,by ,ellen ,key ,the ,century of the ,child ,the ,education of the ,child ,love and ,marriage ,the ,woman ,movement ,the ,woman ,movement ,by ,ellen ,key ,author of 8,the ,century of the ,child10 8,love and ,marriage10 etc4 ,translated by ,mamah ,bouton ,borthwick1 ,a4,m4 ,with an ,introduction by ,havelock ,ellis ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons ,new ,york and ,london ,the ,knickerbocker ,press #aiab ,,copyright1 #aiab ,,by ,g4 ,p4 ,,putnam',s ,,sons ,the ,knickerbocker ,press1 ,new ,york ,es gibt kein ,vergangenes das man zurcksehnen drfte2 es gibt nur ein ewig ,neues1 das sich aus den erweiterten ,elementen des ,vergangenen gestaltet1 und die echte ,sehnsucht muss stets productiv sein1 ein neues1 besseres ,erschaffen4--,,goethe4 8,there is no past that we need long to return to1 there is only the eternally new which is formed out of enlarged elements of the past2 and our genuine longing must always be productive1 for a new and better creation40 ,,preface ,the literature upon the right and the worth of woman1 beginning as early as the #aeth century1 has in recent times increased so enormously that a complete collection would require a whole library building4 ,in these writings are represented all classes1 from tables of statistics to comic papers4 ,not only both sexes but almost all stages of life have contributed to it4 ,by immersing oneself in this literature1 especially in its belletristic and polemic portions1 one could find rich material for the illumination of that sphere to which the publisher limited my work3 the indication of the new spiritual conditions1 transformations1 and reciprocal results which the woman movement has effected4 ,historic1 scientific1 political1 economic1 juridical1 sociological1 and theological points of view must1 therefore1 be practically set aside4 ,but even for my task1 limited to the psychological sphere1 time1 strength1 and inclination are wanting to bury myself in this literature4 ,i must1 therefore1 confine myself to giving chiefly my own observations4 ,it is more than fifty years ago that ,i read ,hertha1 ,sweden's first 8feministic0 7dealing with the woman question7 novel1 and listened to the numerous contentions concerning it4 ,with ever keener personal interest ,i have since followed the operations of the woman movement--above all1 the new psychic conditions1 types1 and forms of activities which the woman movement has evoked2 ,i have also given consideration to the new possibilities and new difficulties resulting therefrom for individuals and for society4 ,the limited compass of this little book prevents me from substantiating my assertions by means of parallels with earlier times1 comparisons which might illuminate certain spiritual transformations and new formations4 ,my comparisons of the present with the past do not go farther back than my own memory reaches4 ,and these touch1 moreover1 in what concerns the past1 principally upon ,swedish conditions2 while my impressions of the present were gathered throughout ,europe4 ,i have considered1 however1 that ,i could summarise both in a comprehensive picture4 ,for although the women of ,sweden a generation ago possessed rights for which the women in many countries are still struggling to-day1 yet the woman movement in the last decade has advanced so rapidly that the conditions have in great measure been equalised4 ,indeed1 some of the grey-haired champions of the woman movement have seen one after another of their demands fulfilled in this new century--demands which in the fifties and sixties1 in many countries even in the seventies and eighties1 were publicly and privately derided even in the very person of these champions4 ,and among peoples who even ten years ago were unaffected by the emancipation of women1 for example the ,chinese and the ,turks1 it is already progressing4 ,it amounts to this1 that even if national peculiarities in character and in laws occasion differences in the curve which the woman movement describes in the different countries1 yet everywhere the movement has had the same causes1 must follow the same main direction1 and--sooner or later--must have the same effects4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in ,hertha1 the book containing the tenets of the ,swedish woman movement1 the demand is made for woman's 8freedom and future1 and a home for her spiritual life02 the desire is expressed that women should 8preserve the character of their own nature1 and not be uniformly moulded1 not be led by a string as if they had not a soul of their own to show them the way40 ,there must be 8vital air for woman's soul and a share in life's riches40 ,it is to be lamented that 8woman's spiritual talent must be a field that lies fallow10 that the law 8denies her free agency in seeking happiness40 ,the prerogative is demanded that 8woman in noble self-conscious joy shall succeed in feeling what she is able to do now and what she is capable of attaining02 that she shall be free to 8aspire to the heights her youthful strength and consciousness point out to her02 that she may 8be fully herself and be able to exercise an uplifting1 ennobling influence upon the man0 to whom she says3 8,all that is mine shall be thine and thereby the portion of each shall be doubled40 ,even if all fields are made accessible to them1 8,god's law in their nature will always lead the majority of women to the home1 to the intimacy of the family life1 to motherhood and the duties of rearing children--but with a higher consciousness40 ,that women shall be citizens signifies that they shall become 8human beings in whom the life of the heart predominates40 ,this picture of the future1 which has already become a reality in many respects1 was sketched at a time when innumerable women were still compelled to experience that 8there is no heavier burden than life's emptiness10 and when it was true of every woman1 8dark is her way1 gloomy her future1 narrow her lot40 ,but because that which is1 is always considered by the masses as that which ought to be1 8whatever is1 is right10 so the writer who painted the picture was called 8dangerous10 8a disintegrator of society10 8mad10 8ridiculous06 8,mademoiselle ,bremer's0 name possessed then quite a different intonation from that of ,fredrika ,bremer now2 it caused strife between the sexes2 it was hated by some and derided by others4 ,i should like to advise young women of the present time to read ,hertha2 they will thus obtain a criterion for the progress which has taken place during the last half century and also a clear view of the character of the opposition which the present desire for progress encounters4 ,,ellen ,,key4 ,october #a1 #aiji4 ,,introduction ,there can be little doubt that at the present moment what is called the 8,woman's ,movement0 is entering a critical period of its development4 ,a discussion of its present problems and its present difficulties by one of the most advanced leaders in that movement thus appears at the right time and deserves our most serious attention4 ,the early promulgators of the ,woman's ,movement1 a century or more ago1 rightly regarded it as an extremely large and comprehensive movement affecting the whole of life4 ,they were anxious to secure for women adequate opportunities for free human development1 to the same extent that men possess such opportunities1 but they laid no special stress on the abolition of any single disability or group of disabilities1 whether as regards education1 occupation1 marriage1 property1 or political enfranchisement4 ,they were people of wide and sound intelligence2 they never imagined that any single isolated reform would prove a cheap panacea for all the evils they wished to correct2 they looked for a slow reform along the whole line4 ,they held that such reform would enrich and enlarge the entire field of human life1 not for women only1 but for the human race generally4 ,such1 indeed1 is the spirit which still inspires the wisest and most far-seeing champions of that ,movement4 ,it is only necessary to mention ,olive ,schreiner's ,woman and ,labour4 ,when1 however1 the era of actual practical reform began1 it was obvious that a certain amount of concentration became necessary4 ,education was1 reasonably enough1 usually the first point for concentration1 and gradually1 without any undue friction1 the education of girls was1 so far as possible1 raised to a level not so very different from that of boys4 ,this first great stage in the ,woman's ,movement inevitably led on to the second stage1 which lay in a struggle1 not this time always without a certain amount of friction1 to secure the entry of these now educated women to avocations and professions previously monopolised by the men who had alone been trained to fill them4 ,this second stage is now largely completed1 and at the present time there are very few vocations and professions in civilised lands1 even in so conservative and slowly moving a land as ,england1 which women are not entitled to exercise equally with men4 ,concomitantly with this movement1 however1--and beginning indeed1 very much earlier1 and altogether apart from any conscious 8movement0 at all1--there was a tendency to change the laws in a direction more favourable to women and their personal rights1 especially as regards marriage and property4 ,these legal reforms were effected by ,parliaments of men1 elected exclusively by men1 and for the most part they were effected without any very strong pressure from women4 ,it had1 however1 long been claimed that women themselves ought to have some part in making the laws by which they are governed1 and at this stage1 towards the middle of the last century1 the demand for women's parliamentary suffrage began to be urgently raised4 ,here1 however1 the difficulties naturally proved very much greater than they were in the introduction of a higher level of education for women1 or even in the opening up to them of hitherto monopolised occupations4 ,in new countries1 and sometimes in small old countries1 these difficulties could be overcome4 ,but in large and old countries1 of stable and complex constitution1 it was very far from easy to readjust the ancient machinery in accordance with the new demands4 ,the difficulty by no means lay in any unwillingness on the part of the masculine politicians in possession2 on the contrary1 it is a notable fact1 often overlooked1 that1 in ,england especially1 there have for at least half a century been a considerable proportion of eminent statesmen as well as of the ordinary rank and file of members of ,parliament who are in favour of granting the suffrage to women1 a much larger proportion1 probably1 than would be found favourable to this claim in any other section of the community4 ,that1 indeed1--apart from the delay involved by ancient constitutional methods1--has been the main difficulty4 ,neither among the masculine electors nor among their womenfolk has there been any consuming desire to achieve women's suffrage4 ,the result has been a certain tendency in the ,woman's ,movement to diverge in two different directions4 ,on the one hand1 are those who1 recognising that all evolution is slow1 are content to await patiently the inevitable moment when the political enfranchisement of women will become possible1 in the meanwhile working towards women's causes in other fields equally essential and sometimes more important4 ,on the other hand1 a small but energetic1 sometimes even violent1 section of the women engaged in this movement concentrated altogether on the suffrage4 ,the germs of this divergence may be noted even thirty years back when we find ,miss ,cobbe declaring that woman's suffrage is 8the crown and completion of all progress in woman's movements10 while ,mrs4 ,cady ,stanton1 perhaps more wisely1 stated that it was merely a vestibule to progress4 ,in recent years the difference has become accentuated1 sometimes even into an acute opposition1 between those who maintain that the one and only thing essential1 and that immediately and at all costs1 even at the cost of arresting and putting back the progress of women in all other directions1 is the parliamentary suffrage1 and on the other hand1 those who hold that the suffrage1 however necessary1 is still only a single point1 and that the woman's movement is far wider and1 above all1 far deeper than any mere political reform4 ,it is at this stage that ,ellen ,key comes before us with her book on ,the ,woman's ,movement1 first published in ,swedish in #aiji1 and now presented to the reader in ,english4 ,as ,ellen ,key views the ,woman's ,movement1 it certainly includes all that those who struggle for votes for women are fighting for2 she is unable to see1 as she puts it1 why a woman's hands need be more soiled by a ballot paper than by a cooking recipe4 ,but she is far indeed from the well-intentioned but ignorant fanatics who fancy that the vote is the alpha and the omega of ,feminism2 and still less is she in sympathy with those who consider that its importance is so supreme as to justify violence and robbery1 a sort of sex war on mankind generally1 and the casting in the mud of all those things which it has been the gradual task of civilisation to achieve1 not for men only but for women4 ,the ,woman's ,movement1 as ,ellen ,key sees it1 includes the demand for the vote1 but it looks upon the vote merely as a reasonable condition for attaining far wider and more fundamental ends4 ,she is of opinion that the ,woman's ,movement will progress less by an increased aptitude to claim rights than by an increased power of self-development1 that it is not by what they can seize1 but by what they are1 that women1 or for the matter of that men1 finally count4 ,she regards the task of women as constructive rather than destructive2 they are the architects of the future humanity1 and she holds that this is a task that can only be carried out side by side with men1 not because man's work and woman's work is1 or should be1 identical1 but because each supplements and aids the other1 and whatever gives greater strength and freedom to one sex equally fortifies and liberates the other sex4 ,certainly we may not all agree with ,ellen ,key at every point1 nor always accept her interpretation of the great movement of which she is so notable a pioneer4 ,the breadth of her sympathies may sometimes seem to lead to an impracticable eclecticism1 and1 in the rejection of narrow and trivial aims1 she may too sanguinely demand an impossible harmony of opposing ideals4 ,but if this is an error it is surely an error on the right side4 ,she has not put forward this book as a manifesto of the advanced guard of the ,woman's ,movement1 but merely as the reflections of an individual woman who1 for nearly half a century1 has pondered1 felt1 studied1 observed this movement in many parts of the world4 ,but it would not be easy to find a book in which the claims of ,feminism--in the largest modern sense--are more reasonably and temperately set forth4 ,signature3 ,havelock ,ellis4 ,,london1 ,may #a1 #aiab4 ,,contents ,,page ,,introduction #a ,,chapter ,i ,,the ,,external ,,results ,,of ,,the ,,woman ,,movement #bc ,,ii ,,the ,,inner ,,results ,,of ,,the ,,woman ,,movement #eh ,,iii ,,the ,,influence ,,of ,,the ,,woman ,,question ,,upon ,,single ,,women #ga ,,iv ,,the ,,influence ,,of ,,the ,,woman ,,movement ,,upon ,,the ,,daughters #hi ,v ,,the ,,influence ,,of ,,the ,,woman ,,movement ,,upon ,,men ,,and ,,women ,,in #aaa ,,general ,,vi ,,the ,,influence ,,of ,,the ,,woman ,,movement ,,upon ,,marriage #aci ,,vii ,,the ,,influence ,,of ,,the ,,woman ,,movement ,,upon ,,motherhood #afi ,the ,woman ,movement ,,introduction ,the first 8woman movement0 was ,eve's gesture when she reached for the fruit of the ,tree of ,knowledge--a movement symbolic of the entire subsequent woman's movement of the world4 ,for the will to pass beyond established bounds has constantly been the motive of her conscious as well as of her subconscious quest4 ,every generation has called this transgression1 this passing beyond the bounds1 a 8fall of man10 the 8original sin10 a crime against ,god's express command1 a crime against the nature of woman as prescribed for her for all time4 ,and yet from the beginning women have appeared who have passed far beyond the established boundaries set for their sex by their era and upheld by their own people4 ,they have demonstrated that limitations thus prescribed do not always coincide with what is considered by the majority to be the 8nature0 of woman4 ,at one time a woman has manifested the 8masculine0 characteristics of a ruler or has performed a 8masculine0 deed2 at another time she has distinguished herself in 8masculine0 learning or art1 or again has dared to love without the permission of law and custom4 ,in a word the individual woman1 when her head or her heart was strong enough1 has always shown the possibilities of the development of personal power4 ,but she has had in that effort only her own strength and her own will upon which to rely2 she has neither been urged on by the spirit of her time 7,zeitgeist7 nor been emulated by the masses4 ,exceptional women have sometimes been glorified by their contemporaries and by posterity as 8wonders of nature02 sometimes been cited as 8warning examples40 ,seen in connection with the world's woman movement all these instances1 where a bond was broken by woman's power of mind or creative gift1 by a heart or a conscience1 are parts of what can be called the 8prehistoric0 woman movement4 ,this movement for personal freedom formed no step in that phase of the development which possesses a conscious purpose1 but was merely sporadic4 ,even so the participation was long nameless which women took in the great struggles for freedom where1 without consideration for the 8nature0 of woman1 they dared bleed upon the arena and scaffold1 ascend the pyre1 and be raised upon the gibbet4 ,very rarely did these women martyrs alter immediately men's--or even women's--conception of woman's 8being40 ,but just as many perfumes are dissipated only after centuries1 so there are also deeds whose indirect results persist through centuries4 ,most significant1 however1 upon the whole in the 8prehistoric0 woman movement1 are innumerable women whose souls found expression only in the strong1 quiet acts of every day life but yet remained living and growing4 ,as a reason for the 8enslavement0 of woman by man1 the primitive division of labour is still occasionally cited4 ,this division of labour made war and the chase man's task and so developed in him courage1 energy1 and daring1 while the woman remained the 8beast of burden40 ,but we forget that1 in this labour arrangement1 the handicraft and husbandry which woman practised at that time made her1 to perhaps a higher degree than man1 the conservator of civilisation and probably developed her psychic power in more comprehensive manner than his4 ,even after this division of labour ceased there remained--and remain still in innumerable country households--in and through many of the important and difficult tasks of the mother of the house1 numerous possibilities for spiritual development4 ,and exactly in this respect industrial work robs the woman of much4 ,by the side of these innumerable nameless women who1 century after century1 in and through the material work of culture which they performed1 increased their psychic power1 we must remember all the unnamed women who with flower-like quiet mien turned their souls to the light4 ,antique sepulchres and ,tanagra figures tell us more about the harmonious1 refined corporeality of the ,hellenic woman than the famous statues of ,aphrodite or ,athena4 ,in like manner it is not the illustrious but the nameless women who most clearly reveal the will of the woman soul1 in antiquity1 for light and life4 ,numbers of ,greek women were disciples of the philosophers1 some even were their inspiration4 ,generally courtesans1 these women represented the 8emancipation0 of that time from the servile condition of the legitimate married women and also showed that women already longed to share in the interests of men and to acquire their culture4 ,history has preserved also words and deeds of wives and mothers of the past which show that these also at times attained 8masculine0 greatness of soul and civic virtue4 ,pythias and ,sibyls1 ,vestals and ,valas1 are other witnesses that the power of woman's soul was active and recognised long before ,christianity4 ,even among the purely primitive races there were found--and are found--cases in which woman in power and rights was placed1 not only on an equality with man1 but even above him4 ,and if1 on the one hand1 the rigid exactions which men from the earliest time have fixed upon the wife's fidelity--while they themselves had full freedom for promiscuity--show that the wife was considered as the property of the husband1 so1 on the other hand1 this very conception was a means of elevating and refining the soul life of woman4 ,for the self-control which she had to impose upon herself deepened her feeling for a devotion which embraced only one1 the man to whom she belonged4 ,nothing would be more superficial than to estimate the real position of woman1 among any special people1 only by what we know of their laws4 ,it is as if one1 in a few centuries from now1 should judge the actual position of the modern ,european wife by referring it to the wretched marriage laws which now obtain4 ,they forget the deep gulf between law and custom who declare that marriage devotion1 veneration for the sanctity of the home1 esteem for the spiritual being of the wife first arose as a result of ,christianity4 ,it is significant enough for the freeing of woman that ,jesus raised the personal worth of all mankind through ,his teaching that--whoever or whatever the person in outer respects may be--every soul possesses an eternal value comprised1 as it were1 in ,god's love2 significant enough that ,jesus ,himself1 because of this point of view1 treated every woman1 even the sinner1 with kindness and respect4 ,because of the increasing uncertainty concerning the real ideals of ,jesus1 one is compelled to assume that--just as ,veronica's handkerchief preserved the imprint of ,jesus' outer image--the manner of life of the oldest ,christian communities has preserved the imprint of ,his teaching4 ,it is significant of their doctrines that in these communities women and men stood side by side in the same faith1 in the same hope1 in the same exercise of love1 and in the same martyrdom4 ,here was 8neither man nor woman10 but all were one in the hope of the speedy second coming of ,jesus to establish ,god's ,kingdom4 ,but the more this hope faded1 the more the ,pagan-,jewish conception of woman again made itself felt4 ,it is true the ,church sought to place man and woman on an equality in regard to certain marriage duties and rights2 to uphold on both sides the sanctity of marriage2 to protect women and children against despotism4 ,it is true the ,church strove to counteract crude sensuality1 utilising1 among other things1 an emphasis of celibacy as the expression of the highest spirituality4 ,but1 on the other hand1 the doctrine of this ,church became the greatest obstacle to the elevation of woman1 because it lessened the reverence for her mission as a being of sex4 ,marriage1 the only recognised ends of which were the prevention of unchastity and the propagation of the race1 was looked upon as an inferior condition in comparison with pure virginity4 ,and the more this ideal of chastity was extolled1 the more woman was degraded and considered the most grievous temptation of man in his striving after higher sanctity4 ,before ,god1 so man taught1 man and woman were truly equal2 but not in human relationships or qualities2 yes1 and man has gone in this direction even to the point of debating the question in church councils1 as to whether woman really had a soul or not6 ,but when the ,church revered pure virginity in the person of the ,mother of ,jesus1 it was woman in highest form--as happy or suffering mother--that the ,church unconsciously glorified4 ,in the statues and altar pieces of the cathedral man worships1 in the likeness of ,mary1 the purest and noblest womanhood4 ,the virtues especially extolled by the ,church were also those in which ,mary in particular and woman in general had pre-eminence4 ,by all these impressions a soul condition was created in which the heart penetrated by religious ecstasy1 must1 of psychological necessity1 devote itself to the earthly manifestations of this same pure womanhood4 ,generally this devotion was only an ecstatic cult1 an adoration from afar of an ideal1 inspiring deeds or poetry4 ,sometimes this ecstasy fused the being of man and woman in the sensuous-soulful unity of great love4 ,but when neither was the case1 yet the adoration of knights and minnesingers increased the esteem of man for woman and the esteem of woman for herself4 ,it also contributed to the esteem of man for woman that1 as the men were always obliged to stand in arms1 they could rarely acquire the learning which the priests--and through them the wives and daughters of the castles--acquired4 ,the superiority of woman in this respect had a refining influence upon manners and customs and upon the general culture of the time4 ,often through a number of women auditors the poem of a minnesinger first became famous4 ,when in ,mainz one sees ,heinrich ,frauenlob's tombstone1 one comprehends1 through the soulful noble lines1 how mourning women bore him to the grave1 as the little bas-relief at the base of the stone represents4 ,their sympathy made him their singer and his sympathy revealed1 to their time and to themselves1 their own being4 ,woman's ideal of love became through poetry and courts of love the ideal also of the most cultured men4 ,we see here a movement of the time which women already half consciously effected by their life of feeling and their culture4 ,the authority which the wife exercised as lady of the manor during the absence1 often of many years' duration1 of her husband gave her increased power to disseminate about her that finer culture which she herself had gained4 ,but when the lords of the manor returned and again assumed power1 then indeed at times strange thoughts might have come to their wives1 while they fixed their glance1 under the great arched eyelids1 upon the missal or the romance of chivalry or1 with long tapering fingers1 moved the chessmen or played the harp1 or while they bent the slender white neck over the embroidery frame or the lace-pillow upon which they wrought veritable marvels of handicraft4 ,perhaps even then there stirred under many a brow the presentiment of a time in which the relationship between man and woman would be different4 ,such thoughts must have arisen also in the manor-houses when the men began to arrogate to themselves one handicraft after another1 occupations which in earlier times the daughters once learned from their fathers1 at whose side they sometimes even entered the guild4 ,could even the nun's veil prevent such thoughts from rising between the white temples of some of the women who--suffering or superfluous outside in the world--had found refuge in the cloister8 ,here was accomplished most peacefully the 8emancipation10 of that time1 of the intellectual and artistic gifts of woman1 for whom religion and the life of the cloister had always employment4 ,and if the soul of a nun was greater and richer than usual1 then might it indeed have happened that she devoted herself to meditation1 in a quandary as to whether all of ,god's purposes for the gifts of her soul were truly fulfilled4 ,and this the more intently since even then many women outside the cloister--women whose religious inspiration directed their genius to great ends--outside in the world1 exercised a powerful influence upon the thought as upon the events of their time and1 after death as saints1 retained power over souls4 ,our ,birgitta1 for example1 possessed herself of a great part of 8woman's rights40 ,so significant had the psychic power of woman shown itself to be in the ,middle ,ages that already in the early ,renaissance it brought forth a number of 8feminist0 writers1 both women and men4 ,and in the height of the ,renaissance there was quite an 8emancipation0 literature1 about women and by women4 ,this literature increased during the following centuries4 ,famous men emphasised the importance of a higher education of woman2 some1 as early as the beginning of the #afth century1 claimed the absolute superiority of woman in all things4 ,greater freedom1 education1 and rights1 in one or another respect1 were demanded by men as well as women 8feminists40 ,this literature purposed less1 however1 to alter some given conditions than1 by means of examples of famous women of antiquity1 to demonstrate the personal right and the social gain of what already obtained without hindrance1 although with the disapproval of many3--that numbers of women had appeared who in classic culture1 in the practice of learned professions1 in political or religious1 intellectual or sthetic interests1 stood beside the men of ,humanism1 the ,renaissance1 and the ,reformation4 ,the ideal of the time1 the fully developed human personality of marked individuality1 determined the conduct of life of women exactly as that of men4 ,both sexes cherished the life value which the original1 isolated1 individual personality signified for other such personalities4 ,both sexes appropriated to themselves the right to choose that which was harmonious with their own natures1 that which soul or sense1 thought or feeling1 desired4 ,it followed from this conception that women sought to attain the highest degree of the beauty and grace of their own sex and at the same time to cultivate what 8manly0 courage or genius nature had given them--attributes which men valued in them next to their purely womanly qualities4 ,but at this time it was not the work of woman which had the great cultural significance1 but the human essence of her being reflected in the works of men4 ,in antiquity woman exhibited the manly qualities of greatness of soul and civic virtue2 in the ,middle ,ages she revealed the same faculty as man for saintliness and exercise of love2 in the ,renaissance she manifested the same ability as man to mould her own personality into a living work of art4 ,if the spirit of equality between the sexes1 which prevailed in the ,renaissance1 had further directed the progress of development1 a 8woman movement0 would never have arisen1 because its ends1 which are to-day still contended for1 would have been attained one after another1 at the appointed time1 as natural fruits of the florescence of the ,renaissance4 ,as it is1 this florescence acquired only very slight immediate influence upon the emancipation of woman--and the farther ,north one goes the slighter it becomes4 ,the periods of the ,counter-,reformation1 of the ,religious ,wars and of the new ,orthodoxy1 on the contrary1 had as result an enormous retrogression in the position of woman4 ,the 8,deliverance of the ,flesh10 which was accomplished by the verdict of ,protestantism upon the life of the cloister1 and by its support of marriage1 had little in common with the deep feeling for the right and beauty of corporeality by which the ,renaissance1 intoxicated with life1 became the era of the great renascence of art4 ,luther's conception of the sex life1 as 8sanctified0 by marriage1 was so crassly utilitarian that it again dragged woman down from that high level upon which the finest life of feeling and culture of the ,middle ,ages and of the ,renaissance had placed her4 ,as matron of the household1 woman retained her authority4 ,the rational1 common-sense marriage was the one most conformable to this literal doctrine of ,luther1 and the most usual4 ,to the man who had chosen her1 the wife bore children by the dozen and threescore4 ,the ,church gave her soul nourishment4 ,if a woman occasionally sought to exercise her spiritual gifts in a 8worldly0 direction1 she needed powerful protection1 else she ran the danger of being burned as a witch6 ,yet in spite of all1 even this period produced not a few women who procured for themselves the learning after which they thirsted1 who succeeded in keeping their souls alive1 in finding springs in the midst of the stony wastes of the desert4 ,the more1 however1 the different branches of learning developed1 and especially as ,latin became the language of the learned1 the more difficult it became for women to force their way to these springs1 sealed for the majority of their sex4 ,for a classical education became more and more infrequently extended to the daughter1 for whom even the ability to read and write was considered a temptation to deviation from the path of virtue4#a ,that women in time of persecution adhered to the new doctrine with warm belief and suffered for it with the whole strength of their souls1 that in time of war they managed house and estate with power and understanding1 altered in no respect1 at the time1 woman's social or marriage position4 ,man was woman's sovereign master and therefore a good bit nearer ,god than she4 ,in marriage woman was considered1 according to the bishop's word1 8man's chattel10 outside of marriage as a tool of the devil4 ,but however deeply the soul of woman was oppressed at this time1 yet it still lived and endowed sons1 in whom the strong but unexercised endowments of the mother became genius2 it endowed daughters1 who secretly procured sustenance for their souls and who in turn transmitted their rebellious spirit to a daughter or granddaughter4 ,when at the end of the period of ,orthodoxy and ,absolutism1 the great fundamental principle of ,protestantism1 the principle of personality1 once more made headway1 one of the most characteristic expressions of this reaction is that1 in ,england1 ,milton wrote upon the right of divorce and ,defoe upon the right of woman to the development and exercise of her mental powers4 ,among others who demanded greater education for women were ,comenius in ,germany and ,fnelon in ,france4 ,it was not in the former country that woman1 so long oppressed1 first won her great cultural influence4 ,that happened in the land where women had never wholly lost it4 ,in ,france1 in the age of enlightenment1 it was the salons created by women that determined the ,european spirit of the time4 ,letters and memoirs indicate sufficiently the influence of woman--in good as well as in bad sense--in politics and literature1 manners1 customs1 and taste4 ,women transform indirectly the political1 philosophic1 and scientific style4 ,for they demand that every subject be treated in a manner easily comprehensible and agreeable to them4 ,a number of writings appeared which aimed to make it easy for 8women folk0 also 8to be freed through the reason40 ,since it was the approval of women which determined fame1 men were only too eager to fulfil their expressed demands4 ,women disseminated the ideas of men in wide circles1 partly by buying their writings in great numbers and distributing them1 partly also by social life4 ,never has woman more perfectly accomplished the important task of adjusting culture values4 ,the art of conversation1 developed to the highest perfection1 was1 it is true1 often only a game of battledore and shuttlecock with ideas4 ,but it performed at the same time1 and in more elegant and more effective manner1 a great part of the office of to-day's ,press4 ,the political leader1 art and literary criticism1 gossip 7causerie71 the 8portrait gallery0 of contemporaries--all this was gathered from clever discourse4 ,through their art of conversation the women became--next to the philosophers and statesmen who in this or that salon were the leading spirits--the intellectual leaders of the time2 they created 8enlightened opinion10 they co-operated finally in the ,revolution4 ,the mistresses of these salons scarcely felt the need of an emancipation of woman2 for they had for themselves as many possibilities of culture1 of development of their powers1 of the exercise of their faculties1 as even they themselves could wish4 ,the intellectual curiosity1 which coveted learning1 and the cultural interest of these women penetrated in wider circles1 and a result of this general awakening was the ,woman's ,lyceum founded in ,paris in #aghf1 among the students of which were found1 some years later1 enthusiastic supporters of the ,revolution4 ,also among the ,german peoples there appeared1 in the age of enlightenment1 women with literary and scientific interest2 some with extraordinary gifts which they also exercised4 ,but for the most part women and men under more clumsy social forms1 so-called 8,academies0 and 8,societies10 engaged in their 8learned pastime02 and nowhere1 except in the person of some ruler1 did woman attain in ,europe1 in the age of enlightenment1 an influence which can be compared to that of the ,french women4 ,in the midst of the period of rococo elegance and gallantry1 of reason and esprit1 came the great regeneration1 the second ,renaissance--the ,revival of ,feeling4 ,this occurred first in the field of religion1 through the pietistic movement of the time4 ,later it was ,rousseau who1 in connection with religion1 nature1 love1 motherhood1 became the liberator of feeling1 and together with him were the ,english 8sentimental0 poets and the ,german poetry1 which reached its culminating point in ,goethe4 ,literature1 the ,theatre1 and ,art came more and more to the front and1 by that means1 women acquired greater possibilities of becoming acquainted with1 understanding1 and loving the richest culture of the time4 ,and with this ,revival of ,feeling1 personal freedom1 individual character1 became again the great life value4 ,women who wish to give expression to their feeling in their life now become more numerous3 women who are conscious that their being buries many unsatisfied demands1 not only in connection with the right of culture of their natural character1 but also in connection with the right1 in private life and in society1 to give expression to this natural character4 ,men are continually in intellectual interchange with women1 giving as well as receiving2 woman nature is esteemed with ever finer comprehension4 ,since feelings determine thoughts--for the thought always goes in the direction in which the feeling says happiness is to be found--so it is natural that1 in the second half of the #ahth century1 the idea of freedom is the ideal which kindles the soul of increasing numbers of women4 ,the emancipation of the individual is the tale within the tale1 from the ,renaissance up to the struggles of the ,reformation for freedom of conscience1 freedom of learning1 freedom of investigation1 and freedom of thought4 ,then finally came the struggle for constitutionally protected civic freedom4 ,in ,america as early as #aggf the demand for the enfranchisement of women was raised1 because they had taken part in the struggle for freedom with such great enthusiasm and constancy4 ,with the same passion they threw themselves into the struggle in ,france for the 8,rights of ,man40 ,but both times they had to learn to their sorrow that 8fellow-citizen0 and 8man0 were terms which as yet referred only to men4 ,that a woman during the ,french ,revolution proclaimed 8,women's ,rights10 that women discussed these questions as well as questions of education and other vital questions1 with ardour1 had as little immediate effect as the attempt at that time to enforce the right of the fourth estate4 ,these sorely oppressed movements1 of women and of working men1 dominate the #aith century and now at the beginning of the #bjth have every reason for assurance of victory4 ,in the #agth and #ahth centuries men and women writers appeared in different countries to demonstrate and establish the worth and right of woman as 8man40 ,indirectly inspired by the great women of the earlier centuries1 they were immediately influenced by woman's political and cultural exercise of power in the #ahth century4 ,especially notable are the arguments which were advanced in the #ij's of the #ahth century by writers manifestly uninfluenced by one another--the ,swede1 ,thorild1 in ,the ,natural ,nobility of ,womankind2 the ,german1 ,hippel2 the ,frenchman1 ,condorcet2 the ,english woman1 ,mary ,wollstonecraft4 ,all insist that difference in sex can form no obstacle to placing woman on an equality with man in the family and in society2 that she shall have the same right as man to education and free agency4 ,the men writers emphasised more her individual human right1 as 8man10 and the advantage to society2 the women writers more the mother's need of culture and her right to it1 in order to be able to rear and protect her children better4 ,but all four ideas are1 at heart1 determined by the same point of view which the great philosopher of evolution thus formulated later3 the fundamental condition for social equilibrium is the same as for human happiness and lies in the law of equal freedom4 ,and this means that every one--without regard to difference between sex and sex1 man and man--must have the right and the opportunity to develop and exercise his own capacities4 ,for no one to-day can undertake so certain a valuation of talents that this valuation could justify society in restricting1 a priori1 the right of a single one of its members to develop his capacities1 even though these capacities might take such a direction1 later1 that society would be compelled to limit their exercise4 ,spencer arrived by the deductive method at the same demand ,romanticism reached earlier by the intuitive method4 ,romanticism recognised that in the measure in which the individual is unusual he must be also unintelligible1 for he shows to the majority only his surface2 his innermost soul only to those in harmony with him4 ,even in the family circle the individual often remains therefore undiscovered4 ,how much more then must society1 composed for the most part of ,philistines1 outrage the individual if it concedes rights to one category1 to one sex1 to one class1 and not to the other6 ,and from this point of view the ,romanticists drew for women also the logical conclusion of individualism4 ,they pointed out that the sex character1 carried to the extreme1 furnished neither the highest masculine nor the highest feminine type2 that each sex must develop in itself both noble human universality and individual peculiarity4 ,and this the great woman personalities did who shared the destiny of the ,romanticists4 ,they were thereby fully and wholly able to share also the intellectual life of their husbands4 ,love became thus a unity of souls4 ,the romantic ideal of love was expressed in ,la ,nouvelle ,hloise1 in ,goethe's letters to ,charlotte von ,stein1 in ,rahel1 in ,mme4 de ,stal4 ,it was found in the first half of the #aith century in many great women2 for example1 ,george ,sand1 ,elizabeth ,barrett ,browning1 ,camilla ,collett4 ,it appeared in ,shelley and in the ,swedish poet ,almquist1 in ,stuart ,mill and ,robert ,browning1 also in certain ,french and ,german poets and thinkers4 ,this ideal has now been for some centuries the ideal of most women and of not a few men of feeling4 ,but since a truly psychic unity is possible only between two beings who are1 in outer as in inner sense1 free1 exactly for this reason1 8romantic love0 has as consequence the demand for the emancipation of woman4 ,the love of ,romanticism1 which has been caricatured to the extent that it signified only moonshine1 ecstasy1 sonnets1 and wife barter1 had its real essence in the desire for completeness of soul in love4 ,this was1 in a new form1 the ideal of the courts of love4 ,but since completeness of soul means that all the powers of the soul can freely and fully penetrate and elevate one another1 so the first requisite for that soulful love was that woman's thinking as well as her feeling1 her imagination as well as her will1 her desire for power1 as well as her conscience1 be freed from the shackles imposed upon them from without1 in order to be strengthened and purified4 ,the second stipulation was that man's inner1 spiritual life be freed from the deteriorating results of the prerogatives and prejudices accorded to and maintained by his sex4 ,a new ideal in the relationship between husband and wife1 between mother and child2 the demand of the feminine individuality for the right to free cultivation of her powers and to self-direction2 the need of new fields for this exercise of her power after industrialism began to usurp one branch of domestic work after another--these are the fundamental reasons for what is called the middle-class woman movement4 ,the middle-class woman--because of the increasing surplus of women1 because of the continually greater variety of economic conditions and the decrease in marriage for this and other reasons--was to an ever greater extent constrained to self-maintenance4 ,thus the economic reason for the woman movement1 not only in the labouring class but also in the middle class1 became the most effective influence operating in the widest circles1 although the reasons mentioned previously were the first and deepest causes4 ,and herewith we stand at the beginning of the woman movement1 become conscious of its purpose4 ,but this movement would be a stream without sources if the 8anonymous0 movements indicated here with the greatest brevity had not preceded1 if in the grey morning of time the endless procession had not begun in which women now nameless for us walked at the head1 each with an amphor upon her shoulder--amphor which they filled at any fountain of life4 ,before these nameless women vanished on the horizon1 each1 like a water nymph of antiquity1 lowered the brim of her urn to the earth1 which thus was traversed by innumerable interlacing rills4 ,and all these--even if by the most circuitous route--have augmented by some drops the mighty stream now called the woman movement4 ,,chapter ,i ,,the ,,external ,,results ,,of ,,the ,,woman ,,movement ,the history of the woman movement1 conscious of its purpose1 does not fall within the compass of this book4 ,but as foundation for later judgments1 it is necessary to take a short retrospective glance over the essential results which the woman movement has attained in the struggle for woman's equality with man in the right to general culture1 professional education1 and work1 as well as in the sphere of family and of civil status4 ,these several demands for equality were voiced1 as early as #ahdh1 in a powerful and man-indicting plea by the ,american women in their 8,declaration of ,sentiments40 ,but in #aije the program for ,germany's 8,allgemein ,frauenverein10 as well as many both conservative and radical resolutions for women congresses in different countries1 show how far removed ,europe and1 in many respects1 ,america also1 still are from the desires expressed in the year #ahdh4 ,if the humble utterance of women1 8,we can with justice demand nothing of life except a work and a duty10 be conclusive1 then life has already conceded to the demands of woman in rich measure4 ,the woman movement and the self-interest of the employers have made accessible to her a number of new fields of labour1 without mentioning those which fifty years ago were the only ones 8proper0 for women of the middle class--those of teacher1 lady companion1 and 8lady's help40 ,the woman movement and man's increasing recognition of woman's need of general education and professional qualification have created a large number of educational institutions4 ,but in regard to the right of work1 the acquisitions are but insignificant if this right be defined as the opportunity for that work which one prefers and for which one is best fitted4 ,women have now1 for example1 in many countries the right to pass the same examinations as men1 but in many cases not the right to the offices which these examinations open to men4 ,the profession to which women have found a comparatively easy entrance1 that of physician1 is widely extended among women in ,europe as well as in ,america4 ,that a dwelling was denied to the first woman physician because her profession was considered 8improper0 for a woman1 sounds now like a fable4 ,everywhere now are women nurses1 teachers of gymnastics1 dentists1 apothecaries1 and midwives4 ,in ,america there are even many women ministers and it sounds likewise wholly fabulous to say that the first of these was literally stoned4 ,women judges also have been appointed in ,america4 ,in ,europe there are none to my knowledge and no women preachers4 ,and yet the woman pastor would often be1 especially for women and children1 a better minister than the clergyman2 for them also the woman judge might often surpass the man in penetration and understanding4 ,the profession of law1 open to women in many countries1 is as yet little practised by them in ,europe4 ,and yet as advocate1 police officer1 and prison attendant1 the female official would be of special service for her own sex as well as for children and young people of both sexes4 ,but in every field where the living reality of flesh and blood has to be compressed into legal paragraphs1 mankind must be more or less mistreated4 ,and since even masculine jurists of feeling suffer under this conviction1 the reason for the fact that this career1 in which woman could be of infinitely great service to humanity1 has thus far attracted her little1 may be sought in feminine sensitiveness4 ,all the more numerous are the women who have devoted themselves to the task most akin to motherhood1 the profession of teacher4 ,unfortunately not always the inner call but the prestige of the position has determined the choice4 ,millions of women are now employed as teachers in all possible types of schools1 from kindergartens to training schools1 from infant schools to boys' colleges4 ,even in universities1 although in ,europe very rarely it is true1 women occupy chairs of learning4 ,in the field of popular education1 women are zealously active as lecturers1 librarians1 leaders of evening classes1 and in similar work4 ,with every decade1 woman's powers have attained their right more fully and in fields where it now seems incredible that men could1 and still partly do1 insist upon getting along without them4 ,i refer to the associations and institutions connected with prison supervision and reformatories2 with schools and children's homes2 care of the poor and the sick2 health and factory inspection4 ,slowly but surely the woman movement has prepared a place here for the mother of society beside the father of society who in these domains is often very awkward or quite helpless4 ,alone1 or together with men1 women have organised milk distribution and crches1 housekeeping schools1 school food-kitchens1 people's food-kitchens1 people's polyclinics1 sanitariums and rest-homes1 vacation colonies1 homes for sick and neglected children1 etc4 ,many kinds of homes for working women1 old people's homes1 rescue homes1 institutions for the protection of mothers and children1 employment bureaus1 legal redress1 and other forms of social relief are connected1 indirectly if not directly1 with the woman movement4 ,great women agitators on their part set thousands of women into action1 as for example1 ,harriet ,beecher ,stowe1 agitating against negro slavery1 ,josephine ,butler against prostitution1 ,frances ,willard against intemperance1 and ,bertha von ,suttner against war4 ,and yet in spite of the fabulous amount of time1 strength1 and money which the associations and organisations thus created have cost in donations of time and money1 this social relief work is only the oil and wine of the ,samaritan for the wounds of society4 ,as long as brigand hands drag mothers and children into factories2 as long as armies cost much more than schools2 as long as dwelling conditions in the cities are for many people worse than those for domestic animals in the country2 as long as alcohol and syphilis brand the new generation--so long woman's devotion remains powerless4 ,and this conviction has urged women to transform their social work from an often injudicious 8,christian0 compassion into an organised charity in order to anticipate and prevent need and to facilitate self-help4 ,but also in this new phase of their philanthropic work many women of the middle class are arriving at an understanding of the necessity of a social reform in accordance with socialistic demands4 ,a larger number of women join the suffragist movement1 less owing to individual demands for rights than out of despair over the hopeless social work to which their feeling of solidarity still impels them4 ,for without suffrage 7this they experience every day7 their work of relief is like seed sown in a morass4 ,a by-product of the social relief work is that many single women have found1 in voluntary social work1 an occupation and often also1 in remunerative social work1 a livelihood2 in both cases through service in which certain feminine qualities can be of value4 ,yes1 exactly in the above mentioned fields of work1 which so often bring the modern woman in contact with the finest and most delicate as well as with the coarsest and hardest sides of life2 which place her before conflicts of the most exceptional as well as of the most universally human kind--there woman has nothing new to give except her motherliness4 ,that means protecting tenderness1 gentle patience1 glad readiness to help1 the interest embracing each one in particular1 the fine and quick vibration in contact with the feelings of others which we1 in a word1 call 8tact40 ,if1 however1 a woman has not been endowed with motherliness1 or has none remaining1 then she reverts to impersonal devotion to duty1 hard formalism1 dry routine2 then all the talk about the social significance of woman's entrance into the field of medicine or jurisprudence or the ministry or social work remains only empty phrases4 ,in all these spheres a good man is much more valuable than a hard woman4 ,and that woman's hands can be rough1 woman's eyes cold1 woman's soul base or cruel--this many suffering and crushed1 sorrowing and sinful1 small and defenceless have already experienced4 ,if woman is to keep her superiority as the alleviator of the suffering of others1 the protector of others1 solicitous for the welfare of others1 then she must not only acquire certain universal human qualities in which man is often superior to her2 she must also carefully guard and cultivate the best capacities which her sex gained in and through the hundred thousand years' activity as that half of mankind which created the home and reared the children4 ,although the woman movement has multiplied and extended the social relief work of woman in innumerable directions1 still it has not yet opened to her the field in which formerly deaconesses1 and much earlier still nuns1 were engaged4 ,but what is new as result of the woman movement is that more and more single cultured women now devote themselves to the occupations of governess1 nurse1 midwife1 and kindred callings2 as well as that more special training is demanded for these vocations to which women turned earlier with downright criminal carelessness4 99 99 99 99 99 ,simultaneously with the need of the middle-class woman for new fields of work1 came the extraordinarily rapid development of commerce and business1 which occasioned the need of new working forces4 ,feminine honesty1 orderliness1 and devotion to duty--alas1 also her modest demands of compensation--made the state as well as private employers favourably disposed to employ women in increasingly greater numbers in the different branches of commerce3 in the post-office1 railroads1 telegraph1 telephone1 as also in banks1 counting houses1 agencies or stores1 as secretaries1 stenographers1 and clerks4 ,in cases where the wife or daughter was the husband's or father's assistant such work then received a personal interest1 and what woman's labour in this form can signify for national wealth can be seen in ,france especially4 ,but as a rule no real joy in work could illuminate the days and years of the generation of women who in all these vocations have grown gray and at best have been pensioned4 ,nevertheless1 in these offices one always sees fresh faces bending over the desk to fade away in their turn4 ,lack of courage or means often deters the ,european woman from more independent business activity1 and this in spite of increasing freedom to choose her occupation1 in spite of brilliant examples of successful undertakings of women1 in photography1 hotel or boarding-house management1 dress-making1 etc4 ,in ,america1 on the contrary1 there is no masculine occupation1 from that of butcher and executioner to real estate speculator and stock-exchange gambler that women have not practised4 ,but while the women of the older generation were thankful if only they succeeded in obtaining 8a work and a duty10 however monotonous and wearing it might be1 the will of the younger generation for a pleasurable labour has fortunately increased4 ,partly alone1 partly co-operatively1 women began to venture into the applied arts1 handwork1 farming1 or kindred work4 ,and since corresponding special training schools quickly arise to meet the awakening of the desire for a vocation1 we can hope for good results for these1 as yet rare1 enterprising spirits4 ,for special education is1 in our time1 the essential condition of success1 especially in agriculture1 where the women often succeeded without other help than their personal efficiency and the 8farmer's customary practice40 ,since ,i know ,america only at second hand ,i have no claim to a final judgment regarding the influence of business life and modern methods of production upon the soul life of woman4 ,in the women who have succeeded in securing affluence through commercial life one finds probably the same antichristian effects of this life as among men4 ,recently in ,america a number of men and women endeavoured to live for fourteen days1 as ,christ would have lived4 ,the decision of most of those who were engaged in business life was that either they must cease to follow in the footsteps of ,christ--or must resign their positions4 ,and since1 with due consideration for the number of woman employers in ,america1 many of these experiences must surely have been made under feminine supervision1 the experiment does not lack a certain significance for the forming of a judgment in the direction referred to4 ,the zeal of women's rights advocates to open to women all of man's fields of labour1 and not only this but to prove that these fields are as well adapted to woman as man--this zeal has unfortunately had as result that the woman movement has turned the aptitude of many women in a wrong direction and has fettered a great amount of woman's misused working power to thankless or galling tasks4 ,but1 on the other hand1 how the woman movement has elevated woman's work1 since it has raised the standard of qualification in many fields and increased the feeling of responsibility in all6 ,how it has increased the honour of work and the capacity for organisation1 developed the judgment1 stimulated the will power1 strengthened the courage6 ,it has awakened innumerable slumbering talents1 given freedom of action to innumerable shackled powers4 ,and thus it has transformed hosts of women of the upper class1 formerly the most useless burden of earth1 into productive members of society1 instead of mere consumers2 made them self-supporting instead of dependent1 joyful instead of weary of life4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the woman movement of the lower classes is socialistic4 ,it has increased in extent and significance in the same measure in which the working woman has given up farming1 housework1 and domestic service for industry4 ,this woman movement also worked in two directions4 ,the older program reads3 8,full equality of woman with man40 ,in the 8state of the future0 both sexes shall have the same duty of work and the same protection of work1 while the children are reared in state institutions4 ,the movement in the other direction purposes to win back the wife to the husband1 the mother to the children1 and1 thereby1 the home to all4 ,the old or right wing of the middle-class woman movement1 as well as the older direction of socialism just mentioned1 still uphold1 with arguments of the old liberalism1 the 8individual freedom0 of the working woman against all protecting 8exceptional laws40 ,increasing numbers of the more radical--that means in this connection more social--feminists of the upper class1 however1 stand side by side with the less dogmatic trend of socialism in its supreme struggle for the protection of the mother4 ,in the socialistic woman movement1 both efforts for freedom were interwoven--that of the working men and that of women--checked during the ,french ,revolution but soon after revived as the two great forces of the new century4 ,in this intertwining of the woman question with the labour question is found the explanation of the fact that socialists characterise the woman question as an economic question solely2 while in reality the woman question1 historically1 manifestly began as an advocacy of the human right and worth of woman2 and that too before any great industry appeared on the horizon4 ,as long as the man was the one who1 outside the home1 was producer and provider1 and the woman the one who1 within the home1 managed and perfected the raw material1 no economic woman question could arise1 but on the other hand exactly a question of woman's rights4 ,for1 as some writers demonstrated1 as early as the #ahth century it was absurd1 if woman's work in the home was so valuable and so faithfully performed1 that it should not secure in consequence corresponding rights4 ,and exactly because the middle-class woman movement tried to uphold and defend the right and the freedom of women in the compass of the old society1 this movement became1 and must still often be1 a struggle of women against men4 ,the socialistic woman movement is on the other hand merely a factor in a joint struggle of men and women against the old society and for a new condition4 ,the struggle here cannot be sex against sex1 but class against class4 ,each of these woman movements has been partly right1 each has partly misunderstood the other4 ,only in recent times has a convergence between the middle class and the socialistic woman movements been accomplished for the attainment of a number of common ends2 for example1 the protection of the mother1 mentioned above1 and especially the franchise4 ,this convergence has dissolved the prejudice on both sides4 ,in both quarters they begin to understand the power and aim of the other movement4 ,socialism and the woman movement are two mighty streams which drag along with them great parts of the firm formations which they touch4 ,but if one wishes to be just toward both1 one must not forget that in this way new lands are created4 ,the socialistic women on their part1 as speakers1 agitators1 journalists1 members of special associations1 have stood in rank and file beside the men as true comrades1 and the middle-class women have much to learn from the feeling of solidarity of the women socialists4 ,the masculine comrades have not always in practice substantiated the principle of equality1 for even the socialist is first man and then comrade2 but in theory he has generally supported it4 ,through socialism1 feminism has penetrated to the masses4 ,what the middle-class woman movement would have needed another century to effect1 socialism has accomplished in a few decades4 ,nothing shows better than its fear of socialists how blindly prejudiced was the right wing of middle-class feminism4 ,and nothing so clearly elucidates in what stage of feminism the upper-class movement was than its obstinate adherence to 8the principle of personal freedom0 in face of the atrocious actual conditions which resulted from the 8freedom of work0 of the women factory hands4 ,i will here recall only in brief the progress of the economic woman movement in the class of factory workers4 ,when machines transformed the whole method of production and a host of women no longer found sufficient occupation in the home1 while at the same time the possibilities of marriage decreased because of the surplus of women and also for other reasons1 the middle-class women looked about them for new fields of labour4 ,the great industries in return looked about them for more 8hands40 ,and since1 with the machine1 female hands were quite as serviceable as male--with a new machine it was possible to replace thirty men with one woman--and since in addition they were cheaper1 then began that exodus of women from the home into the factory1 the results of which we are now experiencing4 ,when the mother is absent from the home1 then there is lacking the cohering1 supervising1 warming force1 and the home deteriorates and falls to pieces2 the children are neglected1 the husband suffers2 the street takes possession of the children1 the alehouse of the men4 ,moreover1 the women work often for starvation wages1 whereby less comes into the home than is lost by the absence and incapacity of the mother4 ,in the middle classes daughters and wives1 entirely or partly supported in the home1 could be satisfied with smaller wages and have thus become the competitors of men and women wholly self-supporting4 ,for the same reason wives working in these industries have often become the competitors of men1 children again the competitors of women1 and married women the competitors of unmarried4 ,in woman1 so long secluded in the sphere of the family1 the social feeling of solidarity has been very slowly awakened4 ,therefore1 organisation which could prevent the competition just mentioned has only in the last decade made great progress everywhere among working women4 ,in the middle-class vocations this is almost entirely lacking4 ,among the working women slowness of organisation is natural1 for the more wretched their position was1 the more difficult was it for them to organise4 ,but among middle-class women the reason was partly their individualism1 partly their anti-socialism1 partly the lack of feeling of solidarity just referred to4 ,home work for profit and pleasure in one's own family or in service of the applied arts has become a means for the 8sweat system10 the facts of which belong to the darkest side of modern working life4 ,these facts alone would be sufficient to prove that working women have little to gain from the luxury of the rich1 an assertion with which luxury often vindicates itself4 ,there is still for the women working at home as well as for the women working in the factory1 beside their professional work1 also the duty of caring for the children and managing the home4 ,however insufficient this may be yet it still claims a great part of their already meagre leisure2 and the more tender and conscientious the mothers are1 the more they wear themselves out1 and the sooner must society1 after night-watching1 lack of light and hunger have ruined them1 maintain them as infirm or paupers4 ,the life of these women passed in the factory often from childhood has made them moreover1 generation after generation1 more unfitted for household work4 ,what does it profit to attempt to remedy the evil by housekeeping schools and instruction in the care of children8 ,for where time and strength are lacking the home has lost its right4 ,what can be expected of women who three or four days after confinement must again stand at the machine1 who are compelled to leave their children behind them1 shut in at home1 exposed to all conceivable accidents8 ,what can be expected of mothers1 who have become mothers against their will1--mothers of children1 who because of the conditions of their parents' work have become scrofulous1 rickety1 idiotic--children who contract degeneration of the liver because the harassed1 ignorant mother quieted them with brandy1 ill-treated them1--herself a physical and psychic ruin who spreads destruction about her6 ,the feminists are accustomed to rage over the custom which formerly condemned the ,indian widows to be burned upon the funeral pyre--a custom which is only an innocent sport in comparison with the woman slavery which ,europe has even brought to a system and which the woman movement long ignored4 ,to these general facts1 which apply also to women employed in hard agricultural labour1 there is also added an entirely new series of evils associated with occupations dangerous to health--for example those in which lead1 quicksilver1 phosphorus or tobacco poison the workers1#b or those branches of work where inhaling dust at the weaving loom or in spinning1 breathing gas and coal smoke1 exposed to heat1 smoke and damp1 they contract tuberculosis and other diseases2 to say nothing of the physical and moral misery in which miners and stevedores live4 ,but the worst begins only when the women are to become mothers4 ,either the embryo is killed by an abortion1 intentional or caused by the occupation2 or it comes into the world dead or sick or crippled2 or it dies in the first weeks or wastes away under artificial nourishment--in ,england for example only one out of eight children is nursed4 ,the mothers either cannot or will not4 ,next to the labour conditions1 alcohol plays the greatest part in this indirect massacre of infants4 ,if one turns from the women engaged in industrial work to the servant class1 then female drudgery reaches perhaps its height among the girls employed in bars1 cafs1 and similar establishments4 ,what physical and psychic results this work entails can be divined from the fact that1 in ,england1 half of all women suicides are such waitresses under #cj years of age4 ,that family servant girls are allowed to sleep in closets and to work far beyond the present customary factory time2 that in the class of saleswomen1 especially in cigar shops1 the longest working hours together with the most paltry starvation wages are found--all this1 as every one knows1 is the fundamental reason why the path is so short from all these occupations to the lowest--to prostitution4 ,the servant girl corrupted by the master of the house1 the half-starved1 overworked shop girl1 the night-watching cigar worker1 and many1 many others are found here as sacrifices of a shameless exploitation4 ,herewith we stand before that 8woman question0 in which both elementary instincts have united for that captivity of woman from which the woman movement has found no means of emancipation2 against which the means sought in these and other quarters prove fruitless4 ,for only a radical transformation of society and sexual ethics can here provide a remedy4 99 99 99 99 99 ,every one in face of these facts1 touched upon thus superficially1 must be astounded that women could oppose laws for the protection of women4 ,fortunately these progress-impeding emancipation women had no influence when1 in ,england and other countries1 certain night work began to be prohibited to women1 their working hours limited1 certain employments barred out1 and a time of rest assured to the woman recently confined4 ,still very small steps only1 but in the right direction4 ,at the same time the organisation of working women advances so that by labour unions and strikes here and there they have succeeded in enforcing better wages1 shorter working hours1 and better labour conditions4 ,and so long as the woman movement of the upper classes has no solidarity with that of the lower1 the female factory inspector can accomplish very little1 as a result of the fear of the working women to give facts and the adroitness of the employers in veiling these4 ,but if women of the upper class begin to compete with the slave-driving1 sweat-system employers through well-organised co-operative enterprises1 especially for the revival of artistic handwork1 whereby a profitable work is made for mothers at home under good working conditions2 and if they boycott all shops where the working hours of the women exceed the due measure1 while their wages are below the standard2 then the woman movement would be able to hasten certain reforms in the field of industry1 just as so many mistresses of girls' private schools have hastened the reform of public schools3 they simply availed themselves of the improvements arising from feminine initiative4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the married woman as family provider beside the man1 often also in place of the man1 but always however subservient to the man's dominion--this is the worst form of woman slavery our time has created4 ,the woman movement purposes indeed to make the wife 8of age10 in every respect1 and free from the husband's guardianship4 ,but within the woman movement all are not yet entirely agreed that the work of the mother outside the home in and for itself is an evil4 ,attempts are indeed being made to alter the conditions which are most to blame for the deterioration of mothers and children4 ,but a large faction in the woman movement wishes still1 as was said1 to cling to the immediately remunerative work of the mother and remedy the resulting lack of home by social institutions for care of children1 housekeeping1 etc4 ,on this side1 the following arguments are heard3 woman becomes free only when she can wholly support herself and can devote herself to her work unhampered by duties toward husband and children2 only through the reciprocal social obligation of work and the complete individual freedom of both sexes can the present conflicts between the labour of man and woman1 between individual happiness and the common weal1 finally cease4 ,like every canalisation or drainage of the mighty river system of the life of human feeling1 this program is direct and conclusive4 ,one may easily understand that masculine brains1 dominated by a passion for logic1 could devise it2 but if we hear it advocated by multitudes of women1 then we recognise how harassed by the fourfold burden of family provider1 child bearer1 child educator1 and housekeeper the poor women must be who can smilingly assent to the foregoing picture of the future4 ,and yet there is another possible ideal of the future which can be realised as soon as production is determined1 no longer by private capitalistic interests1 but by social-political interests4 ,women will then be employed in industrial fields of work where their powers are as productive as possible with the least possible loss in time and strength2 above all in those fields where the work requires no long preparation and the dexterity does not suffer by interruptions4 ,before the years in which the occupation is motherhood1 and after these years1 woman can still be always remunerated by an economic wage2 during the years on the contrary in which motherhood is the vocation1 she can be remunerated by the state4 ,it is only necessary that women and men will a new order whereby in the future we attain the following conditions3 ,a ,society1 in which the welfare of the new generation is the centre to which all social-political plans1 at heart1 are aiming4 ,children born of parents whose souls and bodies are qualified and prepared for a worthy parenthood and who can thus create for their children sound and beautiful conditions of life4 ,mothers won back to the husbands1 the children1 the homes1 but under such circumstances that as free human personalities they perform the most important work of society3 the bearing and rearing of children4 ,fathers with time and leisure to share with the mothers the task of education and to share with them and the children the joys of the home life1 as well as of the remainder of existence4 ,this ideal of the future state takes in my imagination the form of a varied ,italian garden with a wide outlook upon the great sea4 ,the other ideal of the future1 on the contrary1 is to me like a coal mine wherein all spiritual and social vegetation is petrified so that it now serves only as motive-power for machines4 99 99 99 99 99 ,nothing more effectively proves how rife with reactions--and for that reason how hidden--is the power of development1 than to realise that the unorganized1 inorganic socialistic ideal of the future1 just mentioned1 is the logical sequence of the woman movement if one draws the extreme conclusion from its fundamental idea--the right of woman to individual1 free development of her powers4 ,it is consistent historically that in ,america1 where the movement for the right and freedom of woman has been most widely successful1 many middle-class women have resolutely drawn these extreme conclusions of emancipation4 ,quite as psychologically logical is it1 that at a time when the uncomplicated soul life and life demands of the masses still form the most important factors in the shaping of the ideal of the future1 the socialistic women1 from their different point of view1 have arrived at like ideals4 ,but fortunately there are in women1 as in the masses1 still great tracts of 8new ground0 where new soul conditions will germinate1 and in due time1 new ideals will flower4 ,groups of men can at times forget mankind in dwelling upon themselves4 ,but mankind in its entirety has never yet lost the instinct for the conditions of self-preservation and the higher development of the race4 ,i will come back later to the psychological phase of the question4 ,i touch upon it here only as the social program of the future4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a new field which the woman movement has opened up to woman is the scientific field4 ,for the fact that as early as the ,renaissance some ,italian women occupied chairs of academic instruction1 that in the #agth and #ahth centuries some women devoted themselves seriously to classic studies or the exact sciences--all that was only exceptional4 ,and the women who since the beginning of the woman movement have distinguished themselves by great services in science are still exceptional4 ,but in many places1 sometimes as assistants of their husbands or of other men1 women now perform good scientific work in different lines4 ,many women are also active in the sphere of invention1 without a single woman's name having been thus far connected with an epoch-making invention4 ,especially where constructive ability is necessary1 women have as yet not been eminent2 they have created neither a philosophical system nor a new religion1 neither a great musical work nor a monumental building1 neither a classic drama nor an epic4 ,on the other hand1 the exact sciences1 which would be considered a priori as little adapted to women1 for example mathematics1 astronomy1 and physics1 are exactly those in which thus far they have most distinguished themselves4 ,this contains a warning against too precipitate conclusions about the intellectual life of woman4 ,not until several generations of women--with the same privileges of education as man1 with the same encouragement from home and society--have exercised their faculty for discovery and their inventive and creative faculties can we really know whether the present inferiority of woman in this respect is a provision of nature or not2 whether her genius was only hampered in its expression or whether1 as ,i believe1 it is ordinarily of a different kind from that of man4 ,in art there are several fields which the woman movement did not need to open for the first time to woman3 dramatic art1 music1 and the dance4 ,indirectly1 however1 the woman movement has transformed the position of women occupied in these lines by increasing the respect for all good work of woman and raising the requirements for woman's education in general4 ,the woman movement has also exercised an immediate influence upon certain artists of the present time4 ,thus ,eleanora ,duse said to me that her most cherished desire has been to represent and interpret the new types of women1 although the dramatists of to-day have rarely given her the material she desired wherewith to create characters by which she could reveal the soul of the new woman and elevate man's1 as well as woman's own1 ideal of woman4 ,in the dance1 women have been1 especially in ,america1 creative in connection with its forms and have been thereby also revelations of the new spiritual life of woman which has found expression in these forms4 ,great women singers1 through ,wagner's operas and ballad-singing1 have given voice to the primeval yearning of the woman soul1 as that yearning now assumes form in the new woman4 ,and in interpretations at the hands of great pianists or violinists1 not one classic musical work failed to furnish similar revelations4 ,the very finest effects of the woman movement--mere shades of feeling which cannot be enumerated nor discussed--have reached our present time through lines1 movement1 rhythm1 cadence1 through the timbre of a voice1 the gesture of a hand1 the glance of an eye1 the tone of a violin4 ,and these effects have been secured without any disturbance of the receptivity by strife over the precedence of woman or of man4 ,in other spheres1 susceptibility to the effects of art creations by woman is still often dulled by this strife4 ,in the above named fields1 long before the beginning of the woman movement1 conscious of its purpose1 women without arguments have convinced the world of the complete equality of woman with man4 ,and all these women1 conquering through beauty in one form or another1 have done more for the woman movement than it has done for them4 ,certainly the woman movement both directly and indirectly has had its share in opening to women musical as well as other art academies and schools of applied arts1 but academies have a doubtful value and the smaller the value1 the more gifted the student4 ,the new right has thus become dangerous to the independence of real gifts and1 with all possibilities of education thus opened wide1 there comes a temptation for fancied talents to pass beyond their bounds4 ,this danger1 as far as the plastic arts are concerned1 has found more and more its counterpoise in the schools of applied art1 by which many women have been directed to the decorative professions1 from house and garden architecture to fashion designing and holiday decorations4 ,but in the field of the applied arts1 as well as of the plastic arts and of music1 the facility afforded by the modern conditions of training and of public careers has instigated many women1 who before had exercised their little talent only for the pleasure of the home or society circles1 to exhibit and appear publicly to the detriment both of the home circles and1 alas1 also of art6 ,the works of art by women1 which humanity could not lose without really becoming poorer1 have been created1 thus far1 neither in the sphere of music nor of plastic art2 they all belong to literature4 ,and this sphere the woman movement has not opened to woman2 ever since the days of ,sappho and of ,corinna1 women have attained fame as writers4 ,in letters and memoirs not originally designed for publication1 next to that in the field of romance and the novel1 occasionally also in the lyric1 the feminine character has found thus far its fullest and finest expression4 ,in all these fields women have produced works which have been placed by men1 not it is true beside the greatest works of masculine genius in the same domain1 yet beside eminent works of men4 ,as intermediary of the works of others1 woman has not in our time1 as in the period of enlightenment or in the circle of ,goethe1 her greatest significance through conversations and letters but through the printing-press4 ,the modern woman1 however1 as essayist and biographer1 as translator and collector1 is a valuable intermediary of culture4 ,she is also unfortunately a menace to culture1 not so much because of the inferior works which she produces1 for these1 like the similar works of men1 soon sink into oblivion4 ,the real danger lies in the fact that women in great multitudes increase the number of those journalists who lack intellectual as well as ethical culture1 which should be an imperative condition in that field of work4 ,but this profession is now1 on the contrary1 the one into which the amateur may most easily force an entrance without special training and without professional reputation4 ,the result is that men and women who lack both can pull down1 in their journals1 the real work and essential character of serious people1 without the remotest conception or the faintest comprehension of either4 ,on the other hand these cliques of coffee-house people crown one another as kings and queens--for a day6 ,the press-breed carries on in leaflets its flirtation as well as its vengeance4 ,the knife which the child of nature thrusts into a rival's breast is now transformed into the pen with which the reviewer stabs a competitor's latest work4 ,in a word women now furnish to the ,press work1 occasionally excellent1 frequently mediocre1 all too often worthless4 ,their womanly characteristics make it feasible more frequently for them than for men to adopt more completely the rituals of the temple service of the deity of the ,press--the ,public4 ,this 8womanliness0 evinces itself1 especially1 in the ability 8to grip the fleeting moment by its fluttering locks0 and also to anticipate when that moment's locks are false and so the grasp prove profitless4 ,while hosts of women have turned to journalism1 they are seldom found in the fields to which the woman movement should have directed them3 in the field of sociological and psychological research4 ,nearly all significant works upon the normal1 the abnormal1 the criminal psychic life of children1 young people and women have been written by men4 ,they have unfortunately treated the feminine spiritual life in 8scientific0 works also1 in which the author dares speak of 8woman0 even though he knows nothing of her except what his own happy or unhappy experiences in a mother or sister1 wife or sweetheart1 have taught him4 ,the slight title of men to their 8scientific method0 when they venture upon the terra incognita which the soul of woman still is for them1 explains why they extol1 as 8scientific10 works of women about women which are quite as superficial as those of men themselves4 ,with a few exceptions1 it is not the physiological-psychological books written by women about women which have really taught the present something new about womankind in general and the new woman in particular4 ,no1 in the form of romances1 of lyrics or in voluntary confessions1 woman has contributed the most valuable documents about her sex3 on the one hand those which indicate the transformations which the woman movement has occasioned in woman's nature1 on the other hand those which demonstrate the extent to which her fundamental nature has remained unchanged1 even though this elementary material exhibits many more facets in the modern woman than in the woman of any previous time2 facets resulting from the manifold contacts and frictions with life to which woman now exposes herself or is exposed4 ,from a literary point of view1 these books of confession have seldom a value which could be compared with that of the1 in outer sense1 objective1 classic works which talented women writers of the present have produced4 ,often1 however1 one of these confessions1 in which the writer has candidly given her own history1 has been of real literary value4 ,but even when the works contain mendacities and self-extenuations1 crass injustice toward men or toward other women1 as revelations of the modern woman soul they are more valuable for the future than the clarified1 artistically perfect works of women1 mentioned above4 ,for the truth about woman in the century of the woman is found only in the impassioned books in which the hard struggles for freedom1 work1 right1 or fame are recited2 or in those works impassioned in another way1 in which the soul or the blood or both cry out their yearning1 ever unappeased1 in spite of freedom and work1 right and fame4 ,what we may to-day rightly protest against in these books is their recklessness which may in the future be regarded as their greatest value4 ,because1 up to the present time1 the most exquisite as well as the most horrifying women characters in literature have been created by men1 many men think that they understand women better than women do themselves4 ,and to this extent men are right--that women attain their most sublime heights and reach their deepest degradation in and through love4 ,but aside from that1 women have a much clearer insight and1 for that reason1 a much more intelligent idea of one another than man has of woman4 ,when accordingly a woman speaks not only of herself but also of another woman--sometimes also of children--we feel already that 8the eternal feminine0 7das ,ewig-,weibliche7 in literature can create a feminine art1 in the best meaning of the word4 ,for the present we hope1 and with good reason1 that art as well as science will not appear as either masculine or feminine but reveal a complete human personality4 ,but this does not mean that this personality has fused the masculine and feminine qualities into a common humanity and thus enervated it4 ,no1 it means that1 in such a being1 masculine and feminine traits exist side by side and assert themselves alternately or harmoniously in all their strength4 ,in the rank of talent1 one may find feminine men and masculine women2 in that of genius1 never4 ,there each one guards fully and completely the character of his own sex in addition to the finest attributes of the other sex4 ,the distinctively masculine or distinctively feminine attributes characterising an earlier culture epoch are on the contrary often lacking in these greatest men and women of their time4 ,in other words they lack exactly those attributes1 hyper-masculine or hyper-feminine1 by which men and women1 not abreast of the times in their development1 please each other and the masses1 in literature as well as in life4 ,in the woman-literature1 directly evoked by the woman movement1 we can read the whole gamut of the feminine nature1 from the feminine in the highest sense to the feminine in the worst sense4 ,this literature shows how unthinkingly and defenceless certain women have plunged into the struggle1 how rationally and well equipped other women have fought it out4 ,the impartiality of this judgment can be proven by the admission that in the first-named class ,i have not infrequently found adherents2 in the latter class1 opponents4 ,the woman movement itself1 partly in lectures and in literary activity1 partly by means of office-routine and work of organisation1 has become a new field of labour for women4 ,even in this field it is found that many are called but few are chosen4 ,but when--except after defeat--was an army ever seen without baggage8 99 99 99 99 99 ,in the field of family right1 the woman movement has achieved1 directly and indirectly1 great improvements in the legal position of the unmarried woman4 ,the nearest proof is my own country4 ,this has1 within a period of from seventy to eighty years1 granted to the sister the same right of inheritance as to the brother2 declared the unmarried woman at her majority at the same age as man1 a majority which was also expanded later through the suspension of the right of guardianship on the part of the husband1 existing for married women4 ,the marriageable age of woman was postponed to #ag years4 ,gradually woman has been placed on an equality with man to carry on trade and industry2 she has acquired the right to hold certain public offices1 although many still remain closed to her4 ,the married woman on the contrary is still always a minor2 if no marriage settlement is made the husband has the right to dispose of the wife's property2 he has control of their common possessions2 he can restrict her freedom of work2 he has authority over the children4 ,a few small progressive steps may nevertheless be pointed out3 certain reinforcements of the effectiveness of the marriage contract2 the right to her wages accorded to the wife2 certain reforms in regard to the division of property and divorce2 some improvements in the position of children born out of wedlock4 ,in other countries also like reforms have been accomplished1 directly1 through masculine initiative2 indirectly1 through the influence of the woman movement4 ,but everywhere family right is still founded upon the principles of paternal right1 supremacy of the husband over the wife1 indissolubility of marriage or solubility under greater or less difficulties4 ,in regard to citizenship ,i draw my examples also from the land ,i know best4 ,in ,sweden1 women have long since participated in the choice of pastor2 for about fifty years they have possessed municipal franchise2 later in certain cases they have attained also municipal eligibility1 for example1 to the school board1 board of charities1 and now finally to the town council4 ,still others could be cited4 ,in other countries women have sometimes more sometimes less civic right2 only in a few countries have they won political franchise2 in a single one1 ,finland1 also political eligibility4 ,in the sphere of family right1 as well as civic right1 the woman movement has then much more remaining to conquer than it has thus far won4 ,but ,i am convinced that the little girls ,i see down below in the garden playing 8mother and child0 will possess all the rights due the wife1 the mother1 and the citizen4 ,the woman movement1 in its present form1 has accomplished its task if it has procured for every woman the legal right to develop and practise her individual characteristics unhindered because of her sex4 ,but after this emancipation of the woman as a human being and a citizen1 there remains her emancipation as a woman4 ,and here no transformation of forms of thought and feeling1 of manners and customs1 attainable by any legal provisions or paragraphs1 avail4 ,the present woman movement has created and still continues to create the social conditions for this last emancipation4 ,but it will not approve such far extending results of its own work4 ,it desires the same rights but also the same duties for all women4 ,if a single woman uses the freedom1 which the woman movement has procured for her as a member of society1 to fashion her individual life according to the deepest demands of her being1 then the old guard trembles before the outcome of the battle for freedom in which it fought so valiantly4 ,but nothing is more certain than that the feminine personality1 whether her innermost desire be spiritual creative instinct1 erotic happiness1 maternal bliss1 or universal human goodness1 will acquire ever new forms of expression3 forms of expression which the once liberal1 now more conservative feminists and the modern socialistic feminists partly do not divine and partly--divining--deplore6 ,for the present even the 8emancipated0 woman follows as a rule the paths which social custom has marked out for her sex1 as well as the cultural ideas which have been1 thus far1 those of man4 ,but if1 in the coming thousand years1 a feminine culture shall really supplement the masculine1 then this will be exactly in the measure in which women have the courage to create and to act as most feminists now do not even dare think4 ,then it will be evident that all social movements of the present time1 especially the woman movement and socialism1 are only the work of the path finder for the masculine and feminine superman or1 if you prefer the older expression1 complete man4 ,like other 8old guards10 the veterans of feminism will not surrender but will fall upon the field of battle4 ,the little girls there below will one day celebrate their memory4 ,for through their struggles the way became free for youth1 the way which leads out to the wide sea where perhaps shipwreck awaits the one who ventures out into the darkness with her fragile skiff4 ,but many will brave the voyage and bide their fate1 strong1 proud1 and composed as the maiden in ,schwind's ,wasserfahrt--that splendid symbol of the woman of the future4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,the ,,inner ,,results ,,of ,,the ,,woman ,,movement ,if ,i now start out to consider the woman soul as it has developed itself under the influence of all the circumstances mentioned above1 perhaps many will expect a theory about the character of the feminine soul life4 ,but1 at present1 when the greatest problems of psychology are in revolution and undecided1 such a theory would be as scientifically impossible as aphorisms are unanswerable4 ,likewise1 conclusions1 based upon experience1 concerning the psychic peculiarity of woman would be in this chaotic transition period1 superficial1 if they attempted to be absolute4 ,only one decided opinion about the spiritual life of woman ,i cannot--in consequence of my monistic-evolutionary conception of the spiritual and physical life--refrain from expressing4 ,this opinion is that1 in the one hundred thousand years at least in which woman has practised the physical maternal functions1 the spiritual attributes essential for motherhood must have been so strongly developed by her that this development has had1 and still has always1 as a result a pronounced difference between the feminine and masculine soul--that is to say1 everywhere where the soul1 as well as the body of a woman1 is adapted and desirous of motherhood--a fitness and readiness which can still be called the normal condition4 ,the spiritual qualities which maternity required have become the attributes of 8womanliness10 the qualities which paternity required1 have become the attributes of 8manliness40 ,this difference has become quite as significant for the functional fitness of both sexes for the perpetuation and development of the race1 as for the wealth of life of each new generation4 ,the obliteration or retention of this difference is therefore a vital question for mankind4 ,figuratively expressed1 this seems to me the process3 from a common root of universal human spiritual life issue two stems which can again unite in their blossoming4 ,the ramification has necessarily involved a division of labour in two equally important spheres4 ,from this point of view ,i give1 in the following1 my opinion of the value of the influence of the woman movement upon the spiritual life of woman4 ,we all know that life expresses itself as movement1 that movement brings with it change1 transformation2 that this can mean quite as well disintegration as higher organisation4 ,the woman movement is the most significant of all movements for freedom in the world's history4 ,the question whether this movement leads mankind in a higher or lower direction is the most serious question of the time4 ,those who assert unconditionally the former or the latter have uttered a premature judgment4 ,the question must be formulated thus3 7a7 ,has the woman movement brought to mankind a higher degree of vital force1 a greater faculty for self-preservation1 a more complete organisation1 by which the more simple forms have become more finely complex1 the more uniform have become richer1 more diverse2 the incoherent have attained a more perfect unity8 ,or has the woman movement called forth an activity which represses life8 degrades1 scatters1 and reduces the powers to uniformity1 in society and in mankind8 7b7 ,is woman's spiritual life now in general above the level at which it was in the beginning of the woman movement8 ,have modern women finer perceptions1 deeper feelings1 clearer ideas1 a firmer will1 richer association of ideas8 ,do their spiritual faculties so work together that they mutually enhance instead of hinder one another8 ,in a word is the modern woman more soulful than the woman of any other time8 7c7 ,is the body of the modern woman1 at all stages of life1 stronger1 more healthy1 and more beautiful than that of the woman of the previous century1 when the woman movement began in real earnest in ,europe8 7d7 ,does the modern woman perform in more perfect manner than the woman of that time1 the physical and psychic functions of motherhood8 ,if the question be put thus then the objective investigator must answer to all--8,yes and ,no40 ,but if this investigator is an evolutionist1 then he knows that the progress of every social evolution is like that which womankind is now experiencing4 ,we see first1 how1 in any given sphere of society1 where those engaged therein have attained a pure1 instinctive certainty in their actions through laws and customs1 the individuals oppressed by these laws and customs must rebel against the limits1 drawn from without1 for the development and exercise of their powers4 ,this revolt occasions at first a stage of anarchy in which everything seems to collapse--while in the previous conserving epoch 8crystallisation0 furnished the vital danger6 ,but after such an anarchistic stage there comes infallibly the constructive stage1 where a part of the old is organised1 incorporated1 into the new4 ,but this acts no longer as instinctive impulse4 ,no1 mankind has become conscious anew of these values of law and custom2 they have been recognised by the thought1 encompassed by feeling1 sanctioned by the will as still always indispensable1 in another and higher form it is true than that against which the individuals rebelled4 ,but just as the leaves which once grew green above in the summer light1 gradually become one with the earth1 so the motives of the new customs sink gradually down into the unknown2 man acts again with instinctive certainty and uniformity--until the new period of stagnation evokes a new rebellion and achievement of individualism4 ,the woman movement finds itself now at a point where it is about to pass from the dynamic stage to a static stage4 ,exactly at this point a survey begins to be possible2 and it is also necessary for every one who believes that the ideal1 as well as the practical direction of the woman movement1 in future1 must be influenced by the knowledge gained about the effect of the movement1 thus far1 upon the uplifting of the life of mankind4 ,every great achievement of individualism is as inconsiderate as the spring tide and must be1 in order to have strength for its task4 ,the woman movement was so also4 ,but it encountered two other great ideas of the time1 ,socialism and ,evolutionism1 and in consequence the woman movement was obliged to modify gradually its conception of the feminine individual and of her position in existence4 ,on the one hand1 as has been already shown1 man has had to understand that 8open competition0 and 8individual initiative0 are not absolute political-economic truths4 ,on the other hand1 the defender of women's rights has been forced to understand more and more that woman's soul is no unchangeable value which must remain the same however much the spheres have changed toward which this spiritual life directed itself and from which it received its impression4 ,while feminists fifty years ago scorned the objection that 8womanliness0 would be lost in business life or in politics1 now the evolutionist mind in thinking women understands that all human soul life is subject to the law of change2 that just as indisputably as the soul life of man is changed by different vocations and surroundings1 so that of woman also must be changed4 ,the feminists founded their dogma that the woman movement can only benefit woman1 man1 the child1 the family1 society1 mankind upon the conviction of the stability of 8true womanliness40 ,and if the woman movement had not had this religious certainty of belief1 how could it have withstood the mass of prejudice and stupidity which it encountered in its own1 as well as in the other sex8 ,the woman movement has conquered because it was self-intoxicated4 ,and quite naturally6 ,after a stability of centuries1 during which the position of woman was altered only in and with the general progress of culture1 women finally recognised that they could accelerate their own progress and with it also the somewhat snail-like course of universal human culture4 ,and so woman asserted herself and increased her motion4 ,the faster this movement became1 the more was she seized by the intoxication which always accompanies every vigorous physical or psychic movement4 ,and when has a movement of the time advanced more rapidly8 ,folk-migrations1 crusades1 slave rebellions1 revolutions have led a race1 a class1 a group1 beyond certain geographical or social boundaries4 ,the emancipation of women has shifted and extended the limits of the freedom of movement of half mankind4 ,no wonder that the extent of the movement in and for itself was advanced as proof of the infallibility of its direction4 ,all points of departure1 the natural right of man1 individual freedom1 social necessity--all led out into the sun1 which1 in society as in nature1 should radiate over woman as well as over man2 they led up onto the summit where man and woman both should breathe the air of the heights4 ,all obstacles which were raised with the help of arguments such as1 8the nature of woman10 8the welfare of the family10 8the idea of society10 8the purpose of ,god0--all proved temporary4 ,and of necessity--for the innermost law of life1 the law of development1 of life enhancement1 carried the movement forward4 ,when it began1 the ,biblical expression about the wind was quoted1 8,man knows not whence it comes nor whither it goes40 ,now all know it4 ,now the spirit of the time speaks with 8feminist0 voice4 ,the ideas of emancipation 8are in the air10 like bacilli1 by which only savages are thus far wholly untouched4 ,there are now no great movements of the time whose path does not run parallel with or cut across the woman movement4 ,every new generation is involuntarily and unconsciously drawn along with it4 ,the ends already attained seem to the present age obvious2 the ends1 for which man is still struggling to-day1 will appear equally obvious to the future4 ,the woman movement is now a power with which even its most bitter adversaries must reckon4 ,and this force has so quickly attained prominence exactly as a result of fanaticism4 ,just as the ,white and the ,blue ,nile mingle their waters in the main stream1 so in every great current of time enthusiasm is mingled with fanaticism4 ,and it is the latter which bears the most fruit1 for it gives power of growth to the passions of the majority1 good as well as bad4 ,every great idea begins with great promulgators4 ,the promulgator who has the spirit does not hold to the letter4 ,and the woman movement which was spirit began also with women and men who did not follow the call of the spirit of the time2 no1 who from lonely heights sent out their awakening call to the time4 ,men who give their age new ideals have always religious natures4 ,this means1 according to a good definition1 that they are 8individualists in their being1 social in their action40 ,such natures burn1 above all1 with the passion to find themselves4 ,then they burn with the passion to sacrifice themselves in order to help others1 whose suffering or wrongs they feel as deeply as if they were their own4 ,no one who passively endures an injustice against himself has the material in him to struggle for the rights of others4 ,the one who patiently forbears becomes an accessory to the injustice done to others4 ,he who resists the injustice which he himself meets can open up the way to a higher right for others4 ,such path-finders were the first apostles of the emancipation of women4 ,they consecrated to this task a faith which required no proof1 a faith which saw visions and heard melodies of the glorious future that their victory would prepare for mankind4 ,they emanated neither from scientific investigations1 nor from systems of political economy1 nor from philosophic evidence1 nor theories of political science4 ,they flung themselves into the struggle with inadequate weapons1 without plan of campaign1 just as do all impelled by the spirit4 ,but such a method always evokes later dissension among the disciples4 ,sects are formed1 gradually a church is crystallised1 an orthodoxy1 a papacy1 and an inquisition4 ,this course is physically necessary as long as mankind is still in greatest part a mass4 ,a ,paul more 8,christian0 than ,christ and a ,luther more 8,paulist0 than ,paul are met also in the woman movement4 ,this has now1 among most people of culture1 passed beyond the stage of the great apostles and martyrs and heralds4 ,the movement has reached the point where certain typical manifestations1 certain conventional forms testify that the masses--which stoned the prophets--have now1 since the ideas of the woman movement have become truisms1 banalities1 the fashion1 appropriated them to themselves and endeavour to transform them to their image and adapt them to their needs4 ,again and again the old tale repeats itself3 the trolls steal the weapons of the gods but they cannot use them4 ,again and again there is occasion to deplore the fact that the autocrat of genius1 whether he rule over a people or a kingdom of ideas1 has heirs1 heirs who diminish his work4 ,again and again it must be recognised that no spiritual formation vanishes at one blow4 ,the servile mind1 intrigue1 pettiness1 delusion--all that1 from which the great spirits of the woman movement hoped to 8emancipate0 woman--could not suddenly vanish out of the world4 ,and since all this must go somewhere it finally finds room in the woman movement itself6 ,but on the other side--since after all everything has another side--it must be admitted that the levelling and conserving tendency of the average person is of real value at the stage when an idea begins to be transformed into law and custom4 ,those who can work only in crowds receive their significance exactly because of their collective work4 ,they push aside the 8individual emancipation0 which they do not need for their own part1 since they have no individuality to emancipate4 ,but by diligent and efficient work they succeed in securing certain results1 which are the common cause of all4 ,so the ,philistines make for themselves a footstool of that which was a stumbling-block for their congenial souls in the previous generation4 ,from this height they look down upon the new truth of their time4 ,and those who perceive and uphold this new truth turn aside from the great uniformed army which now advances safely where the little vanguard has previously and laboriously opened up the way4 ,those who turn aside will form the new vanguard when it comes to achieving1 in the spirit of the first apostle1 the emancipation not only of women in the mass1 but of each individual woman4 ,when the present work of the woman movement for joint1 common ends shall no longer be necessary1 because one end after another has been attained1 then comes the task of the present 8radical0 feminism3 the accomplishment of 8emancipation0 by leading it up to those free heights which already the path-finders are endeavouring to attain1 the heights where every feminine individuality can choose her own path of life1 perhaps at variance with all others2 can choose it in freedom1 answerable only to her own conscience4 ,although this summary grouping historically as well as psychologically corresponds approximately to the past1 present1 and future of the woman movement1 yet there are so many ramifications of the three groups into one another1 that the woman movement now exhibits a tangled confusion in which every exact demarcation is impossible4 ,whoever lives to witness it will see the course of progress just described--for which the modern labour movement offers quite as good material for observation as the woman movement--repeat itself in the next great emancipation movement4 ,i mean the movement for the right and freedom of the child1 which will be the unconditional result of the victory of the woman and labour movements4 ,this idea is still in the morning-clear hour of inspiration4 ,but from the cry1 8,away with the child destroying home training10 we can hear that the troop of ,philistines will appear by afternoon upon the scene1 to adopt the idea into their midst6 ,by means of the comparison with socialism1 ,i have endeavoured to emphasise that the woman movement's formation of dogmas and its doctrinary fanaticism are not effects of the peculiarity of the feminine mind4 ,these phenomena are typical of every movement of the time thus far observed4 ,they are essential above all because a new belief without dogma and without ritual is for the masses a sword without a hilt3 it offers nothing tangible1 nothing whereby the masses can come into relation with the idea4 ,that certain feminists still believe that the woman movement has advanced just as the exodus of the ,children of ,israel out of the land of bondage1 that is to say1 under ,god's special protection against wandering astray2 that they stigmatise as 8treason0 and 8defection0 the assertion that this movement was determined by the same psychological and sociological laws as every other movement for freedom--this shows to how high a degree many leaders of the woman movement lack elementary psychological and sociological conceptions4 ,this deficiency is1 however1 being continually remedied4 ,and in the generation which now advances1 dogmatic fanaticism has well nigh vanished1 but pure enthusiasm is preserved4 ,we can thus expect from this generation a clearer understanding of the necessary social repressions which the woman movement has now sufficient strength to impose upon itself without forfeiting thereby its character of a movement for freedom4 ,as such it cannot and dare not cease until it has attained all its ends4 ,as long as the law treats women as one race1 men as another1 there is a woman question4 ,not until man and woman1 equal and united1 work together for mankind will the woman movement belong to the past4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,the ,,influence ,,of ,,the ,,woman ,,question ,,upon ,,single ,,women ,the following comparisons between the life of women1 especially their spiritual life of about fifty years ago and their life as it has shaped itself under the influence of the woman movement1 have been arranged in descending scale4 ,they begin with that phase of women's life in which this influence was most favourable from the point of view of life enhancement1 namely with the life of unmarried women4 ,you will find to-day1 among women seventy or eighty years of age1 one or another type of that fine culture which the gifted single woman1 in comfortable circumstances1 could attain in the previous century4 ,her home1 especially if it was an estate in the country1 became a cultural fireside which radiated light and heat for relatives and friends4 ,the lesser gifted disseminated1 each according to her nature1 comfort or discomfort1 yet could in extremity at least be sure of the homage of their future heirs4 ,toward those dependent upon them1 these women were sometimes kind1 sometimes indifferent1 sometimes hard3 the feeling of social responsibility was an unknown idea to them4 ,the penniless single women1 on the contrary1 were found either in one of the 8respectable0 positions which1 however1 brought with them a multitude of humiliations3 as governess1 companion1 housekeeper--in ,germany also as maid of honour at one of the numerous small courts--or in some charitable institution for gentle folks1 an asylum for pauvres honteuses2 but most frequently in the corner of the home of a relative4 ,this corner was at times the warmest and most confidential in the whole house1 that corner which the children sought for stories and sweetmeats2 the youth1 to find an embrace in which he could pour forth his grief1 an ear which listened to his most beautiful dreams4 ,but it happened more frequently that the 8aunt0 looked upon as a 8necessary evil0 was in reality that very thing4 ,humiliated and embittered1 she became ingenious in making those about her suffer for her afflictions4 ,before they became hopelessly old1 the 8aunts0 were the laughing stock of the young through their efforts1 in the eleventh hour1 to reach the 8peaceful haven of matrimony02 and they themselves looked with envious eyes upon the good fortune of the young4 ,we meet the unmarried woman of that time at her best as trusty servant who shared the cares1 the joys1 and the sorrows of the family and1 in her garret chamber1 of which she could be certain to the day of her death1 she looked back upon a rich life lived vicariously4 ,not infrequently1 she rejected a marriage proposal in order to stay with her beloved master and mistress to whom she knew she was indispensable4 ,the superfluous women previously mentioned would have thrown themselves into the arms of ,beelzebub had he come as suitor4 ,when the years passed1 when neither their desire for activity nor the thirst of the heart nor of the senses was quenched1 then not infrequently insanity conjured up for these lonely women a life-content for which they had longed in vain4 ,to-day1 however1 we have for the position which the expression1 8a forsaken old maid10 betokens an entirely new type3 8the glorified spinster10 as the joyous1 active1 independent unmarried woman is called by the people among whom she first became a reality4 ,among these women1 independent through their work1 useful to society1 that older type is still occasionally found perhaps1 a survival of the time when emancipation was rather generally interpreted as freedom for masculinity4 ,the 8man-woman0 in masculine attire1 with weapons of defence against man in one hand and a cigarette in the other1 her soul filled with mad ambition for her own sex and1 as representative of her entire sex1 with hatred toward the other1 was however always rare4 ,now1 she has almost entirely vanished1 except alas1 the cigarette4 ,but she smokes it now often with--masculine friends6 ,she follows in her mode of life1 as in her dress1 the law of good taste--not to offend2 she endeavours1 if only with a flower or two1 to give a glimmer of cosy comfort to her place of work4 ,this comfort1 which often comes into the public life with woman is perhaps the reason why many men1 who first looked with indignation upon feminine fellow-workmen1 would now miss them4 ,the more personal the culture of these women becomes1 the more they endeavour1 according to their time and means1 to express their personality in the lines and colours of their dress and in the arrangement of their room4 ,those best situated often succeed1 toward the end of their working days1 in winning their own little home which they perhaps share with a friend1 or they join a co-operative enterprise and can thus raise their standard of living4 ,the same women who1 at twenty-five1 scornfully declared that they 8would never bury their head in a sauce-pan10 are now1 at fifty1 consciously aware of the significance of the table for the activity of the brain2 indeed they are now quite as proud if they have prepared a good dish as they were in their youth when they passed a fine examination6 ,it is not to be wondered at that the emancipated women1 exactly as all recently emancipated masculine classes and races1 at first groped insecurely after a new form4 ,the astonishing thing1 on the contrary1 is that women adapted themselves so quickly to the new circumstances2 that the transition period furnished so few grotesque types2 that the present shows so many harmonious types1 each in her own way4 ,this harmony of single women is no mere form4 ,it has its inner counterpart in the satisfaction with their existence1 an existence in accord with their desires4 ,the psychology was not exhaustive which saw in feminism only a 8spinster question10 a question of the unmarried woman1 springing from the surplus of women and the increasing difficulty or disinclination of men to contract marriage--a question therefore for the ugly1 not for the beautiful2 for the unmarried1 not for the married2 for the poor1 not for the rich4 ,for a great number of beautiful women prefer to remain unmarried2 a great number of rich desire to work2 a great number of married women are zealous suffragists4 ,fifty years ago1 we saw the most clever women idealise an ape into a god2 now1 the modern1 intelligent working girl1 when she looks about her for her ideal1 exercises a lively criticism4 ,she often flirts with one who exhibits some phase of the ideal1 but she has too clear an understanding and too much to do to imagine a great feeling for one who is unworthy4 ,so it often happens that youth has passed without such a feeling having stirred her4 ,and she enters without deep regret the age when ambition and desire for power become her life stimulants4 ,from these women of predominating mind and will is formed more and more what ,ferrero calls 8,the third sex10 ,maudsley1 8,the sexless ant03 energetic1 clever1 happy in their work1 cool1 but sound2 in private life1 in the zeal of everyday work1 often egoistic but willing to make sacrifices in face of social exigencies4 ,so a great part of the fifty-year-old women form an exception since they with true instinct have remained unmarried4 ,for in the same degree that their metallic being is well adapted to the machinery of society1 it is little qualified to make a home for husband and children4 ,they do not depreciate however the value of this task1 unless they be fanatic feminists4 ,in that event they reproach the women who wish to marry with 8betraying the woman cause02 they demand at times1 as imperative loyalty toward this cause1 that their friends shall protest against the present marriage laws at least by the form of their marriage alliance if not even by not marrying at all4 ,their theory of equality has at times been carried so far that--as recently happened in ,france--they advocate women's performing also masculine military service4 ,but in spite of their aridity and inflexibility of principle how much more human are even these feminists than the 8ill-natured0 aunts of earlier times who became ill-natured exactly because their temperament was of the kind mentioned above1 but who could find no sphere of operation for their passionate longing for activity4 ,one or another was perhaps burning with ambition4 ,for there are women as well as men who can live only as pagan gods1 in the blaze and perfume of sacrificial fires4 ,in their youth these ambitious natures could be satisfied by triumphs in social life4 ,but later the passion became a fire in a powder cask and occasioned incessant explosions4 ,now it is the electric motive power for an activity of general utility4 ,the 8aunts0 of the earlier time who felt themselves always overlooked and injured are most easily recognised again in the literary and artistic field to which daily bread or ambition now urges many women1 who endeavour to compensate by energetic work for the talent which nature denied them4 ,since these women are ordinarily not people of understanding but of feeling1 they must in a double sense be dissatisfied with a life which in addition is1 in most cases1 still filled with economic cares and the humiliations arising therefrom4 ,and yet in spite of all1 how much richer is their life to-day than it would have been fifty years ago when they would have been obliged to sit and draw their needles through interminable pieces of handwork1 after ugly patterns and for unnecessary uses1 or to compose sentimental birthday verses for persons whom they abominated4 ,yet there are always those women natures who1 in the past1 had the qualifications for a real 8dear aunt10 who gently calmed the conflicts and filled the gaps in the home of which they had become members4 ,the most tender and sensitive of these modern women1 who1 rain or shine1 year in year out1 hasten to and from a work indifferent to them at heart1 not infrequently breathe a sigh of longing for those times when1 as 8aunts10 they could have received and imparted warmth in a home4 ,but then again there come moments when they know how to value the independence which puts them in a position to give help where otherwise there would be none2 when for example they can send a nephew to college1 or a friend to a sanatarium1 or provide their mother with a nurse1 which they themselves can not be4 ,this kind of single woman fulfills more or less the office of family provider just as she also is always ready with word and deed in circles of friends and comrades4 ,these women are so engrossed that the time of love1 sometimes love itself1 passes them by without their observing it4 ,their youth flees and they feel with sadness that their woman's life is unlived4 ,but they persuade themselves that they have had enough in their work1 that many little joys can take the place of great happiness4 ,and they believe this as truly as the infant believes he is satisfied when he sucks his own thumb4 ,but some of these women acknowledge perhaps1 when they have passed the fifties1 that they were often tempted to call out to the first best man1 8,give me a child40 ,sometimes it happens that in their last youth they appease their mother longing by adopting a foster child2 sometimes they still this longing by a child of their own1 from a love relation or a marriage4 ,this late and uncertain happiness is often made possible exactly through their work4 ,and then1 if not earlier1 they bless this work which gives them the economic possibility1 and thereby also the courage1 for this hazardous adventure4 ,more frequent than these are the cases however where single women1 who have passed their first youth1 find in friendship for another woman a valve for their1 in great part1 unused feelings4 ,in some natures this friendship will be jealous and exacting1 in others true and devoted4 ,i wish to emphasise that ,i speak here of entirely natural spiritual conditions4 ,there is to-day much talk about 8,sapphic0 women2 and it is even possible that they exist in that impure form which men imagine4 ,i have never met them1 presumably because we rarely meet in life those with whom no fibre of our being has any affinity4 ,but ,i have often observed that the spiritually refined women of our time1 just as formerly the spiritually refined men of ,hellas1 find most easily in their own sex the qualities which set their spiritual life in the finest vibration of admiration1 inspiration1 sympathy and adoration4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the fundamental types of single women depicted here--the person of intellect and the person of feeling--are found everywhere4 ,the former according to current opinion already predominate in ,america2 in ,europe1 it seems to me1 the latter still prevail4 ,that the main classes include innumerable varieties1 it is needless to say4 ,there are for example the numerous1 quite ordinary1 family girls who would be happy if they could give up their independence in order to enjoy the protection of their parents' or their own home4 ,and the same obtains also with the quite as ancient type of woman1 ,undine1 who--soulless and cold--enslaves all men4 ,if she is in any civic vocation1 she knows how to get the smallest amount of work for herself and1 in case she is engaged in the artistic field1 the best possible criticism4 ,conscience is an acquaintance which she has never made and she is also of the opinion that everything agreeable is permitted to her2 she simply slides past anything disagreeable4 ,although work belongs to these disagreeable things1 she continues it until she has found means to place her 8qualities0 in the most advantageous manner upon the matrimonial market4 ,the diametrical antithesis of this curvilinear type is the rectilinear4 ,it has1 just as the preceding type1 existed at all times4 ,it is the woman who really never demanded anything of life but 8a work and a duty0 and finds both in abundance in all positions of life4 ,she is found year in year out at her desk1 in appropriate working garb1 free from all sthetics2 proud 8if she never has needed to miss a day02 proud that she never has come late4 ,on the contrary she never goes on time4 ,for she has so grown into the business or the office that she takes everything upon herself that is required without murmuring1 as a well-disciplined soldier in the ranks of the grey working army2 thankful1 in addition1 if her long working cares yield her a little life annuity or pension for her old age4 ,this type is found principally among women over fifty--fortunately4 ,for this class of women which the pre-feministic circumstances created1 have1 by their 8frugality0 carried almost to the verge of criminality1 by their humble1 conscientious servitude1 lowered the wages of their colleagues who are more full of life4 ,these latter have begun work in the hope that it finally will 8free0 them2 that is1 will give them something of that for which their innermost being longs1 not only their daily bread--a bread which sickness or a turn of affairs moreover can take from them at any time4 ,and perhaps they never succeed even in having their own room where they at least could have repose6 ,underpaid1 overworked1 tired to death1 who can wonder if these women have lost1 if they ever possessed them1 the essential characteristics of 8womanhood0--active kindness1 repose even in movement1 charming gentleness8 ,the ,icelandic poet of yore already knew that 8,few become fair through wounds40 ,these women must put all their strength into their work and into the effort to conceal their underpayment by 8respectable0 clothing1 or else lose their positions4 ,in everything else they must economise to the utmost and perhaps in addition be laughed at because of their economy4 ,they succeed1 often admirably1 in maintaining themselves in proud fair struggle1 in rejecting 8erotic0 perquisites to add to their income and in fulfilling conscientiously the requirements of their work4 ,yet to do this with lively interest1 with preserved spiritual elasticity1 with quiet amiability--for this their strength does not suffice1 exhausted by insufficient nourishment1 insufficient sleep1 still more insufficient recreation1 and strained daily to the utmost4 ,their nervousness finds vent in either hard or hysterical expression and the public1 annoyed by their ill-humour1 divines little of the tragedies enacted in offices1 business houses1 cafs or similar places4 ,if a suicide concludes the tragedy1 the public shudders for a moment and--all goes on as before4 ,thus 8emancipation0 presents itself in reality for millions of women4 ,to what extent the middle-class woman movement is indirectly to blame for this fact has already been emphasised4 ,the essential reason is however the prevailing economic condition of society4 ,by the uninterrupted fever of competition and the accumulation of riches1 it dries up the soul and robs it of goodness as well as of joy4 ,when the great1 beautiful1 eternal sources of joy are exhausted1 the life stimulus is sought in exclusively physical pleasures1 which are always made more exciting in order to be able to arouse still1 in the languid nervous system1 feelings of desire4 ,moreover1 there is the neurosis and weariness of life of the overworked1 of those continually quaking about their material safety1 of those who could be revived by the noble and simple joys of life1 to which those jaded with riches are already not susceptible2 but for all these millions and millions such joys are not accessible because hunger for profit depresses wages4 ,if in addition to that we take into account the increasing suffering of the best because of the ever developing feeling of solidarity2 and if finally we consider that women1 who through the protection of the home could preserve something of warmth-irradiating energy1 are now in increasing numbers driven out of the home1 then we have some of the reasons which--in higher degree than the religious and philosophic reasons which also exist--contribute to the joylessness of our time4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a contribution to the meagre stock of good fortune of the present time is furnished however by the joy of life among young girls working under favourable conditions4 ,among them we meet a new soul condition1 which could be designated1 as briefly as possible1 as covetousness of everything which can promote their personal development and a beautiful liberality with what is thus won4 ,they can gratify their energetic desire for self-development by sport1 travel1 books1 art and other means of culture2 their freedom of action between working hours is not restricted by private duties4 ,they can utilise their leisure time and their income as they please3 for recreation1 pleasure1 social intercourse1 social work or private1 charitable activity4 ,no father nor husband encroaches upon their free agency4 ,and so dear does this liberty become to them through the manifold joys which it furnishes1 that these young girls1 in constantly increasing numbers1 refuse to relinquish their individual independence for the sake of a marriage which1 even presupposing the happiest love1 always means a restriction of the freedom of movement that they enjoyed while single4 ,and since the modern woman knows that1 in the sphere of spiritual values1 nothing can be attained without sacrifice1 she prefers to keep free agency and to sacrifice love4 ,if she chooses in the opposite direction1 the task of adaptation will be the more difficult1 the longer and the more intensely she has enjoyed freedom4 ,the modern young girl1 if she deigns to bestow her hand upon a man1 not infrequently has her pretty head so crammed full of principles of equality that she sometimes 7frequently in ,america71 by written contract establishes her independence to the smallest detail1 which sometimes includes separate apartments and the prohibition that either of the contracting parties shall have the key to the apartment of the other4 ,there are many varieties of the new type of woman4 ,there is for instance the tom-boy1 the 8gamin10 who for her life cannot give up the right to mad pranks and mischievous jokes4 ,there is the girl consumed with ambition1 who sacrifices all other values in order to attain the goal of her ambition in art or science4 ,there is the fanatically altruistic girl1 who considers the work for mankind so important that she feels she has not the right to an 8egoistic0 love happiness4 ,there is the ascetic ethereal girl1 who looks upon marriage and child-bearing as animal functions1 unworthy of a spiritual being1 but above all as unbeautiful4 ,and for many of these modern1 sthetically refined1 nervously sensitive young girls the sthetic point of view is decisive4 ,all love the work which permits them to live according to their ideals4 ,still it often happens that ,ovidian metamorphoses take place3 that the young girl sees the cloud or the swan transformed into a god1 upon whose altar she sacrifices1 with joy1 her free agency and everything else which only a few weeks earlier she cherished as her holy of holies4 ,the men who view this process with a smile1 think that the anti-erotic ideals were only a new weapon of defence in the eternal war between the sexes4 ,but these men often learn how mistaken they were when they themselves become participators in the war4 ,they meet women so proud1 so sensitive regarding their independence1 so merciless in their strength1 so easily wounded in their instincts1 so zealous to devote themselves to their personal task1 so determined to preserve their freedom1 that erotic harmony seldom can be realised4 ,yes1 these women often repudiate love only because it becomes a bond to their freedom1 a hindrance to their work1 a force for the bending of their will to another's will4 ,the women1 womanly in their innermost depths1 who really feel free only when they give themselves wholly1 are becoming continually more rare4 ,but where such a wholly devoted woman still exists1 she is the highest type of woman which any period has produced4 ,especially if she springs from a family of old culture4 ,she has then1 combined in her personality1 the best of tradition and the best of the revolution evoked by the woman movement4 ,the fibres of her being absorb their nourishment with instinctive certainty out of the fruitful soil which pride1 devotion to duty1 family love1 requirements of culture and refinement of form1 for many generations1 have created4 ,but her conscious soul-life flowers in the sun of the present2 she thinks new thoughts and has new aims4 ,just as little as she disavows her desire for love1 so little does she desire love under other conditions than those of spiritual unity and human equality4 ,if she meets the man who can give her this and if she loves him1 then he can be more certain than the man of any other time that he is really loved1 that no ulterior motive obscures the devotion of this free woman4 ,he has seen her susceptible to all the riches of life2 has seen her assist in social tasks1 perform the duty of every day joyful in her work1 proud of her independence attained through her work4 ,he knows that just as she is she would have continued to be if he had not entered into her life4 ,how different is this girl from the one of earlier times1 who was driven by the emptiness of her life into continual love affairs1 which could not lead to a marriage nor exist in a marriage that possessed nothing of love6 ,this most beautiful new type of woman approaches spiritually the aforementioned type of single1 aged women1 who because of their economic independence found time for a fine personal culture4 ,these followed not infrequently in their youth1 from a distance it is true1 but with joyous sympathy1 the progress of the woman movement4 ,they shook their heads later over its extremes4 ,with new joy they regard the young girls just described1 in whom they find a more universal development than in themselves1 because these young girls have been developed through active consumption of power which was spared to the older women1 although they must have summoned much passive energy in order to maintain their personality against convention4 ,the young girls find often in these older women a fine understanding1 which they richly reciprocate4 ,such terms of friendship are the most beautiful which the present has to offer3 they resemble the meeting of the morning and evening red in the bright midsummer nights of the ,north4 ,no time could have been so rich in exquisite feminine personalities1 at all ages and in all stages of life1 as ours4 ,we must not draw our conclusions regarding the abundance of such women1 in the older culture epochs1 from the illustrious names of women which incessantly recur in the pictures of the earlier times--like stage soldiers--until they give the illusion of a great host4 ,but exquisite women are even to-day exceptional4 ,the ,martha type rather than the ,mary type predominates4 ,this is due on one hand to decreasing piety1 on the other hand to the kind of working and society life4 ,fifty years ago single women were often spiritually petrified1 now more often they cannot succeed in settling into any form4 ,their existence1 turned outwardly1 widens their sphere of interest but makes their soul-life shallow4 ,restlessness is most unfavourable to the 8development of the personality10 which was however the goal of the emancipation of woman4 ,this development is delayed most of all perhaps by the lack of personal contact with other personalities1 of immediate1 intimate human connections4 ,this can1 from no point of view1 be supplied by the society or club life in which single women are to-day absorbed4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,the ,,influence ,,of ,,the ,,woman ,,movement ,,upon ,,the ,,daughters ,as late as sixty or seventy years ago1 the daughters of good families had still few points of contact with life outside the four walls of the home4 ,from the hands of nurse-maids they went into those of the governess1 and after confirmation1 studies were at an end4 ,if it was a cultured home then reading aloud or music was often practised1 whereby it is true no 8specific education0 qualifying them for examinations was attained1 but frequently a fine universal human culture4 ,there was always employment in the house for the zeal for work4 ,the great presses were filled with linen which was not infrequently spun and woven by the daughters2 in the autumn they assembled for sausage-making and candle dipping2 later1 for ,christmas baking and roasting2 in summer endless rows of glasses of preserves were set in the store-room4 ,before ,christmas1 night after night1 ,christmas presents were made2 after ,christmas1 night after night1 they danced4 ,at these balls those in outer respects uncomely1 received a foretaste of that waiting which must fill their life for many long years3 would the invitation to the dance--or the wooing respectively--come or not8 ,every man whose shadow merely fell upon the scene1 was immediately considered from the point of view of a suitor4 ,as the years went by the girl1 who before twenty-five years of age was considered an 8old maid10 saw how the glance of the father and the brothers became gloomy1 yes1 she could even hear how 8unfortunate0 she was4 ,if such a daughter lived in a home poor in books--and most of them were--then she could not even procure a book she wished4 ,for the daughters worked year in year out without wages1 in case they did not receive meagrely doled out pin-money which only through great ingenuity sufficed for their toilette4 ,all year long there were christenings and birthday celebrations2 in summer games were played1 where it was possible riding parties arranged1 in winter sleighing parties were organised4 ,other physical exercise was considered superfluous4 ,the young girls were averse to going to a neighbouring estate if it lay a mile away2 and during the week to take a long walk for pleasure or sit down with a book1 which had been borrowed1 would be considered simply as idling away one's time4 ,in summer a cold bath was permissible--a warm bath was used only in cases of sickness--but swimming was considered so unwomanly1 that whoever had learned it must keep it secret4 ,rowing1 tobogganing and skating were1 even if permitted in the country1 yet half in discredit as 8masculine40 ,when grandfather related an heroic deed of some ancestress whose proud countenance shone out among the family portraits1 then the daughter of such a family must have asked herself why this deed was lauded while everything 8manly0 was forbidden her4 ,the days and years went by at the embroidery frame or netting needles1 amid continuous chatter about the family and neighbours1 amid eternal friction and in disputing back and forth over mere trifles4 ,the confined nervous force sought an outlet1 and in an existence where each one--according to the first paragraph of family rights--interfered in the greatest as in the smallest concerns of all the others1 there was always plenty of material about which to become irritated and excited4 ,in the country1 life was1 however1 fuller and fresher than in the city where the young girl had less to do and never dared go out alone2 yes1 where a walk was considered so superfluous1 that the mother of the great ,swedish feminist ,fredrika ,bremer advised her daughters to jump up and down behind a chair when they insisted that they needed exercise6 99 99 99 99 99 ,the relation to the parents1 even if the principle of unswerving and mute obedience was not wholly carried out1 was ordinarily a reverential alienation4 ,neither side knew the inner life of the other4 ,the temperament of the mother determined the everyday domestic comforts1 the will of the father the external occurrences of life1 from the trip to the ball to marriage4 ,the daughter whose inclination corresponded with the will of the father considered herself fortunate4 ,the one married against her will wept1 but obeyed4 ,as an almost fabulous occurrence it was related of one or another girl that she dared to say 8,no0 before the marriage altar2 cases were not unusual in which daughters received a box on the ear and were confined to their room until they accepted the bridegroom whom the father had chosen4 ,even if a mother1 moved by the recollections of her own youth1 attempted to support a daughter it rarely succeeded4 ,for the power of the father rested quite as heavily upon the wife4 ,but the worst however was to water myrtle year after year1 without ever being able to cut it for a bridal wreath4 ,even she1 who in her heart loved another1 found it therefore often wisest to give her consent to an acceptable suitor4 ,only the one whose dowry was valued at a 8ton of gold0--or who also was a celebrated beauty--could run the risk of declining a courtship2 yes1 she could permit herself to occasion it only to decline it4 ,the more suitors she could recount1 the prouder she was2 such a beauty even embroidered around her bridal gown the monograms of all her earlier wooers4 ,the unmarried remained behind in an environment where the idea prevailed that 8woman's politics are her toilettes1 her republic is her household and literature belongs to her trinkets40 ,the talented daughter sewed the fine starched shirts in which her stupid brother went to the academy and sighed therewith3 8,ah1 if one only were a man40 ,when the income of the house was small1 she increased it perhaps by embroidery1 sold in deepest secrecy2 for it was a disgrace for a girl of good family to work for money4 ,for her rebellious thoughts she had perhaps a girl friend to whom she could pour out her heart--or a sister4 ,but it often fared with sisters growing old together1 just as it must fare with ,north-pole explorers wintering together1 that those holding together of necessity finally loathe one another from the bottom of their hearts4 ,and yet the sisters were most fortunate who could grow old and die in their childhood home and were not compelled to become old household fixtures in the home of relatives4 ,not infrequently this last fate was their portion because a father1 a brother or a guardian out of personal1 economical self-interest prevented their marriage1 or a brother through debt or studies had defrauded them of their inheritance4 ,it was not the woman movement but the religious movement1 beginning among the ,northern peoples almost simultaneously with it1 called in ,sweden 8,lseri0 78,reading07 that was the first spiritual emancipation for the old or young unmarried girls--likewise for wives who longed for a deeper content4 ,because they took seriously the ,bible doctrine that one should disregard the commands of the family in order to follow ,christ1 the home gradually became accustomed to one of the feminine members' going her own way4 ,often amid great struggles4 ,for the 8,reader0 was more or less considered as insane2 the father was ashamed of her1 the mother mourned over her1 the brothers laughed at her4 ,but nothing could hinder those strong in their faith from following the inner voice4 ,and so these women1 without knowing it themselves1 were a bridge to that emancipation of women to which they themselves later--,bible in hand--were often an obstacle4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the movement could not however be prevented4 ,and now--how is it now in the family8 ,already the ten-year-old talks about what she is sometime going to be4 ,now1 the sisters go with the brothers to school or to the academy and share their intellectual interests as well as their life of sport4 ,now1 the fathers and mothers sit at home often alone1 for the daughters belong to that host of self-supporting girls who can gratify the parents by short visits only4 ,alas1 these visits are not always an unclouded joy4 ,there are collisions between the old and the young often over seeming bagatelles4 ,but a feather shows which way the wind blows and the parents observe that1 in the spiritual being of the daughter1 the wind blows from an entirely different direction from theirs4 ,the daughter1 on the other hand1 thinks that perfect calm prevails in the being of her parents2 she wishes to raise the dust4 ,the mother pleads her cause in dry and offended manner1 the daughter in superior and impetuous words4 ,accustomed to her freedom1 she encounters again at home control over her commissions and omissions1 attempts upon her privacy from which she had been freed by leaving home4 ,and they separate again each with a sigh that they 8have had so little of one another40 ,in other cases--when the parents have followed the times and the daughters understand that not only children but also parents must be educated with tenderness--then the visits to the parents' home become on both sides elevating episodes in their lives4 ,the daughters repose in the parental tenderness1 which they have only now learned to value when they compare it with their customary loneliness4 ,the parents confide to the daughter their cares which she sometimes can effectively lighten1 and they revive with her spiritual interests which they themselves had to lay aside4 ,through her own working life the daughter has gained an entirely new respect for her parents4 ,through her independence of parental authority she has now gained a frankness1 which makes a real interchange of ideas possible4 ,they discover that they can have something reciprocal for one another4 ,the father1 who perhaps at first sighed when the young faces vanished out of the home1 now admits that it would have been foolish if the whole troop of girls had continued here at home and so had stood there at his demise1 empty-handed1 without professional training4 ,the mother1 who had helped them persuade the father1 smiles1 when he insists that he 8would not exchange his capable girls for boys40 ,and he is not at all afraid that the daughters could not marry if they would2 he remembered indeed how his contemporaries declared that they 8would never look at a girl student1 a ,blue stocking10 and yet so many of these were now happily married to--girl students4 ,beside these results of the independence of the daughters which elevate life for all sides1 there are opposite cases2 when1 for example1 a single daughter without outer economic compulsion or inner personal necessity1 impelled only by the current of the time1 leaves a home where her contribution of work could be significant1 in order to follow a vocation outside4 ,the results are often of doubtful value1 not only from a social point of view but also from that of the family and herself1 when the daughter remains at home but carries on a work outside4 ,this comes partly because they are contented with less pay and thus lower the wages of those who support themselves entirely2 partly because they over-exert themselves4 ,in those cases where several daughters can share with one another the domestic duties1 no over-exertion results perhaps4 ,but when a single daughter combines an exacting professional work with quite as exacting household duties1 then she is exhausted by her double task2 then she feels the burden1 not the joy1 of work4 ,for all professional working girls who remain at home1 have moreover in addition1 even under the most favorable circumstances1 the spiritual strain of turning from work back again to the gregarious demands of the home1 as well as to the many different attractions and repulsions1 antipathies and sympathies which determine the deviations in temperature of the home2 the strain of respecting the sensibilities which must be spared or of paying attention to the domestic demands which must be refused1 if the work is not to suffer from lack of rest and time for preparation4 ,all this can be so nerve racking that the young girl is seized with an irresistible longing for a little home of her own1 where she would be mistress of her leisure time1 and could see her own friends--not alone those of her family1--where she could join those who held the same views1 where she1 in a word1 would live her life according to the dictates of her personal demands4 ,if she can1 she often does this4 ,for to-day young girls live to apply the principle of the woman movement--individualism4 ,the older women's rights advocates desired1 it is true1 that woman should be allowed to 8develop her gifts10 but she should 8administer0 them for the benefit of others2 they desired that she should receive new rights from law and custom1 but that she should seek always in law and custom support and security for her action4 ,the young women's rights advocates1 on the other hand1 believe that their own growth1 just as that of animals and trees1 is intended above all for self-development1 that in their own character the direction for their growth is specified1 and that they have not the right to confine themselves by circumstances or subject themselves to influences by which they know they hinder the development of their powers1 according to their individual natures4 ,the more refined the feeling of personality becomes1 the more exactly these young people understand how to choose what is essential for them and to repudiate what is a hindrance4 ,but before they attain this certainty they evince often an unnecessary lack of consideration1 and the family is often right when it speaks of the egoism of youth4 ,they find no opportunity for helping father or mother nor for participation in the elders' interests4 ,the whole family is rarely assembled even at meal-time2 the daughters as well as the sons rush off to lectures1 work1 sport1 clubs4 ,the mother who sees how occupied the daughters are has not the heart to add to their work or to thwart them in their pleasures2 thus she allows the selfishness of the young creatures to increase to the point where she herself in indignation begins--seasonably and unseasonably--to react against it4 ,the young girl answers her mother's reproof then with the complaint that1 8,mamma does not understand0 her and that she is 8behind her time40 ,especially the young examination-champions distinguish themselves by their arrogance in the family as in the club1 where they look down upon the older ladies who have not passed examinations just as they do upon their own mother4 ,it fares best in the families1 and they are even now numerous1 where the mother herself has studied or worked outside the home and therefore knows what domestic services she may or may not require2 where she herself personally understands the intellectual occupation of the young people and has preserved her own youthfulness1 so that she becomes not infrequently the real friend of her daughters and sons4 ,if the mother1 on the contrary1 was one of the many who1 at the beginning of the woman movement1 sacrificed her own talent to the wishes of her family or the demands of the home1 in spite of the possibilities for its development made accessible to her at that time1 then she has often absolutely no comprehension of the egoism of her daughter4 ,she herself had acted so entirely differently6 ,or she understands fully that in her daughters as well as in her sons she views the attainment of a new conception of life1 with all its ,storm and ,stress1 which the spring-times in the life of mankind bring with them--an attainment in which1 to her sorrow1 she could not take part in her youth4 ,at such spring-times youth is not1 as the parents hoped1 sunlight and the twittering of birds in the home2 but ,march storms and ,april clouds4 ,the parents feel themselves at first swept out1 superfluous1 disillusioned4 ,they are angered but rejuvenated1 thanks to all the new points of view that youth makes valid4 ,yes1 father and mother sometimes could live through a second youth if their own contemporaries did not depress their buoyancy by their disapproving astonishment and the children by their cool rejection of the comradeship of their parents4 ,but in spite of this twofold opposition1 there are now fathers and mothers who are able to enjoy the riches of life quite as youthfully as and more deeply than their children2 while the parents of earlier times1 especially the mother1 forever stagnated as early as forty4 ,more and more frequently we find mothers who1 like their daughters1 lead a spiritually rich and emotional life1 who have so preserved their physical youthfulness and who possess moreover through experience and self-culture so refined a soul-life1 that1 in regard to the impression they make1 they are not infrequently the rivals of their daughters4 ,they are already revelations of that type of woman which1 in token of emancipation1 has found the equilibrium between the old devoted ideal and the new self-assertive ideal4 ,they view life from a height which gives them a survey also over the essential1 in questions concerning their own children4 ,even if these become something other than the mothers wish1 these mothers are so penetrated with the idea of individualism that they let the children follow their own course4 ,modern fathers rarely find so happy a home as it once could be with a bevy of daughters always at hand4 ,but they find the home richer in content1 often also freer from petty dissensions4 ,for in the measure in which each member of the family desires his right and his freedom1 do all gradually learn to respect those of others4 ,if the parents consider with dignity their right and their freedom1 then a reciprocal consideration results after the boldness which youth evinces under the first influence of the intoxication of freedom4 ,youth1 at first so proud and strong in their assurance of bringing new ideal values to life1 begin themselves to experience how the world treats these2 and what they once called their parents' prejudice appears to them now often in a new light4 ,their self-assertion becomes a product of culture1 out of a raw material4 ,the manifestations of their individualism become continually more discreet1 more controlled1 but at the same time more essential and more effective4 ,when then the young people have found their way and the parents endeavour to turn them aside to the main road--which they call the way of wisdom or of duty--then certainly and with right the young people put themselves on the defensive4 ,even a devoted daughter cannot bring to the home to-day as undivided a heart as formerly4 ,but this gift was earlier a matter of course1 so to speak1 a natural result of the conditions4 ,but if to-day a girl sacrifices a talent to filial duty1 then it is an infinitely greater personal sacrifice2 a real choice4 ,and if she does not make the sacrifice1 it is not in the least always on the ground of egoism4 ,it happens often in conviction that the unconditional demand of ,christianity that the strong must have consideration for the weak1 makes these latter often egoists and tyrants2 that the strong1 who are more significant for the whole1 are thus rendered inefficient4 ,if a troop of athletic boys continually conformed to the level of the weakest1 then all would remain upon a lower plane1 and the weak find no incentive to seek their triumphs in another sphere4 ,on the other hand it is fine and eminently sane and in harmony with the laws of spiritual growth1 when the strong shall help the weak to reach a goal which is thus1 in his own peculiar direction1 really attainable by him4 ,neither paganism nor ,christianity has created the most beautiful strength2 it is a union of both4 ,it has found its most perfect expression in art in ,donatello's ,st4 ,george1 in ,michelangelo's ,david3 youths1 whose victorious power conceals compassion and whose compassion embraces even the conquered3 symbols of strength which has become kind1 of kindness which has become strong4 ,if a mother has seen this expression upon the face of her son or her daughter then she can address to life the words of ,simeon3 8,now let thy servant depart in peace for mine eyes have seen thy glory40 ,for the glory of life is the harmony between its two fundamental powers--conquest and devotion3 self-assertion and self-sacrifice4 ,in every new phase of the ethical development of mankind the cultural problem is this harmony and the cultural profit is not the per-dominance of one of the two but the perfected synthesis of both4 ,this problem has now become actual1 through the woman movement1 for the feminine half of mankind1 after the unconditional spirit of sacrifice has obtained for centuries as the indispensable attribute of womanliness4 ,in the first stage of the woman movement the majority of the 8emancipated0 were still determined by their spirit of sacrifice1 which they aspired to combine with their outside professional work4 ,this generation lived beyond its strength4 ,the younger generation of to-day does not believe that ,god gives unlimited strength4 ,for they have seen that those who live unceasingly beyond their strength finally have no strength left1 either for others or for themselves4 ,and they know that in the long run one can live only upon his own resources and these must be conserved and renewed in order to suffice4 ,but this knowledge makes the problem1 which in the course of days and years appears in manifold different forms1 only more difficult of solution3 the problem to find the right choice in the collision between family duties1 duties toward oneself and duties toward society2 the choice which shall bring with it the essential enhancement of life4 ,the conflict is thus solved by some feminists3 everything called family ties and family feeling is referred to the 8impersonal0 instinctive life1 while our 8personality0 expresses itself in intellectual activity1 in study1 in creation1 in universally human ends1 in social activity1 etc4 ,and since the principle of emancipation is certainly the freeing of the 8personality10 it follows from this idea1 in connection with this definition of the personality1 that the liberated personality must place the obligations of the intellectual life absolutely above those of the family life2 the outside professional work above the work in the home4 ,in a word1 the earlier definition of womanliness ignored the universal human element1 the present definition of personality ignores the womanly element in woman's being4 ,the last solution of the problem is quite as one-sided as the first4 ,the 8principle of personality10 as it has just been described is entertained especially in ,america4 ,in ,europe there are still women who reflect deeply upon their own being and--who have a depth over which they may meditate6 ,these women have not yet succeeded in simplifying the problem which is the central one of their life4 ,they know that not only do instincts1 impulses of the will1 feelings1 form the strongest part of the individual character which nature has given them1 but also that this part determines their thinking and creating power--their whole conscious existence4 ,they know that their character receives its peculiarities through the development which they themselves accord to one or another side of their individual temperament4 ,in one personality the intellectual life will predominate1 in another the emotional3 in one the ethical1 in another the sthetic motive4 ,the personality becomes harmonious only when no essential motive is lacking1 when all attain a certain degree of development1 a harmony which is as yet only so won that no motive receives its greatest possible development4 ,such a harmony has long been the especial characteristic of the most beautiful womanhood1 while the most significant men have ordinarily achieved their superior strength in one direction1 at the cost of harmony in the whole4 ,if now women believe that they can achieve the strength of men without1 for that reason1 being obliged to sacrifice something of their harmony1 then they believe their sex capable of possibilities which thus far have been granted rarely and then only to the exceptional in both sexes4 ,what experience shows is3 the greater harmony of single women in a limited existence as compared with the lack of harmony in the lives of daughters1 owing to the irreconcilable problems which their richer existence brings with it4 ,for these problems must be solved1 at one time1 by sacrifice of intellectual1 at another1 by sacrifice of emotional values4 ,in every case1 the sacrifice leaves behind it1 not the joyful peace of fulfilled duty1 but the gnawing unrest of a duty still ever unfulfilled4 ,every woman who has a heart knows it is at least quite as important a part of her personality as her passion for science perhaps4 ,if for example she is obliged to surrender to another the loving service of a sick father in order to pursue scientific researches1 then her heart is quite as certainly in the sick-room as1 in case of the opposite choice1 her thoughts would have been in the laboratory4 ,by calling one factor 8instinct0 and the other 8personality10 nothing is in reality gained4 ,theorising ladies can easily write--the paper is forbearing4 ,but human nature is of flesh and blood4 ,and therefore thousands of women grapple to-day with tormenting questions3--,when we women shall belong entirely to industrial work and to the social life1 who then is left for the work of love8 ,only paid hands4 ,what becomes then of the warmth in human life when such a division of labour is established that kindness becomes a profession1 and the rest of us shall be exempt from its practice because our 8,personality0 has more important fields for the exercise of its strength8 ,what does it signify to live for society when we come to the service of society with chilled hearts8 ,if the warmth is to be preserved then we must have leisure for love in private life1 a right to love1 peace and means for love4 ,only thus can our hearts remain warm for the social life4 ,can the whole really profit if we sacrifice unconditionally that part of the whole which is nearest us8 ,can our feeling of solidarity increase toward mankind when we pass by exactly those people to whom we could1 by our deeds1 really show our sympathetic fellow-feeling8 ,the woman whose instinct life is still strong and sound1 whose personality has its roots deep in life--which means not social life alone--she also understands how to determine what life in its deepest import purposes with her2 she knows how she serves it best1 whether by remaining in a position where she fulfils her personal obligations as part of a family or by seeking another position where she fulfils this obligation as a member of society4 ,it is true the erroneous idea still prevails in many homes that the daughter must willingly sacrifice her social task for the family1 a sacrifice which the family would never even wish on the part of a son4 ,but the assurance that the daughter could have made another choice instils in the family1 unconsciously1 a new conception of her sacrifice1 and gives to herself the courage to assume a position in the home other than that she held at the time when no choice remained to her4 ,if the total of efficacious daughterly love of to-day and earlier times be estimated1 this total would not prove less now4 ,but it is now given rather in a great sum2 earlier1 on the contrary1 in many small coins4 ,because of the professional work of the daughter1 there are now often lacking in the home the ready obliging young hands whose help father and brother so willingly engrossed2 the cheerful comforter1 the admiring listener4 ,but in a great hour the daughter or sister gives now often a hundred times more in deep1 personal understanding4 ,one draws a false conclusion when one thinks that the more closely a family holds together the more it signifies a corresponding unity and devotion4 ,the young act in submission because they permit themselves to be cowed by the family authority which like a steam-roller passed over their wills and their hearts4 ,but the indignation that they experienced in their innermost hearts1 the criticism which they exercised among one another1 were not less bitter than that which they to-day openly utter4 ,the home life of fifty years ago was a school of diplomacy2 it especially served to oppose cunning to the father's authority1 and the mother often taught the children to use this weapon of weakness4 ,now the father does not wish to make himself ridiculous by saying3 8,i forbid you10 for the daughter answers3 8,well1 then1 ,i will wait until ,i am twenty-one40 ,the threat1 8,i disinherit you10 recoils from the determination of the daughter1 8,i can work40 ,only in a distant province1 in a little town1 or among the 8upper ten thousand0 of a large city1 where the daughters still often receive a 8general education10 which does not fit them to earn their living1 are they occupied all day without the feeling of having worked4 ,they serve at five o'clock teas1 embroider for charity bazaars1 etc4 ,but they also experience the power of the spirit of the time strongly enough to know that they lead a selfish life but not a life of self4 ,the lower the scale of riches the more housework do the daughters have to perform4 ,but as a result of the patriarchal organisation of labour they still perform this without their own responsibility1 without the joy of independence1 without regular unoccupied time and without one penny at their disposal6 ,even in these circles however the spirit of the time is active2 such a daughter leads now in every case a life of much richer content than some decades ago1 when even though middle-aged she was still treated as ignorant innocence and must allow herself to be extolled to every possible marriage candidate4 ,she suffers when she sees her mother as the submissive wife1 whose continual according smile has graven lines of humility about her mouth1 whose continually pacifying tone has made her voice whining4 ,she suffers when the father cuts short a diversity of opinion with the words1 8,you have heard what ,i said--,that will do40 ,she suffers when her brothers find her 8insufferably important0 or declare her new ideas 8crazy40 ,but exactly these new ideas about the right and freedom of woman1 which she encounters everywhere1 have given a dignity to her own being which has its influence even without words4 ,on the other hand1 the fact that the fathers lose one legal right after another over the feminine members of the family has its effect1 so that they gradually change their tone1 the clenched fist falls less and less frequently upon the table1 the disdain is silenced1 and even in the provinces the family life is changing more and more from the despotic political constitution to the democratic1 where each one maintains his position by virtue of his own personality4 ,there are still men it is true1 who wish to confine 8woman's sphere0 to the four 8,c's0--8,cooking1 clothing1 children1 church40 ,but there is no one who now insists that 8a girl cannot learn ,mathematics10 or that it is 8unwomanly to pore over books0--sayings which were still often heard fifty years ago4 ,certainly there are still men who accept the cherishing thoughtful care on the part of the women members of the family as obvious homage4 ,but the men are becoming more and more numerous who receive these womanly acts of tenderness with waking joy4 ,daughters and sisters of earlier times have pardoned the vices of their fathers and brothers seven and seventy times2 those of the present throw away the fragments of trust and love which have been irrevocably shattered4 ,the assurance that the daughters and sisters could do nothing else except pardon1 since they were dependent upon their tormentors1 often made the fathers and brothers of earlier times grossly inconsiderate4 ,the men of to-day will be refined by the necessity of showing consideration and justice to their daughters and sisters if they wish to enjoy their presence in the home4 ,fathers and brothers have1 in a word1 gained quite as much spiritually through the loss of their power to oppress as the daughters and sisters have gained in being no longer oppressed4 ,and this experience will be repeated in marriage when man and wife shall be absolutely free and equal4 ,,chapter ,v ,,the ,,influence ,,of ,,the ,,woman ,,movement ,,upon ,,men ,,and ,,women ,,in ,,general ,in their struggle for freedom for the same opportunities of study1 for the same fields of work1 the same citizenship as man1 women have encountered all possible opposition1 from that of the ,pope1 who recently pronounced the most positive condemnation of the whole movement for the emancipation of woman1 and that of ,parliament1 to the rough pranks of students4 ,man's attempt to define the boundaries of 8woman's natural sphere0 continues always4 ,the woman physician1 for example1 had to struggle1 in her student years1 against prejudice in the dissecting room1 and1 in her practice1 against the professional jealousy of men4 ,the history of emancipation has much shameful conduct on the part of man toward woman to record4 ,great reluctance to recognise the results of woman's work is still common4 ,when this work1 in literature and art for instance1 is compared with man's1 the comparison is made not for the purpose of getting a finer understanding of woman's peculiar characteristics1 but only to disparage it4 ,the energy which men of the present time not infrequently lack they cannot endure to recognise in women1 who often possess it in high degree4 ,in the ,romance countries1 self-supporting working women are always looked upon as a special caste--a caste into which a man does not marry however high respect he pays1 theoretically1 to 8les vierges fortes40 ,and yet how different--and more beautiful--are the present relations between men and women in general1 especially among the ,germanic peoples4 ,a friendly comradeship prevails among the young men and women studying at the university1 in art academies1 music schools1 business colleges1 etc4 ,in the ,north1 this comradeship often continues from the primary schools1 through the grades to the university1 with results advantageous to both sexes4 ,especially in the years under twenty1 this comradeship has a significance which cannot be overestimated4 ,girls1 who were1 earlier1 confined to a narrow1 uninteresting1 joyless family circle1 now often find in the circle of masculine and feminine comrades their share of the joy of youth without which life has no springtime4 ,youths who formerly had known no other young women than those with whom they should never have come in contact1 now learn to know soulful1 pure-minded girls1 and this gives them a new conception of woman4 ,both sexes now experience together the joys of youth in such fresh and significant forms as folk-dancing1 sport1 etc4 ,they have opportunity for stimulating interchange of ideas in a great circle1 and quiet discussion with a few congenial friends4 ,during the last twenty or thirty years1 young men and young women have again begun to discover one another spiritually1 discoveries which since the days of romanticism have been made only through the stained glass of literature4 ,in the romantic period1 men and women exercised reciprocally upon one another a humanising influence4 ,a like influence again obtains at the present time1 but upon a much broader basis4 ,the men and women of romanticism formed a group bound together only by spiritual relationship1 in which the women aspired to the culture of the men and shared their intellectual interests1 while the men promoted the women's 8desire for men's culture1 art1 knowledge1 and distinction0 7,geluste nach der ,mnner ,bildung1 ,kunst1 ,weisheit und ,ehre4--,schleiermacher74 ,now1 young people studying in different fields exert a mutual humanising influence and thereby learn to know one another from the side of intelligence as well as from that of character and disposition4 ,thus are dispelled certain illusions and conceptions almost forced upon them through which both sexes in the years of adolescence once regarded each other4 ,men as well as women obtain a finer criterion for the conception of 8womanliness0 and of 8manliness02 both discover the innumerable shadings which these conceptions conceal2 both recognise that the sexes can meet not only upon the erotic plane1 but upon a plane that is universally human2 finally1 both learn that the more perfect and complete human beings they become1 the more they have to thank one another for it4 ,comprehension in erotic relations is most difficult because1 there1 women are far in advance of men4 ,woman's ideal of love1 however1 is becoming more and more the ideal of young men4 ,young girls1 on their side1 are beginning to understand better the sexual nature of men4 ,the whole world in which man received his culture1 won his victories1 suffered his defeats1 is no longer terra incognita to women2 they have lost the blind reverence or the blind hostility with which they formerly regarded the doings and dealings of men4 ,men1 on the other hand1 are learning that the domestic labours for the comfort of the family1 which they have thus far regarded as the sole duty of woman1 cannot engross her whole soul1 that domesticity leaves many wishes unfulfilled4 ,so both sexes have begun1 each on its own side1 to build a bridge across the chasm which law and custom had dug between them4 ,the young still ponder over the enigmatical antitheses in their natures1 yet they find they have very much that is human in common with one another4 ,in comradeship1 however1 that 8chivalry0 vanishes1 which among other things consisted in the ideal that the young men had always to bear all the burdens and duties4 ,now as a rule1 the girl carries her own knapsack on excursions and pays her share of the expenses4 ,but if she really needs help1 the youth is quite as ready as before to grant it to her1 just as she also on her part is ready to assist according to her strength3 honest friendship has replaced rapturous chivalry4 ,this friendly comradeship often satisfies the young man's need of feminine kindness and enjoyment in those dangerous years when1 as a young man said1 8,three fourths of the life of a youth1 conscious and unconscious1 is sex life40 ,and nothing can more effectually prevent him from degrading himself than access to a circle where in quiet and freedom he meets young girls1 without an indelicate1 intruding family surveillance1 interfering and asking him about his 8intentions40 ,if between two such comrades an erotic feeling finally develops1 even if the wooing takes place in a laboratory instead of a romantic arbour1 the possibilities always exist1 in the golden haze of love1 of making mistakes4 ,but both have1 however1 had opportunities of seeing each other in many character-illuminating situations2 they have observed each other1 not only with their own eyes1 but also through the more critical glasses of the comrade circle4 ,on the other hand1 it often happens that discussions and interchange of letters conjure up a congeniality which exists only in opinions and temperament1 not in nature4 ,it is fortunate when this is discovered in time4 ,otherwise bitter conflicts may be the result1 should a strong individual nature wish to mould the other after himself or after his ideal of man or woman4 ,for that anyone loves the individuality of another without illusions is still very rarely the case4 ,it now happens somewhat more frequently1 since young people in comradeship learn to know mutually their ideals and dreams1 as well in erotic as in universally human aspects4 ,but if these ideals and dreams do give a hint of character1 comradeship brings a true knowledge of character only when it also offers an opportunity of seeing others act2 not only of hearing them speak of themselves4 ,such analyses of one's own soul or the soul of others in the atmosphere of tea and cigarettes1 music and poetry1 give the 8interesting0 masculine or feminine parasites opportunity to ensnare a victim1 who is then intellectually or erotically1 often even economically1 sucked dry4 ,but even if such an interchange of ideas really enriched all1 it can be carried to excess and become deleterious to energy for work1 directness1 and idealism4 ,however beneficial may be the honesty of to-day in sexual questions1 the discussion of the instincts of life which has now become a commonplace is also dangerous4 ,these discussions are fraught with the same danger to the roots of human life as is a continual digging up of the roots of a plant to see how it is growing4 ,the earlier a marriage can be consummated1 the less is the danger of freshness being lost in this way2 the greater the prospect that man and wife will grow close together1 just as do the man and wife of the people1 through the difficulty of the common struggle for existence4 ,but if this struggle becomes easier before youth has entirely passed1 then there enters often into the life of the man a crisis which the practised ,french call 8,la maladie de quarante ans03 the need of the man for a new erotic experience4 ,while those on a lower erotic plane1 to-day as at all times1 seek this in transient secret alliances1 it leads those on a higher level in our time to the most tragic of all separations1 where the man--after decades of the most intimate life together1 of the most faithful work together1 of mutual understanding--drives the wife out of the home in order to bring in a young wife who has never been to him1 perhaps never can be to him1 a fellow fighter and helper1 as the repudiated wife was1 but who has for him the charm of the mystery which the maiden had for the man before the days of coducation1 sexual discussions1 comradeship1 and dress-reform6 ,women students now escape the earlier danger of the daughter of the family1 falling in love out of lack of occupation4 ,they have not the time1 often also not the means to permit themselves erotic dreams4 ,there are among them many poor girls who dare lose no single semester1 for they must hasten to earn their livelihood4 ,moreover1 such a girl knows that if she should yield to the need for tenderness1 for support1 that is so strong in her1 the same fate could happen to her as to this or that fellow student who after a short happiness was left alone when the lover found a good match4 ,and she was left behind not only in her sorrow but also in her work4 ,and the more a yearning girl buries herself in her studies1 the more science or art unlock their riches to her1 the happier1 more full of life she feels herself in spite of loneliness1 scanty means1 and shabby dress4 ,among women students there are also many of the cerebral type1 mentioned above1 women who need tenderness neither in the form of friendship nor of love2 yes1 who fear in both a bond for their 8free individuality40 ,these take part in sports1 discuss1 jest1 with their fellow men students1 openhearted and unconcerned1 without thinking whether they please or not4 ,all these young girls now go about with perfect freedom2 even in the ,romance countries1 a young woman can now go alone with her bag of books or her racquet4 ,for in circles where study has not yet exercised its freeing influence1 sport has brought this about4 ,in ,america1 student life1 because of the early entrance of the men into the professions1 becomes more a one-sided1 feminine comrade life4 ,there1 the women have to develop their arts of the toilet for each other1 whom they find more interesting1 more worthy of pleasing than the masculine sex4 ,even in ,europe1 feminine comradeship in the student years is at times most intimate4 ,for a friendship between a young girl and a young man often ends with love--on one side4 ,or in an intimate circle ,a has fallen in love with ,b1 but ,b with ,c1 etc4 ,such eventualities the wise girl will avoid for they can bring both suffering and obstruction to her work4 ,with women comrades1 she has1 without this risk1 an interchange of ideas which promotes study1 deepens culture1 opens up new views1 and gives to all new impulses4 ,there exists1 at least at the present time1 a difference between the masculine and feminine method of inquiry1 of solving problems1 of apprehending ideas1 which results in the fact that comradeship between women cannot take the place of comradeship between men and women4 ,it is1 however1 for deep and beautiful natures often impossible at the beginning of life to be capable1 in a spiritual sense1 of more than a single friendship with their own sex2 for each new spiritual contact becomes a new and difficult problem4 ,for such men or women a friendship with a comrade of their own sex is often the richest advantage of their student time4 ,often a student in good circumstances finds her joy in taking care of some lonely comrades4 ,they find at her apartments1 in a friendly welcome1 a few flowers and pictures1 a teakettle1 a fireplace1 that feeling of homely warmth for which the shivering students have longed1--a longing which has often driven a lonely1 impressionable youth from the dreary students' room to 8rough pleasures40 ,now when he leaves the little comrade circle1 his sweetest memories of home1 his finest dreams1 vibrate in him4 ,and the timid girl goes in the certainty that there is another girl who is concerned about her wretched fate4 ,in such a quiet as also in a more lively comrade life both sexes learn to know not only each other but also different classes and1 in certain ,european universities1 the several nations4 ,it is not unusual for nine or ten races to be found represented in one small group of comrades4 ,life thus becomes everywhere enriched by strong manifestations or fine shades of congeniality2 spiritual attractions and repulsions cross one another2 inspiring or restraining impressions radiate in all directions4 ,it would be quite as impossible to estimate the fructifying influence of such a friendly intercourse as to measure the life which comes into existence on a spring day filled with the sigh of the wind1 the fluttering of butterflies1 and humming of bees4 ,in such a circle of comrades1 devotion and capacity for sacrifice are past belief1 especially in the nation where 8the girls wear short hair and the young men long hair10 as a wag characterised the young ,russians studying abroad4 ,that a couple of ,russian girls1 for a whole winter1 possessed together but a single pair of shoes and so could never go out at the same time1 is one of the innumerable small and great expressions of the feeling of solidarity among the poorest students of the university4 ,when the comrade life assumed the form exclusively of coffee-house visits1 then the women had to revolt against it4 ,but they often1 alas1 allowed themselves to be carried with the stream4 ,because the coffee-house life at first really gave a certain polish to the intelligence1 it could for a short time have its justification4 ,but when a blade is worn out1 the artist of life should cease grinding2 if on the contrary he allows the grindstone to go on continually1 then at last he has only the haft in his hand4 ,formerly1 it was only the young men but now even the girls wear out thus their weapons or tools before they ever use them seriously4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the darkest side of coducational life has been that women could demonstrate their equal capability with men in no other way than by the same courses and examinations as those of the men4 ,the eagerness of women to prove their like proficiency with men in study and in sport has often had disastrous physical results4 ,these are continually becoming more infrequent1 thanks to the decreasing prudery in regard to the sexual functions and to the increasing hygienic conscience4 ,the intellectual results1 however1 continue to exist and are disastrous alike for both sexes2 but because of the ambition and conscientiousness of girls1 perhaps still more disastrous for them4 ,the examinations which they pass are often dearly bought4 ,this was not noticed in the beginning1 when a woman doctor was still looked at with wonder as a noteworthy product of culture1 and regarded herself also with wonder4 ,truly she had sacrificed to grinding and cramming for examinations a multitude of youthful joys1 but she had1 as was thought1 won in this way much greater values4 ,this1 however1 is not always really the case4 ,ethically1 the conscientious girl is certainly above the boy who1 not infrequently in the unconscious instinct of self-preservation1 idles away his time4 ,but the mental strength of the latter may frequently be better preserved in any determined direction4 ,girls1 conscientious and zealous in their work1 have filled their heads full of lessons to which the coming examination and not their own choice has urged them4 ,what is thus crammed in is not assimilated and consequently has not promoted spiritual or mental growth4 ,but it has taken up room and has thereby impaired the intellectual freedom of motion and compelled the natural individuality to compress itself so that it is long before the space conditions in the brain permit it to extend again--in case it is not simply choked by all the chaotic mass that has been absorbed4 ,how many young girls have come to the university or to the art academy full of thirst for knowledge and energy for work6 ,but after a few years they feel the disgust of surfeit1 unless they have found a teacher who has been to them a leader to the essentials in science or in art4 ,then their joy in study could really be as rich as they had once dreamed it--yes1 as perhaps even their grandmothers had dreamed it when they had to content themselves with their little text-books written for 8girls40 ,many young girls maintain to-day1 through some teacher or some masculine comrade1 that spiritual development which only an exceptional relationship between a father and daughter1 a brother and sister1 could give in earlier times4 99 99 99 99 99 ,when men and women can study together1 then the relationship later between masculine and feminine fellow-workmen will1 as a rule1 be better than when the sexes work independently in the student days4 ,it is true masculine competitors still have recourse to the weapon of spreading reports of the incapacity of their feminine competitors--at times honestly convinced of it themselves4 ,the same weapon is of course turned also against masculine competitors4 ,yet there it is a question of the individual1 while in regard to women1 the sex is often the only proof the man thinks he need assign for the inferiority of their work4 ,it can be said1 however1 upon the whole1 that the relationship between men and women professional colleagues exhibits the same good side as the common student life1 although naturally to a lesser degree4 ,the joint work does not often leave much time for significant interchange of ideas1 and after working hours each usually longs for new faces4 ,the influence of joint labour is often limited to the refining effect that the presence of one sex exercises upon the other4 ,small services are mutually rendered and each worker learns also to respect the achievements of the other2 or one is provoked because the work which should have been dispatched by the other now falls to his share6 ,if the woman performs the same work as the man1 then she is often indignant because she must do it for smaller compensation than he4 ,all too easily1 the feminists forget that this injustice is equalised if a man who wishes to establish a family cannot obtain a post which he seeks because a woman retains it who can be satisfied with a smaller wage since she remains in her parents' home4 ,for this disparity1 raising bitterness on both sides1 there is no remedy under the present economic system4 ,feminists can demand the same compensation1 but working women will not obtain it so long as the supply of workers is to the demand as one hundred to one in the professional occupations to which women flock4 ,in vain underpaid women will call to the agitators of the woman movement1 8,help us to obtain endurable conditions of life40 ,the only honest answer is1 8,help one another1 just as the working men have helped one another1 by union and solidarity60 ,the competition of the sexes in the labour field is only indirectly connected with the woman movement2 it is a part of the social question and will therefore only be touched upon here4 ,the hostility which the competition between the sexes has evoked is a factor in the social war2 and if--by reason of this competition--marriage decreases1 then such competition is a form of social danger4 ,if the cause is sought in the woman movement1 then the question is begged completely1 because the women with sufficient income to be able to live at home without industrial work1 after the loss of a husband or a father1 are constantly becoming more rare4 ,there is the additional fact that in many positions where man and woman have equal salary1 the woman is preferred because of her greater honesty and faithfulness to duty4 ,further it must be emphasised that1 even in middle-class vocations1 women with increasing frequency earn their whole livelihood1 not merely a supplementary remuneration1 when if they did not thus work they would be a burden to some man and so perhaps prevent him from marrying4 ,many of these women would wish nothing better than to enjoy the warmth of 8the domestic hearth0 to which men in theory relegate them2 but since no man offers this warmth1 they must at least be allowed to procure fuel for their lonely hearth fire4 ,when men declare that 8the only duty which has life value for a woman is to be man's helpmeet10 then they ought not to forget that this task is more and more rarely assigned to a woman1 because men prefer to do without her aid1 and even find a richer life in bachelorhood than in marriage4 ,they should not dare to forget also that a great number of men disinclined or disqualified for work compel their sisters1 daughters1 wives1 to undertake the task of family provider1 and these women also must forego being1 8in the quiet of the home1 man's helpmeet40 ,however weak the feminist logic often may be1 it is not so weak as the anti-feminist logic of man4 ,masculine vacuity has found there an arena where it performs the most incredible gymnastics4 ,the hysteria of literary fanatics1 the crude lordly instincts of the mediocre man1 the irritation of the masculine good-for-nothing at the increasing ability of women1 the rage1 confounding cause and effect1 over the competition of women--these are some of the reasons for the present antagonism between men and women4 ,the deepest reason is this3 the more woman is compelled to maintain the struggle for existence under the same social conditions as those under which men have been thus far compelled to struggle1 the more she loses that character by which she gives happiness to man and receives it from him4 ,a diminished erotic attraction is frequently the result1 not of the work of women1 but of their work under such conditions that the drudging1 worn-out women comrades finally appear to their masculine colleagues only as 8sexless ants40 ,sometimes they really exhibit that obliteration of all characteristic marks of sex which ,meunier has indicated to us in his ,woman ,miner1 a great thought-inspiring work of art4 ,many a woman of the present time1 deeply feminine1 suffers under this compulsory neutralising of her womanly being4 ,others again consider this a path to complete humanity4 ,but the complete personality is only that man or woman who has cultivated and exercised the strength which he or she as a human being possessed without having neutralised thereby the characteristic of sex4 ,it is tragic when nature herself creates deviations from normal sexuality1 but criminal when the ideas of the time weaken sound instincts and inculcate unsound ones4 ,it is not woman nature but the denatured woman who is beginning to grow through the ultra-feminism which looks down upon woman's normal sexual duty as only a low1 animal function4 ,that sound men abominate this tendency is justifiable4 ,on the other hand1 it is unwarrantable to confuse a variation of feminism with the woman movement in its entirety1 a movement which includes in itself a great earnest desire to work for the welfare of both mothers and children4 ,as a manifestation of womanliness in its most complete1 perfect form1 many men still elect the woman whose entire life-content consists in the cult of her own beauty1 a cult whose attendant phenomenon is the sthetic culture which raises the temple about the altar4 ,under this perfect and apparently inspired form there is1 however1 rarely anything to be found of that which the man seeks3 the longing and the power of true womanhood to give happiness by erotic and motherly devotion4 ,such women1 like those cerebral women engrossed by their studies and their work1 allow a real love to pass them by2 men are only sacrificial servants of the cult1 and the high priest is chosen not upon the ground of motives of feeling4 ,this type is said to be more common in ,america than in ,europe4 ,but it existed thousands of years ago on the ,tiber as well as on the ,nile4 ,that ,cleopatra in the language of feminism now speaks of the 8right of the personality10 and means thereby her right to represent no other value in life than that of the white peacock and the black orchid--the value of rarity--that does not make her a 8product of the woman movement40 ,but certain men characterise a woman thus1 if they have been deceived in her3 a psychology which equals in value that of the feminist when she speaks of man as the 8oppressor10 the 8corrupter10--without noting that the world is full of poor men corrupted or tormented by women6 ,amid such mutual accusations1 just or unjust--whereby gifted men maintain generalisations about 8woman's0 being which are quite as ingenuous as those which silly women propose about 8man's0 being--the sexes1 in the days of the woman movement1 have been almost as much alienated from each other as drawn together4 ,the estrangement has taken place in the erotic field and through labour competition2 the reconciliation has been effected--leaving out coducation--by common industry and the social activity of both sexes4 ,the middle-class women of ,europe have still so little share in the control of production that one cannot determine whether or not they have even awakened to the understanding that the fundamental condition of a universal life-enhancing issue of the woman movement must be new social conditions4 ,one cannot yet predicate anything at all in regard to their desires to promote more humane labour conditions and a more just distribution of profit4 ,under the system now prevailing they must1 like men1 either conform to it or be destroyed economically4 ,it is even so in public offices and similar fields of labour4 ,just as so many young men do1 at the beginning of their career1 a great number of women attempt to abolish the abuses and mitigate the formalism4 ,but they meet such obstacles that1 like the young men1 they are obliged to abandon the effort2 or they are compelled to give up the position whereby they win their scanty bread4 ,in this way1 principally1 the work of women in the sphere of charitable activity has given to men the opportunity for a correct valuation of the social working power of woman4 ,men have then in a wider sphere than that of the family circle1 so often overlooked by them1 learned to appreciate feminine enthusiasm and capacity for organisation1 energy and devotion1 initiative and endurance4 ,innumerable men--from the soldiers up1 who in the hospitals of the ,crimea literally kissed ,florence ,nightingale's shadow on the floor of the hospital ward--have learned in the last half century that life has become more kindly for them since social motherliness has obtained for itself a certain elbow-room4 ,the more women lose their present fear of appearing1 in coperation with men1 8womanly0 impulsive1 savage in face of injustice and cruelty1 the more will they signify in that joint work where1 at least to-day1 they still have a more fortunate hand--the hand of the mother4 ,and since a single fact is more convincing than a thousand words1 so the facts gained in the social activity of woman have won1 in later years1 many men supporters of woman suffrage4 ,the arguments derived from abstract right--however obvious they may be for every tax-paying1 law-abiding woman--go to the rear to make way for the argument of 8social utility40 ,not only women themselves but men also refer now to what women have accomplished when they are allowed to work in the service of society2 they point to the reforms which were retarded or bungled because women had no immediate influence there where appropriations were granted and laws were enacted4 ,especially significant for the reconciliation of the sexes is the joint social work of young people4 ,the temperance cause or the education of the masses or socialism now brings together a host of young men and girls1 who learn thereby that the social as well as the private life of labour gains in strength and wealth if men and women participate in it together4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the men who fear political life for woman are1 however1 right4 ,just as this life has injured the best qualities in the manhood of many men1 so will it impair the womanhood of many women4 ,neither the spiritual personality of woman nor of man1 nor even their secondary physical sex characteristics can withstand the influences of their private milieu1 of their private labour conditions4 ,why should women better resist the influences of the public life8 ,when the man is compelled1 in political work for the state1 to neglect in the highest degree the foundation of the state--the home--how should women be able to do otherwise than the same thing8 ,the political work of both can benefit the home in general but their own home must always suffer for it1 for a time at least4 ,women will learn1 as so many men have already learned1 that the fresh enthusiasm1 the unexhausted optimism with which they entered the political life soon vanish before party pressure1 general prejudice1 opportunism1 and the demands of compromise4 ,and just as now so many men for these reasons withdraw from ,parliament1 many women will do likewise when they learn that what they can accomplish there with the characteristics peculiar to them1 is so insignificant that it does not compensate for the injury which ensues because these characteristics are missing in the home4 ,if the eligibility of woman is really to benefit society1 then the right of resignation must be unconditioned for mothers1 and they themselves must understand that the parliamentary mandate is incompatible with motherhood so long as the children are still in the home2 in like manner during the same period1 the franchise of the mother of a family must not result in rushing into electioneering4 ,the ballot in and of itself does not injure the fineness of a woman's hand any more than a cooking receipt4 99 99 99 99 99 ,because woman's motherhood must be preserved1 if she is to bring to the social organism a really new factor1 so she must always continue to be found and to work in private life1 in order to be1 meanwhile1 useful in public life4 ,the genius of social reform which women will develop can complement that of man only if this genius is of a new order2 if it originates thoughts which bring new points of view to the social problems1 wills which seek new means1 souls which aspire to new ends4 ,women could1 if they received their full civic right before they lost their intuitive and instinctive power through masculinisation1 effect the progress of culture as1 for example1 the entrance of the ,germans influenced the antique world4 ,the sooner woman receives her political franchise1 the more1 on the whole1 can be expected from it4 ,the generation which has now fought the fight for suffrage is wholly conscious of the reforms that await woman for their final realisation4 ,and this generation of women would introduce into the political life a new1 fresh current4 ,in any event1 we can hope to secure from women new impulses and better organisation in political life1 as has already been the case in social life4 ,but every new generation of parliamentary women1 who together with the men have been 8politically trained10 would have--as long as the present economic conditions obtain--continually greater economic interests to advocate 8parliamentarily10 and would also for other reasons evince the same parliamentary maladies as the men evince now4 ,and as little as evil men lose their evil characteristics because of the franchise1 quite as little will bad women lose theirs4 ,the entrance of women into politics cannot therefore--as certain feminists maintain--signify the victory of the noble over the ignoble4 ,but it signifies a great increase in noble as well as ignoble powers hitherto inactive in political life1 which in the wider sphere that they there maintain oppose one another1 now conquering1 now yielding4 ,men and women together1 however1 will be able to enact more humane laws than men alone can enact4 ,questions concerning women and children can be treated with deeper seriousness by men and women together than is now the case4 ,men and women together will consider the social life from more significant points of view than can one sex alone4 ,government consisting of men and women together will be more profound than heretofore4 ,no one who has observed the effects of masculine and feminine coperation in fields already mentioned can doubt this4 ,who can deny that with the civic right of woman her feeling of social responsibility will increase and that her horizon will widen8 ,and therewith her value as wife and mother of men will also increase8 ,but she will increase in value for the men closely connected with her as well as in social respects4 ,the woman of earlier times1 for all of whom society might go to pieces if only her home and family prospered1 was only in a restricted sense man's help4 ,in certain great crises she usually betrayed him simply because she wholly lacked the social feeling4 ,obviously1 the female member of ,parliament cannot confine herself solely to questions which concern the protection of the weaker and the education of the new race4 ,the more women concentrate upon the cause of justice against power1 and of public spirit against self-interest1 the more advantageous it will be for her herself and for the public life4 ,but concentration is1 unfortunately1 exactly what modern parliamentarism does not promote2 what it does promote is disintegration4 ,woman has1 however1 where she has entered into parliamentary life as elector and eligible1 shown thus far exactly this tendency toward concentration4 ,she has worked for moral1 temperance1 and hygienic questions2 for questions concerning schools and education of the masses2 for mother and child protection2 reform of marriage laws1 and kindred subjects4 ,what thinking man can maintain that all this does not belong to 8woman's sphere0 or can say that these and similar social interests have been sufficiently attended to by an exclusively masculine government8 ,already the opposite danger appears in certain social spheres3 an exclusively 8feminine government40 ,in the present forms of public life1 however1 much feminine power will without doubt be wasted4 ,only when man1 upon a higher plane1 has created a new kind of representation 8of the people10 where professional interests in every sphere are represented1 can the highest vocation of woman--motherhood--come into its rights4 ,it belongs to the necessary course of historical development that women also go through the stage of party-power politics in order together with man to reach the stage of social politics and finally that of culture politics4 ,but women cannot wait until this development has been attained2 they must accomplish it together with man4 ,just as the best masculine powers sooner or later must be concentrated to transform increasingly untenable parliamentary conditions1 so the best feminine powers will also work in the same direction1 especially if the will becomes intense in mothers not only to awaken in their children the social spirit1 but also to create for them better social conditions4 ,in later years1 the movement for the suffrage of woman has not only filled the world with suffrage societies but the agitation has even achieved popular representation in eighteen ,european countries1 in the legislative assemblies of a number of ,american ,states1 in ,australasia1 in legislative assemblies in ,canada and in the ,philippines4 ,in ,iceland as well as in ,italy1 in ,japan as in ,south ,africa1 the movement is in progress1 and whoever thinks it will not attain its goal is politically blind4 ,when anti-feminist men prophesy that men will love their mothers1 sisters1 wives1 and daughters less when pitted against them as political opponents or competitors1 they prophesy certainly in many cases the truth4 ,politics have already estranged fathers from sons1 brothers from brothers4 ,but this demonstrates only either that the personal feelings were weaker than the political passions or that these latter have destroyed the attributes which made the personality lovable4 ,but if men are really able to love and women remain lovable1 even as political personalities1 then a man will not cease to love a woman1 even if she votes for a different congressional candidate6 ,such prophecies have not been verified in other spheres from which men sought to intimidate women by similar warnings4 ,for woman retains her power over man4 if she retains her womanly charm1 created out of peace1 harmony1 and kindness4 ,not that of which a woman speaks1 not that for which she works1 determines man's feeling and conduct2 but how she does it4 ,a woman may charm a man by a political speech1 and drive him away by her table talk4 ,a poor working woman can1 without a word1 induce the same man to give her his seat in a street car who the next minute can be brutal to an assuming and incapable fellow workwoman4 ,in a word1 what a woman makes of her rights and what they make of her--that alone determines the measure of veneration1 sympathy1 love1 which she may expect from a man4 ,that women have lost their equilibrium cannot be denied4 ,how could it be otherwise8 ,not only have they in the last half century experienced1 together with man1 ,naturalism and the ,new ,romantic movement1 ,neo-,kantianism1 the ,higher ,criticism1 ,bismarck and ,bebel1 ,darwin and ,spencer1 ,wagner and ,nietzsche1 ,ibsen and ,tolstoi1 ,haeckel and von ,hartmann1 and still many1 many more1 but they themselves in dizzy haste have been hurled out of their position in society1 protected by the family1 which they had occupied for centuries4 ,it is obvious that at the present moment the spiritual mobility of women must be greater than their harmony2 that the raw culture material which they possess must be richer than that which they can utilise2 their life experiences more significant than their art of life4 ,the modern woman must appear for the present less symmetrical1 more uncertain1 than man's ideal woman in earlier times4 ,but enduring cultural progress cannot be measured by comparison with the ideal figures of the poetry or of the life of earlier times4 ,it must be estimated according to the average type in a certain period4 ,and the average woman of our time is1 in the fullest significance of the word1 more full of vitality and adaptability1 more individually developed1 more beneficial socially1 than the average woman of fifty years ago4 ,with the freedom of movement the social feeling has increased2 with the participation in universal human culture1 the richness of content3 the spiritual life has become more complex1 and the possibilities of expression of this new soul-life1 more numerous4 ,but since the average man1 in the meantime1 has undergone no comparable development1 he is estranged1 has lost his bearings1 and consequently repudiates a movement which1 directly and indirectly1 makes such great demands for the development of his own higher spiritual qualities4 ,heretofore men could force women to endure undue interference1 and so have deprived them of the education wherein the possible consequences of action are considered at the same time with the thought of the action4 ,but the woman movement has now raised a partition between the sexes such as is found in the aquarium where it becomes necessary to teach the pike to allow the carp1 also1 to live3 every time the pike makes a dash at the carp he strikes his head against the obstruction1 until the motive of repression becomes so strong that the glass wall can be taken away and both carp and pike live together in peace4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,the ,,influence ,,of ,,the ,,woman ,,movement ,,upon ,,marriage ,certain feminists believe that the woman movement has accomplished such meagre results in regard to the reorganisation of family right for the sole reason that men1 who once created the right for their own advantage1 still cling to the injustice out of egoism4 ,these feminists forget that the family is the social form of life in which tradition has the greatest power4 ,it speaks here with the voice of the blood2 it works through our deepest instincts1 our strongest needs of life1 our innermost feelings1 as these have developed through many thousands of years under the influences which were exercised in and through the family4 ,to accomplish in this sphere not only reforms upon paper but also vigorous modifications--that is1 new laws and customs which are rooted in new spiritual conditions of the people as a whole--is more necessary than that man grant women a share in legislation4 ,innumerable individual human vicissitudes must be experienced and repeated in new forms1 entering finally into the universal consciousness1 before such spiritual soil can be formed4 ,the man became and remained the head of the family because all experiences and social factors once made this arrangement most advantageous for father1 mother1 and children4 ,woman will be able to realise her new ideas in regard to love-life and mother-right to the degree in which she demonstrates1 not only in speech and writing but also in vigorous daily living1 that these ideals surpass in vital effect those which now obtain4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in the last half century1 among the ,germanic peoples1 however1 the family life has already undergone essential transformations1 while the ,romantic world still continues to exhibit features which in the first half of the #aith century were typical even among these peoples4 ,marriages are arranged by the father1 divorce is considered either a sin or a shame1 the paternal power is still absolute1 the homogeneous relationship among all the members of the family--in joy and sorrow--is inviolable4 ,the feeling of the son for the mother1 bordering almost upon ,madonna worship1 and the passion of the father for their little children1 must1 however1 always have been more characteristic of the ,romance peoples than of the ,germans4 ,among the latter the attainment of individualism1 first in the sphere of legislation1 still more in that of customs1 most of all in that of mode of thought and feeling1 has altered the position of the individual in the family4 ,while the family exhibited fifty years ago a tightly closed unity1 in which women had only slight significance1 now the wife as well as the husband1 mother as well as father1 daughter as well as son1 assert their personality1 not only in the family1 but often even against the family4 ,wives draw the arguments for their self assertion most frequently from the principles of the woman movement4 ,truly1 in the course of the century1 many married women have succeeded in finding expression for their significant universal human or feminine attributes in marriage1 and thus have ennobled it4 ,but the self-conscious effort to elevate the position of the wife began simultaneously with the demand that no human right could be denied to a woman upon the ground of her sex1 whether within or without marriage4 ,individualism has already made personal love1 instead of family interest1 decisive for the consummation of a marriage4 ,in the name of her personality as of her work1 woman desires with ever greater right full majority and legal equality with man in marriage4 ,against individualism1 the doctrine of evolution now advocates certain limitations of the personal erotic freedom to consummate marriage1 but advocates at the same time1 contrary to the ,christian sexual ethics1 new freedom for the sake of the higher development of the race4 ,here comes into effect1 the new conception of life by which the possibilities of development and of happiness in the earthly life have acquired a new value and force4 ,the ultimate heights of the modern conception of sex life are indicated by erotic idealism1 which since 8,la ,nouvelle ,hloise0 has by poets and dreamers been continually elevated1 while world-renowned lovers showed the possibility of this wonderful love4 ,in addition to all these influences of the spirit of the time upon the transformation of marriage1 come the indirect effects of the woman movement4 ,thanks to the vibrations in which this movement has set the 8spirit of the time10 many an ordinary man now accords to his wife that power and authority in the family which the law still denies her2 yes1 many commonplace people of both sexes now desire from their marriage things of which their equals fifty years ago did not even dream4 ,if one adds also the decisive influences which the political-economic conditions of the present exercise upon the family life1 one has found some of the threads which form the woof of the unalterable warp1 a woof which makes the marriage of the present a variegated and unquiet fabric1 whose pattern exhibits primeval oriental motives beside those in newest 8modern style40 ,here it is of the greatest importance to indicate the zigzag line which denotes the alternate repulsion and attraction that under the influence of the woman movement marriage has had for woman4 ,first came the little crowd of 8masculine women0 with their hatred of marriage and man4 ,then the great working army that forgot1 over the human rights of woman1 that to these also must belong the right to fulfil her duty as a being of sex1 and not alone the right to be 8independent of marriage0 through her work4 ,then came the reaction against this incompleteness4 ,at this time1 the nature of woman was called an 8empty capsule10 which received its content only from man3 a 8cry of the blood10 which finds its answer in the child4 ,there was no other 8woman question0 than the possibility of living erotically a complete life4 ,one woman wished this in love without marriage1 another in love without children1 a third in children without marriage1 a fourth in children without love--8,a work and a child0 was the life cry--a fifth woman wished the man only for the sake of the child1 a sixth the child only for the sake of the man1 and the seventh wished both only for her own sake6 ,the conviction of some women that the common erotic life of man and woman must have also a spiritual life value for two human souls1 filling out and developing each other1 was called 8,ibsenism40 ,and after the ideal demands which ,ibsen pressed upon the consciousness of the time1 many men--and not a few women--found relaxation after their spiritual over-exertion1 if they desired nothing more from one another than 8the sound happiness of the senses40 ,woman's 8personality10 8equality10 and 8human right0 were old playthings1 relegated to the rubbish heap4 ,the reaction against this reaction is now in progress4 ,just now--and equally one-sided as will be shown later--woman's universal humanity is emphasised at the expense of the instinct life2 her social labour-duty1 at the expense of the domestic life2 her personality1 at the expense of the family4 ,among all these zigzag movements1 more deeply thoughtful women continually sought to recall that neither the universal human nor the sexual being of woman must be over-developed at the expense of the other qualities of her being2 that perfect humanity signifies for neither sex that the spiritual life has suppressed the sex life or sex1 the soul-life1 but that both find in a third higher condition their full redemption and harmony4 ,through great love1 exceptional natures already create this condition2 but what to-day only exceptional natures attain1 culture can gradually make attainable for many4 ,this great love demands fidelity4 ,but often only one--ordinarily the woman--experiences this great feeling4 ,and then not even the deepest devotion on her part suffices to preserve the community of life4 ,to preserve the form for the purpose of guarding the inner emptiness1 as was done earlier1 is repugnant to the erotic consciousness of the modern woman4 ,this is the deepest reason why the modern woman--even also the modern developed man--becomes continually more undecided about contracting marriage4 ,they both know that the passion which attracts two beings is not synonymous with a sympathy which arises through the harmony of their natures1 which must not be so complete that nothing remains of the unexpected and mysterious that is so essential an element of love4 ,the modern woman asks herself1 8,what can prove to me that an erotic sympathy is profound1 real1 decreed by nature1 life-long80 ,and she asks with good reason4 ,if two lovers who know that they make each other happy with all the senses1 constrained themselves1 each in a corner of a room fettered to a stool1 blindfolded1 to entertain each other three hours daily for three months1 this test would probably prevent a great number of marriages void of sympathy4 ,but it would furnish no guaranty that those who consummated the marriage after such a concentrated soul interchange1 would hold out4 ,for souls which in a certain stage of development seem inexhaustible can be so transformed that they experience only satiety for each other4 ,the young wife of to-day is deeply conscious of what a new problem for each newly married woman marriage is4 ,she knows how impossible it is to foresee what difficulties will be encountered and whether good intentions and tactful adaptation will succeed in overcoming these difficulties4 ,she knows that1 even if the written law made her wholly equal to man1 even if she made herself that equal by entering only into a marriage of the higher1 newer conscience1 yet all the inner1 most difficult1 deepest problems still remain4 ,this certainly induces many women to become only the beloved1 the mistress1 of the man who wishes no community of life1 but only happy hours4 ,many more women still strike the possibilities of erotic happiness out of their plan of life1 because they have not experienced the ideal love of which they dreamed1 or else could not realise it4#c ,sometimes their doubt1 in regard to the duration of love and the unity of souls1 decides them1 another time the longing for a personal life-work is the reason for their determination--a life-work for which these women have suffered so keenly1 been deprived of so much1 and have so struggled1 that it has become passionately dear to them1 and they feel that a complete renunciation of the erotic life is easier than the torment of being 8drawn and quartered10 as the death penalty of the ,middle ,ages was called--a quartering between profession1 husband1 home1 and children4 ,and the result usually demonstrates that celibacy is wiser than the compromise4 ,it is most frequently the case1--in ,europe at least1--if the work of the unmarried woman had no personal character1 and if the home is not dependent upon the earnings of the wife1 that she gives up her professional work after her marriage4 ,against this sacrifice1 however1 the higher erotic idealism has begun to rebel and has1 thereby1 come into conflict with the conservative direction of feminism1 which while planning to make the wife equal to the husband1 adheres firmly to the present marriage as protection for wife and children4 ,it is this point of view that is condemned by the new idealism4 ,for it 8protection0 signifies1 in its innermost meaning1 that the man buys love and the woman sells it1 which is considered 8moral10 while it is considered immoral for a man to sell love and for a woman to buy it4 ,the 8protection0 in this relationship has as result that the 8virtue0 of the maid is synonymous with untouched sexual nature1 and that of the wife1 with physical fidelity2 while the 8virtue0 of the youth and the man is judged from an entirely different point of view4 ,the relationship affording 8protection0 has also brought with it the idea that a woman could not show her love as openly as a man1 except when he was proud and poor and she was rich4 ,only when the duty of support on the part of the man ceases1 will woman be able to demand the same chastity and fidelity from him as he demands from her2 she will then be able1 quite as proudly and naturally as he1 to show the flowering of her being--her love--instead of as now increasing her demand in the marriage market by artful dissimulation4 ,as long as maintenance1 within or outside of marriage1 is the price for 8possession0 of the woman1 the man will consider the woman as 8his10 and the more submissive she is the more fully she satisfies his feeling of ownership4 ,now marriage has become only an affair of custom1 a common death or comatose condition1 because neither party needs trouble himself to keep the love of the other4 ,only when woman1 through her work1 can lead an existence worthy of a human being1 when no woman will sell her love but every woman can freely give it1 will man experience what perfect womanly devotion is4 ,and when no man can 8possess0 love but must remain worthy of love in order to be loved then only will women1 on their side1 experience what tenderness and fine feeling masculine devotion can attain4 ,this1 the purest and warmest erotic idealism1 is the morality of the future4 ,but the way to its realisation is not1 as many women believe to-day1 that mothers1 even1 should continue their work of earning a livelihood1 but that way whose direction ,i have elsewhere pointed out4#d ,here we have to do1 however1 only with the spiritual conditions which arise in the marriage of to-day1 whether the wife has retained her work or has given it up4 99 99 99 99 99 ,even the cultivated modern man1 who brings to the human personality of his wife admiration and sympathy1 seeks in her always that 8womanliness0 to which ,goethe has given the classic expression3 the finely reserved1 quiet1 strong1 self-contained woman1 reposing harmoniously in the fulness of her own nature1 a maternally lovely being1 wholly 8natural10 a 8beautiful soul10 observing1 creative1 but using these gifts only to create a home4 ,these creative offices the modern man who loves desires to assure1 when he wishes to 8maintain0 his wife1 and begs her to abandon the outside commercial work in which he foresees a danger to the beautiful life together of which both dream4 ,the woman who along with her new self-conscious individuality and her profound culture has guarded the 8old0 devotion1 understands ordinarily this desire of the man4 ,she chooses1 in spite of her idealism1 as he wishes1 in cases where her work has not been very personal4 ,if she has worked in the same field as the man1 then she converts her gifts into comprehension of him1 into personal interest for all his interests2 and these marriages in which the wife has enjoyed the same education as the man1 but later has devoted herself entirely to the home1 are1 as a rule1 the happiest marriages of the present time4 ,but in the proportion in which her work was creative1 is the difficulty of the choice4 ,in the case where the productive power has the strength of genius1 the modern man will scarcely utter such a wish and in those circumstances the modern woman will not grant it4 ,and because the woman of genius is generally a complete human being1 with strong erotic as well as universal human demands1 she chooses often compromise4 ,she finds in love1 in motherhood1 new revelations2 and in the mysterious depths of her nature1 the productive element of the maternal function has an elevating influence upon her gift of creative power4 ,thus the energy temporarily diminished by motherhood is restored4 ,and her uneasy conscience1 because she must entrust to others much of the care and education of the children1 is appeased by the consciousness that she has often given to mankind richer natures1 and so more significant children1 than more devoted mothers1 and that her own nature1 because of the double creative activity1 has attained a ripeness and richness which make her personality more significant for husband and children than if she had given up her calling to please them4 ,these thoughts cannot1 however1 prevent the daily conflict between her feelings of love and the impossibility1 in times of strong spiritual production1 of giving expression to it4 ,the very proximity of the children consumes at such times too much nervous energy4 ,and since all creation requires selfishness--in the sense of concentration upon one's own needs in order to be able to work creatively and to sink oneself in the work--while all love's solicitude requires active attention to the needs of the loved ones1 the conflict must remain permanent and insoluble4 ,in this conviction1 many women of genius choose the lesser conflict3 marriage without children4 ,such a relationship occurs not infrequently in our time in this way3 a man of feeling through the work of a woman is first moved by her being4 ,the man is in that case often the younger or the less developed4 ,at first1 marriage brings both a rich happiness4 ,but later comes a time when the power of the personality of the woman of genius becomes too strong for the man2 when he feels himself exhausted by all the sensitiveness and impatience which charge the air about a creative personality with electricity4 ,he has now had enough of the rich spiritual exchange and longs for a woman who is only fresh richness1 sunny quiet1 easy docility2 the now vanished 8ingnue0 would be the type of woman who most of all could entrance him4 ,in another case1 it is the wife who becomes wearied1 when the man can no longer keep pace with her development nor afford her new inspiration4 ,the erotic life of the woman as well as of the man of genius exhibits two phases3 in one they are attracted by their opposite1 in the other by a congeniality of souls2 in one phase they have sought sentiment1 intimacy1 nature2 in the other1 soul1 passion1 culture4 ,the order changes in different cases1 but the phenomenon repeats itself4 ,what both consciously or unconsciously desire of love is not another individuality to love but only a means of inspiration4 ,yet one thing may be emphasised3 the richer the nature of a woman is and the greater her talents1 the more life-determining love will be for her2 at one time making her existence desolate1 at another time making it fruitful4 ,for the woman of genius is less able than the man to renounce her own fate4 ,this the man is capable of doing1 in the midst of passion1 without his work suffering thereby in vigour and strength2 the woman on the contrary--even the genius--loses more easily her creative impulse in happiness1 her creative power in unhappiness4 ,in this connection it may be recalled that many of the most gifted1 most highly developed woman personalities of to-day have produced nothing1 but have been what a ,frenchman has called 8les grandes inspiratrices40 ,these have not1 indeed1 like the 8,ladies0 of the ,middle ,ages1 been worshipped at a distance by knights and poets2 but they have had an influence similar to that of ,beatrice1 through the power of communication of their rich personality in a relationship which had now the character of an 8amiti amoureuse10 now that of a love imbued with sympathy1 which in some cases1 infrequently however1 led to marriage4 ,i need only mention the name ,richard ,wagner for the forms of two such women to appear1 one of whom1 who was his wife1 surpassed in personal greatness all independently creative women of her time4 ,but there have always been less unusual women who had significance as propagandists of the ideas of a great man through their specifically feminine gifts of convincing1 of diffusing ideas1 of modifying views1 etc4 ,if the future1 because of the wife's zeal for production on her own part1 should lose this element of culture1 it would be deplorable4 ,one of the favourite arguments of the woman movement has been that two married people working in the same profession had the best opportunities for understanding each other and consequently also for being happy4 ,and truly they can best talk shop with each other4 ,but that is what the working man needs least of all in his home2 there he seeks rather relaxation from his calling1 or at least a quite disinterested1 immediate sympathy with its annoyances or joys4 ,when one of the married fellow-workmen needs exactly this sympathy1 the other is perhaps busy or too tired to be capable of such lively interest as the other expects4 ,or one has experienced disappointments1 the other joys1 and then a real sympathy is still more difficult4 ,to these crossings of mood is added also the unintentional1 involuntary competition1 which the similarity of vocation brings with it4 ,the wife gains patients1 the husband does not2 his picture is praised1 hers is pulled to pieces2 she comes home from the theatre victorious1 he after a defeat4 ,during work1 the criticism of one often disturbs the other2 after the work1 the criticism of the press disturbs the harmony of both4 ,love wishes to fuse them into one being1 the outer world compels them always to feel themselves separate4 ,in the beginning they think3 8,nothing can come between us40 ,but if both do not possess a rare tenderness as well as rare fineness of soul1 soon needles of ice fly through the air between them4 ,only when the wife1 as is the case so often in ,france1 puts her ability into her husband's affairs does this common interest prevent rivalry4 ,whether the province of the husband and wife is the same or not1 difficulty always results from the wife's commercial or professional work in that she rarely finds a good substitute for the domestic and maternal duties4 ,and when the husband sees the house badly managed and the children ill-bred1 he tries according to his strength to render assistance or1 as more frequently happens1 seeks his comfort outside the home4 ,but even if these stumbling-blocks may be cleared away by other feminine hands1 the fact still remains that the wife because of her work must demand sacrifices on the part of the man such as his work has required at all times from the wife4 ,she is often compelled to forego much of the society of her husband1 of his solicitude and tenderness because he has no available time4 ,now each of the married people has consideration for the leisure of the other and for all other severe conditions of the work4 ,but beside these favourable results stands also the detrimental fact that each suppresses his claims upon the sympathy of the other1 as well as the wish to express his own1 whenever this receiving and giving would interfere with the work4 ,if this has become for one or for both a real passion1 then the passion blinds him to everything that does not concern the work1 and causes alternately joy or suffering4 ,each of the married couple then disturbs the other by moods1 and each needs to be cherished by the other4 ,the tenderness which neither can give to the other1 they find perhaps in a third4 ,but in those cases where the work is not passionately absorbing or where both husband and wife are persons of understanding1 rather than of feeling1 marriages of colleagues turn out well4 ,each has in the other an intelligent1 appreciative friend2 the common work together is rich1 and neither gives nor requires more than the other is able to reciprocate4 ,the education of the wife makes her a good organiser in the home1 which is comfortable without the work's suffering thereby4 ,when this is not too strenuous for either1 but after the close of a reasonable working time1 the two meet spiritually free in the home1 the duties of which they often share--then the domestic life is happy and the work progresses easily1 as long as there are no children4 ,when children arrive1 then there begins for the wife1 even in such marriages1 a life beyond her strength4 ,but since nature1 in the interest of the race1 often makes opposites attractive to each other1 one may find a husband1 full of feeling1 who loves children1 united to a wife for whom science is the greatest value of life1 while she relegates feeling to a lower plane and considers motherhood an animal function4 ,in place of the tenderness and of the children for which the husband longed1 he has to participate in the victories and defeats of a woman of science4 ,or we see a wife who dreamed of an intimate life with her husband and who sacrificed her work to it2 but the life together was wrecked upon the husband's artist concentration1 and the wife had to suffer under a twofold emptiness3 the lack of her work and the lack of happiness4 ,then one sees instances where the wife retained her work because it was economically necessary and because she hoped out of the richness of her young strength to be able to fulfil all duties4 ,and all this she was able to do except one thing--to preserve under the excessive strain her beauty1 her power of charm1 the elasticity of her nature4 ,perhaps she belonged to the very highest among the new women who are so undivided1 so proud1 who think so highly of themselves1 of man1 of love1 that they are beyond a wholly justified coquetry and rest blindly upon the uniting power of spiritual congeniality4 ,but the day comes perhaps when these strong and1 in all other respects1 wise women have nothing other than freedom to give to the man whose senses1 whose fancy1 need that charm which the wife no longer possesses4 ,in case1 however1 the man's nature is not of those for whom the silken threads of daily domestic comfort form the strong band1 but on the contrary is of the sort which needs renewal1 then the very absence of the wife1 occasioned temporarily by the work1 can keep the relationship long fresh4 ,this is upon the assumption that she understands what some of these women do not understand3 to give1 but in such a way that the man always longs for more2 to remain sweetheart1 not only friend2 to be able to jest1 not only to talk seriously4 ,the modern wife of to-day1 tested upon so many subjects1 is often deeply mistaken in regard to the kind of 8ministry0 the man needs4 ,the simple wisdom of their grandmothers consisted in this3 to give much and to require nothing1 always to subordinate themselves to the man with gentleness and humility1 never to assert themselves before him as a free1 self-determining personality4 ,the wives of to-day1 sacredly convinced of the right and freedom of women1 succeed better in asserting their personality than in pleasing their husbands1 and the quantity of their demands is often more noteworthy than the quality of their gifts4 ,that many modern marriages turn out well shows that the adaptability of the modern husband is beginning to be even as great as that of the wife in former times6 ,the marriage is absolutely wrecked when the wife brings to it all the new demands of woman1 but the husband all the primeval instincts of his sex4 ,what in each sex relationship most intimately unites or most deeply sunders is and remains the erotic depth of nature in each4 ,and the difference in this respect between the men and women of the present ever more widely separates them1 and this division becomes fatal to innumerable individual lovers of to-day1 as well as for the attitude of the sexes toward marriage in general4 ,the erotically symmetrical woman views with hostility the dualism in the erotic nature of the modern man4 ,this dualism evinces itself1 with innumerable nuances it is true1 in three typical ways3 infinite erotic discussion1 but inability to be stirred by it either with the soul or with the senses2 ability to love only with the senses1 not with the soul2 and finally looking down upon the senses and desiring 8spiritual love0 only4 ,for the modern completely developed woman the chattering vacuity1 the animal instinct1 the ascetic spirituality1 are equally repellent4 ,and yet it happens that the rosy mist of love can bring such a woman to a point where she creates for herself an illusion out of one of the above mentioned types4 ,most frequently this occurs in the case of the vigorous man who divines nothing of the spiritual content of the woman whose outer appearance has charmed him4 ,the tragedy of the modern woman is then like that which ,hebbel has revealed in ,judith1 that the sex being in her is attracted by the muscular masculinity1 which her human personality hates as her mortal enemy4 ,for as a personality she admires in man only the spiritual strength of the man4 ,the man on his part regrets his mistake that he did not choose a pretty amiable girl 8of the old sort10 who would punctually lay his table and willingly share his bed2 a woman 8into whose head ,ibsen had put no fancies10 who 8had not allowed herself to be talked into some folly by feminism40 99 99 99 99 99 ,among such 8follies10 similar men1 and many others as well1 include the demand advanced by the woman movement for the married woman's property right1 as well as a specified income for the wife working in the home1 who however has to contribute from her property or her 8remuneration0 as housekeeper to the common household--a corollary which is always forgotten by the anti-feminist writers who assert that 8the man becomes a slave when he has to work for the whole1 but the wife may retain everything of hers40 7,strindberg47 ,the modern woman who before her marriage was independent1 owing to her work1 abhors the thought of a request for money--this most painful moment even in the happiest marriages--to so great a degree that this aversion determines the wife in some cases to keep up her own work4 ,if on the contrary she has given this up1 the consciousness of her earlier independence makes her often so sensitive that she feels herself injured by a protest however delicate in regard to the expenditure of money4 ,more than one man has regretted1 in consequence of the unreasonable demands of his wife1 that he ever begged her to give up her own work4 ,there are women1 on the other hand1 who continue their work and thereby only increase the incapability of a good-for-nothing man4 ,in such cases1 it avails little that in many countries the law now allows the wife free disposal of the income from her labour4 ,notwithstanding this1 the assertion is ridiculous that 8if the man drinks up the money of his wife it is with her consent10 and 8it is therefore of no avail to alter the law40 ,for it makes a significant difference in the relative position of the man and wife whether the law gives him the right to it1 or whether he takes it by force4 ,but in this as in other cases1 the woman movement obviously cannot free women so long as they are impelled by unconscious forces from within to actions and sacrifices at variance with their conscious personality4 ,the one thing which the woman movement has already achieved and can continue to achieve1 is that the undue encroachment of the men ceases to have legal protection4 ,it is undeniable1 on the other hand1 that the unmarried woman's personal and economic independence fashions wives who in marriage show themselves in a high degree egotistic1 but who yet incessantly scold about man's egotism1 wives who themselves exhibit very little devotion and fine feeling1 but place very great importance upon consideration4 ,these wives were the ones whom fifty years ago men called 8graters40 ,but the lack of amiability1 which in certain women was usually due to childbirth1 has nevertheless in modern woman1 at least during the freedom of her girlhood1 been unrestrained habit4 ,her firm--and just--decision not to be 8subservient0 to her husband has resulted in1 first1 an armed peace1 later1 a war1 in which the wife's work is one of the projectiles4 8,i have my work1 why should ,i stay here to be used up and tormented80 she asks herself4 ,and when such questions begin1 there is usually but one answer4 ,there is one decided advantage in giving to the woman the opportunity to earn her living3 she has again acquired thereby significance in the home1 while the generation of women1 who neither co-operated productively in the home nor assumed all the duties of the mother1 were regarded by man with less respect than1 on the one side1 their grandmothers who produced all of the household requisites1 on the other side1 their now independent self-supporting granddaughters4 ,only when society recompenses the vocation of mother1 can woman find in this a full equivalent for self-supporting labour4 ,another typical group of our time is formed by the numerous women for whom no choice remains in regard to their work1 since it is of a kind that they must give up because of the removal to another place1 or more frequently because they find so much work in the new home that every thought of anything further outside must cease4 ,those who think that industry has made the work of the wife in the home to-day superfluous1 speak only of the great cities1 and usually only of opulent families in the great cities1 where they are in a position to buy cheaper everything that the labour of the wife could produce4 ,but in the country1 among all classes1 the mother must be the director of the work2 and in all country homes in moderate circumstances--as in countless poor or not very well-to-do city families--the work of the mother is still frequently indispensable1 and in addition is more economical than her earnings out of the house could be1 especially since the developed modern woman is usually capable of a more rational housekeeping than the woman of earlier times4 ,but while the mothers of that time knew nothing except housework1 those of to-day have often1 as unmarried and self-supporting women1 enjoyed a freedom of movement and opportunities of development which1 now that they are over-burdened with household cares1 they may seriously miss4 ,the work of the mother is now still further increased by the difficulty of getting servants--at least capable ones--and also by the demands of luxury4 ,the result of this again is that hospitality in the home decreases1 that the watchword of the time1 8the windows of the house wide open to the world1 fresh air in the home1 no creeping into the chimney corner10 is so interpreted that warmth and intimacy vanish4 ,yes1 the overworked mother often herself insists that the family leave the house and seek some place of recreation for the annual festivals1 which were once the children's happiest and brightest recollections of home4 ,the fact that most modern women of culture devote themselves to some branch of social work1 often to several1 contributes still further to the over-exertion of the mother4 ,even when this occurs from pure altruism1 the motive cannot prevent such altruism from becoming sometimes a disease of which one may die quite as surely as of other diseases4 ,this death is quite as immoral as any other resulting from neglected hygiene4 ,no one has the right to perish from altruism1 except when destruction is the condition of his fulfilling his duty4 ,but in many cases the occasion is the widely ramified social activity of the woman for whom the home now often falls short2 not a result of altruism1 but a manifestation of that desire for power which once was satisfied in the family4 ,or it may be a form of the hysteria characteristic of the present time4 ,in the sixteenth century1 the hysterical were burned as witches2 now they 8sacrifice0 themselves to an activity which offers them in reality the variety1 the intoxication of publicity--in a word1 the life stimulus they need4 ,but even sound1 sincere1 and conscientious women are driven by the woman movement and by social work to assume pseudo duties1 for which the real duties are pushed aside4 ,if instead of instituting official inquiries among wives and mothers as to what they can accomplish1 one should direct the same questions to their husbands and children1 these would1 if they dared be honest1 testify that they must pay the price for the altruistic activity4 ,since the work of married women outside the home1 the woman movement1 and the social work began1 one seldom finds a wholly sound1 joyous1 harmonious wife and mother4 ,the constant complaint of the modern woman is that she 8never has time40 ,the minority who live a life of luxury1 wholly free from work1 while the husband works feverishly to provide the luxury which neither will forego1 telephone away a quarter of the day making appointments concerning the toilette1 visits1 and amusements1 which take up the remaining three quarters of the day4 ,and others1 loaded down with household work or divided between this and work for their livelihood1 how shall they find time6 ,least of all have they the time necessary for the countless little tokens of tenderness which intensify all relationships between people4 ,a ,french mother who became a widow and brought up her children by means of her own work received from her son1 grown to a youth1 the judgment3 8,thou hast never loved us40 ,too late1 it became clear to her that 8it requires time to love10 that it is not enough to feel love1 and1 looked at as a whole1 to act with love--no1 love must be expressed4 ,and for this the harassed mother of to-day lacks time and quiet4 ,formerly1 it was only the husband and father who had no time2 the wife and mother had it and could thus preserve the warmth of the home4 ,but now8 ,there are now1 it is true1 many women with so few claims that they think they have fulfilled the fourfold task4 ,in reality1 they have fulfilled all their duties imperfectly1 or eliminated one task for a time in order to be able to accomplish the others4 ,no woman has ever been at the same time all that a wife can be to her husband1 a mother to her children1 a housewife to her house1 a working woman to her work4 ,in the last capacity the difficulty of the married woman is still further increased by the present competition1 as also by the fact that the better a person works the more work falls to her1 so that an exact and reasonable division of time between work and home is often rendered quite impossible4 ,in addition to all these difficulties arising through actualities1 there are finally also those evoked by the 8spirit of the time40 ,a wife has1 for example1 decided to give up a vocation which she saw was not compatible with her home4 ,but she stills finds no rest4 ,she is harassed by the demand of the 8spirit of the time0 that a married woman should be able to take care of the house as well as to accomplish outside personal work4 ,the husband1 also influenced by the 8spirit of the time10 thinks the same or feels painfully the fact that his wife1 for love of him1 has sacrificed the exercise of a talent1 in which he perhaps has felt a personal interest2 the longing for the vocation awakens in her1 and she resumes her work1 with the result that1 if she has energetically resisted the lassitude that comes with beginning motherhood1 she and the child must suffer later4 ,or she lives in a permanent state of over-exertion which finally culminates in nervous conditions under which the whole family must share her suffering4 ,had she been able to follow in peace her instinct to strike deep root in the home soil and to enlarge and enrich her being by the annual growth of ring after ring of her production of love1 then the essential values would have been increased for all4 ,now1 she is led astray by a biased opinion of the time1 which owes its effectiveness to the single fact that the opinionated resolutely turn their back upon all facts4 ,thanks to these ideas of the time propagated by certain feminists1 we see increasing numbers of women who perform their 8social duty0 as the telegraph poles perform their function2 while such duty could have been fulfilled as the tree grows in a garden3 blooming1 fruit-bearing1 joyful1 joy-bringing4 ,,chapter ,,vii ,,the ,,influence ,,of ,,the ,,woman ,,movement ,,upon ,,motherhood ,because it has increased the culture of woman and her feeling of personal responsibility1 the woman movement has had its influence1 both directly and indirectly1 upon the postponement of the legal and customary marriage age4 ,since young girls have exercised their brains as much as the boys have1 they are no longer so far in advance of the boys in physical development4 ,but when modern girls finish their studies they are physically as well as psychically more universally developed than their grandmothers were4 ,they know much more of the difficulties and realities of life1 not least of the sexual life4 ,and this knowledge has instilled in them a reluctance to undertake too early the serious and difficult task of motherhood4 ,they have greater need of truth and culture1 and less tendency to erotic visionary dreaming than girls of their age in the middle of the previous century2 their desire for work and their social feeling fix goals1 and they work with all their might to attain them4 ,and because1 as already explained1 both sexes have for each other a more many-sided attraction than the merely erotic1 young people are more careful1 more choice1 in their erotic decisions4 ,the finest young girls of to-day are penetrated by the ,nietzschean idea1 that marriage is the combined will of two people to create a new being greater than themselves4 ,but their joy does not consist in the fact 8that the man wills02 they are themselves 8will10 and above all they have the will to choose the right father for their children1 not only for their own sake but for the sake of the children4 ,if it be true that immediate1 8blind10 erotic attraction is most instinctively correct in choice1 then the present comrade life of young people and the increased clear-sightedness which it gives1 as well as the increasing erotic idealism of young girls1 are not unconditionally advantageous to the new race4 ,the question is1 however1 still undecided4 ,here it may only be emphasised that the young girl of to-day1 in spite of all intellectual development1 is still won always by powerful spiritual-sensual love1 which the woman movement has too long considered as a negligible quantity4 ,under the influence of the doctrine of evolution1 young girls begin to understand that their value as members of society depends essentially upon their value for the propagation of mankind2 all the more they realise the duty of physical culture which will enable them to fulfil this function better2 they no longer consider their erotic longing as impure and ugly but as pure and beautiful4 ,it is out of this soul condition that the different movements for the protection of mothers and children1 theoretically considered1 have proceeded4 ,these are at present the most important 8woman movements10 although unrecognised by the older woman movement4 ,and this older movement has not yet recognised the fact that1 because of present marriage conditions1 the degenerate1 uneducated1 decrepit1 have greater opportunity for propagating the race1 both within and outside of marriage1 than the young1 sound1 pure-minded1 and loving2 that it can therefore be no sin1 from the point of view of the race1 if the latter become parents without marriage1 nor should it be a subject of shame from the social point of view4 ,all women's rights have little value1 until this one thing is attained3 that a woman who through her illegitimate motherhood has lost nothing of her personal worth1 but on the contrary has proved it1 does not forfeit social esteem4 ,our time can point to women who have been typical of the reform tendencies of the century in this respect4 ,some of these women1 if they really accomplished the unprecedented task of 8a child and a work10 have drawn their strength for the task out of precisely the commonplace1 homely qualities and sterling virtues1 contrary to which they believed they were acting when they became mothers1 driven by a power greater than their conscious personality4 ,others again became mothers with the consent of their whole personality4 ,they were clear that they thus made use of the masculine rights and freedom which feminism first brought home to women4 ,and although many advocates of women's rights refrain from such consequences of their ideas1 the women who in other respects determine their conduct of life by their own free personal choice recognise that this1 their real 8emancipation10 is a fruit of the woman movement4 ,in ,europe1 however1 most women under thirty still dare to dream of motherhood in a love marriage as the greatest happiness and the highest duty of life4#e ,but1 as direct and indirect result of the woman movement1 the fact none the less remains that there is found among women an increasing disinclination for maternity1 a reluctance which deprives mankind of many superior mothers1 while at the same time woman's commercial work for self-support in all classes increases her sterility or makes her incapable of the suckling so vitally important for the children4 ,that the modern woman1 because of individual fate or her own choice1 often remains unmarried is no danger in and for itself4 ,this fact1 as ,i have emphasised above1 is connected with a number of cultural and material conditions1 which sometime will be altered1 and then woman's desire for marriage will again increase4 ,the real danger has appeared only since women have begun to strengthen the tendency to celibacy by the amaternal theory1 which now confuses the feminine brain and leads the feminine instinct astray4 ,the woman movement in and with this influence upon maternity sinks to the lowest point of the scale according to the criterion of worth employed here3 the elevation of the life of the individual and of the race4 ,in this we stand in our time before a twofold mystery1 which lies in the circumstance that not only women--women 8with breasts made right to suckle babes0--emphasise this stultifying influence1 but that there are men1 each the son of a mother1 who also propagate it4 ,these men have allowed themselves to be blinded by the false logic concerning women1 which declares that since rich mothers do not wish to fulfil the duties of a mother and the poor cannot fulfil them1 superior social organisations must be created for that purpose2 in other words1 instigated by a mere temporary unpleasant discrepancy1 we will create a new1 a different order of things4 ,but1 if this obtained universally1 it would inflict incomparably greater injury upon mankind than do present unhappy conditions4 ,upon the whole1 however1 it is precisely as a result of this tendency that the deepest hostility of men against feminism has developed4 ,the fact that the idea of evolution is now beginning to enter into the flesh and blood of man also contributes its share to this feeling4 ,just as formerly a man wished heirs for his personal and real estate and for his name1 he now desires inheritors of his being2 he desires an eternal life1 which becomes a certainty only by means of parenthood1 whereby the individual as father or mother lives on physically and spiritually1 in body and soul1 in his children and grandchildren down to the last of his descendants4 ,this conception has made the sex instinct again holy1 as it was for the pagans4 ,this new reverence for their duty as beings of sex now induces many young men to guard their sexual health and strength by an asceticism the motive of which is the exact opposite of that which determined the asceticism called forth by ,christianity1 the asceticism which was fear of the sex instinct as impure and as a temptation to sin4 ,now the innermost aim of young men's creative desire is the higher development of mankind4 ,love becomes for them the condition by which they can most perfectly redeem their religious certainty of being part of a great design1 their religious longing for harmony with life's creative desire1 with the infinite4 ,there are now men who work most zealously for the ennoblement of the race--8eugenics10 as this effort is called in ,england--as well as for the protection of mother and child--8puericulture10 as this endeavour is called in ,france4 ,there are men who write excellent works upon the psychology of the child1 and upon sexual instruction2 men1 who1 in art and poetry1 give expression to the new veneration for the sanctity of generation1 for motherhood1 for the child4 ,the finest thing written about the child as a cultural power is written by an ,american4#f ,painting has now new devotional pictures of the ,mother with her ,child1 especially those conceived by a ,frenchman and an ,italian4#g ,the most beautiful representation of youth's new desire for love is by a ,german sculptor4#h ,likewise a ,german1 ,nietzsche1 has the most profound conception of parenthood and education as the means whereby humanity will cross over the bridge of the men of to-day to the superman4 ,only when all this is realised can one conceive what the feelings of these new men must be when they meet those new women 8who are no longer willing to be slaves of the instinct for the propagation of the race20 who see in motherhood 8a loss of time from their work20 8an attack upon their beauty20 an obstacle to the refined conduct of life2--a conduct of life certain to debase woman's worth as a child-bearing being1 but to elevate her to that exquisite1 perfect product of culture1 a 8woman of the world20 an obstacle also for woman as creator of other objective cultural values4 ,if a man with a father's desires finds himself united with such a woman1 he finds himself in marriage quite as much a prostitute as innumerable wives have felt themselves to be when they were mere tools of a man's desire4 ,on the contrary the desire for the elevation of mankind on the part of the new woman and the new man1 is evinced in the idea that not the quantity but the quality of the children they give to humanity is most significant2 that a land of fewer but more perfect men is a higher culture ideal than the principle still always maintained from the point of view of national competition1 that the inhabitants of a country must only be numerous however inferior they may be4 ,to this wholly new evolutionary conception of life the amaternal women oppose the following train of thought which greatly influences the feeling and desire of women to-day#i3 ,culture now sets new duties for woman1 more significant than exclusively natural ones4 ,the more the individual life increases in value1 the more the interest for the mere functions of sex declines1 and with it also the value of woman as woman for a society where1 because of motherhood1 she has become a being of secondary rank4 ,it evinces lack of ideality if one censures this tendency of the modern woman to renounce maternity for the sake of more spiritual interests4 ,while the mother concentrates herself upon her own child only1 the woman who renounces motherhood can extend her being to embrace children as children in general4 ,as a mother1 woman is only a being of nature4 ,but the personality1 with its multiplicity of feelings and endeavours1 demands an independent activity as well as maternity4 ,to put her entire personality into the education of her children is a twofold error4 ,first and foremost1 most mothers are bad educators and serve their children better if they entrust them to a born teacher2 in the second place1 gifted children educate themselves best and should be spared all educational arts4 ,the mediocre child1 who is more susceptible to education1 has ordinarily also only mediocre parents1 who likewise benefit the children most if they put them in the care of excellent teachers4 ,children who are below mediocrity can also be best educated by specialists4 ,so there remains for the mother1 after the first years' care and training1 no especial task as educator1 at least none in which she can really put her personality4 ,to talk to a mother about the possibilities of a richer office of mother1 as educator of her children1 she calls lulling her into an illusion under which she must labour only to suffer4 ,a woman who can exercise her personality in another way should not therefore put it into the education of her children4 ,the amaternal advocates deny that motherliness is the criterion of womanliness2 they find this criterion in the form1 the external being of woman1 in her manner and physical appearance--in a word1 in the outer expression of the inner disposition1 which they deny as typical of womanliness6 8,womanliness0 is thus reduced to an 8sthetic principle10 while woman's spiritual attributes are considered as 8universally human02 and the right is granted to the feminine sex to emancipate herself from the result of the heresy that motherliness should be the ethical norm for the 8being0 or 8essence0 of womanhood4 ,the suitability of woman's psychic constitution for her work as mother is not acknowledged as proof that motherliness is the distinguishing characteristic of womanliness4 ,for this constitution is less conspicuous in the higher stages of differentiation4 ,its suitability was then a phenomenon of adaptation and changed with the conditions of life4 ,thus this constitution cannot be cited as a reason for limiting woman's personal exercise of her powers4 ,motherliness is no social instinct4 ,how can motherliness1 which we have in common with beasts and savages1 be considered as higher than1 for example1 justice1 truth1 and other gradually won spiritual values1 which woman can promote by her personal activity8 ,the higher the forms of life woman attains1 the less will her personality be determined by motherliness4 ,why then should women bring to the domestic life the sacrifice of their personality1 while no one demands this of men8 ,why shall not woman1 just as man1 satisfy her demands as a sex being in marriage and1 as for the rest1 follow her profession1 attend to her spiritual development1 her social tasks8 ,why condemn woman to remain a half-being--that is1 with unexercised brain--only because certain of her instincts attract her to man1 while he is not constrained to suppress his personality because he in like manner felt himself attracted to woman8 ,it is the old superstition of the family life as 8woman's sphere10 which still confuses the conception4 ,by the present form of family life woman is 8oversexed40 ,her higher development1 as well as that of her husband and children1 will be promoted if woman guards her independence by earning her own living1 in commercial work conducted beyond the portal of the home2 if housekeeping becomes co-operative2 if the education of the children is carried on outside the home1 in which now the motherly tenderness emasculates the children and fosters in them family sentiment of an egoistic nature and not social feelings4 ,thus are solved the difficulties which are entailed when the wife's work is carried on outside the home2 equipoise between her intellectual and emotional1 her sexual and social nature follows1 and her worth1 as that of a man1 will be measured by her human personality1 not by her womanliness1 her efficacy in the family1 for the exercise of which she is now constrained to renounce her personality4 ,so runs in brief the programme of the amaternals4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it has already been indicated that the woman movement1 in its inception1 could gather strength only by combating with all its power the prejudice that woman is incapable of the same kind of activity as man4 ,but now the whole woman movement has for a long time been emphasising the fact that woman is entitled1 not only on her own behalf but more especially in her capacity as home-keeper1 wife1 and mother1 to the full development of her powers and to equality with man in the family and in society4 ,in the amaternal programme sketched above1 however1 the fanaticism1 which characterised the entire woman movement a generation ago1 now evinces itself in the error that equal rights for the sexes must mean also equal functions2 that the development of women's powers involves also their application in the same spheres of activity in which man is engaged2 that equality of the sexes implies sameness of the sexes4 ,while moderate feminism begins to see that1 if man and wife compete1 this rivalry can benefit#aj neither the woman1 the man1 nor the children1 amaternal feminism urges the keenest competition4 ,and if this is once accepted as advantageous to woman's personality and to society1 then it is obvious that she must1 with all the energy of the attacked1 defend herself from the duties of maternity1 because of which she would obviously come off second-best in the competition4 ,from the point of view of individualism it is obvious that the law must set no limitations to woman's practice of a vocation1 unless evident hygienic dangers menace either her or the coming generation4 ,women must1 for their own sake as well as for that of society1 have free choice of work1 for life and nature possess innumerable unforeseen possibilities4 ,nevertheless1 it does happen that a woman who gives superior children to humanity may1 nevertheless1 feel herself incapable of educating them2 likewise it sometimes happens that a husband and wife who have exceptional children1 cannot endure to live together4 ,in neither case has law or custom a right to force upon a mother or a father a yoke that is intolerable or to demand of a mother or a father unreasonable sacrifices4 ,but the right to limit the choice of work1 the law does not possess2 nature assumes that right herself3 first of all from the axiom that no one can be in two places at the same time1 and in the second place because no one can respond simultaneously and with full energy to two different spiritual activities4 ,one cannot1 for example1 count even to one hundred and at a certain number give a simple grasp of the hand without suspending the counting momentarily4 ,although no one has ever been denied the privilege of solving a mathematical problem and of following carefully at the same time a piece of music1 yet it is certain that the effectiveness of both intellectual activities would be thereby diminished4 ,these extremely simple observations can be continued until the most complex are reached4 ,if the observation be directed to the sphere of domestic life1 every wife and mother who is willing to institute impartial observations of self1 will affirm the difficulty of working with a divided mind4 ,if a mother carries on her work at home and must put it away in order to be beside the sick-bed of her child1 or to make those arrangements which assure domestic comfort1 or to help her husband1 then she feels that her book or her picture suffers1 that the activity which binds her more intimately to the home relaxes for a time the intimacy of her connection with her work4 ,one can by day carry on a dull industrial task1 and by night produce an achievement of the soul2 but one cannot let one's soul radiate in one direction without impairing its energy in another4 ,a work needs exclusive devotion4 ,and this is1 viewed externally1 difficult to attain in joint action2 viewed from within1 it requires a renunciation that in the case of a loving soul evokes a continual inner struggle4 ,for that reason1 also1 literature with woman as its subject has for some decades been filled with the great conflict of modern woman's life3 the conflict between vocation and parents1 between vocation and husband1 between vocation and child4 ,certainly the family has often been a torture chamber for individuality1 as a consequence of laws and customs1 which the future will regard as we now do the rack and the thumbscrew4 ,but nature is more severe than law and custom when she confronts us with a choice which1 however it may turn out1 tears a piece from our heart4 ,and now neither custom nor man demands of woman the 8sacrifice of the personality40 ,this sacrifice is required only by the law of limitations which rules over us all4 ,the creative man or the man working objectively must often condemn the emotional side of his personality to a partial development2 he must for the sake of his work renounce many family values important for this emotional side of his being4 ,even if shorter working hours could partially diminish this cultural offering1 the inner conflict1 for the man or the woman1 is not settled thereby4 ,even if a man1 in the consciousness of his wife's endowment of talent1 assumed a number of domestic duties1 especially those pertaining to the children1 the inner conflict would still continue4 ,and this conflict is in no way solved by the amaternal theory that the personal life must be placed above the instinct life4 ,for1 as has been emphasised1 the choice is not between the personal and the instinct life1 but between the intellectual and the emotional side of woman's personality4 ,and the solution of this choice has not been discovered by the amaternals1 who would combine commercial work with marriage and maternity4 ,women who remain unmarried or who give up commercial activity which they cannot carry on in the home1 have not settled the conflict either1 but have only reduced its difficulties4 ,the fundamental error of the amaternal solution of the problem is that it characterises motherliness as a non-social instinct1 but1 on the other hand1 defines the 8personal0 activity of woman as an expression of the social instinct4 ,for all social instincts have been developed by culture out of primitive instincts4 ,all cultural development lies between the sex impulse of the ,australian negress and the erotic sentiment of ,elizabeth ,barrett ,browning's sonnets4 ,and when the amaternals assert that motherliness1 which 8we have in common with beasts and savages10 cannot be an expression of the personality1 their argument has the same validity as that which would deny to the ,sistine ,chapel the quality of an expression of personality because beasts and savages also exhibit the decorative instinct4 ,the development of the mother instinct into motherliness is one of the greatest achievements in the progress of culture1 a development by which the maternal functions have continually become more complex and differentiated4 ,already in the case of the higher animals maternity involves much more than the mere act of giving birth2 an animal not only faces death for her young1 she gives them also a training which often indicates power of judgment4 ,a cat1 for instance1 which sought in vain to prevent her kitten from entering the water and which finally threw the kitten in and then pulled it out1 thus obtaining the desired result of her pedagogy1 had not1 as have so many modern mothers1 read ,spencer1 but could1 nevertheless1 put many of these mothers to shame4 ,even the initial maternal functions1 nursing and physical care1 involve a culture of the spiritual life of the mother1 not only through an increase in tenderness1 but also in observation1 discrimination1 judgment1 self-control2 a woman's character often develops more in a month during which she is occupied with the care of children1 than in years of professional work4 ,mother love and the reciprocal love which it awakens in the child1 not only exercise the first deep influence upon the individual's life of feeling1 but this love is the first form of the law of mutual help--it is the root of altruism1 the cotyledon of a now widely ramified tree of 8social instincts40 ,although woman through the mere physical functions of motherhood makes a great social contribution1 the importance of her contribution is greatly enhanced if one also takes into consideration her spiritual nature4 ,and notwithstanding the fact that fatherhood has also1 to a certain degree1 developed in man the qualities of tenderness1 watchfulness1 patience1 yet the enormous predominance of woman's physical share in parenthood1 in comparison with man's1 is in itself enough to create1 in course of time1 the intimate connection which still exists to-day between mother and child1 as well as the difference between the personality of woman and man4 ,the physical functions of motherhood were the fundamental reasons for the earliest division of labour4 ,and this division of labour1 the aim of which1 next to self-preservation1 was for both sexes the protection of posterity1 augmented and strengthened the qualities which each sex employed for its special functions4 ,all human qualities lie latent in each4 ,but they have been so specialised by this division of labour1 or1 on the other hand1 suppressed by it1 that they now appear in varying proportions3 in woman1 a careful1 managing1 supervising1 lifeguarding1 inward-directed sense of love2 in man1 courage1 desire for action1 force of will1 power of thought1 an activity subduing nature and life1 became the distinguishing characteristics2 and fatherhood became psychologically1 as it is physiologically1 something different from motherhood4 ,even if culture continues to efface the sharp lines of demarcation1 so that it becomes more and more impossible to generalise about 8woman0 and 8man10 and increasingly more necessary for each and every woman to solve the 8woman question0 individually1 yet from the point of view of the race1 the division of labour must on the whole remain the same as that which hitherto existed1 if the higher development of mankind shall continue in uninterrupted advance to more perfect forms4 ,it is necessary for these higher ends of culture that woman in an ever more perfect manner shall fulfil what has hitherto been her most exalted task3 the bearing and rearing of the new generation4 ,the amaternal assertion1 that motherliness can be no higher than justice and truth1 is an infuriating antithesis4 ,it is as if one should assert that 8air is better than water1 or both better than bread40 ,both assertions place the fundamental condition of life counter to other needs of life6 ,who shall exercise justice and truth when no new men are born8 ,and1 moreover1 how shall justice and truth increase in mankind if children are not trained to a greater reverence for justice and a deeper love of truth8 ,in order to fulfil this one office of education well1 mothers need their universal human culture in its entirety4 ,but even if this were not so1 if motherhood did not require the concentration of woman's personality2 even if motherliness remained only 8primitive instinct10 yet this instinct1 in the women who have guarded it1 is more valuable for mankind than the universal human development of power of the women who have lost this instinct4 ,no social nor individual activity of women could compensate for the extinction of this 8instinct10 which only recently in ,messina drove hundreds of mothers to shield their children with their own bodies2 this 8instinct10 which recently impelled a mother1 who learned before she gave birth to her child that her own life must be the price for the saving of that of the child1 to cry3 8,i have lived1 but the life of my child belongs now to mankind--save the child60 ,so the mother died without even having seen the beautiful being for whom she gave her life4 ,in the world of 8personally0 developed women1 however1 after a new ,messina catastrophe the mothers would be found with their manuscripts and their pictures in their arms4 ,and confronted with a choice like that related above1 the mother would answer3 8,let the child die1 ,i will live my personal life to the end40 ,the amaternal type must persist for the present4 ,there are in reality in our time many women who with unresponsive eyes can pass by a lovely child1 among them even mothers who do not feel the pure sensuousness1 the wise madness1 the intoxicating delight which such a child awakens in every motherly woman2 mothers who have no conception what a fascinating subject for study the soul of a child can offer4 ,jean ,paul1 who scourged worthless mothers and tried to awaken the repressed maternal instinct of his time with the charge that a woman who is bored when she has children1 is a contemptible creature1 would find to-day many mothers who are bored only if they have their children about them4 ,and these cerebral1 amaternal women must obviously be accorded the freedom of finding the domestic life1 with its limited but intensive exercise of power meagre1 beside the feeling of power which they enjoy as public personalities1 as consummate women of the world1 as talented professionals4 ,but they have not the right to falsify life values in their own favour so that they themselves shall represent the highest form of life1 the 8human personality0 in comparison with which the 8instinctively feminine0 signifies a lower stage of development1 a poorer type of life4 ,women who have produced books and works of art1 to be compared1 as respects permanence of value1 to confetti at a carnival1 have1 according to this viewpoint1 proved themselves human individualities1 while a mother who has contributed an endless amount of clear thought1 rich understanding1 warm feeling1 and strong will to the education of a fine group of children1 requires a public office in order to prove herself a 8human personality06 ,the brain work which a woman employs in a commercial concern bears witness to her individuality1 but the brain work which a large1 well-managed household demands1 does not4 ,the woman physician who delivers a mother expresses her 8personality10 but the mother has put no 8personality0 into the feelings with which she has borne the child1 the dreams with which she has consecrated it1 the ideas in accordance with which she has educated it6 ,the girl who has passed her examinations has proved herself a developed human being2 but her grandmother1 who is now filled with the kindness and wisdom which she has won in a life dedicated to domestic duties1 a life in which the restricted sphere of her duties did not prevent the comprehensiveness of her cultural interests1 nor her all-embracing sympathy with humanity--such a woman is not a personality6 ,when men advance as an argument against women's rights the fear that women will lose their womanliness in public life1 the older feminists answer that womanliness1 especially motherliness1 is rooted too firmly in nature to make it possible for this danger to exist4 ,nothing has1 however1 become more clear in this amaternalistic time than that motherliness is not an indestructible instinct4 ,just as our time produces in increasing numbers sterile women and women incapable of nursing their children1 so it produces more and more psychically amaternal women4 ,we can pass in silence the cases of children martyred in families or in children's homes1 for sexual perversity and religious fanaticism often play a rle in such connections2 we can also pass by the millions of mothers who bring about the abortion of their offspring1 for the poor are driven to such practices largely by necessity1 the rich mostly by love of pleasure4 ,there still remain a sufficient number of women in whom the mother instinct has faded away because of a course of thought like that just described4 ,our time furnishes manifold proofs of the fact that the mother instinct can easily be weakened1 or even entirely disappear1 although the erotic impulse continues to live2 that motherliness is not a spontaneous natural instinct1 but the product of thousands of years not merely of child-bearing1 but also of child-rearing2 and that it must be strengthened in each new generation by the personal care which mothers bestow upon their children4 ,a woman learns to love the strange child whom she nurses as if it were her own2 a father who can devote himself to the care of his little children is possessed by an almost 8motherly tenderness0 for them1 as are also older brothers and sisters for the little ones whom they care for4 ,but while those who advocate the cause of the amaternal women draw from such facts the conclusion that motherliness cannot be used as a criterion of womanliness1 yet an entirely different conclusion forces itself upon everyone who sees in the united uplift of the individual and of mankind the criterion of the life-enhancing effect of the woman movement1 the conclusion that the amaternal soul not only confirms the worst apprehensions of men in regard to the results of the woman movement1 but also constitutes the greatest danger to the woman movement itself4 ,for the amaternal ideas will evoke a violent reaction on the part of men1 in case such a reaction does not appear at an early stage on the part of women4 ,this latter reaction might also include a rebellion against the methods of industrial production1 which exhaust the strength of mothers and children4 ,for the objection of industrialism1 that 8it cannot exist without women10 falls to the ground in face of the fact that a race cannot exist without sound and moral mothers4 ,and 8moral0 means1 here1 mothers capable and willing to bear sound children and to train children along moral lines4 ,if1 on the contrary1 ,europe and ,america adhere to the economic and ethical principles which prevent a number of able and willing women of this type from becoming mothers1 and if numbers of other women who could be mothers continue unwilling to assume the burden of motherhood1 then this problem will finally become the problem of a future for the ,european-,american people4 ,the woman movement must now with resolute determination abandon the narrow1 biased attitude1 psychologically natural a generation ago when the zealots of feminism had no other standard of value for an idea1 an investigation1 or a book1 than whether they advanced or did not advance the cause of woman2 whether they proved or did not prove woman's equality with man4 ,for woman's work1 studies1 and other accomplishments1 no other standard was applied than that of equality with man's work1 man's studies1 and the accomplishments of man4 ,in a word1 the proposition was that woman should be enabled to perform at the same time the life-work of a woman and of a man6 ,it is through these hybrids that the feminine sex transgresses against the masculine4 ,and this is one reason why our time is so filled with the tragic vicissitudes of women4 ,truly1 every progressive person must agree with ,goethe's aphorism1 8,i love him whom the impossible lures40 ,for1 thus allured1 man has elevated his particular generation above the generation preceding4 ,but in action every one must go down who is not imbued with the consciousness that whoever exceeds his limits is liable to tragic consequences1 in the modern psychological view of the guilt attaching to one who undertakes more than his strength will allow4 99 99 99 99 99 ,but our time exhibits also other less convulsively strained conditions of the feminine soul and therefore also brighter fates for woman4 ,it shows not infrequently wives united with their husbands1 not only by the sympathy which the human personality of each inspires1 but also by the erotic attraction which the sex character of each exercises4 ,and they have both won thereby that unity through which all the best and highest powers of their being are liberated and elevated as by religion4 ,and their parenthood will then be the highest expression of this religion4 ,only religious natures are--in the deepest meaning of the word--loving or faithful or creative4 ,it is the same soul which in one person reveals itself in ecstasy of belief1 in a second in ardour of creation1 in a third in a great erotic passion1 in the fourth as parental love1 in others again as love of country1 as enthusiasm for freedom1 desire for reform4 ,at times one and the same soul1 a woman's or a man's1 is kindled by all these passions4 ,but never has the same soul been able at the same time to feed all these passions in their highest potency4 ,whether it be ,god1 a work1 or a human being that the soul embraces with its entire devotion1 the religious character of this devotion always evinces itself in increasing longing1 an endless susceptibility1 a more persistent search after means of expression1 a continual service1 an inexhaustible patience in waiting for reciprocal activity from the object of love4 ,the religious strength of a feeling consists in this1 that the soul in every work1 every sorrow1 every joy1--in a word1 in every spiritual condition1 every experience1--is1 consciously as well as unconsciously1 more closely united with ,god1 with the work1 with the beloved1 until every finest fibre of one's being reaches down to the profound depths which the object of love represents for the lover4 ,in this necessary condition of concentration of the spiritual life is found the truth of woman's complaint that the man1 absorbed by his work1 8no longer loves her02 the truth of the experience that earthly love indisputably detracts from the love of ,god2 the truth of the frequent experience of husband and wife that with children the wealth of their spiritual life together is in certain respects inevitably diminished2 the truth of man's fear that woman's absorption in a life-work personally dear to her must to a certain degree detract from her devotion to the home2 the truth of the experience that the office of mother often interferes with the development of woman's intellectual power4 ,only persons who distinguish themselves by what ,heine called 8exuberance of mental poverty10 or what ,i might call analogously an 8abyss of superficiality10 have not experienced the severe and beautiful psychic truth of ,jesus' glorification of simplicity4 ,the quiet harkening to the voice of ,god or to the inspiration of work or to the delicate vibrations of another soul1 which daily1 hourly1 momentarily1 are the conditions that enable the soul to live wholly in its belief1 its work1 its love1 so that these feelings may grow stronger and the soul grow greater through these feelings--all this has 8simplicity0 as a condition2 in a word1 symmetrical unity1 longing for completeness1 inner poise1 the swift emotion4 ,fidelity--to a belief1 a work1 a love--is no product of duty4 ,it is a process of growth4 ,these are the conditions to which many modern women1 womanly at heart but divided1 restless1 groping1 attempting much1 will not submit4 ,they could even learn to reverence these conditions in the child for whom play is such sacred seriousness2 but instead they transform the most sacred earnest into play4 ,other women1 on the contrary1 are beginning to understand these conditions of growth and to comprehend that it was exactly the protected position of woman in the home1 which has made it possible for her family feeling to acquire that depth which is to be attained only by concentration4 ,but if this is no longer possible1 then woman will love those that belong to her with less religious warmth4 ,nothing can better illustrate the difference still existing between man and woman in this respect1 than the fact that most men would consider themselves unfortunate if their entire exercise of power were concentrated upon the family1 while most women still feel themselves fortunate when they have been given the opportunity to exercise to the uttermost the tendency inherent in them4 ,for most women love best personally and in propinquity1 while the potency of love in man often seeks distant goals4 ,woman is happy in the degree to which she can bestow her love upon a person closely connected with her2 if she cannot do that1 then she may be useful1 resigned1 content1 but never happy4#aa ,the very fact that woman's strongest primitive instinct coincided with her greatest cultural office has been an essential factor in the harmony of her being4 ,the modern developed mother feels with every breath a grateful joy in that she lives the most perfect life when she can contribute her developed human powers1 her liberated human personality1 to the establishment of a home and to the vocation of motherhood4 ,these functions conceived and understood as social1 in the embracing sense in which the word is now used1 give the new mother a richer opportunity to exercise her entire personality than she could find in modern commercial work4 ,in one such occupation she must suppress either the intellectual or the emotional side of her nature2 in another1 the life either of the imagination or of the will4 ,in domestic duties1 on the contrary1 these powers of the soul can work in unison4 ,this is undoubtedly the deepest reason why1 taken as a whole1 women have become more harmonious1 and men stronger in any special crisis1 women more soulful1 men more gifted4 ,on this account men offer their great sacrifice more readily for an idea1 or for the accomplishment of a work2 women1 for persons closely connected with them4 ,and yet this co-operation of woman's spiritual powers was in earlier times partly repressed by man's demand for passivity on the part of woman as a thinking and willing personality1 but for her unceasing activity as promoter of his comfort and that of the entire home4 ,the mother of to-day can1 on the contrary1 exercise1 as distributer1 her culture1 her thought1 her supervision1 her judgment1 and her criticism1 in order to make fully effective the faculty of her sex for foresight and organisation4 ,she applies a great amount of spiritual energy to the selection of the essentials and the subordination of secondary things1 to the creation of such facilities in the material work that time and means are left for the spiritual values1 which1 alas1 are still neglected in the domestic economy of small1 private households1 as well as in national housekeeping4 ,and as mother1 modern woman is offered the first fitting opportunity to assert herself as a thinking and willing personality4 ,the significance of the vocation of mother has been underrated in its significance even by moderate feminists4 ,but these were right when they demonstrated that the 8sanctity0 of this office had become a mere phrase1 so badly or amateurishly was this vocation fulfilled--an indictment in which ,nietzsche and feminism for one rare moment are on common ground4 ,mothers needed the spur of this contempt2 it was necessary that their feeling of responsibility1 their universal human culture1 their personal self-reliance1 should be aroused by the woman movement4 ,only so could the new generation acquire the new type of women who for the present seek to qualify themselves by self-culture for the office of mother1 in the expectation that for all women an obligatory education for motherhood will be realised4 ,so long as this vocation can be practised without any training1 nothing can be known of the possibilities whereby ordinary mothers may become good educators--unless they place the mother love and the intuitive understanding of the nature of the child that it affords above even the best outside teachers4 ,just as a glorious voice makes a country girl a 8natural singer10 so nature has at all times made certain mothers--and not least the women of the people--natural educators of children4 ,the biography of nearly every great man shows the place the mother through her personality occupied in the life of her son1 the atmosphere which she diffused about her in the home1 her direct and indirect influence4 ,but only the culture of their natural gifts with conscious purpose will make of mothers artists4 ,when ,nietzsche wrote3 8,there will come a time when we shall have no other thought than education10 and when he placed this education specifically in the hands of mothers1 least of all did he mean those 8arts of education10 from which amaternals believe they 8guard0 children by rejecting an 8artistically creative0 home training by the mother1 as a violence to the peculiar characteristic of the child6 ,the new mother1 as the doctrine of evolution and the true woman movement have created her1 stands with deep veneration before the mystic depths she calls her child1 a being in whom the whole life of mankind is garnered4 ,the richer the nature of the child is1 the more zealously she endeavours to preserve for him that simplicity which he needs1 and at the same time to provide for him the material that will enable him to work for himself4 ,she insures to the child the pleasures adapted to his age1 pleasures which at no later time can be enjoyed so intensely4 ,the effect upon him of his playfellows and books1 of nature1 art1 music1 conversation1 of the entire home milieu which the child receives1 above all the influence of the personality and interests of the father and mother--all these the mother who is an artist in education observes in order to learn the natural proclivity of the child and then directly to strengthen and encourage it4 ,at the same time she endeavours to find out what restraints are necessary in order that the natural bent be not impeded in its growth by secondary qualities4 ,but the new type of mother does not seek to eradicate2 she recognises the likeness between wheat and tares4 ,the ,christian education1 which has thus far prevailed1 has exercised a restraining oppression or has done violence to the 8sinful nature10 which must be broken and bent2 this education was dermatological1 not psychological1 in method4 ,the new mother is especially characterised by the fact that she has rejected this earlier method4 ,she allows her child1 within certain bounds1 full freedom1 and demands1 beyond those bounds1 unconditional obedience4 ,she helps the child to find for himself ever nobler motives for repression4 ,this she can do because from the very beginning she has taken care of him2 year by year she has persevered in the effort to establish good habits2 she has tried to enlist as aids1 food1 bath1 bed1 dress1 air1 and play in the effort to keep him strong1 sound1 sexually pure--conditions fundamental to the whole later conduct of life4 ,such a methodical physical care can be performed by the mother herself1 while1 on the other hand1 in the first years of childhood paid hands might1 through carelessness1 stupidity1 cruelty1 laxity1 or over-indulgence1 destroy the glorious possibilities4 ,if the prevention of the possibilities of nature being warped or destroyed constituted all that a mother could give1 this one task would1 nevertheless1 be more important than any social relief work4 ,what characterises the new mother is that she understands the enormous significance of the first years1 when the indispensable 8training0 takes place1 in which the future life of the child is determined by the methods employed--whether they be those of torture or of culture1 irrational or rational4 ,then the great problem must be solved of establishing willing obedience from within in place of the hitherto enforced obedience from without2 of maintaining self-control1 won by self1 in place of self-control imposed from without2 of evoking voluntary renunciation in place of enforcing renunciation4 ,for the capacity for obedience1 for self-control1 for renunciation1 is one of the qualities fundamental to the whole later conduct of life4 ,the new mother knows this as well as the mother of former times4 ,but she endeavours to create this capacity by slow and sure means4 ,the same thing obtains in regard to physical and psychical courage1 which in the early years can often be so demoralised by fright that it can never emerge again4 ,the training which hitherto was customary--based on compelling and forbidding--had its effect only upon the surface and prevented the child from experiencing the results of his own choice4 ,it is this indirect education by results which is the new mother's method4 ,her unceasing vigilance and consistency are required in order that the child shall actually bear the results of his actions4 ,what she needs for this is first and foremost1 time1 time1 and again time4 ,apparently good effects can be obtained much quicker by intervening1 preventing1 punishing1 but thus are turned aside the real results4 ,by this method the child is deprived of the inner growth1 which only the fully experienced reality with its components of bitter and sweet can give2 and this growth the new mother endeavours to advance4 ,much more time still is necessary to play the psychological game of chess1 which consists in the checkmating of black by white2 in other words1 the conquest of negative characteristics by positive1 through the child's own activity--a task in which the child at first must be guided1 just as in the assimilation of the elements of every other accomplishment1 but in which he can later perfect himself4 ,modern investigation in the realm of the soul enables us to see the dangers which sometime will demand quite as new methods in spiritual hygiene as bacteriology has created in the hygiene of the body4 ,but we still leave unexercised powers of the soul1 still misunderstand spiritual laws which sometime will radically transform the means of education4 ,at some future day the new mothers will institute legal protection for children to an extent incomprehensible to us and therefore provocative only of smiles4 ,for example1 legal prohibition of corporal punishment by parents as well as teachers2 legal prohibition of child labour1 of certain tenement conditions1 certain 8amusements10 certain improper uses of the press4 ,for the present every individual educator must set these laws over himself2 must sedulously create counter influences to cope with the destructive influences which great cities1 especially1 exert upon children4#ab ,the new mothers lead children out into nature and endeavour to satisfy their zeal for activity by appropriate tasks as well as to encourage by suitable means their love of invention and their impulse for play4 ,in the country children provide much for themselves4 ,but what both city and country children need is a mother familiar with nature1 who can answer the questions which the child is by his own observations prompted to ask2 and the number of such mothers is continually increasing4 ,both city and country children need also a mother who can tell stories4 ,just as the settlement gardens most clearly demonstrate how sundered the working people of the great cities are from nature1 so the 8story evenings10 which are now established for children1 show how far children have been permitted to stray from the mother1 who formerly gathered them about her for the hour of story1 play1 and song4 ,what1 finally1 children need is the mother's delicate revelation of the sexual 8mystery10 which often early exercises the thoughts of the child and in which he should be initiated quietly and gradually by the mother4 ,all the educational influences here outlined emanate not only from the enlightened1 exceptional mother2 they are exercised by the average mother of to-day to better advantage than by the spiritually significant mother of fifty years ago4 ,and they are quite as essential1 in order that the highest possibility within the reach of each may be attained1 in the education of the genius as in that of the ordinary child4 ,such influences in like degree strengthen the innate bent of the genius and raise the average1 from generation to generation1 to a level where man can live according to higher standards than those of the present time4 ,the new mothers understand that for the utilisation of all these opportunities that make their appearance in the first seven years of the child's life1 their motherly tenderness1 gentleness1 and patience do not suffice2 that they need in addition all the intelligence1 imagination1 fine feeling1 scientific methods of observation1 ethical and sthetic culture and other spiritual acquisitions they possess1 as direct and indirect fruits of the woman movement4 ,when student and comrade life begin to claim the children1 when the influence of the mother--that is of the new mother who has respect for the peculiar characteristic1 the human worth1 and the right of the child to live his own life--becomes more indirect1 she nevertheless bears in mind that it is of the utmost importance that the son and the daughter should find the mother1 when they return to the parental roof2 that they should be able to breathe there an atmosphere of peace and warmth2 that they should find the attentive eye1 the listening ear1 the helpful hand2 that the mother should have the repose1 the fine feeling1 the observation requisite for following1 without interfering with1 the conflicts of youth2 that she should not demand confidences but be always at hand to receive them2 that she should show vital sympathy for the plans of work1 the disappointments1 the joys1 of the young people2 that she should always have time for caresses1 tears1 smiles1 comfort1 and care2 that she should divine their moods1 and anticipate their desires4 ,by all these means the mother perpetuates in the soul of the child1 unknown to him and to herself1 her own personality4 ,the talent which she has not redeemed by a productive work of her own1 perhaps often for that very reason1 benefits mankind in a son or a daughter1 in whose soul the mother has implanted the social ideas1 the dreams1 the rebellion1 which later become in them social deeds or works of art4 ,above all1 in the restless1 sensitive1 life-deciding years when the boy is becoming a youth and the little girl a maiden1 the mother needs quiet and leisure to be able to give the ineffably needy children 8the hoarded1 secret treasure of her heart10 as the beautiful saying of ,drer runs4 ,when such a mother is found1 and such mothers are already found1 she is the most splendid fruit of the woman movement's sowing upon the field of woman's nature4 ,because the new mother created for herself an open space about her own personality1 she understands her son or her daughter when they in their turn push her aside in order to create that same open space about themselves4 ,for in every generation the young renounce the ideals and the aims of their parents4 ,the knowledge of this does not prevent the new mother1 any more than it did the mother of earlier times1 from feeling the pain incident to being set aside4 ,but the former looks forward to a day when the son and daughter will freely choose her as a friend1 having discovered what a significant pleasure the mother's personality can afford them4 ,as the bird's nest is made of nothing but bits of straw and down1 so the feeling of home is fashioned out of soft1 simple things2 out of little activities that are neither ponderable nor measurable as political or as economic factors4 ,when ,segantini painted the two nuns looking wistfully into the bird's nest1 he gave expression to the deepest pain that many modern women experience1 the pain resulting from the consciousness that their life1 notwithstanding its freedom1 is lonely1 because it has denied them the privilege of making a home and as a consequence has failed to afford them the joy of creation1 which nature intended they should have1 and of continuity of life in children to whom they gave birth4 ,here we stand at a point where the woman movement parallels the other social revolutions1 undeviatingly as the rails of a track1 and leads to the same objective4 ,modern men and women1 and especially women1 have forfeited an opportunity for happiness in the loss of the feeling of homogeneity and security4 ,just as formerly the property-holding family felt a secure sense of proprietorship in the ancestral estate1 so every member of the home group felt himself safe in the family4 ,now the children cannot depend with certainty upon the parents1 nor the parents upon the children2 the wife upon the husband1 nor the husband upon the wife4 ,each in extremity relies only upon himself4 ,the character of man is thus altered quite as much as trees are changed when they are left standing alone in the denuded forest of which they once formed a part4 ,if they can withstand the storms1 they have produced more 8character0 than they had when they stood close together1 under a mutual protection that nevertheless enforced uniformity4 ,from their earliest youth innumerable women must now care for themselves1 as well as decide for themselves4 ,thus the feeling of independence of modern woman has increased through the sacrifice of her peace2 her individual characteristics1 at the expense of her harmony4 ,her feeling of loneliness is mitigated to a certain degree by the growing feeling of community with the whole4 ,but this feeling cannot compensate certain natures for the forfeiture of the advantages which women of earlier times possessed1 when they sat secure and protected within the four walls of the home1 sucked the juice from family chronicles1 guarded family traditions1 maintained the old holiday customs1 lived at the same time in the past and in the present4 ,the new woman lives in the present1 sometimes even in the future--her land of romance6 ,the enthusiasm of the old romanticism about a 8hut and a heart0 has little charm for her4 ,for she knows reality and that prevents her from giving credence to the feminine illusion that twice two can be five4 ,what she does know1 on the contrary1 is that out of fours she can gradually work out sixteen4 ,while the women of former times could only save1 the new woman can acquire4 ,woman's beautiful1 foolish superstition regarding life has vanished1 but her eagerness to achieve can still remove mountains1 her daring has still often the splendour of a dream4 ,intellectual values are for her no longer pastimes but necessities of life2 with her culture has developed her feeling for truth and justice4 ,this does not secure the new woman immunity at all times from new illusions and errors of feeling1 nor does it prevent her developing passions whose value1 to say the least1 is questionable4 ,but in and through her determination 8to be some one10 to have a characteristic personality1 she has acquired a love of life1 in its diverse manifestations1 both good and evil2 a new capacity to enjoy her own and others' individuality1 as well as a new joy--sometimes an unblushing1 insolent joy--in expressing her own being4 ,in place of the earlier resignation toward society1 the expression of rebellion is found even in the sparkling eye of the school-girl1 with red cap upon her curly hair4 ,the young women of to-day1 married or single1 mothers as well as those who are childless1 are still more vigorous in soul1 more courageous1 more eager for life than are men4 ,because all that which for men has so long been a matter of course1 is for women new1 rich1 enchanting1 comprising1 as it does1 free life in nature1 scientific studies1 serious artistic work economic independence4 ,even in a fine and soulful woman there is found something of the inevitable hardness toward herself and others of which an observer is instinctively conscious when he speaks of some woman as one who 8will go far0 upon the course she has chosen4 ,the modern young woman desires above all else the elevation of her own personality4 ,she experiences the same feeling of joy a man is conscious of when she realises that her strength of will is augmented1 her ability becoming more certain1 her depth of thought greater1 her association of ideas richer4 ,she stands ready to choose her work and follow her fate2 in sorrow as in joy she experiences the blessedness of growth1 and she loves her view of life and the work to which she has dedicated herself1 often as devotedly as man loves his4 ,if we compare the seventeen-year-old girl of to-day with her progenitor living in the middle of the foregoing century1 we find that the girl of earlier times was to a larger extent swayed by feeling1 and that the modern girl is to a larger extent determined by ideas4 ,the former was directed more to the centre of life1 the latter remains often nearer the periphery2 the former was warmer1 the latter is more intelligent2 the former was better balanced1 the latter is more interesting4 ,the restlessness1 the uncertainty1 the feeling of emptiness1 the suffering1 that is sometimes experienced by the young woman of to-day1 is primarily traceable to the disintegration of religious belief1 which gave to the older generation of emancipated women an inner stability1 resignation1 and self-discipline4 ,scientific study has deprived many modern women of their belief and those who can create a new one1 suited to their needs1 are still very few4 ,thus to the outer homelessness an inner estrangement is added4 ,the woman movement has1 it is true1 contributed indirectly to this spiritual distress by making the road to man's culture accessible to woman4 ,for men also suffer in like manner1 and suffer above all perhaps because our culture is unstable1 aimless1 and lacks style1 owing to the very fact that it is at present without a religious centre4 ,and even the future can give to mankind no such new centre as the ,middle ,ages had1 for example1 in ,catholicism4 ,the attainment of individualism has shut out that possibility forever4 ,but one factor in the religion of the past1 the adoration of motherhood as divine mystery2 one factor in the religion of the ,middle ,ages1 the worship of the ,madonna1 has meanwhile been given back to the present by the doctrine of evolution1 with that universal validity which the thought must possess which seeks to give again to culture a centre4 ,great1 solitary individuals--prophets more often than sibyls--have proclaimed the religion of this generation4 ,but the word will become flesh only when fathers and mothers instil into the blood and soul of children their devout hope for a higher humanity4 ,when women are permeated by this hope1 this new devout feeling1 then they will recover the piety1 the peace1 and the harmony which for the present1 and partly owing to feminism1 have been lost4 ,the innumerable new relations which the woman movement has established between woman and the home1 between woman and society1 and all of the interchanges of new spiritual forces which have been put in operation because of these relations1 cannot possibly take fixed form1 at least not so long as the woman movement remains 8a movement02 in other words1 as long as everything is in a condition of flux1 in a state of becoming1 all spiritual relationships between individuals must change their form4 ,continual new1 fine shades of feeling1 not to be expressed in words1 determine every woman's soul and every woman's fate4 ,and even ancient feelings receive continually different nuances1 different intonations4 ,i am1 therefore1 laying down no laws but merely recapitulating certain suggestions based on what has previously been said in regard to the soul of the modern woman1 as seen in that portion of the present generation whose age ranges between twenty and thirty years--that is to say1 that part of the generation which is decisive for the immediate future4 ,since co-education is becoming more and more general1 each sex is beginning to have more esteem for the other1 and woman1 as well as man1 is beginning to found self-respect upon work4 ,when all women by culture and capacity for work have finally become strong-willed1 self-supporting co-workers in society1 then no woman will give or receive love for any extraneous benefit whatsoever4 ,no outward tie and no outward gain through love--this is the ultimate aim of the new sex morale as the most highly developed modern young woman sees it4 ,the new woman is deeply convinced that the relation between the sexes attains its true beauty and sanctity only when every external privilege disappears on both sides1 when man and woman stand wholly equal in what concerns their legal right and their personal freedom4 ,she demands that the contrasts between legal and illegal1 rich and poor1 boy and girl1 shall disappear1 and that society shall show the same interest in the complete human development of all children4 ,she knows that when both sexes awake to a feeling of responsibility toward the future generation1 then the real concern of sexual morale becomes the endeavor to give the race an ever more perfect progeny4 ,and in order to feel in its fulness this command1 maidens as well as youths must henceforth demand scientific instruction in sexual duties toward themselves and their possible children4 ,the new woman is also deeply convinced that only when she feels happy--and happiness signifies the development of the powers inherent in the personality--can she properly fulfil her duties as daughter1 wife1 and mother4 ,she can consciously sacrifice a part of her personality1 for example forego the development of a talent1 but she can never subjugate nor surrender her whole personality and at the same time remain a strong-willed member of the family or of society1 in the broadest meaning of the word4 ,she must assert her conception of life1 her feeling of right1 her ideals4 ,and no social considerations for children1 husband1 or family life are1 for her1 above the consideration which1 in this respect1 she owes to her own personality4 ,when conflicts arise1 she seeks1 wherever possible1 a solution that will permit her to fulfil her duty without annihilating herself4 ,but if this is not possible1 then she feels that it is her first duty not to fall below her ideal1 either physically or spiritually4 ,for this would prevent her from fulfilling precisely those duties for which she has so sacrificed herself2 duties which she can perhaps perform later under other conditions1 provided she has saved herself from being extinguished by brutality or despotism4 ,but along with this individualism there exists in the new woman a feeling for the unity of existence1 the unity in which all things are parts and in which nothing is lost4 ,she does not1 then1 look upon husband and children as continually demanding sacrifice and upon herself as being always sacrificed2 she sees herself and them1 as in the antiquity of the race1 always existing by means of one another4 ,she is not consumed by her love1 for she knows that under such circumstances she would deprive her loved ones of the wealth of her personality4 ,but although she will not1 like the women of earlier times1 abandon her ego absolutely1 she will not1 on the other hand1 like certain modern feminists1 keep it unreservedly4 ,she will preserve upon a higher plane the old division of labour which made man the one who felled the game1 fought the battles1 made conquests1 achieved advancement through victories2 and which made woman the one who rendered the new domains habitable1 who utilised the booty for herself and hers1 who transmitted what was won to the new generation--all that of which woman's ancient tasks as guardian of the fire and cultivator of the fields are beautiful symbols4 ,she feels that when each sex pursues its course for the happiness of the individual and of mankind1 but at the same time and as an equal helps the other in the different tasks1 then each is most capable1 then society is most benefited4 ,the fact that there is still so much masculine brutality and despotism1 and that there are so many legal means at man's disposal whereby he may put into practice with impunity this brutality and despotism1 is the reason why the new woman is still always a 8feminist10 why she still maintains the fundamental tenets of the woman movement4 ,but she is not a feminist in the sense that she turns against man4 ,her solution is always that of ,mary ,wollstonecraft3 8,we do not desire to rule over men but to rule over ourselves40 ,she often exhibits now in deliberation and in determination the characteristics which were formerly called 8masculine03 practical knowledge1 love of truth1 courage of conviction2 she desists more and more from unjust imputations and empty words2 she proposes a greater number of well-considered suggestions for improvements4 ,the woman movement has now in a word a more universally human1 a less one-sidedly feminine character4 ,it emphasises more and more the fact that the right of woman is a necessity in order that she may fulfil her duties in the small1 individual family1 and exercise her powers in the great1 universal human family for the general good4 ,the new woman does not wish to displace man nor to abolish society4 ,she wishes to be able to exercise everywhere her most beautiful prerogative to help1 to support1 to comfort4 ,but this she cannot do so long as she is not free as a citizen and has not fully developed as a human personality4 ,she knows that this is the condition not only of her own happiness1 but also1 in quite as high a degree1 of the happiness of man4 ,for every man who works1 struggles1 and suffers there is a mother1 a wife1 a sister1 a daughter1 who suffers with him4 ,for every woman who in her way works and struggles1 there is a father1 a husband1 a brother1 or a son for whom her contribution directly or indirectly has significance4 ,above all1 the modern woman understands that in every marriage wherein a wife still suffers under man's misuse of his legal authority1 it is in the last analysis the man who sustains the greatest injury1 for under present conditions he needs exercise neither kindness nor justice nor intelligence to be ruler in the family4 ,these humane characteristics he must1 therefore1 begin to develop when the wife is legally his equal4 ,the sacred conviction of the new woman is that man and woman rise together1 just as they sink together4 ,the antique sepulchres1 on which man and wife stand hand in hand before the eternal farewell1 could quite as well be the symbol of the entrance of modern man and modern woman into the new life1 where they work together in order that the highest ideals of both--the ideals of justice and of human kindness--may assume form in reality4 ,the motherly qualities of women are applied for the good of children as well as of the weak and the suffering4 ,the arrival of the day when woman shall be given opportunity to exercise social motherliness in its full and popularly representative extent1 can be only a question of time4 ,in a century they will smile at our time1 in which it was still the practice to debate about such obvious matters4 ,and those who to-day ridicule the woman movement will be ridiculed most of all4 99 99 99 99 99 ,then we shall attain such an outlook on the great forces of the time1--the emancipation movements of labouring men and of women1--that we shall see how necessary both were in order that society should come to understand that not the mass of material production1 but the higher cultivation of the race is the social-political end1 and that for this end the service of mother must receive the honour and oblation that the state now gives to military service4 ,and women themselves1 whom nature has made creators and protectors of the tender life--the task for which nature even in the plant world has made such wonderful provision--will no longer resist being more intimately associated with nature1 nearer to earth1 more like plants1 more restrained in outer sense and therefore1 in inner respects1 less active than man1 who always had more of the freedom of movement of the forest animal4 ,the woman of the future will not1 as do many women of the present time1 wish to be freed from her sex2 but she will be freed from sexual hypertrophy1 freed to complete humanity4 ,for the universal1 human characteristics1 forced to remain latent in the primitive division of labour1 because the father was obliged to exert all his strength in one direction and the mother in another1 can now1 through the facilities for culture in the struggle for existence1 be developed on both sides3 woman can develop the latent quality which became active in man as 8manliness02 man can develop the latent quality which became active in woman as 8womanliness40 ,but the proportional ratio of these characteristics1 which development has already strengthened1 will on the whole remain fixed--the proportional ratio which1 in the progress of evolution1 gave to woman the ascendency in regard to inward creative powers1 and to man the ascendency in regard to outward creative powers--a proportional ratio which for the present has made woman more gifted in the sphere of feeling1 man more potent in the sphere of ideas2 which has made her the listener and yearner in the sphere of the spiritual life1 and him the pioneer investigator and founder of systems1 that has given her more of the ,christian1 and him more of the pagan virtues4 ,the improvement of the universal1 human characteristics of both sexes elevates also the plane upon which they exercise their especial functions1 valuable alike for culture4 ,with increasing frequency the one sex may1 when so desired1 assume the culture function of the other4 ,a perfect fusion of the two spiritual sex-characters would1 on the contrary1 have the same result as physical hermaphroditism--sterility4 ,genius--and in using the term we limit its meaning to poetic genius1 for real feminine genius has thus far appeared only in that domain--embraces1 as emphasised above1 both man and woman1 but not harmoniously blended4 ,for such a genius would be unproductive1 as we imagine those celestial forms to be which are neither 8man nor woman40 ,the masculine and the feminine characteristics1 which exist side by side in the poet soul1 produce work in co-operation4 ,alternately1 however1 they seek to usurp the entire power1 whereby is occasioned the disharmony which enters into the life of those who endeavour to fulfil at one and the same time the universal1 human duties as well as those of sex4 ,indeed it may be that one of the reasons why great poetic geniuses1 masculine as well as feminine1 have often had no progeny at all1 and in other cases one of little significance1 is that their nature was not capable of a double production1 that poetic creation received the richest part of their physical and psychical power4 ,whether the opinion of genius expressed here is correct or not1 does not1 however1 affect the general situation4 ,for the genius will always go his own way1 which is never that of the average man4 ,from the point of view of the ordinary individual an effacement of the spiritual sex character would be in still higher degree a misfortune for culture and nature4 ,for it is the difference in the spiritual as well as in the physical sex-characteristics that makes love a fusion of two beings in a higher unity1 where each finds the full deliverance and harmony of his being4 ,with the elimination of the spiritual difference psychical love would vanish4 ,there would be left1 then1 upon the one side1 only the mating instinct1 in which the same points of view as in animal breeding must obtain2 on the other1 only the same kind of sympathy which is expressed in the friendship between persons of the same sex1 the sympathy in which the human1 individual difference instead of sexual difference forms the attraction4 ,in love1 on the other hand1 sympathy grows in intensity1 the more universally human and at the same time sexually attractive the individual is3 the 8manly0 in man is charmed by the 8womanly0 in woman1 while the 8womanly0 in man is likewise captivated by the 8manly0 in woman1 and vice versa4 ,but when neither needs the spiritual sex of the other as his complement1 then man1 in erotic respects1 returns to the antique conception of the sex relationship1 of which ,plato has drawn the final logical conclusion4 ,the 8humanity0 in the soul of man was strengthened when he felt himself necessary to mother and child4 ,when woman by sweetness and tenderness taught man to love1 not only to desire1 then his humanity increased immeasurably4 ,in our time the average man is beginning to learn that woman does not desire him as man1 that she looks down upon him as a lower kind of being1 that she does not need him as supporter4 ,he does not at all grasp what it is the woman of highest culture seeks1 demands1 and awaits from his sex4 ,but he learns that even the mediocre woman rejects the best he has to give her erotically2 that imbued as she is with ideals of 8universal humanity10 she no longer needs him as the supplement to her sexual being4 ,then brutality awakes in him anew2 then his erotic life loses what humanity it had won2 then he begins to hate woman4 ,and not with the imaginative1 theoretical hatred of thinkers and poets2 but with the blind rage which the contempt of the weaker for the stronger arouses in him4 ,and here we encounter what is1 perhaps1 the deepest reason for the present war between the sexes1 appearing already in the literary world as well as in the labour market4 ,here the extreme feminists play unconsciously about an abyss1--the depths in the nature of man out of which the elementary1 hundred-thousand-year-old impulses arise1 the impulses which all cultural acquisitions and influences cannot eradicate1 so long as the human race continues to subsist and multiply under present conditions4 ,the feminism which has driven individualism to the point where the individual asserts her personality in opposition to1 instead of within1 the race2 the individualism which becomes self-concentration1 anti-social egoism1 although the watchword inscribed upon its banner is 8,society instead of the family10--this feminism will bear the blame should the hatred referred to lead to war4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it would be a pity to conclude a survey of the influence of the woman movement with an expression of fear lest this extreme feminism should be victorious4 ,i believe not2 no more than ,i believe that the sun will for the present be extinguished or streams flow back to their sources4 ,no 8culture0 can annul the great fundamental laws of nature2 it can only ennoble them2 and motherhood is one of these fundamental laws4 ,i hope that the future will furnish a new and a more secure protection for motherhood than the present family and social organisation affords4 ,i place my trust in a new society1 with a new morality1 which will be a synthesis of the being of man and that of woman1 of the demands of the individual and those of society1 of the pagan and ,christian conceptions of life1 of the will of the future and reverence for the past4 ,when the earth blooms with this beautiful and vigorous flower of morality1 there will no longer be a woman movement4 ,but there will always be a woman question1 not put by women to society but by society to women3 the question whether they will continue in a higher degree to prove themselves worthy of the great privilege of being the mothers of the new generation4 ,in the degree in which this new ethics permeates mankind1 women will answer this question in life-affirmation4 ,and the result of their life-affirmation will be an enormous enhancement of life1 not only for women themselves but for all mankind4 ,,the ,,end ----- ,footnote #a3 ,in the summer of #aiji ,i sat in a ,swedish home where the grandmother1 for this reason1 had never learned to write but where the granddaughter read aloud the thesis for her bachelor's examination4 ,one hears even to-day of customs and points of view in certain farms and manses which faithfully imitate those of the time of the ,reformation4 ,footnote #b3 ,next to the textile industry1 the tobacco industry employs the most women4 ,footnote #c3 ,this idealism has naturally part also in the fact that1 for example1 two-thirds of the women who have gone through college in ,america do not marry1 and find in club life a compensation for domestic life4 ,but other motives also must often play a part here1 from the desire to devote herself entirely to one of the lifeworks serviceable to mankind1 to the egoism of spiritually barren young girls with its distaste for burdens and restraint4 ,a keen-sighted observer who recently spent a half year in ,north ,america corroborated what many have already stated3 that the student and working young ,american girls devote themselves with true passion to the cultivation of their beauty1 their toilette1 their flirtations4 ,all this belongs for her to the 8,fine ,arts0 and as such is an end sufficient in itself1 while for ,european women these arts1 as a rule1 are still means for alluring men to marriage4 ,while study or work often makes ,european women in outer sense less 8womanly10 although her soul always guards its full power to love1 in ,america the reverse is the case3 the outer appearance is bewitchingly womanly1 but the soul no longer vibrates for love4 ,the sexual sterility which ,maudsley already prophesied thirty years ago1 when he spoke about the 8sexless ants10 has been partly realised1 partly chosen voluntarily4 ,in ,europe it still frequently happens that a young woman who has put love aside for the sake of study or work is suddenly seized by an irresistible passion2 in ,america1 on the contrary1 this is extremely rare4 ,women students look down upon the less cultured men1 who ordinarily finish their studies earlier in order to earn a livelihood4 ,the sympathy which they need1 women find more easily in their own sex4 ,the unmarried have quite the same social position as the married and do not desire children4 ,if they finally marry1 it is ordinarily because a more brilliant position is offered them than the one which they could create themselves1 and the man is then considered and treated as a money-getter4 ,my authority emphasises also that the young students or working girls are ordinarily less original1 of less personal significance1 less individually developed1 than the older women1 especially women's rights women1 who often have not studied but have grown grey in marriage and motherhood1 in self-development and in social work4 ,the interesting significant ,american feminists were women between the ages of fifty and ninety2 the woman of the present generation1 however1 which now enjoys the fruits of the work of the older generation1 is1 in spite of excellent scholarship and great working proficiency1 less a woman and less a human being1 less a personality4 ,these wholly fresh observations1 which were communicated to me during the printing of my book1 seem to me to confirm so strongly my point of view that ,i wish to repeat them here4 ,but in ,france and elsewhere mothers tell us how clear1 intelligent1 and universally interested their daughters are1 and at the same time how critical1 how free from ardour and enthusiasm4 ,it is not the hasty love marriage that many mothers now fear for their daughters1 but a worldly-wise marriage without love4 ,footnote #d3 ,see ,love and ,ethics1 ,ralph ,fletcher ,seymour1 ,chicago1 and also ,mutter und ,kind1 published in ,germany only1 ,pan-,verlag4 ,my plan is a paternity assessment upon society as a contribution to the maintenance of children and a compensation of motherhood by the state4 ,society has already shown by a series of institutions1 maternity assurance1 infants' milk distribution1 clothing and feeding of children1 and many kindred social efforts1 that the maintenance afforded by the father is not sufficient for the young generation2 quite as little is the mother's care1 which is supplemented by other means1 crches1 etc4 ,but when the child finally becomes the unconscious 8head of the family10 then it will be the affair of society to requite maternity4 ,marriage will then signify only the living together of two people upon the ground of love and the common parenthood of children4 ,maternal right will in law take the place of paternal right1 but in reality the father will continue to retain all the influence upon the children which he personally is able to exert1 just as has been hitherto the case with the mother4 ,in such circumstances there will be no more illegitimate children2 no mothers driven out from the care of tender children to earn their daily bread2 no fathers who avoid their economic duties toward their children1 and who cannot be compelled by society to perform at least that paternal duty which animals perform now better than men3 that of contributing their part to the maintenance of their progeny4 ,there will be no mothers who for the sake of their own and their children's maintenance need to stay with a brutal man2 no mothers who1 in case of a separation1 can be deprived of their children on any ground except that of their own unworthiness4 ,in a word1 society must--upon a higher plane--restore the arrangement which is already found in the lower stages of civilisation1 the arrangement which nature herself created3 that mother and child are most closely bound together1 that they together1 above all1 form the family1 in which the father enters through the mother's or his own free will4 ,footnote #e3 ,an inquiry instituted among ,english women as to whether they would prefer to be men or women gave as a result the fact that1 out of about #gjjj who answered1 two-thirds wished to remain women and this above all in order to be mothers1 while a third wished to be men4 ,this indicated probably the highest figure of the disinclination for maternity which such a ,european inquiry could elicit4 ,but even these women who wish to marry and to become mothers feel the pressure of the idea created by the zealots of the woman movement which finds expression often in the following conversation between two former schoolmates about a third3 8,and ,a---- what is she doing now80--8,nothing--she is married and has children40 ,the old folk legend about the girl who trampled on the bread she was carrying to her mother because she wished to go dry-shod1 can serve as symbol of many modern women zealots3 life's great1 sound values are offered for the meal2 vanity sits down alone to partake of them4 ,footnote #f3 ,bret ,harte1 ,the ,luck of ,roaring ,camp4 ,footnote #g3 ,e4 ,carrire and ,segantini4 ,footnote #h3 ,max ,kruse1 ,liebesgruppe4 ,footnote #i3 ,this amaternal idea is advanced with great ability in some works of ,charlotte ,perkins ,stetson and ,rosa ,mayreder4 ,the word amaternal coined by me is used to characterise the theory subsequently advanced1 because the word unmaternal 7unmotherly7 signifies a spiritual condition1 the antithesis to 8motherliness40 ,the maternal as opposed to the amaternal theory is this3 that a woman's life is lived most intensively and most extensively1 most individually and most socially2 she is for her own part most free1 and for others most fruitful1 most egoistic and most altruistic1 most receptive and most generous1 in and with the physical and psychic exercise of the function of maternity1 because of the conscious desire1 by means of this function1 to uplift the life of the race as well as her own life4 ,footnote #aj3 ,it can even be shown that1 if man invades the so-called woman's spheres 7for example the art of cooking or of dress-making71 it is most frequently he who makes new discoveries and attains great success6 ,footnote #aa3 ,the best proof of this is that many women who1 in a life free from care in an outward sense1 were comparable only to geese or peacocks1 nevertheless1 when hard times came and gave them opportunity to develop their power of love1 not only proved themselves heroines1 but asserted that their 8happy0 years were those in which they had so 8sacrificed0 themselves4 ,footnote #ab3 ,how many children have had their idea of right debased by the manner in which the 8,captain of ,kpernick0 was received at his liberation--to cite only one example4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,a ,selection from the ,catalogue of ,g4 ,p4 ,,putnam',s ,,sons ,complete ,catalogue sent on application 99 99 99 99 99 ,by ,ellen ,key ,the ,century of the ,child ,cr4 #hvo4 ,with ,frontispiece4 ,net1 #a4ej4 ,by mail1 #a4fe ,,contents3 ,the ,right of the ,child to ,choose ,his ,parents1 ,the ,unborn ,race and ,woman's ,work1 ,education1 ,homelessness1 ,soul ,murder in the ,schools1 ,the ,school of the ,future1 ,religious ,instruction1 ,child ,labor and the ,crimes of ,children4 ,this book has gone through more than twenty ,german ,editions and has been published in several ,european countries4 8,a powerful book40--,n4 ,y4 ,times4 ,the ,education of the ,child ,reprinted from the ,authorized ,american ,edition of 8,the ,century of the ,child40 ,with ,introductory ,note by ,,edward ,,bok4 ,cr4 #hvo4 ,net1 #ge cents4 ,by mail1 #he cents 8,nothing finer on the wise education of the child has ever been brought into print4 ,to me this chapter is a perfect classic2 it points the way straight for every parent1 and it should find a place in every home in ,america where there is a child40--,,edward ,,bok1 ,editor of the ,ladies' ,home ,journal4 ,love and ,marriage ,cr4 #hvo4 ,net1 #a4ej4 ,by mail1 #a4fe ,ellen ,key is gradually taking a hold upon the reading public of this country commensurate with the enlightenment of her views4 ,in ,europe and particularly in her own native ,sweden her name holds an honored place as a representative of progressive thought4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ellen ,key ,her ,life and ,her ,work ,a ,critical ,study ,by ,louise ,nystrom ,hamilton ,translated by ,anna ,e4 ,b4 ,fries #ab4 ,with ,portrait ,the name of ,ellen ,key has for years been a target for attacks of various kinds4 ,friends have in connection with the issues that have arisen in regard to the influence of her work become enemies and friction has been caused in many homes4 ,her ideals and her purposes have been misquoted and misinterpreted until the very convictions for which she stood have been twisted so as to appear to be the evils that she was attempting to combat4 ,her critics1 not content with decrying and distorting the message that she had to give to the world1 have even attacked her personal character2 and as the majority of these had no direct knowledge in the matter1 strange rumors and fancies have been spread abroad about her life4 ,the readers of her books1 who are now to be counted throughout the world by the hundreds of thousands1 who desire to know the truth about this much discussed ,swedish author1 will be interested in this critical study by ,louise ,hamilton4 ,the author is one who has been intimate with ,ellen ,key since her youth4 ,she is herself the wife of the founder of the ,people's ,hospital in ,stockholm1 where for over twenty years ,ellen ,key taught and lectured4 ,the volume gives an admirable survey of the purpose and character of ,ellen ,key's teachings and of her books4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- 8,packed with information about actual present-day business conditions and methods40--,,review ,,of ,,reviews4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,american ,business ,woman ,a ,guide for the ,investment1 ,preservation and ,accumulation of ,property1 ,containing ,full ,explanations and ,illustrations of all ,necessary ,methods of ,business ,by ,john ,howard ,cromwell1 ,ph4,b41 ,,ll4,b4 ,counsellor-at-,law ,second ,revised ,edition4 ,octavo4 #cib pages4 #b4jj net4 ,by mail1 #b4bj 8,mr4 ,cromwell's book is without doubt one of the valuable publications of the year 444 thoroughly well written and carefully thought out4444 ,fascinating as is the subject of mortgages1 it is necessarily but one phase of the book4444 ,the book1 as before stated1 is extremely valuable1 and will be found a good investment1 not only for women for whom it was primarily intended1 but for many men40--,new ,york ,times4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- 8,the most complete and compact study that ,has yet been made of the evolution of women's rights40--,n4 ,y4 ,evening ,globe4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,short ,history of ,women's ,rights ,from the days of ,augustus to the ,present ,time ,with ,special ,reference to ,england and the ,united ,states ,by ,eugene ,a4 ,hecker ,master in the ,roxbury ,latin ,school1 ,author of 8,the ,teaching of ,latin in ,secondary ,schools0 ,crown #hvo4 #a4ej net4 7,by mail1 #a4fe7 ,mr4 ,hecker1 an authoritative scholar1 has set himself the task of telling the story of women's progress1 and has done it with much painstaking and thoroughness1 and with a manifestation of a high order of talent for discriminating as to materials and presenting them convincingly and interestingly4444 ,one feels the studiousness of the author in every page4 ,the matter presented is not only carefully arranged1 but it is in a manner digested too2 and thus the work becomes literature in a true sense1 and not an unenlightened assembly of details and facts from the pages of the past4 ,st4 ,louis ,times4 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons ,new ,york ,london ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,transcriber',s ,,notes #a4 ,p4 #age1 added an anchor for the third footnote4 #b4 ,silently corrected typographical errors and variations in spelling4 #c4 ,anachronistic1 non-standard1 and uncertain spellings retained as printed4 #d4 ,footnotes have been re-indexed using numbers and collected together at the end of the last chapter4 #e4 ,enclosed italics font in underscores4