> t[>ds mak+ !m ?9k]s 9 ! sci5tific s5se ( ! ^w4 ,h[ %all ! k ( ?+s 9 _! causes & relations be atta9$8 ,! m9d fir/ ?9ks ?+s z isolat$ units ap>t f & )\t ref]5ce to o!r ?+s4 ,"u ! impulse to "k x resolves ! ?+ into its elem5ts or con/itu5t p>ts1 & !n puts !m toge!r 9 a m complete idea ( ea* ?+ z a :ole4 ,! boy ^: curiosity impels him to take ap>t a wat* or clock is foll[+ ! b5t ( ! m9d to proce$ analytically4 ,if he does n try to put ! pieces toge!r1 s t ! recon/ruct$ :ole w keep "t z be=e1 he ne$s /imulus 9 ! direction ( syn!tic ?9k+4 ,soon 8 int]e/ 9 "t-pieces leads him to detect simil>ities betwe5 ,am]ican wat*es & ^? made 9 ,switz]l&1 & he le>ns to classify "t-pieces1 to see a multitude ( details & peculi>ities at a glance1 "o *>act]i/ic or peculi>ity br++ to 8 m9d ! di/9ctive p>ts & con/ruction ( e wat* 9 a giv5 class4 ,f ! way 9 :i* a giv5 wat* keeps "t1 he draws inf]5ces 9 reg>d to ! entire class4 ,?is is inductive ?9k+4 ,f ! conclusions he has fram$1 he makes up 8 m9d z to ! new wat* :i* ! jewell] (f]s him = sale4 ,he is n[ ?9k+ d$uctively4 ,sid5ote3 ,di/9ction betwe5 laws & causes4 ,f ?9k+ ?+s z units1 ! m9d passes to ?9k+ ! relations ( ?+s4 ,! adaptation ( means to ends 9 play1 9 m9i/]+ to bodily wants1 occupies ! m9d 9 v e>ly /ages ( ?9k+4 ,! gifts ( ! k9d]g>t5 appeal to ?is t5d5cy 9 ! m9d1 & help to develop x into habit & faculty4 ,design & its execution1 means & end1 ! tool & its use1 ! raw mat]ial & ! purpose = :i* x is to be us$1 ?\ght-mat]ial & ! essay 9 :i* x is to be =mulat$1--^! are s _m ways ( ?9k+ ?+s or ideas 9 _! relations4 ,n only may a relation become a di/9ct object ( ?\ght1 b relations betwe5 relations1 classes ( relations1--= in/ance1 9 simple & comp\nd proportion1--c ?us be made to /& ap>t be=e ! m9d z di/9ct objects ( ?\ght4 ,! mo/ important ( all ^! relations is t ( cause & effect4 ,h[ ?+s come to be1 _! orig9 & developm5t1 ! =ces t make !m :at !y are1 are ! que/ions ( pr(\nd & abid+ int]e/ to ! sci5tific m9d4 ,laws are (t5 spok5 ( z if !y 7 causes4 ,a law is a g5]aliz$ /atem5t ( an inv>iable sequ5ce ( ?+s or motions ( ?+s4 ,we sometimes p]sonify ^! sequ5ces1 & speak ( !m z if !y 7 =ces 9 nature4 ,! laws are p]sonifi$1 z if !y 7 consci\s be+s dem&+ ob$i5ce1 & inflict+ puni%m5t = disob$i5ce4 ,! consci\sness ( ! p]sonification is lo/1 & !n along ) spell+ nature ) a capital lett]1 we fall into ! mi/ake ( mak+ laws /& = ! ,mak] & ,creator ( all ?+s4 ,fur!rmore1 x is v important to di/+ui% ! gr\nd ( k f causes t are op]ative 9 ! _w outside ( m9d4 ,! ra9 ( la/ night caus$ ! /reets to be muddy2 b ! condition ( ! /reets1 an effect ( ra9fall1 may be ! gr\nd ( our k t x mu/ h ra9$ la/ night4 ,! fact t ! e>? is flatt5$ at ! poles1 or1 9 o!r words1 t its curvature is less at ! poles ?an at ! equator1 expla9s ! fact t degrees ( latitude get long] z we approa* ! poles4 ,! =m] is ! cause1 ! latt] is an effect4 ,b ! m9d drew ! =m] z an inf]5ce f ! det]m9ation ( degrees ( latitude by actual measurem5t4 ,! effect became ! gr\nd ( k4 ,frequ5tly ! cause is kn[n or inf]r$ f its effect4 ,t :i* is causal 9 ! _w ( m9d is effect 9 ! _w outside ( m9d2 & t :i* is effect 9 nature becomes ! gr\nd ( k 9 ! processes ( ?\ght4 ,f ?is po9t z vantage-gr\nd1 we spy ! l& 9 :i* ?9k+ becomes kn[+4 ,,xvii ,,?9k+ ,,& ,,kn[+ ,:5 a man's k is n 9 ord]1 ! m ( x he has ! great] w be 8 confusion ( ?\ght4 ,:5 ! facts are n organiz$ into faculty1 ! great] ! mass ( !m ! m w ! m9d /agg] along "u its burd51 hamp]$ in/ead ( help$ by its acquisitions4 ,h4 ,,sp5c]4 ,t k _c be ga9$ )\t m or less ( correct & prolong$ ?9k+ is a practical maxim :i* no "o w\ld be f\nd to dispute4 ,b t !re is mu* k :i* does n come by m]e ?9k+ is a maxim sc>cely m to be held 9 d\bt4 ,?9k+ is1 !n1 univ]sally recogniz$ z an important & ev5 necess>y "p ( kn[+2 b x is n ! :ole ( kn[+4 ,or1 9 o!r words1 "o mu/ make use ( "o's faculties ( ?\ght z an indisp5sable means to cognition2 b !re are o!r means :i* mu/ also be employ$1 s9ce x is n by ?\ght alone t ! human m9d atta9s cognition4 ,,ladd',s 8,,philosophy ,,( ,,k10 page #acj4 ,,xvii ,,?9k+ ,,& ,,kn[+ ,"o morn+ a tea*] 0 awak5$ by a noise1 ! l ( :i* he _h nev] he>d & hopes nev] to he> aga94 ,x 0 unlike any?+ 9 8 =m] exp]i5ce4 ,soon he began to di/+ui% ! hiss+ ( /eam & ! moan+ ( m51 b ! cause 0 /ill a my/]y4 ,lat]1 he le>n$ t ! bla/ furnace 9 ! neighborhood _h explod$1 & t sev]al m5 7 kill$ & o!rs _h be5 s]i\sly injur$ by ! explosion4 ,sid5ote3 ,int]pretation ( s5se-impressions4 ,! cause ( ! noise c\ld n be inf]r$1 because !re 0 no?+ 9 8 =m] exp]i5ce ) :i* x c\ld be comp>$4 ,! escap+ /eam & ! voices ( ! suff]+ workm5 7 recogniz$ because !y c\ld be int]pret$ 9 ! light ( :at he _h se5 & he>d be=e4 ,9 ord] t any "o may d]ive def9ite k f s5se-impressions1 !re mu/ be some?+ 9 pa/ exp]i5ce to give mean+ to ! new exp]i5ce4 ,obs]vation t issues 9 kn[+ is c\pl$ ) a process ( ?\ght 9 :i* ! new p]ception is l9k$ to ! ideas :i* ! m9d br+s to ! p]ception4 ,9 o!r words1 obs]vation always involves ! elem5t ( ?9k+2 )\t ?9k+1 s5se-impressions _c give u k4 ,kn[+ is impossible )\t ?9k+1 & yet n all ?9k+ gives ripe to kn[+4 ,:at is ! relation betwe5 ! two8 ,sid5ote3 ,:at is k8 ,k has be5 def9$ z firm belief 9 :at is true on suffici5t gr\nd4 ,! explanation ( ?is def9ition :i* ,locke gives is well kn[n to e /ud5t ( philosophy4 8,if any "o is 9 d\bt respect+ "o ( ,euclid's demon/rations1 he _c be said to "k ! proposition prov$ by x2 if aga9 he is fully conv9c$ ( any?+ t is n true1 he is mi/ak5 9 suppos+ himself to "k x2 la/ly1 if two p]sons are ea* fully confid5t1 "o t ! moon is inhabit$1 & ! o!r t x is n 7?\gh "o ( ^! op9ions mu/ be true71 nei!r ( !m c\ld prop]ly be said to "k ! tru?1 s9ce he _c h suffici5t pro( ( x40#df ,sid5ote3 ,belief4 ,! =ego+ def9ition consi/s ( ?ree p>ts1--#a1 firm belief2 #b1 9 :at is true2 #c1 on suffici5t gr\nd4 ,9 common p>lance1 belief is di/+ui%$ f k1 ! latt] imply+ a high] degree ( assurance ?an ! =m]4 ,9 "s treatises on psy*ology belief d5otes all =ms ( ass5t1 includ+ ! highe/ possible c]ta9ty & conviction4 ,! expression firm belief excludes ! elem5t ( d\bt f k4 ,sid5ote3 ,tru?4 ,tru?1 accord+ to ! etymology ( ! ^w1 signifies t :i* ! m9d tr[s or believes to be fact or reality4 ,x has its s\rce 9 ,god1 :il/ k proce$s f man4 ,to be true1 a proposition mu/ be 9 exact accordance ) :at is or has be5 or %all be4 ,tru? exi/s ap>t f ! cognitions ( ! human m9d4 ,x w\ld cont9ue to exi/ if ! m9d ( man 7 blott$ out ( exi/5ce1 & !re 0 tru? long be=e ! intellig5ce ( man 0 call$ into be+4 ,! aim ( ?9k+ is to f9d out & lay hold ( ! tru?4 ,?9k+ 9 :i* tru? & error are mix$ may h value z p>tial k & z a /epp+-/one to full] k4 ,k becomes full & complete only 9 s f> z x conta9s ! tru?1 ! :ole tru?1 & no?+ b ! tru?4 ,sid5ote3 ,! gr\nd ( k4 ,full k implies a basis ^u :i* x may re/4 ,!re may be suffici5t gr\nd = ! firm belief :i* con/itutes ! ess5ce ( k ev5 :5 ! tru? cogniz$ is incapable ( full & complete demon/ration4 ,sid5ote3 ,! reason :y4 ,x is natural = a *ild to believe4 ,! /atem5ts ( o!rs are accept$ z true )\t "q1 s long z ! *ild has n be5 deceiv$ by o!rs4 ,h5ce _m tea*]s h assum$ t _! *ief function is to ask ! reason :y1 s t belief 9 :at is true may be bas$ ^u suffici5t gr\nd1 & t no?+ %all be accept$ z true until x is prov$4 ,?is 0 "o ( ! errone\s views "u :i* ,pe/alozzi labor$4 ,he ju/ifi$ ! undue att5tion paid to ma!matics 9 8 s*ool on ! gr\nd t he wi%$ 8 pupils to believe no?+ :i* _c be demon/rat$ z cle>ly z two & two make f\r4 ,:]eupon ,pre ,gir>d repli$1 8,9 t case1 if ,i _h ?irty sons ,i w\ld n intru/ "o ( !m to y2 = x w\ld be impossible = y to demon/rate to him1 z y c t two & two make f\r1 t ,i am 8 fa!r & t ,i h a "r to 8 ob$i5ce40#dg ,sid5ote3 ,exhau/ive /udy4 ,sid5ote3 ,! "q h[4 ,! progress ( a pupil may be h9d]$ by too mu* emphasis ^u ! gr\nd ( k4 ,! human m9d _c make an exhau/ive /udy ( v _m ?+s4 ,exhau/ion is a t]m appli$ by logicians to a me?od ( pro( 9 :i* 8all ! argum5ts t5d+ to an opposite conclusion are br\ght =w>d1 discuss$1 & prov$ unt5able or absurd1 ?us leav+ ! orig9al proposition e/abli%$ by ! exclusion ( e alt]nate40 ,speak+ positively1 we may say t exhau/ive /udy ( a subject explores x 9 all its be>+s & relations z well z 9 its nature & ess5ce4 ,9 e subject ! kn[n is b\nd$ by ! unkn[n2 new me?ods ( prep>ation & inve/igation con/antly reveal novelties 9 :ole classes ( objects :i* x 0 suppos$ _h be5 /udi$ exhau/ively4 ,! speciali/ seeks to "k all t has be5 br\ght to light 9 8 field ( rese>*1 & to pu% out ! limits ( k beyond ! goal rea*$ by 8 pr$ecessors4 ,! ?or\ghness ( ! speciali/ is n requir$ 9 elem5t>y in/ruction4 ,! writ] kn[s ( a tea*] :o = an entire t]m kept a class ( boys at "w ^u highe/ common factor & lea/ common multiple on ! plea t !y did n ?or\ghly und]/& ^! subjects4 ,no bett] plan ( disgu/+ boys ) ari?metic & algebra c\ld h be5 devis$4 ,?or\gh k ( ^! two subjects involves reason+ & demon/rations m difficult to grasp ?an half ! !orems 9 ,euclid4 ,in/ead ( aim+ at exhau/ive treatm5t1 ! true tea*] is satisfi$ ) k adequate = ! subsequ5t "w ( ! c\rse4 ,if ! pupil has rea*$ ! /age :]e he c appreciate ! reason :y1 x may be 7?\gh x is n always7 wise to raise ?is "q1 & to insi/ on a compreh5sion ( ! pro(4 ,v (t5 ! m9d has en\gh to d 9 try+ to see h[2 ! "q :y !n int]f]es ) ! ma/]y ( ! me*anical op]ations4 ,let any adult take up a sy/em ( ari?metic ) :i* he is unfamili>1 say ! ari?metic bas$ on c\nt+ by fives1 or by twelves1 or by ?irties 7ea* ( ! la/ two1 ma!matically speak+1 bett] ?an ! ari?metic bas$ on t5s71 he w soon f9d x is "w en\gh at fir/ = 8 intellect to p]=m ! op]ations ( add+1 subtract+1 multiply+1 & divid+ )\t ref]5ce to ! philosophic explanations :i* exhau/ive /udy w\ld require at e /ep 9 ! op]ations4 ,sid5ote3 ,:5 k is cle>1 :5 di/9ct4 ,desc>tes appli$ sev]al ( ! te*nical t]ms ( optics to ! sci5ce ( m9d1 & 9 ?is he has be5 foll[$ by ,locke1 ,leibnitz1 & o!rs4 ,an object se5 at a great di/ance or 9 insuffici5t light looks obscure2 z ! eye approa*es1 or z ! dawn increases1 ! object1 z a :ole1 becomes cle> en\gh to be di/+ui%$ f o!r objects1 al?\gh its con/itu5t p>ts are /ill confus$4 ,increas+ light or a ne>] approa* f9ally enables u to disc]n ! p>ts1 & ! vision ( ! object gr[s di/9ct4 ,cle> vision occurs :]e ! object1 z a :ole1 c be recogniz$2 di/9ct vision occurs :5 ! p>ts ( ! object se5 c be recogniz$4 ,9 l mann] ideas are said to be cle> z di/+ui%$ f obscure1 :5 !y are disc]n$ 9 outl9e2 !y are di/9ct 7oppos$ to indi/9ct or confus$7 :5 !y are disc]n$ 9 _! elem5ts or con/itu5t p>ts4 ,di/9ct m5tal vision requires analytic & syn!tic ?9k+4 ,( _m objects ! m9d ne$s only cle> k = ord9>y purposes4 ,"o may di/+ui% two bro!rs by ! total impression ( ea* :i* he c>ries 9 8 m9d1 & yet be totally unable to tell any specific m>ks by :i* he kn[s ! "o f ! o!r4 ,! pa9t]1 on ! o!r h&1 _c be satisfi$ ) ?is total impression2 he /udies ! individual features until he has a di/9ct impression ( _! lik5esses & diff]5ces4 ,( ! map ( "o's own c\ntry x pays to "k ! ,/ates & ,t]ritorial divisions4 ,( "o's ,/ate1 a k ( ! c\nties1 & ( "o's c\nty1 a k ( ! t[n%ips may be helpful4 ,= specific vocations m m9ute k may be desirable4 ,ea* individual m9d c well af=d to /op ) a measure ( geographical k t is adequate = ! duties ( 8 vocation & ! purposes ( 8 read+ ( books & newspap]s4 ,v little ( our k ( geography is bas$ ^u exp]i5ce2 mo/ ( x re/s ^u te/imony4 ,! eye at a glance may take 9 ! outl9es ( an isl& ( ! ,susquehanna riv]4 ,! fact t ,great ,brita9 is an isl& re/s ^u ! te/imony ( maps2 our belief is bas$ ^u :at we h always he>d & read1 & is fur!r /r5g!n$ by ! abs5ce ( te/imony to ! contr>y4 ,if ! fact _h ev] be5 que/ion$1 ! m9d might hold its judgm5t 9 susp5se until suffici5t gr\nd 0 f\nd to w>rant a conclusion4 ,sid5ote3 ,value ( que/ions4 ,:5 ! k :i* a pupil has is to be deep5$ or made m di/9ct a s]ies ( well-*os5 que/ions may beget ! requir$ ?9k+4 ,= in/ance1 let u take ! case ( a pupil :o has rea*$ ! /age :]e 8 k ( ! prop]ties ( ! p>ts ( spee* %\ld be made m complete4 ,let ! tea*] ask = ! diff]5ce betwe5 a p5cil & a "p ( spee*1 betwe5 a n\n & a "n1 betwe5 g5d] & sex1 betwe5 numb] 9 gramm> & numb] 9 ari?metic1 betwe5 p]son 9 gramm> & a p]son l ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 betwe5 case 9 gramm> & a case 9 division ( fractions1 betwe5 t5se & "t1 betwe5 mode & mann]1 betwe5 action & a v]b1 betwe5 ! object ( an action & ! object ( a v]b4 ,comp>ison w soon %[ ! inaccuracy ( ! /atem5t t ! direct object ( an action is 9 ! accusative case2 & ! le>n] w see t case is a prop]ty ( n\ns1 n ( objects1 & _c be pr$icat$ ( ! object ( an action1 b ( ! ^w :i* d5otes ! object ( ! action1 :i* ^w may be ei!r 9 ! nom9ative or ! accusative case z ! v]b is ei!r 9 ! passive or active voice4 ,comp>ison w lead ! pupil to see cle>ly t g5d] is a prop]ty ( n\ns1 :]eas sex or ! abs5ce ( sex is pr$icat$ ( t = :i* n\ns /&4 ,comp>ison w s]ve to br+ out ! di/9ction betwe5 numb] 9 gramm> z a prop]ty ( n\ns indicat+ "o or m ?an "o1 & numb]s 9 ari?metic1 ( :i* !re are z _m z !re are units or collections ( units 9 ! univ]se4 ,?9k+ by comp>ison w lead to ! detection ( simil>ities & diff]5ces1 to discrim9ation1 comb9ation1 & g5]alization1 & ?r\gh ^! to m di/9ct & m adequate k4 ,que/ions :i* draw att5tion to lik5esses & diff]5ces1 to causal relations & logical sequ5ces1 /imulate analysis & comp>ison2 ! result+ judgm5ts cl>ify ! /ream ( ?\ght & pu% ! b\nd>y ( k into ! regions ( ! hi!rto unkn[n4 ,sid5ote3 ,!ory1 true & false4 ,! greate/ m9ds :5 work+ "u ! influ5ce ( a false !ory fail to arrive at tru?4 ,socrates reject$ ! view ( ,anaxagoras t ! sun is a fire1 because we c look at a fire1 b n at ! sun1 because plants gr[ by sun%9e & are kill$ by fire1 & because a /one heat$ 9 fire is n lum9\s1 b soon cools1 :]eas ! sun always rema9s equally hot & lum9\s4 ,newton did m ?an all o!r ?9k]s comb9$ to make a/ronomy a sci5ce2 8 discov]ies 9 physics & ma!matics rank him among ! greate/ inve/igators ! _w has ?us f> kn[n2 yet he sp5t _m nights try+ to f9d ! me?od by :i* ! bas] metals c\ld be transmut$ into silv] & gold2 8 rese>*es z an al*emi/ l$ to no?+1 because he 0 work+ "u ! spell ( a false !ory4#dh ,sid5ote3 ,sci5ti/s4 ,f>aday ackn[l$g$ t he 0 (t5 compell$ to give up 8 preconceiv$ notions1 & 9 "s cases 8 failures are almo/ z in/ructive z 8 discov]ies4 ,x 0 *>act]i/ic ( him to hold to 8 !ories until he prov$ !m ei!r true or false1 & he 0 ev] ready to reject any hypo!sis z soon z he f\nd x inconsi/5t ) ! laws ( nature4 ,newton 0 will+ to susp5d judgm5t = ye>s ^u 8 !ory ( gravitation1 until m accurate measurem5ts ( ! e>?'s size & ! moon's di/ance %[$ 8 !ory & calculations to be "r4 ,socrates advis$ 8 foll[]s to quit ! /udy ( a/ronomy1 probably because he felt t 9 8 "t ! data 7 n suffici5t to w>rant def9ite conclusions4 ,ho/s ( in/ances c be cit$ %[+ t ! ?9k+ ( ! /ronge/ intellects does n issue 9 kn[+ :5 x is bas$ ^u or biass$ by a wrong work+ hypo!sis4 ,& yet x mu/ be confess$ t wrong hypo!ses may lead to valuable negative results1 z 9 ! case ( ,kepl]'s inve/igations1 ea* explod$ !ory mak+ room = ! con/ruction ( a !ory m 9 accordance ) ! facts4 ,! sup]iority ( m5 ( g5ius lies 9 _! love ( tru? & fidelity to fact2 9 ! facility ) :i* !y con/ruct !ories to acc\nt = obs]v$ ph5om5a2 9 ! pati5ce ) :i* !y te/ !ory by fact1 & 9 ! read9ess ) :i* !y reject e hypo!sis z soon z x is f\nd to be 9 irreconcilable conflict ) well-e/abli%$ facts4 ,! av]age life ( a !ory 9 sci5ce is said to be only t5 ye>s4 ,! av]age w\ld be l[] /ill if all reject$ !ories _h be5 put into books4 ,! m5 possess$ ( a truly sci5tific _s diff] f ord9>y m5 n only 9 ! pa9/ak+ accuracy ( _! obs]vations & 9 ! surpris+ f]tility ) :i* !y frame !ories1 b also 9 ! habit ( v]ify+ e hypo!sis until !re is suffici5t gr\nd to e/abli% its tru? & to receive x z an addition to ! sum total ( human k4 ,sid5ote3 ,! common p4 ,! common p are q z ready to frame !ories z ! sci5ti/s & philosoph]s4 ,x w\ld be well if !y 7 equally pati5t 9 te/+ _! !ories & 9 v]ify+ _! suppositions4 ,! human m9d _c help g5]aliz+4 ,! mom5t a *ild uses a common n\n x beg9s to classify4 ,its t5d5cy to pull ?+s to pieces & to put !m toge!r aga9 are exhibitions ( ! m9d's t5d5cy to treat ev]y?+ by analysis & syn!sis4 ,purpose & design1 cause & effect e>ly %[ !mselves 9 ! ?9k+ ( *ildr54 ,! tea*] ne$ b guide ^! activities & give ! m9d ! prop] mat]ial to "w ^u2 ! result _c be d\btful if ! m9d :i* plays ^u ! le>n]'s m9d has be5 tra9$ to op]ate accord+ to ! laws ( ?\ght & ! pr9ciples :i* mu/ guide 9 ! discov]y ( ! tru?4 ,sid5ote3 ,d\bt4 ,d\bt is sometimes ! pr]equisite ( k4 ,to raise a d\bt 9 ! m9d ( a gr[+ y\? may cause him to ?9k4 ,x may cause him to explore ! gr\nds ( 8 k1 to asc]ta9 ! rational basis ^u :i* 8 beliefs re/1 & to reject su* z 7 ( ! nature ( prejudice or ( tradition ) no suffici5t w>rant = acceptance4 ,rational belief is f> sup]ior to bl9d fai?4 ,:5 ! d\bt is rais$ 9 reg>d to ! v]ities ( "o's religi\s fai? !re is grave dang] ( l&+ 9 scepticism or infidelity4 ,:at is tru?8 may be ask$ 9 ! _s ( ,pilate1 :o turn$ away f ! ,great ,tea*] ) a despair+ sne] & )\t wait+ = a reply4 ,pilate _h trifl$ ) 8 own consci5ce until he c\ld no long] disc]n tru? & righte\sness4 ,"s m5 ne$ bett] he>ts 9 ord] t !y may ?9k & "k ! highe/ tru?4 ,! hope c be held out t :5ev] ! tru? is e>ne/ly s\ght by ! human he>t ! s\l w ultimately be guid$ into a k ( ! tru?4 ,to di/urb ! gr\nds ^u :i* re/ ! pr9ciples ( morality & religion is a dang]\s exp]im5t1 especially 9 ! case ( immature m9ds4 ,! flood ( d\bt may sweep away ! solid f\ndations ( a pupil's moral nature & leave him a wreck ^u ! quicks&s ( vice or ^u ! rock ( scepticism4 ,x is ! nature ( ! *ild to believe1 to *]i% fai? 9 :at o!rs tell him & 9 :at ! _w pres5ts to 8 vision4 ,to di/urb ! f]vor & /r5g? ( ?is tru/ be=e ! und]/&+ is ripe = full] k may result 9 life-long injury4 ,! *ild's fai? 9 fairyl&1 9 ,santa-,claus1 %\ld1 ( c\rse1 be kept f becom+ a s\rce ( t]ror4 ,! /ories ( gho/s1 spooks1 & hobgobl9s sometimes employ$ 9 ! nurs]y to influ5ce conduct may cause fe>s1 t]rors1 & horrors f :i* x is well to emancipate ! *ild z spe$ily z possible ?r\gh ! light ( cle>] k4 ,sid5ote3 ,! desire to "k4 ,bett] ?an d\bt z a /imulus to ?\ght is ! desire to "k4 ,/4 ,augu/9e 0 on fire to "k4 ,! tea*] :o k9dles & keeps burn+ ?is fire 9 ! s\l ( ! pupil has suppli$ ! mo/ p[]ful inc5tive to ?\ght2 = )\t ?9k+ k is impossible ( atta9m5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,full cognition4 ,z we may />t our wood flam+ by coals hot f ano!r's fire1 s we may k9dle a burn+ desire = k by br++ ! m9d 9 contact ) m9ds t are all agl[ ) ! desire to "k4 ,a burn+ fire may soon exhau/ its fuel if left to itself4 ,! tea*] supplies ! fuel1 fans ! flame1 directs its activity = well-def9$ purposes4 ,"h ! analogy breaks4 ,in/ead ( smoke & a%es we want liv+ products z ! result ( kn[+4 ,z ?9k+ leads to kn[+1 s kn[+ %\ld give rise to fur!r ?9k+4 ,n[h]e is ! tea*]'s function ( guid+ m indisp5sably necess>y ?an 9 ! int]play ( ^! two activities4 ,:ile ! le>n] is engross$ 9 ! pursuit ( k1 ! tea*] is wat*+ ! process & ! results4 ,he is n satisfi$ unless ! activity ( ?9k+ & kn[+ ends 9 full cognition4 ,x has be5 well said t a dog kn[s 8 ma/]1 b does n cognize him2 t to cognize means to ref] a p]ception to an object by means ( a conception4 ,! objects ( ?\ght mu/ be sort$ & arrang$ 9 gr\ps2 ! p>ticul> notion mu/ take its place 9 ! g5]al concept2 ! mat]ials ^u :i* ! m9d acts mu/ be assimilat$ & organiz$ into a unity1 %[+ h[ ea* has its orig9 & h[ x /&s 9 liv+ relation to e o!r "p ( ! organic :ole2 o!rwise ?9k+ _c lead to complete cognition4 ,sid5ote3 ,! limit ( in/ruction4 ,! incid5t at ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt] %[s t "s prep>ation is necess>y to int]pret s5se-impressions & organize ! mat]ials ( ?\ght = ! purpose ( cognition4 ,! degree ( prep>ation det]m9es h[ f> ! in/ruction at a giv5 "t %all aim to g4 ,to get a cle>] idea ( ! ?+ to be kn[n may exhau/ ! le>n]'s /r5g?4 ,if s1 ! pres5tation %\ld /op at t po9t4 ,b z soon z 8 p[] & int]e/ are equal to ! task he %\ld be l$ to analyze ! object ( ?\ght s z to cognize ! con/itu5t elem5ts1 ! ess5tial attributes1 a process :]eby he w arrive at di/9ct k4 ,x may be advisable be=e dropp+ ! inquiry to in/itute comp>isons betwe5 objects ( ! same class1 = ! purpose ( call+ att5tion to diff]5ces & lik5esses & evolv+ g5]al concepts or univ]sal propositions4 ,= _m ?9k]s ^! are ! goal ( ?9k+4 ,if !y c resolve ! univ]se to a few simple g5]alizations1 _! m9ds are satisfi$4 ,no?+ m b>r5 c well be imag9$ or conceiv$4 ,sid5ote3 ,application ( k4 ,cognition is n complete until ! k has be5 or c be appli$4 ,at times !re may be a division ( labor & glory 9 ! discov]y & application ( tru?4 ,! discov]ies ( ,pr(essor ,h5ry :i* made ! electric telegraph possible involv$ ?9k+ q z valuable z ! inv5tion ( ,pr(essor ,morse4 ,! a*ievem5t ( ,cyrus ,w4 ,field 9 lay+ ! ,atlantic cable involv$ ?9k+ q z important z ! rese>*es & exp]im5ts ( ,"l ,kelv9 :i* made ! cable successful4 ,int]e/+ examples ( su* division ( labor 9 ?9k+ _c ju/ify neglect ( ! applications aft] a g5]al tru? has be5 evolv$ & /at$4 ,! in/ruction may sometimes beg9 ) a /atem5t ( applications1 9 ord] to prep>e ! m9d = ! ?9k+ t issues 9 kn[+4 ,! applications ( color 9 ! railway s]vice1 9 navigation1 & 9 ! arts w create an int]e/ 9 ! /udy ( color )\t :i* ! pres5tation ( ! fundam5tal ideas may be 9 va94 ,sev]al lectur]s h admitt$ t !y fail$1 9 ! pres5tation ( color lessons1 to hold ! att5tion ( _! pupil-tea*]s until !y excit$ an int]e/ 9 color by indicat+ important applications4 ,?is /atem5t ( applications by way ( prep>ation mu/1 h[ev]1 n be conf\nd$ ) ! applications :i* %\ld foll[ ! fram+ ( g5]al propositions & ! cognition ( g5]al tru?s4 ,! hypo!ses ( ! sci5ti/ correspond to ! g5]al tru?s & pr9ciples :i* in/ruction always aims to rea*4 ,9 all except ! mo/ advanc$ inve/igations1 ! pupil %\ld "w "u ! guidance ( pr9ciples t h ris5 above ! hypo!tical /age4 ,he %\ld ?9k "u ! inspiration ( well-e/abli%$ tru?s4 ,he %\ld ma/] ! kn[n 9 8 *os5 field be=e he seeks to enl>ge ! b\nd>ies ( human k by invasions into ! realm ( ! unkn[n4 ,sad is ! spectacle ( a tal5t$ m9d wa/+ its /r5g? 9 fruitless ef=ts to r$iscov] :at is already well e/abli%$4 ,sid5ote3 ,! =mulation ( tru?s4 ,sid5ote3 ,simil>ity 9 div]sity4 ,! =mulation ( tru?s 9 ma!matical /udies is sometimes c>ri$ to extremes4 ,! pupil may at times be all[$ to "w "u ! guidance ( pr9ciples :i* he kn[s by implication1 & :i* he has nev] _h occasion to =mulate 9 explicit /atem5ts4 ,! =mulation ( ! pr9ciples ( algebra c be c>ri$ into ! /atem5t ( hundr$s ( g5]al propositions4 ,if ! pupil is ask$ to fix all ^! 9 ! cry/alliz$ or specific =m giv5 9 ! text-book1 x may result 9 a prodigi\s wa/e ( "t4 ,fur!rmore1 ! ef=t to foll[ inv>iably any =mal /eps 9 ! ord] ( in/ruction is apt to make ! in/ruction unduly =mal & lifeless4 ,no ?9k] c af=d to ?9k 9 ! set =ms ( ! syllogism :ile evolv+ a tra9 ( ?\ght4 ,consci\s con=mity to ^! h9d]s progress 9 ! spontane\s evolution ( g]m9al ideas4 ,9 l mann]1 al?\gh ! /ud5t ( p$agogy may f9d a guide 9 ! rules & pr9ciples ( 8 sci5ce :ile prep>+ ! subject-matt] ( a lesson1 yet1 9 giv+ ! in/ruction1 ! tru? mu/ be ! object ( *ief reg>d1 ! c5tre ( att5tion 9 consci\sness4 ,con/ant ?\ght ( prescrib$ /eps makes ! tea*+ /iff & =mal1 & dissipates ! joy\s int]e/ :i* accompanies free & spontane\s ?9k+4 ,=mal rules are v (t5 l hobbles on ! feet ( ! horse4 ,!y imp$e 8 spe$1 rob him ( half 8 p[] & en]gy1 & spoil 8 enjoym5t ( ! op5 field4 ,be>+ ?is 9 m9d1 ! "y tea*] w p]haps n be h>m$ by ! advice t 9 8 tea*+ he %\ld ev] seek to lead ! le>n] to cle> & di/9ct p]ception ( lik5esses & diff]5ces 9 ! subject-matt] ( ea* & e lesson4 ,! new] me?ods ( tea*+ a beg9n] to read1 wisely draw att5tion to ! po9ts ( simil>ity & diff]5ce 9 ! %apes & s\nds ( ! lett]s ( ! alphabet4 ,!y ev5 g to ! extreme ( comp>+ s\nds ) ! noises ( animals1 ) :i* ! *ild 9 ! l>g] cities is totally unfamili>4 ,?is error is n half s bad z ! opposite extreme4 ,v mu* ( ! bad tea*+ by :i* ! s*ools are afflict$ arises f ! assumption t ! le>n] sees ! po9ts ( agreem5t & diff]5ce :i* are s v obvi\s to ! mature m9d ( ! tea*]4 ,! consequ5ce is m5tal confusion & loss ( ! joy ( def9ite ?9k+4 ,! detection ( lik5ess 9 objects hav+ _m po9ts ( div]sity gives ! m9d an agreeable surprise4 ,?is emotion is an elem5t 9 ! pleasure af=d$ by ! v>i\s =ms ( wit1 metaphor1 & allegory4 ,pr(essor ,ba9 has %[n h[ greatly progress 9 sci5ce & art is indebt$ to ! discov]y ( simil>ity 9 ! mid/ ( great div]sity4#di ,mu* ( ! *ild's progress 9 k mu/ be ascrib$ to ! same pr9ciple4 ,*ildr5 notice po9ts ( simil>ity t (t5 escape old] p]sons4 ,on see+ ! picture ( a tig]1 !y call x a cat4 ,a "m :o %[$ h] little daught]1 j beg9n+ to talk1 ! c>icature ( a man prom95t 9 ! public eye1 0 surpris$ to he> ! *ild exclaim1 8,papa40 ,x 0 ! *ild's ^w = man1 z %e aft]w>ds discov]$4 ,:]e %e saw contra/1 ! *ild only notic$ ! po9ts ( simil>ity betwe5 "o man & ano!r4 ,z ! p[] ( discrim9ation advances1 ! m9d pays m att5tion to po9ts ( diff]5ce ?an to po9ts ( lik5ess4 ,indi/+ui%abl5ess gives way to cle> & di/9ct k4 ,) ! fur!r gr[? ( intellig5ce ! m9d seeks ! hidd5 resemblances 9 objects f> remov$ f "o ano!r 9 space & "t1 or by surface appe>ances4 ,at fir/ sight ! bat seems l a bird1 because x c fly4 ,sci5tific discrim9ation assigns x to ! class ( mammals4 ,! id5tification ( ! lightn+ 9 ! cl\ds ) ! sp>ks ( ! electric ma*9e gave ,frankl9 _w-wide reputation z a philosoph]4 ,! id5tification ( ! =ce :i* causes bodies to fall to ! e>? ) ! =ce :i* holds ! moon 9 its orbit1 & ) ! k9d ( =ce by :i* ! sun attracts ! bodies ( ! sol> sy/em1 has be5 ju/ly call$ ! greate/ example ( ! p[] to detect lik5ess 9 ! mid/ ( div]sity4 ,! p[] ( detect+ simil>ity 9 div]sity %\ld be appeal$ to :5ev] x is helpful ei!r = purposes ( illu/ration or discov]y4 ,algebra is %orn ( half its difficulty z soon z ! le>n] is l$ to see t ! op]ations 9 multiplication1 division1 involution & evolution ( monomials turn on signs1 coeffici5ts1 & expon5ts4 ,let him grasp ! ?\ght t ! words add1 subtract1 multiply1 & divide respectively express ! law ( expon5ts 9 ! f\r op]ations above nam$2 & he w n only escape ! p]plexities ( ! av]age /ud5t 9 ! m difficult op]ations ( ord9>y algebra1 b he w also see at a glance ! beautiful tru? :i* und]lies ! manipulation ( log>i?ms4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ?9k+ t rip5s into kn[+4 ,?9k+ t rip5s 9 kn[+ involves comp>ison1 discrim9ation1 & =mation ( judgm5ts4 ,?r\gh ! detection ( lik5ess & unlik5ess 9 objects & _! relations1 judgm5ts are =m$1 inf]5ces are made1 & conclusions are drawn1 :i* m>k ! transition f ?9k+ to kn[+4 ,discrim9ation1 id5tification1 judgm5t1 reason+1 def9ition1 division1 & classification m>k ! /ages ?r\gh :i* ! m9d passes 9 ?9k+ ?+s1 _! relations1 m especially _! causes1 effects1 laws1 & ends4 ,analysis & syn!sis1 induction & d$uction1 are ! processes by :i* ! intellect explores ! cont5t & ext5t ( concepts1 & passes to g5]al pr9ciples & tru?s1 & to _! applications 9 ?\ght & action4 ,z processes ( m5tal activity1 ^! are discuss$ 9 detail by ! psy*ologi/4 ,! laws ( ?\ght to :i* !y mu/ con=m 9 ord] to be correct are set =? 9 treatises on logic4 ,x w\ld be a mi/ake to und]e/imate ! value ( a k ( logic & psy*ology2 b nei!r ( !m c supply ! place & function ( ! liv+ tea*]4 ,he :o w\ld le>n to ?9k 9 "s special l9e ( rese>* %\ld g to a ma/] ( t specialty1 le>n ( him :at is well e/abli%$ 9 ! *os5 field ( /udy1 imbibe 8 me?ods ( "w1 ?9k 8 ?\ghts1 cat* 8 _s1 & foll[ 8 advice until ! h\r = indep5d5t inve/igation comes4 ,great is ! tonic effect ( a univ]sity atmosph]e2 b great] /ill is ! brac+ influ5ce ( ! atmosph]e creat$ by a speciali/ :o is bo? a ma/] 9 8 dep>tm5t & a ma/] 9 ! art ( tea*+4 ,! *oice ( a tea*] is ( m acc\nt ?an ! *oice ( a univ]sity1 ei!r at home or abroad4 ,sid5ote3 ,kn[+ involves m ?an m]e ?9k+4 ,?9k+ is n ! :ole ( kn[+4 ,feel+ & will+ play an important "p 9 ?9k+ & kn[+4 ,words l h]etic1 sceptic1 & sophi/ h a hi/ory :i* %[s ! di/ru/ ( mank9d 9 pure intellectual ef=t4 ,x w\ld be h>d to f9d a bett] comm5t>y on ! effect ( a p]v]se he>t ^u ! op]ations ( ! intellect ?an ! foll[+ p>agraph f ,max ,mll]1 al?\gh x 0 p5n$ = a purpose entirely diff]5t f ! use "h made ( x4 8,no title c\ld h be5 m honorable at fir/ ?an 0 t ( ,sophi/es4 ,x 0 appli$ to ! greate/ ?9k]s1 su* z ,socrates & ,plato2 nay1 x 0 n consid]$ irrev]5t to apply x to ! ,creator ( ! ,univ]se4 ,aft]w>ds x sank 9 value because appli$ to "o :o c>$ nei!r = tru? nor = wisdom1 b only = victory1 till to be call$ a sophi/ became almo/ an insult4 ,aga91 :at "n c\ld h be5 m cr$itable 9 its orig9al acceptation ?an t ( sceptic8 ,x meant ?\ghtful1 reflective1 & 0 a "n giv5 to philosoph]s :o c>efully look$ at all ! be>+s ( a case be=e !y v5tur$ to pron\nce a positive op9ion4 ,& n[ a sceptic is almo/ a t]m ( reproa*1 v mu* l h]etic1--a ^w :i* likewise began by convey+ :at 0 mo/ honorable1 a p[] to *oose betwe5 "r & wrong1 till x 0 /amp$ ) ! mean+ ( *oos+ f %e] p]v]sity :at ! majority holds to be wrong40#ej ,!re are realms 9 :i* ?\ght _c beget k ( ! tru? until !re is a radical *ange 9 ! wi%es & desires ( ! he>t1 9 ! *oice & alms ( ! w1 9 ! mov+s ( ! inmo/ dep?s ( ! s\l4 ,,xviii ,,?9k+ ,,& ,,feel+ ,!re is mu* cont5tion among m5 :e!r ?\ght or feel+ is ! bett]2 b feel+ is ! b[ & ?\ght ! arr[2 & e good ar*] mu/ h bo?4 ,alone1 "o is z helpless z ! o!r4 ,! head gives artill]y2 ! he>t1 p[d]4 ,! "o aims1 & ! o!r fires4 ,,bee*]4 ,x may be not$ t m$ical m51 :o are a sci5tific class1 &1 !re=e1 m ?an commonly aw>e ( ! great importance ( dis9t]e/$ness 9 intellectual action1 nev] tru/ _! own judgm5t :5 !y feel ! approa* ( disease4 ,!y "k t x is difficult = a man1 h[ev] le>n$ 9 m$ic9e1 to arrive at accurate conclusions ab\t ! /ate ( a human body t conc]ns him s ne>ly z 8 own1 ev5 ?\gh ! p]son :o suff]s has ! advantage ( actually exp]i5c+ ! morbid s5sations4 ,,ham]ton4 ,:5 pupils are enc\rag$ to make = !mselves fre% comb9ations ( ?+s already kn[n1 additional progress is c]ta94 ,v>iety ( ex]cise 9 ?is way is z attractive to *ildr5 z _m ( _! games4 ,if1 :5 su* ex]cises are giv51 ! rivalry involv$ 9 tak+ places 7 discont9u$1 & all extrane\s excitem5t avoid$1 ! play ( intellig5ce w\ld br+ an ample rew>d4 ,i plead = discont9uance ( rivalry 9 su* ex]cises1 because1 :ile x /imulates "s1 9 o!r cases x h9d]s & ev5 /ops ! action ( intellig5ce4 ,if any tea*] d\bts ?is1 he may subject a class to exp]im5t by wat*+ ! faces ( ! pupils1 & next by ask+ f ! *ild :o has be5 correct$ an explanation ( ! reason = ! correction4 ,hurry 9 su* ?+s is an injury1 & s is all comm+l+ ( antagoni/ic motives4 ,all fe> h9d]s intellectual action1 & ! fe> ( w\nd$ ambition (f]s no exception to ! rule4 ,! fe> ( be+ puni%$ is m s]i\sly detrim5tal ?an any o!r =m ( fe> :i* c be /irr$4 ,x is ess5tially antagoni/ic to ! action ( intellig5ce4 ,let m9d h free play4 ,,cald]wood4 ,,xviii ,,?9k+ ,,& ,,feel+ ,sid5ote3 ,bodily conditions4 ,9 all our ?9k+ x is v important to get a cle> & full vision ( ! ?+ to be kn[n4 ,?is is n always z easy z x seems4 ,l ,nelson 9 ! battle ( ,cop5hag51 we may consci\sly turn ! bl9d eye t[>ds :at we d n l & exclaim1 8,i d n see x40 ,! l5ses ?r\gh :i* we gaze may be gre51 or smok$1 or ill-adju/$1 & ?us )\t suspect+ x we may see ?+s 9 false colors or di/ort$ %apes4 ,our bodily condition may color ev]y?+ we see & ?9k4 ,9 heal? & high animal spirits e ?\ght is rose-color$4 ,9 p]iods ( disease & depression ev]y?+ we ?9k seems to pass1 8l a great bruise1 ?r\gh yell[1 gre51 blue1 purple1 to black4 ,a liv] compla9t causes ! univ]se to be %r\d$ 9 gray2 & ! g\t cov]s x ) inky pall1 & makes u ?9k our be/ fri5ds little bett] ?an fi5ds 9 disguise40 ,sid5ote3 ,prejudice4 ,"o ( ! greate/ h9d]ances to correct ?9k+ is prejudice4 ,h5ce all :o h presum$ to give advice on ! conduct ( ! und]/&+ h _h some?+ to say conc]n+ prejudice4 ,bacon has a *apt] on ! idols ( ! m9d1 & ,locke cont5ds t we %\ld nev] be 9 love ) any op9ion4 ,9 a *>m+ little volume on ! 8,art ( ,?9k+10 ,kn[lson has a *apt] 9 :i* he enum]ates & discusses ! prejudices aris+ f bir?1 nationality1 temp]am5t1 !ory1 & un9tellig5t cons]vatism4 ,! li/ might easily be enl>g$4 ,close analysis mu/ conv9ce any "o t feel+ /r5g!ns all =ms ( prejudice1 & !re are v few1 if any1 fields ( ?\ght 9 :i* x is n ess5tial = ! atta9m5t ( tru? to dive/ ourselves ( preconceiv$ notions & ! resultant feel+s1 & to weigh ! argum5ts on bo? sides ( a "q be=e rea*+ a conclusion4 ,sid5ote3 ,! wi%es ( ! he>t & ! conclusions ( ! intellect4 ,a /ud5t may take up geometry ) a feel+ ( prejudice = or aga9/ ! /udy1 bas$ ^u :at he has he>d f o!rs conc]n+ its difficulties or ! tea*] :o gives ! in/ruction2 b aft] he has ma/]$ ! demon/ration ( a !orem he does n lie awake at night wi%+ ! opposite 7 true4 ,9 ! realms ( ma!matics ! wi%es ( ! he>t are n 9 conflict ) ! conclusions ( ! intellect4 ,9 ! doma9 ( e?ical1 social1 hi/orical1 or religi\s tru? ! head (t5 says "o ?+ & ! he>t ano!r4 8,we see pla9ly en\gh :at we ought to ?9k or d1 b we feel an irresi/ible incl9ation to ?9k or d some?+ else40 ,9 mo/ ( ! in/ances 9 :i* ! /udy ( sci5ce has l$ to agno/icism ! wi% 0 fa!r to ! ?\ght4 ,:5 two m5 argue ! same "q1 weigh+ ! same argum5ts & rea*+ opposite conclusions1 z did ,/onewall ,jackson & 8 fa!r-9-law at ! outbreak ( ! ,civil ,w>1 ! incl9ations & wi%es ( ! he>t mu/ h influ5c$ _! ?9k+4 ,sid5ote3 ,feel+ an elem5t 9 all m5tal activity4 ,feel+ is an elem5t 9 all =ms ( m5tal activity4 ,! intellect nev] acts )\t /irr+ ! emotions4 ,! tea*] :o reprov$ a pupil = %[+ signs ( pleasure & delight ov] ! reason+ ( ,euclid1 say+1 8,euclid kn[s no emotion10 mu/ h be5 a novice 9 ! art ( introspection4 ,:o _c recall ! ?rill ( delight ) :i* he fir/ f9i%$ ! pro( ( ! ,py?agorean proposition8 ,ma!matics is consid]$ difficult2 ! emotions connect$ ) victory & ma/]y su/a9 ! /ud5t z he advances f conque/ to conque/4 ,! ef=t :i* "s ?9k]s make to r$uce ! ph5om5a ( ! univ]se to a few univ]sal pr9ciples is1 )\t d\bt1 su/a9$ & /imulat$ by a feel+ t !re mu/ be unity 9 ! mid/ ( ! mo/ manifold div]sity4 ,sid5ote3 ,desc>tes4 ,sci5ti/s & philosoph]s are prone to imag9e !mselves free f ! prejudices :i* w>p ! ?9k+ ( ! common m9d4 ,desc>tes />t$ to dive/ himself ( all preconceiv$ notions2 yet he c\ld n dive/ himself ( ! notion t he 0 imm5sely sup]ior to o!r m54 8,?is ,fr5* philosoph] reg>d$ himself z almo/ infallible1 & _h a scorn ( all 8 contempor>ies4 ,he prais$ ,h>vey1 b says he only le>n$ a s+le po9t f him2 ,galileo 0 only good 9 music1 & "h he attribut$ to him ! eld] ,galileo's "w2 ,pascal & ,campanella are pooh-pooh$4 ,"h is an in/ance ( h[ pride 9 "o's own "w may beget a *eap cynicism ) reg>d to ! "w ( o!rs2 & h[ z a feel+ x bl9ds ! m9d to excell5ces outside ^? we h agre$ to call our own40 ,( m5 9 g5]al ,jevons1 9 8 treatise on ! 8,physical ,sci5ces10#ea says1-- 8,x is difficult to f9d p]sons :o c ) p]fect fairness regi/] facts = & aga9/ _! own peculi> views4 ,among uncultivat$ obs]v]s1 ! t5d5cy to rem>k favorable & to =get unfavorable ev5ts is s great t no reliance c be plac$ ^u _! suppos$ obs]vations4 ,?us arises ! endur+ fallacy t ! *anges ( ! wea!r co9cide 9 "s way ) ! *anges ( ! moon1 al?\gh exact & imp>tial regi/]s give no c\nt5ance to ! fact4 ,! :ole race ( prophets & quacks live on ! ov]:elm+ effect ( "o success comp>$ ) hundr$s ( failures :i* are unm5tion$ or =gott54 ,z ,bacon says1 #8,m5 m>k :5 !y hit1 & nev] m>k :5 !y miss4' ,& we %\ld d well to be> 9 m9d ! anci5t /ory1 quot$ by ,bacon1 ( "o :o 9 ,pagan times 0 %[n a temple ) a picture ( all ! p]sons :o _h be5 sav$ f %ipwreck aft] pay+ _! v[s4 ,:5 ask$ :e!r he did n n[ ackn[l$ge ! p[] ( ! gods1 #8,ay1' he answ]$2 #8b :]e are !y pa9t$ t 7 dr[n$ aft] _! v[s8'0 ,sometimes ! feel+ t a giv5 way ( look+ at ?+s is und\bt$ly correct prev5ts ! m9d f ?9k+ at all4 ,a lady claim$ t %e _h be5 taught to accept ! /atem5ts ( ! ,bible 9 _! lit]al s5se1 & t 9 ?is belief %e 0 go+ to live & die4 ,%e 0 ask$ to read ! tw5ty-?ird ,psalm4 ,at ! end ( ! fir/ v]se %e 0 ask$ :e!r %e c\ld be any?+ else ?an a %eep if ! ,"l 0 lit]ally h] ,%eph]d4 ,:51 a little f>!r on1 %e 0 ask$ 9 :at gre5 pa/ures %e _h be5 ly+ d[n1 %e bur/ into te>s4 ,h] condition1 & t ( hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( o!rs1 is correctly giv5 9 ! op5+ pages ( ,j4 ,s4 ,mill's 8,subjection ( ,wom540#eb ,sid5ote3 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill on ! influ5ce ( feel+ ^u ?9k+4 8,s long z an op9ion is /rongly root$ 9 ! feel+s1 x ga9s r ?an loses 9 /ability by hav+ a prepond]at+ weight ( argum5t aga9/ x4 ,= if x 7 accept$ z ! result ( argum5t1 ! refutation ( ! argum5t might %ake ! solidity ( ! conviction2 b :5 x re/s solely on feel+1 ! worse x f>es 9 argum5tative conte/ ! m p]suad$ its adh]5ts are t _! feel+ mu/ h "s deep] gr\nd :i* ! argum5ts d n rea*2 & :ile ! feel+ rema9s1 x is always ?r[+ up fre% intr5*m5ts ( argum5t to fill any brea* made 9 ! old40 ,sid5ote3 ,reg>d = tru?4 ,:5 a man's op9ions are1 z he ?9ks1 gr\nd$ 9 fir/ pr9ciples1 x is b natural t he %\ld be unwill+ to ab&on !m )\t a /ruggle to intr5* himself beh9d impregnable argum5ts4 ,if he has rea*$ 8 conclusions z ! result ( long & c>eful inquiry1 he has a "r to hold on to !m ) m ?an ord9>y t5acity4 ,! same reg>d = tru? :i* l$ him to =m an op9ion %\ld1 h[ev]1 make him will+ to *ange :5ev] he f9ds himself 9 ! wrong4 ,he %\ld avoid ! frame ( m9d ( ! ,scot* lady :o1 :5 x 0 *>g$ t %e 0 n op5 to conviction1 exclaim$1 8,n op5 to conviction6 ,i scorn ! imputation4 ,b10 add$ %e1 aft] a mom5t's pause1 8%[ me ! man :o c conv9ce me40 ,! secret ( ?is t5acity ( op9ion is n love ( tru?1 b love ( self1--9 "o ^w1 pride4 ,sid5ote3 ,emotions are helpful4 ,sid5ote3 ,dr4 ,brumbaugh on ! emotions4 ,9 view ( ! h9d]ances :i* c]ta9 k9ds or degrees ( feel+ ?r[ into ! way ( ?9k+1 x might be inf]r$ t ! ?9k] mu/ suppress ! elem5t ( feel+ 9 8 inn] life4 ,no great] mi/ake c\ld be made4 ,if ! ,creator end[$ man ) ! p[] to ?9k1 to feel1 & to w1 ^! sev]al activities ( ! m9d are n design$ to be 9 conflict1 & s long z any "o ( !m is n p]v]t$ or all[$ to run to excess1 x necess>ily aids & /r5g!ns ! o!rs 9 _! normal functions4 ,:il/ x is a duty to ov]come prejudice1 fe>1 emb>rassm5t1 anxiety1 & o!r emotions or degrees ( emotion :i* int]f]e ) our ability to ?9k correctly1 especially :5 face to face ) an audi5ce or ) our pe]s & sup]iors1 x is equally a duty to cultivate ! emotions :i* /imulate ?9k+ & /r5g!n ! w4 ,)\t ! ability to feel /rongly1 x is impossible to /ir ! he>ts ( an audi5ce4 ,a /rong "* is impossible )\t /rong emotion4 ,jesus c\ld weep & d5\nce4 ,he %[$ ! /ronge/ emotion 9 8 public disc\rses & at all ! great turn+-po9ts ( 8 life4 ,! m5 & wom5 :o h done mo/ = ! race %[$ ! elem5t ( /rong feel+ 9 _! ?9k+ & 9 _! ef=ts at philan?ropy & re=m4 ,x is ! feel+ ( patriotism t su/a9s ! soldi] on ! field ( battle & ! /atesman 9 ! mid/ ( public criticism & p]sonal abuse4 ,accord+ to ,plato1 ! feel+ ) :i* education beg9s is wond]4 8,! elem5t>y s*ool10 says ,dr4 ,brumbaugh1 8does its be/ "w :5 x creates a desire to le>n1 n :5 x satisfies ! le>n]40 ,tea*]s ev]y:]e are beg9n+ to see t x is ! mission ( ! elem5t>y s*ool to beget a desire = k t w c>ry ! pupil onw>d & upw>d1 & n to make him feel satisfi$ ) a m]e k ( ! rudim5ts1 s t he w leave ! s*ool at ! fir/ opportunity to e>n a p5ny4 ,dr4 ,brumbaugh fur!r says1-- 8,we mu/ recognize ! emotional life z ! basis ( appeal = all high act+ & high ?9k+4 ,we c nev] make m5 by ignor+ an ess5tial elem5t 9 manl9ess4 ,to live well1 we mu/ "k cle>ly1 feel ke5ly1 & act nobly2 &1 inde$1 we %all h noble action only z we h gladsome action1--action inspir$ ( feel+1 n ( ?\ght4 ,! *ur* made m5 ( great p[] because x made m5 ( great feel+40 ,sid5ote3 ,play+ ^u ! feel+s4 ,! close connection betwe5 ?9k+ & feel+ _c be ignor$ )\t s]i\s detrim5t to ! intellectual developm5t ( ! pupil4 ,"s tea*]s play ^u ! feel+s 9 ways t prev5t accurate & effective ?9k+4 ,! tones ( voice 9 :i* !y speak1 _! mann] ( putt+ que/ions & adm9i/]+ discipl9e1 _! lack ( self-control1 & _! frantic ef=ts to get & keep ord] cause ! pupils to feel ill at ease & de/roy ! calmness ( s\l1 :i* is ! fir/ condition ( logical ?9k+4 ,! skilful tea*] calls into play feel+s l joy1 hope1 patriotism1 t /imulate & invigorate ! :ole intellectual life2 he is extremely c>eful n to /ir emotions l fe>1 ang]1 & hate1 :i* h9d] cle> & vigor\s ?9k+4 ,sid5ote3 ,responsibility = failure at exam9ations4 ,feel+ plays an important "p 9 ! exam9ations by sup]9t5d5ts = ! promotion ( pupils1 or by ,/ate bo>ds ^: function x is to lic5se p]sons to tea* or prea*1 to practise law1 m$ic9e1 or d5ti/ry1 or to te/ ! fitness ( applicants = "s bran* ( civil or milit>y s]vice4 ,exam9]s are (t5 responsible = ! failure ( ^? :om !y exam9e4 ,if ! fir/ que/ions ar\se ! fe> ( failure1 caus+ ! m9d to picture ! disappo9tm5t & displeasure ( p>5ts & tea*]s & fri5ds1 & ! o!r evils :i* result f a loss ( class /&+1 ! result+ emotions h9d] effective ?9k+ & ?us prev5t ! pupil f do+ ju/ice to himself & 8 tea*]s4 ,! exp]t seeks to lift ^? :om he exam9es above all feel+s ( emb>rassm5t4 ,) a fri5dly smile1 a k9d ^w1 & a few easy que/ions he puts ! m9d at ease1 dissipates ! dread ( failure1 & gets results :i* are an agreeable surprise to all conc]n$4 ,if he _c o!rwise make ^? be=e him "w to ! be/ advantage1 he w ev5 sacrifice 8 dignity by ! use ( a good-natur$ joke :i* turns ! laugh ^u himself or ^u "s o!r memb] ( ! bo>d ( exam9]s4 ,jokes at ! exp5se ( any "o ( ^? exam9$ are a species ( cruelty :i* _c be too sev]ely condemn$1 to say no?+ ( ! effect ^u ! results ( ! exam9ation4 ,sid5ote3 ,speculative ?9k+4 ,sid5ote3 ,d>w9's exp]i5ce4 ,)9 c]ta9 limits ?9k+ begets feel+1 & feel+ /imulates ?9k+4 ,beyond ^! limits ea* int]f]es ) ! o!r4 ,:5 feel+ rises to ! height ( passion x becl\ds ! judgm5t & prev5ts reflection4 ,c]ta9 k9ds ( speculative ?9k+ leave ! he>t cold & ultimately de/roy ! bett] emotions & ! w>m] affections4 8,x is t]rible10 said ! daught] ( a volum9\s writ] on !ology1 8:5 a man feels a p]petual impulse to write4 ,x makes him a /rang] 9 8 own h\se1 & deprives wife & *ildr5 ( _! husb& & fa!r40 ,ab/ract ?9k+ may be indulg$ 9 to ! exclusion ( ! ta/es & emotions :i* help to make life wor? liv+4 ,! (t-quot$ exp]i5ce ( ,d>w9 is a case 9 po9t4 ,9 8 autobiography he gives 8 exp]i5ce1 %[+ ! effect ( 8 exclusive devotion to sci5tific pursuits ^u 8 ability to enjoy poetry1 music1 & pictures4 8,up to ! age ( ?irty & beyond x poetry ( _m k9ds gave me great pleasure1 & ev5 z a s*ool-boy ,i took int5se delight 9 ,%akespe>e1 especially 9 ! hi/orical plays4 ,i h also said t pictures =m]ly gave me consid]able & music v great delight4 ,b n[ = _m ye>s ,i _c endure to read a l9e ( poetry4 ,i h tri$ lately to read ,%akespe>e1 & f\nd x s intol]ably dull t x nauseat$ me4 ,i h also almo/ lo/ my ta/e = pictures or music4 ,music g5]ally sets me ?9k+ too en]getically on :at ,i h be5 at "w on1 in/ead ( giv+ me pleasure4444 ,my m9d seems to h become a k9d ( ma*9e = gr9d+ g5]al laws out ( l>ge collections ( facts2 b :y ?is %\ld h caus$ ! atrophy ( t "p ( ! bra9 alone1 on :i* ! high] ta/es dep5d1 ,i _c conceive4444 ,if ,i _h to live my life aga91 ,i w\ld h made a rule to read "s poetry & li/5 to "s music at lea/ once a week2 = p]haps ! p>ts ( my bra9 n[ atrophi$ w\ld ?us h be5 kept alive ?r\gh use4 ,! loss ( ^! ta/es is a loss ( happ9ess1 & may possibly be injuri\s to ! intellect1 & m probably to ! moral "* by enfeebl+ ! emotional "p ( our nature40#ec ,sid5ote3 ,! sight ( an audi5ce4 ,e tea*] has bo? felt & witness$ ! effect ( emb>rassm5t ^u ability to ?9k4 ,to face an audi5ce ( a ?\s& p 0 emb>rass+ to "s excell5t ?9k]s l ,melan*?on & ,wa%+ton4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! sight ( a multitude ( li/5+1 upturn$ faces /imulates natures & temp]am5ts l t ( ,m>t9 ,lu!r & ,patrick ,h5ry1 caus+ !m to ?9k m vigor\sly & to feel m deeply4 ,sid5ote3 ,great ?\ghts4 ,great ?\ghts spr+ f ! he>t4 ,?is is c]ta9ly true ( ?\ghts :i* h lift$ m5 to high] planes ( ef=t4 ,& x is true ( ! be/ ?\ghts & volitions :i* a pupil puts =?4 ,! desire = k may develop into ! love ( tru?4 ,! /ud5t is half made z soon z he seeks k = its own sake & values ! possession ( tru? above all o!r worldly possessions4 ,sid5ote3 ,int]e/4 ,! ,h]b>tians des]ve praise = ! att5tion !y h giv5 ! doctr9e ( int]e/4 ,! old] text-books on psy*ology seldom ref] to int]e/ z an important elem5t 9 ! education ( ! *ild4 ,! greate/ boon :i* c come to a *ild is happ9ess1 & ?is 0 impossible 9 ! days :5 fe> ( ! rod held sway 9 ! s*ool-room4 ,!n *ildr5 look$ =w>d to ! s*ool ) feel+s ( dread2 !y w5t ) fe> & trembl+4 ,f ! day t ! *ildr5 became int]e/$ 9 _! lessons ! rod 0 no long] requir$4 ,in/ead ( cry+ because !y mu/ g to s*ool1 !y n[ cry because !y _c g4 ,?r\gh int]e/ ! s*ool becomes ! place to :i* *ildr5 be/ l to g4 ,sid5ote3 ,int]e/ 9 a clock4 ,a boy :o 0 pron\nc$ incorrigible1 & :o _h be5 transf]r$ f s*ool to s*ool because he c\ld n get along ) 8 tea*]s1 at la/ met a tea*] :o discov]$ t he c\ld take ap>t & put toge!r wat*es & clocks4 ,%e all[$ him to fix h] clock1 & ?us won 8 he>t4 ,%e ask$ him to expla9 to ! s*ool ! me*anism ( in/rum5ts = keep+ "t4 ,8 int]e/ 9 clocks %e connect$ ) ! numb]s twelve & sixty1 !n ) ! "t-table1 ) d5om9ate numb]s1 & f9ally ) ! :ole subject ( ari?metic4 ,int]e/ 9 ! ex]cises ( ! s*ool conv]t$ ! incorrigible boy into an ob$i5t & /udi\s pupil4#ed ,!re is no m important elem5t ( emotion = tea*]s to cultivate ?an t :i* ent]s into ! feel+ ( int]e/4 ,int]e/ su/a9s ! p[] ( ?\ght1 dim9i%es ! ne$ ( ef=t 9 ! direction ( volunt>y att5tion1 & lies at ! basis ( all successful tea*+1 book-mak+1 & public speak+4 ,! tea*]1 ! writ]1 ! speak] :o we>ies u has lo/ 8 p[] ov] u4 ,! lesson1 ! book1 ! s]mon t int]e/s u has f\nd an entrance to our m9ds2 ! great] ! int]e/ ! m pot5t & pr(\nd ! influ5ce ^u ! inn] life4 ,sid5ote3 ,int]e/ conditions ability to ?9k4 ,! mom5t a tea*] beg9s to lose int]e/ 9 a subject1 t mom5t he beg9s to lose 8 ability to tea* t subject4 ,f ?is po9t ( view ! rec5t graduate has a manife/ advantage ov] ! old p$agogue ^: int]e/ 9 ! subjects ( in/ruction has be5 dull$ by frequ5t repetition4 ,! latt] c keep himself f rea*+ ! dead-l9e by keep+ up 8 /udies 9 ! alli$ dep>tm5ts ( k1 & by wat*+ ! gr[? ( m9d & he>t 9 8 pupils1--a gr[? t always reveals some?+ new & int]e/+ by reason ( ! b\ndless possibilities t slumb] 9 e human be+4 ,! int]e/ 9 ! gr[+ m9d is spontane\sly transf]r$ to ! bran*es ( k :i* /imulate t gr[?1 &1 9 ways t no "o c expla91 ! int]e/ :i* ! tea*] feels is communicat$ to ! pupils ^: m9ds are prep>$ to grasp 8 in/ruction4 ,sid5ote3 ,fiction4 ,by f> ! l>g] proportion ( books tak5 f our free libr>ies are books ( fiction1--books :i* appeal to our emotional life4 ,x %[s t ev5 ^? :o are habitual read]s c be be/ rea*$ ?r\gh ! emotions4 ,( c\rse1 ! act ( read+ proves t _! feel+s are rea*$ ?r\gh ! intellect2 yet x _c be d5i$ t emotion is ! elem5t ( _! inn] life :i* su/a9s ! int]e/ 9 ! novel4 ,appeals to ! intellect :i* d n t\* ! he>t fail to rea* ! deepe/ dep?s ( our be+1 & h5ce fail to /imulate 9 o!rs ! productive p[]s ( ! s\l4 ,only ?\ghts :i* come f ! he>t c rea* ! he>t4 ,?is is true ( ! *ild & ! adult1 ( ! read] & ! li/5]1 ( ! sci5ti/ & ! man ( affairs1 ( ! au?or & ! editor1 ( ! orator & ! philosoph]1 ( ! tea*]1 &1 9 %ort1 ( all ^: duty x is to /imulate ! ?9k+ & to influ5ce ! conduct ( _! fell[-m54 ,,xix ,,?9k+ ,,& ,,will+ ,/rong reasons make /rong actions4 ,,%akespe>e4 ,bad ?\ghts quickly rip5 into bad actions4 ,,bi%op ,,port5s4 ,! man ( ?\ght /rikes deepe/1 & /rikes safely4 ,,savage4 ,reason is ! director ( man's w1 discov]+ 9 action :at is good2 = ! laws ( well-do+ are ! dictates ( "r reason4 ,,hook]4 ,,xix ,,?9k+ ,,& ,,will+ ,mu* ?9k+ is spontane\s1 9 ! s5se t !re is no consci\s ef=t ( ! w to direct & control ! activity ( ! m9d4 ,"u normal conditions ! /ream ( ?\ght fl[s onw>d1 l ! curr5t ( wat] 9 ! b$ ( a riv]4 ,:5 ! onw>d movem5t is int]rupt$1 an act ( volition may be ne$$ to br+ ! m9d back to ! regul> *annel4 ,!re are =ms ( intellectual activity call$ dream+1 rev]ie1 & m$itation1 9 :i* ! ideas foll[ ea* o!r )\t any ef=t to regulate !m4 ,(t5 !y are fanciful1 incoh]5t1 & illogical2 !y are sugge/$ by pass+ objects1 by musical s\nds1 p]haps by ! /imulat+ influ5ce ( a drug or n>cotic4 ,few c />t a tra9 ( ?\ght1 w9d+ up _! m9ds z !y w\ld a clock1 & !n lett+ x run d[n until ! disc\rse1 lecture1 or newspap] article is complete1 no consci\s ef=t ( ! w be+ requir$ to keep ! m9d f w&]+4 ,?is may be p>tly a gift ( nature1 b mo/ly x is ! result ( discipl9e4 ,sid5ote3 ,discipl9e4 ,sid5ote3 ,m5tal discipl9e4 ,:at is discipl9e8 ,we speak ( m5tal discipl9e1 ( milit>y discipl9e1 ( family discipl9e4 ,:at is ! elem5t :i* all ^! h 9 common8 ,an army is "u discipl9e :5 e soldi] & e (fic] is subject to ! w ( 8 sup]ior1 s t ! entire body ( m5 c be mov$ aga9/ ! foe at ! w ( ! comm&+ g5]al4 ,a family is "u discipl9e :5 ! entire h\sehold is "u ! control ( ! head ( ! h\se4 ,! s*ool is "u discipl9e :5 all ! pupils are subject to ! w ( ! tea*]1 & to ! rules :i* he has laid d[n = ! regulation ( conduct4 ,! m9d is "u discipl9e :5 its p[]s are "u ! control ( ! w1 & its activities are 9 accord ) ! laws ( ?\ght4 ,x is important to asc]ta9 ! laws ( ?\ght :i* und]lie correct ?9k+4 ,^! are develop$ & discuss$ 9 treatises on logic1--a sci5ce t %\ld be ma/]$ n only by ^? :o mu/ meet o!rs 9 ! field ( argum5t & controv]sy1 b by all :o seek to regulate ! ?9k+ ( _! own m9ds1 or to aid o!rs 9 ! =mation ( correct habits ( ?\ght4 ,sid5ote3 ,habit4 ,=tunately1 ! law ( habit "h comes into play to light5 ! consci\s ef=t ( ! w4 ,:5 ! intellect1 ?r\gh ! guidance ( a consci\s w1 has act$ accord+ to ! =ms ( ?\ght 9 :i* ! logician c f9d no fallacies1 x t5ds to act aga9 9 t way1 & ! next "t a less exp5diture ( consci\s ef=t is requir$4 ,! ?9k+ ( ! tea*]1 if correct & logical1 t5ds to beget correct & logical habits ( ?\ght on ! "p ( ! pupil4 ,x is a piece ( good =tune to fall "u ! dom9at+ influ5ce ( a t[]+ intellect4 ,= a "t ! gr[+ m9d t is engag$ 9 ?9k+ ! ?\ghts1 & ma/]+ ! speculations1 ! reflections1 ! reason+s1 ( a ma/] :o is su* n m]ely 9 "n1 b also 9 fact1 may be 9 a subjection v l unto intellectual slav]y4 ,soon] or lat] ! day ( emancipation arrives2 & ^? :o 7 n "u ! invigorat+ tuition ( su* an intellectual giant are surpris$ at ! ?\ght-p[] develop$ by ! y\? ^: equal !y hi!rto fanci$ !mselves to be4 ,sid5ote3 ,volitional control4 ,^? :o expect to sp5d _! days 9 tea*+1 lectur+1 prea*+1 plead+1 or writ+ h great reason to /rive aft] ! discipl9e :i* results 9 plac+ all ! p[]s ( m9d & he>t "u ! control ( ! w4 ,! feel+s :i* int]f]e ) reflection %\ld be repress$ & expell$ by /r5u\s ef=t4 ,! emotions :i* /imulate ?9k+ %\ld be *]i%$ & fo/]$4 ,! inn] nexus1 :i* b9ds ideas 9 logical tra9s ( ?\ght1 %\ld be foll[$ until ! habit becomes second nature4 ,?9k+ :i* goes =w>d accord+ to "s e/abli%$ habit requires less ef=t ?an intellectual "w t is accompani$ ) mu* volitional ef=t4 ,?is fact s]ves z a valuable indication to m5 :o mu/ d intellectual "w = ! press or ! pulpit or ! lecture-room4 ,p]haps no "o is bett] qualifi$ to speak on ?is po9t ?an ,dr4 ,c>p5t]1 :o /udi$ m5tal action f ! physiological po9t ( view1 & ^: publications %[ ! quality1 z well z ! quantity1 ( 8 intellectual labor4 ,he says1-- ,sid5ote3 ,dr4 ,c>p5t]4 8,to individuals ( ord9>y m5tal activity :o h be5 tra9$ 9 ! habit ( me?odical & connect$ ?9k+1 a v consid]able am\nt ( "w is q natural2 & :5 su* p]sons are 9 good bodily heal?1 & ! subject ( _! labor is cong5ial to !m1--especially if x be "o t has be5 *os5 by !mselves1 z furni%+ a c5tre ( attraction ar\nd :i* _! ?\ghts spontane\sly t5d to range !mselves1--_! intellectual op]ations require b little ( ! controll+ or direct+ p[] ( ! w1 & may be cont9u$ = long p]iods toge!r )\t fatigue4 ,b f ! mom5t :5 an indisposition is exp]i5c$ to keep ! att5tion fix$ ^u ! subject1 & ! ?\ghts w&] f x unless co]c$ by ! w1 ! m5tal activity loses its spontane\s or automatic "*2 & 7z 9 ! act ( walk+7 m ef=t is requir$ to ma9ta9 x volitionally dur+ a brief p]iod1 & m fatigue is subsequ5tly exp]i5c$ f su* ex]tion ?an w\ld be involv$ 9 ! cont9uance ( an automatic op]ation ?r\gh a p]iod _m times z long4 ,h5ce he has f\nd x practically ! greate/ economy ( m5tal labor to "w vigor\sly :5 he feels dispos$ to d s1 & to refra9 f ex]tion1 s f> z possible1 :5 x is felt to be an ex]tion4 ,( c\rse1 ?is rule is by no means univ]sally applicable2 = !re are _m individuals :o w\ld pass _! :ole "t 9 li/less inactivity if n actually spurr$ on by ! feel+ ( necessity4 ,b x holds good = ^? :o are suffici5tly attract$ by objects ( int]e/ be=e !m1 or :o h 9 _! worldly position a suffici5tly /rong motive to ex]tion to make !m feel t !y mu/ "w2 ! "q ) !m be+1 h[ !y c atta9 _! desir$ results ) ! lea/ exp5diture ( m5tal ef=t40#ee ,sid5ote3 ,jokes4 ,!re is a dang] to :i* public speak]s are expos$1 aga9/ :i* ! ef=ts ( a resolute w are n too pot5t4 ,to capture a cr[d t is m easily mov$ by jokes ?an by argum5t1 ! speak] resorts to sallies ( wit & humor & turns ! laugh ^u an oppon5t4 ,! temptation to cultivate "o's gifts 9 ?is direction is v /rong1 & :5 yield$ to1 x de/roys ! p[]s ( logical reflection & consecutive ?\ght4 ,wit is illogical1 because x introduces into ! curr5t ( ?\ght :at is =eign to ! subject 9 h&1 ! incongruity giv+ rise to ! laught]4 ,wit & humor s]ve a useful purpose 9 act+ z a safety-valve to let (f ! discont5t :i* accumulates 9 ! human brea/1 & may be us$ = t purpose ) great effect4 ,b !y %\ld nev] be all[$ to div]t ! /ream ( ?\ght f its logical *annel4 ,! reputation = wit & humor may dispose p to laugh at ev]y?+ a man says4 ,x de/roys _! respect = 8 judgm5t & impairs 8 p[] to foll[ a l9e ( ?\ght to its legitimate conclusion4 ,! ability to discuss a !me 9 all its be>+s & details implies ! p[] to inve/igate a subject 9 its ess5ce & relations1 to resolve an idea into its elem5ts1 & to pres5t ^! 9 ! =m mo/ easily und]/ood1--an object :i* is z f> f ! purposes ( ! funny man z ! poles are f ! equator4 ,sid5ote3 ,=ms ( ?\ght-expression4 ,sid5ote3 ,?9k+ 9 action4 ,all ?9k+ t5ds t[>ds ! expression ( ?\ght4 8,e expression ( ?\ght10 says ,tracy1 8:e!r x be ^w1 or m>k1 or ge/ure1 is ! result ( an active w1 & z su* may be class$ among ! movem5ts40 ,^w1 m>k1 & ge/ure d n exhau/ ! li/ ( movem5ts by :i* ! m9d expresses ?\ght4 ,e h&icraft is a =m ( express+ ?\ght q z important z writ+ & speak+ & ge/iculat+4 ,! f9e arts & ! useful arts are s _m ways ?r\gh :i* ! w passes into ?9k+ & issues 9 ! expression ( ?\ght4 ,movem5ts = re=m are ! int5se expressions ( great ?\ghts :i* h _! orig9 9 ! he>t4 ,! m5 :o sp5d _! lives 9 ! atmosph]e ( colleges & univ]sities are apt to be satisfi$ if !y h express$ _! ?\ghts 9 a lecture or on ! pr9t$ page4 ,!y live 9 books1 & _! ?9k+ t]m9ates 9 books4 ,! ?9k+ :i* issues 9 gett+ ?+s done1 9 de$s1 actions1 a*ievem5ts1 is und]valu$ & too (t5 ignor$4 ,univ]sity m5 are wak+ up to ?is defect 9 _! ?9k+4 ,!y are ?r[+ !mselves into movem5ts = re=m & giv+ ! _w spl5did examples ( ! translation ( ?\ght into vigor\s action4 ,! ef=t to c>ry !ory into practice reacts p[]fully ^u ! m9d1 =ces ! individual to see ?+s z !y are1 & saves him f ! habit ( look+ only = ?+s :i* ! s*ools h taught him to expect4 ,:5 ?9k+ issues 9 do+1 ! process promotes intellectual hone/y4 ,?is rem>k is especially applicable to ex]cises 9 :i* ! h& makes 9 wood1 metal1 m>ble1 or clay :at ! m9d has conceiv$4 ,! execution _c be accurate unless ! ?9k+ has be5 accurate & satisfactory4 ,draw+ is a univ]sal language4 ,x imposes ^u ! m9d a degree ( accuracy :i* is want+ 9 ! fleet+ spok5 ^w or ev5 9 ! m p]man5t pr9t$ or writt5 s5t5ces4 ,sid5ote3 ,?9k+ 9 bus9ess4 ,! movem5ts 9 manual tra9+ are an excell5t prep>ation = ! movem5ts 9 ! h&icrafts & ! daily occupations by :i* m5 ga9 ! necess>ies & ! com=ts ( life4 ,t5 ?\s& m5 are active 9 supply+ our breakfa/-table1 & _m ?\s& m 9 provid+ clo?+1 %elt]1 light1 heat1 & ! manifold necessities & luxuries ( mod]n society4 ,all ^! involve ?9k+ q z useful1 z logical1 & z effective z ! ?9k+ :i* ends 9 talk or pr9t]'s ink4 ,! relation ( ?9k+ to do+ & ! reflex influ5ce :i* ! latt] ex]ts ^u ! =m] is se5 9 ! solution ( problems & 9 all ex]cises involv+ ! application ( k4 ,manual tra9+ is really & prim>ily a tra9+ 9 ?9k+1 b x is ! k9d ( ?9k+ mo/ closely relat$ to ?9k+ 9 ?+s1 & its value 9 education is s great t x has l$ to ! =mulation ( ! maxim1 ,we le>n to d by do+1--a maxim :i* des]ves sep>ate consid]ation1 because1 z usually appli$1 x is tak5 to mean t do+ by ! h& necess>ily & inevitably leads to ?9k+ & kn[+4 ,sid5ote3 ,gr[? ( ! w4 ,ano!r aspect ( ! relation ( ?9k+ to will+ claims our att5tion4 ,?9k+ is an important elem5t 9 ! gr[? ( ! w4 ,! education ( ! w is com+ to be recogniz$ z a matt] ( supreme importance4 ,! developm5t ( "* is ev]y:]e emphasiz$4 ,no tea*] 9 ^! days reg>ds intellectual tra9+ z ! sole or *ief aim ( ! s*ool4 ,! philosoph] is no long] reg>d$ z ! highe/ type ( humanity4 ,! age dem&s t ?\ght %all pass into volition1 & t volition %all manife/ itself 9 action4 ,! executive is n satisfi$ ) ! inve/igation ( a subject 9 its ess5ce & relations1 ) ! elaboration ( ?\ght into a sy/em2 he mu/ get ?+s done4 ,m]e ?9k+ he despises4 ,! philosoph] he reg>ds z a man tr\bl$ ) ideas1 ! poet z a man tr\bl$ ) fancies & rhymes2 he hates m5 :o let _! m9ds 8g a/ray into regions n peopl$ ) real ?+s1 animate or inanimate1 ev5 idealiz$1 b ) p]sonifi$ %ad[s creat$ by ! illusions ( metaphysics or by ! m]e entanglem5t ( words1 & ?9k ^! %ad[s ! prop] objects ( ! highe/1 ! mo/ transc5d5tal philosophy40 ,& ! sympa?ies ( ! multitudes are on ! side ( ! executive 9 8 exaltation ( ! w z ! *ief elem5t ( utility & success4 ,! acts ( ! w %\ld be guid$ by intellig5ce4 ,! w is weak & vacillat+ if ! ends to be accompli%$ are n cle>ly conceiv$1 if ! purposes to be accompli%$ are n def9itely ?\ght out4 ,?9k+ is ! guide to will+4 ,?\ght gives direction to volition4 ,sid5ote3 ,self-gratification4 ,sid5ote3 ,self-d5ial4 ,sid5ote3 ,! "r4 ,!re are successive /ages 9 ! gr[? ( ! w z cle>ly def9$ z ! activities ( memory & imag9ation4 ,9 ! fir/ or l[e/ /age ! aim is "s =m ( happ9ess4 ,9 ! second /age ! w acts "u ! influ5ce ( "s e?ical idea1 commonly f9d+ expression 9 a maxim l ! comm&1 ,?\ %alt n /eal1 or 9 "s fix$ occupation l a trade or f>m "w4 ,9 ! ?ird ! w acts "u ! inspiration ( ! good or its opposite1 & f motives gr\nd$ 9 "r or wrong4 ,9 all ^! /ages ( gr[? ?9k+ is a mo/ important factor4 ,let u g into details = purposes ( illu/ration4 ,! human w 9 its process ( developm5t />ts on a physical r ?an a spiritual basis4 ,on ! "o h& a want is felt & on ! o!r an impulse t[>ds ! satisfaction ( t want4 ,9 c\rse ( "t ?is impulse or appet5ce assumes ! =m ( intellig5t or consci\s purpose look+ t[>ds ! gratification ( felt wants1 & !n ! w beg9s to %[ itself 9 ! =m ( cle>1 def9ite volitions & actions4 ,! /r5g? ( ! w dep5ds l>gely ^u ^! impulses or appet5ces2 & _! /r5g? 9 turn dep5ds ^u ! heal?1 ! temp]am5t1 ! organization 7physical & psy*ical7 ( ! individual4 ,if by c>eful diet1 ex]cise1 or o!rwise1 we invigorate ^!1 we !reby furni% capital t w 9 aft] ye>s be> comp\nd int]e/ 9 ! =m ( /rong w-p[]4 ,if ! diet1 ex]cise1 play1 sleep1 & "w are n prop]ly regulat$1 fir/ by ! p>5t1 ! nurse1 & ! tea*]1 & lat] by ! individual himself1 ! appet5ces develop into appetites t enslave ! w & s]i\sly int]f]e ) its fur!r gr[?4 ,z ! p[] to ?9k is develop$1 ! w passes ov] into a high] /age ( activity4 ,! v long+ = happ9ess leads ! *ild to impose re/rictions ^u itself4 ,x feels happy if x c secure ! approbation ( ^? ) :om x associates4 ,if we %[ our displeasure at some?+ x has done1 ! little philosoph] beg9s to practise self-d5ial 9 c]ta9 directions = ! purpose ( rega9+ & reta9+ our good w4 ,! second /age is n[ rea*$ 9 :i* self-gratification gives place to self-d5ial1 ! w act+ "u ! influ5ce ( "o or m e?ical ideas4 ,! *ild at s*ool is lift$ ^u ?is l(ti] plane by ! circum/ances :i* surr\nd him2 x mu/ practise ! s*ool virtues1--punctuality1 indu/ry1 ob$i5ce1 & ! l2 x accepts c]ta9 =ms ( self-re/ra9t 9 keep+ quiet1 9 ab/a9+ f play1 9 obs]v+ ! rules ( ! s*ool4 ,:]e ! discipl9e is rigid & ! in/ruction lacks int]e/1 x may ev5 conceive ( ! s*ool z a m]e place ( self-d5ial & self-re/ra9t4 8,:y d y come "h80 ask$ a director4 ,! little boy repli$1 8,we come "h to sit & wait = s*ool to let out40 ,! h\rs at s*ool c be sweet5$ by ex]cises 9 ?9k+ & express+ ?\ght to su* an ext5t t ! s*ool becomes ! place to :i* *ildr5 be/ l to g4 ,"s full-gr[n m5 h n advanc$ v f> beyond ?is second /age 9 ! gr[? ( ! w4 ,!y foll[ "s regul> occupation z ! boy does 9 go+ to s*ool2 !y practise c]ta9 =ms ( virtue1--say hone/y1 s t y c\ld intru/ to !m y\r pocket-book ) p]fect safety1--b !y break ! ,sabba?1 use ,god's "n 9 va91 & commit daily _m o!r s9s & transgressions4 ,occasionally "o f9ds a s*ool 9 :i* no pupil w\ld d>e to be caught tell+ a lie1 & yet ! moral tone is l[1 !re be+ vices :i*1 l a cank]worm1 eat out ! moral life ( ! s*ool4 ,! tea*] %\ld n feel satisfi$ until he has rais$ ! pupil to ! ?ird /age1 :]e ! w is br\ght "u ! inspiration ( ! good1 & "r becomes ! law ( life4 ,^u ?is highe/ plane diff]5t phases ( developm5t c be detect$4 ,! law ( "r may br&i% ! av5g+ rod ( consci5ce & drive ! individual into pa?s ( rectitude4 ,! idea ( duty ?us op]at+ alone may r$uce him to ! subs]vi5ce ( a slave & prev5t him f rea*+ ! high /ature ( p]fect human fre$om4 ,?is k9d ( slav]y is apt to be foll[$ by a /ruggle 9 :i* ! l[] nature seeks to ass]t itself aga9/ ! high]1 & if ! latt] conqu]s1 ! p]son is apt to be elat$ ) ! feel+ ( victory4 ,:5ev] y he> a man boa/ ( ! sacrifices he has made 9 8 devotion to duty1 y c re/ assur$ he has n yet rea*$ t l(ty elevation 9 w-culture ^u :i* ! p]son does "r spontane\sly & )\t ef=t1 & nev] dreams ( hav+ made a sacrifice 9 ! p]=mance ( ! h>de/ duties4 ,sid5ote3 ,evil4 ,( c\rse1 ! developm5t f ! fir/ /age may move 9 ! opposite direction4 ,if ! appet5ces are gratifi$ beyond ! requirem5ts ( self-pres]vation1 or ( ! well-be+ ( ! *ild1 !y gr[ into uncontrollable desires & passions2 ! individual s9ks deep] & deep] into selfi%ness4 ,he may d5y himself = ! sake ( "s ambition1 or vice1 or wick$ end :i* ! s\l *]i%es2 !n1 unless lift$ up by ! grace ( ,god1 he w ultimately l& 9 a /ate bord]+ on t ( ,mephi/opheles 9 ,goe!'s ,fau/1 a "* :o f\nd pleasure 9 human suff]+1 & ^: w 0 con/antly "u ! direction & inspiration ( ! pr9ciple ( evil4 ,he w at la/ become l ,milton's ,satan1 :o exclaim$1 8,evil1 be ?\ my good40 ,college boys :o delight 9 haz+ innoc5t fre%m5 h gone f> t[>ds ?is loa?some /age ( moral degradation1 ! l[e/ :i* ! w c rea* 9 its d[nw>d c>e]4 ,sid5ote3 ,?\ght & volition4 ,n[1 x is easy to see ! relation ( ?9k+ to ^! sev]al /ages ( w-developm5t4 ,volition presupposes some?+ to be done1 an end to be s\ght & accompli%$4 ,if ! w is to act /eadily 9 ! endeavor to realize ?is end1 ! end mu/ be cle>ly ?\ght & held be=e ! s\l 9 def9ite =m4 ,to d ! "r implies t ! "r be kn[n z ! result ( "r ?9k+4 ,a s\l ignorant ( "r _c be expect$ to practise ! virtues :i* are gr\nd$ 9 ! law ( "r4 ,on ! o!r h&1 _m =ms ( evil are nev] conceiv$ by "y p unless sugge/$ to !m by _! sup]iors4 ,volition issues 9 do+1 & do+ is a p[]ful /imulus to ?9k+4 ,mak+ ?+s out ( wood1 metal1 m>ble1 wax1 papi]-ma*1 or ev5 out ( pap] is g5u9e ?9k+ 9 ?+s4 ,x is a species ( do+ :i* fl[s f ?9k+ ?r\gh will+ & reacts ^u ! process ( ?9k+4 ,to see h[ a ?+ is made is bett] ?an to be told h[1 b to make x by our own ef=t1 skill1 & ?\ght is va/ly m educative ?an see+ & he>+4 ,manual tra9+ t5ds to make ! pupil intellectually hone/4 ,he _c get away f a ?\ght express$ 9 wood or o!r mat]ial z he c f a ?\ght express$ 9 language :i* may suffice to sugge/ 8 idea1 b n to give x adequate expression4 ,?is influ5ce ( do+ ^u ?9k+ has l$ to ! =mulation ( ! maxim1 ,we le>n to d by do+1--a maxim ^: limitations & legitimate mean+ x w be necess>y to discuss 9 a sep>ate lecture4 ,,xx ,,?9k+ ,,& ,,do+ ,:5 we turn to mod]n p$agogics1 we see h[ enorm\sly ! field ( reactive conduct has be5 ext5d$ by ! introduction ( all ^? me?ods ( concrete object-tea*+ :i* are ! glory ( our contempor>y s*ools4 ,v]bal reactions1 useful z !y are1 are insuffici5t4 ,! pupil's words may be "r1 b ! concepts correspond+ to !m are (t5 direfully wrong4 ,9 a mod]n s*ool1 !re=e1 !y =m only a small "p ( :at ! pupil is requir$ to d4 ,he mu/ keep note-books1 make draw+s1 plans1 & maps1 take measurem5ts1 ent] ! laboratory & p]=m exp]im5ts1 consult au?orities1 & write essays4 ,he mu/ d1 9 8 fa%ion1 :at is (t5 laugh$ at by outsid]s :5 x appe>s 9 prospectuses "u ! title ( orig9al "w2 b :at is really ! only possible tra9+ = ! do+ ( orig9al "w !reaft]4 ,! mo/ colossal improvem5t :i* rec5t ye>s h se5 9 second>y education lies 9 ! introduction ( manual-tra9+ s*ools2 n because !y w give u a p m h&y & practical = dome/ic life1 & bett] skill 9 trades1 b because !y w give u citiz5s ) an entirely diff]5t intellectual life4 ,laboratory "w & %op "w eng5d] a habit ( obs]vation1 a k ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 accuracy & vagu5ess1 & an insight into nature's complexity & into ! inadequacy ( all ab/ract v]bal acc\nts ( real ph5om5a1 :i* once br\ght into ! m9d rema9 !re z life-long possessions4 ,!y conf] precision2 because1 if y are do+ a ?+1 y mu/ d x def9itely "r or def9itely wrong4 ,!y give hone/y2 =1 :5 y express y\rself by mak+ ?+s1 & n by us+ words1 x becomes impossible to dissimulate y\r vagu5ess or ignorance by ambiguity4 ,!y beget a habit ( self-reliance2 !y keep ! int]e/ & att5tion always *e]fully engag$1 & r$uce ! tea*]'s discipl9>y function to a m9imum4 ,,william ,,james4 ,,xx ,,?9k+ ,,& ,,do+ ,sid5ote3 ,say+ & do+4 ,! be/ me?ods ( in/ruction 9 ! ord9>y s*ool aim at ! expression ( ?\ght 9 language4 ,if a ?+ has be5 well said1 ! tea*] & ! exam9] are apt to make no fur!r inquiries4 ,al?\gh ! expression ( ?\ght 9 writt5 or spok5 language is a species ( do+1 !re is (t5 a wide *asm betwe5 gett+ a ?+ said & hav+ x done4 ,_m ( ! re=ms & revolutions ?\ght out by univ]sity pr(essors nev] get beyond ! room 9 :i* !y lecture or ! page on :i* !y =mulate _! ideas4 ,! fre$om ( spee* 9 ! univ]sities nev] tr\bles a despotic gov]nm5t until ! ideas ( ! pr(essors & /ud5ts %[ signs ( pass+ into ! life ( ! nation4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 spee* & action1 betwe5 ! man ( words & ! man ( de$s1 has long be5 felt & emphasiz$4 ,! favorite me?od ( tea*+ by lectures1 & requir+ ! pupil to take notes1 fails utt]ly if x /ops ) m]e tell+ h[ a ?+ is to be done1 & is n foll[$ by actual do+ on ! "p ( ! le>n]4 ,"w 9 ! %op1 9 ! field1 & 9 ! factory (t5 proves m effective 9 fitt+ a boy to e>n a liv+ ?an ! !oretical in/ruction ( ! s*ools4 ,! advantage ( do+ ov] tell+ z a means ( le>n+ has l$ to ! =mulation ( ! maxim1 8,we le>n to d by do+10 & "s educational re=m]s h ann\nc$ ! maxim z a pr9ciple ( education univ]sal 9 its application4 ,h5ce x is wor? :ile to cl>ify its mean+ & to asc]ta9 its limitations4 ,9 s do+1 we %all get a glimpse ( ! true relation betwe5 ?9k+ & do+4 ,sid5ote3 ,! maxim appli$ to m$ic9e & surg]y4 ,a "y man possess$ ( unb\nd$ fai? 9 ?is maxim came to t[n = ! purpose ( practis+ m$ic9e & surg]y4 ,he ann\nc$ t if any p]sons got sick he propos$ to give !m m$ic9e 9 ! hope ( le>n+ ! physiological & !rapeutic effects ( ! v>i\s drugs4 ,if any limbs 7 to be amputat$1 he 0 will+ to try 8 h&1 9 ! hope ( ultimately le>n+ h[ to p]=m surgical op]ations4 ,he 0 too simple to succe$ z a quack4 ,he did n get a s+le pati5t2 ! p wisely gave him no opportunity ( le>n+ to d by do+4 ,sid5ote3 ,! maxim 9 ! o!r pr(essions4 ,equally fooli% 7 x ?us to apply ! maxim to any ( ! o!r pr(essions4 ,w\ld y1 ) life or prop]ty at /ake1 all[ a novice to plead y\r cause at c\rt 9 ord] t he might le>n to plead by plead+8 ,:o w\ld wa/e ! gold5 ,sabba? h\rs 9 li/5+ to "o :o 0 try+ to le>n to prea* by prea*+8 ,! civiliz$ _w reg>ds k1 :i* is ! product ( ! act ( le>n+1 z ! indisp5sable guide ( ^? :o (f] _! s]vices at ! b>1 f ! pulpit1 or 9 ! sick-room4 ,:5 a ,yale pr(essor 0 ask$ :e!r /udy 0 requir$ ( ^? div9ely call$ to prea*1 he repli$ t he _h read ( b "o in/ance 9 :i* ! ,"l condesc5d$ to speak ?r\gh ! m\? ( an ass4 ,sid5ote3 ,com5ius4 ,ev5 an ass may le>n to d "s ?+s by cont9ually do+ !m 9 a bl9d way1 & t1 too1 9 spite ( 8 prov]bial /ubbornness2 b su* le>n+ by bl9d practice is unwor?y ( ! s*ool-life ( a be+ gift$ ) human intellig5ce1 & capable1 x may be1 ( fill+ a pr(ession4 ,in/9ct may guide a bee or a beav]3 b k %\ld guide man 9 ! arts & habits :i* he acquires4 ,?is fact is n ignor$ 9 ! maxim z orig9ally giv5 by ,com5ius4 8,?+s to be done %\ld be le>n$ by do+ !m4 ,me*anics und]/& ?is well3 !y d n give ! appr5tice a lecture ^u _! trade1 b !y w let him see h[ !y1 z ma/]s1 d2 !n !y place ! tool 9 8 h&s1 tea* him to use x & imitate !m4 ,do+ c be le>n$ only by do+1 writ+ by writ+1 pa9t+ by pa9t+1 & s on40 ,!re is 9 ?is /atem5t a cle> recognition1 on ! "o h&1 ( ! k-gett+ :i* prec$es & accompanies all intellig5t do+1 &1 on ! o!r1 ( ! practice :i* is ne$ful = ! atta9m5t ( skill4 ,! ma/] me*anic seeks fir/ to give 8 appr5tice a cle> concept ( :at is to be done2 & ! k ?us acquir$ ?r\gh ! eye1 & p]haps p>tly ?r\gh he>+ directions & explanations1 is aft]w>ds put into practice by ! actual manipulation ( tools & mat]ials4 ,if ! maxim _h be5 all[$ to /& 9 ?is1 its orig9al =m & mean+1 no "o c\ld h object$ to its use & application4 ,b :5 ! attempt 0 made to elevate x into a pr9ciple ( b9d+ =ce = all tea*+2 :51 fur!rmore1 ! =m 0 %ort5$ s z to wid5 ! mean+1 & ! maxim 0 !n appli$ to regulate ! acquisition ( e =m ( human activity1 bo? physical & m5tal1 x is n surpris+ t prote/s 7 he>d1 & ! necessity 0 felt ( inve/igat+ ! maxim = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ its limitations & def9+ its mean+4 ,sid5ote3 ,value ( ! maxim4 ,yet we mu/ n fail to make grateful ackn[l$gm5t ( ! s]vices to education r5d]$ by ^? :o lift$ ! maxim into prom95ce4 ,h[ (t5 7 pupils expect$ to le>n "o ?+ by do+ ano!r4 ,draw+ 0 advocat$ because x w\ld improve ! p5man%ip4 ,sil5t read+ or ?\ght-gett+ 0 to be le>n$ by oral read+ or ?\ght-giv+4 ,! alphabet 0 taught z if ! names ( ! lett]s w\ld make ! *ild famili> ) ! s\nds4 ,! idea ( numb] 0 to be gott5 by nam+ ! numb]s or imitat+ ! ,arabic notation4 ,facility & accuracy 9 ! use ( language 7 to be acquir$ f ex]cises 9 p>s+ & analysis4 ,famili>ity ) birds1 fl[]s1 m9]als1 *emicals1 etc41 0 to be ga9$ f ! le>n$ phraseology ( ! text-books4 ,sometimes ev5 ! tea*]s knew v little m ?an ! te*nical t]ms4 ,:5 ! great orni?ologi/1 ,wilson1 visit$ ,pr9ceton ,college1 ! pr(essor ( natural hi/ory sc>cely knew a sp>r[ f a woodpeck]4 ,a great *ange has come ov] ,pr9ceton & all o!r high] in/itutions ( le>n+2 & ! new influ5ce has be5 felt 9 our high s*ools1 & ev5 9 ! grades bel[4 ,sid5ote3 ,maxims1 pr9ciples4 ,:il/ *e]fully ackn[l$g+ ! value ( ! maxim ( ,com5ius1 we %\ld1 nev]!less1 insi/ on ! diff]5ce betwe5 a maxim :i* may regulate our conduct 9 specific cases & a pr9ciple :i* is an all-controll+ guide 9 op]ations4 ,col]idge says1 8,a maxim is a conclusion ^u obs]vation ( matt]s ( fact1 & is speculative2 a pr9ciple has tru? 9 itself1 & is prospective40 ,x is always dang]\s to g5]alize ^u facts obs]v$ 9 "o realm ( inve/igation1 & !n to all[ o!rs to apply ^! g5]al /atem5ts to realms z div]se f ! orig9al field ( obs]vation z m9d or _s is f matt]4 ,! disciples 9 su* cases always manife/ ! hidd5 weaknesses 9 ! sy/em ( _! ma/]4 ,!y ru% 9 :]e he w\ld h fe>$ to tread4 ,!y pu% 8 language to extremes1 f :i* 8 deep] insight1 broad] vision1 & l>g] exp]i5ce w\ld h caus$ him to %r9k4 ,com5ius fram$ ! maxim f ! obs]vation ( bodily acts2 "s seek to apply x to e =m ( human activity4 ,! orig9al language has be5 twi/$ into a /atem5t t s\nds p>adoxical4 8,we le>n to d by do+40 ,:at c ^! words mean8 ,if we c d a giv5 ?+1 :at ne$ is !re ( le>n+ to d t ?+4 ,if we _c d ! ?+ to be le>n$ by ! do+ ( x1 h[ c any do+ on our "p issue 9 le>n+8 ,evid5tly ! maxim 9 its mod]n =m1 if x is at all valid1 mu/ p>take ( ! nature ( a p>adox1 :i*1 ?\gh seem+ly absurd1 is yet true 9 ess5ce or fact4 ,= ! purpose ( te/+ ! validity ( a p>adoxical /atem5t1 !re is no bett] way ?an to asc]ta9 its possible mean+s1 to elim9ate ^? evid5tly n int5d$1 & f9ally to inve/igate ! "o or m s5ses or int]pretations t may legitimately be put ^u ! language4 ,! inve/igation w1 9 ?is in/ance1 reveal ! relation exi/+ betwe5 do+ & ! act ( le>n+4 ,sid5ote3 ,analysis ( ! maxim4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! maxim _c mean t we le>n to d by e k9d ( do+4 ,! k9d ( do+ by :i* ! "y man hop$ to le>n m$ic9e & surg]y 0 ridicul$ c5turies ago2 no "o 9 our day w\ld advocate m]e bl9d do+ z a means ( le>n+4 ,! maxim mu/ ref] to do+ guid$ by an intellig5t w4 ,! do+ mu/ be guid$ by ?9k+ t is bas$ ^u correct & reliable data or premises4 ,aga91 ! maxim _c mean t we le>n "o ?+ by do+ ano!r4 ,! maxim 0 emphasiz$ 9 prote/ aga9/ ! absurdity ( "s ( our me?ods ( tea*+4 ,x may happ5 t ! le>n] accid5tally discov]s "o ?+ :ile seek+ to f9d out "s o!r ?+2 to expect t ?is %all always be ! case is to invite disappo9tm5t4 ,= in/ance1 pupils d n le>n to spell :ile /udy+ books if att5tion is absorb$ 9 ! mean+1 & is n drawn1 9 sep>ate ex]cises1 to ! correct or?ography ( words t are apt to be misspell$4 ,sid5ote3 ,fatigue4 ,!re is a ?ird limitation to ! maxim on ! side ( att5tion4 ,h[1 = in/ance1 is ! art ( writ+ acquir$8 ,x is und\bt$ly true t a boy _c le>n to write )\t himself writ+2 x is equally true t he is n always le>n+ or improv+ 9 p5man%ip :ile he is practis+ ) 8 p5 ^u pap]4 ,f ! tea*] or ! copy he gets a concept ( ! lett]s to be made4 ,! fir/ ef=ts at imitation are fraught ) defects4 ,! pupil mu/ cle>ly recognize :]e9 he fail$1 & e>ne/ly /rive to rem$y ! defects1 if ! next attempt is to be an improvem5t4 ,! maxim1 if "h appli$1 mu/ mean t ! pupil le>ns to d by cont9ually do+1 z ne>ly z he c1 ! ?+ to be done4 ,) ea* /ep ( progress1 8 concept ( ! =m ( ! lett]s & h[ to make !m becomes m accurate2 or1 9 o!r words1 8 p[] & skill keep pace ) 8 k4 ,f9ally1 aft] mu* practice1 ! n]ves & muscles :i* control ! act ( writ+ are prop]ly co-ord9at$2 ! habit ( writ+ ) ease is acquir$2 ! process becomes l>gely subconsci\s1 if n altoge!r automatic4 ,! le>n] has at l5g? rea*$ ! /age 9 :i* 8 att5tion is no long] conc5trat$ ^u ! =m & beauty ( ! lett]s1 b r ^u ! ?\ght to be express$1 & x is q possible t h5ce=? 8 *irography w gr[ m illegible ! m he writes4 ,( c\rse1 he is n[ le>n+ ! art ( compos+ by compos+2 b he has ceas$ to le>n 9 ! direction ( 8 h&writ+ by writ+1 because ! att5tion is rivet$ ^u some?+ else4 ,ev5 be=e ! subconsci\s /age is rea*$1 practice1 if too long cont9u$1 may exhau/ ! p[]s ( att5tion1 & do+ c no long] issue 9 le>n+ by reason ( fatigue4 ,on ! score ( att5tion !re is a limit to ! application ( ! maxim 9 ano!r direction4 ,talk+1 oral read+1 & public speak+ may be spoil$ by too mu* att5tion4 ,practice 9 ^!1 "u ! guidance ( an injudici\s tea*]1 may s]ve to make ! ge/ures too /udi$1 ! pronunciation too precise1 & ! tones ( ! voice too artificial1 defects by :i* ! he>]'s m9d is drawn f ! ?\ght to ! deliv]y4 ,sid5ote3 ,injudici\s criticism4 ,! lack ( good elocution>y drill 9 y\? is a s]i\s mis=tune1 yet ! writ] _c help blam+ ! elocutioni/s = ru9+ "o public speak] among 8 acqua9tances4 ,"u _! tuition ! ge/ures & articulation ( ?is fri5d h become almo/ faultless2 b !re is su* a self-consci\s air ab\t 8 plat=m utt]ances t ! audi5ce c ?9k ( no?+ except ! deliv]y4 ,by 8 ef=ts at do+ he has le>n$ mo/ emphatically n to d4 ,! same ?+ may happ5 9 elem5t>y in/ruction1 & 9 ! practice-s*ools connect$ ) our ,/ate normal s*ools4 ,injudici\s criticism by ! tea*] may s rivet ! att5tion ^u ! utt]ance t ! pupils lose sight ( ! ?\ght to be express$1 & ! m !y practise "u 8 guidance ! worse _! read+ becomes4 ,! vocal & physical elem5ts1 9 ! act ( oral read+ or speak+1 %\ld spr+ spontane\sly out ( ! ?\ght & s5tim5t to be convey$4 ,any drill :i* int]f]es ) ?is natural connection betwe5 ! m5tal & ! physical is indescribably bad1 & %\ld nev] be reg>d$ z a means ( le>n+4 ,equally sev]e mu/ be ! s5t5ce ( condemnation ^u mu* ( ! criticism to :i* pupil tea*]s are subject$ by _! fell[-/ud5ts & _! critic-tea*]s at our normal s*ools1 & ^u ! comm5ts made by c&idates = ! m9i/ry & _! pr(essors ^u ! ef=ts ( ! embryo prea*] dur+ ! s-call$ homiletical ex]cises4 ,injudici\s fault-f9d+ leads to a k9d ( do+ :i* _c issue 9 le>n+4 ,sid5ote3 ,application4 ,sid5ote3 ,! arm & h&4 ,)9 ^! limitations we f9d a wide field = ! application ( ! maxim to our ef=ts at le>n+ to ?9k & to express ?\ght4 ,! h& p]=ms a v important function 9 aid+ ! m9d to p]fect its concepts4 ,! metric sy/em rema9s a d>k1 confus$ mass ( names s long z ! pupil does n actually h&le & use ! metric units ( weights & measures4 ,a few days ( manual tra9+1 dur+ :i* ! le>n] is compell$ to measure accurately1 are ( imm5se acc\nt 9 develop+ accurate ideas & accurate ?9k+4 ,( all ! ways ( express+ ?\ght1 ^? by ! h& & ! tongue are m p]fect ?an ^? by ! eye1 ! face1 ! ge/ure1 ! bodily movem5t4 ,! latt] are well adapt$ to express feel+2 ! =m]1 to express ?\ght4 ,few h ev] ?\ght ( ! m>vell\s me*anism giv5 to a human be+ 9 ! arm & h&4 ,a glimpse f ! ma!matician's po9t ( view is "h v int]e/+4 ,a p5cil fa/5$ to ! end ( a rul] revolv+ ar\nd a fix$ po9t w describe a circle4 ,if ! p5cil be fa/5$ to ! end ( a second rul] revolv+ ar\nd ! end ( ! fir/1 :ile ! fir/ revolves ar\nd ! orig9al c5tre1 ! p5cil w describe a v complicat$ curve4 ,if ?ree radii1 revolv+ 9 ?is way1 be jo9$ toge!r1 ! p5cil at ! end ( ! ?ird c be made to describe ! cycles & epicycles by :i* ! anci5t a/ronom]s expla9$ ! movem5ts ( ! planets4 ,! mod]n ma!matician has %[n t1 by annex+ a f\r?1 a fif?1 & a six? radius1 ea* revolv+ ar\nd ! prec$+1 :ile ! fir/ is mov+ ar\nd ! orig9al c5tre1 all curves ( ! fif? & six? ord]s c be describ$4 ,let any "o exam9e 8 "r arm1 />t+ f ! %\ld] & end+ ) ! f+]s1 & he w f9d t s9ce infancy he has _h ?is me*anism = execut+ curves & movem5ts1 has be5 us+ ?is wond]ful sy/em ( revolv+ radii to express ?\ght1 & t x has be5 to him a s\rce ( skill 9 ?9k+ & do+4 ,:5 view$ 9 _! anatomical & physiological aspects1 human arms & h&s are se5 to be a /ill m wond]ful me*anism1 rivall$ only by ! tongue 9 capability = describ+ any curve & utt]+ any k9d ( ?\ght4 ,:il/ ! tongue may speak _m oral languages1 ! h& writes !m all1 & supplies additional me?ods = express+ ?\ght 9 draw+1 pa9t+1 sculpture1 in/rum5tal music1 9 ! v>i\s h&icrafts1 & 9 ! ma*9es :i* act l man's h& made bigg]1 m p[]ful1 m tireless4 ,sid5ote3 ,appr5tices4 ,sid5ote3 ,manual tra9+4 ,f ?is po9t ( view "o c see a wide field = ! intellig5t application ( ! maxim to our ef=ts at le>n+ to write1 to talk1 to walk1 to play on a musical in/rum5t1 or to h&le ! tools ( "s h&icraft4 ,if que/ion$ ) ref]5ce to ^! & k9dr$ activities1 ! physiologi/ w\ld answ] t ! repeat$ action ( ! n]ves & muscles 9 specific functions fits !m ! bett] to act 9 ! same functions1 & t ! effect ( ! ex]cise ( any function may be /or$ up s z to increase ! facility ( ! n]v\s /ructure to ex]cise aga9 e simil> function4 ,! psy*ologi/ w\ld say t any normal act p]=m$ "u ! guidance ( an intellig5t w leaves1 z its endur+ result1 an increas$ p[] to act & a t5d5cy to act aga9 9 l mann]4 ,common p>lance1 :i* is apt to en%r9e its wisdom 9 prov]bs1 simply says1 ,practice makes p]fect4 ,do+1 :5 x engrosses ! att5tion1 ex]ts a reflex influ5ce ^u ?9k+2 aft] x s9ks to ! subconsci\s level x ceases to ex]t a helpful influ5ce4 ,! me?ods adopt$ 9 our manual-tra9+ s*ools are1 9 ?is respect1 mu* sup]ior to ^? pursu$ "u ! old appr5tice sy/em4 ,! ma/] me*anic f\nd x to 8 int]e/ to keep ! appr5tice ^u "o k9d ( "w until a high degree ( skill 0 atta9$4 ,he us$ ! appr5tice z a means to an end1--! end be+ ! production ( ?+s t w\ld sell & ?us reimburse ! ma/] = ! "t & tr\ble ( tea*+ 8 trade to ano!r4 ,! my/]ies ( ! trade 7 kept to ! la/ = fe> ! appr5tice w\ld quit be=e ! expiration ( ! "t = :i* he 0 ind5tur$4 ,no bett] plan = cru%+ ! intellectual life c\ld h be5 conceiv$4 ,! manual-tra9+ s*ool1 on ! o!r h&1 makes ! boy1 & n ! product1 ! end ( its tra9+1 ! object ( *ief conc]n4 ,x seeks n m]ely to make ! man a bett] workman1 b ! workman a bett] man4 ,no pupil is ask$ to g ?r\gh ! same movem5t1 to d ! same piece ( "w1 = ! purpose ( develop+ skill1 until e trace ( int]e/ is gone4 ,no?+ is made = ! purpose ( sell+2 ev]y?+ prescrib$ is = ! purpose ( develop+ ! pupil's p[]s1 to enable him to express ?\ght by ! use ( work+-tools & in/rum5ts4 ,! work+-draw+ & ! model are ! symbols :i* come ne>e/ to a full repres5tation ( ! ?+ to be made4 ,! ^w1 ! clay1 ! /one1 ! metal1 ! lea!r1 ! clo?1 are ! mat]ials 9 :i* ?\ght f9ds its f9al expression4 ,no?+ is c>ri$ s f> z to dead5 ! boy's int]e/ 9 :at he is do+2 ! *>m ( novelty is kept up f day to day4 ,if ! fir/ product is defective1 a new problem is set1 involv+ ! same fundam5tal op]ations1 or ! use ( ! same tools & in/rum5ts4 ,! manual-tra9+ s*ool & ! trade s*ool1 if prop]ly conduct$1 ?us become a mo/ valuable means = develop+ ! p[] to ?9k 9 ?+s4 ,x aims to create ! p[] to ?9k1 z well z ! p[] to d2 ! two are made comm5surate & mutually helpful4 ,! ?9k+ is made to issue 9 do+1 & ! do+ is kept f s9k+ into ! subconsci\s /age1 :]e x t5ds to degrade ! individual to ! m]e level ( a ma*9e4 ,)9 ^! limitations we c endorse ,pr(essor ,wilson's tribute to ! h&1 & subscribe to 8 dem& t1 z 9 ! days ( ,israel's glory1 x %all be tra9$ 9 "s useful h&icraft1 n m]ely z a means ( livelihood1 b m especially z a means ( mak+ ! pupil a bett] ?9k]1 a complet] man4 ,sid5ote3 ,h&icrafts4 8,:5 ,i ?9k ( all t man's & woman's h& has wr\ght10 says he1 8f ! day t ,eve put =? h] err+ h& to pluck ! fruit ( ! =bidd5 tree to t d>k h\r :5 ! pi]c$ h&s ( ! ,savi\r 7 nail$ to ! pr$ict$ tree ( %ame1 & ( all t human h&s h wr\ght ( good & evil s9ce1 ,i lift up my h& & gaze ^u x ) wond] & awe4 ,:at an in/rum5t = good x is6 ,:at an in/rum5t = evil6 ,& all day long x nev] is idle4 ,!re is no implem5t :i* x _c wield1 & x %\ld nev] 9 work+ h\rs be )\t "o4 ,we unwisely re/rict ! t]m h&icrafts-man or h&-work] to ! m labori\s call+s2 b x belongs to all hone/1 e>ne/ m5 & wom51 & is a title :i* ea* %\ld covet4 ,= ! que5's h& !re is ! sceptre1 & = ! soldi]'s h& ! sword2 = ! c>p5t]'s h& ! saw1 & = ! smi?'s h& ! hamm]2 = ! f>m]'s h& ! pl\gh2 = ! m9]'s h& ! spade2 = ! sailor's h& ! o>2 = ! pa9t]'s h& ! bru%2 = ! sculptor's h& ! *isel2 = ! poet's h& ! p52 & = woman's h& ! ne$le4 ,& if none ( ^!1 or ! l1 w fit u1 ! felon's *a9 %\ld be r\nd our wri/1 & our h& on ! prison]'s crank4 ,b = ea* will+ man or woman !re is a tool !y may le>n to h&le2 = all !re is ! comm&1 #8,:atsoev] ?y h& f9de? to d1 d x ) ?y might4'0 ,,xxi ,,?9k+ ,,9 ,,! ,,arts ,a meagre s\l c nev] be made fat1 nor a n>r[ s\l l>ge1 by /udy+ rules ( ?9k+4 ,,pr(essor ,,blackie4 ,h y\r ?9k+ fir/1 & pl5ty to ?9k ab\t1 & !n ask ! logician to tea* y to scrut9ize ) a nice eye ! process by :i* y h arriv$ at y\r conclusions4 ,,pr(essor ,,blackie4 ,inv5tion1 ?\gh x c be cultivat$1 _c be r$uc$ to rule2 !re is no sci5ce :i* w enable a man to be?9k himself ( t :i* w suit 8 purpose4 ,b :5 he has ?\ght ( some?+1 sci5ce c tell him :e!r t :i* he has ?\ght ( w suit 8 purpose or n4 ,! inquir] or argu] mu/ be guid$ by 8 own k & sagacity 9 8 *oice ( ! inductions out ( :i* he w con/ruct 8 argum5t4 ,b ! validity ( ! argum5t :5 con/ruct$ dep5ds ^u pr9ciples1 & mu/ be tri$ by te/s :i* are ! same = all descriptions ( inquiries1 :e!r ! result be to give ,a an e/ate1 or to enri* sci5ce ) a new g5]al tru?4 ,j4 ,s4 ,,mill4 ,,xxi ,,?9k+ ,,9 ,,! ,,arts ,= c5turies m5 h be5 dispos$ to look ) disda9 ^u ! occupations 9 :i* ! h&s & ! body are m conc]n$ ?an ! m9d4 ,! arts 9 :i* ?\ght pr$om9ates 7 honor$ above ! h&icrafts2 & x is only 9 rec5t ye>s t educators h begun to recognize ! educative value ( ?9k+ ?r\gh ! h& z we f9d x exemplifi$ 9 s*ools = manual tra9+4 ,a comp>ison ( ! v>i\s arts w s]ve to dignify ?is k9d ( tra9+ & to set x 9 a cle>] light be=e tea*]s & bo>ds ( education4 ,m$ival ?9k]s divid$ ! arts into two classes1 :i* !y call$ ! me*anic & ! lib]al arts1 & enum]at$ sev5 arts 9 ea* class4 ,sid5ote3 ,me*anic arts4 ,! sev5 me*anic arts 7 ,agriculture1 ,propagation ( ,trees1 ,manufacture ( ,arms1 ,c>p5t]'s ,"w1 ,m$ic9e1 ,weav+1 & ,%ip-build+4 ,! prim>y op]ations 7 me*anical1 z ! "n implies1 & h5ce involv$ a g5u9e ?9k+ 9 ?+s4 ,_! numb] has be5 greatly multipli$2 ! op]ations h gr[n wond]fully complex2 ?\ght ^u ! activities :i* !y necessitate has l$ to ! discov]y ( guid+ pr9ciples1 & "s h ris5 to ! rank ( regul> pr(essions4 ,! gr[? & ! c>e ( trees h giv5 rise to =e/ry4 ,%ip-build+ & ! manufacture ( arms involve sci5ce ( ! highe/ ord]4 ,! practice ( m$ic9e & surg]y requires skill bas$ ^u k9ds ( k & ?9k+ t are rigidly sci5tific4 ,! ?\ghts :i* h be5 cry/alliz$ 9 mod]n inv5tions des]ve equal rank ) ! ?\ghts :i* philosoph]s h wov5 into sy/ems4 ,! v>i\s trades ( civiliz$ society necessitate ! expression ( ?\ght ?r\gh ! h&4 ,manufactures & comm]ce involve transactions1 op]ations1 & competition requir+ ! highe/ intellig5ce1 ! mo/ accurate ?9k+1 ! mo/ vigor\s ef=t4 ,any y\? ^: tra9+ has fitt$ him to excel 9 ^! is sure ( "w & fair comp5sation4 ,sid5ote3 ,! useful occupations4 ,f> too (t5 ! s*ool has taught ! pupil to und]value & ev5 to despise useful occupations4 ,sci5tific rese>*1 philosophic speculation1 & lit]>y productivity h be5 laud$ z m honorable vocations4 ,any hone/ occupation t furni%es adequate ex]cise = man's m>vell\s faculties is honorable 9 ! sight ( ,god4 ,if two angels %\ld be s5t f heav51 "o to rule a k+dom1 ! o!r to break /ones ^u ! highway1 ea* ( !m w\ld be happy 9 ! ?\ght t he 0 fulfill+ 8 div9ely appo9t$ mission1 & ea* w\ld receive1 ^u ! completion ( 8 task1 ! 8well done0 :i* w f9ally be spok5 to e good & fai?ful s]vant4 ,sid5ote3 ,woman 9 ! arts4 ,9 #ahdj ,h>riet ,m>t9eau visit$ ! ,unit$ ,/ates & report$ only sev5 occupations op5 to wom51--tea*+1 ne$lework1 keep+ bo>d]s1 work+ 9 cotton factories1 typesett+1 bookb9d+1 & h\sehold s]vice4 ,! s*ool has be5 blam$ = caus+ ! ris+ g5]ation to und]e/imate ! la/ nam$ 9 comp>ison ) ! o!r occupations op5 to wom54 ,:5 any?+ goes wrong 9 ,am]ican life ! s*ool is n only blam$1 b also expect$ to supply ! rem$y4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t !re is mu* false ?9k+ on ! subject ( h\sehold s]vice 9 s-call$ polite society4 ,a woman may cook = h]self & h] own h\sehold )\t los+ ca/e4 ,z soon z %e becomes ! cook 9 ano!r woman's kit*5 %e is bani%$ f ! p>lor ( fa%ionable society4 ,%e c /& 9 a /ore or "w 9 a factory )\t los+ h] place 9 ! social scale2 b if %e works = hire 9 ! kit*51 %e is !nce=? treat$ z belong+ to a l[] ca/e4 ,is ?9k+ 9 ! cul9>y art less valuable or less difficult ?an ! ?9k+ involv$ 9 sell+ ribbons & laces8 ,does ! prep>ation ( a palatable meal require less bra9s & less skill ?an ! sett+ ( type or ! mak+ ( y>n8 ,does good cook+ add less to ! welf>e ( ! race ?an play+ on ! piano or pa9t+ 9 oil- or wat]-colors8 ,! tea*+ ( dome/ic sci5ce is calculat$ to *ange public op9ion & to add to ! sum ( human happ9ess by emancipat+ ! home f ! tyranny & ! caprices ( ! s]vant girl & by secur+ to des]v+ help a ju/] appreciation ( effici5t ?9k+ 9 h\sehold s]vice4 ,sid5ote3 ,am]ica ! p>adise ( woman4 ,am]ica has be5 aptly nam$ ! p>adise ( woman4 ,! ,am]ican woman is n expect$ to break /ones ^u ! highway1 to c>ry m>ket-baskets on ! top ( h] head1 to pull ! milk-c>t alongside ( ! dog1 to d all k9ds ( r\gh manual labor1 :il/ /rong-arm$ & able-bodi$ m5 h *>ge ( ! elem5t>y s*ools4 ,fully two-?irds ( ! tea*]s 9 ,am]ica are wom54 ,h] sph]e ( activity has be5 greatly enl>g$ 9 o!r directions4 ,%e may be ! inf]ior ( ! /rong] sex 9 orig9al & creative "w1--"t w settle t "q1--b 9 ability to c>ry college "w & to d practical ?9k+ %e has %[n h]self ! equal ( h] bro!r & 9 e respect des]v+ ( ! exalt$ position assign$ to h] 9 ! ,new ,_w4 ,%e has atta9$ h] /&+ 9 ,am]ica ?r\gh h] ability to ?9k & to apply ?\ght 9 ! useful arts4 ,sid5ote3 ,! lib]al arts4 ,! lib]al arts 7 subdivid$ into ! trivium & ! quadrivium4 ,! trivium1 consi/+ ( gramm>1 logic1 & rhetoric1 s\ght to tea* ! art ( ?9k+ correctly1 ( express+ ?\ght 9 correct language1 & ( pres5t+ x 9 =ceful1 p]suasive disc\rse4 ,sid5ote3 ,quadrivium4 ,sid5ote3 ,discov]y4 ,! quadrivium1 consi/+ ( ari?metic1 geometry1 a/ronomy1 & music1 0 compos$ ( ?\ght-/udies1 & furni%$ mat]ial = ! ?9k+ ( g5]ations ( ! be/ m54 ,! enl>gem5t ( ! b\nd>ies ( human k has increas$ ! numb] ( /udies to su* an ext5t t no /ud5t ne$ weep l ,alex&] because !re are no m worlds to conqu]4 ,moreov]1 9 _m directions ! human race is simply on ! bord]-l& ( discov]y4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury a pr(essor lam5t$ t ! age ( discov]y _h pass$4 ,! pr(essor :o quot$ him 9 ! middle ( ! c5tury c\ld po9t to ! /eam-eng9e1 ! electric telegraph1 & ! use ( an/hetics4 ,9 ! clos+ ye> ( ! c5tury we c po9t to a record ( inv5tions & discov]ies unsurpass$ 9 ! ?\ght-a*ievem5ts ( ! race4 ,man has le>n$ to put ?\ght into ma*9es t d "w ) a spe$ & accuracy impossible ( atta9m5t by ! human h&4 ,8 ?\ght is *ang+ ! face ( ! e>? & develop+ a civilization bas$ ^u a degree ( physical well-be+ & com=t ( :i* ! man ( ! la/ c5tury _h n ! fa9te/ conception4 ,to foll[ 9 ?\ght ! a*ievem5ts ( a s+le ye> 9 ! improvem5t ( ma*9]y & ! result+ additions to our mat]ial weal? is to fill ! s\l ) wond] at ! m>vell\s p[]s ( ! race4 ,all is due prim>ily to ! ex]cise ( ! p[] ( ?\ght1 & second>ily to ! manifold ways ( express+ & realiz+ ?\ght4 ,nev] 7 !re su* magnific5t opportunities = ^? :o h le>n$ to comb9e ?\ght & action1 intellig5ce & skill1 bra9s & ! h&icrafts4 ,! tradesman des]ves honor & recognition ) ^? :o e>n _! bread by _! wits4 ,bo? c live ! high] life ( ?\ght & culture4 ,sid5ote3 ,trivium4 ,! relation ( ! trivium to ! art ( ?9k+ is (t5 misconceiv$4 ,gramm>1 logic1 & rhetoric furni% valuable food = ?\ght1 excell5t discipl9e = ! m9d1 especially = ! und]/&+2 b !y d n beget ! p[] ( ?9k+ 9 new fields ( inve/igation4 ,_! function is corrective1 n creative4 ,^? :o hope to le>n ! art ( composition by ! /udy ( ,engli% gramm> are sure to be disappo9t$4 ,gramm> furni%es ! te/s & rules by :i* "o may det]m9e ! correctness ( s5t5ces4 ,x may furni% discipl9e = ! und]/&+1 & ?us prove valuable z a means ( culture4 ,x utt]ly fails to produce ?9k]s beyond ! ?9k+ requir$ 9 ! int]pretation ( language4 ,p>s+1 analysis1 & diagramm+ (t5 become a me*anical it]ation ( set phrases1 result+ 9 m5tal apa?y4 ,que/ions 9 unexpect$ =ms may !n be ne$$ to r\se ! slumb]+ p[]s ( ! intellect4 ,hom] & ,plato wrote good ,greek1 al?\gh nei!r ( !m _h any k ( gramm> z a sci5ce4 ,m5 us$ correct s5t5ces long be=e !re 0 a sci5tific treatm5t ( ! s5t5ce4 ,! same rem>ks are applicable to ! o!r /udies ( ! trivium4 ,m5's m9ds obey$ ! laws ( ?\ght & drew correct inf]5ces long be=e ! sci5ce ( logic 0 =mulat$4 ,he :o /udies logic 9 ! hope t x w make him an orig9al ?9k] is doom$ to disappo9tm5t4 ,logic has a critical z well z a discipl9>y value4 ,its influ5ce ^u ! intellectual life is l t ( ma!matics4 ,x furni%es a te/ = "o's own ?9k+ & provides ! means = detect+ fallacies 9 ! reason+ ( o!rs4 ,logic c be taught ) advantage to ^? :o h le>n$ to ?9k2 x fails to make creative spirits :o h ! p[] ( ga!r+ ?\ghts1 weav+ !m into a sy/em1 & rea*+ tru/wor?y conclusions4 ,rhetoric possesses great discipl9>y value = ! und]/&+4 ,x des]ves c>eful /udy on ! "p ( ^? :o express _! ?\ghts 9 public disc\rse4 ,! mom5t x becomes an end1 in/ead ( means to an end1 x defeats its own purpose4 ,to draw ! att5tion to ! figures ( spee* & o!r rhetorical devices ( an oration is to div]t ! m9d f ! l9e ( ?\ght & to defeat ! purpose = :i* rhetoric is taught4 ,! /udies ( ! trivium are l ! h&icrafts 9 t !y s]ve z means to an end4 ,f "o po9t ( view !y des]ve to be class$ ) ! useful arts2 f ano!r x is app>5t t !y furni% mat]ial = ?9k+ q z valuable z ! multitud9\s bran*es ( /udy into :i* ! quadrivium has be5 exp&$4 ,sid5ote3 ,f9e arts4 ,! arts are sometimes divid$ ^u ! basis ( use & beauty4 ,f "o po9t ( view1 z already indicat$1 ! lib]al arts may be reg>d$ z belong+ to ! category ( ! useful1 & ?us z =m+ "p ( a class di/9ct f ! f9e arts4 ,yet ! idea ( beauty ent]s into all t man does4 ,soon] or lat] he seeks to adorn 8 home1 8 language1 ev]y?+ t he employs 9 giv+ expression to 8 inn] life4 ,! ?9k+ :i* lies at ! basis ( ! f9e arts has di/+ui%+ qualities & *>act]i/ics4 ,! m9d may be s completely absorb$ 9 poetry1 music1 pa9t+1 sculpture1 & 9 ! o!r ?+s :i* make life beautiful t x ceases to be a fit in/rum5t = useful liv+ or = engag+ 9 m advanc$ ?9k+4 ,! elem5t ( feel+ pr$om9ates 9 ! appreciation ( ! beautiful4 ,! two factors :i* ent] into ! beautiful are ! idea & ! =m4 ,by ca/+ into ! alembic ( ! imag9ation ! mat]ials :i* ! m9d ga!rs f ! ext]nal _w1 !re is evolv$ ! ideal2 z soon z ?is ideal is f\nd embodi$ 9 any =m ( nature or art ! object is call$ beautiful4 ,! p[] to see ! idea 9 ! =m1 ! ideal 9 ! "w ( art1 is a function ( ?9k+1 & des]ves att5tion f ^? :o are tea*+ o!rs to ?9k4 ,sid5ote3 /hetic & sci5tific /udies diff]4 ,va/ is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! /hetic & ! sci5tific appreciation ( nature4 ,! sci5ti/ pulls ! fl[] to pieces1 analyzes its p>ts1 imposes h>d names1 & de/roys t ab\t ! fl[] :i* is mo/ attractive to ! *ild & ! poet4 ,! /ud5t ( beauty admires x z x is 9 its orig9al surr\nd+s4 ,he cultivates x to adorn ! g>d51 ! y>d1 ! home1 ! s*ool-room4 ,v mu*1 !re=e1 dep5ds ^u ! way 9 :i* nature is /udi$4 ,! /udy may be pursu$ to beget habits ( obs]vation or to cultivate a s5se ( ! beautiful4 ,x may be /udi$ = ! sake ( asc]ta9+ ! laws :i* gov]n ! gr[? ( plants1 ! *anges ( ! seasons1 ! movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies1 ! =ces :i* give u light1 heat1 & all else we ne$ = body & m9d4 ,:5 x is /udi$ = ! sake ( tru? & beauty1 ! ef=t lifts u into ! doma9 ( ! high] life4 ,sid5ote3 ,! high] life4 ,:y %\ld any portion ( our life1 z comp>$ ) ano!r1 be /yl$ ! high] life8 ,because a man's life may ab\nd 9 "s ( ! activities :i* are ess5tial to 8 exi/5ce & /ill fail to realize ! end ( 8 exi/5ce4 ,take life on ! f>m ) all its spl5did opportunities = ! /udy ( nature & ( all t is attractive 9 ,god's univ]se4 ,:i* %\ld be ( mo/ acc\nt 9 ! education ( ! f>m]'s sons & daught]s1--m9d or money1 light or lucre1 ! s\l or ! soil1 "* or capacity = gett+ ri*es8 ,! curse ( weal?1 fame1 (fice1 & ! l is t1 if !y become ! *ief object ( "o's ambition1 !y drag ! s\l into ! du/ ( di%onor1 if n ! du/ ( ! /reet4 ,sid5ote3 ,! f>m] boy4 8,if ! f>m] boy has only be5 taught h[ to raise bett] /ock1 :at w he d :5 t bett] /ock ranges 8 f>m8 ,w he be a happi] fa!r & a nobl] citiz58 ,w 8 home life be any less co>se & dull8 ,w ! possession ( blood$ /ock make him any m hone/ ?an common /ock8 ,if t is all y h taught him1 w he n /ill be a brute among 8 brutes8 ,inde$1 j s f> z y increase 8 money-mak+ )\t increas+ 8 true culture & manl9ess1 y increase ! probability t he w die a drunk>d1 8 son a sp5d?rift1 & 8 gr&son a paup]4 ,! supreme ne$ is "* to guide ^! res\rces40#ef ,sid5ote3 ,! ?+s ( ! m9d4 ,:il/ x is wor? :ile to dignify labor 9 all ! h&icrafts by %[+ ! ne$ = intellig5t ?\ght on ! "p ( ^? :o foll[ !m1 x is ( va/ly m importance to emphasize ! ?+s ( ! m9d1 & to %[ h[ ! ability to ?9k conditions ! activities ( ! high] life & is ess5tial to ! full realization ( man's be+4 ,! relation ( ?9k+ to ! high] life w claim our att5tion 9 ! conclud+ *apt]4 ,,xxii ,,?9k+ ,,& ,,! ,,high] ,,life ,h[ va/ly disproportionate are ! pleasures ( ! eat+ & ( ! ?9k+ man6 inde$1 z diff]5t z ! sil5ce ( an ,ar*im$es 9 ! /udy ( a problem1 & ! /illness ( a s[ at h] wa%4 ,no?+ is comp>able to ! pleasure ( an active & prevail+ ?\ght1--a ?\ght prevail+ ov] ! difficulty & obscurity ( ! object1 & refre%+ ! s\l ) new discov]ies & images ( ?+s1 & !reby ext5d+ ! b\nds ( appreh5sion1 & enl>g+ ! t]ritories ( reason4 ,,dr4 ,,s\?4 ,:at is m pleasant ?an to read ( /rong-he>t$ y\?s1 :o1 9 ! mid/ ( want & h>d%ips ( _m k9ds1 h clung to books1 fe$+1 l bees to fl[]s8 ,by ! light ( p9e-logs1 9 dim-lit g>rets1 9 ! fields foll[+ ! pl\gh1 9 e>ly dawns :5 o!rs are asleep1 !y ply _! bless$ task1 seek+ n\ri%m5t = ! m9d1 a?ir/ = tru?1 ye>n+ = full sight ( ! high worlds ( :i* !y h caught fa9t glimpses2 happi] n[1 lack+ ev]y?+ save fai? & a great purpose1 ?an 9 aft]-ye>s :5 success %all %[] on !m applause & gold4 ,,bi%op ,,spald+4 ,,xxii ,,?9k+ ,,& ,,! ,,high] ,,life ,sid5ote3 ,! ,book ( books4 ,! prec$+ *apt] po9t$ out ! function ( ?9k+ 9 ! arts1 & ! reciprocal influ5ce ( ^! ^u ! p[] ( ?\ght4 ,x rema9s to po9t out ! relation ( ?9k+ to ! high] life4 ,! be/ po9t ( dep>ture = su* a discussion is ! book :i* has done m to fo/] ! high] life ( ! s\l ?an all o!r books comb9$4 ,f "s po9ts ( view ! be/ book on tea*+ ev] made is ! ,book ( books4 ,9 x we f9d n only practical examples & m>vell\s illu/rations ( ! art ( ! tea*]1 b also ! mo/ significant maxims & /atem5ts be>+ ^u ! developm5t ( ! inn] life4 ,9 ! acc\nt ( ! ,temptation 9 ! ,wild]ness1 we h an utt]ance f ! lips ( ! ,great ,tea*]1 direct+ our att5tion t[>ds ! high] life4 8,man %all n live by bread alone1 b by e ^w t proce$e? out ( ! m\? ( ,god40 7,matt4 iv4 #d47 ,sid5ote3 ,bread-/udies4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,great ,tea*]4 ,9 ! univ]sities "o he>s a great deal ab\t bread-/udies4 ,k = its own sake1 culture = culture's sake1 education1 n = ! sake ( its money-value1 b = ! m9d's sake1 are ! ideals held up be=e ! m9ds ( ! /ud5ts4 ,a _w-fam\s pr(essor ( ma!matics demon/rat$ a new !orem1 & clos$ ! demon/ration ) ! exclamation1 8,n[1 t is true1 &1 ?ank ,god1 nobody c use x60 ,does k increase 9 value z its utility dim9i%es8 ,?is pr(essor 0 draw+ an annual sal>y ( five ?\s& doll>s1 & c\ld well af=d to ignore ! money-value ( an education4 ,lift$ above ! /ruggle = bread1 he _h no sympa?y ) ! multitudes 9 ^: exp]i5ce ! /ruggle = bread is ! all-absorb+ problem ( life4 ,! !ory ( life prop\nd$ by ! ,great ,tea*] is v diff]5t4 ,he did n despise ! arts t make bread & w9 bread4 ,twice ,he miracul\sly multipli$ ! loaves & fi%es1 9 ord] to fe$ ! multitudes4 ,= _m ye>s ,he work$ at ! c>p5t]'s b5*1 & aft] ! dea? ( ,8 fa!r help$ to support ,8 "m4 ,:5 hang+ ^u ! cross1 ,he intru/$ ,8 "m to ! c>e ( ,john1 ! 8disciple :om ,jesus lov$40 ,b :5 ,satan came to him & sugge/$ ! mak+ ( bread by unlawful means1 ,he repell$ ! tempt]1 say+1 8,man %all n live by bread alone1 b by e ^w t proce$e? out ( ! m\? ( ,god40 ,bread "h /&s = m ?an physical food4 ,x is symbolic ( ! life t turns ^u :at we eat & dr9k1 ! g>m5ts we we>1 & ! h\ses we live 94 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,fr5* k+4 ,sid5ote3 ,e>n+ p[]4 ,! be/ ( ,fr5* k+s *]i%$ x z ! ambition ( 8 life to make e "o ( 8 subjects s well (f z to be able on ,sunday to h roa/ f[l = d9n]4 ,_h he liv$ 9 our day1 he w\ld h includ$ among ! objects ( 8 ambition a new bonnet = e woman at lea/ twice a ye>4 ,roa/ f[l & new bonnets co/ money2 & money indicates ! plane f :i* v _m p look at e "q ( gov]nm5t & education4 ,money /&s = :at we eat & dr9k1 = ! g>m5ts we we> & ! h\ses we live 91 = ! ?\s&s ( creature com=ts :i* we deem ess5tial to our well-be+ & happ9ess4 ,p]haps ! s*ool has n done all x is de/9$ to accompli% 9 fitt+ ! pupils to w9 ^!1 b !re is abundant evid5ce to %[ t a good s*ool increases ! e>n+ p[] ( ! individual1 & !reby makes possible ! high] life ( m9d1 or ( ! s\l4 ,! untutor$ r$ man ek$ out a scanty exi/5ce 9 spite ( unp>allel$ advantages 9 soil & /ream & climate2 ! intellig5ce begott5 by ! mod]n s*ool has enabl$ our p to utilize & develop ! mat]ial res\rces ( ! ,new ,_w to su* an ext5t t ,c>lyle sne]+ly said1 8,am]ica means roa/ turkey e day = ev]ybody40 ,let u accept ! rem>k z an ackn[l$gm5t t ! ,am]ican p are bett] f$ ?an ^? ( ,engl& or ,cont95tal ,europe2 & yet ,c>lyle 0 "r 9 h9t+ t !re is a life high] ?an t :i* turns ^u :at we eat & dr9k & we>1 = ?is is 9 accord ) ! view ( life taught by ! greate/ ,tea*] ( all ! ages4 ,sid5ote3 ,! basis ( ! high] life4 ,x is wor? :ile to pause a mom5t = ! purpose ( po9t+ out ! relation ( ! high] life to ! side ( life symboliz$ by bread4 ,9 a ^w1 ! high] life re/s ^u ! o!r z a basis4 ,:]e ! vital en]gies ( a p are exhau/$ 9 ! /ruggle = bread1 ! v m5tion ( education is a mock]y4 ,! s*ool lays ! f\ndation = ! high] life :5 x increases ! av]age e>n+ p[] ( ! indu/rial classes1 & !reby makes x easi] = !m to ga9 a livelihood4 ,"h is ! fir/ po9t ( contact betwe5 ! s*ool & ! high] life4 ,!re is no language suffici5tly /rong to condemn ! _s ( ! pr(essor :o1 :5 he _h demon/rat$ a new !orem 9 high] ma!matics1 ?ank$ ,god t nobody c\ld use x4 ,sid5ote3 ,:at money c & _c buy4 ,only pr(essors fill+ well-end[$ *airs at our univ]sities c af=d to speak disp>ag+ly ( ,brot-/udi5 & to advocate !ories ( education :i* w\ld sund] ! s*ool f practical life4 ,an education t unfits ! pupil = bread-w9n+ 9 case ( necessity _c be too sev]ely condemn$2 among o!r reasons1 because x fails to lay a prop] f\ndation = ! high] life4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! s*ool t does n aim at some?+ high] ?an doll>s & c5ts des]ves equally sev]e condemnation2 = t :i* makes life wor? liv+ _c be b\ght ) money4 ,if y are ri*1 y may buy a f9e h\se1 b y _c buy a happy home2 t mu/ be made1--made by y & by ^? :o occupy x ) y4 ,) money y may r5t a pew 9 "s fa%ionable *ur*1 b y _c r5t a good consci5ce1--t dep5ds ^u y\r mann] ( liv+ & deal+ ) o!rs4 ,money w enable y to buy a f9e copy ( ,%akespe>e1 b x _c pur*ase = y ! ability to appreciate a play ( ,%akespe>e1--t is ! result ( education4 ,weal? w enable y to cov] ! walls ( y\r co/ly mansion ) beautiful pictures2 & ! sew+-girl1 if %e has be5 prop]ly taught 9 a public s*ool1 w get m enjoym5t out ( !m ?an c possibly be gott5 by ! sons & daught]s ( weal? & luxury ^: prop] education has be5 neglect$4 ,sid5ote3 ,?9k+ ,god's ?\ghts4 ,sid5ote3 ,! objection4 ,sid5ote3 ,true cont5tm5t4 ,plato wrote above ! door ( ! academy1 8,let no "o ent] "h :o is de/itute ( geometry40 ,:y did he value geometry s highly8 ,n m]ely z an introduction to ! /udy ( philosophy1 = 9 "o ( 8 dialogues he says1 8,god geometrizes40 ,he _h an idea t a y\? 9 ?9k+ ! !orems ( geometry is ?9k+ div9e ?\ghts4 ,:5 ,kepl] discov]$ ! laws ( planet>y motion1 he exclaim$1 9 ec/asy1 8,o ,god1 ,i ?9k ?y ?\ghts aft] !e60 ,:5 a pupil le>ns to ?9k ! ?\ghts :i* ! ,creator has put into ! />ry heav5s above u & into all nature ab\t u1 he is ?9k+ ,god's ?\ghts & ta/+ ! enjoym5ts ( ! high] life4 ,:5 he is taught ! "r use ( books1 & giv5 access to a public libr>y1 he may acquire ! p[] to ?9k ! be/ ?\ghts ( ! be/ m5 at _! be/ mom5ts4 ,9 nature /udy1 9 ! read+ lesson1 9 ! tea*+ ( sci5ce & lit]ature1 ! s*ool fo/]s ! high] life ( ! pupil by enabl+ him to ?9k ,god's ?\ghts & man's be/ ?\ghts z ^! are en%r9$ 9 creation & 9 ! humanities4 ,! objection is sometimes he>d t ! s*ool makes ! work+-classes discont5t$ ) _! lot4 8,tea* a man to ?9k10 says ! oppon5t ( univ]sal education1 8& y make him dissatisfi$ ) :at he has & kn[s40 ,if ! s*ool fixes ! eye ^u weal?1 fame1 glory1 (ficial position1 & o!r ?+s :i* c be atta9$ only by a few1 & :i*1 :5 s\ght z ! *ief end ( life1 resemble ! apples ( ! ,dead ,sea1 turn+ to a%es on ! lips z soon z !y are ta/$1 !n1 inde$1 ! s*ool may doom its pupils to a life ( discont5t & disappo9tm5t4 ,b if ! s*ool fixes ! eye ^u ! ?+s ( ! high] life1 ?+s :i* are )9 ! rea* ( e boy & girl at s*ool1 x lays ! f\ndation = a cont5tm5t f> transc5d+ ! possibilities ( a life t turns ^u fea/+1 (fice-hold+1 & ! ?+s t c be b\ght ) money4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ! ex]cise ( ! high] p[]s c>ries ) x a c]ta9 feel+ ( discont5t1 b x is a feel+ t conditions true progress & is n doom$ to ultimate disappo9tm5t4 ,! true te/ ( :at is pref]able is ! te/imony ( ^? :o h k ( bo? modes ( exi/5ce4 ,:o t kn[s bo? does n value ! pleasures ( ?9k+ above ^? ( eat+8 ,:o w\ld ex*ange ! joy ( do+ "r = any?+ atta9able by ! man :o1 = ! sake ( success1 bani%es e?ics f 8 bus9ess or 8 politics8 8,few human creatures10 says ,mill1 8w\ld cons5t to be *ang$ into any ( ! l[] animals = a promise ( ! fulle/ all[ance ( a bea/'s pleasures2 no intellig5t human be+ w\ld cons5t to be a fool1 no in/ruct$ p]son w\ld be an ignoramus1 no p]son ( feel+ & consci5ce w\ld be selfi% & base1 ev5 ?\gh he %\ld be p]suad$ t ! fool1 or ! dunce1 or ! rascal is bett] satisfi$ ) 8 lot ?an !y ) !irs40 8,x is bett] to be a human be+ dissatisfi$ ?an a pig satisfi$1 bett] to be a ,socrates dissatisfi$ ?an a fool satisfi$4 ,& if ! fool or ! pig is ( a diff]5t op9ion1 x is only because !y "k only _! own side ( ! "q4 ,! o!r p>ty to ! comp>ison kn[s bo? sides40 ,:o w\ld n r be an intellig5t work+man seek+ to bett] 8 condition1 ?an an ignoramus cont5t$ ) little because he kn[s no?+ ( ! joys ( ! high] life8 ,sid5ote3 ,life's contradictions4 ,sid5ote3 ,trag$y & com$y4 ,sid5ote3 ,beauty4 ,life is full ( contradictions & incongruities & disappo9tm5ts4 ,ov] aga9/ ^!1 ! s*ool1 9 its relation to ! high] life1 has a duty to p]=m4 ,= ! discont5t :i* spr+s f life's contradictions & incongruities a safety-valve has be5 giv5 to man 9 8 ability to laugh4 ,! p]son :o nev] laughs is z "o-sid$ & abnormal z ! p]son :o nev] prays4 ,! comic is n[ recogniz$ z "o =m ( ! beautiful1 & ! beautiful is closely alli$ to ! true & ! good4 ,)\t go+ into ! philosophy ( ?is matt]1 att5tion may be drawn to ! fact t beauty has a home 9 ! doma9 ( art1 z well z ( nature2 t ! que5 ( ! f9e arts is poetry2 t ! greate/ poet ( all ! ages 0 ,%akespe>e2 t ,%akespe>e's lit]>y g5ius rea*$ its highe/ flights 9 trag$ies & com$ies2 t :il/ trag$y & com$y are two =ms ( ! beautiful 9 art1 com$y is ! highe/ =m ( ! comic1 :il/ trag$y is ! highe/ =m ( ! sublime4 ,9 tea*+ u to appreciate ! plays ( ,%akespe>e1 ! s*ool n m]ely tea*es u :5 to laugh & :5 to weep1 !reby furni%+ ! safety-valve to let (f our discont5t & to reconcile u anew to our lot1 b puts u 9 possession ( t :i* money _c buy1--namely1 ! ability to appreciate ! beautiful 9 its subtle/ & sublime/ =ms4 ,:o owns ! moonlit skies1 ! millionaire or ! poet8 ,:o owns ! hills & ! valleys1 ! /reams & ! m\nta9s2 he 9 ^: "n ! de$s & mortgages are record$1 or he ^: s\l c appreciate beauty & sublimity8 ,beauty has a home 9 nature & 9 art4 ,x is ! prov9ce ( ! s*ool to put u 9 possession ( ! beautiful1 ! sublime1 & ! comic1 = ^! q z mu* z ! true & ! good belong to ! ?+s ( ! high] life4 ,sid5ote3 ,fai?1 hope1 & love4 ,h[ ab\t life's disappo9tm5ts8 ,high] ?an ! life ( ?\ght is ! life ( fai? & hope & love1--high]1 because ^! are root$ & gr\nd$ 9 ! life ( ?\ght1 rip5 above x z its highe/ fruitage & effloresc5ce4 ,! n9ete5? c5tury has be5 an age ( fai?4 ,e sci5tific m9d has pr(\nd fai? 9 nature's laws1 9 ! univ]sal efficacy ( tru?2 &1 l ,agassiz & ,gray & ,drummond1 multitudes ( ! be/ m9ds h made ! /ep f fai? 9 natural laws to fai? 9 ! laws :i* gov]n ! spiritual _w4 ,! common p ev9ce a fai? almo/ bord]+ on cr$ulity 9 ! read9ess ) :i* !y accept ! results ( sci5tific rese>* & inve/igation4 ,fai? lies at ! basis ( great a*ievem5ts4 ,bism>ck decl>$ t if he did n believe 9 ! div9e gov]nm5t ( ! _w1 he w\ld n s]ve 8 c\ntry ano!r day4 8,take away my fai?10 he exclaim$1 8& y take away my c\ntry1 too40 ,:il/ no religi\s te/ c he appli$ to ^? :o tea* 9 our public s*ools1 our be/ p pref] tea*]s :o h fai? 9 ! unse5 to tea*]s :o lack fai? 9 ! tru?s ( revelation4 ,9 ways t escape obs]vation1 ! _s ( fai? passes f tea*] to pupil1 & gives ! latt] a s5se ( some?+ to live = & some?+ to be a*iev$4 ,sid5ote3 ,immortality4 ,fai? begets hope4 ,! hope ( glory1 ( rew>ds 9 civil & milit>y life1 ( immortality on ! pages ( hi/ory1 has /imulat$ to de$s ( h]oism & self-sacrifice1 & w cont9ue to d s to ! end ( "t4 ,! high] life kn[s ( high] objects ( hope ?an ^!4 ,immortality on ! pages ( hi/ory is only an immortality 9 pr9t]'s ink4 ,! true tea*] wi%es 8 pupils to *]i% ! hope ( an immortality f> m real ?an an immortality 9 pr9t]'s ink2 he seeks to implant 9 _! he>ts ! hope ( an immortal life 9 a _w :]e ! s\l %all be rob$ 9 a body l unto ,*ri/'s ris5 body1 :i* ,/eph5 saw 9 a vision ( glory & ,paul beheld 9 a manife/ation ( ov]:elm+ spl5dor4 ,sid5ote3 ,love makes life wor? liv+4 ,t :i* makes life wor? liv+ is ! life ( love4 ,9 ! ?irte5? *apt] ( ,fir/ ,cor9?ians1 :i* is a poem1 ?\gh lack+ metre & rhyme1 ,paul speaks ( fai?1 hope1 & *>ity1 & says t1 ( ^! ?ree1 ! greate/ is *>ity1 or love1 z ! ,revis$ ,v]sion translates x4 ,fai? %all be *ang$ to sight1 & hope to glad fruition1 b love %all abide =ev]4 ,?r\gh\t ! ceaseless ages ( et]nity1 love ( ! tru?1 z x is1 9 ,jesus1--yea1 man's love = 8 ,mak] & 8 ,savi\r1 & = ! :ole glori\s company ( ! r$eem$1--w cont9ue to gl[ & to gr[1 lift+ ! s\l to ev] l(ti] heights ( ec/asy & bliss4 ,a =eta/e ( ?is ec/atic bliss is possible 9 ?is life4 ,love ( home & c\ntry1 ( k9dr$ & fri5ds1 ( tru? & righte\sness1 ( beauty 9 all its =ms1 ( goodness ( e k9d1 up to ! highe/ =ms ( ! good1 gives life on e>? a heav5ly *>m4 ,ev5 9 ?is _w1 ! love t b9ds human he>ts1 t makes homes & bro!rhoods1 t issues 9 de$s ( k9dness1 fri5d%ip1 & *>ity1 is br++ m happ9ess to ! race ?an all o!r ag5cies comb9$4 8,! night has a ?\s& eyes1 ,& ! day b "o2 ,yet ! light ( ! :ole _w dies ,) ! sett+ sun4 8,! m9d has a ?\s& eyes1 ,& ! he>t b "o2 ,b ! light ( a :ole life dies ,:5 love is done40 ,sid5ote3 ,?9k+ & liv+4 ,! s*ool makes possible ! high] life :5 x tea*es ! pupil to ?9k4 ,"r ?9k+ puts intellig5ce into ! labor ( 8 h&s1 increases 8 e>n+-p[]1 lays ! f\ndation = 8 physical well-be+1 & lifts him above an exi/5ce t is a m]e /ruggle = bread4 ,x promotes ! high] life by tea*+ him to ?9k ,god's ?\ghts1 z en%r9$ 9 all ,8 works1 & ! be/ ?\ghts ( ! be/ m51 z embodi$ 9 lit]ature & ! humanities4 ,x fits ! pupil = complete liv+ by develop+ 9 him ! p[] to appreciate ! beautiful 9 nature & art1 p[] to ?9k ! true & to w ! good1 p[] to live ! life ( ?\ght1 & fai?1 & hope1 & love4 ,,! ,,end4 ,,footnotes #a ,= brevity's sake ! phrase1 ?9k+ 9 ?+s1 is pref]r$ to ! m accurate b less conv5i5t expression1 ?9k+ 9 ! images ( ?+s4 #b ,psy*opanny*ism d5otes ! doctr9e t ! s\l falls asleep at dea?1 n to awak5 until ! resurrection4 #c ,= ?is incid5t ! writ] is indebt$ to ,sup]9t5d5t ,l4 ,h4 ,jones1 ( ,clevel&1 ,ohio4 #d 8,lessons 9 ,psy*ology10 pages #bfj-bfg4 #e ,see 8,h[ ,london ,lives10 ,?omas ,nelson ,sons1 ,london4 #f 8,johannes ,kepl] 7#aega-afcj7 0 at "o "t 9 ,prague assi/ant to ! ,dani% a/ronom] ,ty*o ,brahe4 ,unlike ,ty*o1 ,kepl] _h no tal5t = obs]vation & exp]im5tation4 ,b he 0 a great ?9k]1 & excell$ z a ma!matician4 ,he absorb$ ,cop]nican ideas1 & e>ly grappl$ ) ! problem ( det]m9+ ! real pa?s ( ! planets4 ,9 8 fir/ attempts he work$ on ! dreams ( ! ,py?agoreans conc]n+ figure & numb]4 ,int]c\rse ) ,ty*o l$ him to reject su* my/icism & to /udy on ! planets record$ by 8 ma/]4 ,he took ! planet ,m>s1 & f\nd t no comb9ations ( circles w\ld give a pa? :i* c\ld be reconcil$ ) ! obs]vations4 ,9 "o case ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! obs]v$ & 8 comput$ values 0 eight m9utes1 & he knew t s accurate an obs]v] z ,ty*o c\ld n make an error s great4 ,he tri$ an oval orbit = ,m>s1 & reject$ x2 he tri$ an ellipse1 & x fitt$4 ,?us1 aft] m ?an f\r ye>s ( assidu\s computation1 & aft] try+ n9ete5 imag9>y pa?s1 & reject+ ea* because x 0 inconsi/5t ) obs]vation1 ,kepl] 9 #afah discov]$ ! tru?4 ,an ellipse6 ,:y did he n ?9k ( x be=e8 ,:at a simple matt]--aft] ! puzzle is once solv$6 ,he work$ out :at are kn[n z ,kepl]'s laws1 :i* accord$ ) obs]vation1 b conflict$ ) ! ,ptolemaic hypo!sis4 ,?us ! old sy/em 0 logically ov]?r[n4 ,b n until aft] a bitt] /ruggle betwe5 sci5ce & !ology did ! new sy/em f9d g5]al acceptation40--,cajori's 8,hi/ory ( ,physics10 pages #bi1 #cj4 #g ,"y's 8,! ,sun10 pages #dc1 #dd1 second edition4 #h ,"y's 8,a/ronomy10 page #agd4 #i ,n[ ! well-kn[n ,"l ,kelv94 #aj 8,act9ism10 by ,pr(essor ,*>les ,f4 ,himes1 pages #ah1 #ai4 #aa ,dr4 ,morrell's 8,elem5ts ( ,psy*ology10 quot$ by ,gall[ay 9 8,education1 ,sci5tific & ,te*nical10 page #afe4 #ab ,quot$ by ,gall[ay 9 8,education1 ,sci5tific & ,te*nical10 pages #aaf1 #aag4 #ac ,h9sdale's 8,! ,language ,arts10 pages #ag1 #ah4 #ad ,mr4 ,smiles1 8,life ( ,/eph5son10 ?ird edition1 page #dgd1 tells h[ ,george ,/eph5son1 argu+ "o ev5+ on ! coal "q ) ,dr4 ,buckl&1 0 q unable to make good 8 case4 ,! next morn+ he talk$ ov] ! matt] ) ,sir ,w4 ,follett1 & t illu/ri\s advocate1 f ! mat]ials suppli$ by ! practical k ( ,/eph5son1 0 able easily to discomfit ! le>n$ dean4 ,quot$ by ,a4 ,s4 ,wilk9s's 8,cic]o de ,oratore10 page #aje1 second edition4 #ae ,phelps's 8,m5 & ,books10 page #cjc4 #af ,l[ell's 8,books & ,libr>ies10 pages #hh-ij1 vol4 vi41 ,riv]side ,edition4 #ag ,phelps's 8,m5 & ,books10 pages #aje1 #ajf4 #ah ,ibid41 page #abd4 #ai ,n4 ,port]'s 8,books & ,read+10 page #eg4 #bj ,*>les ,f4 ,himes's 8,act9ism10 pages #e1 #f4 #ba ,jevons's 8,pr9ciples ( ,sci5ce10 pages #cii1 #djj4 #bb 8,talks on ,psy*ology10 page #cd4 #bc 8,psy*ologic ,f\ndations ( ,education10 pages #agg1 #agh4 #bd ,la?am1 8,action ( ,exam9ations10 pages #bbi1 #bcj4 #be ,maudsley's 8,physiology ( ! ,m9d10 page #eah4 #bf ,annotations on ,bacon's ,essay 8,( ,/udies40 #bg ,ham]ton's 8,intellectual ,life10 page #abe4 #bh ,john xii4 #bd1 ,revis$ ,v]sion4 #bi ,f4 ,galton's 8,inquiries into ,human ,faculty10 pages #ajj1 #aja4 #cj ,f4 ,galton's 8,inquiries into ,human ,faculty10 pages #aac1 #aad4 #ca ,james ,freeman ,cl>ke's 8,self-,culture10 page #ahc4 #cb ,ba9's 8,! ,emotion & ! ,w10 page #bi4 #cc ,james's 8,psy*ology10 vol4 i41 pages #bdc1 #bdd4 #cd ,james's 8,psy*ology10 vol4 i41 page #bec #ce ,huxley's 8,disc\rses1 ,biological & ,geological ,essays10 pages vi1 vii4 #cf ,james's 8,psy*ology10 vol4 i41 page #bfd4 ,( ,*>les ,d>w9's habits ( read+1 8 son says1 8,i h (t5 he>d him say t he got a k9d ( satisfaction 9 read+ articles :i* 7accord+ to himself7 he c\ld n und]/&4 ,i wi% ,i c\ld reproduce ! mann] 9 :i* he w\ld laugh at himself = x40 ,( 8 sci5tific read+1 ?is son writes z foll[s3 8,mu* ( 8 sci5tific read+ 0 9 ,g]man1 & ?is 0 a great labor to him2 9 read+ a book aft] him1 ,i 0 (t5 /ruck at see+1 f ! p5cil-m>ks made ea* day :]e he left (f1 h[ little he c\ld read at a "t4 ,he us$ to call ,g]man ! #8,v]dammte1' pron\nc$ z if 9 ,engli%4 ,he 0 especially indignant ) ,g]mans1 because he 0 conv9c$ t !y c\ld write simply if !y *ose1 & (t5 prais$ ,dr4 ,f4 ,hildebr& = writ+ ,g]man :i* 0 z cle> z ,fr5*40--8,life & ,lett]s ( ,*>les ,d>w910 vol4 i41 page #ajc4 #cg ,locke's 8,human ,und]/&+10 vol4 ii41 page #he4 #ch ,lewes's 8,problems ( ,life & ,m9d10 ,f\r? ,problem1 pages #dgd1 #dge4 #ci ,lewes's 8,problems ( ,life & ,m9d10 ,f\r? ,problem1 pages #dge-dgg4 #dj ,bauta9's 8,art ( ,extempore ,speak+10 pages #fh1 #fi4 #da 8,autobiography10 page #hj4 #db 8,m5 & ,books10 pages #bba1 #bbb4 #dc 8,9 ! "n1 !n1 ( a s\nd condition ( m9d & body1 & 9 ! confid5t hope ( obta9+ bo? = ,france1 ,i call on our p to imitate ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,nor? ,am]ica by mak+ ! art ( read+ al\d ! v corn]-/one ( public education40--,leg\v's 8,art ( ,read+10 page #ade4 #dd ,clif=d's 8,essays10 page #hh4 #de ,clif=d's 8,essays10 page #hg4 ,?us ! movem5ts ( ,sirius l$ a/ronom]s 7,pet]s & ,auw]s7 to inf] ! exi/5ce ( a satellite1 :i* 0 subsequ5tly discov]$ by ,alvan ,cl>k ,son ?r\gh ! eighte5-in* glass :i* !y 7 complet+ = ! ,*icago ,obs]vatory4 ,simil>ly1 ,pr(essor ,wright1 ( ,ob]l91 c>efully /udi$ ! ,tr5ton deposits & _! relations to ! t]race & gravel deposits to ! we/w>d1 & pr$ict$ t simil> paleoli?ic implem5ts w\ld be f\nd 9 ,ohio4 ,two ye>s aft]w>ds ,dr4 ,m]tz f\nd1 eight feet bel[ ! surface1 a true paleoli? ( black fl9t at ,madisonville1 9 ! ,little ,miami ,valley4 ,o!r in/ances ( sci5tific pr$iction w occur to ! read]4 #df 8,essay on ! ,human ,und]/&+10 ,book ,,iv41 ,*apt] ,i4 #dg ,compayre's 8,hi/ory ( ,p$agogy10 page #dcg1 ,am]ican translation4 #dh 8,!re c be no d\bt t ,newton 0 an al*emi/1 & t he (t5 labor$ night & day at al*emical exp]im5ts4 ,b 9 try+ to discov] ! secret by :i* gross metals might be r5d]$ noble 8 l(ty p[]s ( d$uctive inve/igation 7 :olly useless4 ,depriv$ ( all guid+ clues1 8 exp]im5ts 7 l ^? ( all ! al*emi/s1 purely haphaz>d & t5tative4 ,:ile 8 hypo!tical & d$uctive inve/igations h giv5 u a true sy/em ( ! univ]se1 & op5$ ! way = almo/ all ! great bran*es ( natural philosophy1 ! :ole results ( 8 t5tative exp]im5ts are compreh5d$ 9 a few happy guesses1 giv5 9 8 celebrat$ #8,qu]ies4'0--,jevons's 8,pr9ciples ( ,sci5ce10 pages #eje1 #ejf4 #di 8,! ,s5ses & ! ,intellect10 pages #dhh-ebd4 #ej ,max ,mll]'s 8,sci5ce ( ,?\ght10 page #fje4 #ea ,page #djb4 #eb ,page #f4 #ec ,d>w9's 8,autobiography10 page #ha4 #ed ,= ?is incid5t ! writ] is indebt$ to ,dr4 ,a4 ,e4 ,w9%ip4 #ee 8,m5tal ,physiology10 page #chi4 #ef ,crook]'s 8,/ud5t 9 ,am]ican ,life10 pages #bc1 #bh4